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890     DRAKE,  F.  S.     Dictionary  of  American  Biogra- 
Thick  royal  8°  sheep.  Boston,  1872 


DICTIONARY 


OF 


American    Biography, 


MEN   OF  THE  TIME; 


CONTAINING  NEAKLY 


TEN   THOUSAND    NOTICES    OF   PERSONS   OF    BOTH    SEXES,   OF    NATIVE 

AND  FOREIGN  BIRTH,  WHO  HAVE  BEEN  REMARKABLE,  OR 

PROMINENTLY  CONNECTED  WITH  THE 

ArtSy  Sciences y  Literature y  Politics y  or  History y 

OF  THB 

AMERICAN    CONTINENT. 


GIVING  ALSO  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  MANY  OF  THE  FOREIGN  AND  PECULIAR 
AMERICAN  NAMES,  A  KEY  TO  THE  ASSUMED  NAMES  OF  WRITERS,  AND  A 


SUPPLEMENT. 


BY  \ 


FRANCIS    S?  DRAKE.    X^z'^-X'i^^^ 


BOSTON : 
JAMES    R.    OSGOOD    AND    COMPANY, 

(.Latb  Ticknor  &  Fields,  and  Fields,  Osgood,  &  Co.) 
1872. 


■^1 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  187a, 

By  FRANCIS  S.   DRAKE, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


% 


Boston : 
SttreofyPed and Prtnied by  Rand,  Avery,  <St'  Co, 


Bancroft  Libmy  ^  '  ?^ LSJ-Z 


TO- 

SAMUEL  GARDNER  DRAKE, 

THE   HISTORIAN  OF   BOSTON, 

IS     INSCRIBED, 
AS  A  TRIBUTE  OF  FILIAL  REGARD. 


'"SSi'H^U— 


■h"' 


PREFACE. 


rriHE  design  of  this  work  is  to  give,  in  a  single  volume  and  at  a  moderate 
-^  cost,  a  manual  of  reference,  containing  in  a  condensed  form  all  the  more 
important  data  of  American  biography,  including  that  of  persons  still  living. 
Its  scope,  as  set  forth  in  the  titlepage,  is  continental  ^  and  it  aims  to  include 
within  the  prescribed  limits  as  many  facts  and  dates  as  possible ;  while,  at  the 
same  time,  ample  reference  is  made  to  fuller  sources  of  information.  It  is  ob- 
vious that  the  utility  of  such  a  work  must  depend  mainly  upon  its  correctness ; 
and,  to  insure  this  all-important  object,  much  time  and  labor  have  been  given 
to  the  verification  and  completion  of  its  dates.  In  regard  to  persons  now  liv- 
ing, it  has  not  always  been  practicable  to  obtain  the  requisite  facts ;  and,  in 
some  instances,  these  have  been  so  long  withheld  as  to  make  it  necessary  to 
embody  them  in  a  Supplement. 

While  the  investigations  of  historical  students  in  Kew  England,  New 
York,  and  in  some  of  the  other  States,  have  been  so  fruitful  in  the  materials  for 
biography,  that  the  principal  difficulty  has  been  that  of  selection  and  condensa- 
tion, it  is  unfortunately  true,  that  in  many  of  the  States,  and  in  other  portions 
of  the  continent,  such  materials  are  exceedingly  scanty.  Another  deficiency 
in  the  sources  of  American  biography  is  found  in  the  departments  of  industry, 
inventions,  and  the  fine  arts.  The  politicians,  authors,  and  clergy  of  America 
have  had  their  full  share  of  notice  ;  while  her  inventors,  engineers,  and  practi- 
cal scientists,  —  to  whom  her  wonderfully-rapid  progress  in  the  arts  of  civiliza- 
tion and  her  high  rank  among  the  nations  are  mainly  due, — have  been  in  a 
very  great  degree  overlooked.  One  object  of  the  author  has  been  to  remedy  to 
some  extent  this  injustice. 

Among  the  features  calculated  to  enhance  the  value  of  the  work  are  the 
pronunciation  of  such  names  as  present  unusual  difficulty ;  and  the  Key  to 


XU  PREFACE. 

Assumed  Karnes,  which  will  enable  the  reader  at  once  to  trace  the  authorship 
of  writings  published  under  a  pseudonyme. 

To  JoHX  Ward  Dean,  M.A.,  Librarian  of  the  New-England  Historic- 
Genealogical  Society  of  Boston,  whose  thorough  and  accurate  knowledge  of 
American  history  and  wonderfully-retentive  memory  are  exceeded  only  by  the 
readiness  with  which  its  abundant  stores  are  imparted,  the  author  is  under 
weighty  obligations.  For  much  valuable  material  relating  to  the  West,  his 
acknowledgments  are  also  due  to  the  late  Alfred  T.  Goodman  of  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  Secretary  of  the  Westem-Eeserve  Historical  Society,  whose  recent 
decease  at  the  early  age  of  twenty-six  is  not  alone  a  calamity  to  his  friends, 
but  is  a  serious  loss  to  the  community.  To  the  late  Br.  Joseph  Palmer, 
who  kindly  loaned  him  his  annotated  copy  of  the  Harvard-College  Triennial, 
he  is  also  under  obligations.  To  Eev.  Elias  Nason,  to  William  B.  Trask, 
Esq.,  and  to  all  who  have  aided  him  in  the  prosecution  of  his  labors,  the 
author  returns  his  grateful  acknowledgments.  And,  finally,  his  thanks  are 
justly  due  to  the  proof-readers,  —  Messrs.  George  Wadham  and  George 
W.  Powers,  and  Miss  Mercie  L.  Taylor,  —  of  the  value  of  whose  critical 
labors  he  is  fully  sensible. 

F.  S.  D. 


KEY  TO  ASSUMED  NAMES. 


Abimelech  Coody, 
Admonish  Crime, 
Agate, 
Agricola, 

ABce  G.  Lee,  and  Cous- 
in Alice, 
Allan  Grant,  and  Alpin, 
Anthony  Pasquin, 
Arp,  Bill, 
Artemus  Ward, 
Aunt  Fanny, 
A.  W.  Farmer, 

Bailey, 

Barclays  (One  of  the), 

Bard,  Samuel  A., 

Barrett,  Walter,  clerk, 

Barry  Gray, 

Belle  Brittan, 

Belle  Smith, 

Benauly, 

Benson,  Carl, 

Berkly,  Helen, 

Berwick, 
Biglovv,  Hosea, 
Bigly,  Cantell  A., 
Bin  Arp, 
Billings,  Josh, 
Blvthe.  White,  jun., 
Bob  Short, 
Boston  Bard, 
Boston  Rebel, 
Breitmann,  Hans, 
Brown,  Vandyke, 
Buntline,  Ned, 
Burleigh, 

Caesariensis, 

Cantell  A.  Bigly, 

Carl  Benson, 

Carleton, 

Caustic,  Christopher, 

Caxton,  Laura. 

Charles  Summerfleld, 

Clavers,  Mary, 

Constantia, 

Cood^,  Abimelech, 

Cousin  Alice, 

Cramer,  Julian, 

Crayon,  Geoffrey, 

Crayon,  Porte, 

Creyton,  Paul, 

Croaker, 

Crowfield,  Christopher, 

Cypress, 

Dare,  Shirley, 
Delia  Crusca, 
Dick  Tinto, 

Diedrich  Knickerbocker, 
Doesticks,    Q.  K.  Phi- 
lander, 


Gulian  C.  Verplanck 
James  Cook  Richmond 
Whitelaw  Reid 
William  Elliott 

Alice  B.  Haven 

William  Wilson 
John  Williams 
Charles  H.  Smith 
Charles  F.  Browne 
Mrs.  F.  D.  Gage 
Rev.  Isaac  Wilkins 

Fred.  Douglass 
Mrs.  H.  G.  Otis 
Ephraim  G.  Squier 
Joseph  A.  Scoville 
Robert  B.  Coffin 
Hiram  Fuller 
Louisa  Kirby  Pratt 


e  Benjamin, 


J^< 


Austin,  and       ^jointly 
(  Lyman  Abbott, 
Charles  Astor  Bristed 
Anna    Cora    (Mowatt) 

Ritchie 
James  Redpath 
James  Russell  Lowell 
Geo.  W.  Peck 
Charles  H.  Smith 
Henry  W.  Shaw 
Solon  Robinson 
A.  B.  Longstreet 
Robert  S.  Coffin 
John  Lowell 
Charles  G.  Leland 
Wm.  P.  Brannan 
E.  Z.  C.  Judson 
Matthew  Hale  Smith 

J.  W.  Alexander 
Geo.  W.  Peck 
Charles  Astor  Bristed 
Charles  Carleton  Coffin 
Thos.  Green  Fessenden 
Lizzie  B.  Comins 
Alfred  W.  Arrington 
Mrs.  C.  M.  Kirkland 
Judith  Sargent  Murray 
G.  C.  Verplanck 
Alice  B.  Haven 
Joseph  Lemuel  Chester 
Washington  Irving 
Gen.  D.  P.  Strother 
J.  T.  Trowbridge 
Fitz  Greene  Halleck 
Mrs.  H.  B.  Stowe 
W.  P.  Hawes 

Susan  Dunning 
Robert  Merry 
Frank  B.  Goodrich 
Washington  Irving 

Mortimer  N.  Thompson 


Dow,  jun., 

Downing,  Major  Jack, 
Dr.   Oldham  at   Gray- 
stones, 
Druid, 
Dunn  Brown, 

E.  C.  Revons, 
Edith  May, 
Edmund  Kirke, 
Elizabeth  Wetherell, 
Estelle, 
Ethan  Spike, 
Everpoint, 

Falconbridge, 
Fanny,  Aunt, 

Fanny  Fern, 

Fanny  Fielding, 
Fanny  Forrester, 
Farmer,  A.  W., 
Farmer,  Pennsylvania, 
Fat  Contributor, 
Fleta, 

Florence  Leigh, 
Florence  Percy, 
Folio,  Tom, 
Francis  Oldys, 
Frank  Forester, 

Gail  Hamilton, 
Gath, 

Genesee  Traveller, 
Geoffrey  Crayon, 
Gleaner, 

Glyndon,  Howard, 
Grace  Greenwood, 
Grant,  Allen, 
Gray,  Barry, 
Gringo,  Harry, 

Hamilton.  Gail, 
Hans  Breitmann, 
Harland,  Marion, 
Harry  Gringo, 

Helen  Berkly, 

Helen  Mar, 
Honestus, 
Horus, 

Hosea  Biglow, 
Howard  Glyndon, 
H.  Trusta, 

lanthe, 

Ignatius  Loyola  Robin- 
son, 
Ik  Marvel, 

Jack  Downing,  Major, 
Jeemes  Pipes  of  Pipes- 

ville, 
Jennie  June, 
Job  Bass, 


Elbridge  6.  Page 
Seba  Smith 

Caleb  S.  Henry 

Henry  M.  Flint 
Rev.  Samuel  Fiske 

Charles  C.  Converse 
Anna  Drinker 
J.  R.  Gilmore 
Susan  Warner 
Elizabeth  Bogert 
Matthew  F.  Whittier 
J.  M.  Field 

Jonathan  F.  Kelly 
Frances  D.  Gage 
Mrs.     Sarah     (Willis) 

Par  ton 
Marv  J.  S.  Upshur 
Emily  C.  Judson 
Rev.  Isaac  Wilkins 
John  Dickinson 
A.  Miner  Grisvvold 
Kate  W.  Hamilton 
Anna  T.Wilbur 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Akers 
Joseph  E.  Babson 
George  Chalmers 
Wm.  H.  Herbert 

Mary  Abigail  Dodge 
Geo.  Alfred  Townsend 
Matthew  L.  Davis 
Washington  Irving 
Nathl.  I.  Bowditch 
Laura  C.  Reddon 
Sara  J.  Lippincott 
William  Wilson 
Robert  B.  Coffin 
Henry  A.  Wise 

Mary  Abigail  Dodge 
Charles  G.  Leland 
Mrs.  Terhune 
Lieut.  H.  A.  Wise 
Anna    Cora    (Mowatt) 

Ritchie 
Mrs,  D.  M.  F.  Walker 
Benj.  Austin 
G.  C.  Fisher 
J.  Russell  Lowell 
Laura  C.  Reddon 
Mrs.  Eliz.  Stuart  Phelps 

Emma  C.  Embury 
Samuel  L.  Knapp 
Donald  G.  Mitchell 

Seba  Smith 
Stephen  C.  Massett 
Mrs.  Jennie  C.  Croly 
George  A.  Foxcroft 
xUi 


XIV 


KEY  TO  ASSUMED  NAMES. 


John  Oldbug, 

John  Paul, 
John  Phoenix, 
John  Quod, 
John  Waters, 
Jonathan  Omstyle, 

Jones,  Major, 

Josh  Billings, 
Julian  Cramer, 

Karl  Reden, 
Kerr,  Orpheus  C, 
Kirke,  Edmund, 
Kirwan. 
Knickerbocker,     Died- 

rich, 
K.  N.  Pepper, 

Laco, 

Laura  Caxton, 
Lay  Preacher, 
Lee,  Alice  G., 
Lee,  Patty, 
Leigh,  Florence, 
Leighton, 
L'Inconnu, 
Lovengood,  Sut, 
Lynn  Bard, 

McArone, 
Mace  Sloper, 
Mar,  Helen, 
Maria  del  Occidente, 

Marion  Harland, 

Marion  Ward, 
Mark  Twain, 
Marvel.  Ik, 
Mary  Clavers, 

Mary  Orme, 

Massachusettensis, 
May,  Edith, 
Mav,  Sophie, 
Miles  O'Reilly, 
Minnie  Myrtle, 

Mrs.  Manners, 

Nasby,  Petroleum  V. 
Ned  Buntline, 
Nevers,  C.  O., 
Novanglus, 

Oldbug,  John, 

Oldham,  Dr.,  at  Gray- 
stones, 
Old  South, 
Oldstyle,  Jonathan, 
Oldys,  Francis, 
Oliver  Oldschool, 
Oliver  Optic, 
O'Reilly.  Miles, 
Orme,  Mary, 
Orpheus  C.  Kerr, 

Partington,  Mrs., 
Pasquin,  Anthony, 
Patty  Lee, 
Paul  Crevton, 
Paul,  John, 
Paulus  Silentiarius, 

Peasant  Bard, 

Penn,  Wm., 


Rev.  Leonard  Withing- 
ton 

C.  H.  Webb 

George  H.  Derby 

John  T.  Irving 

Henry  Gary  of  Boston 

Washington  Irving 

Wm.  Theodore  Thomp- 
son 

Henry  W.  Shaw 

Joseph  Lemuel  Chester 

Charles  C.  Converse 
R.  H.  Newell 
J.  R.  Gilmore 
Rev.  Nicholas  Murray 

Washington  Irving 

James  M.  Morris   , 

Stephen  Higginson 
Lizzie  B.  Comins 
Joseph  Dennie 
Alice  B.  Haven 
Alice  Carey 
Anna  T.  Wilbur 
Rev.  Jesse  Appleton 
L.  Virginia  French 
George  W.  Harris 
Alonzo  Lewis 

George  Arnold 
Charles  G.  Leland 
Mrs.  D.  M.  F.  Walker 
Maria  (Gowen)  Brooks 
Mary  Virginia  (Hawes) 

Terhune 
Mrs.  H.  M.  Stephens 
Samuel  L.  Clemens 
Donald  G.  Mitchell 
Caroline  M.  Kirkland 
Mrs. Mary  Sargent  Gove 

Nichols 
Daniel  Leonard 
Anna  Drinker 
Miss  R.S.Clarke 
Charles  G.  Halpine 
Anna  L.  Johnson  (Mrs. 

Joaq[uin  Miller) 
Cornelia  H.    (Bradley) 

Richards 

David  Ross  Locke 
E.  Z.  C.  Judson 
Charles  C.  Converse 
John  Adams 

Rev.  Leonard  Withing- 
ton 

Caleb  S.  Henry 

Benjamin  Austin 
Washington  Irving 
George  Chalmers 
Joseph  Dennie 
Wm.  T.  Adams 
Charles  G.  Halpine 
Mrs.  Nichols 
Robert  H.  Newell 

B.  P.  Shillaber 
John  Williams 
Alice  Carey 

J.  T.  Trowbridge 

C.  H.  Webb 
George  P.  Philes 
Josian  D.  Canning   of 

Gill 
Jeremiah  Evarts 


Pennsylvania  Farmer, 

Pepper,  K.  N., 

Pequot, 

Percy,  Florence, 

Perley, 

Peter  Parley, 

Peter  Porcupine, 

Peter  Quince, 

Peter  Schlemihl, 

Peter  Scriber, 

Petroleum  V.  Nasby, 

Philanthropos, 

Philip  Quillibet, 

Phoenix,  John, 

Pipes.'Jeemes,  of  Pipes- 

ville, 
Poor  Richard, 
Porte  Crayon, 
Publicola, 
Pylodet,  F., 

Quillibet,  Philip, 
Quince,  Peter, 
Quod,  John, 

Reden,  Karl, 
Regester,  Seeley, 
Revons,  E.  C, 
Robinson,     Ignatius 

Loyola, 
Rustic  Bard, 

Rutledge, 

Salmagundi, 

Sam  Slick, 

Samuel  A.  Bard, 

Sass,  Job, 

Schlemihl,  Peter, 

Scriber,  Peter, 

Se  De  Kay, 

Sexton     of     the     Old 

School, 
Shirley  Dare, 
Short,  Bob, 
Sigma, 
Sloper,  Mace, 
Smith,  Belle, 
Sophie  May, 
Spike,  Ethan, 
Spy  in  Washington, 
Squibob, 
Stampede, 
Straws, 
Straws,  jun., 
Summertield,  Charles, 
Sut  Lovengood, 

Talvi, 

Theodore  de  la  Guard, 
Timothy  Titcomb, 
Tinto,  Dick, 
Tom  Folio, 
Traveller,  Genesee, 
Trusta,  H., 
Twain,  Mark, 

Uncle  Toby, 

Updike,  Underbill,  Dr., 

Vandyke  Brown, 
Veteran  Observer, 

Walter  Barrett,  clerk. 
Ward,  Artemus, 
Ward,  Marion, 
Warrington, 
Waters,  John, 
Wetherell,  Elizabeth, 
White,  Blythe,  jun., 


John  Dickinson 
James  M.  Morris 
Charles  W.  March 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Aker8 
Ben.  Perley  Poore 
S.  G.  Goodrich 
Wm.  Cobbett 
Isaac  Story 
George  Wood 
Charles  Aug.  Davis 
David  Ross  Locke 
William  Ladd 
George  E.  Pond 
George  H.  Derby 

Stephen  C.  Massett 

Benjamin  Franklin 

D.  P.  Strother 
John  Quincy  Adams 
F.  Leypoldt 

George  E.  Pond 
Isaac  Story 
John  T.  Irving 

Charles  C.  Converse 
Mrs.  O.  J.  Victor 
Charles  C.  Converse 

S.  L.  Knapp 

Robert  Dinsmoor 
Mrs.     Miriam     (Coles) 
Harris 

Washington  Irving 
T.  C.  Haliburton 
Ephraim  G.  Squier 
George  A.  Foxcroft 
George  Wood 
Charles  Aug.  Davis 
Charles  D.  Kirk 

Lucius  M.  Sargent 
Miss  Susan  Dunning 
A.  B.  Longstreet 
Lucius  M.  Sargent 
Charles  G.  Leland 
Louisa  Kirby  Pratt 
Miss  R.  S.  Clarke 
Matthew  F.  Whittier 
Matthew  L.  Davis 
George  H.  Derby 
Jouatlian  F.  Kelly 
J.  M.  Field 
Miss  Kate  Field 
Alfred  W.  Arrington 
George  W.  Harris 

Th^rfese  A.  L.  Robinson 
Nathaniel  Ward 
Dr.  J.  G.  Holland 
Frank  B.  Goodrich 
Joseph  E.  Babson 
Matthew  L.  Davis 
Mrs.  Eliz.  Stuart  Phelps 
Samuel  L.  Clemens 

Rev.  Tobias  H.  Miller 
Royall  Tyler 

Wm.  Penn  Brannaa 

E.  D.  Mansfield 

J.  A.  Scoville 
Charles  F.  Browne 
Mrs.  H.  M.  Stephens 
W.  S.  Robinson 
Henry  Cary  of  Boston 
Susan  Warner 
Solon  Robinson 


ABBREVIATIONS  AND  EXPLANATIONS. 


a.,  aged. 

ab.,  about. 

acad.,  academy. 

accomp.,  accompanied, 

adm.,  admiral,  admitted. 

Amer.,  America  or  American. 

Ant.  Coll.,  Antioch  College. 

app.,  appointed. 

art.,  artillery. 

assist.,  assistant. 

asso.,  association,  associate. 

atty,,  attorney. 

b.,  born. 

bapt.,  baptized. 

brev.,  brevet. 

bro.,  brother. 

com.,  commanded,  commander,  committee. 

commiss.,  commissioned,  commissioner. 

commo.,  commodore. 

conf.,  conference, 

Confed.,  Confederate. 

Cong.,  Congregational. 

consec,  consecrated. 

Const.  Conv.,  Constitutional  Convention. 

Cont.,  Continental. 

contrib.,  contributed,  contributions,  contributor. 

corresp.,  correspondence,  corresponding. 

C.  S.  A.,  Confederate-States  Army. 

d.,  deceased. 

Democ,  Democratic. 

dep.,  deputy. 

dept.,  department. 

dist.,  district. 

disting.,  distinguished. 

eccles.,  ecclesiastical. 

exped.,  expedition. 

explo.,  exploring. 

Inf.,  Infantry. 

Inst.,  Institute,  Institution. 


legisl.,  legislature,  legislative. 

m.,  married. 

mag.,  magazine. 

manuf.,  manufacturer. 

Mpi.,  Mississippi. 

N.  A.,  North  America. 

nat.,  national. 

N.  E.,  New  England. 

Nouv.Biog.Univ.,  Nouvelle  Biographic  Univeraelle. 

N.  "W.,  North-west. 

oecas.,  occasional. 

ord.,  ordained. 

Pr-Ep.,  Frotestant'Episcopal. 

pres.,  president. 

Presb.,  Presbyterian. 

prof.,  professor. 

pro  v.,  provincial. 

pro  vis.,  provisional. 

pub.,  published,  publication. 

rev.,  review. 

Kevol.,  Revolutionary. 

sem.,  seminary. 

theol.,  theology,  theological. 

Unit.,  Unitarian. 

vols.,  volunteers. 

Names  of  colleges  generally  abbreviated  by  first 
letters. 

The  strictly  alphabetical  order  has  been  devi- 
ated from  in  such  names  as  Clarke,  Deane,  and 
others,  in  which  the  final  e  is  sometimes  dropped; 
in  that  of  Matthews,— sometimes  spelled  with  a 
single  t ;  and  in  those  having  the  prefix  Mc,  which 
are  placed  as  though  spelled  Mac.  Names  of  mem- 
bers of  the  same  family  are  sometimes  grouped 
together  In  one  paragraph;  as  in  the  cases  of 
Shubrick,  Lemoine,  Wyllys,  Hallam,  Claiborne, 
Brenton,  &c. 

Pronunciation  as  in  Worcester's  large  Diction 
ary. 


INDEX  TO  AUTHORITIES,   CITED  BY  THE  AUTHOR'S 

NAME  ONLY. 


Allen,  American   Biographical   Dictionary,  8vo, 

1856. 
Allibone,   Dictionary  of    Authors,   3  vols.   8vo, 

1859-70. 
Appleton,  New  American  Cyclopaedia,  and  Annuals, 

27  vols.  8vo. 
Blake,  Biographical  Dictionary,  8vo,  1856. 
Bradford,  New-England  Biography,  12mo,  1842. 
Collins,  History  of  Kentucky,  8vo,  1848. 
CuUum,  Register  of  West-Point  Graduates,  2  vols. 

8vo,  1868. 
Duyckinck,  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Literature, 

and  Supplement,  3  vols.  8vo,  1856-66. 
Eliot,  New-England  Biographical  Dictionary,  8vo, 

1809. 
Gardner,  Dictionary  of  the  Army,  2d  edition,  12mo, 

1860. 
Gayarre,  History  of  Louisiana,  2  vols.  8vo,  1854. 
Goodman,  A.  T.,  MS.  notices. 
Grigsby,  Virginia  Convention  of  1776,  8vo,  1855. 
Gross,  American  Medical  Biography,  8vo,  1861. 
Hamersly,  Record  of  Living  Officers  U.  S.  Navy, 

8vo, 1870. 
Henry,  Record  of  Civil  Appointments  U.  S.  Army, 

8vo,  1869. 

xvi 


Lanman,  Dictionary  of  Congress,  6th  edition,  Svo, 

1867. 
Lossing,  Field-Book  of  the  American  Revolution, 

2  vols.  Svo,  1852. 
Morgan,  Celebrated  Canadians,  8vo,  1865. 
O'Callaghan,  New- York   Colonial  Documents,  11 

vols.  4to. 
Phillipart,  Royal  Military  Calendar,  6  vols.  Svo, 

London. 
Rogers,  Biographical  Dictionary  of  Revolutionary 

Worthies,  Svo,  1829. 
Sabine,  American  Loyalists,  2d  edition,  2  vols.  Svo, 

1864. 
Simpson,  Eminent  Philadelphians,  Svo,  1859. 
Sparks,  American  Biographies,  1st  and  2d  series,  25 

vols.  12mo. 
Sprague,  Annals  of  the  American  Pulpit,  9  vols. 

Svo,  1857-66. 
Thacher,  American  Medical  Biography,  2  vols.  Svo, 

1828. 
Thomas,  Universal  Biographical  Dictionary,  2  vols. 

Svo,  1871. 
Tuckerman,  Book  of  the  Artists,  Svo,  1867. 
Wheeler,  History  of  North  Carolina,  Svo,  1851. 
Williams,  American  Medical  Biography,  Svo,  1846. 


DICTIONARY 


American  Biography 


Abascal  (a-bas  kal'),  Don  Jose  Fernan- 
do, Viceroy  of  Peru,  b.  Oviedo,  1743;  d.  Ma- 
drid, June  30,  1821.  Entering  the  military 
service  in  1762,  he  became  a  brigadier  during 
the  war  with  France,  and  in  1796  was  sent  as 
lieutenant  of  the  king  to  defend  Havana 
against  the  English.  Called  thence  to  the 
intendancy  of  New  Galicia,  his  services  there 
were  rewarded  in  1804  with  the  viceroyship  of 
Peru.  On  his  way  thither,  he  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  English.  By  prudence  and  firm- 
ness-he  overcame  various  obstacles,  and  gained 
the  confidence  of  the  people.  He  established 
free  schools,  an  academy  of  design,  and  chairs 
of  medicine  and  surgery,  at  Lima,  besides 
effecting  important  changes  in  its  administra- 
tive Indian  and  police  organizations.  For 
these  and  other  services,  the  Spanish  Cortes, 
May  30,  1812,  gave  him  the  title  of  Marquis 
de  la  Concordia  EspaTwla  del  Peru,  Subse- 
quent reverses  caused  his  recall  in  1816.  The 
title  of  deputy -general  was  decreed  him  by 
the  Junta  of  Asturias  for  his  benefactions  to 
the  widows  and  orphans  of  the  patriots  of  that 
province  who  died  fighting  for  the  national 
independence. 

Abasola  (a-ba'-s5-la),  Mariano,  Mexican 
revolutionist,  b.  near  Dolores  Guanajuto  ab. 
1780;  shot  in  Chihuahua,  July,  1811.  He 
was  a  zealous  supporter  of  Hidalgo,  a  colonel 
of  his  army ;  and  at  the  capture  of  Eianon 
was  conspicuous  for  courage,  and  humanity  to 
the  prisoners.  He  was  at  Las  Cruces,  and, 
after  the  disastrous  battle  of  the  Bridge  of  Cal- 
deron,  fled  to  Saltillo  with  Hidalgo.  Both 
were  taken  by  Elizondo,  March  21,  1811,  and 
shot  soon  after;  their  bodies  being  publicly  ex- 
posed on  stakes,  and  left  unburied  until  1822. 

Abbadie,  d'  (da-ba  de'),  M.,  governor  of 
Louisiana  from  1763  to  his  death,  Feb.  4, 176.5. 
June  29,  1763,  he  arrived  at  New  Orleans, 
where  the  French  king  had  a  factory,  of  which 
d'Abbadie  was  made  director-general,  with 
the  powers  of  a  military  commandant.  Or- 
dered in  1764  to  surrender  the  country  to 
1 


Spain,  his  grief  at  this  duty  caused  his  death. 
He  protected  the  Indians,  repressed  the  excesses 
of  masters  towards  their  slaves,  and  left  a 
memory  dear  to  all  Louisianians.  —  O'Callag- 
han. 

Abbeville,  d'  (dab-vel'),  Claude,  a  Cap- 
uchin, author  of  "  Histoire  de  la  Mission  dea 
Peres  Capucins  en  I'lsle  de  Maragnon ; "  d. 
Paris,  1632.  The  mission  to  the  Island  of 
Maranham  (on  the  coast  of  Brazil)  was  under- 
taken in  1612. 

Abbot,  Abiel,  D.D.  (H.  U.  1838),  minis- 
ter, b.  Wilton,  N.H.,  Dec.  14,  1765;  d.  West 
Cambridge,  Ms.,  Jan.  31,  1859.  H.  U.  1787. 
Descended  from  George,  who  settled  in  An- 
dover,  Ms.,  1643.  His  father,  Abiel,  was  a 
major  in  the  Revol.  army.  Soon  after  gradu- 
ating, and  until  July,  1789,  he  was  a  teacher  in 
Phillips  Academy.  After  studying  theology, 
and  engaging  in  missionary  labors  in  Maine 
and  elsewhere,  he  was,  from  Jan.  1794  to  Jan. 
1795,  Greek  tutor  at  Cambridge.  Ord.  minis- 
ter of  Coventry,  Ct.,  Oct.  28,  1795.  June  6, 
1811,  he  was  deposed  from  the  ministry  on 
account  of  differences  of  opinion  with  his 
church.  In  Sept.  1811,  he  took  charge  of 
Dummer  Academy  ;  which,  in  April,  1819,  he 
quitted  for  a  farm  in  North  Andover.  In- 
stalled minister  of  Peterborough,  N.H.,  June 
27,  1827,  he  remained  until  his  retirement  in 
Sept.  1 848.  He  was  an  able  writer  and  popular 
preacher.  In  1811,  he  pub.  a  statement  of  the 
Coventry  difficulty;  in  1829,  a  "History  of 
Andover  ;  "  and  a  "  Genealogy  of  the  Abbot 
Family  "  in  1847.  —  Necrology,  H.  U. 

Abbot,  Abiel,  D.D.  (H.  U.  1821),  minis- 
ter, b.  Andover,  Aug.  17,  1770;  d.  Staten  Is- 
land, N.Y.,  June  7,  1828.  H.  U.  1792.  After 
being  an  assistant  in  the  Andover  Academy, 
he  was  minister  of  Haverhill  from  June  8, 1795, 
to  June  13,  1803;  and  then  of  Beverly  until 
the  winter  of  1827-8;  when  he  went  to  Charles- 
ton, S.C.,  for  his  health,  and  thence  to  Cuba. 
Returning  in  improved  health,  he  preached  at 
Charleston  June  1,  and  sailed  the  next  day  for 
1 


ajb:b 


.AJBE 


New  York,  but  died  of  yellow  fever  at  the 
quarantine  near  that  city.  He  was  an  eloquent 
and  liberal  preacher.  His  "  Letters  from 
Cuba"  were  pub.  in  Boston  in  1829.  His  ser- 
mons, with  a  memoir  by  S.  Everett,  were  pub., 
r2mo,  1831.  —  Abbot  Genealogi/. 

Abbot,  Benjamin,  LL."  D.  (D.  C.  1811), 
educator,  b.  Andovcr,  Sept.  17,  1762;  d.  Exe- 
ter, N.H.,  Oct.  25, 1849.  H.U.I  788.  He  was 
for  fifty  years  principal  of  Phillips  (Exeter) 
Academy ;  a  position  for  which  he  possessed 
peculiar  qualitications,  —  amon<^  them,  digni- 
fied manners,  an  equal  and  happy  temper, 
quick  perception  of  character,  and  a  native 
authority  which  secured  obedience  and  affec- 
tion. Under  his  charge,  the  institution  was 
exceedingly  popular.  Among  his  pupils  were 
Daniel  Webster,  Edward  Everett,  Jared 
Sparks,  George  Bancroft,  and  many  others 
who  became  distinguished.  He  stood  at  the 
head  of  his  profession  in  New  England.  Mary, 
his  wife,  sister  of  Thos.  H.  Perkins,  merchant, 
of  Boston,  d.  Exeter,  March  17,  1863,  a.  93  y. 
10  mo. 

Abbott,  Benjamin  V.,  b.  Boston,  June  4, 
1830  ;  Austin,  b.  Dec.  18, 1831  ;  and  Lyman, 
b.  Roxbury,  D-oc.  18,  1835.  The  Abbott 
brothers,  sons  of  Rev.  Jacob,  practise  law  in 
N.  Y.  City  ;  and  have  jointly  pub.  Admiral- 
ty Reports,  1857;  N.  Y.  Practice  Reports; 
Forms  of  Pleading ;  Digest  of  N.  Y. ;  C.  P. 
Reports,  8  vols. ;  Digest  of  U.  S.  Statutes  and 
Reports,  1789-1867,  4  vols,;  Clerks'  and  Con- 
veyancers' Assist. ;  Digest  of  the  Law  of  Cor- 
porations, 2  vols.,  1869  ;  Treatise  on  the  Prac- 
tice and  Jurisdiction  of  the  U.  S.  Courts ; 
many  articles  in  law  magazines  ;  and  "  Cone- 
cut  Corners,"  a  novel  in  support  of  prohibitory 
temperance  laws.  —  AUlbone. 

Abbot,  Hull,  minister  of  Charlestown, 
Ms.,  from  Feb  5,  1724,  to  his  death,  April 
19,1774.  B.  Boston,  June  15,  1702.  H.  U. 
1720.  Many  years  colleague  with  Rev.  Simon 
Bradstreet.  He  pub.  sermons  on  the  "  Artil- 
lery Election,"  1735  ;  on  the  "  Rebellion  in 
Scotland,"  1746  ;  "  Against  Swearing,"  1747. 

Abbott,  Ret.  Jacob,  author,  b.  Hallow- 
ell,  Me.,  Nov.  14,  1803.  Bowd.  Coll.  1820; 
And.  Theol.  Scm.  1825.  Jacob,  his  father,  b. 
Andover;  d.  Farmington,  Me.,  Jan.  25,  1847, 
a.  70.  Prof,  of  mathematics  and  nat.  philos. 
Amh.  Coll.  1825-9.  Ord.  Sept.  18,  1834,  at 
Eliot  Church,  Boston  Highlands ;  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  bro.,  Rev.  J.  S.  C,  Nov.  25, 
1835.  Among  his  many  writings,  chiefly  for 
the  young,  are  "The  Young  Christian,"  1825, 
"  Corner  Stone,"  "  Way  to  do  Good,"  "Hoary- 
Head,"  and  "  Mac.  Donner,"  "  Teacher," 
"  Summer  in  Scotland,"  24  vols,  of  the  "  Rol- 
lo,""Lucy,"  and  "Jonas"  stories,  and  30 
vols,  of  juvenile  biographies. 

Abbott,  John,  author  of  "  The  Natural 
History  of  the  Rarer  Lepidopterous  Insects  of 
Georgia,"  edited  by  Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  Lond. 
1797,  with  104  colored  plates.  Resided  many 
years  in  Georgia. 

Abbot,  John  Emery,  clergyman,  b.  Exeter, 
N.H.,  Aug.  6,  1793  ;  d.  Salem,  Ms.,  Oct.  7, 
1819.  Bowd.  Coll.  1810.  Son  of  Benjamin, 
principal  of  Phillips  Academy,  where  he  re- 
ceived his  academical  education.     Ord.  April 


20,  1815,  pastor  of  the  church  in  Salem,  as 
successor  of  Rev.  Thomas  Barnard,  where  he 
was  highly  esteemed  for  his  literary  acquire- 
ments and  the  liberality  and  candor  of  his  re- 
ligious views.  His  sermons,  with  a  memoir 
by  H.  Ware,  jun.,  were  pub.  in  1829. 

Abbott,  Rev.  John  Stevens  Cabot. 
author,  bro.  of  Jacob,  b.  Brunswick,  Me.,  Sept. 
18,  1805.  Bowd.  Coll.  1825;  And.  Theol. 
Sem.  1829.  Ord.  Jan.  27, 1830.  Settled  in  the 
ministry  successively  at  Worcester,  Roxbury, 
and  Nantucket,  Ms.,  Howe-st.  Ch.,  N.  Haven, 
1861-6,  and  over  the  Second  Ch.,  Fair  Haven, 
Ct.,  1869.  His  first  work,  "The  Mother  at 
Home,"  has  been  translated  into  various  for- 
eign languages.  Among  his  principal  publi- 
cations are  "  The  Child  at  Home;"  "Abbott's 
Historical  Series,"  6  vols. ;  "  Confidential 
Correspondence  of  Napoleon  and  Josephine;" 
"  Napoleon  at  St.  Helena;  "  "Memoirs  of  Na- 
poleon," 2  vols.  8vo,  185.5,  and  of  Napoleon 
in. ;  "  History  of  the  French  Revolution,"  and 
of  the  "  Civil  War  in  America.'  His  "  Life  of 
Frederic  the  Great"  is  in  preparation. 

Abbot,  Samuel,  a  founder  and  benefac- 
tor of  the  And.  Theol.  Sem.,  b.  Andover, 
Ms. ;  d.  there  April  30,  1812,  a.  80.  Hav- 
ing a  feeble  constitution,  he  adopted  the  mer- 
cantile profession  in  Boston,  and,  acquiring 
wealth  by  integrity  and  methodical  habits, 
devoted  it  to  religious  and  charitable  objects. 
Upon  the  establishment  of  the  seminary  at 
Andover,  Aug.  31,  1807,  he  gave  to  it  $20,000, 
and  in  his  will  left  it  $100,000  more. 

Abbot,  Samuel,  inventor  of  the  process 
by  which  starch  is  made  from  the  potato,  b. 
Wilton,  N.H.,  March  3,  1786;  d.  there  Jan.  2, 
1839.  H.  U.  1808.  Son  of  Major  ^biel. 
Practised  law  at  Dunstable,  and  afterwards  at 
Ipswich.  Burned  to  death  in  a  starch-factory 
at  Wilton. 

Abeel,  David,  an  officer  of  the  frigate 
"Alliance"  in  the  Revol.  war,  d.  N.  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.,  Oct.  1840,  a.  78. 

Abeel,  David,  D.D.,  missionary  to  China, 
b.  N.  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  June  12,  18U4  ;  d.  Al- 
bany, Sept,  4,  1846.  Educated  principally  at 
his  native  place.  He  was  ord.  to  the  mini.stry  in 
1826,  and  labored  at  Athens,  N.Y,,  two  years. 
His  health  failing,  he  went  in  Oct,  1829  as  a 
missionary  to  China,  and  thence  to  Java,  Bata- 
via,  Singapore,  and  Siam,  Visiting  Europe  in 
1833,  on  returning  home  he  pub.  "  The  Claims 
of  the  World  to  the  Gospel ;  "  "  Residence  in 
China"  in  1829-33;  and  "Missionary  Con- 
vention at  Jerusalem,"  1838.  He  went  again 
to  Canton  in  1839;  but,  the  "opium  war" 
precluding  his  usefulness  there,  he  visited  Ma- 
lacca, Borneo,  and  other  places,  and  settled  at 
Kolongsoo.  Ill  health  compelled  him  to  return 
home  in  1845.  after  beginning  a  mission  at 
Amoy  in  1842  ;  and  he  died  soon  after.  He 
was  well  qualified  for  his  work  by  great  prac- 
tical judgment,  good  sense,  and  persevering 
energy.  —  Memoirs  by  Rev.  G.  R.  Williamson, 
1849. 

Abeel,  John  Nelson,  D.D.(H.U.  1 804), 
an  eloquent  Presbyterian  minister,  b.  New 
York,  1769  ;  d.  there  Jan.  20, 1812.  Princeton 
Coll.  1787.  He  studied  law  while  a  tutor  at 
Princeton,  but  began  to  preach,  in  Apr.  1793, 


-AJBHJ 


^CK 


ill  Phila.  From  the  autumn  of  1795  until  his 
death,  he  was  pastor  of  the  Dutch  Reformed 
Church  in  New  York.  He  possessed  a  voice 
of  much  sweetness  and  melody. 

Abererombie,  James,  of  Glassaugh,  a 
British  gen.,  b.  1706;  d.  deputy-gov.  of  Stir- 
ling Castie,  Apr.  28,  1781.  Descended  from 
a  wealthy  Scotch  family,  he  entered  the  army ; 
became  a  col.  Apr.  16,  1746  ;  maj.-gen.  Jan.  31, 
1756  ;  lieut.-gen.  Mar.  .31,  1759  ;  gen.  May  25, 
1772.  Sent  to  America  in  June,  1756,  with 
the  rank  of  maj.-gen.,  to  which  he  had  been 
promoted  for  services  on  the  Continent,  he 
held  the  chief  command  until  the  arrival  of 
Loudoun  in  Aug.,  and  resumed  the  command 
on  the  return  of  that  officer  in  1758.  July  8, 
1758,  at  the  head  of  15,000  men,  he  attacked 
Ticonileroga  with  the  bayonet,  —  a  piece  of 
folly  which  cost  the  lives  of  nearly  2,000  brave 
men.  He  still  further  displayed  his  incapacity 
by  unnecessarily  retreating  to  his  intrenched 
camp  on  the  south  side  of  Lake  George. 
Superseded  by  Atnherst,  he  returned  to 
England  in  1759,  and,  as  a  member  of  par- 
liament, supported  the  arbitrary  measures 
which  resulted  in  the  independence  of  the 
United  States. 

Abererombie,  James,  his  son,  alieut.col., 
mortally  wounded  at  Bunker's  Hill ;  d.  Boston, 
June  24,  1775.  Made  capt.  42d  Highlanders, 
Feb.  16,  1756;  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Amherst, 
May  5,  1759  ;  maj.  78th,  July  25,  1760  ;  lieut.- 
col.  22d,  March  27,  1770.  *He  led  the  gren- 
adiers to  the  assault  of  Bunker's  Hill  ;  was  a 
brave  and  noble-hearted  soldier ;  and,  while 
being  borne  from  the  field,  begged  his  men  to 
spare  his  old  friend  Putnam. 

Abererombie,  James,  D.D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1804),  clergyman  and  scholar,  b.  Phila.  Jan. 
26,  1758  ;  d.  there  June  26,  1841.  Phila.  Coll. 
1776.  Ord.  deacon  and  priest  Dec.  29,  1793. 
He  was  for  many  years  one  of  the  associated 
rectors  of  Christ  Church,  St.  Peter's,  and  St. 
John's,  in  that  city;  and  was  also  widely  and 
favorably  known  as  a  classical  teacher.  For 
impressive  eloquence  and  classical  acquire- 
ments, he  was  excelled  by  few. 

Abercrom.bie,  John  Joseph,  brig.  gen. 
U.  S.  Vols.,  b.  Tenn.  1802.  West  Point,  1822. 
His  father  emigrated  from  Scotland,  was  a 
volimteer  in  the  Revol.  army,  and  settled  in 
Tennessee.  Entering  the  1st  Infy.,  he  was 
adjutant  from  1825  to  1833  ;  became  capt.  Sept. 
4,  1836  ;  brev.  maj.  for  services  in  the  Florida 
war,  especially  at  Okechobee,  Dec.  25,  1837; 
brev.  lieut.-col.  for  gallantry  at  Monterey, 
where  he  was  wounded  Sept.  23,  1846  ;  lieut.- 
col.  2d  Lifv.  May  1,  1852  ;  col.  7ch  Infy.  Feb. 
25,  1861  ;  brev.  brig.-gea.  U.  S.  A.  March  13, 
1865;  retired  June  12,  1865;  brig.-gen.  of 
Vols.  Aug.  31,  1861.  He  commanded  a 
brigade  ia  Patterson's  division  in  May  ;  in 
July  was  transferred  to  Banks's  division  on 
the  Upper  Potomac;  and  early  in  1862  joined 
the  army  of  McClellan,  and  was  in  the  battles 
liefore  Richmond,  being  slightly  wounded  at 
Fair  Oaks. 

Abercromby,  Sir  Robert,  a  British 
gen.,  bro.  of  the  celebrated  Sir  Ralph,  b.  Oct. 
1740;  d.  near  Stirling,  Scotland,  Nov.  3,  1827. 
Ensign   in  the  44th  in   July,  1758;  capt.  in 


1761;  lieut.-col.  37th,  1775;  col.  1781  ;  maj.- 
gen.  1790;  lieut. -gen.  1797;  gen.  1802.  He 
served  in  Canada  until  its  surrender  by  the 
French  in  1763  ;  commanded  his  regt.  through 
the  whole  American  war  until  captured  at 
Yorktown,  and  was  wounded  at  Monmouth. 
He  commanded  the  exped,  which.  May  7, 
1778,  destroyed  the  American  shipping  in  the 
Delaware  ;  May  1,  1778,  surprised  Gen.  Lacey 
at  Crooked  Billet,  Pa. ;  and,  during  the  siege 
of  Yorktown,  led  a  successful  sortie,  capturing 
two  batteries.  He  afterward  served  in  India, 
where  he  succeeded  Cornwallis  in  the  chief 
command  in  1793;  and,  at  his  death,  was  the 
oldest  gen.  in  the  service. 

Abert  (a'bert),  Col.  John  James,  military 
engineer,  b.  Md.  1791  ;  d.  Washington,  D.C., 
Jan.  27,  1863.  West  Point,  1811.  He  was 
employed  in  the  war  office  in  1811-14;  was 
in  the  battle  of  Biadensburg,  Aug.  24,  1814; 
Nov.  22,  1814,  was  app.  maj.  of  topographical 
engineers;  became  lieut.-col.  Nov.  22,  1824; 
and  Mar.  19,  1829,  was  placed  in  command 
of  the  corps  of  topographical  engineers,  and 
at  the  head  of  the  topographical  bureau,  which 
was  by  his  efforts  made  a  distinct  branch  of 
the  war  dept.  June  22,  1831.  He  was  an 
Indian  commissioner  in  1832-3;  and,  on  the 
reconstruction  of  the  army,  was  appointed  col. 
of  his  corps,  July  7, 1838.  The  military  topog- 
raphy of  the  United  States  was  under  his 
supervision  until  his  retirement,  Sept.  9,  1861. 

Abert,  Col.  Wm.  Stretch,  son  of  J.  J., 
b.  Washington,  D.C.,  Feb.  1,  1836;  d.  Galves- 
ton, Tex.,  Aug.  25,  1867.  During  the  Rebel- 
lion, in  which  he  rendered  faithful  service  to 
the  gx)vernment,  he  was  col.  3d  Ms.  Heavy  Art., 
and  brev.  lieut.-col.  U.  S.  A.  for  gallantry  at 
Antietam. 

Aboville,  d'  (da-bo' vel'),  Franqois  Ma- 
rie, Count,  a  French  gen.  of  artillery,  b.  Brest, 
Jan.  23,  1730;  d.  Nov.  1,  1819.  Entering  the 
artillery,  he  disting.  himself  at  the  siege  of 
Munster  in  1759.  He  commanded  in  chief, 
with  the  grade  of  col.,  the  artillery  of  Rocham- 
beau's  army,  and  directed  its  operations  at 
the  siege  of  Yorktown  with  great  skill,  earning 
promotion  to  the  rank  of  brigadier,  and  the 
order  of  the  Cincinnati,  Mar^chal  de  camp,  in 
1788.  In  1792  he  com.,  as  lieut.-gen.,  the  Ar- 
my of  the  North  and  of  the  Ardennes,  and  in 
1809  was  gov.  of  Brest.  Adhering  in  1814  to 
the  Bourbons,  he  was  made  a  peer,  and  com- 
mander of  the  order  of  St.  Louis. 

Acamapixtle  I.  (a-ka-ma-pitch'-tlee), 
king  of  the  Aztecs  from  1352  to  his  d.  in  1389  ; 
was  the  legislator  of  his  subjects ;  built  roads, 
canals,  and  aqueducts;  collected  the  scattered 
tribes  together,  and  founded  the  city  of  Tenoch- 
titlan,  near  Mexico. 

Ackland,  Lady  Christina  Harriet 
Caroline  Fox,  dau.  of  Stephen,  Earl  of  III- 
chester,  and  wife  of  Maj.  John  Dyke  Ackland 
of  Pixton,  b.  17.50;  d.  July  21,  1815.  Her 
husband,  maj.  in  the  20th  foot,  joined  Bur- 
goyne's  exped.  in  1776;  disting.  himself,  and 
was  severely  wounded,  and  made  prisoner,  at 
the  battle  of  Saratoga,  Oct.  7,  1777.  While 
on  parole  in  New  York,  he  alleviated  the  suf- 
ferings of  the  Aqierican  prisoners  there.  He 
was  a  ipember  ,Qf  parliament,  and  d.  Oct.  31, 


JLCO 


J^IDJ^ 


1 778.  Lady  Harriet,  who  accompanied  him 
during  Burgoyne's  exped.,  is  memorable  for  her 
sufferings  and  heroism  during  an  anxious  at- 
tendance upon  her  husband  throughout  the 
perils  of  a  long  campaign.  The  story  related 
by  Wilkinson  in  liis  memoirs,  and  often  re- 
peated, of  her  husband  falling  in  a  duel,  her 
consequent  insanity,  and  subsequent  marriage 
to  Mr.  Brudenell,  a  chaplain  in  Burgoyne's  ar- 
my, lacks  confirmation.  Some  authorities 
state  that  Maj.  A.  died  from  the  effect  of  his 
wounds.  Lady  A.  could  never  after  hear  an  al- 
lusion to  his  name  without  tears.  Her  sister. 
Lady  Susan,  also  came  to  America  with  her 
husband,  William  O'Brien,  who  held  office 
under  tlie  crown,  and  returned  to  England 
during  the  war,  by  which  he  was  a  large  loser 
in  landed  property. 

Acosta,  Joaquin,  an  officer  in  the  service 
of  the  republic  of  Colombia,  travelled  exten- 
sively there  and  in  New  Granada,  and  com- 
piled a  map  of  New  Granada,  with  a  history  of 
the  discovery  and  colonization  of  that  country 
(Paris,  8vo,  1848).  He  also  repub.  the  work 
of  Caldas,  cited  by  Humboldt,  with  notes  and 
a  preface. 

Acosta,  Joseph  d',  a  Spanish  Jesuit  and 
missionary,  b.  Medina  del  Campo,  1539  ;  d. 
rector  of  the  U.  of  Salamanca,  Feb.  15,  1600. 
He  spent  some  years  subsequent  to  1571  in  the 
conversion  of  the  Indians  of  S.  America,  and 
was  afterwards  a  provincial  in  the  Jesuit  Col- 
lege in  Peru.  On  his  return  to  Spain,  he  pub., 
besides  his  missionary  works,  "  The  Natural 
and  Moral  History  of  the  Indies,"  8vo,  1590, 
translated  into  French  in  1600  ;  to  which  was 
afterward  added  De  Natura  Novi  Orbis,  libri 
duo,  a  work  quoted  by  Robertson  and  others. 
He  was  at  one  time  professor  of  theology  at 
Orana. 

Acrelius,  Israel,  a  Swedish  clergyman, 
b.  Osteraker,  Dec.  25,  1714;  d.  Fellingsbro', 
Apr.  25,  1800.  U.ofUpsal.  Ord.  1743.  App. 
provost  of  the  Swedish  congregations  on  the 
Delaware  in  1749,  and  pastor  of  Christina. 
Reaching  Phila.  in  Nov.,  he  superintended  suc- 
cessfully the  ecclesiastical  affairs  of  the  Swe- 
dish colonists  until  obliged  by  ill  health  to  re- 
sign in  Nov.  1756.  On  his' return,  the  king 
gave  him  a  pension  and  the  living  of  Fellings- 
bro'. Besides  articles  on  America  in  the 
Swedish  journals,  and  some  religious  works, 
he  pub.  a  description  of  the  Swedish  colonies 
in  Amenca,  4to,  Stockholm,  1759, 

Acuna,  d'  (a-koon'-ya),  Christopher, 
Jesuit  and  explorer,  b.  Burgos,  1597  ;  d.  Lima, 
ab.  1675.  He  was  one  of  the  early  explorers 
of  the  River  Amazon,  and  was  sent  to  report 
the  incidents  of  the  exped.  of  1639.  On  his 
return  to  Si)ain,  he  pub.  at  Madrid,  in  4to, 
1641,  Naevo  Uiscubrimucnto  de  Gran  liio  de  las 
Aiiiazones.  The  copies  of  this  work  were  all 
destroyed  but  two,  one  of  which  Gomberville 
translated  into  French  in  1684.  The  Avork  is 
accompanied  with  a  curious  dissertation.  He 
subsequently  went  to  the  East  Indies,  returned 
to  S.  America,  and  died  on  the  way  from  Pan- 
ama to  Lima. 

Adair,  James,  trader,  and  author  of  a  his- 
tory of  the  American  Indians,  4to,  1775,  Lon- 
don.    The  writer,  who  lived  chiefly  among  the 


Chickasaws  from  1735  to  1775,  assigns  to  them 
a  Hebrew  origin,  —  an  idea  then  regarded  as 
visionary,  but  which  has  since  found  support- 
ers ;  among  them  Dr.  Boudinot  in  his  "  Star 
of  the  West."  His  argument  is  founded  on 
their  division  into  tribes,  their  language  and 
customs. 

Adair,  John,  general,  b.  Chester  Co.,  S.C., 
1759;  d.  Harrodsburg,  Ky.,  May  19,  1840. 
He  served  in  the  llevol.  army  ;  removed  to  Ky. 
in  1787  ;  was  a  maj.  under  St.  Clair  and  Wil- 
kinson in  the  expeditions  against  the  North- 
western Indians  in  1791  ;  was  attacked  by  the 
Miami  chief,  "  Little  Turtle,"  in  camp  near 
Fort  St.  Clair,  Nov.  6,  1792,  and  forced  to  re- 
treat; and  was  lieut.-col.  under  Gen.  Charles 
Scott  in  1793.  He  was  a  volunteer  aide  to 
Gen.  Shelby  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  Oct. 
5,  1813;  made  brig.-gen.  of  Ky.  militia  in  Nov. 
1814;  and  com.  the  Ky.  troops  with  distinction 
at  N.  Orleans,  under  Gen.  Jackson,  in  1814-15. 
He  was  several  years  a  representative  of  Mer- 
cer Co.  in  the  Ky.  legislature,  of  which  body 
he  was  also  speaker  ;  was  a  member  of  the  Ky. 
Const.  Conv  ,  and  register  of  the  U.  S.  Land 
Office;  U.  S.  senator  in  1805-6;  gov.  of  Ky. 
1820-24;  and  M.  C.  1831-3,  serving  on  the 
Committee  on  Military  Affairs. 

Adams,  Abigail,  wife  of  Pres.  John,  b. 
Weymouth,  Ms.,  Nov.  22,1744;  d.  Quincy, 
Oct".  28,  1818.  Dau.  of  Rev.  William  Smith. 
Feb.  24,  1764,  she  m.  Mr.  Adams,  then  a 
lawyer  at  Weymouth.  She  visited  Europe 
while  her  husband  was  minister  to  England,  in 
1784-8  ;  and  during  his  Vice-Presidency  and 
Presidency,  1789-1800,  resided  in  Phila.  Her 
letters  were  pub.  by  her  grandson,  Charles  F., 
4th  ed.  Boston,  1848,  12mo.  They  are  inter- 
esting and  valuable  pictures  of  the  Revol.  pe- 
riod. 

Adams,  Amos,  minister  of  Roxbury,  Ms., 
from  Sept.  12,  1758,  to  his  d.  at  Dorchester, 
Oct.  5,  1775,  b.  Medfield,  Ms.,  Sept.  1,  1728. 
H.  U.  1752.  He  was  an  ardent  patriot,  and 
was  scribe  of  the  convention  of  ministers  at 
Watertown,  which  in  May,  1775,  recommend- 
ed to  the  people  to  take  up  arms.  He  pub., 
besides  sermons,  two  discourses  on  "  Religious 
Liberty,"  1767;  "A  Concise  Historical  View  of 
New  England,"  in  two  discourses  ;  on  the  Gen- 
eral Fast,  Apr.  6,  1769,  repub.  London,  1770. 

Adams,  Andrew,  LL.  D.  (Y.  C.  1796), 
jurist,  b.  Stratford,  Ct.,  Jan.  1736;  d.  Litch- 
field, Nov.  26,  1797.  Yale  Coll.  1760.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Fairfield  Co. ; 
practised  law  some  time  in  Stamford  ;  removed 
in  1764  to  Litchfield ;  was  a  member  of 
the  legislature  from  1776  to  1781  ;  delegate  to 
Congress  in  1777-80  and  1781-2;  member 
of  the  Council  in  1781  ;  app.  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  1789,  and  chief-justice  in 
1793.  He  was  an  adroit  and  learned  lawyer, 
and  an  able  judge. 

Adams,  Benjamin,  lawyer,  b.  Worces- 
ter, Ms.,  1765;  d.  Uxbridge,  Ms.,  March  28, 
1837.  B.  U.  1788.  He  was  an  able  law- 
yer, a  member  of  the  legislature  in  1809-14, 
State  senator  in  1814-15  and  1822-25,  and  a 
useful  member  of  Congress  in  1816-21. 

Adams,  Charles,  historian  of  the 
•'  Patriot  war,"  b.  Arlington,  Vt.,   Mar.  12, 


AJDA. 


AJDA. 


1785;  cl.  Burlington,  Vt.,  Jan.  12,  1861.  U. 
of  Vt.  1804.  He  was  an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
held  many  public  offices. 

Adams,  Charles  Baker,  naturalist,  b. 
Dorcliester,  Ms.,  Jan.  11,  1814;  d.  St. 
Thomas,  Jan.  19,  1853.  Amh.  Coll.  1834. 
He  studied  at  the  And.  Theol.  Sem.  two  years, 
and  then,  with  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hitchcock,  made 
a  geological  survey  of  New  York.  Tutor  at 
Amh.  Coll.  1837.  From  1838  to  Aug.  1847,  he 
was  prof,  of  chemistry  and  natural  history  in 
Middlebury  Coll.,  and  from  1847  to  his  death 
was  prof,  of  chemistry  and  zoology  at  Amli. 
Coll.  He  made  the  geological  survey  of  Vt. 
ill  1845-7,  and,  between  the  years  1844  and 
1851,  made  scientific  explorations  in  Panama 
and  several  of  the  VVe.-t  India  Islands.  He 
was  a  member  of  numerous  scientific  societies, 
and,  besides  his  geological  reports  of  Vt.,  pub. 
eleven  numbers  of  '•  Contributions  to  Con- 
chology,"  "  Monographs  of  Several  Species  of 
Shells,"  "  Catalogue  of  Shells  collected  in  Pa- 
nama," N.Y.,  1852,  "Elements  of  Geology," 
and  some  papers  in  Silliiuaii's  Journal. 

Adams,  Charles  Francis,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1864),  statesman,  son  of  John  Quincy  Adams, 
b.  Boston,  Aug.  18,  1807.  H.  U.  1825.  His 
boyhood  was  passed  with  his  father  at  St. 
Petersburg.  Accompanying  his  father  in  his 
mission  to  England  in  1815,  he  was  placed  at 
school  there  until  his  return  home  in  1817. 
He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Daniel  Webster, 
and  was,  in  1828,  adm.  to  the  bar,  but  never 
has  practised.  In  1829,  he  m.  the  youngest 
dau.  of  P.  C.  Brooks,  a  Boston  millionnaire. 
Representative  in  the  legisl.  of  Ms.  1831-4; 
senator  1835-7.  Having  left  the  Whig  party, 
he  was,  in  1848,  the  candidate  of  the  newly- 
organized  Free  Soil  party  for  the  Vice-Presi- 
dency. In  1845-8,  he  edited  at  Boston  a  daily 
paper  which  prepared  the  way  for  the  present 
Republican  party.  M.  C,  for  the  district  so 
long  represented  by  his  father,  in  1859-61,  and, 
fro.u  Mar.  1861  to  Feb.  1868,  minister  to  Great 
Britain,  —  a  position  which  had  been  filled  by 
his  father  and  grandfather  before  him.  This 
post  was,  during  the  great  Rebellion,  an  ex- 
ceedingly trying  one;  l>ut  he  acquitted  himseif 
with  great  credit.  He  was  a  contributor  to 
tie  North  American  Review  and  to  the  Christian 
Examiner,  and  has  edited  his  grandfather's  col- 
lected writings,  with  a  Memoir  by  himself,  in 
10  vols.  8vo ;  "  Letters  of  Mis.  Adams,"  4ih  ed. 
1848  ;  and  "  Letters  of  John  Adams  addressed 
to  his  Wife  ;  "  also  a  "  Life  of  John  Adams," 
2  vols.  1870.  His  son,  Johx  Quincv,  b.  Bos- 
ton, Sept.  22,  1833  (H.  U.  1853),  has  been  sev- 
eral times  democ.  candidate  for  gov.  of  Ms. 

Adams,  Daniel,  M.D  ,  physician,  and 
author  of  school  text-books,  b.  Townsend, 
Ms  ,  Sept.  29,  1773  ;  d.  Keene,  N.H.,  June  8, 
1864.  Dartm.  Coll.  1797;  M.D.  1822.  He 
taught  a  select  school  in  Boston  in  1806-13; 
practised  medicine  in  Lancaster,  Boston,  and 
Kvene,  N.  H. ;  was  State  senator  in  N.  H.  in 
1838-40;  and  was  president  of  the  N.  H. 
Medical  and  Bible  Societies.  Besides  an 
arichmetic,  which  was  extensively  used,  and 
other  school-books,  he  pub.  an  oration  at  Leom- 
inster, on  the  death  of  Washington ;  edited  the 
Telv^cope,  at  Mt.  Vernon,  and  the  Medical  and 


Agricidtural  Register,  at  Boston.  —  Dartm.  CoU. 
Alumni. 

Adams,  Ebenezer,  educator,  b.  New  Ips- 
wich, N  H.,  Oct.  2,  1765;  d.  Hanover,  Aug.  15, 
184J.  Dartm.  Coll.  1791.  Descendant  of 
Henry  of  Devonshire,  Eng.,  who  settled  in 
Braintree  ab.  1630.  Preceptor  of  Leicester 
Acad,  in  1792-1806  ;  then  took  charge  of  the 
Portland  Acad.;  prof,  of  mathematics  in  Phil- 
lips (Exeter)  Acad.;  prof,  of  languages  at 
Dartm.  Coll.  in  1809-10,  and  of  mathematics 
and  natural  philosophy  there  in  1810-33.  Mem- 
ber of  many  scientific  and  literary  societies. 

Adams,  Edwin,  comedian,  b.  Medford, 
Ms.,  Feb.  3,  1834.  First  appeared  at  the  Na- 
tional Theatre,  Boston,  Aug.  29,  1853,  as 
Stephen  in  "  The  Hunchback."  His  first  ap- 
pearance in  Phila.  was  Sept.  20,  1854,  at  the 
Chestnut,  as  Charles  Woodley  in  "  The  Sol- 
dier's Daughter."  His  first  great  hit  was  at 
tlie  St.  Charles  Theatre,  Baltimore.  He  has 
appeared  as  a  star  in  all  the  principal  cities  of 
the  U.S. —  Brown's  Arner.  Stage. 

Adams,  Eliphalet,  minister  of  New 
London,  Cr..  b.  Dedham,  Ms.,  Mar.  26,  1677; 
d.  Oct.  4,  1753.  H.  U.  1694.  Ord.  Feb.  9, 
1709.  William,  his  father,  was  second  minister 
of  Dedham.  A  Diary  kept  by  him,  1667-85, 
is  in  Ms.  Hist.  Coll.  iv.  I.  Eliphalet  was  a 
scholar  of  reputation,  and  pub.  a  number  of 
sermons.  His  son  William,  also  a  minister,  d. 
1 798.  —  Sprague. 

Adam.S,  Hannah,  historian,  b.  Med  field, 
Ms.,  1755  ;  d.  Brookline,  Ms.,  Nov.  15,  1831, 
and  was  the  first  person  interred  at  Mt. 
Auburn  Cemetery.  Her  father  was  a  shop- 
keeper of  literary  tastes.  Her  mother  d.  when 
she  was  but  two  years  of  age.  Evincing  an 
early  fondness  for  study,  she  obtained  a 
knowledge  of  Latin  and  Greek  from  some 
divinity  students  boarding  at  her  father's  house. 
He  failed  in  business  when  she  was  17  ;  and 
the  children  were  obliged  to  provide  for  them- 
selves. During  the  Revol.  she  supported 
herself  by  making  lace,  and  teaching.  She  was, 
perhaps,  the  first  of  those  literary  women  of 
whom  our  country  has  since  been  so  prolific, 
and,  though  much  esteemed  as  a  writer,  de- 
rived little  pecuniary  benefit  from  her  literary 
labors.  Her  friends,  however,  contributed 
liberally  to  her  support,  raising  for  her  declin- 
ing years  a  comfortable  annuity.  Simple  in 
her  manners,  she  possessed  rare  modesty,  and 
great  excellence  and  purity  of  character. 
Small  in  stature,  she  was,  in  old  age,  very 
diaf,  fond  of  strong  tea,  and  an  inveterate 
suutif-taker.  She  corresponded  with  learned 
men  in  Europe,  among  them,  the  Abbe  Gre- 
goire,  who  assisted  her  with  material  for  her 
"  History  of  the  Jews."  She  pub.  "  View  of 
Religions,"  1784;  "  History  of  New  England," 
1799  ;  "  History  of  the  Jews,"  1812  ;  "  a  Con- 
troversy with  Dr.  Morse,"  1814  ;  "  Letters  on 
the  Gospels,"  2d  ed.  1826  ;  and  "  Evidences  of 
the  Christian  Religion,"  1804.  Her  Autobi- 
ography, with  a  continuation  by  Mrs.  G.  G. 
Lee,  was  pub.  in  1832. 

Adams,  Isaac,  inventor  of  the  power 
printing-press  in  general  use,  b.  Rochester, 
N.H.,  1803;  descended  from  Rev.  Joseph  of 
Newington,   1689-1783.      His  education  waa 


AJDA. 


# 


-AJD^ 


very  limited.  He  first  became  a  factory  opera- 
tive, afterwards  learned  the  trade  of  a  cabinet- 
maker ;  came  to  Boston  ab.  1824,  and  went 
into  a  machine-shop.  He  invented  a  printing- 
press  in  1828,  which  in  1834  he  impro\'ed, 
making  it  substantially  what  it  now  is.  Witli 
bis  bro.  Seth,  he  engaged  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  these  and  other  machines,  and  acquired 
a  competency.     Member  Ms.  senate. 

Adams,  James  Hopkins,  politician,  b. 
S.C^ab.  1811;  d.  near  Columbia,  S.C.,  July  27, 
1861.  Yale  Coll.  1831.  He  strongly  opposed 
in  the  S.  C.  legisl.  in  1830,  the  nullification 
doctrine ;  was  subsequently  a  member  of  the 
Senate;  was  gov.  of  S.  C.  in  18.55-7,  and, 
after  the  passage  of  the  "  Secession  Ordinance," 
was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  treat  with  the 
President  concerning  the  U.  S.  property  in 
South  Carolina. 

Adams,  Jasper,  D.D.,  educator,  b.  Med- 
way,  Ms.,  1793  ;  d.  Charleston,  S.C.,  Oct.  25, 
1841.  B.  U,  1815.  He  studied  theology;  was 
prof,  of  mathematics  in  B.  U.  1819-24;  took 
charge  of  Charleston  Coll.  in  1824,  and  of  Ge- 
neva Coll  in  182.5-7;  and  was  president  of  the 
former  in  1827-36.  He  next  occupied  himself 
in  preparing  a  treatise  on  moral  science,  pub. 
in  1837.  He  was  in  1838-40  a  prof,  of  geog- 
raphy, history,  and  ethics,  in  West  Point  Acad., 
and  subsequently  had  charge  of  a  seminary  at 
Pendleton,  S.C. 

Adams,  John,  poet  and  Cong,  minister, 
b.  1704;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  Jan.  23,  1740. 
H.  U.  1 721 .  Son  of  Hon.  John  Adams  of  Nova 
Scotia.  Settled  minister  of  Newport,  K.I., 
Apr.  11,  1728;  dismissed  Feb.  25,  1730,  after- 
ward settled  in  Phila.  His  poems  (Boston, 
1745)  include  the  Book  of  Revelations  in  heroic 
verse,  and  evince  a  lively  fancy,  and  a  harmony 
of  versification  remarkable  for  that  period.  An 
ingenious  and  satirical  piece  on  the  love  of 
money,  pub.  during  his  lifetime,  is  not  included 
in  this  volume.  He  had  genius  and  learning, 
and  was  a  popular  preacher ;  was  "  master  of 
nine  languages,  and  conversant  with  Greek, 
Latin,  French,  and  Spanish  authors." 

Adams,  John,  second  President  U.S.,  b. 
Biaintree,  now  Quincy,  Ms.,  Oct.  19,  1735;  d. 
there  July  4,  1826.  H.  U.  1755.  His  father 
was  a  selectman  and  farmer  of  limited  means. 
He  first  taught  school  at  Worcester,  and  be- 
gan to  study  law  ;  though  his  early  inclina- 
tion was  for  the  army.  Returning  to  Brain  tree 
in  1758,  he  acquired  a  good  practice,  and  in 
1764  m.  Abigail  Smith,  a  woman  of  superior 
abilities  and  sense.  He  was  the  author  of 
the  Instructions  of  the  Town  of  Braintree 
to  its  Representatives  on  the  Subject  of  the 
Stamp  Act,  which  were  adopted  verbatim  by 
more  than  40  towns.  App.  by  the  town  of 
Boston,  together  with  Gridley  and  Otis,  to 
support  a  me.-norial  addressed  to  the  governor 
and  council  that  the  courts  might  proceed  with 
business  without  stamps,  Adams  opened  the 
case,  boldly  taking  the  ground  that  the  Stamp 
Act  was  absolutely  void,  parliament  having  no 
right  to  tax  the  Colonies.  Some  papers  writ- 
ten by  him  at  this  time  for  the  Boston  Gazette 
were  subsequently  pub.  as  an  "  Essay  on  the 
Canon  and  Feudal  Law."  He  moved  to  Bos- 
ton in  1768;  drafted  the  instructions  to  its  rep- 


resentatives;  and  in  1770  was  chosen  to  the 
General  Court,  notwithstanding  his  defence  of 
Capt.  Preston  and  his  soldiers  for  the  "  Boston 
Massacre."     He  was   from    this  time  forward 
the  chief  legal  adviser  of  the  patriots,  and  a 
leader  among  them.    Elected  to  the  Provincial 
Council  in  1773  and  1774,  he  was  negatived 
by  Gov.  Hutchinson.     Chosen   a  delegate  to 
the  Congress  of  1774,   he  advocated   resting 
colonial  rights  upon  the  law  of  nature  as  well 
as  the  law  of  England,  and  shaped  the  reso- 
lutions thereupon.     On  his  return,  he  was  cho- 
sen to  the  Provincial  Congress.     At  this  time, 
he  wrote,   under  the   signature  of  Novanglus, 
his  reply  to  Massachusettensis,  —  a  series  of  ef- 
fective papers  in  vindication  of  the  course  of 
Great  Britain.     An  abridgment  of  them  was 
pub.  in  Almou's  "Remembrancer"  for  1775  as 
"  A  History  of  the  Dispute  with  America ;  " 
and  they  have  twice  been  repub.     In  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  of  1775,  he  carried  the  prac- 
tical measures  of  putting  the  Colonies  in  a  state 
of  defence ;   adopting  the   N.  E.  army  al)Out 
Boston ;   and  also,  to  conciliate  Virginia  and 
the  South,  proposed  Washington  for  the  chief 
command.     In  Sept.  he  drew  up,  as  one  of  the 
Committee  of  Naval  Affairs,  rules  and  regu- 
lations, the  basis  of  our  existing  Naval  Co.!e. 
He   urged  upon    Congress   to   advise  all    tlu 
provinces  at  once  to  institute  governments  of 
their  own,  which  was  done.     His  views  upon 
State  governments  were  printed  under  the  title 
of    "  Tlioughts  on  Government  Applicable  to 
the  Present  State  of  the  American  Colonies." 
Placed  on  the  Committee  on  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  and  also  on  that  of  Foreign 
Relations,  upon   him   devolved    the   task    of 
battling  the  Declaration  through  Congress  in 
a  three-days'  debate.     President  of  the  Board 
of  War,  June  12,  1776-Dec.  1777,    and  was 
also  chairman  of  the  committee  which  decided 
appeals   in   admiralty   cases    from   the   State 
Courts.     Appointed,  Nov.  28,    1777,  commis- 
sioner   to    France    to    supersede    Deane,    he 
reached   Paris    Apr.   8,   1778,   and   finding  a 
want  of  harmony  between  the  commissioners, 
Franklin  and  Lee,  advised  intrusting  the  mis- 
sion to  a  single  person.    Franklin  having  been 
made  sole  ambassador,  he  returned  home  in 
time  to  lake  a  seat  in  the  State  convention  for 
forming  a  constitution,  and  took  a  leading  part 
in  its  formation.     App.  by  Congress  minister 
to  treat  with  Great  Britain  for  peace  and  com- 
merce, he  sailed  for  France  in  Nov.  1779.    Vcr- 
gennes,  the  French    minister,  who  distrusted 
him,  finally  obtained  from  Congress  the  recall 
of  Mr.  Adams's  powers  to  negotiate  a  treaty 
of  commerce,  and  the  conjunction  with  him  of 
several  colleagues,  of  whom  Franklin  was  one. 
In  July,  1780,  he  went  to  Holland  to  negotiate 
a  loan,  and  Apr.  19,  1782  was  received  as  am- 
bassador by  the  States-General,  from  wliom 
he  soon  after  obtained  a  loan  of  two  million 
dollars,  and  with  whom  he  made  a  treaty  of 
amity  and  commerce.     In  Oct.  he  returned  to 
Paris  to  assist  in  making  the  treaty  of  peace, 
and  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  securing  the 
fisheries   to   the   U.  S.     With    Franklin   and 
Jay  he   negotiated  a  treaty  of  commerce  with 
Great   Britain.     In    the  following  winter,  ho 
negotiated    another    Dutch    loan ;  was  conj- 


^^OD^ 


JLJDA. 


missioned  with  Franklin  and  Jefferson  to 
form  treaties  with  foreign  powers,  and  in  May, 
1785,  went  as  minister  to  the  court  of  St. 
James.  While  at  this  post,  he  prepared  his 
"  Defence  of  the  American  Constitutions." 
llecalledin  Feb.  1788,  on  his  arrival  home,  he 
was  re-appointed  a  delegate  to  Congress,  but 
did  not  take  his  seat,  having  been  elected  Vice- 
President  of  the  U.S.,  receiving  the  next  high- 
est number  of  votes  to  Washington  in  the 
first  Presidential  election.  He  sustained  the 
policy  of  Washington,  giving,  as  president  of 
the  senate,  his  casting-vote  in  many  important 
measures  The  French  Revol.,  to  which  he 
was  opposed,  led  him  to  write  his  "Discourses 
on  Davila,"  in  which  he  controverted  the 
radical  democ  doctrines  of  the  day.  Chosen 
president  by  a  small  majority  over  Jefferson 
for  the  terra  begmning  Mar.  4,  1797,  his  ad- 
ministration was  vehemently  opposed  by  the 
new  party  under  the  lead  of  Jefferson,  called 
Republicans,  who  were  friendly  to  the  French 
Revol ,  while  the  Federal  party  were  deter- 
mined to  preserve  neutrality.  The  French 
Directory  having  issued  decrees  and  orders 
highly  injurious  to  American  commerce,  a  na- 
vy was  set  on  loot,  an  army  partly  levied,  with 
Washington  for  commander-in-chief;  and  a 
quasi  war  with  France  ensued.  Commission- 
ers Ellsworth,  Davie,  and  Murray,  however, 
succeeded  in  arranging  the  matters  in  dispute 
with  Bonaparte,  then  just  elected  consul.  The 
heavy  taxes  to  meet  the  expenses  of  warlike 
preparations,  the  ill-advised  Alien  and  Sedition 
Law,  and  the  charge  of  being  under  British 
influence,  countenanced  by  Hamilton,  de- 
stroyed Adams's  popularity  ;  and  in  the  follow- 
ing election  he  received  i)ut  65  electoral  votes, 
while  Jefferson  and  Burr  had  73  each.  His 
subsequent  life  was  passed  in  retirement  at  the 
homestead  in  Quincy.  At  the  age  of  85,  he 
was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  Convention  to  re- 
vise the  Constitution  of  Ms,,  and  was  request- 
ed to  preside,  but  dechned.  He  lived  to  see 
his  sou  President,  and  to  receive  Jefferson's 
congratulations  upon  it.  By  a  remarkable 
coincidence,  they  both  expired  on  the  fiftieth 
anniversary  of  that  Declaration  of  Independ- 
dence  in  which  they  had  both  taken  so  active 
a  part.  His  dau.  Abigail  m.  Col.  Wm.  S. 
Smith,  his  secretary  of  legation  in  Lon- 
don. He  wrote  for  the  Boston  Patriot  many 
valuable  contributions  to  the  history  of  his 
times,  a  portion  of  which,  entitled  "  Corre- 
spondence," was  pub.  8vo,  1809.  His  Letters 
to  Mr.  Tudor  led  to  the  publication  of  the  Life 
of  Otis,  and  shed  much  light  on  the  early  his- 
tory of  the  Revol.  His  grandson  Charles 
Francis  Adams  has  pub.  his  collected  writ- 
ings, including  his  "Autobiography."  Among 
his  other  publications  are  "  Twenty-six  Let- 
ers  on  the  American  Revolution,  written  in 
Holland  in  1780;"  "Correspondence  with 
W.  Cunningham,"  1823  ;  and  Letters  on  Gov- 
ernment to  Samuel  Adams,"  1802.  Though 
courteous  in  manner,  Mr.  Adams  was  some- 
what irritable  in  temper. 

Adams  John,  maj.-gen.  C.S.A.,  b.  Tenn. 
1825;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Franklin,  Tenn., 
Nov.  30,  1864.  West  Point,  1846.  Entering 
the  1st  dragoons,  he  was  brevetted  1st  lieut. 


for  gallantry  at  Santa  Cruz  de  Rosales,  Mar. 
16,  1848  ;  capt.  Nov.  30,1856  ;  had  seen  consid- 
erable Indian  fighting  in  Utah  and  N.  Mexi- 
co; resigned  Mar.  31,  1861,  to  join  in  the  Re- 
bellion. 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  sixth  President 
of  United  States,  b.  Braintree,  July  11, 1767  ; 
d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Feb.  23,  1848.  H.  U. 
1787.  Son  of  Pres.  John  Adams.  He  re- 
ceived his  name  of  "  Quincy  "  from  his  mater- 
nal grandfather,  an  influential  citizen,  who  died 
just  as  his  grandchild  was  born.  In  Feb. 
1778,  he  accompanied  his  father  in  his  mission 
to  France,  occupying  himself,  until  his  return 
in  Aug.  1779,  in  studying  the  French  and  Latin 
languages ;  enjoying  the  special  favor  and 
friendship  of  Fi'anklin.  In  Nov.  he  made  a 
secon<l  visit  to  France,  and  resumed  his  stu- 
dies, which  were  subsequently  pursued  at  Am- 
sterdam and  at  the  U.  of  Leyden.  In  1781, 
at  the  age  of  14,  he  accompanied  Mr.  Dana 
to  Russia  as  private  sec.  In  1782,  he  spent 
some  time  in  Stockholm,  Copenhagen,  and 
Hamburg;  accompanied  his  father  to  England, 
and,  in  1784,  to  Paris  ;  returning  home  early 
in  1785.  After  graduating  at  Harvard  with 
disting.  honor,  he  studied  law  with  Theophilus 
Parsons,  and  practised  at  Boston,  obtaining 
distinction  as  a  political  writer.  Under  the 
signature  of  "Publicola,"  in  1791,  he  advo- 
cated neutrality  with  France;  suggesting 
doubts  of  the  favorable  issue  of  the  French 
Revol.  From  1794  to  1801,  he  was  suc- 
cessively minister  to  Holland,  England,  and 
Prussia,  receiving  in  1798  a  commission  to 
negotiate  a  treaty  of  commerce  with  Sweden ; 
and  residing  in  Berlin  from  Nov.  1797,  to  Apr. 
1801,  when  he  was  recalled.  While  here,  he 
wrote  his  "  Letters  from  Silesia."  July  27, 
1797,  he  m.  Louisa,  dau.  of  Joshua  Johnson, 
consul  at  London,  and  niece  of  Thos.  John- 
son of  Md.,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  In  1802,  he  was  in  the  senate 
of  Ms.,  and  was  in  that  of  the  U.S.  from  1803, 
until,  in  1808,  he  resigned  on  account  of  dis- 
agreement on  the  question  of  embargo  with 
the  Ms.  legisl.  His  course  in  this  matter  Jed 
to  a  serious  controversy  between  him  and  his 
colleague  Timothy  Pickering.  From  1806  to 
1809,  he  was  prof,  of  rhetoric  at  H.  U.  Min- 
ister to  Russia  in  1809,  his  influence  at  that 
court  induced  its  offers  of  intervention,  which 
culminated  in  the  treaty  of  peace  between 
Eng.  and  the  U.  S.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
missioners to  negotiate  that  treaty  at  Ghent 
in  1814;  after  the  signing  of  which,  he,  with 
Gallatin  and  Clay,  negotiated  at  the  court  of 
St.  James  a  commercial  treaty  with  Great 
Britain,  signed  July  13,  1815.  He  remained 
in  London  as  resident  minister  until  Mar. 
1817.  While  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1811,  he 
was  app.  a  judge  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court, 
but  declined.  A  series  of  letters  to  his  son  on 
"  The  Bible  and  its  Teachings,"  was  written 
at  this  period.  From  1817  to  1825,  he  was 
Sec.  of  State  to  President  Monroe,  whom  he 
succeeded  as  President  in  1825.  In  1831,  he 
was  sent  to  Congress,  where  he  was  continued, 
by  successive  re-elections,  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  suddenly  in  the  Capitol.  His  last 
words  were,  "  This  is  the  last  of  earth  :  I  am 


-AJD^ 


8 


AX>A» 


content."  As  a  scholar,  his  attainments  were 
various  and  profound.  Congress  devolved 
upon  him  the  duty  of  pronouncing  the  eulo- 
gium  upon  Lafayette  ;  and  he  also  pronounced 
at  Boston  the  funeral-orations  upon  Madison 
and  Monroe.  As  Sec.  of  State,  the  claims  on 
Spain  were  by  his  influence  adjusted  ;  Florida 
was  added  to  the  Union  ;  and  the  republics  of 
S.  America  recognized.  Mr.  Adams's  adminis- 
tration favored  the  application  of  all  the  super- 
fluous revenues  of  the  country  to  internal 
improvements.  The  fearless  stand  which  he 
maintained  in  Congress  upon  the  right  of 
petition  was  in  the  highest  degree  honorable 
to  him.  He  looked  upon  slavery  as  an  un- 
mitigated curse.  His  voice  was  heard  on 
nearly  every  important  question  before  the 
House.  When  more  than  fourscore,  he  was 
yet  "  the  Old  Man  Eloquent."  Independent, 
manly,  and  patriotic,  he  never  swerved  from 
what  he  believed  to  be  the  path  of  duty ;  leav- 
ing behind  him  a  high  reputation  for  purity 
and  disinterestedness.  In  1810,  his  "Lectures 
on  Rhetoric  and  Oratory  "  were  pub. ;  "  Let- 
ters on  Freeuiasonry,"  in  1833;  "  Dermot 
MacMurrough,"  a  poem,  1832;  and,  in  1848 
"  Poems  of  Religion  and  Society."  A  Memoir 
by  Josiah  Quincy  was  pub.  in  Boston,  8vo, 
1858. 

Adams,  Matthew,  writer,  of  Boston,  d. 
Mar.  2,  1749.  Though  a  mechanic  or  trades- 
man, he  had  a  large  collection  of  books.  Dr. 
Franklin  acknowledges  his  obligations  for  ac- 
cess to  his  library.  He  contrib.  essays  to  the 
New-England  Journal,  and  pub.  some  poetical 
essays.  His  son  John,  minister  of  Durham, 
N.H.,  1748-78,  b.  June  19,  1725;  d.  June  4, 
1792.  H.  U.  1745.  Rev.  Hugh,  minister  of 
Durham,  bro.  of  Matthew.  H.  U.  1697,  d. 
1750.  —  See  Drake's  Boston,  pp.  634,  675, 

Adams,  Nathaniel,  author,  b.  Ports- 
mouth, N.H.,  1756  ;  d.  Exeter,  Aug.  5,  1829. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1775.  He  began  the  study  of 
law  with  Gen.  Sullivan  ;  but,  before  the  ex- 
piration of  his  terra,  was  app.  clerk  of  the  N.H. 
Superior  Court,  and  for  more  than  fifty  years 
oflBciated  in  the  courts  of  the  State.  He  was 
the  reporter  of  the  first  vol.  of  "  Decisions  of 
the  N.H.  Court,"  pub.  1819,  and  author  of 
"  Annals  of  Portsmouth,"  1825  ;  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  N.H.  Hist.  Society. 

Adams,  Nehemiah,  D.D.,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, b.  Salem,  Ms.,  Feb.  19  1806.  H.  U. 
1826  ;  And.  Theol.  Sem.  1829.  Settled  as  col- 
league with  Rev.  Dr.  Holmes  of  the  First 
Church,  Cambridge,  Dec.  17,  1829,  and  since 
Mar.  26,  1834,  has  been  pastor  of  the  Essex- 
st.  Church,  Boston.  Many  years  an  officer 
of  the  Amer.  Tract  Soc.  and  of  the  A.  B.  C. 
F.  M.  An  eloquent  and  earnest  preacher. 
Dr.  Adams  took  an  active  part  in  the  Uni- 
tarian controversy,  and  has  pub.  "  Remarks 
on  the  Unitarian  Belief  ;"*' The  Friends  of 
Christ,"  1851  ;  "  Autobiog.  of  Thos.  Shepard," 
&c.,  18.32;  "Life  of  John  Eliot,"  1847; 
"  Southside  View  of  Slavery,"  1854,  present- 
ing a  favorable  view  of  the  institution  ;  "  Cor- 
respondence with  Gov.  Wise  of  Va."  on  the 
same  subject ;  occasional  discourses,  &c.  He 
was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  Spirit  of  the 
Pilgrims,  Boston,  1826-33. 


Adam.s,  Samuel,  one  of  the  foremost  of 
the  Revol.  patriots,  b.  Boston,  Sept.  27,  1722; 
d.  there  Oct.  2,  1803,  H.  U.  1740.  LL.D. 
1792,  Samuel  and  Pres,  John  Adams  were 
great-grandsons  of  the  son  of  Henry,  the  first 
emigrant.  His  ftither,  Samuel,  many  years  a 
rep.  in  the  Ms.  Assembly,  d.  1747.  He  studied 
for  the  ministry.  On  receiving  the  degree  of 
A.M.  in  1743,  he  proposed,  and  took  the  af- 
firmative in  the  discussion  of,  the  question, 
"  Whether  it  be  lawful  to  resist  the  supreme 
magistrate,  if  the  commonwealth  cannot  other- 
wise be  preserved  1 "  About  the  same  time  he 
pub.  a  pamphlet  called  Englishmen's  Rights. 
Unsuccessful  as  a  merchant,  as  a  writer  he 
soon  became  eminent,  preserving  by  his  efforts 
the  estate  of  bis  father,  which  had  been  at- 
tached on  account  of  the  "  Land  Bank  Bub- 
ble," His  able  writings  in  opposition  to  the 
administration  of  Shirley  procured  him  public 
esteem  and  confidence.  App.  tax  collector, 
his  political  opponents  styled  him  "  Samuel 
the  Publican."  He  was  a  member  of  a  politi- 
cal club  which  originated  important  meas- 
ures ;  fomented  hostility  to  the  Stamp  Act,  the 
tea-duty,  and  other  aggressive  measures;  and 
drew  up  the  instructions  of  the  town  of  Bos- 
ton in  May,  1764,  to  its  representatives, 
against  Grenville's  schemes  of  parliamentary 
taxation.  Elected  a  representative  in  1765, 
he  was  chosen  clerk,  and  for  nearly  ten  years 
was  the  soul  of  that  assembly.  Courageous 
and  ardent,  he  was  yet  prudent,  and  knew 
how  to  bend  the  passions  of  others  to  his  pur- 
pose. He  is  said  to  have  suggested  the  congress 
Avhich  assembled  at  N.  Y.  in  1765.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  act  imposing  duties,  in  1767, 
Adams  suggested  the  non-importation  agree- 
ment, which  took  effect  Jan.  1,  1769.  On  the 
day  following  the  "  massacre  "  of  Mar.  5,  1770, 
he  addressed  a  public  meeting  with  impressive 
eloquence,  and  was  chairman  of  the  committee 
to  demand  of  Gov.  Hutchinson  the  immedi- 
ate removal  of  the  troops.  The  stern  and  in- 
flexible patriot  carried  his  point,  and  clearly 
exposed  the  fallacy  of  Hutchinson's  reply  to 
the  demand.  Committees  of  correspondence 
were  in  1772  first  adopted  by  Ms.,  on  motion 
of  Adams  ;  and  the  plan  was  followed  by 
all  the  provinces.  To  Gov.  Gage's  overture  to 
him  to  make  his  peace  with  the  king,  he  re- 
plied, "  I  trust  I  have  long  since  made  my 
peace  with  the  King  of  kings.  No  personal 
considerations  shall  induce  me  to  abandon  the 
righteous  cause  of  my  country."  He  was  one 
of  those  who  matured  the  plan  of  a  general 
congress;  was  one  of  the  first  delegates  ;  and 
was  an  active  member  from  Sept.  5,  1774,  to 
1781,  rendering  most  important  services  to  his 
country.  The  last  official  act  of  the  British 
Government  in  Ms.  was  to  proscribe  John 
Hancock  and  Samuel  Adams,  June  12,  1775. 
He  was  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  zealous  ad- 
vocates of  independence,  which  he  had  avowed 
as  early  as  1769,  and  which  he  wished  to  have 
declared  immediately  after  the  battle  of  Lex- 
ington. With  John  Adams  he  made  the  draft 
of  the  State  Constitution,  1779,  and  also  the 
address  of  the  convention  to  the  people.  Pres- 
ident of  the  senate  of  Ms.  in  178.1.  Member 
of  the  convention  which  adopted  the  Federal 


-AJD^ 


9 


-AJ3E 


Constitution  in  Feb.  1788,  though  objecting 
to  some  of  its  provisions  :  some  of  his  amend- 
ments, afterwards  agreed  to,  now  form  a  part 
of  that  instrument.  Lieut-gov.  of  Ms.  1789- 
94;  gov.  1794-7.  His  only  son,  Samuel,  b. 
Oct.  27,  1741  (H.  U.  1770),  studied  medicine 
under  Dr.  Joseph  Warren,  served  as  a  sur^^eon 
during  the  war,  and  d.  Jan.  17,  1788.  Though 
poor,  Samuel  Adams  possessed  a  lofty  and  in- 
corruptible spirit,  waa  pure  in  morals,  and 
grave  and  austere  in  manner,  though  warm  in 
his  feelings.  An  enthusiastic  love  of  liberty, 
an  inextinguishable  hatred  of  tyranny,  great 
promptness  of  decision,  and  inflexible  firmness, 
were  his  prominent  characteristics.  His  Revol. 
services  were  not  surpassed  by  those  of  any  in- 
dividual. From  the  commencement  of  the  dis- 
putes, he  was  incessantly  employed,  —  writing 
State  papers  from  1765  to  1774,  planning  and 
organizing  clubs  and  committees,  haranguing 
in  town-meetings,  or  filling  the  columns  of  the 
public  prints  adapted  to  the  spirit  and  temper 
of  the  times.  As  a  speaker,  he  was  pure,  con- 
cise, logical,  and  impressive;  and  the  energy  of 
his  diction  was  not  inferior  to  the  depth  of  his 
mind.  Jefferson  attributed  to  him  a  greater 
share  than  to  any  other  member  of  Con- 
gress in  advising  and  directing  its  measures 
in  the  northern  war.  He  was  jealous  of 
all  delegated  power,  even  in  the  hands  of  a 
Washington.  He  was  a  warm  admirer  of  the 
French  lievol.,  and  belonged  to  the  Republi- 
can or  JefFersonian  party.  His  wife,  Elizabeth, 
dau.  of  Rev.  Samuel  Checkley,  whom  he  m. 
Oct.  17,  1749,  was  a  most  exemplary  woman. 
Adams  pub.  a  Letter  to  the  Earl  of  Hillsborough, 
a  Letter  in  Ansicer  to  Thomas  Paine,  in  Defence 
of  Chrislianifi/,  and  an  Oration  in  1776.  Four 
Letters  on  Gooernment  were  pub.  in  pamphlet 
form  in  1800. —  See  Life  and  Public  Services, 
with  extracts  from  his  writings,  edited  by  his 
grandson,  William  V.  Wells.  3  vols.  8vo,  1866. 

Adams,  Seth,  inventor,  b.  Rochester, 
N.H.,  Apr.  13,  1807.  Apprenticed  to  a  cabi- 
netmaker; removed  to  Boston  in  1828;  worked 
in  a  machine-shop;  began  business  for  him- 
self in  1831  ;  in  1833  became  intert'sted  in  the 
printing-press  invented  by  his  bro.  Isaac; 
erected  a  new  machine-shop  in  1836,  and  em- 
barked largely  in  manufacturing  the  new 
press,  and  establishtd  the  firm  of  I.  &  S. 
Adams,  which  continued  until  1856,  with  great 
pecuniary  profit.  In  1849  he  began  the  busi- 
ness of  sugar-refining;  and  in  1859  built  in  So. 
Boston  an  establishment  for  this  purpose, 
which  is  one  of  the  most  noteworthy  in  the 
world.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the  city 
council  and  of  the  board  of  public  works. 
M.  A.  of  Bowd.  Coll.,  to  which  he  gave  a  con- 
siderable sum  for  the  enlargement  of  their 
buildings.     Resides  in  Newton,  Ms. 

Adams,  William,  D.D.  (N.  Y.  U.  1842), 
LL.D.  (N.  J.  Coll.  1869) ;  b.  Colchester,  Ct., 
1807.  Yale  Coll.  1827.  His  father,  John 
Adams,  LL.D.,  principal  of  the  Colchester 
Acad.,  and  afterward  of  that  at  Andover,  Ms., 
d.  Jacki-onville,  111.,  Apr.  24,  1863,  a.  90.  Yale 
Coll.  1795.  At  27  he  left  his  N.  E.  parish  to 
vi.sit  the  South  for  his  health,  became  pastor  of 
the  Broome-st.  Church,  N.  Y.  (1835-53),  and 
has  since  been  pastor  of  the  New  School  Pres- 


byterian Church,  cor.  24th  St.  and  Madison 
Ave.,  N.Y.  City.  Besides  sermons,  Dr.  Adams 
has  pub.  "The  Three  Gardens,  — Eden,  Geth- 
semane,  and  Paradise." 

Adams,  William  T.,  "Oliver  Optic," 
writer  of  juvenile  books,  b.  Medway,  Ms.,  July 
30,  1822.  20  years  a  teacher;  for  6  years  he 
was  principal  of  the  Boylston  and  Bowditch 
Schools,  Boston.  He  has  pub.  "  Boat  Club," 
"  Woodville,"  and  "Army  and  Navy"  series, 
6  vols,  each  ;  "  Riverdale,"  12  vols.  ;  "  Young 
America  Abroad,"  6  vols.,  and  "  Starry  Flag," 
6  vols.  These  have  been  pub.  by  Messrs.  Lee 
&  Shepard,  Boston,  and  have  attained  great 
popularity.  He  has  for  some  years  edited  Oli- 
ver Optic's  Magazine  for  Boys  and  Girls. 

Adams,  Winborn,  Revol.  officer  of  Dur- 
ham, N.H.,  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Stillwater,  Sept.  19,  1777.  Capt.  2d  N.  H. 
regt.,  1775  ;  maj.  in  1776  ;  lieut.-col.  in  Reid's 
regt.  in  the  spring  of  1777. 

Adam.S,  Zabdiel,  minister  of  Lunenburg, 
Ms.,  b.  Braintree,  Nov.  5,  1739;  d.  Mar.  1, 
1801.  H.  U.  1759.  Ord.  Sept.  5,  1764.  His 
father  was  uncle  to  Pres.  John  x\dams.  Ab. 
1774,  he  pub.  a  jjamphlet  maintaining  that  a 
pastor  had  a  negative  upon  the  proceedings  of 
the  church.  Some  ministers,  in  consequence 
of  embracing  this  doctrine,  lost  their  parishes. 
He  pub.  sermons  on  "Church  Music,"  1771  ; 
"  Christian  Unity,"  1772  ;  "  Election  Sermon," 
1781  ;  on  Apr.  19,  1783,  and  at  the  ordination 
of  E.  Whipple,  1788. 

Addington,  Isaac,  sec.  of  the  province 
of  Ms.,  b.  Jan.  22,  1645,  in  Boston  ;  d.  there 
Mar.  19,  1715.  Son  of  Isaac  Addington,  sur- 
geon, by  Anne,  sister  of  Gov.  Levereti,  and  was 
bred  to  his  father's  profession.  Member  of 
the  house  of  representatives  and  speaker  in 
1685;  an  assist,  in  1686;  was  one  of  those  who 
opposed  the  administration  of  Sir  Edmund 
Andros,  and  on  its  overthrow,  Apr.  1689,  was 
chosen  clerk  of  the  Council  of  Safety,  to  whom 
the  government  was  committed  by  the  people. 
Sec.  from  his  appointment  in  1690  till  his 
death,  —  a  period  of  nearly  26  years.  Judge 
of  the  Court  of  (^ommon  Pleas  from  1693  to 
1702,  and  chief  justice  of  the  Superior  Court 
in  1702-3.  He  was  many  years  chosen  to  the 
council,  and  was  successively  clerk,  registrar, 
and  judge  of  the  Probate  Court  of  Suffolk; 
holding  the  latter  office  from  1702  till  1715. 
He  was  as  remarkable  for  his  modesty  as  for 
his  gr<  at  integrity,  wisdom,  and  industry. 

Addison,  Alexander,  a  disting.  lawyer 
of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  b.  1759;  d.  Nov.  24,  1807. 
He  was  judge  of  that  circuit  12  years;  was  an 
accomplished  scholar  and  a  cultivated  writer. 
He  pub.  "Observations  on  Gallatin's  Speech," 
1798;  "Analysis  of  the  Report  of  a  Commit- 
tee of  the  Va.  Assembly,"  1800;  "  Penn.  Re- 
ports," 1800. 

Adet  (a'da'),  Pierre  Augustus,  French 
politician  and  chemist,  b.  Paris,  1763;  d.  ab. 
1832.  Brought  up  in  the  artillery  service,  he 
quitted  it  to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  the 
sciences,  but,  engaging  in  politics,  was  success- 
ively chief  of  the  administration  of  the  Colo- 
nies, member  of  the  council  of  mines,  colleague 
of  the  minister  of  marine  in  1793,  resident  at 
Geneva  in  1794,  ambassador  to  the  U.  S.  in 


-AJDL 


10 


-A.GS-N 


1795-7;  was  afterward  called  to  the  tribunate; 
prefect  of  the  Nievre  in  1803;  chosen  to  the 
senate  in  1809,  and  to  the  chamber  of  deputies 
in  1814,  as  a  constitutionalist.  He  pub.  some 
chemical  works.  In  1796,  he  presented  to  con- 
gress, on  the  part  of  the  French  nation,  the  tri- 
colored  flag,  and  in  1797  sent  to  the  Sec.  of 
State  the  famous  note  in  which  the  Directory 
declared  that  the  flag  of  tiie  republic  would 
treat  all  neutral  flags  as  they  permitted  them- 
selves to  1)6  treated  by  the  English,  —  a  decla- 
ration regarded  by  our  government  as  contrary 
to  the  tenor  of  the  treaty  of  1778.  Adet  then 
suspended  his  functions,  and  returned  to 
France. 

Adler,  George  J.,  Pii.D.,  author,  b.  Leip- 
sic,  Germany,  1821  ;  d.  Bloom ingdale  Insane 
Asylum,  N.  J.,  Aug.  24,  1868.  U.  of  N.Y. 
1844.  lie  came  to  the  U.S.  in  18.33 ;  was  prof, 
of  German  at  the  U.  of  N.Y.  from  1846  to 
1854,  and,  until  he  lost  his  reason  in  1860,  was 
a  teacher,  and  writer  of  text-books.  Among  his 
works  are  a  German  grammar,  1846;  a  reader, 
1847;  a  dictionary,  1848,  and  a  manual  of 
German  literature,  1853;  a  Latin  grammar, 
1 858 ;  translations  of  the  "  Iphigenia"  of  Goethe, 
and  a  history  of  Proven9al  Poetry,  by  C.  C. 
Fauriel,  1860;  notes  on  the  Agamemnon  of 
iEschylus,  1861  ;  and  his  last,  a  "  Review  of 
Nathan  the  Wise,"  in  Putnam's  Magazine  for 
Sept.  1868.  He  delivered  lectures  in  N.Y.  on 
"  Koman  Literature"  in  1862,  and  in  1864  on 
Goethe's  "  Faust."  His  "  Letters  of  a  Luna- 
tic" appeared  in  1854. 

Adrain,  Robert,  LL.  D.,  mathematician, 
b.  Carrickfergus,  Ireland,  Sept.  30,  1775;  d.  N. 
Brunswick,  N.J.,  Aug.  10,  1843.  He  taught 
school.  Was  dangerously  wounded  in  the 
Irish  rebellion  of  1798,  in  which  he  command- 
ed a  company ;  escaped  pursuit,  and,  arriving 
in  N.Y.,  taught  school  successively  at  Prince- 
ton, N.J.,  York  and  Reading,  Pa.,  and  was  a 
contributor  to  a  scientific  journal  pub.  iu  N.  Y., 
and  to  the  Annalist  in  Phila. ;  prof,  of  mathe- 
matics and  natural  philosophy  in  Rutgers  Coll. 
in  1810-13,  and  in  Col.  Coll.  in  1813-25;  from 
1827  to  1834  was  prof,  of  mathematics  in  the 
U.  of  Pa.,  and  also  vice-provost ;  and  after- 
wards ehgaged  in  teaching  in  N.Y,  He  was  a 
member  of  many  scientitic  bodies  in  Europe 
and  America ;  edited  an  improved  edition  of 
"  Button's  Mathematics,"  also  a  periodical, 
the  Mathematical  Diary,  in  1825-8,  and  pub. 
papers  on  *'  The  Figure  and  Magnitude  of  the 
Earth,"  and  on  "  Gravity  "  in  the  periodicals  of 
the  day." 

Agassiz  (a'-ga-see),  Louis  John  Ru- 
dolph, naturalist,  b.  in  the  parish  of  Mottier, 
near  Lake  Neufchatel,  Switzerland,  May  28, 
1807.  Of  Huguenot  descent :  his  father  was 
pastor  of  St.  Imicr.  He  studied  at  Bieniie 
and  the  Coll.  of  Lausanne,  at  the  Zurich 
medical  school  (1824-5),  and  at  the  universities 
of  Heidelberg  and  Munich,  besides  attending, 
for  four  years,  Schelling's  lectures  on  philos- 
ophy. He  aided  Martius  in  his  great  work 
on  Brazil,  and,  by  the  help  of  Cotta  the  pub- 
lisher, was  enabled  to  complete  his  "  Natural 
History  of  the  Fresh  Water  Fishes  of  Europe." 
Receiving  at  Erlangen  the  degree  of  Ph.  D., 
and  at  Munich  that  of  M.  D.,  he  next  studied 


the  fishes  of  the  Danube,  and  gave  seven  years 
to  the  study  of  fossil  fishes.  He  was  enabled 
by  Christenat,  a  friend  of  his  father,  to  prose- 
cute his  studies  in  Paris,  and  was  offered  by 
Cuvier  all  his  own  collections.  Jieturning  in 
1832  to  Neufchatel,  he  was  app.  prof,  of  natural 
history  tliere.  The  liberality  of  Humboldt 
enabled  him  to  pub.  his  great  work  on  "Fossil 
Fishes,"  5  vols.  (1834-44),  with  a  folio  atlas. 
He  arrived  in  Boston  in  1846,  intending  to 
study  the  natural  history  and  geology  of  the 
couiitry,  and  lectured  therS  on  the  animal 
kingdom  and  on  the  glaciers.  Returning  iu 
the  summer  of  1847  from  a  journey  south, 
Prof.  Bache,  superintendent  of  the  U.  S.  Coast 
Survey,  tendered  him  its  facilities  for  the  con- 
tinuance of  his  labors,  of  which  offer  he  availed 
himself,  and  has  since  resided  in  Cambridge, 
Ms.  Prof,  of  zoology  and  geology  in  the 
Lawrence  Scientific  school,  Cambridge,  since 
its  foundation  in  1848;  in  which  year  he  made, 
with  some  of  his  pupils,  a  scientific  explora- 
tion of  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior.  In  1850, 
he  spent  the  winter  upon  the  reefs  of  Florida. 
While  prof,  of  comp.  anatomy  in  the  Charles- 
ton (8.  C.)  Med.  Coll.  (1852-4),  he  studied 
the  marine  animals  of  that  coast.  In  1865,  he 
explored  Brazil,  the  results  of  which,  "  A 
Journey  in  Brazil,"  by  Mrs.  Agassiz,  was  pub. 
1867,   and  another  vol.,   by   C.   F.   Hartt,    in 

1870.  In  1861,  he  received  the  Copley  Medal 
from  the  Royal  Society  of  London.  From  the 
Acad,  of  Sciences,  Paris,  he  has  received  the 
Monthyon  Prize,  for  experimental  philos.,  and 
the  Cuvier  Prize  ;  the  Wollaston  medal  from 
the  Geolog.  Soc,  Lond.  ;  and  the  Medal  of 
Merit  from  the  King  of  Prussia.  Member  of 
the  leading  scientific  bodies,  and  contributor 
to  the  prominent  scientific  journals  of  Europe 
and  America.  LL.D.  of  the  Universities  of 
Dublin  and  Edinburgh.  Plis  researches  upon 
the  glaciers  of  the  Alps  are  embodied  in 
"Etudes  sur  les  Glacieres,"  1840,  and  "  Sys- 
teme  Glaciale,"  1847.  Among  his  works  are 
"Lake  Superior,"  Svo,  1850,  and  "Contri- 
butions to  the  Natural  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.," 
of  which  four  vols,  only  have  yet  appeared ; 
"Methods  of  Study  in  "Natural  Hist.;"  Geo- 
logical Sketches,"  "  The  Structure  of  Animal 
Life,"  8vo,  1862;  and  "Twelve  Lectures  on 
Comparative  Embryology,"  before  the  Lowell 
Institute,  Boston,  1849. 

Agate,  Frederick  S.,  artist,  b.  Sparta, 
N.Y.,  1807;  d.  N.Y.  City,  May,  1844;  visited 
Italy  in  1835  ;  was  an  assiduous  student  in 
art,  but  d.  without  leaving  any  works  of  very 
great  interest.  Of  those  he  left,  the  best 
known  are,  "Dead  Christ  and  Mother,"  "  Co- 
lumbus and  the  Egg,"  "  The  Ascension,"  and 
"  Count  Ugolino." 

Agnel,  Hyacinth  R.,  teacher  of  French 
at  West  Point  Milit.  Acad,  since  Feb.  4,  1840, 
b.  N.  Y.;  d.  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  ab.  Feb.  15, 

1871.  Author  of  a  "Treatise  on  Chess,"  1867, 
and  "  Tabular  System  of  French  Instruction." 

Agnew,  James,  a  British  gen.,  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Germantown,  Oct.  4,  1777.  Maj. 
58th  Foot,  Dec.  1757  ;  lieut.-col.  44th,  Dec. 
1764  ;  came  to  Boston  late  in  1775 ;  was 
engaged  at  Brooklyn  Heights,  Aug.  27,  1776 ; 
when,  as  well  as  in  the  following  campaign, 


-A.G-XJ 


11 


-a:ke 


he  com.  the  4th  brigade  of  the  royal  array. 
He  com.  a  detachment  under  Gov.  Tryon,  in 
his  exped.  to  Danbury,  Apr.  26,  1777,  and 
■was  at  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine,  where  he  was 
slijihtly  wounded  by  a  cannon-ball. 

Aguirre  (a-gel-'-ra).  Lope  de,  a  Spanish 
adventurer.  He  went  to  Peru  during  the 
exped.  of  Orsua,  in  quest  of  the  imaginary 
Eldorado  (1560-61),  a  history  of  which  has 
been  written  by  Southey,  and  committed  great 
atrocities.  He  prompted  Orsua  to  seize  su- 
preme power,  then  killed  him  to  obtain  his 
place  ;  and  from  that  time  committed  frequent 
murders.     He  d.  by  violence  in  Venezuela. 

Ahuitzol,  emperor  of  the  Aztecs  ab.  the 
close  of  the  1.5th  century,  is  said  to  have  en- 
larged his  empire,  and  to  have  expended  large 
sums  in  building  canals  and  public  edifices  in 
Mexico.  Tradition  says,  that,  in  1486,  he  in- 
augurated a  temple  by  the  slaughter  of  72,344 
prisoners,  the  butchery  lasting  43  days. 

Aiken, William,  statesman,  b.  Charleston, 
S.C.,  1806.  S.  C.  Coll.  1825.  After  travelling 
for  some  time  in  Europe,  he  returned  in  1829, 
and  in  1830  became  the  pro])rietor  of  Jehossee 
Island,  30  miles  south  of  Charleston,  where 
he  employed  1,000  negroes,  and  cultivated  near 
2,000  acres  of  rice.  Member  of  the  State  legisl. 
in  1838-40;  State  senator  in  1842;  governor 
in  1844-6;  and  representative  to  Congress 
from  1851  to  1857.  A  Democrat  of  the  Cal- 
houn school  :  he  was  supported  by  that  party 
in  Congress  for  the  speakership,  and  la  -ked 
but  one  vote.  He  has  contrib.  largely  to  the 
local  enterprises  of  that  region,  making  large 
donations  to  the  Orphan  Asylum  of  Charles- 
ton, and  contrib.  to  the  endowment  of  the 
Charleston  Coll.  and  other  public  institutions 
of  his  native  city.  He  took  no  part  in  the 
Rebellion. 

Aikman,  Alexander,,  loyalist  editor,  b. 
Scotland,  1755  ;  d.  Prospect  Pen,  St.  Andrews, 
Jamaica,  July,  1838.  At  16,  he  emigrated  to 
Charleston,  S.C.,  and  was  apprenticed  to  Rob- 
ert Wells,  printer.  He  left  the  country  at  the 
Revol.,  and  settled  in  Jamaica,  where  he  estab- 
lished the  Jamaica  Mercury,  afterward  the 
Rojjal  Gazette.  He  was  many  years  a  member 
of  the  House  of  Assembly,  and  printer  to  that 
body  and  to  the  king.  In  1795,  he  sailed  for 
Great  Britain,  but  was  captured  on  the  pas- 
sage, and  compelled  to  ransom  his  property. — 
Sabine. 

Aillebout,  Louis  d',  gov.  of  Canada 
1647-51  ;  d.  Quebec,  1660.  He  came  to  Cana- 
da with  colonists  for  the  Island  of  Montreal ; 
administered  its  government  in  the  absence  of 
Maisonneuve ;  was  afterward  gov.  of  Three 
Rivers,  and,  while  gov.  of  Canada,  endeavored, 
unsuccessfully,  to  form  a  combination  with  the 
N. -England  governors  to  stop  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  Iroquois. —  Mor(jan. 

Ainslie,  Hew,  poet,  b.  Baugeny  Mains, 
Carrick  District,  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  Apr.  5, 
1792.  He  received  a  good  education,  and  in 
his  17th  year  went  to  Glasgow  to  study  law, 
but,disliking  the  pursuit,  obtained  a  situation  in 
the  Register  House,  Edinburgh,  passing  some 
of  his  time  at  Kinniel  House,  as  the  amanuen- 
sis of  Dugald  Stewart,  and  left  it  in  1822  to 
emigrate  to  the  U.  S.    He  landed  at  N.Y.  City 


July  26,  and  purchased  a  small  farm  in  Hoosic, 
N.Y.  In  1825,  he  removed  to  the  West,  tried 
New  Harmony  one  year,  and,  finding  it  a  fail- 
ure, settled  down  as  a  brewer  at  Shippingport, 
Ky.  In  1829,  he  built  a  brewery  in  Louisville, 
which  was  ruined  by  an  inundation  of  the  Ohio 
in  1832.  Another  in  New  Albany,  Ind.,  was 
destroyed  by  tire  in  1834.  He  has  since  em- 
ployed himself  in  superintending  the  erection 
of  breweries,  mills,  and  distilleries,  at  the 
West,  and  is  a  resident  of  Louisville,  Ky. 
On  the  eve  of  his  departure  from  Scotland, 
Ainslie  pub.  "A  Pilgrimage  to  the  Land  of 
Burns,"  a  volume  of  notes  interspersed  with 
numerous  songs  and  ballads  suggested  by  a 
visit  to  his  early  home  in  Ayrshire.  These, 
with  his  other  songs,  ballads,  and  poems, 
which  originally  appeared  in  various  maga- 
zines, were  pub.  in  1855.  —  Duyckinck. 

AinSWOrth,  Laban,  minister  of  Jaffrey, 
N.H.,  b.  Woodstock,  Ct.,  Julv  19,  1757;  d.  Jaf- 
frey, N.H.,  Mar.  17,  1858.  Dartm.  Coll.  1778. 
Son  of  Capt.  Wm.  Ainsworth.  Ord.  first 
pastor  of  the  church  at  Jaffrey,  Dec.  10,  1782, 
he  continued  49  years  without  a  colleague, 
and  was  pastor  over  the  same  people  76  years. 
He  retained  his  bodily  and  mental  powers  so 
as  to  paiticipate  at  the  public  services  at  the 
church,  celebrating  his  100th  birthday. 

Aitken,  Robert,  printer  and  bookseller, 
b.  Scotland,  1734;  d.  Phila  ,  July,  1802.  He 
came  to  Phila.  in  1769;  pub.  iha  Pennsylvania 
Magazine,  or  Amaican  Monthly  Miiseiun,  i'rom 
Jan.  1775  to  June,  1776,  with  HojAinson  and 
Witherspoon  for  contributors,  and,  for  his  at- 
tachment to  the  cause  of  liberty,  was  thrown 
into  prison  in  1777,  and  narrowly  escaped  a  resi- 
dence in  the  prison-ships  of  N.  Y.  In  1782, 
he  pub.  the  first  American  edition  of  the 
Bible,  by  which  he  was  pecuniarily  a  loser. 
He  is  the  supposed  author  of  "An  Inquiry 
concerning  the  Principles  of  a  Commercial 
System  for  the  U.S.,"  1787. 

Akerly,  Samuel,  M.  D.,  physician,  b. 
1785;  d.  Staten  Island,  July  6,  1845.  Col. 
Coll.  1804.  He  studied  medicine  with  his  bro.- 
in-law,  S.  L.  Mitchell.  Besides  being  a  large 
contributor  to  medical  and  scientific  journals, 
he  was  a  founder  and  most  efficient  supporter 
of  the  institutions  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and 
for  the  blind.  Author  of  "  Essay  on  the  Geol- 
ogy of  the  Hudson  River,"  1820;  "Observa- 
tions on  Deafness,"  1821. 

Akerman,  Amos  T.,  U.S.,  atty.-gen.,  app. 
Jan.  15,1870,  b.  N.H.  1819  ;  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1841;  removed  to  Elberton,  Ga.  in  1850;  U.S. 
atty.  for  Georgia,  1866-70. 

Akers,  Benjamin  Paul,  sculptor,  b.  Sac- 
arai)pa.  Me.,  July  10,  1825 ;  d.  Phila.,  May  21, 
1861.  At  18  he  went  to  Portland,  where  he 
worked  in  a  printing-office;  but  the  sight  of 
Chantrey's  statue  of  Washington  in  the  State 
Hou.se,  Boston,  led  him  to  become  a  si-ulptor. 
In  1849,  he  opened  a  studio  in  Portland,  and 
modelled  busts  of  Longfellow,  and  others.  In 
1851-2,  he  visited  Italy,  and,  on  returning  to 
Portland,  modelled  a  statue  of  "  Benjamin  in 
Egypt,"  which  was  exhibited  at  the  N.Y. 
Crystal  Palace  in  1853.  During  a  subsequent 
visit  to  Washington,  he  produced  busts  of 
Judge  McLean,  Edward  Everett,  Gerritt  Smith, 


J^^JLiJ^ 


12 


J^ILJD 


and  Sam  Houston.  In  Jan.  185.5,  he  again 
visited  Europe,  residing  two  years  in  Rome, 
where  lie  produced  his  "  Una  and  the  Lion," 
a  statue  of  "St.  Elizabeth  of  Hungary,"  the 
"  Dead  Pearl-Diver,"  and  an  ideal  head  of 
Milton,  his  last,  and  perhaps  his  bust  produc- 
tion in  Rome.  In  18.59,  he  revisited  Rome, 
where  he  modelled  a  statue  of  Com.  M.  C. 
Perry  lor  the  N.Y.  Central  Park.  On  return- 
ing to  America  in  1800,  he  established  himself 
first  in  Portland,  and  then  in  Phila.,  where  he 
died  of  consumption.  He  executed  about  40 
portrait  busts  and  statues,  besides  some  mar- 
hie  copies  from  the  antique.  He  contrib. 
papers  ou  art  and  artists  to  the  Atlantic  Month- 
ly. His  wife,  Elizabeth  Akers,  has  contrib. 
to  juvenile  literature  under  the  pseudonym 
of  "  Florence  Percy."  A  vol.  of  her  poems 
was  pub.  in  Boston  in  1866. 

Alaman  (a-la-man'),  Don  Lucas,  Mexican 
statesman,  b.  in  the  State  of  Guanaxuato ;  d. 
Mexico,  June  15,  1853.  Educated  at  the 
Coll.  of  La  Minerva,  he  entered  the  Mexican 
army  soon  after  the  breaking-out  of  the  war 
of  independence.  Soon  relinquishing  the  mil- 
itary profession  for  that  of  the  law,  he  devoted 
himself  assiduously  to  politics.  After  the  de- 
position of  Iturbide,  Alaman  became  minister 
of  foreign  affairs;  retiring  on  the  return  of 
the  former  in  1824.  He  then  visited  Europe; 
but  upon  the  overthrow  of  Guerrero  in  Dec. 
1829,  at  the  invitation  of  Bustamente,  he  re- 
sumed his  former  office.  Out  of  a  state  of 
the  greatest  confusion,  under  his  hands,  the 
country  soon  emerged  to  a  settled  and  orderly 
condition;  and,  during  the  years  1830-.31,  Ala- 
man effected  many  useful  reforms.  He  intro- 
duced European  machinery,  encouraged  indus- 
trial undertakings,  and  established  a  bank  for 
the  encouragement  of  those  engaged  in  man- 
ufactures. Santa  Ana,  however,  believing 
Alaman  to  be  interfering  with  his  plans,  suc- 
ceeded in  driving  him  from  pul)lic  life.  He 
re-appeared  in  1837,  upon  the  return  of  Busta- 
mente to  power;  and  afterwards  became  recon- 
ciled with  Santa  Ana,  who.  Mar.  17,  1853,  on 
again  coming  into  power,  conferred  on  him  the 
office  of  minister  for  foreign  affairs. 

Alarcon,  Hernando  de,  a  Spanish  navi- 
gator of  the  16th  century,  to  whom  we  owe  the 
first  precise  knowledge  of  California.  He 
sailed  May  9,  1540,  in  the  service  of  Spain; 
missed  a  junction  with  the  exped.  of  Corona- 
do  on  the  western  coast  of  America,  and,  re- 
turning to  New  Spain  in  1541,  drew  up  his 
maps  and  observations.  His  discoveries  and 
those  of  Ulloa  were  so  complete,  that  the  map 
of  California  of  1541  differs  little  from  that 
made  in  our  own  day. 

Alarcon  y  Mendoza  (a-lar-kon  e  m6n- 
dd  tha),  DON  Juan  Ruiz  de,  a  celebrated 
Spanish-American  poet,  b.  of  a  noble  family 
at  Tashco,  Mex.  ab.  1600.  He  was  employed 
in  Spain  in  1622  ;  and  in  1628  is  named  Rela- 
tor del  real  Consejo  de  las  Indlas.  At  a  celebrat- 
ed ^e^e  in  Madrid  in  1634,  he  was  a  competi- 
tor, and  bore  off  the  prize,  for  a  dramatic  com- 
position. A  writer  in  the  Nouvelle  Biographie 
Universelle  (Fcrd.  Denis)  calls  him  "  The  great- 
est poet  that  America  has  yet  produced."  His 
comedies  were  pub.  Madrid,  1628;    a  second 


vol.  in  Barcelona,  1634.  Some  of  his  pieces 
have  since  been  repub.  in  some  Spanish  collec- 
tions.—  Nouv.  Bio(^.  Univ. 

Alcott,  Amos  Bronson,  teacher  and 
philosopher,  b.  Wolcott,  Ct.,  Nov.  29,  1799. 
While  a  boy,  he  was  a  vender  of  merchandise 
in  a  small  way  among  the  plantations  of  Va. 
On  his  return  to  Ct.,  he  taught  an  infant 
school;  removed  to  Boston  in  1S28,  and  ac- 
quired reputation  as  a  teacher  of  young  chil- 
dren at  the  Masonic  Temple.  (See  "Record 
of  a  School,"  E.  P.  Peabody,  Boston,  1834.) 
Mr.  Alcott  then  removed  to  Concord,  interest- 
ing himself  in  the  study  of  natural  theology, 
and  the  various  questions  of  reform  in  educa- 
tion, diet,  civil  and  social  institutions.  On  his 
return  from  Eng.  in  1842,  he  brought  with 
him  two  of  his  English  friends,  Charles  Lane 
and  H.  G.  Wright;  and  Mr.  Lane  having 
bought  a  farm  called  "  Fruitlands,"  at  Harvard, 
Ms.,  they  all  went  there  to  found  a  new  com- 
munity. Messrs.  Lane  and  Wright  soon  re- 
turned to  Eng.,  and  the  scheme  was  aban- 
doned. Mr.  Alcott  removed  to  Boston,  and 
has  led  the  lil'e  of  a  peripatetic  philosopher, 
conversing  in  cities  and  in  villages,  whenever 
invited,  on  theoretical  and  practical  questions. 
He  attaches  great  importance  to  diet,  and  gov- 
ernment of  the  body,  and  to  race  and  complex- 
ion. Author  of  "  Tablets,"  pub.  in  1868,  and 
"  Conversations  with  Children  on  the  Gospels," 
2  vols.,  1836.  Louisa  May  Alcott,  his  dau., 
is  the  author  of  "  Little  Women,"  "  The  Old- 
fashioned  Girl,"  "Moods,"  "  Hospital  Sketch- 
es" (1863),  "Emily  Chester,"  and  "Little 
Men." 

Alcott,  Wm.  Alex.,  M  D.,  physician  and 
author,  cousin  of  A.  B.  Alcott,  b.  Wolcott,  Ct., 
Aug.  6,  1798;  d.  Auburndale,  Ms  ,  Mar.  29, 
1859.  Educated  at  a  district  school,  he  sup- 
ported himself  until  25  by  farming  and  teach- 
ing. His  health  being  poor,  he  studied  medi- 
cine at  Yale  Med.  School.,  practised  physic  a 
few  years,  and  in  1832  engaged  with  William 
Woodbridge  in  preparing  school-geographies 
and  in  editing  "  The  Annals  of  Education  " 
and  "  The  Juvenile  Rambler."  He  wrote  upon 
school  reforms  in  the  Hartford  and  N.  Haven 
papers,  gaining  a  premium  from  the  American 
Institute  of  Instruction  for  his  article  on  the 
"  Construction  of  Schoolhouses."  Abandon- 
ing animal  food  and  all  drinks  but  water  in 
1830,  his  health  gradually  improved.  Remov- 
ing to  Boston  in  June,'  18-33,  he  engaged  in 
various  reforms  in  morals,  education,  and  physi- 
cal training,  having  for  his  object  the  preven- 
tion of  vice,  disease,  and  poverty,  and  the  dis- 
semination of  physiological  knowledge.  He 
lectured  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  He 
pub.  above  100  works,  among  them  "  Young 
Man's  Guide  ;  "  "  The  House  I  Live  In  ;  " 
"  Young  Woman's  Guide ;  "  "  Young  House- 
keeper;" "Library  of  Health,"  6  vols.; 
"  Moral  Reform  ; "  "  My  Progress  in  Error ; " 
"  Young  Mother  ;  "  "  Young  Husband  ;  " 
"Young  Wife;"  and  "Prize  Essay  on  To- 
bacco." 

Alden,  Ebenezer,  M.D.,  b.  Randolph, 
Ms.,  Mar.  17,  1788.  H.  U.  1808.  M.D.,  U. 
ofPenn.1812.  Practices  medicine  in  R.  Au- 
thor of  "Alden  Memorial,"  1867;  "Memoir 


.^^JL.33 


13 


^I^D 


of  Mrs.  M.  A.  O.  Clark,"  1837;  and  "Hist. 
Sketch  of  Ms.  Med.  Soc,"  1838. 

Alden,  Ichabod,  col.  Rcvol.  army,  b.  Dux- 
bury,  Ms.,  Aug.  II,  1739;  d.  Nov.  10,  1778. 
His  father,  Capt.  Samuel  (d.  1781,  a.  92),  was 
grandson  of  John,  one  of  the  original  settlers 
of  Plymouth.  Ichabod  was  lieut.-col.  of  the 
Plymouth  regt.  before  the  Revol.,  lieut.-col.  of 
L.  Baldwin's  regt.  at  the  siege  of  Boston,  and 
col.  7th  Mass.  regt.  until  slain  by  the  Indians 
at  Cherry  Valley. 

Alden,  James,  rear-admiral  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
Portland.  Me.,  Mar.  31,  1810.  Midshipman 
Apr.  1, 1328;  lieut.  Feb.  25,  1841 ;  commander, 
Sept.  1 4,  1 855 ;  capt.  Jan.  2, 1 863  ;  commodore, 
July  25,  1 866.  AttacJied  to  Wilkes's  exploring 
exped.  in  1839-42.  During  the  Mexican  war 
was  at  Vera  Cruz,  Tuspan,  and  Tobasco  ;  com. 
steamer  "South  Carolina"  early  in  1861  ;  re- 
enforced  Fort  Pickens;  attacked  the  batteries  in 
the  rear  of  Galveston,  and  captured  13  schoon- 
ers laden  with  merchandise;  com.  steam-sloop 
"  Richmond  "  at  the  passage  of  Forts  Jackson 
and  St.  Philip  and  capture  of  N.  Orleans;  at 
the  passage  of  the  Vicksburg  batteries  twice  ; 
at  Port  Hudson,  1862-3;  com.  steam-sloop 
"  B -ooklyn  "  in  the  action  with  Forts  Morgan 
and  Gaines  and  rebel  gunboats  in  Mobile  Bay  ; 
and  in  the  two  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher.  He  took 
part  in  nearly  all  the  great  naval  battles  of  the 
war,  and  was  honorably  mentioned  in  the  offi- 
cial reports.  App.  in  Apr.  1869  chief  of  the  bu- 
reau of  navigation  and  detail.  —  Hamersit). 

Alden,  John,  Pilgrim,  b.  England,  1599  ; 
d.  Duxl)ury,  Ms.,  Sept.  12,  1687.  He  was  hired 
as  a  cooper  at  Southampton,  where  "  The 
Mayflower"  victualed,  signed  the  compact  in 
her  cabin  in  1620,  and  ab.  1621  m.  Priscilla 
Mullens.  He  was  many  years  an  assist,  to  the 
governor;  and  by  his  wisdom,  integrity,  and 
decision  attiuned  a  commanding  influence  over 
his  associates,  although  the  youngest  of  the 
Pilgrims. 

Alden,  Joseph,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll.  1838), 
LL  D.  (Coll.  Col.  1857),  b.  Cairo,  N.Y.,  Jan. 
4,  1807.  Un.  Coll.  1829.  He  studied  2  years 
at  the  Princeton  Sem. ;  was  2  years  tutor  in 
Princeton  Coll.  Ord.  pastor  at  Williamstown, 
Ms.,  July  3,  18.34;  prof,  in  Williams  Coll. 
from  Aug.  1835  to  1852;  prof  of  moral  pliilos. 
in  Lafayette  Coll.,  Pa.  1852-7  ;  pres.  of  Jeffer- 
son Coll.,  Pa.,  1857-67;  and,  since  1867,  prcs. 
of  the  N.Y.  State  Normal  School.  Author  of 
numerous  Sabb.-school  books,  "  Elements  of 
Intell.  Philos.."  "  Science  of  Government  in 
Connection  with  American  Institutions,"  and 
"  Christian  Ethics."  At  one  time  editor,  and 
long  a  coniributor  to  the  A'^  Y.  Observer.  —  Al- 
den Memorial. 

Alden,  Roger,  mnj.  Revol.  array,  b.  Leb- 
anon, Ct.,  1748;  d.  West  Point,  Nov.  5,  1836. 
Y.  C.  1773.  Some  time  aide  to  Gen.  Greene; 
agent  of  the  Holland  Land  Co.,  residing  at 
Meadville,  Pa.,  from  1795  to  1825;  ordnance 
storekeeper  at  West  Point  from  Jan.  20,  1825, 
till  his  death. 

Alden,  Timothy,  D.D  ,  Cong,  clergyman 
and  educator,  b.  Yarmouth,  Ms.,  Aug.  28,  1771; 
d.  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  July  5,  1839.  H.  U.  1794. 
Son  of  Rev.  Timothy  of  Yarmouth  (H.  U. 
1762  ;  d.  Nov.  13, 1828).  He  was  from  Nov.  20, 


1799,  to  Aug.  11,  1805,  minister  of  Ports- 
mouth, N.H ,  where  he  taught  school  from 
1800  to  1808,  and  in  1810-17  taught  in  the 
acad.  at  Newark,  N.J.  Removing  to  N.Y.,  he 
prepared  and  pub.  his  collection  of  Epitaphs 
in  5  vols.  1814,  and  while  teaching  in  Bos- 
ton, in  1808-10,  made  the  valuable  Catalogue 
of  the  Library  of  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  Society.  He 
next  removed  to  Meadville,  Pa.,  where  he 
founded  Alleghany  Coll  ,  of  which  he  was  first 
pres.  (inaug.  July  28,  1817),  and  for  which  he 
collected  a  valuable  library.  Want  of  patron- 
age caused  his  withdrawal  from  the  college 
Nov.  11,  1831  ;  and  he  resumed  educational 
labors  in  Cincinnati  in  1832,  and  in  1834  took 
charge  of  an  acad.  at  East  Liberty,  near  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.  He  pub.  "An  Account  of  Sundry 
Missions  among  the  Senccas,"- N.Y.  12mo, 
1827;  "New-Jersey  Register,"  1811  and  1812; 
Alleghany  Magazine,  1816;  "History  of  the 
Pine-Creek  Ch.,"  1839.  During  the  year  be- 
fore his  death,  he  preached  as  stated  supply 
to  the  people  ia  Sharpsburg.  —  Sprague:  Al- 
den Memorial. 

Alden,  Timothy,  inventor  of  a  machine 
for  setting  and  distributing  type,  b.  Barnsta- 
ble, Ms.,  1819;  d.  N.Y.,  Dec.  4,  1858.  He 
was  6th  in  descent  from  John  Alden,  the 
Mayflower  Pilgrim.  When  very  young,  and 
a  compositor  in  his  bro.'s  priniingoffice,  he 
said,  "  If  I  live,  I  Avill  invent  a  machine  to  do 
this  tiresome  work."  He  steadily  pursued  this 
object,  and  after  20  years'  labor  accomplished 
it.  It  was  improved  after  his  death  by  Henry 
W.  Alden. 

Aldrich,  James,  poet,  b.  near  the  Hud- 
son, Suffolk  Co.,  N.Y.,  1810;  d.  N.Y.,  Oct. 
1856.  Educated  partly  in  Orange  Co.,  and 
partly  in  N.Y.  City.  In  1836  he  quitted  mer- 
cantile for  literary  pursuits.  He  edited  sev- 
eral popular  periodicals,  and  in  1840  estab- 
lished the  Literartf  Gazette,  in  which  first 
appeared  many  of  the  poems  which  established 
his  reputation.  One  of  these,  "A  Death-Bed 
Scene,"  is  familiar  to  most  readers.  He  sub- 
sequently engagc(l  again  in  business  under  the 
style  of  Aldrich  &  Barton.  —  See  specimens  of 
his  poetrij  in  Gristvold's  "  Poets  and  Poetry  of 
America. 

Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailey,  poet,  b.  Ports- 
mouth, N.H.,  Nov.  11,  1836.  He  passed  his 
youth  in  La. ;  was  3  years  in  a  counting-house 
in  N.  Y. ;  then  became  "  reader "  for  a  large 
publishing-house;  and  was  afterward  a  writer 
for  the  N.  Y.  Evening  Mirror,  and  an  editor 
on  The  Home  Journal,  and  Saturday  Press. 
He  has  contrib.  many  poems  and  prose  sketches 
to  Putnam's  Monthly,  The  Knickerbocker,  Harp- 
er's Monthly,  and  the  Atlantic.  His  writings  have 
been  reprinted  in  Lond.  He  pub.  "  The  Bells," 
1854  ;  "  Daisy's  Necklace,  '  1856  ;  "  The  Ballad 
of  Baby  Bell,  and  other  Poems ;  "  "  The  Course 
of  True  Love,"  &c  ,  1858;  "Pampinea,  and 
other  Poems,"  1861  ;  "Out  of  his  Head,"  a 
prose  romance,  1862;  "Poems,"  1863  and 
1865;  "The  Story  of  a  Bad  Boy,"  1869.— 
Duyckinch. 

Aldridge,  Ira,  a  mulatto  actor  of  merit, 
b.  at  Bellair  near  Bait.,  Md.,  1804;  d.  Lodz, 
Polonia,  Aug.  7,  1867.  Entering  in  1826  the 
service  of  Edmund  Kean,  he  is  said  to  have 


AJL.K 


14 


-AOLK 


accompanied  him  to  Eng.,  where  he  stud- 
ied for  the  stage.  He  subsequently  made  an 
unsuccessful  attempt  at  the  Mud  Theatre, 
Bait.,  but  shortly  afterwards  returned  to  Eng. 
He  made  his  (id)tU  at  the  Royalty  Theatre, 
Lond.,  as  Othello;  met  with  striking  success 
at  once ;  and  though,  in  Eng.,  he  was  pre- 
ferred in  such  plays  as  "  Othello,"  "  Merchant  of 
Venice,'' "Zanga,"  "Orozcmba,"  "  Pizarro," 
"  Hugo,"  &c.,  he  was  generally  regarded  as 
one  of  the  ablest  and  most  faithful  interpret- 
ers of  Shakspeare's  best  characters.  He  first 
appeared  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  Apr,  10, 
1833,  as  Othello.  At  Belfast,  Ireland,  he  played 
Othello  to  Kean's  lago,  and  also  Orozemba  to 
his  Alboin.  Upon  the  Continent,  where  he 
performed  in  the  principal  cities,  lie  received 
tokens  of  high  approbation.  The  King  of 
Prussia  wrote  him  an  autograph-letter  accom- 
panying the  first-class  medal  of  art  and  sci- 
ence. The  Emperor  of  Austria  conferred 
on  him  the  grand  cross  of  Leopold  ;  and  at 
Berne  he  received  the  medal  of  merit  in  the 
shape  of  a  magnificent  Maltese  cross.  His 
wife  was  a  white  woman. 

Alemany,  Joseph  Sadoc,  C.S.D.,  R.  C. 
archbishop  of  California,  consec.  bishop  of 
Monterey,  June  30,  1850;  made  archb'p.  July 
29,  1853. 

Alexander,  Abraham,  chairman  of  the 
famous  Mecklenburg  Convention  in  Mav, 
1775  ;  d.  near  Charlotte,  N.C.,  Apr.  23,  1786, 
a.  68.  He  was  a  magistrate  of  Mecklenb.  Co., 
and  represented  it  in  the  colonial  legisl. 

Alexander,  Archibald,  D.D.  (N.J. 
Coll.  1810),  Presbyterian  divine,  b.  Rockbridge 
Co.,  Va.,  Apr.  17,1772;  d.  Princeton,  N. J., 
Oct.  22,  1851.  His  grandfather,  Archibald, 
came  from  Ireland  to  Pa.  in  1736,  removing 
ab.  1738  to  Va.  At  the  age  of  10,  he  was 
sent  to  the  acad.  of  Rev.  Wm.  Graham  a^ 
Timber  Ridge  meeting-house.  At  the  age  of 
17,  he  became  tutor  in  the  family  of  Gen.  John 
Posey.  He  studied  theology ;  was  licensed 
Oct.  1,  1791  ;  and  was  for  seven  years  an  itin- 
erant missionary  in  his  native  State.  Succeed- 
ing Dr.  Smith  in  the  presidency  of  Hampden 
Sidney  Coll.  in  1796,  he  resigned  that,  and 
also  his  pastoral  charge,  in  1801.  In  1802,  he 
m.  Janetta,  dau.  of  the  celebrated  blind 
preacher.  Dr.  Waddel,  and  resumed  his  former 
position  at  Hampden  Sid.  Coll.,  but,  ow- 
ing to  the  insubordination  of  the  students, 
accepted  a  call  from  the  Pine-st.  Church, 
Phila.,  where  he  was  installed  pastor.  May 
20,  1807.  From  1811  to  his  death,  he  was 
prof  of  the  theological  semin'y  at  Prince- 
ton. Author  of  "  Outlines  of  the  Evidences 
of  Christianity,"  1823;  "Treatise  on  the  Can- 
on of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,"  1826; 
"  Lives  of  the  Patriarchs,"  1835  ;  "  Essays  on 
Religious  Experience,"  1840;  "History  of 
African  Colonization,"  1846  ;  "  History  of  the 
Log  College,"  1846;  "Advice  to  a  Young 
Christian  ;  "  "  Bible  Dictionary  ;  "  "  Counsels 
of  the  Aged  to  the  Young,"' 1833 ;  "Brief 
Compendium  of  Bible  Truth  ;  "  "  History  of 
the  Israelitish  Nation,"  in  1852;  "Moral  Sci- 
ence," 1852;  a  Memoir  of  his  old  instructor, 
Mr.  Graham  ;  a  "  History  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church    in  Va. ; "  and   biographical  sketches 


of  distinguished  American  clergymen  and 
alumni  of  the  college  of  N.J.  He  also  con- 
tributed to  the  Biblical  Repertory  and  other 
periodicals,  and  left  a  number  of  works  in 
manuscript.  {See  his  life  by  his  son,  Dr.  J. 
W.  Alexander      iV.  F.,  1 854. )  —  Sprague. 

Alexander,  Barton  Stone,  brcv.  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Ky.  1819.  West  Point,  1842. 
2d  lieut.  Eng.  Corps  Sept.  30,  1843;  capt. 
July  1,  1856;  brev.  maj.July  21, 1861,  for  Bull 
Run  ;  brcv.  lieut  -col.  May  4, 1862,  for  siege  of 
Yorktown  ;  maj.  Eng.  Corps  Mar.  3,  1863; 
lieut.-col.  Mar.  7,  1867  ;  brev.  brig.-g<  n.  Mar. 
13,  1865,  for  merit,  services  in  the  Rebellion. 
He  has  been  much  engaged  in  the  construction 
and  repairs  of  forts,  and  in  the  erection  of  Mi- 
not's  Ledge  Lighthouse,  1855-61 ;  was  a.d.c, 
rank  of  lieut.-col.,  on  the  staff  in  Va.  during  the 
Rebellion,  and  was  consulting  eng'r  in  Sheri- 
dan's army,  Shenandoah  Valley,  Va.,  and 
present  at  the  battle  of  Cedar  Creek,  Oct.  9, 
1864.— Cm/Z/oh. 

Alexander,  Caleb,  D.D.,  clergyman  and 
scholar,  b.  Northfield,  Ms.,  22  July,  1755  ;  d. 
Onondaga,  N.Y.,  April  12,  1828.  Y.  Coll. 
1777.  Minister  of  New  Marlboro'  1781-2,  and 
of  Mendon  from  Apr.  12,  1786,  to  Dec.  7, 
1802.  Not  succeeding  in  the  attempt  to  es- 
tablish a  college  at  Fairfield,  N.Y.,  he  took 
charge  of  an  acad.  at  Onondaga.  He  ]nib. 
Latin  and  English  grammars  ;  an  "  Essay 
on  the  Deity  of  Christ,"  1796  ;  "  Grammar  Ele- 
ments ; "  a  translation  of  Virgil  into  literal 
English  prose,  Worcester,  1796;  "Columbian 
Dictionary,"  1800;  Arithmetic,  1802,  and 
"  Young  Ladies'  and  Gentlemen's  Instruc- 
tor." —  Spraque. 

Alexander,  Edmund  B.,  col.  U.  S.  A., 
b.  Va.  ab.  1802.  West  Point,  1823.  Asst.  Q.- 
M.,  rank  of  capt.,  6  Dec.  1833  ;  capt.  3d  Infy. 
Julv  7,1838;  com.  his  regt.  in  Mexico  in 
1847  ;  maj.  8th  Infy.  Nov.  10,  1851  ;  col.  10th 
Infy.  Mar.  3,  1855.  Brev.  for  Cerro  Gordo, 
Contreras,  and  Churubusco.  In  the  spring  of 
1863,  he  was  ordered  to  St.  Louis  as  acting- 
asst.  provo.-marshal-gen.  Brev.  brig.-gen.  Oct. 
18,  1865.     Retired  Feb.  22,  1869. 

Alexander,  James,  sec  of  the  province 
of  N.Y.,  b.  Scotland;  d.  N.Y.  Apr.  2,  1756. 
In  1715,  he  came  to  America  in  consequence  of 
the  part  he  had  taken  in  favor  of  the  Pretender, 
accompanied  by  Wm.  Smith,  afterward  chief- 
justice  of  N.Y.  He  was  the  first  recorder  of 
Perth  Amboy  in  1718,  but,  having  served  as  an 
officer  of  engineers  in  Scotland,  was  made  sur- 
veyor-gen. of  N.J.  and  N.Y.  He  devoted  his 
leisure  to  the  study  of  the  law,  in  which  he  at- 
tained eminence;  was  many  years  a  member  of 
the  legisl.  and  council  ;  was  deputy-clerk  of 
the  council  in  1719,  attorney -gen.  in  1721-3, 
naval  officer  1723-33  ;  was  a  particular  friend 
of  Gov.  Burnet,  and  by  his  industry  and  abil- 
ities acquired  great  wealth.  One  of  the  coun- 
sel for  Zcuger,  the  printer,  he  was  arbitrarily 
excluded  from  the  bar  on  that  account  in  1735, 
but,  on  a  change  of  administration,  was  re- 
stored in  1737.  A  stanch  advocate  of  liberal 
principles,  he  lost  his  lite  by  repairing  to  Al- 
bany while  suffering  from  severe  illness,  to  op- 
pose a  ministerial  project  oppressive  to  the 
colony.  He,  with  Franklin  and  others,  founded 


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15 


-AJLE 


tlie  Amer.  Philosophical  Society.  He  was  the 
father  of  Win,  Alexander,  commonly  known 
as  Lord  Stirlinj^,  and  presumptive  heir  to  the 
earldom  of  Stirling 

Alexander,  Jamks  Waddell,  D.D.,  an 

eloquent  Presb.  clergyman  and  author,  b.  near 
Gordonsville,  Louisa  Co.,  Va.,  Mar.  13,  1804; 
d.  at  the  Va.  Springs,  July  31,  1859.  N.J. 
Coll.  1820.  Eldest  son  of  Dr.  Archibald.  Tu- 
tor in  N.J.  Coll.  in  1824.  He  was  a  minister 
in  Charlotte  Co.,  Va.,  from  1825  to  1827;  in 
Trenton,  N.J.,  from  1829  to  1832,  and  of  the 
Diuine-st.  Church,  N.Y.  City,  from  1844  to 
1851,  when  he  was  elected  pastor  of  the  Fifth- 
ave.  Church  Editor  of  the  Presbyterian  news- 
paper pub.  in  Phi  la.  from  1830  to  1833  ;  prof, 
of  rhetoric  and  belles  lettres  in  N.J.  Coll.  in 
183.3-44;  and  from  1849  to  1851  prof  of 
ecclesiastical  history  and  church  government 
in  the  theological  sem.  at  Princeton.  The 
degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  La- 
fayette Coll.  Pa.,  in  1843,  and  by  H.  Coll. 
in  1854.  He  pub.  a  vol.  of  sermons  entitled 
"  Consolation;  "  "Thoughts  on  Family  Wor- 
ship ;"  "  The  Amer.  Mechanic  and  Working- 
man  ;"  a  biography  of  his  father.  Dr.  Archibald 
Alexander;  "  Discourses  on  Chri.'-tian  Faith 
and  Practice,"  1858;  a  vol.  of  "Sacramental 
Discourses,"  and  "  Gift  to  the  Afflicted ;  " 
"Geography  of  the  Bible,"  1830;  "Plain 
Words  to  a  Yoang  Communicant,"  12mo; 
"  Amer.  Sunday  School  and  its  Adjuncts," 
Phila.,  1856;  numerous  contributions  to  the  Bib- 
lical Repertory  and  Princeton  Review,  and  some 
of  the  publications  of  the  American  Tract 
Society.  He  wrote  for  the  Literary  World 
under  the  signature  of  "  Caesariensis."  After 
his  death,  2  vols,  of  his  letters  were  pub.  by 
Dr.  Hall  of  Trenton. 

Alexander,  John  Henry,  chemist  and 
physicist,  b.  Annapolis,  Md.,  1812;  d.  Balti- 
more, Mar.  2,  1867.  In  1850,  he  pub.  a  "  Uni- 
versal Dictionary  of  Weights  and  Measures," 
of  standard  authority.  In  1857,  he  was  com- 
missioner to  England  on  international  coin- 
age, and,  in  the  summer  of  1866,  was  app. 
by  Pres.  Johnson  a  commissioner  to  the 
Paris  Exhibition,  but  was  taken  fatally  ill  just 
before  he  was  ab.  to  set  sail.  He  had  held 
many  positions  of  honor  and  trust,  and  was 
learned  on  the  subject  of  weights  and  meas- 
ures and  coins.  Author  of  "  Treatise  on  Math- 
ematical Instruments,''  &c.,  8vo,  1835;  "  Treat- 
ise on  Levelling  by  F.  W.  Simms,  with  large 
additions,"  8vo,  1838;  "  Contributiuns  to  the 
History  of  the  Metallurgy  of  Iron,"  1840; 
"  Introits,  or  Ante-Communion  Psalms,"  12mo, 
1844 ;  "  Reports  on  Standards  of  Weights  and 
Measures  for  Md.,"  8vo,  1846  ;  "  Catena  Domi- 
nica," Phila.  12mo,  "Reports  on  the  new  Map 
of  Md.,"  1838-40;  "International  Coinage," 
8vo,  Oxford,  1857.  Various  papers  by  him 
are  in  the  scientific  journals  of  Europe  and  the 
U.S.  A  memoir  by  Wm.  Pinkney,  read  before 
the  Md.  Hist.  Society,  was  pub.  Baltimore, 
8vo,  1867. 

Alexander,  Joseph  Addison,  D.D.,  a 
learned  divine  and  author,  b.  Phila.  Apr.  24, 
1809  ;  d.  Princeton,  N.J.,  Jan.  28,  1860.  N  J. 
Coll.  1826.  Son  of  Dr.  Archibald.  From 
1830  to  1833,  he   was   adjunct  prof,  of  ancient 


languages  and  literature  in  his  alma  mater, 
and  was  prof,  of  biblical  criticism  and  ecclesi- 
astical history  at  Princeton  Theol.  Sem.  from 
1838  to  1852,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the 
chair  of  biblical  and  ecclesiastical  history, 
which  he  held  till  his  death.  He  received  the 
degree  of  D.D.  from  Marshall  Coll.,  Pa.  His 
works  are  "A  Translation  of  and  Commen- 
tary on  the  Psalms,"  3  vols. ;  "  A  Critical 
Commentary  on  the  Prophecies  of  Isaiah," 
and  an  abridgment  of  the  same;  a  vol.  on 
primitive  church  government,  and  numerous 
essays  in  the  Biblical  Repertory  and  Princeton 
Review.  He  subsequently  aided  Dr.  Hodge  in 
preparing  a  commentary  on  the  New  Testa- 
ment. He  was  an  excellent  linguist. — See  a 
memoir  by  TL  C.  Alexander,  1869. 

Alexander,  Dr.  Nathaniel,  gov.  of  N. 
C.  1805-7,  b.  Mecklenburg,  1756;  d.  Salis- 
bury, Mar.  8,  1808.  Princeton  Coll.  1776. 
He  served  in  the  Revol.  army,  and  afterward 
practised  medicine  at  the  Higii  Hills  of  Santee 
and  Mecklenburg.  He  was  several  years  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  andM.C.  1803-5. 

Alexander,  Stephen,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll. 
1852),  astronomer,  b.  Schenectady,  N.Y.,  Sept. 
1,  1806.  Un.  Coll.  1824;  Princeton  Theol. 
Sem.  1832.  Tutor  in  N.J.  Coll.  in  1833,  ad- 
junct prof  of  mathematics  from  1834  to  1840, 
prof,  of  astronomy  from  1840  to  1845,  of 
mathematics  from  1845  to  1854.  He  has  since 
that  period  held  the  professorship  of  mechan- 
ics and  astronomy.  Author  of  many  scien- 
tific papers,  some  of  which  have  been  trans- 
lated and  pub.  in  Europe.  Among  them  is 
one  on  the  "  Physical  Phenomena  attendant 
upon  Solar  Eclipses,"  one  on  "  The  Funda- 
mental Principles  of  Mathematics,"  one  on 
"The  Origin  of  the  Forms  and  the  Present  Con- 
dition of  some  of  the  Clusters  of  Stars,"  on 
"  The  Form  and  Equatorial  Diameter  of  the 
Asteroid  Planet,"  and  also  on  the  "  Harmo- 
nies in  the  arrangement  of  the  Solar  System." 
In  1860,  be  led  an  exped.  to  the  coast  of  Lab- 
rador to  observe  the  solar  eclipse  of  July  18. 

Alexander,  William,  first  earl  of  Stir- 
ling, created  earl  in  1633,  b.  1580;  d.  Lond., 
Feb.  1640.  Through  the  friendship  of  Sir  Fer- 
dinando  Gorges,  Sir  Wm.  received,  Sept.  10, 
1621,  a  patent,  embracing  the  whole  territory 
of  Acadia,  which  was  confirmed  to  him  and  his 
heirs  by  King  James,  and  erected  into  a  pala- 
tinate to  be  holden  as  a  fief  of  the  crown  of 
Scotland.  It  resulted,  however,  only  in  losses 
and  disappointments.  He  was  knighted  in 
1613.  Chai-les  I.  founded  the  order  of  Nova- 
Scotia  baronets  in  Scotland  to  further  the 
settlement.  Sir  Wm.  was  subsequently  made 
sec.  of  State  for  Scotland,  and  created 
Viscount  Canada.  He  was  a  poet  of  some 
merit.  His  uncle,  John  Alexander,  was  the 
ancestor  of  Lord  Stirling  of  the  Revol.  army. 
He  developed  his  colonization  scheme  in  a 
pamphlet,  "An  Encouragement  to  Colonies," 
1 625  ;  "  The  Map  and  Delineation  of  N.  Eng- 
land," &c.,  1630. 

Alexander,  William,  "  Lord  Stirling," 
maj.-gen.  Revol.  army,  b.  N.Y.  City,  1726;  d. 
Albany,  15  Jan.  1783.  Son  of  Sec.  James 
Alexander.  He  received  the  best  education 
the  country  afforded ;  became  the  partner  in 


AJL,^ 


16 


AJL^JL, 


business  of  his  mother,  the  widow  of  David 
Provost ;  joined  the  commis.'sariatof  the  British 
army,  and,  attracting  the  notice  of  Gov.  Shirley, 
was  for  three  years  his  aide-de-camp  and  pri- 
vate sec.  Accompanying  Shirley  to  Eng. 
in  1755,  he  was  examined  before  the  House 
of  Commons  in  1757,  and  commenced  the 
prosecution  of  his  claim  to  the  earldom  of 
Stirling,  in  which  he  was  unsuccessful.  Soon 
after  his  return  in  1761,  he  m.  the  dau.  of 
Philip  Livingston.  He  succeeded  his  father 
as  surveyor-gen.,  and,  until  the  Revol.,  was  a 
member  of  the  prov.  council.  A  prominent 
patriot,  he  was  app,  a  col.  in  1775,  and  Mar. 

1776,  was  com  mis.  brig.-gen.  by  Congress. 
When  Gen.  Lee  left  for  the  South,  Stirling 
was  left  in  command  at  N.Y.  His  bravery 
was  conspicuous  at  the  battle  of  Long  Island, 
26  Aug.  1776,  and  he  was  made  prisoner, 
but   was   soon  exchanged.       Maj.-gen.    Feb. 

1777.  Disting.  at  Brandy  wine  and  at  Gcr- 
mantown,  where  he  com.  the  reserve.  At 
Monmouth,  he  com.  the  left  wing,  and  so 
disposed  his  command  as  to  aid  in  the  success 
of  the  day.  In  1781,  he  took  command  at 
Albany.  He  aided  in  founding  a  library  ibr 
his  native  city  in  1754,  and  in  the  founding  of 
King's,  now  Col.  Coll.  His  youngest  dau.  m. 
Col.  Wm.  Duer.  He  pub,  "An  Account  of 
the  Comet  of  June  and  Julv,  1770,"  in  Am. 
Philos.  Coll.,  and  "The  Conduct  of  Maj.-Gen. 
Shirley  Briefly  Stated."  He  was  convivial  in 
his  habits,  and  dignified  in  his  appearance,  and 
displayed  considerable  scientific  attainments, 
—  See   Life  of  Lord   Stirling  Inj  his  grandson, 

Wm.  A.  Duer,  in  N.J.  Hist.  Coll. 

Alexander,  William,  of  the  U.  of  Penn,, 
author  of  "  Poetical  Works,"  and  sketch  of 
his  life.     Phila.,  1847. 

Alford,  John,  founder  of  the  professor- 
ship of  natural  religion,  moral  philosophy,  and 
civil  polity  in  Harvard  Coll.,  b.  1686;  d. 
Charlestow'n,  Ms.,  Sept.  29,  1761.  He  had 
been  a  member  of  the  colonial  council.  His 
executors  divided  his  bequest  for  "  charitable 
uses  "  equally  between  Harvard  Coll.,  Prince- 
ton Coll.,  and  the  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Gospel  among  the  Indians.  To  the 
latter  $10,675  was  paid  in  1787. 

Alger,  Cyrus,  iron-founder,  b.  W.  Bridge- 
water,  xMs.,  1782  ;  ^  d.  Feb.  4,  1856.  He  com- 
menced early  in  life  the  business  of  an  iron- 
founder  at  Easton,  but  in  1809  established 
himself  in  South  Boston  ;  made  n)any  improve- 
ments in  the  art  of  casting,  and  was  partic- 
ularly celebrated  for  the  excellent  cannon 
which  were  made  at  his  estai)lishment.  He 
was  prominent  in  various  projects  beneficial  to 
South  Boston.  He  was  liberal  and  charitable, 
was  a  memi)er  of  the  city  council  the  first  year 
of  its  organization,  and  alderman  in  1824  and 
1827. 

Alger,  Rev.  Horatio,  jun.,  author,  b.  N. 
Chelsea,  Ms  ,Jan.  13,  1834.  H.U.  1852  ;  Camb. 
Theol.  School  1860.  From  1852  to  1857,  he 
was  a  teacher,  and  wrote  for  the  Bos  con  and 
N.Y.  press.  In  1861,  he  made  a  European 
tour.  From  1861  to  1864,  he  was  a  private 
tutor  at  Cambridge,  Dec.  8,  1864,  he  was 
ord.  over  a  Unitarian  Church  at  Brewster,  Ms. 
He  pub.  "  Bertiia's  Christmas  Vision,"  1855  ; 


•'  Nothing  to  Do,  a  Tilt  at  our  Best  Society," 
a  poem,  1857;  "Frank's  Campaign;  or, 
What  Boys  Can  Do,"  1864;  "Paul  Preston's 
Charge,"  1865;  and  has  contributed  a  number 
of  poems  to  Harper's  Weeklij  and  other  period- 
icals. 

Alger,  William  Rounseviile,  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  Freetown,  Ms.,  Dec.  30, 
1822,  Camb,  Theol,  School,  1847.  In  that 
year  he  became  minister  of  a  Unitarian  society 
at  Roxbury,and  in  1855  exchanged  lor  a  similar 
charge  in  Boston.  He  now  preaches  at  the 
Music  Hall,  Boston.  He  ])ub.  "  A  Svmbolic 
History  of  the  Cross  of  Christ,"  1851";  "The 
Poetry  of  the  East,"  1856.  His  chief  work  is 
"  A  Critical  History  of  the  Doctrines  of  a 
Future  Life,"  with  a  Complete  Bibliography 
of  the  Subject,  by  Ezra  Abbot,  1864.  He 
also  edited  with  an  introduction,  in  1858, 
"  Studies  of  Christianity  by  James  Alartineau." 
Contrib.  to  the  Christian  Examiner  and  other 
periodicals.  —  Dui/ckinck. 

Alison,  Francis,  D  D.,  Presb.  divine 
and  scholar,  b.  Lac,  Donegal  Co.,  Ireland, 
1705  ;  d.  Phila.  Nov.  28,  1779.  U.  of  Glas- 
gow. He  came  to  America  in  1735;  was 
pastor  of  a  church  at  New  London,  Pa.,  until 
1752,  when  he  took  charge  of  an  acad,  in 
Phila,  He  had  previously  taught  school  at 
New  London,  and  was  the  tutor  of  many  of 
the  eminent  men  of  the  Revol.  From  1755 
until  his  death,  he  was  vice-provost,  and  prof, 
of  moral  philosophy  of  the  College  of  Phila,, 
and  pastor  of  the  First  Church,  In  Aug. 
1758,  he  was  chaplain  to  Col,  Byrd's  exped, 
to  Fort  Cumberlaud,  He  received  the  degree 
of  D.D,  from  the  U,  of  Glasgow  in  1758. 
By  his  will  he  freed  all  his  slaves.  May 
24,  1758,  he  preached  before  the  synods  of 
N.Y,  and  Pa.  a  sermon,  entitled  "  Peace  and 
Unity  recommended,"  —  Sprague. 

Allan,  Col,  John,  Revol,  patriot,  b. 
Edinburgh  Castle,  Scotland,  Jan.  13, 1746  ;  d. 
Lubec,  Me.,  Feb.  7,  1805,  Wm.  his  father,  a 
retired  British  officer,  emigrated  to  Nova  Scotia 
in  1749.  John  engaged  in  agricultural  and 
mercantile  pursuits  near  Fort  Cumberland ; 
became  a  justice  of  the  peace,  clerk  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
Provincial  Assembly  in  1770-6,  Sympathizing 
with  the  Americans  in  their  struggle  for  liberty, 
he  secured  to  them  the  friendship  of  the  Indian 
tribes  in  his  vicinity,  and  applied  personally 
to  Congress,  who  app.  him  superintendent  of 
the  Eastern  Indians  and  a  col.  in  the  army 
in  Jan.  1777.  The  authorities  of  N.  S.  ofi^'ercd 
a  reward  of  £100  for  his  apprehension  ;  and, 
during  the  struggle,  his  house  was  burned, 
and  his  wife  kept  for  months  in  prison  at 
Ilalifiix.  Col.  Allan  rendered  great  service 
to  the  patriot  cause,  and,  with  his  Indian  allies, 
protected  the  exposed  north-eastern  frontier. 
In  1784,  he  settled  in  Maine.  He  received 
from  the  govt,  of  Ms,  22,000  acres  of  wild  land 
(now  the  town  of  Whiting)  in  1792,  and  in 
1801,  in  consequence  of  losses  incurred  by  him 
in  the  war,  a  grant  from  Congress  of  2,000 
acres  in  Ohio,  where  Columbus  now  stands, 
but  then  of  little  value.  —  See  "  Military  Ope- 
rations in  Eastern  Maine  and  Nova  Scotia,"  by 
Frederic  Kidder. 


J^SLuT^ 


17 


.AJL.L 


Allen,  Rev.  Benjamin,  rector  of  St.  Paul's 
Church,  rhila. ;  d.  at  sea  on  his  return  from 
Europe,  Jan.  27,  1829.  Author  of  "  Hist,  of  . 
the  Church  of  Christ,"  2  vols.  1833.  Editor 
of  the  Christian  Magazine.  —  See  Memoir  by  his 
brother,  Phila.,  1832. 

Allen,  Charles,  LL.D.  (H.  U.  1863),  ju- 
rist and  statesman,  b,  Worcester,  Ms.,  Aug,  9, 
1797;  d.  there  Aug.  6,  1869.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1818,  he  began  practice  at  New  Brain- 
tree,  but  soon  removed  to  Worcester.  Mam- 
years  a  member  of  the  State  legisl. ;  member  of 
the  North-eastern  Boundary  Commission  in 
1842;  Judge  C.  C.  P.  1842-4;  chief-justice  Suf- 
folk Co.  Sup.  Court  1858-9,  and  of  the  Mass. 
Sup.  Court  1859-67;  M.  C.  1849-53.  One 
of  the  founders  of  the  Free  Soil  party;  editor 
of  the  Boston  Whig,  afterwards  called  the  Re- 
publican. An  influential  member  of  the  Const. 
Conv.  of  1853,  and  a  delegate  to  the  Peace 
Congress  in  1861.  A  sound  lawyer,  and  an 
able  and  upright  judge.  He  rec'd  an  hon. 
degree  from  Y.  C  in  1836.  Allen's  Reports 
make  14  vols.  (1861-8). 

Allen,  David  Oliver,  D.D.,  missionary, 
b.  Barre,  Ms.,  1804;  d.  Lowell,  Ms.,  July  17, 
1863.  Amh.  Coll.  1823.  After  working  on  a 
farm,  and  teaching,  he  studied  at  the  And. 
Theol.  Sem.,  and  in  Sept.  1827,  went  to  Bom- 
bay. There  he  labored  until  his  return  in 
June,  1853;  and  in  1856  pub.  a  "  History  of 
India."  From  1856  to  1860,  he  preached  at 
Wenham  and  other  places.  Myka  his  wife  d. 
Bombay,  Feb.  5,  1831.  He  contrib.  extensive- 
ly to  journals  in  India  and  America.  Member 
of  the  "  Royal  Asiatic  "  and  "  American  Ori- 
ental "  societies. 

Allen,  Ebbnezer,  Revol.  soldier,  and  one 
of  the  founders  of  Vt. ;  d.  1805.  He  was  at 
the  capture  of  Ticonderoga  and  Mount  Defi- 
ance, and  disting.  himself  in  the  battle  of  Ben- 
nington. —  Rogers. 

Allen,  Ephraim  W.,  printer,  and  30  years 
editor  of  the  Newbaryport  Her>tld,  b.  about  1 780; 
d.  Mar.  9,  1846. 

Allen,  Ethan,  Revol.  soldier,  b.  Litchfield, 
Ct.,  Jan.  10,  1737;  d.  Burlington,  Vt.,  Feb. 
12,  1789.  His  parents  removed  to  Cornwall, 
and  subsequently  to  Salisbury  ;  where,  in  1762, 
Ethan  was  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the  iron 
furnace.  Of  six  brothers  who  received  the 
bare  rudiments  of  education,  four  emigrated 
in  1772  to  the  territory  west  of  the  Green 
Mountains,' where  Ethan  had  preceded  them  in 
1766,  and  where  they  became  renowned  in  the 
border  feuds  and  in  the  Revol.  struggle.  This 
territory  called  "  The  New-Hampshire  Grants," 
was  claimed  by  N.  Y. ;  but  the  settlers, 
under  the  lead  of  Allen,  seconded  by  Seth 
Warner  and  Remember  Baker,  resisted  their 
sheriffs  and  constables,  and  held  them  at  bay, 
until  the  Revol.  turned  the  efforts  of  all  in 
another  direction.  During  this  controversy, 
several  pamphlets  were  written  by  Allen,  and 
in  his  peculiar  manner,  which  were  well  suit- 
ed to  the  state  of  public  feeling,  exhibiting  the 
injustice  of  the  claims.  The  State  of  N.  Y. 
declared  Allen  an  outlaw,  and  offered  a  re- 
ward of  £150  for  his  capture.  Immediately 
after  the  battle  of  Lexington,  a  plan  for  the 
capture  of  Ticonderoga  was  matured  in  Hart- 
2 


ford;  and  Edward  Mott  and  Noah  Phelps  with 
16  men  were  joined  by  Cols.  Easton  and 
Brown  at  Pittsfield,  and  by  Allen  at  Benning- 
ton, who  was  chosen  to  command.  At  Castle- 
ton,  they  were  joined  by  Arnold,  who  had  been 
commissioned  by  the  Massachusetts  Commit- 
tee to  raise  4U0  men  for  the  same  object,  and 
who,  it  is  said,  accompanied  the  expedition  as 
a  volunteer.  They  arrived  at  the  lake  oppo- 
site the  fortress,  on  the  evening  of  May  9  ;  and 
at  daybreak,  Allen,  with  83  men,  surprised  the 
garrison,  and  captured  the  stronghold  with  all 
its  valuable  stores.  The  capture  of  Crown 
Point  by  Col.  Warner  the  same  day,  and  of  a 
sloop-of-vvar  soon  after,  gave  them  the  mastery 
of  Lake  Champlain,  and  gave  a  brilliant  eclat 
to  the  opening  of  tlie  war.  His  success  as  a 
partisan,  occasioned  his  being  twice  despatched 
into  Canada,  during  the  fall  of  1775,  to  gain 
over  the  Canadians  to  the  American  cause. 
In  the  last  of  these  expeditions,  he  undertook, 
in  conjunction  with  Col.  Brown,  the  capture 
of  Montreal.  Crossing  the  river  with  110  men 
on  the  morning  of  Sept.  25,  he  was  attacked 
by  a  large  force,  before  Col.  Brown  could  ef- 
fiect  a  junction,  and  made  prisoner.  He  was 
put  in  irons,  and  treated  with  great  severity  by 
Gen.  Prescott;  then  sent  to  Eng.,  and  treated 
with  extreme  cruelty  on  the  passage,  by 
Brooke  Watson.  After  three  weeks'  con- 
finement in  Pendennis  Castle,  he  was,  in  Jan. 
1776,  sent  to  Halifax;  and,  five  months  after, 
was  removed  to  N.  Y.  He  experienced  great 
kindness  from  the  captain ;  and,  while  on  the 
passage,  his  refusal  to  join  in  an  attempt  to  seize 
the  vessel,  prevented  the  execution  of  the  plan. 
May  6,  1778,  he  was  exchanged  for  Col.  Camp- 
bell, returned  to  Vt.,  where  he  was  received 
with  honors,  and  given  the  command  of  the 
militia ;  receiving  also  from  Congress  the  com- 
mission of  lieut.-col.  in  the  Continental  Army. 
A  fruitless  attempt  was  made  by  the  British, 
through  Beverley  Robinson,  to  bribe  him  to 
lend  his  support  to  a  union  of  Vt.  with  Cana- 
da, the  only  result  of  which  was,  that,  by 
feigning  negotiations,  Allen  was  able  to  secure 
the  neutrality  of  the  British  towards  his  moun- 
taineers until  the  close  of  the  war.  As  a 
member  of  the  State  legisl.  and  a  special  dele- 
gate to  Congress,  he  succeeded  in  his  great  ob- 
ject,—  the  ultimate  recognition  of  Vt.  as  an 
independent  State.  Before  the  end  of  the  war, 
he  removed  to  Bennington,  thence  to  Arling- 
ton, and  finally  to  the  vicinity  of  Onion  River, 
where  he  died.  Two  of  his  sons,  graduates  of 
West  Point,  became  capts.  of  artillery.  Be- 
sides a  narrative  of  his  captivity,  and  some 
pamphlets  on  the  Controversy  with  N.  Y.,  he 
pub.  in  1784  "  Allen's  Theology,  or  the  Oracles 
of  Reason,"  the  first  publication  in  the  U.  S. 
openly  directed  against  the  Christian  religion. 
He  was  a  brave,  generous,  and  independent 
man,  butwaseccentric  and  ambitious.  A  Life  by 
Hugh  Moore  was  pub.  Plattsburg,  12mo,  1834; 
"  Ethan  Allen,  and  the  Green  Mountain 
Heroes  of  '76,"  by  H.  DePuy,  8vo,  Buffalo, 
1853.  There  is  also  a  memoir  in  Sparks's 
Amer.  Biog.,  vol  i. 

Allen,  Heman,  LL.D.,  lawyer  and  politi- 
cian of  Colchester,  Vt.,  b.  Poultney,  Vt.,  Feb. 
23,   1779;   d.    Highgate,    Vt.,   Apr.   9,   1852. 


-ax.il. 


18 


AJToL, 


Dartm.  Coll.  1795.  Son  of  Maj.  Heber,  and 
nephew  of  Ethan  Allen.  He  adopted  the  pro- 
fession of  the  law,  was  sht;ritf  of  Chittenden 
Co.  in  1 808-9  ;  chief-justice  of  the  county  court 
from  1811  to  1814;  an  active  member  of  the 
State  iegisl.  from  1812  to  1817  ;  quartermaster 
of  militia  with  the  title  of  brij^adier ;  and  a 
trustee  of  the  U.  of  Vt.  M.  C.  1817-18.  U. 
S.  marshal  for  the  liistrict  of  Vt.  1818-23. 
He  was  minister  to  Chili  in  1823-8,  and  held 
the  Presidency  of  tiie  U.  S.  Branch  Bank  at 
Burlinjjfton,  from  1830  until  the  expiration  of 
its  charter.  —  Darlin.  Coll.  Alainni. 

AUeu,  Henry,  a  religious  enthusiast,  b. 
Newport,  R.I.,  June  14,  1748;  d.  Northamp- 
ton, N.H.,  Feb.  2,  1784.  He  was  settled  at 
Falmouth,  N.  S.,  where  he  taught  that  our 
first  JDarents  were  not  corporeal  before  the  Fall, 
that  there  will  be  no  resurrection  of  the  body, 
and  that  men  are  not  bound  to  obey  the  ordi- 
nances of  the  gospel.  He  pub.  some  treatises 
and  sermons,  and  a  book  of  lyrics. 

Allen,  Henry  Watkins,  statesman  and 
soldier,  b.  Prince  Edward  Co.,  Va.,  Apr.  29, 
1820;  d.  city  of  Mexico,  Apr.  22,  1866.  His 
father.  Dr.  Thomas  Allen,  removed  to  Lexing- 
ton, Mo.  Disliking  mercantile  life,  the  son 
was  placed  in  Marion  Coll.,  but  ran  away 
two  years  after ;  became  a  teacher  at  Grand 
Gulf,  Mpi. ;  studied  law,  and  had  attained  a 
successful  practice,  when,  in  1842,  he  raised  a 
company  for  the  Texan  war.  After  its  close, 
he  returned,  married,  and  in  1846  was  elected 
to  the  State  Iegisl.  He  afterward  settled  on  his 
estate  at  West  Baton  Rouge;  and  in  1853  was 
in  the  La.  Iegisl.  In  1854,  he  went  to  Cam- 
bridge U.  as  a  law-student.  He  visited  Europe 
in  1859,  one  result  of  which  was  a  volume  of 
"  Travels  of  a  Sugar-Planter."  Re-entering 
the  Iegisl.,  he  became  a  prominent  speaker,  and, 
when  Buchanan  became  Pres.,  left  the  Whig  for 
the  Democ.  party.  When  the  Rebellion  broke 
out,  he  was  made  lieut.-col.,  and  then  col.,  of 
the  4th  La.,  and  afterward  military  gov.  of 
Jackson.  He  was  wounded  at  Shiloh,  com.  a 
brigade  at  Baton  Rouge,  where  he  was  despe- 
rately wounded;  was  made  brig.-gvi.i.  in  Sept. 
1864,  but  almost  immediately  after  was  elected 
gov.  of  La.  In  this  position,  he  showed  great 
ability,  improving  the  finances  of  the  State, 
encouraging  manufactures,  and  enforcing  the 
laws.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  he  took  up  his 
residence  in  Mexico,  where  he  established  the 
Mexican  Times,  which  he  edited  until  his 
death.  —  See  "  Recollections  of  Henry  W.  Allen," 
bij  Mrs.  Sarah  A .  Dorsey.     iV.  F., '  1 86 7 . 

Allen,  Ira,  one  of  the  founders  of  Vt., 
b.  Cornwall,  Ct.,  Apr.  21,  1751  ;  d.  Phila., 
Jan.  7,  1814.  A  younger  bro.  of  Ethan,  he 
went  with  him  to  Vt.,  and  took  part  with 
him  in  the  controversy  with  N.Y.  He  was  an 
active  patriot;  was  a  member  of  the  Iegisl.  in 
1776-7;  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
framed  the  constitution  of  Vt.  in  1778;  was 
sec.  of  State,  and  subsequently  surveyor-gen., 
and  treasurer,  and  member  of  the  council. 
Upon  Burgoyne's  advance,  Allen,  then  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Committee  of  Safety  and  a  col.  of 
militia,  suggested  the  raising  a  regt.  by  the 
confiscation  and  sale  of  Tory  property.  It  was 
soon  raised,  and,  together   with  that  of  Col. 


Warner,  did  good  service  in  the  battle  of  Ben- 
nington. With  Messrs.  Bradley  and  Fox,  he 
was  a  commissioner  to  Congress  in  1780-81,  in 
behalf  of  Vt.,  and  in  opposition  to  the  claims  of 
neighboring  States.  In  Apr.  1781,  he  was 
app.  to  settle  a  cartel,  and  also  to  agree  to  an 
armistice  with  the  British  troops  in  Canada, 
which  was  accordingly  done.  The.se  politic 
measures  brought  about  a  final  settlement  of 
the  difficulties  with  N.Y.,  whose  claims  were 
extinguished  upon  the  payment  of  $30,000. 
In  1789,  he  drew  up  a  memorial  in  favor  of  the 
establishment  of  the  University  at  Burlington. 
In  Mar.  1792,  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  con- 
vention which  ratified  the  U.S.  Constitution. 
In  1795,  having  become  senior  maj. -gen.  of  mi- 
litia, he  went  to  Europe  to  purchase  arms  for 
the  supply  of  his  State.  On  his  way  home  with 
the  muskets  and  cannon  purchased  of  the 
French  Republic,  he  was  taken  and  carried  to 
Eng.,  where,  after  a  litigation  of  eight  years 
in  the  Court  of  Admiralty,  on  the  accusation  of 
intending  to  supply  the  Irish  rebels  with  arms, 
the  case  was  decided  in  his  favor.  In  1798,  he 
was  imprisoned  in  France,  and  returned  home 
in  1801.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "Natural  and 
Political  History  of  Vermont,"  8vo,  London, 
1798,  and  of  "  Statemehts  Appended  to  the 
Olive  Branch,"  1807. 

Allen,  Isaac,  lawyer  and  loyalist  of 
Trenton,  N.J.;  d.  Frederickton,  N.B.,  1806,  a. 
65.  N.J.  Coll.  1762.  In  1782,  he  was  lieut.- 
col.  of  the  2d  batt.  of  N.J.  Vols.  One  of  the 
grantees  of  St.  John,  N.B.,  he  held  a  seat  in 
the  council,  and  was  a  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  —  Sabine. 

Allen,  James,  clergyman,  b.  Eng.,  1632; 
d.  Boston,  Sept.  22,  1710.  Fellow  of  New 
Coll.,  Oxford.  Having  been  ejected  for  non- 
conformity, he  came  to  N.E.  in  1062,  with  a 
high  reputation  as  a  scholar  and  divine,  and 
was  ord.  Dec.  9,  1668,  as  colleague  with  Mr. 
Davenport  in  the  First  Church,  Boston.  In 
1669,  17  ministers  pub.  their  testimony  against 
the  conduct  of  Allen  and  Davenport  in  regard 
to  the  settlement  of  the  latter.  This  contro- 
versy between  the  1st  and  3d  churches  inter- 
ested the  whole  Colony.  The  General  Court 
having,  in  1670,  declared  the  conduct  of  those 
churches  and  elders  who  assisted  in  establish- 
ing the  3d  church  illegal  and  disorderly,  at  its 
next  session,  some  of  the  members  being 
changed,  the  censure  was  taken  off.  Mr.  Al- 
len possessed  great  Zealand  influence,  and  took 
a  deep  interest  in  Harvard  Coll.,  of  which  cor- 
poration he  was  several  years  a  member.  He 
pub.  occasional  sermons  and  essays  on  polemic 
divinity. 

Allen,  James,  first  minister  of  Brookline, 
Ms.,  b.  Roxbury,  1692;  d.  Feb.  18,  1747. 
H.  U.  1710.  Ord.  Nov.  5,  1718.  In  1722,  he 
pub.  a  "Thanksgiving  Sermon,"  in  1727  a 
"  Discourse  on  Providence  ; "  a  "  Fast  Ser- 
mon on  the  Great  Earthquake  in  1731." 

Allen,  James,  poet,  b.  Boston,  July  24, 
1739  ;  d.  there  Oct.  21,  1808.  The  son  of  a 
wealthy  merchant,  he  studied  at  Harvard  Coll. 
but  left  it  at  the  end  of  the  third  year. 
His  chief  production,  "  Lines  on  the  Massacre," 
written  at  the  retjuest  of  Dr.  Warren,  to  ac- 
company the  oration  which  he  delivered,  was 


AJUla 


19 


AX.L 


suppressed  by  the  committee  having  the  sub- 
ject in  charge,  owing  to  suspicions  of  his  polit- 
ical faith.  His  friends,  indignant  at  this  treat- 
ment, pub.  it,  with  extracts  from  the  "  Retro- 
spect," also  by  Allen,  which  they  accompanied 
by  a  vindication  of  the  author's  political  sound- 
ness and  poetical  merits:  pub.  Boston,  1772. 
He  also  wrote  a  patriotic  epic,  entitled  "  Bun- 
ker Hill,"  now  supposed  to  be  lost,  and  a  few 
magazine  pieces. — Uuijckinck. 

Allen,  Col.  John,  b.  Rockbridge  Co.,  Va., 
Dec.  30,  1772;  killed  in  battle  of  the  River 
Raisin,  Jan.  22,  1 813.  His  father  was  an  early 
settler  in  Ky.  The  son  was  educated  at  Dr. 
Priestly's  acad.  at  Bardstown ;  settled  in  the 
practice  of  law  at  Shelby  ville  in  1795,  and  at- 
tained high  rank  in  the  profession.     Early  in 

1812,  he  raised  a  regt.  of  riflemen,  part  of  which 
was   in    the   action  at  Brownstown,  Jan.  18, 

1813.  It  formed  the  left  wing  of  the  American 
force  at  the  disastrous  battle  of  the  River  Rai- 
sin. —  Collins' s  Hist,  of  Kentucky. 

Allen,  Joseph,  b.  Boston,  Sept.  2,  1749  ; 
d.  Worcester,  Sept.  2,  1827.  H.  U.  1774.  His 
mother  was  a  sister  of  Samuel  Adams.  He 
was  a  merchant  in  Leicester,  Ms.,  and  an  ac- 
tive Whig ;  a  member  of  the  State  Const. 
Con  v.,  1778  ;  clerk  of  Worcester  Co.  court 
from  1776  to  1810;  M.  C.  1811-13;  council- 
lor 1815-18  ;  a  founder  and  patron  of  Leicester 
acad.     He  went  to  Worcester  1776. 

Allen,  Joseph,  D.D.  (H.  U.  1848),  b. 
MedHeld,  Ms.,  Aug.  15,  1790.  H.  U.  1811. 
Ord.  1814.  He  studied  theology  under  Rev. 
Dr.  Ware  at  Cambridge.  Onl.  minister  of 
Northboro'  Oct.  30,  1816, — a  post  he  still  re- 
tains. Deleg.  to  the  Peace  Congress  at  Paris 
in  1849.  Author  of  "  Hist.  Account  of  North- 
boro'"  in  Worcester  Alag.,  July,  1826;  "Ser- 
mon on  Completing  the  25th  Year  of  his  Min- 
istry." 1841;  "Centennial  Discourse,"  1846; 
"  Memoir  of  Rev.  Dr.  Lathropof  Sprinj^field," 
1823;  "  Hist,  of  the  Worcester  Association," 
1868;  '  Allen  Genealogy,"  1869. 

Allen,  Moses,  minister  of  Medway,  Ga., 
b.  Northampton,  Ms.,  Sept.  14,  1748;  d.  Feb. 
8,1779.  N.J.  Coll.  1772.  Ord.  at  Christ's 
Church  parish,  near  Charleston,  S.C.,  Mar.  16, 
1775;  resigned  June  8,  1777,  and  established 
himself  at  Medway.  His  emigrant  ancestor, 
Samuel,  d.  Windsor,  Ct.,  1648.  An  ardent 
patriot,  he  became  obnoxious  to  the  British, 
who  dispersed  his  society,  and  burned  his 
meeting-house.  Made  prisoner  at  the  capture 
of  Savannah,  and  put  on  board  a  prison-ship, 
he  was  drowned  in  attempting  to  escape  to  the 
shore. 

Allen,  Paul,  editor  and  poet,  b.  Providence, 
R.L,  Feb.  15,  1775;  d.  Baltimore,  Aug.  18, 
1826.  B.U.  1796.  After  studying  law,  he  went 
to  Phila.,  where  he  wrote  for  the  Portfolio  and 
U.S.  Gazette.  In  1801,  he  pub.  a  small  vol.  of 
poems,  superintended  the  publication  of"  Lewis 
and  Clarke's  Travels,"  in  1814  ;  and  projected  a 
"  Life  of  Washington,"  and  obtained  a  great 
number  of  subscribers,  but  from  indolence  made 
no  effort  to  fulfil  the  obligation  he  had  in- 
curred. Successivelv  editor  of  the  Federal  Re- 
piihlican,  the  Journal  of  the  Times,  and  a  con- 
tributor to  the  Portico,  a  magazine,  he  sank  into 
poverty,  and  was  for  a  time  insane.     He  final- 


ly became  editor  of  the  Morning  Chronicle,  at 
Baltimore,  which  he  conducted  until  his  death. 
In  1819,  a  history  of  the  Amer.  Revol.  appeared 
in  his  name,  but  really  written  by  John  Neal, 
and  another  friend,  named  Watkins.  Allen 
contrib.  a  portion  of  the  preface.  His  poem 
of  "  Noah,"  pub.  in  1821,  was  judiciously  re- 
duced from  25  to  5  cantos,  by  his  friend  Neal. 
He  also  pub.  a  "  Life  of  Alexander  L,"  1818. 

Allen,  Philip,  politician,  b.  Providence, 
R.I.,  Sept.  1,  1785;  d  there  Dec.  16,  1865.  B. 
U.  1803.  He  was  long  and  successfully  en- 
gaged in  the  cotton  manufiicture  in  R.L  ;  was 
a  member  of  the  State  legisl.  in  1819-21  ;  gov. 
of  R.L  1851-3  ;  and  U.S.  senator,  1853-9  ; 
pres.  of  the  U.S.  Branch  Bank,  1827-36.  He 
constructed  the  first  Watt  and  Boulton  steam- 
enjjine  in  Providence. 

Allen,  Phineas,  editor,  b.  Northampton, 
Ms.,  Aug.  11,  1776;  d.  Pittsfield,  Ms.,  May  8, 
1860.  Son  of  Rev.  Solomon.  After  serving  an 
apprenticeship  in  the  office  of  the  Hampshire 
Gazette,  he  established,  Sept.  16, 1800,  the  Pitts- 
field  Sun,  which  he  continued  60  years.  He 
was  often  in  the  State  legisl. 

AUen,  Richard  L.,  agriculturist,  b.  Hamp- 
den Co.,  Ms.,  Oct.  1803  ;  d.  Stockholm,  Sweden, 
Sept.  22,1869.  He  was  a  merchant  in  N.Y., 
but  impaired  health  led  him  to  farming 
on  a  tract  on  the  Niagara  River,  in  1832.  In 
1842,  with  his  bro.,  A.  B.  Allen,  he  founded 
the  American  Agriculturist,  contributing,  co- 
editing,  and  publishing  14  years;  when  the 
brothers  relinquished  editing  to  carry  on  the 
agricultural-implement  business,  which  became 
very  extensive.  He  pub.  "  The  American 
Farm-Book,"  8vo,  1856 ;  a  valuable  treatise 
on  "  The  Diseases  of  Domestic  Animals,"  1848  ; 
"American  Agriculture,"  and  "American 
Farmer's  Muck- Book,"  18mo.  At  the  time  of 
his  death,  he  was  making  the  tour  of  Northern 
Europe. 

Allen,  Col.  Robert,  soldier  and  politi- 
cian, b.  Augusta  Co.,  Va.,  1777  ;  d.  near  Car- 
thage, Tenn.,  Aug.  19, 1844.  Bred  a  merchant, 
he  settled  in  Carthage  about  1804,  and  was 
many  years  clerk  of  the  county  court.  He 
commanded  a  regt.  in  the  War  of  1812,  serving 
under  Jackson  with  honor  and  credit.  He  was 
a  member  of  Con<^ress  in  1819-27. 

Allen,  Robert,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.  O.  West 
Point,  1836.  Entering  the  2d  Art.,  he  was 
made  1st  lieut.  July  7,  1838;  assist.-quarter- 
master.  May  11,  1846;  brev.  maj.  for  gallant 
and  merit,  conduct  at  Cerro  Gordo,  Apr. 
18,  1847;  quartermaster  of  Twiggs's  division 
in  the  Valley  of  Mexico;  capt.  Oct.  19,  1847; 
maj.  May  17,  1861  ;  aide-de-camp,  rank  of 
col.,  Feb.  19,  1862;  brig.-gen.  May  23,  1863. 
He  was  stationed  at  St.  Louis,  where  his  services 
were  of  the  greatest  value  during  the  Rebellion, 
since  which  he  has  been  chief  quartermaster 
div.  of  the  Pacific;  brev.  maj.-gen.  March  13, 
1865  for  merit,  services  in  the  Rebellion  ;  col. 
and  as.sist.  qnartcrmaster-gen.  July  28,  1866. 

Allen,  Samuel,  gov.  of  N.H. ;  d.  New 
Castle,  May  5,  1705,  a.  ab.  70.  A  merchant 
of  London,  he  bought  into  Mason's  patent  in 
1691  ;  and  was  gov.  in  1691-9.  His  purchase 
brought  to  him  and  his  heirs  only  embarrass- 
ment and  contention.     His  son  Thomas  con- 


AJLjLu 


20 


ASLuLa 


tinued  to  agitate  his  claim,  which  was  contested 
by  various  persons.  The  final  verdict  in  1707 
being  against  him,  he  appealed  ;  but  his  death 
in  1715,  before  the  appeal  was  heard,  put  an  end 
to  the  suit. 

Allen,  Samuel  Clbsson,  politician,  b.  Ber- 
nardston,  Ms.,  Jan.  5,  1772;  d.  Nonhfield, 
Ms.,  Feb.  8, 1842.  Dartm.  Coll.  1794.  He  was 
from  1795  to  1798  pastor  of  a  Cong,  church  in 
Nonhfield ;  afterward  practised  law  in  Green- 
field and  Northfield  ;  was  in  the  legisl.  in  1806- 
10;  State  senator,  1812-15  and  1831;  M.C. 
1817-29;  and  executive  councillor,  1829-30. 
Afterward  lecturer  on  political  economy  in 
Amh.  Coll.  He  delivered  a  eulogy  on  Dr. 
Wheelock,  pres.  of  Dartm.  Coll.  1817,  and  an 
oration,  July  4,  1806. — Dartm.  Coll.  Alumni. 

Allen,  Rev,  Solomox,  b.  Northampton, 
Ms.,  Feo.  23,  1751  ;  d.  N.  Y.,  Jan.  20,  1821. 
He  with  four  of  his  brothers  served  in  the 
Revol.  army ;  Moses  and  Thomas  as  chaplains. 
At  the  time  of  Andre's  capture,  he  was  a  lieut. 
and  adj.,  and  conveyed  him  to  Lower  Salem. 
Lieut.  Allen  then  proceeded  to  West  Point  to 
deliver  to  Arnold  the  letter  from  Col.  Jameson, 
his  commander,  which  enabled  the  traitor  to  es- 
cape, by  giving  him  the  information  so  essential 
to  his  safety.  After  the  war,  in  which  he  rose  to 
the  rank  of  maj.  he  was  actively  employed 
in  quelling  the  insurrection  of  Shays.  At  the 
age  of  50,  though  his  education  had  been 
scanty,  he  became  a  preacher,  and  was  exceed- 
ingly successful.  His  labors  were  performed 
in  the  western  part  of  Ms.  and  the  State  of 
N.  Y.,  in  a  country  newly  settled,  and  whose  in- 
habitants were  mostly  poor. 

Allen,  Thomas,  minister  of  Charlestown, 
Ms.,  b.  Norwich,  Eng.,  1608 ;  d.  there  Sept.  21, 
IG73.  He  grad.  at  Cambridge;  was  minister 
of  St.  Edmond's  ;  was  silenced  by  Bp.  Wren 
in  1636,  for  refusing  to  read  the  "Book  of 
Sports,"  as  required  of  the  clergy;  and  in  1638 
came  to  Boston.  He  preached  at  Charlestown 
from  that  time  till  1651,  when  he  returned  to 
Norwich,  continuing  his  ministry  until  ejected 
in  1662,  but  continued  to  preach  till  his  death. 
While  in  this  country,  he  pub,  an  '■  Invitation 
to  Thirsty  Sinners  to  come  unto  their  Saviour." 
He  also  pub.  "The  Scripture  Chronology," 
1659;  "  Way  of  the  Spirit  in  bringing  Souls 
to  Christ ; "  and  several  sermons  upon  "  The 
Necessity  of  Faith."  —  Eiol. 

Allen,  Thos.,  minister  of  Pittsfield,  Ms., 
from  Apr.  18,  1764,  to  his  death,  Feb.  11, 1810. 
H.  U.  1762.  Bro.  of  Moses  and  Solomon,  b. 
Northampton,  Jan.  17.  1743.  A  chaplain  in 
the  Revol.  army  at  White  Plains  and  atTicon- 
deroga.  He  was  conspicuous  at  the  battle  of 
Bennington,  and  was  one  of  the  first  to  enter 
the  German  breastwork.  He  visited  Eng.  in 
1799.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  political 
discussions  of  his  time.  He  pub.  some  ser- 
mons. —  Sprague. 

Allen,  William,  chief-justice  of  Pa.,  1 750- 
74,  and  a  distinguished  friend  of  literature  and 
the  arts;  d.  Eng.,  Sept,  1780,  Son  of  Wm., 
an  eminent  merchant  of  Phila.,  who  d,  1725, 
His  wife  was  a  dau.  of  Andrew  Hamilton, 
whom  he  succeeded  as  recorder  of  Phila,  in 
1741.  He  was  a  patron  of  West  the  painter, 
and  CO  operated  with  Franklin  in  establishing 


the  Coll.  of  Phila.  Being  a  loyalist,  he  with- 
drew to  Eng.  in  1774.  He  pub.  m  Lond.,  1774, 
"  The  American  Crisis,"  suggesting  a  j)lan  for 
restoring  the  dependence  of  America.  His  son 
Andrew  succeeded  Mr.  Chew  as  attorney-gen., 
and  after  being  a  member  of  Congress  and  of 
the  Committee  of  Safety,  together  with  his 
bros.  John  and  William,  put  himself,  at  the 
close  of  1776,  under  the  protection  of  Gen. 
Howe  at  Trenton.  This  son  d.  in  Lond.,  Mar. 
7,  1825,  a.  85.  His  bro.  William  had  been  a 
lieut.-col.  in  the  Continental  service,  but  in 
1778  raised  a  regt.  of  Pa.  Loyalists.  He  was 
noted  for  wit,  good  humor,  and  lor  affable  and 
gentlemanly  manners.  —  SaUine. 

Allen,  William,  D.D.  (D.  C.  1820),  cler- 
gyman and  author,  b.  Pittsfield,  Ms.,  Jan.  2, 
1784;  d.  Northampton,  Ms.,  July  16,  1868. 
H.U.  1802.  Son  of  Rev.  Thomas.  After  being 
licensed  in  1804,  he  preached  for  some  months 
in  various  places  in  the  western  part  of  N.Y. 
While  a  regent  in  Harvard  Coll.  he  prepared 
the  first  edition  of  his  "American  Biographical 
and  Historical  Dictionary,"  pub.  in  1809.  The 
second  edition  of  this  work  appeared  in  1832 ; 
the  third,  in  1857.  In  1807,  he  prepared  the 
lives  of  Amer.  ministers  for  Rev.  David  Bogue's 
"  History  of  the  Dissenters."  In  Oct.  1810, 
he  was  ord.  pastor  of  the  church  in  Pittsfield, 
as  his  father's  successor.  In  1812,  hem.  Maria 
M.,  dau.  of  Pres.  John  Wheelock.  He  was  made 
pres.  of  Dartm.  Coll.  in  1817,  and  from  1820 
to  1839  was  pres.  of  Bowd.  Coll.  Among  his 
writings  are  contributions  of  "  Words  not 
found  in  Dictionaries  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage," to  Worcester  and  Webster  ;  "  Bacca- 
laureate Addresses,"  1823-9;  "Junius  Un- 
masked," identifying  him  with  Lord  Sack- 
ville  ;  "Accounts  of  Shipwrecks;"  "Psalms 
and  Hymns,"  1835  ;  "  Memoirs  of  Dr.  Eleazer 
Wheelock  and  of  Dr.  John  Codman,"  18.53; 
"  An  Historical  Discourse  on  the  Fortieth  An- 
niversary of  the  Second  Ch.  in  Dorchester," 
1848;  "  A  Discourse  at  the  Close  of  the  Sec- 
ond Century  of  the  Settlement  at  Northamp- 
ton, Ms.,"  1854  ;  "  Wunnissoo,  or  the  Vale  of 
Housatonnuk,"  a  poem,  1856;  besides  a 
"  Dudleian  Lecture  "  at  Cambridge  ;  "  Chris- 
tian Sonnets,"  1860;  "Poems  of  Nazareth 
and  the  Cross,"  1866  ;  "  Sacred  Songs,"  1867, 
and  various  sernions  and  reports.  A  discourse 
commemorative  of  Dr.  Allen,  by  Dr.  W,  B. 
Sprague,  has  been  pub. 

Allen,  Wm.  Henry,  a  distinguished  naval 
oificer,  b.  Providence,  R.I.,  Oct.  21,  1784;  d. 
Aug.  15,  1813.  His  father,  Wm.  Allen,  was  a 
maj.  in  the  Revol.  army,  and  in  1799  brig.-gen. 
of  State  militia.  His  mother  was  a  sister  of 
Gov.  Jones.  At  a  very  early  period,  he  discov- 
ered a  surprisingly  inquisitive  mind,  and  a  ro- 
mantic inclination  to  visit  foreign  countn'es.  He 
entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman,  Apr.  28, 1 800, 
and  sailed  in  the  frigate  "  George  Washing- 
ton," Capt.  Campbell,  to  Algiers  ;  subsequently 
sailing  to  the  Mediterranean,  under  Barron,  in 
"The  Philadelphia;"  under  Rodgers,  in  "  The 
John  Adams;  "  and  a  fourth  time,  in  1804,  as 
sailing-master  to  "  The  Congress."  In  this  voy- 
age, he  narrowly  escaped  death,  having  fallen, 
during  a  gale,  into  the  sea,  luckily  rising  near 
the  mizzi  n -chains,  which  he  grasped.    Lieut,  of 


ATiTi 


21' 


JLLJLu 


'*  The  Constitution  "  in  1805,  he  visited  jEtna 
luid  Vesuvius.  Hereulaneura  and  Pompeii ;  and, 
retuinina:  in  1806,  was  3d  lieut.  of  "  The  Chesa- 
peake" when  she  struek  lier  colors  to  the  British 
irigate  **  Leopard."  He  drew  up  the  letter  of 
the  officers  to  the  see.  of  the  n.ivy,  urgin<^  the 
arrest  and  trial  of  Barron  for  neglect  of  duty. 
In  1809,  he  became  1st  lieut.  of  the  frigate 
"  United  States,"  under  Decatur,  and,  soon  after 
the  breaking-out  of  the  War  of  1812,  highly  dis- 
ting.  himself  in  the  action  with  "The  Mace- 
donian," and  bi'ought  her  safolv  into  N.  Y.  har- 
bor. Promoted,  July  24,  ISIJ,  to  be  master- 
commandant,  he  carried  Mr.  Crawford,  the  min- 
ister, in  the  brig  "Argus,"  to  France,  and  then 
proceeded  to  the  Irish  Channel  to  harass  Eng- 
lish commeice,  in  which  he  was  highly  success- 
ful. Aug.  14,  1813,  he  fell  in  with  the  British 
brig  "  Pelican,"  and,  in  the  engagement  which 
ensued,  was  soon  mortally  wounded,  and  his 
vessel,  alter  a  vigorous  resistance,  taken.  Car- 
ried into  Plyniouih,  the  next  day  he  died,  and 
was  buried  with  military  honors. 

Allen,  William  Howard,  a  naval  officer, 
b.  Hudson,  N.Y.,  July  8,  1790.  Killed  near 
Matanzas,  Nov.  9,  1822,  while  gallantly  lead- 
ing a  boat-attack  upon  a  piratical  squadron. 
Midshipman  Jan.  1, 1808;  lieut.  July  24,  1813. 
He  was  2d  lieut.  of  "  The  Argus,"  Capt.  Allen, 
when  she  was  taken  by  "The  Pelican,"  on  the 
English  coast,  in  1813,  and  commanded  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  action;  both  his  superiors 
having  been  wounded.  His  native  town  erected 
a  monument  to  his  memory. 

Allende  (al-ven'-de),  il  ,  a  Mexican  revo- 
lutionist, shot  at  Chihuahua  in  July,  181 1.  A 
captain  in  the  army,  he  lent  to  the  revolution- 
ists the  military  skill  they  so  much  needed,  and 
a  powerful  influence  over  the  natives.  Nov, 
29,  1810,  he  joined  Hidalgo,  and  transported 
over  the  Cordilleras,  with  the  aid  of  the  na- 
tives, heavy  guns  from  San  Bias.  Hidalgo 
having  fought  a  battle  against  his  advice,  he 
was  defeated.  Allende  brought  off  the  remnant 
of  his  army,  but  was  taken  near  Saltillo  by  the 
treachery  of  Eiizondo,  and  was  shot  soon  after. 

Allerton,  Isaac,  a  Plymouth  Pilgrim,  b. 
ab.  1583  ;  d.  1659.  He  was  one  of  those  who 
left  Eng.  in  1608,  and  settled  in  Leyden.  His 
name  is  attached  to  the  memorable  compact 
signed  on  board  "  The  Mayflower,"  Nov.  11, 
1620.  His  wife  Mary  d.  Feb.  25,  1621.  He 
possessed  a  considerable  estate,  and  was  one  of 
the  leading  and  enterprising  men  of  the  colony. 
Mar.  22,  he,  with  Miles  Standish,  **  went  ven- 
turously "  to  treat  with  Massasoit.  He  was 
subsequently  for  some  years  an  assistant.  Ab. 
1626,  he  ra.  Fear,  dan.  of  Elder  William  Brew- 
ster, and  in  the  autumn  of  that  year  was  sent 
to  Eng.,  partly  to  obtain  supplies,  and  partly 
to  negotiate  with  the  adventurers.  Having  in 
a  second  trip  purchased  for  his  associates  their 
rights  for  £1,800,  payable  in  nine  yearly  in- 
stalments, and  obtained  also  a  patent  for  a 
trading-station  for  Kennel)ec,  he  returned  early 
in  1628  to  Plymouth.  In  a  fourth  trip,  after 
much  delay  and  difficulty,  he  succeeded  in  ob- 
taining the  enlargement  and  correction  of  the 
Kenn«!bec  patent,  and  also  another  for  Ply- 
moutti,  and  facilitated  the  removal  of  the  re- 
mainder of  the  church  at  Leyden.     In  1631,  in 


consequence  of  a  difficulty  with  the  colony, 
"  he  was  dismissed  as  their  agent."  Quitting 
them,  he,  in  June,  1632,  hired  the  "  White  An- 
gel," and  attempted  to  establish  a  trading-house 
on  the  Kennebec  River,  and  also  at  Penobscot; 
but  the  latter  was  destroyed  by  the  French. 
In  1633,  he  established  a  trading-house  at  Ma- 
chias,  which  was  attacked  and  plundered  by 
the  French  and  Indians  in  1634,  and  burned 
soon  afterwards.  In  1634,  his  pinnace,  return- 
ing from  a  trading-voyage  with  the  French  ab. 
Port  Royal,  was  cast  away;  and  in  the  same 
year  his  wife  was  carried  off  by  a  "  pestilent 
fever."  In  Mar.  1635,  he  "  was  to  be  notified 
by  the  civil  authorities  that  he  had  leave  to  de- 
part from  Marblehead ;  "  and  during  this  year 
another  of  his  coasting-vessels  was  wrecked  at 
Cape  Ann,  and  21  persons  perished,  including 
Rev.  John  Avery,  his  wife,  and  6  children. 
From  1643  until  his  death,  he  resided  at  New 
Haven,  though  spoken  of  Oct.  27, 1646,  as  "of 
New  Amsterdam  in  the  province  of  New  Neth- 
erlands, merchant."  Chosen  a  member  of  the 
council  of  New  Amsterdam  in  1643.  Point 
Alderton  in  Boston  harbor  is  supposed  to  be 
named  from  him.  His  third  wifed.  1684.  His 
son  Isaac  grad.  at  H.  U.  1650. 

Allibone,  Samuel  Austin,  b.  Phila.,  17 
Apr.  1816,  author  of  a  "Critical  Dictionary 
of  English  Literature  and  Authors,"  3  vols, 
roy.  8vo,  1859-70.  A  work  of  immense  labor 
and  research,  and  of  very  great  importance 
and  utility. 

Allin,  John,  first  minister  of  Dedham,  b. 
Eng.,  1596  ;  d.  Dedham,  Ms.,  Aug.  26,  1671. 
Driven  from  Eng.  by  the  persecution  of  the 
Puritans  in  1637,  he  was  settled  in  Dedham, 
Apr.  29, 1639,  and  continued  there  till  his  death. 
Assisted  by  Mr.  Shepherd  of  Cambridge,  he 
pub.  his  "  Defence  of  the  Nine  Propositions" 
of  Church  discipline,  also  a  "  Defence  of  the 
Synod  of  1662  against  Pres.  Chauncey,"  and 
a  few  discourses.  Dr.  Mather  calls  him  a 
diligent  student  and  good  scholar.  — Eliot. 

Allison,  Patrick,  D.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1782), 
35  years  pastor  of  the  Presb.  Church,  Balti- 
more, b.  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa,  1740 ;  d.  Bait. 
Aug.  21,  1802.  Phila.  Coll.  1760.  Ord.  1765. 
He  ranked  high  as  a  preacher,  was  an  active 
patriot  in  1775,  and  was  app.  chaplain  to  Con- 
gress, Dec.  23,  1776.  He  pub.  treatises  on 
Liberty,  &c.  An  original  founder  of  Baltimore 
Coll.  and  Library.  —  Sprague. 

Allouez,  Claudk,  a  Jesuit  missionary, 
who  visited  Lake  Superior  in  1665-7,  founded 
a  mission  at  Green  Bay  in  1669,  where  he  en- 
dured many  hardships,  and  in  1687  was  at 
St.  Louis.  'While  confined  to  his  bed  at  that 
place  by  illness,  he  stole  away  on  hearing  of  the 
approach  of  La  Salle,  whom  he  had  injured. 
—  See  Parkman's  Discovery  of  the  Great  West. 

AUston,  Gen.  Joseph,  gov.  of  S.  C, 
1812-14,  b.  1778;  d.  Sept.  10,  1816.  Son  of 
Col.  Wm.  His  wife  Theodosia,  dau.  of  Aaron 
Burr,  was  lost  at  sea  in  1812.  He  was  a  planter 
of  education  and  ability,  and  several  years  a 
disting.  member  of  the  S.C.  legisl. 

Allston,  Robert  Francis  Withers, 
gov.  of  S.C,  1856-8,  b.  All  Saints'  Parish,  S.C, 
Apr.  21,  180]  ;  d.  near  Georgetown,  S.C,  Apr. 
7,1864.    West  Point,  1821.     Retiring  from  the 


ATiTi 


22 


ajjm: 


array  in  1822,  upon  a  rice-plantation  on  the 
Pedee,  he  became  very  successful.  Survey.- 
gen.  of  the  State,  1823-7  ;  member  of  the  lower 
branch  of  the  le<i;isl.  1 828-32  ;  of  the  Senate, 
1832-56,  and  pres.  of  that  body  in  1850-6.  He 
was  a  State-rights  politician.  In  the  legisl. 
he  fostered  the  agricultural  and  educational 
interests  of  the  State.  Trustee  of  S.C.  Coll. 
1841-64.  Author  of  "  Memoir  on  Rice,"  1 843  ; 
"  Report  on  Public  Schools,"  1847  ;  "  Essay  on 
Sea-coast  Crops,"  1854. 

Allston,  Washington,  an  eminent  paint- 
er, b.  Waccamaco,  S  C,  Nov.  5,  1779;  d. 
Cambridge,  Ms.,  July  9,  1843.  H.  U.  1800. 
Between  the  a^es  of  7  and  17,  he  was  at  school 
in  Newport,  R.  I.,  where  he  made  the  acquaint- 
ance of  Malbone,  and  Hrst  essayed  his  artistic 
talent.  In  1801,  he  went  to  Europe,  having 
sold  his  patrimonial  estate  to  enable  him  to 
cultivate  his  love  of  the  art,  and  became  a 
student  at  the  Royal  Acad.  During  8  years' 
residence  abroad,  he  made  himself  familiar 
with  the  works  of  the  great  masters.  Return- 
ing to  Cambridge  in  1809,  he  delivered  a  poem 
before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society,  and  m.  the 
sister  of  Dr.  Wm.  E.  Channing.  From  1811 
to  1818,  he  was  again  in  Eng.,  where,  besides 
producing  some  of  his  best  pictures,  he  jmb. 
in  1813,  "The  Sylphs  of  the  Seasons,"  and 
other  poems.  He  built  himself  a  house  and 
studio  in  Cambridge,  and,  having  lost  his  first 
wife,  m.  in  1830  a  dau.  of  Judge  Dana.  Among 
his  best  works  are  "  Saul  and  the  Witch  of 
Endor,"  "Elijah  in  the  Desert,"  "Jacob's 
Dream,"  "  The  Angel  Liberating  Peter  from 
Prison,"  "  The  Dead  Man  Restored  to  Life 
by  Elijah,"  "  The  Angel  Uriel  in  the  Sun," 
"  Anne  Page  and  Slender,"  and  "  Belshazzar's 
Feast,"  which,  though  left  unfinished,  is  no  in- 
adequate monument  to  the  genius  of  this 
great  painter.  His  works  exhibit  a  power- 
ful imagination  ;  and  his  skill  as  a  colorist 
earned  him  the  title  of  the  "  American  Titian." 
The  execution  of  his  pictures  was  marked  by 
a  rare  combination  of  strength,  freedom,  and 
grace.  Besides  his  poems,  which  are  much 
esteemed,  he  pub.  "Monaldi,"  a  prose  tale, 
1841,  and  "Lectures  on  Art  and  Poems," 
18.50. 

Allston,  Col.  Wm.,  Revol.  soldier,  b. 
1757;  d.  Charleston,  S.C,  June  26,  1839. 
He  was  a  capt.  under  Marion,  was  afterward 
a  successful  planter  and  a  large  slaveholder, 
and  many  years  a  member  of  the  S.C.  Senate. 
He  m.  a  dau.  of  Rebecca  Motte. 

Allyn,  John,  D.D.  (H.U.  1813),  pastor  of 
the  Cong.  Church,  Duxbury,  Ms.,  from  Dec. 
3,  1788,  till  his  death.  B.  Barnstable,  Mar. 
21,  1767  ;  d.  Duxbury,  July  19,  1833.  H.U. 
1785.  He  studied  theology  with  Dr  Samuel 
West.  He  pub.  "  The  Christian  Monitor," 
"Memoirs  of  Dr.  West  and  of  Rev.  David 
Barnes,"  and  occasional  sermons.  A  memoir 
by  his  son-in-law,  C.  Francis,  is  in  Ms.  Hist. 
Coll.  iii.  vol.  5.  His  son  Rufus  Bradford, 
b.  Mar.  27,  1793;  d.  Belfast,  Me.,  Jan.  25, 1857. 
H.  U.  1810.  Was  a  disting.  lawyer  and  schol- 
lar  of  Belfast. 

Alma-gro  (al-ma-gro),  Diego,  one  of  the 
Spanish  conquerors  of  Peru,  b.  ab.  1463;  d. 
July,  1538.      His  diligence  and  perseverance 


in  forwarding  supplies  to  Pizarro,  in  spite  of 
formidable  obstacles,  were  of  the  utmost  im- 
portance to  the  success  of  his  great  enterprise. 
In  1535,  he  took  Cuzco,  the  ancient  capital  of 
the  Incas,  by  storm.  His  barbarity  to  the  mon- 
arch,Atahualpa.  Avhom  he  put  to  death  with  ex- 
treme cruelty,  and  his  profligacy,  have  handed 
down  his  name  to  the  execration  of  posterity, 
notwithstanding  his  valor.  Quarrelling  with 
his  companions  about  the  division  of  spoil  and 
power,  Almagro  was  defeated,  made  prisoner 
by  Pizarro,  and  strangled.  The  friends  of  the 
father,  rallying  round  the  son,  assassinated 
Pizarro,  July  26,  1541,  and  were  themselves 
executed  by  order  of  the  Viceroy  of  Peru  in 
1542.  Almagro's  frank  and  winning  manners 
made  him  very  popular  with  the  soldiers. 

Almon,  John,  an  English  political  writer 
and  publisher,  b.  Liverpool,  1738;  d.  1805. 
He  was  apprenticed  to  a  bookseller ;  went  to 
sea  in  1759;  afterward  settled  in  London.  He 
pub.  an  edition  of  "Junius,"  and  attempted  to 
prove  Hugh  Boyd  its  author.  A  man  of 
strong  sympathies  and  liberal  ideas,  he  placed 
his  pen  and  press  at  the  service  of  John  Wilkes, 
whose  "  North  Briton  "  he  published.  He  also 
pub.  "  The  Remembrancer,"  in  17  vols.,  a  great 
magazine  of  information  on  the  war  of  the 
Amer.  Revol.  In  1777,  he  added  a  vol.  of 
"Prior  Documents"  to  this  work.  He  also 
wrote  several  party  pamphlets  during  the  Am- 
erican war.  The  first  regular  publication  of 
parliamentary  debates  was  begun  by  him  in 
1774.  He  also  pub.  "Anecdotes  of  Lord  Chat- 
ham," and  "  Biographical  Anecdotes  of  Emi- 
nent Persons." 

Almonte  (al-mon'-ta),  Jcan  Nepomu- 
CENO,  Mexican  gen.  and  statesman,  b.  Valla- 
dolid,  Mexico,  1804;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  20,  1869. 
Reputed  son  of  the  priest  and  partisan  chief, 
Morelos.  Receiving  a  superior  education  in 
the  U.S.,  he  early  disting.  himself  by  his 
talents  and  courage.  In  the  Texan  war  of 
1836,  he  served  under  Santa  Ana;  and  the 
records  of  the  massacre  of  the  Alamo  were 
chiefly  made  up  from  his  journal.  Disting.  at 
the  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  and  made  minister 
of  war  by  Pres.  Bustamente.  He  displayed 
great  courage  in  quelling  the  insurrection  of 
Urrea  in  1840  ;  but  was  deprived  of  his  office 
by  the  revol.  of  that  year,  and  supported  him- 
self by  scientific  lectures  in  the  city  of  Mexico. 
Afterward  ambassador  to  the  U.  S.,  he  de- 
manded his  passports  upon  the  annexation  of 
Texas,  and,  in  the  war  which  followed,  was 
disting.  in  the  battles  of  Buena  Vista,  Cerro 
Gordo,  and  Churubusco.  He  was  re-app. 
minister  to  the  U.  S.  in  1853  and  to  the  court 
of  St.  James  in  1856.  He  returned  to  Mexico 
with  the  allied  exped.  in  1862,  holding,  for  a 
brief  period,  the  supreme  power  there ;  and 
was  afterward  one  of  the  triumvirate  for  the 
managementof  Mexican  affairs,  having  charge 
of  finances  and  the  foreign  dept.  ;  made  a 
marshal  of  the  empire  in  1864  by  Maximilian, 
on  whose  fall  he  became  an  exile  in  Europe. 

Almy,  John  J.,  commodore,  U.S.N.,  b. 
R.L,  Apr.  25,  1814  ;  midshipm.  Feb.  2,  1829; 
lieut.  Mar.  8,  1841  ;  com.  Apr.  24,  1861  ; 
capt.  Mar.  3,  1865;  commo.  Dec.  30,  1869; 
attached  to  "  The  Ohio,"  and  present  at  Vera 


ALIVE 


23 


AJJV 


Cruz  and  Tiispan,  Mexican  war  ;  coast  survey 
1851-7;  com  "The  Fulton"  at  Nicaragua 
in  1857,  when  Walker  and  his  fillibusters  sur- 
rendered to  her,  and  in  the  Paraguay  exped. 
1858-9;  com.  steamer  "South  Carolina,"  S.A. 
block,  squad  ,  1862  ;  com.  steamer  "  Connecti- 
cut," 1863-4,  and  captured  several  valuable 
prizes;  and  in  1865  com.  the  "  Juniata."  S.A. 
block,  squad.  Chief  signal-officer  of  the  navy. 
—  Hamerslij. 

Almy,  William,  philanthropist  of  Prov- 
idence, R.I.,  b.  Feb.  17,  1761 ;  d.  Feb.  5,  1836. 
He  belonged  to  the  society  of  Friends,  and  was 
a  teacher;  marrying  the  only  dau.  of  Moses 
Brown,  he  engaged  in  business  with  her  bro. 
Obadiah  in  manufacturing  cotton  goods,  and 
became  wealthy.  Among  his  charities  was 
the  endowment  of  the  N.  E.  Yearly  Meeting 
Boarding  School,  at  Providence,  in  which  he 
paid  the  expenses  of  the  education  of  eighty 
young  persons  placed  there  by  him. 

Alsop,  George,  author  of  "  A  Character 
of  the  Province  of  Maryland,"  Lond.,  1666, 
reprinted  by  Wm.  Gowans,  N.Y.,  1869.  Alsop 
was  b.  1638;  was  an  apprentice  in  Lond.,  and 
resided  in  Maryland  in  1658-62  :  of  his  subse- 
quent career  nothing  is  known.  His  tract 
was  designed  to  stimulate  emigration  to  Md. ; 
and  derives  its  chief  value  from  its  "  Relation 
of  the  Susquehanna  Indians." 

Alsop,  John,  member  of  the  Continental 
Congress  in  1774-6,  b.  Middletown,  Ct. ;  d. 
Newtown,  L.  I.,  Nov.  22,  1794.  An  opulent 
merchant,  his  ability,  patriotism,  and  integrity 
secured  his  election  to  that  remarkable  body. 
On  the  occupation  of  N.  Y.  by  the  British,  he 
withdrew  to  Middletown,  Ct.,  returning  after 
the  peace.     His  dau.  Mary  m.  Kufus  King. 

Alsop,  Richard,  poet  and  wit,  b.  Middle- 
town,  Cr  ,  Jan.  23,  1761  ;  d.  Flatbush,  L.I., 
Aug.  29,  1815.  Pie  was  brought  up  a  mer- 
chant, but  preferred  literary  pursuits  ;  for  which 
he  was  fitted  both  by  his  talents  and  attain- 
ments. He  is  best  known  by  his  principal 
share  in  the  "Echo,"  —  a  series  of  burlesque 
pieces,  begun  in  1791,  and  ended  in  1805,  —  the 
character  of  which  underwent  a  change,  from 
a  mirth-provoking  essay  to  a  bitter  political 
satire  directed  against  the  Democ.  party. 
Dwight,  Hopkins,  and  others,  known  as  the 
"  Hartford  Wits,"  were  joined  in  the  author- 
ship. This,  with  other  poems,  was  repub.  in 
1807.  In  1800,  he  pub.  in  heroic  verse  a 
"  Monody  on  the  Death  of  Washington,"  and 
in  1808  -'The  Enchanted  Lake  of  the  Fairy 
Morgana."  Besides  a  number  of  fugitive 
pieces  in  prose  and  verse,  he  pub.  in  1808 
"  The  Natural  and  Civil  History  of  Chili, 
from  the  Italian  of  Molina,"  and  in  1815  a 
narrative  of  the  captivity  of  John  R.  Jewett. 
He  was  fond  of  field-sports  and  natural  history. 
His  youngest  bro.,  John,  also  a  poet,  b.  Feb. 
5,  1776;  d.  Nov.  1,  1841.  He  practised  law 
at  New  London  ;  and  was  afterward  a  book- 
seller at  Hartford  and  N.Y. — See  specimens  in 
Everest's  Poets  ofCt.,  and  Duyckinck. 

Alston,  Philip  Whitmel,  rector  of  Cal- 
vary Church,  Memphis,  Tenn.  A  vol.  of  his 
sermons,  with  Memoir  by  Bishop  Otey,  was 
pub.  Phila.,  8vo,  1854. 

Alston,  Willis,  col.  of  the  Halifax  dist. 


in  1776 ;  member  of  the  H.  of  Commons, 
1791-2;  M.  C.  1799-1803.  His  son  Willis, 
Jun.,  b.  Halifax  Co.,  N.C.  ;  d.  there  Apr. 
10,1837;  member  State  legisl.  in  1794  and 
subsequently;  M.  C.  1803-15  and  1825-31; 
chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Ways  and 
Means  in  the  War  of  1812. 

Alvarado  (al-va-ra'-do),  Alonzo  de,  one 
of  the  Spanish  conquerors  of  Mexico,  and  after- 
ward of  Peru;  held  a  high  command  under 
Piaarro.  Sent  with  500  men  to  re-enforce  the 
bros.  of  Pizarro,  he  was  defeated  and  made 
prisoner  by  Almagro  in  1537.  After  the  death 
of  Pizarro,  he  took  arms  against  Almugro  the 
younger,  and  joined  his  force  to  that  of  l)e 
Castro  (1542).  He  was  lieut-gen.  of  the  army 
which  suppressed  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo  Pi- 
zarro in  1 548. 

Alvarado,  Pedro  de,  one  of  the  con- 
querors of  Spanish  Amer.,  b.  at  Badajos :  d. 
1541.  In  1518,  he  sailed  with  his  four  bros.  for 
Cuba,  whence  he  accompanied  Grijalna  on 
his  exploring  exped.  along  the  coast.  In  Feb. 
1519,  he  accompanied  Cortes  in  his  exped  ,  in 
which  he  took  an  important  part :  left  by 
Cortes  in  charge  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  his 
cruelty  and  rapacity  caused  an  insurrection, 
and  he  narrowly  escaped  with  his  life.  In  the 
famous  retreat  of  the  night  of  July  1,  1520, 
Alvarado  again  disting.  himself  by  his  ex- 
ploits; in  commemoration  of  which,  an 
enormous  ditch,  over  which  he  leaped  to 
escape  the  enemy,  is  called  to  this  day,  "  El 
Salto  de  Alvarado."  On  his  return  to  Spain, 
Charles  V.  made  him  gov.  of  Guatemala.  He 
m.  a  dau.  of  the  illustrious  Albuquerque: 
subsequently  he  had  violent  contests  with 
Pizarro;  but  the  emperor  appointed  him  gov. 
of  Honduras,  as  well  as  of  Guatemala.  He 
made  many  discoveries  on  the  California  coast, 
and  continued  to  colonize  and  explore  the 
Amer.  Continent  until  1541  ;  when  he  was 
killed  in  a  skirmish  with  the  Indians. 

Alvarez  (al'-va-reth),  Bernardo  de,  a 
Spanish  adventurer,  b.  Seville,  1514;  d.  1584. 
At  the  age  of  14,  he  joined  the  Mexican  army, 
but  was  expelled  for  misconduct,  and  trans- 
ported to  the  Philippines  ;  escaping  thence,  he 
went  to  Peru,  and  acquired  a  fortune,  with 
which  he  established  hospitals  in  Mexico  and 
other  cities  of  New  Spain.  These  hospitals 
were  supported  by  the  charitable  society  of  St. 
Hyppolitas,  which  he  founded  and  endowed. 

Alvarez,  Juan,  leader  of  the  Mexican 
revol.  of  1855,  b.  1790.  His  energy  and  cour- 
age, as  well  as  his  repub.  principles,  had 
previously  made  him  popular  in  Southern 
Mexico.  He  ended  the  dictatorship  of  Santa 
Ana  bv  the  decisive  battle  at  Saltillo,  July  22- 
3,  1855.  The  "  Plan  of  Ayutla,"  promulged 
by  Alvarez,  Mar.  1,  1854  announced  the  dep- 
osition of  Santa  Ana,  and  proposed  repub. 
principles.  Proclaimed  pres.  by  the  assembly 
at  Cuernavaca,  Oct.  4,  1855,  Nov.  15,  he  en- 
tered the  city  of  Mexico,  escorted  by  his  In- 
dian body-guard,  whose  barbarian  appearance 
excited  the  apprehensions  of  the  citizens. 
Dissensions  in  the  cabinet,  and  the  opposition 
of  the  army  and  the  clergy,  caused  by  the 
abolition  of  their  ancient  privileges,  induced 
Alvarez  to  resign,  Dec.  8.     He  paced  Comon- 


aj:jv 


24 


-AJVLE 


fort,  his  minister  of  war,  in  power  j  took  $200,- 
000  from  the  treasury,  and  such  arms  and  mu- 
nitions as  he  could  seize,  and  returned  with 
his  Indians  to  their  homes  in  Southern  Mex- 
ico. 

Alvord,  Benjamin,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S. 
A.,  b.  Rutland,  Vt.,  Aug.  18,  1813.  West 
Point,  1833.  Entering  the  4th  Inf.,  he  served  in 
the  Seminole  war  in  1835-6;  was  assist,  prof 
of  mathematics  at  West  Point  in  1837  ;  and 
until  1839  was  assist,  prof  of  natural  and  ex- 
perimental philosophy.  In  the  Mexican  war, 
he  won  the  brevets  of  capt.  and  maj.  for  gal- 
lantry at  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  and 
other  engagements.  June  22, 1854,  he  became 
paym.  with  rank  of  maj.,  and  April  15,  1862, 
brig.-gcn.,  and  was  put  in  command  of  the 
dist.  of  Oregon.  Chief  paym.  dist.  of  Omaha 
and  Nebr.  since  May  25,  1867.  Brev.  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  Apr.  9,  1865;  A.M.  of  U.  of  Vt. 
1854.  Author  of  numerous  scientific  papers, 
essays,  and  reviews.  —  Cullum. 

Alzate  y  Ramirez  (iii-tha'-te  e  ra-me'- 
r6th),  Jose  Antonio,  Mexican  scientific  writ- 
er, b.  Mexico;  d.  ab.  1795.  A  correspondent 
of  the  Acad,  of  Sciences,  Paris ;  he  pub.  the 
Gaceta  de  Literatura,  also  an  essay  sur  la  limite 
des  neiges  perpetiielles  en  volcan  Pococatexetl. 

Ames,  Adelbekt,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Me.  West  Point,  1861.  1st  lieut.  5th  Art. 
May  14,  1861  ;  brev.  maj.  July  21,  1861,  for 
Bull  Run ;  brev,  lieut.-col.  for  Malvern  Hill, 
July  1,  1862;  col.  20th  Me.  Vols.  Aug.  29, 
1862;  brig.-gen.  U.S.  Vols.  May  20,  1863,  for 
Chanccllorsville;  brev.  col.  July  1,  1863,  for 
Gettysburg;  com.  div.  or  brigade  18th  Corps 
in  the  operations  before  Petersburg,  and  en- 
gaged at  Port  Walthall  Junction,  May  7,  and 
Cold  Harbor,  June  1,  1864;  capt.  5th  Art. 
June  11,  1864;  com.  div.  10th  Corps,  Oct.  10 
to  Dec.  2,  1864,  in  actions  of  Darby  town,  Oct. 
13  and  27  ;  com.  div.  24th  Corps  in  assault  and 
capture  of  Fort  Fisher,  and  in  operations  in 
N.C.  Jan.-Apr.  1865,  for  which  brev.  maj.-gen. 
vols,  and  brig.-gen.  U.S.A. ;  com.  div.  10th 
Corps  Apr.-May,  1865;  lieut.-col.  24th  Inf 
July  28,  1866.  IJ.S.  senator  from  Mpi.  1871. 
—  Cullum. 

Ames,  Edward  B.,  bishop  of  the  M.E. 
Church,  b.  Athens,  0.,  May  20,  1806.  His 
grandfather  was  a  chaplain  at  Valley  Forge. 
Edward  was  educated  in  the  Ohio  U.;  was  an 
instructor  in  McKendreeOoll.  in  1823-9  ;  was 
licensed  to  preach  in  1 830 ;  was  soon  after  as- 
signed to  tiie  Ind.  conference,  and  ord.  dea- 
con and  elder.  He  took  part  in  the  general 
conference  at  Baltimore  in  1840,  when  he  was 
elected  corresponding  sec.  of  the  missionary 
society,  and  travelled  in  its  behalf  through 
the  Western  States  and  among  the  Indian 
tribes  —  a  distance  in  all  of  over  25,000  miles. 
In  1842,  he  oflSciated  as  chaplain  to  a  council 
of  Choctaws.  From  1844  to  1852,  when  he 
was  made  a  bishop,  he  travelled  as  presiding 
elder  through  various  districts  of  Ind.  A 
resident  of  Baltimore  since  1861. 

Ames,  Fisher,  LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1796), 
orator  and  statesman,  b.  Dedham,  Ms.,  Apr. 
9,  1758;  d.  there  July  4,  1808.  H.  U.  1774. 
Son  of  Dr.  Nathaniel.  His  precocity  is  indi- 
cated by  his  having  entered  college  at  the  age  of 


12.  The  poverty  of  his  widowed  mother  com- 
pelled him  to  teach  school  for  a  support  until 
1781,  when  he  began  to  practise  law,  and  soon 
displayed  brilliant  oratorical  powers.  His 
great  abilities  first  became  known  by  his  polit- 
ical writings  in  the  Boston  newspapers  under 
the  signatures)  of  "  Brutus  "  and  "  Camillus." 
In  the  convention  which  ratified  the  U.S.  Con- 
stitution, he  was  a  disting.  speaker,  especially  on 
the  subject  of  biennial  elections.  In  the  legisl. 
of  1788,  he  was  so  conspicuous  for  oratory  and 
business-talent,  that  he  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress for  the  Siiffblk  dist.  over  Samuel  Adams. 
He  continued  in  that  body  during  the  whole 
of  Washington's  administration  (1789-97),  of 
which  he  was  the  zealous  defender.  His  great 
speech  on  the  British  treaty,  Apr.  28,  1795,  is 
considered  the  era  of  his  political  life.  At  its 
close,  a  member  in  opposition  moved  to  post- 
pone the  decision  of  the  question,  that  they 
might  not  vote  under  the  influence  of  a  sen- 
sibility which  their  calm  judgment  might  con- 
demn. He  was  acknowledged  to  be  tlie  most 
eloquent  debater  in  the  house,  and  was  the 
author  of  the  address  of  that  body  to  Wash- 
ington on  his  retirement  from  the  Presidency. 
He  was  several  years  a  member  of  the  council 
of  Ms.,  and,  while  in  that  body,  delivered  a 
eulogy  upon  Washington  before  the  State 
legisl.  Chosen  pres.  of  H.  Coll.  in  1804,  but 
declined.  He  wrote  a  number  of  essays  on 
the  French  Revol.,  the  character  and  tendencies 
of  which  inspired  him  with  horror.  The  con- 
versation of  Mr.  Ames  was  instructive  and  de- 
lightful, and  his  character  one  of  amiable  sim- 
plicity and  moral  purity.  His  writings,  with 
a  memoir  by  Dr.  Kirkland,  were  pub.  in  1809 
in  one  vol.  8vo,  and  an  enlarged  edition  in  2 
vols,  in  1854,  edited  by  his  son,  Seth  Ames, 
judge  Ms.  Sup.  Court. 

Ames,  Joseph,  b.  Roxbury,  N.H.  Has 
painted  many  portraits  in  Boston  and  Balti- 
more. Among  them  are  "  Pius  IX,"  "  Gaz- 
zaniga,"  "  President  Felton,"  and  "  Death  of 
Webster : "  he  has  also  produced  "  Maud 
Muller,"  and  the  "  Old  Stone  Pitcher."  — 
Tucker  man. 

Ames,  Nathaniel,  physician  and  mathe- 
matician, b.  Bridgewater,  Ms.,  1708;  d.  Ded- 
ham, July  11,  1764.  He  inherited  a  taste  for 
astronomy  from  his  father,  Nathaniel  (1677- 
1736),  and  from  1725  till  his  death  pub.  his 
famous  almanacs.  They  were  continued  until 
1775  by  his  son  Nathaniel.  Removing  to 
Dedham,  where  he  kept  a  house  of  public  en- 
tertainment, he  m.,  in  1735,  Mary  Fisher,  by 
whom  he  had  Fisher  the  celebrated  orator,  and 
Nathaniel  (1741-1822),  Il.U.  1761,  also  a 
physician,  and  a  surgeon  in  the  Revol.  army. 

Ames,  Nathaniel,  seaman  and  author, 
b.  Dedham,  Ms.;  d.  Providence,  R.I.,  Jan.  18, 
1835.  He  was  the  son  of  Fisher  Ames,  and 
author  of  "Mariner's  Sketches,"  1830,  "Nau- 
tical Reminiscences,"  1832,  and  "An  Old  Sail- 
or's Yarns." 

Ames,  Nathan  P.,  a  skilful  manufacturer 
of  cannon,  swords,  cutlery,  &c.,  at  Chicopee 
Falls  and  Cabotville,  Ms.,  b.  1803  ;  d.  Cabot- 
ville,  Apr.  23,  1847.  He  commenced  the  cut- 
lery business  in  1829.  In  1834,  the  Ames  man- 
ufacturing Co.  was  incorporated,  with  N.  P. 


AJMSi 


25 


J^lSTD 


Ames  as  agent.  This  company  has  supplied 
the  U.  S.  Government  with  swords  since  1831. 
In  1840,  he  visited  Europe  to  inspect  foreign 
armories,  and  acquire  information  in  regard  to 
tools,  cutlery,  and  improvements  in  arms.  In 
1836,  the  bronze  foundry  was  erected,  which  has 
become  the  most  famous  in  the  U  S. :  since 
its  erection,  nearly  all  the  brass  guns  made  for 
the  Amer.  army  have  been  cast  at  this  estab- 
lishment. Here  the  celebrated  statues  of  De 
Witt  Clinton  in  Greenwood  Cemetery,  Brook- 
lyn, Washington  in  Union  square,  N.Y.,  and 
that  of  Franklin  in  School  St.,  Boston,  were 
cast.  In  18.54,  the  British  Government  ordered 
of  this  company  a  complete  set  of  the  machines 
for  perfecting  the  stock  of  the  musket.  They 
are  now  in  use  at  the  government  armory  near 
Woolwich,  Eng. 

Amherst,  Jeffuey,  baron,  a  celebrated 
British  gen.,  b.  Kent,  Eng.,  Jan.  29,  1717  ;  d. 
Aug.  3,  1797.  lie  was  page  to  the  Duke  of 
Dorset  while  lord  lieut.  of  Ireland ;  became  an 
ensign  in  the  army  in  1731  ;  was  aide  to  Lord 
Ligonier  at  Dettingen,  Fontenoy,  and  Rou- 
coux,  and  afterward  to  the  Duke  of  Camber- 
land  at  Laffeldt.  Made  maj -gen.  in  1756,  in 
1758  he  was  given  the  command  of  the  exped. 
against  Louisburg.  Landing  June  8,  a  lodge- 
ment was  effected  July  26,  and  the  place  sur- 
rendered, as  did  also  St.  John's  and  other 
French  strongholds.  App.  commander-in- 
chief  Sept.  30,  1758, -the  surrender  of  Quebec  to 
Wolfe's  forces,  and  that  of  Fort  Niagara  to 
Townshend  and  Johnson,  was  followed  by  that 
of  Crown  Point  (July  26),  and  that  of  Ticon- 
deroga  (Aug.  4,  1759),  to  Amherst  in  person. 
Obtaining  the  naval  supren)acy  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  Fort  Nevis  and  Isle  Aux  Noix  fell  into 
his  hands;  and  Sept.  8,  1760,  Montreal  and 
the  whole  of  Canada  became  a  British  posses- 
sion. He  was  rewarded  with  the  thanks  of 
parliament  and  the  insignia  of  the  Bath;  was 
made  gov.  of  Virginia  in  1763,  and  of  Guern- 
sey in  1771,  created  a  baron  in  1776,  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  forces  from  1778  until 
1795,  and  field-marshal  in  July,  1796.  His 
bro.  William,  lieut.-gen.,  col.  32d  Foot,  and 
gov.  of  St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  d.  May  13, 
1781.  He  was  aide-de-camp  to  his  bro.  in 
Amer.,  and  was  at  the  capture  of  Louisburg. 

Amidas,  Philip,  navigator,  b.  Hull,  1550; 
d.  Eng.  1618.  He  com.  one  of  the  two  ships 
fitted  out  by  Raleigh,  under  Arthur  Barlow, 
and  sent  to  North  Amer.  27  Apr.  1584.  En- 
tering Ocracock  Inlet,  13  July,  they  landed 
on  Wocoken  Island,  of  which  they  on  their 
return  gave  glowing  accounts.  Reaching  Eng. 
in  Sept.,  their  discoveries  were  made  known  by 
Raleigh  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  who  called  the  new 
country  Virginia.  Amidas  had  charge  of  an 
exped.  to  Newfoundland  some  years  after. 

Ammen,  Daniel,  Capt.  U.  S.  N.,  b.  0., 
July  7, 1819.  Midshipman,  July  7,  1836;  lieut. 
Nov.  4,  1849  ;  capt.  July  25,  1866.  Attached 
to  the  coast-survey,  1848-62  ;  com.  steamer 
"  Seneca,"  S.  A.  B.  squad,  at  the  battle  of  Port 
Royal,  Nov.  7,  1861  ;  at  Tybee  Island;  com. 
monitor  "Patapsco,"  S.  A.  B.  squad,  at  Fort 
McAllister,  Mar.  1863;  attack  on  Fort  Sumter, 
Apr.  7,  1863  ;  suppressed  a  mutiny  while  on 
board  the  Calif,  steamer  "Ocean  Queen,"  bound 


to  Aspinwall,  in  May,  1864  ;  com.  steamsloop 
"  Mohican,"  N.  A.  B.  squad,  in  both  attacks  on 
Fort  Fisher;  chief  of  bureau  of  yards  and 
docks,  1869.  —  Hamersly. 

Ammen,  Jacob,  brig.-gen.  Vols.  b.  Bote- 
tourt Co.,  Va ,  Jan.  7,  1808.  West  Point, 
1831.  Entering  the  1st  Artillery,  he  was  for 
some  years  an  instructor  at  West  Point,  and 
resigned  in  Nov.  1837.  He  was  prof,  of  math- 
ematics successively  in  Bacon  Coll.,  George- 
town, Ky.,  Jeff.  Coll.,  Mpi.,  the  U.  of  Ind.,  and 
Jeff.  Coll.  again.  In  1861,  he  became  col.  24th 
O.  Vols.,  and  July  16,  1862,  brig.-gen.  for  ser- 
vices at  Pittsburg  Landing.  From  Apr.  1864, 
until  after  the  battle  of  Nashville,  he  com.  the 
4th  Div.  23d  Corps  at  Knoxville.  Resigned, 
Jan.  14,  1865. 

Ampudia  (am-poo'-de-a),  Pedro  de,  a 
Mexican  gen.,  promoted  by  Santa  Aiia,  in 
1840,  to  that  rank  ;  in  1842,  led  a  party  under 
Gen.  Woll  to  attack  the  Texan  frontier;  took 
a  prominent  part  in  the  conflicts  at  Loredo  and 
Mier  with  the  Texans,  and  in  Dec.  1842,  com. 
at  the  siege  of  Campeachy  in  Yucatan,  Com- 
pelled to  retreat  by  Commodore  Moore  on  the 
night  of  June  26,  1843,  Ampudia  proceeded 
to  Taba.sco,  where,  in  the  summer  of  1844,  he 
aroused  great  indignation  by  his  cruel  execu- 
tion of  Gen.  Sentmanat,  who  had  attacked  that 
town.  Ampudia  was  removed,  but  Apr.  11, 
1846,  appeared  before  Matamoras,  as  gen.  in  the 
Mexican  army,  under  Arista.  Intrusted  with 
the  command  at  the  siege  of  Monterey,  he  was, 
after  a  spirited  defence,  compelled  to  surrender 
that  city  to  Gen.  Taylor,  Sept.  24,  1846. 

Anburey,  Thomas,  author  of  "  Travels 
in  America,"  2  vols.  8vo,  Lond.,  1789,  was  a 
capt.  in  the  army  of  Gen.  Burgoyne,  whose 
conduct  in  the  campaign  of  1777  he  attempts 
to  vindicate,  and  returned  to  Eng.  soon  after 
the  capture  of  Cornwallis. 

Anchieta  (an-she-a'-ta),  Jose,  a  Portu- 
guese Jesuit,  surnamed  "  the  Apostle  of  the 
New  World,"  b.  TenerifFe,  1533  ;  d.  near  Espi- 
ritu  Santo,  June  9, 1597.  He  was  a  relative  of 
Loyola,  and  was  stationed  at  Coimbra.  Sent 
in  1553  to  Brazil,  he  founded  there  the  first 
college  for  the  conversion  of  the  natives.  App. 
gov.  of  the  converted  Indians,  he  contrib. 
with  them  to  the  foundation  of  St.  Sebastians. 
Both  the  Portuguese  and  the  savages  ascribed 
to  Father  Anchieta  the  working  of  miracles. 
Of  his  many  writings,  one,  on  "  The  Natural 
Productions  of  Brazil,"  was  pub.  by  the  Acad, 
of  Sciences  at  Madrid. 

Anderson,  Alexander,  the  first  wood- 
engraver  in  Amer.  (1798),  b.  N.  Y.  City,  1774; 
d.  Jersey  City,  Jan.  16,  1870.  He  was  origi- 
nally a  phvsician,  having  grad.  M.  D.  at  Col. 
Coll.,  N.  Y.  In  1804,  he  pub.  "A  General 
History  of  Quadrupeds,"  with  wood-engrav- 
ings. Among  his  best-known  works  are  40  il- 
lustrations of  Shakspeare,  and  those  in  Web- 
ster's Spelling-book.  Mr.  B.  J.  Lossing  pre- 
pared a  memorial  lecture  of  this  pioneer  en- 
graver.—  See  Harper's  Weekly,  Feb.  5,  1870. 

Anderson,  Geo.  B.,  gen".  C.  S.  A.,  b.  Wil- 
mington, N.C.,  1831  ;  d.  Raleigh,  N.C.,  Oct. 
16, 1862.  West  Point,  1852.  Entering  the  2d 
Dragoons,  he  became  1st  lieut.  Dec.  13,  1855, 
adjt.  Aug.  1857,  but  resigned,  Apr.  25,  1861, 


^i>rr> 


26 


^i^r) 


and  was  made  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  rebel  army. 
He  commanded  the  N.  C.  coast-defences  in 
Nov.  1861,  and  led  a  brigade  at  the  battle  of 
Antietam,  where  he  received  a  wound  in  the 
foot,  which  caused  his  death. 

Anderson,  Dr.  Henry  James,  LL  D. 
(1850),  b.  1798.  Prof,  mathematics  Col.  Coll., 
N.Y.,  1825-43;  Emeritus  prof.  1866.  Col. 
Coll.  1818.  MD.  Coll.  Phy.  and  S.  1824. 
Author  of  "  Geology  of  Lieut.  Lynch's  Exped. 
to  the  Dead  Sea,"  "  Geological  Reconnoissance 
of  part  of  the  Holy  Lund,"  1848;  pub.  by  the 
U.  S.  Government. 

Anderson,  Hugh  J.,  lawyer,  b.  Me.  1801. 
Clerk  Waldo  Co.  courts  1827-37  ;  M.  C  1837- 
41  ;  gov.  of  Me.  1844-7  ;  commissioner  of 
customs  in  Washington  1853-8;  app.  6th  au- 
ditor U.  S.  treas.  Oct.  1866. 

Anderson,  Isaac,  D.D.,  clergyman  and 
pioneer  preacher  in  the  West ;  b.  llockbridge 
Co.,  Va.,  Mar.  26,  1780;  d.  Rockfbrd,  Tenn., 
Jan  28,  1857.  At  the  age  of  7,  he  had  read 
the  easier  Latin  authors.  At  14,  he  entered 
Liberty  Hall  Acad.,  afterwards  Washington 
Coll.,  and,  after  leaving  the  academy,  studied 
theology.  Removing  with  his  father's  family 
to  Union,  Tenn.,  he  was  in  1802  licensed  to 
preach  by  the  Union  Presbytery  ;  preached 
there  9  years,  and  in  1811  became  pastor  of 
a  church  in  Maryville,  where  he  established 
the  south-west  Theol.  Sera. —  Sprague. 

Anderson,  Jamks,  first  Presb.  minister 
of  N.  Y.,  b.  Scotland,  Nov.  17,  1678;  d.  Done- 
gal, Pa,  July  16,  1740.  He  was  ord.  by  Ir- 
vine Presbytery,  Nov.  17,  1708,  with  a  view  to 
his  settlement  in  Va.,  where  he  arrived  in 
Apr.  1709,  but  settled  at  Newcastle,  Del  ,  un- 
til, in  Oct.  1717,  he  took  charge  of  the  church 
forming  in  N.  Y.  City.  A  division  took  place 
in  1720;  and  in  Aug.  1727,  he  was  installed  in 
Donegal  Pa.  His  bro.  John  of  Perth  Amboy 
was  made  in  1712  one  of  the  council  of  the 
province,  and  d.  Mar.  1736,  a.  73,  pres.  of  the 
council. 

Anderson,  James,  M.  D.,  physician  ;  d.  at 
his  seat  near  Chestertown,  Md.,  Dec,  8, 1820, a. 
68.  Commencing  his  medical  studies  under  his 
father,  a  physician  from  Scotland,  he  contin- 
ued them  at  Phila.  and  at  Edinburgh,  but  was 
obliged  to  return  home  before  taking  a  degree. 
For  more  than  30  years  he  enjoyed  a  most  ex- 
tensive practice,  which  his  infirmities  com- 
pelled him,  when  at  the  age  of  60,  to  relinquish. 
He  was  a  zealous  disciple  of  Wesley,  and  was 
exceedingly  liberal  and  benevolent.  —  Thacher. 

Anderson,  James  Patton,  gen.  C.  S.  A., 
b.  Mpi.  He  was  lieut.-col.  commanding  of 
batt.  of  Mpi.  Rifle  Vols,  in  Mexican  war.  He 
com.  a  brigade  in  the  2d  corps  of  the  rebel 
army  at  Shiloh  and  at  Stone  River;  was  highly 
commended  for  valor  and  ability. 

Anderson,  John,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Cumberland,  Me.,  1792;  d.  Aug.  21,  18.53. 
Bowd.  Coll.  1813.  He  studied  law  with  Ste- 
phen Longfellow,  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1816.  Member  of  the  Me.  senate  in  1824; 
M.  C.  1825-33  ;  mayor  of  Portland  in  1833  and 
42;  coll.  customs  at  P.  1837-41  and  1843-8. 
Actively  instrumental  in  securing  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  R.R. 
U.S.  dist.  atty.  for  Me.  1833-7. 


Anderson,  John  Wallace,  M.  D,  phy- 
sician, b.  Hagerstown,  Md.  1802;  d.  Liberia, 
Apr.  12,  1830.  M.  D.  Phila.  Coll.  1828.  Son 
of  Col.  Richard,  a  Revol.  officer.  He  prac- 
tised medicine  at  Hagerstown,  but  in  Jan, 
1830  sailed  to  Liberia  to  promote  the  cause  of 
tcmDerance  there,  and  died  of  fever  soon  after 
his  arrival. 

Anderson,  Joseph,  statesman,  and  Revol. 
soldier,  b.  N.  Jersey,  Nov.  5,  1757  ;  d.  Wash- 
ington, Apr.  17,  1837.  He  received  a  good 
education ;  studied  law  ;  was  app.  an  ensign 
in  the  N.  J.  line  in  1775 ;  fought  at  Monmouth 
as  a  capt.;  was  in  1779  in  the  exped.  of  Sulli- 
van against  the  Six  Nations  ;  in  1780  was  at 
Valley  Forge;  in  1781  at  the  siege  of  York; 
and  after  the  war  received  the  brevet  of  maj. 
He  practised  law  in  Del.;  was  in  1791  app.  by 
Washington  judge  of  the  territory  south  of 
the  Ohio  River,  and  remained  in  that  position 
until  the  constitution  of  Tenn.  was  formed,  and 
in  which  he  assisted ;  and  was  an  influential 
member  of  the  U.  S.  Senate  from  Tenn.  from 
1797  to  1815,  serving  upon  many  important 
committees,  and  acting  on  two  occasions  as 
pres.  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate.  From  1815  to 
1836,  he  was  first  comptroller  of  the  U.  S. 
treasury.  —  Lnnman. 

Anderson,  Mrs.  Ophelia  Brown,  ac- 
tress, b.  Boston,  July  24,  1813  ;  d.  Jamaica 
Plain,  Roxbury,  Ms.,  Jan.  27  1852.  Dau.  of 
Mrs.  Pelby  ;  made  her  debut  at  the  Washing- 
ton Garden  Theatre,  Boston,  in  1815,  as  Co- 
ra's child  in  "  Pizarro."  Afterward  appeared 
at  the  Tremont  Theatre,  while  it  was  under 
her  father's  management;  and,  after  he  took 
the  National,  she  was  for  many  years  the  chief 
attraction  there.  She  was  a  superior  actress 
and  a  great  favorite.  She  first  appeared  at  the 
Chestnut-st.  Theatre,  Phila.,  Sept.  7,  1840,  as 
Julia  in  "  The  Duke's  Bride." 

Anderson,  Col.  Richard,  Revol.  officer, 
d.  Phila.,  June  22,  1835,  a.  84.  App.  capt.  4th 
Md.  regt.  Nov.  15,  1777,  he  fought  at  German- 
town,  and  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Cow- 
pens. 

Anderson,  Richard  Clough,  Jun.,  law- 
yer and  politician,  b.  Louisville,  Ky.,  Aug.  4, 
1788;  d.  Tubaco,  July  24,  1826.  Wm.  and 
Mary  Coll.  Son  of  R.  C,  a  Revol.  soldier,  who 
d.  Nov.  6,  1826,  by  a  sister  of  Gen.  George 
Rogers  Clarke.  He  studied  law  under  Judge 
Tucker,  and  practised  with  distinction  in  Lou- 
isville. Member  of  the  Ky.  legisl. ;  M.  C. 
1817-21 ;  again  a  member  and  speaker  of  the 
legisl.  in  1822;  minister  to  Colombia  in  1823, 
and  envoy  extraordinary  to  the  Panama  Con- 
gress in  1826,  but  died  while  on  the  way  there. 

Anderson,  Richard  Henry,  lieut.-gen. 
C.S.A.,  b.  S.  C.  ab.  1822.  West  Point,  1842. 
He  was  brev.  for  gallantry  at  San  Augustin, 
Mexico,  Aug.  20, 1847,  and  was  a  capt.  2d  Dra- 
goons, when.  Mar.  3, 1861,  he  resigned,  and  was 
made  a  brig.-gen.  Confed.  service.  Maj. -gen. 
in  Aug  1862,  and  com.  the  5th  div.  of  Bragg's 
army  in  Tenn.  Wounded  at  Antietam;  com. 
a  division  at  Gettysburg,  July  4, 1863 ;  made 
lieut.-gen.  May,  1864.  June  23, 1864,  he  made 
a  successful  attack  on  Gen.  Wright's  division, 
in  front  of  Petersburg ;  Oct.  7,  he  attacked  and 
routed  the  U.  S.  cavalry  near  New  Market ; 


-AJSTD 


27 


.AJS^D 


and  com.  the  4th  corps  of  Lee's  army,  at  its 
surrender,  Apr.  9,  1865. 

Anderson,  Kobekt,  bri^.-gen.  U.  S.  A., 
b.  near  Louiaviile,  Ky.,  June  14,  1805.  West 
Point,  1825.  His  father  was  Col.  Joseph  of 
the  lievol.  army,  and  his  mother  a  cojusin  of 
Chief-Justice  Marshall.  Entering  the  artillery, 
be  was  an  instructor  at  West  Pomt;  was  brev. 
capt.  for  gallantry  in  the  Florida  war,  Apr.  2, 
1838;  capt.  Oct.  23,  1841 ;  brev.  maj.  Sept.  8, 
1847,  for  gallantry  at  Molino  del  Key,  where 
he  was  severely  wounded;  maj.  1st  Artillery, 
Oct.  5,  1857  ;  col.  May,  1861  ;  and  brig.-gen. 
May  15, 1861.  lie  was  in  command  at  Charles- 
ton harbor  when  tlie  Uebeliion  broke  out,  and 
transferred  his  small  force  to  Port  Sumter, 
which  he  held  until  Apr.  14,  when,  after  a 
heavy  bombardment  of  two  days,  he  was  obliged 
to  surrender.  Promoted,  and  assigned  to  the 
dept.  of  the  Cumberland,  ill  health  caused  him 
to  withdraw  from  active  duty.  He  has  trans- 
lated from  the  French  "Instructions  for  Field 
Artillery  "  and  "  Evolutions  of  Field  Batter- 
ies." Brev.  maj. -gen.  Feb.  3,  1865;  retired 
Oct.  27,  1863.     D.  Nice,  Oct.  26,  1871. 

Anderson,  Robert  H.,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A., 
from  Ga.  West  Point,  1857.  Lieut.  9tn  U.S. 
Inf.  in  1861 ;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Jonesboro', 
Ga.,  Sept.  1,  1864. 

Anderson,  Rufus,  Cong,  minister,  b. 
Londonderry,  N.H.,  Mar.  5, 1765;  d.  Wenhara, 
Feb.  11,  1814.  Dartm.  Coll.  1791.  Oct.  22, 
1794,  he  was  ord.  pastor  in  North  Yarmouth, 
Me.;  dismissed  Sept.  1804;  installed  at  Wen- 
ham,  June  10,  1805,  and  dismissed  in  1810. 
He  pub.  two  discourses  on  the  Fast,  1802, 
and  sc-ven  letters  against  the  close  com- 
munion of  the  Baptists,  1805. — Sprague. 

Anderson,  Rkv.  Rufus,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
son  of  the  preceding,  over  40  years  sec.  of  the 
A.B.C.F.M.,  b.  Me.,  1796.  Bowd.  Coll.  1818  ; 
And.  Theol.  Scm.  1822.  Ord.  May  10,  1826. 
Lecturer  on  Foreign  Missions  at  And.  Sera. 
1867-9.  Author  of  Observations  upon  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus and  Greek  Islands,  12mo,  Boston, 
1830;  History  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  Mission, 
1871;  "Foreign  Missions,  their  Relations  and 
Claims;"  "Memoir  of  Catharine  Brown,"  1825. 

Anderson,  Samuel,  a  N.  Y.  loyalist ;  d. 
near  Cornwall,  Can.,  Oct.  6,  1*336,  a.  101.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  Revol.,  he  went  to 
Canada,  was  a  capt.  under  Sir  John  Johnson, 
and  after  the  war  received  half  pay.  He  be- 
came a  magistrate,  judge  of  a  district  court, 
and  associate  justice  of  the  court  of  King's 
Bench.  —  Sabine. 

Anderson,  William,  Revol,  officer,  b. 
Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  ab.  1759;  d.  there  Dec.  13, 
1829.  He  joined  the  army  early  in  the  strug- 
gle, and  at  its  close  was  a  capt.,  participating 
in  the  sufferings  of  Valley  Forge,  the  battle  of 
Germantown,  and  the  siege  of  Yorktown.  He 
held  many  public  trusts;  was  a  JefFersonian 
Democrat;  M.C.  from  1809  to  1815,  and  from 
1817  to  1819;  and  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
was  a  judge  of  Delaware  Co.  court,  and  was 
employed  in  the  collection  of  the  customs.  His 
daughter,  Evelina,  ra.  Com.  Porter,  U.S.N. — 
Smith's  Del.  Co. 

Andrada  e  Sylva  (an-dra'-da  a  sel'va), 
Bonifacio  Jose  de,  a  Brazilian  naturalist,  b. 


Santos,  1765;  d.  1838.  He  studied  at  the  U. 
of  Coimbra,  Portugal,  and  returned  to  Brazil 
in  1819.  He  possessed  great  courage,  ability, 
and  eloquence,  and  took  the  lead  in  making 
Brazil  an  independent  empire  in  1822.  He  was 
prime-minister  of  Brazil  for  a  short  time  in 
1822-3,  and  guardian  of  the  emperor's  minor 
children  in  1831.  He  wrote  several  works  on 
mining.  His  bros.,  Antonio  Carlos  (d.  1845) 
and  Martin  Francisco,  were  both  disting.  for 
talents  and  eloquence,  and  held  high  office 
under  the  Brazilian  Government. 

Andre,  John,  maj  ,  a  British  officer,  who 
suffered  as  a  spy  in  the  Revol.  war,  b.  London, 
1751;  d.  Oct.  2,  1780.  His  father,  a  London 
merchant,  and  a  native  of  Geneva,  d.  1769. 
Alter  receiving  his  education  at  Geneva,  he 
returned  to  J^ondon  before  he  was  1 8,  and  en- 
tered a  counting-house.  His  literary  taste  and 
genius  procured  him  the  acquaintance  of  seve- 
ral of  the  writers  of  the  day,  among  whom  was 
Anna  Seward.  Between  Andre  and  this  lady's 
cousin,  Honora  Sneyd,  a  reciprocal  attachment 
sprung  up;  but  their  marriage  was  prevented 
by  the  girl's  father,  and  she  became,  a  few 
years  later,  the  wife  of  Richard  Lovell  Edge- 
worth.  Andre  entered  the  British  army,  Mar. 
4,  1771  ;  visited  the  courts  of  Germany  in 
1772-3 ;  and,  in  Sept.  1774,  as  lieut.  of  the  Roy- 
al Fusileers,  landed  at  Phila.  Taken  prison- 
er by  Montgomery  at  St.  John's,  Nov.  2,  1775, 
he  was  sent  to  Lancaster,  Pa. ;  but  was  ex- 
changed Dec.  1776,  and  promoted  to  a  captain- 
cy Jan.  18,  1777,  having  gained  the  favor  of 
Gen.  Howe  by  a  memoir  with  which  he  pre- 
sented him,  on  the  existing  war.  In  a  letter  to 
a  friend,  he  said,  "  I  have  been  taken  prisoner 
by  the  Americans,  and  stripped  of  every  thing 
except  the  picture  of  Honora,  which  I  con- 
cealed in  my  mouth.  Preserving  that,  I  yet 
think  myself  fortunate."  This  picture  he  had 
himself  delineated  on  his  first  acquaintance 
with  her,  at  Buxton,  in  1769.  In  the  summer 
of  1777,  he  was  app.  aide  to  Gen.  Grey,  and  was 
in  the  engagements  in  N.J.  and  Pa.  in  1777. 
On  the  departure  of  Grey,  he  was  app.  aide  to 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  by  whom  he  was.  in  1780, 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  maj.,  and  made  adju- 
tant-gen. Selected  by  his  commander  to  ar- 
range with  Arnold  the  details  of  the  treasonable 
surrender  of  West  Point,  he  had,  on  his  return 
from  that  post,  passed  safely  all  the  American 
posts  and  guards  by  means  of  a  pass  from  Ar- 
nold, when,  on  the  23d  of  Sept.,  he  was  stopped 
by  3  militiamen,  whom  he  sought  to  bribe,  hut 
without  success.  They  found  in  one  of  his 
boots,  in  Arnold's  handwriting,  exact  returns 
of  the  state  of  the  forces,  stores,  ordnance,  and 
defences  of  West  Point,  with  those  of  all  its 
dependencies,  with  various  other  kinds  of  in- 
formation necessary  to  the  success  of  the  plan. 
The  board  of  officers  composing  the  court- 
martial,  at  whose  head  was  Greene,  and  among 
whom  were  Lafayette  and  Steuben,  found  him 
guilty  of  being  a  spy,  and  sentenced  him  to 
be  hanged  on  his  own  admissions,  he  hav- 
ing thrown  off  all  disguise,  and  acknowledged 
every  thing.  Every  effort  was  made  by  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  to  procure  a  remission  of  the 
verdict,  but  without  avail.  When  led  forth  to 
execution,  he  manifested  some  emotion  at  the 


AJNID 


^8 


AJSrU 


sight  of  the  gibbet,  and  exclaimed,  "Must  I 
die  in  this  manner?  "  and  in  a  moment  added, 
"But  it  will  be  only  a  momentary  ])ang,"  and 
met  his  fate  with  dignity  and  composure.  The 
sympathy  of  the  American  officers  was  univer- 
sal for  one  so  young,  so  gallant,  so  accom- 
plished, and  so  unfortunate.  He  contrib.  poetry 
to  the  loyal  newspapers;  and  it  is  a  singular 
fact,  that  ihe  last  canto  of  his  satirical  poem, 
"  The  Cow-Chase,"  was  pub.  in  liivington's 
Gazette,  in  N.Y.,  on  the  day  of  his  capture.  It 
ends  with  the  ibllowing  stanza :  — 

"And,  now  I've  closed  my  epic  strain, 
I  tremble  as  I  show  it, 
Lest  this  same  warrio-drover  "Wayne 
Should  ever  catch  the  poet  J''' 

Wayne  com.  the  division  of  the  army  at  Tap- 
pan,  where  Andre  was  executed.  His  memory 
has  been  embalmed  in  verse  by  Miss  Seward, 
and  perpetuated  by  a  beautiful  monument  near 
the  "Poet's  Corner"  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
His  remains  were  placed  near  this  monument 
Nov.  28,  1821.  A  pension  was  settled  upon 
his  family,  and  the  honor  of  knighthood  was 
conferred  upon  his  brother.  Anna  Marguerite, 
his  last  surviving  sister,  d.  in  London  in  1848 
a.  90.  (Lossinrj).  —  See  his  Life,  by  Winthrop 
Sargent,  8vo,  1861. 

Andrew,  James  Osgood,  D.D  ,  bishop 
of  the  M.  E.  Church,  South,  b.  Augusta,  Ga., 
May  3,  1794;  d.  Mobile,  Mar.  2,  1871.  His 
father  was  a  Kevol.  soldier  and  a  Methodist 
minister.  Entering  the  S.  C.  Conference  in 
1813,  he  was  ord.  deacon  in  1814,  and  bishop 
in  1832  at  Phila.  His  marriage  with  a  lady 
who  owned  slaves  was  one  of  the  causes  of  the 
division  of  the  church  into  two  independent 
bodies. 

Andrew,  John  Albion,  LL.D.,  states- 
man, b.  Windham,  Me.,  May  31,  1818;  d. 
Boston,  Oct.  30,  1867.  Bowd.  Coll.  1837. 
Robert  his  ancestor  settled  in  Row^ley,  Ms., 
and  d.  there  in  1668.  Adm.  to  the  Boston  bar 
in  1840,  he  became  especially  conspicuous  in 
cases  arising  under  the  Fugitive  Slave  Act  of 
1850;  and  in  1858,  after  being  10  years  an  anti- 
slavery  man,  was  chosen  to  the  legisl.  In  1860, 
he  was  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
nominated  Mr.  Lincoln  to  the  Presidency,  and 
was  himself  chosen  gov.  of  Ms.  by  the  largest 
popular  vote  ever  cast  for  any  candidate.  An- 
ticipating the  conflict  with  the  seceded  States, 
he  took  early  steps  to  render  the  State  militta 
efficient,  and  within  a  week  after  the  President's 
proclamation  of  April  15,  1861,  despatched  live 
regts.  of  inf,  a  battalion  of  riflemen,  and  a 
battery  of  artillery,  to  the  assistance  of  gov- 
ernment. He  was  re-elected  by  large  majorities 
in  1861-4,  evinced  great  executive  ability,  and 
declined  a  renom-ination  in  1865,  on  account 
of  impaired  health  and  the  pressure  of  private 
affairs.  During  the  war,  he  was  veiy  active  in 
raising  troops,  animating  the  people  by  his 
fervid  eloquence,  and  in  providing  comforts  for 
sick  and  wounded  soldiers ;  frequently  confer- 
ring with  the  government  officers  on  national 
affairs.  He  took  part  in  the  conference  at  Al- 
toona,  Pa.,  in  Sept.  1862,  prepared  the  address 
which  they  presented  to  the  President,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  urgent  in  impressing  upon  the 
administration  the  necessity  of  emancipating 


the  slaves,  and  of  accepting  the  services  of  col- 
ored troops.  He  declined  the  presidency  of 
Ant.  Coll.  in  1865.  In  that  year,  he  presided 
over  the  first  national  Unitarian  convention, 
and  was  a  leader  of  its  conservative  wing.  He 
was  a  powerful  debater  and  an  eloquent  orator. 
Pres.  of  the  N.  E.  Hist.  Geneal.  Society  1866-7. 
A  memoir  of  his  "  Official  Life  "  by  A.  G. 
Brown,  jun.,  was  pub.  1868. 

Andrews,  Ethan  Allen,  LL.D.,  b.  New 
Britain,  Ct.,  1787;  d.  there  Mar.  2.5,1858.  Y.C. 
1810.  He  studied  law,  and  was  some  years 
engaged  in  practice.  In  1822,  he  was  prof,  of 
ancient  languages  in  the  U.  of  N.  C.  at  Chapel 
Hill.  After  this  he  taught  at  New  Haven,  Ct., 
and  at  Boston,  a  high  school  for  young  ladies  ; 
returning  in  1839  to  his  native  town.  In  con- 
junction with  Prof.  Solomon  Stoddard,  he 
pub.  a  Latin  grammar,  of  which  65  editions 
have  been  issued.  He  pub.  many  other  books 
of  Latin  instruction,  the  chief  of  which  is  the 
large  Dictionary  on  the  basis  of  Freund. 

Andrews,  Brig.-Gen.  George  L.,  b. 
Bridgewater,  Ms.,  1827.  West  Point  (1st  in 
class),  1851.  Entering  the  engineer  corps,  he 
superintended,  under  Col.  Thayer,  the  erection 
of  Ibrtiflcations  in  Boston  harboi .  Acting 
assist,  prof,  of  engineering  at  West  Point,  1854; 
resigned,  Sept.  1,  1855.  He  was  subsequently 
a  civil  engineer  in  the  em])loy  of  the  Amos- 
keag  Manuf  Co.  As  lieut.-col.  and  then  col. 
2d  Ms.  regt.,  he  was  disting,  in  all  its  hard- 
fought  engagements,  first  under  Banks  in  the 
Shenandoah  Valley,  conducting  the  rearguavd 
in  his  memorable  retreat,  at  Cedar  Mountain, 
in  the  campaign  under  Pope,  and  at  Antietam. 
Made  brig.-gen.  Nov.  10,  1862,  and  com.  a 
brigade  in  Banks's  exped.  and  the  Port  Hudson 
Campaign  ;  com.  the  Corps  d'Afrique,  July, 
1863,  to  Feb.  13,  1865  ;  and,  for  service  at  the 
capture  of  Mobile,  brev.  maj.-gen.  Vols.,  Mar. 
26,  1865.  App.  Apr.  8,  1867*,  U.  S.  marshal  for 
Ms.  App.  prof,  of  French  at  West  Point, 
Feb.  27,  1871. 

Andrews,  John,  D.D.,  Epis.  clergyman, 
b.  near  the  head  of  Elk,  Cecil  Co.,  Md.,  Apr. 
4,  1746 ;  d.  Phila.,  Mar.  29, 1813.  Phila.  Coll. 
1765.  Ord.  at  London,  Feb.  1767.  He  offici- 
ated in  different  parts  of  Md.,  but,  not  sharing 
in  the  patriotic  sentiments  of  the  day,  left  his 
parish  in  Queen  Anne  Co.,  for  school-teaching 
in  Yorktown.  Principal  of  the  Phila.  Epis. 
Acad.  1785-9  ;  prof,  of  moral  philos.  U.  of  Pa. 
in  1789,  vice-provost,  1789-1810  ;  and  provost 
from  Dec.  1810  till  his  death.  He  officiated 
some  years  at  St.  James's,  Bristol.  Author  of 
"  Elements  of  Logic,"  and  a  sermon  on  the 
parable  of  the  unjust  steward,  1789. 

Andrews,  Joseph,  one  of  the  best  line- 
engravers  of  this  country,  b.  Hingham,  Ms., 
Aug.  17,  1806  ;  was  apprenticed  to  Abel  Bowen 
of  Boston  in  1821,  and  in  1836-7  received  in- 
struction in  London  from  Goodyear,  a  leading 
English  engraver.  Of  his  best-known  works 
are,  "  Annette  de  I'Arbre  "  by  West,  "  Duke 
d'Urbino"  by  Titian,  "Head  of  Washing- 
ton "  by  Stuart,  and  "  Plymouth  Rock,  1620," 
by  Rothermel.     Practises  his  art  in  Boston. 

Andrews,  Loring,  journalist,  d.  Charlee- 
ton,  S.C,  Oct.  19,  1805.  Bro.  of  Rev.  John 
of  Newbury  port  (1788-1845;  H.U.  1786).    He 


AJNT> 


29 


AJSTG 


pub.  in  Boston  the  Hei-aJd  of  Freedom,  after- 
ward, at  Stockbrid^^e,  the  Western  Star,  and  in 
1803  established  the  Charleston  Courier,  an  able 
political  journal. 

Andrews,  Stephkn  Pearl,  author,  b. 
Ms.,  1812,  Pub.  "  Comparison  of  the  ('ommon 
Law  with  the  Roman,  French,  &c.,"  "  Phono- 
graphic Class-books,"  "  Love,  Marriage,  and 
Divorce,"  12mo,  "French  with  or  without  a 
Master,"  12mo,  "  True  Constitution  of  Govern- 
ment," &c.  Contrib.  to  the  London  Times  and 
other  journals.  —  Allibone. 

Andrews,  Col.  Timothy  Patrick,  U.  S. 
A.,  b.  Ireland,  1794;  d.  Washington,  D.C, 
Mar.  1 1 ,  1868.  He  offered  his  services  to  Com. 
Barney,  whose  flotilla  was  confronting  the  en- 
emy during  the  War  of  1812,  and  was  employed 
as  his  aide.  He  was  subsequently  engaged  in 
active  service  in  the  field,  and  in  1822  was 
app.  paymaster  in  the  army.  In  1847,  he  re- 
signed to  take  command  of  the  regt.  of  Volti- 
geurs  raised  for  the  Mexican  war.  He  was 
disting.  in  the  battle  of  El  Molino,  and  brev. 
a  brig.-gen.  for  gallantry  at  Chapultepec. 
At  the  close  of  the  war,  he  was  reinstated  as 
paymaster,  and  in  1851  was  made  dep.  pay- 
raaster-gen.  .On  the  death  of  Gen.  Larned,  he 
succeeded  him  as  paymaster-gen.  of  the  army, 
Sept.  6,  1862.     Retired  Nov.  20,  1864. 

Andrews,  Wm.  D.,  inventor  of  centrifugal 
pumps  and  oscillating  engines,  b.  Grafton,  Ms., 
1818.  In  1828,  his  father  removed  to  Needham, 
where  he  attended  the  district  school.  Removed 
to  N.  Y.  City  in  1840,  and  turned  inventor  be- 
cause of  his  connection  with  a  wrecking  com- 
pany ;  the  pumps  then  in  use  becoming  choked 
with  sand,  &c.  His  pump  was  patented  in 
1846,  was  subsequently  improved  by  him,  and 
manuf.  by  Wm.  D.  Andrews  &  Bro.  in  N.  Y. 
City. 

Andros,  Sir  Edm  cnd,  a  colonial  governor, 
b.  Lond.,  Dec.  6,  1637  ;  d.  there  Feb.  24,  1714. 
He  was  disting.  in  the  war  with  the  Dutch, 
which  closed  in  1667.  Maj.  in  Prince  Rupert's 
dragoons  in  1672.  In  1674,  on  the  death 
of  his  father,  he  succeeded  him  as  bailiff  of 
Guernsey.  He  was  gov.  of  N.  Y.,  where  he 
had  previously  held  a  command,  from  1674 
to  1681  ;  gov.  of  New  England  from  1686  to 
1689,  and  of  Va.  in  1692-8.  Knighted  by 
Charles  IL  in  1678.  While  in  N.  Y.,  he  was 
principally  occupied  in  passing  grants  to  the 
subjects,  and  presiding  in  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sions. He  arrived  at  Boston,  Dec.  21,  1686. 
Here  he  interfered  with  the  liberty  of  the 
press,  levied  enormous  taxes  without  authority, 
and  required  the  proprietors  of  lands  to  obtain 
from  him  new  titles  at  great  expense.    In  Oct. 

1687,  he  demanded  at  the  head  of  his  troops 
the  surrender  of  the  charter  of  Ct. ;  but  it 
was  concealed  in  the  famous  Charter  Oak.     In 

1688,  he  caused  an  Indian  war  by  his  aggres- 
sions on  the  Penobscot  tribes.  Apr.  18,  1689, 
the  people  of  Boston  deposed  and  imprisoned 
him.  The  abdication  of  James  II.  prevented 
trouble  with  the  British  Government ;  but  no 
judicial  decision  was  rendered  in  his  case. 
While  gov.  of  Va.,  he  founded  Wm.  and  Mary 
Coll.,  encouraged  manufactures  and  the  cotton 
culture,  and  by  these  and  other  commendable 
acts  gained  the  esteem  of  the  people.    Charges 


were,  however,  preferred  against  him  by  Com- 
missary Blair,  as  an  enemy  to  religion,  the 
church,  and  the  college,  and  he  was  removed. 
Gov.  of  Guernsey,  1704-6.  His  narrative  of 
his  proceedings  in  New  England  was  pub.  in 
1691,  and  repub.  in  1773.  The  "Andros 
Tracts,"  edited  by  W.  H.  Whitmore,  were 
pub.  by  the  Prince  Soc,  Boston,  1868,  2  vols. 
4to.  —  O'CaUaqhan. 

Andros,  R.  S.  S  ,  poet  and  author,  son 
of  Rev.  Thos.,  d.  Berkley,  Ms.,  Aug.  1868. 
In  early  life,  he  was  editor  of  several  newspa- 
pers, and  contrib.  poems  of  great  beauty  to  the 
Democ.  Rev.  Some  years  dep. -collector  of  the 
port  of  Boston,  and  latterly  confidential  agent 
of  the  treas.  dept.  at  the  South.  Author  of  the 
"  Customs  Guide,"  a  standard  authority,  and 
"  Chocorua,  and  other  Sketches,"  1838. 

Andros,  Tnos.,  minister  of  Berkley,  Ms., 
from  Mar.  19,  1788,  to  June  15,  1834,  b.  Nor- 
^yich,  Ct.,  May  1,  1759;  d.  Dec.  30,  1845.  He 
joined  the  army  at  Cambridge  in  1775,  and 
was  in  the  battles  of  Long  Island  and  White 
Plains,  and  other  engagements.  In  1781,  he 
enlisted  in  a  N.  London  privateer,  was  captured, 
and  placed  in  the  Jersey  prison-ship  at  N.Y., 
but  escaped  a  few  months  later.  He  then 
studied  theology  with  Dr.  Benedict  of  Plain- 
field.  His  last  sermon  was  preached  Oct.  5, 
1845,  after  walking  2  miles  to  church.  He 
pub.  some  sermons,  and  a  narrative  of  his  im- 
prisonment, and  escape  from  the  Jersey  prison- 
ship. 

Ange,  Francis,  d.  1767,  a.  134.  He  lived 
between  Broad  Creek  and  the  head  of  Wico- 
moco  River,  Pa. ;  remembered  the  death  of 
Charles  L  ;  was  in  good  health  at  the  age  of 
130;  and  his  memory  and  other  faculties  of 
mind  were  perfect  when  he  died. 

Angell,  Israel,  col.  1st  R.  I.  regt.  in  the 
Revol.,  d.  Smithfield,  R.I.,  May,  1832,  a.  91. 
Maj.  of  Hitchcock's  regt.  at  the  siege  of  Bos- 
ton ;  commissioned  col.  Jan.  18, 1777,  and  served 
through  the  war ;  disting.  at  Springfield,  N.J., 
June  23,  1 780. 

Angell,  Joseph  Kinnicut,  legist,  b.  Prov- 
idence, R.I.,  Apr.  30,  1794;  d.  Boston,  May  1, 
1857.  B.U.  1813.  Adra.  to  the  bar  ab.  1816, 
he  went  in  1820  to  Eng.,  where  he  prosecuted, 
without  success,  a  claim  to  a  large  estate. 
From  1829  to  1831,  he  edited  the  Laiv  Intelli- 
gencer and  Review;  was  for  some  years  re- 
porter to  the  Supreme  Court  of  R.  I.,  and 
editor  of  the  earliest  vol.  of  R.  I.  Reports.  In 
connection  with  Sam'l  Ames,  he  pub.  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  Corporations."  His  other  publications 
are.  the  "  Law  of  Watercourses,"  "  Law  of  Tide- 
waters," "  Limitations  of  Actions  at  Law  and 
in  Equity  and  Admiralty,"  "  Law  of  Carri- 
ers," "  Law  of  F'ire  and  Life  Insurance,"  "  A 
Practical  Summary  of  the  Law  of  Assign- 
ments," "  Adverse  Enjoyment,"  8vo,  1837.  His 
"  Law  of  Highways  "  was  completed  after  his 
death  by  Thos.  Durfee. 

Angers,  Real,  an  eloquent  Canadian  ad- 
vocate and  author,  b.  1823  ;  d.  Apr.  1860.  Be- 
sides some  poetical  essays,  he  pub.  Revela- 
tions du  Crime,  and  a  treatise  on  stenography. 
With  M.  Aubin,  he  reported  and  pub.  the 
Speeches  in  the  Lower  House  in  1857-60. — 
Morgan. 


AJSTG 


30 


ANrc 


Anghiera  (an-ge-a'ra),  PiBTRO  Maetiro 
DE,  or  Peter  Martyr,  Italian  historian  and  ge- 
ographer, b.  Arona,  Lake  Maggiore,  1455  ;  d. 
Granada,  1526.  Of  noble  birth,  he  was  edu- 
cated at  Rome,  served  in  3  campaigns  against 
the  Moors,  and  entered  the  church,  but,  by  de- 
sire of  Queen  Isabella,  opened  a  school  for  the 
education  of  young  noblemen.  Sent  in  1501 
on  a  mission  from  the  king  to  the  Sultan  of 
Egypt,  he  visited  the  Pyramids  and  other  mon- 
uments of  antiquity.  Made  prior  of  the  church 
of  Granada  in  1505,  Charles  V.  afterward  pre- 
sented him  with  a  rich  abbey.  His  "History  of 
the  New  World  "  is  the  best  of  the  early  works 
extant  upon  that  subject.  Original  materials 
were  furnished  for  it  by  Columbus,  also  from 
the  minutes  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies ;  and 
it  contains  a  notice  of  newly-discovered  islands. 

Angus,  Samuel,  capt.  U.  S.  navy,  b. 
Fnila.,  1784;  d.  Geneva,  N.Y.,  May  29,  1840. 
Entering  the  service  in  1799,  he  was  madelieut. 
Feb.  4,  1807  ;  master-commandant,  July  24, 
1813;  capt.  Apr.  27,  1816.  He  was  several 
times  severely  wounded, — in  the  action  between 
"  The  Constellation  "  and  the  French  frigate 
"La  Vengeance,"  Feb.  1,  1800,  and  soon  af- 
ter in  an  action  between  the  schooner  "  Enter- 
prise "  and  a  French  lugger ;  in  an  attack  on 
the  English  opposite  Black  Rock,  in  1812,  and 
afterward  while  commanding  the  flotilla  in 
Delaware  Bay.  He  was  selected  to  carry  to 
Europe  Messrs.  Adams  and  Clay,  Commis- 
sioners to  Ghent.  Owing  to  wounds  received 
in  the  service,  his  mind  as  well  as  his  health 
became  impaired ;  and  he  was  dismissed  fi-om 
the  navy  June  21,  1824. 

Anschutz,  Karl,  a  German  musical  di- 
rector and  composer,  b.  Coblentz,  Germany, 
Feb.  1813  ;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  Dec.  30,  1870.  Ed- 
ucated by  his  father  a  musical  prof.,  he  was, 
until  1848,  Royal  Musical  Director  at  Cob- 
lentz; was  afterwaids  a  musical  conductor  in 
London  ;  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  1857  ;  founded 
the  German  Opera  of  N.  Y.  City  in  1862,  and 
established  a  conservatory  of  music  there. 

Anselme,  Jacques  Bernard  Modestb 
d',  a  French  gen.,  b.  July  22,  1740;  d.  1812. 
Son  of  an  officer  of  the  regt.  Soissonnals,  in 
which,  according  to  custom,  his  name  was  en- 
rolled at  the  age  of  5  years.  He  became  its 
lieut.-col.  July  17,  1777,  and  made  with  it  the 
campaigns  of  the  war  of  Amer.  Independence. 
Made  lieut.-gen.  May  22,  1792,  in  the  follow- 
ing Sept.  he  passed  the  Var,  at  the  head  of 
his  corps  d'arm^e,  took  Nice  and  the  fortress 
of  Montalban,  and  also  the  castle  of  Ville- 
franche,  defended  by  a  hundred  pieces  of  can- 
non, gaining  a  complete  victory.  Defeated  at 
Sospello,  accusation  and  imprisonment  at  I'Ab- 
baye  soon  followed  The  revolution  of  the  9th 
Thermidor  (July  27,1794)  restored  him  to  lib- 
erty, and  he  d.  in  an  obscure  retreat.  —  Biog. 
Univ.  Suppl. 

Ansorget  Charles,  teacher  of  music,  and 
editor  of  the  Ms.  Teacher,  b.  Spiller,  Silesia, 
1817  ;  d.  Chicago,  28  Oct.  1866.  He  grad.  at 
the  Collegiate  Institute  of  Breslau,  was  a  teach- 
er and  editor,  and  for  his  liberal  sentiments 
was  expatriated  by  the  government  of  Prussia; 
came  to  Boston  in  1849  ;  was  13  years  organist 
and  chorister  of  the  First  Church,  Dorchester, 


and  4  years  teacher  of  music  in  the  Asylum  for 
the  Blind,  So.  Boston.  In  1853,  he  removed  to 
Chicago,  where  he  was  a  successful  teacher  of 
music.  He  took  great  interest  in  education, 
and  was  a  thorough  musician. 

Auspach.  (ans'-pak).  Rev.  L.  A.,  a  magis- 
trate of  Newfoundland,  pub.  "  Summary  of  the 
Laws  of  Commerce  and  Navigation  adapted  to 
the  Island  of  Newfoundland,"  Lond.,  1809. — 
Allibone. 

Anthon,  Charles,  LL.D.,  a  classical 
scholar,  b.  N.Y.,  Nov.  19,  1797  ;  d.  there  Julv 
29,  1867.  (Col.  Coll.  1815).  His  father.  Dr. 
George  C.  Anthon,  a  German  by  birth,  attained 
the  rank  of  surgeon-gen.  in  the  British  army, 
in  which  he  served  from  the  commencement  of 
the  French  war  until  the  final  surrender  of 
Detroit,  ab.  1784.  He  then  resigned  his  com- 
mission, and  settled  in  N.Y.  Charles,  the 
fourth  of  his  six  sons,  studied  law  in  the  office 
of  his  bro.  John,  and  in  1819  was  adm.  to  the 
bar.  In  1820,  he  was  app.  adjunct  prof  of 
languages  in  Col.  Coll.;  in  1830,  he  produced 
his  edition  of  "Horace,"  and  became  rector  of 
the  grammar  school  attached  to  the  college ;  and 
in  1835  succeeded  prof  Moore  as  the  head  of  the 
classical  dept.  of  that  institution.  Besides  his 
labors  both  in  college  and  school,  he  produced 
some  50  vols.,  diiefly  editions  of  the  Latin  clas- 
sics, and  aids  to  classical  study.  He  was  an  ac- 
curate and  thorough  scholar,  and  an  acute  and 
ingenious  critic  of  the  ancient  languages.  His 
works  have  often  been  repub.  in  Eng.,  and 
are  used  extensively  in  schools.  His  "  Clas- 
sical Dictionary,"  pub.  in  1841,  entirely  super- 
seded that  of  Lempriere.  He  excelled  as  an 
instructor,  and  conferred  on  the  public  schools 
of  his  native  city  6  free  scholarships. 

Anthon,  Henry,  D.D.  (1832),  bro.  of  the 
preceding,  rector  of  St.  Marks,  N.  Y.  City  ;  d. 
there  Jan.  5,  1861,  a.  69.  Col.  Coll.  1813. 
Author  of  Hist.  Notices  of  St.  Mark's  Church, 
from  1795  to  1845,  8vo,  N.  Y.,  1845.  Rev. 
Wm.  H.  Anthon,  D.D.,  is  a  bro. 

Anthon,  John,  LL.D.,  b.  Detroit,  1784  ; 
d.  N.Y.  Citv,  Mar.  5,1863.  Col.  Coll.  1801. 
LL.  D.  1861.  Son  of  Dr.  George  C.  Anthon. 
During  the  War  of  1812,  he  com.  a  company  at 
the  Narrows  for  the  defence  of  N.Y.  He  prac- 
tised law  with  great  assiduity,  and  is  said  to 
have  tried  more  causes  than  any  man  that  ever 
lived.  He  was  instrumental  in  establishing  the 
City  Sup.  Court  and  the  Law  Institute,  of 
which  he  was  pres.  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
Author  of  "  Digested  Index  to  the  Reports  of 
the  U.  S.  Courts,"  5  vols.  8vo,  1813;  "Re- 
ports of  Cases  at  Nisi  Prius  in  the  N.  Y.  Sup. 
Court  in  1820;"  "Analyt.  Abridgment  of 
Blackstone's  Commentaries,  with  prefatory  Es- 
say ;  "  "  Anthon's  Law  Student ; "  "  Amer. 
Precedents,"  8vo,  1810. 

Anthony,  Henry  B.,  statesman,  of  Quaker 
ancestry,  b.  Coventry,  R.  I.,  Apr.  1,  1815. 
B.U.  1833.  Edited  \\\e  Providence  Journal  from 
1838  to  1859  ;  gov.  of  R.  L  1849-51,  re-elected, 
but  declined;  U.S.  senator,  1859-71.  —  Lan- 
vian. 

Anthony,  Susan  B.,  reformer,  b.  So. 
Adams,  Ms.,  Feb.  15, 1820.  Daniel  her  father 
was  a  Quaker  and  a  cotton  manufacturer.  He 
moved  in  1826  to  Washington  Co.,  N.  Y.,  and 


AJ^rc 


31 


^r»p 


in  1846  to  Rochester.  She  was  educated  in  a 
small  select  school  in  her  father's  house,  and  at 
a  boarding-school  in  Phila.  15  years  of  teach- 
ing in  N.  Y.,  at  one-third  of  the  salary  paid  to 
men,  taught  her  the  lesson  of  woman's  rights ; 
and,  since  1852,  she  has  hoenone  of  the  leaders 
in  that  movement,  and  its  acting  sec.  and  gen- 
eral agent.  As  early  as  1848,  she  engaged  in 
the  temperance  cause,  forming  societies,  and 
lecturing;  and  in  1851  she  called  a  State  con- 
vention in  Albany.  With  her  co-worker,  Mrs. 
E.  C.  Stanton,  she  succeeded  in  obtaining  the 
admission  of  women  to  educational  and  other 
conventions,  with  the  right  to  speak  and  vote, 
to  be  put  on  committees,  and  to  make  reports. 
Miss  Anthony  in  1858,  at  Troy,  read  an  able 
report  on  educating  the  sexes  together.  From 
1857  to  1866,  she  was  an  agent  and  a  faithful 
worker  in  the  antislavery  cause.  She  has  been 
untiring  in  her  efforts  to  secure  liberal  legis- 
lation for  women  in  N.Y.,  assailing  each  year 
its  legisl.  with  petitions,  appeals,  and  addresses. 
In  the  winter  of  1854-5,  she  held  54  conven- 
tions in  different  counties  of  the  State,  to  de- 
mand equal  property  rights  and  the  ballot.  In 
the  autumn  of  1867,  she  went  with  Mrs.  Stanton 
and  Lucy  Stone  to  Kansas,  and  succeeded  in 
obtaining  9,000  votes  in  that  State  for  woman's 
suffrage.  Her  bro.  Daniel  R.  has  been  mayor 
of  Leavenworth.  She  has  since  established 
"  The  Revolution,"  with  the  aid  of  Geo.  Fran- 
cis Train,  and  has  been  one  of  the  editors. 
Her  style  of  speaking  is  rapid,  vehement,  con- 
cise, and  in  her  best  moods  she  is  sometimes 
eloquent. —  [Vonien  of  the  Time. 

Anthony,  Susanva.  of  Quaker  parentage, 
eminent  for  piety,  b.  R.I.  1726;  d.  Newport, 
June  23,  1791.  Dr.  Hopkins  pub.  her  mem- 
oirs, with  many  extracts  from  her  writings. 
12mo,  1799. 

Anville  d'  (don-vel'),  N.  de  la  Roche- 
foucauld, duke,  b.  ab.  i7U0;  d.  of  grief,  Sept. 
16, 1746,  at  Chiboucrou,  now  Halifax,  N.S.  He 
early  entered  the  French  navy,  and  in  1745 
was  sent  with  a  fleet  of  14  ships  of  the  line  to 
recover  Louisburg.  A  violent  tempest  dis- 
persed his  squadron,  and  ruined  the  exped. 
He  had  the  literary  taste  and  elegance  of  man- 
ners characteristic  of  his  illustrious  family. 

Apes,  William.,  an  Indian  preacher  of 
the  Pequot  tribe,  pub.  "Indian  Nullification," 
Boston,  12mo,  1835  (written  by  W.  J.  Snell- 
ing) ;  "  Eulogy  on  King  Phillip,"  pronounced  at 
the  Odeon,  Boston,  8vo,  1836;  "A  Son  of  the 
Forest,"  1831 ;  "  Experiences  of  Five  Christian 
Indians  of  the  Pequot  Tribe,"  1833. 

Appleton,  Daxiel,  founder  of  the  exten- 
sive book-publishing  house  of  Appleton  &  Co., 
b.  Haverhill,  Ms.,  1785  ;  d.  N.Y.,  Mar.  27,  1849. 
Appleton,  Jesse,  D.D.  (H.U.  1810),  di- 
vine, b.  New  Ipswich,  Nov.  17,  1772  ;  d.  Bruns- 
wick, Me.,  Nov.  12,  1819.  Dartm.  Coll.  1792. 
Samuel,  his  ancestor,  came  to  Amer.  in  1635. 
He  taught  an  acad.  in  Dover  ;  was  licensed  to 
preach  in  1795;  and  Feb.  22,  1797,  was  ord. 
pastor  of  the  Cong,  church  at  Hampton,  N.  H. 
From  Dec.  1807,  until  his  death,  he  was  pres. 
of  Bowd.  Coll.  Under  the  signature  of  Le'uih- 
ton,  he  contributed  valuable  essays  to  the  Pis- 
cataqna  Evangelical  Magazine.  His  works,  em- 
bracing lectures.,  course  of  theology,  addresses, 


and  sermons,  with  a  memoir,  were  pub.  in  2 
vols.,  1837.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Acad,  of 
Arts  and  Sciences ;  and  was,  while  at  Hamp- 
ton, a  trustee  of  Phillips  (Exeter)  Acad.  His 
dan.  Jane  m.  pres.  Franklin  Pierce. 

Appleton,  John,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Beverly,  Ms.,  February  11,  1815;  d.  Port- 
land, Aug.  22,  1864  Bowd.  Coll.  1834.  He 
commenced  the  practice  of  law  at  Portland 
in  1837;  was  editor  of  a  Democ  paper,  the 
Eastern  Argus,  from  1839  to  1844,  and  part  of 
the  time  was  also  register  of  probate  for 
Cumberland  Co.  In  1845,  he  became  chief 
clerk  in  the  navy  dept. ;  subsequently  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Trist  as  chief  clerk  of  the  State 
depart.  ;  and  in  1848,  was  app.  charge  d'af- 
faires to  Bolivia.  On  his  return  from  that 
mission,  early  in  1849,  he  resumed  the  practice 
of  law  at  Portland  ;  was  elected  to  Congress  in 
Sept.  1850;  in  1855-6  was  Mr.  Buchanan's  sec. 
of  legation  in  Lond.  In  1857,  having  been 
obliged,  from  ill  health,  to  decline  the  editor- 
ship of  the  Washington  Union,  he  was  assist, 
sec.  of  State  ;  app.  minister  to  Russia  in  May, 
1860. 

Appleton,  John,  LL.D.,  b.  1804.  Bowd. 
Coll.  1822.  Judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  of  Me. 
1852;  chief-justice,  1862;  author  of"  Reports  of 
the  Sup.  Jnd.  Court  of  Maine,"  in  1841,  2  vols. 

Appleton,  John  James,  diplomat,  son  of 
John,  who  was  U.  S.  consul  at  Calais,  b. 
France,  Sept.  22,  1792;  d.  Rennes,  France, 
Mar.  4,  1864.  H.  U.  1813.  He  was  sec.  of 
legation  to  Portugal  in  1819-22;  to  Spain, 
1822-5;  charge  d'affaires  to  the  Two  Sicilies, 
1825,  and  to  Sweden,  1826.  He  resided  in 
France,  where  he  owned  a  valuable  estate. 
While  at  Stockholm,  he  negotiated  a  treaty  of 
commerce. 

Appleton,  Nathan,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1855), 
merchant,  and  writer  on  political  economy,  b. 
New  Ipswich,  N.H.,  Oct.  6,  1779;  d.  Boston, 
July  14,  1861.  In  1795,  he  left  Dartm.  Coll. 
to  engage  in  business  with  his  bro.  Samuel,  in 
Boston,  and,  on  coming  of  age,  became  a  part- 
ner. He  was  one  of  the  first  proprietors  of  the 
Waltham  cotton  manufactory,  where,  in  1814, 
the  power-loom  was  first  put  in  operation  in 
this  country ;  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
Lowell ;  and  was  the  projector  and  largest 
proprietor  of  the  Hamilton  Company.  He  was 
several  times  in  the  State  legisl.,  and  in  Con- 
gress in  1831-3  and  1842.  Author  of  speeches 
and  essays  on  currency,  banking,  and  the 
tariff,  and  of  an  account  of  the  introduction 
of  the-power  loom,  and  the  origin  of  Lowell, 
1858.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Acad,  of 
Sciences  and  Arts,  and  of  the  Ms.  Historical 
Society.  A  memoir  of  his  life  was  pub.  by  R. 
C.  Winthrop. 

Appleton,  Nathaniel,  D.  D.  (H.  U. 
1771),  Cong,  minister,  b.  Ipswich,  Ms.,  Dec.  9, 
1693  ;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  Feb.  9, 1784.  H.U. 
1712.  John,  his  fiither,  20  years  judge  of  pro- 
bate for  Essex  Co.,  and  one  of  the  king's  coun- 
cil, was  disting.  for  his  exertions  to  Christianize 
the  Indians.  The  son  was  ord.  to  succeed  Mr. 
Brattle,  Oct.  9,  1717,  and  remained  66  years. 
He  was  a  friend  of  civil  and  religious  liberty, 
uniting  useful  talents  with  exemplary  piety. 
He  was  one  of  the  corporation  of  H.  U.  from 


AJ>I> 


32 


AJRC 


1717  to  1779.  He  pub.  a  number  of  sermons 
and  occasional  discourses.  —  Sprague. 

Appleton,  Samuel,  philanthropist,  b.  N. 
Ipswich,  N.  H.,  June  22,  1766;  d.  Boston, 
July  12,  1853.  One  of  twelve  children.  His 
early  years  were  spent  on  a  farm  and  in  school- 
teaching.  He  next  kept  a  store ;  but  removed 
to  Boston  in  1794,  where  he  engaged  in  the 
importation  of  English  goods,  with  his  bro. 
Nathan,  and  acquired  great  wealth.  He  sut)- 
sequently  engaged  in  the  cotton  manufacture 
at  VValtham  and  at  Lowell.  From  1799  to 
1820,  he  passed  much  of  his  time  abroad.  His 
liberality  and  beneficence  kept  pace  with  his 
means  to  indulge  them.  In  1823,  on  his  retire- 
ment from  active  business,  he  determined  to 
spend  his  entire  income  annually;  and  he  gave, 
each  year,  the  sum  of  $25,000.  He  also  be- 
stowed his  bounty  upon  various  philanthropic, 
religious,  charitable  and  scientific  associations  ; 
and,  at  his  death,  $200,000  was  distributed  for 
similar  purposes.  He  regularly  placed  large 
sums  in  the  hands  of  physicians  and  others, 
who  were  in  the  way  of  seeing  those  in 
destitution,  to  be  distributed  as  their  judg- 
ment should  indicate.  A  memoir  by  I.  A. 
Jewett,  pub.  8vo.  Boston,  1850. 

Appleton,  Wm.,  merchant,  b.  Brook- 
field,  Ms.,  Nov.  16,  1786;  d.  Longwood,  near 
Boston,  Feb.  15,  1862.  Son  of  Rev.  Joseph 
of  Brookfield.  He  came  to  Boston  in  1807. 
He  was  a  successful  merchant ;  was  pres.  of 
the  U.S.  Branch  Bank  in  1832-6;  and  M.  C 
in  1851-5  and  1861-2.  He  devoted  his  surplus 
means  to  benevolent  objects ;  giving,  at  vari- 
ous times,  $30,000  to  the  Ms.  Gen.  Hospital, 
of  which,  as  also  the  Provident  Institution  for 
Savings,  he  was  president. 

Appling,  Col.  Daniel,  b.  Columbia  Co., 
Ga.,  Aug.  25,  1787  ;  d.  Fort  Montgomery, 
Ala.,  Mar.  18,  1817.  He  entered  the  army  as 
lieut.  of  Rifles,  May  3,  1808  ;  was  made  capt. 
Apr.  1812,  major  Tst  Rifles,  Apr.  1814;  brev. 
lieut.-col.  May  30,  1814,  "for  gallant  conduct 
in  capturing  a  superior  force  of  the  enemy  in 
Sandy  Creek,  N.Y;"  brev.  col.  11  Sept.  1814, 
"  for  disting.  services  at  Plattsburg ; "  resigned 
June  1,  1816.  —  Gardner. 

Apthorp,  East,  Episcopal  divine  and 
author,  b.  Boston,  1733;  d.  Cambridge,  Eng., 
Apr.  17,  1816.  U.  of  Cambridge,  Eng.,  1758. 
Charles,  his  father,  was  a  merchant  of  Boston. 
While  a  missionary  in  N.  K.,  for  the  Society 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign 
Parts  (1761-5),  he  engaged  in  a  warm  contro- 
versy with  Dr.  Mayhew,  on  the  design  and 
conduct  of  that  body.  The  hostility  of  the 
people  to  the  Episcopacy  decided  him  to  return 
to  Eng.,  where  he  eventually  filled  the  stall  of 
Finsbury  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  Among 
his  writings  are  "  Letters  on  Christianity,  in 
reply  to  Gibbon,"  "  Discourses  on  Prophe- 
cy," 2  vols.  8vo.  He  ra.  Elizabeth,  dau.  of 
Eliakim  Hutchinson. 

Arbuckle,  Matthew,  soldier,  b.  Green- 
brier Co.,  near  the  Warm  Springs,  Va.,  1776  ; 
d.  Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  June  11,  1851.  He  en- 
tered the  army  an  ensign,  Mar.  3,  1799  ;  was 
made  capt.  June,  1806  ;  major  3d  Inf.  Aug. 
15,  1812;  lieut.-col.  Mar.  9,  1814;  col.  7th 
Inf.  Mar.  10,  1820;  brev.  brig.-gen.  Mar.  16, 


1830.  Stationed  for  many  years  on  the  fron- 
tier, he  was  well  acquainted  with  the  Indian 
character,  and  by  his  good  conduct  acquired 
their  confidence.  He  com.  a  successful  exped. 
against  the  Fowltown  Indians,  Nov.  23,  1817. 

Arbuthnot,  Marriot,  a  British  adm.,  b. 
ab.  1711  ;  d.  Loud.,  Jan.  31,  1794.  Nephew  of 
Dr.  Arbuthnot  the  poet.  After  commanding 
various  ships,  he  was  naval  commissioner,  resi- 
dent at  Halifax,  in  1775-8,  and  returned  to 
Eng.  a  rear-adm.  Made  vice-adm.  of  the  blue, 
and  com. -in-chief  on  the  N.  Amer.  station,  he 
proceeded  to  his  destination  in  Mar.  1779;  but 
was  confined  to  port  soon  after  his  arrival,  by 
D'Estaing's  fleet.  Dec.  26,  1779,  he  conveyed 
Sir  Henry  Clinton's  troops  to  the  siege 
of  Charleston,  in  which  he  co-operated,  and 
which  was  soon  forced  to  surrender,  and 
earned  by  this  success  the  thanks  of  parlia- 
ment. Mar.  16,  1781,  in  a  distant  action  with 
the  French  fleet  off  the  capes  of  Va.,  he  ob- 
tained some  advantage,  but  was  prevented,  by 
a  thick  haze,  from  following  it  up.  Made  adm. 
of  the  blue,  Feb.  1,  1793. 

Arce  (ar'-tha),  Manuel  Jose,  pres,  of  the 
Republic  of  Central  Amer.  in  1824-9.  Having 
incurred  the  enmity  of  the  aristocratic  clerical 
party  to  which  he  belonged,  a  civil  war  broke 
out,  and  Arce  was,  in  1827,  defeated  at  Apopa 
and  Santa  Ana.  In  April,  1829,  Gen.  Mora- 
zan,  leader  of  the  liberal  party,  entered  Gua- 
temala, assumed  the  government,  and  seized 
Arce,  who,  together  with  some  of  the  superior 
clergy,  were  expelled  the  country. 

Arehdale,  John,  gov.  of  N.  C.  1695-6, 
author  of  a  "  History  and  Description  of  Car- 
olina," Lond.,  1707.  Son  of  Thos.  of  Loaks 
in  Chippinir  Wycomb,  Bucks  Co.,  Eng.  Gov. 
Gorges  of  Me.  m.  his  sister  Mary ;  and  in  1664 
he  came  as  his  ajicnt  to  N.  E.  Arehdale  was 
in  N.C.  in  Mar,  1686,  and  was  a  commissioner 
for  Gorges  in  Me.  in  1687-8.  Landing  first  in 
S.C.,  he  formed  a  new  commission  of  sensible 
and  moderate  men  ;  arrived  in  N.C.  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1695,  and  had  a  successful  and  highly 
popular  administration.  He  was  a  proprietor 
of  the  province,  and  was  a  man  of  great  pru- 
dence and  sagacity.  Though  a  Quaker,  he 
promoted  a  militia  law,  exempting  the  Friends 
from  military  service.  Elected  a  member  of 
parliament  in  1698,  he  would  only  affirm,  in- 
stead of  taking  the  required  oaths,  and  was  not 
permitted  to  take  bis  seat,  —  O'Cdllarjhan. 

Archer,  Dr,  Branch  T.,  Texan  revol'ist, 
b.  Va,,  1790;  d,  Brazoria  Co.,  Tex.,  Sept.  22, 
1856.  He  studied  medicine  in  Phila.,  prac- 
tised for  many  years  in  his  native  State,  and 
was  often  a  member  of  its  legisl.  Removing 
to  Tex.  in  1831,  he  became  a  prominent  actor 
in  her  revolution  ;  presided  over  the  "  Consul- 
tation "  in  Nov.  1835,  and  was  by  that  body 
elected  a  commissioner  to  the  U,  S.  with  S,  F. 
Austin  and  N,  H,  Wharton,  to  solicit  aid  in 
her  struggle  for  independence  ;  was  elected  to 
her  first  Congress  on  his  return  in  1836,  was 
speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  and  sec. 
of  war  from  1839  to  1842,  when,  on  account  of 
ill  health,  he  retired  to  private  life.  He  was  a 
ripe  scholar  and  an  eloquent  speaker. 

Archer,  John,  phvsician  and  legislator, 
b,  Harford  Co.,  Md.  in  1741 ;  d.  1810.    Prince- 


J^TIC 


33 


J^Rl 


ton  Coll.  1760.  M.D.  1768.  He  received  from 
the  Pliila.  Med.  Coll.  the  first  medical  diploma 
ever  issued  in  the  New  World.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Revol.,  he  had  command  of  a 
military  company;  was  a  member  of  the  State 
le»,nsl.;  and  was'M.C.  from  Md.  from  1801  to 
1807.  Several  of  his  medical  discoveries  have 
been  adopted  by  the  profession. 

Archer,  Col.  Sam'l  B.  ;  d.  Phila.,  Dec. 
11,  182.5.  He  was  app.  from  Va.,  capt  2d  Art. 
March  12,  1812;  brev.  maj.  May  27,  1813, 
"for  gallantry  and  good  conduct  in  cannonade 
and  bombardment  of  Fort  George,  May  26  and 
27,  1813;"  disting.  at  Stony  Creek,  June  6, 
1813;  insp.-gen.,  with  rank  of  col.,  Nov.  10, 
1821.  — Gardner. 

Archer,  Stkphenson,  LL.D.,  judge  of 
the  Md.  Court  of  Appeals.  Son  of  Dr.  John, 
b.  Harford  Co.,  Md. ;  d.  June  25,  1848.  N.  J. 
Coll.  1805.  M.C.fromMd.,1811-17;  then  app. 
judge  of  Mpi.  Terr.,  and  was  again  in  Congress 
in  1819-21. 

Archer,  Wm.  S.,  statesman,  b.  Amelia 
Co.,  Va.,  Mar.  5,  1789;  d.  there  Mar.  28,  1855. 
Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  Of  Welsh  descent.  His 
grandfather.  Col.  Wm.,  captured  by  Tarleton, 
d.  of  small-pox  on  board  a  prison-ship.  His 
father,  Maj.  John,  aide  to  Wayne  at  Stony 
Point,  was  brev.  capt.  for  gallantry  in  that 
affair.  Wm.  S.  studied  law;  was  a  member 
of  the  legisl.  1812-19;  M.  C.  1820-35;  U.  S. 
senator,  i841-7,  and  chairman  of  the  commit- 
tee on  foreign  relations.  In  Congress  he  took 
an  active  part  in  all  matters  of  national  im- 
portance, and  was  a  member  of  the  committee 
on  the  Missouri  Compromise. 

Arciszeffski  (an-se-sh6v'-ske),  Christo- 
niER,  gov.-gen.  of  Brazil,  b.  ab.  1600;  d.  Lissa, 
Poland,  1668.  Leaving  Poland  on  account 
of  religion,  he  entered  the  Dutch  military  ser- 
vice, and  on  the  conquest  of  Brazil  was  app. 
its  gov.  He  fortified  the  principal  cities,  and 
was  an  excellent  mathematician  as  well  as  a 
skilful  soldier.  A  medal  was  struck  by  the 
Dutch  in  commemoration  of  his  services. 

Arey,  Harriet  Ellen  Grannis,  poet,  b. 
Cavendish,  Vt.,  Apr.  14,  1819.  John  Grannis, 
her  father,  a  member  of  the  Canadian  parlia- 
ment at  tlie  brealdng-out  of  the  rebellion  of 
1837,  afterward  held  offices  of  trust  under  the 
U.S.  Gov.  She  was  a  school-teacher  in  Cleve- 
land, 0.,  a  contributor  to  the  Daib/  Herald; 
was  in  1848  m.  to  Oliver  Arey;  has  since  edited 
the  Youth's  Casket,  and  the  Home  Monthly  in 
Buff'alo  and  N.Y. ;  and  in  1855  pub.  "House- 
hold Songs  and  other  Poems."  —  Poets  and 
Pootrji  of  the  West. 

Argall,  Samuel,  dep.-gov.  of  Va.  in  1617, 
h.  Bristol,  Kng.  1572;  d.  1639.  In  1612. 
he  carri(  d  off"  Pocahontas  to  Jamestown,  the 
temptation  t<;  the  perfidious  chief  in  whose 
charge  she  Wiis  ln'ing  a  brass  ketile.  In  1613, 
he  broke  up  the  French  settlement  at  Mt.  Des- 
ert, on  the  coast  of  Me.,  causing  a  war  be- 
tween the  French  and  En<:lish  colonists.  He 
also  destroyed  the  French  settlements  of  St. 
Croix  and  Port  Royal.  After  a  visit  of  3  years 
to  Eng.,  he  returned  to  Va.  as  deputy  gov. ; 
his  purpose  being  to  traffic  in  violation  of  the 
laws  he  was  to  administer.  He  enacted  severe 
sumptuary  laws,  and  by  his  arbitrary  conduct 


became  odious  to  the  colony.  Recalled  to  an- 
swer for  his  misconduct,  he  was  shielded  by 
his  trading  partner,  the  Earl  of  Warwick.  He 
was  a  capt.  in  the  exped.  against  the  Algerines 
in  1620;  was  knighted  by  James  I.  in  1623; 
and  in  1625  was  engaged  in  Cecil's  exped. 
against  the  Spanish.  An  account  of  his  voy- 
age from  Jamestown,  1610,  and  his  letter  re- 
specting his  voyage  to  Va.  in  1618,  are  pre- 
served in  Purchas.  After  the  death  of  Lord 
Delaware,  Argall  took  charge  of  his  estate; 
and  letters  of  the  countess  are  in  existence  ac- 
cusing him  of  the  most  flagrant  and  barefaced 
peculation. 

Argenson,  d'  (dar-zhon'-son'j,  Pierre 
DE  VoYER,  Viscount,  gov.  of  Canada  from 
Jan.  27,  1657,  to  1661,  b.  1626;  d.  France,  ab. 
1709.  He  was  of  a  noble  family,  and  disting. 
himself  at  the  siege  of  Bordeaux  and  at  the 
battle  of  Sens.  Subsequently  Reeve  of  Tou- 
raine.  Some  progress  was  made  by  him  in  dis- 
covery, in  the  country  beyond  Lake  Superior, 
and  on  Hudson's  Bay ;  but  his  government 
seems  to  have  "  consisted  of  little  else  than 
barbaric  invasions  and  civil  and  religious 
quarrels." —  Morgan. 

Arias,  Don  Francisco  Gabino,  traveller, 
b.  Salto,  Buenos  Ayres  ;  d.  ab.  1808.  He  was 
a  col.  in  the  army,  and  in  1774  undertook  to 
penetrate  the  desert  part  of  the  continent,  des- 
ignated by  the  name  of  " grand  chaco."  Af- 
ter making  an  exploration  of  this  region  with 
Matorras,  who  d.  ab.  1775,  Arias,  in  1780, 
cjntinued  the  labors  of  his  former  companion 
(the  pacification  of  the  Indian  inhabitants),  in 
an  exped.  lasting  from  June  2, 1780,  to  Jan.  31, 
1781.  The  next  year,  he  explored  the  course 
of  the  Bermijo,  establishing  the  facts  that  the 
navigation  of  the  rivc-r  was  free,  that  craft  of 
a  medium  size  could  descend  it,  that  the  na- 
tions inhabiting  its  borders  w.  re  pacific,  and 
also  that  it  emptied  not  into  the  Parana,  as 
was  supposed,  but  into  the  River  Paraguay. 
The  narrative  of  his  expedition,  drawn  up  by 
himself,  was  pub.  by  his  son  Dr.  Jose  An- 
tonio Arias,  by  order  of  the  government. — 
Nouv.  Biog.  Univ. 

Arillaga  (a-rel-la-ga).  Rev.  Basilio  Man- 
uel, D.D.,  superior  of  Jesuits  in  Mexico,  and 
rector  of  the  Coll.  of  St.  Ildeibnso ;  d.  Aug. 
1867,  in  the  prison  of  St.  I.,  though  over  80 
years  of  age.  In  1865,  he  pub.  3  pamphlets  in 
reply  to  the  charge  of  the  French  Abbe  Tes- 
tory,  that  the  Mexican  clergy  were  ignorant 
and  corrupt.  He  was  one  ot  the  most  erudite 
of  Mexican  scholars  ;  and  his  reply  is  a  master- 
piece of  learning,  wit,  and  sarcasm. 

Arismeudi,  Juan  Bautista,  a  Vene- 
zuelan gen.,  b.  in  the  Island  ot  Margarita.  He 
had  attained  the  rank  of  capt. ;  and,  when  the 
revol.  broke  out,  took  command  of  the  i  atriot 
forces,  and,  after  a  long  struggle,  defeated  the 
Spanish  gen.  Morillo,  and  drove  him  from  the 
island.  In  conjunction  with  Bolivar  and  Paez, 
he  drove  Morillo  from  New  Granada  in  1819, 
and  from  the  greater  part  of  Venezuela,  of 
Avliich  he  was  made  vice-pres.  In  Paez's  in- 
surrection against  Bolivar,  in  1826,  he  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  latter  in  his  absence,  and  ren- 
dered great  service  to  the  nation. 

Arista   (a-res'ta),  Mariano,    a    Mexican 


A.TIM: 


34 


AJRD^l 


gen.,  b.  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mex.,  July  16, 1802  ; 
d.  Spain,  Au<:.  9,  1855.  His  father,  a  Spanish 
officer,  gave  him  a  military  education  ;  and  he 
served  in  the  Spanish  army  till  June,  1821  ; 
when  he  joined  the  patriots.  In  Apr.  1 829,  he 
was  made  a  lieut.-col.,  and,  having  supported 
Bustamente,  was  made  a  col.,  and  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  Upon  the  accession  of  Santa  Ana,  Apr. 
1,  1833,  Arista  was  made  gen.  of  brigade,  and 
in  June,  1833,  was  second  in  command  of  the 
army.  Having  joined  Duran  in  his  unsuccess- 
ful revolt,  he  was  deprived  of  his  rank,  and 
expelled  from  Mexico.  After  passing  a  year 
and  a  half  in  the  U.  S  ,  he  returned  in  June, 
1835,  was  restored  to  his  rank  in  the  army,  and 
was  judge  of  the  supreme  tribunal  of  war,  from 
Aug.  1836,  to  Apr.  1837.  Taken  prisoner  by 
the  French  at  Vera  Cruz,  Dec.  5,  1 838,  he  was 
2  months  after  released  on  parole.  In  1839, 
with  but  400  men,  he  suppressed  the  revolt  of 
Urrea  at  Tampico.  App.  commandant-gen. 
of  Tamaulipas,  at  the  close  of  1839  he  became 
gen.-in-chief  of  the  northern  division.  For 
defeating  the  insurgents  of  the  eastern  dept., 
he  received  a  special  cross  of  honor.  Made 
gen.  of  division  in  Sept.  1841,  he  caused  the 
government  of  Herrera,  who  succeeded  Santa 
Ana  in  Dec.  1844,  to  be  recognized  through- 
out the  eastern  depts.  In  the  war  with  the 
U.S.,  in  1846-7,  he  com.  at  the  battles  of 
Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma.  In  June, 
1848,  he  was  app.  by  Prcs.  Herrera  minister 
of  war,  and  displayed  activity  and  judgment 
in  the  suppression  of  17  revolts  that  occurred 
during  2  years.  Elected  pres.  of  the  republic 
in  the  fall  of  1850,  he  resigned  the  government, 
Jan.  5,  1853.  Banished  from  the  country  by 
his  enemies,  he  made  a  voyage  to  Europe, 
visited  Spain,  and  died  while  on  his  way  to 
France,  on  the  day  that  Santa  Ana,  who  had 
usurped  his  seat,  fled  from  the  city  of  Mexico. 
The  government  of  Alvarez  in  1857  decreed 
him  to  have  "  merited  well  of  his  country." 

Armand  (ar-m5n'),  'Charles  Tufin, 
Marquis  de  la  Houarie,  a  French  soldier, 
b.  nearRennes,  France,  1756  ;  d.  Jan.  30, 1793. 
Entering  the  rjardes  du  corps,  at  Paris,  his  pas- 
sion for  an  actress  in  that  city  led  to  a  duel,  in 
consequence  of  which  he  left  France.  Volun- 
teering in  the  cause  of  America,  May  10, 1777, 
he  received  from  Congress  the  commission  of 
col.  He  fought  at  Red  Bank  ;  was  with  La- 
fayette in  N.J.  in  the  fall  of  that  year;  and 
in  1778  was  actively  engaged  in  Westchester 
Co.,  N.Y.,  opposing  the  corps  of  Simcoe,  Em- 
merick,  and  Baremore  the  loyalist,  whom  he 
captured  near  Kingsbridge,  Nov.  8,  1779.  His 
corps  was  incorporated  with  that  of  Pulaski  in 
Feb.  1780  ;  and  he  was  with  Gates  at  the  defeat 
of  Camden,  and  strongly  censured  the  conduct 
of  that  officer.  In  1781,  though  dissatisfied 
with  the  promotions  in  the  army,  in  which  he 
saw  no  chance  of  advancement,  he  procured 
from  his  own  means  clothing  and  accoutre- 
ments in  France,  returning  in  season  to  par- 
ticipate in  the  victory  at  Yorktown.  He  was 
made  a  brig.-gen.  Mar.  26,  1783.  Returning 
home,  he  took  part  in  the  French  Revolution  ; 
was  for  a  time  a  prisoner  in  the  Bastille  ;  took 
an  active  part  with  the  royalists  of  La  Vende'e, 
and  was  a  leader  of  those  of  Brittany,  Anjou, 


and  Poitou.  The  execution  of  Louis  XVt. 
gave  his  system  such  a  shock,  that  he  sunk 
under  a  nervous  malady.  Gen.  Armand  was 
urbane  and  polished  in  manner,  an  eloquent  and 
persuasive  speaker,  and  was  greatly  beloved  by 
his  friends. 

Armistead,  George,  lieut.-col.  U.S.A.,  b. 
Newmarket,  Va.,  Apr.  10,  1780;  d.  Baltimore, 
Apr.  25,  1818.  The  ancestor  of  this  family 
came  from  Hesse  D'Armstadt.  5  bros.  en- 
gaged in  the  War  of  1812, — 3  in  the  regular 
army,  and  2  in  the  militia.  George  was  app. 
2d  lieut.  Jan.  8,  1799;  capt.  Nov.  6,  1806; 
maj.  3d  Art.  Mar.  3,  1813;  was  disting.  at 
the  capture  of  Fort  George,  U C,  May,  1813, 
and  was  brev.  lieut  -col.  for  the  defence  of  Fort 
McHenry,  Sept.  14,  1814. 

Armistead,  Lewi  s  Addison,  gen .  C.  S.  A., 
b.  Newbern,  N.C.,  18  Feb.  1817  ;  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Gettysburg,  July  3,  1863.  West 
Point,  1836.  Son  of  Gen.  Walter  K.  Enter- 
ing the  6th  Inf.  in  1839,  he  won  the  brevets 
of  capt.  and  maj  for  gallantry  at  Contreras, 
Churubusco,  and  Molino  del  Rey  At  Chapitl- 
tepec,  he  was  one  of  the  storming-party,  was 
highly  disting.,  and  wounded.  Capt.  Mar.  3, 
1855.  In  1859,  he  com.  a  detachment  sent 
against  the  Indians  from  Fort  Mohave,  Cal., 
and  defeated  them.  He  resigned  in  1861 ;  was 
made  col.  57th  Va.  Inf.  in  Apr.,  and  in  the  same 
month  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  Confederate  Army; 
took  part  in  the  peninsular  campaign,  and  was 
in  Longstreet's  corps  in  Lee's  invasion  of  Md., 
and  was  wounded  at  Antietam. 

Armistead,  Walter  Keith,  brev.  brig.- 
gen.,  hro.  of  George,  b.  Va.  ab.  1785;  d.  Up- 
perville,  Va.,  Oct.  13,  1845.  Entering  the  en- 
gineer corps  from  West  Point,  Mar.  5,  1803,  he 
was  chief  engineer  of  the  army  in  Canada  in 
1812,  and  engaged  at  Fort  Niagara,  21  Nov., 
and  engineer  for  the  defence  of  Chesapeake 
Bay  in  1813-18;  col.  and  chief  engineer,  Nov. 
12,  1818;  inspector  Milit.  Acad.  Nov.  1818 
to  June,  1821  ;  col.  3d  Art.  1  June,  1821  ; 
brev.  brig.-gen.  Nov.  12,  1828.  He  com.  in 
1840-41  against  the  Seminoles  in  Florida. 

Armstrong,  James,  commodore  U.S.N., 
b..  Shclbyville,  Ky.,  17  Jan.  1794;  d.  Salem, 
Ms.,  27  Aug.  1868.  His  parents  emigrated 
from  Va.  Midshipm.  U.  S.  N.  15  Nov.  1809 ; 
lieut.  27  Apr.  1816  ;  com.  3  Mar.  1825  ;  capt. 
8  Sept.  1841,  and  commo.  16  July,  1866.  Cap- 
tured in  "  The  Frolic  "  in  1814,  by  the  British 
frigate  "  Orpheus,"  and  kept  a  prisoner  until 
Mar.  1815.  Com.  the  E.  I.  squad,  in  1855-8, 
and  in  1857  attacked  and  captured  the  Barrier 
forts  in  the  Canton  River.  Compelled  by  a 
large  rebel  force  to  surrender  the  Pensacola 
navy-yard  12  Jan.  1861.  —  -See  Notice  of  Capt. 
A.'s  Services  in  the  N.  E.  II.  Sj-  G.  lieq.,  July, 
1871. 

Armstrong,  James  Francis,  30  years 
pastor  of  the  church  at  Trenton,  N.J.,  b.  W. 
Nottingham,  Md.,  3  Apr.  1750;  d.  Trenton, 
Jan.  19,  1816.  N.  J.  Coll.  1773.  He  studied 
under  Rev.  J,ohn  Blair  ;  was  licensed  to  preach 
in  1777,  and  served  as  chaplain  through  the 
War  of  Independence.  —  Sproijue. 

Armstrong,  James  F.,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
N.J.,  Nov.  20, 1816.  Midshipm.  Mar.  7, 1832  ; 
lieut.  Dec.  8,  1842  ;  com.  Ai)r.  27,  1861  ;  capt 


j^jrm: 


35 


AUN 


July  16,  1862.  He  com.  steamer  "Sumter," 
1861 ;  steamer  "  State  of  Georgia,"  N.A.  block, 
squad.  1862-4;  bombardment  and  surrender  of 
Fort  Macon,  Apr.  25,  1862;  comg.  steamsloop 
"San  Jacinto,"  E.  Gulf  block,  squad.  1864; 
com.  Pensacola  navy-yard,  1865-8. — Hamersly. 

Armstrong,  John,  Gen  ,  b.  Pa. ;  d.  Car- 
lisle, Pa.,  Mar.  9,  1795,  at  an  advanced  age. 
In  1756,  he  headed  an  exped.  as  col.  of  the 
provincial  forces  of  Pa.  against  the  Indians  at 
Kittaning,  destroyed  the  settlement,  and  took 
the  stores  sent  by  the  French  for  the  use  of 
their  native  allies.  For  this  service,  the  cor- 
poration of  Phila.  presented  him  with  a  vote 
of  thanks,  a  medal,  and  a  piece  of  plate.  He 
enjoyed  in  a  high  degree  the  confidence  of  the 
proprietors  of  Pa.,  and  was  resorted  to  for 
advice  in  whatever  related  to  Indian  affairs. 
Mar.  1,  1776,  he  was  app.  a  brig.-gen.  in  the 
Continental  Army,  and  did  good  service  at  the 
defence  of  Fort  Moultrie  and  at  the  battles  of 
Brandywine  and  Germantown,  in  which  latter 
engagments,  he  com.  the  militia  of  Pa.,  hav- 
ing left  the  army,  Apr.  4,  1777,  on  account  of 
dissatisfaction  in  regard  to  rank.  He  was  in 
Congress  in  1778-80  and  1  787-8,  and  sustained 
many  other  honorable  offices. 

Armstrong,  John,  soldier  and  writer,  b. 
Carlisle,  Pa  ,  Nov.  25,1758;  d.  Red  Hook, 
N.Y.,  Apr.  1,  1843.  He  was  the  youngest  son 
of  Gen.  John  Armstrong  of  Carlisle.  In  1775, 
while  a  student  at  Princeton,  he  volunteered 
in  Potter's  Pa.  regt. ;  was  soon  made  aide-de- 
camp to  Gen.  Mercer,  and  held  a  similar  post 
with  Gates  in  the  campaign  against  l3urgoyne, 
and  until  the  close  of  the  war,  having  the  rank 
of  maj.  He  was  the  author  of  the  celebrated 
"  Newburgh  Letters,"  setting  forth  the  services 
and  destitution  of  the  soldiers,  and  urging  them 
to  take  measures  for  their  relief.  These  letters, 
powerfully  and  eloquently  written,  were  in- 
tended to  arouse  Congress  and  the  States  to  a 
sense  of  justice  to  the  army  then  about  to  be 
disbanded,  and,  but  for  the  prudence  of  Wash- 
ington, might  have  produced  serious  results. 
After  the  war,  he  was  sec.  of  State,  and  adj.- 
gen.  of  Pa.,  and  in  1784  conducted  the  vigor- 
ous operations  against  the  settlers  at  Wyoming. 
App.  by  Congress  in  1787  oneof  the  judges  for 
the  western  territory,  he  declined,  and  having 
in  1789,  m.  a  sister  of  Chancellor  Livingston, 
removed  to  N.Y.,  purchased  a  farm,  and  devoted 
himself  to  agriculture  U.  S.  senator  in  1800- 
2,  and  1803-4  ;  minister  to  France  in  1804-10  ; 
brig.-gen.  July  6,  1812;  sec.  of  war,  1813-14, 
and  effected  many  salutary  changes  in  the  army ; 
but  the  lack  of  success  in  the  operations  against 
Canada,  and  the  sack  of  Washington  City,  made 
him  unpopular,  and  he  resigned.  He  pul). 
a  brief  but  able  "  History  of  the  War  of  1812," 
"  Memoirs  of  Gens.  Montgomery  an-i  Wayne  " 
(in  Sparks's  Amer.  Biog.),  valuable  treatises 
on  agriculture  and  gardening,  and  a  "Review 
of  Gen.  Wilkinson's  Memoirs."  He  had  par- 
tially prepared  a  history  of  the  Amer.  Revol. 

Armstrong,  Richard,  lieiit.-gen.  in  the 
British  army  ;  d.  ab.  1823.  Entered  the  Queen's 
Rangers  as  capt.,  became  a  maj.,  and  a  most 
efficient  partisan  officer  on  the  side  of  the  crown 
during  the  Revol.  war.  In  1783,  he  and  Capt. 
Saunders  were  deputed  to  write  Col.  Simcoe  a 


parting  address.  He  became  col.  Jan.  26, 
1797;  maj.-gen.  Sept.  25,  1803;  lieut.-gen. 
Oct.  25,  \9,09.  — Sabine;  PhUipart. 

Armstrong,  Richard,  D.D.,  missionary, 
b.  Northumberland  Co.,  Pa.,  1805  ;  d.  Hono- 
lulu, Sept.  23,  1860,  from  injuries  by  a  fall 
from  a  horse.  Dickinson  Coll.  1827  ;  Prince- 
ton Theol.  Sem.  He  went  to  the  Sandwich 
Islands  in  1832;  was  8  months  a  missionary  at 
Nukahivah,  Marquesas  Islands ;  preached  5 
years  at  Walluka,  and  then  returned  to  Hono- 
lulu to  take  the  station  vacated  by  Mr.  Bing- 
ham's return  to  the  U.  S.  Dec."  6,  1847,  he 
was  made  minister  of  instruction,  and  soon 
after  pres.  of  the  board  of  education.  His 
talents  were  rewarded  by  the  king's  appointing 
him  to  a  seat  in  the  house  of  nobles  and  to  a 
membership  in  the  privy  council. 

Armstrong,  Gkn.  Robert,  b.  E.  Tenn., 
1790;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Feb.  23,  1854. 
He  settled  in  Nashville ;  com.  a  company  of 
Tenn.  artillery  under  Jackson,  in  the  Creek 
war  of  1813-14,  in  which  he  was  disting.,  and 
dangerously  wounded,  Jan.  24,  1814,  at  Talla- 
dega ;  disting.  in  command  of  the  artillery  at 
the  battle  of  New  Orleans  ;  and  was  brig.-gen. 
commanding  Tenn.  Mounted  Vols,  at  the  battle 
of  Wahoo  Swamp  in  the  Florida  war,  1836. 
Postmaster  of  Nashville,  1829-45;  U.  S.  con- 
sul at  Liverpool,  Eng.,  1845-52  ;  and  subse- 
quently editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Washing- 
ton Union  newspaper,  and  confidential  adviser 
of  Pres.  Polk. 

Armstrong,  William  Jessup,  D.D.,  sec. 
of  the  Amer.  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  b., 
Mendliam,N.J.,Oct.29, 1796;  d.  Nov.  27,  1846, 
in  the  wreck  of  the  steamer  "  Atlantic."  A.  M. 
of  N.J.  Coll.  1816;  DD.  1840.  Son  of  the  Rev. 
Dr.  A.  Armstrong.  After  three  years  of  theo- 
logical study,  he  was  sent  to  Albemarle  Co., 
Va.,  as  a  missionary ;  was  pastor  of  a  church 
in  Trenton,  N.J.,  three  years,  and  in  1824-34 
was  pastor  of  the  First  Presb.  Church  in  Rich- 
mond, Va.  In  1834,  he  was  app.  sec.  of  the 
I'resb.  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  for  Va.  and 
N.C.,  and  at  the  same  time  general  agent  of  the 
Amer.  Board  of  Missions  for  these  States.  In 
Si-pt.  of  that  year,  he  was  app.  successor  to 
Rev.  Dr.  Wisner,  sec.  of  the  Amer.  Board.  In 
Apr.  1838,  after  a  residence  of  two  years  and 
a  half  at  Boston,  he  removed  to  N.  Y.  A 
memoir  of  his  life,  with  a  collection  of  his  ser- 
mons, edited  by  Rev.  Hollis  Read,  was  pub. 
N.Y.,  1853. 

Armstrong,  William  Morris,  capt. 
U.S.N.,  b.  Ky.,  1797  :  d.  Norfolk,  Va.,  June  24, 
1861.  Midshipman,  Nov.  14,  1814;  lieut.  Mar. 
3,  1821 ;  commander,  Sept.  8,  1841 ;  capt.  May 
24,  1845. 

Arnold,  Benedict,  gen.  Revol.  army,  in- 
famous for  attempting  to  betray  his  country, 
b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  Jan.  3,  1741  ;  il.  Lond.,  June 
14,  1801.  In  his  youth  he  was  mischievous, 
bold,  and  turbulent.  Apprenticed  to  an 
apotliecary,  he  ran  away,  enlisted  as  a  soldier, 
but  soon  deserted  ;  was  a  druggist  and  book- 
seller in  New  Haven  in  1763-7  ;  was  afterward 
master  and  supercargo  of  a  vessel  trading  to 
the  W.  Indies,  and  became  a  bankrupt  with  the 
reputation  of  dishonesty.  Immediately  after 
the  battle  of  Lexington,  he  raised  a  volunteer 


JLRN 


86 


J^TIN 


company  with  which  he  marched  to  Cambridge, 
proposed  to  the  Ms.  Committee  of  Safety  the 
capture  of  Ticonderoga,  and,  being  commis- 
sioned a  col.,  joined  Allen's  party  in  that 
affair  in  May,  1775.  Sept.  16,  with  ab.  1,000 
men,  he  began  the  march  through  the  wilder- 
ness of  Maine,  having  the  capture  of  Quebec 
as  its  object,  and  displaying  the  qualities  of  an 
able  commander.  Wounded  in  the  leg  in  the 
assault  Dec.  31,  in  which  Montgomery  was 
killed,  he  was  promoted,  Jan.  10, 1776,  to  brig.- 
gen.  Placed  in  command  of  a  flotilla  of  small 
vessels  on  Lake  Champlain,  he  encountered  a 
superior  force  Oct.  11,  1776,  and,  though  he 
exhibited  great  skill  and  bravery,  was  defeated. 
Congress,  early  in  1777,  deeply  offended  him  by 
promoting  5  of  his  juniors  to  the  rank  of  maj.- 
gen.  Though  his  appointment  to  the  same  gi-ade 
was  afterward  dated  Feb.  17,  1777,  the  affront 
still  rankled  in  his  heart.  He  was  involved  in  fre- 
quent difficulties  by  his  violent  temper,  and  his 
dishonesty  in  pecuniary  transactions.  In  Aug. 
1777,  he  relieved  Fort*^ Schuyler,  then  invested 
by  the  British  and  Indians.  At  the  battle  of 
Bemis'  Heights,  Sept.  19,  1777,  he  com.  the 
left  wing,  but  resigned  the  post  soon  afterward 
in  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  Gen.  Gates, 
who  appears  to  have  been  jealous  of  him.  He 
fought  with  desperute  courage  as  a  volunteer 
without  command  in  the  decisive  battle  at  Still- 
water, Oct.  7  ;  was  in  the  thickest  of  the  fight, 
and,  being  the  highest  officer  on  the  field,  his 
orders  were  obeyed  when  practicable;  though 
all  accounts  state  that  his  conduct  was  rash  in 
the  extreme.  Again  severely  wounded  in  the 
leg,  he  was  disabled  for  several  months,  during 
which  Congress  accorded  him  his  full  rank.  In 
June,  1778,  he  was  app.  the  command  of  Phila. 
He  lived  here  extravagantly,  ran  deeply  in 
debt,  and  endeavored  to  sustain  himself  by 
acts  of  peculation  and  rapacity.  In  1779,  he 
m.  Margaret,  dau.  of  Edward  Shippen  of 
Phila.  Charges  were  preferred  against  him  ; 
and  Jan.  26,  1780,  he  was  sentenced  by  a  court- 
martial  to  receive  a  reprimand  from  the  com- 
mander-in-chief This,  though  mildly  adminis- 
tered, was  ill  received,  Arnold  having  6  months 
previously  begun  his  treasonable  overtures  to 
the  enemy.  To  enhance  the  value  of  his  treach- 
ery, he  sought  and  obtained  the  command  of 
West  Point,  the  "  Gibraltar  of  America,"  which 
he  proposed  to  betray  into  the  hands  of  Sir  H. 
Clinton,  who  had  employed  Maj.  Andre  in  the 
negotiation.  The  capture  of  Andre,  Sept.  23, 
1780,  led  to  the  exposure  and  defeat  of  the 
plot;  and  Arnold  narrowly  escaped  (Sept.  2.5) 
in  the  British  sloop  "  Vulture."  For  his  deser- 
tion, he  is  said  to  have  received  as  indemnity 
.£6,31. T,  and  the  grade  of  brig.-gen.  in  the 
British  service.  App.  to  command  an  exped. 
against  Va.  in  Dec.  1780,  he  ascended  the 
James  River,  and  inflicted  great  injury  by  burn- 
ing and  pillage.  In  Sept.  1781,  he  led  another 
exped.,  which  took  Fort  Griswold,  Ct.  by 
assault,  massacred  the  garrison  after  they  had 
surrendered,  and  burned  New  London.  In 
1782,  he  com.  the  "  American  Legion."  He 
afterward  resided  chiefly  in  Eng.,  where  he  was 
''shunned  and  despised  by  everybody  except 
the  king  and  a  few  persons  in  authority."  In 
1786  and  in  1790-2,  he  was  at  St.  John'*s,  N.B., 


engaged  in  trade  and  navigation,  but  was  very 
unpopular,  and  was  hung  in  effigy.  His  wife 
d,  Lond.,  Aug.  24,  1804,  a.  43,  His  son  James 
Robertson  became  a  gen.  in  the  British  army. 

—  See  Sparks's  Life  of  Arnold  in  Amer.  Biog. 
Arnold,    Benedict,    b.    Eng.,   Dec.  21, 

1615;  d.  June,  1678.  He  resided  in  Provi- 
dence as  early  as  1636.  In  1657,  he  with  Cod- 
dington,  purchased  of  the  Indians  the  Island  of 
Quononoquat,  afterward  called  Jamestown. 
Winthiop  speaks  of  him  as  "  a  great  friend  of 
Massachusetts,  especially  in  negotiations  with 
the  Indians,  he  having  a  perfect  knowledge  of 
their  language.  In  1653,  he  removed  to  New- 
port; was  made  assist,  in  1654;  pres.  by  the 
Royal  Charter  in  1663,  and  so  continued  for  8 
years. 

Arnold,  George  ("McArone"),  editor 
and  poet,  d.  Strawberry  Farms,  N.J.,  Nov.  3, 
1865.  Widely  known  as  the  author  of  the 
*'  McArone  Papers,"  some  biographical  works, 
and  by  contributions  to  Vanity  Fair,  the 
Leader,  and  other  journals.  Some  of  his 
poems  are  of  remarkable  sweetness.  He  served 
with  honor  in  the  Union  army  during  the 
civil  war,  doing  duty  a  long  time  at  one  of 
the  forts  on  Staten  Island.  His  poetical  pieces 
were  collected  and  pub.  in  1867  ;  "Drift"  and 
other  poems,  edited  by  Wm.   Winter,  in  1868. 

Arnold,  Isaac  N.,  M.  C.  from  III.  1861-5; 
author  of  a  "  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln,"  1866  ; 
b.  Hardwicke,  Otsego  Co.,  N.Y.,  Nov.  1815; 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1835,  settled  in  1836  in 
Chicago,  where  he  was  prominent  in  ])olitlcs, 
and   was  in   1865-6,  sixth  auditor  U.  S.  treas. 

—  Lanman. 

Arnold,  Sir  James  Robertson,  a  British 
gen.,  b.  Phila.,  1780;  d.  Lond.,  Dec.  27,  1854. 
His  father  was  Benedict  Arnold  the  traitor. 
Entering  the  royal  engineers  in  1798,  he  at- 
tained the  rank  of  col. ;  was  transferred  from 
that  arm  in  1841,  and  became  a  lieut.-gen. 
in  1851.  He  was  commanding  engineer  at 
Nova  Scotia  and  N.  Brunswick  in  1816-23; 
displayed  grent  courage  in  the  attack  on  Su- 
rinam, where  he  was  dangeroush'  wounded,  and 
became  aide-de-camp  successively  to  William 
IV.  and  Victoria.  In  person  and  features,  he 
bore  a  striking  resemblance  to  his  ftvther. 

Arnold,  Dr.  Jonathan,  statesman,  b. 
Providence,  R.I.,  Dec.  14,  1741  ;  d.  St.  Johns- 
bury,  Vt.,  Feb.  2,  1798.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Assembly  in  1776,  author  of  the  act  of 
May,  1776,  rejjealing  the  laws  providing  for  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  mother-country, 
member  of  the  Old  Congress  in  1782-4,  and 
surgeon  in  the  Revol.  army.  After  the  war, 
moved  to  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt..  where  he  was 
judge  of  the  Orange  County  Court  from  1782 
till  his  death. 

Arnold,  Josiah  Lyndon,  poet,  b.  Provi- 
dence, Apr.  22,  1768;  d.  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt., 
June  7,  1796.  Dartm.  Coll.  1788.  Son  of 
Dr.  Jonathan  Arnold.  After  graduating,  he 
taught  school  in  Plainficld,  Ct.,  then  studied 
law  in  Providence,  and  was  adm.  to  prac- 
tice, but  quitted  the  bar  for  a  tutorship  at  B.  U. 
On  his  father's  death,  he  returned  to  St.  Johns- 
bury. His  poems  were  collected  after  his 
death  in  a  small  volume  (pub.  1797),  with  a 
biographical  preface  signed  James  Burrell,  jun. 


j^^jsr 


37 


-AJRT 


It  comprises  translations  and  imitations  of 
Horace,  short  descriptive  pieces,  a  humorous 
eclo;;'ue,  and  a  few  song-s.  —  Dui/ckinck. 

Arnold,  Lemcel  Hastings,  statesman, 
son  of  Dr.  Jonathan,  b.  St  Jolinsbury,  Vt., 
Jan.  29,  1792;  d.  Kingston,  K.L,  June  27, 
1852.  Dartm.  Coll.  1811.  He  practised  law 
in  Providence  in  1814-21  ;  then  engaged  in 
manufactures;  was  a  member  of  tlie  council 
during  the  Dorr  Rebellion  in  1842-3  ;  gov.  of 
11.  I.  1831-3  ;  M.  C.  1845-7,  and  represented 
Providence  in  the  General  Assembly  in 
1826-31. 

Arnold,  Lewis  G.,  bng.-gen.  U.  iS.  Vols., 
1).  N.J.  ab.  1816.  West  Point,  1837.  Entering 
the  2d  Art.,  he  won  two  brevets  in  Mexico 
by  his  gallantry  atContreras  and  Churubusco, 
where  he  com.  his  com])any,  and  at  Chapul- 
tepec.  He  was  afterward  disting.  in  Florida, 
commanding  a  detathment  in  a  conflict  with 
a  large  force  of  Seniinoles  at  Big  Cypress, 
Apr.  7,  1856.  May  15,  1861,  made  maj.  1st 
Art.,  and  Jan.  24,  i862,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  serv- 
ing with  the  forces  at  N.  Orleans.  Lieut.-col. 
2d  Art.  Aug.  1,  1863.  Retired  Feb.  8,  1864. 
He  served  at  Fort  Pickens  in  1861-2,  was  in 
tiie  repulse  of  the  rebels  on  Santa  Rosa  Island, 
Fla.,  Oct.  9,  1861,  and  com.  the  Dep't  of  Fla. 
Feb.-Ocr.  1862. 

Arnold,  Peleg,  many  years  chief-justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  R.  I.;  d.  Smithfield, 
R.I.,  Feb.  13,  1820,  a.  68.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Assembly,  and  a  delegate  to  Congress 
in  1786-8,  when  he  was  app.  judge. 

Arnold,  Richard,  brev.  uimj.  gen., b. Prov- 
idence, R.I.,  12  Apr.  1828.  West  Point,  1850. 
Son  of  Gov.  L.  H.  Arnold.  Entering  the  ar- 
tillery, he  served  in  Florida;  was  aide  to  G«n. 
Wool  in  Cal.;  capt.  5th  Art.  June,  1861  ;  served 
at  Bull  Run,  and  through  the  peninsular  cam- 
paign ;  app.  chief  of  art.  to  Gen.  Banks's  exped. 
in  Nov.  1862;  brig.-gen.  vols.  19  Nov.  1862; 
rendered  important  service  at  the  siege  of  Port 
Hudson,  and  in  the  Red  River  campaign  ;  was 
afterward  also  chief  of  cavalry  dept.  of  the 
Gulf;  contrib.  greatly  to  the  reduction  of  Ft. 
Morgan  in  Mobile  Bay,  in  Aug.  1864;  was 
brev.  maj. -gen.  vols.  22  Aug.  1865  ;  and  Aug. 
1866,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.  —  Bartlett's 
R.  f.  Officers. 

Arnold,  Samuel  Greene,  historian  and 
politician,  b.  Providence,  R.I.,  12  Apr.  1821. 
B.  U.  1841.  Camb.  Law  School,  1845,  andadm. 
to  the  R.  I.  bar.  After  travelling  extensively  in 
Europe,  in  the  East,  and  in  S.  Amer.,  he  be- 
came, in  1852,  lieut.-gov.  of  R  I.,  being  the 
only  man  elected  on  the  Whig  ticket.  VVas  in 
1861  a  delegate  to  the  peace  convention  ;  was 
again  lieut.-gov.  of  the  State ;  took  the  field  in 
1861  in  command  of  a  battery  of  artillery,  and 
as  aide-de-camp  to  G<»v.  Sprague  ;  was  again 
lieut.-gov.  in  1862,  and  U.  S.  senator  in  1863, 
for  the  unexpired  term  of  J.  F.  Simmons,  serv- 
ing on  the  committee  on  naval  affairs.  Author 
of  a  valuable  "  History  of  R.  I.,"  7  vols  , 
1859-60;  the  article  on  "  Tristam  Burges"  in 
"Appleton  s  Cyclop. ;"  "  Spirit  of  R.  I.  Histo- 
ry," a  discourse  before  the  R.  I.  Hist.  Soc,  17 
Jan.  1853  ;  an  address  before  the  Amer.  Insti- 
tute, N.  Y.,  Oct.  1850  ;  addresses,  articles  in 
the  North  American  and  Christian  Reviews,  &c. 


Arpin,  Paul,  journalist,  b.  France,  1811  ; 
d.  N.  Y.  City,  18  May,  1865.  Long  editor  of 
the  N.  Orleans  Bee,  later,  of  the  Courier  des 
I^tats  Unis,  and  a  contrib.  to  the  "  New  Amer. 
CyclopjEdia." 

Arrington,  Alfred  W.,  lawyer,  b.  Ire- 
dell Co.,  N.C.,  Sept.  1810;  d.  Chicago,  111., 
31  Dec.  1867.  Son  of  Archibald  (AL  C. 
1841-5).  In  1829-34,  he  was  a  Methodist 
preacher  in  Ind.  and  Mo.,  displaying  great  el- 
oquence. Adm.  to  the  Mo.  bar,  he  removed  ab. 
1835  to  Ark.,  attained  distinction  ;  was  sent  to 
the  legisl. ;  was  judge  of  the  12th  Dist.  of  Te.\. 
in  1850-6;  settled  in  Chicago  in  1857,  and  had 
a  high  reputation  as  a  constitutional  lawyer. 
A  fine  scholar  and  writer,  he  contrib.,  under 
the  nom  de  plume  of  ''  Charles  Summerfield,"  to 
the  Democratic  Rev,  and  Southern  Literary  Mes- 
senger. 

Arthur,  Sir  George,  bart.,  a  British 
statesman,  b.  June  21,  1784  ;  d.  Sept.  19,  1854. 
He  early  entered  the  army,  in  which  he  attained 
high  rank,  and,  after  being  successively  gov.  of 
Honduras  and  Van  Dieman's  Land,  Mar.  23, 
1838,  was  app.  lieut.-gov.  of  Upper  Canada.  His 
measures  to  suppress  the  rebellion  of  1837-S 
were  prudent,  vigorous,  and  successful,  and, 
with  the  aid  of  Sir  John  Colborne,  peace  ami 
harmony  were  completely  restored.  In  1839, 
on  the  union  of  the  provmces,  and  the  app.  of 
C.  Paulett  Thompson  as  first  gov.-gen.  of  Can- 
ada, Sir  George  returned  hotne,  and  was  imme- 
diately app.  gov.  of  Bombay.  —  Morgan. 

Arthur,  Timothy  Shay,  author,  b.  near 
Newburg,  Orange,  Co.,  N.Y.,  1809.  He  had 
little  education  ;  was  apprenticed  to  a  trader  in 
Baltimore  ;  was  for  several  years  a  clerk,  and,  in 
1833,  visited  the  West  as  agent  of  a  banking 
company.  On  his  return  to  Baltimore,  where 
he  pub.  a  newpsaper  called  the  Atkemeum,  he 
began  a  series  of  short  novels,  chiefly  of  a  do- 
mestic character,  which  have  been  widely  cir- 
culated in  newspapers  and  in  cheap  editions, 
and  were  quite  popular.  For  several  years,  Mr. 
Arthur  has  been  engaged  in  journalism,  and 
has  resided  in  Phila.  since  1841.  In  connection 
with  W.  H.  (/arpenter,  lie  prepared  a  series  of 
school  histories  of  several  of  the  States.  Among 
his  later  novels  are,  "  Out  in  the  World," 
"  Nothing  but  Money,"  and  "  Our  Neighbors." 

Artigas  (ar-tee'-'gas),  Jose,  a  Montevidean 
gen.,  b.  ab.  1760;  d.  Nov.  1825.  During  the 
insurrection  of  the  Spanish  colonies,  the  fate  of 
the  new  republic  of  La  Plata  was  for  some  time 
iti  his  hands.  In  1811,  while  a  capt.  in  tlie  royal 
army,  he  entered  the  seiwice  of  Buenos  Ayres  in 
consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  the  gov.  of  Santo 
Sacramento,  and,  gaining  a  victory  over  the 
royalists  at  Las  Piedras,  the  junta  of  Buenos 
Ayres  speedily  invested  him  with  the  command 
of  an  army  with  which  hesoon  brought  the  Bra- 
zilian Government  to  terms.  Having  withdrawn 
his  troops  from  the  siege  of  Montevideo,  the 
jealousy  and  suspicion  of  Posadas,  the  director 
of  the  junta,  were  aroused;  and  Aitigas  was 
outlawed.  Placing  hjmself  at  the  head  of  the  na- 
tive cattle-drivers  of  La  Plata,  called  Guachos, 
he  made  himself  master  of  Santa  Fe  and  Mon- 
tevideo in  1815,  and  compelled  the  junta  to 
recognize  him  as  independent  chief  of  the  Banda 
Oriental.     In  1816,  the  Portuguese  again   en- 


^SB 


38 


J^S££ 


deavored  to  extend  their  territory  to  the  La 
Plata,  but,  after  several  engagements,  were 
forced  to  leave  Artigas  in  possession  of  the 
country.  In  1820,  Artigas  became  master  of 
the  capital,  in  consequence  of  the  government 
having  lent  itself  to  a  plot  for  the  establishment 
of  an  hereditary  government,  but  was  defeated 
in  a  decisive  battle  in  Oct.  1820,  and  was,  un- 
til his  death,  a  captive  in  the  hands  of  Francia, 
dictator  of  Paraguay.  He  was  active  and  brave, 
and  possessed  an  indomitable  will. 

Asboth,  Alexander  Sandor,  brig.-gen. 
U.  S.  Vols.,  b.  Keszthely,Co.of  Zaln,  Hungary, 
Dec.  18,  1811 ;  d.  Buenos  Ayres,  Jan.  21,  1868. 
He  studied  at  Oedenburg,  served  in  the  Aus- 
trian army,  and  afterwards  devoted  iiimself  to 
engineering.  Attaching  himself  to  the  Liberals 
on  the  outbreak  of  the  war  of  1 848-9,  he  entered 
the  Hungarian  army,  took  part  in  several  bat- 
tles, and  at  the  close  of  the  struggle  was  adj.- 
gen.  of  the  army.  Accompanying  Kossuth  to 
Turkey,  he  shared  his  continement  at  Kutaiah, 
and  on  their  release,  in  the  autumn  of  1851, 
came  in  the  frigate  "  Mississippi  "  to  the  U.  S., 
of  which  he  becan)e  a  citizen.  He  was  succes- 
sively a  farmer,  engineer,  and  manufacturer, 
until,  in  the  spring  of  1861,  he  offered  his  ser- 
vices to  government,  and  in  July  went  as  chief 
of  Fremont's  staff  to  Missouri.  Sept.  26,  he 
was  made  brig.-gen.,  and  in  Fremont's  western 
campaign  com.  the  4th  division.  His  division 
formed  the  rearguard  on  the  retreat  to  Rolla. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  Gen.  Curtis's  winter 
campaign  in  Ark,  and  was  prominent  in  the  3- 
days'  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  where  he  was  severely 
wounded.  In  Feb.  1863,  he  com.  at  Columbus, 
Ky.,  and  in  Aug.  was  assigned  to  the  command 
of  W.  Florida.  In  the  fight  at  Mariana,  Fla., 
Sept.  27,  1864,  his  left  cheek  bone  was  broken, 
and  his  left  arm  fractured  in  two  places.  Brev. 
maj.-gen.  for  his  services  in  Fla.,  Mar.  13,  1865; 
resigned  Aug.  186.5.  The  wound  in  his  face  fi- 
nally caused  his  death.  App.  minister  to  the 
Argentine  Republic  in  Mar.  1866. 

Asbury,  Francis,  bishop  of  the  M.  E. 
Church,  b.  Handsworth,  Staffoi-dshire,  Eng., 
Aug.  20,  1745;  d.  Spottsylvania,  Va.,  Mar. 
31,  1816.  He  became  an  itinerant  under  Wes- 
ley in  his  23d year;  came  to  theU.  S.  in  1771  ; 
in  1772  was  app.  by  Wesley  general  supt.  in 
Araer.,  and  held  the  office  throughout  the  Rev- 
olution. At  the  peace,  the  Methodists  in  this 
country  organized  as  a  body  separate  from  the 
Church  of  Eng. ;  and  Asbury  was  consecrated 
bishop  by  Dr.  ('oke  in  1784.  For  32  years, 
Bishop  Asbury  travelled  yearly  through  the 
U.  S.,  ordaining  not  less  than  3,000  preachers, 
and  preaching  about  17,000  sermons. 

Asgill,  Sir  Charles,  bart.,a  British  gen., 
b.  1762;  d.  July,  1823.  Son  of  Sir  Charles, 
alderman  of  London.  Entering  the  1st  foot 
guards  in  Feb.  1778,  he  became  a  capt.  Feb.  3, 
1781,  and,  joining  the  army  under  Cornwallis 
in  America,  was  included  in  the  surrender  at 
Yorktown.  By  order  of  Washington,  the  cap- 
tured officers  of  his  rank  drew  lots,  that  one 
might  suffer  in  retaliation  for  the  execution 
of  tiie  Amer.  capt.  Huddy.  The  lot  fell  upon 
Asgill;  but  by  the  intervention  of  the  French 
queen,  to  whon)  his  mother  had  made  most  pa- 
thetic appeals,  he  was,  after  6  months'  deten- 


tion, released  by  act  of  Congress.  He  afterward 
served  during  the  Irish  rebellion,  and  attained 
the  grade  of  gen.  June  4,  1814. 

AshburtOU,  Alexander  Baring,  lord, 
many  years  the  head  of  the  great  mercantile 
house  "Baring  Brothers  &  Co.,"  b.  1774;  d. 
May  13,  1848.  Son  of  Sir  Francis  Baring. 
After  a  business-education  in  Lond.,  came  to 
the  U.  S.  to  co-operate  in  the  business  of  his 
firm.  From  1812,  until  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  in  1835,  he  was  a  member  of  parlia- 
ment. Commencing  political  life  as  a  Whig,  he 
became,  on  the  formation  of  the  Peel  ministry 
in  1834,  pres.  of  the  Board  of  Trade.  In 
1842,  he  was  app.  by  Peel  a  special  commis- 
sioner to  settle  the  Maine  boundary  dispute, 
which  then  threatened  to  involve  us  in  a  war 
with  Eng.  In  conjunction  with  Daniel  Web- 
st-r,  on  the  part  of  the  U.  S.,  an  amicable  set- 
tlement was  effected,  known  as  the  Ashburton 
Treaty.  In  1798,  Lord  Ashburton  m.  the  dau. 
of  Wm.  Bingham  of  Phila. 

Ashby,  Turner, brig.-gen.  C.S.A.,  b.  Rose 
Hill,  Fauquier  Co.,  Va.,  1824 ;  killed  near  Har- 
risonburg, Va.,  June  6, 1862,  in  a  skirmish  pre- 
ceding the  battle  of  Cross  Keys.  His  grand- 
father. Jack  Ashby,  was  a  capt.  in  Marshall's 
3d  Va.  regt.  in  the  Re  vol.  war.  He  engaged  in 
the  grain-business  at  Markham,  Va.,  and  was 
afterward  a  farmer  and  politician.  When  the 
civil  war  broke  out,  he  raised  a  regt.  of  cavalry, 
and,  being  an  accomplished  horseman,  soon  be- 
came celebrated.  He  was  with  Gen.  T.  J.  Jack- 
son, covering  the  retreat  of  his  army  before  the 
advance  of  Gen.  Banks,  and  subsequently  of 
Gen.  Fremont  up  the  Shenandoah,  and  daily 
skirmishing  with  the  Union  vanguard.  In  May, 
1862,  he  was  app.  a  brig.-gen.  Confed  provis- 
ional army. 

Ashe,  John,  gen.,  b.  Eng.,  1721  ;  d.  Du- 
plin Co.,  N.C.,  Oct.  24,  1781.  He  came  to 
Amer.  with  his  father,  who  settled  on  Cape 
Fear  River,  N.C,  in  1727.  He  was  some 
years  in  the  Colonial  legisl.,  and  was  speaker 
in  1762-5  ;  warmly  opposed  the  Stamp  Act, 
and,  at  the  head  of  an  armed  force,  com- 
pelled the  stamp-master  to  resign.  As  a  col. 
of  militia,  he  aided  Tryon  against  the  Reg- 
ulators in  1771,  but  soon  became  a  zealous 
republican.  A  member  of  the  legisl.,  of  the 
committee  of  correspondence  and  of  safety,  he 
was  exceedingly  active  and  vigilatjt ;  was  one 
of  the  first  projectors  of  a  Provincial  (^ongress  ; 
with  500  men,  destroyed  Foit  Johnson,  in 
1775,  and  was  denounced  as  a  rebel.  Member 
of  the  first  Provincial  Congress,  he  raised  and 
equipped  a  regt.  at  his  own  expense ;  was 
app.,  Apr.  23,  1776,  brig,  of  Wilmington  dis- 
trict, and,  at  the  close  of  1778,  joined  Lincoln 
in  S.  C.  After  his  surprise  and  defeat  by 
Gen.  Prevost,  at  Brier  (^reek.  Mar.  4,  1779, 
he  returned  home.  Wilmington  became  a 
British  post  in  1781  ;  and  Col.  Ashe  and  his 
family  suffered  much  at  their  hands.  Made  a 
prisoner,  he  contracted  the  small-pox  during 
his  confinement,  of  which  disease  he  died. 

Ashe,  John  Baptiste,  soldier  and  states- 
man, b.  N.  C,  1748;  d.  Nov.  27,  1802.  Son 
of  Gov.  Samuel  Ashe.  In  1776,  he  was  a  capt. 
in  the  Continental  service,  and  closed  his  mili- 
tary career  at  Eutaw,  a  lieut.-col.     He  was  a 


^SH 


39 


^SF 


member  of  the  State  lej^isl.,  delegate  to  the 
oUl  Congress  in  1787-8,  M.  C,  1790-3. 
Elected  gov.  of  N.  C,  but  died  before  his  in- 
auguration. 

Ashe,  Samuel,  jurist  and  statesman,  bro. 
of  Gen.  John,  b.  N.  C,  1725  ;  d.  Rocky  Point, 
N.C.,  Feb.  3,  1813.  He  was  a  lawyer,  and 
exhibited  his  patriotism  and  talents  in  the 
council  of  safety,  in  the  Congress  of  N.  C,  of 
which  he  was  a  leading  member  in  1774-6, 
and  also  as  a  soldier  in  some  of  the  emergencies 
of  the  times.  Chief-justice  of  N.  C.  in  1777- 
96,  and  gov.  of  N.  C.  in  1795-8. 

Ashe,  Col.  Samuel,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, b.  1763;  d.  near  Fayetteviile,  N.C.,  Nov, 
10,  1834.  He  was  a  Revol.  soldier  ;  was  made 
prisoner  at  the  capture  of  Charleston  in  1780, 
and,  after  his  exchange,  served  to  the  end  of  the 
war;  first  under  Lafayette,  and  finally  under 
Gen.  Greene.  He  subsequently  represented  in 
the  State  Assembly  the  county  of  New  Hano- 
over  for  many  years.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
kindness  and  benevolence. 

Ashe,  Thomas,  clerk,  on  board  his  Majes- 
ty's ship,  "  The  Richmond,"  sent  out  in  1680; 
pub.,  on  his  return  in  1682,  "  Carolina;  or,  a 
Description  of  the  Present  State  of  that 
Country,  and  the  Natural  Excellences  thereof," 
&c.  It  forms  26  8vo  pages  in  the  reprint  in 
Carroll's  Hist.  Coll.  of  S.  C.  —  Duyckinck. 

Ashe,  Thos.,  called  Capt.  Ashe,  an  English 
traveller,  author  of  "  Travels  in  America  in 
1806  ;"  d.  1835. 

Ashley,  Johx,  maj.-gen.,  d.  Sheffield,  Ms., 
Nov.  5,  1799,  a.  63.  Y.C.  1758.  Son  of  Col. 
John,  one  of  the  settlers,  in  1732,  of  Hous- 
satonnuc,  afterward  Sheffield,  who  d.  there 
Sept.  1,  1802,  a.  92.  Gen  A.  com.  the  militia 
which  dispersed  the  insurrectionary  force  of 
Shay's  at  Sheffield,  Feb.  26,  1787.  He  was  a 
lawyer,  and  held  many  public  trusts. 

Ashley,  Joxathan,  minister  of  Westfield  ; 
and  subsequentlv  of  Deerfield,  Ms.,  b.  1713; 
d.  there  June,  1787.  Y.  C.  1730.  Ord.  1738. 
He  was  a  man  of  strong  mind  ;  was  an  earnest 
and  pungent  preacher,  and  a  warm  loyalist, 
in  consequence  of  which,  and  of  the  imprudent 
boldness  with  which  he  expressed  his  senti- 
ments, difficulties  occurred  between  him  and 
his  people.  He  pub.  a  sermon  on  "  Church- 
membership  ;  "  at  the  ordination  of  John  Nor- 
ton, Deerfield,  1741;  "The  Great  Duty  of 
Charity,'  1742;  *' A  Letter  to  W.  Cooper," 
1745. 

Ashley,  Gen.  William  H.,  b.  Powhatan 
Co.,  Va.  ab.  1778;  d.  near  Booneville,  Mo., 
Mar.  26,  1838.  He  emigrated  to  Missouri, 
then  Upper  La.  ;  in  1808  settled  near 
the  lead-mines,  and  became  brig.-gen.  of 
militia.  In  1822,  he  projected  the  '-Mountain 
Expedition,"  uniting  the  Indian  trade  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains  with  hunting  and 
trapping;  enlisted  ab.  300  hardy  men  in  the 
business,  from  which  they  realized  handsome 
fortunes.  He  w:is  the  first  lieut.-gov.  of  Mo., 
and  M.  C.  from  1831  to  1837.  —  Lanman. 

Ashmead,  Isaac,  printer,  inventor  of 
composition  ]>rinting-rollers,  d.  Phila.,  Mar.  1, 
1870,  a.  80.  He  was  a  founder  of  the  Amer.  S. 
S.  Union,  and  aided  in  establishing  the  Amer. 
Preslji/terian  and  the  Presb.  Quarterly  Review. 


Ashmun,  Eli  Porter,  lawyer,  b.  Bland- 
ford,  Ms.,  June  24,  1770;  d.  Northampton, 
May  10,  1819.  Middlebury  Coll.  1807.  He 
practised  law  in  his  native  town  until  1807  ; 
was  several  years  in  the  house  and  senate  of 
M.-. ;  and  was  U.  S.  senator  from  1816  until  his 
resignation  in  May,  1818.  He  received  an 
honorary  degree  from  H.  U.  in  1809. 

Ashmun,  George,  lawver  and  politician, 
b.  Bradford,  Ms,  Dec.  25,' 1804;  d.  Spring- 
field, July  17,  1870.  Y.  C.  1823.  He  settled 
in  Springfield  as  a  lawyer  in  1828;  was  some 
years  in  the  legisl.,  and  was  speaker  in  1841. 
M.  C.  1845-51 ;  and  pres.  of  the  Chicago  Nat. 
Repub.  Convention  in  1860.  He  was  an  able 
debater  and  a  sterling  patriot. 

Ashraun,  Jeiiudi,  agent  of  the  Amer. 
Colonization  Soc,  b.  Champlain,  N.  Y.,  Apr. 
1794;  d.  Aug.  25,1828.  Bowd.  Coll.  1816. 
After  preparing  for  the  ministry,  he  was  for  a 
short  time  prof,  in  the  Bangor  Theol.  Sem. 
Removing  to  the  Dist.  of  Columbia,  he  edited 
the  1'heological  Repository.  App.  to  take 
charge  of  a  re-enforcement  to  the  colony  at 
Liberia,  he  arrived  at  Cape  Montserado,  Aug. 
8,  1822.  He  was  legislator,  soldier,  and  engi- 
neer, laying  out  fortifications,  and  superin- 
tending their  construction,  though  suflFering 
great  affliction  from  the  loss  of  his  wife,  and 
laboring  under  an  attack  of  fever.  Ab.  three 
months  after  his  arrival,  his  force  of  35  men 
and  boys  was  attacked  by  800  armed  savages, 
whom  he  repulsed,  and  a  second  time  defeated 
them  a  few  days  later.  Compelled  by  ill  health 
to  take  a  voyage  to  Amer.,  he  d.  a  fortnight  aftei 
his  arrival  at  New  Haven.  He  pub.  "  Memoirs 
of  Rev.  Samuel  Bacon,"  1822,  and  papers  in  the 
African  Repository.  —  See  Life  by  R.  R.  Gurley, 
8vo,  183.S. 

Ashmun,  John  Hooker,  legal  scholar, 
b.  Blandford,  Ms.,  July  3,  1800;  d.  Cam- 
bridge, Ms.,  Apr.  1,  1833.  Son  of  Eli  P.  H. 
U.  1818.  He  became  associated  with  Judge 
Howe  and  Elijah  H.  Mills  in  conducting  a  law- 
school  at  Northampton  ;  and,  when  the  law- 
school  at  Cambridge  was  organized  in  1829, 
he  was  app.  prof  there.  Though  he  d.  young, 
he  had  acquired  a  high  reputation.  Judge 
Story,  in  his  funeral  discourse,  said,  "  The 
honors  of  the  university  were  never  more  wor- 
thily bestowed,"  and  "  he  gathered  about  him 
all  the  honors  which  are  usually  the  harvest  of 
the  ripest  life." 

Aspinwall,  Col.  Thomas,  b.  Brookline, 
Aug.  23,  1784.  H.  U.  1804.  Son.  of  Dr. 
Wm.  He  studied  law  with  Wm.  Sullivan, 
and,  at  the  commencement  of  the  War  of  1812, 
was  a  practitioner  at  the  bar.  App.  maj.  9th 
U.  S.  Inf,  which  he  aided  in  raising,  Mar. 
12,  1812,  he  received  the  brevs.  of  lieut.-col. 
for  gallantry  at  Sackett's  Harbor,  May  29, 
1813,  and  of  col.  for  Brown's  sortie  from 
Fort  Erie,  in  which  he  lost  an  arm,  Sept.  17, 
1814  ;  and  was  also  disting.  in  Gaines's  victory 
at  Fort  Erie.  U.  S.  consul  at-  London  from 
1816  to  18.54.     Since  a  resident  of  Boston. 

Aspinwall,  William,  M.D.,  physician, 
1).  Brookline,  Ms.,  May  23,  1743;  d.  Apr.  16, 
1823.  H.  U.  1764.  He  studied  at  Phila.,  and 
took  his  diploma  there  ab.  1768.  He  prac- 
tised in  Brookline  until  the  Revol.  war.     He 


jVS'P 


40 


^TK 


served  as  a  vol.  at  Lexington,  then  as  a 
8ur<;oon,  and  afterward  as  deputy  director  of 
a  military  hospital  at  Jamaica  Plain.  He 
afterward  en;,faged  in  inoculation  for  small- 
pox, and  erected  hospitals  in  Brookline  for 
that  purpose,  and  adopted  vaccine  inoculation 
as  soon  as  it  was  introduced  into  the  U.  S. 
Many  years  a  member  of  the  house  and  senate 
of  Ms.,  and  of  the  executive  council,  also  a 
justice  of  the  peace,  and  was  in  politics  a 
decided  Republican.  He  was  blind  for  several 
years  before  his  death.  William,  his  eldest 
son,  also  a  physician  of  Brookline,  d.  1818. 

Astor,  John  Jacob,  a  wealthy  merchant, 
founder  of  tlie  Astor  Library  of  N.  Y.,  b. 
Waldorf,  Germany,  July  17,  1763;  d.  N.  Y. 
City,  March  29,  1848.  At  the  age  of  16,  he 
joined  his  elder  bro.,  a  dealer  in  musical  in- 
struments, in  London,  and  at  20,  with  a  small 
stock  of  furs,  began  business  in  N.  Y.  He 
carried  on  a  fur-trade  with  the  Indians,  and, 
extending  his  business  to  the  Columbia  River, 
founded  there,  in  1811,  Astoria.  He  was  long 
engaged  in  the  Canton  trade  ;  and,  by  judicious 
purchases  of  real  estate  in  N.Y.,  accumulated 
an  immense  fortune,  the  bulk  of  which  he  left 
to  his  son,  Wm.  B.  Astor.  Besides  giving 
$400,000  for  the  library,  he  made  many  liberal 
donations  during  his  life-time.  His  will  con- 
tained, among  other  charitable  provisions,  one 
of  $50  000  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor  of  his 
native  village.  The  incidents  of  the  establish- 
ment of  Astoria  are  narrated  by  Irving  in  his 
"Astoria"  and  in  his  "Life  of  Capt.  Bonne- 
ville." 

Atahualpa  (a-ta-hwar-pa),  or  Atabali- 
PA,  last  inca  of  I\-ru,  strangled  by  order  of 
Pizarro,  Aug.  29,  1.533.  Made  king  of  Quito 
on  his  father's  death  in  1529,  he  soon  after  de- 
posed his  eldest  brother  Hnescar,  and  sought 
to  secure  his  seat  by  the  murder  of  his  children. 
The  civil  war  which  ensued  enabled  Pizarro  to 
obtain  a  foothold  in  Peru.  Obtaining  posses- 
sion of  the  inca's  person  by  treachery,  he  was 
for  some  time  kept  in  respectful  custody  to 
issue  such  orders  as  the  conquerors  dictat_^d  ; 
but  at  length,  to  prevent  comention  ab.  the  di- 
vision of  his  ransom  between  his  captors  and 
the  newly-arrived  troops  cf  Almagro,  he  was, 
after  a  mock  trial,  strangled  at  the  stake. 

Atchison,  David  II.,  U.  S.  senator  from 
Mo.,  1841-55,  b.  Frogtown,  Favette  Co.,  Ky., 
Aug.  11,  1807.  He  settled  in  Liberty  Co.,  Mo., 
in  April,  1830  ;  practised  law  ;  was  a  member  of 
the  Mo.  legisl.  in  1834  and  1838;  and,  in  Feb. 
1841,  was  app.  judge  of  the  Platte  Co.  Circuit 
Court ;  pres.  pro  tern.  U.  S.  senate,  1846-9  and 
1852-4.  Prominent  in  the  legisl,  upon  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Territories  of  Kansas  and  Ne- 
braska, and  claims  to  have  originated  the  clause 
in  the  bill  repealing  the  Missouri  Compromise. 
He  was  a  proslavery  leader  in  the  Kansas 
troubles  in  1856-7.  Resides  in  Clinton  Co., 
Mo. 

Atherton,  .Charles  Gordon,  senator, 
son  of  Charles  H.,  b.  Amherst,  N.H.,  4  July, 
1804 ;  d.  Manchester,  N.II.,  15  Nov.  1853.  H. 
U.  1 822.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1 825,  he  opened  an 
office  in  Nashua,  and  afterward  in  Dunstable  ; 
was  many  years  a  Democ.  member  of  the  N.  H. 
legisl.,  and  three  years  speaker  of  the  House. 


M.  C.  1837-43;  U.  S.  senator  1843-9,  and 
again  in  1853,  and  chairman  of  the  finance 
committee.  11  Dec.  1838,  he  introduced  re- 
solves declaring  that "  Congress  has  no  juris- 
diction over  the  institution  of  slavery  in  the 
several  States  of  the  confederacy,  and  that  all 
petitions  relating  to  slavery,  or  to  its  abolition, 
be  laid  on  the  table  without  debate."  These 
rules  were  in  force  until  1845. 

Atherton,  Charles  Humphrey,  lawyer, 
b.  Amherst,  N.H.,  Aug.  14,  1773;  d.  there 
Jan.  8,  1853.  H.  U.  1794.  Son  of  Hon  Josh- 
ua. He  descended  from  James,  one  of  the 
founders  of  Lancaster,  Ms. ;  began  to  practise 
law  in  Amherst  in  1797;  soon  established  a 
reputation  for  solid  attainments  and  exact  hab- 
its of  investigation ;  and  was  register  of  pro- 
bate from  1798  to  1837.  M.  C.  181.5-17,  and 
an  ardent  member  of  the  Federal  party.  Mem- 
ber of  the  State  legisl.  in  1823  and  1838-9. 
Ho  made  valuable  contributions  to  the  collec- 
tions of  the  N.  H.  Hist.  Soc 

Atherton,  Humphrey,  maj. -gen.,  a  dis- 
tinguished Ms.  soldier;  d.  Boston,  Sept.  17, 
1661,  by  a  fall  from  his  horse.  He  came  from 
Eng.  ab.  1636,  at  which  time  he  signed  the 
covenant  of  the  church  at  Dorchester.  Adm. 
a  freeman  in  1638;  dep.  to  the  General  Court 
from  Dorchester  for  that  year,  and  in  1639,  41, 
and  53,  from  Springfield,  when  he  was  chosen 
speaker.  Capt.  of  the  Art.  Co.  1650.  In 
1654,  and  from  1664  to  his  d.  he  was  assist., 
and  in  1656,  maj. -gen.  He  was  much  employed 
in  negotiations  with  the  Indians.  The  manner 
of  his  death  is  commented  on  by  Hubbard  as 
one  of  the  judgments  of  God. 

Atherton,  Joshua,  lawyer  and  loyalist, 
b.  Harvard,  Ms.,  June  20,  1737;  d  Amherst, 
N.H.,  Apr.  3,  1809.  H.  U.  1762.  Son  of 
Col.  Peter  of  Lancaster.  He  studied  law,  be- 
gan practice  at  Petersham,  removed  to  Litch- 
field, and  in  1773,  with  the  app.  of  register  of 
probate  of  Hillsborough  Co.,  to  Amherst,  where 
he  acquired  property,  and  reputation  in  his  pro- 
fession. Though  an  open  and  firm  loyalist, 
and  subjected  to  all  the  insults  and  indignities 
bestowed  on  such,  he  refused  to  fly.  Having 
taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  U.  S.,  he 
was  in  1779  admitted  to  practise  in  the  Supe- 
rior Court.  Gradually  recovering  his  lost 
popularity,  he  became  a  member  of  the  Con- 
vention to  adopt  the  Federal  Constitution,  and 
led  the  opposition.  He  objected  to  the  provis- 
ions concerning  slaves  and  slavery.  Subse- 
quently he  was  elected  to  the  house  and  senate 
of  N.  H.,  and  in  1793  was  made  attorney-gen. 
of  the  State.  His  last  office  was  that  of  com- 
missioner for  U.  S.  direct  tax.  He  was  re- 
markable for  courtesy,  urbanity,  and  other 
social  qualities.  —  Sabine. 

Atkinson,  Henry,  gen. ;  d.  June  14, 1842, 
at  Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo  ,  a.  60.  He  was  app. 
from  N.  C.  capt.  3d  Inf.  July  1.  1808  ;  inspec- 
tor-gen. Apr.  25,  1813;  col.  45th  Inf  Apr.  15, 
1814;  brig.-gen.  May  13,  1820;  adjutant-gen. 
June  1,  1821,  and  com.  the  Western  army  at 
the  defeat  of  the  Sac  Indians  under  Black 
Hawk,  near  Bad  Axe  River,  Aug.  2, 1832.  His 
bro.  Gen.  Richard  served  in  N.C.  legisl.;  was 
col.  of  a  N.C.  regt.  in  the  Creek  war  (1813-14); 
d.  Person  Co.,  N.C,  Dec.  3,  1821. 


-A.TK: 


41 


AXJB 


Atkinson,  Theodore,  judge,  b.  Newcas- 
tle, N.H.,  Dec.  20,  1697  ;  d.  Sept.  22,  1779.  H. 
U.  1718.  Son  of  Col.  Theodore.  Sec.  of  the 
Colony  in  1741,  chief -justice  in  1754,  and 
maj.-gen.  of  militia  in  1769.  The  Revol.  de- 
prived him  of  all  these  offices.  A  delegate  to 
the  Congress  at  Albany  in  1754,  he  was  one 
of  the  committee  which  drew  up  the  plan  of 
union  for  the  defence  of  the  Colonies.  Many 
years  in  the  legisl.  and  council;  he  also  held 
the  offices  of  clerk  of  the  C.  C.  P.,  col.  of 
militia,  and  in  active  service  during  the 
French  and  Indian  wa;s  ;  collector  of  Ports- 
mouth, and  sheriff.  At  his  death,  he  left  £200 
to  the  Epis.  Church  of  Portsmouth,  the  inter- 
est to  be  spent  in  bread  for  the  poor. 

Atkinson,  Theodore,  Jun.,  his  son,  b. 
Portsmouth,  Apr.  29,  1737;  d.  Oct.  28,  1769. 
H.  U.  1757.  Was  a  meml>er  of  the  council, 
and  sec.  of  the  Colony,  1760-9. 

Atkinson,  William  King,  lawyer,  b. 
Portsmouth,  N.H.,  Jan.  6,  1764  ;  d.  Sept.  29, 
1820.  H.  U.  1783.  He  changed  his  name, 
which  was  King,  from  respect  to  h's  relative, 
Judge  A.  Commencing  the  practice  of  law 
at  Dover,  N.H.,  he  acquired  high  repute,  was 
many  years  register  of  probate,  was  attorney- 
gen.,  and  afterward  a  justice  of  the  Supieme 
Court. 

Atlee,  Samuel  John,  col.  Revol.  army, 
b.  1738;  d.  Phila.,  Nov.  1786  He  com.  a 
Pennsylvania  company  in  the  French  war. 
Aug.  26,  1776,  he.com.  an  advanced  battalion 
on  Long  Island,  and  was  made  prisoner,  re- 
maining some  time  in  the  hands  of  the  British. 
He  vvas  afterward  a  commissioner  to  treat  with 
the  Indians.  Member  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress in  1778-82,  and  one  of  the  committee  on 
the  mutiny  of  Pa.  troops  in  1781. 

Atlee,  Washington  L.,  M.D.,  lecturer 
and  medical  writer,  b.  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Feb.  22, 
1808.  Has  contrib.  many  valuable  papers  to 
the  medical  journals  of  the  U.  S.,  and  is  the 
author  of  13  pamphlets,  lectures,  and  addresses 
on  medicine,  chemistry,  botany,  &c. —  Alitbone. 

AtondO  y  Antillon,  Isidoro,  a  Spanish 
admiral  concerned  in  the  colonization  of  Lower 
California;  d.  in  the  latter  part  of  the  17th 
century.  He  sailed  from  Chacala,  May  18, 
1683,  with  two  vessels  equipped  at  his  own 
cost.  Landing  Oct.  6  in  a  great  bay  situated 
in  latitude  26°  30',  which  he  called  St.  Bruno, 
he  built  a  church,  and  took  possession  of  the 
territory  of  Lower  California  for  the  crown 
of  Spain.  After  a  year's  exploration  of  the  in- 
terior, during  which  400  Indians  were  baptized, 
discouraged  by  the  sterility  of  the  soil,  Aton- 
do  quitted  the  bay,  returned  to  Cinaloa,  where 
lie  had  formerly  revictualled  his  ship-;,  and  en- 
gaged in  pearl-fishing.  Ordered  back  to  St. 
Bruno,  he  declined  to  remain  there,  and,  after 
spending  three  years,  returned.  Atondo  was 
charged  with  a  new  expedition  in  1686  ;  l)ut 
none  took  place  until  8  years  after,  when 
Francisco  de  Hamarra  undertook  it,  and  the 
colonization  was  afterward  completed  l)y  the 
fathers  Kino  and  Salva  Tierra,  who  accompa- 
nied Atondo. —  Nouv.  Dioy.  Gen. 

AttUCks,  Crispus,  a  mulatto,  or  half-In- 
dian, a  resident  of  Framingham,  Ms.  Killed 
Mar.  5,  1770,  in  the  affray  known  as  the  Bos- 


ton Massacre,  in  which  he  was  a  ringleader. 
Several  affrays  had  recently  taken  place  be- 
tween the  people  and  the  soldiery,  who  were 
mutually  exasperated.  Leading  his  party  to 
King  Street  to  attack  the  main  guard,  Attucks 
seized  the  bayonet  of  a  soldier,  knocked  him 
down,  and,  in  the  fatal  discharge  which  fol- 
lowed, was  the  first  to  fall.  The  funeral  of 
the  victims  was  attended  with  great  pomp  and 
solemnity.  .The  shops  were  all  closed,  and  all 
the  i)ells  of  the  town  were  tolled,  as  were  those 
of  the  neighboring  towns.  The  Massacre,  as 
it  was  called,  was  commemorated  yearly  by  an 
oration  in  Boston,  and  was  effectively  used  to 
stimulate  the  Revol.  sentiments  of  the  people. 

Atwater,  Caleb,  author,  b.  N.  Adams, 
Ms.,  Dec.  25,  1778  ;  d.  Circleville,  O.,  Mar.  13, 
1867.  Williams  Coll.  1804.  He  practised  law  ; 
removed  to  O.  in  1811  ;  was  some  years 
member  of  the  legisl.,  and  postmaster  of  Cir- 
cleville; and  vvas  an  Indian  commissioner  un- 
der Jackson.  Author  of  a  "  Tour  to  Prairie 
du  Chien  in  1829,"  12mo,  Columbus,  1831  ; 
"  Western  Antiquities,"  1833  ;  "  Writings  of 
Caleb  Atwater,"  8vo,  1833;  "History  of 
Ohio,"  8vo,  1838 ;  and  "  Essav  on  Education," 
1841. 

Atwater,  Jeremiah,  D.D.  (Dick.  Coll. 
1810),  first  pres.  of  Middleimry  Coll.,  Vt., 
1800-9  ;  pres.  of  Dick.  Coll.  Pa.,  1809-15;  b. 
N.  Haven,  Ct.,  1774;  d.  there  29  July,  1858. 
Yale  Coll.  1793.     Tutor  there,  1795-9. 

Aubert  Dubayet  (o-bair  du-bar-ya), 
Jean  Baft.  Annibale,  a  French  soldier,'  b. 
La.,  Aug.  29,  1759;  d.  Constantinople,  Dec. 
17,  1797.  In  1780,  he  was  a  lieut.  in  the  regt. 
Bourbonnais  in  the  army  of  Rochambeau,  serv- 
ing in  America;  and  at  the  outset  of  the 
French  Revol.  was  a  capt.  of  cavalry  in  gar- 
rison at  Metz.  A  deputy  in  the  legislative 
assembly  in  1791,  he  was  in  1792  its  pres.,  and 
a  defender  of  Lafayette.  Brig. -gen.  in  1793,  he 
defended  Mayence,  and  on  its  surrender  led  the 
garrison  ag;iinst  the  Vendeans,  who  defeated 
him  at  Clisson.  In  1796,  he  com.  the  army  of 
the  coast  of  Cherbourg,  but  was  called  to  the 
ministry  of  war  by  the  Directory,  and  3  months 
later  was  sent  ambassador  to  Constantinople, 
where  he  died. 

Auberteuil,  Hillard  d',  see  HiUiard 
d'A. 

Aubry,  capt..  Knight  of  St.  Louis;  d. 
Feb.  24,  1770.  Made  prisoner  by  Sir  Wm. 
Johnson  at  Niagara,  in  1759,  and  was  in  com. 
of  4  companies  at  N.  Orleans,  where  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  government  of  La.,  Feb.  4,  1765. 
In  Mar.  1766,  he  surrendered  the  colony  to 
Gov.  Ulloa,  upon  whose  expulsion  in  1768,  he 
continued  to  administer  the  government  until 
relieved  by  Gen.  O'Reilly,  in  July,  1769.  He 
then  sailed  for  Bordeaux,  and  was  wrecked  in 
the  Garrone,  nearly  all  on  board  perishing.  — 
O'Ca/laghcDi. 

Aubrey,  Col.  Thomas,  a  British  officer; 
d.  Jan.  15,  1814.  Son  of  Sir  Thomas.  En- 
sign 9th  Foot,  Oct.  26,  1762  ;  capt.  47th,  1771, 
and  eniraged  at  Bunker  Hill,  1775  ;  maj.  1782. 
He  served  through  the  Amer.  war,  particular- 
ly distinguishing  himself  in  command  of  the 
troops  upon  Diamond  Island,  where  he  acquit- 
ted himself  so  as  to  receive  the  thanks   of  the 


^TJO 


4i& 


-A^XJG- 


commander  in  chief.     M.  P.  for  Wallingford, 
1784-90. 

Auchmuty,  Robert,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
(1.  Boston,  Apr.  1750.  His  father,  the  descend- 
ant of  an  ancient  Scotch  baronial  familv,  settled 


in  En< 


but  Robert,  after  receivin<r  bis  educa- 


tion in  l)ul)lin,  and  studying  law  at  the  Temple, 
came  to  this  country  ab.  the  commencement  of 
the  18th  century,  sind  established  himself  at 
Boston,  where  he  was  in  practice  ab.  the  year 
1719.  In  Sept.  1733,  he  was  made  judge  of  the 
Courtof  Admiralty ;  and  in  1740  was  one  of  the 
directors  of  the  Land  Bank.  In  1741,  he  was 
sent  to  Eng.  as  agent  for  the  Colony  in  the 
boundary  dispute  with  R.  I.  While  there,  he 
advocated  the  exped.  to  Cape  Breton  in  a  pam- 
phlet,entitled  "TheImportanceof(\\pe  Breton 
U)  the  British  Nation,  and  a  Plan  for  taking  the 
Place."  His  talents  were  extraordinary  ;  and 
he  was  famous  for  his  wit  and  shrewdness.  To 
him,  it  is  said,  the  profession  in  Ms.  is  indebted 
for  the  high  character  it  has  since  maintained. 
He  was  a  resident  of  Roxbury  from  1733  till 
his  death.  He  left  two  sons,  Samuel  and  Rob- 
ert; a  dau.,  who  became  the  wife  of  Chief-Jus- 
tice Benjamin  Pratt  of  N. Y. ;  and  also  a  third 
son  James,  a  talented  lawyer,  and  a  judge  in 
Nova  Scotia. 

Auchmuty,  Robert,  lawyer,  son  of  the 
preceding,  b.  Boston  ;  d.  Marylebone,  Eng., 
Dec.  1788.  His  great  natural  talents  and  in- 
dustry enabled  hi.ii  to  dispense  with  a  collegiate 
education.  He  v^^as  an  eloquent  and  successful 
advocate,  and,  with  Adams  and  Quincy,  de- 
fended Capt.  Preston  and  the  British  soldiers 
engaged  in  the  Boston  Massacre.  He  was 
judge  of  admiralty  from  1767  till  1776,  when, 
being  a  zealous  royalist,  he  went  to  Eng.  His 
letters  to  persons  in  Eng.  were  sent  to  Amer., 
with  those  of  Gov,  Hutchinson,  by  Franklin,  in 
1773,  and  created  great  excitement. 

Auchmuty,  Samuel,  D.D.,  bro.  of  the 
preceding,  an  Episcopal  clergyman,  b.  Boston, 
Jan.  16,  1722;  d.  N.Y.,  Mar.  6,  1777.  H.  U. 
1742.  He  studied  in  Eng.;  wasord.,and  app.  an 
assist.minister  of  Trinity  Church,  N.Y.,  and  in 
1764,  upon  the  death  of  the  rector,  was  assigned 
the  charge  of  all  the  churches  in  that  city.  Op- 
posed, like  most  of  his  Episcopal  brethren,  to 
the  Revol.,  he  continued  to  read  prayers  in 
his  church  for  the  king,  until  Lord  Stirling, 
while  in  command  in  N  Y.,  compelled  him  to 
close  his  church.  When  the  British  obtained 
possession  of  the  city,  he  resolved  to  return,  but, 
not  being  allowed  to  pass  the  Amer.  lin  s,  re- 
turned on  foot  by  a  circuitous  route,  after  un- 
dergoing great  hardships.  His  church  and 
parsonage  had  been  burnt  to  the  ground,  and 
his  papers  and  the  church-records  all  destroyed. 
The  Sunday  following,  he  preached  in  St. 
Paul's  for  the  last  time;  an  illness,  brought 
on  by  his  exposure  and  hardships,  terminating 
his  life  in  a  few  days.  He  received  his  degree 
of  D.D.  from  Oxford,  and  from  Kings  Coll. 
in  1767.  Trumbull  calls  liim  a  "  high-church 
clergyman,"  and  makes  him  the  subject  of  re- 
mark in  "  McFingal." 

Auchmuty,  Sir  Samuel,  a  British  gen., 
son  of  Rev.  Samuel,  b.  NY.,  June  22,  1758; 
d.  Dublin,  Aug  11,  1822.  Kings  Coll.  1775. 
He  volunteered  in  the  45th  Foot  in  Aug.  1776  ; 


was  in  the  battles  of  Brooklyn  and  White 
Plains  ;  and,  after  serving  in  three  camjmigns 
against  his  countrymen,  procured  a  captaincy 
in  the  75th,  with  which  he  served  in  India  from 
1783  to  1796,  and  was  at  the  first  siege  of  Se- 
ringapatam.  He  was  adj. -gen.  to  Abercrom- 
by's  exped.  to  Egypt  in  1800;  was  employed 
as  a  brig.-gen.  in  South  America  in  1806 ;  and, 
in  Feb.  1807,  took  by  assault,  after  a  most  de- 
termined resistance,  the  fort  and  city  of  Monte- 
video, for  which  he  was  thanked  by  parliament. 
In  1810,  he  com.  the  forces  in  the  Carnatic;  in 
1811,  reduced  the  valuable  settlements  of  Java 
and  Batavia,  was  again  thanked  by  parlia- 
ment, and,  returning  to  Eng.  in  1813,  was 
ma<le  a  lieuc.-gen.,  and  in  1822  commander  in 
chief  in  Ireland. 

Audubon,  John  James,  ornithologist,  b. 
N.  Orleans,  May  4,  1780  ;  d.  Minniesland,  near 
N,  Y.,  Jan.  27,  1851.  His  father  had  been  an 
admiral  in  the  French  navy.  From  his  earli- 
est years,  his  parents  trained  his  mind  to  the 
study  of  Nature.  He  was  educated  at  Paris, 
where  he  attained  considerable  skill  as  a  painter, 
under  the  tuition  of  the  celebrated  David.  At 
17,  he  returned  home,  and  began  a  collection  of 
drawings  of  the  "  Birds  of  America."  His  fa- 
ther gave  him  a  farm  in  Pa.,  and  he  married. 
"  For  a  period  of  nciirly  20  years,"  he  says  in 
the  prefiice  to  his  great  work,  "ray  life  was  a 
series  of  vicissitudes.  I  tried  various  branches 
of  commerce;  but  they  all  proved  unprofitable." 
As  early  as  1810,  he  sailed  down  the  Ohio  with 
his  wife  and  child  in  an  open  boat,  in  search  of 
a  congenial  spot  for  his  forest  home.  Devoting 
all  his  energies  to  his  favorite  pursuit,  hardly  a 
region  in  the  U.  S.  was  left  unvisited.  Wilson 
the  ornithologist  was  his  companion  in  some 
of  his  Western  excursions.  In  1811,  Audubon 
visited  Florida,  gathering  by  his  rifle  and  pen- 
cil the  subjects  of  his  great  work.  With  a  view 
to  its  ])ul)lication,  he  went  to  Phila.  and  N.Y. 
in  1H24,  and  in  1826  to  Europe,  to  obtain  sub- 
scribers. From  Herschel,  Cuvier,  and  Hum- 
boldt, whom  he  had  knovvn  in  Amer.,  he  had 
a  warm  reception.  "  The  Birds  of  America" 
appeared  in  numbers,  beginning  in  1825,  and 
was  completed  in  4  vols.,  June  20.  1838,  ex- 
ceeding by  its  merits  all  expectation.  In  1829, 
he  returned  to  the  U.S. ;  and,  renewing  his 
explorations,  found  materials  for  a  new  work, 
called  "Ornithological  Biographies."  He  vis- 
ited Eng.  in  1834,  and,returninir  in  1839,  estab- 
lished himself  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson. 
There,  with  the  aid  of  Dr.  Bachman,  he  pre- 
pared "The  Quadrupeds  of  America,"  pub.  in 
1850.  He  was  a  man  of  simple  manners,  but 
of  marked  characteristics  of  genius  and  energy. 
He  was  assisted  in  some  of  his  lal)ors  by  his  two 
sons,  the  younger  of  whom,  John  W.,  d.  Feb. 
21,  1862,  while  preparing  a  new  edition  of  the 
"Birds  of  America,"  afterward  completed  and 
pub.  by  his  widow  in  1869. 

Augur,  Christopher  Colon,  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  N.  Y.  ab.  1821.  West  Point,  1843. 
App.  from  Mich.,  he  entered  the  2d  Inf. ;  was 
aide-de-camp  during  the  Mexican  war  to  Brig.- 
Gen.  Hopping,  and,  after  his  death,  to  G«n.  Ca- 
leb Gushing;  capt.  Aug.  1,  1852;  and  was 
in  1855-6  disting.  in  several  conflicts  with  the 
Indians  of  Oregon.     Maj.  13th  Inf.  May  14, 


-A.XJG- 


43 


^XJS 


1861,  he  was  a  short  time  com.  of  cadets  at 
West  Point,  and  Nov.  12  became  brig.-gen.  of 
vols.  He  was  first  assigned  a  command  in  Mc- 
Dowell's corps  ;  in  July,  1862,  took  a  division 
in  the  army  corps  of  Gen.  Banks,  and  was 
wounded  at  tlie  liattle  of  Cedar  Mountain,  Aug. 
9,  1862.  In  Oct.,  he  was  a  member  of  the  court 
of  inquiry  to  investigate  the  surrender  of  Har- 
per's Ferry,  and  in  Nov.  was  ordered  to  report  to 
Gen.  Banks  for  service  in  his  Southern  exped. 
He  was  made  maj.-gen.9  Aug.  1862;  col.  12th 
Inf.  Mar.  15,  1866;  Mar.  4,  1869,  brig.-gcn.U. 
S.  A.  He  won  the  brevets  of  l)rig.-gen.  U.  S. 
A.  at  the  cai>ture  of  Port  Hudson,  and  maj.- 
gen.  for  services  in  the  field  during  the  Rebellion. 
He  com.  the  dept,  of  Washington  from  Oct. 
1863  to  Aug.  1866.  Assigned  to  the  dept.  of 
the  Platte  in  1867. 

Augur,  Hezekiah,  sculptor,  b.  Feb.  21, 
1791,  N.  Haven,  Ct.;  d.  there  Jan.  10,  18.58. 
Not  succeeding  in  trade,  he  turned  his  attention 
to  art,  and  in  1827  chiselled  a  Washington  and 
a  Sappho.  He  produced  several  works,  the  best 
of  which  is  his  "Jephrhah  and  his  Daughter," 
in  the  Trumbull  Gallery  of  Yale  Coll.  Pos- 
sessing: also  much  mechanical  genius,  his  inven- 
tion of  the  carving  machine  is  now  in  general 
and  successful  use.     A.  M.  of  Y.  C.  1833. 

Augustus,  JoHX,  a  philanthropitr  shoe- 
maker of  Boston  ;  d.  there  June  21,  18.59,  a.  74. 
For  more  than  20  years  he  attended  the  crimi- 
nal courts  for  the  purpose  of  endeavoring  to  re- 
claim the  poor  and  unfortunate,  to  whom  his 
purse  and  his  house  were  always  open. 

Aulick,  JoHx  H.,commo."U.  S.  N.,  b.  Va. 
Midshipman,  Nov.  15,  1809;  master's  mate  in 
the  action  between  "The  Enterprise"  and 
"Boxer,"  Sept.  4,  1813;  lieut.  Dec.  9,  1814; 
com.  Mar  3,  1831  ;  capt.  Sept.  8, 1841  ;  commo. 
r  tired  list,  July  16.  1862.  He  com.  sloop 
"  Vincennos,"  1837  ;  East  India  squad.  1852-3. 

Aury,  Luis  de,  was  from  New  Grenada; 
became  a  lieut.  in  tlie  navy,  9  June,  1813  ;  and 
com.  the  naval  forces  of  New  Grenada  at  the 
siege  of  Carthagena.  Sept.  1,  1816,  he  ac- 
companied Herrera  to  Texas  as  commo.  of  the 
united  fleets  of  the  llepublics  of  Mexico,  Vene- 
zuela, La  Plata,  and  New  Grenada  ;  was  app. 
gov.  of  Texas  and  Galveston  Island,  and  held 
the  office  until  1817.  In  July,  1817,  he  aided 
Sir  Gregor  McGregor  in  the  exped.  against 
Florida ;  and  afterwards  assisted  the  patriots 
of  the  South  Amer.  republics.  He  m.  a  lady 
of  N.  Orleans,  resided  there  some  time,  and 
was  in  1845  at  Havana        Yoakum's  Texas. 

Austin,  David,  1).  N.  Haven,  1760.  Yale 
Coll.  1779.  Minister  of  Elizabethtown,  N.J., 
from  1788  to  1797,  when  dismissed  for  his 
second-advent  opinions,  and  of  Bozrah,  Ct., 
from  1815  to  his  death,  Norwich,  Feb.  5,  1831. 
He  pub.  the  "American  Preacher,"  by  various 
ministers,  4  vols.,  "The  Downfall  of  Babylon," 
and  some  sermons,  and  edited  a  commentary 
on  the  Bible. 

Austin,  Benjamin,  political  writer,  b. 
Boston,  1752  ;  d.  there  May  4,  1820.  Son  of 
Benjamin,  who  d.  Boston,  Mar.  14,  1806,  a  89. 
His  mother  was  a  Waldo.  He  was  a  merchant 
and  a  political  writer  before  the  Revol.  In 
1784,  he  engaged  in  business  with  his  bro.  J. 
L.    Austin.      He    engaged    zealously  on  the 


Democ.  or  Republican  side  of  the  violent  po- 
litical controversy,  which  terminated  in  the 
triumph  of  Jefferson,  and  was  app.  by  him 
commissioner  of  loans  for  Ms.  He  w:is  a 
member  of  the  house  and  senate  of  Ms  ,  and  was 
long  known  as  a  writer  in  the  Independent 
Chronicle,  under  the  signatures  of  Honestus  and 
Old  South.  His  essays  under  the  latter  title 
were  pub.  in  8vo,  in  1803  His  son  Charles 
attempted,  in  1806,  to  chastise  Thos.  0. 
Selfridge  for  abuse  of  his  father,  and  was 
killed  by  him  in  State  Street,  Boston.  Selfridge 
was  tried  and  acquitted. 

Austin,  James  Trecothic,  LL.D.,  law- 
yer and  author,  b.  Boston,  Jan.  7,  1784;  d. 
there  May  8,  1870.  H.  U.  1802.  Son  of 
Jonathan  L.  Austin.  He  was  town  advocate 
in  1809,  member  of  the  State  legisl.,  county 
attorney  for  Suffolk,  1812-32,  and  attorney -gen. 
of  Ms. 'in  1832-43  He  delivered  an  oration 
at  Lexington,  July  4,  1815;  edited  the  Emer- 
ald, a  literary  periodical;  was  a  contributor 
to  the  Christian  Examiner  and  to  various  polit- 
ical journals  ;  pub.  several  orations  and  other 
simiiar  productions,  and  in  1828  a  "Life  of 
Elbridge  Gerry,"  whose  dan.  he  m.  in  1806. 
He  was  an  anti-Federalist,  and  a  decided  op- 
ponent of  the  antislaverv  movement. 

Austin,  Jonathan  Loring,,  a  merchant, 
b.  Boston,  Jan.  2,  1748;  d.  there  May  10, 
1826.  H.  U.  1766.  Son  of  Hon.  Benj.  Austin. 
He  became  a  merchant  in  Portsmouth,  N.H. ; 
was  maj.  in  Langdon's  regt.  ;  became  aide-de- 
camp to  Gen.  Sullivan,  and  was  sec.  of  the 
board  of  war  in  Ms.  until  Oct.  1777.  De- 
spatched to  France  with  the  news  of  Burgoyne's 
surrender,  and  to  obtain  supplies  of  clothing, 
&'\,  for  the  army,  tlie  good  Dr.  Chauncy  prayed, 
that,  "  whatevcrmight  befall  the  young  man,  the 
])acket  might  be  preserved."  Arriving  in  Nov., 
Dr.  Franklin  transferred  to  the  messenger  of 
such  glorious  tiding  the  affection  of  a  father; 
constituted  him  additional  private  sec,  and 
sent  him  as  an  agent  to  London.  Charged 
with  the  despatches  of  the  commissioners  to 
Congress,  he  arrived  in  Phila.,  May,  1779. 
Sent  to  Europe  by  the  State  of  Ms.,  in  Jan. 
1780,  to  negotiate  a  loan,  he  was  captured  on 
the  passage  ;  was  liberated  in  Eng.  by  means 
of  his  old  friends,  but  did  not  succeed  in  his 
mission,  and  returned  in  the  fall  of  1781. 
He  served  many  years  in  the  State  senate; 
represented  Cambridge  in  the  legisl.,  and  was 
successively  elected  sec.  and  treas.  of  the 
State.  He  delivered  the  oration,  July  4,  1786, 
in  Boston. — Loring' s  Bost.  Orators. 

Austin,  Col.  Jonathan  Williams,  son 
of  Benj.,  a  Kevol.  patriot,  b.  Boston,  Apr.  18, 
1751  ;  d.  ill  a  Southern  State  in  the  summer 
of  1778.  H.U.  1769.  He  read  law  with  John 
Adams  ;  was  adm.  to  the  Suffolk  bar,  July  27, 
1772  ;  was  a  member  of  the  Middlesex  con- 
vention in  1774,  and  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee that  [)repared  resolutions  adopted  by 
the  convention.  Mhj.  in  the  army  of  the 
Revol.,  and  in  1776  com.  at  Castle  William. 
He  wrote  poetical  and  political  essays,  and  de- 
livered the  oration  on  the  Boston  Massacre, 
March  5,  1778. — Lor ing's  Boston  Orators. 

Austin,  Rev.  John  Mather,  b.  N.Y., 
1805.    Author  of  "  Voice  to  Youth,"  "  Voice  to 


Axra 


44 


A.-vm 


the  Married,"  "  Sunday-School  Exposition," 
"Life  of  John  Quincy  Adams,"  &c. — Alli- 
bone. 

Austin,  Moses,  Texan  pioneer,  b  Dur- 
ham, Ct. ;  d.  Louisiana,  June  10,  1821.  Emi- 
grating West  with  his  family  in  1798,  he 
engaged  in  lead-mining  from  1800  to  18*20, 
when  he  was  at  Bexar,  Tex.  He  applied  to  the 
Mexican  commandant  at  Monterey  for  permis- 
sion to  colonize  300  families  in  Tex.  ;  and  the 
enterprise  was  successfully  prosecuted  by  his 
son  Stephen  F.  On  his  return  to  the  Sabine 
in  Jan.  1821,  he  was  robbed,  and  caught  a 
severe  cold,  wliich  caused  his  death. 

Austin,  Samuel,  D.D.  (Williams  Coll. 
1807),  pres.  of  the  U.  of  Vt.  (1815-21),  b.  New 
Haven,  Ct.,  Oct.  7,  1760;  d.  Glastenbury,  Ct., 
Dec.  4,  1830.  Y.C.  1783.  He  spent  two 
years  in  teacliing,  and  in  the  study  of  divinity  ; 
was  ord.  at  Fairhaven,  Nov.  9,  1786,  but  was 
dismissed  Jan.  19,  1790;  and  was  many  years 
pastor  of  the  First  Cong.  Ciiurch  at  Worcester. 
Here  he  became  celebrated  for  his  eloquence 
and  learning,  and  acquired  great  popularity. 
In  1821,  he  took  charge  of  a  small  and 
pecuniarily-embarrassed  congregation  at  New- 
port, R.L,  once  under  the  care  of  the  celebrated 
Dr.  Hopkins.  Increasing  aire  and  infirmities 
occasioned  his  return  to  Worcester  in  1825. 
For  the  last  three  years  of  his  life,  he  was 
partially  deranged.  He  pub.  "A  View  of  the 
Church,"  1807;  "  Letters  on  Baptism,"  1805; 
"  Reply  to  Merill's  Letters,"  1806  ;  "  Disserta- 
tions on  Several  Fundamental  Articles  of 
Christian  Theology,"  1806;  a  number  of 
sermons,  orations,  and  addresses,  also  numer- 
ous contributions  to  the  periodicals  of  his  time. 
—  Spra'/un. 

Austin,  Stephen  F.,  founder  of  the  first 
colony  in  Tex.,  son  of  Moses;  d.  Dec.  27, 
1836.  Leaving  Natchitoches,  July  5,  1821,  to 
prosecute  the  grant  for  the  formation  of  a 
colony  previously  issued  to  his  father,  he 
went  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  where  it  was  con- 
firmed Feb.  18,  1823.  By  it  he  was  invested 
with  almost  absolute  power  over  the  colonists 
of  Austin,  then  the  capital  of  Tex.,  the  site 
of  which  he  selected.  A  convention  met  Mar. 
1,  1833,  without  the  concurrence  of  the  Mex- 
ican population,  to  form  a  State  constitution  ; 
and  Austin  was  one  of  the  delegates  to  the 
central  government  at  Mexico,  to  obtain  its 
ratification.  In  consequence  of  the  delays  he 
met  with,  he  recommend '^d  a  union  of  all  the 
municipalities,  and  the  organization  of  a  State 
under  the  Acta  Conslitntiva  of  May  7,  1824. 
Arrested,  and  taken  back  to  Mexico,  he  was 
detained  until  Sept.  1835.  Finding  the 
country  in  a  state  of  confusion  and  insecurity 
upon  his  return,  he  took  part  wirh  the  revol. 
party  ;  was  put  in  command  of  a  small  force, 
and  undertook  to  drive  the  Mexicans  out  of  Tex. 
Gen.  Houston  was  elected  to  the  command  of 
the  army  in  Nov.  1835  ;  and  Austin  was  made 
commissioner  to  the  U.S.  He  returned  to 
Tex.  in  July,  1836,  and,  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  was  engaged  in  negotiations  to  oI)tain 
the  official  recognition  of  Texan  independence 
A  biography  of  him  by  M.  B.  Lamar  was  said 
to  have  been  prepared. 

Austin,  William,  lawyer  and  author,  b. 


Charlestown,  Ms.,  Mar.  2,  1778;  d.  there 
June  27,  1841.  H.U.  1798.  In  1801,  he  de- 
livered an  oration  at  Charlestown  on  the 
battle  of  Bunker's  Hill.  His  "Letters  from 
London,"  written  in  1802  and  1803,  were 
printed  in  Boston,  8vo,  1804.  Ab.  1805,  he 
was  wounded  in  a  duel  with  James  H.  Elliott, 
growing  out  of  a  political  newspajier  alter- 
cation. In  1807,  he  pub.  a  vol.  of  Unitarian 
views,  entitled  "An  Essay  on  the  Human 
Character  of  Jesus  Christ."  Hecontrib.  to  the 
New-England  Galuxji  a  remarkable  legendary 
tale,  entitled  "  Peter  Rugg,  the  Missing 
Man,"  and  to  the  Neiv- Engl  and  Magazine  the 
paper  "  The  Late  Joseph  Natterstrone."  He 
was  eminent  at  the  bar  of  Suffolk  and  Middle- 
sex. —  Dni/ckinck. 

Autichamp  d'  (do-te-shon'),  Antoine 
Joseph  P^ulalie  de  Beaumont,  Comte,  a 
French  gen.,  b.  1744;  d.  1822.  He  served  in 
Corsica,  where  he  was  wounded  at  the  affair  of 
Ponte  Nuevo.  Returning  to  France,  he  became 
col.  of  the  inf.  regt.  of  Agenois,  and  led  it  in 
America  under  Rochambeau,  distinguishing 
himself  at  Yorktown  and  at  the  taking  of  St. 
Christopher's,  where  he  had  the  misfortune  to 
lose  his  eldest  son.  During  the  Revol.,  he 
emigrate'',  served  in  all  the  campaigns  of  the 
army  of  Conde,  and  returned  to  1' ranee  during 
the  consulate. 

Avalos  y  Figuera  (a-va'-lOs  e  fe-ga'-ra), 
DON  Diego  de,  author  of"  Miscellanea  Aus- 
tral," Lima,  1602  ;  was  of  a  noble  family  of 
Ecija,  and  left  Spain  on  account  of  a  hopeless 
passion.  The  last  15  chapters  of  his  book, 
which  is  in  prose  and  verse,  treat  of  the  history 
and  antiquities  of  Peru. 

Avaugour  (dar'vG-goo/),  Pierre  du 
Bois,  Baron  d',  gov.  of  C'anada,  1661-3; 
killed  in  1 664,  while  defending  the  fort  of  Serin 
in  Croatia  against  the  Turks.  He  had  gained 
distinction  in  the  wars  of  Hungary,  and,  being 
of  resolute  and  unbending  chaiacter,  v/as, 
while  gov.  of  New  France,  constantly  engaged 
in  disputes  with  the  clerLry, especially  with  Bish- 
op Laval,  who  caused  his  recall.  In  1662,  he 
made  a  treaty  with  the  Onondaga,  Cavuga,  and 
Seneca  nations.  —  Morgan. 

Averill,  William  W.,  brev.  raaj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y.,  1830.  West  Point,  1855. 
Entering  the  mounted  rifles,  hedisting.  himself 
in  N.  Mexico  by  the  sur])rise  and  capture  of  a 
party  of  Kiowas  in  Dec.  1857,  and  was  severely 
wounded  in  a  night-attack  by  the  Navajoes  in 
the  autumn  of  1858.  1st  lieut.  14  Mav,  1861  ; 
col.  3d  Pa.  Cav. ;  capt.  3d  U.S.  Cav.  17  July, 
1862;  brig.-gen.  vols.  26  Sept.  1862.  He  took 
part  in  the  battles  of  Williamsburg,  Malvern 
Hill,  and  of  Pope's  campaign,  July-Aug.  1862  ; 
re-enforced  Pleasanton  in  the  advance  of  the 
army  after  Antietam  ;  was  brev.  maj.  for  Kel- 
ley's  Ford,  Va.,  where  he  com.  17  Mar.  1863  ; 
com.  the  2d  div.  of  Stoneman's  caval.  corps 
of  Hooker's  army  ;  won  a  decisive  victory  over 
a  force  of  4,000  rebels  at  Droop  Mountain,  6 
Nov.  1863,  for  which  he  was  brev,  lieut.-col.; 
and  brev.  col.  15  Dec.  1863,  for  services  in  the 
Salem  exped.  in  Va.  He  served  in  West  Va. 
under  Siegel,  Hunter,  and  Sheridan  in  1864, 
and  was  in  the  actions  of  Winchester,  Moor- 
field,  Opequan,  and  Fisher's  Hill,  and  was  brev. 


^VK 


45 


uVYL 


•maj.-gen.  for  Moorfield,  13  Mar.  1865.  U.S. 
consul-gen.  in  Canada  since  1866. 

Avery,  Epeiraim  K.,  Moth,  clerijyman, 
b.  Ct.  nb.  1739  ;  d.  PittsHeld,  O.,  Oct.  23,"  1869. 
He  was  noted  for  eloquence  and  ability,  and 
was  stationed  at  Fall  River  in  1832-3,  when 
the  murder  and  seduction  of  Sarah  Muria 
Cornell,  a  m  Mnl)er  of  his  church  with  whom 
he  had  been  intimate,  led  to  the  su'^picion  that 
he  was  the  murderer.  He  was  tried  and  ac- 
quitted by  an  ecclesiastical  court;  and  a  civil 
court  failed  to  make  a  case  a;^ainst  him  :  but 
the  community  believed  him  guilty  ;  and  he 
withdrew  from  the  ministry,  and  removed  to 
O.,  where  he  was  an  industrious  and  highly- 
respected  farmer. 

Avery,  Waitstill,  Revol.  patriot,  b. 
Groton,  Cc,  May  3,  1745  ;  d.  Burke  Co.,  N.C., 
Mar.  1.5,  1821.  N.  J.  Coll.  1766.  He  studied 
law  in  Md.,  and,  in  Jan.  1769,  settled  in  practice 
in  Mecklenburg,  N.C.  He  was  prominent 
among  the  petitioners  and  remonstrants  of  that 
day  against  the  oppressive  acts  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  also  in  the  famous  Mecklenburg 
Declaration  of  Independence.  In  1775,  he  was 
a  delegate  to  the  Congress  at  Hillsborough 
which  organized  the  military  force  ot  the  State. 
In  the  summer  of  1776,  he  joined  the  army  of 
Gen.  Rutherford  in  the  Cherokee  nation,  and 
was  a  commissioner  at  the  treaty  of  Holston, 
which  gave  peace  to  the  western  frontier.  In  the 
fail  of  1776,  he  was  again  a  member  of  the  State 
Congress.  In  1779,  he  was  col.  of  the  county 
militia  in  active  service  daring  the  British  in- 
vasion. In  1781,  he  moved  to  Burke  Co., 
which  he  represented  many  years  in  the  State 
legisl.  He  was  the  first  State  attorney-gen.  of 
N.C.  in  1777,  and,  for  some  years  before  his 
death,  the  patriarch  of  the  N.C.  bar. 

Avezae,  Auguste  d',  lawyer,  b.  of  French 
parents  in  tiie  Isle  of  St.  Domingo,  1777;  d. 
Feb.  15,  1851.  He  was  educated  at  a  military 
acad.  in  France,  while  his  family  was  obliged 
by  the  insurrection  of  the  blacks  to  take  refuge 
in  the  U.S.  Studying  medicine  in  N.C,  he 
practised  in  Accomac  Co.,  Va. ;  but,  after  the 
annexation  of  La.,  by  advice  of  his  relative, 
Edward  Livingston,  he  studied  law, and  becan>e 
disting.,  especially  in  criminal  cases.  In  the 
War  of  1812,  he  served  as  judge-advocate,  j\nd 
aide  to  Jackson  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans. 
In  1829,  Pres.  Jackson  app.  him  sec.  of  legation 
to  the  Netherlands,  chart/e  d'affaires  in  1831  ; 
and  in  1841  and  1843,  he  was  a  representative 
in  the  N.  Y.  legisl. ;  chaiye  d'affaires  to  Holland, 
1845-9.  He  prepared  "Reminiscences  of  P]d- 
ward  Livingston,"  a  portion  of  which  was  pub. 
in  the  Democratic  Review  in  1840. 

Avezac,  Pierre  Valentin  Dominique 
JtJLiAX  d',  a  French  scholar,  b.  St.  Domingo, 
Jan.  17,  1769;  d.  U.S.,  Feb.  1,  1831.  Edu- 
cated in  France,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  French 
Revol.,  he  returned  to  his  native  island,  vainly 
hoping  to  save  some  of  his  property  there.  He 
came  to  N.  Orleans,  and  occupied  himself  in 
literary  pursuits.  Avezac  was  pres.  of  the  first 
college  established  at  N.  Orleans.  He  is  the 
author  of  the  French  official  translation  of  the 
penal  code  of  La.  His  niece,  the  young  widow 
de  Lasay,  ra.  Edward  Livingston,  author  of 
that  code 


Avezzana(a-vet-za'-na),JosEpn,an  Italian 
patriot,  and  merchant  in  NY.  Citv,  b.at  Chieri, 
Piedmont,  Feb.  19,  1797.  He  fought  under 
Napoleon  in  1813  and  14;  served  in  the  Sar- 
dinian array  until  Mar.  1821  ;  next  served  as 
capt.  of  inf.  in  tiie  Liberal  cause  in  Spain,  but 
was  taken  prisoner,  and  came  to  America,  ar- 
riving at  N.  Orleans  at  the  close  of  1823.  In 
1825,  he  visited  Mexico,  obtained  a  grant  of 
land  on  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Tampico, 
and  in  a  short  time  gained  a  competence.  In 
1832,  he  espoused  the  cause  of  Santa  Ana; 
was  intrusted  with  the  defence  of  the  city; 
gained  a  complete  victory  over  Gen.  Mora  at 
Ciudad  Victoria,  and  on  the  triumph  of  the 
Liberals,  resigned  his  command,  having  been 
previously  named  gen.  of  Tamaulipas,  Colia- 
liuila,  Texas,  and  Nuevo  Leon.  In  1834,  he 
established  himself  in  business  in  N.Y.,  where 
he  married  an  Irish  lady  ;  but,  on  the  revol 
outl)reak  of  1848,  returned  to  Italy,  and  was 
app.  commanding  gen.  of  the  National  Guards 
of  Genoa.  After  an  unsuccessful  struggle,  he 
resigned,  and  withdrew  on  board  the  U.S. 
steamer  "  Princeton."  Landing  at  Civita  Vec- 
chia,  he  hastened  to  Rome,  then  under  a  re- 
publican government,  and  was  app.  minister  of 
war  and  com. -in-chief  of  the  army.  For  two 
months,  this  small  force  kept  at  bay  4  armies, 
amounting  to  100,000  men;  but  on  the  night 
of  July  2,  he  fled  in  disguise,  ami  at  the  close 
of  Aug.  reached  N. Y.,  where  he  has  since 
resided.  —  Api>leton's  New  Amer.  Ci/clop. 

Axtell,  CoL.  William,  loyalist,  b.  on  the 
Island  of  Jamaica,  1720;  d.  Sept  2,  1795,  at 
Chertsey,  Eng.  He  resided  many  years  in 
N.Y.,  where  he  m.  Margaret,  dan.  of  Abraham 
De  Peyster,  and  was  app.  a  member  of  the 
council,  May  4,  1771.  During  the  lifvol.,  by 
which  he  lost  a  large  estate,  he  was  col.  of  a 
provincial  corps,  became  entitled  to  half-pay, 
and  received  from  parliament  a  considerable 
sum  of  money  as  a  loyalist.  He  was  descended 
from  the  celebrated  Col.  Daniel  Axtell,  who  was 
executed  by  Charles  II.  for  the  part  he  took 
in  the  great  rebellion.  He  went  to  Eng.  in 
1783. 

Ayer,  Peter,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
society  of  Shakers  at  Canterbury,  N.H.,  b. 
1760;  d.  there  Sept  14,  1857.  He  was  a 
powerful  and  athletic  man,  and  a  soldier  of 
the  Revol.  before  becoming  a  member  of  the 
sect  with  which  he  was  connected  70  years. 

Ayeta  (a-ya'-tii)  Francisco  de,  a  Fran- 
ciscan friar,  author  of  "Apologia  del  Orden  de 
S.  Francisco  en  la  America,"  1690,  also  "  Ver- 
dad  Vindicada,"  or  "La  Verdad  Defendida;" 
the  three  titles,  perhaps,  of  the  same  work. 
He  was  custoilian  of  the  province  of  Santo 
Evangelio,  and  procurador-gen.  of  the  Indies. 
—  Duyckinck. 

Ayllon  (da-il-yon),  Lucas  Vasquez  de,  a 
Spanish  adventurer,  who  in  1509  was  council- 
lor of  the  superior  tribunal  of  St.  Domingo,  and 
was  afterward  employed  by  Cortes  on  amission 
to  Velasquez,  who  was  arming  against  liim  ;  d. 
1526.  In  1520,  ho  made  an  expcd.  to  Florida, 
landed  near  the  mouth  of  the  Conebahee  River, 
S.C,  treacherously  made  captive  a  large  num- 
ber of  the  natives,  who  nearly  all  perished, 
and  named  the  country  "  Chicora."     He  after- 


-A.YL. 


46 


BAB 


wara  returned,  wishinf?  to  found  a  colony,  and 
obtained  provisions  of  the  gov.  of  Chicora, 
but  was  ruined  by  the  expense.  He  is  believed 
to  have  perished  in  a  second  exped.  to  Florida. 

Aylmer  (ar-mer)  Matthew  Whit- 
worth,  fifth  lord,  a  British  gen.,  b.  1775  ;  d. 
Lond.,  Feb.  23,  1850.  He  succeeded  to  the 
peerage  on  the  death  of  his  father  Henry,  Oct. 
22,  1785,  entered  the  army  as  ensign  49th  Foot 
in  1787,  served  at  the  siege  of  Copenhagen,  in 
Portugal  in  1809,  in  the  peninsular  campaigns, 
and  became  a  lull  gen.  May  27,  1825.  He 
was  gov.-gen.  of  Canada  from  1828  to  Sept. 
1833,  and  was  held  in  high  estimation  by  the 
Canadians.  —  Morgan. 

Ayolas,  de  or  d'Atolas  Juan,  a  Span- 
ish adventurer  who  sailed  with  Pedro  de  Men- 
doza  in  1534,  on  a  voyage  of  conquest  and 
discovery  to  the  La  Plata.  Mendoza,  having 
been  disabled  by  disease  in  1536,  gave  the  com- 
mand to  Ayolas,  who  ascended  the  Paraguay 
to  Asuncion,  where  he  defeated  the  natives,  and 
remained  six  months.  Leaving  a  garrison 
there,  he  ascended  the  river  about  80  leagues, 
and  then  marched  westward  with  200  Span- 
iards. He  never  returned.  An  Indian  re- 
ported that  Ayolas  and  his  men  were  decoyed 
into  a  morass,  and  killed  by  the  Payngos. 

Ayres,  Romeyn  B.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U. 
S.A.,  b.  N.Y.  West  Point,  1847.  He  served 
in  the  3d  Art.  in  the  Mexican  war,  1847-8; 
became  capt.  5th  Art.  May  14,  1861;  brig.-gen. 
vols.  Nov.  29,  1862;  was  engaged  at  Bull 
Run;  chief  of  Art.  of  Gen.  W.  F.  Smith's 
div.  Oct.  1861  to  Nov.  1862,  and  of  the  6th 
Corps  from  Nov.  1862  to  Apr.  1863;  was  in 
the  peninsular  campaign ;  was  engaged  at 
South  Mountain,  Antietam,  and  Fredericks- 
burg; com.  a  brigade  in  5th  Corps  at  Chan- 
cellorsville ;  com.  div.,  and  brev.  maj.  for  Get- 
tysburg, July  2,  1863;  served  through  the 
Richmond  campaign  of  1864-5, earning  brevs. 
of  lieut.-col.  for  battle  of  Wilderness,  Mav  5, 
1864;  col.  Aug.  18,  1864,  for  battle  on  VVel- 
don  Railroad;  brig.-gen.  and  maj.-gen.  Mar. 
13,  1865,  for  battle  of  Five  Forks,  and  for  gal- 
lant and  meritorious  services  during  the  Rebel- 
lion; lieut-col.  28th  Inf.  July  28,  1866.— 
Cullum. 

Azara  (de-ath-a'ra)  Felix  de,  Spanish 
naturalist,  b.  May  18,  1746;  d.  Aragon,  1811. 
He  was  educated  in  part  at  the  military  acad. 
at  Barcelona;  was  wounded  in  the  exped. 
against  Algiers  in  1775  ;  became  a  lieut.-col. 
of  engineers,  and  was  app.  a  commissioner  to 
determine  the  boundaries  of  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  territories  in  S.  Amer  Reaching 
his  destination  in  1781,  he  devoted  much  time 
to  constructing  correct  maps  of  the  country, 
and  in  preparing  his  "  Natural  History  of  the 
Quadrupeds  of  Paraguay,"  pub.  soon  after  his 
recall  in  1801.  This  work  was  pub.  in  French 
by  Moreau  St.  Mery,  in  2  vols.  8vo.  While  in 
Paris  in  1803,  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  M. 
Walkenaer,  who  pub.  Azara's  travels  in  S. 
Amer.  from  1781  to  1801,  with  notes  by  the 
celebrated  Cuvier,  4  vols,  8vo,  1809. 

AzevedO  CoutinhO  (a-za-va'-do  ko-ten'- 
yo),  Jose  Joaquim  da  Cunha,  a  Portuguese 
bishop  and  author,  b.  Brazil,  Sept.  8,  1742;  d. 
Sept.  12,   1821.      He  pub.   in    1792  '' Ensais 


economico  sobi'e  o  commercio  de  Portugal  e  auas 
colonias."  In  1794,  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Pernambuco.  He  pub.  in  London,  1798,  a 
pamphlet  against  the  abo'ition  of  the  slave- 
trade  by  Great  Britain.  Shortly  before  his 
death,  he  was  chosen  to  the  Cortes  as  a  repre- 
sentative of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Chosen  bishop 
of  Elvas,  he  declined,  and  was  ap|).  inquisitor- 
gen.  Author  of  a  memoir  on  the  conquest  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro  by  Duguai  Trouin  in  1711. 

AzevedO  y  Zuniga  (a-tha-va'do  e  thoon- 
yee'-ga)  Gaspakd  de,  Count  of  Monterey,  a 
Spaniard,  who  in  1603  succeeded  Luis  de  Ve- 
lasco  as  viceroy  of  Peru  and  Mexico ;  d.  Mar. 
16,  1606.  He  equipped  a  fleet  to  search  for 
the  great  southern  continent,  which,  under  the 
command  of  Pedro  Fernandez  de  Quirre,  dis- 
covered several  islands  ab.  lat.  28°  S. 

Babbitt,  Isaac,  inventor  of  the  "Babbitt 
Metal "  used  in  all  railroad-car  axle-boxes, 
b.  Taunton,  Ms.,  26  July,  1799;  d.  McLean 
Asylum,  Somerville,  Ms.,  26  May,  1862.  He 
learned  the  trade  of  a  goldsmith,  and  ab.  1831 
made  at  Taunton  the  first  britannia-ware  man- 
ufactured in  this  country.  Removing  to  Bos- 
ton in  1834,  he  was  employed  in  Alger's 
foundry,  and  ab.  1839  invented  the  anti-friction 
metal  which  bears  his  name.  He  received  in 
1841  a  gold  medal  from  the  Ms.  Char.  Mech. 
Asso.,  and  from  Congress  $20,000,  for  this 
valuable  invention,  for  which  he  took  out  pat- 
ents in  Eng.  in  1844,  and  in  Russia  in  1847. 
He  was  for  many  years  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  this  metal,  and  subsequently  carried 
on  the  manufacture  of  soap.  He  became  de- 
ranged a  few  years  before  his  death. 

Babcock,  Maj.  Elisha,  pub.  the  Amer- 
ican Mei'cury  37  years ;  d.  Hartford,  Ct.,  Feb. 
1821,  a.  68.' 

Babeock,  Col.  Henry,  b.  R.I.,  1736 ;  d. 
1800.  Y.  C.  1752.  Son  of  Chief-Justice  Bab- 
cock  of  R.  L  ;  bro.  of  Rev.  Luke  (b.  1738;  d. 
18  Feb.  1777.  Y.  C.  1755).  At  18,  he  was  a 
capt. ;  at  19,  he  was  in  the  force  under  Col. 
Williams,  which  was  defeated  at  Lake  George; 
maj.  in  1756,  lieut.-col.  in  1757,  and  col.  in 
1758,  of  a  R.I.  regt.,  with  which  he  took  part 
in  the  attack  on  Ticonderoga,  and  was  wound- 
ed in  the  knee.  He  was  afterwards  at  its  cap- 
ture by  Amherst.  M.  and  settled  at  Stoning- 
toh,  Ct.  Made,  in  Feb.  1776,  com.  of  the 
forces  at  Newport,  but  was  removed  in  May 
on  account  of  insanity. 

Babeock,  Rufus,  D.D.,  clergyman  and 
author,  b.  N.  Colebrook,  Ct.,  Sept  18,  1798. 
B.U.  1821.  He  was  2  years  tutor  in  Col.  Coll., 
D.C. ;  was  ord.  pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church 
Poughkeepsie,  1823;  became  pastor  1st  Baptist 
Church,  Salem,  1826;  was  pres.  of  Waterville 
Coll.,  Me.,  in  1833-6;  and  for  3^  years  was 
pastor  of  the  Sprucc-st.  Church,  Phila. ;  he  then 
returned  to  his  former  charge  in  Poughkeepsie, 
and  is  now  settled  in  Patterson,  N.J.  He  was 
twice  sec.  of  the  Amer.  and  Foreign  Bible  Soci- 
ety, and  has  been  sec.  of  the  S.S.  Union  and 
the  Pa.  Colonization  Society.  He  founded  and 
for  5  years  edited  the  Bajdist  Memorial;  pub. 
"Claims  of  Education  Societies,"  1829;  "Re- 
view of  Beckwith's  Dissuasive  from  Contro- 
versy on  Baptism,"  1829;  "Making  Light  of 
Christ,"   1830;    "Memoirs"  of  Fuller,  1830, 


B^C 


47 


BAC 


George  Learned,  1832,  Abraham  Booth,  and 
Isaac  Backus;  "  History  of  VVaterville  Coll.," 
1836;  "Talcs  of  Truth  for  the  Young,"  1837  ; 
"  Personal  Recollections  of  Rev.  John  M. 
Peck,  D.I).,"  1858;  and  "The  Emigrant's 
Mother,"  1859. 

Bache  (batch),  Alexander  Dallas,  LL. 
D.,  A.A.S.,  physicist,  b.  Pbila.,  July  19,  1806; 
d.  Newport,  R.I.,  Feb.  17,  1867.  West  Point, 
1825.  He  was  a  great-grandson  of  Dr.  Frank- 
lin ;  and  his  mother  was  the  dan.  of  A.  J.  Dal- 
las. He  was  a  lieut.  of  engineers  until  his 
resignation  in  1829,  engaged  in  constructing 
Fort  Adams  and  other  works  at  the  entrance 
of  Narragansett  Bay.  From  1827  to  1832,  he 
was  prof,  of  mathematics  in  the  U.  of  Pa  ,  and 
then  took  charge  of  the  organization  of  Girard 
Coll.,  spending  some  time  in  1836  inspecting 
the  great  schools  of  Europe,  publishing,  u])on 
liis  return,  a  valuable  report  on  the  subject. 
In  1839,  he  resigned  his  connection  with  this 
coll.,  and  became  in  1841  principal  of  the 
Phila.  High  School.  In  1843,  he  was  app.  su- 
perintendent of  the  U.  S.  coast-survey.  Its 
valuable  contributions  to  geodetic  and  physical 
science  are  found  in  the  annual  reports  of  the 
survey,  and  in  the  proceedings  of  the  Asso.  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Amer.  Asso.  for  the  Pro- 
motion of  Science,  took  a  prominent  part  in 
founding  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Science,  was  made 
pres.  of  the  Amer.  Philos.  Society  in  1855,  and 
was  an  active  and  efficient  member  of  the  U.S. 
Sanitary  Commission  throughout  the  war.  The 
degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  the 
U.  of  N.Y.  in  1836,  by  the  U.  of  Pa.  in  1837, 
and  by  H.U.  1851.  He  was  made  a  regent  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  Aug.  1846.  In 
1833,  he  edited  Brewster's  "Optics,"  with  notes. 
He  pub.  "Observations"  at  the  Observatory 
of  Giiard  Coll.  1840-5,  3  vols.  8vo;  "Report 
of  Experiments  to  navigate  the  Chesap.  and 
Del.  Canal  by  Steam,"  8vo,  Phila.,  1834,  and 
contril).  many  valuable  papers  to  the  scientific 
journals  of  the  day. 

Sache,  Benjamin  Franklin,  journalist, 
son  of  Richard,  b.  Phila.,  Aug.  12,  1769;  d. 
there  Sept.  10,  1798.  He  accompanied  his 
grandfather.  Dr.  Franklin,  to  Paris,  was  edu- 
cated in  France  and  Geneva,  and  gained  a 
knowledge  of  printing  in  the  celebrated  publish- 
ing-house of  Didot.  Returning  in  1785,  he 
studied  for  a  time  in  the  Coll.  of  Phila.,  and  in 
Oct.  1790  began  to  publish  the  General  Adver- 
tise!-, afterwards  called  the  Aurora,  the  ablest 
and  most  influential,  as  well  as  the  most  vio- 
lent, opposition  journal  during  the  administra- 
tions of  Washington  and  Adams. 

Bache,  Franklin,  M.D.,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, great-grandson  of  Benjamin  Franklin, 
son  of  B.  F.  Bache,  b.  Phila.,  Oct.  25,  1792; 
d.  there  Mar.  19,  1864.  U.  of  Pa.  1810;  M.D. 
1814.  He  was  an  assist,  surgeon  in  the  army 
in  1813,  and  surgeon  in  1814-16,  when  he  re- 
signed, and  began  practice  in  Phila.  Physician 
to  the  Walnut-st.  Prison,  1824-36;  prof,  of 
chemistry  to  the  Franklin  Institute,  1826-32; 
physician  to  the  Eastern  Penitentiary,  1829-39; 
pi  of.  of  chemistry  in  the  Phila.  Coll.  of  Phar- 
raaicy,  1831-41 ;  and  from  1841  to  his  death  held 
the  saine  chair  in  the  JeflP.  Med.  Coll. ;   pres. 


Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  1854-5,  and  at  his  death 
pres.  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  Corpora- 
tion. As  joint  author,  with  Dr.  Wood,  of  the 
"U.S.  Dispensatory,"  from  1833  to  1864,  he 
is  probably  best  known  to  the  medical  world. 
He  also  rendered  much  service  to  medical  liter- 
ature by  his  contributions  to  the  "  U.  S.  Phar- 
macopa^ia"  upon  the  Materia  Medica.  Author 
of  "A  System  of  Chemistry,"  8vo,  1819;  "In- 
troductory Lectures  on  Chemistry,"  1841-52. 
Editor,  with  Dr.  Hare,  of  "  Ure's  Dictionary 
of  Chemistry,"  8vo,  1821;  "Cutbush's  Pyro- 
techny,"  8vb,  1825;  "Dr.  Hare's  Chemical 
Compendium,"  1836;  "Turner's  Chemistry," 
and  one  of  the  editors  of  the  North  Amer.  Med. 
and  Surg.  Journal,  1823-32.  Contrib.  to  a 
large  number  of  medical  and  scientific  jour- 
nals. (See  Memoir  by  Geo.  B.  Wood,  Phila., 
1865.)  Richard  (1794-1836)  capt.  of  ord- 
nance, U.  S.  A.,  author  of  "  Notes  on  Colom- 
bia," 1 822-3,  Phila.,  8vo,  1827,  was  a  brother. 

Bache,  George  Mifflin,  hydrographer, 
b.  Phila.  ab.  1810;  d.  Sept.  8,  1846.  Great- 
grandson  of  Franklin,  bro.  of  A.  D.  Bache. 
Entering  the  navy  Jan.  1,  1825,  he  became  a 
lieut.  Mar.  3,  1835,  and  ab.  1838  was  placed 
upon  the  coist-survey.  He  was  engaged  upon 
the  survey  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  and  perished  in 
the  hurricane  of  Sept.  8,  1846. 

Bache,  Hartman,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.  S.  A., 
b.  Pa.  ab.  1797.  West  Point,  1818.  Bro.  of 
Franklin  Bache.  Entering  the  U.  S.  topog. 
engineers,  he  became  brev.-maj.  July  24,  1828  ; 
maj.  July  7,  1838;  lieut.-col.  Aug.  6,  1861; 
col.  Mar.  3,  1863;  brev.  brig.-gen.  Mar.  13, 
1865;  retired  Mar.  7,1867. 

Bache,  Richard,  U.  S.  postmaster-gen. 
(Nov.  1776-1782),  b.  Settle,  Yorkshire,  Eng., 
Sept.  12,  1737;  d.  Settle,  Berks  Co.,  Pa.,  July 
29,  1811.  He  came  while  young  to  Amer., 
became  a  merchant,  and,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  Revol.,  was  chairman  of  the  republican  soc. 
of  Phila.  In  1767,  he  m.  Sarah,  only  dau.  of 
Benj.  Franklin,  and  succeeded  him  as  postmas- 
ter-gen. His  bro.  Theophilact,  a  loyalist, 
pres.  of  the  N.  Y.  Chamber  of  Commerce  in 
1773;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  1807,  a.  78.  His  kind- 
ness to  Whig  prisoners  during  the  war  merits 
especial  notice. 

Bache,  Mrs.  Sarah,  only  dau.  of  Dr. 
Franklin,  b.  Phila.,  Sept.  11,  1744;  d.  Oct.  5, 
1808.  In  1767,  she  m.  Richard  Bache,  and 
deserves  special  mention  for  her  patriotic  ser- 
vices during  the  Revol.  war.  In  the  severe 
winter  of  1780,  many  of  the  soldiers  were 
barefoot  and  only  half  clad.  The  ladies 
undertook  to  supply  them  with  clothing,  and 
made  the  garments  with  their  own  hands.  In 
this  noble  charity,  Mrs.  Bache  was  one  of  the 
most  zealous.  On  other  occasions,  her  active 
benevolence  was  called  into  exercise.  She 
performed  hospital  duties,  dressing  the  wounds 
of  the  soldiers,  and  administering  to  them 
medicines  and  cordials  to  mitigate  their  suffer- 
ings. 

Bachi  (ba-kee'),  Pietro,  Ph.  D.  of  the 
U.  of  Padua,  teacher  of  Italian  and  Spanish  in 
H.U.  (1826-46),  b.  Sicily,  1787;  d.  Boston,  Aug. 
22, 1853.  He  vvas  bred  to  the  law.  Implicated 
in  Murat'.>  attempt  to  ascend  the  throne  of 
Naples  in  1815,  he  was  banished,  and   resided 


BA.C 


48 


BAG 


in  Eng,  until  1825,  when  he  came  to  the  U.S. 
He  was  well  versed  in  jurisprudence,  and  was 
a  skilful  teacher,  but  became  intemperate  in 
his  habits,  was  deprived  of  his  post  in  H.U., 
and  d.  miserably.  Author  of  an  "  Italian 
Grammar,"  1829. 

Bachman  (bak'-man),  John,  D.D.,  LL. 
D.,  b.  Duchess  Co.,  N.Y.,  Feb.  4,  1790,  natural- 
ist and  theologian,  pastor  of  the  German  Lu- 
theran Church  in  Charleston,  S.C,  since  1815. 
He  assisted  Audubon  in  his  great  work  on 
ornithology,  and  was  the  principal  author  of 
the  work  on  the  quadrupeds  of  N.  A.,  illustrat- 
ed by  Audubon  and  his  sons.  Author  of 
"  Notice  of  the  Types  of  Mankind,  by  Nott 
and  Gliddon,"  1854;  "Examination  of  Prof. 
Agassiz'  Sketch  of  the  Natural  Provinces  of  the 
Animal  World,"  &c.,  1855;  "Characteristics 
of  Genera  and  Species  as  applicable  to  the 
Doctrine  of  the  Unity  of  the  Human  Kace," 
1854;  "Catalogue  of  Phenogamous  Plants 
and  Ferns  growing  in  the  Vicinity  of  Charles- 
ton, S.C.  ;  "  "  Two  Letters  on  Hybridity," 
8vo,  1850  ;  "  Viviparous  Quadrupeds  of  N.A.," 
and  a  work  in  defence  of  Martin  Luther,  1 853, 
In  the  Med.  Jour,  of  S.C,  he  has  ably  discussed 
the  bearings  of  science  upon  theology. 

Back,  Sir  George,  F.R.S.,  an  arctic  ex- 
plorer, b.  Stockport,  Eng.,  Nov.  6,  1796.  En- 
tering the  royal  navy  in  1808,  he  accompanied 
Capt.  David  Buchan  on  an  exped.  to  Spitz- 
bergcn  in  1817;  and  in  1819  went  with  Sir 
John  Franklin  on  his  overland  exped.  from 
the  western  shore  of  Hudson  Bay  to  the 
northern  coast,  near  the  Coppermine  River. 
The  exped.  returned  to  York  Factory  in  1823. 
In  1821,  he  was  made  lieut.  In  1825,  he  joined 
Franklin's  second  exped.  in  the  endeavor,  in 
conjunction  with  Beechey  and  Parry,  to  dis- 
cover from  opposite  quarters  the  north-west 
passage.  Lieut.  Back  penetrated  as  far  as 
lat.  70°  24'  N.  ;  long.  149°  37'  W.,  and  on 
the  return  of  the  exped.  was  left  in  charge 
of  the  remaining  officers  and  men  at  Fort 
Franklin,  with  all  the  stores,  journals  of  the 
voyage,  &c. ;  returning  to  Eng.  in  1827,  hav- 
ing in  1825  been  made  commander.  In  1833, 
he  took  charge  of  the  party  sent  in  search  of 
Sir  John  Ross,  who  had  left  Eng.  in  1829,  of 
which  voyage  he  pub.  an  interesting  history. 
Receiving  news  of  Ross's  safety,  he  returned 
home  in  1835;  obtained  post  rank,  and  in 
June,  1836,  started  on  his  last  voyage  (See 
Narrative  of  an  Exped.  in  H.  M.  slap  "  Terror" 
undertaken  toith  a  View  to  Geographical  Discovery 
on  the  Arctic  Shores  in  1836-7.")  He  received  a 
gold  medal  from  the  Geog.  Society  in  1837, 
was  knighted  in  1839,  and  subsequently  held 
a  lucrative  treasury  appointment.  —  Men  of  the 
Time. 

Backus,  AzEL,  D.D.  (N.  J.  Coll.  1810), 
clergvman  and  educator,  b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  Oct. 
13,  1765;  d.  Dec.  28,  1816.  Yale  Coll.  1787. 
Nephew  of  Rev  Charles  Backus.  After  leav- 
ing college,  he  taught  school  at  Weathersfield, 
Ct.,  with  his  classmate,  John  H.  Lothrop. 
Licensed  to  preach  in  1789;  minister  at  Beth- 
lehem, Ct.,  and  successor  of  Dr.  Bellamvfrom 
1791  to  1812  ;  and  pres.  of  Ham.  Coll.,  N.  Y., 
from  its  establishment  in  Sept.  1812,  till  his 
death.     While  at  Bethlehem,  he  instituted  and 


conducted  a  school  of  some  celebrity.  In  1798, 
he  preached  the  annual  election  sermon  before 
the  Ct.  legisl.  A  vol.  of  his  sermons,  with  a 
sketch  of  his  life,  has  been  pub.  —  Sprague. 

Backus,  Charles,  D.D.  (Williams  Coll. 
1801),  theologiiin,  uncle  of  Azd,  b.  Norwich, 
Ct..  Nov.   5,  1749;  d.  Somcrs,   Ct.,   Dec.   30, 

1803.  Y.  C,  1769.  Pastor  of  the  Cong. 
Church  at  Somers  from  Aug  10,  1774,  until 
his  death.  He  was  a  fervent  and  eloquent 
preacher,  and  a  successful  teacher  of  theology. 
Besides  sermons,  he  pub.  a  vol.  on  Regener- 
ation, "  Five  Discourses  on  the  Truth  of  the 
Bible,"  1797,  and  an  historical  discourse  upon 
the  town  of  Somers,  1801.  —  Sprague. 

Backus,  Electus,  lieut.-col.,  mortally 
wounded  in  defence  of  Sackett's  Harbor,  May 
29,  and  d.  June  7,  1813.  App.  maj.  light 
dragoons,  Oct.  7,  1808;  lieut.-col.  Feb.  15, 
1809.     His  son  Electus,  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y., 

1804.  West  Point,  1824.  Aide  to  Gen.  Brady, 
1828-37;  capt.  Oct.  17,  1837;  brev.  maj. 
Sept.  23,  1846,  "for  gallant  and  meritorious 
conduct  at  Monterey  ;  "  maj.  3d  Inf.  June  10, 
1850;  lieut.-col.  Jan.  19,  1859;  col.  6th  Inf. 
Feb.  20,  1862;  d.  Detroit,  June  7,1862.  He 
saw  service  in  the  Seminole  War,  1838-40,  and 
in  the  Navajoe  exped.  1858. 

Backus,  Franklin  Thos.,  a  disting.  law- 
ver  of  Cleveland.  O. ;  d.  there  May  14,  1870 ;  b. 
Lee,  Ms.,  May  6,  1813.  Y.C.  1836.  He  went 
to  Cleveland  in  1836;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1839;  pros  atty.  for  Cuyahoga  Co.,  1841; 
member  of  the  house  of  rep.  1846,  of  the 
State  senate  in  1848,  and  of  the  peace  con- 
vention of  1861.  —  A.  T.  Goodman. 

Backus,  Isaac,  Bapt.  minister  and  author, 
b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  1724;  d.  Nov.  28,  1806.  He 
began  to  preach  in  1746;  was  ord.  a  Con- 
gregationalist,  at  Middleborough,  Ms.,  Apr.  13, 
1748  ;  and,  becoming  a  Baptist,  formed  achurch 
there  in  1756.  He  was  an  advocate  of  religious 
freedom,  and  in  1774  was  the  agent  to  Congress 
of  the  AVarren  Association  to  advocate  equality 
of  privileges  to  all  denominations.  He  vin- 
dicated his  course  in  this  aflfair  in  an  article  in 
the  Boston  Clironide,  Dec.  2,  1779,  and  argued 
againstanarticleintheBillofRightsof  the  State 
constitution  then  under  discussion  in  the  con- 
vention. He  was  the  delegate  of  Middlel)orough 
to  the  convention  which  adopted  the  Federal 
Constitution,  which  he  supported  in  a  speech. 
The  Baptist  denomination  is  greatly  indebted 
to  him  tor  its  prosperity.  He  pub.  a  "  History 
of  the  Baptists,"  3  vols.,  1777  and  1784  and 
1796  ;  also  an  abridgment  brought  down  to 
1804,  and  a  History  of  Middleborough  in  the 
3d  vol.  Ms.  Hist.  Colls.  —  See  Life  and  Times 
of  by  Alvah  Hovey,  D.D.,  1859. 

Bacon,  David  Francis,  M.D.,  author, 
and  physician  of  the  Colonization  Soc.  at  Libe- 
ria, 1836-41,  b.  Prospect,  Ct.,  30  Nov.  1813; 
d.  N.Y.  City,  23  Jan.  1866.  Y.  C.  1831  ; 
Med.  Coll.  i836.  He  engaged  in  politics  in 
N.Y.  City,  and  frequently  contrib.  to  the 
periodicals  of  the  day;  author  of  "Lives  of 
the  Apostles,"  1835;  "Wanderings  on  the 
Seas  and  Shores  of  Africa,"  1843. 

Bacon,  Ezekiel,  LL.D.,  son  of  Rev. 
John,  b.  Stockbridge,  Ms.,  Sept.  1,  1776;  d. 
Utica,  N.Y.,  Oct.  18,1870.  Y.C.  1794.  He  was 


IBJ^C 


49 


JBJ^C 


a  member  of  the  State  legisl.  in  1805-6  ;  chief- 
justice  of  Common  Pleas,  1813;  1st  comp- 
troller U.S.  treasury,  1813-15;  and  M.C. 
1807-13.  Removed  to  Utica,  N.Y.;  delegate 
to  the  State  Const.  Conv.  of  1821.  He  pub. 
"  Recollections  of  50  Years  since  "  a  lecture, 
1843. 

Bacon,  Henry,  author,  and  Universalist 
minister,  b.  Boston,  12  Juno,  1813;  d.  Phila., 
19  Mar.  1856.  Ord.  over  2d  Church,  Camb., 
Ms.,  Dec.  1834,  remaining  3  years  ;  afterward 
successively  settled  at  Haveriiill,  Marblehead, 
Providence,  R.L,  and  over  the  Church  of  the 
Messiah,  Phila.  20  years  editor  of  the  Ladies' 
Repository,  Boston.  Author  of  "  Christian 
Comforter,"  "  Sacred  Flora,"  "  Memoir  of 
Mrs.  Jerauld,"  and  over  50  tracts  and  sermons. 
"  The  Pastor's  Bequest,"  selections  from  his 
sermons  by  Mrs.  E.  A.  B.icon,  was  pub. 
Boston,  1857. 

Bacon,  Henry,  figure-painter,  b.  Win- 
chester, Ms.,  1840.  He  studied  with  VV.  A. 
Gay  of  Boston;  went  to  Paris  in  1864,  whore 
lie  has  since  resided  ;  studied  at  the  Beaux  Arts, 
and  afterwards  at  Ecouen  under  E.  Frere.  He 
has  a  happy  talent  in  telling  a  story  by  a 
picture. 

Bacon,  Joel  Smith,  D.D.  (Wash.  Coll, 
1845),  Bapt.  minister  and  educattn-,  b.  Cavuga 
Co.,  N.Y.,  1801  ;  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  Nov.  9, 
1869.  Ham.  Coll.  1826;  Newton  Theol.  Inst. 
1831.  Before  graduating,  he  was  a  teacher  in 
Amelia  Co.,  Va. ;  was  afterward  a  classical 
teacher  at  Princeton,  N.J. ;  pros,  of  George- 
town Coll.,  Ky.,  1831-3  ;  pastor  of  the  Baptist 
Church  at  Lynn,  1833-4;  prof.  Ham.  Inst., 
N.Y.,  1834-7  ;  was  some  time  an  agent  for 
Indian  missions;  pros,  of  Col.  Coll,  DC. 
1843-54 ;  then  taught  in  female  seminaries  ; 
was  two  years  at  the  head  of  an  institution  at 
Tuscaloosa,  Ala,  ;  and  in  1859-67  was  a 
teacher  at  Warrenton,  Va,  He  was  finally  a 
travelling  agent  in  the  South  for  the  Bible 
Society. 

Bacon,  John,  clergyman  and  politician, 
b.  Canterbury,  Ct.,  1737;  d.  Stockbridge,  Ms., 
Oct.  25,  1820.  N.J.  Coll.  1765.  He  studied 
theology ;  preached  in  Somerset  Co.,  Md.,  in 
1768;  and  Sept.  25,  1771,  was  settled  over  the 
Old  South  Church,  Boston.  Owing  to  difFer- 
unces  of  opinion  with  his  church,  he  was  dis- 
missed Feb.  8,  1775,  and  removed  to  Stock- 
bridge,  where  he  was  a  magistrate,  a  representa- 
tive, associate  and  presiding  judge  of  the  Com- 
mon Pleas,  a  member  and  pros,  of  the  State 
senate  (1803-4), and  M.  C.  1801-3.  He  pub.  a 
sermon  after  his  installation,  1772;  an  answer 
to  Huntington  on  a  case  of  discipline,  1781  ;  a 
speech  on  the  courts  of  the  U.S.,  1802;  "  Con- 
jectures on  the  Prophecies,"  1805. 

Bacon,  Leona.rd,  D.D.,  Cong,  clergyman 
and  author,  b,  Detroit,  Mich.,  Feb.  19,  1802. 
Y.  C.  1820;  And.  Theol.  Sem.  1824.  David, 
his  father,  was  a  missionary  to  the  Indians,  and 
the  first  settler  of  Tallmadge,  0.  In  Mar. 
1825,  he  was  installed  pastor  over  the  Centre 
Church,  New  Haven,  Ct.  X  disting.  cham- 
pion of  N.  E.  Congregationalism,  and  a  close 
adherent  to  the  traditions  and  practices  of 
the  Puritan  fathers.  He  has  written  a 
number  of  occasional  addresses  and  sermons, 
4 


and  has  contrib.  to  the  Christian  Speclatar,  the 
Neiv-Englander,  and  the  N.Y.  Independent. 
Among  his  pub,  are  "  Select  Practical  Writings 
of  Richard  Baxter,"  2  vol,  8vo,  2d  ed.,  1835  ; 
"  Manual  for  Young  Church-Members,"  18mo, 
1833  ;  "  Slavery  Discussed,"  8vo,  N.Y.,  1846; 
"  Thirteen  Discourses  on  the  200th  Anniver- 
sary of  the  First  Church  in  New  Haven,"  1839, 
"  Hist.  Disc,  at  the  Old  South  Meeting-house, 
Worcester,  22  Sept.  1863." 

Bacon,  Nathaniel,  an  early  patriot  of 
Va.,  b.  Sutfolk,  Eng.  ab.  1646;  d.  1  Oct.  1676. 
His  father  was  the  author  of  "  Nathaniel 
Bacon's  Historical  and  Political  Observations," 
1647.  Ho  was  educated  at  the  Inns  of  Court, 
Lond.,  settled  in  Gloucester  Co.,  Va.,  owned  a 
large  estate  at  the  head  of  James  River,  became 
in  1672  a  member  of  the  council,  and  acquired 
great  popularity.  An  Indian  war  having 
sprung  up,  Gov.  Berkeley  built  a  few  frontier 
foits  ;  but  the  people,  desirous  of  more  active 
and  energetic  measures,  chose  Bacon  as  their 
leader.  The  gov.  refused  to  commission  him  ; 
but  he  defeated  the  Indians,  and  29  May,  1676, 
was  proclaimed  a  rebel.  Tried  and  acquitted, 
he  received  the  gov.'s  pardon,  June  9  ;  was 
restored  to  the  council,  and  was  promised  a 
gen. 's  commission  for  the  Indian  war.  Ber- 
keley refused  to  keep  his  promise;  and  Bacon, 
at  the  head  of  500  men,  extorted  his  signature. 
He  then  turned  his  attention  to  the  war,  which 
he  vigorously  prosecuted.  Again  proclaimed 
a  rebel,  he  issued  a  declaration  against  the  gov., 
whom  he  drove  from  Williamsburg,  and  whom 
he  was  about  to  attack  at  Accomac,  when  death 
ended  his  career.  At  the  time  of  his  death,  he 
was  one  of  the  burgesses  for  the  county  of 
Henrico.  His  story  has  been  novelized  by 
Caruthers  of  Va.  —  See  Force's  Tracts,  1840; 
S pi  irks  s  Amer.  Biog.  iii.,  New  Series. 

Bacon,  Samuel,  Prot.-Epis.  clergyman,  b. 
Sturbridge,  Ms.,  22  Julv,  1781  ;  d.  Kent,  Cape 
Shilling,  Africa,  3  May,  1820.  H.  U.  1808. 
He  studied  law  ;  edited  the  Worcester  ^Egis, 
afterward  the  Hive,  at  Lancaster,  Pa. ;  in  1812, 
was  an  officer  of  U.S.  marines  ;  subsequently 
practised  law  in  Pa.,  and  then  took  orders  in 
the  Prot.-Epis.  Church.  App.  U.S.  agent  to 
establish  a  colony  in  Africa,  he  reached  Sierra 
Leone,  9  Mar.  1820,  and  d.  shortly  after.  —  See 
Life,  by  J.  Ashmun. 

Bacon,  Thomas,  Prot.-Epis.  clergyman  and 
author,  b.  Frederickion,  Md.;  d.  May  24,  1768. 
He  compiled  a  complete  system  of  the  revenue 
of  Ireland,  1737,  also  a  complete  body  of  the 
laws  of  Md.,  folio,  1765, 

Bacon,  William  Thompson,  poet  and 
clergyman,  b.  Woodbury,  Ct,,  Aug.  24,  1814. 
Y.  C.  1837.  After  two  years  passed  at  the 
Epis.  Acad,  at  Cheshire,  he,  at  the  age  of  17, 
established  himself  in  business  at  New  Haven. 
He  delivered  the  valedictory  poem  at  Yale  ; 
studied  at  the  N.  Haven  Divinity  School,  and 
fronj  1842  to  1845  was  pastor  of  the  Cong. 
Church  at  Trumbull,  Ct.  He  became  sub- 
sequently one  of  the  editors  of  the  Neio-Eng- 
lander,  was  also  for  a  few  years  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  N.  Haven  Journal  and  Courier, 
since  which  he  has  been  engaged  in  ministerial 
labors  in  Kent  and  in  Derby,  Ct.  In  1837,  Mr. 
Bacon  pub.   a  vol.  of  poems,  which  in  1840 


BJSJD 


50 


BA.E 


passed  to  a  third  edition.  In  1848,  a  new 
vol.  was  issued. 

BadeSlU,  Adam,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  N.Y.  Capt.  and  aide-de-camp  U.  S.  Vols  , 
Apr.  1862  ;  on  staff  of  Gen.  Sherman  ;  severe- 
ly wounded  at  Port  Hudson  ;  joined  Gen. 
Grant,  Jan.  1864,  as  military  sec.  and  lieut.- 
coi.,  and  was  made  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
for  faithful  and  merit,  services  in  the  war.  Col. 
and  aide-de-camp  to  the  gen.  of  the  army,  Mar. 
1865  to  May  1869,  when  retired.  Sec.  of  le- 
gation to  the  court  at  London.  Author  of 
"  Plisrory  of  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant,"  2  vols.,  8vo, 
1868. 

Badger,  George  Edmund,  LL.  D.  (Y.C. 
1848),  statesman  and  jurist;  b.  Newbern, 
N.C.,  Apr.  13,  1795;  d.  Raleigh,  N.C.,  May 
11,  1866.  Y.  C.  1813.  He  practised  law  in  Ra- 
leigh, where  he  soon  disting.  himself  by  solidi- 
ty and  strength  in  his  profession.  He  became 
a  member  of^  the  legisl.  in  1816;  was  judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court  in  1820-5;  sec.  of  the  na- 
vy in  1841,  but  resigned  on  Pres  Tyler's  veto- 
ing the  bill  to  re-charter  the  U.  S.  Bank ;  and 
U.  S.  senator  from  1846  to  1854.  Nominated 
to  the  supreme  bench  in  1851,  but  not  con- 
firmed by  the  senate.  In  the  State  convention 
of  May,  1861,  he  spoke  ably  in  defence  of  the 
Union.  He  was  an  excellent  lawyer,  and  a 
vigorous  speaker,  abounding  in  wit  and  humor. 

Badger,  Gen.  Joseph,  b.  Haverliill,  Ms., 
Jan.  11,  1722;  d.  Apr.  4,  1803.  Prior  to  his 
removal  to  Gilmanton  in  1763,  he  held  vari- 
ous civil  and  military  offices  in  Haverhill,  and 
became  col.  in  1771.  During  the  Revol.,  he 
was  an  active  and  efficient  officer,  a  member  of 
the  Provincial  Congress,  was  muster-master  of 
troops  raised  in  his  section  of  the  State,  and 
was  employed  in  furnishing  supplies  for  the 
army.  He  was  app.  brig. -gen.  1780,  was 
judge  of  probate  1784  to  1797,  member  of  the 
conv.  which  adopted  the  Constiiution,  and  of 
the  State  council  in  1784,  90-91.  He  did 
much  towards  founding  and  erecting  the  acad. 
in  Gilmanton. 

Badger,  Joseph,  an  early  missionary 
west  of  the  Alleghanies,  b.  Wilbraham,  Ms., 
Feb.  28, 1757  ;  d.  Perrysburg,  O.,  May  5,  1846. 
Y.  C.  1785.  Giles  his  ancestor  settled  in 
Newbury,  Ms.,  in  1635.  His  early  education 
was  slight;  and,  at  the  age  of  18,  he  entered 
the  Revol.  army,  in  which,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  weeks,  he  remained  until  the 
end  of  1778.  $200,  which  he  had  saved  in 
Continental  bills,  were  then  so  reduced  in 
value  as  hardly  to  purchase  him  cloth  for  an 
ordinary  coat.  Notwithstanding  his  destitu- 
tion, he  resolved  to  obtain  an  education,  and 
earned  money  to  pay  his  coll.  bills  by  teaching 
school.  He  studied  for  the  ministry,  was  pas- 
tor at  Blandford,  Ms.,  24  Oct.  1787-24  Oct. 
1800,  and  was  then  sent  by  the  missionary 
society  to  the  unsettled  parts  of  O.  Here  for 
30  years  his  labors  were  only  exceeded  by  his 
hardships.  During  the  War  of  1812,  Mr. 
Badger  was  app.  by  Gen.  Harrison  brig,  chap- 
lain. His  familiarity  with  the  country  enabled 
him  to  act  the  part  of  a  temporal  as  well  as 
spiritual  guide,  and,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  he 
resumed  his  missionary  functions.  His  poverty 
was  at  times  extreme;  and  in  1826  he  became 


a  Revol.  pensioner.  —  See  Life  by  E.  G.  Holland, 
N.  Y.,  1854. 

Badger,  Luther,  lawyer,  b.  Partridge- 
field,  Ms.,  Apr.  10,  1785.  Ham.  Coll.  1807. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  of  Broome  Co.,  N.Y.,  in 
1812;  judge-advocate  of  the  27th  brig.  N  Y. 
Militia,  1819-27;  M.  C.  1825-7;  examiner 
in  chanccrv,  and  commissioner  U.  S.  loans, 
1840-3;  U!  S.  dist.-atty.  for  N.  Y.  1846-9. 

Badger,  Stephen,  minister  to  the  Natick 
Indians  from  Mar.  27,  1752,  until  disra.  Julv, 
1799  ;  d  Aug.  28,  1803  ;  b.  Charlestown,  Ms., 
Apr.  12,  1726.  H.  U.  1747.  He  was  em- 
ployed by  the  commissioners  for  propagating 
the  gospel  in  N.  E.  He  pub.  a  letter  concern- 
ing the  Indians,  in  the  Ms.  Hist.  Coll.,  dated 
1797,  and  two  discourses  on  drunkenness,  in 
1774,  afterward  reprinted. 

Badger,  William,  gov.  of  N.  H.,  1834-6, 
b.  Gilmanton,  N.H.,  Jan.  13,  1779;  d.  Sept.  21, 
1852.  His  youth  was  employed  in  business 
pursuits.  He  was  successively  in  the  legisl. 
(1810-12)  and  senate  (1814-16)  of  his  native 
State;  Pres.  of  the  senate  in  1816;  an  asso. 
justice  of  the  C.  C.  P.  1816-21,  high  sher- 
iff of  Stafford  Co.  1822-32.  —  Hist.  Gilmanton. 

Badlam,  Stephen,  gen.,  a  Revol.  officer, 
b.  Canton,  Ms.,  1751;  d.  Dorchester,  Ms., 
Aug.  24,  1815.  Left  an  orphan  at  an  early 
age,  his  education  was  limited.  Joining  the 
army  in  1775,  he  was  made  a  licut.  of  artillery, 
soon  became  a  capt.,  and  was  ordered  to  N.Y., 
where  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Alex.  Ham- 
ilton, who  frequently  consulted  him  on  tactics. 
He  bad  also  the  esteem  of  Washington,  whose 
disciple  in  politics  he  continued  to  his  death. 
Made  a  mnj.,  he  was  ordered  to  command  the 
artillery  of  the  dept.  of  Canada.  Returning 
thence  to  Crown  Point,  he  took  possession  of^ 
Mt.  Independence  on  the  memorable  July  4, 
1776;  from  which  circumstance  it  was  named 
by  Maj.  Badlam.  He  did  good  service  in  the 
action  at  Fort  Stanwix,  under  Willet,  in  Aug. 
1777.  In  1779,  he  was  made  brig.-gen.  of  mi- 
litia. —  See  Codman's  Fun.  Sermon  :  Panoplist 
xi.  572. 

Baena  (ba-a'-na)  Antonio  Ladislaus 
Monteiro,  Portuguese  historian  and  geog- 
rapher in  the  military  service  of  Brazil ;  d. 
ab.  1851.  Author  of  a  "  Chorographic  Essay 
on  the  Province  of  Para,"  1839,  and  of  other 
valuable  works. 

Baez,  Buenaventura,  pres.  of  Hayti,  a 
mulatto,  b.  Azua,  Hayti,  1820.  His  father 
was  active  in  the  insurrection  of  1808.  The 
son  became  influential  by  his  wealth  and  tal- 
ents, and,  having  co-operated  with  Santana 
in  securing  the  independence  of  the  republic, 
was,  after  the  expulsion  of  Jemines,  chosen 
pres.  At  the  next  election,  Santana  was 
chosen ;  and  from  being  friends  they  became 
bitter  enemies.  Oct.  6,  1856,  Baez  again  be- 
came pres.,  but  surrendered  the  government  to 
Santana,  June  11,  1858,  and  left  the  coun- 
try. Returning  in  1865,  he  was  a  third  time 
elected  pres.,  but  in  Mar.  1866  was  again  ex- 
pelled by  Gen.  Cabral.  Late  in  18Q7,  he  in- 
augurated a  new  revol.,  and  has  since  been  in 
power  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  island  ;  the 
sale  of  which  he  endeavored  to  effect  to  the 
U.   S.  in   1871. 


B^F 


51 


33^i^j: 


BafSn,  William,  an  English  arctic  ex- 
plorer, b.  1584;  d.  1622.  On  returning  from 
his  tirst  West  Greenland  voyage  in  1612,  he 
wrote  an  account  of  it,  giving  for  the  first 
time  a  method  for  determining  the  longitude 
at  sea  by  an  observation  of  the  celestial 
bodies.  He  also  pub.  an  account  of  a  second 
voyage  to  Greenland  in  1615,  and  of  a  voyage 
to  Spitzbergen  in  1614,  containing  important 
information.  In  1618,  he  was  mate  of  a  mer- 
chant-vessel in  the  Arabian  Sea.  In  1616,  he 
com.  a  vessel  in  which  he  is  said  to  have 
reached  81^  deg.  N.  latitude,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  ascertained  the  limits  of  the  vast  inlet 
of  the  sea  since  known  by  his  name.  He  was 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Ormuz  in  the  Persian 
Gulf,  while  attempting,  in  conjunction  with  a 
Persian  force,  to  expel  the  Portuguese  from 
that  island. 

Bagby,  Arthur  P.,  gov.  of  Ala.,  1837- 
41,  b.  Va.,  1794;  d.  Mobile,  Ala.,  21  Sept. 
1858.  Liberally  educated,  he  settled  in  Ala., 
taking  at  once  a  high  position  as  a  criminal 
lawyer;  was  a  member  of  the  legisl.  in  1820- 

2,  and  speaker  of  the  house;  U.  S.  senator  in 
184.3-9,  and  minister  to  Russia  in  1849-53. 
Subsequently  a  commissioner  to  codify  the 
laws  of  the  State. 

Bagot,  Sir  Charles,  a  British  statesman, 
b.  Blithfield,  Stafford  Co.,  Eng.,  23  Sept. 
1781  ;  d.  Kingston,  Canada,  May  18,  1843. 
Second  son  of  William  Lord  Bagot.  Made  un- 
der-sec. for  foreign  affairs  in  1807  ;  sent  in  1814 
on  a  special  mission  to  Paris ;  shortly  after- 
ward min.-plenipo.  to  the  U.  S. ;  successively 
ambassador  to  St.  Petersburg,  the  Hague,  and 
special  ambassador  to  Vienna  in  1834.  From 
10  Jan.  1842,  to  his  death,  gov.-gen.  of  Brit. 
North  Amer.,  which  he  governed  with  wis- 
dom and  prudence. 

Bailey,  Ebenezer,  educator,  and  author 
of  a  treatise  on  algebra ;  d.  1839.  Y.  C.  1817. 
lie  pub.  also  a  "  Review  of  the  Mayor's  Re- 
port upon  the  High  School  for  Girls,''  1828. — 
See  Sketch  of  his  Life  and  Educ.  Labors,  8vo, 
1861,  Hartford. 

Bailey,  Gamaliel,  proprietor  and  editor 
of  the  National  Era,  b.  Mt.  Holly,  N.J.,  Dec. 

3,  1807;  d.  June  5,  1859,  on  board  steamer 
"Arago,"  while  on  his  way  to  Eng.  Remov- 
ing to  Phila.  at  the  age  of  9,  be  studied  med- 
icine; receiving  his  degree  in  1828.  Sailed  to 
China  as  physiciiin  of  a  ship,  and  began  his 
career  as  an  editor  on  the  ALthodist  Protestant 
in  Bait.  In  1831,  he  removed  to  Cincinnati, 
and  was  physician  to  the  cholera  hospital  dur- 
ing the  pestilence.  The  expulsion  of  some 
students  from  Lane  Sem.  on  account  of  their 
antislavery  sentiments  first  prompted  his 
hostility  to  slavery.  In  1836,  with  J.  G.  Bir- 
ney,  he  conducted  the  first  antislavery  news- 
paper in  the  West,  the  Cincinnati  Philanthro- 
pist, Their  printing-office  was  twice  attacked 
by  a  mob,  the  press  thrown  into  the  Ohio 
River,  and  the  books  and  papers  burned.  In 
1837,  Dr.  Bailey  became  sole  editor  of  the 
Philanthropist,  the  organ  of  the  Liberty  party, 
and  was  a  principal  leader  in  the  presidential 
canvass  in  1840.  In  1841,  his  press  was  de- 
stroyed by  a  mob,  which  was  dispersed  by  the 
military.     Jan.    1,  1847,  he  began  to  edit  at 


Wasliington  the  National  Era,  an  antislavery 
paper.  ^  In  1848,  a  mob  for  three  days  besieged 
his  office.  Addressing  the  multitude  in  a 
speech  remarkable  for  its  coolness  and  its  in- 
dependent spirit,  the  mob,  that  had  proposed 
to  tar  and  feather  him,  was  disarmed  by  his 
eloquence.  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  "  was  ori- 
ginally pub.  in  the  Era. 

Bailey,  Jacob,  soldier,  b.  Newbury,  Ms., 
July  2,  1728;  d.  Newbury,  Vt..  Mar.  1,  1816. 
Settled  in  Hampstead,  1745;  was  a  capt.  in 
French  war,  1756,  and  escaped  from  the  mas- 
sacre at  Fort  Wm.  Henry  in  Aug.  1757;  col. 
at  the  taking  of  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point 
in  1759.  In  1764,  chartered  a  township  in  Vr., 
to  which  he  removed  ;  app.  brig.-gen.  of  mili- 
tia by  the  State  of  N.Y.,  and  commis.-gen. 
Northern  dcpt.  during  the  Re  vol.,  in  which 
he  performed  valuable  service  with  purse,  pen, 
and  sword.  —  Coffin. 

Bailey,  Jacob,  Pr.-Ep.  clergyman  and 
loyalist,  b.  Rowley,  Ms.,  16  Apr.  1731  ;  d. 
Annapolis,  N.S.,  26  July,  1808.  H.  U.  1755. 
Ord.  in  Eng.,  he  officiated  many  years  at 
Pownalboro,  now  Wiscasset,  Me. ;  and  in  1779, 
during  the  Revol.  war,  went  to  Annapolis, 
whore  he  was  rector  of  St.  Luke's.  His  eldest 
son  Percy,  a  capt.  in  the  British  army,  was 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Chippewa,  July  5,  1814. 
—  See  his  Journal,  'with  Memoir  by  Rev.  W.  S. 
BartUt. 

Bailey,  Jacob  Whitman,  naturalist,  b. 
Ward,  Ms.,  Apr.  29,  1811  ;  d.  West  Point, 
Feb.  26,  1857.  Removing  to  Providence,  R.I. 
in  early  life,  he  received  a  common  school 
education.  Grad.  West  Point,  July,  1832, 
and  was  app.  lieut.  of  art.  In  1839,  he  was 
app.  assist,  and  afterwards  prof,  of  chemistry, 
botany,  and  mineralogy,  at  W.  Point.  His  wife 
and  (lau.  perished  when  the  steamer  "  Henry 
Clay"  took  fire  on  the  Hudson  in  1852*; 
and  his  exertions  and  exposure  on  that  oc- 
casion caused  his  death.  Inventor  of  "Bai- 
ley's Indicator,"  and  of  many  improvements 
in  the  microscope.  His  investigations  with 
this  instrument,  illustrating  botany  and  zool- 
ogy, gave  him  great  distinction.  His  "Mi- 
croscopic Sketches,"  together  with  his  collec- 
tion of  about  4,500  specimens  of  algae, 
he  bequeathed  to  the  Boston  Soc.  of  Nat. 
History.  He  was  pres  of  the  Amer. 
Asso.  for  the  Advancement  of  Science 
in  1857.  His  pub  papers,  more  than  50  in 
number,  are  found  in  Silliman's  Journal  of 
Science,  Transactions  of  the  Asso.  of  Geol 
orjists  and  Natu7-alists,  The  Smithsonian  Con- 
tributions to  Knowledge,  and  in  the  various 
State  geological  surveys. — Journal  of  Micro- 
scopic Science. 

JBailey,  Col.  John,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Hanover,  Ms,  Oct.  30,  1730;  d.  there  Oct. 
27,  1810.  At  the  outset  «.f  the  war,  he  was 
licut.-col.  of  the  Plymouth  rcgt.,  with  which 
he  marched  to  Cambridge,  in  May,  1775;  suc- 
ceeded Col.  John  Thomas  in  its  command, 
and  throughout  the  war  was  col.  of  the  2d  Ms. 
regt.  of  the  Continental  line.  He  was  con- 
spicuous in  the  campaign  against  Burgoyne, 
and  had  the  reputation  of  a  brave  and  faith- 
ful officer.  Late  in  life  he  was  an  innkeeper 
in  Hanover. 


IBAJL 


52 


BAI 


Bailey,  Joseph,  brig. -gen.  of  U.S.  Vols.  ; 
murdered  by  bushwhackers  near  Nevada,  Mo., 
Mar.  21,  1867.  Gen.  Bailey  achieved  a  high 
reputation  in  the  Bed  River  expcd.  in  May, 
1864,  by  a  siiilful  and  original  feat  of  eni:i- 
neering,by  vvhicii  he  brought  the  iion-clad  gun- 
boats of  the  M])i.  squadron  safely  over  the 
dangerous  falls  and  rapids  of  the  Red  River 
above  Alexandria.  He  joined  the  army  in 
Wisconsin,  where  he  had  previously  been  a 
lumberman,  and  was  acting  chief-engineer  of 
the  19th  Army  Corps,  with  rank  of  lieut.-col., 
when  the  retreating  Union  forces  found  that 
the  water  of  the  Red  River  had  fallen  so  much, 
that  Admiral  Porter's  squadron  could  not  pass 
the  rapids.  In  this  perilous  emergency,  Col. 
Bailey  proposed  to  construct  dams  which 
should  raise  the  water  suflicicntly  lO  permit 
the  gunboats  to  descend  safjly.  The  most 
skilful  engineers  in  the  army  said  the  propo- 
sition was  absurd;  but  in  11  days  the  fleet 
were  safely  over  the  falls.  For  this  brilliant 
achievement,  he  was  mnde  brig.-gen.,  and  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  Congress.  He  settled 
after  the  war  in  Newton  Co.,  Mo.,  of 
which  he  was  chosen  sheriff.  He  became  for- 
midable to  buskwhackers,  liut  after  arresting 
two  of  them,  brothers,  named  Pixlcy,  was 
shot  by  theui. 

Bailey,  Joseph  Roosevelt,  R.  C.  bishop 
of  Newark  since  18.33,  b.  N.Y.,  1814  ;  studied 
for  thePr.-Ep.  Church,  embraced  Catliolicism, 
1842;  studied  at  St.  Sulpice,  Paris;  was  ord. 
priest,  and  returned  to  the  U.  S.  in   1844. 

Bailey,  Kiah,  Cong,  minister,  b.  Brook- 
field,  Ms.,  11  Mar.  1770;  d.  Hardwiek,  Vt., 
17  Aug.  1857.  Dartm.  Coll.  1793.  He  stud- 
ied thcol.  under  Dr.  Emmons  ;  was  minister 
of  Newcastle,  Me.,  7  Oct.  1797-1824  ;  subse- 
quently of  Greensborough,  Vt.,  and  Thornton, 
N.H.,  and  in  1833  settled  on  a  farm  at  Hard- 
wick.  Member  Ms.  leirisl.  in  1819-20;  ])res. 
of  the  Me.  Missionary  Soc, 

Bailey,  Rufds  Wm.,  D.D.  (Hamp.  Sid. 
Coll.  1859),  clergyman  and  author,  b.  North 
Yarmouth,  Me.,  Apr.  13,  1793;  d.  Huntsville, 
Tex.,  Apr.  25, 1863.  D.  C.  1813.  He  taught 
an  acad.  at  Salisbury  and  at  Blue  Hill,  Me.; 
was  tutor  at  D.  C.  1817-18;  pastor  of  the 
Cong.  ch.  at  Norwich,  Vt.,  Nov.  29,  1819,  to 
Novri2,  1835;  at  Pittsrteld,  Apr.  14,  1824,  to 
Sept.  27,  1827;  taught  .school  in  S.  C,  in  Fay- 
etteville,  N.C.,  and  in  Staunton,  Va. ;  Avcnt  to 
Texas  in  1854;  prof  of  languages  at  Austin 
Coll  ,  Huntsville, 2  years,  and  its  pres.  from  Dec. 
16,  1858,  to  his  dea'th.  He  pub.  "  The  Issue," 
a  vol.  on  slavery,  1837  ;  "The  Family  Preach- 
er," 1838;  a  ])rimary  grammar,  and  a  "Man- 
ual of  Grammar ;  "  "  The  Mother's  Request ;  " 
and  "The  Beginnings  of  Evil  "—AhmniD.C. 

Bailey,  Tfieodorus,  b.  Duchess  Co.,  N. 
Y.,  1752;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  Sept.  6,  1828.  M.  C. 
from  N.  Y.,  1793-7  and  1799-1803;  U.  S.  sen- 
ator 180.3-4;  postmaster  N.  Y.  City,  1804-28. 

Bailey,  Theodorus,  rear-adm.  U.  S.  N., 
b.  N.  Y.,  1803.  Son  of  Judge  Wm.  Bailey 
of  Plattsburg.  Midshipman,' Jan.  1,  1818; 
lieut.  Mar.  3,  1827  ;  commander.  Mar.  6,  1849  ; 
Ciipr.  Dec.  15,  1855;  commo.  July  16,  1862; 
rear-adm.  retired  list,  July  25,  186'6,  He  com. 
the  storeship  "  Lexington  "  during  the  Mexi- 


can war,  and  manifested  enterprise  and  gal- 
lantry in  numerous  cxpeds.  against  the  enemy. 
Com.  frigate  "  Colorado,"  West  Gulf  block, 
squad.  1861-2  ;  second  in  command  and  offi- 
cially commended  by  Adm.  Farragut  for  cap- 
ture of  N.  Orleans,  where  he  led  the  attack  and 
passage  of  the  forts;  com.  the  Eastern  Gulf 
block,  squad,  1862,  and  was  energetic  and  suc- 
cessful in  breaking  up  bloekade-running  on  the 
Florida  coast.  Com.  Portsmouth  navy-yard, 
186.5-7.  Said  to  have  taken  over  150  blockade- 
runners  in  a  year  and  a  half. 

Baillargeon,  C.  F.,  R.  C.  Bishop  of  Que- 
bec; d.  Oct.  14,  1870,  a.  72.  App.  administra- 
tor of  that  diocese  in  1855. 

Bailly,  Joseph  A.,  sculptor,  b.  Paris,  1825 ; 
came  to  Phila.,  1850.  Among  his  works  are 
"Adam  and  Eve,"  "Eve  and  her  Two  Chil- 
dren," and  the  monument  of  Washington, 
placed  (1869)  in  front  of  the  State  House, 
Phila.^ 

Baily,  John,  clergyman,  b.  near  Black- 
burn, Lancashire,  Eng.,  24  Feb.,  1644;  d.  Bos- 
ton, Dec.  12,  1697.  He  began  his  ministry  in 
Chester,  Eng.,  in  1665,  but  was  imprisoned 
for  nonconformity,  and  preached  to  crowds 
through  the  bars  of  Lancashire  jail.  He 
preached  14  years  in  Limerick,  and  subse- 
quently again  in  Eng.,  i)ut  was  driven  by 
persecution  to  Amer.,  and  landed  in  Boston  in 
1684.  Ord.  minister  of  Watertown,  Oct.  6, 
1686,  he  became  assist,  minister  of  the  First 
Church,  Boston,  July  17,  1693.  He  pub. 
an  address  to  the  people  of  Limerick.  His 
funeral-sermon  was  preached  by  Cotton  Ma- 
ther. —  Sprague  ;  Nonconformist's  Memorial  ; 
Biorjraphia  Evangelica. 

Bainbridge,  Henry,  lieut.-col.  U.  S.  A., 
b.  N.Y.,  1803;  d.  at  sea  near  Galveston,  Tex., 
May  31,  1857.  West  Point,  1821.  Capt.  15 
June,  1836;  brev.  maj.  Sept.  23,  1846,  "for 
gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  at  Monterey, 
Mexico,"  where  he  was  wounded,  Sept.  21 ; 
maj.  7th  Inf  16  Feb.  1847  ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  20 
Aug.  1847,  "for  gallant  and  meritorious  con- 
duct in  battles  of  Contreras  and  Churubusco ;  " 
military  and  civil  gov.  of  Jalapa,  Mex.,  June, 
1848 ;  engaged  in  hostilities  with  the  Seminoles 
in  1849-51  ;  lieut.-col.  1st  Inf.  11  June,  1851.— 
CnJlnm. 

Bainbridge,  William,  commo.  U.  S.N., 
b.  Princeton,  N.J.,  May  7,  1774;  d.  Phila.,  July 
28,  1833.  Son  of  Dr.  Absalom  B.  He  went 
to  sea  at  16,  and  at  19  com.  a  ship.  App.  Aug. 
3,  1798,  to  com.  the  U.  S.  schooner  "Retalia- 
tion," he  was  captured  by  the  French  while 
cruising  near  Guadaloupe,  and,  after  3  months' 
confinement,  reached  home  in  Feb.  1799,  Mas- 
ter com.  Mar.  29,  1799;  capt.  May  29,  1800. 
In  1799,  he  cruised  again  in  the  VV.  Indies  in 
the  brig  "Norfolk," ""  18  guns.  In  1800,  he 
sailed  to  Algiers  in  com.  of  the  frigate  "  George 
Washington,"  and  was  compelled  by  the  dey 
to  convey  his  ambassadors,  with  pi'esents,  to 
Constantinople.  On  his  return  to  Algiers,  he 
was  instrumental  in  saving  the  French  residents 
there, —  the  dey  having  declared  war  with 
France,  thus  preventing  their  imprisonment 
and  slavery.  For  this  act  he  received  the  thanks 
of  Bonap.irte,  then  first  consul,  and  the  ap- 
proval of  his  own  government.     While  com- 


SAl 


53 


B^VK 


raanding  the  frigate  "Philadelphia,"  engaged 
in  the  blockade  of  Tnpoli,  Oct.  31,  1803,  she 
ran  upon  some  I'ocks,  and  was,  witli  her  crew, 
captured.  Keleased  after  13  months' confine- 
ment, Capt.  Bainbridge  was  acquitted  of  all 
blame  by  a  court  of  inquiry  held  at  his  own  re- 
quest. Sept.  15,  1812,  he  took  command  of  the 
frigate  "Constitution."  Cruising  near  the 
coast  of  Brazil,  Dec.  29,  he  fell  in  with  the  Brit- 
ish frigate  "Java,"  Capt.  Lambert,  which,  in  an 
action  of  an  hour  and  o5  minutes,  was  so  in- 
jured, that,  after  her  capture,  she  was  blown 
up.  Both  commanders  were  wounded,  Lambert 
mortally.  He  treated  his  prisoners  with  great 
kindness  ;  was  enthusiastically  received  upon 
his  return,  and  was  awarded  a  gold  medal  by 
Congress.  After  the  peace  of  1815,  he  superin- 
tended the  building  of  "The  Independence," 
74,  in  which  he  sailed  for  Algiers,  but  was  fore- 
stalled by  a  treaty  of  peace.  He  was  afterward 
one  of  the  navy  commissioners,  and  com.  the 
navy-yard  at  Charlestown.  His  last  cruise  was 
in  "  The  Columbus,"  80,  in  the  Mediterranean, 
in  1820-21.  (See  Life,  6//  77*05.  Harris,  M.D., 
pub.  Phila.,  8vo,  1837.)  His  bro.  Joseph,  capt. 
11.  S.  navy,  d.  Nov  18,  1824.  A  lieut.  at  the 
destruction  of  "The  Philadelphia"  frigate  in 
the  harbor  of  Tripoli,  Feb.  16,  1804,  and  in  the 
actions  of  Preble's  squadron  in  that  harbor, 
July-Sci)t.  18U4. 

Baine,  A.  C,  lawyer  and  author,  b.  Ra- 
leigh, N.C.,  21  Sept.  1810;  d.  Clitton,  Nevada, 
21  Dec.  1863.  About  1849,  he  settled  in  Stock- 
ton, Cal.,  as  a  lawyer,  and  was  greatly  esteemed 
for  scholarship  and  integrity.  Author  of  "  Di- 
vine Faith  and  Natural  Rea.son,"  1861;  and  at 
the  time  of  his  death  had  nearly  completed  a 
vol.  on  "  Relations  of  Human  Liberty  to  Nat- 
ural, Moral,  and  Divine  Law." 

Baird,  Absalom,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A., 
b.  Washington,  Pa.,  Aug.  20,  1824.  Wash- 
ington Coll.  1841  ;  West  Point,  1849.  He 
studied  law  before  entering  the  military  acad, 
Ent.  the  2d  Art.;  served  in  Fla.  in  1850-3; 
and  between  1853  and  1859  was  assist,  instruct- 
or, and  assist,  prof,  of  mathematics  at  West 
Point.  In  Mar.  1861,  he  was  ordered  to  Wash- 
ington to  com.  Magruder's  battery,  and  1 1 
May,  became  assist,  adj. -gen.,  rank  of  capt.  He 
was  chief  of  statf  to  Gen.  Tyler  at  the  battle  of 
Bull  Run;  12  Nov.  1861,  assist,  insp.-gen,  rank 
of  maj.  ;  and  in  Mar.  1862,  chief  of  staff,  and 
insp.-gen.  to  the  4th  army  corps.  Gen.  Keyes : 
and  was  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown  and  the  bat- 
tle of  Williamsburg.  Apr.  28,  1862,  brig.-gen. 
of  vols.,  and  placed  in  com.  of  a  brigade  under 
Gen.  Morgan,  at  Cumberland  Ford,  Ky.  In 
April,  1863,  he  com.  a  div.  under  Gen.  Gran- 
ger, when  attacked  by  Van  Dorn  at  Franklin, 
Tenn.,  and  also  at  Chickamauga,  for  which  he 
was  brev.  lieut.-col.  20  Sept.  1863.  Biev.  col. 
Nov.  20,  for  Chattanooga;  brev.  brig.-gen. 
13  Mar.  1865,  for  the  capture  of  Atlanta;  and 
brev.  maj.-gen.  vols.  I  Sept.  1864,  for  services 
in  the  Atlanta  campaign,  particularly  for  the 
battles  of  Rosacea  and  Jonesborough,  and  op's 
against  Savannah.  He  com.  a  div.  of  the  14th 
corps,  in  Sherman's  "  march  to  the  sea,"  at  the 
battle  of  Bentonville,  N.C.,  20  Mar.  1865,  and 
surrender  of  Johnston's  army,  26  Apr.  1865. — 
Cidlain. 


Baird,  Robert,  D.D.,  author  and  clergy- 
man, b.  of  Scotch  parents,  Fayette  Co.,  Pa., 
Oct.  6,  1798;  d.  Yonkers,  N.Y.,  Mar.  15, 
1863.  Jeff.  Coll.  1818;D.D.  1842.  He  taught 
.school  a  year  at  Bellefonte;  studied  3  years  at 
Princeton  Theol.  Sem.,  in  which  he  was  one 
year  a  tutor  ;  had  charge  of  a  sem.  at  Prince- 
ton from  1822  to  1827  ;  was  agent  of  the  N.J. 
Missionary  Society  in  1828;  of  the  Anier. 
Sunday  School  Union  in  1829,  and  in  5  years 
increased  its  revenue  from  $5,000  to  $28,000. 
From  1835  to  1843,  he  was  most  of  the  time 
in  Eui'ope,  striving  to  revive  the  Protestant 
faith  in  the  south,  and  to  promote  the  cause 
of  temperance  in  the  nortli,  earning  the  title 
of  "  The  International  Preacher,"  so  wide- 
spread had  been  his  labors.  On  the  formation 
of  the  Foreign  Evangelical  Society  in  1849,  he 
became  its  agent  and  corresp.  sec.  On  his  last 
visit  to  Europe  in  1862,  he  ably  vindicated  the 
cause  of  the  Union  against  secession  before 
London  audiences.  He  pub.  "  Religion  in 
America,"  1842  ;  "  Visit  to  Northern  Europe ;  " 
"  Memoir  of  Anna  J.  Linnard,"  1835  ;  "  State 
and  Prospects  of  Religion  in  America,"  1842; 
"  View  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi,"  1832 ; 
"Transplanted  Flowers,"  1839;  "Memoir 
of  Rev.  Joseph  Sanford,"  1836  ;  "  Protes- 
tantism in  Italy,"  1845;  "Impressions  and 
Experiences  of  the  W.  Indies  and  N.  America 
in  1849,"  12rno,  Phila. ;  "  The  Christian  Ret- 
rospect and  Register,"  1851  ;  "  History  of  the 
Albigenses,  Waldenses,  and  Vaudois,"  "  His- 
tory of  tlie  Temperance  Societies  of  the  U.S.," 
Paris,  1836;  "  Union  of  Church  and  State  in 
N.  England,"  Paris,  1837.  Editor  of  the 
Christian  Union,  monthly,  1847-8,  and  corresp. 
of  many  leading  foreign  and  Amer.  journals. 
His  son,  Rev.  Charles,  had  charge  of  a  Prot- 
estant chapel  at  Rome ;  and  another  son, 
Henry  M.,  is  disting.  for  proficiency  in  Greek 
literature,  and  pub.  a  memoir  of  his  father, 
1866. 

Baird,  Spencer  Fullerton,  LL.D., natu- 
ralist, b,  Reading,  Pa.,  1823  Prof.  nat.  sciences, 
Dick.  Coll.  1840;  assist,  sec.  Smiths'n.  Inst. 
The  editor  and  translator  of  "  The  Iconographie 
Encyclop.,"  4  vols.  8vo,  N.Y.,  1851.  Author 
of  papers  on  zoology,  and  of  reports  on  natu- 
ral history  colls.,  made  by  Capt.  Stansbnry, 
Capt.  Miircy,  Lieut.  Gilliss,  the  U.S.  and  Mex- 
ican Boundary  Survey,  and  the  Pacific  R.  R. 
Survey;  also,'with  J.  Cassin,  "The  Birds  of 
North  America,"  2  vols.  4to,  1860;  "Mam- 
mals of  North  America,"  4to,  1861.  He  has 
made  valuable  contributions  to  the  publications 
of  the  Jour,  of  Sciences,  Phila.,  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  &c. 

Baker,  Daniel,  lieut.-col.  U.S.A. ;  d. 
Detroit,  Mich.,  10  Oct.  1836.  App.  from  Vt., 
Ensign  16th  Inf.,  8  Jan.  1799;  adj.  in  1802; 
assist,  military  agent  at  Detroit ;  capt.  Mar. 
1812;  assist,  dep.  quartermaster,  Apr.  1812; 
brev.  maj.  Aug.  9,  1812,  for  disting.  service 
in  battle  of  Brownstown,  Maguaj^o,  where  he 
was  wounded;  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Lewis, 
June,  1813;  maj.  45  Inf  Apr.  15,  1814; 
disting.  in  affair  at  Lyon's  Creek,  under  Gen. 
Bissell;  maj  7th  Inf.  1  June,  1819  ;  lieut.-col. 
6th  Inf  May  1,  1829;  com.  his  regt.  in  battle 
of  the  Bad  Axe.  —  Gardner. 


BAK 


54 


:ba.Tu 


Baker,  Daniel,  D.D.  (Laf.  Coll.  1849), 
pres.  of  Austin  Coll.,  Texas,  Presb.  clergy- 
man;  d.  1857.  N,  J.  Coll.  1815.  Has  pub. 
"Affectionate  Address  to  Mothers,"  and  to 
"Fathers,"  "Plain  and  Scriptural  View  of 
Baptism,"  18mo,  "  Revival  Sermons,"  12rao, 
2  series. 

Baker,  David  Jewett,  politician,  b.  E. 
Haddam  Ct.,  Sept.  7,  1792;  d.  Alton,  111., 
Aug.  6,  1869.  Ham.  Coll.  1816.  He  went 
with  his  parents  to  Ontario  Co.,  N.Y.,  in  1800, 
worked  on  a  farm,  studied  law,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1819;  settling  in  Kaskas- 
kia,  111.  He  had  a  large  practice,  and  was 
probate  judge  of  Randolph  Co.;  US.  senator 
1830-1,  carrying  through  Congress  the  im- 
portant measure  of  selling  the  public  lands  to 
actual  settlers  in  quantities  of  40  acres;  U.S. 
attorney  for  111.  in  1833-41.  He  opposed  the 
introduction  of  slavery  into  111.  in  1823,  with 
such  energy,  that  his  opponents  tried  to  kill  him. 

Baker,  Edward  Dickinson,  soldier  and 
senator,  b.  Lond.,  Feb.  24,  1811  ;  killed  in  the 
battle  of  Ball's  Bluff,  Oct.  21,  1861.  His 
family  came  to  the  U.S.  ab.  1815,  and  settled 
in  Phila.,  but  in  1825  removed  to  111.  The 
son  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  practise 
in  Greene  Co.,  111. ;  removed  to  Springfield  ;  in 
1337  was  chosen  to  the  legisl. ;  was  State  sen- 
ator from  1840  to  1844,  and  then  M.C  until 
the  breaking-out  of  the  Mexican  war,  when 
he  resigned,  and  became  col.  of  Illinois 
Vols.  He  shared  in  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz, 
com.  with  great  gallantry  a  brigade  at  Cerro 
Gordo  and  all  the  subsequent  conflicts,  and 
after  the  war  removed  to  Galena,  and  aided  in 
the  nomination  of  Gen.  Taylor  to  the  presi- 
dency. In  1848-9,  he  was  again  in  Congress, 
but,  becoming  connected  with  the  Panama 
Railroad  Co.,  declined  a  re-election,  settled  in 
the  successful  practice  of  law  in  Cal.  in  1852, 
and  connected  himself  with  the  Republican 
party.  When  Senator  Broderic  was  killed  in  a 
duel  in  1859,  he  delivered  a  funeral-oration 
over  the  body  of  his  friend  in  the  public  square 
of  San  Francisco,  and  soon  after  removed  to 
Oregon,  where  in  1860,  by  a  coalition  between 
the  Republicans  and  Douglas  Democrats  in  the 
legisl.,  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate.  On 
the  breaking-out  of  the  civil  war  in  1861,  he 
Vaised  the  "California"  regt.  in  N.Y.  and 
Phila.,  and,  declining  to  be  app.  a  gen.,  went 
into  the  field  at  its  head.  At  Ball's  Bluff,  he 
com.  a  brigade,  and  fell  in  advance  of  the  line 
while  serving  a  pifce  of  artillery. 

Baker,  Henry  Felt,  author  and  inventor, 
b.  Salem,  Ms.,  Nov.  7,  1797;  d.  Portsmouth, 
0.,  Feb  20,  1857.  H.U.  1815.  He  became  a 
merchant  and  trader.  In  1846,  he  patented 
the  well-known  "  Improvement  in  Steam- 
Boiler  Furnaces."  Ab.  1848,  he  went  to  Cin- 
cinnati, became  clerk  in  a  bank,  and  in  1853 
and  1854,  pub.  in  two  parts  a  work  on  "  Banks 
and  Banking  in  the  tj.S.,"  and  contrib.  fre- 
quently to  the  Bankers'  Magazine.  The  name 
of  Baker,  his  stepfather,  was  added  to  his  ori- 
ginal name. 

Baker,  Lafayette  C,  brev.  brig.-gen. 
vols.,  and  chief  of  the  detective  service  during 
the  civil  war,  b.  Stafford,  N.Y.,  1824 ;  d.  Phila  , 
July  3,  1868.     In  1867,  he  pub.  a  work  detail- 


ing much  of  the  secret  history  of  the  war,  and 
charging  President  Johnson  with  being  privy 
to  the  pardon-brokerage  business. 

Baker,  Osman  Oleander,  D.D.,  Bishop 
M.  E.  Church,  b.  Marlow,  N.  H.,  1812. 
Licensed  1829.  Consec.  bishop  in  May,  1852. 
He  was  stationed  in  N.H.,  and  was  prof,  in 
the  Meth.  Bibl.  Inst,  in  1847-52.  Author  of 
"  Discipline  of  the  M.E.  Church,"  12mo ;  "  Last 
Witness."     D.  Concord,  N.H.,  Dec.  20,  1871. 

Baker,  Capt.  Remember,  soldier  and 
pioneer  of  Vt.,  b.  Woodbury,  Ct.  ab.  1740; 
killed  by  Indians,  near  Tsle  Aux  Noix,  in  Aug. 
1775.  A  soldier  in  the  French  war  in  1757-9, 
and  in  the  bloody  battle  at  Ticonderoga ; 
settled  at  Arlington,  on  the  "  N.H.  Grants,"  in 
1764,  and,  in  the  struggles  of  the  settlers 
against  the  claims  of  N.Y.,  was  an  active  and 
efficient  second  to  Ethan  Allen.  On  one  occa- 
sion, he  was  captured  and  cruelly  maimed, 
but  was  rescued  the  same  day.  He  was  out- 
lawed by  the  gov.  of  N.Y.,  and  a  price  set 
upon  his  head.  May  10,  1775,  with  Col. 
Warner,  he  participated  in  the  capture  of 
Crown  Point.  He  was  on  a  scouting  exped. 
when  killed. 

Balboa,  Miguel  Cavello,  a  Spanish  mis- 
sionary who  visited  S.  America  ab.  1566,  and 
collected  materials  for  a  history  of  Peru,  which 
was  pub.  in  Paris,  1840. 

Balboa, Vasco  Nunez  de,  a  Spanish  dis- 
coverer and  conqueror  in  America,b.  Xeresde  los 
Caballeros,  1475;  d.  Castilla  de  Oro  in  1517. 
In  1501,  he  went  to  the  West  Indies,  in  the  ex- 
ped. of  Bastidas.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  European  who  ascertained  Cuba  to  be  an 
island.  From  Hispaniola,  he  sailed  in  1510  to 
the  River  Darien,  and  established  a  colony  on 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  where  he  built  Santa 
Maria  de  la  Antigua,  the  first  town  on  the  con- 
tinent of  South  America.  In  Sept.  1513,  Bal- 
boa set  out  on  an  exped.  across  the  isthmus,  and 
discovered  the  Pacific  Ocean,  Sept.  29.  Kneel- 
ing, he  thanked  God  for  this  great  discovery,  of 
which  he  took  possession  in  the  name  of  the 
sovereigns  of  Castile.  Returning,  he  sent  to 
Spain  an  account  of  his  discoveries.  His  mer- 
its, however,  were  neglected,  Enciso,  a  rival, 
having  traduced  him  to  the  Spanish  Govt.;  and 
Pedrarias  Davila  was  sent  out  with  a  fleet  and 
troops  as  gov.  of  Darien.  Balboa  was  alter- 
wards  made  lieut.-gov.  with  independent  au- 
thority. But,  disputes  arising  between  him  and 
Davila,  the  latter  accused  him  of  disloyalty,  and 
a  design  to  revolt ;  on  which  charge  he  was 
tried  and  convicted  :  and  in  spite  of  the  entrea- 
ties of  the  judges  themselves,  and  of  the  whole 
colony,  he  was  beheaded,  leaving  the  character 
of  an  active  and  enterprising  adventurer,  infe- 
rior to  none  of  the  Spanish  leaders  in  America 
in  courage  or  abilities,  and  whose  object  was 
fame,  and  not  the  accumulation  of  wealth.  In 
his  intercourse  with  the  Indians,  he  displayed 
great  humanity  and  prudence. 

Balbuena  de  (da-bal-bwa'-na),  Bernar- 
do, a  Spanish  poet,  and  bishop  of  Porto  Rico, 
in  the  W.  Indies,  from  1620  to  his  death,  1627, 
b.  Val  de  Penos,  1568.  Author  of  "  The  Age 
of  Gold," a  pastoral  romance;  "El  Bernardo," 
an  epic  poem,  and  some  lyrics. — See  Ticknora 
Hist.  Span.  Lit. 


JBAJu 


55 


JBAJLi 


Balcarres,  Alexander  Lindsay,  Earl 
of,  a  British  j^en.,  b.  1752;  d,  London,  27  Mar. 
1825.  Eldest  son  of  the  5th  Earl  Balcarres, 
whom  iti  1767  he  succeeded  in  the  family  hon- 
ors. He  became  an  ensign  in  the  53d  Foot, 
obtained  a  majorate,  Dec.  9, 1775,  and  served  3 
years  in  N.  America  under  Carleton  and  Bur- 
j^oyne.  He  was  present  at  the  actions  of  Trois 
Rivieres,  June  1,  1776  ;  com.  the  lij^ht  infantry 
of  the  army  at  Ticonderoga  and  Habbardton, 
July  7, 1777;  also  at  Freeman's  Farm,  Sept.  19, 
on  the  heights  of  Saratoga,  with  the  com.  of 
the  advanced  corps  of  the  army.  Brig.-Gen. 
Eraser  being  killed  in  the  action,  Oct.  7,  Oct.  8 
Balcarres  was  app.  lieut.-col.  24th  Foot,  and 
was  included  in  the  convention  of  Saratoga. 
At  the  battle  of  Hubbardton,  where  he  was 
wounded,  13  balls  passed  through  his  clothes. 
Made  maj.-gen.  1793,  and  in  1794  sent  to  com. 
the  forces  in  Jamaica,  where  he  was  also  placed 
at  the  head  of  the  civil  administration  as  lieut.- 
gov.,  but  soon  after  returned  to  Eng.  Lieut.- 
gen.  1798  ;  gen.  1803.  At  the  time  of  his  death, 
he  was  one  of  the  representative  peers  for  Scot- 
land, but  took  no  active  part  in  politics. 

Balch,  George  B.,  capt.  U.S.N.,,  b.  Tenn., 
Dec.  30,  1821.  Midshipman,  Dec.  30,  1837; 
licut.  Aug.  16, 1850;  com.  July  16, 1862  ;  capt. 
July  25,  1866.  Actively  engaged  in  the  war 
with  Mexico  from  first  attack  on  Alvarado, 
Nov.  1,  1846,  to  surrender  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mar. 
1847.  While  on  the  sloop  "Plymouth,"  in 
com.  of  the  advance  post  at  Shanghai,  China, 
he  was  wounded  in  the  hip  in  a  fight  between 
the  rebels  and  imperialists.  Com.  steamer 
"  Pocahontas,"  S.  A.  squadron  ;  engaged  rebel 
battery  at  Stono,  S.C,  and  on  the  Black  River 
in  Aug.  1862;  com.  steamer  "Pawnee,"  at- 
tacked by  2  rebel  batteries,  who  at  the  same 
time  attacked  Gen.  Terry's  forces,  and  were  re- 
pulsed July  16,  1863  ;  engaged  and  captured  2 
rebel  guns  in  the  Keowah  River,  Dec.  25, 1863 ; 
in  the  operations  of  Dahlgren  and  Foster  in 
Stono  River,  S.C,  July,1864;  and  Feb.  9,  1865, 
with  the  "  Sonoma"  and  "  Daffodil,"  engaged 
3  rebel  batteries  on  Togoda  Creek,  North  Edis- 
to,  S.C,  driving  the  enemy  from  his  works. — 
Hamersly. 

Balch,  William,  minister  of  the  Second 
Church, Bradford,  b.  Beverly,  Ms.,  Oct.  2, 1704 ; 
d.  Bradford,  Jan.  12,  1792.  H.  U.  1724.  Ord. 
7  Jan.  1727.  In  1744,  he  pub.  a  pamphlet  upon 
a  dispute  between  himself  and  a  few  dissatis- 
fied members  of  iiis  church  ;  and  in  1746,  he 
wrote  an  able  reply  to  Messrs.  Wigglesworth 
and  Chipman,  who  had  attacked  him  ifbr  propa- 
gating Arminian  tenets.  Besides  the  a!)Ove- 
named,  he  pub.  "  A  Discourse  upon  Self-right- 
eousness," 1742,  and  "Election  Sermon," 
1749. —^//o^ 

Baldwin,  Abraham,  statesman,  b.  Guil- 
ford, Ct.,  Nov.  1754;  d.  Washington,  D.C, 
Mar.  4,  1807.  Y.  C  1772.  Being  a  good  clas- 
sical and  mathematical  scholar,  he  was  tutor 
there  5  years,  and  from  1777,  till  the  close  of 
the  war,  was  a  chaplain  in  the  army.  Remov- 
ing to  Savannah  at  the  request  of  Gen.  Greene, 
early  in  1784  he  abandoned  the  clerical  pro- 
fession for  that  of  the  law,  was  a  member  of 
the  legisl.  in  1784,  a  delegate  to  Congress  in 
1 785-8,  an  active  and  disting.  member  of  tl>e 


convention  which  framed  the  Federal  Consti 
tution  in  1787,  under  which  he  was  M.  C. 
1789-99,  and  a  U.  S.  senator  from  1799  till  his 
death.  During  the  22  years  of  his  legislative 
career,  he  was  never  absent  an  hour,  until  the 
week  preceding  his  death.  In  the  Georgia 
legisl.  he  originated  the  plan  of  the  State  Uni- 
versity, drew  up  the  charter  by  which  it  was 
endowed  with  40,000  acres  of  land,  and,  with 
the  aid  of  Gov.  John  Milledge,  carried  it 
through  successfully.  It  was  located  at  Ath- 
ens, and  he  was  several  years  its  pres.  He 
was  the  bro.-in-lawof  Joel  Barlow;  was  a  man 
of  great  talents,  ardent  patriotism,  and  exten- 
sive benevolence.  Having  never  been  married, 
he  was  enabled  by  economy  to  assist  many 
young  men  in  obtaining  an  education  ;  and,  on 
the  death  of  his  father  in  1787,  protected  and 
educated  6  orphan-children,  his  half  bros.  and 
sisters,  among  them  Judge  Henry  Baldwin. 

Baldwin,  Ashbel,  Pr.-Ep.  clergyman, 
b.  Litchfield,  Ct.,  Mar.  7,  1757  ;  d.  Rochester, 
N.Y.,  Feb.8, 1846.  Y.  C  1776.  He  served  as  a 
quartermaster  in  the  Revol.  war,  and  was  ord. 
by  Bishop  Seabury  in  1785,  —  the  first  Epis. 
ordination  in  this  country.  Minister  of  Strat- 
ford, 1792-1824.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
General  Convention,  sec.  of  the  Diocesan  Con- 
vention for  many  years,  and  sec.  of  the  General 
Convention  several  times.  After  leaving  Strat- 
ford, he  officiated  at  Wallingford,  Meriden, 
North  Haven,  and  Oxford,  until  1832,  when  he 
became  disabled  by  age.  He  had  preached 
about  10,000  times,  baptized  3,010,  married  600 
couples,  and  assisted  at  the  burial  of  about  3,000 
individuals.  —  Blake. 

Baldwin,  Charles  H.,  Capt.  U.  S,  N.,  b. 
N.  Y.  City,  Apr.  24,  1822.  Midshipm.  Apr.  24, 
1839;  lieut.  Nov.  1853;  resigned,  and  re-en- 
tered navy  in  1861  ;  com.  Nov.  18,  1862;  capt. 
1869.  Served  in  frigate  "Congress"  in  Mexi- 
can war  ;  com.  steamer  "  Clifton  "  at  the  cap- 
ture of  New  Orleans,  and  at  the  first  attack  on 
Vicksburg,  1862.  — Hamersly. 

Baldwin,  Elihu  Whittlesey,  Pres.  Wa- 
bash Coll.,  Ind.,  1835-40,  b.  Durham,  N.Y.,25 
Dec.  1789  ;  d.  Crawfordville,  Ind.,  15  Oct.  1840. 
Y.  C  1812  ;  And.  Sem.  1817.  S.T.D.  Bloom. 
Coll.  1839.  Minister  7th  Presb.  Ch.,  N.  Y. 
City,  1 820-35.  —  See  Memoir,  by  E.  F.  Hatfield, 
N.Y.  1843. 

Baldwin,  Henry,  LL.D.  (1830),  jurist 
and  statesman,  bro.  of  Abraham,  b.  New  Haven, 
Ct.,  1779  ;  d.  Phila.,  21  Apr.  1844.  Y.  C  1797. 
He  became  eminent  at  the  bar,  settled  at  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  was  M.  C  from  Pa.  in  1817-22,  and 
in  1830  was  made  a  justice  of  the  U.  S.  Su- 
preme Court.  Author  of  "  A  General  View  of 
the  Origin  and  Nature  of  the  Constitution  and 
Govt,  of  the  U.  S.,"  Phila.,  1837. 

Baldwin,  Henry  P.,  gov.  of  Michigan, 
1869-71,  b.  Coventry,  R.L,  22  Feb.  1814.  He 
engaged  in  mercantile  business  in  his  youth, 
emigrated  to  Detroit  in  1838,  became  pres.  Sec- 
ond Nat.  Bank,  and  was  two  years  a  State 
senator. 

Baldwin,  Jeddthan,  col.  of  engineers  in 
the  Revol.  army,  b.  Woburn,  Ms,,  Jan.  13, 
1732;  d.  Brookfield,  Ms.,  June  4,  1788.  He 
com.  a  company  in  the  exped,  against  Crown 
Point,  Sept.  15  to  Nov.  27,  1755.     He  was  ac- 


BAL 


66 


:bajl, 


tive  in  plaiinint^  the  works  around  Boston 
during  its  investment;  was  made  assist,  en- 
jjineor,  rank  of  capt.,  at  Cambrid^iC,  Mar.  16, 
1776,  and  ordered  to  N.Y. ;  placed  on  the 
continental  establishment,  with  rank  and  pay 
of  lieut.-col  ,  Apr.  26,  1776,  and  ordered  to 
Canada,  Sept.  3,1776;  made  engineer,  with 
rank  of  col.,  and  served  at  Ticonderoga.  He 
was  at  West  Point  with  his  regt  of  artificers 
in  Oct.  1780,  and  resigned  Apr.'26,  1782.  He 
was  a  prominent  member  of  the  Ms.  Provincial 
Congress,  1774-5,  and  a  friend  of  literature. 
He  left  a  bequest  of  £100  to  Leicester  Acad. 

Baldwin,  John  Dbnison,  author,  editor, 
and  M.C.  (1863-9),  b.  N.  Stonington,  Ct., 
28  Sept.  1810.  A.  M.  of  Y.  C.  1839.  He 
studied  law  and  theology ;  connected  himself 
with  the  press,  first  in  Hartford,  next  in  Boston, 
and  afterward  became  proprietor  of  the  Wor- 
cester Spy.  Deleg.  to  the  Chicago  Conv.  of 
1860.  Author  of  "  Raymond  Hill  and  other 
Poems,"  1847,  and  "Prehistoric  Nations." 

Baldwin,  Joseph  G.,  judge  Sup.  Ct.  of 
Cal.  1857-63,  chief-justice,  1863;  d.  San  Fran- 
cisco, 30  Sept.  1 864.  Author  of  "  Flush  Times 
of  Alabama  and  Mississippi,"  8vo,  1853,  and 
"  Party  Leaders,"  8vo,  1855.  His  son  Alex. 
W.,  U.S  dist.  judge  for  Nevada,  was  killed  at 
Alameda,  Cal.,  by  a  railroad  accident,  15  Nov. 
18G9,  a.  34. 

Baldwin,  Col.  Loammi,  engineer,  b. 
Woburn,  Ms.,  Jan.  21,  1745;  d.  there  Oct.  20, 
1807.  A  descendant  of  Deacon  Henry,  one  of 
the  first  settlers  of  Woburn.  Having  a  good 
common  school  education,  he  devoted  his  lei- 
sure to  the  study  of  mathematics  ;  attended  the 
lectures  of  Prof.  Winthrop  at  Harvard  Coll. 
with  Benj.  Thompson,  afterward  Count  Rum- 
ford,  and  became  a  practical  surveyor  and  en- 
gineer. A  leading  and  active  Whig  of  the 
Revol.,  he  was  a  member  of  the  county  con- 
vention in  Middlesex,  held  in  Aug.  1774  ;  en- 
tered the  army  as  a  major;  was  chosen  lieut.- 
col.  of  Gerrish's  regt.  June  16,  1775  ;  was  col. 
of  the  26th  regt.  in  Nov.  1775  ;  served  at  Lex- 
ington, at  New  York,  and  in  the  surprise  of 
the  Hessians  at  Trenton,  but  left  the  army 
early  in  1777,  in  poor  health.  Sheriff  of  Mid- 
dlesex Co.  1780  to  1794.  Member  of  Ms. 
legisl.  1778-9  and  in  1800.  A  principal  pro- 
prietor of  the  Middlesex  Canal,  of  which  he  was 
superintendent,  1794-1804.  Member  of  the 
American  Acad.  His  son  Loammi,  engineer, 
b.  Woburn,  May  16,  1780;  d.  June  30^  1838. 
H.U.  1800.  Was  often  employed  in  public 
works  by  the  govt.  ;  and  his  skill  is  well  at- 
tested by  the  dry  docks  at  Charlestown  and 
Newport. 

Baldwin,  Matthias  W.,  a  pioneer  in- 
ventor, and  builder  of  locomotive-engines,  b. 
Elizabethtown,  N.J.,  10  Dec.  1795;  d.  Phila., 
7  Dec.  1866.  He  was  originally  a  jeweller, 
and,  while  thus  employed,  invented  a  new 
process  of  gold-plating.  He  afterward  manu- 
factured bookbinders'  tools,  and  calico-printers' 
rolls,  at  which  time  he  built  his  first  steam- 
engine.  In  1832,  he  constructed  his  first  loco- 
motive for  the  Phila.  and  Germantown  Rail- 
way, called  the  "  Ironsides."  He  made  many 
important  improvements  in  locomotive-engines, 
and,  in  Aug.  1842,  patented  the  flexible  truck 


locomotive.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Const. 
Conv.  of  1837,  and  of  the  State  legisl.  in  1853. 
Many  years  pres.  of  the  Phila.  Hortic.  Soc. 

Baldwin,  Roger  Sherman,  LL.  D.  {Y. 
C.  1845),  lawyer  and  senator,  b.  N.  Haven, 
Jan.  4,  1793;  d.  there  Feb.  19,  1863.  Y.C. 
1811.  Son  of  Judge  Simeon  by  a  dau.  of 
Roger  Sherman.  He  studied  at  the  Litchfield 
Law  School ;  began  practice  at  N.  Haven  in 
1814  ;  soon  became  eminent  in  the  profession  ; 
was  State  senator  in  1837,  and  pres.  jirotem.  in 
1838;  representatiA^e  in  1840-1;  gov.  of  Ct. 
1844-6;  U.S.  senator,  1847-51  ;  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Peace  Congress  in  Feb.  1861,  oppos- 
ing the  projected  amendments  to  the  Constitu- 
tion. His  plea  in  the  "Amistead"  case,  in 
which  he  was  asso.  with  John  Quincy  Adams, 
was  one  of  the  ablest  forensic  efforts  ever  made 
in  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court.  In  the  U.S. 
senate,  he  advocated  the  exclusion  of  slavery 
from  the  territory  acquired  by  the  Mexican 
war,  and  opposed  the  compromises  of  1850, 
especially  the  Fugitive  Slave  Bill.  — See  Biog. 
Disc,  by  Rev.  Dr.  Dution  in  N.  Enqlander,  Apr. 
1863. 

Baldwin,  Simeon,  jurist,  father  of  the 
preceding,  b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  14  Dec.  1761  ;  d. 
New  Haven,  26  May,  1851.  Y.C.  1781.  Tu- 
tor at  Yale  in  1781-6;  admitted  to  the  N. 
Haven  bar,  acquired  an  extensive  practice; 
was  clerk  of  the  District  and  Circuit  Courts 
in  1790-1803;  M.C.  1803-5;  judge  of  the 
State  Supreme  Court,  1806-17,  and  of  the 
Court  of  Errors  ;  ])res.  of  the  Board  of  Corns, 
to  locate  the  Farmington  Canal  in  1822-30, 
and  mavor  of  the  city  of  New  Haven  in  1826. 

Baldwin,  Thomas,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll.  1803), 
Baptist  clergyman,  b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  23  Dec. 
1753;  d.  W'aterville,  Me.,  29  Aug.  1825. 
With  little  early  education,  he  became,  by  dili- 
gent effort,  an  eminent  preacher,  and  the  head 
of  his  sect  in  N.  E.  Ord.  11  June,  1783,  at 
Canaan,  N.H.,  and  in  Nov.  1790,  over  the 
Second  Church,  Boston.  Prominent  in  the 
establishment  of  Waterville  Coll.,  Me.,  1820, 
and  Columb.  Coll.,  D.C.,  1821.  He  began  the 
Ainer.  Bapt.  Mag.  in  1803;  was  sole  editor 
until  1817,  and  senior  editor  till  his  d. 
Several  times  a  member  of  the  legisl.,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  of  1820. 
Author  of  "  Baptism  of  Believers  only,"  1806, 
and  a  number  of  sermons. 

Balfour,  Nisbet,  a  British  gen.,  b.  Edin- 
burgh, 1743;  d.  Denbigh,  Co.  Fife,  Oct.  10, 
1823.  Son  of  an  auctioneer  and  bookseller  of 
Edinburgh.  Entering  the  service  as  an  ensign 
in  the 4th  Foot  in  1761,  he  obtained  acompany 
in  1770;  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Bunker's  Hill  in  1775,  and  again  in  the  action 
at  the  lauding  on  Long  Island  ;  was  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Brooklyn,  and  at  the  taking  of  New 
York  in  1776,  on  which  occasion  he  was  sent 
home  by  the  com.-in-chief  with  despatches,  and 
received,  in  consequence,  the  brev.  of  maj. 
Nov.  19,  1776.  He  was  present  in  the  action 
near  Elizabethtown,  N.J.,  in  the  spring  of 
1777;  in  the  engagements  of  Brandywine  and 
Germantown  ;  at  the  siege  of  Charlestown,  and 
served,  under  Lord  Cornwallis,  part  of  the 
campaign  after  the  surrender  of  the  latter  place. 
He  was  com.  at  Charleston  in  1781,  and  caused 


BAJL. 


67 


BASL, 


Col.  Isaac  Hayne's  execution,  an  act  of  un- 
justifiable cruelty.  He  was  app,  lieut.-col  2.3d 
Foot  in  1778,  col.  and  aide-de-camp  to  the  king 
in  1782;  attained  the  rank  of  maj.-gen.  in 
1793;  served  in  Flanders  and  Holland  in  1794  ; 
became  lieut.-gen.  in  1798,  and  gen.  in  1803.  — 
Gent's  Mag.  1823. 

Balfoiir,  Walter,  Universalis t  clergy- 
man, b.  St.  Miniaus,  Scotland,  1777;  d. 
Charlestovvn,  Ms.,  where  he  had  long  been 
settled,  3  Jan.  18.52.  Educated  a  Presbyte- 
rian, he  came  to  the  U.  S.  at  the  age  of  20  ; 
acquired  popularity  as  an  extempore  speaker ; 
became  a  Baptist  at  30,  and  a  Univcrsalist  10 
years  later,  by  reading  Prof  Stuart's  letters  to 
Dr.  Channing.  He  pub.  "  Inquiries  Con- 
cerning the  Devil,"  and  "  Scriptural  Import 
of  the  Words  translated  Hell,"  1824;  "  Tlie 
State  of  the  Dead,"  1833;  "  Keply,"  an<l 
"Letters  to  Prof.  Stuart,"  "  Letters  to  Hud- 
son," and  other  controversial  works. 

Sail,  Dyer,  M.D.,  clergyman  and  mis- 
sionary, b.  W.  Boylston,  Ms.,  June  3,  1796  ;  d. 
Canton,  China,  March  27,  1866.  Un.  Coll. 
1826.  He  studicdat  Phillips  Acad.,  and  at  Yale, 
but  was  obliged  to  go  South  for  his  health. 
After  a  theological  course  at  N.  Haven  and 
Andover,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1828, 
and  ord.  in  1831  He  taught  school  in  St.  Au- 
gustine, Fla.,  and  was  a  missionary  and  teacher 
in  the  South  until  1837  ;  having  also  the  degree 
of  M.  D.  from  the  medical  institution  in 
Charleston.  He  sailed  for  Singapore,  May  25, 
1838;  labored  there  two  years;  went  to  Macao 
in  June,  1841  ;  removed  to  Hong  Kong  in 
April,  1843,  where  he  lost  his  first  wife;  and  in 
184.5  removed  to  Canton,  where  he  again  m., 
and  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  mis- 
sionary, medical,  and  educational  labor.  For 
many  years  he  printed  a  Chinese  Almanac. 
He  visited  the  U.  S.  in  1854-7. 

Sail,  Ephraim,  inventor  of  the  Ohio 
Reaper  and  Mower,  b.  Stark  Co.,  O.,  1812. 
Passed  his  youth  without  the  advantages  of 
even  a  common-school  education.  In  1840,  he 
began  to  make  ploughs ;  and  **  Ball's  Blue 
Ploughs  "  became  a  success.  He  subsequent- 
ly associated  with  himself,  in  this  business, 
Cornelius  Aultman  and  Lewis  Miller,  whose 
large  establishment  at  Canton,  O.,  became 
widely  known.  "  The  Ohio  Mower  "  appeared 
in  1854,  and  was  patented  in  1856;  and  in 
1858  the  "Buckeye"  machine  was  brought 
out,  which  attained  a  large  popularity. 

Ball,  Thomas,  sculptor,  b.  Charlestown, 
Ms.,  June  3,  1819.  Possessing  a  fine  bass  voice, 
he  sang  solo  parts  in  oratorios  in  Boston.  His 
first  art  attempts  were  at  portraits.  Among  his 
best  pictures  are  those  of  Mrs.  Barrett  the 
actress,  and  a  full  length  of  Webster.  He  has 
executed,  in  marble,  busts  of  Webster,  Choate, 
Jona.s  Chickering ;  statuettes  of  Lincoln,  Web- 
ster, and  Clay  ;  full-length  statues  of  Webster 
and  Everett,  and  an  equestrian  statue  of  Wash- 
ington in  the  Boston  Public  Garden.  He  has 
also  produced  ideal  statues  of  Eve,  Pandora, 
Truth,  and  the  Shipwrecked  Sailor-Boy.  In 
Feb.  1871,  his  statue  of  John  A.  Andrew  was 
placed  in  the  State  House,  Boston.  —  Tucker- 
man. 

Ballard,  Maj.  Bland,  b.  Fredericksburg, 


Va.,  Oct.  16,  1761  ;  d.  Shelby  Co.,  Ky.,  Sept. 
5,1853.  He  went  to  Ky.  in  1779,  and  took 
part  in  many  of  the  Indian  conflicts  of  those 
days.  As  maj.  of  Ky.  Vols.,  he  led  the  advance 
against  the  British  and  Indians  at  the  River 
Raisin,  and  was  wounded,  and  taken  prisoner. 
He  was  often  chosen  to  the  Ky.  legisl. 

Ballard,  Edward,  D.D.  (Trin.  Coll.  1865), 
Pr.-Ep.  clergyman,  sec.  N  H.  Hist.  Soc,  b. 
Hopkinton,  N.H.,  1805;  d.  Brunswick,  Me., 
Nov.  14,  1870.  Formerly  a  school-teacher, 
latterly  rector  of  St.  Paul's  church,  Brunswick. 
Dr.  B.  was  well  versed  in  the  Indian  languages, 
and  early  history  of  Maine,  and  was  a  contrib. 
to  the  pub.  collections  of  the  Me.  Hist.  Soc.  — 
Brunsw.  Teleg.  Nov.  18. 

Ballard,  Henry  E.,  com.  U.S.  Navy,  b. 
Md.,  1785;  d.  Annapolis,  Md.,  May  23,  1855. 
Son  of  Maj.  Ballard  of  the  Rev.  army.  Mid- 
shipman, Nov,  2,  1804;  lieut.  April  26,  1810; 
master,  April  27,  1816;  Capt.  March  3,  1825. 
Lieut,  in  the  frigate  "  Constitution  "  in  the  action 
with  the  "Cyane"  and  "Levant,"  Feb.  20, 
1815. 

Ballou,  HosEA,  a  prominent  Univ.  min- 
ister, b.  Richmond,  N.H.,  Apr.  30,  1771;  d. 
Boston,  June  7, 1852.  He  was  one  of  six  sons 
of  Rev.  Maturin  BiUou,  a  Baptist  minister, 
of  whom  Benj.  and  David,  as  well  as  the  sub- 
ject of  this  memoir,  afterwards  became  Univ. 
preachers.  His  father,  who  had  a  large  family, 
received  no  salary  for  preaching,  and  was  ex- 
tremely poor.  As  there  were  no  schools  in 
his  native  town,  nor  pen,  ink,  nor  writing-pa- 
per in  his  father's  house,  he  was  obliged  to  be 
his  own  teacher,  to  substitute  birch-bark  for 
paper,  and  to  use  chai'coal  in  place  of  pen  and 
ink.  By  perseverance,  he  enabled  himself  to 
read  and  write  at  the  age  of  16.  He  began  to 
preach  when  ab.  21,  and  labored  principally  in 
R.  I.,  but  subsequently  in  various  portions  of 
N.E.  In  1794,  he  settled  at  Dana,  Ms.  At  the 
age  of  30,  he  removed  to  Vt.  to  officiate  in 
Woodstock,  Hartland,  Bethel,  and  Barnard. 
He  there  wrote  his  popular  "Notes  on  the 
Parables,"  1804,  and  "Treatise  on  the  Atone- 
ment." In  1807,  he  became  pastor  of  the 
Univ.  society  in  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  where  he 
disting.  him.self  by  his  controversial  writings ; 
and  in  1815  removed  to  Salem,  Ms.  He  was 
installed  pastor  of  the  2d  Univ.  society  in  Bos- 
ton, Dec.  17,  1817,  where  he  labored  over  35 
years.  He  commenced  the  Universalist  Maga- 
zine in  1819,  conducted  for  a  few  years  solely 
by  himself,  and  afterwards  by  Rev.  Thos. 
Whittemore.  Besides  the  works  already 
named  are  a  series  of  26  lecture  sermons,  and 
20  select  sermons;  "An  Examination  of  the 
Doctrine  of  Future  Retribution,"  1846.  His 
essays,  fu[?itive  sermons,  and  other  pul).  works, 
it  is  estimated  would  make  100  12mo  vols. 
In  1831,  he  commenced  with  his  nephew,  Rev. 
Hosea  Ballou,  2d.  a  quarterly  publication,  en- 
titled the  Universalist  Expositor,  which  he  ed- 
ited two  years,  and  continued  a  contributor  to 
till  his  death.  A  vol.  of  his  fugitive  verses 
consists  mostly  of  hymns,  many  of  which  are 
included  i  i  the  "  Universalist  Collection,"  by 
Adams  and  Chapin.  A  Life  by  his  son,  M.  M. 
Ballou,  has  been  pub.,  also  by  Thos.  Whitte- 
more, 2  vols.  8vo,  1854. 


B^L 


58 


BA.N 


BalloU,  HOSEA,  2d,  D.D.  (11.  U.  1844), 
Univ.  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Halifax,  Vt., 
Oct.  18,  1796;  d.  Somerville,  Ms.,  xAlay  27, 
1861.  Grandson  of  Benj.,  elder  bro.  of  Rev. 
Hosea  Ballou  of  Boston.  He  received  his  early 
education  at  Halifax,  Vt.  About  181.5,  he  was 
settled  as  pastor  of  Staiford,  Ct.,  where  he 
continued  4  or  5  years.  July  29,  1821,  he  was 
installed  pastor  of  the  church  at  Roxbury, 
where  he  remained  until  June,  1838,  when  he 
was  installed  at  Medford,  Ms.  In  May,  1853, 
he  was  chosen  first  pres.  of  Tufts  Coll.,  Som- 
erville, Ms.,  which  he  had  been  active  in  es- 
tablishing, and  after  visiting  Europe,  and  ex- 
amining tlie  colleges  there,  on  his  return,  Aug. 
22,  1855,  entered  upon  his  duties.  In  May, 
1822,  he  became  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
Unimrsalist  Magazine  (now  the  IVumpct),  and 
in  July,  1830,  in  connection  with  Rev.  Hosea 
Ballou,  sen.,  he  commenced  the  publication  of 
the  Universalist  Expositor,  which  he  edited 
many  years  under  that  title  and  the  title  of 
the  Universalist  Quarterly.  In  1829,  he  pub. 
"The  Ancient  History  of  Universalism,"  and 
a  collection  of  psalms  and  hymns  for  the  use 
of  Univ.  societies  and  families,  1837.  He  ed- 
ited Sismondi's  "  History  of  the  Crusades  " 
12mo,  Bost.,  1833. 

Ballou,  Maturin  M.,  b.  Boston,  1822, 
son  of  Rev.  Hosea,  editor  and  proprietor  of 
Ballou's  Pictorial  and  the  Flag  of  our  Union. 
Author  of  "  History  of  Cuba,"  1854,  "Biog- 
raphy of  Rev.  Hosea  Ballou,"  and  "  Life- 
Story  of  Hosea  Ballou,"  a  juvenile  work. 

Baltimore,  Lord,  see  Calvert,  George. 

Bancroft,  Aaron,  D.D.,  a  Unitarian 
minister,  b.  Reading,  Ms.,  Nov.  10,  1755;  d. 
Worcester,  Ms.,  Aug.  19,  1839.  H.  U.  1778. 
D.D.  1810.  Though  his  studies  were  much 
interrupted  by  the  Revol.,  he  became  one  of  the 
most  accomplished  scholars  of  the  country. 
He  shouldered  a  musket  as  a  volunteer  at 
Lexington  and  Bunker's  Hill.  After  spending 
some  time  in  teaching,  he  studied  theology, 
was  licensed  to  preach,  and  spent  three  years 
as  a  missionary  in  Yarmouth,  N.S,  Feb.  1, 
1786,  he  was  settled  in  Worcester,  where  he 
spent  the  residue  of  his  life.  He  was  a  pio- 
neer in  liberal  Christianity,  and  took  an  ac- 
tive part  in  associations,  conventions,  and  ec- 
clesiastical councils.  He  pub.  a  "  Eulogy  on 
Washington  "in  1800,  "  Life  of  Washington  " 
in  1807,  and  in  1822  a  vol.  of  controversial 
sermons.  He  delivered,  Jan.  1,  1836,  a  dis- 
course on  the  50  years  of  his  ministry  at  Wor- 
cester, which  has  been  printed  with  historical 
notes.  He  was  in  straitened  pecuniary  circum- 
stances in  the  early  part  of  his  career,  and,  in 
the  last  years  of  his  life,  he  was  oppressed  by 
severe  domestic  afflictions.  Member  of  the 
Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  Father  of 
Hon.  George  Bancroft,  LL.  D. 

Bancroft,  Dr.  Edward,  political  and 
scientific  writer,  b.  Westfield,  Ms.,  Jan.  9, 
1744  ;  d.  Eng.  8  Sept.  1820.  Pres.  Adams,  in 
his  autobiography,  says  that  Bancroft  had 
been  a  pupil  of  Silas  Deane  when  the  latter 
was  a  school-teacher;  after  some  education,  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a  trade,  from  which  he  ran 
away,  and  went  to  sea  in  debt  to  his  master; 
returned  successful,  and  compensated  his  em- 


ployer; went  again  to  sea;  practised  medicine 
in  Guiana  in  1763,  and,  taking  up  his  resi- 
dence in  Eng.,  pub.  in  London,  in  1769,  his 
"  Natural  History  of  Guiana,"  a  work  of  mer- 
it. He  next  wrote  "  Sir  Charles  Wentworth," 
a  novel  in  which  Christianity  was  vilified.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Roy.  Coll.  of  Physicians, 
Lond.,  and  Fellow  of  the  Roy.  Society.  Gain- 
ing the  intimacy  of  Dr.  Franklin,  the  latter 
recommended  him  to  the  editors  and  proprie- 
tors of  the  Monthhj  Review,  for  whom  he  was 
to  review  all  publications  relative  to  America. 
In  this  labor,  Franklin  also  participated.  He 
was  also  a  "  meddler  in  the  stocks."  In  the 
summer  of  1777,  being  suspected  by  the  Brit- 
ish Govt,  of  participation  in  the  attempt  to 
burn  Portsmouth  dockyard,  he  fled  to  Passy. 
He  then  went  to  Paris  to  meet  Silas  Deane, 
and  render  assistance  to  the  Amer.  cause.  He 
had  previously  pub.  a  vol.  in  support  of  Amer. 
colonial  rights,  entitled  "Remarks  on  the  Re- 
view of  the  Controversy  between  Great  Bri- 
tain and  her  Colonies,"  Lend.,  1769,  written  by 
Wm.  Knox.  He  had  "a  clear  head  and  a 
good  pen,  and  wrote  some  pieces  relative  to  the 
connection  between  France  and  Amer.,  which 
were  ti'anslated,  and  printed  in  a  work,  entitled 
Affaires  de  I  Angleterre  et  de  l'Am€rique." 
Bancroft  the  historian  accuses  him  of  being  a 
spy  in  the  pay  of  the  British  Government, 
and  of  making  a  dupe  of  Deane,  who  showed 
him  all  his  instructions  and  correspondence. 
After  the  peace,  he  obtained  a  patent  in  France 
for  the  exclusive  importation  of  the  bark  of  the 
yellow  oak,  for  the  dyers,  and  afterward  pro- 
cured a  similar  patent  in  Eng.,  by  which  he  is 
said  to  have  realized  £800  a  year.  In  1794,  he 
pub.  the  first  vol.  of  "  Experimental  Research- 
es concerning  the  Philosophy  of  Permanent 
Colors,"  &c.,  followed  by  a  second  in  1813.  He 
never  returned  to  America. 

Bancroft,  George,  LL.D.,  historian  and 
politician,  b.  Worcester,  Ms.,  Oct.  3,  1800. 
H.  U.  1817.  Son  of  Rev.  Aaron  Bancroft. 
He  studied  at  the  German  universities,  and  re- 
ceived at  Gottingen,  in  1820,  the  degree  of  Ph. 
D.  Returning  to  Amer.  in  1822,  he  officiated 
one  year  at  Harvard  as  tutor  of  Greek.  In 
1823,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  J.  G.  Cogswell, 
he  established  the  Round  Hill  School  at  North- 
ampton, as  a  preparatory  school  for  collegiate 
instruction.  He  began  at  this  time  collecting 
materials  for  a  history  of  the  U.  S.,  the  first 
vol.  of  which  appeared  in  1834,  and  the  9th 
1866.  In  1826,  in  an  oration  at  Northampton, 
he  declared  himself  for  universal  suffrage  and 
uncompromising  democracy.  In  1 835,  he  draft- 
ed an  address  to  the  people  of  Ms.,  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  young  men's  Democ.  Convention, 
and  was  active  as  a  public  speaker,  and  in 
drawing  up  political  resolutions  and  addresses. 
In  1838-41,  he  was  collector  of  Boston,  and 
was  a  frequent  orator  in  political  assemblies. 
In  1844,  he  was  the  Democ.  candidate  for  gov. 
of  Ms.,  but  was  not  elected.  In  1845,  he  en- 
tered Mr.  Polk's  cabinet  as  sec.  of  the  navy, 
signalizing  his  administration  by  the  establish- 
ment of  the  naval  school  at  Annapolis.  In 
1846-9,  he  was  minister-plenipo.  to  Great  Bri- 
tain, and  occupied  iiiruself  in  perfecting  his  col- 
lections on  Amer.   history.     He  also  brought 


BAN" 


69 


B^isr 


ab.  changes  in  the  British  navigation  laws  fa- 
vorable to  Amer.  commerce.  App.  minister  to 
Prussia  in  1867,  and  has  negotiated  a  treaty 
with  the  N.  Germ.  Confed.,  by  which  German 
naturalized  citizens  of  the  U.  S.  are  released 
from  allegiance  to  the  government  of  their  na- 
tive country.  In  1823,  he  pub.  a  translation 
of  Hceren's  "  Politics  of  Ancient  Greece." 
Besides  many  public  addresses,  he  has  collected 
a  vol.  of  "  Miscellanies,"  chiefly  upon  historical 
and  philosophical  topics.  In  1849,  the  Univ. 
of  Oxford  made  him  a  doctor  of  civil  law ; 
and  in  that  year  he  returned  to  the  U.  S.  A 
small  vol.  of  poems  pub.  at  Boston  in  1823 
witnesses  to  the  poetical  enthusiasm  with 
which  he  traversed  the  ruins  of  Italy  and  the 
sublime  scenery  of  Switzerland.  He  was  a 
contrib.  to  the  N.  A.  Review.  He  has  filled 
the  office  of  pres.  of  the  Amer.  Geographical 
Society,  and  is  adisting.  member  of  the  Ethno- 
logical and  N.  Y.  Historical  Societies.  Mr. 
Bancroft  has  also  pub.  an  abridgment  of  his 
history.  In  Oct.  18.55,  he  delivered  an  address 
on  the  site  of  the  battle  of  King's  Mountain, 
S.C. ;  another,  Sept.  10, 1860,  at  the  inaugura- 
tion of  the  statue  of  C.)m.  Perry  at  Cleve- 
land, 0. ;  a  eulogium  on  Prcscott  the  historian, 
in  1859,  before  the  N.Y.  Hist.  Society,  and  in 
Mar.  1866,  delivered  a  eulogy  on  Pres.  Lin- 
coln, before  both  houses  of  Congress. 

Bangs,  Nathan,  D.D.,  Methodist  minis- 
ter, and  scholar,  b.  Stratford,  Ct.,  May  2, 
1778;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  May  1,  1862.  He  com- 
menced business-life  as  a  schoolmaster  and  land- 
surveyor,  making  a  tour  in  Upper  Canada,  and 
continued  these  occupations  until,  in  1801,  he 
entered  the  itinerant  ministry  of  the  Methodist 
Church,  In  the  discharge  of  this  function  he 
travelled  in  Canada  7  years,  and,  returning 
to  the  U.  S.  in  1808  had  charge  of  several 
circuits,  stations,  and  districts,  until  1820, 
when  he  was  elected  agent  and  editor  of  the 
Methodist  Book  Concern.  He  was  in  1828- 
32  editor  of  the  Christian  Advocate  and  Jour- 
nal, the  Quarterly  Reviciv,  and  also  of  the  books 
issued  from  the  establishment  in  1832-36.  He 
was  cor.  sec.  of  the  missionary  society  of  the 
M.  E.  Church  in  1836-41  ;  pres.  of  the  Wes- 
leyan  Univ.  at  Middletown,  Ct.,  1841-3  ;  then 
took  charge  of  different  churches  in  N.  Y.  and 
Brooklyn,  for  10  years.  Author  of  "  The  Er- 
rors of  Hopkinsianism,"  "  Predestination  Exam- 
ined," "  Reformer  Reformed,"  "Life  of  Garret- 
son,"  "  History  of  the  Methodist-Episcopal 
Church,"  "History  of  Missions,"  1832,  "An 
Original  Church  of  ("Jhrist,"  "Emancipa- 
tion," "  Letters  on  S^inctification,"  "  State 
Prospects  and  Responsibilities  of  the  M.  E. 
Church,"  "  Life  of  Arminius,"  "  Scriptural 
Vindication  of  the  M.  E.  Church,"  1820. 

Banister,  John,  naturalist,  b.  Eng.  ;  d. 
Va.,  1693.  He  came  from  the  W.  Indies  to  Va  , 
and  settled  near  Jamestown,  Formerly  a  clergy- 
man, he  devoted  himself  here  to  botanical  pur- 
suits, in  which  he  was  long  and  successfully 
engaged.  He  fell  a  victim  to  his  favorite  pursuit, 
being  killed  by  a  fall  while  climbing  some 
rocks  in  one  of  his  botanical  excursions.  He 
was  at  the  time  engaged  upon  a  work  on  the 
natural  history  of  Va.  In  1680,  he  sent  a 
catalogue  of  plants  to  the  naturalist  Ray,  who 


pub.  them  in  the  2d  vol.  of  his  work.  Among: 
his  pubs,  were  "  Observations  on  the  Natural 
Productions  of  Jamaica,"  "  The  Insects  of 
Virginia,"  1700,  "  Curiosities  in  Virginia," 
"Observations  on  the  Unseen  Lupus,"  "On 
Several  Sorts  of  Snails,"  "  A  Description  of 
the  Pistolochia  or  Serpentaria  Virginiana,  the 
Snakeroot." 

Banister,  Col.  John,  b.  Va. ;  d.  near 
Hatcher's  Run,  Dinwiddle  Co.,  Va.,  1787. 
Educated  in  Eng.,  and  studied  law  at  the  Temple. 
Member  of  all  the  patriotic  conventions  of  the 
Revol.  period  ;  col.  in  the  Va.  line  ;  member 
of  the  Assembly,  and  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress in  1778-9,  and  one  of  the  framers  of  the 
Articles  of  Confederation.  In  1781,  he  was 
lieut.-col.  of  cav.  under  Gen.  Lawson,  and,  dur- 
ing the  invasion  of  Va.,  was  active  in  repelling 
the  enemy,  and  lost  much  property.  For  spe- 
cimens of  his  literary  abilities,  see  the  Bland 
Papers,  and  also  Sparks's  Revol.  Corresp. — 
Grigsby,  and  Campbell's  Va. 

Bailkhead,  James, brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Va.,  1783  ;  d.  Baltimore,  Md.,Nov.  11, 1856. 
Son  of  James  Bankhead  of  Port  Royal,  planter 
and  Revol.  off.,  who  d.  Aug.  1840.  App.  capt. 
5th  Inf.  18  June,  1808  ;  brigade  maj.  to  Gen. 
Smyth,  1812;  as.sist.  adj.-gen.  5  Mar.  1813; 
maJ.  4th  Inf.  15  Aug.  1813;  ad j  -gen.  Sept.  9, 
1813;  lieut.-col.  3d  Art.  Apr.  26,  1832;  brev. 
col.  "  for  meritorious  conduct  in  campaigns  in 
Florida,"  July  7,  1838;  col.  2d  Art.  Sept.  16, 
1838;  brev.  brig.-gen.  "for  gallant  and  meri- 
torious conduct  at  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz," 
Mar.  29,  1847;  com.  dept.  of  Orizaba,  Mex., 
Jan.  1848,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  com. 
the  military  depart,  of  the  east.  His  son 
John  P.  Bankhi^ad,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  b.  S.C. ; 
d.  Aden,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Red  Sea,  Apr. 
27,  1867.  He  com.  the  famous  "Monitor," 
which  foundered  in  a  gale  off  Cape  Hatteras 
on  the  night  of  Dec.  30,  1862;  com.  "The 
Pembina  "  at  the  capture  of  Port  Royal,  and 
"  The  Florida  "  at  the  capture  of  Fernandina. 
He  entered  the  navy  10  Aug.  1838. 

Banks,  John,  lawyer,  b  Juniata  Co.,  Pa., 
1793  ;  d.  Reading,  Pa.,  Apr.  3, 1864.  Received 
a  cla'^sical  education.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1819, 
and  practised  in  the  western  part  of  the  State; 
M.  C.  1831-6;  pres.  judge  3d  judicial  dist. 
1836-47  ;  State  treasurer  in  1847. 

Banks,  Nathaniel  Prentiss,  statesman, 
b.  Waltham,  Ms.,  30  Jan.  1816.  His  parents 
were  operatives  in  a  factory.  With  only  a 
common  school  education,  he  applied  himself 
earnestly  to  study  ;  edited  a  newspaper  in  Wal- 
tham, and  afterward  in  Lowell ;  studied  law ; 
became  a  popular  Deraoc.  speaker,  and,  during 
Polk's  administration,  held  an  office  in  the 
Boston  custom  house.  Member  of  Ms.  legisl. 
1849;  speaker  in  1851-2,  and  a  prominent 
advocate  of  the  coalition  between  the  Demo- 
crats and  Freesoilers,  by  which  the  Whig  as- 
cendency in  Ms.  was  terminated ;  pres.  of  the 
State  Const.  Conv.  of  1853;  M.  C  1853-7, 
separating  from  his  party  on  the  question  of 
slavery,  and,  after  a  protracted  contest,  chosen 
speaker  of  the  hou.se  in  1855  ;  gov.  of  Ms.  in 
1858-61  ;  pres.  of  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road when  the  Rebellion  began,  and,  offering 
his  services  to  Pres.  Lincoln,  was  made  maj.- 


B^AJSr 


60 


:bajei 


gen.  16  May,  1861,  and  app.  to  com.  the  An- 
napolis military  district,  and  subsequently  that 
of  the  Shenandoah.  24  May,  1862,  he  was 
attacked  by  Stonewall  Jackson,  and  compelled 
to  make  a  rapid  retreat.  He  com.  a  corps 
under  Gen.  Pope  in  the  battle  of  Cedar  Moun- 
tain, Va.,  9  An.;.,  1862,  and  in  Dec.  succeeded 
Gen.  Butler  in  com.  of  the  dept.  of  La.  He 
took  Opelousas  in  Apr.  1863,  after  defeating 
the  enemy,  and  capturing  2,000  prisoners,  and 
Alexandria  in  May,  1 863.  His  capture  of  Port 
Hudson,  8  July,  1863,  opened  the  navigation 
of  the  Mississippi,  and  had  important  results. 
In  Mar.  1864,  he  made  a  fruitless  expcd.  to  the 
Ked  River,  being  defeated  by  Dick  Taylor  at 
Sabine  Cross  Roads,  8  Apr.,  and,  in  turn,  re- 
pulsing him  9  Apr.  at  Pleasant  Hill.  He  was 
relieved  from  com.  in  May,  1864.  M.  C  since 
1865,  and  chairman  of  the  com.  of  foreign 
relations.  He  is  less  eminent  in  debate  than 
as  a  presiding  officer. 

Banneker,  Benjamin,  a  negro  astron- 
omer, b.  Md.,  Nov.  9,  1731  ;  d.  Baltimore,  Oct. 
1806.  Of  African  descent,  he  learned  to  read 
and  write  of  his  maternal  grandmother,  a  white 
woman,  who  liberated  and  married  one  of  her 
slaves.  While  employed  in  daily  agricultural 
labor,  he  taught  himself  mathematics  and  as- 
tronomy, and  made  the  necessary  calculations 
for,  and'  from  1792,  for  many  years,  pub.,  al- 
manacs for  Md.  and  the  adjoining  States.  In 
1792,  he  pub.  a  letter  addressed  to  JetFerson, 
the  sec.  of  State.  He  assisted  Eilicott  in  lay- 
ing out  the  city  of  Washington,  and  in  running 
the  boundary-lines  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
and  was  complimented  for  his  scientific  ac- 
quirements by  Condorcet,  sec.  of  the  French 
Acad,  of  Sciences,  to  whom  Thomas  Jefferson 
had  sent  one  of  Banneker's  Almanacs.  —  See 
Memoir  by  J.  H.  B.  Latrobe,  1845,  andbi/  J.  S. 
Norris,  1854,  pnb.  by  the  Md.  Hist.  Soc' 

Baraga,  Frederic,  D.D.,  R.C.  bishop  of 
Marquette  and  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  b.  Dobernich, 
Austria,  1797;  d.  Marquette,  Jan.  19,  1868. 
He  settled  at  Sault  Ste.  M.  before  1838.  Con- 
secrated bishop  Nov.  1,  1853.  Made  bishop 
of  Sault  Ste.  M.,  Jan.  9,  1857,  and  of  Mar- 
quette and  S.  S.  M.,  Oct.  15,  1865.  Author 
of  "  Grammar  of  the  Otchipwe  Language," 
Detroit,  12mo,  1851;  "Dictionary  of  the 
Otchipwe  Language,"  Cincin.,  1853. 

Baranov  (ba-ra'nof),  Alexandre  Andre 
ViTH,  gov.  of  Russian  America,  d.  Apr. 
1819,  a.  73.  At  first  a  Siberian  merchant,  he 
embarked,  in  Aug.  1790,  for  the  Island  of 
Kodiak,  and,  immediately  upon  his  arrival, 
opened  a  trade  with  the  natives.  In  1796,  he 
established  a  mercantile  colony  at  Behring's 
Strait,  and,  in  1799,  he  took  possession  of  the 
large  Island  of  Sitka.  He  had  many  natural 
obstacles  to  overcome ;  but  his  efforts  were  as- 
sisted by  the  Russian  company  ;  and  he  ob- 
tained from  the  Emperor  Alexander  a  title  of 
nobility.  After  having  lost,  and  again  recover- 
ing in  Oct.  1804,  the  fortress  of  the  Isle  of 
Sitka,  he  established  there  an  important  factory, 
and  transacted  business  with  Canton,  Manilla, 
Boston,  N.Y.,  and  Cal. ;  and  he  even  founded 
a  small  colony  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco. 
He  withdrew*  from  the  field  of  his  labors  in 
1818,    but  did   not   revisit  his  country ;   for, 


touching  at  Batavia,  the  climate  proved  fatal 
to  him.  — Noav.  Blog.  Gen. 

Barbe,  Marbois,  see  Marbcis. 

Barber,  Col.  Francis,  Revol.  oflScer,  b. 
Princeton,  N. J.,  1751  ;  d.  Jan.  11,  1783.  N.J. 
Coll.  1767.  He  became  in  1769  rector  of  the 
acad.,  and  pastor  of  the  Presb.  Church,  at 
Elizabethtown,  N.J.,  and  had  among  his  pupils 
Alexander  Hamilton.  Resigning  these  posts, 
he  was,  in  Feb.  1776,  commissioned  by  Con- 
gress major  of  the  3d  N.J.  batt. ;  lieut.-col.  in 
Nov.,  and  subsequently  assist,  insp.-gen.  under 
Baron  Steuben.  He  served  at  Trenton,  Prince- 
ton, Brandywine,  Germantown,  and  Mon- 
mouth, where  he  was  severely  wounded  ;  in 
1779,  he  was  adj.-gen.  in  Sullivan's  Indian 
exped.,  and  was  wounded  in  the  battle  of 
Newtown.  He  was  engaged  in  the  battle  of 
Springfield,  and  in  1781  was  intrusted  with 
the  delicate  and  important  duty  of  suppress- 
ing the  revolt  of  the  Pa.  and  N.J.  troops,  in 
which  he  was  successful.  He  was  with  the 
army  at  Newburgh  in  1783;  and,  on  the  same 
day  that  Washington  announced  to  the  army 
the  conclusion  of  the  treaty  of  peace,  Col. 
Barber  was  killed  by  the  Vailing  of  a  tree 
while  riding  along  the  skirt  of  a  wood.  Two 
younger  bros.,  John  and  William,  were  officers 
in  the  N.J.  line. 

Barber,  John  Warner,  historian,  b. 
Windsor,  Ct.,  1798.  Has  pub.  "  History  and 
Antiquities  of  New  Haven,"  12mo,  1831; 
"Religious  Events,"  12mo,  1832;  "Historical 
Colls."  of  Connecticut,  8vo,  1836,  Massachu- 
setts, 8vo,  1839,  and  New  Jersey,  1844,  Vir- 
ginia, 1814,  Ohio,  1847,  and  New  York,  in 
connection  with  H.  Howe.  He  has  also  pub. 
"Incidents  in  Amer.  Hist."  12mo,  1847; 
"F:iementsof  Gen.  Hist."  16mo,  1844;  "Re- 
ligious Emblems  and  Allegories,"  12mo,  1848  ; 
"European  Hist.  Colls."  8vo,  1855;  "  History 
and  Antiquities  of  N.E.,  N.Y.,  and  N.J.," 
8vo,  1841;  "Our  whole  Country,  Historical 
and  Descriptive,"  8vo,  Cincin.,  1861;  "Hist. 
Scenes  in  the  U.  S."  1827,  and,  in  connection 
with  Eliz.  G.  Barber,  "Historical,  Poetical, 
and  Pictorial  American  Scenes,"  12mo,  1850. 

Barber,  Jonathan,  M.D.,  elocutionist,  b. 
Eng.,  1 784  ;d.  near  Montreal,  May  11,1864.  He 
practised  medicine  at  Scarborough,  and  after- 
ward at  London  successfully;  came  to  the  U.S. 
ab.  1820  ;  devoted  himself  to  teaching  elocution 
at  Yale  and  Harvard  Colleges;  then  lectured 
on  phrenology  extensively;  went  to  Canada  in 
1842;  resumed  medical  practice  there  as  a 
homoeopathist  in  1845,  and  was  afterward  prof, 
of  oratory  in  the  McGill  U.,  Montreal.  He 
pub.  several  works  on  elocution. 

Barbour,  James,  statesman,  b.  Orange 
Co.,  Va  ,  June  10, 1775  ;  d.  there  June  8,  1842. 
Son  of  Col.  Thomas.  He  obtained  a  limited 
education  while  serving  as  a  dep.  sheriff;  be- 
gan to  practise  law  at  19,  and  first  disting. 
himself  as  a  member,  and  then  as  speaker,  of 
the  Va.  House  of  Delegates.  Participating  in 
every  important  debate,  he  ably  vindicated  the 
resolutions  of  Mr.  Madison  in  1798,  and  was 
the  proposer  of  the  anti  duelling  law,  —  one 
of  the  most  stringent  and  effective  legisl.  acts 
ever  passed.  Gov.  of  Va.  1812-14;  U.  S. 
senator,   1815-25;    sec.  of  war,   1825-8;  and 


B.AJR 


61 


Bi^JR 


minister  to  En;j^.  in  1828-9 ;  pres.  of  the  Ilar- 
ri-sburg  convention  in  1839.  In  the  senate,  he 
took  an  important  part  in  tlie  discussion  of 
the  Mo.  question,  was  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  foreign  affairs,  and  ultimately  pres. 
pro  tern. 

Barbour,  John  S.,  politician,  b.  Culpcp- 
er  Co.,  Va.,  Aug.  8,  1790;  d.  there  Jan.  12, 
1855.  Son  of  Mordecai,  a  Revol.  officer.  He 
was  at  William  and  Mary  Coll.  in  1808-9; 
then  studied  law  with  his  relative  Gov.  B.  ;  and, 
in  the  War  of  1812,  was  aide  to  Gen.  Madison. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  State  legisl. ;  M.C. 
1823-33;  again  in  the  Va.  legisl.  in  1833-4, 
and  was  prominent  and  influential  in  the  public 
affl^irs  of  Va.  and  of  the  U.S.  He  was  of  the 
State  Rights  si-hool,  and  was  an  able  debater. 
One  of  his  best  speeches  in  Congress  was  de- 
livered in  defence  of  McDuffie's  proposition  to 
breakup  the  system  of  voting  for  President  by 
States,  and  establish  a  uniform  .system  of  vot- 
ing bv  districts.  Member  of  the  Const.  Conv. 
of  1829-30. 

Barbour,  Philip  Pexdletox,  jurist 
and  politician.  Son  of  Col.  Thomas,  a  Kevol. 
patriot,  b.  Orancre  Co.,  Va.,  Mav  25,  1783;  d. 
Washington,  D.'C.,  Feb.  24,  1841.  He  was  a 
lawyer  of  talent,  represented  his  county  in  the 
Va.  legisl.  in  1812-14,  and  was  an  acknowl- 
edged leader  of  the  "  war  party."  M.C, 
1814-25  and  1827-33;  an  opponent  of  public 
improvements  being  made  by  Congress,  and  of 
a  tariff,  and  sustained  the  Southern  side  of  the 
Mo.  question.  Speaker  of  the  house  in  1821  ; 
judge  of  one  of  the  Va.  courts  in  1825-7  ;  pres. 
of  the  Va.  Const.  Conv.  in  1829;  pres.  of  the 
Free  Trade  Conv.  in  Phila  in  1831  ;  judge  of 
tlie  U.S.  Circuit  Court  for  the  eastern  district 
of  Va.  in  1829-36;  and  asso.  judge  of  the 
U.S.  Supremo  Court  in  1836-41. 

Barcena  (bar-tha'-na;,  Alfonso,  a  Span- 
ish missionary  to  S.  America,  b.  Cordova ;  d. 
1598.  He  wrote  for  the  use  of  the  natives, 
and  in  their  language,  some  religious  and  edu- 
cational works. 

Barcia  de  (bar-thee'-a),  Andrea  Gon- 
zalez, who  lived  about  1700,  was  author  of 
"  A  General  History  of  Florida,"  and  "First 
Historians  of  the  West  Indies." 

Barclay,  Henry,  D.D.  (Oxf.  U.  1761), 
Pr.-Ep.  rector  of  Trinity  Church,  N.Y.  City, 
from  Oct.  1746  to  his  death,  20  Aug.  1764;  b. 
Albany.  Y.  C.  1734.  He  took  orders  in 
Eng.  30  Jan.  1738,  and  was  some  years  a  mis- 
sionary to  the  Mohawk  Indians.  The  transla- 
tion of  the  church  Liturgy  into  the  Mohawk, 
under  his  direction  and  that  of  Revs.  N.  An- 
drews and  J.  Ogilvie,  was  pul).  in  1769. 

Barclay,  JIT.,  M.I).,  b.  Hanover  C.  H., 
Va.,  1 807.  Three  and  a  half  years  a  missionary 
to  Jerusalem,  and  since  1858  a  permanent 
resident  there.  Has  ])ub.  "  The  City  of  the 
Great  King;  or,  Jerusalem  as  it  was,  as  it  is, 
and  is  to  be,"  Phila.,  8vo,  1857;  "Map  of 
Jerusalem  and  Environs,"  N.Y.,  1856. 

Barclay,  R.  H,  capt.  R.  N.,  com.  of  the 
British  fleet  in  the  battle  on  Lake  Erie,  b 
Scotland ;  d.  Edinburgh,  May  8, 1 837.  He  had 
served  with  Nelson,  lost  an  arm  at  Trafalgar, 
and  assumed  the  com.  on  the  lake  in  May, 
1813.      He  fitted    out  the  naval   armament 


which  he  afterward  com.,  and  displayed  great 
energy  and  activity.  His  fleet,  however,  owing 
to  the  scarcity  of  sailors,  was  poorly  manned, 
and  in  the  ol)stinate  battle  of  the  10th  of  Sept. 
this  deficiency,  together  with  the  superior 
weight  of  metal  in  the  Amer.  fleet,  compelled 
the  surrender  of  Barclay  and  his  entire  force. 
He  was  dangerously  wounded,  and  his  remain- 
ing arm  rendered  useless.  A  trial  by  court- 
marshal  resulted  in  his  honorable  acquittal.  — 
Morgan. 

Bard,  John,  physician,  b.  Burlington.  N.J,, 
Feb.  1,  1716;  d.  Hyde  Park,  N.Y.,  Mar.  30, 
1799.  He  was  of  a  family  which  the  edict  of 
Nantes  had  driven  from  France.  Peter,  his 
father,  came  to  Md.,  a  merchant,  in  1703,  but 
soon  moved  to  N.  J.,  where  he  was  many 
years  a  privy-councillor  and  second  judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court.  He  received  the  rudiments 
of  a  classical  education  at  Phila. ;  was  seven 
years  a  surgeon's  apprentice  there,  and  began 
a  lasting  friendship  with  Dr.  Franklin.  He 
established  himself  in  New  York  in  1746,  and 
soon  ranked  among  the  most  skilful  in  his 
profession.  In  1750,  he  assisted  Dr.  Middle- 
ton  in  the  first  recorded  dissection  in  America. 
In  1759,  he  was  app.  to  take  measures  to  pre- 
vent the  spread  of  ship-fever,  and  selected 
Bedloe's  Island  for  a  hospital,  of  which  he 
took  charge.  In  1778,  he  withdrew  from  the 
city;  but,  after  the  Revol.,  he  resumed  practice 
there,  and  in  1788  became  first  pres.  of  the 
N.Y.  Medical  Society.  In  1795,  when  the 
yellow-fever  raged  in  New  York,  Dr.  Bard, 
though  near  80,  remained  at  his  post,  but 
gave  up  practice  in  May,  1798.  He  left  an 
essay  on  malignant  pleurisy,  and  several  pa- 
pers on  the  yellow-fever,  pub.  in  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Register. 

Bard,  Samuel,  M.D.  (U.of  Edinb.  1765), 
LL.D.  (N.  J.  Coll.  1815),  physician,  son  of 
Dr.  John,  b.  Phila.,  1  Apr.  1742;  d.  24  May, 
1821.  On  his  passage  to  Edinburgh,  where  he 
studied  medicine,  he  was  captured  by  the 
French  (Sept.  1761 ),  and  owed  his  release,  five 
months  later,  to  Dr.  Franklin,  then  living  in 
London.  After  a  tour  through  Scotland  and 
Eng  ,  he  returned  home  in  1767,  having  gained 
the  annual  medal  given  by  Prof.  Hope  for  the 
best  collection  of  plants.  He  began  practice 
in  New  York  with  his  father;  organized  a  med- 
ical school,  which  was  united  to  King's  Coll., 
in  which  he  took  the  chair  of  physic  in  1769, 
subsequently  becoming  dean  of  the  f\\culty. 
He  m.  his  cousin  Mary  Bard  in  1770,  pur- 
chased his  father's  establishment  and  business 
in  1772,  and  in  1795  took  Dr.  Hosack  into 
partnership.  In  1774,  he  gave  a  course  of 
clinical  lectures;  caused  the  establishment  of 
a  public  hospital  in  1791,  of  which  he  was 
app.  visiting  physician  ;  and  in  1813  was  app. 
pres.  of  the  Coll.  of  Phys.  and  Surgeons. 
While  the  seat  of  govt,  was  in  N.Y.  City,  he 
was  Washington's  family  physician.  In  1798, 
he  retired  to  his  country-seat  in  N.J.,  but,  on 
the  approach  of  the  yellow-fevcr,  returned  to 
his  post.  He  took  the  disease,  but,  nursed  by 
his  faithful  wife,  soon  recovered.  He  was  a 
skilful  horticulturist,  as  well  as  an  eminent 
physician.  Besides  addresses  and  discourses, 
he  pub.   "  The  Shepherd's  Guide;"  de   Viri- 


BAR 


62 


13J^\1 


bus  Opii,  1765  ;  on  Angina  Suffocativa,  in  vol. 
I.  Amer.  Phil.  Trans.,  and  "  Compendium  of 
Midwifery,"  1807. —  See  Life,  by  John  Mc  Vicar, 
1822. 

Sarker,  Jacob,  financier,  b.  Swan  Island, 
Kennebec  Co.,  Me.,  7  Dec.  1779.  He  was  of 
a  Quaker  family,  connected,  on  his  mother's 
side,  with  the  mother  of  Dr.  Franklin,  At  16 
he  went  to  New  York,  soon  began  to  trade  on 
his  own  account,  and  at  21  was  the  owner  of 
four  ships  and  a  brig,  and  engaged  in  large 
transactions.  He  became  a  State  senator,  and, 
Avhen  sitting  in  the  Court  of  Errors,  delivered 
an  opinion  in  an  insurance  case  in  opposition 
to  that  of  Judge  Kent,  and  was  sustained  by 
the  court.  His  ships  were  all  captured  during 
the  War  of  1812.  He  established  the  Union 
newspaper  to  advocate  the  election  of  Gov. 
Clinton  ;  started  the  Exchange  Bank  in  1815; 
became  largely  concerned  in  stocks,  and,  on 
the  failure  of  the  "  Life  and  Fire  Insurance 
Co.,"  was  indicted  with  others  for  conspiracy 
to  defraud.  He  defended  himself  ably,  and 
the  trial  was  quashed  ;  but  public  confidence 
•was  shaken,  and  he  removed  to  New  Cleans 
in  1834.  He  was  adm.  to  the  bar,  and  became 
a  political  and  business  leader  there  ;  but  the 
Rebellion  brought  ruin  again  upon  him,  and  in 
Dec.  1867,  at  the  age  of  88,  he  was  again  in 
bankruptcy.  —  See  incidents  of  his  Life,  1800- 
55,  N.Y.,  1855.     D.  Phila.  D'C.  27,  1871. 

Barker,  James  Nelson,  soldier,  author, 
politician,  b.  Phila.,  June  17, 1784  ;  d.  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  Mar.  9,  1858.  Son  of  Gen. 
John.  He  was  a  brave  officer  in  the  War  of 
1812,  in  which  he  gained  the  rank  of  major; 
was  alderman  in  1817,  and  mayor  of  Piiila. 
in  1820;  collector  of  that  port  in  1829-38; 
comptroller  of  the  U.S.  treas.  1838  to  1858. 
In  1814,  he  was  severely  wounded  in  a  duel, 
and  was  assist,  adj.-gen.  4th  milit.  district, 
from  1814  to  1817.  He  wrote  two  dramas, 
"  Marmion,"  and  the  "  Indian  Princess  ;  " 
"  Superstition,"  a  tragedy ;  the  comedy  of 
"  Smiles  and  Tears,"  and  a  poem  called  "The 
Sisters."  He  was  a  contrib.  to  the  public 
journals  of  Phila.  and  Washington.  His 
poem  "  Little  Red  Hiding  Hood"  is  in  "  Gris- 
wold's  Poets  and  Poetry  of  America."  "  Sketch 
of  the  Primitive  Settlements  on  the  River  Del- 
aware," 8vo,  Phil.,  1827. 

Barker,  John,  D.D.,  pres.  of  Alleghany 
Coll.,  Meadville,  Pa.;  d.  there  Feb.  26,  1860. 

Barksdale,  William,  brig.-gen.  C  S.A., 
b.  Rutherford  Co.,  Tenn.,  Aug.  21,  1821  ; 
killed  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  July  2,  1863  He 
studied  at  the  Nashville  U.;  removed  to  Co- 
lumbus, Mpi.;  was  adm.  to  the  bar,  where  he 
practised  successfully,  and,  while  editing  the 
Democrat  sustained  the  principle  of  State 
Rights.  During  the  Mexican  war,  he  served 
in  the  2d  Mpi.  Vols.  In  1851,  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  convention  to  discuss  the 
compromises  of  1850.  From  1853  he  was  a 
leading  State  Rights  member  of  Congress  of 
the  Democ.  party,  until  the  war  broke  out; 
when  he  left  his  seat,  and  joined  the  Confed. 
army.  He  assisted  Brooks  in  his  assault  upon 
Senator  Sumner.  At  the  head  of  the  13th 
Mpi.  Regt.,  he  took  part  in  the  various  cam- 
paigns of  Va,  attained  the  rank  of  brig.-gen., 


and  com.  the  3d  brigade  of  Early's  division, 
Ewell's  corps. 

Barlow,  Francis  Channing,  maj.-gen. 
vols.,  b.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Oct.  19,  1834.  H. 
U.  1855.  First  in  his  class.  He  studied  law, 
began  practice  in  N.Y.  City,  was  for  a  time 
connected  with  the  Tribune,  and,  in  Apr.  1861, 
became  a  private  in  the  12th  N.Y.  Regt.,  in 
which  he  served  three  months,  rising  to  1st 
lieut.  He  then  became  lieut.-col.  61st  N.Y. 
Vols.,  and,  during  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  col., 
distinguishing  himself  at  Fair  Oaks.  In  the 
retreat  from  the  Chiekahomiuy  to  James 
River,  his  regt.  rendered  important  services. 
At  Antietam,  Sept.  17,  1862,  he  captured  two 
stands  of  colors  and  300  prisoners,  received 
two  severe  wounds,  and  was  carried  off"  the 
field  for  dead.  Sept.  19,  he  was  app.  brig.- 
gen.  for  disting.  conduct  at  the  battle  of  Fair 
Oaks,  June  1,  1862.  He  com.  a  brigade  of 
Howard's  div.  at  the  battle  of  Chancellors- 
ville.  May  2,  1863.  At  Gettysburg,  he  was 
again  severely  wounded.  In  Grant's  cam- 
paign of  1864,  he  capt^ired  the  whole  division 
of  Gen.  Johnston  ;  com.  a  division  at  the  bat- 
tles of  the  Wilderness,  Spott.syhania,  and  the 
assault  on  Petersburg.  In  the  final  struggle 
and  pursuit  of  Lee's  routed  army,  he  rendered 
essential  service.  Secretary  of  State  of  N.Y. 
1866-8  ;  U.S.  marshal  for  the  Southern  dis- 
trict of  N.Y.,  1868. 

Barlow,  Joel,  poet,  b.  Reading,  Ct.,  24 
Mar.  1755;  d.  Zarnowicke,  near  Cracow,  Po- 
land, 22  Dec.  1812.  Y.  C.  1778.  He  served 
as  a  volunteer  in  the  Revol.  army,  studied  the- 
ology, was  licensed  as  a  Cong,  minister,  and 
in  1778-83  was  a  chaplain  in  the  army,  vary- 
ing his  clerical  duties  with  the  composition  of 
patriotic  songs  and  addresses  to  keep  up  the 
spirit  of  the  soldiers.  About  1781,  he  m.  a 
sister  of  Hon.  Abraham  Baldwin,  and  delivered 
at  New  Haven  a  poem,  entitled  "  The  Prospect 
of  Peace."  Settling  at  Hartford,  he  tried  book- 
selling, established  the  American  Mercxiri/,  a 
weekly  paper,  and  in  1785  was  adm.  to  the  bar. 
In  1786,  he  pub.  a  revision  of  Dr.  Watts's  ver- 
sion of  the  Ps.ilms,  containing  some  pieces  of 
his  own.  He  was  also  one  of  the  authors  of 
the  "  Anarchiad,"  and  in  1787  pub.  his  "  Vi- 
sion of  Columbus."  VisitingEuropein  1788,  as 
agent  of  the  Ohio  Land  Co.,  he  pub.,  in  aid  of 
the  French  revol.,  "  Advice  to  the  Privileged 
Orders,"  "  Letter  to  the  National  Conven- 
tion," 1791,  and  the  "Conspiracy  of  Kings," 
a  poem.  Towards  the  end  of  1792,  as  a  dep. 
of  the  London  Constitutional  Society,  he  pre- 
sented an  address  to  the  French  Convention, 
by  whom  he  was  invested  with  the  rights  of  a 
French  citizen,  and  given  employment  in  Sa- 
voy, where  he  wrote  his  mock-heroic  poem, 
"  Hasty  Pudding."  U.  S.  consul  at  Algiers  in 
179.5-7,  and  negotiated  treaties  with  Algiers 
and  Tripoli.  In  1799,  he  pub.  his  "  Letter  to 
the  People  of  the  U.  S.,"  and  endeavored  to 
bring  about  an  adjustment  of  our  difficulties 
with  France,  and,  in  a  memoir  to  the  French 
Govt.,  denounced  privateering  as  mere  sea-rob- 
bery. Having  enriched  himself  by  commer- 
cial speculations  in  France,  he  returned  to  the 
U.  S.  in  1805,  and  built  himself  an  elegant  res- 
idence on  the  Potomac,  near  Washington.     In 


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1807,  he  pub.  "The  Columbiad,"  an  epic  po- 
em,—  the  most  magnificent  work  which  had 
yet  been  issued  in  America,  and  superbly  illus- 
trated; but  it  proved  a  failure.  App.  ambassa- 
dor to  France  in  1811,  in  Oct.  1812,  he  was 
invited  by  the  French  minister  to  a  conference 
with  Napoleon  at  Wilim,  but  died  before  his 
arrival  there.  A  eulogy  was  delivered  in  Paris 
by  Dupont  de  Nemours,  before  the  Society  for 
the  Encouragement  of  National  Industry;  and 
an  account  of  his  life  and  writings,  in  quarto, 
was  pub.,  with  extracts  from  "  The  Colum- 
biad." He  was  one  of  the  foremost  American 
authors  of  his  time,  and  for  his  patriotism, 
public  services,  and  purity  of  life,  deserves  a 
high  place  in  our  history.  An  edition  of  his 
political  writings  was  pub.  1796. 

Barnard,  Daniel  Dewey,  LL.D.,  law- 
yer and  politician,  b.  Sheffield,  Ms.,  1797;  d. 
Albany,  Apr.  24,  1861.  Wms.  Coll.  1818.  His 
father,' a  native  of  Hartford,  was  a  commissaiy 
in  the  Revol.  Daniel  passed  his  youth  on  his 
father's  farm,  Ontario  Co.,  N.Y.,  but,  inclining 
to  literary  pursuits,  was,  at  14,  dep.  in  the  coun- 
ty clerk's*  office.  After  leaving  coll.,  he  studied 
law  at  Rochester,  N.Y. ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar 
in  1821  ;  was  county  attorney  in  1826;  M.  C. 
1828-30  and  1839-4.5.  Travelled  in  Europe  in 
1830-1,  corresp.  with  one  of  the  Rochester 
journals,  removed  to  Albany  in  1832,  and  be- 
came a  prominent  member  of  the  Whig  party, 
serving  in  the  N.  Y.  Assembly.  U.  S.  minis- 
ter to  Prussia,  1849-53.  Many  of  his  addresses, 
discourses,  and  speeches,  have  been  pub.  In 
1839,  he  read  before  the  Albany  Institute  "An 
Historical  Sketch  of  the  Colony  of  Rensselaer- 
wick,"  which  was  pub.  He  was  a  constant 
contrib.  to  the  Whig  Review.  The  colleges  of 
Geneva  and  New  York  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D. 

Barnard,  Fred.  Aug.  Porter,  D.D., 
LL.D.  (Jeff.  Coll.  Mpi.),  scholar  and  educator, 
b.  Sheffield,  Ms.,  1809.  Y.  C.  1828.  Tutor  at 
Yale  in  1829;  teacher  in  the  Hartford  Asylum 
for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  in  1831-3,  and  in  a 
similar  institution  in  N.Y.  in  1833-8;  prof,  of 
math,  and  nat.  philos.  in  Ala.  U.  1838-48;  of 
chemistry,  1848-54;  of  math,  and  astron.  from 
1854  ;  and  pres.  of  the  Mpi.  U.  1856-61  ;  and, 
in  1864,  l)ecame  pres.  of  Col.  Coll.  N.Y.  In 
IS56,  he  took  orders  in  the  Pr.-Ep.('hurch.  Au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  arithmetic,  1830;  a  gram- 
mar, jft34;  "Reporton  Collegiate  Education," 
1854;  and  "Lectures on  College  Government," 
1855.  A  contrib.  to  the  Amer.  Jour,  of  Edu- 
cation from  its  origin. 

Barnard,  Henry,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1852),  ed- 
ucator, b.  Hartford,  Ct.,  Jan.  24,  1811.  Y.  C 
1830.  He  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1835  ;  trav- 
elled extensively  in  Europe  until  1837,  when 
he  was  a  representative  in  the  State  legisl.,  and 
was  twice  re-elected.  In  that  body,  he  effected 
a  re-organization  of  the  State  common-school 
system.  He  was  for  four  years  sec.  of  the  Board 
of  School  Commissioners.  His  first  annual 
report  in  1839  was  pronounced  by  Chancellor 
Kent  "  a  bold  and  startling  document,  founded 
on  the  most  pain.-taking  and  critical  inquiry." 
During  this  period,  he  issued  4  vols,  of  the 
Connecticut  Common  School  Journal,  and  subse- 
quently continued  it  from  1850  to  1855.  From 


1843  to  1849,  he  had  charge  of  the  public 
schools  of  R.  I.,  where  he  established  a  model 
system  of  popular  education.  He  next  inter- 
ested himself  in  school  architecture,  and,  from 
1850  to  1854,  was  State  superintendent.  In  the 
summer  of  1855,  he  began  the  American  Jour- 
nal of  Education.  He  became  pres.  of  the  Amer. 
Asso.  for  the  Advancement  of  Education,  in 
1855,  and  was  offered  the  presidency  of  two 
State  universities.  App.  commissioner  of  the 
new  depiirtment  of  education  at  Washington, 
Mar.  1867.  His  principal  works  are  "  School 
Architecture,"  1854  ;  "Normal  Schools  in  the 
U.  S.  and  Europe,"  1851  ;  "  Tribute  to  Gal- 
laudet,"  1852;  "National  Education  in  Eu- 
rope," 1854;  "Journal  of  R.  I.  Institute  of 
Instruction,"  3  vols.  184.5-8;  "Educational 
Biogra])hy  ; "  "  History  of  Education  in  Ct., 
1638-1854;"  "Report  on  Public  Schools  in 
R.  I.,"  1845  and  1848;  "Hints  and  Methods 
for  the  Use  of  Teachers,"  1857;  "  Life  of 
Ezekiel  Cheevcr,  and  Notes  on  the  Free  Schools 
of  N.  E.,"  1856;  "Education  in  Factories," 
1842;  "School  Libraries,"  1854;  "Educa- 
tional Tracts,"  1842-6. 

Barnard,  Isaac  D.,  soldier  and  senator, 
b.  Aston,  Pa.,  1791  ;  d.  Westchester,  Pa.,  Feb. 
28,  1834.  Receiving  an  ordinary  education,  he 
began  to  study  law  in  Chester  in  1811  ;  was 
app.  capt.  14th  Inf.  Mar.  12,  1812  ;  maj.  June 
26,  1813;  was  disting.  at  Lyons  Creek,  under 
Gen.  Bissell,  and  at  the  captu're  of  Fort  George, 
in  May,  1813;  and  left  the  army  in  1815.  Re- 
suming his  legal  studies,  he  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1816,  in  Westchester;  was  soon  made 
dep.  atty.-gen. ;  chosen  State  senator  in  1820; 
sec.  of  State  in  1826  ;  and  was  U.  S.  senator  in 
1827-31. 

Barnard,  John,  minister  of  Marblehead, 
b.  Boston,  Nov.  6,  1681  ;  d.  Jan.  24,  1770. 
H.  U.  1700.  He  was  fur  some  time  assist,  to 
Dr.  Colman  ;  but  his  fondness  for  active  life  in- 
duced him  to  accompany  as  chaplain  theexped. 
to  Port  Royal  in  1707,  of  which  he  left  a  MS. 
account.  In  London,  where  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  some  of  the  famous  dissenting 
ministers,  he  was  offered  a  chaplaincy  by  Lord 
Wharton,  but  refused  to  conform  to  the  articles 
of  the  National  Church.  Ord.  minister  of 
Maiblehead,  July  16,  1716,  as  colleague  of  Mr. 
Cheever.  He  received  Mr.  Whitwell  as  his 
assist,  in  1 762,  and  preached  his  last  sermon, 
Jan.  8,  1769.  Eminent  for  his  learning  and 
piety,  Mr.  Barnard  was  famous  among  the 
divines  of  America.  He  taught  his  people  to 
improve  the  advantages  of  their  situation,  and 
took  great  pains  to  learn  the  "  mystery  of  the 
fish-trade,"  which  was  introduced  there  by  his  ef- 
forts; and  he  also  successfully  encouraged  them 
to  undertake  conmicrcial  voyages,  and  transport 
their  fish  to  the  West  Indies  and  Europe.  He 
generally  supported  at  school  two  boys,  whose 
parents  were  unable  to  meet  the  expense,  and 
gave  by  his  will  £200  to  Harvard  Coll.  The 
nubs,  of  Mr.  Barnard  were  mostly  sermons.  His 
was  the  first  Dudleian  lecture  ever  pub.,  and,  at 
the  age  of  70,  he  pub.  a  version  of  the  Psalms. 
There  is  in  the  Mass.  Hist.  Colls,  a  letter  from 
him  to  Pres.  Stiles,  giving  a  sketch  of  the  emi- 
nent ministers  of  N.  E.  One  of  the  first  N.E, 
clergymen  who  deviated  from  Calvinism. 


13AJEI 


64 


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Barnard,  Jonathan  O.,  LL.D.  (Y.  C. 
1864.)  Brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  1).  Essex  Co., 
Ms.,  19  Miiv,  1815.  West  Point,  18.33.  En- 
tering the  engineer  corps,  he  became  capt.  7 
July,  1838;  maj.  13  Dec.  1858;  lieut.-col..  3 
Mar.  1863  ;  col.  28  Dec.  1865  ;  brig.-gen.  vols. 
23  Sept.  1861.  He  was  long  employed  upon 
Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  La. ;  upon  the 
defences  of  Tampico,  Mcx.,  1846-7;  chief- 
cngineei'  to  survey  the  projected  Tehuantepec 
Railroad,  Mcx.,  1850-1  ;  employed  on  the 
Delaware  Breakwater,  1852-3,  in  the  fortifica- 
tion of  San  Francisco  harbor,  1854  ;  superint. 
and  instructor,  U.S.  Milit.  Acad.,  1855-6;  em- 
])loyed  on  Forts  Gaines  and  Morgan,  Mobile. 
18.")"7-8,  and  on  the  defences  of  N.Y.  harbor, 
185S-61.  Chief  engineer  in  Manassi\s  cam- 
paign of  July,  1861 ;  of  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
1861-2,  and  brev.  col.  for  services  in  the  Pe- 
ninsular campaign ;  chief  engr.  defences  of 
Washington,  Sept.  1862  to  May,  1864;  chief- 
enjrr.  "of  the  armies  in  the  field"  on  staff 
of ^Gen.  Grant,  1864-5;  and  brev.  brig.-gen. 
and  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  13  Mar.  1865,  for  gal- 
lant and  meritorious  services  in  the  campaign 
ending  with  Lee's  surrender,  and  during  the 
Rebellion.  Author  of  "  Survey  of  the  Isthmus 
of  Tehuantepec,"  1852;  "Phenomena  of  the 
Gyroscope,"  1858;  "Dangers  and  Defences 
of  New  York,"  1859;  "Notes  on  Seacoast 
Defence,"  1862;  "  The  C.S.A.  and  tlic  Battle 
of  Bull  Run,"  1862;  "The  Peninsular  Cam- 
paign," 1864  (jointly  with  Gen.  W.  F.  Barry) ; 
"  Reports  of  the  Engineer  and  Artillery  Ope- 
rations of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,"  1863; 
"Eulogy  on  Gen.  Totten,"  1866;  and  various 
scientific  and  military  memoirs  and  reports. 
Corporator  of  Nat.  Acad,  of  Sciences,  3  Mar. 
1863.  —  CuUum. 

Barnes,  Rev.  Albert,  Presb.  clergyman, 
b.  Rome,  N.Y.,  Dec.  1,  1798;  d.  Phila..  24 
Dec.  1870.  Ham.  Coll.  1820.  Employed  in 
his  father's  tannery  until  17  years  of  age.  He 
studied  theology  at  Princeton,  and  was  pastor 
of  the  Presb.  Church  of  Morristown,  N.J., 
from  Feb.  1825  to  1830,  after  which  he  had 
charge  of  the  First  Presb.  Church  of  Phila. 
He  held  a  prominent  position  in  the  new  school 
of  his  denomination,  and  took  an  early  and 
decided  stand  both  in  his  sermons  and  writings 
against  slavery.  His  Bible  commentaries  are 
well  known,  and  are  in  general  use.  The 
"  Notes  on  the  New  Testament"  (11  vols.)  bad 
reached  in  1870  a  circulation  of  a  million  vols. 
He  also  pub.  able  works  on  the  Episcopacy,  on 
the  "  Scriptural  Views  of  Slavery,"  numerous 
contribs.  to  periodicals,  occasional  essays  and 
discourses,  and  an  elaborate  "  Introductory 
Essay  to  Bishop  Butler's  Analogy."  He  was 
an  impressive  pulpit  orator,  and  ranked  high 
as  a  divine.  Also  author  of  commentaries  on 
Job,  Isaiah,  the  Psalms,  and  Daniel,  "Manual 
of  Prayers,"  1854;  "  Sermons  on  Revivals," 
"  The  Way  of  Salvation,"  1855  ;"  Practical 
Sermons,"  1855  ;  "  The  Church  and  Slavery," 
1857;  "Prayers  for  Family  Worship,"  18.58  ; 
"  Miscellaneous  Essays  and  Reviews,"  2  vols. 
1855;  "The  Atonement,"  1859;  "Claims  of 
Episcopacy,"  1856;  "Church  Manual,"  8vo, 
1841  ;  "  Defence  "  on  his  trial  for  heresy  by 
the  Phila.  Svnod."  and  "  Life  of  St.  Paul." 


Barnes,  Daniel  H.,conchologist,  b.  1785  ; 
d.  Oct.  27,  1818,  by  being  thrown  from  a  car- 
riage. In  conjunction  with  Dr.  Griscom,  he 
originated  and  conducted  with  reputation  the 
Hiirh  school  of  New  York.  He  was  also  a 
Baptist  preacher.  Besides  his  great  attain- 
ments as  a  classical  scholar  and  philologist,  he 
was  probably  the  mosteminent  conchologist  in 
the  U.  S.;  and  his  learned  communications  on 
that  science  were  pub.  in  SU/iman's  Journal 
with  explanatory  plates.  His  writings  in  that 
journal  are  "  Geological  Section  of  the  Canaan 
Mountain,"  "  Memoir  on  the  Geneva  Unio  and 
Alasmodonta,  with  numerous  figures,"  "Five 
Species  of  Chiton,  with  Figures,"  "  Memoir  on 
Batrachian  Animals  and  Doubtful  Reptiles," 
'•'  On  Magnetic  Polarity  and  Reclamation  of 
Unios." 

Barnes,  Jame.s.  brev.  maj.-gen.  vols.,  b. 
Boston;  d.  Springfield,  Ms.,  Feb.  12,  1869. 
West  Point,  1829.  After  seven  years'  army- 
service,  he  resigned,  and  became  a  railroad  en- 
gineer and  superintendent  on  the  Western 
R.  R.  of  Ms.,  1836-48,  and  cliii'f  engineer  of 
the  Seaboard  and  Roanoke  R.R.,  1848-52. 
He  aided  in  constructing  several  other  railroads 
between  1848  and  1857.  Col.  18th  Ms.  regt. 
from  July  26,  1861,  to  Nov.  29,  1862,  when 
he  was  made  brig.-gen.  ;  brev.  maj.-gen.  Mar. 
13,  1865;  mustered  out,  Jan.  15,  1866.  He 
participated  in  most  of  the  battles  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  was  at  Fredericksburg,  Chan- 
cellorsville,  the  skirmi.shes  of  AMie  and  Upper- 
ville,  and  at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  com.  a 
division,  anil  was  severely  wounded. 

Barney,  Joshua,  commodore  U.  S.  Navy, 
b.  Baltimore,  6  July,  1759  ;  d.  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
1  Dec.  1818  His  parents  resided  on  a  farm 
near  Baltimore,  where  he  was  sent  to  school 
until  10  years  of  age.  Inclined  to  a  seafaring 
life,  he  made  several  foreign  voyages,  in  the 
last  of  which,  when  but  16  years  of  age,  the 
care  of  the  ship  devolved,  by  accident,  upon 
him.  In  Oct.  1775,  he  became  master's  mate 
of  the  sloop  of  war  "  Hornet,"  and  joined  the 
fleet  of  Com.  Hopkins  in  the  capture  of  New 
Providence.  Before  he  was  17,  he  was  made 
a  lieut.  for  good  conduct  in  the  action  between 
the  schooner  "Wasp"  and  the  British  brig 
"  Tender,"  in  Del.  Bay.  Lieut,  of  "  The 
Sachem,"  Capt.  Isai;ih  Robinson,  and,  after  a 
severe  action  with  an  English  brig,  brought 
her  into  port;  soon  afterward  he  was  taken 
pri.soner,  but  was  almost  immediately  ex- 
changed, and  in  "The  Andrea  Doria,"  aided, 
in  the  spring  of  1777,  in  the  defence  of  "The 
Delaware."  Again  captured  in  the  frigate 
"  Virginia,"  he  was  exchanged  in  Aug.  1778  ; 
was  a  third  time  a  prisoner  in  the  following 
year,  and,  after  his  exchange,  was  for  the 
fourth  time  captured  in  "  The  Saratoga,"  of 
16  guns;  was  sent  to  Plymouth,  and  confined 
in  the  Mill  Prison,  whence  he  escaped  in  May, 
1781.  After  being  retaken,  and  again  escap- 
ing, he  arrived  in  Pliila.  in  Mar.  1782;  took 
command  of  "The  Ilyder  Ally"  of  16  guns,  in 
which  he  captured,  after  a  gallant  fight,  the 
ship  "General  Monk"  of  superior  force,  for 
which  the  legisl.  of  Pa.  voted  him  a  sword. 
After  the  war,  he  engaged  in  business ;  travel- 
led in  the  West  in  1786-8,  and  took  ])artin  the 


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65 


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adoption  of  the  U.  S.  Constitution.  In  1792, 
while  returning  from  Cape  Francois  with  a 
large  number  of  women  and  children,  whom 
he  had  rescued  from  the  blacks,  his  vessel  was 
captured  by  an  English  privateer ;  but  he  re- 
captured her  from  her  prize-crew.  Again  cap- 
tured in  1793  by  an  English  brig,  he  was  im- 
prisoned as  a  pirate,  and  his  ship  and  cargo 
condemned.  In  1794,  he  accompanied  Monroe 
to  France,  and  was  the  bearer  of  the  Amer. 
flag  to  the  National  Convention.  Made  a 
capt.  in  the  French  navy,  he  com.  a  squad- 
ron, but  resigned  in  1799.  In  the  War  of 
1812,  he  engaged  successfully  in  privateering; 
was  made  a  capt.  in  the  U.  S.  Navy,  25  Apr. 
1814,  and  com.  the  flotilla  for  the  defence  of 
the  Chesapeake.  Ordered  to  the  defence  of 
Washington  in  July,  he  was  severely  wounded 
and  made  prisoner,  while  gallantly  resisting  the 
British  invaders  at  the  battle  of  Bladensburg, 
24  Aug.  1814.  A  sword  was  voted  him  by  the 
city  of  Washington,  and  a  vote  of  thanks  by 
the  legisl.  of  Ga.  He  was  sent  on  a  mission  to 
Europe  in  May,  1815,  but  returned  in  Oct., 
suffering  from  his  wound;  the  ball  never  hav- 
ing been  extracted.  His  death  took  place  just 
as  he  was  about  emigrating  with  his  family  to 
Ky.,  where  he  had  purchased  land.  He  was  in 
26  engagements.  In  1780,  he  m.  the  dau.  of 
Alderman  Bedfoi'd.  His  son  John,  M.C.  from 
Baltimore,  1825-7;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  26 
Jan.  1857,  a.  72.  —  See  Memoirs  of  Com. 
Banipy,  bi/  Man/  Darneij,  8vo,  1832. 

Barnum,  Phineas  Taylor,  showman,  b. 
Bethel,  Ct.,  5  July,  1810.  He  was  a  trader, 
afterward  pub.  the  Herald  of  Freedom  in  Dan- 
bury,  Ct.,  and  suffered  60  days'  imprisonment 
for  a  libel.  Removing  to  N.  Y.  in  1834,  he  be- 
gan his  career  of  showman  in  1835,  with  Joice 
Heth,  a  colored  woman,  the  reputed  nurse  of 
Washington.  In  Dec.  1841,  without  owning  a 
dollar,  he  bought  Scudder's  Amer.  Museum, 
and,  at  the  end  of  one  year,  had  paid  for  it  in 
full.  In  1842,  he  began  to  exiiibit  Gen.  Tom 
Thumb,  with  whom  he  visited  Europe  in 
1844-7.  In  1849,  he  engaged  Jenny  Lind  to 
come  to  America,  paying  her  $1,000  per  night 
for  150  nights.  In  1855,  he  retired  to  Bridge- 
port, Ct.,  and  pub.  an  account  of  his  career. 
He  soon  lost  all  he  had  made,  and  was  obliged 
to  compound  with  his  creditors  in  1857.  13 
July,  1865,  his  museum  was  burnt.  He  opened 
another,  which  was  also  destroyed  by  fire, 
and  has  since  been  interested  in  Wood's  Mu- 
seum on  Broadway.  An  unsuccessful  candi- 
date for  Congress  in  1857.  He  has  pub.  a 
"  History  of  Humbugs,"  and  has  written  and 
lectured  on  agriculture  and  temperance. 

Barnwell,  Robert  Woodward,  states- 
man, b.  Beaufort,  S.C,  Aug.  10,  1801.  H.  U. 
1821.  He  studied  law  ;  was  M.C.  in  1829-33 ; 
pres.  of  S.C.  Coll.  1835-43;  U.S.  senator, 
1850.  In  Dec.  1860,  he  was  a  commissioner 
to  dsit  Washington  in  behalf  of  S.C,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Confed.  Congress.  Pres.  of 
theU.  of  S.C. 

Barras  de  (deh-ba-ia'),  Louis  Count,  a 
French  naval  officer,  b.  Provence  :  d.  ab.  1800. 
During  the  War  of  Amer.  Independence,  he 
exhibited  qualities  much  more  rare  than  ex- 
perience   or   courage.      The   superior   of    De 


Grasse,  and  free  to  act  as  chief  in  the  northern 
waters  of  the  U.S.,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  place 
himself  under  the  orders  of  that  admiral  when 
he  thought  a  junction  necessary  to  the  good 
of  the  service.  Barras  had  at  first  followed 
D'Estaing,  and  disting.  himself  at  the  naval 
combat  of  Grenada.  He  fought  under  De 
Grasse  in  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  at  the  Antilles, 
also,  on  the  25th  and  26th  Jan.  1782,  against 
Hood,  whose  fleet  was  moored  under  the  guns  of 
St.  Christopher,  which  was  taken  by  Bouille. 
Barras  was  detached  to  possess  himself  of 
Nevis  and  Montserrat,  soon  after  which  he  re- 
turned to  Europe,  and  retired  from  the  service. 

Barre  i>e  la  (deh  la  \m),  Antoine  Le- 
FEVRE,  a  French  naval  officer ;  d.  May  4, 1688. 
He  was  app.  gov.  of  Guiana  in  1663,  and  re- 
took Cayenne  from  the  Dutch,  1667.  Lieut.- 
gen.  in  1667,  he  defeated  the  English  in  the 
Antilles,  forcing  them  to  raise  the  blockade  of 
St.  Christopher.  In  1682,  he  was  app.  gov. 
of  Canada,  succeeding  Frontenac.  He  was, 
however,  recalled  in  1685,  for  having,  by  his 
irresolution,  caused  the  failure  of  the  exped.  to 
treat  with  the  savages.  He  was  the  enemy  of 
La  Salle,  and  is  said  to  have  enriched  himself 
by  his  corrupt  practices. 

Barrd,  Col.  Isaac,  a  British  orator  and 
soldier,  b.  Dublin,  1726;  d.  London,  July  20, 
1802.  His  parents,  who  were  French,  kept  a 
small  grocery-store  in  Dublin.  Isaac  entered 
the  army  in  1747  ;  became  alieut  Oct.  1, 1755; 
accompanied  the  exped.  against  Louisburg ; 
was  app.  by  Wolfe,  "  his  early  protector  and 
friend,"  major  of  brigade,  May  12,  1758;  and 
May  4,  1759,  adj.-gen.  of  the  army  before  Que- 
bec. In  the  battle  on  the  Plains  of  Abraham, 
he  was  so  severely  wounded  as  to  lose  the  sight 
of  an  eye.  In  West's  picture  of  the  "  Death 
of  Wolfe,"  Barre's  figure  is  conspicuous.  He 
served  under  Amherst  in  1760,  and  bore  to 
England  the  news  of  the  surrender  of  Mon- 
treal;  promoted  to  lieut.-col.  Jan.  19,  1761. 
Placed  in  parliament  through  the  interest  of 
Lord  Shelburne  in  1761,  Barre  soon  found 
himself  in  the  opposition,  and,  in  consequence, 
was  deprived  of  the  offices  given  for  his  services 
in  America.  His  speech  upon  the  Stamp  Act 
in  1765  deserves  a  place  in  the  memory  of 
every  American.  Throughout  the  administra- 
tion of  Lord  North,  Col.  Barre  continued  the 
warm  friend  of  the  American  Colonics  ;  disting. 
himself  greatly  by  the  boldness  of  his  senti- 
ments, *and  his  inflexible  o])position  to  the 
American  war.  He  was  blind  during  the  last 
20  years' of  his  life.  For  15  years,  he  held  a 
lucrative  office.  He  was  one  of  the  supposed 
authors  of  Junius's  Letters.  A  town  in 
Ms.  perpetuates  his  memory.  His  oratory  was 
powerful,  but  coarse,  his  manners  rugged,  his 
countenance  stern,  and  his  stature  athletic. 

Barringer,  Daniel  Moreau,  statesman, 
b.  Cabarrus  Co.,  N.C.,  ab.  1807.  U.  of  N.C 
1826.  He  established  himself  in  the  practice 
of  law  in  1829,  became  distinguished  in  his 
profession ;  was  several  years  in  the  State 
legisl. ;  member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  in 
1835;  M.C.  1843-9;  minister  to  Spain  in 
1 849-53 ;  afterward  travelled  in  Europe,  and,  on 
his  return,  served  in  the  State  legi.sl.  until  1855, 
when  he  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits. 


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He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Peace  Congress  of 
1861,  and  to  the  Phila.  convention  of  1866. 

Sarritt,  Frances  Fuller,  poet,  b.  Rome, 
N.Y.,  May,  1826.  In  1830,  her  parents  re- 
moved to  Northern  Pa  ,  and,  in  1839,  to  Wors- 
ter,  0.  She  early  became  a  contrib.  to  the 
leading  belle-lettres  journals  of  the  country.  In 
1851  apj)eared  a  vol.  of  her  poems  edited  by 
Rufus  W.  Griswold,  of  great  merit,  containing, 
among  other  pieces,  "  Azlea,  a  Tragedy."  In 
1853,  she  m.  Jackson  Barritt  of  Pontiac,  Mich. 
After  a  few  years'  residence  west  of  the  Missouri, 
she  took  up  her  residence  in  N.Y.  City.  A 
younger  sister,  Metta  Victoria  (see  Victor), 
is  also  a  poetess.  —  Poets  and  Poetrij  of  the  West. 

Barron,  James,  commodore  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
in  Va.,  1768;  d.  Norfolk,  Apr.  21,  1851.  He 
commenced  his  naval  career  under  his  father, 
James,  who  d.  in  1787,  and  who  held  the  rank 
of  commodore  of  the  Va.  navy  during  the 
Revol.  war,  and  was  also  a  member  of  the  Va. 
Board  of  War.  His  bro.  Richard  was  a  capt. 
during  the  whole  war.  The  vessels  com.  by  the 
Barrons  were  "The  Liberty  "  and  "The  Pa- 
triot." The  former  was  engaged  in  20  actions, 
and  was  very  successful.  On  the  formation  of 
the  U  S.  navy,  Mar.  9,  1798,  he  was  made 
lieut.,  and  served  under  Commo.  Barry  in  the 
brief  war  with  France.  Made  capt.  May  22, 
1799,  and  ordered  to  the  Mediterranean  under 
the  command  of  his  elder  brother,  Commo. 
Samuel  Barron,  and  was  esteemed  one  of  the 
most  accomplished  and  efficient  officers,  and 
one  of  the  best  disciplinarians,  in  the  service. 
He  served  actively  afloat  until  1807,  in  which 
year  he  com.  the  frigate  "  Chesapeake"  at  the 
time  of  her  unfortunate  encounter  with  the 
British  frigate  "  Leopard."  Barron  was  tried 
by  a  court-martial,  and  suspended  for  five  years. 
In  1820,  a  corresp.,  which  grew  out  of  this  af- 
fair, led  to  a  duel  with  Decatur,  Mar.  22,  1820, 
in  which  the  latter  was  killed,  while  Barron 
was  severely  wounded. 

Barron,  Samuel,  commo.  U.  S.  K,  bro. 
of  James,  b.  Hampton,  Va.,  Sept.  25,  1765;  d. 
there  Oct.  29,  1810.  He  was  disting.  for  gal- 
lantry in  the  Revol.  navy  of  Va.,  in  which  his 
father,  his  uncle,  and  his  brother,  also  partici- 
pated. In  1798,  he  com.  the  brig  "Augusta," 
fitted  out  by  the  citizens  of  Norfolk  against 
the  French.  Made  capt.  U.  S.  navy,  Sept.  13, 
1798,  he  left  the  merchant-service;  was  con- 
spicuous in  the  Tripolitan  war ;  and  in  1805 
com.  a  squadron  of  10  vessels.  He  co-operated 
with  Gen.  Eaton  in  the  capture  of  the  town  of 
Derne,  on  the  Tripolitan  coast,  Apr.  27,  1805, 
but,  in  consequence  of  extreme  ill  health,  soon 
after  returned  to  the  U.  S. 

Barron,  Samuel,  admiral  in  the  Confed- 
erate navy,  b.  Va.  Midshipm.  U.  S.  N,  1  Jan. 
1812 ;  lieut.  3  Mar.  1827  ;  com.  15  July,  1847  ; 
capt.  1855.  He  com."  The  Wabash,"  the  flag- 
ship of  Commo.  Lavalette  in  the  Mediterrane- 
an, in  1859.  Made  com.  in  the  Confed.  navy 
in  1861,  and  put  in  charge  of  the  naval  de- 
fences of  N.  C.  and  Va.,  with  the  rank  of  flag- 
officer;  took  charge  of  the  defence  of  Forts 
Clark  and  Hatteras  during  the  attack  by  Flag- 
officer  Stringham  and  Gen.  Butler,  27  Aug. 
1861,  and,  after  their  surrender,  was  a  prisoner 
in  New  York  until  exchanged  in  1862. 


Barrow,  Gen.  Washington,  minister  to 
Lisbon,  1841-3;  M.  C.  1847-9;  b.  Tenn.  ab. 
1817;  d.  St.  Louis,  19  Oct.  1866.  He  was  a 
lawyer ;  some  years  editor  of  the  Nashville 
Banner,  and  a  leader  of  the  old  Whig  party ; 
State  senator  in  1861,  and  for  a  time  impris- 
oned by  the  federal  authorities  during  the  civil 
war. 

Barrundia,  Jose  Francisco,  statesman 
of  Honduras,  b.  1779 ;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  Aug.  4, 
1854.  He  was  the  first  to  raise  the  standard 
of  revol.  against  the  Spanish  Govt.  Member 
of  the  first  republican  assembly,  Apr.  10,  1824, 
he  introduced  and  carried  a  decree  for  the  abo- 
lition of  slavery,  and  devoted  himself  to  the 
cause  of  social  and  civil  reform.  Pres.  of  the 
republic  in  1829,  he  served  with  wisdom  and 
moderation,  and  organized  a  general  system  of 
public  instruction.  Minister  to  the  U.  S.  in 
1854,  he  purposed  the  annexation  of  Honduras 
to  the  U.  S.,  but  died  soon  after  his  arrival. 

Barry,  John,  first  commodore  in  the  U.  S. 
navv,  b.  Tacumshane,  Wexford  Co.,  Ireland, 
1745  ;  d.  Phila.,  Sept.  13,  1803.  He  went  to 
sea  very  young ;  came  to  Phila.  at  the  age  of 
15;  soon  rose  to  the  com.  of  a  ship,  and  accu- 
mulated wealth.  When  the  war  commenced, 
he  offered  his  services  to  Congress,  "abandon- 
ing," to  use  his  own  language,  "  the  finest  ship 
and  the  first  employ  in  America."  In  Feb. 
1776,  he  was  app.  to  com.  "The  Lexington," 
14,  in  which,  after  a  sharp  action,  he  took 
"  The  Edward,"  tender,  the  first  war-vessel 
captured  by  a  regular  Amer.  cruiser  in  action.. 
He  was  then  transferred  to  "  The  Effingham," 
frigate,  which  being  useless  during  the  suspen- 
sion of  navigation  the  following  winter,  he  ob- 
tained the  com.  of  a  company  of  vols.,  and 
with  some  heavy  cannon  assisted  in  the  opera- 
tions at  Trenton,  continuing  with  the  army, 
and  performing  important  services,  during  the 
winter  campaign.  At  the  head  of  4  boats, 
he  carried  an  enemy's  man-of-war  schooner  in 
gallant  style,  without  the  loss  of  a  man ;  for 
which  he  was  publicly  thanked  by  Washington. 
He  was  for  a  short  time  aide-de-camp  to  Gen. 
Cadwallader.  When  the  British  obtained  pos- 
session of  Phila.,  he  took  "  The  Effingham  " 
up  the  Delaware,  with  the  hope  of  saving  her; 
but  she  was  subsequently  burned  by  the  enemy. 
An  offijr  was  made  him,  by  Gen.  Howe,  of  15,- 
000  guineas  if  he  would  bring  in  the  ship.  It 
was  rejected  with  scorn.  In  Sept.  1778,  he 
took  com.  of  "  The  Raleigh,"  32,  which  a 
British  squadron  compelled  him  to  run  on 
shore  at  Fox's  Island  in  Penobscot  Bay.  In 
Feb.  1781,  he  sailed  in  "The  Alliance"  with 
Col.  Laurens,  ambassador  to  France,  and 
cruised  successfully  until  autumn.  May  29,  he 
captured,  after  a  severe  contest,  two  British  ves- 
sels, "  The  Atlanta  "  and  "  Trepasa."  Return- 
ing in  Oct.  1781,  "  The  Alliance"  was  refitted, 
and  after  carrying  Lafayette  and  Noailles  to 
France,  cruised  in  the  West  Indies,  with  suc- 
cess, until  Mar.  1782.  After  the  foundation  of 
the  present  navy,  June  6,  1794,  Barry  was 
named  as  the  senior  officer,  in  which  station  he 
died.  He  superintended  the  building  of  the 
frigate  "  United  States,"  and  was  assigned  to 
her  command.  He  was  a  man  of  deep  religious 
feeling,  and  strict  honor. 


HASR 


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B^R 


Barry,  Johx,  D.D.,  R.  C.  bishop  of  Sa- 
vannah, consecrated  Aujj,  2,  1857  ;  d.  Nov.  21, 
1859. 

Barry,  John  S.,  gov.  Michigan,  1842-6 
and  1850-2,  b.  Vt.  1802  ;  d.  Constantine,  Mich., 
Jan.  15,  1870.  Educated  at  the  public  schools 
of  Vt. ;  studied  law,  but  in  1832  went  to  Con- 
stantine, and  engaged  in  mercantile  business. 
Member  of  the  first  Const.  Conv.  of  Mich.,  in 
which  he  took  a  leading  part,  and  was  chosen 
State  senator  in  1836,  and  again  in  1840.  Mem- 
ber of  the  Chicago  Democ.  Conv.  of  1864. 

Barry,  William  Farqdhar,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y.  City,  Aug.  18,  1818. 
West  Point,  1838.  Entering  the  4th  Artillery, 
and  stationed  on  the  northern  frontier  during 
the  troubles  in  Canada,  he  served  part  of  the 
time  on  an  armed  schooner  on  the  Lakes,  and 
also  as  capt.  of  a  guard  at  Lewiston.  In 
1838,  he  assisted  Maj.  Ringgold  in  organizing 
the  first  battery  of  light  artillery  introduced 
into  the  U.S.  army ;  was  ordered  to  R.I., 
during  the  Dorr  rebellion ;  became  1st  lieut. 
1842;  served  throughout  the  Mexican  war; 
was  assist,  adj.-gen.  of  Patterson's  division, 
1847;  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Woith,  1848; 
capt.  in  1852,  and  served  2  years  against  the 
Seminole  Indians.  In  1857,  he  served  against 
the  Sioux  and  Chippewas  in  Minnesota.  In 
April,  1861,  he  re-enforced  Fort  Pickens  with  a 
company  of  flying  artillery.  Maj.  5th  Artil- 
lery, May  14,  1861.  Ordered  to  Washington 
in  July,  he  joined  Gen.  McDowell,  participated 
in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and,  July  23,  was 
ordered  to  re-organize  the  field  artillery  of  the 
army.  Brig.-gen.  vols.,  Aug.  20,  1861,  and 
assigned  to  the  staff"  of  Gen.  McClellan,  as 
chief  of  artillery  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
taking  part  in  the  peninsular  campaign.  Lieut.- 
col.  1st  Art.,  Aug.  1,  1863  ;  col.  2d  Art.,  Dec. 
11,  1865 ;  chief  of  Art.  on  staff"  of  Gen.  Sher- 
man, 1864-6;  brev.-col.  U.S.A.,  and  maj.-gen. 
vols,  for  campaign  of  Atlanta,  1  Sept.  1864; 
brev.  brij^.-gcn.  U.  S.  A.,  13  Mar.  1865,  for 
services  in  the  campaign  ending  in  the  sur- 
render of  Johnston's  army  ;  and  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  for  merit,  services  during  the  Rebellion. 
Author  (with  Gen.  Barnard)  of  "Reports  of 
Engr.  and  Art.  Operations  of  the  Army  of 
Potomac  to  the  Close  of  the  Peninsular  Cam- 
paign," 1863.  —  Cullum. 

Barry,  William  Taylor,  statesman,  b. 
Lunenburg,  Va.,  Feb.  5,  1784;  d.  Liverpool, 
Eng.,  Aug.  30,  1835.  William  and  Mary 
Coll.  1803.  He  moved  to  Ky.  at  the  age  of 
11  ;  and,  being  adm.  to  the  bar,  his  gift  of 
popular  eloquence  soon  established  his  fame. 
He  served  in  both  branches  of  the  Ky.  legisl  ; 
was  M.C.  in  1810-11  ;  U.S.  senator,  1814-16.; 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ky. ;  succes- 
sively lieut.-gov.,  sec.  of  State,  and  chief- 
justice  of  Ky.  Postmaster-gen.  1828-35  ;  min- 
ister to  Spain  in  1835;  died  on  his  way  to 
Madrid.  He  acted  as  sec.  and  aide  to  Gov. 
Shelby  in  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  and  was 
the  first  U.  S.  postmaster-gen.  admitted  to  the 
cabinet. 

Barry,  William  Taylor  Sullivan, 
l.iwyer,  b.  Columbus,  Mpi.,  Dec.  12,  1821  ;  d. 
there  Jan.  29,  1868.  Y.  C.  1841,  He  took  a 
plantation  in  Oktibbeha  Go. ;  practised  law  in 


Columbus  2  or  3  years;  was  a  member  of  the 
legisl.  in  1849  and  1851  ;  afterward  removed  to 
Sunflower  Co.;  M.C.  1853-5;  again  practised 
law  in  Columbus;  was  speaker  of  the  legisl. 
in  1855;  seceded  from  the  Charleston  Conven- 
tion in  1860;  and  in  1861  was  pres.  of  the 
secession  convention  of  Mpi.,  and  member  of 
the  Provisional  Congress.  He  entered  the 
military  service  of  the  Confederacy  in  June, 
raised  and  com.  the  35th  Mpi.  Regt.  in  the 
spring  of  1862,  and  until  captured  at  Mobile, 
in  Apr.  1865;  afterward  practised  law  in  Co- 
lumbus. —  Y.  C.  Obit.  Record,  p.  320. 

BarstOW,  Col.  William  A.,  gov.  Wis., 
1854-6  ;  d.  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  14  Oct.  1865, 
a.  54.  He  raised  the  3d  Wis.  Cavalry  in  1861, 
with  which  he  served  in  the  south-west  with 
credit  until  his  health  gave  way. 

Barthe,  J.  G  .Canadian  journalist.  Left  the 
College  of  Nicolet  in  1832.  Studied  medicine, 
and,  after  a  short  imprisonment  on  suspicion 
of  having  written  an  ode  to  Papineau  and  the 
exiles,  established  himself  in  1838  as  an  advo- 
cate in  Montreal.  He  was  5  years  editor  of 
L'Avenir-des  Canadas.  M.  P.  for  the  county 
of  Yamaska,  1841-4;  clerk  of  appeals  of 
Lower  Canada,  4  years,  and  resided  in  Paris  in 
1853-6,  where  he  pub.  "  Canada  Reconquis  par 
la  France."  —  Morgan. 

Bartholomew,  Edward  Sheffield, 
sculptor,  b.  Colchester,  Ct.,  1822;  d.  Naples, 
May  2,  il,858.  Becoming  a  resident  of  Hart- 
ford, he  learned  dentistry,  then  pursued  paint- 
ing, and  a&er.ward  sculpture,  in  which  he  be- 
came disting.  From  1845  to  1848,  he  had 
charge  of  the  Wadsworth  Gallery  in  Hartford, 
then  came  to  New  Y^ork,  and  about  1850  went 
to  Italy.  Among  his  most  celebrated  finished 
works,  are  Paradise  Lost,  Sheplierd  Boy, 
Sappho,  Youth  and  Old  Age,  Monument  to 
Charles  Carrol  (greatly  admired),  Belisarius  at 
the  Porta  Pincinia,  a  group  representing  Gany- 
mede and  the  Eagle  of  Jupiter,  and  Eve  after 
the  Fall. 

Bartlett,  Eltsha,  M.D.    (B.  U.  1826), 

physician  and  writer,  b.  Smithfield,  R.I.,  Oct. 
6,  1804;  d.  Providence,  July  19,  1855.  After 
passing  a  year  in  Europe,  on  his  return  in 
1827,  he  commenced  practice  at  Lowell, 
and,  in  1836,  became  first  mayor  of  the  new 
city.  He  delivered  courses  of  lectures  at  Pitts- 
field  in  1832,  and  at  Dartm.  Coll.  in  1839  ;  took 
charge  of  the  medical  department  of  the 
Transyl.  U.,  Lexington,  Ky.  in  1841,  and 
.again,  in  the  autumn  of  1846,  after  a  second  visit 
to  Europe  ;  that  of  the  U.  of  Maryland  in 
1844;  that  of  the  Med  Institute  of  Louisville 
in  1849 ;  and  in  1850,  that  of  the  U.  of  N.Y., 
which  position  he  relinquished  in  1852  to 
occupy  that  of  Materia  of  Medica  and  Medical 
Jurisprudence  in  the  Coll.  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  that  city,  in  which  he  continued 
«ntil  his  death.  During  the  spring  and  sum- 
mer months  from  1843  to  1850  inclusive,  he 
occupied  himself  in  lecturing  in  the  Vt.  Med. 
Coll.  at  Woodstock.  His  principal  works  are, 
"The  Fevers  in  the  U.  S./*  1842;  "  An  Es- 
say on  the  Philosophy  of  Medical  Science," 
1844  ;  "  An  Inquiry  into  the  Dignity  and  Cer- 
tainty in  Medicine,"  1848;  "  A  Discourse  on  the 
Life  and  Labors  of  Dr.  Wells,  the  Discoverer  of 


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68 


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the  Philosophy  of  Dew,"  1849  ;  "  A  Discourse 
on  the  Times,  Character,  and  Works  of  Hip- 
pocrates," 1852  ;  and  poems,  entitled  "  Simple 
Settings  in  Verse  for  Portraits  and  Pictures  from 
Mr.  Dickens's  Gallery,"  1855.  He  edited  a 
while  the  Montldij  Journal  of  Med.  Lit.,  at  Low- 
ell, afterward  merged  into  the  Med.  Maj/azine. 
—  See  Memoir,  by  S.  H.  Dickson,  in  Gross's  Med. 
Biog. 

Bartlett,  Ichabod,  lawyer,  b.  Salisbury, 
Ct.,  July  24,  1786;  d.  Portsmouth,  Oct.  19, 
1853.  Dartm.  Coll.  1808.  Adra.  to  the  bar 
in  1812.  After  practising  a  short  time  at  Dur- 
ham, he  removed  to  Portsmouth,  where  he  re- 
sided till  his  death.  He  held  high  rank  among 
his  disting.  competitors  at  the  N.H.  bar,  in- 
cluding Webster  and  Mason.  He  was  7  years 
ill  the  State  legisl. ;  was  clerk  of  the  State 
senate  in  1817-18  ;  solicitor  for  the  county  of 
llockingham  in  1819  ;  speaker  of  the  hou.se 
in  1821;  and  M.  C.  in  1823-29;  member  of 
the  State  Const.  Conv.  of  1850. 

Bartlett,  John  Russell,  author,  b.  Prov- 
idence, II. I.,  Oct.  23,  1805  ;  was  early  placed 
in  a  banking-house,  and  was  for  six  years 
cashier  of  the  Globe  Bank,  Providence.  While 
there,  he  was  one  of  the  projectors  of  the  Ath- 
enaeum, and  an  active  member  of  the  Franklin 
Society  for  the  Cultivation  of  Science,  before 
which  he  occasionally  lectured.  In  1837,  he 
engaged  in  business  in  N.  Y.,  but  was  unsuc- 
cessful. He  then  established  a  foreign  book- 
store ;  was  an  active  manager  of  the  N.  Y. 
Hist.  Society,  and  a  projector  of  the  Ethnolo- 
gical Society.  In  1850,  he  was  app.  by  Pres. 
Taylor  commissioner  to  fix  the  boundary-line 
between  the  U.  S.  and  Mexico,  under  the  treaty 
of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  which  occupied  him 
until  Jan.  7,  1853.  He  pub.  in  1854  a  person- 
al narrative  of  explorations  and  incidents  in 
the  countries  which  he  had  visited  ;  having 
previously  published,  in  1847,  a  small  work  on 
the  Progress  of  Ethnology,  and,  in  1848,  a 
Dictionary  of  Americanisms.  He  became  sec. 
of  State  of  R.  I.,  May  1,  1855,  and  still  holds 
that  office,  having  arranged,  edited,  and  pub. 
the  records  of  the  colony  (10  vols.  1636-1790); 
acting  gov.  1861-2.  Mr.  B.  has  also  pub. 
"  Bibliography  of  R.  I."  1864  ;  "  A  History  of 
the  Destruction  of  HB.  M.  S'.'hooner,  Gaspee" 
1862  ;  "  Index  to  the  Acts  and  Resolves  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  R.I. ,"  1758-1862;  "  Bib- 
liotheca  Americana,"  1493-1800,  4  vols.,  8vo, 
1865-70;  "Literature  of  the  Rebellion,"  N.Y., 
Svo,  1866;  "Reminiscences  of  Albert  Galla- 
tin," N.  Y.,  1849;  "Memoirs  of  R.  L  Officers 
in  Service  during  the  Rebellion,"  4to,  1867; 
"Primeval  Man,"  1868;  "Naval  Hist,  of  R.L," 
contrib.  to  the  Hist.  Mag.  He  has  two  sons  in 
the  U.  S.  service,  John  R.,  lieut.  com.  U.  S.  N., 
and  Hi.NRY  A.,  capt.  U.  S.  marine  corps. 

Bartlett,  John  Sherren,  M.D.,  jour- 
nalist, b.  Dorsetshire,  Eng.,  1790;  d.  N.  J., 
Aug.  24,  1863.  He  was  educated  a  physician 
in  London ;  app.,  on  recommendation  of 
Sir  Astley  Cooper,  surgeon  in  the  royal  navy 
in  1812;  was  taken  in  the  packet  "  Swallow," 
by  an  Amer.  frigate,  and  remained  a  prisoner  in 
Boston  until  1813.  He  m.  at  Boston,  and  es- 
tablished himself  there  as  a  physician.  The 
Albion  was  commenced  by  him  in  New  Yoik, 


June  22,  1822,  as  an  English  conservative 
organ ;  and  it  gained  a  large  and  profitable  cir- 
culation. He  afterwards  established  two  other 
papers,  also  the  European  at  Liverpool.  He 
withdrew  from  the  Albion  in  1848.  In  1855, 
he  issued  the  Anglo-Saxon,  a  weekly  paper  at 
Boston.  In  1857,  he  was  British  consul  at 
Baltimore. 

Bartlett,  Joseph,  wit,  poet,  and  adventur- 
er, b.  Plymouth,  Ms.,  10  June,  1762  ;  d.  Bos- 
ton, 20 'Oct.,  1827.  II.  U.  1782.  Visiting 
Eng.,  he  pursued  a  checkered  and  adventurous 
career,  gambled,  got  into  prison,  wrote  a  play 
for  his  release,  and  went  upon  the  stage  himself. 
Procuring  a  large  stock  of  goods  on  credit,  he 
was  shipwrecked  on  Cape  Cod,  and,  failing  in 
business  in  Boston,  studied  law.  Capt.  of 
vols,  in  Shays'  insurrection,  then  opened  a  law- 
office  in  Woburn,  painting  it  black,  and  call- 
ing it  "  the  coffin"  to  attract  notice.  Remov- 
ing to  Cambridge,  he  busied  himself  with  the 
affairs  of  the  town  and  of  the  college.  Af- 
terwards a  lawyer  and  politician  in  Me.,  and 
memberof  the  legisl.  While  in  Saco,  in  1805, 
he  edited  the  Freeman's  Friend,  and,  July  4, 
delivered  an  oration  at  Biddeford.  He  finally 
closed  his  improvident  life  in  Boston.  In  1799, 
he  delivered  a  satirical  poem  on  Physiognomy, 
before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society.  Tlie  edi- 
tion of  1823,  included  aphorisms  on  men, 
principles,  and  things.  His  poem,  "The  Vicar 
of  Bray,"  was  quite  celebrated.  He  delivered 
the  4th  of  July  oration  at  Boston,  in  1799. 

Bartlett,  Josiah,  M.  D.,  signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  independence,  b.  Amesburv, 
Ms.,  Nov.  21,  1729;  d.  May  19,  1795.  With 
a  common-school  education,  and  such  knowl- 
edge of  medical  science  as  he  could  acquire 
from  study  with  a  practitioner  of  his  native 
town,  he  commenced  practice  at  Kingston, 
N.H.,  in  1750,  and  soon  became  eminent.  Dur- 
ing the  prevalence  of  a  fatal  throat- disease 
among  children,  in  1754,  he  introduced  the 
use  of  Peruvian  bark  with  success.  In  1765, 
and  annually  until  the  Revol.,  Dr.  Bartlett 
was  chosen  to  the  legisl.;  in  1770  was  app. 
lieut.-col.  7th  regt.  of  militia,  but  was  deprived 
of  his  commission  in  Feb.  1775,  on  account  of 
the  active  part  he  took  in  the  controversy  with 
Great  Britain  ;  he  was  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee of  safety,  upon  whom  devolved,  for  a 
time,  the  whole  executive  govt,  of  the  State, 
and  on  the  organization  of  govt,  by  a  provin- 
cial congress,  of  which  he  was  a  member,  he 
was  app.  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  col.  of 
the  7th  regt.  Sept.  1775.  A  delegate  to  Con- 
gress in  1775  and  1776,  he  was  the  first  to  give 
his  vote  for  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
and  its  first  signer  after  the  President.  In 
1777,  he  accompanied  Gen.  Stark  to  Benning- 
ton, as  agent  of  the  State,  to  provide  medicine 
and  other  necessaries  to  the  N.Ii.  troops. 
From  April  to  Nov.  1778,  he  was  again  a  del- 
egate to  Congress;  was  app.  chief-justice  of  the 
Common  Pleas  in  1779,  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  1782,  and  chief-justice  in  1788.  He 
was  an  active  member  of  the  convention  called 
to  adopt  the  Federal  Constitution,  in  1788. 
P'rom  1790  to  1793,  he  was  pres.  of  the  State, 
and,  under  the  new  constitution,  gov.  in  1793; 
retiring  from  public  business  in  1794  on  account 


BAR 


BAR 


of  infirm  health.  He  was  pres.  of  the  N.  H. 
ined.  soc,  which  he  was  chiefly  instrumental  in 
founding,  and  received  an  honorary  degree  of 
M.D.,  irom  Dartm.  Coll.  He  was  always  a 
patron  of  learning,  and  a  friend  to  learned  men. 
His  son  JosiAH,  M.D.,  M.  C.  1811-13,  a  phy- 
sician of  extensive  practice,  d.  Stratham,  N.H., 
Apr.  14,  1838,  a.  70. 

Bartlett,  William,  a  benevolent  mer- 
chant, b.  Newburyport,  Jan.  31,  1748 ;  d.  there 
Feb.  8,  1841.  Descended  from  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  that  ancient  town.  Acquiring 
great  wealth  by  mercantile  enterprises,  he  em- 
ployed it  in  assisting  the  needy,  and  especially 
to  advance  the  cause  of  religion  and  morals. 
The  temperance  reformation,  foreign  missions, 
and  the  gratuitous  education  of  young  men  for 
the  ministry,  were  especial  objects  of  his  muni- 
ficence. He  gave  $30,000  to  found  the  Theol. 
Sem.  at  Andover;  then  liberally  endowed  a  pro- 
fessorship, and  erected  an  expensive  dwelling- 
house  for  the  use  of  the  incumbent.  His  bene- 
factions to  this  institution  were  estimated,  by 
those  familiar  with  his  affairs,  to  have  reached 
the  muniticent  sum  of  a  quarter  of  a  million 
dollars.  He  gave  a  large  amount  in  the  ag- 
gregate to  other  worthy  objects. 

Bartlett,  William  H.  C,  LL.D.  (Geneva 
Coll.),  prof,  of  natural  and  experimental  phi- 
losophy at  West  Point,  b.  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa., 
1804.  West  Toint,  1826.  Assist.  Prof  Eng'rg. 
Mil.  Acad.,  Aug.  1826  to  Aug.  1829.  Acting 
prof.  nat.  and  exper.  philos.  Nov.  1834,  and 
Prof  since  Apr.  20,  1836.  Author  of  "Elem. 
Treatise  on  Optics,"  1839 ;  "  Elements  of 
Mechanics,"  of  "  Nat.  Philos.,"  1850,  "  Acou- 
stics and  Optics,"  N.  Y  ,  1852;  "Analytical 
Mechanics,"  1854;  "Spherical  Astronomy," 
1855.  Member  of  Philos.  Soc.  of  Phila.,  and 
of  Acad.  Arts  and  Sciences,  Boston. 

Bartlet,  Rev.  William  Stoodley, 
Prot.-Epis.  clergyman,  b.  Newburyport,  Ms., 
Apr.  8,  1809.  Gen.  Theol.  Sem.  1839.  A.M. 
of  Trin.  Coll.,  Hartford.  Formerly  rector  of 
Immanuel  Church,  Little  Falls,  N.Y, ;  of  St. 
Andrew's,  Providence,  K.L  ;  and  of  St.  Luke's, 
Chelsea,  Ms.  Member  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc, 
and  of  the  N.E.  Hist,  and  Geneal.  Soc.  He 
pub.  "  The  Frontier  Missionary,"  a  memoir 
of  Rev.  Jacob  Bailey,  8vo,  1853  ;  contrib.  to 
the  National  Quarterli/  an  article  on  vocal  cul- 
ture, in  Mar.  1863;  and  in  1864  delivered  at 
Lowell  an  oration  at  the  tercentenary  celeb,  of 
the  birth  of  Shakspeare,  which  was  pub.  Con- 
trib. hist,  papers  to  various  periodicals,  and  to 
the  "  Memorial  of  Bishop  Burgess." 

Bartley,  Mordecai,  gov.  of  0.,  1844-6,  b. 
Fayette  Co.,  Pa  ,  Dec.  16,  1783;  d.  Oct.  10, 
1870.  His  grandparents  emigrated  in  June, 
1724,  and  settled  in  Loudon  Co.,  Va.  He  at- 
tended school  during  intervals  of  labor  on  his 
father's  farm,  removed  to  Ohio  in  1809,  and 
engaged  in  agriculture  in  Mansfield,  Richland 
Co.  Capt.  and  adj.  under  Harrison  in  the 
War  of  1812.  Was  a  State  senator  1817-18  ; 
register  of  the  land  office,  1818-23;  M.  C. 
182.3-31.  T.  W,  Bartley,  was  acting  gov.  in 
1844. —  Memoir,  by  A.  T.  Goodman. 

Bartol,  Cyrus  Augustus,  author  and 
Cong,  clergyman,  b.  Frecport,  Me.,  Apr.  30, 
1813.     Bowd.  Coll.  1832  ;  Camb.  Div.  School, 


1835,  Settled  as  colleague  pastor  with  Rev. 
Charles  Lowell,  D.D.,  of  the  West  Church, 
Boston,  Mar.  1,  1837.  His  principal  writings 
are  "Pictures  of  Europe,"  1855  ;  "  Discourses 
on  the  Christian  Spirit  and  Life,"  1850  ;  "  Dis- 
courses on  the  Christian  Body  and  Form," 
1854;  and  a  history  of  the  "  West  Church 
and  its  Ministers."  His  latest  work  is  on 
ecclesiastical  polity.  He  has  also  pub.  many 
occasional  and  miscellaneous  discourses  and 
essays,  besides  numerous  contribs.  to  the  lead- 
ing periodicals  of  the  day,  and  several  poetical 
compositions. 

Barton,  Benjamin  Smith,  M.D.,  natu- 
ralist, b.  Lancaster,  Pa.,  10  Feb.  1766;  d.  19 
Dec.  1815.  Son  of  Rev.  Thos.  Barton  by  a 
sister  of  Rittenhouse  the  mathematician.  While 
a  student  in  Pa.  Coll.,  he  accompanied  Ritten- 
house and  the  other  U.  S.  commissioners  to 
settle  the   boundary   line  west  of  Pa.     From 

1786  to  1789,  he  was  studying  medicine  at 
Edinburgh,  London,  and  at  Gottingen,  where 
hs  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  He  then  settled 
in  Phila.,  where  he  soon  acquired  an  extensive 
practice;  was  in  1789  app.  prof,  of  nat.  hist, 
and  botany  in  the  Coll.  of  Phila.,  and  Apr, 
1813,  was  appointed  prof  of  materia  medica. 
Besides  papers  contrib.  to  the  Amer.  Philos. 
Trans,  and  to  t\\Q  Medical  and  Physical  Journal, 
begun  by  him  in  1804,  he  pub.  "Observations 
on   some   parts   of  Natural    History,"  Loud,, 

1787  ;  "New  Views  of  the  Origin  of  the  Tribes 
of  America,"    1797  ;  "  Elements  of  Botany," 

1804,  and  in  2  vols.  1812;  an  edition  of  Cul- 
len's  Materia  Medica  ;  "  Eulogy  on  Dr.  Priest- 
ley ;  "Discourse  on  the  Principal  Desiderata 
of  Nat.  Hist.,"  Phila.,  1807  ;  "Collections  to- 
wards a  Materia  Medica  of  the  U.  S.,"  3d  ed., 
1810  — See  Biog.  Sketch,  by  his  nephew,  W^P. 
C.  Barton,  M.D.,  and  Thacher's  Med.  Bioq. 

Barton,  William  P.  C,  M.D.  (U.  of 
Pa,  1808),  prof  of  botany  in  the  U.  of  Pa,, 
nephew  of  B.  S,  Barton ;  d,  1855,     N.J,  Coll. 

1805.  He  pub.  "  Florae  Philadelphicae,"  4to, 
181.5-25  ;  "  Compendium  "of  the  same,  2  vols., 
1818;  "  Flora  of  North  America,"  3  vols.,  4to, 
1821-3;  "  Materia  Medicaand  Botany,"  2  vols. 
"Medical  Botany,"  2  vols.,  8vo  ;  "Hints  to 
Naval  Officers  cruising  in  the  W.  I.,"  1830; 
"  Plan  for  Marine  Hospitals  in  the  U.  S." 
1817;  "Memoirs  of  B.  S.  Barton,"  "Disser- 
tation on  Nitrous-Oxide  Gas,"  &c.  1808. — 
Allibone. 

Barton,  Gen.  William,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Providence,  R.L,  1747  ;  d.  there  Oct.  22,  1831. 
He  held  the  rank  of  lieut.-col  in  the  R.L  militia, 
when  on  the  night  of  July  10,  1777,  with  a 
small  party,  hecrossed  Narragansett  Bay,  passed 
unobserved  3  British  frigates,  landed  about 
half-way  from  Newport  to  Bristol  Ferry,  and 
captured  the  Briti-sh  Gen.  Prescott.  For  this 
service.  Congress  honored  him  by  the  presen- 
tation of  a  sword,  a  commission  of  col.,  and  a 
grant  of  land  in  Vt.  By  the  transfer  of  some 
of  this  land,  he  became  entangled  in  the  toils 
of  the  law,  and  was  imprisoned  for  debt  in  Vt. 
many  years,  until  liberated  by  Lafayette,  who 
paid  the  claim  against  him  in  1825.  Col. 
Burton  was  wounded  in  the  action  at  Bristol 
Ferry  in  Aug.  1778,  and  was  disabled  from 
further  service  during  the  war.     Member  of 


:bjs^r 


70 


B^T 


the  convention  which  adopted  the  U.  S.  Con- 
stitution.—  See  Life  of,  by  Mrs.  C.  M.  Wil- 
liams, 1839. 

Bartow,  Francis  S.,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A., 
b.  Ga. ;  killed  in  battle  of  Bull  Run,  Va.,  July 
21,  1861. 

Bartram,  John,  botanist,  b.  Derby, 
Chester  Co.,  Pa  ,  23  Mar.  1699;  d.  22  Sept. 
1777.  Left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  13,  he  was 
self-taught,  and  became  proficient  in  botany, 
medicine,  and  surgery.  In  the  intervals  of 
agricultural  labor,  by  which  he  supported  a 
large  family,  he  made  excursions  to  Fla.  and 
to  Canada,  and  at  the  age  of  70  made  a  journey 
to  East  Fla.  to  explore  its  natural  productions. 
He  was  also  a  skilful  mechanic,  and  built  the 
house  in  which  he  lived.  In  1728,  he  founded 
on  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill,  near  Phila.,  the 
first  botanic  garden  in  America,  and  which  still 
bears  his  name.  The  gardens  of  Europe  are 
indebted  to  his  contributions ;  and  some  foreign 
scientific  bodies  bestowed  their  honors  upon  him, 
and  pub.  communications  from  him  in  their 
transactions.  Until  1758,  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Society  of  Friends.  He  pub.  in  1751 
"  Observations  "  on  his  travels  to  Lake  Ontario, 
and  "Description  of  East  Florida,  with  a 
Journal,"  1766.  —  See  Memorials  of  Bar  tram 
and  Marshall,  edited  hy  Darlington,  1849. 

Bartram,  William,  naturalist,  son  of 
The  preceding,  b.Kingsissing,  Pa.,  9  Feb.  1739 ; 
d.  22  July,  1823.  He  established  himself  in 
business  in  N.C.  in  1761  ;  studied  natural 
history,  and  accompanied  his  father  in  his 
botanical  explorations  in  E.  Fla. ;  resided  some 
time  on  the  River  St.  John,  and  returned  home 
in  1771.  In  1773-8,  he  explored  the  Floridas, 
Carolina,  and  Georgia,  and  transmitted  to  his 
employer.  Dr.  Fothergill,  at  London  his  valua- 
ble collections.  Elected  in  1782  prof,  of 
botany  in  the  U.  of  Phila.,  he  declined,  on  ac- 
count of  ill  health.  In  1786,  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  and  was 
admitted  into  other  scientific  bodies  at  home 
and  abroad.  In  1790,  he  pub.  an  account  of 
his  travels,  including  notices  of  the  Creeks, 
Cherokees,  and  Choctaws.  In  1789,  he  wrote 
a  reply  to  a  series  of  questions  proposed  to  him 
on  the  condition  of  those  Indians,  lately  printed 
in  the  Trans,  of  the  Ethnological  Society.  He 
was  the  author  of  the  most  complete  and  ac- 
curate table  of  American  ornithology  which 
had  appeared  previously  to  the  work  of  Wilson  ; 
and  science  owes  to  him  its  knowledge  of  many 
curious  and  beautiful  plants  peculiar  to  this 
continent.  He  also  pub.  "  Memoirs  of  J. 
Bartram,"  "  Anecdotes  of  a  Crow,"  "  Descrip- 
tion of  Certhia,"  and  a  work  on  the  site  of 
Bristol. 

Bascom,  Henry  Bidleman,  D.D., 
LL.D.,  bishop  of  the  M.  E.  Church  South, 
b.  Hancock,  Delaware  Co.,  N.Y.,  May  27, 
1796;  d.  Louisville,  Ky.,  Sept.  8,  1850.  Enter- 
ing the  ministry  in  1813,  after  filling  various 
appointments  in  the  Ohio,  Tenn.,  and  Ky.  con- 
ferences, he  was  elected  chaplain  to  Congress* 
Pres.  of  Madison  Coll.,  Pa.,  in  1827  ;  he  then 
became  agent  of  the  Colonization  Society. 
From  1832  to  1842,  he  was  prof,  of  moral 
science  and  belles  lettres  in  Augusta  Coll.,  Ky., 
and  was  subsequently  pres.  of  Transylvania 


U.,  Ky.  He  declined  the  presidency  of  La. 
Coll.  and  of  the  Mo.  U.  tendered  him  in  1839. 
In  the  general  conference  in  1844,  when  the 
separation  between  the  Methodist  churches 
North  and  South  took  place,  he  drew  up  the 
protest  of  the  Southern  members  against  the 
action  of  the  conference  upon  slaveholding,  and 
in  1845  was  member  of  the  convention  at 
Louisville  which  organized  the  Church  South, 
and  author  of  its  report.  In  1846,  he  became 
editor  of  the  Southern  Methodist  Quarterly 
Review.  He  was  chairman  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  the  Church  South  to  settle  the  con- 
troversy between  the  two  divisions  of  the 
Church.  In  1849,  he  was  elected  bishop,  ord. 
May,  1850.  He  pub.  a  vol.  of  "  Sermons,'* 
1850,  "  Lectures  on  Infidelity,"  "  Lectures  and 
Essays  on  Moral  Science,"  and  sermons  and 
sketches.  His  life  was  written  by  Rev.  Dr. 
Henkle;  and  his  "Posthumous  Works,"  edited 
by  Rev.  T.  N.  Ralston,  appeared  in  Nashville, 
2  vols.,  8vo,  in  1855.  D.D.  of  Wesl.  U.  1838. 
LL.D.  of  La  Grange  Coll.  1845. 

Basilio  de  Gama  (ba-seeMe-o  dagji'-ma), 
Jose,  b.  San  Jose,  Brazil,  1740  ;  d.  ab.  1795. 
One  of  the  founders  of  the  Brazilian  Acad. 
Author  of  "  Uruguay,"  a  popular  poem,  and 
some  lyrics. 

Bass,  Edward,  D.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1789.) 
first  Prot.-Epis.  bishop  of  Ms.,  b.  Dorchester, 
Nov.  23,  1726  ;  d.  Sept.  10, 1803.  H.  U.  1744. 
He  taught  school  for  several  years,  and  was 
ord.  in  Eng.,  May  24,  1752,  by  Bp.  Sherlock 
at  the  request  of  the  society  of  St.  Paul's 
Church,  Newburyport.  In  1 796,  he  was  elected 
bishop  of  the  Prot.-Epis  Church  of  Ms.,  and 
was  consecrated  May  7,  1797.  He  was  after- 
wards elected  bishop'of  the  R.I.  churches,  and 
in  1803  of  those  in  N.H. 

Bassett,  Richard,  gov.  of  Delaware  in 
1798-1801  ;  d.  Sept.  1815.  A  member  of  the 
old  Congress  in  1787,  and  of  the  convention 
which  framed  the  Constitution.  He  was  U.S. 
senator  in  1789-93,  and  was  U.S.  district  judge 
in  1801-2.  He  was  a  lawyer  of  repute.  His 
dau.  Ann.  m.  James  A.  Bayard. 

Bassini,  Carlo,  music-teacher  and  writer, 
b.  Cuneo,  Piedmont,  1812;  d.  Irvington,N.J., 
26  Nov.  1870.  Obtaining  distinction  as  a  vio- 
linist, he  went  with  an  operatic  company  to 
South  America,  became  director,  and  afterward 
settled  as  a  teacher  of  music  in  N.  Y.  City. 
Among  his  best  known  works  are  "  Art  of 
Singing,"  1857  ;  "Method  for  the  Barytone," 
1868;  "Method  for  the  Tenor,"  1866;  "Me- 
lodic Exercises,"  1865;  "  New  Method,"  1869. 
He  composed  some  exquisite  pieces. 

Batchelder,  Samuel,  inventor,  b.  Jaf- 
frey,  N.H.,  8  June,  1784.  In  1808,  he  began 
the  manufi^cture  of  cotton  at  New  Ipswich ; 
superintended  the  erection  of  the  Hamilton 
Mills  at  Lowell  in  1825,  and  of  a  mill  for  the 
York  Manuf.  Co.  at  Saco,  Me.,  in  1831.  He 
now  resides  in  Cambridge,  Ms.  Among  his 
inventions,  that  of  the  dynamometer,  for  ascer- 
taining the  power  for  driving  macliinerv,  first 
used  in  the  York  Mills  in  1837,  is  perhaps  the 
greatest.  In  early  life,  he  contrib.  to  the  Port- 
folio, and  has  pub.  a  "  History  of  the  Cotton 
Manuf.  of  the  U.  S  " 

Bateman,  Dr.  Ephbaim,  b.  Cumberland, 


B^T 


71 


B^T 


N.J.  1770;  d.  there,  Jan.  29,  1829.  While  a 
mechanic's  apprentice,  he  studied  medicine, 
became  noted  in  the  profession;  was  many 
years  in  the  State  legisl. ;  was  an  M.  C  1815- 
23,  and  U.  S.  senator,  1826-9. 

Bateman,  Kate  Josephine  ( Mrs.  George 
Crowe),  actress,  b.  Baltimore,  Md.,  Oct.  7, 
1842.  Her  father,  H.  L,  Bateman,  was  a  well- 
known  theatrical  manager ;  her  mother,  Fran- 
ces, an  actress  and  dx*araatist.  The  children, 
Kate  and  Ellen,  were  on  the  stage  almost  from 
infancy.  Ellen  retired  from  the  stage,  and  is 
now  Mrs.  Claude  Greppo.  Kate  re-appeared. 
Mar.  19,1 860,  after  4  years'  absence,  as  Evan- 
geline, in  a  drama  by  her  mother,  at  the  Winter 
Garden,  and  performed  in  a  variety  of  parts 
until,  in  Dec.  1862,  she  made,  at  Boston,  her 
first  appearance  as  Leah,  —  a  character  with 
which  her  name  is  now  identified,  and  in  which 
she  has  appeared  in  all  the  large  cities  of  the 
U.  S.  and  Great  Britain.  In  London,  where 
she  ap})eared  first  in  Oct.  1863,  the  part  was 
repeated  211  nights  in  succession.  Oct.  13, 
1866,  she  became  the  wife  of  George  Crowe, 
some  time  editor  of  the  London  Daily  News, 
who  resides  near  Bristol,  Eng. 

Bates,  Barnabas,  advocate  of  cheap  post- 
age, b.  Edmonton,  Eng.,  1785;  d.  Boston,  Oct. 
11,  1853.  He  was  brought  to  this  country  by 
his  parents  when  a  child,  and  became  a  Baptist 
preacher  in  R.  I.,  but  was  afterwards  a  Unita- 
rian. For  a  short  time,  he  was  collector  of  the 
port  of  Bristol,  but  in  1825  removed  to  N.  Y., 
where  he  pub.  a  weekly  paper,  The  Christian 
Liquirer.  While  holding  an  office  in  the  N.  Y. 
post-office,  he  turned  his  attention  to  cheap 
postage,  publishing  pamphlets,  writing  in  the 
newspapers  and  magazines,  and  lecturing  on 
the  subject  in  various  parts  of  the  U.  S.  He 
succeeded  in  the  reduction  of  the  land  postage 
to  a  reasonable  rate,  but  died  before  effecting 
a  corresponding  decrease  in  the  rate  of  ocean 
postage. 

Bates,  Edward,  LL.D.  (H.  U.  1858), 
statesman  and  jurist,  b.  Belmont,  Goochland 
Co.,  Va.,  Sept  4,  1793;  d.  St.  Louis,  Mar.  25, 
1869.  Educated  under  the  care  of  Benjamin 
Bates,  a  relative,  he  in  1814  emigrated  to  Mo. 
with  his  elder  brother  Frederick,  who  was  sec. 
of  the  territory,  and  its  gov.  1824-6.  Com- 
mencing the  practice  of  law  in  1816,  he  became 
eminent  at  the  bar ;  was  app.  pros.  atty.  for 
the  St.  Louis  Circuit  in  1818;  atty. -gen.  of 
the  new  State  in  1820-22;  U.  S.  dist.  atty. 
1824-6;  was  many  years  a  leading  member 
of  the  Mo.  legisl.,  member  of  the  convention 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  the  State  in 
1820,  and  was  a  member  of  the  24th  Congress. 
The  delivery  of  his  celebrated  speech  at  the 
Chicago  Internal  Improvement  Convention  in 
1847  brought  him  into  general  notice.  He, 
however,  refused  to  be  a  candidate  for  office  in 
Mo.,  and  declined  a  seat  in  Pres.  Fillmore's 
cabinet.  He  was  the  friend  of  Henry  Clay  in 
1824;  supporte'l  the  administration  of  Mr. 
Adams  ;  in  1854  was  an  opponent  of  the  re- 
peal of  the  Mo.  Compromise;  co-operated  with 
the  Free  Labor  party  in  Mo.,  and  opposed  the 
admission  of  Kansas  under  the  Lecompton 
Constitution.  Judge  of  the  St.  Louis  Land 
Court  iu  1 853-6,  and  pres.  of  the  Bait.  Whig 


convention  in  1856.  On  the  election  of  Pres. 
Lincoln,  he  accepted  the  post  of  U.  S.  atty.- 
gen.,  resigning  in  Sept.  1864. 

Bates,  Isaac  C,  lawyer  and  statesman,  b. 
Granville,  Ms.,  1780;  d.  Washington,  D.C., 
Mar.  16,  1845.  Y.  C.  1802.  He  settled  as  a 
lawyer  in  Northampton,  rose  to  eminence  at 
the  bar,  and  was  for  many  years  in  both  branch- 
es of  the  State  legisl.  and  in  the  exec,  council. 
M.  C.  1827-35,  and  in  1842  was  elected  U.  S. 
senator,  making  an  able  speech  against  the 
annexation  of  Texas  only  a  few  days  before 
his  death. 

Bates,  Joshua,  D.D.  (Y.  C.  1818),  scholar 
and  divine,  b.  Cohasset,  Ms.,  Mar.  20,  1776; 
d.  Dudley,  Ms.,  Jan.  14,  1854.  H.  U.  1800. 
Descended  from  Clement,  b.  Eng.,  1592, came 
to  America  ab.  1636,  settled  at  Hingham,  and 
d.  1671.  The  son  of  a  farmer  of  limited 
means,  he  toiled  on  a  farm  until  he  was  17. 
On  leaving  Harvard,  he  became  an  assist,  in 
Phillips  Acad.,  pursuing  a  course  of  theol  stud- 
ies at  the  same  time.  Ord.  pastor  of  the  Cong. 
Church  in  Dedham,  Mar.  16,  1803,  where  he 
labored  successfully  until  Mar.  1818.  Pres.  of 
Middlb.  Coll.  1818-39.  He  was  subsequently 
chaplain  during  one  session  of  the  U.  S.  sen- 
ate ;  and  was  installed  pastor  of  a  church  in 
Dudley,  Mar.  22,  1843.  Member  of  the  Amer. 
Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  He  pub.  "  Remi- 
niscences of  Rev.  John  Codman ;  "  two  ser- 
mons on  Intemperance,  1813  ;  a  volume  of  Ser- 
mons ;  Inaugural  Address,  1818;  Anniversary 
Discourse  at  Dudley,  1853  ,  and  Sermons  and 
Discourses.  —  Sprague. 

Bates,  Joshua,  financier,  b.  Weymouth, 
Ms.,  1788;  d.  London,  Sept.  24,  1864; 
son  of  Col.  Joshua,  who  d.  1804.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  education  from  Rev.  Jacob 
Norton,  and,  at  the  age  of  15,  entered  the 
counting-house  of  William  R.  Gray  in  Boston. 
Entering  the  employ  of  Mr.  Gray's  father, 
long  a  leading  merchant  of  N.E.,  he  was  sent 
by  him  to  the  north  of  Europe,  to  look  after 
his  interests  there.  In  1826,  he  formed  a  con- 
nection in  London  with  John  Baring,  under 
the  firm  of  Bates  &  Baring.  On  the  death 
of  Mr.  Holland,  they  were  both  made  partners 
in  the  house  of  Baring  Bros.  &  Co.  In  1854, 
he  was  umpire  between  the  commissioners  of 
the  English  and  U.S.  govts,  for  settling  claims 
growing  out  of  the  War  of  1812.  In  1852,  he 
contributed  $50,000  to  the  Public  Library  of 
the  city  of  Boston,  then  being  established,  on 
condition  that  the  income  of  his  fund  should 
annually  be  spent  in  the  purchase  of  books  of 
permanent  value  and  authority,  and  that  the 
city  should  provide  comfortable  accommoda- 
tions for  their  use,  both  day  and  evening,  by  at 
least  100  readers.  Up  to  Jan.  1858,  when  the 
building  was  dedicated,  he  had  given  to  it 
some  30,000  vols.,  besides  the  sum  above 
named.  The  large  hall  of  the  library  is  desig- 
nated as  Bates  Hall.  His  only  surviving 
child  is  the  wife  of  Van  de  Weyer,  an  emineiit 
Belgian  statesman.  During  the  Rebellion,  his 
sympathies  were  actively  enlisted  in  behalf  of 
his  country,  and  he  did  much  by  prudent  coun- 
sel and  judicious  suggestions  to  avert  a  war 
between  England  and  the  U  S.  —  See  Memorial 
of  Joshua  Bates,  from  the  City  of  Boston,  1865. 


:BAjr 


72 


BAY 


Battle,  Lorenzo,  Uruguayan  statesman^ 
b.  1812.  Minister  of  war  under  Gen.  Flores  ; 
provisional  pres.  of  Uruguay,  1866-8;  eleeted 
pres.  after  the  assassination  of  Flores,  28  Feb, 
1868. 

Baugher,  Henry  L.,  D.D.,  Lutheran 
clergyman,  and  educator,  b.  Abbotstown,  Pa., 
ab.  1803  ;  d.  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  April  14,  1868. 
Dick.  Coll.  182.5.  He  studied  theology  at 
Princeton  and  Gettysburg;  was  licensed  to 
preach  by  the  Md.  synod ;  elected  pastor  at 
Boonsboro'  in  1829  ;  took  charge  of  the  classi- 
cal school  at  Gettysburg  in  1830;  and  in  1832, 
when  it  became  a  coll.,  filled  the  chair  of  the 
Greek  language,  and  belles  lettres,  until  1850, 
when  he  became  pres.,  continuing  in  that  office 
until  his  death.  He  was  a  frequent  contrib.  to 
the  Evangdical  Review. 

Baume,  Frederick,  lieut.-col.  of  the 
Brunswick  Dragoons  in  Burgoyne's  exped., 
mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Bennington, 
Vf.,  16*  Aug.,  and  d.  18  Aug.  1777.  He  ar- 
rived in  Canada  in  1776  ;  13  Aug.  1777,  he  was 
sent  on  an  expcd.  to  ol)tain  supplies,  and  was 
defeated  by  the  militia  under  Gen.  Stark. 

Baxter,  George  Addison,  D.D.  (U.  of 
N.C.  1812),  Presb.  clergyman,  b.  Rockingham 
Co.,  Va.,  22  July,  1771;  d.  April  24,  1841. 
Liberty  Hall,  1796.  Licensed  by  the  Lexing- 
ton Presbytery,  1  Apr.  1797.  Prof,  mathe- 
matics at  Liberty  Hall  (afterward  Wash.  Coll  ), 
19  Oct.  1798-1827,  and  was  at  the  same  time 
pastor  of  New  Montnouth  and  Lexington.  In 
1827,  he  became  the  second  pres.  of  Wash. 
Coll.,  Lexington,  Va.,  resigning  in  1829.  In 
Apr.  1832,  he  acce])ted  the  office  of  prof,  in  the 
Union  Theol.  Sem.,  Prince  Edward  Co  — 
Spragne. 

Bay,  Elihu  Hall,  jurist,  b.  York,  Pa., 
1754  ;  d.  Charleston,  S.C,  19  Nov.  1838.  An- 
drew, his  fatlier,  a  native  of  Ireland,  long  a 
Presb.  minister  in  Pa.,  d.  Newtown,  L.I.,  1776. 
The  son  was  attorney-gen.  of  S.C,  under  the 
colonial  r^jiine,  and,  from  1791  to  his  d.,  asso. 
justice  of  the  General  Sessions  and  C.  C.  P. 
Author  of  "  Reports  of  Superior  Courts  of  S. 
C.  since  the  Revol,,"  2d  ed.,  2  vols.,  1809-11. 

Bayard,  George  D.,  brig.-gen.  vols,  b. 
New  York,  1835;  killed  at  Fredericksburg, 
Va.,  Dec.  14,  1862.  West  Point,  1856.  En- 
tering the  1st  Cavalry,  he  became  capt.  4th 
Cavalry,  Aug.  20,  1861.  He  com.  the  Lst  Pa. 
Cavalry,  and  was  made  brig.-gen.  April  28, 
1862.  Attached  to  Gen.  McCall's  reserves,  he 
participated  in  the  various  battles  of  that  fight- 
ing corps.  Nov.  20,  1861,  he  made  a  most 
brilliant  and  successful  dash  at  the  head  of  his 
regt.  upon  Dranesville.  He  subsequently 
served  in  the  array-corps  of  Gen.  McDowell, 
and  in  the  army  of  Va.,  under  Gen.  Pope. 
After  the  battle  of  Antietam,  he  com.  a  cavalry- 
brigade  in  the  advance  of  the  army,  with  which 
he  did  excellent  service,  making  frequent  dashes 
into  the  enemy's  lines,  and  driving  them  from 
the  gaps  of  the  Blue  Ridge ;  chief  of  cav.  3d 
army-corps  ;  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Cedar 
Mountain,  9  Aug.  1862,  Manassas,  Aug.  27- 
31,  and  in  the  defences  of  Washington,  D.C., 
Sept.-Oct.  1862.  He  was  attached  to  Gen. 
Franklin's  com.  at  the  attack  on  Fredericks- 
burg. 


Bayard,  James  Ashton,  statesman,  b. 
Phila.,  28  Julv,  1767  ;  d.  Wilrain-rton,  Del.,  6 
Aug.  1815.  N.J.  Coll.  1784.  Of  Huguenot 
descent.  On  the  death  of  his  father,  Dr.  J.  A. 
Bayard  (8  June,  1770),  he  was  received  into  the 
family  of  his  uncle.  Col.  John.  He  studied  law 
under  Gen.  Joseph  Reed ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar 
in  1787;  settled  in  Del.,  and  acquired  reputa- 
tion and  practice.  M.C.  1797-1803,  and  a 
leader  of  the  Federal  party ;  U.S.  senator,  1804- 
13.  He  disting.  himself  in  conducting  the  im- 
peachment of  Senator  Blount;  contrib.  power- 
fully to  the  election  of  Jeflferson  over  Burr  in 
their  memorable  contest  for  the  Presidency ;  and 
in  the  debate  which  preceded  the  repeal,  in  Mar. 
1802,  of  the  judiciary  bill,  displayed  consum- 
mate ability  in  defence  of  the  system,  which 
was,  however,  overthrown.  He  declined  the 
post  of  envoy  to  the  French  republic,  tendered 
him  by  Mr.  Adams.  In  the  senate,  he  opposed 
the  declaration  of  war  with  Great  Britain  in 
1812.  Sent  as  a  commissioner  to  treat  for  peace 
under  Russian  mediation,  he  left  Phila.,  8 
May,  1813,  arrived  at  St.  Petersburg  in  July, 
and  in  Jan.  1814,  proceeded  to  Holland.  He 
afterward  visited  Eng.,  and  with  his  colleagues, 
Messrs.  Adams,  Clay,  Gallatin,  and  Rus.sell, 
negotiated  in  Dec.  18'l4,  at  Ghent,  the  treaty 
that  bears  the  name  of  that  place.  Included  in 
the  commission  to  make  a  commercial  treaty 
with  Great  Britain,  he  was  preparing  to  go 
there,  when  an  alarming  illness  caused  him  to 
return  home,  which  he  reached  only  to  die.  As 
a  lawyer  and  political  orator,  he  took  high 
rank.  His  son  James  A.  was  U.S.  senator 
from  Del.,  1851-64.  Another  son,  Richard 
H.,  U.S.  senator,  1836-9  and  1841-5;  cliarg€ 
to  Belgium,  1850  ;  b.  Wilmington,  Del.,  1796; 
d.  Phila.,  4  Mar.  1868.  Ann,  his  wife,  dau.  of 
Gov.  Richard  Bassett,  d.  10  Dec.  1854,  a.  76. 

Bayard,  Col.  John,  merchant,  and  Revol. 
patriot,  b.  Cecil  Co.,  Md.,  11  Aug.  1738;  d. 
N.  Brunswick,  N.J.,  7  Jan.  1807.  Member  of 
the  Revol.  Committee  of  Safety;  maj.  2d  Phila. 
batt.,  Avhich  he  led  at  the  battle  of  Trenton  ; 
many  years  speaker  of  the  Pa.  Assembly  ;  mem- 
ber Old  Congress  in  1785;  removed  in  1788  to 
N.  Brunswick,  of  which  he  was  mayor,  and 
judge  of  C.C.P. 

Bayard,  Samuel,  jurist  (1765-1840),  pub. 
"  A  Digest  of  Cases  on  the  Law  of  Evidence," 
1810,  and  an  "Abstract  of  the  Laws  of  the 
U.S." 

Bayfield,  Henry  Wolsey,  an  English 
hydrographer,  entered  the  navy  in  1806  ;  com. 
a  gunboat  on  the  Amer.  Lakes  in  1814  ;  made 
surveys  of  Lake  Ontario  in  1815,  Lakes  Erie 
and  Huron  in  1817-23,  Lake  Superior  in 
1823-5,  and  of  the  River  and  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence in  1827,  being  the  first  to  make  known 
the  wonders  of  the  Saguenay ;  miide  capt.  in 
1834,  and  rear-admiral  in  1856.  His  series  of 
charts  of  the  above  surveys  are  leading  author- 
ities. 

Bay  ley,  Matthias,  remarkable  for  lon- 
gevity ;  d.  ab.  1 789,  at  Jones's  Creek,  a  branch  of 
the  Pedee  in  North  Carolina,  a.  136.  He  was 
baptized  at  the  age  of  134.  His  eyesight  re- 
mained good,  and  he  retained  his  strength,  in  a 
great  degree,  up  to  the  time  of  his  death. — 
Blake. 


B^Y 


73 


BE^ 


Bayley,  Richard,  M.D.,  physician  and 
medical  writer,  b.  Fairfield,  Ct.,  1745  ;  d.  Staten 
Island,   Aug.    17,  1801.     Having  finished  his 

Srofessional  education  in  London,  he  settled  in 
[.Y.  in  1772.  The  prevalence  of  the  croup  in 
that  city  afforded  him  an  opportunity  for  the 
display  of  his  skill  and  judgment,  treating  it 
in  a  new  manner,  as  an  inflammatory  disease  ; 
and,  in  1781,  his  publication,  entitled  "  A  View 
of  the  Croup,"  led  to  the  adoption  of  his  plan. 
In  the  autumn  of  1775,  he  revisited  London, 
where  he  engaged  in  study  and  practice  with 
the  aid  of  Dr.  Hunter ;  and,  in  the  following 
spring,  he  returned  to  N.  Y.  as  a  surgeon  in  the 
English  army,  under  Sir  VV.  Howe.  This 
post  he  resigned  in  1777,  and  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  in  practice  in  that  city.     In 

1787,  he  gave  lectures  on  surgery  ;  in  1792,  he 
was  app.  the  first  prof,  of  anatomy  in  Col.  Coll. ; 
and,  in  1793,  prof,  of  surgery,  his  favorite 
subject.  In  1796,  he  pub.  a  treatise  on  yellow- 
fever,  in  which  he  is  said  to  have  proved  its 
local  origin,  repudiating  the  theory  of  con  tagion. 
He  had  previously  been  app.  health  physician 
of  N.Y.,  and,  in  1798,  pul).  his  "Letters  from 
the  Health  Office."     He  died  of  ship-fever.    In 

1788,  his  house  was  broken  into  by  the  "Doc- 
tor's Mob,"  who  destroyed  his  cabinet  contain- 
ing his  valuable  colls,  in  morbid  anatomy,  be- 
sides some  valuable  preparations.  To  him  the 
State  of  N.Y.  is  indebted  for  its  quarantine 
laws.  In  1781,  he  pub.  "Angina  Tracheatis," 
with  the  mode  of  cure,  8vo,  N.Y.  —  Thacher. 

Baylies,  Francis,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Taunton,  Ms.,  Oct.  16,  1783;  d.  there  Oct. 
28,  1852.  After  receiving  an  academical  edu- 
cation, he  practised  law  in  Taunton.  M.  C. 
1821-7;  member  of  the  State  legisl.  1827-32 
and  in  1835;  register  of  probate,  1812-20  ; 
charge  d'affaires  to  Brazil  in  1832.  Author  of 
a  valuable  history  of  Plym.  Col.,  2  vols.  8vo, 
1828,  repub.,  with  notes  and  additions  by  S.  G. 
Drake,  in  1866. 

Baylies,  Nicholas,  judge,  b.  Uxbridge, 
Ms.,  1772;  d.  Lyndon,  Vt.,  Aug.  17,  1847. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1794.  He  practised  law  at  Wood- 
stock and  Montpelier,  and  was  a  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Vt.  in  1831-4.  Author 
of  "A  Digested  Index  to  the  Modern  Reports 
of  the  Courts  of  Common  Law  in  Eng.  and 
the  U.S."  3  vols.,  1814;  and  an  "  Essay  on 
Free  Agency." 

Baylies,  William,  M.D.,  physician,  b. 
Uxbridge,  Ms.,  Dec.  5,  1743  ;  d.  Dighton,  Ms., 
June  17,  1826.  H.  U.  1760.  He  established 
himself  as  a  physician  in  Dighton,  where  he 
remained  through  life  an  exceedingly  successful 
and  popular  practitioner.  He  zealously  en- 
gaged in  the  political  controversies  of  the  times, 
was  a  representative  of  the  town  of  Dighton ; 
a  member  of  the  3  Prov.  Congresses  of  Ms. 
in  1775,  serving  on  several  important  commit- 
tees ;  was  also  a  member  of  the  State  conven- 
tion that  adopted  the  Federal  Constitution ;  and 
State  senator,  1783.  He  was  for  several  years 
a  judge  of  the  C.  C.  P.  for  the  county  of 
Bristol,  and  for  a  long  time  register  of  probate 
for  that  county.  M.  C.  1805-9.  Member  of 
the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences  ;  of  the  Ms. 
Hist.  Soc,  and  also  of  the  Ms.  Medical  Soc,  of 
which  he  wasi  one  of  the  founders.     His  two 


sons,  William  and  Francis,  were  both  disting. 
lawyers  and  statesmen. 

Baylor,  Col.  George,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Hanover  Co.,  Va. ;  d.  1784,  at  Barbadoes, 
whither  he  had  gone  for  his  health.  App.  aide 
to  Washington,  Aug.  15,  1775;  served  at 
Trenton,  and  carried  the  news  of  that  success 
to  Congress,  by  whom  he  was  presented  with 
a  horse  caparisoned  for  service,  and  recom- 
mended for  promotion.  Made  col.  of  dragoons, 
Jan.  8,  1777;  surprised  and  dangerously 
wounded  on  the  night  of  Sept.  27,  1778,  at 
Tappan,  N.Y.,  by  Gen.  Gi-ey.  67  of  his  men 
were  butchered  in  cold  blood,  and  the  remain- 
der, with  himself,  captured.  He  served  to  the 
close  of  the  war,  and  was  esteemed  an  officer 
of  bravery  and  merit. 

Bayly,  Thomas  Henry,  M.  C.  from  Va., 
b.  Accomac  Co.,  Va.,  1810;  d.  there  June  22, 
1856.  U.  of  Va.  Son  of  Thos.  M.  (1775-7. 
Jan.  1834.  M.  C  1813-15.  N.  J.  Coll.  1794.) 
He  came  to  the  bar  in  1830.  At  the  age  of  25, 
he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Assembly,  and 
was  re-elected  for  five  years  in  succession.  He 
was  elected  by  that  body  a  brig.-gen.  of  militia  ; 
was  judge  of  the  Circuit  Superior  Court  until 
1844,  and  M.  C.  1845-56.  He  was  for  a  time 
chairman  of  the  house  Committee  of  Ways  and 
Means.  He  lived  and  died  on  the  spot  where 
his  English  ancestors  landed  in  1666,  and  where 
they  established  the  family  home. 

Beach,  Abraham,  D.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1789.) 
Prot.-Itlpis.  clergvman,  b.  Cheshire,  Ct.,  Sept. 
9,  1740;  d.  Sept^  11,  1828.  Y.  C.  1757.  He 
was  ord.  by  the  bishop  of  London  in  June, 
1767.  Rector  of  N.  Brunswick,  N.J.,  until 
1783;  assist,  minister  of  Trinity  Church,  N.Y., 
1783-1813.  He  pub.  "Hearing  the  Word," 
and  a  "Funeral  Sermon  on  Dr.  Chandler," 
1790. 

Beach,  Moses  Yale,  invent,  and  pub.,  b. 
Wallingford,  Ct.,  Jan.  7,  1800;  d.  there  July 
18,  1868.  Exhibiting  in  his  boyhood  some 
mechanical  skill,  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  cabi- 
net-maker at  Hartford,  subsequently  went  into 
business  for  himself  at  Northampton  and 
Springfield ;  manufactured  a  gunpowder  en- 
gine for  propelling  balloons,  and  endeavored 
to  introduce  steam-navigation  on  the  Con- 
necticut, between  Hartford  and  Springfield. 
His  plan  was  executed  by  others,  his  inventive 
skill  enabling  them  to  take  a  steamer  over 
what  had  before  been  deemed  the  insurmount- 
able Enfield  Falls.  He  next  devised  a  rag- 
cutting  machine,  now  in  general  use  in  paper- 
mills  ;  then  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
paper  in  Ulster  Co.,  N.Y.,  but  lost  during  the 
7th  year  all  he  had  before  made.  In  1835,  he 
removed  to  New  York,  became  interested  in  the 
Sun  newspaper,  the  pioneer  of  the  penny  press, 
of  which  he  soon  made  himself  sole  proprietor. 
During  the  Mexican  war,  he  was  sent  to  Mex- 
ico by  Pres.  Polk,  as  an  agent,  to  arrange  a 
treaty  of  peace.  The  negotiations,  however, 
when  nearly  concluded,  were  broken  off  by  a 
false  report  that  Santa  Ana  had  annihilated  the 
army  of  Gen.  Taylor.  Mr.  Beach  retired  from 
business  in  1857,  and  returned  to  his  native 
town. 

Beall,  Benjamin  Lloyd,  col.  U.S.A.,  b 
D.C. ;  d.  Bait.,  Aug.  16, 1863.  Son  of  Maj. Beall 


BEA. 


74 


BISA 


of  Md. ;  app.  cadet,  Jan.  1814;  capt.  Wash. 
City  Vols,  for  the  Florida  war,  June  1,  1836; 
capt.  2d  Dragoons,  June  8,  1836;  brev.  major, 
March  15,  1837,  "for  gallantry  in  war  against 
Florida  Indians  ;  "  maj.  1st  Dragoons,  Feb.  16, 
1847;  brev.  licut-col.,  "  for  gallant  conduct  in 
battle  of  Santa  Cruz  de  Rosales,  Mex.,"  Mar. 
16,  1848  ;  lieut.-col.  Mar.  3,  1855  ;  col.  1st  Cav- 
alry, May  13,  1861;  retired  Feb.  15,  1862.— 
Gardner. 

Beall,  Gex.  Rbazin,  d.  Wooster,  Ohio, 
Feb.  20,  1843,  a.  73.  App.  from  Pa.  ensign, 
March  7,  1792;  batt.-adj.  and  q'master,  1793; 
served  under  Wayne ;  and  was  brig. -gen.  of 
Ohio  Vols,  in  Sept.  1812.  He  occupied  various 
public  stations  in  Ohio,  and  was  M.C.,  1813- 
15. 

Beall,  William  Dext,  col.  U.S.A.,  b. 
Md.,  1 755  ;  d.  Prince  George  Co.,  Md.,  Sept.  24, 
1829;  a  maj.  in  the  Revol.  army;  disting.  at 
Long  Island  and  at  Camden,  S.C. ;  he  Avas  app. 
maj.  9th  Inf.  Jan.  8,  1799;  dep.-adj.-gen.  and 
dept.-insp.-gen.  April,  1800;  disbanded  June 
15,  1800;  lieut.-col.  5th  Inf.  Dec.  12,1808;  col. 
3d  Inf.  Nov.  30,  1810;  transferred,  April,  1812, 
to  5th  Inf.  ;  resigned  Aug.  15,  1812  ;  he  com. 
a  regt.  of  militia  in  the  battle  of  Bladensburg; 
sheriff  of  Prince  George  Count3^  —  Gardner. 

Beard,  James  tl.,  artist,  b.  Buffalo,  1815. 
James,  his  father,  removed  to  Painesville,  O. ; 
d.  there  ab.  1827,  leaving  a  wife  and  5  small 
children  penniless.  With  little  teaching,  he 
made  himself  a  portrait-painter,  settled  in  Cin- 
cinnati, and  was  many  years  a  leading  artist  in 
the  West.  He  painted  Harrison,  Clay,  Taylor, 
and  J.  Q.  Adams.  Among  his  compositions 
are  "  The  Long  Bill,"  "The  Land  Speculat- 
or," and  the  "  North  Carolina  Emigrants."  — 
Tuckerman. 

Beard,  Wm.  H.,  artist,  bro.  of  James  H., 
b.  Painesville,  O.,  ab.  1824.  At  the  age  of  21, 
he  became  a  peripatetic  portrait-painter  ;  settled 
in  Buffalo  in  1850;  visited  Europe  in  1858-60, 
and  after  the  loss  of  his  wife,  to  whom  he 
had  been  recently  united,  in  the  latter  year  set- 
tled in  N.Y.  City.  He  brought  with  him  a  few 
humorous  pictures,  "  The  Astronomer,"  "  The 
Owl,"  "  Bears  on  a  Bender,"  and  "  Grimalkin's 
Dream."  His  other  pictures  are  "  The  Guar- 
dian of  the  Flag,"  "In  and  out,"  "  Little  Red 
Riding  Hood,"  "  Christmas  Eve,"  "  Raining 
Cats  and  Dogs,"  "  A  Bird  in  the  Hand,"  and 
"  Dance  of  Silenus."  —  Tuckerman. 

Beardsley,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (Ham.  Col. 
1849),  a  N.Y.  politician,  lawyer,  and  judge,  b. 
Otsego  Co.,  N.Y. ;  d.  Utica,  N.Y.,  May  6, 1860. 
He  studied  law  in  Rome,  Oneida  Co.,  where  he 
practised  until  his  removal  to  Utica  in  1825; 
dist.  atty.  of  Oneida  Co.,  1821-5  ;  was  State 
senator  in  1823;  U.S.  dist.  atty.  for  the  north- 
ern district  of  N.Y.  in  1827-31  ;  M.C.  from 
Oneida  Co.,  N.Y.,  in  1831-6  and  1843-5;  and 
chniiman  of  the  judiciary  committee;  atty.- 
gen.  of  N.Y.,  1837  ;  app.  judge  of  the  Sup. 
Court  of  N.Y.,  1844,  and  chief-justice  in  1847. 
Beasley,  Frederick,  D.D.,  Pr.-Ep.  cler- 
gyman and  writer,  b.  near  Edenton,  N.C.,  in 
1777;  d.  Elizabethtown,  N.J.,  Nov.  2,  1845. 
N.J.  Coll.  1797.  He  was  a  tutor  in  that  insti- 
tution in  1798-1800,  and,  in  1801,  was  ord. 
deacon,  and  took  charge  of  a  parish  in  Eliza- 


bethtown, N.J.  After  being  rector  of  St.  Peter's 
Church,  Albany,  N.Y.,  and  co-rector  of  Christ 
Church,  Baltimore,  he  was,  in  1813,  app.  pro- 
vost of  the  U.  of  Pa.,  filling  also  the  chair  of 
Mental  Philosophy.  Here  he  pub.,  in  1822, 
"A  Search  of  Truth  in  the  Science  of  the 
Human  Mind,"  a  work  in  defence  of  the  phi- 
losophy of  Locke.  After  15  years'  connection 
with  this  university,  he  took  charge  of  the  Ep. 
Church  in  Trenton,  N.J.,  and,  while  there, 
pub  an  examination  of  Channing's  arguments 
against  the  Trinity.  In  1836,  he  returned  to 
Elizabethtown.  He  also  pub.  "An  Examina- 
tion of  the  Oxford  Divinity;  or,  the  Tracta- 
rian  Controversy." —  Blake. 

Beasley,  Gen  Nathaniel,  pioneer  of 
Ohio  ;  d.  Knox  Co.,  0.,  Mar.  27,  1835,  a.  84. 
He  was  a  noted  Indian  fighter  and  scout,  being 
a  large  and  powerful  man;  was  in  St.  Clair's 
and  NVayne's  campaigns;  afterwards  settled  in 
Chillicothe,  0.;  was  a  member  of  the  legisl., 
and  a  canal  commissioner,  and  many  years  a 
maj.-gen.  of  militia.  —  A.  T.  Goodman. 

Beatty,  Rev.  Charles,  Presb.  minister, 
b.  Co.  Antrim,  Ireland,  ab.  1715;  d.  Aug.  13, 
1772,  at  Bridgeton,  Barbadoes.  He  came 
while  young  to  Amcr.,  engaged  in  trade,  stud- 
ied theology  under  Wm.  Tennent,  was  licensed 
Oct.  13,  1742,  ord.  Dec.  14,  1743,  and  succeeded 
Mr.  Tennent  at  Neshaminy,  26  May,  1743. 
In  1760,  he  visited  Eng.  to  obtain  aid  for  the 
Presb.  clergy,  their  widows  and  orphans. 
Sent  to  Va.  and  N.  C.  in  1754,  he  accomp. 
Franklin  in  an  expod.  against  the  frontier  In- 
dians, as  chaplain,  in  1755.  He  was  often  en- 
gaged in  missionary  labors  among  the  Indians 
in  Western  Pa.,  and  was  esteemed  for  his  piety 
and  charity.  His  journal  of  a  two-months' 
tour  to  promote  religion  among  the  frontier 
inhabitants  of  Pa.  was  pub.  in  London,  8vo, 
1768.  —  Sprac/ue. 

Beatty,  John,  M.D.,  physician  and  sol- 
dier, son  of  Rev.  Charles,  b.  Bucks  Co.,  Pa., 
Dec.  10,  1749;  d.  Trenton,  N.J.,  May  30, 
1826.  N.  J.  Coll.  1769.  He  studied  medi- 
cine with  Dr.  Rush,  but  joined  the  army  early 
in  the  Revol.  contest,  anil,  in  Sept.  1776,  had 
attained  the  rank  of  lieut.-col.  in  the  Pa.  line. 
At  the  capture  of  Fort  Washington,  he  was 
taken  prisoner.  Severe  treatment  greatly  im- 
paired his  health;  but,  having  been  exchanged, 
he  was  app.,  May  28, 1778,  to  succeed  Dr.  Bur- 
dinot  as  commissary-gen.  of  prisoners,  with 
rank  of  col.,  which  post  he  resigned  Mar.  31, 
1780.  He  then  settled  as  a  physician  in 
Princeton  ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Old  Congress 
in  1783-5;  was  frequently  a  member  of  both 
branches  of  the  State  legisl.,  and  speaker  of 
the  house;  was  a  member  of  the  convention 
that  adopted  the  Federal  Constitution  ;  and  was 
a  member  of  Congress  in  1793-5.  From  1795 
to  1805,  he  was  sec.  of  State  for  N.J.  He  su- 
perintended the  erection  of  the  bridge  across 
the  Delaware  at  Bloomsbury,  and,  in  1815-26, 
was  pres.  of  the  Trenton  Bank. 

Beauharnais  (bo'-ar'-na),  Alex.,  Vis- 
count, a  French  gen.,  b.  Martinique,  1760,  guil- 
lotined at  Paris,  23  July,  1 794.  He  served  as  a 
maj.  under  Rochambeau  in  the  Amer.  Revol. 
war.  Dep.  from  Blois  to  the  states-gen.,  he 
was  one  of  the  first  to  join  the  tiers  kat;  be- 


BB3A. 


76 


BEA 


came  pres.  of  the  National  Assembly;  gen,  of 
division  in  the  army  of  the  Rhine  in  1792; 
minister  of  war  in  1793;  falsely  accused  of 
having  promoted  the  surrender  of  Metz,  he 
was  condemned  by  the  revol.  tribunal.  Jose- 
phine, his  widow,  became  Empress  of  France. 
Eugene,  his  son,  made  by  Napoleon  viceroy 
of  Italy,  d.  1824. 

Beauharnais,  Charles,  Marquis  de, 
natural  son  of  Louis  XIV.,  gov.  of  New  France, 
1726-46,  was  an  able  and  efficient  officer.  He 
had  been  disting.,  and  held  the  rank  of  com- 
modore in  the  navy.  On  the  breaking-out  of 
war  with  Eng.,  he  fortified  and  strengthened 
the  country,  and  built  the  fortress  of  Crown 
Point.  — Morrjan. 

Beaujeu  (bO'-zhoo')  Hyacinthb  Marie 
L.  de,  a  French  officer,  who  com.  and  was 
killed  at  Braddock's  defeat,  at  the  battle  of 
Monongahela,  9  July,  1755;  b.  Montreal,  9 
Aug.  1711.  He  had  attained  the  rank  of 
capt.  and  the  Cross  of  St.  Louis,  for  ser- 
vice in  the  navy.  In  1733,  he  obtained  the 
seigniory  of  La  Colle,  on  the  Chambly  ;  suc- 
ceeded Contrecoeur  at  Ft.  Du  Quesne,  in  1755, 
and  planned  the  ambuscade  which  destroyed 
the  army  of  Braddock. 

Beaujour  (bo'-zhoor'),  Louis  Felix,  de, 
author  and  diplomatist,  b.  Provence,  1765  ;  d. 
July  1,  1836.  He  entered  the  diplomatic  ca- 
reer in  1788,  and  was  successively  sec.  of  lega- 
tion at  Munich  and  Dresden,  and  consul-gen.  in 
Sweden  and  Greece.  Afterwards  sec.  and  pres. 
of  the  tribunate,  be  wrote  two  remarkable  tracts 
on  the  treaties  of  Luneville  and  Amiens.  In 
1804,  he  was  app.  consul-gen.  and  chargtf  d'- 
affaires to  the  U.S.  While  here,  he  composed 
a  work,  which,  on  his  return  in  1814,  he  pub. 
with  an  admirable  map,  under  the  title  of  "  A 
Sketch  of  the  U.S.  at  the  Commencement  of 
the  19th  Century."  He  was  made  consul-gen. 
of  Smyrna  in  1816,  insp.-gen.  of  the  French 
establishments  in  the  Levant  in  1817,  and,  re- 
turning to  France  in  1819,  was  rewarded  with 
the  title  of  baron. 

Beaumarehais  (b5'-mar-sha'),  Pierre 
AuGUSTiN  Caron,  de,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  24, 
1732;  d.  May  19,  1799.  He  gave  striking 
proof,  while  young,  of  the  possession  of  me- 
chanical and  musical  talents ;  assisted  his  fa- 
ther in  watchmaking,  and  afterwards  became 
teacher  of  the  harp  to  the  daughters  of  Louis 
XV.  He  laid  the  foundation  of  his  immense 
wealth  by  a  rich  marriage.  In  his  celebrated 
lawsuit  against  Goesman,  he  exhibited  all  his 
talent ;  and  his  "  Memoirs,"  pub.  at  Paris  in 
1774,  entertained  all  France.  "The  Barber 
of  Seville  "  and  "  The  Marriage  of  Figaro  " 
have  given  him  a  permanent  reputation.  In 
his  memoir,  "  Mes  Six  I^poques,"  he  relates  the 
dangers  to  which  he  was  exposed  in  a  revol., 
where  a  celebrated  name,  talent,  and  riches 
were  sufficient  causes  of  proscription.  As 
early  as  Sept.  1775,  he  had  submitted  to  the 
king  a  memorial,  in  which  he  insisted  upon  the 
necessity  for  the  French  Govt,  to  come  secretly 
to  the  assistance  of  the  Colonies  against  Eng. 
As  an  agent  of  the  French  ministry,  he  passed 
part  of  1775  in  Eng.,  where  he  had  interviews 
with  Arthur  Lee.  By  letters,  representations, 
and  adroit  flattery,  he  brought  over  Maurepas, 


and  obtained  secretly  from  the  French  Govt. 
1,000,00()  livres,  an  equal  sum  from  Spain,  and 
arms  and  ammunition  from  the  public  arsenals, 
on  condition  that  he  would  pay  for  or  replace 
the  same.  Under  the  firm  of  Roderique  Hor- 
talez  &  Co.,  early  in  1777  he  forwarded  3  sliips 
with  200  pieces  of  ordnance,  25,000  muskets, 
200,000  lbs.  of  gunpowder,  and  other  ammu- 
nition. He  had  also  engaged  more  than  50 
officers,  among  them  Pulaski  and  Steuben. 
He  continued  his  shipments,  until,  in  the  begin- 
ning of  1779,  the  U.S.  were  indebted  to  him  in 
more  than  4,000,000  francs.  The  final  balance 
of  this  claim,  ab.  800,000  francs,  was  not  paid 
until  1835.  The  transaction,  far  from  having 
been  profitable  to  him,  resulted  in  losses,  which 
he  was  enabled  to  withstand,  through  govt,  aid, 
and  successful  speculations  of  various  kinds. 
The  aid  furnished  by  Beaumarehais  was  of  in- 
calculable advantage  to  the  Arner.  cause.  The 
recent  biography  of  this  remarkable  man,  by 
M.  de  Lomenie,  discloses  the  falsity  of  Arthur 
Lee's  statement  to  Congress,  that  this  aid  to 
Amer.  was  a  gift :  it  was  not  so.  The  ship- 
ments of  Roderique  Hortalez  &  Co.  were  to 
be  re-imbursed  by  return-cargoes  of  rice,  to- 
bacco, and  indigo;  and  the  falsehood  of  Lee 
placed  Silas  Deane  in  the  position  of  a  man 
trying  fraudulently  to  obtain  payment  for  a 
gift,  and  prevented  Beaumarehais  from  furnish- 
ing further  aid,  by  cutting  off  his  means  of 
doing  so;  since  he  had  already  far  exceeded 
the  capital  loaned  him  by  France  and  Spain. 
—  See  De  Lomenie,  '^Beaumarehais  and  his 
Times." 

Beaumont  de  (deh-bo'-mon'),  de  la 
Bonniere,  Gustave  Auguste,  a  French 
advocate  and  writer,  b.  depart,  of  Sarthe,  Feb. 
6,  1802;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  22,  1866.  In  1831,  he 
was  commissioned,  with  DeTocqueville,  to  visit 
the  U.S.,  and  examine  its  penitentiary  system. 
Their  roport,  "  Du  Si/steme  Penitentiaire  aux 
J^tats  Unis  et  de  son  Application  en  France," 
has  become  a  standard  work  on  the  subject. 
Beaumont  also  wrote  "  Marie,  ou  de  I'Esclavage 
aux  EtaU  Unis"  which  has  been  translated  and 
reprinted  in  the  U.  S.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  chamber  of  deputies  in  1840,  of  the  con- 
stituent assembly,  1848,  and  was  app.  ambassa- 
dor to  Eng.  by  Gen.  Cavaignac.  He  was  a 
grandson  of  Lafayette,  and,  in  1836,  he  m.  a 
grand-dau,  of  the  marquis.  He  was  imprisoned 
for  opposition  to  the  coup  d'etat  of  Dec.  2, 
1851.  He  wrote  in  1839  "  L'Irlande,  Socials, 
Politique,  et  Reiigieuse  "  (2  vols.,  1839). 

Beaumont,  William,  M.  D.,  a  celebrat- 
ed physician,  b.  Lebanon,  Ct.,  in  1785;  d. 
St.  Louis,  Apr.  25,  1853.  After  completing 
his  medical  education  at  St.  Alban's,  Vt.,  in 
1812,  he  was  app.  assist,  surgeon  in  the  U.  S. 
army,  in  which  he  served  until  1837.  In  1825, 
while  stationed  at  Michilimacinac,  he  became 
acquainted  with  the  Canadian  St.  Martin  ;  and 
it  is  to  his  experiments  with  this  man,  that  Dr. 
Beaumont  is  indebted  for  his  wide-spread  fame. 
A  gunshot  wound  in  the  side  of  St.  Martin, 
healed  without  closing  up,  so  that  the  stomach 
was  exposed  to  observation ;  and  Dr.  Beau- 
mont made  careful  experiments  for  several 
years  upon  the  proces,se3  of  digestion.  The 
result  of  his  observations,  pub.  in  1838,  shed 


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76 


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new  light  upon  this  most  interesting  and 
important  subject,  and  is  the  only  authority, 
based  on  actual  observation,  in  that  branch  of 
science.  After  leaving;  the  army,  Dr.  Beau- 
mont practised  his  profession  at  St.  Louis. 

Beauregard,  Peter  Gustavus  Tou- 
TANT,  gen.  CS.  A,,  b.  on  his  father's  plantation, 
near  N.  Orleans,  1817.  West  Point,  1838. 
Entering  the  1st  Art.,  he  was  transferred  to  the 
engineer  corps  ;  became  1st  licut.  in  1839,  and 
in  the  Mexican  war  won  the  brevets  of  capt. 
at  Contreras  and  Churubusco,  and  maj.  at 
Chapultepec,  where  he  was  twice  wounded. 
He  was  present  at  the  capture  of  the  city  of 
Mexico,  and  received  another  wound  at  the 
Belen  Gate.  Capt.  Mar.  3,  18.53.  After  the 
war,  l>e  had  charge  of  the  construction  of  the 
N.  Orleans  mint  and  custom-house,  and  of 
the  fortifications  near  the  mouths  of  the  Mpi. 
Resigning  his  commission  Feb,  20,  1861,  he 
joined  the  rebel  army;  was  made  brig.-gen., 
conducted  the  attack  on  Fort  Sumter,  and,  in 
June,  took  com.  of  the  army  at  Manassas. 
July  21,  he  gained  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and 
was  the  same  day  promoted  to  be  gen.  C.S.A. 
Mar.  5,  1862,  he  took  com-,  of  the  army  of  the 
Miss.,  under  Gen.  A.  S.  Johnston,  who  joined 
him  at  Corinth,  ab.  Apr.  1,  and  directed  the 
battle  of  Shiloh  until  he  was  killed,  Apr.  6  ; 
after  which,  Beauregard  held  the  chief  com. 
Fortifying  himself  at  Corinth,  he  held  the  army 
of  Gen.  Halleck  in  check  for  nearly  2  months, 
and,  when  forced  to  retire,  did  so  with  slight 
loss.  He  was  soon  after  relieved,  at  his  own 
request,  on  account  of  ill  health.  In  Aug.,  he 
received  the  com.  of  the  military  dept.  com- 
posed of  S.  C.  and  Ga.  Jan.  31,  1863,  he  is- 
sued a  proclamation,  as  gen.  com'g  in  S.  C, 
that  the  blockade  of  Charleston  harbor  had 
been  raised.  This  canard  was  soon  disproved ; 
but  he  successfully  defended  Charleston  against 
Dahlgren  and  Gilmore.  In  May,  1864,  he 
joined  Lee  at  Richmond ;  com.  at  Petersburg 
in  June;  took  com.  of  the  military  division  of 
the  West,  Oct.  17,  and  com.  at  Charleston, 
S.C.,  in  the  following  spring;  but,  on  Gen. 
Sherman's  approach,  retired  to  N.  C,  and 
united  his  forces  with  those  of  Gen.  J.  E. 
Johnston,  who  surrendered  soon  after  to  Sher- 
man. 

Beck,  Charles,  Ph.  D.,  LL.D.  (H.  U. 
1865),  scholar,  b.  Heidelberg,  Germany,  Aug. 
19,  1798;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  Mar.  19,  1866. 
Educated  at  the  U.  of  Berlin,  he  studied  theol- 
ogy also;  was  ord.  July,  1822,  and,  in  1823,  re- 
ceived his  degree  at  Tiibingen.  He  was  some 
time  tutor  at  the  U.  of  Basle ;  but  his  republi- 
can sentiments  endangered  his  liberty,  and,  in 
1824,  he  came  to  New  York.  He  soon  con- 
nected himself  with  the  Round  Hill  School, 
Northampton,  but  in  1830  established  a  school 
at  Philipstown,  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  West 
Point.  From  1832  to  1850,  he  was  prof,  of 
Latin  language  and  literature  at  Cambridge  U. 
He  pub.  in  1863  "The  Manuscripts  of  the 
Satyricon  of  Petronius  Arbiter,  described  and 
collated."  He  was  a  member  of  the  Oriental 
Society,  and  of  the  Acad,  of  Sciences ;  was  2 
years  in  the  State  legisl.,  was  a  man  of  en- 
larged views  and  great  public  spirit;  and  was 
specially  interested  in   the  soldiers'  fund,  the 


sanitary  commission,  and  the  orgaruzations  for 
the  care  and  education  of  the  freedmen. 

Beck,  George,  painter  and  poet,  b.  Eng., 
1749  ;  d.  Lexington,  Ky.,  Dec.  24,  1812.  He 
was  app.  prof,  of  mathematics  in  the  Royal 
Acad,  at  Woolwich  in  1776,  but  lost  the  office 
for  neglecting  its  duties.  After  coming  to 
Amer.  in  1795,  he  was  employed  in  painting 
by  Mr.  Hamilton  of  the  Woodlands,  near 
Phila.  Besides  original  poetic  pieces,  he  trans- 
lated Anacreon,  and  large  portions  of  Homer, 
Virgil,  and  Horace.  He  pub.  "  Observations 
on  the  Comet,"  1812. 

Beck,  John  Brodhead,  M.D.,  b.  Sche- 
nectady, Sept.  18,  1794;  d.  Rhinebeck,  N.Y., 
Apr.  9,  1851.  Columb.  Coll.  1813.  Bro.  of  T. 
R.,  Nicholas,  Lewis,  and  Abraham  Beck.  Ed- 
ucated by  his  uncle,  Rev.  John  B.  Romcyn  of 
Rhinebeck.  He  commenced  practice  on  the 
completion  of  his  medical  studies,  in  1817,  and 
became  disting.  In  1822,  with  Drs.  Dyckman 
and  Francis,  he  established  the  N.  Y.  Med.  and 
Phjjs.  Journal,  of  which  he  was  7  years  ciiief 
editor.  In  1826,  he  was  app.  prof,  of  materia 
medica  and  botany  in  the  Coll.  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  but  subsequently  exchanged  the 
chair  of  botany  for  that  of  medical  jurispru- 
dence, which,  together  with  that  of  materia 
medica,  he  continued  to  hold  until  his  death. 
Physician  of  the  N.  Y.  Hospital,  1835-45.  He 
pub.  "Medical  Essays,"  1843,  and,  with  his 
bro.  T.  Romeyn  Beck,  produced  the  great 
work  on  "  Medical  Jurisprudence,"  1823.  Al- 
so author  of  "  Infant  Therapeutics,"  12mo,  N. 
Y.,  1849  ;  "  Hist;.  Sketch  of  the  State  of  Medi- 
cine in  the  Colonies,"  1850.  —  See  Memoir,  by 
C.  R.  Gilman,  hi  Gross's  Med.  Biog. 

Beck,  Lewis  C,  M.D.,  chemist,  b.  Sche- 
nectady, N.Y.,  Oct.  4,  1798  ;  d.  Albany,  April 
21,  1853.  Un.  Coll.  1817.  Bro.  of  John  B. 
and  Theod.  Romeyn  Beck.  Adm.  to  practise 
medicine  in  Schenectady  in  1818,  he  resided  in 
St.  Louis  in  1820-21,  and  afterward  settled  in 
Albany.  Prof,  of  botany  in  the  Rensselaer 
School,  1824-9;  prof,  of  botany  and  chemis- 
try in  the  Vt.  Acad  of  Med.,  1826-32  ;  gave  a 
course  of  chemical  lectures  at  Middleb.  Coll.  in 
Apr.  1827  ;  mineralogist  of  the  survey  of  N.  Y. 
in  1837.  In  1830,  he  was  app.  prof  of  chem- 
istry and  natural  history  in  Rutger's  Coll.,  and, 
at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  prof,  of  chemistry 
in  the  Albany  Med.  Coll.  He  pub.  "  Account 
of  the  Salt  Springs  at  Salina,"  1826;  "On 
Adulterations,"  12mo,  N.  Y.,  1846  ;  "Botany 
of  the  U.  S.,"  and  of  the  "  U.  S.  North  of  Vir- 
ginia," 12mo,  1848;  "  Mineralogy  of  N.  Y.," 
4to,  1842;  "Illinois  and  Missouri'  Gazetteer," 
8vo,  1823;  "Chemistry,"  1831.  For  a  com- 
plete list  of  Dr.  Beck's  writings,  see  Memoir, 
by  Alden  March  in  Gross's  Med.  Biog. 

Beck,  Paul,  a  philanthropic  merchant,  b. 
Phila.  ab.  1760;  d.  there  Dec.  22,  1844.  His 
father  emigrated  from  Nuremberg  in  1752. 
The  son  was  apprenticed  to  a  wine-merchant, 
served  in  the  militia  during  the  Revol.,  and,  at 
its  close,  began  a  highly-successful  business- 
career,  accumulating  a  very  large  fortune.  He 
was  long  port-warden  of  Phila.,  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Pa.  Acad,  of  Fine  Arts,  pres. 
and  a  liberal  benefactor  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 
Institution,  one  of  the  originators,  and  subse- 


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77 


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quently  the  prcs.,  of  the  Amcr.  S.  S.  Union, 
and  was  a  liberal  contrib.  to  literary,  religious, 
and  charitable  objects. 

Beck,  TlIEODORIC  ROMETN,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
medical  prof,  and  author,  b.  Schenectaly,  N.Y., 
11  Aug.  1791;  d.  Utica,  N.Y.,  19  Nov.  185.5. 
Un.  Coll.  1807.  He  studied  medicine  under 
Dr.  Hosack,  obtained  his  degree  in  1811,  be- 
gan practice  in  Albany,  and  in  1813  addressed 
the  Albany  Society  of  Arts  upon  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  U.  S.,  believed  to  be  the  first 
pub.  systematic  account  of  Amer.  minerals. 
App.  in  1815  prof,  of  the  institutes  of  medicine, 
and  lecturer  on  med.  jurisprudence,  in  the  Coll. 
of  Phys.  and  Surgeons  in  Western  N.  Y. ;  prof, 
of  med.  jurisp.  at  Fairfield  Med.  Coll.  in 
1826-36,  and,  from  1836  to  1840,  prof,  of  mate- 
ria medica;  prof  of  materia  medica  in  the  Al- 
bany Med.  Coll.  1840-54;  principal  of  the  Al- 
bany Acad.  1817-48;  made  pres.  of  the  State 
Med.  Society  in  1829  ;  a  manager  of  the  N.  Y. 
State  Lunatic  Asylum,  and  in  1854  elected 
pres;  a  founder  and  active  supporter  of  the  Al- 
bany Institute,  and  some  years  its  pres  ;  mem- 
ber of  numy  learned  societies,  and  an  earnest 
promoter  of  all  philanthropic  enterprises.  His 
statistics  of  the  deaf  and  dumb  influenced  the 
State  legisl.  to  take  measures  for  their  educa- 
tion. He  edited  for  many  years  the  American 
Journal  of  ItUanitf),  and  iii  1823  pub.  his  fa- 
mous work  on  "Medical  Jurisprudence,"  —  a 
standard  work  in  Europe  as  well  as  in  America. 
He  also  pub.  many  addresses,  reports,  and  con- 
tribs.  to  scientific  journals.  —  See  Memoirs,  bt/ 
F.  II.  Ilaiiii/ton,  in  Gross's  Med.  Biocj. 

Beckwith,  Sir  George,  an  English  gen., 
b.  1753;  d.  20  Mar.  1823.  He  served  as  adj. 
of  grenadiers  in  the  unsuccessful  attack  on 
Fort  Moultrie;  was  at  the  battles  of  Brooklyn, 
White  Plains,  Brandywine,  Monmouth,  and 
the  capture  of  Fort  Griswold  ;  became  a  capt. 
in  May,  1777,  and  aide  to  Knyphausen,  and  in 
June,  1782,  became  aide  to  Carleton,  whom  he 
accomp.  to  Canada  in  1786.  Adj  -gen.  in  N. 
Amer.  in  1793;  col.  1795;  gov.  of  Bermuda, 
1798-1803,  and  afterwards  of  St.  Vincent's  and 
Barbadocs;  and,  in  1809-10,  captured  all  the 
French  W.  Indies.  Made  full  gen.  4  June, 
1814,  and  com. -in-chief  in  Ireland  in  1816-20. 

Beckwith,  George  C,  D.D.,  Cong,  cler- 
gyman, d.  Boston,  12  May,  1870,  a.  70.  A 
founder  of  the  Amer.  Peace  Society ;  33  years 
its  corresp.  sec. ;  editor  of  its  magazine.  The 
Advocate  of  Peace,  and  devoted  his  whole  time 
and  mind  to  the  cause. 

Bedard,  Pierre,  Canadian  jurist  and  pol- 
itician, b.  Quebec,  1763;  d.  1827.  One  of  the 
first  native  Canadians  adm.  to  the  bar,  leader 
of  the  opposition  to  Gov.  Craig  in  the  As- 
sembly, and  one  of  the  founders  of  Le  Cana- 
dien,  newspaper.  He  was  nnprisoncd  for  some 
violent  attacks  upon  the  executive  in  this  jour- 
nal, and,  after  his  release  was  long  a  district 
judge.  — Morgan. 

Bedel,  Col.  Timothy,  Kevol.  officer,  d. 
Haverhill,  N.H.,  Feb.  1787.  Originally  from 
Salem,  N.H.,  he  settled  in  Haverhill,  was  a 
lieut.  in  Gofle's  regt  in  1760,  and  served  in 
Canada.  App.  capt.  of  rangers,  July  6,  1775. 
Ool.  1st  N.  II.  regt.  Jan.  20, 1776,  he  joined  the 
Northern  army  under  Schuyler.    While  absent 


at  Montreal  on  duty,  his  subordinate,  Capt. 
Buttcrfield,  surrendered  in  a  most  cowardly 
manner  at  the  Cedars.  July  30,  1776,  he  was 
ordered  by  Congress  to  be  tried  by  court-mar- 
tial for  neglect  of  duty.  He  was  afterward  maj.- 
gen.  2d  div.  N.  H.  militia. 

Bedell,  Gregory  Townsend,  D.D.,  an 
eloquent  clergyman,  b.  Staten  Island,  Oct.  28, 
1793  ;  d.  Baltimore,  Aug.  30,  1834.  Col.  Coll. 
1811.  His  mother  was  a  sister  of  Bishop  Moore 
of  Va.  Ord.  deacon,  Nov.  4,  1814.  In  1815,he 
became  rector  of  the  church  in  Hudson,  and, 
in  1818,  of  that  in  Fayetteville,  N.C.,  when, 
after  3  years  of  successful  labor,  ill  health  in- 
duced him  to  come  north.  The  Church  of  St. 
Andrew's,  in  Phila.,  was  built  for  him,  and  was 
consecrated  May  21,  1823.  Here  Dr.  Bedell 
officiated  till  his  death.  His  sermons  were  re- 
markable for  simplicity  and  point ;  and  none 
could  have  heard  him  preach  without  remem- 
bering and  appreciating  the  peculiarities  of  his 
oratory.  He  pub.  "  Cause  of  the  Greeks," 
1827;  "Ezckiel's  Vision;"  "Is  it  Well?" 
"  It  is  well ;  "  "Onward,  or  Christian  Progres- 
sion ;  "  "Pay  thy  Vows;"  "Renunciation;" 
"  Way  Marks  ;  "  "  Basket  of  Flowers ;  "  "  Bi- 
ble Studies,"  2  vols.,  1829;  "Religious  Sou- 
venir," 1834.  Thirty  of  his  sermons  were  pub., 
with  a  Memoir  by  Rev.  Dr.  Tyng,  1836,  Svo, 
2  vols. 

Bedford,  Gunning,  Revol.  patriot,  mem- 
ber Old  Congress  in  1783-5  ;  gov.  of  Del.  1796- 
7  ;  d.  Newcastle,  Del,  30  Sept.  1797,  while  in 
office.  B.  Phila.  Lieut,  in  the  French  war  in 
1755;  maj.  20  Mar.  1775;  lieut.-col.  in  Has- 
let's regt.,  19  Jan.  1776,  and  wounded  at  White 
Plains;  muster-m.-gen.  18  June,  1776.  —  See 
Life  Geo.  Read,  by  Wm.  T.  Reed,  1870. 

Bedford,  Gunning,  jun.,  cousin  of  the 
preceding,  also  a  Revol.  patriot,  b.  Phila.,  1747; 
d.  Wilmington,  Del.,  30  Mar.  1812.  N.  J.  Coll. 
1771.  Practised  law  at  Dover,  and  afterwards 
at  Wilmington,  Del.  Member  of  the  legisl., 
and  atty.-gen.  of  the  State;  member  Cont. 
Congress,  1785-6,  and  of  the  convention  that 
formed  the  U.  S.  Constitution;  U.  S.  district 
judge  from  1789  to  his  death.  —  Life  of  Geo. 
Read. 

Bedford,  Gunning  S.,  M.D.  (Rutg.  Coll. 
1829),  b.  Baltimore,  1806;  d.  N.Y.  City,  5 
Sept.  1870.  Mt.  St.  Mary  Coll.  1825.  Grand- 
nephew  of  the  preceding.  Prof,  at  Charleston, 
S.C.,  and  afterwards  in  the  Albany  Med.  Coll., 
but  in  1836  went  to  N.Y.,  and  olitained  a 
lucrative  practive.  Prof,  of  midwilery  in  the 
U.  of  N.Y.,  1840-62.  Author  of  "  Lectures 
on  the  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children," 
"  Midwifery,"  1859,  and  has  translated  from 
the  French,  and  edited,  "  Chailly's  Midwifery," 
"  Magrier's  Anatomy,"  "  Baudelocque  on 
Puerperal  Fever,"  "Boisseau  on  Cholera,  &c." 

Bedinger,  Maj.  George  M.,  Revol. 
officer,  b.  Va. ;  d.  Lower  Blue  Licks,  Ky.,  ab. 
1830.  One  of  the  earliest  emigrants  to  Ky., 
he  served  as  adj.  in  the  cxped.  against  Chil- 
licothe  in  1779,  as  maj.  at  the  battle  of  Blue 
Licks  in  1782,  and  did  good  service  throughout 
the  war  as  an  Indian  spy.  He  led  a  batt. 
from  VVinchester,  Va.,  under  St.  Clair,  in  his 
exped.  in  1791  ;  was  maj.  of  U.S.  Inf.  from 
Apr.  1792,  to  Ft-b.  1793  ;  was  a  member  of  the 


BIGD 


78 


BEE 


Ky.  legisl.  in  1792,  and  M.  C.  from  1803  to 
1807. 

Bedinger,  Henry,  politician,  b.  near 
Shepherdstown,  Va.,  1810;  d.  there  Nov.  26, 
18.58.  Daniel  his  father,  a  Revol.  soldier  and 
a  Democ.  leader,  d.  ab.  1820.  He  began  to 
practise  law  at  Shepherdstown  at  22  ;  was  after- 
wards a  partner  of  his  bro.-in-law.  Gen.  George 
Rust,  at  Charlestown  ;  sncceeded  him  as  M.  C. 
in  1845-9,  and,  in  1853-8,  was  minister  to  Den- 
mark, settling  by  a  treaty  the  vexed  question 
of  the  Sound  dues.  He  was  a  popular  and 
effective  speaker. 

Bee,  Barnard  E.,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A.,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C,  ab.  1825  ;  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Bull  Run,  July  21,  1861.  West  Point,  1845. 
Entering  the  3d  Inf.,  he  was  brev.  for  gal- 
lantry at  Cerro  Gordo,  where  he  was  wounded, 
and  for  Chapultepec,  where  he  was  one  of  the 
storming-party.  1st  lient.  1851  ;  capt.  10th 
Inf.  Mar.  3,  1855,  and,  being  ordered  to  Utah, 
was  acting  lieut.-col.  of  a  batt.  of  vols,  from 
Dec.  1857,  to  Sept.  1858.  He  resigned  Mar.  3, 
1861,  and  was  app.  brig.-gen.  in  the  rebel 
army. 

Bee,  Judge  Thomas  of  S.C,  a  Revol. 
patriot;  meml>er  of  the  Assembly,  speaker  of 
the  house  of  reps.,  member  of  the  privy 
council ;  judge  of  the  State  courts  ;  member 
of  the  council  of  safety  ;  lieut.-gov. ;  member 
of  Continental  Congress,  1780-2,  and  finally 
judge  of  the  district.  Suffered  greatly  in  prop- 
erty by  the  war.  He  pub.  "  Reports  of  the 
Dist.  Court  of  S.C."  1810. 

Beebe,  Bezaleel,  Col.,  a  Revol.  officer, 
b.  Litchfield,  Ct.,  Apr.  28,1741  ;  d.  there  May 
29,  1824.  In  1758,  he  joined  Rogers's  Rangers, 
and  was  engaged  in  the  sanguinary  fight  in 
which  Putnam  was  captured,  and  shared  in  the 
reduction  of  Montreal.  Capt.  in  Jan.  1776, 
he  was  app.  to  Hinman's  regt.,  and  was  made 
prisoner  at  the  capture  of  Fort  Washington. 
Maj.  in  Aug.  1777,  having  just  been  exchanged ; 
lieut.-col.  1780;  col.  early  in  1781;  and  was 
soon  after  app.  to  the  command  of  the  Ct. 
troops  raised  for  the  defence  of  the  sea-coast. 
From  Oct.  1781  to  1795,  he  was  frequently  a 
member  of  the  State  legisl.  His  son  Ebenezer, 
maj.  U.S.  A.,  d.  in  the  service  during  the  War 
of  1812. 

Beecher,  Catherine  Esther,  eldest 
dau.  of  Rev.  Lyman,  b.  East  Hampton,  L.I., 
Sept.  6,  1800,  received  her  early  education  at 
Litchfield.  The  death  of  Prof  Fisher  of  Yale 
Coll.,  to  whom  she  was  betrothed,  was  a  severe 
blow,  from  which  she  sought  consolation  in  a 
life  of  activity.  In  1822-32,  she  conducted  a 
female  sem.  at  Hartford,  and  prepared  for  the 
press  a  manual  of  arithmetic,  1830,  and  ele- 
mentary books  of  instruction  in  theology  and 
moral  philosophy.  In  1832,  she  accomp.  her 
father  to  Cincinnati,  where,  for  2  years,  she  was 
at  the  head  of  an  institution  for  female  in- 
struction. She  has  for  many  years  employed 
herself  in  developing  a  plan  for  female  Chris- 
tian education,  to  be  promoted  through  a 
national  board,  with  high  schools  and  normal 
schools  to  provide  a  sufficient  supply  of  well- 
instructed  teachers.  Among  her  writings  in 
this  cause  are  "  Domestic  Service,"  "  The 
Duty  of  Amer.  Women   to   their  Country," 


"  The  True  Remedy  for  the  Wrongs  of  Wo- 
man," 1851;  "Treatise  on  Domestic  Econo- 
my," a  work  on  "Physiology,  and  the  Condition 
and  Habits  of  American  women,"  1856,  and 
the  first  vol.  of  a  course  on  theology  and  moral 
philosophy.  She  has  also  pub.  "  Housekeeper's 
Receipt  Book,"  "  Suggestions  on  Education," 
1829;  "Letters  on  Difficulties  in   Religion," 

1 836  ;  "  The  Moral  Instructor,"  1 838 ;  Memoir 
of  her  brother.  Rev.  George  Beecher,  1 844 ; 
"Truth  Stranger  than  Fiction,"  1850;  Phys- 
iology and  Calisthenics,"  "  Letters  on  Health 
and  Happiness,"  1855. 

Beecher,  Charles,  son  of  Dr.  Lyman, 
b.  1810.  Ord.  1844  pastor  of  a  church  at 
Newark,  N.J. ;  settled  at  Georgetown,  Ms., 
since  1857.  He  has  pub.  a  popular  vol.,  "  The 
Incarnation,  or  Pictures  of  the  Virgin  and  her 
Son  ;  "  "  Review  of  the  Spiritual  Manifesta- 
tions," 12mo,  N.Y.,  1853;  "Pen  Pictures  of 
the  Bible,"  1855.  With  his  brother  Henry 
Ward,  he  prepared  the  "  Plymouth  Coll.  of 
Hymns  and  Tunes,"  1856. 

Beecher,  Edward,  D.D.  (Marietta  Coll. 
1841),  eldest  son  of  Rev.  Lyman,  clergvman, 
b.  1804.  Y.  C.  1822.  He  studied  divinity  at 
Andover  and  New  Haven ;  was  tutor  at  Y.C. 
in  1825,  pastor  of  Park-st.  Church,  Boston, 
1826-31;  pres.  111.  Coll.,  Jacksonville,  1831- 
44 ;  pastor  of  Salem-st.  Church,  Boston,  1846- 
56  ;  now  pastor  of  a  church  in  Galcsburg,  111. 
He  has  pub.  "  Conflict  of  Ages,"  1854,  "  Papal 
Conspiracy,"  1855,  a  work  on  "Baptism," 
12mo,  1850,  and  "Riots  at  Alton,"  1838. 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward,  a  popular  orator, 
and  minister  of  Plymouth  Church,  Brooklyn, 
N.Y.,  son  of  Rev.  Lyman  Beecher,  b.  Litch- 
field, Ct.,  June  24,1813.  Amh.  Coll.  1834. 
He  studied  theology  under  his  father  at  the 
Lane  Sem.,  Cincinnati,  and  Avas  first  settled  in 

1837  as  Presb.  minister  at  Lawrenceburg,  Ind. 
In  1839,  he  removed  to  Indianapolis.  In  1847, 
he  became  pastor  of  the  Plymouth  Church. 
He  visited  Eng.  in  the  summer  of  1863,  and 
rendered  important  sei*vice  to  his  country  by 
his  eloquent  vindication  of  its  policy  in  the  war 
for  the  Union.  In  Apr.  1865,  at  the  request 
of  the  govt ,  he  delivered  an  oration  at  Fort 
Sumter,  on  the  anniversary  of  its  fall.  Be- 
sides occasional  addresses,  he  is  the  author  of 
"  Lectures  to  Young  Men,"  editor  of  "  The  Ply- 
mouth Collection  of  Hymns,"  also  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Independent,  a  weekly  religious 
newspaper  of  N.Y.  Two  vols,  of  these  contribu- 
tions have  been  collected  under  the  name  of  the 
"  Star  Papers."  Fragments  from  his  discourses, 
entitled  "  Life-Thoughts,"  and  "  Notes  from 
Plymouth  Pulpit,"  have  had  a  wide  circulation. 
He  has  also  pub.  "Eyes  and  Ears,"  1862; 
"Freedom  and  War,"  1863;  "Norwood,"  a 
novel  of  New-England  life,  1866;  and  "Ser- 
mons," 2  vols.  8vo.  He  is  a  popular  lecturer; 
and,  as  a  preacher,  he  addresses  himself  with 
vigor  and  effect  to  the  hearts  and  understantl- 
ings  of  his  hearers.  He  opposed  the  in^tittttion 
of  slavery,  and,  in  the  presidential  eontest  of 
1856,  took  an  active  part  in  favor  of  the  Repub- 
licans, not  only  with  his  pen,  but  by  addressing 
mass  meetings  throughout  the  Northern  States. 
—  See  Men  of  our  Time,  hi/  //.  B.  Stoice. 

Beecher,  Lyjian,  D  b.,  an  eminent  Presb. 


BEH! 


79 


BKJ-. 


clergyman,  b.  N.  Haven,  Ct.,  Oct.  12,  1775  ;  d. 
Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Jan.  10,  1863.  Y.C.  1797. 
He  studied  theology  under  Pres.  Dwight ;  was 
pastor  of  the  church  in  E.  Hampton,  L.I.,  from 
Dec.  1798  to  1810  ;  of  the  First  Church,  Litch- 
field, Ct.,  from  1810  to  1826  ;  of  the  Hanover- 
st.  Church,  Boston,  from  1826  to  1832,  and  of 
the  Second  Church,  Cincinnati,  O  ,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  presidency  of  the  Lane  Theol. 
Sem.  there,  from  1832  to  1851.  Returning  to 
Boston,  he  preached  occasionally,  but  removed 
to  Brooklyn  in  1855,  where  he  ended  his  days. 
In  Litchheld,  he  aided  in  organizing  the  Mis- 
sionary, the  Education,  and  the  Amer.  Bible 
Societies.  In  the  theological  controversies 
which  led  to  a  division  of  the  Presb.  Church  in 
1837-8,  he  took  an  active  part,  though  free  from 
bitterness.  His  forcible  preaching,  his  strong 
views  in  regard  to  evangelical  truth,  and  his 
boldness  in  denouncing  laxity  in  regard  to  the 
standard  of  Christian  orthodoxy,  made  a  deep 
impression  on  the  public  mind.  He  was  the 
most  widely  known,  and  the  most  influential, 
preacher  in  the  country,  from  1815  to  1851. 
He  was  conspicuous  in  the  temperance  move- 
ment, and  pub.  a  famous  series  of  sermons  on 
intemperance,  which  greatly  aided  the  cause. 
His  numerous  publications,  mostly  sermons, 
include  a  vol.  on  "  Political  Atheism."  His 
Autobiography,  and  a  selection  of  his  works, 
edited  by  his  son  Charles,  were  pub.  in  1865, 
in  2  vols.,  l2mo.  His  works,  3  vols.,  8vo,  were 
pub.  Boston,  1852.  All  his  sons  became  Cong, 
clergymen ;  viz.,  William,  Edward,  D.  D., 
George  (d.  1843),  Henry  Ward,  Charles,  Thos. 
K.,  and  James.  The  daughters  are  Catherine 
E.  and  Harriet  (well-known  authors),  Mary, 
and  Isabella- 

Beechey,  Frederic  William,  British 
navigator,  b.  London,  Feb.  1796 ;  d.  there  Nov. 
29,  1856.  Son  of  the  painter.  Sir  Wm.  He 
entered  the  navy  at  the  age  of  10,  and  saw 
service  at  New  Orleans;  a  lieut.  in  1815;  in 
1818,  he  sailed  under  Sir  John  Franklin  on  his 
first  voyage  of  arctic  discovery,  acting  as  artist 
to  the  exped.  In  1819,  he  accomp.  Sir  Edward 
Parry  in  "  The  Hecla,"  in  his  first  arctic  voy- 
age. In  1821,  he  was  commissioned,  with  his 
brother,  H.  W.  Beechey,  to  survey  the  north 
coast  of  Africa  from  Tripoli  to  Derne.  Made 
a  com.,  he  sailed  in  1825,  in  "The  Blossom," 
on  another  arctic  exped.,  via.  Cape  Horn,  to 
act  in  concert  with  Franklin  and  Parry,  and, 
having  passed  Behring's  Straits,  aiTived  in 
Aug.  1826,  at  a  pohit  north  of  Icy  Cape,  reach- 
ing in  boats  71°  23'  31''  N.  lat.,  and  156°  21' 
30"  W.  long.  He  pub.  a  narrative  of  this  voy- 
age in  1831.  Beeehey  subsequently  discovered, 
in  1827,  two  secure  harbors  south-east  of  Cape 
Prince  of  Wales,  and  near  Behring's  Straits, 
which  he  named  Port  Clarence  and  Grantly 
Harbor.  In  1829-39,  he  was  employed  in  mak- 
ing surveys  of  the  coasts  of  S.  America  and 
Ireland.  In  1854,  he  was  app.  rear-adm.  of 
the  blue,  and  in  1855  was  chosen  pres.  of  the 
Roy.  Geog.  Society. 

Behem,  Martin,  geographer  and  navi- 
gator, b.  Nuremberg,  ab.  1430;  d.  Lisbon,  July, 
1506.  He  studied  astronomy  and  mathema- 
tics ;  went  in  1477  to  Flanders,  and  in  1480  to 
Lisbon,  where  he  is  said,  by  Herrera,  to  have 


sustained  Columbus's  view  of  a  western  passage 
to  India.  In  1483,  he  was  app.  a  commis.  for 
calculating  an  astrolabe  and  tables  of  declen- 
sion. Next  year,  he  was  cosmographer  to  the 
exped.  to  the  W.  coast  of  Africa.  In  1486,  he 
established  a  Flemish  colony  at  Fayal,  and  in 
1490  returned  to  Nuremberg,  where  he  con- 
structed a  terrestrial  globe,  on  which  historical 
notices  were  written,  and  which  is  a  valuable 
memorial  of  the  discoveries  and  geog.  knowl- 
edge of  the  time.  The  discovery  of  Fayal  is 
claimed  for  Behem  in  1459,  and  of  Brazil 
in  1484  (8  years  before  the  voyage  of  Co- 
lumbus). 

Behring)  Vitus,  a  Danish  navigator,  well 
known  for  his  shipwreck  and  death  on  an 
island  still  disting.  by  his  name,  b.  Horseus, 
Jutland,  1680  ;  d.  Dec.  8,  1741.  In  his  youth, 
he  made  several  voyages  to  the  East  and  West 
Indies.  He  made,  in  1725,  an  exped.  to  the 
Northern  Seas,  to  discover  an  overland  passage 
to  America.  He  served  in  the  Russian  navy, 
and,  in  1728,  was  intrusted  by  Peter  the  Great 
with  an  exped.  to  ascertain  how  far  the  coast 
of  Amer.  extended  towards  the  east,  but  made 
no  discoveries  of  consequence,  either  in  this  or 
the  two  subsequent  voyages  for  the  same  govt, 
in  1730  and  1741.  In  the  last  of  these  at- 
tempts, he  was  shipwrecked  and  lost  in  the 
straits,  and  on  the  island  which  retain  his 
name.  He  became  a  commodore  in  1732. 
Though  Behring's  exped.  terminated  so  unfor- 
tunately, the  finding  of  this  island  led  to  the 
discovery  of  others  abounding  with  valuable 
furs,  and  finally  to  that  of  the  Aleutian  Isles  : 
it  is  also  the  foundation  of  the  claim  of  Russia 
to  that  part  of  America. 

Belcher,  Sir  Edward,  arctic  explorer, 
grandson  of  Judge  Jonathan,  b.  1799.  Entered 
the  English  navy,  1812;  present  at  the  battle 
of  Algiers;  com.  "The  JEtna,"  1830;  "The 
Terror,"  and  "  The  Erebus,"'  .'or  arctic  service, 
in  1833,  and  "The  Sulphur"  in  18.36-42; 
knighted  in  1843;  capt.  of  "  The  Samarang" 
in  the  E.  Indies,  1843-9;  com  the  exped.  in 
search  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  1852-4  ;  admiral, 
1861.  Author  of  several  narratives  of  his  voy- 
ages, and  other  works. 

Belcher,  Jonathan,  a  colonial  governor, 
b.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  Jan.  1682;  d.  Elizabeth- 
town,  N.J.,  Aug.  31,  1757.  H.U.  1699.  Son 
of  Andrew,  one  of  the  council  of  the  province, 
who  d.  in  1717  ;  and  grandson  of  Andrew,  who 
lived  in  Cambridge  in  1646.  His  education 
was  carefully  superintended  by  his  father. 
Visiting  Europe,  he  formed  an  acquaintance 
with  the  Princess  Sophia  and  her  son,  after- 
wards King  George  I.,  which  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  his  future  honors.  After  his  return 
from  a  six-years'  sojourn,  he  was  a  merchant 
of  Boston,  a  member  of  the  Prov.  Assembly, 
then  a  member  of  the  council,  and  in  1729 
was  sent  as  agent  of  the  province  to  Eng- 
land. This  position,  according  to  Hutch- 
inson, was  not  attained  by  him  in  a  very 
creditable  manner.  In  1730,  he  was  app. 
gov.  of  Ms.  and  N.H.  He  was  superseded 
in  1741,  in  consequence  of  the  violent  clamor 
against  him.  He  succeeded  in  vindicating  him- 
self at  the  British  court,  and  took  the  govt,  of 
N.J.,  where  he  arrived  in  1747,  and  where  he 


BKL 


80 


BEL 


passed  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  extended 
the  charter  of  N.J.  Coll.,  was  its  chief  patron 
and  benefactor,  and  rendered  eminen*  service 
to  the  State. 

Belcher,  Jonathan,  jurist,  b.  Boston, 
July  28,  1710;  d.  Halifax,  March  29,  1776. 
H.U.  1728.  Son  of  Gov.  Jonathan.  He  studied 
law  at  the  Temple,  London,  and  attained  some 
eminence  at  the  English  bar.  He  was  one  of 
the  first  settlers  of  Chebucto,  afterwards  called 
Halifax,  and  being,  in  1760,  senior  councillor, 
was,  on  the  death  of  Gov.  Lawrence,  app.  lieut.- 
gov.,  in  which  office  he  was  succeeded  by  Col. 
Wilmot  in  1763;  app.  chief-justice  in  1761, 
and  in  the  same  year,  as  com. -in-chief,  made  a 
treaty  with  the  Miramichi,  Micmac,  and  other 
tribes  of  Indians.  Andrew,  his  son,  a  disting. 
citizen  of  Halifax,  was  member  of  the  council, 
1801. 

Belcher,  Joseph,  D.D.,  clergyman  and 
author,  b.  Birmingham,  Eng.,  April  5,  1794; 
d.  Phila.,  July  10,  1859.  He  came  to  this 
country  in  1844.  His  publications  number 
nearly  200,  Among  them  are  lives  of 
Whitefield  and  Robert  Hall,  "  History  of  Re- 
ligious Denominations  of  U.S.,"  185.5  ;  "  Bap- 
tist Manual,"  "  Sketches  from  Life,"  "Poetical 
Sketches  of  Biblical  Subjects,"  "  The  Clergy 
of  America,"  1855;  "The  Baptist  Pulpit  of  the 
U.S.,"  1850.  He  furnisbed  many  of  the  biog- 
raphies for  the  Amer.  Portrait  Gallery.  His 
last  book  was  "  A  History  of  Hymns  and  their 
Authors." 

Belgrano,  Manuel,  a  Soutb-American 
patriot,  b.  Buenos  Ayres;  d.  1820.  His  par- 
ents, who  emigrated  from  Italy,  were  wealthy  ; 
and  their  son,  after  completing  his  education  at 
the  U.  of  Salmanca,  was  app.  sec.  of  the  con- 
sulate at  Buenos  Ayres,  and  became  popular. 
He  entered  zealously  into  the  measure  of  de- 
posing the  Viceroy  Cisueros,  in  May,  1810. 
Raised  to  the  rank  of  gen.,  he  com.  an  unsuc- 
cessful exped.  against  Paraguay.  Sept.  4,  1812, 
Belgrano  gained  a  victory  over  the  royalist 
gen.  Pio  Tristan  at  Tucuman,  and  on  the  13th 
Feb.  following  obtained  another  victory  over 
him  at  Salta,  but  imprudently  released  Tris- 
tan and  his  troops  upon  their  parole,  which  the 
Spaniards  dishonorably  violated.  In  conse- 
quence of  this.  Gen.  Pezuela.with  the  very  same 
troops,  added  to  others  collected  in  Peru,  at- 
tacked and  defeated  him  at  Vileapuzio,  Oct.  1, 
1813,  and  again  at  Ayoma  in  the  same  year; 
and  San  Martin  succeeded  him  in  the  com. 

Belknap,  Jeremy,  D.D.  (H.  U.  1792), 
clergyman  and  historian,  b.  Boston,  June  4, 
1744;  d.  there  June  20,  1798.  H.  U.  1762. 
He  studied  theology,  taught  school  4  years, 
was  pastor  of  a  church  in  Dover,  N.H.,  from 
Feb.  18,  1767,  to  1786,  and  of  the  Federal-st. 
Church,  Boston,  from  April  4,  1787,  until  his 
death.  He  founded  the  Ms.  Hist.  Society  in 
1794 ;  was  an  overseer  of  Harvard  U.,  and  was 
a  useful  member  of  many  literary  and  humane 
societies.  He  was  a  warm  friend  of  the  Revol. 
and  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  an  opponent 
of  African  slavery,  and  a  promoter  of  literature 
and  science.  Besides  numerous  sermons,  he 
pub.  a  "  History  of  New  Hampshire,"  3  vols., 
Svo,  1784-92;  a  collection  of  Psalms  and 
Hynans,  1795  ;  "American  Biography,"  2  vols., 


Svo,  1794-8 ;  "  The  Foresters,"  a  work  of  wit 
and  humor,  descriptive  of  American  manners  ; 
a  century  discourse  on  the  Discovery  of  Amer- 
ica, 1792;  "  Dissertations  upon  the  Character 
and  Resurrection  of  Christ,"  1795,  12mo;  and 
contribs.  to  the  Columbian  and  Boston  mag- 
azines, the  Hist.  Colls.,  and  the  newspapers  of 
the  day.  His  historical  writings  are  charac- 
terized by  extensive  information  and  research. 
He  was  highly  esteemed  as  a  preacher.  A 
Memoir,  with  selections  from  his  corresp.,  was 
pub.  by  his  grand-dau.  in  N.  Y.,  in  1847. 

Belknap,  William  Goldsmith,  brev. 
brig.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Newburgh,N.Y.,  Sept.  14, 
1794;  d.  Fort  Wachita,  Tex.,  Nov.  10.  1851. 
Made  a  lieut.  23d  Inf.  Apr.  5,  1813  ;  disting. 
and  wounded  in  the  sortie  from  Fort  Erie,  17 
Sept.  1814;  capt.  1  Feb.  1822;  brev.  maj.  I 
Feb,  1832;  maj.  8th  Inf.  31  Jan.  1842;  and 
Mar.  15,  1842,  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  good  con- 
duct in  the  Florida  war.  He  was  with  Gen. 
Taylor  on  the  Rio  Grande ;  was  brev.  col.  for 
services  in  the  battles  of  May  8  and  9,  1846, 
and  was  presented  with  a  sword  by  his  fel- 
low-townsmen of  Newburgh.  Acting  insp.- 
gen.  at  the  capture  of  Monterey;  lieut.-col  5th 
Inf.  Sept.  26,  1847;  brev.  brig.-gen.  23  Feb. 
1847,  for  Buena  Vista.  From  Dec.  1848  to 
May,  1851,  he  was  in  com.  of  Fort  Gibson.  In 
1828-9,  Capt.  Belknap  established  Fort  Leav- 
enworth near  the  site  of  the  thriving  city  of 
that  name. 

Belknap,  William  Worth,  sec.  of  war, 
1869,  b.  lo.,  1831.  N.J.  Coll.  1848;  Princeton 
Mil.  Coll,  N.  J.  Served  through  the  Rebellion, 
and,  in  the  campaigns  of  Tenn.  and  Ga.,  com. 
a  division.     Coll.  of  revenue  in  Iowa,  1866-9. 

Bell,  Charles  H.,  rear-adm.,  b.  New  York, 
Aug.  15,  1798.  Midshipm.  June  18,  1812; 
lieut.  Mar.  28,  1820;  com.  Sept.  20,  1840; 
capt.  Aug.  12,  1854;  commo.  July  16,  1862; 
rear-adm.  July  25,  1866.  He  was  in  Decatur's 
squadron  in  1813-14,  in  that  of  Chauncy  on 
Lake  Ontario,  in  1814,  and  in  Decatur's,  in 
the  Mediterranean,  in  1815;  in  1824,  com. 
schooner  "Ferret"  in  the  W.  Indies;  was  cap- 
sized at  sea,  and  remained  21  hours  on  the 
wreck;  attached  to  "  The  Erie  "  in  1829  ;  as- 
sisted in  cutting  out  the  pirate  schooner  "Fed- 
eral "  from  the  forts  at  Guadaloupe,  W.  I. ; 
com.  Norfolk  navy-vard,  1860;  com.  Pacific 
squad.  1862-4;  N.  Y.  navy-yard,  1865-8.— 
Hamershj. 

Bell,  Henry  H.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b.  N.C. 
ab.  1808;  drowned  at  the  mouth  of  Osaka, 
River,  Japan,  Jan.  11,1868.  Midshipm.  Aug.  4' 
1823  ;  lieut.  Mar.  3, 1831 ;  com.  Aug.  12, 1854  , 
capt.  1861  ;  commo.  July  16,  1862  ;  rear-adm. 
July  25,  1866.  His  first  service  was  in  "  The 
Grampus,"  in  clearing  the  coast  of  Cuba  of 
pirates.  He  com.  one  of  the  vessels  of  the  E.  I. 
squadron,  which,  in  Nov.  1856,  captured  and 
destroyed  the  four  barrier  forts  near  Canton, 
China.  Assigned  to  the  Gulf  squadron  in 
1861,  he  took  an  active  part,  as  fleet-captain,  in 
the  capture  of  New  Orleans  and  the  siege  of 
Vicksburg,  and  did  essential  service  in  the 
coast  blockade.  He  was  for  a  time,  in  1863,  in 
com.  of  the  West  Gulf  squadron;  and, when 
Adm.  Thatcher  was  ordered  to  other  duty,  its 
com.  again  devolved  on  him.     In  July,  1865, 


BEL 


81 


BEL 


he  was  ordered  to  com.  the  E.  I.  squadron, 
and  was  very  active  in  putting  down  the  pi- 
rates that  infested  the  Chinese  seas.  In  18G7, 
he  was  retired,  but  had  not  been  relieved  when 
he  was  drowned.    ^ 

Bell,  James,  hiwyer  and  statesman,  b.  Fran- 
ccstown,N.H.,Nov.  13,1804;  d.  Gilford,  N.II., 
May  26,  1857.  Bowd.  Coll.  1822.  Son  of  Gov. 
Samuel.  He  studied  law  with  his  bro.  Samuel 
D.  Bell,  and  at  the  law  school  at  Litchfield, 
Ct. ;  in  1825,  was  adin.  to  practise  in  Gilman- 
ton,  N.H.,  and  ab.  1831  removed  to  Exeter, 
where  he  practised  till  1846,  when  he  removed 
to  Gilford.  In  1846,  he  was  elected  to  the 
N.  H.  legisl.  from  Exeter ;  in  1850,  a  member 
of  the  State-Const.  Conv.  from  Gilford ;  and  in 
1855,  he  was  elected  by  the  legisl.  to  tie  U.  S. 
senate. 

Bell,  John,  gov.  N.  II.,  1829-30;  d.  Ches- 
ter, N.H.,  22  Mar.  1836,  a.  70.  Bro.  of  Gov. 
Sam'l  Bell.  Many  years  a  merchant  in  Ches- 
ter; councillor  of  the  State;  and  sheriff  of 
Rockin^hnm  Co.,  1823-8. 

Bell,  Joiix,  statesman,  b.  near  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  Feb.  15,  1797  ;  d.  there  Sept.  10,  1869. 
U.  of  Nashv.  1814.  lie  studied  law;  was  adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1816,  and  settled  at  Franklin, 
Williamson  Co.  In  1817,  he  was  elected  to 
the  State  senate;  was  M.  C.  in  1827-41,  offi- 
ciating during  one  term  as  speaker;  was  sec. 
of  war  in  H41  ;  was  in  1847  a  member  of  the 
Tenn.  legisl.,  hut,  before  the  close  of  the  year, 
was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  and  was  re- 
elected in  1852,  serving  from  time  to  time  as 
chairman  of  important  committees.  He  was 
the  Union  candidate  for  Pres.  in  1860,  Mr.  Ev- 
erett being  on  the  ticket  for  vicc-pres.  In  Con- 
gress, he  was  an  earnest  advocate  of  the  policy 
of  protecting  American  industry,  and  of  im- 
proving the  great  rivers  and  lake  harbors.  He 
opposed  nullification,  favored  the  reception  of 
petitions  for  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  opposed  the  policy  of  an- 
nexation, favored  the  compromise  measures  of 
1850,  and  protested  against  the  passage  of  the 
Nebraska  Bill  in  1854.  He  took  decided  ground 
against  the  so-called  Lecorapton  Constitution, 
and  in  an  elaborate  speech  charged  that  that 
measure  tended  directly  to  the  overthrow  of  the 
Union.  Mr.  Bell  was  one  of  the  very  few 
Southern  men  whose  course  was  wholly  na- 
tional in  character. 

Bell,  Luther  V,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  physician, 
son  of  Gov.  Saml.  Bell  of  N.H.,  b.  Chester, 
N.H.,  Dee.  20,  1806  ;  d.  in  camp  near  Budd's 
Ferry,  Md.,Feb.  11,1862.  Bowd.  Coll.  1823. 
He  studied  medicine  in  N.Y.  City  with  an  elder 
bro.,  received  his  degree  from  the  Hanover  Med. 
School,and  began  practice  in  N.Y.  Afterwards, 
removing  to  his  native  town,  he  became  eminent 
as  a  surgeon  and  as  a  medical  writer,  gaining 
2  Boylston  prizes  before  he  was  30.  The  es- 
tablishment of  the  State  Lunatic  Hospital  at 
Worcester,  Ms.,  caused  him  to  advocate  a  simi- 
lar institution  for  N.  H. ;  and  he  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  McLean  Asylum,  at  Somerville, 
Ms.,  from  Jan.  1837  to  1856.  In  1845,he  visited 
Europe  for  the  trustees  of  the  Butler  Hospital 
fur  the  Insane,  at  Providence,  R.I.  Dr.  Bell 
was  in  1 850  one  of  the  exec,  council  of  Ms.,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Const.  Conv.  of  1853. 


Pres.  Ms.  Med.  Asso.  1857.  He  went  to  the 
seat  of  war  as  surgeon  of  the  Uth  Ms.  regt., 
but  was  soon  after  made  brigade-surgeon  in 
Hooker's  division.  Dr.  Bell  was  the  author  of 
several  able  professional  works,  and  some  polit- 
ical essays,  also  of  an  investigation  of  alleged 
spiritual  manifestations. 

Bell,  Peter  Hansbrough,  col.,  b.  Va. 
Capt.  Texas  Rangers,  1845-6,  on  frontier  ser- 
vice. Lieut.-col.  of  Hays's  regt.  mounted  vols,  in 
Mexican  war,  1847-8*;  col.  of  regt.  for  frontier 
defence,  from  July  1848,  to  Feb.  1849;  gov. 
of  Texas,  1849  to  1853;  M.C.  1853-7,  after- 
ward judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State. 
—  (hvdner. 

Bell,  Samuel,  LL.D.,  statesman  and  ju- 
rist, b.  Londonderry,  N.H  ,  Feb.  9,  1770;  d. 
Chester,  N.H.,  Dec.  23,  1850.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1793.  His  ancestors  were  originally  from 
Scotland,  but  settled  near  Londonderry,  Ire- 
land, where  his  grandfather  John  was  b-,  who, 
in  1722,  emigrated  to  Amcr.  with  his  family, 
and  settled  in  that  part  of  N.  H.  known  as  the 
town  of  Londonderry,  where  bed.  in  1742.  He 
worked  on  his  father's  farm  until  18,  when  he 
prepared  himself  for  coll.  After  graduating, 
he  studied  law,  and  was  adm.  to  practise  in 
1796  ;  member  of  the  legisl.  in  1804-8,  occupy- 
ing the  position  of  speaker;  in  1807  and  1808 
was  a  member  of  the  senate;  in  1809,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  exec,  council;  in  1816-19,  jndgeof 
the  Sup.  Court  of  the  State;  and  in  1819-23, 
gov.  Declining  a  re-election,  he  was  a  member 
of  the  U.S.  senate  from  1823  to  1835.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Bowd.  Coll. 
1821.  Among  his  sons  were  James,  a  celebrated 
lawyer,  Saml.  Dana,  LL.D,  and  Luther  V, 
M.D.,  LL.D.  His  youngest  son,  Col.  Lewis 
Bell,  b.  1836,  d.  of  wounds  at  Fort  Fisher, 
Jan.  16,  1865.  Brown  U.  1853.  He  began  the 
practice  of  law,  entered  the  army  in  April,  1861, 
as  capt.  1st  N.H.  vols.,  and,  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  was  col.  4th  N.H.  vols.,  and  acting  brig.- 
gen. 

Bell,  Samuel  Dana,  LL.D.  (D.C.  1854), 
jurist,  b.  Francestown,  N.H.,  Oct.  9,  1798;  d. 
Manchester,  N.H.,  July  31.  1868.  II.U.  1816. 
Son  of  Gov.  Saml.  Bell.  He  began  to  practise 
law  in  Meredith,  removed  to  Chester  in  1820,  to 
Concord  in  !  830,and  from  1839  to  his  deathlived 
in  Manchester.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legisl. 
in  1825  ;  solicitor  for  Rockingham  Co.  in  1823- 
8 ;  several  years  clerk  of  the  legisl. ;  commis- 
sioner to  revise  the  statutes  of  N.H.  in  1830, 
1842,  and  1867;  judge  of  the  Police  Court, 
Manchester,  184G-9;  justice  of  the  Superior 
Court,  1849-55;  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
185.5-9;  chief-justice,  1859,  to  Aug.  1,  1864. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  eminent  and  profound 
jurists  of  N.E.,  and  an  early  and  valuable 
member  of  the  N.H.  Hist.  Society.  Vice-pres. 
of  the  N.E.  Hist.  Gen.  Society,  from  1859  till 
his  death. 

Bellamy,  Joseph,  DD.  (U.  of  Aberdeen, 
1768).  Cong,  minister  of  Bethlehem,  Ct., 
from  1740  to  his  d.,  6  Mar.  1790  ;  b.  N.  Ches- 
hire, Ct.,  1719.  Y.C.  1735.  He  was  one  of  the 
most  learned  divines  of  the  country,  was  a  supe- 
rior pi;eacher,  and  instructed  many  young  men 
in  divinity.  His  system  of  theology  is  similar 
to  that  of  Jona.  Edwards.     His  appearance  was 


BEr. 


82 


BEINT 


coramandinj^ ;  and  he  possessed  great  wit  and 
humor.  During  the  great  revival  of  1742,  he 
preached  in  many  places  in  N.E.  and  NY. 
Author  of  "True' Religion  Delineated,"  1750, 
"  Theron,  Paulinus,  and  Aspasio,"  1759,  and 
"Nature  and  Glory  of  the  Gospel,"  1762.  His 
works  were  pub.  in  3  vols.,  1811,  and  in  2  vols., 
1850,  wiih  a  Memoir  by  Dr.  T.  Edwards. 

Bellingham,  Richard,  gov.  of  Ms.,  of 
which  he  was  an  original  patentee,  b.  in  Eng. 
in  1592;  d.  Dec.  7,  1672.  He  was  bred  a 
lawyer;  came  to  Amer.  in  1634,  and  tlie  next 
year  was  chosen  dep.-gov.  In  1641,  he  was 
chosen  gov.  in  opp.  to  Winthrop ;  was  re-chosen 
in  1654,  and  again  in  1666,  after  the  death  of 
Endicott,  continuing  in  office  for  the  remainder 
of  his  life.  He  was  long  a  prominent  public 
man,  was  dcp.-gov.  13  years,  and  gov.  10.  In 
1664,  he  was  made  maj.-gen. ;  and  in  that  year 
the  king  sent  four  commissioners  to  regulate 
the  affairs  of  the  province,  ordering  Bellingham 
and  others,  who  were  obnoxious,  to  proceed  to 
Eng.,  and  answer  the  accusations  against  them 
in  person  ;  but  the  Gen,  Court,  by  the  advice  of 
the  ministers,  refused  compliance,  and  main- 
tained the  charter  rights.  His  Majesty,  how- 
ever, was  appeased  by  the  presentof  a  shipload 
of  masts.  He  was  violently  opposed  to  inno- 
vation in  religious  matters,  and  was  exceeding- 
ly severe  towards  the  Quakers,  who  affirm  that 
he  died  distracted.  This  is  rendered  probable 
from  the  fact,  that  he  suffered  at  times  from 
temporary  aberration  of  intellect.  His  sister 
Anne,  widow  of  Wm.  Hibbens,  an  assist.,  was 
executed  as  a  witch  in  June,  1656.  His  will 
provided,  that  after  the  decease  of  his  wife,  and 
of  his  son  by  a  former  wife,  and  his  grand- 
daughter, the  bulkof  his  estate  should  be  spent 
for  the  yearly  maintenance  "of  goodly  minis- 
ters and  preachers  "  of  the  true  church,  which 
he  considered  to  be  that  of  the  Congregation- 
alists. 

Bellomont,  Richard  Coote,  Eari.,  a 
popular  colonial  gov.,  b.  1636  ;  d.  N.Y.,  Mar.  5, 
1701.  His  father,  Richard,  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  for  services  in  restoring  Charles  II. 
Richard  was  the  first  of  his  three  sons ;  was  in 
parliament  in  1688,  and  in  several  succeeding 
ones  ;  but  in  that  held  by  James  II.  at  Dublin, 
in  1689,  he  was  attainted,  having  been  one  of 
the  first  who  went  over  to  the  Prince  of 
Orange.  He  received  his  appointment  early  in 
May,  1695,  but  did  not  arrive  in  N.Y.,  a  place 
then  remarkably  infected  with  the  two  danger- 
ous diseases  of  an  unlawful  trade  and  practice 
of  piracy,  until  April,  1698.  He  reached  Bos- 
ton, May  26,  1699.  He  succeeded,  by  affabili- 
ty and  condescension,  in  ingratiating  himself 
with  the  people;  wisely  avoided  all  controver- 
sies with  the  legisl.,  and  thus  obtained  a  larger 
sum  as  a  salary  and  as  a  gratuity  than  any  of 
his  predecessors  or  successors.  He  did  much 
to  suppress  piracy,  and  sent  the  notorious  Capt. 
Kidd  to  England  for  trial,  the  law  here  being 
insufficient  to  execute  criminals  guilty  of  pira- 
cy. Soon  after  the  May  session  of  the  General 
Court  in  1700,  he  returned  to  N.Y.,  where  he 
died. 

Bellows,  Henry  Whitney,  D.D.  (H.U. 
1854),  pastor  of  All  Souls'  Church,  N.Y.,  b. 
Walpole,  N.H.,  June  11,  1814.     H.U.  1832; 


Camb.  Divinity  School,  1837,  Ord.  pastor  of 
the  First  Cong.  Church  (All  Souls'),  New  York, 
Jan.  2,  1838.  He  was  the  principal  originator 
of  the  Christian  Inquirer,  a  Unitarian  newspaper 
of  N.Y.  in  1846,  and  its  chief  contrib.  until  the 
summer  of  1850.  He  is  a  ready  extempore 
speaker,  and  a  popular  lecturer,  and  has  spoken 
and  pub.  much  upon  the  prominent  topics  of 
the  day,  especially  those  of  a  social  and  philan- 
thropic character.  He  was  a  contrib.  to  the 
Christian  Examiner.  In  1857,  he  delivered 
a  course  of  lectures  on  "The  Treatment  of 
Social  Diseases,"  before  the  Lowell  Institute, 
Boston,  and  before  the  Dramatic  Fund  So- 
ciety of  N.Y.  an  address  since  pub.,  entitled 
"  The  Relation  of  Public  Amusements  to  Pub- 
lic Morality,  especially  of  the  Theatre  to  the 
Highest  Interests  of  Humanity,"  N.Y.,  1857. 
In  1860,  Dr.  B.  pub.  in  N.Y.  "  Re-statements 
of  Christian  Doctrine  in  25  Sermons,"  and  has 
since  pub.  "  The  Old  World  in  its  New  Face" 
During  the  war  for  the  Union,  Dr.  Bellows 
held  the  important  post  of  head  of  the  U.S. 
sanitary  commission.  In  1884,  he  supplied 
for  a  time  the  pulpit  of  his  deceased  friend 
Starr  King,  in  San  Francisco.  —  Diujckinck. 

Belmont,  Rev.  Francis  Vachon  de  ; 
d.  Montreal,  1732.  Of  a  disting.  family  in 
Burgundy,  and  highly  educated,  he  abandoned 
b.iliiant  prospects  at  home  to  become  a  mis- 
sionary in  Canada.  In  1680,  he  took  charge 
of  the  school  connected  with  the  Iroquois 
Mission  at  Montreal,  and  at  his  own  cost  built 
a  church  there,  of  which  he  became  pastor  in 
1681.  From  1701  to  his  d.,  he  was  superior 
of  the  Seminary  of  Montreal.  Author  of  a 
^'  Histoireda  Canada,"  printed  in  the  Colls,  of 
the  Quebec  Lit.  and  Ilist.  Soc. —  O'Callofjhan. 

Belton,  Francis  S.,  col.  U.S.A.,  b,  Md.  ; 
d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Sept.  10,  1861.  App.  2d 
lieut.  light  dragoons,  March  27,  1812;  pay- 
master, June  22,  1813;  aide-de-camp  to  Gen. 
Gaines,  and  disting.  in  defence  of  Fort  Eri(> ; 
assist. -adj.-gen.  Oct.  18,  1814;  assist.-insp.- 
gen.  May,  1816;  capt.  4th  Inf.  July,  1817; 
major  4th  Art.  Sept.  16,  1838;  lieut.-col.  3d 
Art.  Oct.  13,  1845 ;  com.  his  regt,  in  the  Val- 
ley of  Mexico  ;  brev.  col.  for  gallant  conduct 
in  battles  of  Contreras  and  Churubusco,  Aug. 
20,  1847,  and  disting.  in  the  capture  of  the  city 
of  Mexico;  col.  4th  Art.  June  10,  1857;  re- 
tired in  Aug.  1861,  — Army  Diet. 

Benavides  (ba-na-vec-des),  Alonso  de, 
Franciscan  friar,  author  of  a  memoir  addressed 
to  the  King  of  Spain  in  1630,  concerning  the 
temporal  and  spiritual  affairs  of  New  Mexico, 
the  character  of  the  country,  and  the  nations 
inhabiting  it,  pub.  Madrid,  4 to,  53  leaves. 
When,  in  1621,  the  religious  establishment  was 
erected  by  the  provincial  chapter  into  a  Cus- 
todia,  Benavides  was  elected  custodian.  So 
successful  was  his  administration,  that,  in  1627, 
the  viceroy  ordered  him  to  report  thereon  in 
person  to  the  king.  The  rcsul  t  was  the  above 
memoir.  —  Duyckinck. 

Benedict,  David,  D.D.,  b.  Oct.  16,  1778. 
Settled  in  the  ministry  in  early  life ;  pub.,  in 
1813,  "  Gen.  Hist,  of  the  Baptist  Denom.  in 
America  and  Other  Parts  of  the  World,"  2  vols., 
8vo,  new  and  enlarged  ed.,  N.Y.  1838  ;  "  His- 
tory of  All  Religions,"  l2raOj  1824  ;  "  Poem  de- 


:bie:n 


83 


33k:n- 


livered  in  Taunton,"  6  Sept.  1807;  "  Fifty  Years 
among  the  Baptists,"  1860.  He  preached, 
Oct.  16,  1870,  at  the  age  of  92,  at  Pawtucket, 
R.I. 

Benedict,  Erastus  Cornelius,  LL.D. 
(Rutg.  Coll.  1865),  author,  b.  Branford,  Ct., 
Mar.  19,  1800.  Wms.  Coll.  1821.  Son  of 
Rev.  Joel.  T.  He  taught  school ;  was  adni.  to 
the  bar  in  1824  ;  became  a  trustee  of  schools  in 
New  York  in  1842  ;  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Education  in  1850,  and  prcs.  for  several  years, 
resigning  in  1863.  Since  1855,  a  regent  of 
theU.  ofN.Y.  Member  of  the  city  council  in 
1840,  and  of  the  legisl.  in  1848  and  1864.  Au- 
thor of  "American  Admiralty,"  1850;  "A  Run 
through  Europe,"  1860;  "The  Hymn  of 
Hildebert,  and  other  Mediaeval  Hymns,"  1868, 
and  many  pamphlets,  reviews,  and  addresses, 
including  "  The  Beginning  of  America,"  an 
anniversary  discourse  before  the  N.Y.  Hist. 
Soc.  in  1863. 

Benedict,  Lkwis,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.  S. 
vols.,  b.  Albany,  N.Y.,  Sept.  2,  1817;  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Pleasant  Hill,  La.,  Apr.  9, 1864. 
Wms.  Coll.  1837  Adm.  to  the  Albany  bar  in 
1841 ;  was  city  atty.  in  1845-6  ;  judge  advo- 
cate, 1847;  surrogate  of  Albany,  1848-52; 
member  N.Y.  assembly,  1860.  Made  lieut.- 
col.  73d  N.Y.  vols.  June,  1861  ;  served  in  the 
peninsular  campaign,  and  was  captured  at 
Williamsburg,  Va.  After  several  months' con- 
finement in  Libby  and  Salisbury  Prisons,  he 
was  exchanged  ;  col.  162d  N.Y.  in  Sept.  1862, 
and  ordered  to  the  Gulf,  where  he  became  acting 
brig.-gen.  His  bravery  was  conspicuous  in  the 
assault  on  Port  Hudson,  June  14,  1863,  where  he 
gained  his  brevet,  and  in  the  Red  River  campaign 
at  Pleasant  Grove,  Apr.  8,  and  at  Pleasant  Hill, 
Apr.  9,  where  he  com.  the  3d  brig.,  1st  div., 
19th  corps,  and  where  he  fell,  while  bravely 
leading  a  charge  on  the  enemy. 

Benet,  Stephen  V.,  maj.  U.S.A.,  b.  Fla. 
West  Point,  1849.  Entering  the  ordnance 
dept.,  he  was  instructor  in  ordnance  and  gun- 
nery at  West  Point,  1861-4;  brev.  maj.  and 
lieut.-col.  13  Mar.  1865,  and  maj.  ordnance  22 
Dec.  1866.  Translator  from  the  French  of 
Jomini  of  "Campaign  of  Waterloo,"  1853; 
author  of"  Military  Law  and  Courts-Martial," 
1862.  —  Cullum. 

Benezet,  Anthony,  philanthropist,  b.  St. 
Quentin,  France,  Jan.  31,  1713;  d.  Phila.,  May 
3,  1784.  His  parents,  who  were  Huguenots, 
were  driven  from  France ;  spent  some  years 
in  London,  where  they  became  Quakers,  and 
came  to  Phila.  in  Nov.  1731.  Apprenticed  to 
a  merchant,  he  found  that  trade  excited  too 
worldly  a  spirit,  and  articled  himself  to  a 
cooper,  but  in  1742  began  to  teach  in  the 
Trinity  School,  continuing  to  teach  nearly  all 
his  life.  His  simplicity  and  benevolence  made 
him  the  idol  of-the  poor.  During  the  Revol., 
and  the  occupation  of  Phila.  by  the  British 
troops,  he  was  indefatigable  in  alleviating  the 
sufferings  of  prisoners.  His  writings  were  com- 
posed chiefly  with  the  view  of  inculcating  the 
peaceful  doctrines  of  the  gospel  in  opposition 
to  the  spirit  of  war,  to  expose  the  flagrant  injus- 
tice of  slavery,  and  to  fix  the  stamp  of  infamy  on 
the  traffic  in  human  blood.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  A  Caution  to  Great  Britain  and  her  Colo- 


nies, in  a  Short  Representation  of  the  Calamitous 
State  of  the  Enslaved  Negroes  in  the  British 
Dominions,"  8vo,  1 767  ;  "  Some  Historical  Ac- 
count of  Guinea,  with  an  Inquiry  into  the  Rise 
and  Progress  of  the  Slave  Trade',"  1772  ;  "  0I> 
servations  on  the  Indian  Natives  of  this  Conti- 
nent," 1784  ;  "  A  Short  Account  of  the  Society 
of  Friends,"  1780;  "Dissertation  on  the 
Christian  Religion,"  1782,  and  tracts  against 
the  use  of  ardent  spirits.  In  1783,  he  ad- 
dressed a  letter  to  the  Queen  of  England,  on 
the  subject  of  the  slave-trade,  soliciting  her  in- 
fluence on  the  side  of  humanity.  By  his  will, 
he  left  his  estate,  after  the  decease  of  his  wife, 
to  the  African  school,  in  which  he  taught  the 
last  two  years  of  his  life.  There  is  a  full  and 
interesting  memoir  by  Roberts  Vaux,  12mo 
N.Y.,  1817. 

Benham,  Henry  W.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S. 
A.,  b.  Cheshire,  Ct.,  ab.  1816.  West  Point, 
1837,  first  in  his  class.  App.  1st  lieut.  en- 
gineers in  July,  1838;  wounded  at  Buena 
Vista,  Mexico,  and  brev.  capt.  24  May,  1848; 
assist.  U.S.  coast  survey.  Mar.  1853,  and  super- 
intended the  construction  of  fortifications 
around  N.Y.  City;  brev.  col.  13  July,  1861, 
for  Carricks  Ford  ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  13  Aug. 
1861,  and  disting.  at  Rich  Mountain  and  Cheat 
Mountain  Pass  ;  atcaptureof  Fort  Pulaski,  11 
Apr.  1862;  com.  in  attack  on  Secession ville, 
S.C,  16  June,  1862;  com,  engineer  brigade. 
Army  of  the  Potomac  in  1863-4;  maj.  of 
engineers,  6  Aug.  1861  ;  lieut.-col.  3  Mar. 
1863;  col.  7  Mar.  1867;  brev.  brig.-gen.  13 
Mar.  1865,  for  the  campaign  ending  in  Lee's 
surrender,  and  brev.  maj.-gen.  for  gallant  serv- 
ices in  the  Rebellion.  Engaged  in  the  construc- 
tion of  harbor  and  coast  defences  of  Boston, 
186.5-7.—  Cullum. 

Benjamin,  Judah  Peter,  lawyer  and 
politician,  b.  in  St.  Domin.:o,  of  Jewish  par- 
ents, in  1812.  In  1816,  the  family  emigrated 
to  Savannah,  Ga.  The  son  entered  Y.  C,  but 
left,  without  graduating,  in  1827.  He  began  to 
study  law  in  N.  Orleans  in  1831,  was  clerk  to 
a  notary,  taught  school,  and  afterward  m.  Miss 
St.  Martin,  one  of  his  pupils.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1834,  he  was  soon  its  leader  in  N.  Or- 
leans. A  Whig  in  politics,  he  was  in  1845  a 
member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  U.S.  sena- 
tor in  18.5.3-61,  he  attained  pre-eminence  in  the 
soutliern  wing  of  the  Democ.  party.  He  had  ^ 
sharp  controversy  with  Jefferson  Davis  ;  but  a 
duel  was  prevented  by  an  apology  from  the 
latter.  He  advocated  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill  in  1854,  but  subsequently  insisted  that  the 
principle  of  popular  sovereignty  was  set  aside 
by  the  Dred  Scott  decision.  Withdrawing 
from  the  senate  Feb.  4,  1861,  he  was  immedi-  ■ 
ately  app.  atty.-gen.  in  the  southern  confeder- 
acy. In  Aug.  1861,  he  became  acting  sec.  of 
war,  and  was  sec.  from  Nov.  10  till  after  the 
capture  of  Roanoke  Island,  Feb.  7,  1862, 
which  caused  his  resignation  ;  and  he  was  app. 
sec.  of  State,  to  succeed  R.  M.  T.  Hunter. 
Mr.  Benjamin  was  largely  interested  in  the 
Tehuantepec  Railroad  speculation,  and  a  par- 
ticipant in  the  so-called  Houmas  land-grant- 
He  is  at  present  (1871)  a  member  of  the  Lon- 
don bar 

Benjamin,  Park,  poet  and  journalist,  b. 


BEN 


84 


BEN" 


Deraerara,  Aug.  14,  1809  ;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  12 
Sept.  1864.  Trin.  Coll.,  Hartford,  1829.  His 
father,  a  N.  Englander  of  Welsh  descent,  re- 
sided as  a  merchant  at  Demerara.  An  illness 
in  his  youth,  improperly  treated,  caused  him  a 
permanent  lameness;  and  he  was  sent  to  his 
father's  home  in  N.  E.,  for  medical  advice,  and 
to  be  educated.  He  studied  two  years  at  H.U., 
began  to  practise  law  in  Boston  in  1832,  and 
was  one  of  the  original  editors  of  the  New- 
England  Mag.  In  1836,  he  removed  to  N.  Y. ; 
edited,  in  connection  with  C.  F.  Hoffman,  the 
American  Monthlii  Maq.,  and  subsequently  the 
New-Yorker,  with  Horace  Greeley.  He  was 
engaged  Jan.  1840,  in  connection  with  Epes 
Sargent  and  R.  W.  Griswold,  as  editor  of  the 
New  World,  a  cheap  weekly  periodical.  5 
years  after,  he  sold  his  interest  in  this  journal, 
and  was  afterward  a  lecturer  both  in  prose  and 
verse.     His  poems  have  never  been  collected. 

Benner,  Philip,  pioneer  iron  manufac- 
turer of  the  West,  b.  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  1763  ; 
d.  29  July,  1832.  He  served  in  the  Revol.  ar- 
my under  his  relative,  Gen.  Wayne.  In  1792, 
he  erected  a  forge  in  Spring  township,  Centre 
Co.,  and  by  so  doing  assisted  in  developing 
the  mineral  wealth  of  that  district.  The  bor- 
ough of  Bellefonte  was  greatly  indebted  to 
his  enterprise  and  liberality.  He  was  a  maj.- 
gen.  of  militia. 

Bennett,  Caleb  p.,  gov.  of  Del.,  and  last 
surviving  officer  of  the  Del.  regt.  in  the  Revol. 
array;  d.  Wilmington,  Del.,  May  7,  1836,  a. 
78.  He  held  the  rank  of  maj.,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  the  battles  of  Brandywine,  German- 
town,  and  Monmouth.  Gov.  from  1833  to  his 
death. 

Bennet,  David,  physician,  b.  Eng.,  Dec. 
1,  1615;  d.  Rowley,  Ms.,  Feb.  4,  1719.  He 
possessed  his  teeth  and  his  senses  to  the  ago 
of  103.  His  wife  was  Rebecca,  dau.  of  Roger 
Spencer,  and  sister  of  the  wife  of  Sir  Wm. 
Phips ;  and  his  son  Spencer  took  that  name, 
and  was  lieut.-^ov.  of  Ms. 

Bennett,  James  Gordok,  founder  and  pro- 
prietor of  the  N.  Y.  Herald,  b.  ab.  1800,  at 
New  Mill  Keith,  in  Banffshire,  Scotland.  He 
went  to  a  Roman-Catholic  sem.  at  Aberdeen, 
intending  to  take  orders  in  that  church  ;  but, 
acting  under  a  sudden  impulse,  he  embarked 
for  Amer.  in  Apr.  1819,  and,  arriving  in  Hali- 
fax, kept  school  for  a  living.  Coming  to  Bos- 
ton in  the  autumn  of  1819,  he  became  proof- 
reader in  the  pub. -house  of  Wells  and  Lilly, 
and  wrote  several  poetical  pieces.  In  1822,  he 
went  to  New  York,  connected  himself  with 
various  papers,  and  became  a  warm  partisan 
of  the  Democ.  party  in  the  columns  of  the 
New -York  Courier,  the  National  Advocate,  the 
Inquirer,  Courier  and  Inquirer,  New-York 
Globe,  Pennsylvanian,  at  Phila.,  and  in  May, 
1835,  issued  the  first  numlter  of  the  New-York 
Herald,  with  which  journal  his  name  has  since 
been  identified.  — See  Memoirs  of  J.  G.  Bennett 
and  his  I^imes,  by  a  Journalist,  N.Y.,  1855. 

Bennett,  Milo  Lyman,  LL.  D.  (D.  C. 
1851),  jurist,  b.  Sharon,  Ct.,1790;  d.  Taunton, 
Ms.,  7  July,  1868.  Yale,  1811.  Litchf.  Law 
School.  Practised  law  in  Burlington,  Vt. ; 
Judge  Vt.  Sup.  Court,  1839-59.  Author  of 
"Vermont  Justice,"  and  other  le<ral  text-books. 


Benson,  Egbert,  LL.D.,  statesman  and 
jurist,  b.  N.  Y.  Ciiv,  21  June,  1746;  d.  Ja- 
maica, L.L,  Aug.  24,  18.33.  Col.  Coll.  1765. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Revol.  committee  of 
safety  ;  was  a  proficient  in  the  science  of  plead- 
ing ;  held  a  high  rank  in  jurisprudence ;  was  in 
1777  app.  first  att.-gen.  of  the  S-tate ;  was  also 
a  member  of  the  first  State  legisl.  of  1777  ;  one 
of  the  three  commissioners  to  superintend  the 
embarkation  of  the  Tories  for  Nova  Scotia  in 
June,  1783;  delegate  to  the  Old  Congress  in 
1784-8;  M.  C.  1789-93  and  1813-15;  re- 
gent of  the  N.  Y.  U.  in  1789-1802;  jndire 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  N.  Y.  1794-1801, 
and  of  the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court.  He  received 
literary  honors  from  H.  U.  in  1808,  and  from 
Dartm.  Coll.  in  1811.  First  pres.  of  the  N.Y. 
Hist.  Society;  author  of  a"  Vindication  of  the 
Captors  of  Maj.  Andre,"  pub.  8vo,  N.  Y., 
1817,  "Memoir  on  Dutch  Names  of  Places," 
1835. 

Bentley,  Gideon,  a  Revol.  soldier  of 
remarkable  longevity,  b.  1751 ;  d.  Constantia, 
Oswego  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  1858. 

Bentley,  William,  D.D.,  minister,  poli- 
tician, and  scholar,  b.  Boston,  June  22,  1759; 
d.  Salem,  Dec.  29,  1819.  H.  U.  1777,  and 
afterwards  tutor  there.  Ord.  over  the  Second 
Church  in  Salem,  Sept.  24,  1783.  For  ab.  20 
years,  he  edited  the  Essex  Register,  a  Democ. 
print.  His  knowledge  was  uncommonly  exten- 
sive and  various.  His  theological  discourses 
were  marked  by  a  good  deal  of  freedom  and 
oirginality,  indicating  Unitarian  sentiments. 
His  valuable  library  and  cabinet  he  bequeathed 
to  the  coll.  at  Meadville,  Pa.,  and  to  the  Amer. 
Antiquarian  Society  at  Worcester.  Besides 
sermons,  he  pub.  a  collection  of  psalms  and 
hymns,  three  Masonic  addresses,  and  a  Mason- 
ic charge,  and  a  hist,  of  Salem,  in  Hist.  Colls., 
vol.  vi. 

Benton,  Thomas  Hart,  statesman,  b. 
near  Hillsborough,  N.C.,  March  14,  1782;  d. 
Washington,  April  10,  1858.  He  studied 
some  time  at  a  grammar  school,  and  afterwards 
at  Chapel  Hill  U.,  but,  before  finishing  his 
studies,  removed  to  Tenn.  He  studied  law, 
soon  attained  eminence  in  the  profession,  and 
served  one  term  in  the  legisl.,  where  he  pro- 
cured the  passage  of  laws  reforming  the  judi- 
cial system,  and  giving  to  slaves  the  benefit  of 
a  jury  trial,  lie  became  aide-de-camp  to  Gen. 
Jackson,  with  whom  he  contracted  a  close 
intimacy,  which  was  suddenly  terminated  by 
an  affray  with  pistols  and  daggers,  in  which 
severe  wounds  were  given  and  received,  and 
which  estranged  them  many  years.  He  was 
col.  of  a  Tenn.  regt.  from  Dec.  1812  to  April, 
1813,  and  lieut.-col.  39th  Inf.  from  1813  to 
1815.  Removing  in  1813  to  St.  Louis,  he 
established  the  Missouri  Inquirer,  also  practis- 
ing law,  and  took  a  vigorous  part  in  favor  of 
the  admission  of  Mo.,  notwithstanding  her  slav- 
ery constitution.  Hew  was  rewarded  by  a  seat 
in  theU.  S.  senate,  which  he  held  for  30  years. 
In  this  body,  his  energy,  iron  will,  industry, 
and  self-reliance  placed  him  in  the  front  rank. 
He  opposed  the  administration  of  Mr.  Adams, 
but  strongly  supported  those  of  Jackson  and 
Van  Burcn.  Upon  the  U.  S.  ^ank  question, 
he  made  several  elaborate  speeches;  and  his 


BER 


85 


BHJR 


opinions  in  favor  of  a  specie  currency  procured 
for  him  the  sobriquet  of  "  Old  Bullion."  He 
was  peculiar.y  tlie  exponent  and  guardian  of 
the  interests  of  the  West,  and,  by  persistent  ef- 
fort, succeeded  in  liberalizin:^  the  policy  of 
guvertiinent  in  relation  to  the  sale  of  public 
lands.  The  price  was  reduced  to  $1 .25  per  acre ; 
and  in  tiineotherimportantchanges,  including  a 
homestead  law,  were  secured.  He  also  procured 
the  repeal  of  the  tax  on  salt,  and  succeeded  in 
tUrowiiig  open  for  sale  and  occupation  the 
saline  and  mineral  lands  in  the  hands  of  the 
General  Govt.,  hitherto  withheKl.  He  was 
the  early  and  untiiing  advocate  of  a  railroad 
to  the  Tacific,  did  much  to  open  up  and  pro- 
^  tect  the  trade  with  New  Mexico,  to  establish 
military  stations  on  the  Missouri,  to  cultivate 
amicable  relations  with  the  Indians,  and  pro- 
mote the  commerce  of  our  inland  seas.  He 
moved  the  expunging  of  the  resolution  of 
censure  upon  Gen.  Jackson,  and  successfully 
carried  his  point.  He  opposed  the  boundary 
line  of  54°  40',  and  caused  the  adoption  of 
that  of  49°.  He  supported  the  Mexican  war,  op- 
posed the  Compromise  Measures  of  1850,  think- 
ing the  fugitive-slave  law  clause  defective  and 
ill-judged  ;  warmly  opposed  nullification,  and, 
in  1850,  was  defeated  for  the  senate  by  the 
ultra  slavery  men  of  His  party.  To  break  up 
the  ascendency  of  this  party,  Col.  Benton,  in 
1852,  announced  himself  a  candidate  for  Con- 
gress, and  was  elected.  Against  the  repeal 
of  the  Mo.  Compromise,  he  exerted  all  his 
strength,  delivering  a  memorable  speech  in  the 
house,  that  did  much  to  excite  the  country 
against  the  act.  He  was  defeated  in  1854  by 
a  combination  of  his  old  opponents  with  the 
new  Amer.  party,  and  stumped  the  State  for 
gov.  in  1856,  but  failed  of  an  election.  In  the 
presidential  election  of  that  year,  he  supported 
Buchanan  in  opposition  to  his  son-in-law  Fre- 
mont. He  then  devoted  himself  to  literaiy 
pursuits.  His  "  Thirty  Years'  View "  was 
finished  in  1854.  He  also  pub.  an  abridgment 
of  the  debates  of  Congress  from  the  founda- 
tion of  the  government  to  1856,  and  a  review 
of  the  Dred  Scott  case.  Col.  B.  was  m.  to 
Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Col.  James  McDowell  of 
Rockbridge  Co.,  Va. 

Berckel,  Pkter  I.  van,  of  Rotterdam, 
minister  from  Holland  to  the  U.  S.  ;  d.  New- 
ark, N.J.,  Dec.  17,  1800,  a.  76 

Berkeley,  George,  Bishop  of  Cloyne,  b. 
Kilerin,  Ireland,  12  Mar.  1684;  d.  Oxford, 
Eng,  14  Jan.  175.3.  Trin.  Coll.,  Dublin, 
Fellow,  in  1707.  He  had  disting.  himself  by 
his  "Theory  of  Vision"  (1709)  and  other 
philosophical  writings,  when,  in  1724,  he  was 
made  Dean  of  Derry.  In  1725,  he  pub.  "A 
Proposal  for  Converting  the  Aborigines  of 
America,"  received  from  George  I.  a  charter 
for  a  coll.,  and,  embarking  for  America,  arrived 
at  Newport,  R.I.,  23  Jan.  1729.  Finding  at 
length  that  his  scheme  was  impracticable,  he 
reluctantly  took  his  departure  in  Sept.  1731, 
and,  in  1733,  was  made  Bishop  of  Cloyne.  He 
gave  his  hou.se,  and  a  farm  of  100  acres,  as  a 
benefaction  to  Yale  and  Harvard  Colleges, 
and  gave  to  one  of  those  colleges,  and  to  sev- 
eral missionaries,  books  to  the  value  of  £500. 
In   his   "  Minute  Philosopher,"    Berkeley  at- 


tacks free-thinkers  with  great  ingenuity  and 
effect. 

Berkeley,  Sir  William,  royal  gov.  of 
Va.,  1641-77,  b.  near  London,  ab.  1610;  d. 
Twickenham,  July  9,  1677.  Son  of  Sir  Mau- 
rice, and  bro.  of  Lo;rd  John  Berkeley  of  Strat- 
ton.  He  grad.  M..  A.  at  Oxford'  in  1629, 
travelled  extensively  in  Europe  in  1630,  and 
returned  an  accomplished  cavalier  and  courtier. 
In  1641,  he  was  app.  gov.  of  Va.,  arrived  in 
Feb.  1642,  and  by  some  salutary  measures,  as 
well  as  by  his  prepossessing  manners,  soon 
rendered  himself  acceptable  to  the  people. 
Diu-ing  the  civil  war  in  England,  Berkeley 
took  the  royal  side  ;  and  Va.  was  the  last  of 
the  possessions  of  England  which  acknowl- 
edged the  authority  of  Cromwell.  He  mani- 
fested shrewdness  as  well  as  courage  when  the 
fleet  of  parliament  appeared  in  the  James 
River  in  1751,  and  made  terms  satisfactory  to 
both  parties.  Upon  the  death  of  "  worthy 
Samuel  Mathews,"  in  1659,  Berkeley  was 
elected  to  succeed  him  by  the  people.  He  re- 
mained for  a  long  time  at  the  head  of  affairs, 
and  only  lost  popularity  by  his  extreme  se- 
verity toward  the  followers  of  Nathaniel  Bacon, 
to  whose  rebellion  his  own  faithlessness  and 
obstinacy  had  given  occasion.  Many  were 
put  to  death,  and  he  was  only  restrained  by  the 
remonstrance  of  the  Assembly.  Charles  II. 
is  reported  to  have  said,  "  The  old  fool  has 
taken  more  lives  in  his  naked  country  than  I 
have  taken  for  my  father's  murder."  Through 
the  influence  of  the  planters,  he  was  recalled, 
and  d.  before  he  could  have  an  interview  with 
the  king.  In  his  reply  to  commissioners  sent 
to  inquire  into  the  condition  of  the  colony, 
Berkeley  said,  "  Thank  God  !  there  are  no 
free  schools  nor  printing-presses ;  and  I  hope 
there  will  be  none  for  a  hundred  years;  for 
learning  has  brought  disobedience  and  heresy 
and  sects  into  the  world,  and  printing  has  di- 
vulged these  and  other  libels."  He  wrote  two 
plays,  and  is  the  author  of  "  A  Description  of 
Virginia,"  folio,  1663. 

Berkenhout,  John,  naturalist,  b.  Leeds, 
1730;  d.  April  3,  1791,  at  Beffclsleigh,  near 
Oxford.  M.  D.  of  the  U.  of  Leyden,  1765. 
In  1778,  he  was  sent  by  the  British  Govt, 
with  the  commissioners  to  America,  and  was 
for  some  time  imprisoned  at  Phila.,  on  suspi- 
cion of  having  been  sent  as  a  spy  by  Lord 
North,  and  of  improper  intrigues  with  the 
members  of  Congress  at  Phila.  He  was  re- 
warded, on  his  arrival  in  England,  with  a  pen- 
sion. He  wrote  some  botanical  and  other 
works. 

Bernard,  Sir  Francis,  gov.  of  Ms.,  and 
benefactor  of  Harvard  Coll.,  b.  Nettleham, 
Lincoln  Co.,  Eng.,  1714;  d.  June  16,  1779. 
Educated  at  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree  in 
1736.  He  was  a  solicitor  at  Doctor's  Commons 
when  made  gov.  of  N.J.  in  1758.  He  succeed- 
ed Pownal  as  gov.,  arriving  Aug.  3,  1760. 
The  Stamp  Act  and  other  arbitrary  measures 
aroused  the  hostility  of  the  Colonies,  not  only 
to  the  crown,  but  to  its  local  representatives. 
Bernard  had  no  talent  for  conciliation,  and 
attempted  to  crush  the  spirit  of  freedom  by 
causing  troops  to  be  sent  to  Boston.  The 
attempt  to  obtain  an  alteration  in  the  charter. 


BER 


86 


BER 


transferring  the  right  of  electing  the  council 
from  the  general  court  to  the  crown,  though  it 
brought  upon  him  the  indignation  of  the  peo- 
ple, was  so  pleasing  to  the  ministry,  that,  on 
his  recall  in  1769,  he  was  created  a  baronet. 
One  of  his  last  public  measures  was  the  pro- 
roguing of  the  general  court  in  consequence 
of  its  refusal  to  make  provision  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  British  troops  in  Boston.  He  was 
a  friend  of  literature,  and  gave  a  part  of  his 
librnry  to  Harv.  Coll.  The  collection  printed 
at  Cambridge  in  1761,  "  Pietas  et  Gratulatis," 
contains  several  elegiac  pieces  by  him  in  Greek 
and  Latin.  In  1752,  he  pub.  the  Latin  Odes  of 
Anthony  Alsop.  His  select  letters  on  the  trade 
and  govt,  of  America,  written  in  Boston  in  1 763- 
8,  were  pub.  Lond.,  1774.  His  other  letters,  writ- 
ten home  in  confidence,  were  pub. 'in  1768-9. 

Bernard,  John,  actor,  b.  Portsmouth, 
Eng.,  1756;  d.  London,  Nov.  29,  1829.  His 
first  appearance  was  at  Bristol  in  1774.  He 
was  a  popular  comedian  at  the  Covent  Garden 
Theatre,  where  he  first  app.  as  Archer  in  the 
"  Beaux'  Stratagem  "  in  1787,  and  succeeded 
Edwin  in  many  of  his  parts.  After  being  actor 
and  manager  in  various  theatres,  he  embarked 
for  America,  where  he  made  his  clelmt  as  Gold- 
finch in  "Road  to  Ruin  "  at  the  Greenwich-st. 
Theatre,  N.Y.,  June  4,  1797  ;  was  manager 
and  lessee  of  the  Boston  Theatre  in  1806,  and 
remained  in  the  U.  S.,  as  actor,  and  manager 
of  various  theatres,  about  20  years.  He  took 
final  leave  of  the  stage  at  Boston  in  1820,  in 
his  favorite  character  "  Lord  Ogleby,"  returned 
to  Eng.  with  his  family,  and  died  there  in 
poverty.  In  his  later  years,  he  prepared  his 
"  Retrospections  of  the  Stage,"  an  amusing 
production  pub.  in  1830,  in  which  he  was  aided 
by  his  son  William  Bayle  Bernard,  a  disting. 
dramatist,  b.  Boston,  Jan.  1,  1808. 

Bernard,  Gex.  Simon,  engineer,  b.  Dole, 
France,  Apr.  28,  1779;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  5,  1839. 
Educated  at  the  Polytechnic  School  under  La 
Place,  Haliy,  and  others,  he  became  one  of  the 
most  disting.  engineers  and  aides-de-camp  of 
Napoleon.  When  a  col.,  he  was  employed  in 
fortifying  Antwerp,  and  had  his  leg  shattered 
in  the  retreat  of  the  grand  army  from  Leipsic. 
Lieut.-gen.  of  engineers  under  Napoleon,  and 
was  assist,  eng.,  rank  of  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.,  from 
Nov.  16,  1816,  until  he  resigned,  Aug.  10,  1831. 
In  1824,  he  was  made  chief  eng.  of  the  army. 
Among  the  many  admirable  works  executed 
by  him  in  this  country  is  Fortress  Monroe  at 
the  mouth  of  James  River,  Va.  Returning  to 
France,  he  became  aide  to  Louis  Philippe,  lieut.- 
gen.  of  engineers,  and  was  minister  of  war 
until  Apr.  1 837. 

Berrian,  William,  D.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1828), 
rector  of  Trinitv  Church,  N.Y.  City,  1830- 
62;  d.  7  Nov.  1862.  Col.  Coll.  1808.  Ord. 
deacon,  1810  ;  became  assist,  min.  of  Trinity 
Parish  in  1811.  He  pub.  "Travels  in  France 
and  Italy  in  1817-18," 8vo,  1820  ;  "Devotions 
for  the  Sick -Room,"  "Enter  thy  Closet," 
"Family  and  Private  Prayers,"  "On  the 
Communion,"  "  Sailor's  Manual,"  "  Historical 
Sketch  of  Trinity  Church,  N.Y.,"  8vo,  1847  ; 
"  Recollections  of  Departed  Friends,'*  12mo, 
1 850.  Edited,  with  memoir,  "  Works  of  Bishop 
Hobart,"  3  vols.,  8vo,  1833. 


Berrien,  John  Macpherson,  LL.D., 
statesman,  b.  N.J.,  Aug.  23,  1781  ;  d.  Savan- 
nah, Ga  ,  Jan.  1,  1856.  N.  J.  Coll.  1796.  Son 
of  Maj.  John  Berrien  by  a  dau.  of  Capt.  John 
Macpherson  of  the  provincial  navy.  Adm. 
to  practise  at  the  Ga.  bar  at  the  age  of  18,  he 
attained  a  high  reputation  as  a  lawyer.  He 
was  solicitor  of  the  eastern  district  of  Ga.  in 
1809  ;  judge  from  1810  to  1821  ;  State  senator 
in  1822-3;  U.  S.  senator,  1825-9  and  1840- 
52  ;  attorney-gen.  of  the  U.  S.  1829-31  ;  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ga.  1845.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  gifted  orators  and  able  states- 
men in  the  U.  S.  senate.  Few  contemporary 
statesmen  left  a  fame  so  free  from  repi'oach. 
During  the  War  of  1812,  he  com.  a  regt.  of  vol. 
cav.  He  was  one  of  the  board  of  regents  of 
the  Smithsonian  Inst. 

Berry,  Hiram  George,  maj.-gen.  vols., 
b.  Thomaston,  Me.,  Aug.  27,  1824;  killed  in 
the  battle  of  Chancellorsville,  Va.,  May  3, 1863. 
He  worked  some  years  as  a  carpenter,  was 
afterward  successfully  engaged  in  navigation, 
served  in  the  State  legisl.,  and  was  mayor  of 
Rockland.  Col.  4th  Me.  vols.  June  4,  1861, 
he  was  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and  took  part 
in  the  siege  of  Yorktown.  Made  brig.-gen. 
Mar.  17, 1862,  he  took  cl^rge  of  the  3d  brigade, 
3  div.,  of  Heintzleman's  (3d)  army  corps,  taking 
part  in  the  battles  of  Williamsburg,  Fair  Oaks, 
and  the  peninsular  campaign,  June  25  to  July  1, 
1862.  Under  Kearney,  he  participated  in  the 
second  Bull  Run  battle,  and  in  that  of  Chan- 
tilly,  where  Kearney  was  killed  Sept.  1.  At 
the  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13,  1862, 
Berry's  brigade  especially  disting.  itself,  and 
was  complimented  by  Gen.  Birney.  Made  maj.- 
gen.  Mar.  9,  1863,  dating  from  Nov.  29,  1862, 
he  was  placed  in  com.  of  the  2d  division  of  the 
3d  (Sickles's)  army  corps,  at  the  head  of  which 
he  fell  in  the  gallant  repulse  of  the  army  of 
Gen.  Lee  near  Chancellorsville. 

Berthier  (bdr'-te'-a'),  Louis  Alexander, 
prince  of  Ncufchatel,  and  one  of  Napoleon's 
marshals,  b.  Versailles,  Nov.  20,  1753;  killed 
Junel,  1815,  at  Bamberg,  Bavaria.  He  entered 
the  army  in  1766  ;  was  a  capt.  of  dragoons  in 
1777,  and,  with  his  brother  Caesar,  served  in 
America  on  Rochambeau's  staff  in  1780-83.  He 
became  gen.  of  division  in  1795,  was  chief  of 
Bonaparte's  staff  in  Italy  and  in  Egypt ;  became 
minister  of  war  in  1799,  marshal  in  1804,  prince 
of  Neufchatcl  in  1806,  andof  Wagram  in  1809, 
maj.-gen.  of  the  grand  army  in  the  Russian 
campaign  in  1812,  of  Saxony  in  1813,  and  of 
France  in  1814.  At  the  restoration  of  Louis 
18th,  he  was  made  a  peer  of  France,  but,  on 
the  return  of  Napoleon,  withdrew  to  Bamberg, 
where  he  was  killed  by  6  men  in  masks  who 
threw  him  out  of  one  of  the  windows  of  his 
father-in-law's  palace. 

Bethisy  (ba'-teze),  Jules  Jacques  Ele- 
onore,  Vicomte  de,  a  French  gen.,  b.  1747  ; 
d.  Paris,  in  consequence  of  his  wounds,  at  the 
close  of  1816.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1764  ; 
passed  into  the  regt.  of  Royal  Auven/ne,  in  which 
he  became  2d  col.,  and  served  with  this  corps 
through  the  American  campaigns  of  1779-82. 
He  was  under  D'Estaing  at  Savannah,  where 
he  received  5  severe  wounds,  and,  Avliilc  return- 
ing home,  received  2  more  in  a  sea-fight.     He 


BH5T 


87 


BIX) 


emigrated  (lurinc:  the  French  Revol.  ;  made  all 
the  campaigns  of  the  army  of  Conde,  and  was 
created  lieut.-gen.  Jan.  1,  1814. 

Bethune,  George  Washington,  D.D  , 
clergyman  and  author,  son  of  Divie,  b.  N.Y. 
Citv,  Mar.  1805;  d.  Florence,  Italy,  April  28, 
1862.  Dick.  Coll.  1822;  Princeton  Theol. 
Sem.  1825.  Entering  the  Prcsb.  ministry  in 
1826,  in  1827  he  passed  to  tiiat  of  the  Dutch 
Ref.  He  settled  first  at  Rhinebeck  on  the 
Hudson,  then  in  Utica,  in  Phila.  in  1834,  and, 
in  1849-59,  over  a  large  and  influential  congre- 
gation in  Brooklyn,  N.Y.  In  1859-60,  he 
preached  a  while  in  the  Amer.  Chapel  at  Rome, 
then  became  asso.  pastorof a  church  in  N.Y. , but 
was  forced  by  ill  health  to  return  to  Italy.  He 
is  the  author  of  "Fruit  of  the  Spirit,^'  "Early 
Lost,"  "  Early  Saved,"  "  History  of  a  Penitent," 
a  v61.  of  "  Lay's  of  Love  and  Faith,  and  other 
Poems,"  1847;  "  The  British  Female  Poets," 
8vo,  1848;  "Commentary  on  the  130th 
Psalm,"  12 mo,  1847  ;  "  A  Word  to  the  Afflict- 
ed ;  "  "  Expository  Lectures  on  the  Heidel- 
berg Catechism,"  1864,  and  of  a  collection  of 
orations,  discourses,  and  sermons,  8vo,  1846. 
He  was  a  wit,  as  well  as  a  scholar,  and  edited, 
in  1847,  "Walton's  Complete  Angler,"  being 
himself  an  enthusiastic  fisherman.  He  was  a 
sound  and  learned  divine,  an  eloquent  preach- 
er, and  an  orator  of  excellent  f.mcy  and  pleas- 
ant humor.  A  Memoir,  by  A.  R.  Van  Nest, 
D.D..  was  pub.  1867. 

BettS,  Samuel  Rossiter,  LL.D.,  jurist, 
b.  Richmond,  Ms.,  June  8,  1787  ;  d.  N.  Haven, 
Ct.,  Nov.  2,  1868.  Williams  Coll.  1808.  He 
studied  law,  and  began  i)ractice  in  Sullivan 
Co.,  N.Y.  ;  was  judge-advocate  in  the  armv 
during  the  War  of  1812;  M.C.  in  1815-17*^; 
some  years  dist.-atty.  of  Orange  Co.,  and  from 
1823  to  1867  was  judge  of  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court. 
To  him  belongs  the  high  honor  of  having 
shaped  and  settled  in  a 'great  degree  the  mari- 
time laws  of  the  U.S.  He  ranks  among  the 
ablest  of  Amer.  jurists.  Author  of  "Admiral- 
ty Practice  in  the  Courts  of  the  U.S.  for  the 
Southern  Dist.  of  N.Y.,"  8vo,  1838. 

BettS,  THADDEUS,a  disting.  lawyer,  atone 
time  lieut.-gov.  of  Ct.,  and  a  U.S.  senator  at 
the  time  of  liisd.  at  WashinG:ton,  D.C.,  7  Apr. 
1840,  b.  Norwalk,  Ct.     Y.  C.  1807. 

Beveridge,  John,  poet,  b.  Scotland.  He 
had  been  a  schoolmaster  in  Edinburgh,  having 
among  his  pupils  the  blind  poet  Blacklock. 
In  1752,  he  came  to  N.E.,  where  he  remained  5 
years,  and  became  intimate  with  Dr.  Mayhew 
and  other  leading  men.  In  1758,  he  was  app. 
prof,  of  languages  in  the  coll.  and  acad.  of 
Phila.  Alex.  Graydon,  one  of  his  scholars, 
notices  him  in  his  memoirs,  and  shows  him  to 
have  been  a  poor  disciplinarian.  In  1765,  he 
pub.  a  collection  of  Latin  poems,  "  Epistolce 
Fainiliares  et  Alia  Qiicedam  Miscellanea."  — 
Diif/ckinck. 

Beverley,  Robert,  historian,  b.  Va. ;  d. 
there  1716.  His  father,  Maj.  Robert,  clerk  of 
the  council  of  Va.,  d.  1687.  Beverley's  "  Hist, 
of  Virginia"  was  first  pub.  in  1705;  another 
edition,  with  Gribelius's  cuts,  in  1722,  and 
one  with  an  Introduction  by  C.  Campbell,  in 
18.55. 

Biard  (bc'-ar'),  Peter,  b.  Grcnoble,France, 


1565;  d.  France,  1622.  He  was  a  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary, was  for  a  time  at  Port  Royal,  and  sub- 
sequently at  Mt.  Desert,  Me.,  where  his  project- 
ed missionary  colony  was  crushed  by  Argal, 
and  wrote  a  "Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France,"  &c. 
(Lyons,  1616),  an  account  of  his  labors,  and  of 
the  English  outrage  which  left  one  of  his  co- 
workers dead  on  the  island,  and  bore  himself 
and  another  off  as  prisoners.  This  is  the  first 
of  the  valuable  series  of  "Jesuit  Relations," 
of  which  there  are  41  vols.  (pub.  annually 
1632-72).  He  came  to  Port  Royal  in  June, 
1611.  In  1612,  he  ascended  the  Kennebec,  and 
was  well  received  by  the  Indians,  from  whom 
the  name  of  the  river  was  derived.  In  1613,  he 
visited  the  settlement  of  St.  Sauveur,  on  the 
Penobscot.  —  Dutjckinck. 

Bibaud  (be'-bo'),  Michel,  a  Canadian 
autlior,  b.  at  tlie  Cote  des  Neiges,  near  Montre- 
al, Jan.  20,  1782  ;  d.  there  Aug.  3,  1857.  He 
studied  at  the  Coll.  of  St.  Raphael,  and,  enter- 
ing upon  the  career  of  literature,  labored  hard 
in  defence  of  Canadian  nationality  and  for  the 
conservation  of  the  French  language.  Besides 
contributing  in  turn  to  the  "  Aurore  des  Cana- 
das"i[\Q  "  Bibliotheque  Canadienne"  the  "  Ma- 
gasindu  Bus  Canada,"  "  Observuteur  Canadien" 
and  the  "  Encijclop€die  Canadienne,  he  has 
written  verses  of  much  merit,  the  first  French 
Hist,  of  Canada  since  the  conquest,  on  "  Arith- 
jjid'gne  J^lenientaire"  and  edited  the  "Voij- 
arje  de.  Franchere"  and  many  other  valuable 
little  w^orks.  A  few  months  before  his  death, 
he  was  engaged  in  translating  the  reports  of 
the  geol.  commission.  His  son,  F.  M.  U.  M. 
BiBAUD,  LL.D.,  also  an  author,  b.  Montreal, 
Nov.  1824;  law  prof,  at  the  Jesuits'  Coll., 
Montreal.  Among  his  many  publications  re- 
lating to  Canada  are,"  Discours  Historique  sur 
les  I\aces  Sauvages  de  I'Amerique  Septentrio- 
nale"  1846,"  Les  Sagamos  Illuslres  de  VAm€- 
rique  Sept."  1848,  "  Dictionnaire  Historique  des 
Homines  Illustres  du  Canada  et  de  I'Amerique," 
1857,  "  Tableau  Historique  des  Progres  Mat€ri- 
els  et  InteUectuels  du  Canada,"  1 858,  "  Pantheon 
Canadien,"  1858,  &c.  —  Morgan. 

Bibb,  George  M.,  jurist  and  senator,  b. 
Va.,  1772  ;  d.  Georgetown,  D.C.,  Apr.  14, 
1859  N.J.  Coll.  1792.  He  studied  law,  and 
settled  in  Ky. ;  served  in  the  State  legisl. ;  was 
three  times  elected  chief-justice  of  the  State ; 
was  in  the  State  senate  two  years  ;  chancellor 
of  the  Chancery  Court  of  Louisville,  and  sec. 
of  the  U.  S.  treasury  under  Pres.  Tyler  in 
1844;  U.S.  senator,  1811-14  and  1829-35. 
After  leaving  the  treasury  dept.,  he  practised 
law  at  Washington,  and  was  an  assist,  in  the 
atty.-general's  office.  Author  of  "  Reports  of 
Cases  at  Common  Law  and  in  Chancery  in 
the  Ky.  Court  of  Appeals,  in  1808-17;'*  4 
vols.,  8vo,  Frankfort,  Ky.,  1815-17. 

Bibb,  William  Wyatt,  terr.  gov.  of  Ala., 
1817-19,  first  gov.  of  the  State,  1819-20,  b. 
Va.,  1  Oct.  1780  ;  d.  near  Ft.  Jackson,  9  July, 
1820.  M.D.  of  U.  of  Pa.  1801.  Son  of  Capt. 
Wm.  Bibb.  He  served  in  both  branches  of  the 
Ga.  legisl.,  was  M.C.  from  that  State  in  1806- 
13,  and  U.S.  senator,  1813-14.  Thos.  Bibb 
succeeded  him  as  gov.  in  1820-21. 

Biddle,  Charles  John,  b.  Phila.,  1819. 
N.  J.  Coll.  1837.     Son  of  Nicholas.    Adm.  to 


BID 


88 


BED 


the  har  in  1^40;  distinjr.  as  a  capt.  of  volti- 
geurs  at  El  Molino  and  Cliapultepec,  Mexico, 
where  he  won  the  brev.  of  maj. ;  wrote  "The 
Case  of  Maj.  Andre  "  in  "  Memoirs  of  the  Pa. 
Hist.  Soc./' vol.  vi.  Col.  in  the  Pa.  reserve 
corps,  1861,  and  M.  C  1862. 

Biddle,  Clement,  col.  in  the  Revol.  army, 
b.  Phila.,  May  10, 1740 ;  d.  there  Jnly  14, 1814. 
Descended  from  one  of  the  Quaker  settlers  and 
proprietors  of  Western  N.  J.,  he  continued  in 
their  society  until  the  commencement  of  the 
Revol.,  when  he  was  instrumental  in  forming 
the  "Quaker"  company  of  vols,  raised  in  Phila. 
in  177.5,  of  which  he  was  made  an  officer.  In 
early  life,  he  was  engaged  in  commercial  pur- 
suits. He  took  an  active  part,  as  did  his  bro. 
Owen,  in  the  early  political  movements  of  the 
patriots  of  the  State  ;  Owen  having  been  one 
of  the  framers  of  the  State  Constitution  in  1776. 
July  8,  1776,  he  was  app.  by  Congress  deputy 
quartermaster-  gen.  ot  the  militia  of  Pa.  and 
N.J.,  and  participated  in  the  battles  of  Trenton, 
Princeton,  Brandywine,  Germantown,  and 
Monmouth.  As  conimissary-gen.  of  forage 
under  Gen.  Greene,  he  rendered  important  ser- 
vices to  the  army  at  several  critical  periods, 
particularly  at  Valley  Forge,  and  was  actively 
engaged  until  Sept.  1780.  App.  11  Sept.  1781, 
quartermaster-gen.  of  the  State.  After  the 
Federal  Govt,  was  organized  in  1787,  Col.  Bid- 
die  was  app.  U.  S.  marshal  of  Pa.  by  Wash- 
ington, his  friend  and  correspondent. — Life 
of  P res.  Reed,  vol.  ii.,  p.  465. 

Biddle,  Edward,  son  of  Wm.,  and  bro.  of 
Com.  Nicholas,  b.  1739;  d.  Baltimore,  5  Sept. 
1779.  He  was  an  officer  in  the  French  war  of 
1756-63  ;  became  eminent  as  a  lawyer  in  Read- 
ing, Pa. ;  was  a  member  and  speaker  of  the  As- 
sembly, and  was  a  delegate  to  the  first  Con- 
gress in  1774-5.  He  was  one  of  the  foremost 
advocates  of  Independence. 

Biddle,  Horace  P  ,  lawyer  and  poet,  b. 
Fairfield  Co.,  O.,  ab.  1818.  The  son  of  an 
early  Ohio  pioneer,  he  studied  law,  was  adm. 
to  the  bar  at  Cincinnati  in  Apr.  1839,  and  set- 
tled at  Logansport,  Ind.  Pres.  judge  8th  Judi- 
cial Circ.  1846-52  ;  member  Ind.  Const.  Conv. 
1850.  Elected  sup.  judge  in  1857,  but  not  com- 
missioned. He  has  made  some  excellent 
translations  from  French  and  German  poets  ; 
became  a  contrib.  to  the  South.  Lit.  Messenger 
in  1842,  and  has  since  contrib.  to  the  Ladies' 
Repos.,  and  other  periodicals.  Collections  of 
his  poems  have  been  pub.  in  1850,  '52,  and  '58, 
at  Cincinnati.  —  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West. 

Biddle,  James,  capt.  U.  S.  navy,  b.  Phila., 
Feb.  28,  1783  ;  d.  there  Oct.  1, 1848.  Son  of 
Charles,  and  nephew  of  Com.  Nicholas,  he  was 
educated  at  the  U.  of  Pa. ;  entered  the  navy  as 
a  midshipman,  Feb.  12,  1800.  Of  7  bros.,John 
and  Thomas  served  in  the  regular  army  in  the 
War  of  1812,  Richard  and  Wm.  L.  served  ac- 
tively in  the  militia,  and  Nicholas  in  the  State 
legisi.  Jame>?  was  wrecked  in  the  frigate  "  Phi- 
ladelphia" off  Tripoli  in  Oct.  1803,  and  was  a 
prisoner  1 9  months ;  lieut.  Feb.  11,1 807.  As  1  st 
lieut.  of  "  The  Wasp,"  he  led  the  boarders  in 
the  brilliant  action  with  "  The  Frolic,"  Oct.  18, 
1812.  Captured  by  "  The  Poictiers,"  74,  and 
taken  to  Bermuda,  "he  was  exchanged,  Mar.  5, 
1813  ;  made  master  com.,  and  given  a  flotilla  of 


gunboats  on  the  Delaware.  While  in  com.  of 
"  The  Hornet,"  he  was  blockaded  in  N.  London, 
but  escaped,  and  March  23,  off  the  island  of 
Tristan  d'Acunha,  captured  the  British  brig 
"Penguin,"  after  a  sharp  action,  in  which  he 
received  a  wound  in  the  neck.  April  27,  he 
displayed  his  seamanship  in  escaping  from 
"  The  Cornwallis,"  74,  after  a  chase  of  4  days, 
during  which  he  threw  overboard  his  guns  and 
equipments  to  lighten  his  ship.  For  his  action 
with  "  The  Penguin,"  Congress  voted  Capt. 
Biddle  a  gold  medal ;  Phila.  presented  him  a 
service  of  plate ;  and  other  honors  were  bestowed 
upon  him.  Capt.  Feb.  28,  1815.  He  afterward 
held  special  and  important  commands  at  vari- 
ous times,  in  the  Pacific,  upon  the  coast  of  S. 
America,  and  in  the  W.  Indies,  and  the  Medi- 
terranean squadron  from  1830  to  1832,  during 
which  period  he  was  a  commissioner  to  nego- 
tiate a  treaty  with  the  Ottoman  Govt.  In  1845, 
he  ratified  a  treaty  with  China  as  a  U.  S.  com- 
missioner ;  visited  Japan  in  "The  Columbus," 
74;  and  subsequently  com.  the  squadron  cruis- 
ing on  the  W.  coast  of  Mexico  during  the  war. 
From  1838  to  1842,  he  had  charge  of  the  naval 
asylum  on  the  Schuylkill. 

Biddle,  Nicholas,  a  gallant  naval  officer, 
bro.  of  Judge  Charles  Biddle,  b.  Phila.,  Sept. 
10,  1750;  killed  Mar.  7,  1778.  Manifesting  a 
partiality  for  the  sea,  he  had,  before  the  age  of 
14,  made  a  voyage  to  Quebec.  In  a  voyag-e 
to  the  West  Indies  in  1765,  he  was  cast  away, 
and  for  two  months  lived  on  an  uninhabited 
island.  In  1770,  he  went  to  London,  and  en- 
tered the  British  navy.  While  a  midshipman, 
he  absconded  from  his  own  vessel,  and  entered 
on  board  "  The  Carcass,"  before  the  mast,  in 
the  exploring  exped.  of  Capt.  Phipps,  in  which 
Horatio  Nelson  also  served.  Returning  to 
Phila.  after  the  commencement  of  the  Revol  , 
he  was  app.  to  com.  the  brig  "Andrea  Doria," 
and  sailed  under  Com.  Hopkins  in  the  success- 
ful exped.  against  New  Providence.  After  re- 
fitting at  New  London,  he  cruised  off  New- 
foundland, and  in  1776  captund,  among  other 
prizes,  two  ships  from  Scotland,  with  400  High- 
land troops.  App.  to  com.  the  frigate  "  Ran- 
dolph," of  32  guns,  he  sailed  from  Phila.  in 
Feb.  1777,  and  soon  carried  into  Charleston  4 
valuable  prizes.  A  small  fleet  was  now  fitted 
out  under  his  com.,  with  which  he  cruised  in 
the  West  Indies.  Mar.  7,  1778,  in  an  action 
with  the  British  ship  "  Yarmouth  "  of  64  guns, 
Biddle  was  wounded ;  and  a  few  minutes  after- 
wards, while  he  was  under  the  hands  of  the  sur- 
geon, "  The  Randolph  "  blew  up,  and  of  the  en- 
tire crew,  consisting  of  315  men,  but  4  escaped. 

Biddle,  Nicholas,  LL.D.,  financier,  b. 
Phila.,  Jan.  8,  1786;  d.  there  Feb  27,  1844. 
N.  J.  Coll.  1801.  His  ancestors  came  over  with 
Wm.  Penn.  His  father,  Charles,  vice-pres.  of 
Pa.,  d.  Apr.  4,  1821,  a.  76.  He  was  named  for 
his  uncle  the  commodore.  In  1804,  he  went  to 
Paris  as  sec  to  Armstrong  the  American  min- 
ister, and  afterward  filled  a  similar  post  with 
Monroe  in  London.  After  travelling  in  Eu- 
rope, he  returned  to  Phila.  in  1807,  and  prac- 
tised law.  He  edited  the  Portfolio,  compiled  a 
commercial  digest,  and  prepared  the  narrative 
of  Lewis  and  Clarke's  exped.  to  the  Pacific. 
He  was  in  the  State  legisi.  in  1810-1 1,  disting. 


BZD 


89 


BIG- 


himself  by  his  efforts  to  establish  a  general  sys- 
tem of  education,  and  was  a  senator  in  1814, 
and  an  ardent  supporter  of  the  war  with  Eng. 
His  report  of  a  committee  of  the  senate  respect- 
ing the  Hartford  Convention  was  an  able  State 
paper.  A  director  of  the  U.  S.  Bank  in  1819, 
and  pres.from  1823  to  1836,  his  administration 
of  its  affairs  demonstrated  high  ability.  In 
1836-9,  he  was  pres.  of  the  U.  S.  Bank  of  Pa. 
He  was  a  zealous  promoter  of  public  improve- 
ments and  beneficent  institutions.  During  the 
suspension  of  the  payment  of  interest  on  the 
debt  of  Pa.,  he  pub.  a  series  of  essays  with  sug- 
gestions for  its  liquidation,  someof  which  were 
adopted  by  the  Icgisl.  He  was  pres.  of  the 
Agric.  and  Hort.  Societies,  and  of  the  trustees 
of  the  U.  of  Pa.  and  of  Girard  Coll.  The  Bank 
of  the  U.  S.  and  Girard  Coll.,  Phila., evince  his 
taste  in  architecture.  A  polished  and  effective 
speaker,  lie  delivered  an  eulogium  on  Jefferson 
before  the  Philos.  Society,  and  an  address  on 
the  Duties  of  the  Amei  ican,  before  the  alumni 
of  Princeton  Coll.  Hi  was  a  model  man  of 
business,  a  vigorous  writer,  and  an  accom- 
plished scholar.  —  See  Memoir,  by  R.  T.  Con- 
rad, in  Ainer.  Port.  Gallery. 

Biddle,  Richard,  lawyer  and  author,  bro. 
of  Nicholas,  b.  Phila.,  25  Mar.  1796  ;  d.  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  7  July,  1847.  During  the  War  of 
1812,  he  served  for  the  protection  of  Phila. 
He  became  a  leader  of  the  Pittsburg  bar; 
visited  Eng.  in  1827-30  ;  occupied  in  historical 
investigations  ;  resumed  practice  on  his  return, 
and  was  M.  C.  in  1837-41.  While  in  Eng., 
he  pub.  an  expoi^c  of  Capt.  Basil  Hall's 
"  Travels  in  America."  His  *'  Life  of  Sebastian 
Cabot"  (1831)  brought  to  light  new  and  im- 
portant facts  in  the  discovevy  of  America. 

Biddle,  Maj.  Thomas,  V.  S.  A.,  son  of 
Charles,  b.  Phila.,  Nov.  21, 1790  ;  d.  St.  Louis, 
Aug.  29,  1831.  App.  capt.  of  art.  July  6, 
1812;  disting.  at  Fort  George  and  at  Stony 
Creek  ;  com.  the  art.  at  the  reduction  of  Fort 
Erie;  was  severely  wounded  in  the  subsequent 
defence  of  that  place,  and  brev.  maj.  Aug.  15, 
1814  ;  com.  a  light  battery  at  the  battle  of 
Niagara,  July  25,  1814,  particularly  disting. 
himself  by  bringing  off  the  field  the  only  piece 
of  the  enemy's  artillery  retained  by  the  Amer- 
icans as  a  trophy  of  that  hard-fought  battle, 
and  ag:iin  wounded.  Aide-de-camp  to  Gen. 
Izard,  Dec.  1814,  and  paymaster,  1820.  He 
was  killed  in  a  duel  with  Spencer  Pettes,  the 
distance,  in  consequence  of  the  defective  eye- 
sight of  Maj.  Biddle,  being  5  feet;  and  both 
were  mortally  wounded  at  the  first  fire. 

Bid  well,  Daxiel  D.,  brig. -gen.  U.S.  vols., 
b.  Buffalo,  N.Y.,  ab.  1816;  killed  at  Cedar 
Creek,  Va.,  Oct.  19,  1864.  He  resigned  the 
office  of  police  justice  in  Ruffilo  to  enter  the 
Cith  regt.  as  a  private,  and,  in  Sept.  1861,  be- 
camecol.  49th  regt.  and,  during  the  Seven-Days' 
battles,  com.  a  Inigade,  l)ut,  after  the  battle  of 
Antietam,  resumed  com.  of  his  regt.  He  was 
at  Fredericksburg  and  Chancellorsville  ;  com. 
a  brigade  at  Gettysburg  ;  and  in  all  the  battles 
near  Petersburg  and  in  the  Shenandoah  Val- 
ley, and  was  made  brig-gen.  in  July,  1864. 

Biedma  (bead'-ma),  Luis  Hernandez 
DE,  a  Sp  mish  officer  in  the  army  of  Hernando 
de  Soto  in  the  cxped.  for  the  conquest  of  Fla. 


in  1538;  wrote  a  "  Relacion  de  la  Tsla  de  la 
Florida"  printed,  in  1857,  in  the  Colleccion 
de  Varios  Documenios  para  la  Historia  de  la 
Florida."  London,  folio,  pp.  208,  with  notes 
by  Juan  Baptista  Munoz.  — Duyckinck. 

BienviUe  (bean'-vel),  Jean  Baptiste 
Lemoine,  sieur  de,  colonial  gov.  of  La.,  b. 
Montreal,  Feb.  23,  1680;  d.  France,  1768. 
Son  of  Charles,  he  entered  the  French  naval 
service,  with  his  bro.  Iberville,  serving  under 
him  in  7  voyages.  He  was  severely  wounded 
in  a  conflict  off  the  coast  of  N.  E.,  between  the 
French  ship  "Pelican," 42,  Capt.  Iberville,  and 
three  English  men-of-war,  in  which  "  The  Peli- 
can "  was  victorious.  When  Iberville  in  1698 
founded  a  colony  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mpi.,  he 
took  with  him  his  two  brothers,  Sanvollc  and 
Bienville.  The  latter  explored  the  country 
around  the  first  settlement  at  Biloxi,  Dec.  7, 
1699.  Sanvolle  was  made  gov.  of  La.;  and 
Jan.  17,  1700,  Bienville  assisted  in  constructing 
a  fort  54  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
where  he  afterwards  com.  On  SanvoUe's  death, 
July  22, 1 701 ,  Bienville  took  the  direction  of  the 
colony,  whose  principal  seat  was  now  trans- 
ferred to  Mobile.  May  1 7,  1713,  Bienville  was 
superseded  by  Lamotte  Cadillac  ;  andBienville 
was  made  lieut.-gov.  De  I'Epinay  super- 
seded Cadillac,  Mar.  9,  1717;  and  Bienville 
received  the  Cross  of  St.  Louis.  He  succeeded 
De  I'Epinay  as  gov.  March  9,  1718,  planted 
the  city  of  N.  Orleans,  and,  May  14,  took  Pen- 
sacola  from  the  Spaniards,  placing  his  brother 
Chateauguay  in  command.  In  1723,  he  trans- 
ferred the  seat  of  government  to  N.  0.  Jan. 
16,  1724,  he  was  ordered  to  France  to  answer 
charges  that  had  been  brought  against  him, 
and  was  removed  from  office,  9  Aug.  1726. 
Before  leaving  the  colony,  in  March,  he.  pub. 
his  Black  Code,  relating  chiefly  to  slaves,  which 
remained  in  force  till  after  thetransferof  La.  to 
the  U.  S.  In  1733,  Bienville  was  re-app.  gov., 
and  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieut.-gen.  In  1736, 
and  again  in  1739,  he  led  expeds.  against  the 
Chickasaws.  Bienville  was  soon  after  super- 
seded, and  May  10,  1743,  departed  for  France, 
where  he  passed  the  rest  of  his  life. 

Bierstadt,  Albert,  landscape-painter,  b. 
Dusseldorf,  1829.  In  1831,  his  parents  brought 
him  to  New  Bedford,  where  he  received  his 
school  education,  and  first  developed  his  artistic 
powers  by  clever  sketches  in  crayon.  In  185-3- 
7,  he  visited  Europe,  where  he  painted  his 
"Sunshine and  Shadow,"  which  brought  him 
into  notice.  Accompanying  Gen.  Lander's 
exploring  exped.  in  18.')8,  he  produced  his  great 
pictures,  "  The  Pocky  Mountains,  Lander's 
Peak,"  "  Storm  in  the  Rocky  Mountains," 
"  Tlae  Domes  of  the  Yo  Semite,"  ''  Laramie 
Peak,"  "Valley  of  the  Yo  Semite,"  "Emi- 
grants crossing  the  Plains,"  «&c.  He  visited 
Europe  again  in  June,  1867,  to  make  studies 
for  a  picture  of  the  discovery  of  the  North 
River,  on  whose  banks,  near  the  Tappan  Zee 
and  the  Palisades,  he  has  a  spacious  studio.  — 
Tudcennan. 

Bigelow,  Erastus  Brigham,  LL.D. 
(Amh.  1867),  inventor,  b.  W.  Boylston,  Ms., 
Apr.  1814.  His  father  was  a  cotton  manufac- 
turer. The  son,  before  he  was  18,  had  invented 
a  hand-loom  for  weaving  suspender-webbing, 


BIG- 


90 


BIG- 


a  machine  for  making  piping-cord,  and  had 
])ub.  a  book  on  stenography.  He  obtained  a 
patent  for  an  automatic  loom  in  1838  for  weav- 
ing counterpanes,  which  he  improved  in  1840. 
He  also  invented  a  loom  for  weaving  coach- 
lace,  and  soon  after  turned  his  attention  to 
carpet-weaving.  In  1839,  he  produced  his  lirst 
power-loom  for  weaving  2-pIy  ingrain  carpets. 
This  he  subsequently  improved,  and  it  is  ex- 
tensively used.  In  the  spring  of  1862,  Mr. 
Bigelow  proposed  a  scheme  of  uniform  taxation 
throughout  the  U.  S.  by  means  of  stamps,  and 
the  same  year  pub.  "  The  Tariff  Question  con- 
sidered in  Regard  to  the  Policy  of  Eng.  and 
the  Interests  of  the  U  S."  He  is  the  founder 
of  the  manufacturing  town  of  Clinton,  Ms. 

Bigelow,  George  Tyler,  LL.D, jurist, 
b.  Watertown,  Ms.,  Oct.  6,  1810.  H.  U.  1829. 
App.  a  judge  of  the  Ms.  Supreme  Court,  Nov. 
21,  18.50;  chief-justice,  Sept.  7,  1861  ;  resigned, 
1868;  State  senator,  1847-8. 

Bigelow,  Jacob,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  physician 
and  writer,  b.  Sudbury,  Ms.,  Feb.  27,  1 787.  H. 
U.  1806,  and  commenced  practice  in  Boston  in 
1810.  A  skilful  botanist,  he  pub.  in  1814  the 
"  Florula  Bosloniensis,"  enlarged  in  1840;  also, 
in  1820,  "  American  Medical  Botany,"  3  vols., 
Svo,  plates.  He  was  many  years  a  disting. 
practitioner  in  Boston ;  20  years  physician  of 
the  Ms.  General  Hospital,  and  held  (1815-55) 
the  office  of  prof,  of  materia  medica  and  of 
clinical  medicine  in  II.  U.  In  1816-27,  he  de- 
livered lectures  on  the  application  of  science  to 
the  useful  arts  at  Cambridge,  as  Rumford  Prof., 
and  pub,,  in  1829,  "  Elements  of  Technology." 
One  of  the  committee,  in  1820,  to  form  the 
"American  Pharmacopoeia,"  the  nomenclature 
of  the  materia  medica  afterwards  adopted  by 
the  British  colleges  is  due  to  him.  He  has 
pub.  numerous  medical  essays  and  discourses  ; 
some  of  them  in  a  vol.,  entitled  "Nature  in 
Disease,"  1854;  "A  Discourse  on  Self-limited 
Diseases,"  delivered  before  the  Ms.  Med.  Soci- 
ety in  1835;  in  1858,  a  "Brief  Exposition  of 
Rational  Medicine,  to  which  is  prefixed  the 
Paradise  of  Doctors,  a  Fable ;  "  "  The  Useful 
Arts,"  2  vols.,  1840;  "Treatise  on  Materia 
Medica,"  1822;  "History  of  Mt.  Auburn," 
1 860.  He  was  the  founder  of  Mt.  Auburn  Cem- 
etery, the  first  of  the  kind  in  the  U.  S.  He 
has  occasionally  contrib.  to  the  literary  period- 
icals and  reviews.  A  vol.  of  poems,  entitled 
"  Eolopoesis,"  has  been  attributed  to  him.  He 
was  many  yeai's  pres.  of  the  Ms.  Med.  Society 
and  of  the  Amer,  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences. — 
Duj/ckinck. 

Bigelow,  John,  editor  and  author,  b.  Mai- 
den, Ms.,  Nov.  25,  1817.  Un.  Coll.  1835.  He 
practised  law  in  N.  Y,  City  about  10  years.  In 
1840,  he  was  literary  editor  of  the  Plebeian,  in 
1843-5  was  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  Demo- 
cratic Review,  for  which  he  wrote  "  Consti- 
tutional Reform,"  "  Executive  Patronage," 
"  The  Reciprocal  Influences  of  Civil  Liberty 
and  the  Physical  Sciences,"  "  Pascal,"  &c.  He 
also  edited  Gregg's  "  Commerce  of  the  Prai- 
ries," and  other  popular  books  of  travel.  An 
inspector  of  Sing-Sing  Prison  in  184.5-8,  he 
originated  useful  reforms  in  its  discipline.  In 
Nov.  1850,  he  became  a  partner  of  Bryant  in 
the  Evenimj  Post.  His  "Jamaica  in  1850  "  gave 


an  accurate  picture  of  the  social  and  political 
condition  of  that  island.  He  again  visited  the 
West  Indies  in  1854,  collecting  materials  for 
a  work  on  Hayti.  He  pub.  a  "  Life  of  Fre- 
mont "  in  1856;  Corresp.  from  Abroad  with 
the  Post  in  1854-60;  became  consul  at  Paris 
in  1861,  and  succeeded  Mr.  Dayton  as  minister 
in  1864-6.  He  pub.  in  Paris  "  Les  Flats  Unis 
d'Amerique  en  1863,"  giving  to  the  French  valu- 
able information  of  the  statistics  and  resources 
of  this  country,  and  edited  "  AutoI)iography 
of  Franklin,"  1868.  Ed.  N.  Y.  Times  since  1869. 

Bigelow,  Lewis,  lawyer,  b.  Worcester, 
Ms.,  ab.  1785;  d.  Peoria,  111.,  Oct.  3,  1838. 
Wms,  Coll.  1803.  He  studied  and  practised 
law  in  Ms.;  was  M.  C.  in  1821-3;  and  was  the 
author  of  the  Digest  of  the  first  17  vols,  of 
the  Ms.  Reports ;  also  of  a  Digest  of  Pickering's 
Reports,  vols.  2-7,  2d  ed.,  Svo,  Boston,  1825. 
He  subsequently  removed  to  111.,  where  he  pur- 
sued his  profession,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 
was  clerk  of  the  court  of  Peoria  Co. 

Bigelow,  Col.  Timothy,  b.  Worcester, 
Aug.  12,  1739;  d.  there  March  31,  1790.  He 
was  a  blacksmith  and  a  leading  patriot;  mem- 
ber of  the  Prov.  Congress,  1774-5  ;  marched  at 
the  head  of  a  company  of  minute-men  to  Cam- 
bridge on  hearing  of  the  battle  of  Lexington  ; 
was  a  maj.  in  \yard's  Worcester  regt.  May  23, 
1775,  and  in  Arnold's  exped.,  and  was  cap- 
tured in  the  attack  on  Quebec,  remaining  a 
prisoner  until  the  summer  of  1776.  Made  col. 
Feb.  8,  1777  ;  at  the  head  of  the  15th  Ms.  regt., 
he  assisted  in  the  capture  of  Burgoyne;  was 
at  R.  I.,  Valley  Forge,  and  West  Point.  Af- 
ter the  war,  he  had  charge  of  the  arsenal  at 
Springfield.  He  was  an  original  grantor  of 
Montpclier,  and  a  benefactor  of  Leicester 
Acad.  His  son  Timothy,  lawyer  (H.  U. 
1786),  many  years  in  the  Ms.  legis.,  b.  30  Apr. 
1767;  d.  18  May,  1821.  His  dau.  Katharine 
m.  Hon.  Abbott  Lawrence. 

Bigger,  Samuel,  Whig  gov.  of  Indiana  in 
1840-3,  b.  Warren  Co.,  Ohio,  ab.  1800;  d.  Fort 
AVayne,  1845.  Athens  U.  He  studied  law  at 
Lebanon,  and  commenced  practice  in  Ind.,  at- 
taining eminence  in  the  profession.  He  was  a 
representative  in  1834  and  1835,  and  after- 
wards judge  of  the  Circuit  Court.  By  his 
recommendation,  the  Indiana  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  was  established. 

Bigler,  William,  Democ.  politician,  b. 
Shermansburg,  Cumberland  Co.,  Pa.,  Dec. 
1814.  Receiving  a  moderate  school  education, 
and  becoming  a  printer,  he  established,  and  for 
several  years  carrieil  on,  the  Clearfield  Demo- 
crat. In  1841,  he  was  elected  to  the  State 
convention,  and  was  a  member  of  the  State 
senate,  part  of  the  time  speaker,  up  to  1847  ;  in 
1852-5,  he  was  gov.  of  Pa. ;  subsequently  be- 
came pres.  of  the  Phila.  and  Erie  Railroad  Co., 
and  in  1855-61  was  U.  S.  senator.  Delegate 
to  the  Chicago  convention  in  1864,  and  to  the 
Phila.  convention  of  1866. 

Biglow,  William,  poet  and  schoolmaster, 
b.  Natick,  Ms.,  Sept.  22, 1773  ;  d.  Boston,  Jan. 
12,  1844  H.  U.  1794.  He  taught  school  in 
Salem,  and  then  took  charge  of  the  Latin 
School  in  Boston,  preaching  occasionally,  and 
writing  for  periodicals.  Becoming  intemperate, 
he  was  obliged  to  retire  to  his  home  in  Natick. 


BIIL. 


91 


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He  afterwards  taught  a  village  school  in  Maine, 
and  was  ultimately  proof-reader  in  the  Univer- 
sity printing-office,  Cambridge.  His  "  Cheer- 
ful Parson/'  and  others  of  his  songs,  were  very 
popular.  In  1830,  he  pub.  a  history  of  Natick, 
and  one  of  Sherburne,  Ms. ;  "  The  Youth's 
Library,"  1808;  "Introd.  to  the  Making  of 
Latin,"  1809  ;  "  Education,  a  Poem,"  delivered 
at  Cambridge,  18  July,  1799.  His  best  writ- 
ings were  in  the  Village  Messencjer  of  Amherst, 
N.H.,  which  he  edited  in  1796,  the  Federal 
Orrery,  and  Ms.  Magazine. 

Billings,  Elkanah,  F.R.G.S.,  Canadian 
geologist,  b.  Gloucester,  Canada,  May  5,  1820. 
His  father,  a  native  of  Ms.,  settled,  after  the 
Revo!.,  near  Brockville.  He  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  184.5,  and  practised  in  Ottawa,  but,  since 
1856,  has  been  paleontologist  of  the  geological 
survey  of  Canada.  Besides  contributions  to 
papers  and  scientific  journals,  he  has  pub.  val- 
uable memoirs  of  the  third  and  fourth  decades 
of  the  geol.  survey  of  Canada,  and  in  18.56 
edited  the  Canadian  Naturalist,  to  which  he 
has  since  contrib.  —  Morgan. 

Billings,  Joseph,  an  English  navigator  in 
the  Russian  service.  He  accompanied  Cook  in 
his  last  voyage,  and  took  charge  of  the  astro- 
nomical departmint.  In  1785,  he  entered  the 
service  of  Catharine  IL,  who  sent  him  on  a 
voyage  of  discovery  "  to  complete  the  knowl- 
edge of  ihe  seas  situated  between  Siberia  and 
the  continent  of  Amcr."  He  set  out  overland 
in  Oct.  1785,  j'Ut  to  sea  from  Kolyma  in  1787, 
visited  and  examined  many  islands  of  the  N.W. 
coast;  in  July,  1790,  penetrated  Prince  Wm.'s 
Sound,  where  Cook  had  been  in  1778 ;  and  re- 
turned to  Kamtschatkain  1791.  An  account  of 
his  voyage  was  pub.  in  London  in  1802. 

BiliingS,WiLLiAM,  the  first  Amer.  musical 
composer,  b.  Boston,  Oct.  7,  1746;  d.  there 
Sept.  26,  1800.  By  trade  a  tanner.  A  love  of 
music  led  him,  whi^e  still  young,  to  become  a 
teacher  of  singing  and  a  composer  of  psalm- 
tunes,  which  became  highly  popular ;  among 
them  that  called  "Jordan"  is  well  known.  He 
pub.  6  collections,  which,  with  a  few  exceptions, 
were  of  his  own  composition.  They  were 
founded  upon  the  new  style  of  church-music, 
and  caused  a  revolution  in  musical  taste  in 
N.E.  Billings's  patriotic  songs  were  in  vogue 
among  the  N.E.  troops  of  the  Revol.  army.  He 
was  the  first  teacher  of  singing  in  this  country, 
introduced  the  first  musical  concerts,  the  first 
instrument  —  the  bass-viol  —  as  an  accompa- 
niment, formed  the  first  choirs  to  unite  in  sing- 
ing in  churches,  and  kept  the  first  music-store 
in  Boston.  His  "Psalm-singers' Amusements" 
became  very  popular. 

Bingham,  Caleb,  teacher  and  bookseller, 
b.  Salisbury,  Ct.,  1757;  d.  Boston,  Apr.  27, 
1817.  D.  C.  1782.  He  was  preceptor  of 
Moore's  Acad.,  and  was  many  years  a  teacher 
in  Boston.  He  next  kept  a  large  book-shop  in 
Cornhill,  Boston,  and  was  for  several  years  a 
director  of  the  State  Prison,  in  which  capacity 
he  exerted  himself  for  the  mental  improve- 
ment of  the  younger  criminals.  He  pub.  "  The 
Hunters,"  "  Young  Lady's  Accidence,"  1789, 
"  Epistolary  Correspondence,"  "  Historical 
Grammar,'.' 1802,  "The  Columbian  Orator," 
"  Amer.  Preceptor,"    "Child's    Companion," 


and  the  "Geographical  Catechism."  Of  the 
Amer.  Preceptor,  64  editions,  or  640,000,  were 
sold. 

Bingham,  John  A.,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Pa.,  1815;  spent  twoyears'in  Franklin  Coll., 
O. ;  adm.  to  the  Ohio  bar  in  1840  ;  State  atty. 
for  Tuscarawas  Co.,  184.5-9;  MC.  1855-63 
and  1865-71  ;  judge-advocate  of  the  army, 
1864;  solicitor  Court  of  Claims,  Aug.  1864; 
assist,  judge-advocate  in  the  trial  of  the  con- 
spirators for  the  murder  of  Pres.  Lincoln  in 
May,  1865  ;  delegate  to  the  Phila.  conven- 
tion of  1866,  and  one  of  the  managers  of  the 
impeachment-trial  of  Pres.  Johnson  in  1868. 

Bingham,  Kinsley  S.,  statesman,  b. 
Camilius,  Onondago  Co.,  N.Y.,  Dec.  16, 1808  ; 
d.  Green  Oak,  Livingston  Co.,  Mich.,  Oct.  5, 
1861.  He  received  an  academic  education,  be- 
came a  clerk  in  a  lawyer's  office,  emigrated  to 
Mich,  in  1833,  and  settled  upon  a  farm;  was  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  in  1835-42;  three  years 
its  speaker;  M.C.  from  1849  to  1851  ;  was  gov. 
of  Mich,  from  1855  to  1859,  and  US.  senator 
from  1859  till  his  decease.  He  had  also  held 
the  offices  of  postmaster,  supervisor,  prosec- 
atty.,  judge  of  probate,  and  brig.-gen.  of 
militia. 

Bingham,  William.,  statesman,  b.  Phila., 
1751 ;  d.  Bath,  Eng.,  Feb.  7, 1804.  Phila.  Coll. 
1768.  In  1771,  he  was  consul  at  St.  Pierre.W.I. 
During  the  Revol.,  he  was  Amer.  agent  at  Mar- 
tinique; was  delegate  to  Congress  in  1787-8, 
and  U.S.  senator  from  1795  to  1801.  In  1780, 
he  m.  Anne  Willing  of  Phila.,  a  lady  of  great 
beauty  and  accomplishments,  and  the  centre  of 
fashionable  society  in  Phila.  She  d.  May  11, 
1801,  a.  37.  A  dau.  m.  a  son  of  Sir  Francis 
Baring.  Bingham  was  a  man  of  great  wealth 
and  aristocratic  hauteur.  He  pub.,  in  1 784,  "  A 
Letter  from  an  American  on  the  Subject  of  the 
Restraining  Proclamation,"  "Description  of 
Certain  Tracts  of  Land  in  theDist.  of  Maine," 
1793. 

Binney,  Amos,  naturalist,  b.  Boston,  18 
Oct.  18U3;  d.  Rome,  Italv,  18  Feb.  1847. 
Brown  U.  1821.  M.D.  1826. '  He  was  a  success- 
ful merchant,  but,  devoting  his  leisure  to  natu- 
ral science,  was  a  founder  of  the  Boston  Society 
of  Natural  History,  and  its  pres.  in  1843-7,  and 
was  active  in  establishing  the  Amer.  Asso.  of 
Geologists  and  Naturalists.  As  a  member  of 
the  legisl.  of  Ms.,  he  was  instrumental  in  pro- 
curing zoological  and  botanical  commissions, 
which  resulted  in  the  important  volumes  of 
Harris,  Emerson,  Storer,  and  Gould.  He  gave 
many  years'  study  to  the  mollusks  of  the  U.S., 
and  fitted  out  several  expeds.  to  Florida,  Texas, 
and  other  places,  to  collect  materials.  His 
"  Tc^-res trial  Mollusks  of  the  U.S."  was  pub. 
1851-7,  in  3  vols.,  8vo.  Many  of  his  papers 
are  pub.  in  the  "Proceedings"  of  the  Soc.  of 
Nat.  Hist. 

Binney,  Rt.  Ret.  Hibbert,  Prot.-Epis. 
bishop  of  Nova  Scotia,  consec.  4th  bishop,  1851, 
b.  Nova  Scotia,  1819;  educated  at  King's  Coll., 
London,  and  at  Oxford,  where  he  grad.  1842. 

Binney,  Horace,  LL.D,  (H.  U.  1827), 
lawyer  of  Phila.,  b  4  Jan.  1780.  H.  U.  1807. 
Son  of  Dr.  Barnabas,  surgeon  Revol.  army. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1800,  he  attained  high  dis- 
tinction in   the  profession.     Member  of   the 


BIN 


92 


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Pa.  legisl.  in  1806-7  ;  an  opponent  of  the  ad- 
ministration of  Jackson,  and  a  leading  member 
of  Congress  in  1833-5,  and  an  early  and  active 
antislavery  man.  Many  years  a  director  in 
the  U.S.  Bunk,  and  one  of  the  trustees  in  wind- 
ing up  its  affiiirs.  One  of  his  most  successful 
efforts  at  the  bar  was  his  defence  of  the  city  of 
Phila.  against  the  heirs  of  Stephen  Girard. 
Author  of  "  Reports  of  Sup.  Ct.  of  Pa  ,  1799- 
1814,"  6  vols.,  1809-15  ;  I'^ulogiums  on  Chief- 
Justices  Tilghman  and  Marshall,  1827  and 
1836,  and   "Naturalization  Laws,"  8vo,  1853. 

Binns,  John,  journalist,  b.  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, Dec.  22,  1772  ;  d.  Phila.,  June  16,  1860. 
He  received  a  good  education,  but,  becoming 
involved  in  the  revol.  movements  in  Ireland, 
was  arrested,  and  for  two  years  imprisoned,  for 
his  alleged  political  offences.  Soon  after  his 
release  in  1801,  he  came  to  Baltimore  with 
his  brother  Benjamin,  and  commenced  at 
Northumberland,  Pa.,  in  March,  1802,  the 
Republican  Argus,  which  gave  him  great  in- 
fluence with  the  Democ.  party.  From  1807 
until  Nov.  1829,  he  conducted',  at  Phila.,  the 
Democratic  Press,  the  leading  paper  in  the  State, 
until,  in  1824,  it  opposed  the  election  of  Jack- 
son. He  was  for  20  years  an  alderman  of 
Phila.  In  1854,  he  pub.  an  Autobiography, 
entitled  "  Kecollcctions  of  the  Life  of  John 
Binns  ;  29  Years  in  Europe,  and  53  in  the 
U.S.,"  "Binns's  Magistrate's  Manual,"  8vo, 
1850. 

Birch,  Thomas,  artist,  b.  London  ab. 
1779;  d.  Phila.,  Jan.  14,  1851.  He  emigrated 
to  the  U.S.  in  1793,  established  himself  in 
Phila.  about  1800,  and  commenced  the  paint- 
ing of  profiles.  A  visit  to  the  capes  of  Del. 
in  1807  turned  his  attention  to  marine  views, 
in  the  delineation  of  which  he  acquired  a  high 
reputation.  During  the  War  of  1812,  he  ex- 
ecuted a  series  of  historical  paintings,  repre- 
senting the  naval  victories  of  the  U.S.  He 
also  painted  many  landscapes,  which  are  highly 
prized,  particularly  those  representing  snow- 
scenes.  —  Blake. 

Bird,  Robert  Montgomery,  M.D., 
novelist,  b.  Newcastle,  Del.,  1803;  d.  Phila., 
Jan.  22,  1854.  He  was  educated  in  Phila.  for 
the  medical  profession,  but  early  turned  his 
attention  to  literature ;  contrib.  to  the  Monthli/ 
Magazine  of  FhWci.,  and  wrote  three  tragedies, — 
"  The  Cladiator,"  "  Oraloosa,"  and  "  The  Bro- 
ker of  Bogota;  "  all  of  which  have  been  popular 
on  the  stage,  especially  the  former,  the  princi- 
pal character  of  which  is  one  of  the  favorite 
personations  of  Edwin  Forrest.  His  first  novel, 
"  Calavar,"  appeared  in  1834,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  "  The  Infidel,"  1835  ;  "  The  Hawks 
of  Hawk  Hollow;"  "Nick  of  the  Woods," 
1837  (scene  in  Ky.  ab.the  close  of  the  Revol.)  ; 
'Peter  Pilgrim,"''  1838;  and  "Robin  Day," 
1839.  They  are  marked  by  picturesqueness 
of  description,  and  an  animated  narration.  In 
1839,  Dr.  Bird  retired  to  his  native  village,  but, 
for  a  few  years  previous  to  his  death,  edited 
the  Philadelphia  North- American,  of  which  he 
became  a  proprietor. 

Birdseye,  Nathan,  remarkable  for  lon- 
gevity, b.  Stratford,  Ct.,  19  Aug.  1714  ;  d.  June 
28,1818.  Y.G.  1736  He  was  settled  pastor  at 
West  Haven  from  1742  to  1758,  and  preached 


occasionally  in  his  latter  years,  —  once  at  Strat- 
ford, when  he  was  more  than  100  years  old. 
At  his  death,  he  left  206  descendants. — 
Spragne. 

Birkbeck,  Morris,  traveller  and  author, 
b.  Eng. ;  drowned  in  returning  from  a  visit  to 
Robert  Owen  at  Harmony  in  1825.  Having 
purchased  16,000  acres  of  land  in  111.,  he 
founded  the  town  of  New  Albion,  and  resided 
there.  When  the  State  was  organized  in 
1818,  he  opppo.sed  the  introduction  of  slavery 
into  it.  Author  of  "Notes  on  a  Journey 
through  France,"  8vo,  1815,  and  "Notes  on 
a  Journey  in  America,"  8vo,  1818  (in  which 
he  gave  flattering  accounts  of  Illinois),  and 
"Letters  from  Illinois,"  1818. 

Birney,  David  Bell,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  b. 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  May  29,  1825;  d.  Phila.,  Oct. 
18,  1864.  In  youth,  he  removed  to  Cincinnati 
with  his  father,  J.  G.  Birney,  and  studied  law, 
but,  before  beginning  practice,  was  engaged 
in  business  in  Michigan.  In  1848,  he  removed 
to  Phila.,  where  he  practised  law.  He  raised 
the  23d  Pa.  Vols,  in  May,  1861;  was  made 
brig.-gen.  Feb.  3,  1862;  was  disting.  at  York- 
town,  Williamsburg,  and  the  battles  before 
Richmond,  and  especially  in  the  second  battle 
of  Bull  Run,  Aug.  29,  1862,  also  at  Freder- 
icksburg and  at  Chancellorsville,  and  aided  in 
cheeking  the  advance  of  Jackson's  troops  after 
the  panic  in  the  11th  corps.  After  the  death 
of  Berry,  he  took  com.  of  his  division  (maj.- 
gen.  May  23,  1863),  led  it  at  Gettysburg;  and 
com.  the  corps  after  Gen.  Sickles  was  wound- 
ed. In  all  the  operations  of  Gen.  Grant  in  Va. 
in  1864,  his  bravery  and  skill  were  conspicuous. 
July  23,  1864,  he  received  com.  of  the  10th 
corps.  He  died  of  malarious  fever,  contracted 
in  the  service. 

Birney,  James  G.  antislaverv  politician, 
b.  Danville,  Ky.,  4  Feb.  1792  ;  d.  Eagleswood, 
N.J.,  24  Nov.  1857.  N.J.  Coll.  1812.  He 
studied  law  in  the  offlce  of  A.  J.  Dallas,  Phila. ; 
began  practice  in  Ky.  in  1814,  and  at  22  was  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  In  1825,  he  became  a 
planter  in  Ala.,  served  in  the  legisl  ,  and  prac- 
tised law  at  Huntsville.  Removing  to  Ky.,  he, 
in  1834,  emancipated  his  slaves,  and,  being  un- 
able to  find  there  a  printer  for  an  antislavery 
paper,  established  one  in  Ohio  at  great  personal 
risk.  About  1836,  he  went  to  New  York  as 
secretary  of  the  Amer.  Antislavery  Society, 
and  labored  to  build  a  political  party  upon  that 
sole  issue.  In  1840,  he  took  part  in  the  anti- 
slavery  movetnents  in  Eng.  In  1844,  he  was 
the  candidate  of  the  Liberty  party,  for  Pres., 
one  result  of  which  whs  the  defeat  of  Henry 
Clay,  the  candidate  of  the  Whig  party.  Fa- 
ther of  Gen.  D.  B.  Birney. 

Biscaccianti,  Eliza  (Ostinelli),  b. 
Boston,  1825,  a  distinguished  vocalist.  Louis 
Ostinelli,  her  father,  leader  of  the  orchestra  in 
the  principal  cities,  and  a  talented  musician, 
m.  in  Apr.  1822,  the  dau.  of  Mr.  Hewett,  a 
celebrated  musical  composer  of  Boston.  Eliza 
went  to  Italy  in  1843,  studied  under  the  best 
masters,  was  m.  to  Signor  Biscaccianti,  also  a 
musician,  and  in  May,  1847,  made  her  first 
appearance  at  Milan,  with  complete  success. 
She  made  her  debut  in  America  at  the  Astor 
Place   Opera  House,   in    Feb.    1848,  and   in 


BIS 


93 


BT^tV 


Phila.,  Mar.  1,  1848,  at  the  Chestnut-st.  thea- 
tre, as  "  Lucia."  Sui)g  in  the  principal  cities 
with  great  applause,  and  became  an  especial 
favorite  in  California. 

Bishop,  Abraham,  a  political  writer,  b. 
New  ilavcn,  1763;  d.  there  Apr.  28,  1814. 
Y.  C.  1778.  lie  was  an  active  politician,  and 
for  more  than  20  years  was  collector  of  the 
port  of  New  Haven.  He  pub.  orations,  and 
"Proofs  of  a  Conspiracy,"  1802. 

Bishop,  Madame  Anna,  ?j^e  Reviere,  a 
celebrated  sin;^er,  b.  London,  1816  ;  educated 
at  the  Royal  Acad  of  Music,  London  ;  made 
her  debut  at  a  concert  given  by  M.  Bochsa, 
July  .5,  1839,  and  won  a  triumphant  success. 
She  sang  in  most  of  the  principal  cities  of  Eu- 
rope and  the  U.  S.,  where  she  made  her  debut 
at  the  Walnut-st.  theatre,  Phila.,  Nov.  22,  1847, 
as  "  Norma."  Author  of  "  Travels  in  Mex- 
ico in  1849,"  Phila,  18.55.  Her  husband,  H. 
Bishop,  d.  xVpr.  30,  1855.  Apr.  30,  1858,  she 
m.  Martin  Shultz. 

Bishop,  George,  a  Quaker  writer,  joined 
the  sect  in  1654,  and,  between  1660  and  1668, 
pub.  several  works  on  their  doctrines.  He  pub., 
in  1661,  "  New  England  judged,  being  a  Brief 
Relation  of  the  Sufferings  of  the  Quakers  in 
that  part  of  Amer.  from  the  Beginning  of  the 
5th  Month,  1656,  to  the  Endof  the  10th  Month, 
1660,"  (Sec.  A  second  part  appeared  in  1667;  and 
both  were  reprinted  in  1703,  with  "  An  Answer 
to  Cotton  Mather's  Abuses,"  by  John  Whiting, 
with  an  Appendix. 

Bishop,  Joel  Prentiss,  b.  Volney,  Oswe- 
go Co.,  N.  Y.,  1814,  author  of  "  Commenta- 
ries on  the  Law  of  Marriage  and  Divorce,"  2 
vols.,8vo,  1856  ;  "  Criminal  Law,"  2  vols.,8vo, 
Boston,  1858;  "Thoughts  for  the  Times," 
1863  ;  "  Secession  and  Slavery,"  1864  ;  "  Com- 
mentaries on  Criminal  Procedure,"  2  vols., 
1866  ;  "  First  Book  of  the  Law,"  1868. 

Bishop,  Robert  Hamilton,  D.D.  (N.  J. 
Coll.  1825),  Presb.  divine  and  scholar,  b.  near 
Edinburgh,  Scotland, 26  July,  1777  ;  d.  College 
Hill,  O.,  29  Apr.  1855.  U.  of  Edinb.  1797. 
He  came  in  1801,  at  the  solicitation  of  Dr.  Ma- 
son, to  N.Y. ;  preached  there  a  while ;  was  ord. 
a  missionary  to  the  north-west  territory,  and  ar- 
rived at  Chillicothe  in  1802.  Prof,  in  Transylv. 
Univ.  1804-24;  pres.  of  Miami  Coll.  1825-^1; 
prof.  hist,  and  polit.  science  until  1844,  and 
subsequently  prof,  of  hist,  and  polit.  economy 
in  the  Parmer's  C<tll.  near  Cincinnati,  O.  He 
was  a  warm  friend  of  Henry  Clay.  Author 
of  "Sermons,"  1808;  "Memoirs  of  David 
Rice,"  1824;  "Elements  of  Logic,"  1833; 
"  Philosophy  of  the  Bible,"  1833  ;  "  Science  of 
Government,"  1839  ;  "  Western  Peacemaker," 
1839,  besides  sermons,  addresses,  &c.  —  Sprague. 

Bissell,  Clark,  LL.D.  (Y.  C.  1847),' ju- 
rist and  statesman,  b.  Lebanon,  Ct.,  1782  ;  d. 
Norwalk,  Ct.,  Sept.  15,  1857.  Yale  Coll. 
1806.  He  was  a  lawyer,  and,  during  most  of 
his  life,  resided  at  Norwalk.  Judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Ct.  in  1829-39,  gov.  of  Ct. 
in  1847-9,  and  was  Kent  Prof,  of  law  in  Y.C. 
in  1847-55. 

Bissell,  Gen.  Daniel,  U.  S.  A.,  d.  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  Dec.  14,  1833.  App.  cadet  from 
Ct.,  Sept.  1791  ;  ensign  1st  Inf.  Apr.  11,  1792; 
lieut.   Jan.  1794*  caut.  Jan.  1799;  lieut.-col. 


Aug.  18,  1808;  col.  5th  Inf.  Aug.  15,  1812; 
brig.-gen.  Mar.  9,  1814  ;  com.  in  successful  af- 
fair at  Lyons  Creek,  U.C.,  Oct.  19, 1814  ;  May, 
1815,  col.  1st  Inf.  with  brev.  of  brig.-gen.;  col. 
2d  Art.  Jan.  16,  1826.  —  Gardner. 

Bissell,  Simon  B.,commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  Vt., 
Oct.  28,  18U8.  Midshipm.  Nov.  6,  1824  ;  lieut. 
Dec.  9,  1837;  commander,  Sept.  14,  1855; 
capt.  July  16,  1862;  commodore,  Oct.  19, 
1866.  Attached  to  thesloop"  Albany,"  during 
the  war  with  Mexico  ;  present  at  the  siege  of 
Vera  Cruz,  and  stationed  at  the  naval  battery  ; 
com.  sloop  "  Cyane,"  Pacific  squad.,  1861-2; 
navy-yard,  Man  Island,  Cal.,  1863-4  ;  sloop  of 
war  "  Monongahela,"  N.  A.  squad.,  1866-7. — 
Hamersly. 

Bissell,  William  H.,  statesman,  b.  Coop- 
erstown,  N.Y.,  Apr.  25, 1811 ;  d.  Mar.  18, 1860. 
Phila.  Med.  Coll.  1835.  He  was  self-educated, 
attending  school  in  summer,  and  teaching  in 
the  winter;  practised  medicine  2  years  in 
Steuben  Co.,  N.  Y.,  and  3  years  in  Monroe 
Co.,  111.  Chosen  to  the  111.  'legi«l-  in  1^40,  he 
disting.  himself  as  a  forcible  and  )-cady  debat- 
er; studied  law,  and  practised  successfully  in 
Belleville,  St.  Clair  Co. ;  became  prosec.-atty. 
in  1844  ;  col.  of  the  2d  111.  Vols,  in  the  Mexi- 
can war,  and  disting.  at  Buena  Vista  ;  M.  C. 
in  1849-55,  and  gov.  of  111.  in  1857-60.  He 
separated  from  the  Democ.  party  upon  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  and  was 
chosen  gov.  as  a  Republican. 

Black,  Jkremiaii  S.,  lawyer,  b.  in  the 
Glades,  S()mcr,sct  Co.,  Pa.,  Jan.  10,1810.  Adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1830,  he  was,  in  Apr.  1842,  app. 
pres.  judge  of  the  judicial  district  in  which  he 
lived;  was  in  1851  elected  to  the  bench  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  made  chief-justice;  was 
re-elected  in  1854,  and.  Mar.  5,  1857,  received 
from  Pres.  Buchanan  the  app.  of  atty.-gen. 
Appearing  in  behalf  of  government  in  a  dis- 
puted land-claim  from  California,  he  achieved 
a  great  success,  at  once  establishing  his  repu- 
tation as  a  jurist.  U.  S.  sec.  of  State  from 
Dec.  1860,  to  Mar.  1861. 

Blackburn,  Gideon,  D.  D.  (Gen.  Coll. 
1818),  an  eloquent  Presb.  clergyman,  b.  Au- 
gusta Co.,  Va.,  27  Aug.  1772;  d.  Carlinville, 
111.,  Aug.  23,  1838.  Educated  at  Martin  Acad., 
Washington  Co  ,  Tenn.  Licensed  to  preach  by 
Abingdon  presbytery,  1795,  and  settled  many 
years  at  Marysville,  Tenn.  Minister  of  Frank- 
lin, Tenn.,  1811-23,  and  of  Louisville,  Ky., 
1823-7.  Ho  passed  the  last  40  years  of  his 
life  in  the  Western  States,  laboring  zealously 
in  preaching,  organizing  churches,  and  during 
apart  of  each  year,  from  1803  to  1809,  in  his 
mission  to  the  Cherokees,  establishing  a  school 
at  Hvwassee.  He  set  up  a  school  in  Tenn. 
in  1806.  Pres.  of  Centre  Coll.,  Ky.,  1827-30. 
—  Sprar/ne. 

Blackford,  Isaac  Newton,  jurist,  b. 
Bound  Brook,  NJ.,  Nov.  6,  1786;  d.  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  Dec.  31, 18.59.  N.  J.  Coll.  1806. 
Completing  his  legal  studies  under  Gabriel 
Ford  of  Morristown,  N.  J.,  he  in  1812  re- 
moved to  Ind.,  and  settled  in  Vincennes  ;  be- 
came clerk  of  the  territorial  legisl.,  in  1813; 
judge  of  the  first  judicial  circuit,  1814-15; 
speaker  of  the  first  State  legisl.  1816  ;  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ind.,  1819-35 ;  and  a 


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judge  of  the  U.S.  Court  of  Claims,  from  Mar. 
185.5  until  his  death.  His  reports,  of  which 
there  are  8  vols.,  gave  great  credit  to  the  State 
abroad.  — iV.^.  H.  Sr  G.  Reg.  xvii.  174. 

Black  Hawk  (Ma-ka-tae-mish-kia-kiak), 
a  noted  chief  of  the  Sac  and  Fox  tribes  of 
Indians,  though  by  birth  a  Potawatomic,  b. 
Kaskaskia,  111.,  1767;  d.  at  his  camp  on  the 
River  Des  Moines,  Oct.  3,  1838.  At  15,  he  was 
ranked  with  the  braves,  and  became  a  success- 
ful leader  in  expeditions  against  the  Osage 
and  Cherokee  tribes.  About  1788,  he  succeeded 
as  head  chief  of  the  Sacs,  his  father,  who  had 
been  killed  by  a  Cherokee.  Moved  by  the  exhor- 
tations of  the  Shawnee  Prophet  (brother  of  Te- 
cumseh)  and  by  the  presents  of  British  agents, 
Black  Hawk,  with  the  title  of  gen.,  joined  the 
British,  with  500  warriors,  during  the  War  of 
1812.  A  repulse  in  a  battle  near  Detroit,  and 
an  unsuccessful  attack  on  a  fort,  surprised  and 
disgusted  the  red  men,  who  soon  tired  of  the 
service.  By  a  treaty  made  at  Prairie  du  Chien, 
July  15,  1830,  and  signed  by  cliiefs  of  various 
tribes, — among  them  Keokuk,  chief  of  a  party 
of  Sacs,  —  their  lands  east  of  the  Mississippi 
became  the  property  of  the  whites.  Their  re- 
moval west  was  opposed  by  Black  Hawk,  but, 
June  25,  1831,  a  force  under  Gen.  Gaines  com- 
pelled them  to  depart;  and,  after  a  brief  conflict 
in  the  following  spring,  the  Indians  were  com- 
pletely defeated  at  the  River  Bad  Axe,  Aug.  2, 
by  Gen.  Atkinson,  and  the  surrender  of  Black 
Hawk  took  place  on  the  27th.  Black  Hawk, 
with  his  two  sons  and  seven  other  head  war- 
riors, were  detained  as  hostages ;  were  taken 
through  the  principal  eastern  cities ;  and  were 
confined  in  Fortress  Monroe  until  June  5,  1833, 
when  they  were  released,  and  returned  to  their 
tribe.  An  account  of  his  life,  taken  from  his 
own  lips,  was  pub.  by  J,  B.  Patterson,  1834. 

BlackllOOf,  a  chief  of  the  Shawanese  tribe 
of  Indians;  d.  Wapagh  Konnetta,  Oct.  1,  1831, 
aged  114  years.  He  was  at  St.Clair's,  Harmar's, 
and  Crawford's  defeats,  and  was,  perhaps,  the 
last  survivor  of  those  who  were  concerned  in 
Braddock's  defeat. 

Blackstone,  William,  the  first  white 
settler  of  Boston  ;  d  Rehoboth,  May  26,  1675. 
He  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  graduate  of 
Emanuel  Coll.,  Cambridge,  in  161 7,  A.M.,  1621, 
and  to  have  been  a  clergyman  of  the  Church  of 
Eng.  He  settled  at  Shawmut,  the  Indian  name 
of  Boston,  ab.  1623;  notlikinghis  Puritan  neigh- 
bors, he  sold  out  to  them  in  April,  1633,  and 
removed  to  Rehoboth,  R.I.  A  small  round 
eminence  west  of  his  house  there  is  called 
Study  Hill,  from  its  being  his  place  of  retire- 
ment for  study.  In  1659,  he  m.  Mary,  widow 
of  John  Stevenson  of  13oston.  —  See  Mass. 
Hist.  Coll.  2d.  ser.,  vol.  x. 

Blackwell,  Elizabeth,  the  first  woman 
who  received  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  the  U.S., 
b.  Bristol,  Eng.,  1821  ;  came  to  N.Y.  with  her 
father  in  1831  ;  emigrated  to  Cincinnati  in  1837, 
and  taught  school  there  several  years.  She 
studied  medicine  at  Charleston,  S.C.,  while 
teaching  music  ;  at  Phila. ;  and  finally  took  the 
degree  of  M.D.  at  the  Medical  School  of 
Geneva,  N  Y.,  in  Jan.  1849,  after  making  ap- 
plication unsuccessfully  at  the  schools  of  Phila., 
N.  Y.,  and  Boston.     She  also  pursued  a  course 


of  clinical  study  in  Blockly  Hospital,  Phila. 
After  6  mos.  study  and  practice  of  midwifery 
in  the  Maternity  at  Paris,  she  was  adm.  as  a 
physician,  to  walk  the  Hospital  of  St.  Barthol- 
omew in  London,  where  she  could  not  have 
been  a  student  After  passing  a  year  there, 
she  returned  to  N.Y.  City,  where  she  has  since 
practised  her  profession  with  success.  In  1859, 
she  again  visited  Europe,  and  gave  a  course  of 
medical  lectures  in  London.  In  1854,  with  her 
sister  Emily,  she  opened  the  New-York  Infirm- 
ary for  Women  and  Children.  She  pub.  *'  The 
Laws  of  Life,"  12mo,  1852.  Her  sister  Anna 
is  a  poetess  of  merit;  and  Emily,  another 
sister,  has  also  obtained  a  medical  diploma. 

Blaine,  James  Gillespie,  speaker  41st 
and  42d  Congresses,  b.  Washington  Co.,  Pa., 
31  Jan.  1830.  Wash.  Coll.  1847.  His  grand- 
father. Col.  Eph.  Blaine,  commis.-gen  of  the 
middle  dept.  in  the  Revol.  War ;  d.  Carlisle,  Pa., 
in  Mar.  1804,  a.  63.  He  was  a  teacher  in  the 
South  ;  settled  in  Maine  about  1851  ;  engaged 
in  journalism  ;  edited  the  Kennebec  Journal  in 
1852-8,  and  the- Portland  Daily  Advertiser  in 
1858-61.  Member  Me.  legisl.'  1857-62;  two 
years  speaker  of  the  hou.se,  and  M.C.  since 
1863. 

Blair,  Austin,  gov.  of  Mich.,  1861-5,  b. 
Caroline,  Tompkins  Co.,  N.Y.,  8  Feb.  1818. 
Union  Coll.  1839.  Studied  law;  removed  to 
Mich.  ;  was  county  clerk  of  Eaton  Co. ;  prosec- 
atty.  of  Jackson  Co.;  member  of  the  legisl.  and 
of  the  State  senate,  and,  as  gov.  of  the  State, 
took  an  active  part  in  putting  down  the  Rebel- 
lion.    M.C.  1866-72.     Resides  at  Jackson. 

Blair,  Francis  Preston,  journalist  and 
politician,  b.  Abingdon,  Va.,  Apr.  12,  1791. 
James  Blair,  his  father,  removed  to  Ky.  about 
1800,  and  l^ecame  atty.-gen.  The  son  grad.  at 
Transyl.  U. ;  studied  law,  but,  from  ill  health  and 
lack  of  voice,  never  engaged  in  practice.  Early 
a  politician,  he  supported  his  friend,  Mr.  Clay, 
for  the  Presidency  in  1824,  but  became  politi- 
cally estranged  from  him  during  the  administra- 
tion of  J.  Q.  Adams.  An  article  in  a  Ky. 
newspaper,  against  the  nullification  movement, 
procured  him  an  invitation  from  Gen.  Jackson 
to  remove  to  Washington,  and  edit  a  Democ. 
journal  to  be  established  there.  The  Globe 
was  commenced  in  1830,  powerfully  sustaining 
the  policy  of  the  administration,  especially  in 
relation  to  the  U.  S.  Bank  and  nullification  ; 
and  the  intimate  relations  which  then  sprung 
up  between  Mr.  Blair  and  the  pres.  subsisted 
till  the  hitter's  death.  Mr.  Blair  retained  the 
control  of  the  Globe  until  the  accession  of  Polk 
in  1845.  He  afterward  successfully  engaged  in 
agricultural  pursuits  at  Silver  Spring,  Mont- 
gomery Co.,  Md.  He  withdrew  from  the 
Democ.  party  in  1848;  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  organization  of  the  Republican  party  after 
the  repeal  of  the  Mo.  Compromise,  and  in  the 
attempt,  in  1856,  to  elect  Col.  Fremont  to  the 
Presidency.  He  was  master  of  an  easy  and 
vigorous  style. 

Blair,  Francis  Preston,  jun.,  soldier  and 
politician,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Lexington, 
Ky.,  19  Feb.  1821.  N.  J.  Coll.  1841.  Set- 
tled as  a  lawyer  in  St.  Louis.  In  1845,  he 
made  a  journey  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  for  his 
health;    served   as  a  private  in  the  Mexican 


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war,  and,  in  1847,  resumed  practice  at  St. 
Louis.  He  supported  the  Freesoil  party  in 
1848;  was  elected  to  the  Icgisl.  in  1852,  and 
was  a  member  of  Congress  in  1856-60,  propos- 
ing in  a  speech  in  1857  to  colonize  the  blacks 
of  the  U.S.  in  Central  America.  He  was  at  one 
time  editor  of  the  Missouri  Democrat.  Col.  of 
vols,  in  1861,  brig.-gen.  7  Aug.  1862,  and  maj.- 
gen.  29  Nov.  1862.  He  com.  a  division  in  the 
Vicksburg  campaign,  and  the  27th  corps  in 
the  army  of  the  Tennessee  in  Sherman's  cam- 
paigns from  Ciiattanooga  to  Atlanta  in  1864, 
and  in  S.  and  N.  Carolina  in  Mar.  1865  ;  elect- 
ed to  the  38th  Congress,  he  resigned  to  take  his 
position  in  the  army  ;  app.  collector  of  customs 
in  St.  Louis  in  1866,  and  commissioner  for  the 
Pacific  Raih'oad.  U.S.  senator  from  Mo.  for 
the  term  ending  in  1877. 

Blair,  Jamks,  divine  and  scholar,  b.  Scot- 
land, about  1660  ;  d.  Williamsburg,  Va.,  Aug. 
1,  1743.  Not  succeeding  as  a  Pr.-Ep.  clergy- 
man in  Scotland,  he  went  to  London,  and,  in 
1685,  was  sent  as  a  missionary  to  Va.  His 
zeal  and  ability  procured  him,  in  1689,  the  high 
office  of  commissary.  Having  raised  by  sub- 
scription £2,500,  and  procured  a  patent  for  the 
erection  of  William  and  Mary  Coll.  in  1693, 
he  was  its  first  pres.,  and  held  the  office  50 
years.  He  was  rector  of  Williamsburg  from 
1711.  He  was  also  pros,  of  the  council  of  Va. 
In  1 727,  he  assisted  in  compiling  "  The  State  of 
His  Majesty's  Colony  in  Va.,"  by  Hartwell, 
Blair,  and  Chilton  ;  "Sermons  and  Discourses," 
4  vols.,  8vo.,  Lond.,  1742.  He  left  his  library 
and  £500  to  the  coll 

Blair,  John,  statesman  and  judge,  b.  Wil- 
liamsburg, Va.,  1689;  d.  there  Nov.  5,  1771. 
Nephew  of  Pres.  Blair.  Member  of  the  house 
of  burgesses  as  early  as  1736.  By  his  efficient 
services,  he  qualified  himself  for  the  position  of 
pres.  of  the  council  of  Va.,and  of  acting  gov. 
of  Va.  in  17-57-8  and  1768.  In  a  letter  to  the 
atty.  of  Spottsylvania,  while  acting  gov.,  he 
manifested  a  spii  it  of  toleration  as  rare  at  that 
day  as  it  was  creditable. 

Blair,  John,  jurist,  b.  Williamsburg,  1732; 
d.  there  Aug.  31,1800.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll. 
He  studied  law  at  the  Temple,  London  ;  soon 
rose  to  the  first  rank  as  a  lawyer ;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legisl.  as  early  as  1765,  and,  on  the 
dissolution  of  the  house  in  1769,  he,  with 
Washington  and  other  patriots,  met  at  the 
Raleigh  Tavern,  and  drafted  the  non-importa- 
tion agreement.  He  was  one  of  the  committee, 
which  in  June,  1776,  drew  up  the  plan  for  the 
govt,  of  the  State;  was  elected  to  the  council, 
and,  on  tiie  establishment  of  the  judiciary  in 
1777,  was  elected  a  judge  of  the  Court  of  Ap- 
peals; then  chief-ju' tice,  and,  in  1780,  a  judge 
of  the  High  Court  of  Chancery.  A  delegate  to 
the  Phila.  convention  to  revise  the  articles  of 
confederation,  he  supported  the  "  Virginia 
Plan,"  and  with  Washington  and  Madison 
alone,  of  all  the  Va.  delegates,  voted  for  the 
adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  and  also 
for  Its  ratification  in  the  State  convention.  In 
Sept.  1789,  Washington  app.  him  a  judge  of 
the  US.  Supreme  Court.  He  was  disting.  for 
his  private  virtues  no  less  than  for  his  public 
services.  He  resigned  his  seat  on  the  supreme 
bench  in  1796. 


Blair,  Montgomery,  statesman,  b.  Frank- 
lin Co.,  Ky.,  May  10, 1813.  West  Point,  1835. 
Son  of  Francis  P.  Entering  the  2d  Art.,  he 
served  in  the  Florida  war ;  resigned  May  20, 
1836;  studied  law,  and  began  practice  in  St. 
Louis  in  1837.  He  was  U.S.  dist-attv.  for  Mo. 
in  1839-43,  and  was  judge  of  the  C.C.P.  in 
1843-49.  In  1842,  he  was  also  mayor  of  St. 
Louis.  In  1852,  he  removed  to  Md.,  and,  from 
Mar.  1861  to  23  Sept.  1864,  was  U.S.  post- 
master-gen. Before  the  repeal  of  the  Mo.  Com- 
promise, he  had  been  a  Dcnioc,  but  afterward 
attached  himself  to  the  Repub.  party,  and  was 
removed  by  Pres.  Buchanan  from  the  office  of 
solicitor  to  the  Court  of  Claims,  to  which  he 
had  been  app.  by  Pres.  Pierce,  and  in  1860  he 
presided  over  the  Repub.  State  convention  of 
Md.  In  the  famous  Dred  Scott  case,  he  was 
counsel  for  the  plaintiff:  Brother  of  F.  P. 
Blair,  jun.  Counsellor  at  law,  Montgom.  Co. 
Md.,  since  1863. 

Blair,  Samuel,  Presb.  minister  and  edu- 
cator, b.  Ulster,  Ireland,  June  14,  1712;  d. 
July  5,  1751.  He  came  to  Pa.  while  young; 
was  educated  at  Tennent's  Acad,  at  Nesha- 
miny  ;  settled  as  a  preacher  in  Sln-ewsbury, 
N.J.'  in  May,  1734,  and,  in  1740,  established  an 
acad.  at  Fogg's  Manor,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  and 
took  pastoral  charge  of  the  church  at  that 
place.  He  pub.,  in  1744,  "A  Narrative  of  a 
Revival  of  Religion  in  Several  Parts  of  Pa." 
A  vol.  of  his  writings,  pub.  in  Phila.,  1754, 
contains  an  elegy  by  Samuel  Davies,  one  of 
his  scholars.  John,  his  bro.,  prof,  of  divinity 
at  N.J.  Coll.  1767-9,d.  Dec.  8,1771.  He  pub. 
a  few  sermons. 

Blair,  Samuel,  D.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1790), 
son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Fogg's  Manor,  Pa., 
1741;  d.  Gcrmantown,  Pa.,  Sept.  24,  1818. 
N.J.  Coll.  1760.  Tutor  at  Princeton,  1 761-4  ; 
settled  as  colleague  of  Ur.  Sewall  over  the  Old 
South  Church,  Boston,  Nov.  26,  1766,  having 
been  ordained  as  a  Presb.  in  1764.  Chosen 
pres.  of  N  J.  Coll.  1767,  dechned.  Dismissed 
from  Old  South,  Oct.  10,  1769,  on  account  of 
ill  health  and  theol.  differences.  Returned 
to  Phila.  in  consequence  of  loss  of  voice  and 
impaired  health,  resulting  from  shipwreck  be- 
tween Boston  and  Phila.  He  was  the  principal 
founder  of  the  Eng.  Presb.  Church,  German- 
town  ;  was  often  a  member  of  the  Pa.  As- 
sembly ;  was  2  years  chaplain  to  the  Continen- 
tal Congress,  and  m.,  in  1769,  a  dau.  of  Dr. 
Shippen  of  Phila.  He  pub.  an  oration  on  the 
death  of  George  II.,  1761. 

Blake,  Geokge  a.  H.,  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., b.  Pa.;  Istlicut  2d  Dragoons,  June  11, 
1836;  in  actions  with  the  Seminoles  at  Fort 
Mellen  and  Jupiter  Inlet  in  1841  ;  capt.  Dec. 
1839  ;  engaged  at  Cerro  Gordo,  Puebla,  Con- 
treras,  Molino  del  Rey,  Chapultepec,  and  City 
of  Mexico,  in  the  Mexican  war,  1846-7  ;  brev. 
maj.  for  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  at  St. 
Augustine,  Mex. ;  maj.  1st  Drags.,  July,  1850, 
and  served  against  the  Apache  and  Navajo  In- 
dians; lient.-col.  Isi  U.S.cav.  May,  1861  ;  col. 
Feb.  15,  1862;  slightly  wounded  at  Gaines's 
Mill,  Jan.  1862;  present  at  the  actions  at  Aldie, 
Middletown,  Upperville,  and  at  Gettysburg, 
for  which  brev.  brig.-gen. 

Blake,  George  Smith,  commo.  U.S.N., 


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b.  Worcester,  Ms.,  1803  ;  d.Longwood,  Ms.,  24 
June,  1871.  Son  of  Francis  Blake,  a  distinf^, 
lawyer  of  Worcester.  Midshipm.  Jan.  1, 1818  ; 
lieut.  Mar.31,1827  ;  cruised  in  "The  Grampus" 
on  the  W.  I.  station  for  the  suppression  of 
piracy  ;  was  employed  in  1 832  on  a  special 
survey  of  Narragansett  Bay;  from  1835  to 
1846,  on  the  coast  survey,  and  in  1846,  when 
the  Mexican  war  broke  out,  com.  the  10-gun 
brig  "  Ferry.''  While  cruising  off  Cuba,  he 
encountered  the  great  hurricane  of  that  year. 
"  The  Perry  "  was  wrecked  on  the  const  of 
Fla.,  but  was  got  off,  and  taken  to  Phila.  under 
jury-masts.  He  was  made  commander,  Feb. 
27,  1847,  and  attached  to  the  bureau  of  con- 
struction and  equipment.  He  was  employed  on 
special  duty  connected  with  the  Stevens  Bat- 
tery. Sept.  14,  1855,  he  was  made  capt.,  and, 
in  1857-65,  was  supt.  of  the  U.  S.  naval  acad. 
Soon  after  the  civil  war  broke  out,  the  acad. 
Avas  removed  to  Newport.  On  the  re-organiza- 
tion of  the  navy,  July  16,  1862,  Capt.  Blake 
was  promoted  to  be  commodore.  Light-house 
inspector,  1866-9. 

Blake,  John  Laurie,  D.D.,  author,  b. 
Northwood,  N.H.,  Dec.  21,  1788;  d.  Orange, 
N.J.,  July  6,  1857.  B.  U.  1812.  Manifesting 
a  taste  for  mechanics,  he  was  apprenticed  to  a 
cabinet-maker  ;  then  studied  at  Phillips  Exeter 
Acad. ;  was  some  years  a  teacher;  was  ord.  a 
Prot.-Epis.  clergyman  in  1815  ;  organized  the 
parish  of  St.  Paul's  at  Pawtucket,  R.I.,  where 
hecontinuedSyeurs;  established  a  young  lady's 
sem.  at  Concord,  N.H.,  in  1820,  which  he  re- 
moved to  Boston  in  1822,  and  continued,  with 
high  reputation,  until  1830  ;  pastor  of  St.  Mat- 
thew's Church,  Boston,  from  1824  to  1832,  and 
edited  the  Literary  Advertiser  and  the  Gospel 
Advocate.  He  was  a  prolific  writer,  having 
written  or  compiled  nearly  50  vols.,  mostly  text- 
books for  schools.  His  first  book,  "  Text- 
Book  of  Geography  and  Chronology,"  appeared 
in  1814.  He  is  the  author  of  a  Biographical 
Dictionary,  a  new  edition  of  which  was  pub. 
in  1856 ;  a  "  Family  Encyclopaedia,"  roy.  8vo  ; 
"Farmer's  Every  Day  Book,"  8vo,' 1852  ; 
"Modern  Farmer,"  12mo,  1853;  "History 
of  the  Amcr.  Revol.,"  18mo,  N.Y. 

Blake,  Joseph,  gov.  of  S.C.  in  1694,  and 
from  1696  to  his  death  in  1700.  He  was  a  pro- 
prietary, and  a  nephew  of  the  famous  Admiral 
Blake. 

Blake,  William  Hume,  Canadian  jurist; 
d.  Toronto,  Nov.  15,  1870.  Chancellor  from 
1849  to  1862.  Many  years  prof,  of  law  in  the 
U.  of  Toronto. 

Blake,  William  Rufus,  comedian,  b. 
Halifax,  N.S.,  1805  ;  d.  Boston,  22  Apr.  1863. 
lie  was  intended  for  the  medical  profession, 
but  at  17  went  on  the  stage  at  Halifax,  and  first 
appeared  at  the  Old  Chatham  Theatre,  N.Y., 
ill  1825,  as  Frederick  in  "The  Poor  Gentle- 
man," and  in  Elliston's  favorite  character  in 
the  "  Three  Singles."  Pie  visited  Eng.  in  1 839. 
He  had  been  stage-manager  of  the  Tremont 
Theatre,  Boston,  joint  manager  of  the  Walnut- 
st.  Theatre,  Phila.,  and  stage-manager  of  the 
Broadway  Theatre,  N  Y.  He  excelled  in  the 
delineation  of  old  men  and  eccentricities,  at- 
tained the  head  of  his  profession,  and  as  "  Jessie 
Rural  "  in  "Old  Heads  and  Young  Hearts" 


was  incomparable.  Author  of  "  Nero,"  "  The 
Turned  Head,"  an  adaptation  of  "Norman 
Leslie,"  and  "  The  Buggs,"  a  burlesque.  He 
m.  Mrs.  Waring,  a  sister  of  Henry  and  Tom 
Placide. 

Blakeley,  Johnston,  capt.  U.S  N.,  b. 
Seaford,  Co.  Down,  Ireland,  Oct.  1781  ;  lost  at 
sea  in  1814.  U.  of  N.C.  1800.  His  father 
emigrated  to  Wilmington,  N.C.  The  members 
of  his  family  dying  one  by  one,  he  was  left 
alone  in  the  world,  and  had  also  the  misfortune 
to  lose  the  little  remnant  of  iheir  property.  A 
friend  gave  him  an  education,  and  procured  for 
him  a  midshipman's  warrant,  Feb.  5,  1800. 
Made  licut.  Feb.  10,  1807  ;  master  com.  July 
24,  1813;  capt.  Nov.  24,  1814.  In  1813,  he 
com.  the  brig  "Enterpri.se,"  and  did  good 
service  in  protectingour  coasting  trade.  In  Aug. 
he  was  app.  to  "  The  Wasp,"  in  which,  June 
28,  1814,  he  captured,  after  an  action  of  19 
minutes,  in  latitude  48°  36'  north,  H.  B.  M. 
ship  "  Reindeer,"  which  he  was  obliged  to 
burn.  This  severe  action  showed  the  manifest 
superiority  of  Amer.  gunnery.  "  The  Rein- 
deer" made  3  attempts  to  board,  in  the  last 
of  which  her  gallant  com.  was  slain.  For  this 
exploit,  Congress  voted  him  a  gold  medal  with 
suitable  devices.  Sept.  1,  1814,  in  a  severe 
action  with  the  brig  "  Avon,"  he  compelled  her 
to  strike  ;  but  the  approach  of  another  enemy 
prevented  his  taking  possession  of  her.  "  The 
Wasp  "  was  afterward  spoken  off  the  W<!st- 
ern  Isles,  and,  on  Sept.  21,  captured  the  brig 
"  Atalanta,"  which  arrived  safely  in  Savannah, 
and  brought  the  last  direct  intelligence  ever 
received  from  "  The  Wasp."  Being  heavily 
armed  and  sparred,  and  very  deep  waisted,  she 
probably  foundered  in  a  gale.  His  only  child, 
a  dau.,  was  educated  at  the  expense  of  the 
State  of  N.C. 

Blanc  (blon),  Anthony,  D.  D.,  first 
archbishop  of  N.  Orleans,  b.  Lyons,  France  ; 
d.  N.  O.,  June  20,  1860.  He  came  here  quite 
young,  was  consecrated  bishop,  Nov.  22,  183.5, 
and  archbishop  in  1851. 

Blanc,  Vincent  le,  author  and  traveller, 
b.  France,  1554;  d.  1640.  He  travelled  in 
Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  from  the  age  of  12 
to  60,  and  in  his  "  Voi/nr^es  Fameux,"  1648, 
gives  an  account  of  Canada. —  Charlevoix. 

Blanchard,  Col.  Joseph,  soldier  and 
judge,  b.  Dunstable,  near  Nashua,  N.H.,  Fcl). 
11,  1705;  d.  Apr.  7,  1758.  He  was  a  manda- 
mus councillor  from  1740  to  1758;  judge  of 
the  Sup.  Court  of  N.H.  from  1749  to  1758; 
com.  a  N.H.  regt.  in  1755,  and  was  engaged  at 
Crown  Point.  He  was  a  great  speculator  in 
lands,  and  in  conjunction  with  Rev.  Samuel 
Langdon,  D.D.,  produced  a  map  of  N.H.,  pub. 
1761. 

Blanchard,  Thomas,  mechanic  and  in- 
ventor, b.  Sutton,  Ms.,  24  June,  1788  ;  d.  Bos- 
ton, 16  Apr.  1864.  While  engaged  with  his 
bro.  in  the  manufacture  of  tacks  by  hand,  he 
invented  a  machine  which  made  5ob  per  min- 
ute, and  sold  the  patent  for  $5,000.  He  also 
invented  "  a  lathe  to  turn  the  whole  of  a  mus- 
ket-barrel from  end  to  end,  by  the  combination 
of  one  single  self-directing  operation,"  the 
lathe  for  turning  irregular  forms,  now  in  use  in 
all  armories,  for  making  musket-stocks,  also 


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applied  to  busts,  shoe-lasts,  handles,  spokes, 
&c.,  and  a  machine  for  bending'  timbers,  called 
the  "  Compound  Bend."  He  was  also  engaged 
in  the  construction  of  railroads  and  locomo- 
tives, and  in  boats  so  contrived  as  to  ascend 
the  rapids  of  the  Connecticut  and  the  western 
rivers.  He  had  taken  out  24  patents  for  differ- 
ent inventions  ;  and,  though  he  struggled  long 
against  discouragements  and  difficulties,  he  ul- 
timately acquired  wealth.  —  Bishop's  American 
Manufacturers. 

Blanchelande  (blonshMond'),  Phili- 
UERT  Francois  Roussel  de,  French  gen.,  b. 
Dijon,  173.5  ;  d.  Apr.  11,  1793.  Entering  the 
army  at  t!ie  age  of  12,  his  courage  and  good 
conduct  obtained  for  him  rapid  promotion,  and 
in  1779  he  was  sent  to  America  with  the  regt. 
d'Auxerrois,  of  which  he  was  major,  and,  soon 
after  its  arrival  at  JMartinique,  lieut.-col.  lie 
successfully  defended  the  Isle  of  St.  Vincent 
against  the  English,  which  service  procured 
him  the  rank  of  brigadier  ;  assisted  at  the  tak- 
ing of  Tobago,  of  which  he  was  made  gov.  in 
1781,  but  which  he  soon  exchanged  for  that  of 
Dominica,  which  he  retained  until  his  return  to 
France  at  the  epoch  of  the  Revol.  He  was  sent 
to  St.  Domingo  as  gov.  of  the  French  part  of 
the  island  ;  but  evincing  openly  a  disposition 
to  re-establish  the  old  order  of  thiny:s,  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  decrees  of  the  National  Assemldy, 
giving  the  blacks  eqnal  rights,  he  was  taken  to 
France,  brought  before  the  Revol.  tribunal, 
condemned,  and  executed.  His  son  soon  after 
shared  his  fate. 

Bland,  Richard,  an  able  political  writer, 
b.  Va.,  1708;  d.  Williamsburg,  Va.,  Oct.  28, 
1776.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  and  U.  of  Edin- 
burgh. He  was  a  fine  classical  scholar,  familiar 
with  British  and  Va,  history,  and  was  the  ora- 
cle of  his  time  on  all  questions  touching  the 
rights  and  privileges  of  the  Colony.  A  disting. 
member  of  the  house  of  burgesses  from  1745, 
he  opposed  the  Stamp  Act  in  1 764,  with  great 
zeal,  and  was  one  of  the  committee  to  memo- 
rialize the  king,  lords,  and  commons,  but 
opposed  the  famous  resolutions  of  Patrick 
Henry  in  1765.  In  1768,  he  was  one  of  the 
committee  to  remonstrate  with  parliament  on 
the  subject  of  taxation.  In  1769,  when  the 
house  was  dissolved,  and  its  members  met  at 
the  Raleigh  Tavern,  he  was  among  the  first  to 
sign  the  non-importation  agreement  there  pro- 
posed. He  was  one  of  the  committee  of  cor- 
r.'sp.  in  1773  ;  of  safety  in  1775-6  ;  was  promi- 
nent in  all  thecommitteesof  the  conventions  of 
that  period;  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  in 
1774,  and  was  again  chosen,  Aug.  12, 1775,  but 
declined.  He  pub.  "  A  Letter  to  the  Clergy  on 
the  Twopenny  Act,"  in  1760;  "An  Inquiry 
into  the  Rights  of  the  British  Colonies  "  in 
1766,  the  first  and  ablest  tract  written  on  that 
subject. 

Bland,  Col.  Theodoric,  M.D.,  states- 
man and  soldier,  b.  Prince  George  Co.,  Va., 
1742;  d.  New  York,  June  1,  1790.  Through 
liis  grandmother,  Jane  Rolfe,  he  was  fourth  in 
descent  from  Pocahontas.  John  Randolph 
was  a  nephew.  He  received  his  doctor's  degree 
at  Edinburgh  ;  returned  home  ab.  1764,  and 
practised  medicine,  but  distinguished  himself 
asa  leaderof  vols,  in  opposing  Lord  Dunmore, 
7 


and  soon  after  pub.  a  series  of  bitterly  indig- 
nant letters  against  the  gov.  under  the  signa- 
ture of  Cassias.  Made  capt.  of  the  1st  troop 
of  Va.  cavalry,  he  joined  the  main  army  in 
1777  as  lieut.-col.;  became  col.,  and  signalized 
himself  upon  many  occasions  as  a  vigilant  and 
energetic  officer,  particularly  at  Brandy  wine. 
In  1779,  he  com.  the  convention  troops  at  Albe- 
marle BaiTacks,  Va. ;  was  a  member  of  the  Old 
Congress,  1780-3,  and,  subsequently,  of  the 
State  legisl.  He  opposed  the  adoption  of  the 
U.S.  Constitution  in  the  convention,  but  repre- 
sented his  State  in  the  first  Congress  held  under 
it,  and  spoke  in  favor  of  the  assumption  of  the 
State  debts,  though  opposed  by  all  his  col- 
leagues. "  The  Bland  Papers,"  pub.  in  1840 
and  1843,  by  Charles  Campbed,  contain  valua- 
ble memorials  of  our  Revol.  history.  Col. 
Bland  was  a  poet,  as  well  as  a  patriot,  and  was 
highly  esteemed  not  only  for  his  integrity,  and 
devotion  to  principle,  but  also  for  his  social 
accomplishments,  which  set  off  an  elegant  and 
imposing  person. 

Bland,  Theodoric,  jurist,  22  years  chan- 
cellor of  Md.,  b.  1777;  d.  Annapolis,  Md., 
Nov.  16,  1846.  He  began  his  judicial  career  in 
Baltimore,  as  judge  of  the  County  Court,  from 
which  station  he  was  raised  to  the  bench  of  the 
U.  S.  Dist.  Court  lor  Md.  He  pub.  "  Reports 
of  Cases  decided  in  the  High  Court  of  Chancery, 
Md.,"  Bait.,  1836-41. 

Blaquiere,  Peter  Botle  de,  Canadian 
politician,  b.  Dublin.  Apr.  27,  1784;  d.  York- 
ville,  near  Toronto,  Oct.  1860.  Son  of  John, 
Lord  de  B.  of  Ardkill.  He  was  a  midshipman 
at  the  battle  of  Camperdown,  but  left  the  navy, 
and  emigrated  to  Canada  in  1837.  Member 
of  the  legislative  council  from  1838  to  1860; 
some  time  chancellor  of  the  U.  of  Toronto. 

Bledsoe,  Albert  T.,  teacher  and  author, 
b.  Ky.  West  Point,  1830.  Lieut.  7th  Inf.; 
resigned  31  Aug.  18-^2;  instr.  of  math,  and 
French  in  Kenyon  Coll.,  1833-4;  prof,  of 
math.,  Miami  U.,  1835-6;  lawyer  in  Spring- 
field, 111..  1840-8;  prof.  math,  and  astron., 
U.  of  Mpi.,  1848-53,  and  in  U.  (-f  Va., 
1853-61 ,  afterward  taking  part  in  the  Rebellion 
against  the  U.S.  Author  of  "  Exam,  of  Ed- 
wards on  the  Will,"  1845;  "A  Theodicy  or 
Vindication  of  Divine  Glory,"  1856;  "  Essay 
on  Liberty  and  Slavery,"  1856.  Contrib.  to 
many  literary,  scient.  and  theol.  reviews. — 
Cti/hm. 

Bledsoe,  Jesse,  a  distinguished  advocate 
and  jurist  of  Ky.  ;  U.S.  senator  from  1813  to 
1815  ;  prof  of  law  in  the  U.  of  Transylv.,  and 
chief-justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ky. ; 
d.  Nacogdoches,  Texas,  June  30,  1837.  Yie'ld- 
ing  to  habits  of  intemperance,  he  became  a 
miserable  outcast  and  wanderer. 

Bleecker,  Ann  Eliza,  poetess,  b.  New 
York,  Oct.  1752;  d.  Tomhanick,  above  Alba- 
ny, Nov.  23,  1783.  Youngest  dau.  of  Brandt 
Schuyler,  she  in  1769  m.  John  J.  Bleecker, 
lived  with  him  one  year  at  Poughkeepsie ;  then 
removed  to  Tomhanick,  whence  she  was 
driven  by  the  news  of  the  approach  of  Bur- 
goyne's  army.  After  much  suffering,  they  es- 
caped to  Albany,  and  thence  to  Red  Hook,  re- 
turning home  after  Burgoyne's  surrender.  Her 
pieces  are  to  be  found  in  the  early  numbers 


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of  the  New -York  Magazine  ;  and  a  collection 
of  her  stories  and  "  poetics  "  in  a  vol.  was  pub. 
in  1 793  by  her  dan.,  Margaretta  V.  Faugeres. 

Bleecker,  Herman  us,  LL.  D.,  M.  C. 
1811-13;  cltarc;^ d'affaires  at  the  Hague,  1839. 
B.  Albany,  1779  ;  d.  there  July  19,  1849.  He 
was  a  lawyer  by  profession,  and  opposed,  in 
Congress,  the  War  of  1812.  Regent  of  the 
N.  Y.  U.  1822. 

Blenker,  Lewis,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b. 
Worms,  Ilesse  Darmstadt,  1812;  d.  at  his  res- 
idence in  N.  J.,  Oct.  31, 1863.  Brought  up  by 
his  father,  a  jeweller,  he  at  20  enlisted  in  the 
Bavarian  Legion,  which  was  raised  to  accom- 
pany the  newly-elected  King  Otho  to  Greece. 
He  then  studied  medicine  at  Munich ;  engaged 
in  the  wine-trade  at  Worms;  and  in  1849  be- 
came a  leader  of  the  revolutionists  of  that  city, 
being  burgomaster,  and  com.  of  the  national 
guard.  He  fought  in  one  or  two  successful  en- 
gagements with  the  Prussians ;  but  the  revol. 
was  soon  completely  crushed,  and  he  fled  to 
Switzerland.  Ordered,  in  Sept.  1849,  to  leave 
that  country,  he  came  to  the  U.  S.,  and  settled 
in  N.  Y.  City,  where  he  was  engaged  in  busi- 
ness until  1861.  He  then  raised  the  8th  N.  Y. 
Vols.,  and,  early  in  July,  was  put  at  the  head 
of  a  brigade  of  the  5th  division,  Col.  Miles.  At 
the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  he  covered  the  re- 
treat with  great  steadiness,  and  for  this  service 
was  made  a  brig.-gen.  vols.,  Aug.  9,  1861.  He 
com.  a  division  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
until  the  commencement  of  the  Yorktown  cam- 
paign ;  when  he  was  ordered  to  Western  Va., 
participating  in  the  battle  of  Cross  Keys,  June 
8, 1862.  Gen.  Fremont,  after  entering  the  val- 
ley of  Va.  in  July,  1862,  relieved  him  from 
duty ;  and  he  was  discharged  frona  service,  Mar. 
31,  1863. 

Blennerhassett,  Herman,  noted  for  his 
unfortunate  connection  with  Aaron  Burr,  b. 
Hampshire,  Eng.,  1767;  d.  in  tlie  Island  of 
Guernsey,  1831.  U.  of  Dublin.  He  was  of 
Irish  descent ;  practised  law  in  Dublin,  and, 
being  a  republican  in  principle,  emigrated  to 
Amer.,  after  marrying  Adeline,  grand-dau.  of 
Gen.  Agnew,  in  1796.  He  settled  on  an  island 
in  the  Ohio,  opposite  Marietta,  where  he  had  an 
elegant  residence,  furnished  with  taste  and  lux- 
ury. Burr  was  his  guest  in  1 805,  and  succeeded 
in  involving  him  in  his  treasonable  schemes,  in 
which  his  credulity,  as  well  as  his  embarrassed 
pecuniary  situation,  disposed  him  to  engage. 
He  invested  largely  in  boats,  provisions,  arms, 
and  ammunition,  left  his  home  and  friends,  and 
went  to  Ky.  Warned  of  Burr's  real  designs, 
he  returned  to  his  home,  greatly  disheartened; 
but,  through  Burr's  solicitations  and  the  per- 
suasions of  his  wife,  he  persisted.  His  property 
was  seized  and  sold,  and  he  was  prosecuted  as 
an  accomplice  of  Burr,  but  was  discharged, 
broken  in  mind,  and  bankrupt.  He  was  sub- 
sequently a  cotton-planter  near  Port  Gibson  ; 
removed  to  Montreal  in  181 9,  and  practised  law, 
but  in  1822  went  to  the  West  Indies.  His  wi- 
dow returned  to  N.  Y.,  and  preferred  claims 
against  the  U.  S.,  but  d.  in  1842,  while  prose- 
cuting her  suit.  A  memoir,  by  Wm.  H.  Saf- 
ford,  was  pub.  at  Chillicothe,  12mo,  1850,  and 
Cincin.,  8vo,  1853. 

Bliss,  Col.  William  Wallace  Smith, 


U.S.A.,  b.  in  Northern  N.  Y.,  Aug.  1815  ;  d.  E. 
Pascagoula,  Mpi.,  5  Aug.  18.53.  West  Point, 
1833.  Son  of  Capt.  John  of  the  Revol.  army. 
Assist,  prof,  of  math,  at  W.  Point  in  1835-40; 
brev.  capt.  and  assist,  adj. -gen.  in  Taylor's  army 
in  Fla.  in  1840  ;  brev.  maj.  and  lieut.-col.  for 
Palo  Alto  and  Buena  Vista,  Mexico,  and  also  re- 
ceived a  gold  medal  and  a  sword  from  his  native 
State.     Re  m.Pres.  Taylor's  youngest  dau. 

Blissett,  Francis,  comedian,  b.  London, 
ab.  1773;  d.  Guernsey,  Eng.,  1848.  He  was 
the  son  of  an  eminent  comic  actor  of  Bath  ; 
came  with  Wignell's  company  to  Phi  la.  in 
1793,  from  which  he  withdrew  in  1821,  having, 
by  his  father's  death,  come  into  possession  of  a 
competency,  and  retired  to  the  Isle  of  Guern- 
sey. Though  a  famous  comedian,  he  was  a 
confirmed  hypochondriac.  —  Wood's  Recollec- 
tions  of  the  Stage. 

Blodget,  Samuel,  remarkable  for  enter- 
prise, b.  Woburn,  Ms.,  Apr.  1,  1724;  d.  Ha- 
verhill, Ms.,  Sept.  1,  1807.  He  was  engaged 
in  the  exped.  against  Louisburg  in  1745,  and 
was  before  the  Revol.  a  judge  of  C.  C.  P.  for 
Hillsborough.  Having  in  1783,  by  a  machine 
of  his  own  invention,  raised  a  valuable  cargo 
from  a  ship  sunk  near  Plymouth,  he  went  to 
Europe  to  undertake  similar  enterprises,  but 
met  with  discouragements  in  Spain  and  in  Eng- 
land, where  he  proposed  to  raise  "  The  Royal 
George."  On  his  return  in  1791,  he  com- 
menced the  manufacture  of  duck,  and  in  1793 
removed  to  N.  H.,  and  began  the  construction 
of  the  canal,  which  bears  his  name,  around 
Amoskeag  Falls. 

Blondin,  M.,  I^mile  Gravelet  (his  true 
name),  was  b.  France,  ab.  1830.  In  1855,  he 
was  engaged  by  Wm.  Niblo  to  perform  with 
the  Ravel  troupe  in  New  York,  and  was  subse- 
quently part  proprietor  of  a  circus.  June  30, 
1859,  he  accomplished  the  wonderful  feat  of 
crossing  the  Niagara  River  on  a  tight-rope, 
and  has  since  performed  feats  still  more  as- 
tounding. 

Bloodworth,  Timothy,  statesman,  d. 
near  Washington,  N.C,  Aug.  24,  1814,  a.  78. 
He  was  30  years  a  member  of  the  N.  C.  legisL; 
member  of  the  Continental  Congress  in  1786-7; 
M.  C.  1790  and  1791;  U.  S.  senator,  179.5- 
1801,  and  afterward  collector  of  the  port  of 
Wilmington.  He  was  brought  up  in  poverty  ; 
was,  by  turns,  farmer,  smith,  preacher,  doctor, 
wheelwright,  and  politician,  and  was  one  of  the 
kindest  and  most  charitable  of  men. 

Bloomfield,  Joseph,  statesman  and  sol- 
dier, b.  Woodbridge,  N.J. ;  d.  Burlington, 
N,J.,  Oct.  3,  1823.  He  studied  law  until  the 
breaking-out  of  the  War  of  Independence ;  was 
made  a  capt.  in  Dayton's  regt.  (3d  N.J.)  in 
1776,  and  served  through  the  war,  attaining 
the  rank  of  major.  He  was  subsequently  atty.- 
gen.  of  the  State;  was  gov.  in  1801-12;  was 
brig.-gen.  during  the  War  of  1812-15;  M.C. 
1817-21 ;  and  was  chairman  of  a  select  commit- 
tee on  Revol.  pensions.  He  was  a  firm  Rcpub. 
in  politics,  a  brave  soldier,  and  a  sound  legis- 
lator. 

Blount,  Thomas,  soldier  and  statesman  of 
N.C,  b.  1760;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Feb.  7. 
1812.  Son  of  Jacob,  member  of  the  Provin- 
cial   Assemblies  of    1775-6,   from  Newbern ; 


BLO 


99 


BO^ 


brother  of  Wm.  and  Willie.  He  volunteered 
in  the  Kevol.  army  at  16  ;  became  dep.  paym.- 
gen.  in  1780,  and,  witii  the  rank  of  maj.,  com. 
a  batt.  of  N.C.  militia  at  the  battle  of  Eutaw 
Springs.  He  became  a  maj.-gen.  of  militia; 
and  was  M.  C.  in  1793-9,  1805-9,  and  in 
1811-12. 

Slount,  William,  statesman,  b.  N.  C, 
1744;  d.  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  March  21,  1800. 
He  was  a  delegate  from  N.C.  to  the  Old  Con- 
gress in  1 782,  3,  6,  and  7  ;  member  of  the  assem- 
bly from  Newbern  in  1780  and  1784;  a  signer 
of  the  Federal  Constitution  in  1787,  and,  in 
1790,  was  app.  gov.  of  the  Territory  of  Ohio. 
Chosen  pres.of  the  convention  to  form  the  State 
of  Tenn.  in  1796,  he  was  its  representative  in 
Congress,  but  was  expelled  in  July,  1797,  for 
having  instigated  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees  to 
assist  the  British  in  conquering  the  Spanish 
territory  in  La.  The  proceedings  against  him 
increased  his  popularity  in  Tenn.,  and  he  was 
elected  to  the  State  senate,  and  chosen  pres. 
of  that  body. 

Blount,  Willie,  Gov.  of  Tenn.  from  1809 
to  1815;  d.  near  Clarksville,  Tenn.,  Sept.  10, 
1835,  a.  68.  He  was  sec.  to  his  bro.  William 
while  territorial  gov.  of  Ohio ;  afterwards  re- 
moved to  Montgomery  Co.,  Tenn. ;  was  soon 
returned  to  the  legisl.,  and  in  1834  was  in  the 
convention  that  revised  the  State  constitution. 

Blowers,  Sampson  Salter,  jurist,  b. 
Boston,  Mar.  22,  1742  ;  d.  Halifax,  N.S.,  Oct. 
25,  1842.  H.  U.  1763.  Grandson  of  Rev. 
Thomas  B.,  minister  of  Beverly  (1701-29). 
He  studied  law  under  Gov.  Hutchinson. 
With  Adams  and  Quincy,  he  was  engaged  as 
junior  council  in  1770  in  the  defence  of  the 
British  soldiers  concerned  in  the  "  Boston  Mas- 
sacre." Being  a  loyalist,  he  went  to  England 
in  1774,  but  returned  in  the  spring  of  1778  to 
his  native  city,  and,  after  a  short  imprisonment, 
went  to  Halifax,  where  he  successfully  pursued 
his   profession    until   raised   to   the  bench  in 

1795.  In  1785  was  app.  atty.-gen.,  and  speak- 
er of  the  house  of  assembly;  and  in  1797 
chief-justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  having  had 
for  some  years  a  seat  in  the  council.  In  1801, 
he  became  presiding  judge,  which  office  he  re- 
signed in  1833. — Sabine. 

Blunt,  Edmund,  engineer,  son  of  E.  M., 
b.  Newburyport,  Ms.,  23  Nov.  1799;  d.  Brook- 
lyn, N.Y.,  2  Sept.  1866.  At  17,  he  surveyed 
N.Y.  harbor;  until  1833,  he  was  engaged  in 
surveys  of  the  W.  Indies,  Guatemala,  and  the 
coast  of  the  U.S.,  on  his  own  account.  From 
1832  to  his  death,  he  was  1st  assist,  on  the  U.S. 
coast  survey.  He  introduced  into  the  U.S.  the 
Fresnel  light,  and  invented  the  dividing  engine. 
In  185.5-6,  he  furnished  the  points  to  determine 
the  exterior  line  of  N.Y.  harbor. 

Blunt,  Edmund  March,  nautical  writer, 
b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  20  June,  1770;  d.  Sing 
Sing,  N.Y.,  2  Jan.,  18G2.  He  was  a  book-sell- 
er, and   pub.  the   Newburyport  Herald.      In 

1796,  he  pub.  his  first  "Coast  Pilot,"  which 
is  still  in  use,  and  which  has  been  translated 
into  most  of  the  languages  of  Europe.  He 
also  pub.  "  Stranger's  Guide  to  N.Y.  City," 
1817,  and  numerous  nautical  books  and  charts. 

Blunt,  James  G.,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Tren- 
ton, Me.,  20  July,  1826.     From  14  to  19  years 


of  age,  he  was  a  sailor.  Removing  to  O.,  he 
grad.  at  the  Sterling  Medical  Coll.,  Columbus, 
1849;  practised  in  Darke  Co.,  O.,  until  1856; 
and  then  settled  in  Anderson  Co.,  Kan.,  as  a 
physician  and  farmer.  He  was  a  prominent 
leader  in  the  free  State  party  in  1856-7,  and  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  formed  the 
present  constitution  of  the  State.  In  July,  1861, 
he  was  made  lieut.-col.  3d  Kan.  vols.  He  com. 
the  cavalry  of  Gen,  Lane's  brigade,  and,  Apr. 
8,  1862,  was  app.  brig.-gen.,  and  assigned  to  the 
department  of  Kan.  Oct.  22, 1862,  he  engaged 
a  Confederate  force  at  Maysville,  near  the  N.  W. 
corner  of  Arkansas,  and  totally  routed  it.  Nov. 
28,  1862,  he  attacked  and  drove  Marmaduke's 
forces  at  Cane  Hill,  Ark. ;  with  Gen.  Herron, 
defeated  Hindman  at  Prairie  Grove,  Dec.  7, 
and  on  the  27th  and  28th  defeated  a  body  of 
rebels,  and  captured  Van  Buren,  a  fort  on  the 
Ark.  River.  In  June,  1863,  he  was  relieved 
from  com.  of  the  Kan.  dep't,  and  took  the  field 
with  the  army  of  the  frontier.  July  16,  1863, 
he  defeated  Gen.  Cooper  at  Honey  Springs, 
near  the  Ark.  River;  maj.-gen.  Nov.  29,  1862. 
Resides  in  Leavenworth,  Kan. 

Blunt,  Joseph,  lawyer  and  politician,  son 
of  Edmund  M.,  b.  Newburvport,  Ms.,  Feb. 
1792;  d.  N.Y.  City,  June  16,  1860.  He  was 
first  brought  to  notice  by  writing  on  the  Mo. 
question  in  1820.  Soon  after,  he  wrote  for  the 
A^.  A.  Review  an  article  on  tlie  Laybach  Cir- 
cular, which  brought  him  into  acquaintance 
with  leading  national  men.  He  was  long  a 
leading  Whig  and  protectionist,  and  was  one 
of  the  first  members  of  the  Repub.  party,  and 
drew  up  the  original  resolutions  of  the  Repub. 
State  convention  at  Saratoga  in  1854.  Mr. 
Blunt  declined  the  commissionership  to  China 
offered  him  by  Pres.  Fillmore.  He  was  district 
atty.  not  long  before  his  death.  He  edited 
the  American  Annual  Register,  1827-35.  He 
pub.  "  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Formation  of 
the  American  Confederacy,"  N.Y.,  8vo,  1 825 ; 
"  Speeches,  Reviews,  and  Reports,"  8vo,  1843  ; 
"Merchants'  and  Shipmasters'  Assistant,"  8vo, 
N.  Y.,  1829  and  1848. 

Boardman,  George  Dana,  Baptist  mis- 
sionarv,  b.  Livermore,  Me.,  Feb.  8,  1801  ;  d. 
Burmah,  Feb.  11,  1831.  Water.  Coll.  1822. 
His  father  was  a  clergyman.  He  studied  at 
the  And.  Theol.  Sem. ;  was  ord.  at  West  Yar- 
mouth, Me.,  Feb.  16,  1825;  m.  Miss  Sarah 
Hall,  July  4,  and  on  the  16th  sailed  for  Cal- 
cutta, where  he  arrived  Dec.  2.  Acquiring  the 
Burman  language,  he  entered  upon  his  labors 
at  Maulmain  in  the  latter  part  of  May,  1827, 
and  planted  a  mission  which  became  the  central 
point  of  all  the  Baptist  missions  in  Burmah 
In  Apr.  1828,  he  established  a  mission  at  Tavoy, 
where  he  soon  afterwards  baptized  Ko-mah-byn, 
a  Karen  convert,  whose  labors  were  very  suc- 
cessful among  his  countrymen.  In  Feb.  1828, 
he  made  a  tour  among  the  Karen  villages  with 
such  success  that  he  determined  on  a  systematic 
course  of  itinerary  labor.  His  exertions  oc- 
casioned the  loss  of  his  health  ;  and  he  was 
carried  off  by  consumption. 

Boardman,  Henry  Aug.,  D.D.,  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  Trov,  N.Y.,  9  Jan.  1808. 
Y.  C.  1829.  Since  1833,  pastor  10th  Presb. 
Church,  Phila.     Chosen  in  1853  to  fill  the  chair 


BOE 


100 


BOX. 


of  pastoral  theoloc:y  at  Princeton,  he  declined  it. 
He  has  pub.  "  The  Scriptural  Doctrine  of  Ori- 
ginal Sin,"  1839;  "  Letters  to  Bishop  Doane 
on  the  Oxford  Tracts,"  1841  ;  "The  Prelatical 
Doctrine  of  the  Apostolical  Succession  Ex- 
amined," 1844;  "The  Bible  in  the  Family," 
1851  ;  "  The  Bible  in  the  Counting-House," 
1853  ;  some  sermons,  'and  a  eulogium  on 
Daniel  Webster.  —  Duyckinck. 

Boernstein,  Henry,  journalist,  b.  Ham- 
bur<^,  Germany,  4  Nov.  1805.  His  parents  re- 
moved in  1813  to  Lemberg,  where  he  received 
at  the  U.  a  medical  education.  After  serving  in 
the  Austrian  army,  ho  was  some  years  con- 
nected with  the  stage  in  Vienna;  became  man- 
ager of  the  German  Opera  at  Paris  in  1842, 
and  a  playwright,  and  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  Dec. 
1848.  In  Mar.  1850,  he  became  pub.  editor 
and  proprietor  of  the  Anzelger  des  IVesteiis  at 
St.  Louis,  one  of  the  most  influential  Gorman 
papers  of  the  west.  —  Edicard's  Great  West. 

Bogardus,  James,  inventor,  b.  Catskill, 
N.Y.,  14  Mar.  1800;  apprenticed  to  a  watch- 
maker, 1814;  invented  the  Ring  Flyer  for 
cotton-spinning,  1828;  a  dry  gas-meter, 
1832;  an  engraving  machine,  1836;  a 
machine  for  pressing  glass  ai).  1840,  and  m.iny 
other  mechanical  improvements.  His  factory 
in  N.y.,  constructed,  in  1847,  entirely  of  iron, 
was  the  first  erected  in  theU.  S.  ofthat  material. 
Another  remarkable  invention  of  his  is  the 
pyrometer. 

Bogardus,  Gen.  Robert,  near  50  years 
a  practitioner  at  the  N.Y.  bar;  d.  N.Y.  City, 
Sept.  12, 1841,  a.  70.  Col.  41st  Inf  from  July 
29,  1813,  to  June,  1815. 

Bogert,  Elizabeth,  poetess, b.  N.Y.  City ; 
contrib.  to  the  N.Y.  Mirror  under  the  nam  de 
plume  "  Estelle."  —  See  Specimens  in  GiiswoM  's 
Female  Poets  of  America. 

BoggS,  CiiARLES  Stuart,  rear-admiral 
U.S.N.,  b.  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Jan.  28,  1810. 
Nephew  of  Capt.  James  Lawrence,  he  entered 
the  navy,  Nov.  1,  1826;  lieut.  Sept.  6,  1837; 
was  in  "The  Princeton"  of  Com.  Conner's 
squadron  during  the  Mexican  war;  was  present 
at  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  ;  com.  boat  exped. 
which  destroyed  "  The  Truxton  "  after  her  sur- 
render to  the  Mexicans  ;  commander,  Sept.  14, 
1855,  and  assigned  by  the  sec.  of  the  navy  to 
the  U.S.  mail-steamer""  Illinois,"  which  he  com. 
3  years.  He  then  became  light-house  insp. 
for  California,  Oregon,  and  Washington  Ter- 
ritory. In  1861 ,  he' was  ordered  to  the  gunboat 
"  Varuna  "  of  Farragut's  Gulf  squadron.  In 
the  attack  on  the  Mpi.  forts,  Apr.  18-24,  ne 
destroyed  6  of  the  Confederate  gunboats,  but 
finally  lost  his  own  vessel  after  driving  his  an- 
tagonist ashore  in  flames.  He  returned  to 
Washington  as  bearer  of  despatches ;  was 
ordered  to  the  command  of  the  new  sloop-of- 
war  "Juniata  ;  "  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
capt.  July  16,  1862;  commodore,  July  25,  1866  ; 
com.  steamer  "  De  Soto,"  N.  Atl.  squad.  1867- 
8;  rear-adm.  July,  1870. 

Bohlea,  Henry,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Ger- 
many ;  killed  in  Va.,  Aug,  22,  1862.  He  came 
to  Ainer.  young,  and  settled  as  a  liquor- 
merchant  in  Phila.  In  1861,  he  became  col. 
'5th  Pa.  (German)  vols.,  and  was  attached  to 


Apr.  28,  1862,  he  served  under  Fremont  in 
Western  Va.,  disting.  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Cross  Keys,  June  8,  and  was  specially  com- 
mended for  his  services  in  the  Shenandoah 
Valley  under  Gen.  Sigel.  He  covered  the  re- 
treat of  the  army  of  Va.  across  the  Rappahan- 
nock, and  fell  while  directing  the  movements 
of  his  brigade  in  a  skirmish  near  that  river. 
His  son,  who  was  on  a  visit  to  his  native  land, 
d.  in  Badon-Baden  on  the  same  day  with  his 
father. 

Boker,  George  Henry,  dramatist  and 
poet,  b.  Phila.,  1823.  N.  J.  Coll.  1842.  He 
studied,  but  never  practised  law.  After  a  tour 
in  Europe,  he  returned  to  Phila.,  and,  in  1847, 
pub.  "  The  Lesson  of  Life  and  other  Poems." 
He  has  also  written  "  Calaynos,"  a  tragedy, 
1848,  successfully  performed  in  London ; 
"Anne  Boleyn,"  "  Leonor  de  Guzman," 
"Francesca  da  Rimini,"  "The  Betrothal," 
"  The  Widow's  Marriage,"  a  comedy,  and 
some  minor  poems,  "  War  Lyrics,"  *  AH  the 
World  a  Mask,"  "  Konigsmark  and  other 
Poems,"  and  "  Plays  and  Poems,"  2  vols. 

Bolivar  y  Ponte  (Im-lee'-var  e  pon'-ta), 
Simon,  the  "liberator"  of  Colombia,  b.  Ca- 
racas, July  24,  1783;  d.  San  Pedro,  near 
Santa  Martha,  Dec.  17,  1830.  Of  a  wealthy 
Creole  family,  he  was  educated  at  Madrid  and 
Paris.  He  returned  from  a  second  vi.-iit  to 
Europe  in  1809,  and,  in  1810,  was  sent  by  the 
Revolutionists  on  a  mission  to  purchase  arms, 
and  solicit  the  protection  of  the  British  Govt. 
In  Sept.  1811,  Miranda,  the  insurgent  chief, 
gave  him  the  rank  of  lieut.-col.  and  the  com. 
of  Puerto  Cabello,  the  strongest  fortress  of 
Venezuela.  In  Jan.  1813,  he  headed  an 
exped.  at  Carthagena  against  Venezuela, 
which  in  a  short  time  left  to  the  Spaniards 
only  the  fortress  of  Puerto  Cabello.  The  vic- 
tories of  Boves,  however,  soon  changed  the 
aspect  of  affairs.  Bolivar,  who  had  been  made 
dictator,  was  defeated  by  Boves,  Aug.  8,  1814; 
distrust  and  dissension  ensued  among  the  repub- 
licans; and  Bolivar  returned  to  New  Granada, 
where  he  was  made  com. -in-chief;  but  his  mili- 
tary operations  were  unsuccessful,  and  on  the 
arrival  of  Morillo  with  Spanish  re-enforce- 
ments, March  25,  1815,  Bolivar  fled  to  Ja- 
maica. In  concert  with  Louis  Brion,  he  under- 
took an  exped.  April  16,  1816,  against  Vene- 
zuela, and  by  July  20,  1817,  the  Spaniards 
had  evacuated  the  whole  of  the  provinces. 
Nevertheless,  by  the  end  of  May,  1818,  he  had 
lost  a  number  of  battles,  and  ail  the  provinces 
lying  north  of  the  Orinoco.  The  convening 
of  a  national  Congress,  and  the  aid  of  foreign- 
ers, again  turned  the  scale.  He  was  made  prcs. 
of  Venezuela  in  Feb.  1819,  and  in  Aug. 
entered  Bogota  in  triumph.  In  June,  1821, 
he  gained  the  victory  of  Carabobo.  The  Re- 
publics of  Venezuela  and  New  Granada  hav- 
ing united,  under  the  name  of  the  Republic  of 
Colombia,  in  1821,  Bolivar  was  elected  prcs. 
In  1823,  he  went  to  the  assistance  of  the 
Peruvians,  aided  them  in  establishing  their 
independence,  and  was  rewarded  with  supreme 
authority,  which  he  resigned  in  Jan.  1825.  In 
1825,  he  was  declared  perpetual  protector  of 
Bolivia  ;  for  which  State  he  framed  a  constitu- 
tion, giving  to  the  pres.  for  life  irresponsible 


BOr. 


101 


:bon 


powers.  The  purity  of  his  motives  was  called 
in  question  ;  luid  ho  wns  charged  with  aiming 
at  a  perpetual  dictatorship.  Faez,  the  Vice- 
Pres.  of  Venezuela,  revolted,  secretly  insti- 
gated, it  is  said,  by  Bolivnr,  who  led  his  body- 
guard and  1,800  Peruvians  against  the  rebels. 
When  they  met,  he  confirmed  Paez  in  his  com., 
rebuked  the  friends  of  the  constitution,  and 
assumed  dictatorial  powers,  Nov.  23,  1826. 
In  Dec.  1 826,  he  was  declared  pres.  for  life  of 
Peru,  which  had  adopted  the  Bolivian  code. 
His  aim  was  the  erection  of  the  whole  of  S. 
America  into  one  republic,  with  himself  as  its 
dictator.  The  Colombian  troops  in  Peru  hav- 
ing revolted.  Gen.  Lamar  was  made  pres.  of 
Peru,  and,  driving  out  the  Colombians,  waged 
a  successful  war  against  Colombia;  and  the 
Congress  of  Ocana,  convoked  by  Bolivar  with 
a  view  to  modify  the  constitution  in  favor  of 
his  arbitrary  power,  in  March,  1828,  came  to 
naught.  Paez  having  been  placed  at  the  head 
of  Venezuela,  and  insurrections  having  broken 
out  in  several  places,  Bolivar  resigned  for  the 
5th  time  in  Jan.  1830,  but  again  accepted  the 
presidency,  and,  with  8,000  men,  entered  Mara- 
caibo;  but,  being  confronted  by  Paez  with  a 
strong  force,  he  finally  resigned,  April  27,  1830. 
Boiivar  is  represented  as  a  coward  and  an  un- 
skilful general ;  but  his  services  in  securing  the 
independence,  and  in  ably  organizing  three 
great  republics,  entitle  him  to  distinction 
among  the  founders  of  States. 

Bollan,  William,  agent  of  Ms.  in  Eng. ; 
d.  there  in  1776.  He  was  bred  to  the  legal 
profession;  came  to  Boston,  ab.  1740,  with  Gov. 
Sliirley,  whose  dau.  he  m.  in  1743.  He  was 
conspicuous  for  talent  and  integrity.  In  1745, 
when  he  had  just  received  the  app.  of  collector 
of  customs  for  Salem  and  Marblehead,  he  was 
sent  to  Eng.  as  agent  to  solicit  a  re-imburse- 
raent  of  the  expenses  incurred  in  the  exped. 
-against  Cape  Breton.  After  3  years'  labor,  he 
at  last  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  full  repayment 
of  the  expenditure,  £183,649.  He  was  again 
sent  to  Eng.  as  agent,  but  was  dismissed  in 
1762.  In  1769,  he  obtained  from  Alderman 
Beckford  copies  of  33  letters,  from  Govs.  Ber- 
nard and  Gage,  calumniating  the  inhabitants  of 
Boston,  which  he  sent  to  Ms.,  being  then  in 
the  employ  of  the  council ;  and  this  act,  for 
which  he  was  denounced  in  parliament  by  Lord 
North,  restored  his  popularity  here.  In  1775, 
he  exerted  himself  in  recommending  concilia- 
tory measures  to  the  mother-country;  and  John 
Hancock  declared  in  the  house  of  representa- 
tives, that  there  was  no  man  to  whom  the  Col- 
onies were  more  indebted.  He  pub.  "  Impor- 
tance and  Advantageof  Cape  Breton  truly  stat- 
ed," Lond.,  1746;  "  Coloniae  Anglicanse  Illus- 
tratae,''  Lond.,  1762;  "Ancient  Rignts  to  the 
Amer.  Fishery  examined  and  stated,"  Lond,, 
1764  ;  "  Freedom  of  Speech  and  Writing  upon 
Public  Affairs  considered,"  Lond.,  1770;  "A 
Petition  to  the  King  in  Council,  Jan.  26,  1774, 
intended  to  promote  the  Harmony  of  Great  Bri- 
tain and  her  Colonies."  This  petition  he  of- 
fered as  agent  for  Ms. 

BoIImau,  Emc,  M.D.,  memorable  for  his 
efforts  for  the  escape  of  Lafayette  from  the 
Austrian  pri.son  of  Olmutz,  b.  Hoya,  Hano- 
ver, 1769;  d.  Jamaica,   Dec.  9,  182'l.     After 


studying  medicine  at  Gottingen,  he  practised 
at  Carisrulie  and  in  Paris,  where  he  became  an 
actor  in  the  Revol.,  aiding  Count  Narbonne  to 
escape  to  London.  In  1794,  aided  by  Col. 
Francis  Huger,  of  S.  C,  he  attempted  the  lib- 
eration of  Lafayette.  Tiiey  rescued  him  from 
the  guard,  Nov.  8,  but,  losing  their  way,  were 
captured.  For  this  attempt,  he  was  imprisoned 
one  year,  and  then  banished.  Emigrating  to 
Amer.,  he  applied  himself  to  mercantile  and 
scientific  pursuits,  especially  chemistry  and 
political  economy  ;  was  implicated  in  Aaron 
Burr's  conspiracy  in  1806;  returned  to  Europe 
in  1814,  and  attended  the  Congress  of  Vienna. 
He  afterwards  visited  S.  America.  He  wrote 
"  Paragraphs  on  Banks,"  1810;  "Improved 
System  of  the  Money  Concerns  of  the  Union," 
1816;  "  Strictures  on  the  Theories  of  M.  Ri- 
cardo." 

Bolton,  WiLLAM  COMPTON,  Capt.  U.S.N., 

b.  Eng.;  d.  Genoa,  22  Feb.  1849.  Midship- 
man, 20  June,  1806  ;  liout.  4  Jan.  1813;  mas- 
ter com.  28  Mar.  1820;  capt.  21  Feb.  1831. 
His  original  name,  Wni.  Bolton  Finch,  was 
changed  by  act  of  Congress,  14  Jan.  1833. 
He  com.  "  The  Vincennes  "  in  1829-30,  and 
the  Mcdit.  squad,  in  1848-9. 

Bomford,  George,  col.  of  ordnance,  U. 
S.  A.,  b.  N.  Y.,  1780  ;  d.  Boston,  Mar.  25,  1848. 
West  Point.  Lieut,  of  engineers,  1805;  was 
made  capt.  23  Feb.  1808;  niaj.  July  6,  1812; 
inventor  of  bomb  cannon,  called  "  Columbi- 
ads,"  used  in  the  War  of  1812,  afterward  in- 
troduced with  slight  modification,  in  the  French 
service,  by  Gen.  Paixhan,  and  called  "  Paix- 
hanGuns;"  brev.  lieut.-col.  Dec.  22, 1814,  and 
col.  of  ordnance.  May  30,  1832.  He  won  dis- 
tinction in  the  War  of  1812,  his  skill  and  in- 
ventive talent  being  of  great  use ;  he  being  al- 
most the  only  one  well  informed  in  the  manuf. 
of  ordnance  in  the  U.S.  —  Cullum. 

Boraford,  James  V.,  son  of  Col.  George, 
b.  N.Y.  West  Point,  1832.  Capt.  4  Mar. 
1845;  brev.  maj.  for  gallantry  in  battles  of 
Contreras  and  Churubusco,  Aug.  20,  1847,  in 
the  storming-party,  and  brev.  lieut.-col.  for 
Molino  del  Rey,  8  Sept.  1847,  and  disting. 
at  Chapultepec;  maj.  6th  Inf.  Oct.  17,  1860, 
lieut.-col.  16th,  Jan.  10,  1862;  col.  8th  Inf. 
May  18, 1864.  Chief  of  staff  to  Gen.  McCook, 
at  the  battle  of  Perry ville,  for  which  brev. 
col.  8  Oct.  1862.  —  Cullum. 

Bonaparte,  Charles  Lucien  Jules 
Laurence,  prince  of  Canino  and  Mnsignano, 
an  eminent  ornithologist,  eldest  son  of  Lucien, 
bro.  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  b.  Paris,  May 
24,  1803  ;  d.  there  July  30,  1857.  A.M.  of  N.J. 
Coll.  1825.  During  the  revol.  of  1848,  he  was 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  repub.  party  at  Rome, 
and  in  1849  was  vice-pres.  of  the  constituent 
assembly.  During  his  residence  in  the  U.S., 
he  puh.a  continuation,  in  4  vols.,  of  Wilson's 
Ornithology,  "  Observations  on  the  Nomencla- 
ture of  Wilson's  Ornithology  "  in  the  Journal 
of  the  Acad,  of  Phila.,  "A  Synopsis  of  the 
Birds  of  the  U.S.  "  for  the  "  Annals  of  the  Ly- 
ceum of  N.Y.,"  and  "  A  Catalogue  of  Birds  of 
the  U.S.,"  in  the  Contributions  of  the  Maclu- 
rian  Lyceum  of  Phila.,  besides  numerous  arti- 
cles on  ornithology  in  the  same  journals.  His 
principal  work  is  "  Iconografia  della  Fauna  Ital- 


BON" 


102 


BOisr 


tea,"  3  vols.,  fol..  Home,  1 835-45.  He  has  also 
contrib.  to  various  scientific  journals.  —  See 
Memoirs  of,  written  hy  himself,  N.Y.,  1836. 

Bonaparte,  Jerome  Napoleon,  son  of 
Jerome  (Napoleon's  bro.)  and  Elizabeth,  dau. 
of  Wni.  Patterson,  merchant  of  Baltimore. 
B.  Eng.,  July  7,  1805;  d.  Baltimore,  June  17, 
1870.  H.U.  1826.  His  mother,  who  had  m. 
Jerome  on  his  visit  to  Amer.  as  capt.  of  a  fri- 
gate, in  Dec.  1803,  and  who  was  abandoned 
by  him  on  account  of  Napoleon's  displeasure 
at  the  match,  returned  to  the  U.S.  during  his 
boyhood,  and  he  was  reared  in  Baltimore.  He 
studied,  but  never  practised,  law.  Early  in  life, 
he  m.  Susan  Mary,  dau.  of  Benjamin  Wil- 
liams of  Roxbury,  Ms.  He  resembled  Napo- 
leon, more  than  either  of  his  own  brothers  did, 
in  the  shape  of  the  head,  regularity  of  features, 
and  the  dark  eyes  of  peculiar  tint  which  char- 
acterized the  emperor.  He  had  two  sons,  Je- 
rome and  Charles  Joseph. 

Bond,  George  Phillips,  director  of  the 
Cambridge  Observatory,  and  Phillips  Prof  of 
astronomy,  H.U.,  from  1859  to  his  d.  Feb.  17, 
1865,  b.  Dorchester,  Ms.,  May  20,  1825.  H.U. 
1845.  Sonof  Wm.  Cranch  Bond.  Memberof 
the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  an  astron- 
omer of  the  highest  rank.  He  received  from 
the  Royal  Astron.  Soc,  London,  a  gold  med- 
al for  his  great  work  on  the  Donati  Comet. 
Author  of  papers  on  the  Rings  of  Saturn,  on 
the  Orbits  of  Hyperion,  on  the  Nebula  of  An- 
dromeda, on  Stellar  Photography,  &c. 

Bond,  Henry,  M.D.,  physician  and 
genealogist,  b.  Watertown,  Ms.,  March  21, 
1790;  d.  Phila.,  May  4,  1859.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1813.  Grandson  of' Col.  Wm.  Bond  of  the 
Revol.  army,  who  d.  near  Ticonderoga,  31  Aug. 
1776.  He  studied  medicine,  settled  first  in 
Concord,  N.H.,  and  in  Nov.  1819,  in  Phila., 
where  he  resided  till  his  death.  He  was  the 
author  of  many  valuable  papers  on  professional 
subjects,  and  contrib.  largely  to  medical  and 
other  journals  ;  was  a  member  of  numerous  his- 
torical and  other  societies,  and  of  religions  and 
charitable  associations,  and  was  several  years 

E res.  of  the  Phila.  Board  of  Health.  Besides  his 
igh  reputation  as  a  physician,  he  obtained  that, 
also,  of  being  a  successful  and  thorough  gene- 
alogist. In  1855,  he  pub.  his  "  Genealo;:ies 
and  History  of  Watertown,  Ms.,"  unrivalled 
among  works  of  its  kind.  —  See  N.  E.  Hist, 
and  Geneal.  Reg.  xiii,  174. 

Bond,  Shadrach,  gov.  of  111.  1818-22, 
b.  Md. ;  d.  Kaskaskia,  111.,  13  Apr.  1832.  An 
early  emig.  to  111. ;  many  years  a  disting. 
member  of  the  territ.  legisl ;  deleg.  to  Con- 
gress, 1811-15,  and,  in  1815,  app.  receiver  of 
public  moneys. 

Bond,  Thomas  Emerson,  M.D.,  D.D., 
Meth.-Ep.  clergyman,  b.  Baltimore,  Feb. 
1782;  d.  N.Y.,  March  19,  18.56.  Engaged  in 
practice  in  Baltimore,  he  rapidly  rose  in  the 
profession,  and  was  called  to  a  chair  in  the 
Med.  Coll.  of  Md  ,  which  he  filled  until  de- 
clining health  obliged  him  to  resign.  He 
united  himself  early  with  the  M.  E.  Church, 
and  filled,  for  many  years,  the  office  of  a  local 
preacher.  During  what  was  termed  the  "  Rad- 
ical Controversy,"  he  edited  the  Itinerant,  de- 
fending with  much  ability  the  polity  of  his  sect. 


For  12  years,  he  conducted  the  Christian  Advo- 
cate and  Journal,  its  leading  official  organ,  earn- 
ing tlie  title  of  "  Defender  of  the  Church." 

Bond,  William  Cranch,  astronomer,  b. 
Portland,  Me.,  Sept.  9,  1789;  d.  Cambridge, 
Ms.,  Jan.  29,  1859.  While  an  apprentice  to 
his  father,  a  watchtnaker,  he  showed  a  love  for 
astronomy,  and  at  an  early  age  established  a 
private  observatory  at  Dorchester.  In  1815,  he 
went  to  Europe,  and  executed  a  commission 
from  H.U.  for  a  contemplated  observatory.  In 
1838,  he  was  app.  by  the  U.S.  Govt,  to  conduct 
a  series  of  astronomical  and  meteorological 
observations  in  connection  with  the  exploring 
exped.  then  fitting  out.  In  1839,  he  was  app. 
superintendent  of  the  erection  of  the  observatory 
of  H.U.,  of  which  he  became  director.  He 
ranked  among  the  greatest  astronomers  of  his 
time.  He  pub.  "Result  of  Astron.  Observ.  in 
1852-3,"  4to,  Camb.,  1855.  In  1842,  the  honor- 
ary degree  of  A.M.  was  conferred  upon  him  by 
H.U.;  and  he  was  a  member  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  of  the  Philos.  Soc.,  and  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Soc.  of  London. 

Bonham,  Milledge  L.  ,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b. 
S.C,  ab.  1815.  S.C.  Coll.  1834.  He  studied 
law  ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  at  Columbia  in  1837, 
and  settled  at  Edgefield,  C.H.  Served  in  Mex- 
ico at  the  head  of  a  batt.  of  S.C.  troops;  was 
solicitor  for  the  Southern  Circuit,  from  1848  to 
1850;  and  was  M.C  from  1856  until  the  with- 
drawal of  the  members  from  S.C, — Dec.  24, 
1860,  after  the  secession  of  that  State.  App. 
maj.-gen.  of  the  S.C.  troops,  and  afterward 
brig.-gen  in  the  Confed.  army,  and  took  part 
in  the  battles  of  Blackburn's  Ford  and  Bull 
Run.  Being  elected  to  the  Confederate  Con- 
gress, he  withdrew  from  the  army  ;  gov.  of  S.C. 
1862-4,  and  then  resumed  his  military  position, 
which  he  held  at  the  time  of  Lee's  surrender. 

Bonner,  Robert,  proprietor  of  the  N.  Y. 
Ledger,  b.  Londonderry,  Ii'eland,  ab.  1820,  of  . 
Scotch  Presb.  ancest.  While  a  lad  in  the 
printing-office  of  the  Hartford  Courant,  he  could 
set  up  more  type  in  a  day  than  any  man  in  the 
State.  He  went  to  N.Y.  City  in  1844;  pur- 
chasing the  Ledger,  an  obscure  sheet,  he 
brought  it  to  the  high  position  it  now  occupies, 
by  engaging  Fanny  Fern,  Edw.  Everett,  H.  W. 
Beecher,  and  other  eminent  writers,  as  contrib- 
utors, ^y  industry  and  sagacity,  he  has  ac- 
quired a  large  fortune,  and  has  made  the  LeJ^er 
the  foremost  weekly  paper  in  the  world. 

Bonneville  (bon'-ver),  C.  de,  a  French 
engineer,  b.  Lyons,  ab.  1710  ;  d.  ab.  1780.  He 
was  a  capt.  of  engineers,  and  after  serving  in 
Prussia,  and  being  imprisoned  some  time  in 
the  Fortress  of  Spandau,  was  employed  in  the 
war  against  the  English,  terminated  by  the 
peace  of  1763.  While  in  America,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  the  study  of  the  productions  of 
this  part  of  the  world,  as  well  as  the  manners 
of  its  inhabitants,  and  pub.,  in  1771,  '*  De 
I'Ame'riijue  ct  des  America  ins,"  Ike.  Bonneville 
was  the  author  of  several  other  works  —  Nouv. 
Biog    Univ.  Suppt. 

Bonneville,  Benjamin  L.  E.,  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  Tenn.  West  Point,  1815. 
Lieut,  of  artillerv,  Dec.  11,  1815;  assist,  com- 
missary of  subsist.  Oct.  1813;  capt.  14  Oct. 
1825 ;    maj.    6th    Inf.   July    15,    1845  ;   com 


:bon 


103 


BOO 


that  regt.  in  the  Valley  of  Mexico  ;  brev.  lieut.- 
col.  for  Contreras  and  Churubusco,  Aug.  20, 
1847,  in  which  he  was  wounded;  lieut.-col.  4th 
Inf.  May  7,  1849;  col.  3d  Inf.  Feb.  3,  18.55; 
com.  in  the  Gila  exped.  in  June,  1857;  retired 
Sept.  9,  1861  ;  made  brev.  brig.-gen.  March  13, 
1865.  Author  of  a  Journal  of  an  Exped.  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  edited  by  Washington  Ir- 
vinjr. 

Bonnycastle,  Charles,  mathematician, 
b.  Woolwich,  Eng.,  1792;  d.  at  the  U.  of  Va., 
Oct.  1840.  John,  his  father,  was  prof  of  math- 
ematics at  the  Military  Acad,  of  Woolwich, 
and  was  assisted  by  his  son  in  the  preparation 
of  several  elementary  books  on  mathematical 
subjects,  occasionally  writing  articles  for  the 
cncyclopaBdias  and  for  periodicals.  App.  first 
prof,  of  natural  philosophy  in  the  U.  of  Va., 
he  arrived  in  the  U.S.  in  Feb.  1825,  and,  in 
1827,  he  was,  at  his  own  request,  transferred  to 
the  chair  of  mathematics.  Author  of  a  treatise 
on  Inductive  Geometry,  and  several  memoirs 
on  scientific  subjects. 

Bonnycastle,  Sir  Richard  Henry,  bro. 
of  the  preceding,  b.  1791  ;  d.  1848.  Reserved 
at  Flushing  in  1809,  in  Canada  in  1812-15; 
became  capt.  of  royal  engineers  in  1825;  was 
com.  engineer  in  Canada  West,  from  1837  to 
1839  ;  was  knighted  for  services  in  the  defence 
of  Kingston,  Canada,  in  18.37  ;  was  com.  en- 
gineer in  Newfoundlatul,  and  in  1848  was  made 
lieut.-col.  He  is  the  author  of  "  The  Canadas 
in  1841,"  "Canada  as  it  Was,  Is.  and  May 
Be,"  &c.,  and  "  Spanish  America,"  Loud.,  2 
vols.,  1818.  —  Morgan. 

Bonpland  (bon'-plon'),  Aime,  a  French 
traveller  and  naturalist,  b.  La  Rochelle,  Aug. 
22,1773;  d.  Santa  Ana  in  Uruguay,  11  May, 
1858.  While  a  medical  student,  he  was,  for 
a  short  time,  a  surgeon  in  a  man-of-war.  At 
Paris,  he  became  the  pupil  of  Corvisart,  and 
the  friend  and  fellow-student  of  Humboldt, 
whom  he  accomp.  in  the  scientific  journey 
described  in  Humboldt's  "  Voyage  to  the 
Equinoctial  Regions  of  the  New  World." 
After  5  years'  absence,  Bonpland  presented  his 
collections  to  the  govt.,  and  was  rewarded  with 
a  pension.  Made  intendant  of  Malmaison, 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  publication  of  his 
travels,  but,  on  the  death  of  the  Empress  Jose- 
phine, returned  to  Amer.,  reaching  Buenos 
Ayres  in  1816.  Having  set  out  on  his  travels 
to  the  Andes,  he  visited  the  old  missions  of 
the  Jesuits  in  Paraguay,  where  he  was  arrested 
by  the  agents  of  the  dictator  Francia,  in  1821, 
who  detained  him  in  the  country,  and  forced 
him  to  support  himself  by  the  practice  of  med- 
icine in  an  Indian  village.  He  was  released  in 
Fel).  1831,  afterward  m.  an  Indian  woman, 
and  retired  to  a  plantation  near  Borja  in 
Uruguay.  His  "Nova  Genera et  Spades  Plan- 
t(truni,"  12  vols.,  folio  (Paris,  1815-29),  with 
700  colored  plates,  is  one  of  the  finest  works 
ever  printed.  Author,  also,  of  "  Equinoctial 
Plants  of  Mexico,  Cuba,"  &c.,  2  vols.,  fol.,  140 
plates. 

Boomer,  George  Boardman,  brig.-gen. 
vols.,  b.  Sutton,  Ms.,  July  26,  1832  ;  killed  at 
Vicksburg,  Mpi.,  May  22,  1863.  Son  of  Rev. 
Job  Borden  Boomer.  Settled  at  an  early  age 
at  St.  Louis,  as  a  bridge-builder.     He  laid  out 


and  partly  built  the  town  of  Castle  Rock 
on  the  Osage  River.  As  col.  22d  Mo,  Vols., 
he  was  present  at  the  surrender  of  Island  No. 
10,  and,  at  the  battle  of  luka,  was  disting.,  and 
severely  wounded.  At  the  battle  of  Champion 
Hills,  near  Vicksburg,  he  com.  the  2d  bri- 
gade of  Quinby's  div.,  McPherson's  corps,  with 
such  conspicuous  gallantry,  that  he  was  highly 
recommended  for  promotion.  Killed  in  a 
charge  on  the  fortifications  of  Vicksburg. 

Boone,  Daniel,  pioneer  settler  of  Ky.,  b. 
Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  11  Feb.  1735;  d.  Charette,  Mo., 
26  Sept.  1820.  His  parents,  who  were  English, 
removed  to  the  Yadkin  River,  N.  C,  where 
Boone  became  a  skilful  hunter  and  woodsman. 
From  May,  1769  to  Mar.  1771,  he  was  explor- 
ing thevvi'lds  of  Ky.,  whither,  in  Sept.  1773,  he 
led  a  party  of  settlers.  In  June,  1774,  he  con- 
ducted a  party  of  surveyors  to  the  falls  of 
Ohio,  and,  in  the  campaign  against  the  Shaw- 
nees,  defended  against  their  attacks  3  frontier 
forts.  In  April,  1775,  he  built  the  fort  where 
Boonesborough  now  stands,  and  repulsed  sev- 
eral attacks  made  at  various  times  by  hostile 
Indians.  7  Feb.  1778,  while  making  salt  at 
the  Licking  River,  he  was  captured,  and  taken 
to  Detroit.  Adopted  into  an  Indian  family  at 
Chillicothe,  he  escaped,  June  16,  on  learning 
of  an  intended  attack  on  Boonesborough, 
reaching  the  fort,  160  miles  distant,  in  4 
days.  In  1780,  he  took  part  in  the  disastrous 
battle  of  the  Blue  Licks,  where  he  lost  his 
second  son,  and  accomp.  Gen.  Clarke's  exped. 
against  Vincennes  immediately  afterward.  In 
1795,  having  been  deprived  of  the  lands  he  had 
settled,  in  consequence  of  an  imperfect  legal 
title,  he  indignantly  shouldered  his  rifle,  and 
plunged  into  the  forests  of  Missouri.  Here  a 
valuable  tract  of  land  in  the  Femme  Osage 
district  was  given  him  for  his  services,  which 
he  also  lost,  because  he  would  not  go  to  New 
Orleans  to  complete  his  title.  He  had  left 
Ky.  in  debt,  but  eventually  obtained  a  valuable 
lot  of  peltry,  turned  it  into  cash,  went  on  foot 
to  Ky.,  paid  every  one  whatever  was  demanded, 
and,  returning  home  with  half  a  dollar,  said  he 
was  ready  to  die  content.  Notwithstanding 
his  many  Indian  encounters,  Boone  was  a 
lover  of  peace,  and  was  moral,  temperate,  and 
chaste.  In  1810,  he  Avent  to  live  with  his  son- 
in-law,  Flanders  Calloway.  His  portrait,  by 
Chester  Harding,  is  in  the  State  House  of  Ky. 
An  account  of  his  adventures,  by  himself,  was 
pub.  in  Filson's  Supplement  to  Iralay's  De- 
scription of  the  Western  Terr.,  1793.  His  son 
Nathan  L.,coI.  U.S.A..  served  in  the  War  of 
1812;  d.  Springfield,  Mo.,  Jan.  1857,  a  75. 

Boone,  William  Jones,  D.D.,  Prot.-Ep. 
missionary,  bishop  to  Shanghai,  China,  b. 
S.C,  1811;  d.  Shanghai,  July  17,  1864.  He 
studied  law,  then  theology,  at  the  sem.  at  Alex- 
andria, Va.,  and,  in  Jan.  1837,  went  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  China.  Consecrated  bishop,  26  Oct. 
1844.  Having  a  thorough  knowledge  of  Chi- 
nese language  and  literature,  he  translated  the 
prayer-book  in  1846,  and  was  selected  to 
review  the  translation  of  the  Bible,  in  which 
he  displayed  great  ability  and  learning. 

Booth,  Edwin  F.,  actor,  son  of  the  cele- 
brated J.  B.  Booth,  b.  on  his  father's  farm, 
near  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  Nov.  1833.    He  was  ed- 


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104 


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acated  for  the  sta^e,  travelling  with  his  father 
on  his  starring  engagements,  occasionally  play- 
ingsmall  parts,  and  making  his  first  regular  ap- 
pearance at  the  Boston  Museum,  Sept.  10, 1849, 
as  Tressellin"  Richard  III."  In  1851,  on  occa- 
sion of  his  father's  illness,  he  took  his  place, 
playing  Richard  at  the  Chatham  Theatre,  N.Y. 
In  1852,  he  went  to  Cal.,  and  engaged  for  "util- 
ity "  business,  and  in  1854  visited  Australia, 
stopping  on  the  way  at  many  of  the  Pacific 
islands.  He  returned  to  Cal.  after  playing  a 
successful  engagement  in  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
and  in  1857  appeared  as  Richard  at  Burton's 
Theatre,  N.Y.  In  Nov.  1860,  when  he  played 
at  this  theatre,  under  its  new  name  of  the 
"  Winter  Garden,"  he  achieved  that  high  po>ii- 
tion  on  the  stage  which  he  now  holds.  He 
made  a  professional  visit  to  Eng.  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1861,  played  at  the  Haymarket,  studied 
his  artoneyear  on  the  Continent,  and  returned 
to  its  practice  in  N.Y.  in  Sei)t.  1862.  He  has 
won  high  distinction  in  the  character  of  Ham- 
let. In  1869,  he  erected  on  23d  St.,  N.Y.,  a 
magnificent  theatre.  His  first  wife,  Mary 
Devlin,  a  danseuse,  d.  Dorchester,  Ms.,  Feb. 
21,  1863.  June  7,  1869,  he  m.  Mary  McVick- 
er,  r)^e  Runnion. 

Booth,  James  C,  chemist,  b.  1810.  Prof, 
of  applied  chemistry  in  Franklin  Institute; 
melter  and  refiner  in  U.S.  Mint.,  Phila.  Has 
pub.  "  Encyclopaedia  of  Chemistry,"  &c.,  1850  ; 
*'  Recent  Improvements  in  the  Chemical  Arts," 
1851,  in  the  Smithsonian  Reports.  In  both 
works,  he  was  assisted  by  Campbell  Morfit. 

Booth,  John  Wilkes,  the  assassin  of 
President  Lincoln,  b.  Harford  Co.,  Md.,  1839  ; 
d.  April  26,  1865.  Third  son  of  the  celebrat- 
ed actor.  His  early  education  was  irregular, 
and  deficient  in  moral  training.  In  1856,  he 
went  on  the  stage,  where  he  was  noticeable  for 
beauty,  grace,  and  physical  strength,  but  be- 
came dissipated  in  his  habits.  From  the  out- 
break of  the  Rebellion,  he  was  a  violent  seces- 
sionist, so  much  so,  that  his  brother  Edwin,  the 
tragedian,  forbade  him  his  house.  He  with- 
drew from  the  stage  early  in  1864,  for  the  pur- 
pose, as  is  supposed,  of  plotting  the  crime  he 
afterward  perpetrated  ;  failed  in  an  attempt  to 
abduct  Mr,  Lincoln  early  in  1865,  and  failed 
again  in  the  attempt  to  murder  him  on  theday 
of  his  inauguration.  Enlarging  his  scheme  to 
include  the  principal  members  of  the  cabinet,  the 
vice-pres.,  and  the  lieut.-gen.,  he  trained  several 
accomplices,  who  all  failed  ;  though  Mr.  Seward 
and  his  son  were  saved  from  death  almost  by 
miracle.  On  the  evening  of  April  14,  after 
firing  the  fatal  shot  at  Mr.  Lincoln,  at  Ford's 
Theatre,  Booth  leaped  from  the  box  to  the 
stage;  and,  his  spur  catching  upon  the  flag 
which  draped  the  front  of  the  President's  box, 
he  fell  upon  the  stage,  and  fractured  one  of  the 
bones  of  the  leg,  but,  springing  up,  he  flourished 
a  knife,  and  shouting,  ''  Sic  semper  tijrannis," 
fled  by  a  private  entrance,  where  one  of  his 
accomplices  was  holding  a  horse  for  him. 
With  Harold,  another  accomplice,  he  rode 
near  30  miles,  to  the  house  of  Dr.  Mudd  in  Va., 
where  his  broken  limb  was  set.  Mudd  aided 
his  escape  southward ;  and  he  crossed  the  Rap- 
pahannock at  Swan  Point,  making  his  way 
with  great  dificulty  to  Garrett's  Farm,  ab.  20 


miles  below  Fredericksburg.  Here  Col.  Bak- 
er, with  a  squad  of  detectives,  found  him  on 
the  night  of  April  25  ;  and,  refusing  to  sur- 
render, he  was  shot. 

Booth,  Junius  Brutus,  the  greatest  of 
American  tragedians,  b.  London,  May  1,  1796  ; 
d.  on  the  passage  from  N.  Orleans  to  Cincin- 
nati, Dec.  1,  1852.  His  father  was  an  atty., 
his  mother  a  lineal  descendant  of  John  Wilkes. 
After  trying  various  avocations,  he  joined  a 
strolling  company,  atid  appeared  at  Peckham, 
Sept.  13,  1813,  as  Campillo,  in  "  The  Honey- 
moon." After  performing  at  Deptford,  near 
London,  and  at  Brussels,  in  1814  he  made  his 
debut  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  London,  as 
Richard  III.  His  personification  of  the  char- 
acter was  sostrikitig,  that  he  competed  success- 
fully with  the  famous  Edmund  Kean.  The 
managers  of  Drury  Lane  induced  him  to  act 
there  in  the  same  plays  with  Kean  ;  but  when, 
after  a  few  nights,  he  was  again  announced  at 
Covent  Garden,  his  appearance  was  the  signal 
for  a  serious  theatrical  riot,  which  resulted  m 
driving  him,  for  a  time,  from  the  London  stage. 
July  13,  1821,  he  made  his  first  appearance  in 
the  U.S.,  at  Petersburg,  Va.,  and,  Oct.  5,  at  the 
Park  Theatre,  N.Y.,  in  his  favorite  character 
of  Richard.  From  that  time  until  the  close  of 
his  life,  he  acted  in  nearly  every  theatre  in  the 
U.S.,  and  in  spite  of  his  irregular  habits,  which 
sometimes  interfered  with  the  performance  of 
his  engagements,  enjoyed  an  extraordinary 
popularity.  In  1824,  he  bought  a  farm  in  Bel 
Air,  30  niiles  from  Baltimore,  where  he  lived 
in  a  retired  and  frugal  manner,  selling  his  eggs 
and  butter  in  that  city.  In  1825,  he  visited 
Eng.,  opened  at  Drury  Lane  as  Brutus,  and 
revisited  it  in  1836.  His  last  appearance  was 
at  the  St.  Charles,  N.  Orleans,  Nov.  19,  1852, 
as  Mortimer  and  John  Lump.  He  had  just 
returned  from  a  lucrative  tour  to  Cal.  when  he 
died.  His  range  of  characters  was  confined 
almost  exclusively  to  those  which  he  had  stud- 
ied in  the  beginning  of  his  career.  In  that  of 
Richard,  after  the  death  of  Kean,  he  had  no 
rival.  Among  his  other  most  popular  person- 
ations were  lago,  Sir  Giles  Overreach,  Pcscara, 
Lear,  Shylock,  Hamlet,  and  Sir  Kdmund  Mor- 
timer. In  his  peculiar  sphere,  —  the  sudden 
and  nervous  expression  of  concentrated  pas- 
sion,—  as  also  in  the  more  quiet  and  subtile 
passages  of  his  delineations,  he  exercised  a  won- 
de.ful  sway  over  his  audience.  His  voice  was 
singularly  flexible  and  melodious,  and  suscepti- 
ble of  the  most  exquisite  pathos.  He  was,  un- 
questionably, one  of  the  greatest  actors  that 
ever  lived.  No  animal  food  was  permitted  in 
his  family,  and  ail  animal  life  was  sacred  to 
him.  He  reverenced  all  forms  of  religion  and 
all  temples  of  devotion  ;  never  passing  thera 
without  baring  his  head.  Several  of  his  chil 
dren  inherited  a  portion  of  his  dramatic  talent; 
and  one  of  them,  Edwin,  has  attained  an  envi 
able  position  on  the  American  boards. —  See 
Life,  bi/  his  dau(jhter,N.Y.,lS66. 

Booth,  Mrs.  Mary  H.  C,  poet,  b.  Ct., 
1831;  d.  N.Y.  City,  11  Apr.,  1865.  She  m. 
an  editor,  with  whom  she  went  to  Milwaukie, 
Wis.,  ab.  1850.  She  I'esided  a  few  years  in 
Zurich  for  the  benefit  of  her  impaired  health, 
corresponding  with  some  American  papers  and 


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105 


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journals,  and,  in  1864,  pub.  a  vol.  of  pocm^', 
*•  Wayside  Blossoms."  She  returned  to  N.Y. 
in  that  year. 

Sooth)  Mary  L.,  author  and  translator,  b. 
Yaphauk,  L.I.,  April  19,  1831.  In  1845-6, 
she  taught  in  her  fathers'  school  at  Williams- 
burg, L.I.,  but  relinquished  the  pursuit  on  ac- 
count of  ill  health.  She  then  became  a  con- 
trib.  to  various  journals  and  magazines.  She 
has  translated  many  works  from  the  French. 
In  1859,  she  pub.  "A  Hist,  of  the  City  of  New 
York"  She  is  at  present  engaged  in  translat- 
ing Henri  Martin's  "  History  of  France."  — 
Dui/ckinck. 

Borda,  Jean  Charles,  a  scientific  French 
navigator,  b.  Dax,  4  May,  1733  ;  d.  Paris,  20 
Feb.  1799.  He  was  a  teacher  of  mathematics; 
became  a  capt.  in  the  French  navy,  and  by  his 
scientific  knowledge  was  of  great  service  to  the 
Count  D'Estaing  during  the  Amer.  war,  in 
which  he  com.  the  "  Solitaire"  with  distinction. 
Made  a  member  of  the  Acad,  of  Sciences  in 
1756.  In  1771,  he  made  a  voyage  to  Amer. 
for  scientific  purposes,  and  again  in  1774,  and 
at  a  later  period,  of  which  he  pub.  an  account 
in  1778.  He  founded  the  School  of  Naval 
Architecture  in  France,  invented  nautical  in- 
struments, was  one  of  the  scientific  men  who 
framed  the  French  metric  system,  and  pub. 
some  treatises  on  hydraulics.  Member  of  the 
French  Institute. 

Borden,  Simeon,  civil  engineer,  b.  Fall 
River,  Ms.,  Jan.  29,  1798;  d.  there  Oct.  28, 
1856.  Brought  up  at  Tiverton,  R.I.,  he  studied 
mathematics  and  geometry,  as  applied  to  me- 
chanical combinations,  and  made  himself  one 
of  the  ablest  practical  mechanics  of  his  day. 
Becoming  a  surveyor,  he  made  his  own  survey- 
ing compass,  took  charge  of  a  machine-shop  in 
Fall  River  in  1828,  and  in  1830  devised  and 
constructed  for  the  State  of  Ms.  an  apparatus 
for  measuring  the  hase  line  of  the  trigonomet- 
rical survey  of  that  State,  of  which  he  took 
charge  in  1834-41.  An  account  of  it  may  be 
found  in  "  The  Amer.  Phil.  Transactions,"  vol. 
ix.,  p.  34.  He  traced  and  marked  the  boundary 
lines  between  Ms.  and  R.I. ;  also  constructed 
several  railroads,  and  pub.  in  1851  "Formula 
for  Constructing  Railroads."  In  1851,  he  sus- 
pended a  telegraph-wire  across  the  Hudson, 
from  the  Palisades  to  Fort  Washington,  upon 
masts  220  feet  high.  Member  of  the  Acad,  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  the  Philos.  Society,  and 
other  learned  bodies. 

Bordley,  John  Beale,  judge  and  agric. 
writer,  b.  Annapolis,  Md.,  Feb.  11,  1727;  d. 
Phila.,  Jan.  26,  1804.  A  lawyer  by  profession, 
he  was  prothonotary  of  Baltimore  Co.  in 
1753-66;  judge  of  the  Prov.  Court  in  1766, 
and  of  the  Admiralty  Court  in  1767-76,  and 
a  commissioner  to  fix  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween Md.  and  Del.  in  1768.  He  was  one  of 
the  few  who  held  seats  in  the  Prov.  councils 
of  the  time,  who  acquiesced  in  the  Revol.,  and 
rejoiced  in  its  accomplishment.  Removing  to 
Phila.  in  1793,  he  estiiblished  there  the  first 
agric.  society  in  the  U.  S.  Fond  of  husbandry, 
by  his  experiments  upon  his  estate  in  Wye  Is- 
land, in  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  by  his  writings, 
he  was  instrumental  in  diffusing  a  knowledge 
of  the  art.     He  pub.  "Forsyth  on  Fruit-Trees, 


with  Notes  ;  "  "  On  Rotation  of  Crops,"  1792 ; 
"  Essays  and  Notes  on  Husbandry  and  Rural 
Affiiirs,  with  plates,"  1799-1801 ;  and  "  A  View 
of  the  Courses  of  Crops  in  Eng.  and  Md.." 
1784. 

Borland,  Solon,  soldier  and  statesman, 
b.  Va. ;  d.  in  Texas,  Jan.  31,  1864.  Educated 
in  N.C.  Settled  as  a  physician  in  Little  Rock, 
Ark.  Served  in  the  Mexican  war  as  maj.  in 
Yell's  caval.  ;  made  prisoner  with  Miij.  Gaines 
in  Jan.  1847,  and  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Worth 
in  the  battle  of  El  Molino,  and  up  to  the  capture 
of  the  city  of  Mexico,  Sept.  14,  1847.  U.  S. 
senator  from  Ark.  from  1849  to  1853,  and 
was  app.  by  Pres.  Pierce  minister  to  Central 
Amer.  He  also  received  from  him  the  app. 
of  gov.  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  but 
declined.  An  insult  offered  him  in  May,  1854, 
at  San  Juan  de  Nicaragua,  was  the  principal 
cause  for  the  bombardment  of  the  town  by  Com- 
mander HoUins  of  the  sloop-of-war  "Cyane," 
July  13,  1854.  He  resumed  practice  at  Little 
Rock,  until  the  spring  of  1861,  when,  long 
before  the  secession  of  the  State,  he  raised  a 
body  of  troops,  and,  Apr.  24,  took  possession 
of  Fort  Smith.  He  held  the  rank  of  brig.-gen. 
in  the  rebel  army. 

Boscawen,  Edward,  a  Brit,  admiral,  b. 
Aug.  14,  1711  ;  d.  Jan.  10,  1761.  Capt.  R.N. 
12  Mar.  1Z37.  Having  particularly  disting. 
himself  at  Portobello  and  at  Carthagena,  he 
was  in  1744  promoted  to  "  The  Dreadnought  " 
of  60  guns,  in  which  he  took  "  The  Media." 
At  the  battle  off  Cape  Finisterre  in  1747,  he 
signalized  himself  under  Anson,  and,  being 
made  a  rear-admiral,  was  despatched  in  1748, 
with  a  squadron,  to  the  East  Indies.  Failing  in 
an  attempt  on  Pondicherry,  he  succeeded  in 
making  himself  master  of  Madras,  and,  upon 
returning  to  Eng.,  took  his  seat  at  the  admi- 
ralty board  in  1751.  In  1755,  he  sailed  for 
N.  Amer.,  and,  in  an  action  with  a  French  squad- 
ron, captured  two  ships  of  the  line.  In  1758, 
he  succeeded  in  reducing  Louisburg  and  Cape 
Breton  in  conjunction  with  Gen.  Amherst,  who 
com.  the  land  forces;  and  in  1759,  having 
then  the  com.  in  the  Mediterranean,  pursued 
the  Toulon  fleet  under  De  la  Clue  through  the 
Straits  of  Gibraltar,  and,  coming  up  with  it  in 
Lagos  Bay,  completely  defeated  it,  burning 
two  ships,  and  taking  three.  The  thanks  of 
parliament,  and  £3,000  a  year,  with  the  rank 
of  gen.  of  marines,  was  the  reward  of  these 
services.     M.  P.  1743-61. 

Bostwick,  David,  Presb.  divine,  b.  New 
Milford,  Ct.,  Jan.  8,  1721  ;  d.  N.Y.  Citv,  Nov. 
12,  1763.  A.  M.  of  N.J.  Coll.  1756.  John,  his 
grandfather,  came  from  Cheshire,  Eng.,  to 
Stratford,  Ct.,  ab.  1668.  After  teaching  in  an 
acad.  at  Newark,  N.J.,  he  was  pastor  of  the 
church  at  Jamaica,  L.  I.,  from  Oct.  9,  1745,  to 
May,  1756,  and  of  the  Presb.  church  in  N.Y., 
from  1756  till  his  death.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  eloquence.  He  pub.  a  sermon,  "  Self 
disclaimed,  and  Christ  exalted,"  1758;  a 
"  Life  of  President  Davies,"  prefixed  to  his 
sermon  on  the  "  Death  of  George  II."  1761  ; 
and  a  "  Vindication  of  Infant  Baptism,"  repub. 
Lond.,  1765.  —  Sprar/ne. 

Bostwick,  Helen  Louise  (Barrow), 
poet,  b.  Charlestown,  N.H.,  1826.  Dau.  of  Dr. 


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106 


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Putnam  Barrow ;  removed  to  O.  in  1838;  m. 
there  in  1844 ;  resides  at  Ravenna,  0.  Long 
a  contrib.  to  literary  journals.  A  vol.  of  her 
poems  has  been  pub.  in  N.Y.,  entitled  "  Buds, 
Blossoms,  and  Bei'ries."  —  Poets  and  Poetry 
of  the  West. 

BOSSU,  F.,  a  French  traveller,  b.  Baijrneux- 
les-juit's,  ab.  1725.  Capt.  in  the  navy,  he  was 
one  of  the  first  travellers  who  explored  La. 
He  made  three  journeys  in  this  country  by 
order  of  his  government,  and  pub.  an  account 
of  his  discoveries,  in  two  works,  entitled 
"  Nouveaux  Voyages  aux  Indies  Occidental es,"  etc. 
Paris,  1768,  translated  into  English  by  J.  B. 
Forster,  with  the  title  of  "  Travels  through  that 
Part  of  North  America  formerly  called  Louisi- 
ana, Lond.,  1771;  and  ''Nouveaux  Voijajes 
dans  l'Am€rique  Septentrionale,"  Amsterdam, 
1777,  8vo. 

Botetourt,  Noubonne  Berkeley,  Bar- 
on de,  one  of  the  last  and  best  of  the  royal 
governors  of  Va.,  b.  ab.  1734;  d.  Williams- 
burg, Va.,  Oct.  15,  1770.  Son  of  John  Symes 
Berkeley  ;  was  col.  of  the  N.  Gloucestershire 
militia  in  1761  ;  represented  that  shire  in  par- 
liament, and  in  1764  was  raised  to  the  peer- 
age. Having  ruined  himself  by  gaming,  he 
became,  says  Junius,  "  a  cringing,  bowing, 
fawning,  sword-bearing  courtier."  In  July, 
1768,  he  was  made  gov,  of  Va.  Instructed  to 
assume  more  dignity  than  was  usual  with 
colonial  governors,  he  paraded  the  streets  of 
Williamsburg  with  guards,  a  coach,  and  other 
insignia  of  vice-regal  pomp.  The  Va.  Assem- 
bly, having  in  1769  passed  resolutions  against 
parliamentary  taxation,  and  the  sending  ac- 
cused persons  to  Eng.  for  trial,  was  dissolved 
by  him.  He  was  deeply  mortified  by  the  wid- 
ening of  the  breach  between  Eng.  and  the 
Colonies,-  and  soon  after  d.  of  disease  aggravated 
by  mental  sufifering.  In  1774,  a  statue  was 
erected  to  his  memory  by  the  Assembly.  He 
was  a  warm  friend  to  William  and  Mary  Coll. 
and  was  extremely  partial  to  literary  men. 

Botta,  Anne  Charlotte  (Lynch),  poet- 
ess, b.  Bennington,  Vt.  Her  father,  one  of  the 
United  Irishmen  of  '98,  was  banished  for  life, 
and  came  to  Amer.  Miss  Lynch,  who  was 
educated  at  Albany,  began  early  to  contrib.  to 
literary  journals  ;  pub.  at  Providence,  in  1841, 
"  The  R.I.  Book,"  and  soon  after  removed  to 
N.  Y.  City.  A  coll.  of  her  poems,  illustrated 
by  Durand,  Darley,  Huntington,  Brown,  and 
other  artists,  has  been  pub.  Her  prose  contribs. 
to  periodicals,  consisting  of  essays,  tales,  and 
criticisms,  are  numerous.  She  was  m.  in  1855 
to  Vincenzo  Botta,  nephew  of  the  historian  of 
America,  formei-ly  doctor  of  philosophy  and 
divinity  in  the  U.  of  Turin,  member  of  the 
Sardinian  parliament  of  1849,  and  author  of 
a  work  on  public  education,  pub.  under  the 
patronage  of  that  government ;  author,  also, 
of  "  Hand-book  of  Universal  Literature." 

Botta,  Carlo  Giuseppe  Guglielmo,  an 
Italian  historian,  b.  San  Giorgio  Canavese, 
Piedmont,  Nov.  6,  1766;  d.  Paris,  Aug.  10, 
1837.  He  received  a  medical  education  at  Tu- 
rin, and  occupied  his  leisure  in  studying  bota- 
ny, music,  and  literature.  In  1 792,  he  was 
imprisoned,  and  put  to  the  torture,  on  a  politi- 
cal accusation,  but,  after  17  months'  incarcer- 


ation, established  his  innocence,  and  was  re- 
leased. He  then  went  to  France,  served  as  a  sur- 
geon in  the  Army  of  the  Alps,  then  in  that  of 
Italy,  and  produced  his  first  work,  —  apian  of 
govt,  for  Lombardy.  While  stationed  in  1796, 
in  the  Venetian  Islandsof  the  Adriatic,  he  wrote 
his  "  Historical  and  Medical  Description  of  the 
Island  of  Corfu."  In  1798,  he  was  app.  a  mem- 
ber of  the  provisional  govt,  of  Piedmont,  which 
the  Austro-Russian  invasion  soon  terminated. 
He  went  to  France,  and  was  restored  to  his 
rank  in  the  medical  staff  of  tlie  Army  of  Italy. 
After  the  battle  of  Marengo,  he  was  one  of  the 
executive  commission  for  the  govt,  of  Pied- 
mont, and  in  that  capacity  procured  the  release 
from  prison  of  the  man  wlio  had  caused  his  own 
imprisonment  and  torture.  He  also  aided  in 
the  establishment  of  a  permanent  fund  for  pub- 
lic instruction.  When,  in  1802,  Piedmont  was 
re-annexed  to  France,  he  became  a  member  of 
the  administrative  council,  and  in  1803  was  the 
representative  of  the  dept.  in  the  deputation  to 
Bonaparte.  He  then  pub.  his  "  Precis  His- 
torique  de  la  Maison  de  iSavoie  et  du  Piemont." 
In  1804,  he  represented  the  dept.  of  the  Dora  in 
the  legisl.  bo(ly,and  thenceforth  resided  in  Paris. 
In  1808  and  '9,  he  was  vice-pres.  of  the  legisl. 
assembly.  On  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  he  retired 
to  private  life.  In  1815,  he  pub.  ''11  Camillo 
o  vejo  conquistuta,"  an  epic  poem  in  12  cantos. 
From  1817  to  1822,  he  was  rector  of  the  acad. 
of  Rouen.  His  "  History  of  Italy,  from  1789  to 
1814,"  appeared  in  1824.  In  1830,  he  pub.  his 
"History  of  Italy,  from  1532  to  1789."  Hia 
"  History  of  the  American  Revel."  was  pub. 
in  Paris  in  1809,  and  was  translated  by  G.  W. 
Otis  of  Boston.  It  was  long  the  best  work  on 
that  subject. 

Botsford,  William,  jurist,  b.  N.  Haven, 
Ct.,  Apr.  1773;  d.  Sackville,  N.B.,  8  May, 
1864.  Y.C.  1792.  Amos,  his  father,  a  loyalist, 
b.  Newtown,  Ct.,  31  Jan.  1744;  d.  St.  John, 
14  Mar.  1812  (Y.  C.  1763).  He  was  a  law- 
yer, and  was  two  years  speaker  of  the  N.  S. 
assembly.  The  son  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1795;  was  judge  of  Vice-Admiralty  of  N.  B., 
1802-7;  member  of  the  assembly,  1812-17; 
speaker,  1817-23  ;  solicitor-gen.  1817-1823,  and 
was  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1823-46. 

BottS,  John  Minor,  Whig  politician,  b. 
Dumfries,  Prince  Wm.  Co.,  Va.,  16  Sept.  1802; 
d.  Richmond,  Va.,  8  Jan.  1869.  He  lost  his 
parents  at  the  burning  of  the  Richmond  Thea- 
tre in  1811.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1820,  he  prac- 
tised 6  years,  and  then  retired  to  a  farm  in  Hen- 
rico Co.  Prominent  in  the  legisl.  in  1833-9; 
M.  C.  1839-43  and  1847-9;  a  supporter  of 
Mr.  Clay  for  the  Presidency  in  1844  ;  afterwards 
attached  himself  to  the  Amer.  party  ;  opposed 
the  repeal  of  the  Mo.  Compromise,  and  did  his 
best  to  prevent  the  secession  of  Va.,  after  which 
he  retired  to  his  farm,  an  object  of  hatred  to 
his  fellow-citizens.  In  Mar.  1862,  he  was  taken 
at  night,  and  kei)t  in  prison  8  weeks  in  solitary 
confinement.  In  1866,  he  was  prominent  in 
the  Southern  Loyalists'  Convention,  and  la- 
bored earnestly  for  the  early  restoration  of  his 
State  to  the  Union.  After  the  war,  he  pub. 
"  The  Great  Rebellion,  its  Secret  History,  &c." 

Boucher,  Jonathan,  Pr.-Ep.  clergyman, 
b.  Blencogo,  Cumb.  Co.,  Eng.,  1738;  d.  Ep« 


BOTJ 


107 


BOTJ 


som,  27  Apr.  1804.  He  came  to  Amer.  in  1 754 ; 
was  a  private  tutor  some  time ;  afterward  an 
Epis.  clergyman  at  Hanover  and  St.  Mary's 
Parish,  Va.,  until  1775,  when,  being  a  loyalist, 
his  estates  were  confiscated,  and  he  went  to 
Eng.,  where  he  was,  until  his  d.,  vicar  of  Ep- 
som. He  pub.  in  1797  "A  View  of  the  Causes 
and  Consequences  of  the  Amer.  Revol.,"  in 
13  discourses  preached  in  N.  A.,  1763-75.  He 
subsequently  prepared  a  "  Glossary  of  Provin- 
cial and  Archffiological  Words,"  purchased  of 
his  family  in  1831  for  the  proprietors  of  Web- 
ster's Dictionary. 

Boucher  {boo'-sha'),PiERRE,  gov.  of  Trois 
Rivieres,  Canada,  pub  in  1664  an  account  of 
Canada,  eiicitled  "Histoire  Veritable  et  Naturelle 
des  Moeurs  et  Productions."  He  was  sent  to 
France  to  represent  the  temporal  and  spiritual 
wants  of  the  colony,  and  lived  nearly  a  cen- 
tury. 

Couchette  (boo-shSt'),  Joseph,  topogra- 
pher, b.  Canada,  1774;  d.  Montreal,  Apr.  9, 
1841.  Son  of  Commo.  B.,  who  was  disting. 
in  the  early  operations  of  the  war  of  the  Revol. 
on  the  northern  frontier.  The  son,  in  1790,  en- 
tered the  office  of  his  uncle,  Maj.  Holland,  sur- 
veyor-gen. of  British  N.  A.,  to  which  office  he 
succeeded  in  1804.  He  served  meanwhile  in  the 
prov.  navy  on  the  Lakes,  and  in  the  Roy.  Cana- 
dian Vols.,  until  1802.  He  was  actively  em- 
ployed in  the  campaigns  of  1813  and  1814.  In 
Aug.  1814,  he  went  to  Eng.  to  pub.  his  topog. 
and  geog.  description  of  Canada,  which  ap- 
peared in  1816.  While  thei'e,  he  was  app.  sur- 
veyor-gen., under  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  for  estab- 
lishing the  boundary  between  the  British  pos- 
sessions and  the  U.  S.  This  labor  occupied 
him  during  the  years  1817  and  1818.  During  a 
second  visit  to  Eng.,  he  pub.  "  The  British  Do- 
minions in  N.  A.,"  1831,  tlie  result  of  15  years' 
labor  on  the  geography,  topography,  and  sta- 
tistics of  the  country  ;  and  "  Topog.  Diet,  of 
Lower  Canada,"  4to,  1832. 

Bouck,  William  C,  statesman,  b.  Scho- 
harie Co.,  N.Y.,  1786  ;  d.  there  Apr.  19.  1859. 
He  was  early  elected  to  town  offices  ;  was  app. 
sheriff  of  the  county,  1812;  member  of  the 
State  Assembly,  1813,  '15,  and  '17;  State  sen- 
ator, 1820;  canal  commissioner,  1821-40;  gov. 
of  the  State,  1843-5;  member  of  the  Const. 
Conv.  in  1846;  and  from  1846  to  1849  was 
assist,  treasurer  in  N.  Y.  City.  The  last  ten 
years  of  his  life  were  devoted  to  agriculture. 

Boudinot,  Elias,  LL.D.  (Y.  C.  1790), 
philanthropist,  b.  Phila.,  May  2,  1740;  d.  Bur- 
lington, N.  J.,  Oct.  24,  1821.  Of  Huguenot 
descent.  He  received  a  classical  education,  and 
studied  law  under  Richard  Stockton,  whose 
sister  he  m.,  and  became  eminent  in  his  profes- 
sion. In  1776-9,  he  was  commissary -gen.  of 
prisoners,  and  in  1777  was  elected  a  delegate 
to  Congress,  of  which  body  he  was  chosen  pres'. 
in  1782,  and  in  that  capacity  signed  the  treaty 
of  peace.  Resuming  the  practice  of  law,  he 
was  M.  C.  1789-95,  and  in  1796  succeeded  Rit- 
tenhouse  as  director  of  the  U.  S.  mint,  which 
office  he  resigned  in  1805.  He  devoted  himself 
earnestly  to  the  study  of  biblical  literature, 
and,  being  possessed  of  an  ample  fortune,  made 
liberal  donations  to  various  charitable  and  theol. 
institutions.     He  was  the  first  pres.  of  the  Bi- 


ble Society,  which  he  assisted  in  creating  in 
1816,  and  to  which  he  gave  $10,000;  was  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
Foreign  Missions,  to  whom  he  gave  £100  ster- 
ling ;  and  was  a  trustee  of  Princeton  Coll.,  in 
which  he  founded  in  1805  the  cabinet  of  natu- 
ral history,  which  cost  $3,000.  He  was  deeply 
interested  in  the  efforts  to  meliorate  the  con- 
dition of  the  Indians,  to  instruct  the  deaf  and 
dumb,  to  educate  youth  for  the  ministry,  and 
to  relieve  the  wants  and  miseries  of  the  sick 
or  suffering  poor ;  and  his  home  was  the  seat 
of  hospitality  and  benevolence.  By  his  last 
will,  he  bequeathed  his  large  estate  principally 
to  charitable  uses.  Dr.  Boudinot  pub.  '"  The 
Age  of  Revelation,"  1790;  an  Oration  before 
the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati,  1793  ;  "  Second 
Advent  of  the  Messiah,"  1815;  "Star  in  the 
West,  or  An  Attempt  to  discover  the  Long-lost 
Tribes  of  Israel,"  8vo,  1816,  in  which  he  con- 
curs with  Adair  in  the  opinion  that  the  Indi- 
ans are  the  lost  tribes. 

Bougainville  (boo'-gan'-veK),  Louis  An- 
TOiNE,  a  French  navigator,  b.  Paris,  11  Nov. 
1729;  d.  August  31,  1811.  He  studied  for 
the  bar,  and  was  adm.  a  counsellor  of  the  Par- 
liament of  Paris.  He  paid  particuhir  attention 
to  mathematics,  and  pub.  in  1752  a  work  on 
the  Integral  Calculus.  In  1753,  he  became 
aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Chevert.  He  then  went 
to  London  as  sec.  of  embassy,  and  was  made 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  afterwards 
served  as  aide-de-camp  under  the  Marquis  de 
Montcalm,  in  Canada,  was  sent  to  France  in 
1758  to  demand  re-enforcements,  and  returned 
to  Canada  in  1759  a  col.  and  a  Knight  of  St. 
Louis.  It  was  principally  owing  to  his  exer- 
tions in  1758,  that  5,000  French  withstood  suc- 
cessfully an  English  army  of  16,000  men.  On 
tiie  capture  of  Quebec,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  greatly,  he  returned  home,  and  in  1760 
was  aide-de-camp  of  Choiseul  Stainville  in  Ger- 
many. Peace  ensuing,  he  engaged  in  the  naval 
service.  In  his  voyage  round  the  world  in 
1766-9,  pub.  in  1771,  he  enriched  geography 
with  a  great  number  of  discoveries.  He  com. 
with  distinction  ships  of  the  line  in  the  Ameri- 
can war,  disting.  himself  in  all  the  engage- 
ments between  the  fleets  of  France  and  Eng. 
He  was  made  commodore  in  1779,  and  in  1780 
obtained  further  promotion.  In  the  memora- 
ble defeat  of  De  Grasse,  "  The  Auguste,"com. 
by  Bougainville,  suffered  most  severely,  but 
maintained  its  station  in  the  line  to  the  last 
extremity,  and  by  a  judicious  movement  suc- 
ceeded in  rescuing  8  sail  of  his  own  division, 
which  he  conducted  safely  to  St.  Eustace.  He 
endeavored,  ineffectually,  to  allay  the  disturb- 
ances at  Brest  in  1790,  but  at  length  retired 
from  professional  employment,  after  having 
served  in  the  army  and  navy  with  great  repu- 
tation for  more  than  40  years.  In  1796,  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  geog.  section  of  the 
institute,  and  afterwards  of  the  Bureau  dea 
Longitudes.  He  was  made  a  senator  on  the  cre- 
ation of  that  body,  and  afterwards  a  count  of 
the  empire.  Commersan,  who  accompanied 
him  in  his  voyasie  round  the  world,  as  botan- 
ist, gave  his  name  to  a  new  genus  of  plants  of 
the  family  of  Nyctaginea,  or  night-blooming 
flowers. 


BOTJ 


108 


BOTJ 


Bouille     (boo'-ya'),    Francis     Claude 

Amo uu,  Marquis  de,  a  French  gen.,  b. 
Auvergne,  Nov.  19,  1739  ;  d.  London,  Nov.  14, 
1800.  Ho  entered  early  upon  a  military  career, 
disting.  himself  in  the  seven-years'  w.ir  ;  was 
app.  gov.  of  Guadaloupe  in  1768;  and,  during 
the  Amer.  war,  conquered  Dominica,  St.  Eu- 
statia,  Tobago,  St.  Christopher,  Nevis,  and 
Montsorrat,  disting.  himself  no  less  by  his  mag- 
nanimity than  by  his  prowess.  Returning  to 
Paris  after  the  peace  of  1783,  he  was  app.  a 
lieut.-gen.,  and  after  travelling  in  England, 
where  he  received  tokens  of  admiration  from 
the  merchants,  through  Holland,  and  a  great 
part  of  Germany  and  the  Cont,,  he  vvas  made 
chief  of  the  province  Trois-Eveches.  In  the 
assembly  of  notables,  he  supported  the  proposed 
reforms  of  Calenne,  and  displayed  bravery  and 
ability  in  repressing  the  outbreak  of  the  garri- 
sons of  Metz  and  Nancy,  but  was  distrusted  by 
the  revolutionists.  He  concerted  the  plan  for 
the  escape  of  Louis  XVI.,  which  doubtless 
would  have  succeeded,  but  for  the  prohibition 
of  bloodshed  by  the  king,  and  whic  h,  even 
then,  came  so  near  succeeding,  as  to  turn  upon 
the  slightest  accidents.  After  enlisting  under 
the  banners  of  Conde,  and  sharing  the  dan- 
gers and  fatigues  of  the  emigrant  nobility,  he 
went  to  Eng.  in  1796.  There  he  wrote  his  in- 
teresting and  impartial  "Memoirs  of  the 
Revol.,"  London,  1797. 

Boulbon  (or  Raousset-Boulbon),  Gas- 
ton Haoulx,  Comte  de,  a  French  adventurer, 
b.  Avignon,  1817  ;  d.  near  Guaymas,  Aug.  12, 
1854.  After  having  squandered  his  estate  in 
Paris  and  Algiers,  he  went,  in  1852,  to  Cal., 
induced  a  number  of  adventurers  to  join 
him  in  an  expcd.  to  Sonora,  and  took  pos- 
session of  the  Mexican  gold-mines  at  the  point 
of  the  bayonet.  He  then  raised  500  men, 
seized  Arispe,  the  capital  of  Sonora,  and  pro- 
claimed a  republic.  Defeated  by  the  Mexicans 
Jan.  4,  1853,  he  returned  to  Cal.,  from  whence 
he  planned  a  new  invasion  in  April,  1854,  but, 
again  repulsed  by  the  Mexicans  July  13,  he 
was  captured,  and  put  to  death.  An  account 
of  him  was  pub.  in  Paris  in  1855. 

Bouquet,  Gen.  Henry,  a  British  officer, 
b.  Rolle,  v*>witzerland,  1719  ;  d.  Pensacola,  Fla., 
Feb.  1766.  Entering  the  Dutch  service,  he 
was  afterward  in  that  of  Sardinin,  and  in  1748 
was  a  lieut.-col.  in  the  Swiss  Guards,  in  the 
service  of  Holland.  He  entered  the  English 
array  as  lieut-col.  in  1756  ;  Feb.  19,  1762,  col. 
60th  Foot;  brig.-gen.  1765.  He  co-operated 
actively  with  Gen.  Forbes,  and  Oct.  12,  1758, 
repulsed  an  attack  by  a  large  body  of  French 
and  Indians  at  Loyal  Hanna,  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  capture  of  Fort  Duquesne.  Sent 
from  Canada  by  Gen.  Amherst  for  the  relief  of 
Fort  Pitt,  he  was  attacked  Aug.  5  and  6, 
1763,  by  a  large  Indian  force,  but  by  skill  and 
l)ravery  defeated  them,  and  reached  the  fort 
with  supplies  four  days  later.  In  an  cxped. 
against  the  Ohio  Indians,  in  Oct.  1764,  he 
compelled  the  Shawancse,  Delawares,  and 
others,  to  make  peace  at  Tuscarawas.  An  ac- 
count of  thisexped.,  by  Wm.  Smith,  D.D.,  was 
pub.  in  Phila.,  1765,  with  map  and  plates. 

Bourlamarque  (boor'-la-mark),  M.  DE, 
a  French  gen. ;  d.  1764,  gov.  of  the  Island  of 


Guadaloupe.  Col.  of  engineers  ;  arrived  with 
Montcalm  in  Canada,  May,  1756  ;  directed  the 
operations  at  the  capture  of  Forts  Oswego  and 
George,  14  Aug.  1756,  in  which  he  was  wound- 
ed ;  at  the  capture  of  Fort  Wm.  Henry,  com. 
the  left  column,  and  directing  the  siege,  and 
risked  his  life  to  save  the  English  from  massa- 
cre after  the  capitulation  ;  9  July,  1757,  he 
commanded  the  left  of  the  defences  of  Ticon- 
deroga  against  the  assault  of  Gen.  Abercrom- 
bie,  and  vvas  dangerously  wounded  ;  promoted 
brig.-gen.  19  Feb.  1759  ;  com.  at  Ticonderoga, 
which  he  blew  up  and  abandoned  in  July, 
1759;  retired  to  the  Isle  AuxNoix;  disting. 
and  again  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Sillery,  28 
Apr.  1760;  returned  to  France  after  the  con- 
quest of  Canada;  1  Aug.  1762,  he  addressed 
a  memoir  on  Canada  to  the  French  Govern- 
ment, which  see  in  O'Callaghan's  Paris  Docs. 
X.  p.  1139. 

Bourne,  Benjamin,  LL.D.,  jurist,  b.  Bris- 
tol, R.L,  Sept.  9,  1755;  d.  Sept.  17,  1808. 
H.U.  1775.  Grandson  of  Ezra  (chief-justice 
C.  C.  P.  Barnstable  Co. ),  who  was  grandson  of 
Benj.  Was  an  able  lawyer,  often  a  member  of 
the  State  legisl. ;  M.  C.  1790-6  ;  and  in  1801 
was  app.  judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  U.S. 

Bourne,  Richard,  missionary  to  the 
Marshpce  Indians,  b.  Eng. ;  d.  Sandwich,  Ms., 
ab.  1685.  Acquiring  the  Indian  language, 
he  began  as  early  as  1658  to  devote  himself  to 
their  instruction  and  welfare,  and  was  ord. 
pastor  of  the  Indian  Church  at  Marshpee, 
Aujr.  17,  1670. 

Bouton,  John  Bell,  author,  b.  Concord, 
N.H.,  Mar.  15,  1830.  Dartm.  Coll.  1849.  He 
read  law;  became  in  1851  associate  editor  of 
the  Cleveland  Plain  Dealer ;  removed  to  N.  Y. 
City  in  1857,  and  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
Journal  of  Commerce,  1857-64  ;  and  is  engaged 
in  commercial- business  in  that  city.  He  pub. 
"Loved  and  Lost,"  a  scries  of  essays,  1857; 
"  Round  the  Block,"  a  novel,  1864  ;  "Treasury 
of  Travel  and  Adventure,"  1865  ;  andcontrib. 
most  of  the  scientific  articles  to  the  New  Am. 
Cyclop,  for  \9>^^.  — Alumni D.  C. 

Bouton,  Rev.  Nathaniel,  D.D.  (Dartra. 
Coll.  1851),  b.  Norwalk,  Ct.,  settled  over  a 
Cong,  church  in  Concord,  N.H.,  23  Mar.  1825. 
Y.C.  1821;  And.  Sem.  1824.  Author  of 
"Memoir  of  Mrs.  Eliz.  McFarland,"  1839; 
"  Hist.  Discourse  on  the  200th  Anniv.  of  the 
Settlement  of  Norwalk,  Ct.,  9  July,  1851;" 
"  The  Fathers  of  th.-  N.H.  Ministry,"  a  dis- 
course, 22  Aug.  1848  ;  "  Hist,  of  Education  in 
N.H."  a  discourse,  12  June,  1833;  "History 
of  Concord,  N.H."  1856;  "Discourse  Coni- 
mem.  of  a  40  years'  Ministry,  Concord,  23  Mar. 
1865." 

Boutwell,  George  Sewall,  LL.D.  (H. 
U.  1851 ),  statesman,  b.  Brookline,  Ms.,  Jan.  28, 
1818.  He  worked  on  a  farm  when  a  boy  ;  was 
engaged  in  mercantile  business  20  years;  then 
studied  law,  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar;  was  7 
years  in  the  Ms.  legisl.  between  1842  and  '50; 
member  of  the  Const.  Conv.  of  Ms.  in  1853; 
bank  commissioner,  1849-50;  gov.  of  Ms., 
1851-3;  5  years  sec.  of  the  Ms.  Board  of 
Education ;  6  years  member  of  the  Board 
of  Overseers  of  Harvard  Coll. ;  first  commis- 
sioner of  interval  revenue,  from  July,  1862,  to 


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Mar.  1863;  M.  C.  1S63-9;  sec.  of  the  U.  S. 
treasury  since  Mar.  1869.  One  of  tlie  man- 
agers of  the  impeachment  trial  of  Andrew 
Johnson  in  1868.  A  vol.  of  his  "Speeches 
and  Papers  "  was  pub.  in  1867.  Author  of 
•'Manual  of  U.  S.  Direct  and  Excise  Tax 
System,"  1863.    Resides  in  Groton,  Mass. 

Bouvier,  Jonx,  jurist,  b.  Codognan, 
France,  1787  ;  d.  Phila.,  Nov  18,  1851.  Of 
a  Quaker  family,  whi.h  emigrated  to  this  coun- 
try in  1802.  He  was  employed  in  a  bookstore 
some  years,  pub.  a  newspaper,  The  American 
Telegraph,  at  Brownsville  in  Western  Pa., 
1814;  studied  law,  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  at 
Uniontown,  Fayette  Co.,  in  1818.  At  this  place, 
he  pub.  The  Genius  of  Liherfij  and  Ainei-ican 
Telegraph,  from  Apr.' 1818,  to  July,  18:20. 
He  began  practice  in  Phila.  in  1823;  was 
recorder  of  Phila.,  Jan.  1836  ;  asso.  judge  of 
the  Court  of  Criminal  Sessions  from  Mar.  1838, 
and  was  learned  in  the  law,  as  well  as  in  the 
literature  of  several  languages.  He  pub.  a  "  Law 
Dictioiuiry,"  1839;  an  edition  of  "  Bacon's 
Abridgment  of  the  Law,"  in  1841,  and  *' In- 
stitutes of  American  Law,"  1851. 

Bovadilla  (bo-va-deK-ya),  box  Franqois 
DE,  an  arrogant  and  incompetent  Spanish  gov. ; 
d.  June  29,  1502.  He  was  commander  of  the 
order  of  Calatrava,  and  in  1500  was  sent  to 
Saint  Domingo  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 
charged  to  examine  the  conduct  of  Columbus, 
and,  if  he  found  him  guilty,  to  deprive  him  of 
command,  and  sseize  his  person.  He  performed 
the  latter  part  of  his  instructions  regardless  of 
the  former,  seized  upon  the  authority  on  his 
arrival,  put  Columbus  in  irons,  and  sent  him 
home  to  Spain,  with  an  act  of  accusation  filled 
with  contemptible  charges.  Bovadilla  was  soon 
succeeded  hy  JNicolas  Ovando;  and  Columbus 
was  restored  to  liberty.  The  persecutor  of  this 
great  man  embarked  in  the  Spanish  fleet,  to 
render  an  account  to  his  country  of  his  conduct, 
and  perished  in  a  tempest  with  the  greater  part 
of  the  vessels  which  accompanied  him. 

Boves  (bo'-v6s),  Joseph  Thomas,  a  Span- 
ish-American partisan  ;  d.  Dec.  5, 1814.  He  was 
a  Castilianof  low  origin,  a  sergeant  of  marines; 
afterwards  served  in  the  coast-guard,  but  was 
punished  by  imprisonment  for  allowing  him- 
self to  be  bribed,  and,  on  leaving  prison,  became 
a  peddler.  Becoming  a  capt.  of  militia  in 
1810,  the  defeat  of  the  royalist  Cagigal,  to 
whose  corps  he  was  attached,  decided  him  to 
make  war  on  his  own  account.  He  established 
himself  at  Calabozo,  and  with  about  500  men, 
mostly  slaves,  defeated  Marino,  dictator  of  the 
eastern  provinces.  Thenceforward  with  his 
little  army,  swollen  with  vagabonds,  escaped 
convicts  (black  and  white),  he  commenced  a 
devastating  partisan  warfare.  His  atrocities 
gave  his  horde  the  well-merited  name  of  the 
"  Infernal  Division  ;  "  and  the  butchery  of  1,200 
prisoners  was  the  commencement  of  a  long 
series  of  similar  barbarities  on  both  sides.  Feb. 
19,  1814,  he  defeated  Bolivar  at  Saint  Mateo, 
and  again,  June  14  ;  Boves  then  advanced  upon 
Valencia,  raised  the  sie^xe  of  Porto  Cabello, 
driving  back  the  independents  :  the  city  capi- 
tnlatcd.  To  give  to  the  articles  (»f  capitulation 
a  more  solemn  sanction,  mass  was  celebrated 
between  the  two  armies ;  and,  at  the  moment 


of  the  elevation,  the  royalist  gen.  promised  a 
faithful  and  strict  observance  of  the  treaty. 
Entering  the  city,  Boves  had  the  repub.  officers 
and  a  number  of  soldiers  shot.  Again  a  con- 
queror at  Antimano,  Bolivar  withdrew  to  Bar- 
celona; and  the  Spaniards  entered  Caracas. 
Aug.  8,  he  gained  a  new  success,  killing  or 
wounding  1,500  of  the  independents,  and  tak- 
ing four  pieces  of  cannon.  Dec.  5,  he  saw  at 
Urica  his  last  triumph,  being  killed  by  the 
thrust  of  a  lance.  — Nouv.  Biog.  Univ. 

Bowden,  Johx,  D.D.,  a  Pr.-Ep.  divine,  b. 
Ireland,  Jan.  1751  ;  d.  Ballston,  N.Y.,  Julv31, 
1817.  Col.  Coll.  1770.  The  son  of  a  British 
officer  who  served  during  the  French  war,  lie 
followed  his  ftither  to  Amer.,  and,  after  study- 
ing 2  years  at  N.  J.  Coll.,  returned  with  him  to 
Ireland.  He  came  to  Amer.  again  in  1770, 
studied  divinity,  and  returned  to  Eng.,  where 
he  was  ord.  in  1774.  In  the  summer  of  that 
year,  he  returned  to  N.Y.,  where  he  became 
assistant  minister  of  Trinity  Church.  He  took 
charge  of  the  church  at  Norwalk,  Ct.,  from 
Dec.  1784,  until  Oct.  1785,  when  weakness  of 
the  lungs  induced  him  to  take  charge  of  the 
church  at  St.  Croix  in  the  West  Indies.  Com- 
pelled, after  two  years'  residence,  to  give  up 
preachiuir,  he  settled  at  Stratford,  Ct.  From 
1796  to  1805,  he  had  charge  of  the  Ep.  acad.  in 
Cheshire,  Ct.,  and  from  1805  to  1817  was  prof, 
of  moral  philos.  and  belles  lettres  in  Col.  Coll. 
He  pub.  a  number  of  controversial  letters, 
an  address  to  the  members  of  the  Ep.  church 
in  Stratford,  some  remarks,  &c. ;  A  Full-length 
Portrait  of  Calvinism;  The  Essentials  of  Or- 
dination, and  Observations  on  the  Catholic 
Controversy. 

Bowditch,  Nathaniel,  LL.D.  (H.  U. 
1816),  F.R.S.,  mathematician  and  astronomer, 
b.  Salem,  Mar.  26,  1773;  d.  Boston,  Mar.  16, 
1838.  The  poverty  of  his  parents  occasioned 
his  withdrawal  from  school  at  the  age  of  10, 
and,  after  an  apprenticeship  in  a  ship-chandler's 
shop  until  he  was  21,  he  spent  nine  years  iu  a 
seafaring  life,  attaining  the  rank  of  master. 
He  was  pres.  of  a  Marine-Ins.  Co.  in  Salem, 
from  1804  to  1823,  when  he  became  actuary  of 
the  Ms.  Hospital  Life-Ins.  Co.  in  Boston.  '  By 
his  extraordinary  genius  and  industry,  he  made 
greatacquisitionsin  knowledge,  mastered  many 
languages,  and  did  more  for  the  reputation  of 
his  country  among  men  of  science  abroad,  than 
has  been  done  by  any  other  man,  except,  per- 
haps, Dr.  Franklin.  He  pub.  in  18')0,  while 
engaged  as  a  supercargo,  his  well-known 
"  Practical  Navigator,"  still  a  standard  work 
of  great  utility  and  value.  Among  his  scien- 
tific labors  were  numerous  and  important  com- 
munications to  the  memoirs  of  the  Amer. 
Acad.,  of  which  he  was  pres. ;  but  his  fame  as 
a  man  of  science  will  principally  rest  on  his 
Commentary  on  the  M€cani<pie  Celeste  of  La 
Place,  of  which  he  made  the  first  entire  trans- 
lation, and  which  he  has  elucidated  in  a  man- 
ner that  commands  the  admiration  of  scienti- 
fic men.  The  elucidations  and  commentaries 
of  Bowditch  formed  more  than  half  the  work. 
They  record  subsequent  discoveries,  and  show 
the  sources  whence  La  Place  derived  assistance. 
He  contrib.  many  valuable  papers  to  "The 
Memoirs  of  the  Amer.  Acad.,"  and  an  article 


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on  Modern  Astronomy  to  vol.  20  "  North  Am. 
Review."  At  his  death,  he  was  a  member  of 
the  principal  scientific  societies  of  Europe. 
He  twice  had  a  seat  in  the  executive  council  of 
Ms  — 'See  Memoir,  by  his  son  N.  I.  Boivditch, 
1840. 

Bowditch,  Nathaniel  Ingersoll,  con- 
vevancer,  and  historical  writer,  b.  Salem,  Jan. 
I7"i  1805;  d.  Brookline,  Ms.,  Apr.  16,  1861. 
H.U.  1822.  Eldest  son  of  the  eminent  math- 
ematician. He  was  adm.  to  the  Suffolk  bar 
in  1825,  but  a  few  years  afterward  relinquished 
practice,  and  devoted  himself  to  business  as  a 
conveyancer.  He  was  noted  for  accuracy  and 
thoroughness  ;  and  a  proof  of  his  industry  is 
found  in  the  55  folio  vols,  of  land-titles  he 
had  written,  containing  nearly  30,000  pages, 
and  also  plans  and  maps.  In  Apr,  1835,  he  m. 
a  dau.  of  the  wealthy  Ebenezer  Francis,  and, 
having  a  large  income,  devoted  much  of  it  to 
charitable  objects.  Under  the  signature  of 
"  Gleaner,"  he  contrib.  many  articles  of  histor- 
ical interest  and  value  to  the  Boston  Tran- 
script. Author  of  "  A  History  of  the  Ms.  Gen- 
eral Hospital,"  1851,  3  editions  of  "Suffolk 
Surnames,"  and  "Memoir  of  N.  Bowditch," 
1840. 

Bowdoin,  James,  LL.D.  (U.  of  Edinb. 
1785),  statesman,  b.  Boston,  Aug.  8,  1727  ;  d. 
Nov.  6,  1790.  H.U.  174.5.  He  was  of  a 
Huguenot  family  who  landed  at  Falmouth, 
Me.,  in  1687,  and  in  1690  removed  to  Boston. 
On  the  day  succeeding  their  removal,  the  in- 
habitants of  Casco  Bay  were  all  cut  off,  and 
the  settlement  burnt,  by  the  Indians.  The 
death  of  his  father,  Sept.  4.  1747,  put  him  in 
possession  of  an  ample  fortune.  At  24,  he  had 
formed  an  acquaintance  with  Franklin,  who 
communicated  to  him  his  papers  on  electricity, 
and  with  whom  he  frequently  corresp.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Gen.  Court  in  1753,  and 
senator  and  councillor  in  1756.  Prominent 
in  opposing  the  royal  gov.  before  the  Revo  I., 
his  writings  and  other  services  were  eminently 
useful.  Such  was  his  prominence,  that  Gov. 
Bernard  negatived  him  as  a  councillor  in  1769, 
upon  which  he  was  at  once  elected  a  represen- 
tative. Chosen  delegate  to  Congress  in  1774, 
he  was  prevented  by  illness  from  attending. 
Member  of  the  committee  of  corresp.,  pres.  of 
the  council  of  govt.,  pres.  in  1778  of  the  con- 
vention for  forming  a  Constitution,  and  in 
1785  and  1786  was  gov,  of  Ms.;  member  of  the 
convention  which  adopted  the  Federal  Consti- 
tution in  1788.  During  his  administration,  the 
"  Shays'  Rebellion  "  in  the  western  counties  oc- 
curred ;  but  it  was  quickly  suppressed  by  his 
vigorous  and  decisive  measures.  His  health 
was  precarious,  and  his  life  a  long  consump- 
tive disease ;  but  he  was  always  vigorous  in 
public  affairs.  One  of  the  founders,  and  first 
pres.,  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  from 
1780  till  his  death,  and  bequeathed  to  it  his 
valuable  library.  He  aided  in  founding  the 
Ms.  Humane  Society,  and  was  a  benefactor  of 
Har.  Coll.,  to  which  he  left  a  handsome  legacy. 
He  contrib.  3  pieces  to  the  Pietas  et  Gratulafis, 
on  the  accession  of  George  III.,  and  was  the 
author  of  a  vol.  of  verses,  pub.  anonymously 
in  Boston  in  1759. 

Bowdoin,  James,  diplomatist,  only  son 


of  the  preceding,  b.  Sept.  22,  1752;  d.  Nau- 
shon  Island,  Ms.,  Oct.  11,  1811.  H.  U.  1771. 
He  spent  several  years  travelling  in  Europe, 
and  one  year  in  the  study  of  law  at  the  U.  of 
Oxford.  Returning  to  Amer.  in  1775,  he  suc- 
cessively filled  the  offices  of  representative, 
member  of  the  Const.  Conv.  of  1789,  senator 
and  councillor,  and  in  May,  1805,  proceeded 
to  the  court  of  Madrid  as  minister-plenipo., 
returning  home  in  Apr.  1808.  He  was  a  mu- 
nificent patron  of  Bowd.  Coll.,  to  which  he 
made  a  donation  of  6,000  acres  of  land,  and 
more  than  £1,100.  He  pub.  a  translation  of 
Daubenton's  "  Advice  to  Shepherds,"  and, 
anonymously,  "  Opinions  Respecring  the  Com- 
mercial Intercourse  between  the  U.S.  and  Great 
Britain."  He  brought  home  with  him  from 
Paris  an  extensive  library,  philosophical  ap- 
paratus, and  a  collection  of  paintings  ;  all  of 
which  he  left  at  his  death  to  Bowd.  Coll.,  to- 
gether with  the  reversion  of  the  Island  of  Nan- 
shon,  which  had  been  his  favorite  residence. 

Bowen,  Francis,  author,  b.  Charlestown, 
Ms.,  Sept.  8,  1811.  H.U,  (with  the  highest 
honors)  1833.  From  1835  to  1839,  he  was  in- 
structor there  in  intellectual  philos,  and  politi- 
cal economv.  Returning  from  a  visit  to 
Europe  in  1841,  he  established  himself  in  Cam- 
bridge, pub.  "  Virgil,"  with  English  notes, 
and  a  vol.  of  critical  essays  on  speculative  phi- 
losophy, in  1842.  He  edited  the  N.  A.  Review 
from  1843  to  1854,  and  delivere<l  two  courses 
of  Lowell  Lectures  in  1848-9,  on  the  application 
of  metaphysical  and  ethical  science  to  the  evi- 
dences of  religion,  pub.  in  1849  and  in  1855. 
In  the  winter  of  1850,  he  delivered  a  course 
of  lectures  on  political  economy  before  the 
Lowell  Institute,  and  another,  in  1842,  on  the 
origin  and  development  of  the  Eng.  and 
Amer.  Constitutions.  In  1853,  he  succeeded 
Dr.  Walker  as  Alford  Prof,  of  natural  religion, 
moral  philos.,  and  civil  polity.  In  1854,  he 
pub,  an  abridgment  of  Stuart's  Philos.,  with 
notes,  and  in  the  same  year  compiled  and  edit- 
ed "Documents  of  the  Constitution  of  Eng. 
and  Amer.,  from  Magna  Charta  to  the  Federal 
Constitution  of  1789/'  To  Sparks's  Biog.,  he 
contrib.  lives  of  Phipps,  Steuben,  Otis,  and  Gen. 
Lincoln.  He  has  written  much  in  defence  of 
the  doctrines  of  Locke  and  Berkeley,  and 
against  those  of  Kant,  Fichte,  and  Cousin. 
Since  the  commencement  of  1858,  he  has  deli- 
vered a  course  of  lectures  bef.  Lowell  Inst.,  on 
the  English  mctaphysicans  and  philosophers. 

Bowen,  John  *S.,  maj.-nen.  C.  S.  A.,  b. 
Ga.,  1829;  d.  Raymond,  Mpi.,  July  13,  1863. 
West  Point,  1853.  Entering  the  mounted 
rifles,  he  resigned.  May  1,  1856,  and  settled  in 
St.  Louis  as  an  architect.  He  was  atlj.  to 
Gen.  Frost  at  the  time  of  the  exped.  to  the 
border  in  search  of  Montgomery,  and,  when 
the  Rebellion  broke  out,  took  com.  of  the  2d 
regt.  of  Frost's  brigade.  He  was  acting  chief 
of  the  staff  to  Gen.  Frost  at  the  Camp  Jackson 
affair.  Disregarding  his  parole,  he  raised  at 
Memphis  the  1st  Mo.  Inf.,  which  was  unsur- 
passed in  gallantry,  discipline,  or  drill.  He 
comd.  a  brigade  in  Breckenridge's  corps  at 
Shiloh,  April  6,  1862,  and  was  severely  wound- 
ed. He  com.  at  the  battle  near  Port  Gibson, 
in  May,  1863,  stubbornly  resisting  Gen.  Grant's 


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advance.  He  was  in  all  the  subsequent  battles 
around  Vicksburg;  was  prominent  in  the  ne- 
gotiations for  its  surrender,  and  is  said  to  have 
died  of  mortification  at  that  event. 

Bowen,  Nathaniel,  D.D.  (H.U.  1803), 
Pr.-Ep.  bishop  of  S.C.,  b.  Boston,  1779;  d. 
Au;?.  25,  1839.  S.C.  Coll.  1796.  He  became 
a  tutor  in  that  institution,  and,  having  com- 
pleted his  theol.  studies  at  Boston,  was  in 
1800  adm.  to  orders,  and  became,  in  Oct.  1802, 
assist,  minister  of  St.  Michael's  Church, 
Charleston,  S.C.  He  was  rector  of  this  church 
in  1808,  and  of  Grace  Church,  N.Y.,from  1809 
to  1818,  when  he  was  elected  bishop  (conse- 
crated, Oct.  8,  1818),  and  was  a  second  time 
rector  of  the  parish  of  St.  Michael's  in  Charles- 
ton. Two  vols,  of  his  sermons  have  been 
pub. 

Bowen,  Oliver,  commodore,  a  Revol. 
patriot  of  Augusta,  Ga. ;  d.  Providence,  R.I., 
Aug.  1800,  a.  59.  July  10,  1775,  he  seized  a 
large  quantity  of  powder  at  Tybee  Island, 
near  Savannah.  In  June,  1778,  he  was  in  the 
unsuccessful  exped.  against  Wilmington. 
Member  Provincial  Congress  of  1775,  and  of 
the  Council  of  Safety. 

Bowie,  Robert,  gov.  of  Md.  in  1803-5 
and  1811-12;  d.  Nottingham,  Jan.  8,  1818,  a. 
67.  He  was  a  captain  in  the  2d  batt.  of  the 
Md.  flying  camp  in  1776. 

Bow-lec(" Billy  Bowlegs"),  a  Seminole 
chief;  d.  in  the  Seminole  country,  11  Mar. 
1859.  He  was  a  terror  to  the  settlers  of 
Florida,  and  one  of  the  greatest  Indian  warri- 
ors of  this  century,  and  had  been  in  all  the 
principal  battles  with  the  whites  for  over  30 
years. 

Bowles,  Samuel,  journalist,  b.  Springfield, 
Ms.,  1826.  Samuel,  his  father,  established 
there  the  Republican,  of  which,  since  1844,  the 
son  has  been  the  sole  conductor,  and,  by  per- 
severance and  industry,  has  placed  it  in  the  first 
rankof  Amer.  journals.  From  1849  to  1860, 
Dr.  J.  G.  Holland  (Timo.  Titcomb)  was  assoc. 
editor.  He  spent  the  summer  of  1862  in 
Europe,  and  in  1865  joined  Speaker  Colfax 
in  a  tour  to  the  Pacific  coast.  His  letters  to 
the  Republican,  describing  this  journey,  were 
pub.  as  "  Across  the  Continent,"  1865.  "  The 
Switzerland  of  America"  was  pub.  1869. 

Bowles,  William  Augustus,  self-styled 
"General"  and  "  Indian  agent,"  b.  Frederick  Co., 
Md.,  1763;  d.  Havana,  Dec.  23,  1805.  The 
son  of  an  English  schoolmaster.  At  the  age 
of  13,  he  stole  from  home,  and,  joining  the  Bri- 
tish army  at  Phila.,  soon  obtained  a  commis- 
sion, but  at  Pensacola  was,  for  some  neglect, 
dismissed  the  service.  Afterward  entered  the 
service  of  the  Creek  Indians,  and  m.  an  Indian 
woman.  He  instigated  many  of  their  excesses, 
for  which  he  was  rewarded  by  the  British. 
May  9,  1781,  when  Pensacola  surrendered  to 
the  Spaniards,  Bowles  com.  the  Creek  Indians, 
whom  he  had  brought  there  to  assist  the  Eng- 
lish. For  this  service,  he  was  reinstated  in  the 
British  army.  After  the  war,  he  joined  a 
company  of  players  at  N.  Y. ;  played  at  the 
Bahamas,  where  he  also  painted  portraits,  thus 
exhibiting  the  versatility  of  his  talents.  Gov. 
Dunmore  app.  him  trading-agent  for  the 
Creeks ;  and  he  established  a  house  upon  the 


Cliattahoochie,  but  was  driven  thence  by 
McGillivray.  He  then  went  to  England  :  on 
his  return,  his  influence  with  the  Indians,  who 
had  chosen  him  com.-in-chicf,  was  so  disastrous 
to  the  Spaniards,  that  they  offered  $6,000  for 
his  apprehension.  Bowles'  had  assumed  to  act 
among  the  Indians  under  authority  of  the 
British  Govt. ;  but,  on  inquiry  by  the  pres.,  the 
ministry  promptly  and  explicitly  denied  that 
they  had  afforded  him  countenance,  assistance, 
or  protection.  For  a  long  time,  Bowles  did 
all  in  his  power  to  annoy  Georgia,  and  prevent 
the  settlement  of  her  difficulties  with  the  In- 
dians. He  was  entrapped  in  Feb.  1792,  sent 
a  prisoner  to  Madrid,  and  thence  to  Manilla,  in 
1795.  Obtaining  leave  to  go  to  Europe,  he  re- 
paired to  the  Creeks,  and  commenced  his  dep- 
redations anew,  but,  being  again  betrayed  into 
the  hands  of  the  Spaniards  in  1804,  he  was 
confined  in  the  Moro  Castle,  where  he  died.  A 
memoir  of  him  was  pub.  in  London  in  1791, 
in  which  he  is  called  "Ambassador  of  the 
United  Nations  of  Creeks  and  Cherokees." 

Bowman,  Samuel,  D.D.,  assist.  Pr.-Ep. 
bishop  of  Pa.,  consec.  at  Phila.,  25  Aug.  1858; 
d.  3  Aug.  1861. 

Boyd,  John  Parker,  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Newburyport,  Ms.,  Dec.  21,  1764  ;  d.  Bos- 
ton, Oct.  4,  1830.  He  entered  the  military 
service  of  the  U.S.,  Oct.  20,  1786.  We  nex't 
find  him  in  India,  at  the  head  of  3  battalions, 
of  500  men  each,  armed  and  equipped  at  his 
own  expense,  at  the  service  of  the  highest  bid- 
der, and  he  at  one  time  com.  10,000  cavalry. 
He  was  in  the  pay  of  Holkar,  in  the  Peishwa's 
service,  and  afterward  in  that  of  Niham  Ali 
Khan.  Arriving  in  Madras  in  July,  1789,  he 
was  given  by  the  Nizam  the  command  of 
1,000  men.  Having  sold  out  for  want  of  em- 
ployment, he  went  to  Paris  in  1808,  and  soon 
returned  to  the  U.S.  App.  col.  4th  Inf  Oct. 
7,  1808,  com.  a  brigade,  and  was  disting.  at  the 
battle  of  Tippecanoe,  Nov.  7,  1811.  He  com. 
the  detachment  of  1,500  men,  of  Wilkinson's 
army,  which  fought  the  battle  of  Williamsburg, 
Nov.  11, 1813,  and  led  his  brigade  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Fort  George,  U.  C. ;  app.  brig.-gen., 
Aug.  26,  1812;  app.  naval  officer  of  the  port  of 
Boston,  March  4,  1830.  He  pub.  "  Documents 
and  Facts  relative  to  Military  Events  during 
the  Late  War,"  1816. 

Boyd,  Linn,  a  statesman  of  Tenn.,  b. 
Nashville,  Nov.  22,  1800;  d.  Ky ,  Dec.  18, 
1859.  His  educational  advantages  were  limit- 
ed. In  1827,  he  was  elected  to  the  legisl.  of 
Tenn.,  serving  3  sessions,  and  in  1831  was 
re-elected.  M.C.  from  1835  to  1837,  from  1839 
to  1847,  and  from  1847  to  1855;  and  was 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  territories  in 
the  31st  Congress,  during  his  last  term  occupy- 
ing the  chair  of  speaker.  He  served  one 
term  as  lieut.-gov.  of  Ky. 

Boyden,  Seth,  inventor,  b.  Foxborough, 
Ms.,  17  Nov.  1788;  d.  Middleville,  N.J.,  31 
Mar.  1870.  He  engaged  in  the  leather  manuf. 
in  Newark  in  1813,  invented  a  machine  for 
splitting  leather,  began  the  manuf.  of  patent 
leather  in  1819,  made  the  first  malleable  iron 
in  1826,  perfected  the  first  locomotive  with 
the  driving-rod  outside  the  wheel,  produced 
the  first  daguerrotype  in  America,  invented  the 


BOY 


112 


IBTIJ^ 


process  of  making  spelter,  discovered  the  art 
of  making  Russian  sheet-iron,  and  patented  a 
hat-body  doming-machine  used  in  all  the  hat 
manufs.  in  the  U.S. 

Boyer,  Jean  Pierre,  pros,  of  Hayti,  b. 
Portau  Prince,  Feb.  2,  1776;  d.  Paris,  July  9, 
1850.»  His  father  was  a  shopkeeper  and  tailor 
in  Port  au  Prince,  and  his  mother  was  a  ne- 
gress,  who  had  been  a  slave.  In  1 792,  he  joined 
the  revolted  blacks,  then  struggling  against  the 
French  for  their  independence.  Joining  the 
French  commissioners  Santhonax  and  Polve- 
rel,  he  withdrew  with  them,  after  the  arrival 
of  the  English,  to  Jacquemel,  having  previ- 
ously disting.  himself  in  the  defence  of  the 
fort  of  Biroton  and  in  other  dangerous  enter- 
prises. Attaching  himself  while  here  to  Ri- 
gaud,  he  set  out  with  him  for  France.  He 
took  part,  like  many  other  persons  of  color,  in 
the  exped.  of  Le  Clerc  against  St.  Domingo. 
On  the  death  of  Le  Clerc,  he  joined  Pction's 
party,  in  whose  service  he  became  private  sec, 
gen.  of  the  arrondissemento^  Port  au  Prince,  and 
was  finally  named  by  him  his  successor.  Upon 
the  death  of  Petion,  March  29,  1818,  Boyer  was 
immediately  installed  in  his  office,  and  assumed 
the  functions  of  govt.  On  the  breaking-out  of 
the  revolution  in  the  north  part  of  the  island 
in  1820,  he  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the 
insurgents  ;  and,  upon  Christophe's  death,  the 
north  and  south  parts  of  the  island  were  united 
into  one  govt.,  under  his  administration,  by  the 
name  of  the  "  Republic  of  Hayti."  He  was 
vain  and  weak,  and  destitute  of  ability;  and 
by  an  absurd  arrangement  with  France,  to 
whom  he  foolishly  agreed  to  pay  an  indem- 
nity of  150,000,000  francs  in  five  equal  an- 
nual instalments, — in  consideration  of  which 
France  merely  recognized  the  actual  govt,  of 
Hayti,  —  theagriculture,  commerce,  and  wealth 
of  Hayti,  which  under  his  govt,  had  gradually 
declined,  became  totally  prostrated.  Finally, 
in  1842,  an  insurrection  took  place;  Boyer  was 
overthrown,  and  took  refuge  in  Jamaica  until 
Feb.  1848,  when,  with  his  family,  he  settled  in 
Paris. 

Boyle,  John,  jurist,  b.  Botetourt  Co.,  Ya., 
Oct.  28,  1774;  d.  Jan.  28,  1834.  His  father 
emigrated  to  Ky.  in  1779.  John  received  a 
good  education  ;  practised  law  at  Lancaster 
from  1797  to  1803;  was  MC.  1803-9;  app. 
gov.  of  Illinois  territory  in  1809  ;  judge  of 
the  Court  of  Appeals,  April,  1809,  to  April, 
1810;  chief-justice,  April,  1810,  to  Nov.  1826; 
U.S.  district  judge  for  Ky.,  Nov.  8,  1826,  to 
his  death.  —  Collins' s  Hist.  Ki/. 

Boylston,  Nicholas,  a  benefactor  of 
Ilarv.  Coll.  ;  d,  Boston,  Aug.  18,  1771,  a.  55. 
He  was  a  merchant  of  singular  probity,  and 
at  his  decease  bequeathed  to  H.  U.  £1,500  to 
found  a  professorship  of  rhetoric  and  oratory, 
in  which  John  Quincy  Adams  was  installed  as 
first  prof.,  June  12,  1806. 

Boylston,  Zabdiel,  F.R.S.,  a  physician, 
eminent  as  the  first  to  inoculate  for  the  small- 
pox in  America,  b.  Brookline,  1680  ;  d.  Boston, 
March  1,  1766.  After  receiving  a  good  educa- 
tion, he  studied  medicine  under  his  father  and 
Dr.  John  Cutler,  and  in  a  few  years  acquired 
a  reputation  and  a  fortune.  He  alr^o  acquired 
distinction   as  a  naturalist,  sparing  no  labor 


nor  expense  in  obtaining  rare  plants,  animals, 
and  insects,  many  of  which,  then  unknown  in 
Europe,  he  at  different  times  transmitted  to 
Eng.  Upon  the  re-appearance  of  the  small- 
pox in  Boston  in  1721,  Cotton  Mather  called 
tlie  attention  of  the  physicians  to  an  account  of 
the  practice  of  inoculation  at  the  East,  in  a 
vol.  of  the  Trans,  of  the  Philos.  Society.  Boyl- 
ston was  so  impressed  with  its  utility,  that  he 
immediately  inoculated  his  own  son  and  two 
servants,  with  complete  success.  He  enlarged 
his  practice,  but  met  with  great  opposition 
from  the  pliysicians,  who  were  unanimous  in 
their  opinion  against  it,  from  his  fellow-citi- 
zens, and  the  selectmen  of  the  town,  who  passed 
an  ordinance  prohibiting  it.  He  persevered 
in  the  practice,  however,  encouraged  and  justi- 
fied by  the  clergy  ;  and,  of  286  persons  inocu- 
lated in  1721  ancl  '22,  only  6  died.  He  enjoyed 
the  satisfaction  of  seeing  inoculation  in  general 
use  in  N.E.  for  some  time  before  it  became 
common  in  Eng.  In  1725,  he  visited  Eng., 
and  was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society. 
In  addition  to  his  communications  to  that  body, 
he  pub.  a  paper  on  inoculation,  Boston,  1721, 
and  an  hist,  account  of  the  smallpox  inocula- 
tion in  N.  Eng.  and  London,  1726. 

Boynton,  Edward  C,  brev.  rxiaj.  U.S.A., 
b.  Vt.  West  Point,  1846.  Entering  the  2d 
Art.  he  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  was 
brev.  capt.  20  Aug.  1847,  for  Contreras  and  for 
Churubiisco,  where  he  was  severely  wounded. 
Assist,  prof,  of  chem.,  mineral.,  and  geol.  at 
West  Point,  1848-55;  served  against  the 
Seminole  Indians  in  1855-6,  and  resigned  16 
Feb.  1856.  Prof,  of  chem.,  min.,  and  geol., 
U.  of  Mpi.,  1856-61  ;  capt.  11th  U.  S.  Inf.  23 
Sept.  1861 ;  adj.  and  quarterm.  at  West  Point 
to  30  Sept.  1865;  brev.  raaj.  13  Mar.  1865; 
transf.  to  29th  Inf.  21  Sept.  1866.  Author 
of  "  History  of  West  Point  and  the  U.  S. 
Millt.  Acad.,"  1863  ;  "  Hist.  U.  S.  Navy."  — 
Cullum. 

Bozman,  John  Leeds,  lawyer,  poet,  and 
historian,  b.  Talbot  Co.,  Md.,  Aug.  25,  1757  ; 
d.  there  Apr.  23,  1823.  U.  of  Pa.  1783.  His 
family  was  among  the  earliest  settlers  in  that 
place.  He  completed  his  legal  studies  at  the 
Middle  Temple  in  London.  After  considei'able 
practice,  having  for  several  years  acted  as  dep. 
atty.-gen.  of  the  State,  he  abandoned  the  law 
for  literature.  His  chief  work  is  "  The  History 
of  Maryland  to  the  Restoration  in  1660,"  pub. 
in  1836  under  the  auspices  of  the  General  As- 
sembly of  that  State.  He  was  a  contributor 
to  the  Portfolio,  and  pul).  an  "  Essaj--  upon 
Colonization  in  Africa,"  iti  1822.  He  wrote  an 
"Historical  and  Philos.  Sketch  of  the  Prime 
Causes  of  the  Revol.  War,"  i:i  which  he  praised 
Washington,  and  condemned  Franklin  ;  but  it 
was  suppressed. 

Brace,  Charles  Loring,  clergyman  and 
author,  b.  Litchfield,  Ct.,  1826.  Y'.  C.  1846. 
After  a  few  months  of  school-teaching,  he 
studied  theology,  completing  his  preparation 
for  the  ministry  at  the  Union  Theol.  Sem.  of 
N.Y.,  and  has  since  been  a  preacher  without 
any  settled  charge.  In  1850,  he  made  a  pedes- 
trian  journey  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  also 
visiting  the  Rhine,  ndnium,  and  Pnris,  an  ac- 
count of  which,  entitled  "  Walks  and  Talks  of 


BR^ 


113 


33R^ 


an  American  Farmer  in  England,"  was  after- 
ward pub.  In  1851,  he  was  tried  as  a  spy  in 
Hungary,  but  was  soon  set  at  liberty  through 
the  efforts  of  C.  J.  McCurdy,  charf]€  d'affaires. 
Returning  to  the  U.  S.,  he  became  interested 
in  the  benevolent  labors  of  Rev.  Mr.  Pease 
among  the  most  degraded  class  in  N,  Y.,  and 
was  subsequently  chiefly  instrumental  in  the 
formation  of  the  Children's  Aid  Society,  of 
which  he  is  sec.  and  principal  agent.  In  1852, 
he  pub.  "  Hungary  in  1851,"  "  Home  Life  in 
Germany,  1853;"  in  1857,  "  Norsefolk,"  a 
description  of  the  religious,  social,  and  political 
condition  of  Sweden  and  Norway  ;  "  Races  of 
the  Old  World,"  1863;  "The  New  West," 
1869,  and"  Short  Sermons  for  Newsboys." 

Bracken,  Rev.  Johx,  minister,  and  prof, 
of  humanities  (1773-1818),  and  pres.  of  VVm. 
and  Mary  Coll.  in  1813;  d.  Williamsburg,  Va., 
15  July,  1818. 

Brackenridge,  Henry  M.,  jurist  and 
diplomatist,  son  of  Hugh  Henry,  b.  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  May  11,  1786;  d.  there  18  Jan.  1871. 
At  the  age  of  20,  being  adm.  to  the  bar,  he 
began  practice  in  Somerset,  Md.  He  descended 
the  Mpi.  in  1811,  and  soon  received  the  app.  of 
dep.  atty.-gen,  for  the  Territory  of  Orleans,  af- 
terwards Louisiana.  Made  dist.  judge  at  23. 
During  the  War  of  1812,  he  furnished  impor- 
tant information  to  the  govt.,  and  afterwards 
wrote  a  history  of  the  war,  which  was  translated 
into  French  and  Italian.  He  joined  with  Clay 
in  advocating  the  acknowledgment  of  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  South  Amer.  republics.  Be- 
sides other  productions,  his  pamphlet,  under 
the  signature  of  an  "American,"  addressed  to 
Pres.  Monroe,  was  repub.  in  Eng.  and  France, 
and,  being  supposed  to  express  the  views  of  the 
Amer.  Govt., was  replied  to  by  the  Duke  of  San 
Carlos,  the  Spanish  minister.  He  was  one  of 
the  commissioners  to  the  South  Amer.  republics 
in  1817-19,  and,  on  his  return,  pub.  his  "  Voy- 
age to  South  Amer."  In  1821,  he  went  to 
Fla.  with  Gen.  Jackson,  aided  him  in  forming 
his  government;  was  made  alcadle  of  Pensa- 
cola,  and  in  May  was  app.  judge  of  the  western 
district,  in  which  office  he  remained  10  years. 
Removing  to  Pittsburg  in  1833,  he  became  an 
active  politician,  and  in  1841  was  named  a  com- 
missioner under  the  treaty  with  Mexico.  His 
political  writings  were  numerous.  He  pub.  an 
account  of  Louisiana  in  1812,  and,  in  1834, 
the  first  vol.  of  his  "  Recollections  of  Persons 
and  Places  in  the  West."  In  1847,  he  pub.  a 
series  of  letters  in  favor  of  the  Mexican  war. 
His  eulogy  on  Jefferson  and  Adams,  delivered 
at  Pcnsacola  in  Aug.  1826,  was  highly  praised 
by  Wirt.  In  1859,  he  pub.  a  "  History  of  the 
Western  Insurrection,  in  vindication  of  his 
father.  Author  also  of  a  "  Journal  of  a  Voy- 
age up  the  Missouri  River,"  Pittsburg,  1814. 
—  Duijckinrh. 

Brackenridge,  Hugh  Hexry,  author 
and  judge,  b.  near  Campbelton,  Scotian  I, 
1748;  d.  Carlisle,  Pa.,  June  25,  1816.  N.  J. 
Coll.  1771.  At  the  age  of  5,  he  came  with  his 
father  to  Pa.,  and  supported  himself,  while  ac- 
quiring his  education,  by  farming  and  teach- 
ing. He  became  a  tutor  at  Princeton;  was 
master  of  an  acad.  in  Md.,  when  the  Revol. 
war  broke  out ;  removed  to  Phila.,  where  ho 


was  a  conspicuous  writer  and  speaker,  and, 
having  studied  divinity,  became  a  chaplain  in 
the  army.^  Relinquishing  the  pulpit  for  the 
bar,  he  edited  for  a  time  the  U.  S.  Magazine 
at  Phila.  In  1781,  he  settled  at  Pittsburg, 
soon  rose  to  the  head  of  the  bar  of  that  section  ; 
was  sent  in  1786  to  the  legisl.  to  obtain  the 
establishment  of  the  county  of  Alleghany ;  was 
made  a  jud<^e  in  1789  ;  and,  from  1799  till  his 
death,  was  judge  of  the  State  Supreme  Court. 
The  part  he  took  in  the  "  Whiskey  Insurrec- 
tion" made  him  prominent.  He  appeared  to 
side  with  the  insurgents  in  order  to  keep  them 
within  the  limits  of  reason  and  law,  and  even- 
tually to  reconcile  them,  without. bloodshed,  to 
the  govt.  He  vindicated  his  course  in  his  "  In- 
cidents of  the  Insurrection  in  Western  Pa.  in 
1794,"  8vo,  Phila.,  1795.  Brackenridge  de- 
serves to  be  better  known  through  his  writings. 
He  had  wit,  humor,  and  sound  judgment.  His 
judicial  decisions  were  celebrated  for  their  in- 
tegrity and  independence.  In  politics,  he  was  a 
supporter  of  Jefferson.  He  pub.  a  poem  on  the 
"  Rising  Glory  of  America,"  1774;  "  Eulogium 
of  the  Brave  who  fell  in  the  Contest  with  Great 
Britain,  delivered  at  Phila.,  4  July,  1779  ;  " 
"  Modern  Chivalry,  or  the  Adventures  of 
Capt.  Farrago,"  1796,  an  admirable  satire; 
"  Oration,  July  4,  1793  ;  "  "  Gazette  Publica- 
tions Collected,"  1806. 

Brackett,  Albert  G.,  brev.  col.  U.S.A., 
b.  N.Y.  1st  lieut.  4th  Indiana  Vols.,  June, 
1847,  and  at  the  battle  of  Huamatlan,  siege  of 
Puebla  and  Atlixco,  in  Mexico ;  capt.  2d  U.S. 
cav,  Mar.  1855;  disting.  in  actions  with  Ca- 
manche  Indians  ;  com.  cavalry  at  Bull  Run, 
Va. ;  col.  9th  111.  cav.,  Aug.  1861  ;  engaged  at 
Waddell's  Farm  and  Cache  Bayou,  and  wound- 
ed at  Stewart's  Plantation ;  maj.  1st  U.S.  cav., 
July,  1862;  com.  cav.  brigade  W.  Tenn. ;  en- 
gaged in  the  attack  on  Memphis  and  Charles- 
ton R.R. ;  asst.  insp.-gen.  of  cav.,  dept.  of 
Cumberland,  1864;  engaged  at  the  siege  of 
and  battles  in  front  of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  battle 
of  Nashville,  Tenn. ;  lieut.-col.  2d  U.S.  cav., 
June,  1 868 ;  brev.  maj.  for  Arkansas  campaign ; 
brev.  lieut.-col.  for  Atlanta  campaign ;  brev. 
col.  for  gallant  and  merit,  services  in  the  war. 
Author  of  "  Gen.  Lane's  Brigade  in  Central 
Mexico,"  1848;  "Hist.  U.S.  Cavalry,"  1865. 
—  Henri]. 

Brackett,  Anthony,  a  soldier,  and  early 
settler  at  Casco,now  Portland,  Me.;  killed  by  In- 
dians, Sept.  21,1689.  Son  of  Anthony  of  Green- 
land, N.H.  He  was  at  Casco  as  early  as  1662, 
and  had  a  farm  of  400  acres.  Captured  by  the 
Indians,  Aug.  11,  1676,  he  escaped  in  Nov.,  re- 
turned to  Casco  after  the  peace,  April  12,  1678; 
received  the  com.  of  Fort  Loyal  1  in  1682,  and 
in  1688  held  the  com.  of  the  three  forts  erected 
by  Andros.  His  second  wife,  m.  in  1679,  was 
Susannah  Drake  of  Hampton. 

Brackett,  Edwin  E.,  sculptor,  b.Vassalbo- 
rough,  Me.,  Oct.  1,  1819.  Began  modelling  in 
1838,  and  has  made  many  portrait  busts,  among 
them  Harrison,  Allston,  R.  H.  Dana,  sen., 
W.  C.  Bryant,  Longfellow,  Choate,  Sumner, 
John  Brown,  Garrison,  Wendell  Phillips,  and 
Gen.  Butler.  His  group  of  "  The  Shipwrecked 
Mother,"  is  at  Mount  Auburn.  His  brother, 
Walter  M.,  b.  Unity,  Me.,  14  June,  1823,  has 


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114 


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made  the  painting  of  game-fish  a  specialty,  and 
has  achieved  a  high  reputation. —  Tuckerman. 

Brackett,  Joshua,  M.D.,  physician,  b. 
Greenland,  N.H.,  5  May  1733  ;  d.  July  17,1802. 
H.U.  1752.  He  studied  theology,  and  became  a 
preacher,  but  afterwards  studied  medicine,  and 
established  himself  at  Portsmouth,  N.H.  He 
bequeathed  $1,500  towards  the  professorship 
of  natural  history  in  Harv.  Coll.  He  was 
also  a  founder  and  benefactor  of  the  N.H.  Med- 
ical Society,  of  which  he  was  pres.  from  1793 
to  1799.  His  wife,  Hannah  Whipple  of  Kit- 
tery,  d.  Apr.  23,  1805,  a.  70,  bequeathing  also 
to  that  society  $500.  Dr.  Brackett  was  a  zeal- 
ous patriot,  a  member  of  the  committee  of 
safety,  and,  during  the  Revol.,  was  app.  judge 
of  the  Maritime  Court  of  N.H.  —  Thacher. 

Bradbury,  Theophilus,  jurist,  b  New- 
bury, Ms.,  Nov.  13,  1739  ;  d.  there  Sept.  6, 
1803.  H.U.  1757.  A  descendant  of  Thomas 
of  Salisbury.  After  keeping  the  grammar 
school  at  Falmouth,  Me.,  he  practised  law  there 
from  May,  1761,  until  1779,  and  afterward  in 
his  native  town,  with  success ;  filled  several 
local  offices  ;  was  a  representative  and  senator 
in  the  Ms.  legisl.;  M.  C.  1795-7,  and  was 
(1797-1803)  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Ms.  Member  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and 
Sciences. 

Bradbury,  Thomas  of  Salisburv,  d. 
there  Mar.  16,  1695  ;  b.  pr.  Wicken,  Eng.,'l610. 
He  was  in  N.E.  in  1634;  was  made  freeman. 
May  13,  1640 ;  became  first  clerk  of  the  writs  at 
Salisbury,  Dec.  10,  1641  ;  was  clerk  of  Norfolk 
Co.  from  Apr.  24, 1649,  to  l^eb.  4, 1680;  several 
years  dep.  to  the  Gen.  Court;  was  frequently 
a  commissioner  to  settle  boundary  disputes; 
was  capt.  of  a  military  co.,  and  an  asso.  judge 
for  Norfolk  Co.,  1659  and  1675-7. 

Bradbury,  William  B.,  music-teacher 
and  composer,  b.  York,  Me.,  1816  ;  d.  Mont- 
clair,  N.J.,  Jan.  7,  1868.  From  his  parents, 
both  of  whom  were  excellent  singers,  he  inher- 
ited his  musical  taste,  and,  before  he  was  14, 
had  mastered  every  instrument  that  came  in 
his  way.  In  1830,  he  moved  to  Boston,  where 
he  was  an  organist,  and  in  1836  began  teach- 
ing in  New  York,  where  he  attained  notoriety 
and  popularity  by  his  concerts.  In  1847,  he 
went  to  Leipsic,  where  he  received  instruction 
from  the  best  masters.  In  1854,  he  began  in 
New  York  the  manufacture  of  pianos,  in  which 
he  was  very  successful.  He  was  the  author  of 
"The  Golden  Chain,"  "Golden  Shower," 
"  Golden  Censer,"  and  "  Fresh  Laurels."  He 
did  much  to  elevate  the  standard  of  musical 
taste  in  the  U.S.  With  the  aid  of  the  com- 
poser Hastings,  he  produced  "The  Shawm," 
"  The  Jubilee,"  "  The  Key  Note,"  and  "  The 
Temple  Choir,"  all  of  which  were  deservedly 
popular. 

Braddock,  Edward,  a  British  gen.,  d. 
July  13,  1755.  Son  of  Maj.-Gen.  B.  He  en- 
tered the  army  as  ensign  in  the  Coldstream 
Guards,  Oct.  11,  1710;  fought  a  duel  with  Col. 
Waller,  with  sword  and  pistol.  May  26,  1718; 
became  a  capt.  P'eb.  10,  1736,  served  in  Flan- 
ders ;  became  second  major  of  his  regt.  in  1743; 
was  present  at  Fontenoy,  May  11,  1745  ;  was 
made  lieut.-col.  Nov.  21,  1745,  brig.-gen.  Apr. 
23,  1746  ;  served  again  in  Flanders  in  1747-8; 


col.  14th  Foot,  1753;  maj.-gen.  March,  1754, 
and,  Sept.  24,  com.-in-chief  of  his  Majesty's 
forces  in  America.  He  sailed  from  Eng.  Dec. 
21,  1754.  He  arrived  in  Va.  in  Feb.  1755,  and 
conducted  in  person  an  exped.  against  Fort  Du- 
quesne,  now  Pittsburg.  The  delays  occasioned 
by  the  necessity  of  opening  new  roads  deter- 
mined him  to  advance  with  1,200  men,  leaving 
the  heavy  baggage  m  the  rear.  He  reached 
the  Monongahela,  July  8,  and  on  the  following 
morning,  expecting  to  invest  the  fort  that  day, 
made  the  necessary  dispositions.  Despising 
his  foes,  with  whose  wily  tactics  he  was  wholly 
unacquainted,  he  disregarded  the  counsel  of 
Washington,  his  aide  upon  that  occasion,  to 
place  the  provincial  companies  in  front  for  the 
purpose  of  scouring  the  woods,  and  discover- 
ing any  ambuscade  which  might  be  found  for 
him.  His  van,  led  by  Lieut.-Col.  (afterwards 
Gen.)  Gage,  was  suddenly  attacked  when  ab. 
7  miles  froin  the  fort,  by  an  invisible  enemy 
concealed  in  the  high  grass.  The  whole  army 
was  thrown  into  confusion;  and  Braddock,  who 
exerted  himself  bravely  to  re-form  his  troops, 
who  were  constantly  falling  under  the  close  and 
murderous  fire  to  which  they  were  exposed, 
after  having  3  horses  shot  under  him,  received 
a  mortal  wound.  All  his  mounted  officers  ex- 
cept Washington,  upon  whom  the  duty  of 
bringing  oif  the  siiattered  remnant  of  the  army 
devolved,  were  either  killed  or  wounded  ;  and 
the  troops  fled  precipitately  to  the  camp  of  Col. 
Dunbar,  near  50  miles  distant,  where  Brad- 
dock, who  was  brought  off  the  ground  in  a 
tumbrel,  expired  of  his  wounds.  His  private 
character  was  that  of  a  heartless,  broken-down 
gambler  and  spendthrift. 
Bradford,  Alden,  LL.  D.  (Bowd.  Coll. 

1803),  author,  b.  Duxbury,  Ms.,  Nov.  19,  1765  ; 
d.  Boston,  Oct.  26,  1843.  H.U.  1786.  Son 
of  Col.  Gamaliel,  and  a  lineal  descendant  of 
Gov.  Win.  Bradford.  He  was  a  tutor  at  Har- 
vard in  1791-3  ;  pastor  of  the  Cong.  Church 
at  Wiscasset,  Me.,  1793-1801  ;  was  for  a  time 
clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ms.,  and  a 
bookseller  in  Boston,  and  was  sec.  of  State 
in  1812-24.  Edited  the  Boston  Gazette,  1826. 
He  pub.  a  "  History  of  Ms.  from  1764  to  1820," 
3  vols.;  "Eulogy  on  Washington,"  "  Oration,*' 
1804;  "on  the  Death  of  Gen.  Knox,"  1806  ; 
"Life  of  C.  Strong,"  1820,  of  "Jonathan 
Mayhew,"  1838;  a  vol.  of  "N.E.  Biography," 
1842  ;  an  account  of  Wiscasset  and  Duxbury 
in  Hist.  Colls. ;  "  N.  E.  Chronology,  1497- 
1800,"  Bost.,  1843;  a  number  of  sermons; 
"  History  of  the  Federal  Government,"  1843, 
and  a  vol.  of  Ms.  State  papers. 

Bradford,  Alex.  Warfield,  LL.D., 
jurist,  b.  Albany,  1815;  d.  N.Y.  City,  5  Nov. 
1867.  Columb.  Coll.  Son  of  J.M.  Bradford, 
D.D.  Acquired  high  reputation  for  knowledge 
of  civil  law.  Surrogate  of  N.Y.  City  and  Co., 
1 848-5 1 .  He  pub.  4  vols,  of  "  Reports  of  Sur- 
rogate's Cases  ;  "  six  of  "  Bradford's  Reports ;  *' 
edited  a  work  on  "  American  Antiquities," 
1841,  and,  with  Dr.  Anthon,  edited  The  Pi-otest- 
ant  Churchman.  Latterly  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners to  codify  the  laws  of  the  State.  He 
pub.  in  1863  a  semi-centennial  address  to  the 
Albany  Acad.,  and,  in  1846,  a  discourse  before 
the  N.Y.  Hist.  Soc.  in  1845. 


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115 


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Bradford,  Andrew  Sowles,  printer,  b. 
Phila.,  1686  ;  d.  Nov.  23,  1742.  Son  of  Wm. 
Bradlord,  first  printer  of  Phila.,from  whom  he 
learned  the  art  in  N.Y.  He  was  the  only 
printer  in  Pa.  from  1712  to  1723.  He  pub.  the 
American  Weekly  Mercury,  the  first  newspaper 
in  Phihi.,  Dec.  22,  1719";  was  Franklin's  first 
employer  on  his  arrival  there  in  1723  ;  in  1732 
was  postmaster;  in  173.5  kept  a  bookstore  at 
the  sign  of  the  Bible,  in  Second  st.,  and  in 
1738  removed  to  No.  8,  South  Front  St.,  occu- 
pied as  a  printing-house  in  1810,  by  his  de- 
scendant, Thomas  Bradford,  pub.  of  the  True 
American.  In  1741,  he  pub.  a  periodical,  the 
American  Magazine. 

Bradford,  Gam.\liel,  col.  in  the  Revol. 
army,  b.  Duxbury,  Ms.,  Sept.  2,  1731  ;  d.  there 
Jan.  9,  1807.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Gov.  B. 
Gamaliel,  ids  father,  judge  of  the  C.C.P.  of 
Plymouth,  and  a  councillor  under  Govs. 
Bernard  and  Hutchinson,  d.  Apr.  24,  1778,  a. 
73.  He  served  in  the  French  war  as  a  captain 
of  militia;  rose  to  the  rank  of  major,  and,  dur- 
ing the  Revol.,  com.  the  14th  Mass.  Continental 
Regt.  After  the  war,  he  was  a  representative 
and  a  judge. 

Bradford,  Thomas,  son  of  Col.  Wra., 
printer,  editor,  and  publisher,  b.  Phila.,  May  4, 
1745;  d.  there  May  7,  1838.  Leaving  the 
Coll.  of  Phila.  in  1762,  he  entered  his  father's 
printing-house,  and  was  his  partner,  and  associ- 
ate editor  of  the  Pennsylvania  Journal,  which, 
in  1801,  became  the  True  Ama-ican,  An  active 
opponent  of  the  Stamp  Act,  and  other  arbitrary 
measures  of  the  British  Government,  he  be- 
came, in  1775,  capt.  of  a  military  company  in 
Phila.,  and  subsequently  lie  was  commissary 
gen.  to  the  Pa.  division,  and  printer  to  Con- 
gress. One  of  the  founders  of  the  Philos.  Soc. 
His  son  Thomas,  LL.D.,  lawyer  and  philan- 
thropist, b.  Phila.,  Sept.  11,  17S1  ;  d.  there 
Oct.  25,  1851. 

Bradford,  William,  2d  gov.  of  Plymouth 
Colony,  and  one  of  "  The  Mayflower "  Pil- 
grims,'b.  Ansterfield,  Yorkshire,  Eng.,  in  Mar. 
1588;  d.  May  9, 1657.  Possessedofagood  patri- 
mony, he  yetearlyin  life,  connected  himself  with 
the  Dissenters,  and,  at  the  age  of  1 7,  was  one  of 
a  company  which  made  an  attempt  to  seek  in 
Holland  that  toleration  due  to  its  enlightened 
commercial  policy;  but,  being  betrayed  by  the 
master  of  the  vessel,  they  were  thrown  into 
prison  at  Boston,  Lincolnshire.  After  another 
unsuccessful  attempt,  he  at  length  joined  his 
brethren  at  Amsterdam,  learned  the  art  of  silk- 
dyeing,  and,  coming  into  possession  of  his  prop- 
erty at  the  age  of  21,  engaged  unsuccessfully 
in  commerce.  He  entered  zealously  into  the 
plan  of  removing  to  America  the  congregation 
of  Mr.  Robinson's  church  at  Leyden;  sailed  in 
the  first  ship,  and,  on  its  arrival  in  the  harbor 
of  Cape  Cod,  was  one  of  the  foremost  in 
selecting  a  site  for  the  colony.  Before  this 
was  accomplished,  his  wife  fell  into  the  sea,  and 
\«Pias  drowned.  Upon  the  death  of  Gov.  Carver, 
April  5,  1621,  Mr.  Bradford  was  elected  to  fill 
the  place.  Among  the  first  of  his  acts  was  the 
cultivation  of  friendly  relations  with  the  Indian 
sachem  Massasoit,  who,  in  return  for  his  good 
offices,  disclosed  a  dangerous  conspiracy  then 
forming  among  the  Indians  for  the  purpose  of 


totally  extirpating  the  English.  He  was  annu- 
ally rechosen  gov.  as  long  as  he  lived,  except- 
ing in  the  years  1633,  1634,  '6,  '8,  and  1644, 
when  he  declined  an  election.  He  wrote  a 
history  of  Plymouth  Colony  from  1602  to  1647. 
On  the  retreat  of  the  British  army  in  1775,  the 
MS.  was  carried  away  from  the  library  of  the 
Old  South  Church,  Boston,  and,  after  having 
been  lost  80  years,  was  recovered,  and  was 
pub.  by  the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc.  in  1856.  A  frag- 
ment of  his  Letter  Book,  found  in  a  grocer's 
shop  at  Halifax,  has  also  been  printed  by  the 
same  society,  accompanied  by  a  descriptive  and 
historical  account  of  N.E.  in  verse. 

Bradford,  Major  William,  second  son 
of  Gov.  B.,  b.  June  17,  1624  ;  d.  Feb.  20  ,1704. 
He  resided  in  what  is  now  Kingston,  Ms.  He 
com.  the  Plymouth  troops  in  King  Philip's 
War,  and  was  wounded  in  the  Narraganset 
Fort  fight,  Dec.  19,  1675,  at  East  Kingston, 
R.  I. 

Bradford,  William,  the  first  printer  in 
Pa.,  b.  Leicester,  Eng.,  1659;  d.  New  York, 
May  23,  1752.  Being  a  Quaker,  he  emigrated 
in  1682,  and  landed  on  the  spot  where  Phila. 
was  afterwards  built.  He  learned  his  trade  in 
London.  In  1686,  he  printed  an  almanac.  In 
1692,  he  was  imprisoned  for  libel ;  the  writings 
of  George  Keith,  which  he  printed,  having 
caused  a  quarrel  among  the  Quakers.  On  his 
trial,  Bradford  maintained,  that  "the  jury  are 
judges  in  law,  as  well  as  the  matter  of  fact." 
He  was  not  convicted,  but,  having  incurred  the 
displeasure  of  the  dominant  party  in  Phila.,  re- 
moved to  New  York  in  1693.  In  that  year,  he 
printed  the  laws  of  the  Colony.  Oct.  16, 1725, 
he  began  the  first  newspaper  in  New  York,  the 
A^.  Y.  Gazette.  In  1728,  he  established  a  paper- 
mill  at  Elizabethtown,  N.J.  For  more  than 
50  years,  he  was  printer  to  the  govt,  of  N.  Y., 
and,  for  30  years,  the  only  one  in  the  province. 
His  son  Andrew  was  a  printer  in  Phila. 

Bradford,  William,  physician,  lawyer, 
and  legislator,  b.  PIvmpton,  Ms.,  Nov.  4, 
1729  ;  d.  Bristol,  R.I.,  July  6,  180S.  He  was 
a  descendant  of  Gov.  Bradford,  received  a  good 
education,  and  studied  medicine  under  Dr. 
Ezekiel  Hersey  of  Hingham.  After  a  few  years' 
practice  at  Warren,  R.I.,  he  removed  to  Bris- 
tol, where  he  erected  an  elegant  seat  on  Mount 
Hope.  He  afterward  studied  and  practised 
law,  attaining  high  rank  in  his  profession.  He 
was  a  leading  member  of  the  committee  of 
corresp.,  and  took  a  decided  part  in  the  con- 
troversy with  Great  Britain.  During  the  can- 
nonade of  Bristol,  Oct.  7,  1775,  Gov.  Bradford 
went  on  board  "  The  Rose,"  in  behalf  of  the 
inhabitants,  and  treated  with  Capt,  Wallace 
for  the  cessation  of  the  bombardment.  He  was 
a  U.S.  senator  from  1793  to  1797,  and  was 
dep.  gov.,  and  speaker  of  the  house  of  assembly. 
His  eldest  son,  Maj.  Wm.  Bradford,  aide  to 
Gen.  Charles  Lee,  of  the  Revol.  army,  b.  Bris- 
tol, Sept.  17,  1752;  d.  Nov.  1811.  H.  U. 
1773. 

Bradford,  Col.  William,  printer  and 
Revol.  soldier,  b.  N.Y.,  1719;  d.  Phila.,  Sept, 
25,  1791.  Grandson  of  the  first  printer  of 
Phila.,  and  became  a  partner  of  his  uncle  An- 
drew, who  had  adopted  him;  but  the  connection 
was  dissolved  on  account  of  a  love-affair.    lu 


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116 


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1741,  he  visited  Eng.,  returning  the  next  year 
with  books  and  printing-material,  and  in  Dec. 

1742,  he  pub.  the  first  number  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Journal,  which  was  continued  until  the 
close  of  the  century ;  when  his  son  Thomas, 
who  was  his  business-partner,  changed  its  name 
to  the  True  American.  Besides  his  business  of 
printing,  he  opened  in  1754  the  London  Coffee 
House,  and  in  1762,  in  connection  with  Mr. 
Kydd,  a  marine-insurance  office.  He  opposed 
the  Stamp  Act,  and,  having  long  held  a  com- 
mission in  the  Pa.  militia,  when  the  Revol. 
war  began,  served  as  a  maj.  and  col.  at  Tren- 
ton, at  Princeton  where  he  was  wounded,  and 
at  Fort  Mifflin.  He  left  the  army  with  shat- 
tered health,  and  ruined  fortune.  Franklin 
said  of  him,"  His  writing  was  spirited,  his  press 
correct,  and  his  sword  active." 

Bradford,  William,  lawver,  b.  Phila., 
Sept.  14,  1755;  d.  Aug.  23,  1795.  N.J.  Coll. 
1772.  Son  of  Col.  Wm.  Studied  law  under 
Edward  Shippen  ;  adm.  to  the  bar  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  in  1779;  app.  atty.-gen.  of  Pa. 
in  Aug.  1780 ;  made  a  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Pa.,  Aug.  22,  1791,  and  attv.-gen.  of 
the  U.  S.,  Jan.  28,  1794.  In  Aug.'l794,  he 
was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  confer  with 
the  insurgents  of  Western  Pa.  He  was  a  maj. 
of  brigade  under  Gen.  Roberdeau  in  1776,  was 
acapt.  in  Hampton's  regt.,  and  from  Apr.  1777, 
to  Apr.  1779,  was  dep.  mustcr-master-gen., 
with  the  rank  of  lieut.-col.  He  was  material- 
ly assisted  in  obtaining  a  valuable  practice  at 
the  bar,  and  in  various  other  ways,  by  his  elder 
brother  Thomas.  In  179.3,  he  pub.  "An  In- 
quiry how  far  the  Punishment  of  Death  is  Ne- 
cessary in  Pa.,"  and  succeeded  in  effecting  be- 
neficent modifications  in  the  penal  code  of  that 
day.  Some  of  his  early  poetical  efforts,  in  im- 
itation of  the  Pastorals  of  Shenstone,  were 
pub.  in  the  Philadelphia  Marjazine. 

Bradford,  William,  b.  N.  Bedford,  Ms., 
of  Quaker  parentage,  has  painted  truthfully 
many  of  the  coast-scenes  of  N.E.  Unsuccess- 
ful as  a  merchant  in  Fairhaven,  Ms.,  he  studied 
the  coast  of  N.  E.,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Labrador. 
Among  his  best  pictures  are  "  The  Coast  of 
Labrador,"  "  The  Island  of  Grand  JMenan," 
"  Fishing-Boats  Getting  under  Way,"  "  Sud- 
den Squall  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,"  "  Shipwreck 
off  Nantucket,"  "  Boarding  the  Sloop,"  &c. 
—  Tuckerman. 

Bradish,  Luther,  LL.D.  (Wms.  Coll.), 
statesman,  b.  Cnramington,Ms.,  Sept.  15,1783; 
d.  Newport,  R.L,  Aug.  30,  1863.  Wms.  Coll. 
1804.  He  studied  law,  made  a  tour  in  Europe, 
and  in  1820  was  engaged  in  procuring  infor- 
mation for  the  govt,  respecting  the  commerce 
of  the  Levant  prior  to  establishing  diplomatic 
relations  with  the  Porte.  He  returned  to  N.Y. 
in  1826,  settled  in  Franklin  Co.,  where  he  was 
a  large  land-owner  ;  was  a  member  of  the  as- 
semblv  in  1827-30  and  183.5-8;  lieut.-gov. 
1829-43  ;  and  assist.  U.S.  treas.  at  N.Y.,  dur- 
ing Fillmore's  administration.  He  latterly 
occupied  himself  with  educational,  charitable, 
and  reformatory  projects,  and  at  his  death  was 
prcs.  of  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  Society  and  the  Araer. 
Bible  Society. 

Bradlee,  Caleb  Davis,  pastor  of  the 
Allen-st.,  Church,  Cambridge  (Dec.  11,  1854- 


Dec.  11,  1857),  and  of  the  Church  of  the 
Redeemer  at  Boston,  since  Apr.  6,  1864,  b. 
Boston,  24  Feb.  1831.  H.  U.  1852.  He  has 
pub.  several  occasional  sermons, — one  on  the 
death  of  Pres.  Lincoln  ;  has  contrib.  to  the 
N.  E.  Hist,  and  Geneal.  Register,  and  to  vari- 
ous periodicals  and  ncAvspapers  ;  and  has  been 
recording  and  corresponding  sec.  of  the  N.  E. 
Hist,  and  Gen.  Soc,  and  is  a  member  of  many 
other  historical  and  literary  societies. 

Bradley,  Stephen  Row,  LL.D.  (Dartra. 
Coll.  1805),  statesman,  b.  Wailingford,  Ct., 
Oct.  20,  1754;  d.  Walpole,  N.  H.,  Dec.  16, 
1830.  Y.  C.  1775.  He  studied  law  under 
Judge  Reeve,  and  was  adm.  to  practise  in  May, 
1779.  He  com.  a  company  called  the  Cheshire 
Vols,  early  in  the  Revol.  war,  and  was  the 
aide  of  Gen.  Wooster  when  that  officer  fell  at 
Danbury.  Removing  to  Vt.  in  1779,  he  was  a 
friend  of  Ethan  Allen  ;  pub.  "  Vermont's  Ap- 
peal," 1779  ;  was  active  in  organizing  the  State, 
and  was  its  senator  in  Congress  in  1791-5  and 
1801-13.  He  was  a  man  of  eminent  ability, 
but  of  eccentric  habits. 

Bradley,  William  Czar,  LL.D.  (Vt.  U. 
1851),  lawyer,  son  of  S.  R.,  b.  Westminster, 
Vt.,  Mar.  23,  1782;  d  there  Mar.  3,  1867. 
Y.  C.  1817.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1802  ;  State 
atty.  for  Windham  Co.,  1804-11  ;  member  of 
the  lecjisl.  1806-7  and  1850,  and  of  the  coun- 
cil, 1812;  M.  C.  1813-15,  1817-22,  18>3-7  ; 
agent  of  the  U.S.  under  the  treaty  of  Ghent, 
and  meml)er  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  in  1857. 

Bradley,  Wiilliam  H.,  m.  D.,  poet,  b. 

Hartford,  Ct.,  July  24,  1802;  d.  Cuba,  1825. 
Educated  a  physician.  He  pub.  "  Giuseppino,'* 
1822,  and  many  fugitive  pieces.  Son  of  Dr. 
Wm.  Bradley,  afterward  a  resident  of  Phila. 

Bradstreet,  Anne,  poet,  b.  Northampton, 
Eng.,  1612;  d.  Sept.  16,  1672.  She  was  the 
dau  of  Gov.  Thomas  Dudley,  and  m.  Simon 
Bradstreet,  afterwards  gov.  of  Ms.,  with  whom 
she  came  to  N.  E.  in  1630.  Her  poems,  dedi- 
cated in  verse  to  her  father,  and  entitled  "  The 
Tenth  Muse  lately  sprung  up  in  Amcr.,  or  Sev- 
eral Poems  compiled  with  Great  Varii;ty  of  Wit 
and  Le'arning,  full  of  Delight,"  were  pub.  at 
London,  1650.  A  more  complete  edition,  pub. 
at  Boston  in  1678  (after  her  death),  contains 
her  best  piece,  entitled  "  Contemplations."  A 
reprint  of  this  appeared  in  1758.  Her  works, 
including  poetry  and  prose,  were  pub.  at 
Charlestown  in  1867,  edited  by  John  Harvard 
Ellis. 

Bradstreet,  John,  maj.-gen.,  b.  1711  ;  d. 
N.Y.  City,  25  Sept.  1 774.  In  the  exped.  against 
Louisburg  in  1745,  he  was  lieut.-col.  of  Pep- 
perell's  (York,  Me.)  regt.,  and  contrib.  largely 
to  its  success  by  his  zeal,  activity,  and  judg- 
ment, and  by  "  his  particular  knowledge  in  the 
circumstances  of  this  place."  Made  a  capt.  in 
a  regular  regt.,  called  Pepperell's,  5  Sept.  1745, 
and  app.,  16  Sept.  1746,  to  the  sinecure  place 
of  lieut.-gov.  of  St.  John's,  Newfoundland. 
Ordered  i)y  Braddock  to  Oswego  in  1755,  aifd 
made  adj. -gen.  to  Gov.  Shirley.  In  1756,  he 
was  again  ordered  to  conduct  supplies  to  Os- 
wego, and  on  his  return,  July  3,  was  attacked 
by  a  strong  party  of  the  enemy,  which  he  de- 
feated ;  app.  to  a  company  in  the  60th  (Roy. 
Araer.)  regt.  in  Mar.  1757,  and,  27  Dec,  was 


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made  lieut.-col.  and  dep.  Q.M.  gen  In  1758, 
he  took  part  in  the  unsuccessful  attack  on 
Ticonderoga ;  was  made  Q.M.  gen.,  rank  of 
col.,  in  Amer.,  20  Aug.,  and,  27  Aug.,  captured 
Ft.  Frontenac.  An  account  of  this  exped. 
was  pub.  in  London  in  1759.  He  accomp. 
Amherst  in  his  exped.  against  Ticonderoga 
and  Crown  Point;  was  made  col.  in  Feb  1762, 
maj.-gen.  25  May,  1772.  In  1764,  he  com. 
an  exped.  against  the  Western  Indians,  with 
whom  he  negotiated  a  peace  at  Detroit,  Sept. 
7.  He  had  two  daughters,  Martha  and  Aga- 
tha, by  his  wife  Mary,  who  had  by  her  first 
h'lsb.  (Maj.  John  Bradstreet),  Elizabeth,  who 
became  the  wife  of  Peter  Livius,  and  Samuel, 
maj.  40th  Foot. 

Bradstreet,  Simon,  gov.  of  Ms.,  b.  Hor- 
bling,  Lincolnshire,  Eng.,  March,  1603;  d. 
Salem,  Ms.,  March  27,  1697.  His  father,  Rev. 
Simon  Bradstreet,  was  a  nonconformist  minis- 
ter. Bred  in  the  religious  family  of  the  Earl 
of  Lincoln,  after  studying  one  year  at  Eman- 
uel Coll.,  Cambridge,  he  became  steward  to 
the  Countess  of  Warwick.  Having  m.  Anne, 
dan.  of  Thomas  Dudley,  he  was  persuaded 
to  engage  in  the  settlement  of  Ms.,  was  chosen 
asslst.-judge  of  a  court  about  to  be  established 
there,  and  arrived  in  Salem  in  the  summer  of 
1630.  He  took  part  in  the  proceedings  of  the 
first  court  held  in  Charlestown,  Aug.  23;  be- 
came agent  and  sec.  of  Ms.,  and  commissioner 
of  the  United  Colonies.  In  1631,  he  was 
among  the  founders  of  Cambridge.  He  was 
among  the  first  settlers  of  Andovcr,  and  resid- 
ed also  at  Ipswich,  Salem,  and  Boston.  In 
1653,  he,  with  his  colleagues,  vigorously  and 
successfully  opposed  making  w.ir  on  the  Dutch 
in  N.Y.,  and  on  the  Indians  ;  though  it  was 
strongly  urged  by  all  the  commissioners  of  the 
other  Colonies.  In  1662,  he  was  sent  to  Eng. 
to  congratulate  Charles  II.  on  his  restoration, 
and  to  act  as  agent  for  the  Colony.  He  was 
assistant  from  1630  to  1679.;  gov*,  from  1679 
to  1686,  when  the  charter  was  annulled.  He 
strenuously  opposed  the  arbitrary  measures  of 
Andros,  and  after  his  overthrow  in  May,  1689, 
was  again  gov.  until  May,  1692,  when,  at  the 
a.  of  89,  he  became  first  councill.  He  was  in 
service  in  the  govt.  62  years,  except  during  the 
brief  administrations  of  Dudley  and  Andros. 
He  was  a  popular  magistrate ;  a  man  of  great 
integrity,  piety,  and  prudence ;  was  opposed  to 
the  witch  delusion  in  1692,  and  lived  to  be  the 
Nestor  of  N.E.  He  advised  the  surrender  of 
the  charter  of  Ms.  to  Charles  II.,  warily  dis- 
trusting the  ability  of  the  Colonists  to  resist. 

Bradstreet,  Simox,  minister  of  Charles- 
town,  Ms.,  from  26  Oct.  1698  to  his  d.,  31 
Dec.  1741  ;  b.  New  London,  Ct.,  7  Mar.  1671. 
H.U.  1693.  Son  of  Rev.  Simon  of  N.  L., 
(1638-83).  and  grandson  of  Gov.  Simon.  He 
ranked  high  as  a  preacher  and  a  scholar.  His 
son  Simon,  minister  of  the  second  Cong. 
Church,  Marblehead,  and  a  disting.  linguist, 
d.  Marblehead,  5  Oct.  1771,  a.  62.  Ord.  4 
Jan.  1738.     H.U.  1728. 

Brady,  Hugh,  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  North- 
umberland Co.,  Pa.,  in  July,  1768  ;  d.  Detroit, 
April  15,  1851.  He  was  a  bro.  or  nephew  of 
Capt.  Samuel  Brady,  a  celebrated  Indian  scout 
and  fighter,  b.  Shippensburg,  1758.     Ensign, 


March  7,  1792,  and  served  in  Wayne's  Indian 
campaign.  He  left  the  service,  but  re-entered 
it  in  1808;  July  6,  1812,  was  app.  col.  22d 
regt. ;  col.  2d  Inf ,  1816  ;  brevet  brig.-gen.  July 
6,  1822;  maj.-gen.  May  30,  1848.  He  disting. 
himself  at  Lundy's  Lane,  at  Chippewa,  and  at 
Niagara,  and  was  wounded  in  the  two  latter 
engagements.  Stationed  at  Detroit  during  the 
patriot  disturbances  in  Canada,  he  contrib. 
greatly  to  the  preservation  of  peace  on  the 
frontier. 

Brady,  James  Topham,  an  eminent  law- 
yer of  New  York,  b.  there  A|)ril  9,  1815;  d. 
Feb.  9,  1869.  His  f^uher,  Thos.  S.  Brady,  a 
lawyer  and  politician,  trained  him  to  the  bar, 
to  which  he  was.  adm.  in  1835,  and  where  he 
early  attained  reputation.  His  forte  was  crimi- 
nal cases,  in  nearly  all  of  which  for  30  years 
he  was  engaged;  and  he  won  especial  distinction 
in  the  celebrated  Forrest  divorce  case,  and  by 
his  defence  of  Daniel  E.  Sickles  in  1859.  A 
State-rights  man  and  a  Dcmoc.  before  the  Re- 
bellion, when  that  crisis  came,  he  was  a  zealous 
supporter  of  Mr.  Lincoln's  administration,  but 
would  never  take  any  political  office,  though 
often  urged  to  do  so.  During  the  civil  war,  he 
made  many  speeches  on  national  questions. 
Near  the  close  of  the  war,  he  was  one  of  a  com- 
mission to  inquire  into  the  administration  of 
the  Dept.  of  the  Gulf,  under  Gens.  Butler  and 
Banks.  He  was  an  amiable  and  social  man, 
of  much  literary  culture  and  taste,  and  had 
been  a  contrib.  to  the  old  Knickerbocker  Mci'j- 
azine.  One  of  the  best  of  his  pieces,  "A  Christ- 
mas Dream,"  was  put  in  a  vol.  as  an  illustrated 
holiday  present. 

Bragg,  Braxton,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b.  Warren 
Co.,  N.C.,  ab.  1815.  West  Point,  1837.  Enter- 
ing the  3d  Art.,  he  served  against  the  Semi- 
nole Indians,  1839-43;  brev.  capt.  for  gal. 
conduct  in  defence  of  Fort  Brown,  May  9, 
1846  ;  capt.  8  June,  1846  ;  brev.  major  for  gal- 
lantry at  Monterey,  Mex.,  Sept.  23, 1846  ;  brev. 
lieut.*-col.  for  Buena  Vista,  Feb.  23,  1847;  maj. 
1st  cav.,  March  3,  1855;  resigned  Jan.  3, 
1856,  and  lived  on  his  extensive  plantation  at 
Thibodeaux,  La.,  until  the  civil  war.  Made  a 
brig.-gen.  in  the  Southern  army  in  March,  1861, 
and  took  com.  of  the  forces  at  Pensacola  des- 
tined to  reduce  Fort  Pickens.  In  Feb.  1862, 
he  was  made  maj.-gen.,  and  ordered  to  join  the 
army  of  the  Mpi.  He  bore  an  important  part 
in  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  where  he  com.  the  2d 
corps. ;  was  promoted  to  gen.  in  place  of  Gen. 
A.  S.  Johnston,  killed  in  that  battle,  and  in 
May  succeeded  Beauregard  in  com.  of  that 
dcpt.  In  Aug.,  he  left  Chattanooga,  success- 
fully turned  Buell's  left  flank,  and,  passing 
through  East  Teim.,  entered  Ky.  at  the  head 
of  a  large  army.  Buell  leaving  his  posts  in 
Ala.,  marching  on  a  much  shorter  line,  reached 
Louisville  before  him,  and  compelled  Bragg  to 
retire  after  the  battle  of  Perryville,  Oct.  9,  with 
the  force  under  Gen.  McCook.  He  carried 
away  a  vast  amount  of  supplies  and  a  large 
number  of  recruits  from  Ky.  He  was  removed 
from  his  com.,  and  placed  under  arrest  in  Rich- 
mond, but  was  soon  restored,  and  took  com. 
of  the  army  opposed  to  Rosecrans,  Nov.  1862. 
At  the  battle  of  Murfreesboro',  Dec.  31,  1862, 
after  a  partial  success,  he  was  forced  to  retire. 


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118 


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Sept.  19,  1863,  he  defeated  Rosecrans  atChick- 
amauga;  Nov.  25,  1863,  he  was  decisively  de- 
feated by  Gen.  Grant  at  Mis.^ion.  Ridj^e.  Re- 
lieved from  com.  ah.  2  Dec.  1863.  He  led  a 
small  force  from  N.C.  to  Ga.  in  the  autumn  of 
1864. 

Bragg,  Thomas,  politician,  b.  Warrenton, 
N.C,  Nov.  9,  1810.  Chiefly  educated  at  the 
Middletown,  Ct.,  Milit.  Acad. ;  beo^an  to  prac- 
tise law  in  1831  ;  member  of  the  N.C.  Assem- 
bly, 1842;  gov.  of  N.C.  1855-9  ;  U.S.  senator 
1859  to  July,  1861,  when  he  was  expelled,  hav- 
ing previously  taken  part  in  the  Rebellion.  — 
Lanman. 

Brainerd,  David,  missionary  to  the  Indi- 
ans, b.  Haddam,  Ct.,  April  20,  17*18;  d.  North- 
ampton, Oct.  9,  1747.  He  was  remarkable  at 
an  early  age  for  a  serious  turn  of  mind.  He 
entered' Y.  Coll.  in  1739,  and  was  disting.  for 
application  and  general  correctness  of  con- 
duct, but  was  expelled  in  1742  for  some  trivial 
offence.  Licensed  to  preach  in  July,  1742. 
His  strong  desire  to  preach  the  gospel  among 
the  heathens  was  at  length  gratified  by  an 
app.  from  the  Society  for  Propagating  Chris- 
tian Knowledge,  as  missionary  to  the  Indians. 
In  1743,  he  commenced  his  labors  at  Kauna- 
muk,  an  Indian  village  situated  between  Stock- 
bridge  and  Albany.  On  the  removal  of  the 
Kaunamuks  the  next  year  to  Stockbridge,  he 
turned  his  attention  to  the  Delaware  Indians. 
Ord.  in  Jane,  1744,  by  the  presbytery  at  New- 
ark, N.J.,  he  took  up  his  habitation  near  the 
forks  of  the  Delaware,  in  Pa.,  where  he  resided 
for  a  year,  and  made  two  visits  to  the  Indians 
on  the  Susquehanna  River.  His  exertions, 
however,  were  unattended  with  much  success, 
until  he  went  to  the  Indians  at  Crosweeksung 
in  N.J.  A  complete  reformation  in  the  lives 
of  the  savages  took  place  within  a  year,  and 
nearly  100  were  baptized.  In  1747,  he  went  to 
Northampton,  Ms.,  and  passed  there,  in  the 
family  of  the  celebrated  Jonathan  Edwards,  the 
residue  of  his  days.  Brainerd  was  a  man  of 
vigorous  intellect  and  quick  discernment.  Gift- 
ed with  a  powerful  eloquence,  a  strong  memo- 
ry, and  with  an  intimate  knowledge  of  human 
nature,  he  was  eminently  qualified  for  the 
business  of  instruction.  His  biography  was 
written  by  Pres.  Edwards.  A  new  edition,  to- 
gether with  his  journals,  "  Mirahilia  Dei  apud 
Indicos,"  and  "  Grace  Displayed,"  was  pub.  in 
1822.  John,  his  brother,  also  a  missionary,  b. 
Haddam,  Ct.,28  Feb.  1720;  d.  Deerfield,  Ms., 
March  21,  1781.  Y.C.  1746.  He  succeeded  to 
his  brother's  mission  in  1748  ;  resided  in  New- 
ark, N.J.,  in  1755  ;  was  some  time  at  Mt.  Holly, 
and  officiated  to  churches  arou?id  Egg  Harbor, 
in  1760-77,  but  went  to  Deerfield  in  1777. — 
See  Life  of,  by  Rev.  Thomas  Brainerd,  1865. 

Brainerd,  John  Gardiner  Calkins, 
poet,  b.  New  London,  Ct.,  Oct.  21,  1796;  d. 
there  Sept.  26,  1828.  Y.C.  1815.  He  was  the 
son  of  Judge  Jeremiah  G.,  who  d.  Jan.  7, 
1830,  a.  69.  Educated  for  the  bar,  inadequate 
success  in  that  vocation  led  him  to  assume  in 
1822  the  editorial  charge  of  the  Ct.  Mirror  at 
Hartford  ;  but  the  ravages  of  consumption 
obliged  him,  about  a  year  before  his  death,  to 
return  to  New  London.  A  vol.  of  his  poems 
was  pub.  in  N.Y.,  1825;  an  enlarged  ed.  in 


1832,  entitled  "  Literary  Remains,"  and  a  3d 
ed.  (Hartford,  1S4-J)  edited  by  J.  G.  Whittier. 

Brainerd,  Thomas,  D.D.,  Presb.  clergy, 
man,  b.  Central  N.Y.,  June  17,  1804  ;  d.  Scran- 
ton,  Pa.,  Aug.  22,  1866.  Ord.  Oct.  7,  1831. 
Descended  from  Daniel  Brainerd  the  Puritan. 
He  at  first  studied  law,  but  soon  entered  the 
And.  Theol.  Sem.,  studied  afterward  under 
Dr.  Patterson  of  Phila.,  and  removed  to  Cin- 
cinnati, where  he  assisted  Dr.  Lyman  Beecher; 
edited  the  Christian  Herald,  Cincinnati  Journal, 
and  Youths'  Magazine,  1833-6,  and  assisted  on 
iha  Preshijterian  Quarterhj  Review.  From  1837 
to  his  death,  he  had  charge  of  the  Old  Pine- 
street  Church,  Phila.  Author  of  "The  Life 
of  John  Brainerd."  —  See  Memoir,  by  M.  Brai- 
nerd, 8vo,  Phila. 

Branch.  John,  sec.  of  the  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
Halifax,  N.C.,  Nov.  4,1782  ;  d.  Edgefield,  N.C, 
Jan. 4,  1863.  U.  of  N.C.  1801.  Hestudiedand 
practised  law;  became  a  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court ;  was  a  member  of  the  State  senate  from 
1811  to  1817;  gov.  of  the  State  in  1817-20; 
again  a  State  senator  in  1822;  a  U.S.  senator 
from  1823  to  1829;  sec.  of  the  navy  under 
Pres.  Jackson  from  1829  to  1831  ;  M.C  1831- 
3;  again  a  State  senator  in  1834;  in  1835,  a 
member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.;  and,  in 
1854-5,  gov.  of  Fla.  Terr.  —  Lanman. 

Branch,  Lawrence  O'Brien,  gen. 
CS.A.,  b.  Halifax  Co.,  N.C,  in  1820;  killed 
in  battle  at  Antietam,  Sept.  17,  1862.  N.J. 
Coll.  1838.  Son  of  the  preceding.  He  stud- 
ied law,  settled  at  Raleigh,  and  was  M  C  from 
1855  to  1861,  supportinjr  the  measures  of  the 
Democ.  party.  Alter  the  secession  of  N.C, 
May  21,  he  entered  its  military  service,  and 
was  made  brig.-gen.  in  Nov.  1861.  He  com. 
at  Newbern  when  it  was  captured  by  Gen. 
Burnside,  and  subsequently  took  part  in  sev- 
eral of  the  battles  in  that  State  and  on  the  pe- 
ninsula. 

Brandt,  Joseph  (Thayandanega),  a 
Mohivwk  chief,  b.  ab.  1742;  d.  at  his  seat  at 
the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  U.C,  24  Nov.  1807. 
He  is  said  to  have  taken  an  active  part  in  the 
Niagara  campaign  of  1759,  under  Sir  Wm. 
Johnson,  who,  in  1761,  sent  him  to  Dr.  Whee- 
lock's  Indian  school  at  Hanover,  where  he 
translated  portions  of  the  New  Testament 
into  the  Mohawk  language  In  1763,  he  was 
in  the  war  against  Pontiac.  He  was,  at  the 
breaking-out  of  the  Revol.  war,  sec.  to  Guy 
Johnson,  superintendent  of  the  Indians,  whom 
he  excited  to  take  arms  against  the  Colonists. 
Returning  from  a  visit  to  Eng.  in  1775-6,  he 
was  employed  by  the  British  in  predatory  ex- 
cursions against  the  Colonists  in  connection 
with  the  savage  Tory  refugee,  Col.  John  Butler ; 
served  under  St.  Leger  at  the  investment  of 
Fort  Stanwix  ;  was  a  leader  in  the  severe  battle 
of  Oriskany,  6  Aug.  1777,  and,  though  not 
present  at  the  Wyoming  Massacre,  was  in  that 
at  Cherry  Valley,  and  in  July,  1779,  led  the 
band  that  destroyed  Minisink,  and  defeated  the 
party  of  Col.  Tusten.  He  held  a  col's,  com- 
mission from  the  king,  and,  after  the  war,  pre- 
vailed on  the  various  tribes  to  make  a  perma- 
nent treaty  of  peace.  In  1786,  he  again  vi.-it- 
ed  Eng.,  where  he  was  received  with  distinc- 
tion, and  collected  funds  for  the  erection  of 


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the  first  church  built  in  Upper  Canada,  and  was 
afterward  employed  by  Gov.  Carleton  in  the 
public  service.  Ho  opposed  the  confederation 
of  the  Indians,  which  led  to  the  exped.  of 
Wayne  in  1793,  and  did  his  utmost  to  preserve 
peace  between  the  Indians  and  the  U.S.  He 
translated  the  Gospel  of  St.  Mark  into  the 
Mohawk  languaj^e,  and  did  much  for  the  wel- 
fare of  his  people.  His  son  John,  an  officer 
in  the  British  service  in  the  War  of  1812,  d. 
Biantford  in  Sept.  1832,  a.  36.  A  dau.  m. 
W.  J.  Kerr  of  Niagara  in  1824. —  xbee  Life 
of  Brandt,  hij   \V .  L.  Stone. 

Brannan,  Johx  Miltox,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  D.C.ab.  1820.  West  Point,  1841. 
Entering  the  1st  Art.,  he  became  1st  lieut. 
Mar.  3,  1847  ;  disting.  himself  at  Cerro  Gordo  ; 
won  the  brev.  of  capt.  for  gallantry  at  Con- 
treras  and  Churubusco  ;  was  severely  wounded 
at  the  Belen  Gate  of  Mexico,  Sept.  13,  1847  ; 
capt.  1st.  Art.  Nov.  4,  1854;  and  brig.-gen. 
Vols.  Sept.  28,  1861,  and  served  in  the  dep. 
of  the  South,  having  for  a  time  com.  of  South- 
ern Florida.  Transferred  to  B.C.,  he  com., 
Oct.  22,  1862,  a  reconnoissance  from  Hilton 
Head  to  the  Broad  River  and  its  tributaries,  and 
had  an  engagement  with  a  Confed.  force,  which 
he  drove  across  the  Pocotaligo  River,  with 
severe  loss  on  both  sides.  He  com.  a  division 
in  McCook's  corps  at  Chickamauga,  20  Sept. 
1863  ;  was  chief  of  art.  dept.,  Cumberland, 
1863-5  ;  brev.  col.  for  Chickamauga;  maj.  1st 
Art.  Aug.  1,  1863;  in  the  battle  of  Mission- 
ary Ridge,  Nov.  23-25,  1863;  in  the  battles 
and  operations  ending  in  the  capture  of  At- 
lanta, 2  Sept.  1864,  for  which  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  13  Mar.  1865;  and  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.  for  merit,  services  in  the  field  during 
the  Rebellion.  —  Cullum. 

Brannan,  William  Penn,  artist  and 
poet  of  Cincinnati,  b.  22  Mar.  1825  ;  d.  there 
9  Aug.  1866.  Author  of  the  "Harp  of  a 
Thousand  Strings;"  wrote  under  the  pseudo- 
nyme  of  "  Vandyke  Brown,"  and  produced 
some  paintings  of  decided  merit.  —  See  Poets 
and  Poetri/  of  the  West. 

Brattle,  William,  F.R.S.,  lawyer,  preach- 
er, physician,  soldier,  and  legislator,  b.  Cam- 
bridge, Ms.,  ah.  1702;  d.  Halifax,  N  S.,  Oct. 
1776.  H.U.  1722.  Son  of  VVm.,  minister  of 
Cambridge  (b  22  Nov.  1662;  d.  15  Feb.  1717. 
H.U.  1680.  Old.  25  Mar.  1696).  Author  of 
a  compendium  of  logic.  The  son  was  long  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  and  of  the  council ; 
practised  physic  extensively  ;  was  capt.  of  the 
Art.  Co.,  1733,  and  a  maj.-gen.  of  militia;  a 
benefactor  of  H.  U.  ;  member  of  the  Stamp 
Act  Congress  in  1765;  and,  being  a  loyalist, 
left  Boston  with  the  British  troops  in  Mar. 
1776. 

Bravo  (bra'vo),  Nicolas,  a  Mexican  gen., 
b.  Chilpanzingo,  ab.  1792;  d.  there  Apr.  22, 
1854.  Leonardo  his  father,  a  patriot,  b.  near 
San  Luis  Potosi,  1766;  d.  of  pri.son-fevor,  in 
the  hands  of  the  Spaniards  in  the  city  of 
Mexico  in  1812.  Attached  to  the  party  of  in- 
dependence from  the  outset,  he  placed  himself, 
after  the  death  of  Hidalgo  in  1812,  under 
Morelos,  and  contrib.  powerfully  to  the  suc- 
cess of  the  Republican  cause  by  his  victory 
over  the  Spanish  gen.  Musitu.     In   1817,  he 


was  taken  by  the  viceroy  Apodaca,  who 
spared  his  life  only  at  the  urgent  solicitation 
of  many  prominent  royalists,  lie  was  released 
at  the  general  amnesty,  March,  1820.  He  op- 
posed Iturbide  in  1822  ;  and  the  provisional  govt, 
which  succeeded  was  confided  in  1823  to  Bra- 
vo, Vittoria,  and  Negrette.  Feb.  2,  1824,  Vit- 
toria  obtained  the  presidency,  and  Bravo  the 
vice-presiiiency ;  Dec.  23,  1827,  he  put  him- 
self at  the  head  of  a  Revol.  movement,  but  was 
easily  defeated  by  Gen.  Guerrero ;  Bravo  and 
other  officers  who  were  taken,  after  passing  5 
months  in  prison,  being  banished  to  Guate- 
mala. Recalled  in  1829  by  the  overthrow  of 
Guerrero,  he  was  sent  against  him,  and  ob- 
tained his  revenge  on  that  chieftain,  whom  he 
took  with  arms  in  his  hands,  and  who  was 
shot  Feb.  14,  1831.  At  the  close  of  1833, 
Bravo  was  again  at  the  head  of  a  small  body 
of  insurgents,  and  was  beaten  in  the  year  fol- 
lowing by  Vittoria.  In  July,  1839,  as  pres.  of 
the  council,  he  was  charged  with  the  supreme 
administration  of  the  govt,  during  an  inter- 
im of  a  week,  and  again,  from  Oct.  26,  1842, 
till  March,  1843,  during  Santa  Ana's  absence 
as  dictator  at  the  head  of  the  army,  and 
for  the  last  time  from  July  29  to  Aug.  4,  1846, 
when  he  was  deposed  by  a  Revol.  During 
the  war  with  the  U.S.,  he  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Cerro  Gordo.  Bravo  was  one  of  the 
most  upright,  honorable,  and  disting.  men 
Mexico  has  produced.  —  N.  B.  G. 

Braxton,  Carter,  signer  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  b.  Newington,  Va., 
Sept.  10,  1736;  d.  Oct.  10,  1797.  Wm.  and 
Mary  Coll.  1756.  His  father  was  a  wealthy 
planter,  and  his  mother  the  dau.  of  Robert 
Carter,,  at  one  time  pres.  of  the  council.  In 
1760,  he  returned  from  a  residence  of  some 
years  in  Eng.,  and  in  1765  disting.  himself 
in  the  Va.  H.  of  burgesses,  in  support  of  Pat- 
rick Henry's  celebrated  Stamp  Act  resolu- 
tions, and  in  the  subsequent  assemblies  which 
were  dissolved  by  the  gov.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Va.  convention  of  1769,  and  of  that  of 
Williamsburg  in  1774;  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  last  house  of  burgesses  convened 
under  royal  authority  in  Va.,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  committee  to  whom  was  referred  the 
difficulty  between  it  and  Gov.  Dunmore.  In 
1775,  he  was  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
met  at  Richmond  to  devise  measures  for  the 
public  good,  and  was,  Dec.  15,  app.  successor 
to  Peyton  Randolph  in  Congress.  He  did  not 
remain  long  in  that  body,  but  served  in  the 
Va.  legisl.  till  1786  ;  from  1786  to  1791  was  a 
member  of  the  State  council,  and  also  from 
1794  to  1797.  He  inherited  several  planta- 
tions ;  but  the  close  of  his  life  was  imbittered 
by  pecuniary  embarrassment,  and  the  entire 
wreck  of  his  fortune.  He  was  a  man  of  talent, 
of  sound  judgment,  and  remarkable  prudence 
and  forethought.  In  1776,  he  pub.  at  Phila. 
"  An  Address  to  the  Convention  of  Va.  on  the 
Subject  of  Govt." 

Brearly,  David,  jurist;  d.  Trenton,  N.  J., 
16  Aug.  1790,  a.  44.  Lieut-col.  in  the  Revol. 
army,  and  a  cool  and  brave  officer.  Member 
of  the  State  and  Federal  Const.  Convs,,  and  9 
years  chief-justice  of  N.J.  —  Alden's  Epitaphs. 

Breathitt,  John,  gov.  Ky.,  1832-4,  b.  near 


BRJB 


120 


BRE 


New  London,  Va.,  Sept.  9,  1786;  d.  Frank- 
fort, Ky.,  Feb.  21,  1834.  His  father  settled  in 
Logan  Co.  in  1800.  John  was  a  surveyor 
and  school-teacher,  and,  acquiring  some  prop- 
erty, studied  law ;  adm.  to  the  bar  in  Feb. 
1810  ;  was  several  years  thereafter  in  the  legisl.; 
was  lieut-gov.  in  1828-32.  He  was  a  warm 
supporter  of  Jackson  for  the  Presidency.  — 
Collinses  Hist,  of  Ky. 

Brebeuf,  Jean  de  (1593-1649),  was  one 
of  the  earliest  missionaries  sent  to  Canada, 
whither,  in  1625,  he  accompanied  Champlain, 
and  established  himself  among  the  Hurons. 
During  a  residence  among  them  of  3  years,  he 
acquired  their  language,  gained  their  confi- 
dence, and  exercised  a  paternal  influence 
ovei  them.  He  fell  a  victim  to  the  implacable 
hatred  which  existed  between  the  Hurons  and 
Iroquois.  In  1649,  in  a  combat  where  the 
Hurons,  unexpectedly  attacked,  had  the  disad- 
vantage, Brebeuf  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Iroquois,  who  put  him  to  death  with  the  fright- 
ful torments  which  they  usually  inflict  on  their 
prisoners  of  war.  At  the  end  of  his  "  Voyages," 
Champlain  has  printed  the  "  Catechisme  traduit 
dans  la  Langue  des  Hurons,"  by  father  Brebeuf. 
This  is  the  first  known  specimen  of  the  idiom 
of  the  savages  of  Canada,  Paris,  1652. 

Breck,  Daxiel,  LL.D.,  jurist,  son  of  Rev. 
Daniel  (1748-1845),  b.  Topsficld,  Ms.,  Feb.  12, 
1788.  D.C.  1812.  He  studied  law,  and  re- 
moving to  Richmond,  Ky.,  in  1814,  commenced 
practice  there.  Judge  of  a  county  court; 
from  1824  to  1829,  he  was  a  member  of  the 
State  legisl. ;  from  1835  to  1843,  he  was  pres. 
of  the  branch  bank  of  Ky.  at  Richmond ; 
in  1843,  he  was  app.  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Ky.,  and  was  M.C.  from  1849  to  1851. 
LL.  D.  of  Transyl.  U.  in  1843.  —  Lanman. 

Breck,  Robert,  minister  of  Springfield, 
Ms.,  from  Julv26,  1 736,  to  his  d.,  Apr.  23,  1784, 
b.  July  25,  17^13.  H.U.  1730.  Son  of  Robert, 
minister  of  Marlborough,  1704-31.  His  settle- 
ment gave  rise  to  much  controversy  as  to  his 
religious  views.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing, and  a  close  reasoner.  He  pub.  a  century 
sermon  on  the  burning  of  the  town  by  the  In- 
dians, Oct.  16,  1675. —  Sprague. 

Breck,  Samuel,  son  of  Kev.  Daniel,  b. 
Boston,  17  July,  1771  ;  d.  Phila.,  1  Sept.  1862. 
At  the  Roy.  Milit.  Coll.  of  Loreze  in  1783-7. 
His  family  moved  to  Pa.  in  1792.  He  was 
many  years  in  the  Pa.  legisl.  and  in  the  Phila. 
city  govt.  ;  M.C.  1823-5  ;  member  of  the  Pa. 
Hist.  Soc.  He  pub.  historical  sketch  of  Con- 
tinental paper-money,  1843,  and  some  histori- 
cal addresses. 

Breckinridge,  Gen.  James,  lawyer  and 
politician,  b.  near  Fincastle,  Botetourt  Co., 
Va.,  March  7,  1763  ;  d.  there  Aug.  1846.  W. 
and  M.  Coll.  1785.  He  was  a  Revol.  soldier, 
serving  in  Col.  Preston's  rifle  regt.,  under 
Greene,  in  1781  ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1787, 
and  became  a  successful  lawyer  ;  a  prominent 
leader  of  the  old  Federal  party  in  the  gen.  as- 
sembly of  the  State,  and  M.C.  1809-17.  He 
was  an  active  and  efficient  friend  of  that  great 
improvement  by  which  Va.  proposed  to  con- 
nect the  waters  of  the  Chesapeake  with  those 
of  the  Ohio,  and  a  zealous  co-laborer  with  Mr. 
JeflFerson  in  founding  the  U.  of  Va. 


Breckinridge,  John,  U.S.  atty.-gen.  in 
1805,  author  and  advocate  of  the  celebrated 
"  Resolutions  of  1798-9  "  in  the  Va.  legifl.,  b. 
Va.  1760;  d.  Lexington,  Ky.,  Dec.  17,  1806. 
Emigrating  to  Ky.,  he  was  chosen  U.S.  sen- 
ator in  1801,  and  introduced,  in  1802,  a  resolu- 
tion for  the  repeal  of  the  Judiciary  Act  of  1801 , 
establishing  several  new  tribunals.  In  the  de- 
bate which  followed,  Mr.  Breckenridgedisting. 
himself  by  his  eloquent  speeches.  He  also  took 
an  active  part  in  the  discussion  relative  to  the 
free  navigation  of  the  Mpi.  A  vol.  of  his 
speeches  was  pub. 

Breckinridge,  John,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll. 

1835),  b.  Cabell's  Dale,  Ky.,  4  July,  1797  ;  d. 
near  Lexington,  Ky.,  4  Aug  1841.  N.J.  Coll. 
1818.  Son  of  the  preceding.  Licensed  to 
preach  in  1822  ;  chaplain  to  Congress  in  1822- 
3  ;  pastor  of  a  Presb.  church  at  Lexington,  10 
Sept.  1823-1826,  during  which  time  he  estab- 
lished the  Western  Luminary,  a  religious  news- 
paper. In  1826-31,  he  was  colleague  with  Dr. 
Glendy  at  Baltimore ;  sec.  and  gen.-agent  of 
the  Presb.  Board  of  Education  at  Phila.  in 
1831-6;  prof,  of  theology  at  the  Princeton 
Sera,  in  1836-8;  sec.  and  gen.  agent  of  the 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  1838-40,  and  at 
the  time  of  his  d.  pres.  elect  of  Oglethorpe  U., 
Ga.  In  1836-8,  he  was  settled  at  N.  Orleans. 
He  was  an  able  controversialist ;  and  his  discus- 
sion with  Bishop  Hughes  of  N.Y.  was  pub. 
with  the  title,  "  Roman-Catholic  Controversy." 
He  was  an  eloquent  preacher  and  an  able 
polemic  writer.  Pres.  of  the  African  Coloni- 
zation Soc.  —  Spra<jue. 

Breckinridge,  John  Cabell,  vice.-pres. 
of  the  U.S.,  b.  near  Lexington,  Ky.,  Jan.  21, 
1821.  Grandsonof  Senator  John  B.  Centre 
Coll.,  Ky.  He  studied  law  at  the  Transyl. 
Institute,  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  at  Lexing- 
ton. After  residing  at  Burlington,  lo.,  for  a 
time,  he  returned  to  Lexington,  where  he  prac- 
tised his  profession  with  success.  He  served  as 
a  major  during  the  Mex.  war, and  disting.  him- 
self as  the  counsel  of  Gen.  Pillow  during  the 
famous  court-m:irtial.  On  his  return,  he  was 
elected  to  the  State  legisl,  and  was  M.C.  from 
1851  to  1855.  The  mission  to  Spain  was  ten- 
dered him  by  Pres.  Pierce,  but  was  declined. 
He  became  V.P.  in  March,  1857.  One  of  his 
first  public  performances  was  the  delivery  of  a 
eulogy  on  Henry  Clay.  He  entered  the  senate 
in  1861  as  successor  of  J.  J.  Crittenden.  Can- 
didate of  the  Southern  Democ.  for  Pres.  in 
1860,  and  defeated  ;  expelled  from  the  senate, 
Dec.  4, 1861  ;  made  amaj  -gen.  C.S.A.,  5  Aug. 
1862;  he  com.  the  reserve  at  Shiloh,  Apr.  6, 
1862;  com.  the  force  which  attacked  Baton 
Rouge,  La.,  Aug.  5,  1862,  and  was  repulsed; 
com.  a  division  in  Polk's  corps  at  MurfreeS' 
boro',  Dec.  31,  1862;  at  Chickaniau<^a,  Nov. 
25,  1863  ;  defeated  Sigcl  near  Newmarket,  Va., 
May  13,  1864;  then  joined  Lee's  army,  and 
was  at  the  battle  of  Coal  Harbor,  June  3^  1864 ; 
com.  a  corps  under  Early  in  the  Shenandoah 
Valley,  when  defeated  by  Gen.  Sheridan,  Sept. 
1864;  defeated  Gen.  Gillem  in  E.  Tenn.,  Nov. 
12  ;  was  in  the  battle  near  Nashville,  Dec.  15, 
and  in  Jan  .-Apr.  1865,  was  sec.  of  war  at  Rich- 
mond ;  was  in  Europe  after  Lee's  surrender, 
1865-8. 


BRB3 


121 


BRK 


Breckinridge,  Robert  Jefferson, 
D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Prcsb.  divine,  b.  at  CivlMill's 
Dale,  Ky.,  Mar.  8,  1800.  Un.  Coll.  1819.  He 
practised  law  from  1823  to  1831,  and  was, 
meanwhile,  several  times  in  the  Ky.  legisl. 
From  1832  to  1845,  he  was  pastor  of  the  First 
Presb.  Clmrch,  Baltimore,  and  noted  for  his 
eloquence.  Pres.  of  JefF.  Coll.,  Pa.,  from  1845 
to  1847,  when  he  returned  to  Ky.  ;  assumed 
the  pastorate  of  the  First  Presb,  Church  in 
Lexington,  and  became  superintendent  of  pub- 
lic instruction  for  the  State.  He  resigned 
these  stations  in  1853,  having  been  elected 
prof  of  theology  in  the  newly-established  sem. 
at  Danville,  Ky.,  an  office  which  he  continues 
to  hold.  While  in  Baltimore,  he  edited  the 
Literary  and  Religious  Magazine  and  the  Spirit 
of  the  19.'A  Century;  and  his  discussions  with 
the  Catholics  evinced  great  knowledge  of 
church-history  and  theology.  He  is  the  princi- 
pal author  of  the  common-school  system  of  Ky. 
In  the  antislavery  discussions  of  the  day,  he 
opposed  the  extremists  of  either  side,  and  ear- 
nestly supported  the  Union  cau»e  during  the  civil 
war.  He  pub  2  vols,  of"  Travels  in  Europe  " 
in  1838,  and  besides  a  great  number  of  tracts, 
essays,  and  letters,  in  1857  pub.  an  important 
work  on  "  Theology  objectively  considered." 
LLD.  of  JefF.  Coll.  1847;  H.U.  1862;  D.D. 
of  Un.  Coll.  1839.  D.  Danville,  Ky.  Dec.  27,  '71. 

Breese,  Samuel  L.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 
N.Y.,  1794;  d.  Mt.  Airey,  Penn.,  Dec.  17, 
1870.  Midshipn).  Sept.  10,  1810  ;  lieut  Apr. 
27,  1816;  commander,  Dec.  22,  1835;  capt. 
Sept.  8,  1841  ;  rear-adm.  July  16,  1862.  He  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Lake  Champlain,  Sept. 
II,  1814  ;  com.  frigate  "  Cumberland,"  Medit. 
squad.,  1845;  was  present  at  the  capture  of 
Tuspan  and  Tabasco,  Mexico,  and  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Vera  Cruz,  1847  ;  com.  Mediterranean 
fleet,  1856-8;  com.  N.Y.  n  ivy-yard,  1859-61. 

Breese,  Sidney,  senator  and  jurist,  b. 
Whitesboro',  Oneida  Co.,  N.Y.,  July  15,  1800. 
Un.  Coll.  1818.  He  removed  to  111.,  and  in 
1821  was  adm.  to  the  bar;  became  assist,  sec. 
of  State,  and  was  State  atty.  from  1822  to  1827, 
when  he  was  app.  U.  S.  atty.  for  111.  In  1829, 
he  pub.  a  vol.  of  Decisions  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  the  first  octavo  vol.  pub.  in  the  State ; 
served  as  a  lieut.-col.  of  vols,  in  the  Black 
Hawk  War  ;  in  1835  was  elected  a  circuit 
judge  ;  was  U.  S.  senator  in  1843-9,  and  was 
chairman  of  the  com.  on  public  lands,  and  a 
regent  of  the  Smithsonian  Inst.,  during  Polk's 
administration.  In  1850,  he  was  speaker  of 
the  111.  legisl. ;  was  one  of  the  originators  of 
the  III.  Central  R.R, ;  in  1855,  he  was  again 

E laced  upon  the  Circuit  Court  bench  of  which 
e  was  made  chief  judge.  —  Lanman. 
Bremer,  Frederika,  a  Swedish  novelist, 
b.  near  Abo,  Finland,  17  Aug.  1801  ;  d.  Arsta, 
near  Stockholm,  31  Dec.  1865.  She  was  care- 
fully educated  by  her  parents,  who  were  wealthy, 
and  taught  an  acad.  at  Stockholm.  "  The 
Neighbors,"  her  first  work,  app.  in  1824.  Her 
visit  to  the  U.  S.  in  1849-51  is  recorded  in 
her  "  Homes  in  the  New  World."  She  after- 
ward pub.  an  account  of  her  travels  in  Swit- 
zerland, Italy,  and  the  Holy  Land.  —  See  her 
Life,  f^ttersy  and  Posthumous  Works,  by  her  Sis- 
ter Cluirlotte,  1868. 


Breuton,  Jahleel,  post-capt.  British  na- 
vy,  b.  Oct.  22, 1729  ;  d.  Edinburgh,  Jan.  1802. 
Wm.,  the  first  Pilgrim,  was  gov.  of  R.  I.  His 
son  Jahleel,  2d,  coll.  of  the  customs  in  N.E. 
under  Wm.  III.,  d.  1732;  and  his  son  Jahleel, 
3d,  who  seems  to  have  been  a  great  land- 
holder (b.  Aug.  15,  1691),  m.  the  dau.  of  Saml. 
Cranston,  gov.  of  R.  I.  By  this  lady  he  had 
7  daughters  and  8  sons,  one  of  whom,  Jahleel, 
4th,  m.  Henrietta  Cowley  ^of  the  Cowleys  of 
Worcestershire),  who  bore  him  a  large  family. 
In  his  youth,  he  entered  the  navy,  but  had 
attained  only  the  rank  of  lieut.,  and  was  living 
quietly  on  the  patrimonial  estate  in  R.  I.,  when 
the  Revol.  began.  He  was  a  man  of  high  char- 
acter and  respectable  talents :  efforts  were 
made  to  enlist  him  on  the  patriot  side.  He 
was  offered  high  rank  in  their  navy,  but  re- 
fused, and  at  last  escaped  to  a  British  cruiser 
off  the  coast,  sacrificing  all  but  a  small  frag- 
ment of  a  liberal  fortune.  He  served  with  rep- 
utation, rose  to  be  a  post  capt.,  and  brought  up 
three  sons  to  the  same  prof.  His  son  Sir  Jah- 
leel, rear-adm.  of  the  Blue,  b.  R.  I.,  1770,  d. 
Elford,  Eng.,  Apr.  3,  1844.  He  first  served 
in  1781,  in  "  The  Queen,"  commanded  by  his 
father.  His  second  son,  Edward  Pelham, 
author  of  "  The  Naval  History  of  Great  Bri- 
tain," d.  a  post  capt.  in  London,  1839. 

Brenton,  William,  gov.  of  R  I.,  d.  New- 
port, 1674.  The  family,  who  were  persons  of 
wealth  and  consideration  in  Hammersmith, 
Eng.,  emig.  to  Amer.  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 
He  was  a  representative  of  Boston  for  several 
years,  dating  from  1635  ;  lieut.-gov.  of  R.  I. 
before  1660,  and  in  1663;  pres.  of  R  I.  be- 
tween 1660  and  1661,  and  gov.  under  the  char- 
ter, from  1666  to  1669. 

Brevard,  Dr.  Ephraim,  a  Revol.  patriot 
of  N.C,  author  of  the  Mecklenburg  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  ;  d.  at  Charlotte,  N.C, 
near  the  close  of  the  war.  N.J.  Coll.  1768. 
He  was  one  of  the  "  seven  sons  "  of  his  wid- 
owed mother,  who  were  in  the  army.  Studied 
medicine,  and  .settled  as  a  physician  in  Char- 
lotte, N.C.  In  May,  1775,  he  was  clerk  of  the 
convention  held  in  Charlotte,  Mecklenburg  Co., 
and,  as  one  of  the  committee  to  prepare  resolu- 
tions, produced  the  famous  document  by  which 
they  anticipated  by  more  than  a  year  the  Dec- 
laration by  Congress.  When  the  British  invad- 
ed the  Southern  States,  Dr.  Brevard  entered 
the  Continental  army  as  a  surgeon,  and  was 
taken  prisoner  at  Charleston,  in  May,  1780. 
Broken  by  disease,  when  set  at  liberty  he  re- 
turned to  Charlotte,  where  he  soon  after  died. 
—  Lossing. 

Brewer,  Col.  Jonathan,  Revol.  officer  of 
Waltham,  Ms.,  b.  Framingham,  3  Feb.  1726; 
d.  there  6  Jan.  1784.  He  had  been  an  officer 
in  the  French  war,  and,  at  Bunker's  Hill,  com. 
a  regt.,  behaved  with  spirit,  and  was  wounded. 
In  May,  1775,  he  proposed  to  the  Prov.  Con- 
gress an  exped.  to  Quebec  by  way  of  the 
Kennebec  and  Chaudiere ;  thanked  by  the 
Prov.  Cong,  for  giving  up  his  regt.  to  Col. 
Whitcomb,  and  app.  barrack-master,  16  Nov. 
1776. 

Brewer,  Col.  Samuel,  b.  Framingham, 
Ms.;  d.  after  1781.  Bro.  of  Col.  Jonathan 
Brewer;  adj. -gen.  of  the  troops  at  Roxbury, 


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122 


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under  Gen.  Thomas,  in  the  spring  of  1775  ; 
wounded  at  Bunker's  Hill ;  authorized  to 
raise  a  regt.  for  service  at  Ticonderoga  in  Aug. 
1776  ;  col.  12th  Ms.  Continental  regt.  1777-8; 
cashiered  1778. 

Brewerton,  Henry,  LL.D.  (Dick  Coll. 
1847),  brev.  brig. -gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y.  West 
Point,  1819.  Entering  the  engineer  corps,  he 
became  col.  22  Apr.  1864  ;  brev.  brig. -gen.  13 
Mar.  1865,  retired  7  Mar.  1867;  supt.  engr. 
of  the  defences  of  Baltimore  harbor,  and  of 
Del.  River  and  Bay,  1861-5,  and  of  N.Y.  har- 
bor defences,  1865-7.  —  Cullum. 

Brewster,  Charles  Warren,  editor  and 
author,  b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  13  Sept.  1802  ; 
d.  there  3  Aug.  1868.  He  received  a  common 
school  education,  was  an  apprentice  in  the  of- 
fice of  the  Portsmouth  Journal,  with  which  he 
was  connected  over  half  a  century,  and  was 
43  years  ifs  proprietor.  He  was  in  1846-7  a 
member  of  the  State  legisl.  and  in  1850  a 
member  of  the  last  Const.  Conv.  Author  of 
"  Fifty  Years  in  a  Printing-Office,"  "  Ram- 
bles about  Portsmouth,"  2  series,  1859-1870. 

Brewster?  William,  a  Pilgrim  of  Ply- 
mouth, elder  and  only  teacher  ior  some  years, 
b.  Scrooby,  Eng,,  in  1566;  d.  Plymouth,  Ms., 
April  16,  1644.  After  an  education  at  Cam- 
bridge U.,  he  entered  the  service  of  William 
Davison,  ambassador  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  in 
Holland,  between  whom  and  himself  a  strong 
attachment  subsisted.  Through  Davison's  in- 
fluence, he  was  made  postmaster  of  Scrooby. 
Turning  his  attention  to  religious  subjects,  he 
withdrew  from  the  Established  Church,  and  es- 
tablished with  others  a  separate  society.  This 
new  church  met  on  the  Lord's  Day,  at  Mr. 
Brewster's  house,  as  long  as  they  could  assem- 
ble without  interruption.  Endeavoring  by 
flight  to  avoid  their  persecutors,  Mr.  Brewster, 
and  Mr.  Bradford  and  others,  were  seized 
in  1607,  just  as  they  were  going  to  Holland, 
and  imprisoned  at  Boston  in  Lincolnshire. 
Mr.  Brewster,  having  most  property,  was  the 
greatest  sufferer,  and,  obtaining  with  much  dif- 
ficulty and  expense  his  liberty,  he  first  assisted 
the  poor  of  the  society  to  emigrate,  and  then 
followed  them  to  Holland.  His  means  being 
exhaust(yl,  he  opened  a  school  at  Leyden  for 
teaching  the  English  language.  Qy  the  assist- 
ance of  some  friends,  he  also  procured  a  print- 
ing-press, and  pub.  several  books  against  the 
hierarchy,  but  could  not  obtain  a  license  for 
their  pub.  in  Eng.  Such  was  his  reputation  in 
the  church  at  Leyden,  that  he  was  chosen  a 
ruling  elder,  and  accomp.  its  members  who 
emig.  to  N.  E.  in  1620.  The  church  at  Ply- 
mouth being  for  several  years  destitute  of  a 
minister,  Mr.  Brewster,  who  was  respected  for 
his  character  and  venerable  age,  frequently 
officiated  as  a  preacher,  though  he  could  never 
be  persuaded  to  administer  the  sacraments. — 
See  Life  and  Times  of  Wm.  Brewster,  by  A. 
Steele,  1857. 

Brickett,  James,  physician  and  Revol.  pa- 
triot, b.  1737  ;  d.  Haverhill,  Ms.,  9  Dec.  1818. 
He  practised  physic  successfully  many  years  in 
Haverhill ;  was  a  surgeon  in  the  army  at  Ti- 
conderoga in  1 759-60 ;  became  lieut.-col.  of 
Frye's  Essex  regt.  20  May,  1775,  and  was  en- 
gaged and  wounded  at  Bunker's  Hill,  17  June; 


was  app.  brig-gen.  of  the  forces  to  be  sent 
to  Canada,  11  July,  1776  ;  com.  the  escort  of 
Burgoyne's  captive  soldiers  from  Saratoga  to 
Cambridge,  Ms.,  in  Oct.  1777. —  Chase's  Hist., 
Haverhill. 

Bridge,  Horatio,  b.  Augusta,  Me.,  Apr. 
8,  1806.  Bowd.  Coll.  1825.  Son  of  Judge 
James.  Studied  law,  and  opened  an  office  at 
Augusta;  entered  the  navy  as  paymaster  in 
1838  ;  chief  of  the  bureau  of  clothing  and  pro- 
vision, 1845-68.  Author  of  "Journal  of  an 
African  Cruiser." 

Bridgman,  Laura,  a  blind  deaf-mute,  b. 
Hanover,  N.H.,  Dec.  21,  1829.  At  the  age  of 
2  years,  a  severe  illness  deprived  her  of  sight 
and  hearing,  and  consequently  of  speech;  while 
the  sense  of  smell  was  also  destroyed,  and  that 
of  taste  much  impaired.  She  gradually  recov- 
ered her  health ;  but  none  of  her  senses  were 
restored.  At  the  age  of  8,  she  became  an  in- 
mate of  the  Perkins  Inst,  for  the  Blind,  in  Bos- 
ton, under  the  care  of  Dr.  S.  G.  Howe,where  she 
was  taught  the  names  and  qualities  of  objects, 
and  how  to  write.  Subsequently  acquired  the 
rudiments  of  arithmetic ;  took  lessons  on  the 
piano,  in  which  she  became  quite  skilful ;  and 
acquired  a  practical  knowledge  of  needlework 
and  of  some  household  duties.  She  manifests 
in  a  remarkable  degree  that  maidenly  coyness 
and  reserve  which  have  been  so  often  regarded 
as  the.  result  of  education.  She  is  still  an  in- 
mate of  the  Perkins  Asylum.  — Appleton's  New 
Amer.  Cijcl. 

BriggS,  Charles  Frederick,  author  and 
journalist,  b.  Nantucket.  Removing  to  N.Y. 
(/ity  early  in  life,  he  has  since  resided  there. 
In  1845,  in  conjunction  with  Edgar  A.  Poe,  he 
edited  the  Broadway  Journal,  a  weekly  ;  also 
edited  Putnam's  Magazine  from  18.53  to  1856, 
in  connection  with  G.  W.  Curtis  and  Parke 
Godwin,  and  has  since  been  one  of  the  editors 
of  the  New-York  Times.  He  was  also  connect- 
ed with  the  Evening  Mirror.  He  pub  in  1839 
"  The  Adventures  of  Harry  Franco,"  a  novel ; 
"Story  of  the  Telegraph,"  1858;  in  1844, 
"  TheHaunted  Merchant,"  and  in  1847,"  The 
Trippings  of  Tom  Pepper."  He  is  a  vigorous 
and  caustic  writer.  Some  of  his  poetical 
pieces  have  appeared  in  Putnam's  Monthly,  and 
others  in  a  choice  vol.  of  selections,  —  "  Sea- 
weeds from  the  Shores  of  Nantucket."  — 
Duyckinck. 

BriggS,  George  Nixon,  LL.D.  (Wms. 
Coll.  1844),  gov.  of  Ms.,  b.  Adams,  Ms.,  April 
13,  1796  ;  d.  Pittsfield,  Sept.  12,  1851.  A.M. 
of  H.U.  1828.  His  father  served  under  Stark 
at  Bennington.  He  learned  the  trade  of  a 
hatter ;  studied  law ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
Oct.  1818;  practised  successively  in  Adams, 
Lanesborough,  and  Pittsfield,  and  in  1827,  in 
the  defence  of  a  Stockbridge  Indian  tried  at 
Lenox  for  murder,  established  his  reputation 
as  one  of  the  ablest  criminal  lawyers  of  the 
State.  Register  of  deeds  from  1824  to  1831 ; 
M.C.  1831-43  ;  gov.  of  Ms.  1844-51  ;  judge  of 
C.  C.  P.  in  1851-6.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
State  Const.  Conv.  of  1853.  In  1861,  he  was 
one  of  a  committee  to  adjust  the  differences 
between  the  U.S.  and  New  Grenada ;  but  his 
death,  from  the  accidental  discharge  of  a  gun, 
prevented  his  entering   upon  that  duty.     A 


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123 


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strenuous  advocate  of  temperance  ;  pres.  of  the 
Temperance  Union,  of  the  Ms.  S.  S.  Union,  the 
Baptist  Missionary  Union,  and  the  Tract  So- 
ciety at  Boston.  A  biography  by  Rev.  Win. 
C.  Richards  appeared  in  1866.  His  son,  Col. 
Henry  Shaw  Bkiggs,  com.  lOth  Ms.  Vols. ; 
made  brig. -gen.  17  July,  1862;  wounded  at 
Fair  Oaks  ;  b.  I  Aug.  1824.  Wms.  Coll.  1844. 
A  lawyer  by  profession. 

Brigham,  Amariah,  M.D.,  physician, 
and  superintendent  of  asylums  for  the  insane, 
b.  New  Marlboro',  Ms.,  Dec.  26,  1798  ;  d.  Sept. 
8,1849.  Left  an  orphan  at  1 1,  and  at  17  he  com- 
menced the  study  of  medicine,  supporting  him- 
self by  teaching  school  during  winters.  Com- 
mencing practice  in  1821,  he  resided  success- 
ively in  Enfiuld  and  Greenfield,  Ms.,  and  in 
Hartford,  Ct.,  and  spent  a  year  (1828-9)  in 
European  travel  and  study.  In  1837,  he  deliv- 
ered a  course  of  lectures  before  the  Coll.  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  N.Y.  He  was  su- 
perintendent ot  the  Insane  Asylum  at  Hartford, 
1840-2,  and  at  the  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  Uti- 
ca,  N.Y.,  from  1843  till  his  death.  He  deliv- 
ered lectures  on  the  treatment  of  the  insane, 
prepared  reports,  and  established,  in  1844,  a 
Journal  of  Insanity.  He  pub.  in  1832  a  small 
work  on  "  Asiatic  Cholera,"  soon  after,  a  trea- 
tise on  "  Mental  Cultivation  and  Excitement ;  " 
in  1836,  "The  Intiuence  of  Religion  upon  the 
Health  and  Physical  Welfare  of  Mankind  ;  " 
in  1840,  "  The  Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Pa- 
thology of  the  Brain  ;"  in  1849,  a  small  vol. 
of  aphorisms  and  maxims  for  the  use  of  those 
who  had  been  under  his  care,  with  the  title  of 
"The  Asylum  Souvenir." — See  Memoir,  by 
E.  K.  Hunt,  in  Gross's  Med.  Dioq. 

Brigham,  Paul,  d.  Norwich,  Vt.,  June 
16,  1824,  a.  79.  Four  years  a  capt.  in  the 
Revol.  army;  high  sheriff  of  Windsor  Co, 
Vt.,  5  yeais  ;  maj.-gen.  of  militia;  5  years 
chief-justice  County  Court;  and  22  years 
lieut.-gov.  of  Vt. 

Bright,  Jesse  D.,U.  S.  senator  (1845-62), 
b.  Norwich,  Chenango  Co.,  N.Y.,  Dec.  18, 
1812.  Removing  to  Ind.,  he  received  an  aca- 
demic education,  and  studied  and  practised 
law.  He  was  circuit  judge  of  Ind. ;  State 
senator,  U.  S.  marshal,  lieut.-gov.  of  the  State, 
and  pres.  of  the  U.  S.  senate  during  several 
sessions  In  1857,  the  Democ.  members  of  the 
State  legisl.  re-elected  him  to  the  senate  in  a 
manner  which  was  denounced  as  fraudulent  and 
unconstitutional  by  his  Republican  opponents; 
and  his  seat  was  contested.  He  continued  a 
senator  until  Feb.  1862,  when,  on  a  charge  of 
disloyalty,  —  the  principal  proof  of  which  was, 
that  in  March,  1861,  he  wrote  a  letter  to  Hon. 
Jefferson  Davis,  pres  of  the  Con  fed.  States, 
"  recommending  to  him  a  person  desirous  of 
furnishing  arms,"  —  he  was  expelled  by  a  vote 
of  32  to  14. 

Bright,  Jonathan  Brown,  merchant  of 
N.  Y.  City,  b.  Waltham,  Ms.,  Apr.  23,  1800; 
pub.  in  1858  "The  Brights  of  Suflfolk,  Eng., 
represented  in  America  by  the  Descendants 
of  Henry  Bright,  jun.,  who  settled  at  Water- 
town,  Ms.,  ab.  1630."  —  Duyckinck. 

Brignoii,  Sig.  Pasqualino,  long  an  es- 
tablished and  favorite  tenor  on  the  Amer.  ope- 
ratic stage,  b.  Milan,  1832.  At  15,  he  produced 


an  opera  in  his  native  city.  Disgusted  with  the 
rendering  of  its  finest  aria  by  Cartalani,  he 
rushed  on  the  stage  in  his  street-dress,  and 
sang  the  ?-d/e  to  the  delight  of  all. — Brown's 
Amer.  Stage. 

Brinley,  Francis,  b.  Boston,  Nov.  10, 
1800.  H.  U.  1818.  Adm.  to  the  Suffolk  bar 
in  1821.  Member  of  the  council  of  Boston 
some  years,  and  its  pres.  in  1850,  '51  ;  member 
of  the  Ms.  legisl.  1832,  '50,  '54;  of  the  senate 
in  1852,  '53,  '63,  and  of  the  State  Const.  Conv. 
in  1853.  He  was  an  early  advocate  of  railway 
and  other  internal  improvements,  of  the  aboli- 
tion of  imprisonment  for  debt,  and  of  a  well- 
regulated  militia  system,  and  was  thrice  chosen 
capt.  of  the  Ancient  and  Hon.  Art.  Co.  Author 
of  a  lifie  of  his  bro. -in-law,  William  T.  Porter, 
1860,  and  contrib.  to //linf's  Merch.  Mag.  and 
the  American  .furist.  His  articles  on  Dower 
are  cited  by  Chancellor  Kent  in  his  Commen- 
taries. Also  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  press, 
and  a  successful  lecturer.  He  pub.  in  1830  an 
Address  before  the  Franklin  Debating  Society 
of  Boston.  —  Duyckinck. 

Brion  (l)re-on),  Peter  Louis,  adm.  of  Co- 
lombia, b.  Caracas,  July  6,  1782;  d.  Sept.  20, 
1 821 .  He  studied  navigation  in  the  U.  S.  After 
the  death  of  his  father,  who  bequeathed  him  a 
large  fortune,  he  returned  to  his  country, 
bought  a  vessel,  and  made  several  voyages,  and 
settled  at  Caracas  in  1804,  where  he  estab- 
lished a  mercantile  house.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  events  of  1809  and  1810;  volunteered 
his  services  in  1811  to  the  Republic  of  Caracas, 
and  was  app.  capt.  of  a  frigate.  At  his  own 
expense,  he  fitted  out  a  fleet,  and  attacked  the 
Spanish  forces  at  the  Island  of  Marguerite, 
where  he  gained  a  signal  victory.  Brion  dis- 
ting.  himself  at  the  conquest  of  Guiana,  and 
also  at  Santa  Marta  and  Carthagena,  and  was 
in  1816  the  active  coadjutor  of  Bolivar.  He 
is  reproached  for  his  partiality,  if  not  bar- 
barity, in  the  affair  of  Gen.  Piar.  It  is,  how- 
ever, the  only  stain  on  his  character. 

Brisbane,  Abbott  H.,  engineer,  b.  S.  C. 
West  Point,  1825.  In  3d  Art.  1825-8.  Col. 
S.  C.  Vols,  against  the  Seminole  Indians, 
1835-6,  and  in  the  skirmish  of  Tomoka,  10 
Mar  1836.  Railroad  engineer  in  S.  C  and 
Ga.,  1836-48;  prof,  of  belles  lettres  and  ethics, 
S.  C.  Milit.  Acad.,  1848-53;  planter  near 
Charleston,  S.  C,  since  1853.  Author  of 
"  Ralphton,  or  the  Young  Carolinian  of  1776," 
a  political  romance. —  Cullum. 

Brissot  (bre'-so')  de  Ouarville,  Jean 
PiERRE,  French  author  and  revolutionist,  b. 
Ouarville,  14  Jan.,  1754  ;  guillotined,  Paris,  30 
Oct.  1793.  Abandoning  the  law  for  literature, 
he  in  1780  pub.  his  "  Theory  of  Criminal 
Laws,"  and  was  in  1784  thrown  into  the  Bas- 
tile  for  his  writings.  He  afterwards  visited 
Geneva  and  Eng.,  and,  on  his  return  to  France, 
established  at  Paris  a  society  for  the  abolition 
of  negro  slavery.  In  1788,  he  travelled  in 
America,  and  pub.  an  account  of  his  journey 
in  1791.  He  then  established  at  Paris  the 
French  Patriot,  a  revol.  journal  ;  became  in 
July,  1789,  a  member  of  the  Paris  municipal- 
ity,' and  was  a  member  of  the  National  As- 
sembly, and  a  leader  of  the  Girondists.  Ac- 
cused'by  Robespierre,  and  brought  before  the 


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revol.  tribunal,  he  was  speedily  put  out  of  the 
way.  He  was  a  great  admirer  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, assumed  the  habits  of  the  Quakers,  and 
introduced  the  fashion  of  wearing  the  hair  with- 
out powder.  Among  his  many  writings  are  an 
"  Examination  of  the  Travels  of  Chastellux  in 
America,"  "  The  Commerce  of  America  with 
Europe,"  8vo,  Lond.,  1793,  and  "Letters  on 
the  History  of  England." 

Bristed,  Charles  Astor,  author, b.  N.Y., 
1820.  Y.  C.  1839.  Son  of  Rev.  John  Bris- 
ted. He  spent  5  years  at  Cambridge,  Eng., 
and  took  liis  degree  at  Trinity  Coll.  in  1845. 
At  both  universities,  he  gained  frequent  prizes 
for  classical  attainments.  Returning  home,  he 
m.,  in  1847,  the  dau.  of  Henry  Brevoort.  He 
has  latterly  resided  in  Paris  and  in  Baden-Ba- 
den. His  corresp.  with  the  N.  Y.  Spirit  of  the 
Times  records  the  matters  of  art,  literature,  the 
drama,  and  the  social  aspect  of  the  times  pass- 
ing under  his  eye;  and  an  article  in  Fraser,  of 
July,  1855,  treats  of  the  relation  of  the  English 
press  to  the  U.  S.  Author  of  many  lively  pa- 
pers in  Eraser's  and  other  magazines,  of  editions 
of  some  of  the  classics,  and  of  "Five  Years  in 
an  English  University,"  pub.  in  1852.  One  of 
the  original  trustees  of  the  Astor  Library.  — 
Dayckinck. 

Bristed,  John,  Pr.-Ep.  clergyman  and  au- 
thor, b.  Dorsetshire,  Eng.,  in  1778;  d.  Bristol, 
R.L,  Feb.  23,  1855.  After  studying  the  clas- 
sics at  Winchester  Coll.,  and  medicine  at  Ed- 
inburgh, he  turned  his  attention  to  the  study 
of  the  law,  and,  arriving  at  New  York  in  1806, 
practised  law  there  many  years  with  distinction. 
Ord.  in  1828,  when  he  became  assist,  to  Bishop 
Griswold,  then  rector  of  St.  Michael's  at  Bris- 
tol, R.I.  In  1829,  the  bishop  removed  to  Ms., 
and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Bristed  in  the  rec- 
torship of  St.  Michael's,  which  he  resigned  in 
1843.  He  m.,  in  1820,  a  dau.  of  John  Jacob 
Astor.  Author  of  "Resources  of  the  U.  S.," 
1818;  "The  Adviser,  or  the  Moral  and  Lit- 
erary Tribunal,"  4  vols.,  1802;  "  A  Pedestrian 
Tour  through  Part  of  the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
land in  1801 ; "  a  coll.  of"  Critical  and  Philos. 
Essays,"  1804;  "The  Society  of  Friends  Ex- 
amined," 1805;  and,  in  1806,  "Edward  and 
Anna."  In  1807,  he  conducted  the  Month/ 1/ 
Register;  in  1809,  he  pub.  in  N.  Y.  "  Hints  on 
the  National  Bankruptcy  of  Britain  ; "  in  1811, 
"  The  Resources  of  the  British  Empire."  In 
1814,  he  delivered  an  oration  on  "The  Utility 
of  Literary  Establishments." 

Bristol,  John  Bunyan,  landscape-painter, 
b.  Hillsdale,  N.Y.,  Mar.  14,  1824.  His  early 
life  was  a  struggle  without  aid,  instruction,  or 
sympathy.  In  1859,  he  visited  Fla.,  and  in 
1862  settled  in  N.  Y.  City.  Among  his  pic- 
tures are,  "  Afternoon  on  the  St  John's,"  "Au- 
tumn Afternoon  near  Bolton,  Lake  George," 
"Mansfield  Mountain  at  Sunrise,"  and  "An 
Afternoon  in  Haying  Time."  —  Tackerman. 

Brock,  Sir  Isaac,  a  British  maj.-gen.,  b. 
Guernsey,  Oct.  6, 1769  ;  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Queenstown,  Canada,  Oct.  13,  1812.  Enter- 
ing the  army  as  ensign  in  1783,  he  had  seen 
service  in  Holland,  and  in  the  attack  on  Copen- 
hagen in  1801,  when,  Oct.  9,  1811,  with  the 
rank  of  maj.-gen.,  he  was  app  pres.  and  ad- 
ministrator of  the  govt,  of  Upper  Canada. 


He  took  prompt  measures  to  place  the  province 
in  a  condition  to  meet  the  impending  conflict 
with  the  U.  S. ;  captured  the  army  of  Gen. 
Hull  at  Detroit,  Aug.  16,  1812,  and,  while 
rallying  his  troops  on  the  field  of  Queenstown, 
fell  pierced  by  3  balls.  A  monument  marks 
the  spot  where  he  fell. 

Brockenborough,  William,  judge,  b. 
July  10,  1778;  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  Dec.  10, 
1838.  Representative  »f  Essex  Co.  in  legisl. ; 
afterward  councillor  ;  judge  Gen.  Court,  1809- 
1834  ;  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  1834-8. 

Broderick,  David  Colbreth,  politician, 
b.  Washington,  D.C.,  Dec.  1818;  killed  in  a 
duel  with  Judge  Terry  in  Cal.,  Sept.  21, 1859. 
His  father,  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  a  stone- 
cutter, removed  to  N.Y.  during  his  early  youth, 
and  ab.  1837,  with  his  mother  and  only  bro. 
d.  there.  Acquiring  great  political  influence 
in  N.Y.  City,  while  engineer  in  the  fire  dept., 
he  was  a  candidate  for  Congress  in  1846.  In 
1849,  he  was  in  Cal. ;  was  in  the  senate  of  that 
State  in  1850;  pres.  of  that  body  in  1851  ; 
again  State  senator  in  1852,  and  in  1856  was 
sent  to  the  U.  S.  senate.  He  was  eminent  as 
a  debater,  opposed  the  admission  of  Kansas  as 
a  slave  State  under  the  Lecompton  Constitution, 
and  separated  from  the  Democ.  party  on  the 
question  of  slavery  in  1858. 

Brodhead,  Gen.  David,  b.  Va.,  1736; 
d.  Milford,  Pa.,  Nov.  15,  1809.  He  raised  a 
company  of  riflemen  in  1775,  who  served  in 
the  battle  of  Long  Island ;  app.  col.  8th  Pa.  regt. 
In  Apr.  1778,  he  led  an  exped.  against  the 
Indians.  In  the  spring  of  1781,  he  led  another 
exped.  against  the  Muskingum  Indians,  which 
was  successful.  He  made  two  important 
treaties  with  the  Indians,  — one  of  them,  July 
22,  1779,  with  the  Cherokees.  He  received 
the  thanks  of  Congress,  and  was  many  years 
survcyor-gen.  of  Pa.  —  DeHass. 

Brodhead,  Jacob,  D.D.,  b.  Ulster  Co., 
N.Y.,  Mav  14,  1782;  d.  Springfield,  Ms.,  June 
6,18.55.  "Un.  Coll.  1801.  His  ancestor,  Capt. 
Daniel  of  Yorkshire,  was  an  ofiicer  in  the  exped. 
under  Col.  NicoUs  against  New  Netherland 
in  1664,  and  settled  in  Esopus  or  Kingston, 
N.Y.,  in  1665.  Tutor  in  Un.  Coll.  in  1802; 
pastor  of  the  Ref.  Dutch  Church  at  Rhinebeck 
from  1804  till  1809,  when  he  settled  in  N.Y. 
as  one  of  the  pastors  of  the  Collegiate  Church. 
He  established  the  First  Dutch  Church  in 
Phila.,  whither  he  went  in  1813;  returned  to 
N.Y.  in  1826,  and  took  charge  of  the  church 
in  Broome  St.  until  1837,  when  he  removed  to 
Saugerties,  and  became  pastor  of  the  church 
at  Flatbush.  He  removed  to  Brooklyn,  1841, 
and  was  the  minister  of  the  Central  Rcf.-Prot. 
Dutch  Church,  until  he  relinquished  his  pastoral 
service  there  in  1847. 

Brodhead,  John  C,  44  years  minister 
of  the  M.  E.  Church,  and  M.  C.  from  N.H., 
1829-33;  d.  Newmarket,  N.H.,  Apr.  7,  1838, 
a.  67. 

Brodhead,  John  Rometn,  son  of  Rev. 
Jacob,  politician  and  historian,  b.  Phila.,  Jan. 
2,1814.  Rutg.  Coll.  1831.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1835;  practised  2  years  in  N.Y.,  then  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  American  history. 
Attached  to  the  U.  S.  legation  at  the  Hague 
in  1839,  he  was  app.  by  the  legisl.  of  N.Y.  its 


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125 


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agent  to  procure  and  transcribe  original  docu- 
ments concerning  the  liistory  of  the  State. 
He  spent  3  years  in  the  archives  of  Holland, 
Eng.,  and  France,  obtained  more  than  5,000 
separate  papers,  16  vols,  from  Holland,  47 
from  Eng.,  17  from  France,  comprising  the 
reports  of  home  and  colonial  authorities,  and 
returned  to  N.Y.  with  this  rich  freight  in  the 
summer  of  1844.  All  these  documents  were 
pub.  by  act  of  the  legisl.  They  make  1 1  quarto 
vols.,  and  were  edited  by  E.  B.  O'Callaghan. 
From  1846  to  1849,  he  was  sec.  of  legation  to 
Mr.  Bancroft  at  London,  and  from  185  J  to  1857 
was  naval  officer  of  N.Y.  He  is  at  work  upon 
a  history  of  the  State,  the  first  vol.  of  which 
was  pub.  in  1853,  the  second  in  1871.  In  the 
spring  of  1 855,  he  was  app.  consul-gen.  to  Japan, 
but  did  not  accept.  He  delivered  an  address 
before  the  N.Y.  Hist.  Soc,  1844,  and  on  the 
commercial  history  of  N.Y.,  before  the  Mer- 
cantile Library  Assoc,  at  the  opening  of  Clin- 
ton Hall,  June  8,  1854.  — Duyckinck. 

Broglie  (brog'le'),  Claude  Victor 
Marie  de,  son  of  the  Marshal  de  Broglie,  b. 
Paris  in  1757  ;  guillotined,  June  27,  1794.  2d 
col.  of  the  regt.  d'annis  at  the  age  of  23.  He 
volunteered  his  services  in  the  cause  of  Amer. 
Independetice ;  was  transferred  to  the  regt. 
SalntotKje  under  Custine,  and  served  until  the 
capture  of  Yorktown.  On  his  return  to  France 
he  became  col.  of  the  regt.  Bourbonnais.  Elected 
dep.  to  the  States-gen.,  he  espoused  the  popular 
cause,  voting  for  the  admissibility  of  all  citizens 
to  office.  As  sec.  of  the  assemi)ly  in  1790,  he 
labored  to  organize  the  military  force.  Pres. 
of  the  National  Assembly,  Aug.  14,  he,  on  the 
31st,  requested  a  com.  in  the  army,  and  was  made 
marshal  de  camp  in  the  Army  of  the  Rhine. 
His  conduct  was  praised  until  Aug.  10,  1792, 
when,  not  wishing  to  recognize  the  decree  sus- 
pending the  king  from  his  rights,  he  resigned; 
was  soon  afterwards  arrested,  brought  before 
the  Revol.  tribunal,  and  was  condemned  to 
death,  —  Noav.  Diog.  Gen. 

Broke,  Sir  Philip  Boaves  Verb,  an 
English  adm.,  b.  Sept.  9,  1776  ;  d.  Jan.  2, 
1841.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1792,  and  be- 
came a  post  captain  in  1801.  He  is  chiefly 
known  by  his  capture  in  "  The  Shannon  "  of 
the  Amer.  frigate  "  Chesapeake "  in  June, 
1813,  —  a  victory  that  was  exceedingly  agree- 
able to  his  countrymen,  who  had  begun  to  be 
seriously  alarmed  at  the  repeated  successes  of 
the  little  Amer.  navy.  He  was  raised  at  once 
to  the  dignity  of  a  baronet.  In  this  action,  he 
received  so  severe  a  wound  as  to  incapacitate 
him  from  service  ;  and  he  retired  on  half-pay. 

Bromfleld,  John,  merchant,  b.  Newbury- 
port,  April  11,  1779;  d.  Boston,  Dec.  8,  1849. 
He  was  the  last  representative  in  Amer.  of  the 
male  line  of  a  family  disting.  for  more  than  a 
century,  among  the  citizens  of  Boston,  for  in- 
tegrity and  benevolence.  Edward,  his  ances- 
tor, came  to  Boston  in  1675.  He  acquired  a 
fortune  as  European  agent  for  Amer.  mercan- 
tile houses,  then  by  the  Canton  trade,  and 
afterwards  by  investments  of  his  Capital  in 
Boston,  where  he  resided  during  the  latter  part 
of  his  life.  In  1845,  he  gave  to  the  Boston 
Athenaeum  $25,000,  and  at  his  death  he  left 
munificent  bequests  to  several  charitable  insti- 


tutions. —  See  Reminiscences  of  J,  B.,  SaTem, 
1852. 

Bronson,  Greene  Carrier,  LL.D., 
(Uii.  Coll.  1848),  lawyer  and  politician,  b. 
Oneida  Co.,  N.Y  ,  1789;  d.  Saratoga,  Sept.  3, 
1863.  He  acquired  high  repute  as  a  lawyer  in 
Utica ;  became  surrogate  of  the  Co.  in  April, 
1819;  member  of  the  assembly,  1822;  atty.- 
QQW.  1829  to  Jan.  1836;  then  a  puisne  judge 
of  the  Superior  Court,  chief-justice  Supreme 
Court,  1845,  and  a  judge  of  the  Court  of  Ap- 
peals, 1847.  He  afterward  practised  law  in 
N  Y.  City,  lost  most  of  his  property  by  specu- 
lation, was  collector  of  that  port  in  1853-4, 
and  Corp.  counsel  from  Dec.  1859  to  Jan.  1863. 
He  stood  high  as  a  lawyer,  and  was  a  leader 
of  the  "  Hard  Shell  "  Democ. 

Bronson,  Isaac  H.,  jurist,  b.  Rutland, 
N.Y.,  16  Oct.  1802;  d.  Pilatka,  Fla ,  13  Aug. 
1855.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1822,  and  became 
disting.;  sent  to  Congress  in  1837,  but  re- 
signed on  account  of  ill  health;  U.  S.  Terr, 
judge  of  Fla.,  1833-45,  and,  from  that  time  to 
his  d.,  U.S   Dist.  judge  for  the  State. 

Brooke,  Francis  J.,  jurist,  b.  Smithficld, 
Va.,  Aug.  27,  1763;  d.  March  3,  1851.  In 
1780,  he  was  app.  a  lieut.  in  Harrison's  regt., 
his  twin  bro.  John  obtaining  a  like  commis- 
sion in  the  same  regt.,  and  served  under  La- 
fayette and  Greene.  On  returning  to  Va.,  he 
studied  medicine  one  year  with  his  elder  bro. 
Lawrence,  then  studied  law,  and  in  1788  was 
adm.  to  the  bar.  He  practised  in  the  Coun- 
ties of  Monongahela  and  Harrison  ;  was  app. 
Commonwealth's  atty.  in  the  Dist.  Court,  and 
afterward  practised  in  Essex  Co.,  and  in  the 
Northern  Neck.  In  1794-5,  he  represented 
Essex  Co.  in  the  H.  of  Delegates.  In  1796, 
removed  to  Federicksburg ;  in  1800,  was  elect- 
ed to  the  senate,  and  in  1804,  while  its  speak- 
er, was  elected  a  judge  of  the  General  Court. 
In  1811,  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals,  of  which  he  was  pres.  8  years.  In 
1831 ,  he  was  re-elected  a  judge  of  the  same  court, 
of  which  he  was  a  member  at  the  period  of 
his  death.  Francis  J.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
joined  the  army  in  1822,  was  made  adj.  Apr. 
1833  ;  1st  lieut.'Miiy,  1835  ;  fell,  Dec.  25,  1837, 
in  the  battle  of  Okeechobee,  Fla. 

Brooke,  Georgk  Mercer,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  bro.  of  F.  J.,  b.  Va.;  d.  San  An- 
tonio, Texas,  Mar.  9,  1851.  He  entered  the 
army.  May  3,  1808,  as  1st  lieut.  5th  Inf. ;  was 
made  capt.  May  1,  1810;  maj.  23d  Inf.  in 
1814;  lieut. -col. '4th  Inf.,  Mar.  1,  1819,  and  in 
July,  1831,  col.  5th  Inf.  His  first  brev.,  that  of 
lieut.-col.,  Aug.  15,  1814,  was  for  "  gallant  con- 
duct in  the  defence  of  Fort  Erie  ;  "  his  second, 
that  of  col.  Sept.  17,  1814,  was  for  "  disting. 
services  in  the  sortie  from  Fort  Erie."  He  was 
made  a  brev.  brig.-gen.  Sept.  17,  1824,  and 
was  brev.  maj  .-gen.  May  30,  1848. 

Brooks,  Charles,  Unitarian  clergyman 
and  author,  b.  Medl'ord,  Ms.,  30  Oct.  "l795. 
H.U.  1816.  Descended  from  Thos.  of  Water- 
town,  1631.  He  officiated  for  a  short  time  as 
a  reader  in  the  Pr.-Ep.  Church ;  was  pastor  of 
the  3d  Cong.  Church,  Hingham,  17  Jan. 
1821-1839;  chosen  prof,  of  nat.  hist,  in  the 
U.  of  N.Y.  in  1838  ;  sailed  in  Nov.  1839  for 
Europe,  where  he  passed  4  years  in  the  study 


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126 


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of 'the  tinimal  kingdom,  and  on  his  return  pub. 
a  large  vol.  on  ornithology.  Failure  of  eye- 
sight compelled  him  shortly  after  to  resign  his 
professorship.  He  strongly  advocated  the  Prus- 
sian system  of  education,  and  the  establish- 
ment of  normal  schools,  and  has  labored  in 
behalf  of  peace,  temperance,  and  African 
colonization.  Besides  contribs.  to  periodicals, 
pamphlets,  sermons,  &c.,  he  has  pub.  "  History 
of  Medford,"  1855,  "  Family  Prayer-Book," 
"  Daily  Monitor,"  10  vols,  of  biography,  a 
paper  on  the  sanitary  survey  of  the  State,  and 
a  report  on  the  tornado  in  Middlesex  Co.  in 
Aug.  1851. 

Brooks,  Charles  Timothy,  Unitarian 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  Salem,  Ms.,  June  20, 
1813.  H.U.  1832.  He  commenced  preaching 
at  Nahant  in  the  summer  of  1835,  and  settled, 
June  4,  1837,  in  Newport,  R.I.  In  1851,  he 
pub.  at  Newport  a  pamphlet,  "  The  Contro- 
versy touching  the  Old  Stone  Mill."  In  1853, 
he  made  a  voyage  to  India  for  his  health.  Be- 
sides his  translations  from  the  minor  German 
poets,  he  is  the  author  of  numerous  occasional 
verses,  a  series  of  Festival,  New  Year,  and  An- 
niversary Addresses.  He  is  an  accomplished 
German  scholar,  and  has  pub.  a  translation 
of  Schiller's  "  William  Tell,"  1838  ;  a  vol.  of 
miscellaneous  poems  from  the  German  in  the 
series  of  "  Specimens  of  Foreign  Standard 
Literature ;  "a  translation  of  Schiller's  "  Hom- 
age to  the  Arts,"  1847,  &c. ;  "  German  Lyrics," 
1853,  "  Songs  of  the  Field  and  Flood,"  and  an 
admirable  translation  of  Goethe's  "  Faust," 
1857.  In  1863,  he  pub.  a  transl.  from  the  Ger- 
man, of  "  The  Life,  Opinions,  Actions,  and 
Fate  of  Hieronimus  Jobs ;  "  "  Titan,"  by  Jean 
Paul  Richter,  in  1865,  "Hesperus,"  a  compan- 
ion romance;  "  Aquidnec,"  and  other  poems, 
1848.  —  Duijckinck. 

Brooks,  Col.  David,  a  Revol.  soldier,  b. 
1756;  d.  at  his  house  in  Duchess  Co.,  N.Y., 
Aug.  30,  1838.  Lieut,  in  the  Pa.  line  in  1776  ; 
captured  at  Fort  Washington,  Nov.  16,  1776  ; 
exchanged  1778,  and  promoted  to  assist, 
clothier-gen.,  in  which  responsible  post  he 
secured  the  friendship  of  Washington.  After 
the  war,  he  settled  in  Duchess  Co.,  N.Y. ;  was  6 
years  a  member  of  the  assembly  ;  representative 
in  Congress  from  May  to  July,  1797  ;  a  com- 
missioner for  making  the  first  treaty  with  the 
Seneca  Indians,  and  subsequently,  for  16  years, 
first  judge  of  Duchess  Co.  He  was  an  officer 
of  the  customs  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Brooks,  Eleazer,  Revol.  soldier,  b.  Con- 
cord, Ms.,  1726;  d.  Lincoln,  Ms.,  9  Nov.  1806. 
Without  any  schooling,  he  acquired  by  read- 
ing and  observation  a  fund  of  information,  and 
even  a  knowledge  of  civil  and  political  law. 
He  rose  from  acapt.  of  militia,  in  1773,  to  the 
rank  of  brig.-gen. ;  disting.  himself  greatly  at 
White  Plains,  where  he  com.  a  regt. ;  chosen  to 
the  Gen.  Court  in  1774;  he  was  afterwards  a 
member  of  the  senate  and  of  the  council,  with- 
drawing from  public  life  in  1801. 

Brooks,  Erastds,  journalist,  b.  Portland, 
Me.,  Jan.  31,  1815.  At  8  years  of  age,  he  was 
sent  to  Boston  ;  was  employed  in  a  grocery- 
store,  and  attended  an  evening  school.  He 
subsequently  became  a  printer,  and  pub;  the 
Yankee,  at  Wiscasset,   Me.      He  studied  at 


Brown  U.,  then  taught  a  grammar  school  at 
Haverhill,  Ms.,  and  edited  the  Haverhill  Ga- 
zette.  In  1836,  he  became  the  Washington 
corresp.  of  the  N.  Y.  Dailtf  Advertiser,  and  sev- 
eral N.England  papers.  Acquiring  an  interest 
in  the  N.Y.  Express,  just  established  by  his 
brother  James,  in  1836,  he  continued  from  that 
time  one  of  its  editors  and  proprietors.  He 
travelled  extensively  in  Europe  in  1843,  was  in 
the  N.Y.  Senate  in  1853  and  in  1855,  and 
in  the  summer  of  1856  was  the  candidate  for 
the  Amer.  party  for  gov.  of  the  State,  and 
afterward  joined  the  Democ.  party.  While  a 
member  of  the  senate,  he  had  a  controversy 
vrith  Archbishop  Hughes  of  N.Y.,  in  relation 
to  the  title  to  church-property  in  real  estate. 

Brooks,  Horace,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Boston.  West  Point,  1835.  Son  of  Maria 
Brooks,  poetess.  Entering  the  2d  Art.,  he  was 
brev.  1st  lieut.  for  gallantry  in  the  war  against 
Florida  Indians,  I)ec.  31,  1835;  assist,  prof, 
mathematics  at  West  Point,  Nov.  1836  to  Aug. 
1839;  capt.  18  June,  1846;  brev.  major  for 
Contreras  and  Churubusco,  Aug.  20,  1847  ; 
brev.  lieut.-col.  for  Molino  del  Rey,  Sept.  8, 
1847  ;  com.  2d  artillery,  and  disting.  at  Cha- 
pultepecand  San  Cosme  Gate;  maj.  2d  Art. 
Apr.  28,  1861;  lieut.-col.  Oct.  26,  1861;  col. 
4th  Art.,  Aug.  1,  1863  ;  brev.  brig.-gen.  13 
Mar.  1865,  for  merit,  services  during  the  Re- 
bellion, in  which  he  served  in  defence  of  Wash- 
ington, Fort  Pickens,  Fla.,  Apr  -Oct.  1861,  and 
Ft.  Jefferson,  Fla.,  1861-2.  — CV/m/h. 

Brooks,  James,  journalist,  b.  Portland, 
Me.,  Nov.  10,  1810.  Waterville  Coll.  1831. 
Losing  his  father  in  1814,  he  had  to  struggle 
with  poverty.  At  16,  he  taught  school,  was 
afterwards  at  the  head  of  the  Latin  school  in 
Portland,  then  travelled  through  the  Southern 
States,  and  among  the  Creek  and  Cherokee 
Indians,  and  corresp.  with  various  journals. 
He  afterwards  became  the  corresp.  at  Washing- 
ton of  several  papers,  and  originated  the  sys- 
tem of  regular  Wa.shington  correspondences. 
A  member  of  the  Me.  legist,  in  1835,  he  intro- 
duced the  first  proposition  for  a  railroad  from 
Portland  to  Montreal  and  Quebec.  The  same 
year  he  visited  Europe,  travelling  on  foot  over 
a  great  part  of  the  Continent  and  the  British 
Isles,  and  wrote  a  series  of  interesting  letters 
to  the  Portland  Advertiser.  In  1836,  he  estab- 
lished the  N.  Y.  Express,  which  has  attained  a 
large  circulation.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Assembly  in  1847,  and  of  Congress  from  1849 
to  1853  and  from  1865  to  1871,  taking  an  active 
part,  particularly  in  matters  relating  to  trade 
and  commerce.  He  took  part  in  favor  of  the 
"compromise  measures"  in  1850,  became  a 
prominent  advocate  of  and  identified  with  the 
fortunes  of  the  American  party,  and,  since  the 
Rebellion,  a  prominent  Democrat.  Delegate  to 
the  State  Const.  Con  v.  of  1867. 

Brooks,  James  Gordon,  poet,  b.  Claver- 
ack,  N.Y.,  Sept.  3,  1801  ;  d.  Albanv,  Feb.  20, 
1841.  Un.  Coll.  1819.  Son  of  David  Brooks, 
a  Revol.  officer.  He  studied  law,  and  removed 
in  1823  to  New  York,  where  he  edited  the  Mi- 
nerva, a  literary  journal,  amJ  afterward  the  Lite- 
rary Gazette,  the  Athenceum,  the  Morning  Courier, 
and  contrib.  to  the  Commercial  Advertiser  under 
the  signature  of  "  Florio."  In  1 828,  he  m.  Mary 


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127 


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Elizabeth  Aiken  of  Poughkeepsie,  who  had 
written  under  the  sifrnature  of  "Norma,"  and 
in  1829  pub.  "  The  Rivals  of  Este,  and  other 
Poems,"  by  James  G.  and  Mary  E.  Brooks. 
They  removed  to  Winchester,  Va.,  in  1830, 
and  in  1838  to  Albany. 

Brooks,  John,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  soldier  and 
statesman,  b.  Medford,  Ms.,  May  31,  1752  ;  d. 
March  1,  1825.  Brou;;ht  up  on  the  farm  of 
his  father,  Capt.  Caleb  Brooks,  he  received  a 
common  school  education,  and  at  theajjeof  14 
was  indented  as  an  apprentice  to  Dr.  Simon 
Tufts  for  7  years.  The  celebrated  Count  Rum- 
ford  was  a  fellow-student;  and  their  intimacy 
was  continued  by  corresp.  until  the  death  of 
the  count.  He  commenced  the  practice  of 
physic  at  Readini^,  where  he  com.  a  company 
of  minute-men,  with  whom,  April  19,  1775,  he 
did  good  service  at  the  battle  of  Lexington. 
App.  maj.  in  Bridges's  regt ,  and  active  in  in- 
trenching Breed's  Plill  on  the  nightof  June  16, 
but  was  not  in  the  battle  of  the  I7rh.  On  the 
re-organization  of  the  army  in  Feb.  1776,  he 
was  made  major  of  Col.  Charles  Webb's  (19th) 
regt.,  which  assisted  in  fortifying  Dorchester 
Heights,  and  accompanied  it  to  Long  Island. 
Being  a  good  tactician  and  disciplinarian,  his 
command  was  disting.  throughout  the  war  for 
gallant  conduct  in  battle,  and  regularity  in  re- 
treat. In  the  battle  of  White  Plains,  his  regt. 
was  the  hist  to  quit  the  field,  which  it  did  with 
the  steadiness  of  veterans,  and  received  the  dis- 
ting. acknowledgments  of  Washington.  Early 
in  1777,  he  was  promoted  to  lieut.-col.  of  the 
8th  Ms.  regt.,  principally  recruited  by  himself. 
On  the  death  of  Col.  Alden,  in  Nov.  1778, 
Brooks  was  made  col.  of  his  regt.  (7th  M-*.). 
In  Aug.  1777,  he  accompanied  Arnold's  com. 
against  St.  Leger,  who,  with  a  body  of  Cana- 
dians, Indians,  and  Tories,  besieged  Fort  Stan- 
wix.  To  Brooks  belongs  the  credit  of  the  suc- 
cessful stratagem  of  sending  one  Cuyler  to 
spread  exaggerated  reports  of  Arnold's  forces  to 
alarm  and  put  them  to  flight.  At  the  battle 
of  Saratoga,  Oct.  7,  1777,  he  led  on  his  regt. 
with  fearless  intrepidity,  turning  the  right  of 
the  enemy ;  stormed  their  intrenchments,  enter- 
ing them,  sword  in  hand,  at  the  head  of  his 
men,  and  put  to  rout  the  veteran  German 
troops  that  defended  them.  After  the  app.  of 
Steuben  as  insp.-gen.  early  in  1778,  Brooks  was 
associated  with  him  in  the  arduous  duty  of 
introducing  a  uniform  system  of  exercise  and 
manoeuvres.  In  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  he 
was  acting  adj. -gen.  After  the  war,  he  resumed 
the  practice  of  medicine  in  Medford.  He 
was  for  many  years  maj.-gen.  of  the  militia  of 
his  county,  and,  as  a  member  of  the  legisl.,  ac- 
tively supported  the  measures  for  suppressing 
Shays'  Rebellion.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
State  convention  for  the  adoption  of  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution,  which  he  zealously  advocat- 
ed. App.  by  Washington  marshal  of  his 
district,  and  inspector  of  the  revenue  in  Dec. 
1795  ;  successively  a  State  senator  and  coun- 
cillor ;  during  the  War  of  1812-15,  adj.-gen.  of 
the  State;  and  its  gov.  from  1816  to  1823, 
when  he  retired  to  private  life.  He  received 
from  H.  U.  in  1816  the  degrees  of  M.D.  and 
LL.D.  He  was  pres.  of  the  Ms.  Med.  Society 
from  1817  to  his  death;  of  the  Cincinnati  from 


1787,  and  of  the  Ms.  Bible  Society.  He  had 
two  sons.  Col.  Alexander  Scammell,  an  offi- 
cer of  the  U.S.  army,  and  Lieut.  John  of  the 
navy,  who  was  killed  in  the  battle  on  Lake 
Erie,  Sept.  10,  1813. 

Brooks,  Maria  (Gowen),  poetess,  named 
by  Southey  "  Maria  del  Occidente,"  b.  Medford, 
Ms.,  ab.  1795;  d.  Matanzas,  Nov.  11,  1845. 
Her  father,  whom  she  lost  while  young,  was 
an  educated  man,  and  had  possessed  con  ider- 
able  property,  but  lost  it  just  before  his  death. 
Mr.  Brooks,  a  Boston  merchant,  provided  for 
her  education,  and  on  its  completion  m.  her. 
At  this  period,  she  first  evinced  poetic  talent, 
but  pub.  nothing  until  1820  ;  when  "Judith, 
Esther,  and  other  Poems,"  appeared.  On  the 
death  of  hor  husband  in  1823,  she  removed  to 
Cuba,  where  she  finished  her  principal  work, 
"Zophiel,  or  the  Bride  of  Seven,"  the  first 
canto  of  which  was  pub.  at  Boston  in  1825. 
In  1830,  she  visited  Paris  and  London,  where 
her  work  was  pub.  in  1833.  In  a  passage  in 
"  The  Doctor,"  Mr.  Southey  terms  Mrs.  Brooks 
"  the  most  impa'-sioned  and  most  imaginative 
of  all  poetesses."  In  1843,  she  pub.  privately 
"  Idomcn,  or  the  vale  of  Yumuri."  Her  "  Ode 
to  the  Departed  "  was  written  in  1843.  Her 
son,  Horace  Brooks,  is  a  col.  in  the  army. 

Brooks,  Nathan  Covington,  LL.D. 
(Em.  Coll.,  Ga.,  1859).  Poet  and  teacher,  b. 
Cecil  Co.,  Md.,  Aug.  12, 1819.  St.  John's  Coll. 
He  became  a  teacher  at  the  age  of  18;  was 
elected  principal  of  the  Baltimore  High  School 
in  1839,  and  in  1848  organized  the  Bait. 
Female  Coll.,  of  which  he  is  pres.  Mr.  Brooks 
ranks  high  as  a  writer  of  occasional  poetry  : 
among  the  best  of  his  pieces  are  "  Shelley's 
Obsequies,"  and  "The  Fall  of  Superstition." 
He  has  also  produced  one  of  the  best  histories 
of  the  Mexican  war  that  has  yet  appeared. 
Author  of  a  series  of  Latin  and  Greek  text- 
books, of  which  the  Virgil  has  received  high 
praise.  He  has  contrib.  to  different  European 
periodicals,  and  won  the  prize  offered  by  the 
Southern  Churchman  for  the  best  poem,  over 
such  competitors  as  Mrs.  Sigourney,  George 
W.  Bethune,  and  N.  P.  Willis. 

Brooks,  Peter  Chardon,  merchant,  b. 
N.  Yarmouth,  Me.,  6  Jan.  1767  ;  d.  Boston,  1 
Jan.  1849.  Rev.  Edward,  his  father,  returned 
to  Medford,  where  he  d.  1781.  The  son  worked 
on  a  farm,  received  a  common  school  education  ; 
and,  establishing  himself  in  Boston,  his  talent 
and  integrity  soon  insured  success.  Engaging 
in  the  business  of  marine  insurance,  he  acquired 
great  wealth  and  was  some  years  pres.  of  the 
N.  E.  Ins.  Co,  Member  of  both  branches  of 
the  State  legisl.,  of  the  exec,  council,  and  of 
the  first  city  council  of  Boston,  and  a  delegate 
to  the  Const.  Conv.  in  1820.  He  m.  the  dau. 
of  Judge  Nathl.  Gorham,  and  had,  for  sons-in- 
law,  Edward  Everett,  Rev.  N.  L.  Frothingham, 
and  Charles  Francis  Adams. 

Brooks,  Rev.  Phillips,  an  eloquent 
Prot.-Epis.  clergyman,  b.  Boston,  13  Dec.  1835. 
H.  U.  1855.  Studied  at  the  Theol.  Sem.  at 
Alexandria,  Va. ;  was  ord.  1859,  and  became 
pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Advent,  Phila. ; 
in  1862,  of  the  Holy  Trinity;  and,  in  1870,  of 
Trinity  Church,  Boston. 

Brooks,  Preston  S.,  lawyer  and  M.  C. 


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128 


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in  1853-7,  b.  Edgefield  District,  S.C,  Auo:.4, 
1819;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Jan.  27,  1857. 
S.C.  Coll.  1839.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1843, 
and  was  a  State  representative  in  1844.  He 
was  a  capt.  in  the  Palmetto  Kegt.  during 
most  of  the  Mex.  war.  May  22,  1856,  he 
made  a  most  violent  personal  assault  upon 
Charles  Sumner  in  the  U.  S.  senate-ehamber, 
which  event  caused  great  excitement  through- 
out the  country.  The  attack  was  caused  by 
words  uttered  in  debate  by  Senator  Sumner 
against  Senator  Butler,  who  was  Mr.  Brooks's 
relative.  A  committee  of  the  house  reported, 
June  2,  in  favor  of  his  expulsion  :  this  was 
lost,  121  to  95,  not  two-thirds.  After  this 
occurrence,  he  resigned  his  seat  in  the  house, 
and  was  re-elected  by  his  constituents. — Lan- 
man. 

Brooks,  William  T.  H.,  brig.-gen.  vols., 
b.  O.,  ab.  1815;  d.  Iluntsville,  Ala.,  19  July, 
1870.  West  Point,  1841.  Entering  the  3d 
Inf.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  in  Sept.  1846  ;  brcv. 
capt.  for  gallantry  at  Monterey  ;  assist,  adj.- 
gen.  to  Gen.  Twiggs  in  the  Valley  of  Mexico  ; 
brev.  maj.  for  Contrcrasand  Churubusco ;  capt. 
Nov.  10,  1851  ;  disting.  in  battle  with  Indians 
in  New  Mex.,  Oct.  10,  1858;  maj.  18th  Inf., 
Mar.  12,  1862,  and  brig.-gen.  U.S.  vols.,  Sept. 
28,  1861.  He  served  in  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  in  the  corps  of  Gen.  Franklin  ;  took 
part  in  the  battles  before  Richmond ;  and  at 
Antietam  led  his  brigade  in  the  division  of  Gen, 
W.  F.  Smith,  and  was  wounded  ;  com.  a  divis- 
ion in  Sedgwick's  corps  at  Chancellorsville, 
and  in  July,  1864,  was  temporarily  in  com.  of 
the  10th  army  corps,  in  operations  before 
Richmond ;  in  actions  of  Swift's  Creek,  Mav 
9-10,  1864;  Drury's  Bluff,  May  16-29;  Cold 
Harbor,  June  2-12  ;  siege  of  Petersburg,  and 
resigned  14  July,  1864.  —  Cullum. 

Broom,  Jacob,  statesman,  delegate  to  the 
convention  which  framed  the  Federal  Consti- 
tution ;  d.  Phila.,  Apr.  1810,  a.  58.  He  filled 
many  offices  of  honor  and  trust  in  Del.  James 
M.,  Princeton  Coll.  1794;  M.  C.  1805-7,  from 
Del.;  d.  1850. 

Broome,  John,  merchant,  member  of  the 
N.Y.  Const.  Conv.  of  1777  ;  lieut.-gov.  of  N.Y., 
1804;  d.  Aug.  8,  1810,  a.  72.  He  was  many 
years  at  the  head  of  various  commercial, 
charitable,  and  religious  institutions. 

Brough,  John,  gov.  of  Ohio,  1864-5,  b. 
Marietta,  O.,  Sept.  17,  1811  ;  d.  Cleveland, 
Aug.  29,  1865.  He  began  life  as  a  printer, 
and  entered  the  O.  Univei  sitv.  In  1 831 ,  he  pub. 
at  Marietta  the  Washington  County  Republican,  a 
Democ.  paper.  In  1833,  with  his  bro.  Charles 
H.,  he  bought  the  Lancaster  Eagle,  which  took 
high  rank  as  a  Democ.  journal.  Clerk  of  the  O. 
senate  in  1835-8 ;  then  a  member  of  the  legisl ; 
auditor,  1839-45.  In  1846,  he  opened  a  law- 
oflBce  in  Cincinnati,  and  with  his  bro.  managed 
the  Inquirer,  and  took  high  rank  as  a  political 
orator.  Retiring  from  active  political  life  in 
1848,  he  became  pres.  of  the  Madison  and 
Indianapolis  Railway,  and,  in  1853,  of  the 
Bellefontaine  and  Indianapolis  Road.  Hav- 
ing, in  1863,  made  a  speech  declaring  slavery 
destroyed  by  the  act  of  rebellion,  and  earnest- 
ly appealing  to  all  patriots,  of  whatever  pre- 
vious predilections,  to  unite  in  support  of  the 


govt.,  he  was  nominated  for  gov.  and  elected 
by  the  heaviest  majority  ever  given  in  the 
S'tate. 

Brougham,  John,  an  Irish  actor  and 
playwright,  b.  Dublin,  May  9,  1814.  He  was 
intended  for  the  medical  profession  ;  but,  dis- 
appointed in  the  hope  of  a  govt,  clerkship  in 
London,  he  gave  lessons  in  drawing  for  a  time, 
and  in  July,  1830,  became  an  actor  in  the 
Olympic  Theatre.  He  appeared  with  great 
success  at  the  Haymarket  in  June,  1832,  as 
Looney  McTwoIter  in  "  The  Review ;  "  became 
a  favorite  in  light  comedy,  and  Irishmen,  occa- 
sionally writing  farces  and  minor  dramas,  In 
1842,  he  came  to  Amer.,  apjjeared  at  the  Park 
in  "  The  Irish  Lion,"  and  has  since  peiformcd 
in  almost  every  principal  theatre  in  the  Union. 
He  built  the  Lyceum  (Wallack's)  in  N.Y.  in 
1850,  but  relinquished  it  in  1852.  He  managed 
the  Bowery  in  1856-7,  and  visited  Eng.  in 
1860-5.  He  is  a  very  popular  actor;  author 
of  various  comedies,  dramas,  and  extravagan- 
zas ;  and  has  also  successfully  adapted  pieces 
from  the  novels  of  Dickens  and  Bulwer.  He 
has  pub.  "  A  Basket  of  Chips,"  2  vols.,  and 
"  The  Bunsby  Papers." 

Broughton,  Capt.  William  Robert, 
an  English  circumnavigator,  b.  Gloucestershire, 
1762;  d.  Mar.  12,  1821.  He  went  to  sea  in 
Dec.  1774,  and,  in  the  sloop  "Falcon,"  arrived 
at  Boston  3  days  before  the  Lexington  batt'e, 
and  participated  in  the  attack  on  Bunker's  Hill. 
He  was  soon  after  made  ))risoner  in  an  attempt 
to  bring  off  a  schooner  which  had  been  driven 
ashore  at  Cape  Ann  ;  was  exchanged,  Dec. 
1776,  and  served  on  the  station  until  1778.  He 
was  actively  engaged  under  Sir  Ed.  Hughes 
in  the  E.  Indies;  in  1790,  accompanied  Van- 
couver in  his  voyage  of  discovery  ;  app.  com- 
mander, Oct.  1793  ;  made  a  second  voyage  in 
1796  of  4  years'  duration,  and  assisted  in  the 
capture  of  Java  in  1811.  Vancouver  gave  the 
name  of  Broughton's  Archipelago  to  some 
islands  in  the  Pacific  in  about  50  degrees  N. 
latitude.  He  pub.  "  Voyage  of  Discovery 
to  the  N.  Pacific  Ocean,"  1894.  — «See  Ann. 
Obituarij,  1821. 

Broughton,  Col.  Thomas,  gov.  of  S.C. 
from  1735  to  hisd,,  1738;  was  a  councillor  and 
collector  of  the  customs  in  1708;  afterward 
lieut.-gov. ;  succeeded  Gov.  R,  Johnson,  M.iy  3, 
1735.  —  Olmixon's  Carolina. 

Brown,  Aaron  Vail,  postmaster-gen.  of 
the  U.  S.,  b.  Brunswick  Co.,  Va.,  Aug.  1.5, 
1795;  d.  Washington,  D.  C,  Mar.  8,  1859. 
Chapel  Hill  U.  1814.  In  1815,  he  removed 
to  Tenn.,  where  he  was  for  many  years  a 
law-partner  with  James  K.  Polk.  Member 
of  the  Tenn.  legisl.  1821-32;  M.  C.  from 
1839  to  1845;  gov.  of  Tenn.  in  1845,  and 
was  made  in  1857,  by  Pres.  Buchanan,  post- 
master-gen. A  delegate  to  the  Southern  con- 
vention at  Nashville,  in  1850,  and  wrote 
the  report  known  as  tliC  "  Tennessee  Plat- 
form." He  was  also  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion of  the  Democ.  party  at  Baltimore,  in  1852, 
to  which  he  reported  the  platform  adopted  by 
them.  Among  the  measures  of  his  administra- 
tion was  the  establishment  of  a  new  and  short- 
er communication  to  California  by  Tehuante 
pec,  and  another  across  the  continent  by  the 


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129 


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Way  of  Salt  Lake.  His  speeches  were  pub.  at 
Nashville  in  1854. 

Brown,  Albert  G.,  statesman,  b.  Chester 
District,  S.C,  May  31,  1813.  Removing  with 
his  parents  to  Mpi.  while  a  child,  he  was  app. 
a  brig.-gen  in  the  State  militia  when  only  19. 
He  adopted  the  law  as  a  profession  ;  was  a 
member  of  the  State  legisl.  from  1835  to  1839, 
and  was  M.C.  from  Mpi.  in  1840-1.  He  was 
also  a  judge  of  the  Circuit  Superior  Court  in 
1841-3  ;  gov.  of  Mpi.  from  1843  to  1848  ;  again 
M.  C.  from  1848  to  1854;  and  a  U.  S.  senator 
from  1854  to  1858;  re-elected  for  six  years, 
commencing  Mar.  4,  1859,  but  resigned  in  1861 
to  join  the  Rebellion.  He  was  an  unflinching 
champion  of  the  views  of  the  Democracy  of 
the  South.  A  vol.  of  his  speeches  was  pub. 
in  1859. 

Brown,  Andrew,  editor,  b.  in  the  north 
of  Ireland,  ab.  1744  ;  d.  Phila.,  Feb.  4,  1797. 
Educated  at  Trin.  Coll.,  Dublin,  he  came  to 
Amer.  in  1773  as  an  officer  in  the  British  ser- 
vice, and  settled  in  Ms.  He  fought  on  the 
patriot  side  at  Lexington  and  Bunker's  Hill ; 
was  made  muster-master-gen.  in  1777,  and 
served  under  Gates  and  Greene,  with  the  rank 
of  moj.  After  the  peace,  he  established  an  acad. 
for  young  ladies,  first  at  Lancaster,  Pa ,  and 
afterward  at  Phila.  He  relinquished  this  occu- 
pation, for  which  his  irritable  temper  unfitted 
him,  and,  in  1788,  established  the  Federal  Ga- 
zette, the  title  of  which  was,  in  1793,  changed 
to  the  Phi/ade/phia  Gazette.  This  was  the  chan- 
nel through  which  many  of  the  friends  of  the 
Federal  Constitution  addressed  the  public.  He 
was  the  first  who  regularly  reported  the  debates 
in  Congress.  His  death  was  caused  by  injuries 
received  while  fruitlessly  endeavoring  to  save 
his  wife  and  3  children  from  the  fire  which 
destroyed  his  establishment  on  the  night  of 
Jan.  27,  1797.  His  son  Andrew,  until  1802, 
carried  on  the  Gazette,  but,  taking  the  English 
side  in  politics,  became  unpopular,  and  left  for 
Eng.,  where  he  d.  7  Dec.  1847,  a  73. 

Brown  (Blackwell),  Antoinette  L., 
Cong,  minister,  b.  Henrietta,  Monroe  Co.,  N.Y., 
May  20,  1825.  After  attending  an  acad.,  she 
continued  her  studies  at  Oherlin,  until  1849. 
Her  coll.  vacations  were  spent  in  teaching,  or 
in  extra  study  of  Hebrew  and  Greek.  It  was 
customary  for  the  students  at  Oberlin  to  receive 
a  license  to  preach  ;  and,  before  the  completion 
of  their  studies,  they  would  l)egin  the  practice 
of  speaking  in  the  neighboring  pulpits;  and 
she  frequently  preached  at  Henrietta,  O.,  and 
in  other  places,  during  the  remainder  of  her 
term  of  study.  She  subsequently  preached, 
and  occasionally  lectured  on  literary  topics, 
temperance,  and  the  abolition  of  slavery.  At 
the  Woman's  Rights  Convention  at  Worcester, 
1850,  Miss  Brown  was  one  of  the  speakers, 
and  has  been  aprominent  advocate  of  the  cause. 
From  1853  to  the  summer  of  1854,  she  was 
settled  over  a  Cong,  church  in  South  Butler, 
Wayne  Co.,  N.Y.,  when  ill  health  and  doctri- 
nal doubts  interrupted  the  connection.  She 
Bubscquently  lectured  on  reformatory  subjects, 
and  investigated  the  character  and  causes  of 
vice  in  N.Y.  City,  with  special  reference  to  its 
bearing  ni)on  woman.  In  1855,  she  pub.  in  a 
N.Y.  journal  a  number  of  sketches  from  life, 


under  the  general  title  of  "  Shadows  of  our 
Social  System."  In  Jan.  1856,  she  m.  Saml. 
C.  Blackwell,  whose  bro.  had  m  her  friend 
Lucy  Stone. 

Brown,  B.  Gratz,  statesman,  b.  Lexing- 
ton, Ky.,  May  28,  1826.  Transylv.  U.  1845; 
Y.C.  1847.  Grandson  of  Senator  John  Brown 
of  Ky.  Settled  as  a  lawyer  in  St.  Louis,  Mo. ; 
member  of  the  State  leg'isl.  in  1852-8;  assist- 
ed in  establishing  the  Missouri  Democrat,  and 
edited  it  in  1854-9  ;  a  speech  delivered  by  him 
in  the  legisl.  in  1857  was  the  initial  movement 
in  behalf  of  freedom  in  that  State.  Early  in 
1861,  he  raised  a  regt.,  which  assisted  in'the 
capture  of  Camp  Jackson.  He  subsequently 
com.  a  brigade  of  militia  during  an  invasion 
of  the  State.  He  was  foremost  in  organizing 
the  movements  which  resulted  in  the  ordinance 
of  freedom  in  Mo.  in  1864.  U.S.  senator 
1863-7;  gov.  Mo.  1871. 

Brown,  Bartholomew,  musical  compos- 
er, b.  Sterling,  Ms.,  Sept.  8,  1772;  d.  Boston, 
Apr.  14,  1854.  II. U.  1799.  He  was  a  lawyer 
at  Sterling  and  E.  Bridgewater,  and,  with 
Judge  Mitchell,  edited  about  20  years  "  The 
Bridgewater  Coll.  of  Church  Music,"  which 
contains  many  pieces  of  his  composition.  He 
wrote  the  calendars  in  "  The  Farmer's  Alma- 
nac "  for  59  years. 

Brown,  Chad,  minister  of  Providence, 
R.I.,  ancestor  of  many  disting.  citizens  of  R.I. ; 
d.  1665.  ?Ie  fled  thither,  from  persecution  in 
Ms.,  in  1636  ;  became  a  member  of  the  Baptist 
Church  founded  by  Roger  Williams  in  1639, 
and  in  1642  was  associated  with  Wm.  Wicken- 
den  in  the  pastoral  care.  In  1792,  the  town 
of  Providence  voted  a  monument  to  his  mem- 
ory. 

Brown,  Charlks  Brockden,  novelist, 
b.  Phila.,  Jan.  17,  1771  ;  d.  Feb.  22,  1810.  He 
was  of  Quaker  lineage,  his  ancestors  having 
emigrated  with  Wm.  Penn.  His  middle  name 
was  derived  from  his  uncle,  the  "  skilful  con- 
veyancer "  and  "  great  scrivener,"  of  whom 
Franklin  writes  in  his  Autobiography.  His 
attachment  to  books  while  a  child  was  remark- 
able, and  after  receiving  a  liberal  education, 
under  Proud  the  historian,  he  had,  at  the  age 
of  16,  already  formed  plans  of  extensive  lite- 
rary works.  He  was  apprenticed  to  Alexander 
Wilcox,  an  eminent  lawyer,  but  occupied  him- 
self with  literary,  instead  of  legal  studies.  He 
became  intimate  with  a  literary  club  in  N.Y., 
—  to  which  city  he  removed  i'l  Sept.  1796, — 
which  increased  his  devotion  to  letters,  and 
his  eagerness  to  be  conspicuous  as  a  writer. 
In  1798  appeared  his  first  novel,  "  Wieland,"a 
powerful  and  original  romance,  and  in  1799, 
"  Osmond  ;  or,  The  Secret  Witness."  At  this 
time,  he  had  begun  no  less  than  five  novels, 
two  of  which,  "  Arthur  Mervyn  "  and  "  Edgar 
Huntly,"  were  soon  pub.  In  "Arthur  Mervyn," 
the  ravages  of  the  yellow-fever,  which  the  au- 
thor had  witnessed  in  NY.  and  Phila.,  are 
painted  with  terrific  truth.  In  Apr.  1799,  he 
pub.  the  first  nunil)er  of  the  Month/;/  Maj.  and 
American  Review,  continued  until  the  end  of  the 
year  1800.  In  1800,  he  pub.  the  2d  part  of 
"Arthur  Mervyn;"  in  1801,  "Clara  Howard," 
and  "Jane  Talbot"  in  1804.  In  Nov.  1804, 
he  m.  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Dr  W.  Linn  of  N.Y. 


* 


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In  1803,  having  returned  to  Pliila.,  he  began 
the  Literary  Marjazine  and  American  Register, 
in  which  he  persevered  5  years.  In  1806,  he 
commenced  a  semi-annual  American  Register, 
5  vols,  of  which  he  lived  to  complete.  In  1809, 
discovering  that  his  lungs  were  seriously  af- 
fected, he  consented  to  travel  for  the  recovery 
of  his  health.  The  remedy,  however,  was  ap- 
plied too  late.  In  Nov.,  after  an  excursion 
into  N.  J.  and  N.Y.,  he  betook  himself  to  his 
chamber,  as  he  thought,  for  a  few  days ;  but 
his  confinement  terminated  only  with  his  life. 
Mr.  Brown  was  a  man  of  romantic  temper, 
benevolent  heart,  pregnant  invention,  exten- 
sive attainments,  and  great  industry.  His  nov- 
els abound  both  Avith  excellences  and  faults, 
and  bear  a  character  of  originality.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  the  first  in  Amer.,  who  ven- 
tured to  pursue  literature  as  a  profession.  He 
also  pnb.  "  An  Address  to  the  Govt,  of  the 
U.  S.  on  the  Cession  of  Louisiana  to  the 
French,  and  the  Late  Breach  of  Treaty  bv 
the  Spaniards"  (1803),  "  The  British  Treaty," 
and  "An  Address  to  the  Congress  of  tlie  U.S. 
on  the  Utility  and  Justice  of  Restrictions  on 
Foreign  Commerce,"  &c.,  1809. 

Browne,  Charles  F.  ( Artemus  "Ward), 
humorist,  b.  Waterford,  Me.,  ab.  1834;  d. 
Southampton,  Eng.,  Mar.  6,  1867.  He  began 
the  printer's  trade,  as  a  compositor  on  the 
Skowhegan  Clarion,  and  afterward  worked  on 
the  Carpet  Darj,  a  comic  weekly  in  Boston, 
which  contained  his  first  literary  efforts.  Con- 
necting himself  with  the  Cleveland  Plaindealer, 
he  began  his  series  of  "Artemus  Ward's  Say- 
ings," which  gained  for  him  the  reputation  of 
being  a  clever  and  original  humorous  writer. 
While  editing  Vanity  Fair,  in  N.Y.,  he  com- 
menced his  humorous  lectures,  **  The  Babes  in 
the  Wood,"  "Sixty  Minutes  in  Africa,"  &c. 
These  were  also  very  successful.  Alter  a  visit 
to  Cal.  and  Utah  in  1862,  he  gave  comic  lec- 
tures on  Mormonism,  with  panoramic  accomp., 
which  were  the  best  of  their  kind  ever  attempt- 
ed, and  constantly  drew  crowded  houses.  In 
1866,  he  visited  Eng.,  and  was  exceedingly 
popular,  but  broke  down  completely  in  health, 
and  was  about  to  return  home  when  overtaken 
by  death.  His  papers  were  coll.  and  pub.,  en- 
titled "  Artemus  Ward,  his  Book,"  "  Arte- 
mus Ward,  his  Travels,"  "  Artemus  Ward 
in  London." 

Brown,  Clark,  Pr.-Ep.  minister  of  Wil- 
liam and  Mary  Parish,  Md. ;  d.  there  Jan.  12, 
1817.  He  had  been  a  Cong,  minister  in  Ma- 
chias.  Me.,  in  1795-7,  and  at  Brimfield  in 
1798-1803.  A  vol.  of  his  sermons  was  pub. 
after  his  death. 

Brown,  David,  a  converted  Cherokee  ;  d. 
Creek  Path,  Mpi.,  Sept.  14,  1829.  He  was  ed- 
ucated, with  his  sister  Catharine,  at  the  school 
of  Rev.  Cyrus  Kingsbury  in  the  Cherokee  ter- 
ritorv,  and  at  Cornwall,  Ct.,  and  engaged  with 
her  in  educating  and  Christianizing  their  na- 
tive tribe.  He  was  a  preacher  and  interpreter, 
and  also  acted  as  sec.  of  the  Indian  Govt.  His 
letters  and  reports  show  cultivation  and  intel- 
ligence. Catharine,  who  was  first  among  all 
her  tribe  in  wealth,  rank,  and  personal  beauty, 
baptized  in  Jan.  1818  ;  d.  July  18,  1823,  a.  23. 

Brown,  David  Paul,  lawyer,  b.  Phila., 


1795,  gained  distinction  as  a  pleader  in  crimi- 
nal cases.  Author  of  "  The  Forum ;  or.  Forty 
Years'  Full  Practice  at  the  Phila.  Bar,"  2  vols., 
1856. 

Brown,  Ethan  Allen,  jurist  and  states- 
man, b.  Darien,  Ct.,  July  4,  1776  ;  d.  Indian- 
apolis, Feb.  24,  1852.  Roger,  his  father,  d. 
1816,  a.  82.  He  was  educated  by  an  Irish 
scholar,  and  acquired  a  critical  knowledge  of 
languages.  He  read  law  in  the  office  of  Alex. 
Hamilton;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1802  ;  emi- 
grated to  the  West,  with  his  cousin,  Capt.  John 
Brown,  and  in  1804  settled  at  Cincinnati,  ac- 
quiring an  extensive  practice.  He  was  a  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  O.  from  Feb.  10,  1810, 
to  1818  ;  gov.  1818-22;  U.  S.  senator,  1822-5 ; 
canal  commissioner,  1825-30;  U.  S.  minister 
to  Brazil,  from  May  26, 1830,  to  Apr.  11,  1834 ; 
commissioner  of  the  gen.  land  office,  from  July 
24,  1835,  to  Oct.  31,  1836;  and  member  of 
the  Ind.  legisl.  in  1842,  having  removed  to 
Rising  Sun,  Ind  ,  Nov.  1,  1836.  —  ^.  T.  Good- 
man's Memoir. 

Brown,  George  L.,  landscape-painter,  b. 
Boston,  1814.  His  tastes  led  him  to  study 
wood-engraving;  but  his  desire  to  be  a  painter 
occasioned  a  visit  to  Antwerp  ;  and,  during  a 
residence  at  Florence  (1840-6),  he  painted  many 
excellent  pictures,  among  others  a  moonlight 
view  of  Venice,  of  rare  merit.  His  special 
merit  is  a  susceptibility  to  the  language  of  at- 
mosphere and  skies.  In  1860,  after  a  12-years' 
res.  at  Rome,  he  returned  to  the  U.  S.,  and  re- 
sides in  Boston.  His  "  Crown  of  New  Eng- 
land," the  highest  of  the  White  Mountains,  was 
purchased  by  the  Prince  of  Wales.  He  has 
executed  several  American  landscapes,  views  of 
Niagara,  the  White  Mountains,  and  the  N.  E. 
and  Southern  coasts.  Among  his  best  pictures 
are  "  The  Bay  of  New  York,"  "  Monte  Pel- 
legrino,"  "  Capri,  and  Italian  Sea-coast," 
"  Rome,"  "  Lake  of  Lucerne,"  "  View  of  Na- 
ples," "Florence  by  Sunset,"  "TheCampagna 
of  Rome,"  and  "Lake  of  Como." —  Tucker- 
man. 

Brown,  Goold,  grammarian,  b.  Provi- 
dence, R.I.,  Mar.  7,  1791  ;  d.  Lynn,  Ms.,  Mar. 
31,1857.  Of  Quaker  parentage.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  schools  and  academies  of  his  na- 
tive State,  and  at  19  began  his  vocation  of 
teacher.  He  first  taught  a  district  school  in 
R.  I. ;  then  a  Friends'  boarding-school  in 
Duchess  Co.,  N.Y.,  in  1811 ;  i-emoved  to  New 
York  in  1813,  where,  for  over  20  years,  he  con- 
ducted an  acad.  He  pub.  "  Institutes  of  Eng- 
lish Grammar,"  1823;  "First  Lines  of  English 
Grammar,"  1823  ;  and  "A  Grammar  of  English 
Grammars,"  1851.  He  had,  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  just  concluded  the  revision  of  the  latter 
work.  —  Duyckinck. 

Brown,"  Harvey,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A., 
b.  Roxbury,  N.J.,  1795.  West  Point,  1818. 
Entering  the  art.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  4th  Art., 
23  Aug.  1821  ;  capt.  10  Apr.  1835;  maj.  2d 
Art.,  9  Jan.  1851 ;  lieut.-col.4th,  28  Apr.  1861  : 
col.  5th,  May  14, 1861  ;  brig.-gen.  vols.,  28  Sept. 
1861  ;  declined ;  retired  1  Aug.  1863.  He  won 
the  brevets  of  maj.,  21  Nov.  1836,  for  "gal- 
lantry "  and  "general  efficiency  "  in  the  Flori- 
da war;  lieut.-col.  for  Contreras,  20  Aug.,  and 
col.  for  the   Gate  of  Belen,  City  of  Mexico, 


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131 


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13  Sept.  1847  ;  being  also  engaged  at  Mon- 
terey, Vera  Cruz,  and  Cerro  Gordo ;  was  en- 
gaged in  repulse  of  rebel  attack  on  Santa  Rosa 
Island,  Fla.,  9  Oct.  1861  ;  and  brev  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  23  Nov.  1861,  for  gallantry  in  the  en- 
gagement between  Fort  Pickens  and  the  rebel 
batteries,  Nov.  22-23  ;  and  2  Aug.  1866,  brev. 
raaj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.  for  services  in  suppressing 
riots  of  July  12-16,  1863,  in  N.  Y.  City. — 
Cullum. 

Brown,  Henry  Kirke,  sculptor,  b.  Ley- 
den,  Ms.,  1814.  At  18,  he  went  to  Boston  to 
study  portrait-painting,  but  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  sculpture;  and,  to  obtain  means  to  visit 
Italy,  he  became  a  railroad-engineer  in  111.  In 
1842,  he  succeeded  in  getting  to  Italy,  where 
he  passed  4  years  in  study.  Returning,  he  fixed 
his  residence  in  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  applied  him- 
self to  the  casting  of  bronze,  and  is  said  to  have 
produced  the  first  bronze  statue  ever  cast  in  this 
country.  He  has  produced  in  marble,  "  Hope," 
"  The  Angel  of  Retribution,"  "  The  Indian 
and  Panther,"  "  The  Pleiades,"  "  The  Four 
Seasons;  "  and  in  bronze,  a  statue  of  De  Witt 
Clinton,  the  colossal  statue  of  Washington  in 
Union  Square,  New  York. 

Brown,  Jacob,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  b. 
Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  May  9,  1775  ;  d.  Washington, 
Feb.  24, 1828.  Of  Quaker  ancestry.  He  taught 
school  at  Cross  wicks,  N.J.,  from  the  age  of  18 
to  21,  and  passed  the  next  two  years  in  survey- 
ing public  lands  in  Ohio.  In  1798,  he  opened 
a  school  in  N.  Y.  City,  studied  law,  and  wrote 
political  articles  for  the  press ;  but  his  active 
temperament  led  him  to  purchase  land  on  the 
borders  of  Ontario  and  the  River  St.  Lawrence, 
where  he  established  himself,  and  erected  the 
first  building  within  30  miles  of  the  lake.  A 
flourishing  settlement  soon  sprang  up ;  he  be- 
came county  judge,  col.  of  militia  in  1809, 
brig.-gen.  1810,  and  in  1812  was  app.  to  com. 
the  frontier  from  Oswego  to  Lake  St.  Francis, 
200  miles.  Oct.  4,  he  repulsed  the  attack  of  a 
superior  British  force  upon  Ogdensburg,  his 
headquarters.  He  was  offered  the  com.  of  a 
U.  S.  regt.,  but  declined.  At  the  request  of 
Col.  Backus,  he  took  com.  at  Sackett's  Harbor 
in  season  to  defeat  an  attack  by  superior  num- 
bers, May  29,  1813.  App.  brig.-gen.  U.  S.  A., 
July  19,  1813,  maj.-gen,  Jan.  24,  1814,  and 
placed  in  com.  of  the  northern  division  of  the 
army  at  French  Mills.  From  this  period,  suc- 
cess attended  our  operations  in  Canada.  He 
took  possession  of  Fort  Erie ;  gained  a  victory 
over  Gen.  Riall  on  the  plains  of  Chippewa,  Ju- 
ly .5,  1814;  over  a  superior  force  under  Lieut.- 
Gen.Drummond  in  the  battle  of  Niagara  Falls, 
July  25,  1814,  where  he  received  two  severe 
wounds;  and  in  the  sortie  from  Fort  Erie  over 
the  same  officer,  Sept.  17,  1814,  thus  raising 
the  siege.  He  received  the  thanks  of  Congress, 
Nov.  3,  1814,  and  a  gold  medal  emblematical  of 
those  triumphs.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  he 
was  retained  in  command  of  the  northern  divis- 
ion of  the  army,  and  was  made  gen.  in  chief 
Mar.  10,  1821.— iVai.  Port.  Gallery;  Gardiner. 

Brown,  James,  lawyer  and  statesman,  b. 
near  Staunton,  Va.,  Sept.  11,  1766;  d.  Phila., 
April  7,  1835.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  He 
studied  law,  and,  emigrating  to  Ky.,  rose  to 
distinction  at  the  bar.   In  1791,  he  com.  a  com- 


pany in  an  exped.  against  the  Indians,  and  in 
1792  became  sec.  to  Gov.  Shelby.  Soon  after 
the  cession  of  La.,  he  emigrated  thither  ;  aided 
Livingston  in  compiling  the  Louisiana  code, 
and  became  sec.  of  the  territory;  U.  S.  atty. 
for  La.;  U.  S.  senator  in  1812-17  and  1819-24; 
and  was  U.  S.  minister  to  France  in  1824-9. 
His  bro.  John  was  U.  S.  senator  from  Ky. 

Brown,  John,  statesman  of  K3^,  brother 
of  James,  b.  Staunton,  Va.,  Sept.  12,  1757;  d. 
Frankfort,  Ky.,  Aug.  29,  1837.  His  father, 
John,  44  years  pastor  of  a  Presb.  church  in 
Rockbridge,  d.  1803,  a.  75.  John  left  N.  J. 
Coll.  to  join  the  Revol.  army;  subsequently 
completed  his  education  at  Wm.  and  Mary 
Coll.;  went  to  Ky.  in  1782;  practised  law; 
was  a  member  of  the  Va.  legisl.  from  Ky.  dist. ; 
member  of  the  Old  Congress,  1787-8;  M.  C. 
1789-93  ;  and  U.  S.  senator,  1793  to  1805.  He 
was  active  in  the  Indian  warfare  of  his  day,  in 
the  admission  of  Ky.  into  the  Union,  and  the 
securing  for  the  West  the  navigation  of  the 
Mississippi.  —  Collins's  Hist.  Ky. 

Brown,  John,  a  philanthropic  merchant, 
b.  Providence,  R.I.,  Jan.  27,  1736  ;  d.  there 
Sept.  20, 1 803.  One  of  4  brothers,  —  Obadiah, 
Nicholas,  John,  and  Moses,  —  partners  in  a  mer- 
cantile firm  disting.  for  enterprise  and  public 
spirit.  He  led  the  party,  which,  on  the  night 
of  June  17,  1772,  destroyed  the  British  sloop- 
of-war  "Gaspe"  in  Narragansett  Bay,  arid 
was  sent  in  irons  to  Boston  on  suspicion  of 
having  been  concerned  in  that  affair,  but  was 
released  through  the  efforts  of  his  brother 
Moses.  Anticipating  the  war,  he  instructed  his 
captains  to  freight  their  vessels  on  their  return- 
voyages  with  powder,  and  furnished  the  army 
at  Cambridge  with  a  supply,  when  it  had  not 
4  rounds  to  a  man.  He  was  a  member  of 
Congress  in  1799-1801,  a  great  projector  of 
works  of  public  utility,  and  a  munificent  patron 
of  Brown  U.,  of  which  he  was  for  20  years 
treasurer.  Chosen  delegate  to  the  Continental 
Congress  in  1784,  but  did  not  take  his  seat. 

Brown,  John,  Revol.  patriot,  b,  Sandis- 
field,  Ms.,Oct.  19,  1744  ;  killed  by  the  Indians, 
Oct.  19,  1780,  while  marching  to  relieve  Schuy- 
ler, in  the  Mohawk- Valley  campaign.  Y.C. 
1761.  He  was  king's  atty.  at  Caughnawajra, 
N.Y.,  afterwards  practised  law  in  Pittsfield, 
Ms.,  and  was  an  active  patriot.  In  1774,  and 
again  in  1775,  he  entered  Canada  in  disguise, 
and  endeavored  to  secure  the  co-operation  of 
the  inhabitants  with  the  other  Colonies  in  the 
Revol.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Prov.  Con- 
gress in  1775  ;  aided  Allen  in  the  capture  of 
Ticonderoga,  and,  Sept.  24,  took  Fort  Chambly. 
In  the  attack  on  Quebec,  Dec.  31,  1775,  maj. 
Brown  co-operated,  by  making  a  false  attack 
upon  the  walls  to  the  south  of  St.  John's  Gate. 
He  was  with  Montgomery  when  he  fell,  and 
was,  on  his  recommendation,  made  lieut.-col. 
Aug,  1,  1776,  with  rank  and  pay  from  Nov. 
1775  ;  Sept.  18,  1777,  early  in  the  morning,  he 
surprised  the  outposts  of  Ticonderoga,  set  free 
100  Amer.  prisoners,  captured  4  companies  of 
regulars,  a  quantity  of  stores  and  cannon,  and 
destroyed  a  large  quantity  of  boats,  and  an 
armed  sloop.  He  left  the  service  on  account  of 
his  detestation  of  Arnold,  whose  treachery  he 
predicted,  but  continued  to  act  with  the  mi- 


M 


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132 


BRO 


litia  of  Berkshire.  Member  of  the  legisl.  in 
1778. 

Erown,  Capt.  John  of  Ossawattoraie,  a 
disting.  champion  of  liberty,  b.  Torrington, 
Ct.,  9  May,  1800;  hung  at  Charlestown,  Va., 
2  Dec.  1859.  In  a  letter  to  a  relative,  dated 
from  his  prison,  19  Nov.  1859,  he  says,  "I 
suppose  I  am  the  first  of  our  mutual  kindred, 
since  the  landing  of  Peter  Bj^own  of  The  May- 
flower,' that  has  either  been  sentenced  to  im- 
prisonment or  to  the  gallows.  Our  grandfather, 
Capt.  John  Brown,  fell  in  1776,  and  he,  too, 
might  have  perished  on  the  scaffold,  had  cir- 
cumstances been  but  very  little  diflferent.  I 
should  be  60  years  old  were  I  to  live  till  May 
9,  1860,  I  have  enjoyed  much  of  life  as  it  is, 
and  have  been  remarkably  prosperous;  having 
early  leai-ned  to  regard  the  welfare  and  pros- 
perity of  others  as  my  own.  I  have  not  as  yet 
been  driven  to  the  use  of  glasses,  but  can  see 
to  read  and  write  quite  comfortably,  and  1  have 
generally  enjoyed  remarkably  good  health." 
His  father  removed  to  Ohio  in  1805.  In  1815- 
20,  he  worked  at  the  trade  of  a  tanner  and  cur- 
rier. In  1820,  he  m.  Dianthe  Lusk.  He  re- 
moved, in  1846,  to  Springfield,  where  he  was  a 
dealer  in  wool ;  afterward  visited  Europe  on 
business;  emig.  in  1855  to  Ks.,  wiicre  he  took 
an  active  part  in  thecontest  with  the  proslavery 
party.  A  devout  member  of  the  Cong,  Church, 
and  a  man  of  strict  moral  character,  possessed 
of  unflinching  courage,  and  intense  earnest- 
ness, he  was  specially  adapted  to  the  work  he 
was  to  do.  As  early  as  1839,  he  conceived  the 
idea  of  becoming  a  liberator  of  the  iSouthern 
slaves.  In  Aug.  1856,  he  defeated  at  Ossawat- 
tomie  a  band  of  Missouri  invaders  ten  times 
more  numerous  than  his  own  force.  In  May, 
1859,  he  called  a  secret  convention  of  the 
friends  of  freedom,  which  met  at  Chatham, 
Canada,  organized  an  invasion  of  Va.  to  liber- 
ate the  slaves,  and  adopted  a  constitution.  In 
July,  he  rented  a  farm-house  about  6  miles  from 
Harper's  Ferry,  and  collected  there  a  supply 
of  pikes,  guns,  &c.  On  the  night  of  16  Oct. 
1859,  with  about  20  men,  he  surprised  Harper's 
Ferry,  seized  the  arsenal  and  armory,  and  took 
40  prisoners.  Attacked  by  the  Va.  militia,  on 
the  17ih,  after  two  of  his  sons,  and  nearly  all 
of  his  men,  had  been  killed,  and  he  himself  had 
been  wounded  in  several  places,  he  was  cap- 
tured. "  Enemies  and  friends,"  says  Redpath, 
"  were  equally  amazed  at  the  carriage  and  say- 
ings of  the  wounded  warrior."  He  was  tried 
in  Nov.,  and  met  death  with  serene  composure. 
He  was  twice  married,  and  had  20  children.  — 
See  Life,  hy  Redpath,  1860 ;  Life  and  Letters,  by 
R.  D.  lFe66, 1861. 

Brown,  John  Newton,  D.  D.,  Baptist 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  New  London,  Ct., 
June  29,  1803;  d.  Germantown,  Pa.,  May  15, 
1868.  He  grad.  at  what  is  now  Madison  U., 
Hamilton,  N,Y.,  with  the  highest  honors  in 
1823  ;  preached  one  yearin  Bufi^alo,  afterwards 
at  the  1st  Bapt.  Church,  Providence,  in  Maiden, 
Ms  ,  and  in  Exeter,  N.H,  He  edited  "The 
Encyclopedia  of  Religious  Knowledge"  (1835), 
repub.  in  Eng,  From  1838  to  1 845,  he  was  prof, 
of  theol.  and  eccl.  history  in  the  New  Hampton 
Theol.  Institution,  N.H  ,  but  was  obliged  by 
ill  health  to  go  South.     From  1845  to  1849,  he 


was  pastor  of  a  church  at  Lexington,  Va,,  and 
was  subsequently  editorial  sec.  of  the  Amer. 
Bapt.  Pub.  Society,  and  editor  of  the  Christian 
Chronicle  axid.  the  National  Baptist.  He  edited 
for  this  society  the  works  of  Bunyan  and  Ful- 
ler, and  "  Fleetwood's  Life  of  Christ,"  The 
Baptist  articles  of  faith,  called  the  "N,H.  Con- 
fession," were  prepared  by  him,  and  revised  in 
1852.  He  also  wrote  verse  ;  one  of  his  best  ef- 
forts being  a  translation  of  the  Dies  Iroe, 
"  p]mily,  and  other  Poems,"  he  pub.  1840, 

Brown,  John  Sullivan,  author,  b.  Moul- 
tonborough,  Sept.  5,  1825.  Dartm.  Coll.  1848. 
Solicitor  of  patents  at  Washington,  D.C.,  since 
Apr.  1851.  Has  7  patents  of  his  own,  and  30 
or  40  improvements  of  other  inventions  ;  has 
pub,  "A  Catalogue  of  all  Patents  prior  to 
1867,"  "Hives,  and  the  Managing  of  Bees," 
and  the  Pen  and  Lever,  devoted  to  mechanism 
and  inventions.  —  Alumni  of  D.C. 

Brown,  John  W,,  author,  b,  Schenectady, 
N.Y.,  Aug.  21,  1814;  d,  Malta,  Apr.  9,  1849. 
Un.  Coll.  1832,  After  completing  his  studies 
at  the  General  Theol,  Scm,,  he  settled  as  a 
Pr.-Ep.  minister  at  Astoria,  N.Y.,  July  3, 1836; 
conducted  the  Astoria  Female  Institute  in 
1838-45;  became  in  1845  editor  of  the  Prot- 
estant Churchman ;  was  the  author  of  the 
"  Christmas  Bells,  a  Tale  of  Holy  Tide,"  1842, 
and  other  poems,  and  of  several  religious  tales 
in  prose. 

Brown,  Mason,  LL.D.  (Trans.  U,),  jurist 
and  legal  writer,  b,  Phila,,  10  Nov.,  1799;  d. 
Frankfort,  Ky.,  27  Jan.  1867.  Y.C.  1820.  He 
studied  in  the  office  of  J,  J.  Crittenden  and  in 
the  Lexington  Law  School ;  practised  at 
Frankfort;  became  the  partner  of  Charles  S. 
Morehead,  with  whom  he  compiled  "  Murehead 
and  Brown's  Digest;"  was  many  years  judge 
of  the  Circuit  Court  of  his  dist.,  and  sec,  of 
State,  1855-9,  Father  of  Senator  B,  Gratz 
Brown,  and  of  Brig.-Gen.  J.  M,  Brown.  Son 
of  Sen.  John  Brown  of  Kv,  by  a  sister  of 
John  M,  Mason,  D,  D.  —  Y.  C.  Obt.  Record, 
237, 

Brown,  Matthew,  D,D.  (N.J  Coll.  1823), 
LL.D.  (Ham.  Coll,  1835;  Jeff*,  Coll,  1845), 
educator,  b.  Northumb.  Co.,  Pa,,  1776 ;  d. 
Pittsburg,  Pa,,  29  July,  1853.  Dick.  Coll. 
1794.  Licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presb.  of 
Carlisle,  3  Oct.  1799;  some  time  pastor  at 
Canonsburg,  Pa,  First  pres,  of  Wash,  Coll., 
Pa.,  1806-16,  and  pres,  of  Jeff".  Coll.  Pa., 
1822-45,  Besides  addresses  and  sermons, 
he  pub.  "  Memoir  of  Rev,  0,  Jennings,  D.D,," 
1832,  and  "  Life  of  Rev  John  McMillan,  D.D." 
—  Sprague. 

Brown,  Moses,  capt.  U.S.N. ;  d.  New- 
bury port,  Jan,  1,  1804,  a,  62.  In  the  Revol. 
war,  he  com.  several  of  the  largest  privateers 
of  N,E, ;  was  engaged  in  many  severe  battles  ; 
disting,  himself  particularly  in  one  with  a  ship 
of  superior  force,  and  was  a  zealous,  brave,  and 
successful  officer.  On  the  establishment  of 
the  U.S.  navy,  the  merchants  of  Newburyport 
built  a  ship  by  subscriptiun  for  the  govt.,  the 
com.  of  which  was  given  to  Capt.  Brown,  who 
was  commissioned  capt.  Sept.  15,  1798.  While 
he  com.  "  The  Merrimack,"  he  was  as  enterpris- 
ing and  successful  as  formerly. 

Brown,   Nicholas,    merchant,  b.  Provi- 


BRO 


133 


BRO 


dence,  R.I.,  April  4,  1769;  d.  there  Sept.  27, 
1841.  R.I.  Coll.  1786.  He  descended  from 
Chad  Brown,  one  of  the  early  colonists  with 
Roger  Williams,  and  was  the  son  of  Nicholas, 
(one  of  the  4  brothers),  who  d.  May  29,  1791,  a. 
61.  In  1791,  he  founded  the  mercantile  house 
of  Brown  &  Ives,  one  of  the  most  successful 
in  the  country.  For  many  years,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  R.I.  legisl.  He  was  one  of  the 
most  munificent  patrons  of  R.I.  Coll.  which, 
in  1804,  changed  its  name  to  Brown  Univ. 
In  1823,  he  built  a  second  coll.  edifice,  entirely 
at  his  own  expense,  and  gave,  in  all,  nearly 
$100,000  to  that  institution.  He  gave  nearly 
$10,000  to  the  Providence  Athenaeum,  liberally 
aided  in  the  building  of  churches  and  the  en- 
dowment of  colleges  and  academies,  and  be- 
queathed $30,000  for  an  insane  asylum,  to  be 
established  at  Providence.  His  son,  John 
Carter  Brown,  has  also  been  a  munificent 
patron  of  B.  U.  —  See  Hunt's  Lives  of  Amer. 
Merchants. 

Brown,  Patrick,  M.D.,  b.  Mayo  Co., 
Ireland,  ab.  1720;  d.  1790.  Author  of"  Civil 
and  Nat.  Hist,  of  Jamaica,"  1756. 

Brown,  Piiccbe  Hinsdale,  poetess,  b. 
Canaan,  N.  V.,  1783  ;  d.  Oct.  10,  1861,  at  Henry, 
111.,  at  the  house  of  her  dau.,  Mrs.  Elijah  Smith. 
She  m.  Timothy  H.  Brown.  One  of  her  sons 
is  a  missionary  at  Japan.  Some  of  her  lyrics 
are  in  Cleveland's  "  Lyra  Sacra  Americana.*' 

Brown,  Col.  Richard,  a  Cherokee  Indian ; 
d.  Tenn.,  Jan.  26,  1818,  a.  45.  He  led  the 
Cherokees  in  every  battle  of  the  Creek  war, 
under  Gen.  Jackson,  whose  personal  friendship 
he  enjoyed,  and  was  severely  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  tlie  Horse  Shoe.  At  the  time  of 
his  death,  he  was  one  of  the  Cherokee  delega- 
tion to  Washington  respecting  a  treaty. 

Brown,  Gen.  Robert,  b.  Northampton 
Co.,  Pa.,  1745  ;  d.  there  Feb.  26,  1823.  App. 
at  the  beginning  of  the  Revol.  an  officer  in 
the  Pa.  "  Flying  Camp,"  he  was  made  prison- 
er on  Long  Island,  and  being  permitted  to 
work  at  his  trade,  that  of  a  blacksmith,  dis- 
tributed the  proceeds  of  his  wages  among  his 
fellow-prisoners.  He  was  made  a  brig.-gen.  of 
the  State  militia,  filled  several  civil  stations, 
was  a  member  of  the  State  senate  for  some 
time;  M.C.  from  1798  to  1815.  —  Rogers. 

Brown,  Samuel,  M.D.,  physician,  b. 
Augusta  Co.,  Va.,  Feb.  1769;  d.  Ala.,  Jan, 
12,  1830.  Dick.  Coll.  1789.  He  studied  medi- 
cine under  Dr.  Rush,  in  Phila.,  and  took  the 
degree  of  M.D.  at  Aberdeen.  He  practised 
a  while  near  what  is  now  Washington  City  ; 
settled  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  in  1797  ;  in  1806,  in 
New  Orleans ;  at  Natchez,  where  he  m.  Miss 
Catharine  Percy,  in  1808,  after  whose  death, 
he  settled  on  a  plantation  near  Huntsville, 
Ala.  Prof,  of  medicine  in  Transylv.  U.  in 
1819-25.  He  was  extensively  engaged  in  prac- 
tice ;  sugirested  the  process  now  in  general 
use  for  clarifying  ginseng,  and  for  the  applica- 
tion of  steam  to  the  distillation  of  spirits ; 
was  a  member  of  the  Philos.  Society  ancl 
a  contrib.  to  its  "  Transactions,"  vol.  vi.,  and 
also  to  the  N.Y.  Med.  Repos.  With  his  dis- 
ting.  brothers,  John  and  James  Brown  of  Ky., 
and  Henry  Clay,  he  endeavored  in  1799  to 
carry   a  project  for  the  emancipatioa  of  the 


slaves,  but  did  not  succeed.  Authorof  a  trea- 
tise on  yellow-fever,  1800.  —  Memoir  by  La 
Roche,  in  Gross's  Med.  Biog. 

Brown,  Samuel  Oilman,  D.D.  (Col. 
Coll.  1853),  educator,  b.  N.  Yarmouth,  Me., 
Jan.  4, 1813.  Dartm.  Coll.  1831  ;  And.Theol. 
Sem.  1837.  Son  of  Francis  (pres.  of  D.C., 
1815-20).  He  was  principal  of  a  high  school 
at  Ellington,  Ct.  ;  travelled  in  Europe  in 
1838-40;  was  prof,  of  oratory  and  belles  let- 
tres  at  D.C.,  1840-63,  and  of  intell.  phil. 
and  polit.  econ.  in  1863-7;  ord.  a  Cong, 
preacher  at  Woodstock,  Vt.,  Oct.  6,  1852; 
pres.  of  Hamilton  Coll.,  Clinton,  N.Y.,  since 
1866.  He  has  pub.  addresses,  and  contribs.  to 
reviews,  "  Hist.  Discourse  before  the  Alumni  of 
D.C.,  21  July,  1869,"  being  its  100th  anniver- 
sary ;  also  •'  The  Life  of  Hon.  Rufus  Choate," 
"Biography  of  Self-Taught  Men,"  1847  ;  and 
has  written  10  courses  of  lectures,  one  on 
"  The  Earlier  Eng.  Literature,"  the  other  on 
"  British  Orators,"  delivered  before  the  Lowell 
Institute,  Boston,  in  1859,  and  elsewhere. 

Brown,  Samuel  R.,  author,  d.  at  Cherry 
Valley,  Sept.  15,  1817,  a.  42.  He  was  a  vol. 
during  the  War  of  1812,  and  afterwards  edited, 
until  1815,  a  newspaper  called  the  Patriot,  at 
Cayuga,  N.Y.  He  pub.  "  A  View  of  the  Cam- 
paigns of  the  North-western  Army,"  1814  ; 
"  History  of  the  War  of  1812,"  in  two  vols. ; 
"Western  Gazetteer;  or.  Emigrant's  Direc- 
tory," 1817. 

Brown,  Solymax,  M.D.,  b.  Litchfield, 
Ct.,Nov.  17,  1790.  Y.C.  1812.  Ord.  a  Cong, 
minister  in  1814;  preached  and  taught  school 
until  1822;  when  he  removed  to  N.Y.,  where 
he  preached  Swedenborgianism.  Since  1832, 
he  has  practised  dentistry  in  that  city.  He 
pub.  in  1818  an  essay  on  Amer.  poetry,  to- 
gether with  some  miscellanies  ;  "Dentolo<;ia," 
a  poem  on  the  diseases  of  the  teeth,  1833; 
and,  in  1838,  "  Dental  Hygeia,"  a  poem  on  the 
general  laws  of  health.  He  has  contrib.  to 
the  N.Y.  Mirror,  and  been  co-editor  of  the 
Journal  of  Dental  Science.  — Everest's  Poets  of 
Conn. 

Brown,  Thomas,  capt.  U.S.  navy,  b.  Del. ; 
d.  Phila.,  Nov.  28,  1828.  Midshipman,  Apr. 
27, 1801  ;  lieut.  March  21,  1807;  master,  March 
1,  1815;  capt.  March  3,  1825. 

Brown,  William,  an  early  naval  com- 
mander of  the  Revol. ;  d.  Boston,  Nov.  29, 
1809,  a.  77. 

Brown,  WiLLiAM,adm.  of  Buenos  Ayres,b. 
Ireland,  ab.  1779;  d.  He  came  to  Baltimore 
in  1793,  and  was  employed  in  the  mercantile 
marine  until  1796,  when  he  was  impressed  by  a 
British  man-of-war.  In  1814,  being  at  Buenos 
Ay  res,  in  the  com.  of  an  Eng.  merchant-ship, 
during  the  War  of  Indepencience,  he  was  in- 
duced to  enter  the  naval  service  of  that  coun- 
try. Receiving  the  command  of  its  flotilla,  he 
engaged  in  April,  1814  some  Spanish  vessels  off 
the  island  of  Martin  Garcia.  In  the  ensuing 
May,  a  more  decisive  engagement  took  place 
off  Montevideo,  in  which  4  of  the  enemy's  ves- 
sels were  taken  or  destroyed,  and  the  rest  dis- 
persed, causing  the  speedy  capture  of  Monte- 
video. Brown  was  made  adm.,  and,  his  services 
not  being  rec^uired,  he  planned  an  exped. 
against  the  Spaniards  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 


BRO 


134 


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was  for  some  time  successful,  making  many  rich 
prizes.  After  having  greatly  annoyed  the 
Spanish  commerce  in  the  Pacific,  he  was  re- 
turning with  a  rich  booty,  when  he  was  cap- 
tured by  a  British  ship-of-war,  carried  into 
Antigua,  and  condemned  upon  frivolous  and 
unreasonable  allegations.  Owing  to  this  un- 
just proceeding,  Brown  lived  at  Buenos  Ayres 
in  retirement,  and  almost  in  poverty,  until  the 
war  with  Brazil  commenced.  This  event 
brought  him  once  more  into  notice,  and  gave 
him  an  opportunity  of  acquiring  no  small  share 
of  naval  reputation. 

Brown,  William  Hill,  poet;  d.  Mur- 
freesborough,  N.C.,  where  he  was  studying  law, 
Sept.  2,  1793,  a.  27.  He  wrote  a'  tragedy 
founded  on  the  death  of  Andre,  and  a  comedy. 
His  "  Ira  and  Isabella  "  was  pub.  in  1807. 

Browne,  Col.  Thomas,  loyalist  officer  of 
the  Revol.,  of  Augusta,  Ga. ;  d'.  St.  Vincent's, 
Aug.  3,  1825.  In  1775,  he  fled,  but  was 
brought  back  by  the  Whigs,  tried,  tarred  and 
feathered,  and  drawn  3  miles  in  a  cart  exposed 
to  the  populace.  Removing  to  Fla.,  he  made, 
at  the  head  of  a  small  force,  predatory  incur- 
sions to  the  banks  of  the  Savannah.  Joinod 
in  1778  by  about  300  Tories  from  the  interior, 
he  organized  the  "  King's  Rangers,"  uniformed, 
and  com.  them  as  lieut.-col.  In  1779,  at  the 
head  of  400  mounted  men,  he  made  a  forced 
march  to  Augusta,  and,  after  being  wounded 
and  twice  defet^ted  by  Cols.  Twiggs  and  Few, 
established  there  a  military  post,  and  was  re- 
enforced.  In  Sept.  1780,  Col.  Clarke  besieged 
him ;  but  the  talent  and  skill  of  Browne,  who 
was  himself  shot  through  both  thighs,  enabled 
him  to  hold  out  4  days,  and  until  relieved  by 
Col,  Cruger.  His  barbarity  to  Col.  Clarke's 
wounded,  whom  he  hung,  covers  him  with  in- 
famy. Again  besieged  in  April,  1781,  by 
Pickens  and  Lee,  he  was  forced  to  surrender 
in  June.  Such  was  the  hatred  his  cruelties 
had  inspired,  that  he  was  obliged  to  be  specially 
and  strongly  guarded  until  delivered  at  Savan- 
nah, or  he  would  have  been  torn  limb  from 
limb.  After  he  was  exchanged,  he  served  at 
Savannah.  In  May,  1782,  he  marched  out  with 
a  considerable  force,  but  was  completely  rout- 
ed by  Wayne.  His  estates,  both  in  Ga.  and 
S.C,  having  l)een  confiscated,  he  retired  to 
the  Bahamas  at  the  peace,  whence,  in  1786,  he 
wrote  an  elaborate  and  able  reply  to  Ramsay's 
comments  on  his  conduct  during  the  war,  ad- 
dressed to  the  historian  himself.  In  1809,  he 
was  a  petitioner  in  Kng.  for  a  grant  of  crown- 
lands,  and  received  6,000  acres  in  the  Island  of 
St.  Vincent.  It  has  been  stated,  that  in  1812, 
he  was  convicted  in  London  of  forgery,  which 
seems  unlikely.  For  his  services,  he  had  been 
made  col.  com.  of  his  Majesty's  late  regt.  of 
S.C.  or  Queen's  Rangers,  and  also  superinten- 
dent of  Indian  affairs  in  the  southern  dist.  of 
N.  A.  —  Sabine. 

Browne,  John  Ross,  traveller  and  author, 
b.  1817.  In  his  18th  year,  he  descended  the 
Mississippi  and  Ohio,  from  Louisville  to  New 
Orleans.  In  1846,  after  visiting  a  great  part 
of  the  world,  he  pub.  "Etchings  of  a  Whaling- 
Cruise,  with  Notes  of  a  Sojourn  on  the  Island 
of  Zanzibar."  He  has  been  in  California  and 
the  Holy  Land,  and  was  app.  minister  to  China 


in  1868.  Author,  also,  of  "An  Amer.  Family 
in  Germany,"  "  Adventures  in  the  Apache 
Country,"  "  Land  of  Thor,"  "  Crusoe's  Island, 
with  Sketches  of  California  and  Washoe,"  and 
"  Yusef,  Travels  in  the  East." 

Browne,  William,  loyalist  of  Salem, 
Ms.,  b.  Feb.  27,  1737  ;  d.  Eng.,  Feb.  13,  1802. 
H.U.  1755.  Grandson  of  Gov.  Burnet.  He 
was  many  years  a  representative  of  Salem  ; 
one  of  the  17  rescinders  in  1768 ;  a  col.  of  the 
Essex  Co.  militia ;  a  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court,  1773-4,  and  was  banished  in  1778;  and 
his  immense  landed  estates  were  confiscated. 
Gov.  of  Bermuda  in  1781-90.  —  Sabine. 

BrowneH,  Thomas  Church,  D.D. 
LL.D.,  Prot.-Ep.  bishop  of  Ct..  b.  Westford, 
Ms.,  Oct.  19,  1779  ;  d.  Hartford,  Jan.  13,  1865. 
Un.  Coll.  1804.  In  this  institution,  he  held,  in 
turn,  the  situations  of  tutor,  prof  of  logic  and 
belles  lettres,  lectureron  chemistry,  and  prof,  of 
rhetoric  and  chemistry,  until,  in  Apr.  1816,  he 
took  orders  in  the  church  ;  and  became  an  as- 
sist, minister  in  Trin.  church,  N.Y.,  in  the 
summer  of  1818.  He  was  consec.  bishop  of 
Ct.,  Oct.  27,  1819,  and,  removing  to  Hartford, 
was  chosen  first  pres.  of  Trin.  Coll.,  which 
took  its  rise  under  his  auspices  in  1824.  Ho 
was  chiefly  instrumental  in  the  liberal  endow- 
ments of  its  professorships,  and  in  procuring 
important  additions  to  the  general  fund.  He 
resigned  the  pres.  in  1831.  He  became  presid- 
iTig  bishop  in  1852.  He  pub.  "A  Bible  Class  and 
Family  Expositor  to  the  Study  of  the  New 
Testament,"  and  "A  Commentary  on  the  Book 
of  Common  Prayer."  In  1839-40,  he  prepared 
5  vols.,  entitled  "Religion  of  the  Heart  and 
Life."  He  is  also  the  author  of  several  impor- 
tant charges  to  his  clergy,  and  various  sermons 
on  special  occasions,  and  has  contrib.  in  other 
ways  to  the  current  literature  of  the  day. 

Browning,  Orville  H.,  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician, b.  Harrison  Co.,  Ky.,  ab.  1810.  While 
a  clerk  in  the  ofiice  of  the  clerk  of  Bracken 
Co.,  he  went  through  a  course  of  classical  study 
at  Augusta  Coll.,  studied  law,  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1831,  and  settled  in  Quincy,  111.  He 
served  through  the  Black  Hawk  war  in  1832  ; 
member  of  the  111.  senate  in  1836-40;  of  the 
lower  house  in  1841-3,  and,  in  conjunction  with 
his  friend  Abraham  Lincoln,  was  mainly  in- 
strumental in  forming  the  Repub.  party  of  111. 
at  the  Bloomington  convention.  Delegate  to 
the  Chicago  convention  of  1860,  and  a  warm 
supporter  of  the  govt,  during  the  Rebellion; 
U.S.  senator  in  1861-3  to  fill  the  vacancy  oc- 
casioned by  the  death  of  Mr.  Douglas  ;  an 
active  member  of  the  Union  exec,  commit- 
tee, June,  1866;  and  sec.  of  the  interior  in 
1866-8  ;  and  from  March,  1868  to  March,  1869, 
also  performed  the  duties  of  U.S.  atty.-gen. 

Brownlow,  William  Gannaway,  cler- 
gyman and  politician,  b.  Wythe  Co.,  Va.,  Aug. 
29,  1805.  He  was  left  an  "orphan  at  11,  and, 
by  hard  labor  as  a  carpetiter,  obtained  a  fair 
education.  Entering  the  Methodist  ministry 
in  1826,  he  was  an  itinerant  preacher  for  10 
years.  While  travelling  in  S.C,  he  took  part 
in  the  nullification  controversy,  opposing  the 
project,  and  pub.  a  pamphlet  in  his  own  vindi- 
cation, on  account  of  the  strong  opposition 
excited  against  him.     In  1828,  he  advocated  ia 


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135 


BRXJ 


Tenn.  the  election  of  J.  Q.  Adams  to  the  Pres- 
idency. Ab.  1837,  he  became  editor  of  tlie 
Knoxville  Whig,  a  political  newspaper  of  wide 
circulation,  and  obtained  the  sobriquet  of  the 
"H^hting  parson."  In  1858,  in  a  public  debate 
at  Phila.,  with  Kev.  A.  Pryne.on  slavery,  aftei'- 
ward  pub.  in  a  vol.  entitled  "  Ouj;ht  American 
Slavery  to  be  perpetuated  ?  "  Mr.  Brownlow 
maintained  the  affirmative.  From  the  begin- 
ning of  the  secession  movement  in  1860,  he 
boldly  maintained  in  his  paper  the  principle 
of  adherence  to  the  Union  as  the  best  safe- 
guard of  Southern  institutions.  This  course 
subjected  him  to  much  persecution  after  the 
secession  of  Tenn.  Oct  24, 1861,  he  published 
the  last  number  of  the  Whirj,  and,  after  renuiin- 
ing  some  time  concealed,  was  induced,  by  a 
promise  of  passports,  to  report  to  the  com.-gcn. 
at  Knoxville,  where  he  was  arrested  Dec.  6, 
and  thrown  into  jail.  March  3,  1862,  he  was 
released,  and  escorted  to  the  Union  lines  at 
Nashville.  He  afterward  made  a  tour  of  the 
Northern  States,  delivering .  speeches  in  the 
principal  cities  ;  was  joined  by  his  family,  who 
had  also  been  expelled  from  Knoxville ;  and 
pub.  "  Sketches  of  the  Rise,  Progress,  and  De- 
cline of  Secession,  with  a  Narrative  of  Personal 
Adventures  among  the  RebL;ls,"12mo,  1862. 
He  returned  to  Nashville  after  its  capture  by 
the  Union  forces,  and  was  gov.  of  Tenn.  in 
1865-9  ;  U.S.  senator  since  1869.  Amonir  his 
other  writings  are  "  The  Iron  Wheel  Examined, 
and  its  False  Spokes  Extracted"  (12mo, 
Nashville),  a  reply  to  attacks  on  the  Methodist 
Church,  1856. 

Brownson,  Nathan,  statesman,  d.  Lib- 
erty Co.,  Ga.,  Nov.  1796.  Y.C.  1761.  He 
was  a  physician  of  Liberty  Co.,  and  an  early 
supporter  of  the  rights  of  his  country ;  member 
of  the  Prov.  Cong,  of  1775;  was  some  time  a 
surgeon  in  the  army  ;  was  speaker  of  the  legisl. 
of  1781,  by  which  body  he  was  chosen  gov.  of 
Ga. ;  member  of  the  Cont.  Cong,  of  1776  and 
1778  ;  speaker  of  the  Ga.  H.  of  representatives 
in  1788;  pres.  of  the  senate  in  1789-91,  and 
member  of  the  convention  that  framed  the  State 
Constitution  in  1789.  —  Ga.  Hint.  Colls.  213. 

Brownson,  Orestes  Augustus,  LL.D., 
author,  b.  Stockbridge,  Vt.,  Sept.  16,  1803. 
He  became  in  1825  a  Universalist  minister,  and 
preached  in  various  places  in  Vt.  and  N.Y., 
writing  for  and  editing  various  religious  peri- 
odicals. Making  the  acquaintance  of  Robert 
Owen,  he  was  attracted  by  schemes  of  social 
reforn),  and  in  1828  was  prominent  in  the 
formation  of  a  workingmen's  party  in  N.Y. 
The  writings  of  Dr.  Channing  led  him,  in 
1832,  to  become  pastor  of  a  Unitarian  church. 
In  1836,  he  oriranized  in  Boston  the  Society 
for  Ciiristian  Union  and  Progress,  of  which  he 
had  charge  till  he  ceased  preaching  in  1843. 
On  removing  to  Boston,  he  pub.  his  "  New 
Views  of  Christianity,  Society,  and  the 
Church."  He  established  the  Boston  Qnarterhj 
Review  in  1838,  and  was  almost  its  sole  writer 
during  the  5  years  of  its  continuance,  and 
contrib.  largely  to  it  during  the  first  year  after 
it  was  merged  into  the  Democ.  Review  of  N.Y. 
In  1840,  he  pub.  "Charles  Elwood,  or  the  In- 
fidel Converted,"  which  passed  through  several 
editions  in  Eng.     He  entered  the  Roman  com- 


munion in  1844,  and  has  since  labored  stren- 
uously for  the  doctrines  of  that  church.  The 
later  pubs,  of  Mr.  Brownson  are,  "  The  Spirit- 
Rapper,"  1854  ;  and  "  The  Convert,  or  Leaves 
from  my  Experience,"  1857.  Since  1844,  he 
has  supported,  almost  single-handed,  Brownson's 
Quarterly  Review,  devoted  especially  to  the 
defence  of  Catholic  doctrines,  but  also  discusses 
questions  of  politics  and  literature.  Trans- 
lations of  several  of  his  works  have  been  pub. 
and  fiivorably  received  in  Europe.  —  Appleton. 

Bruce,  Andrew,  lieut.-col.  5th  Foot,  a 
British  officer,  who  served  at  Lexington, 
Bunker's  Hill,  &c. ;  d.  Eng.,  Feb.  5,  1792. 

Bruce,  Archibald,  M.D.  (U.  of  Edmb. 
1800),  physician,  b.  N.  Y.,  Feb.  1777;  d.  there 
Feb.  22,  i818.  Col.  Coll.  1795.  His  father, 
Wdliam  Bruce,  the  head  of  the  medical  dept. 
of  the  British  army  at  N.Y.,  upon  being  ordered 
to  the  West  Indies,  specially  directed  that  his 
son  should  not  be  brought  up  to  the  med.  pro- 
fession. However,  from  the  medical  lectures 
of  Nicholas  Romayne,  the  teachings  of  Dr. 
Hosack,  and  attendance  on  the  courses  of 
medical  instruction  of  Col.  Coll.,  he  attained 
a  knowledge  of  the  science.  He  went  to  Europe 
in  1798,  and  in  a  tour  of  two  years  in  France, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy,  collected  a  minera- 
logical  cabinet  of  great  value.  He  ra.  in 
London,  and,  in  the  summer  of  1803,  re- 
turned to  N.Y.  City,  and  commenced  practice. 
From  1807  until  1811,  he  was  prof,  of  materia 
medica  and  mineralogy  in  the  Coll.  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons.  Having,  in  connection 
with  Romayne  and  others,  afterward  constituted 
another  medical  faculty,  he  delivered  lectures 
on  his  favorite  studies.  In  1810,  he  edited  a 
vol.  of  a  Journal  of  American  Mineralogij, 
which,  as  well  as  his  discovery  of  the  hydrate 
of  magnesia  at  Hoboken,  contrib.  materially 
to  extend  his  fame.  Member  of  many  learned 
associations  in  this  country  and  Europe.  — 
Thacher. 

Bruce,  Sir  Frederick,  an  English  di- 
plomatist, bro.  of  the  Earl  of  Elgin,  d.  Boston, 
Ms.,  Sept.  1867.  App.  ambassador  to  the 
U.S.  early  in  1865. 

Bruce,  George,  an  eminent  type-founder, 
b.  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  June 26, 1781 ;  d.N.Y., 
July  5,  1866.  He  came  to  the  U.S.  in  June, 
1795  ;  was  apprenticed  to  a  printer  in  Phila.; 
afterward  went  to  Albany,  and  thence  to  N.Y., 
where,  in  1803,  he  was  foreman,  and  a  con- 
tributor to  the  Daily  Advertiser.  In  1806,  with 
his  bro.  David,  ho  opened  a  book-printing- 
office.  In  1812,  David  went  to  Eng.,  and 
brought  back  with  him  the  secret  of  stereotyp- 
ing. In  1816,  they  sold  out  their  printing- 
business,  and  began  that  of  type-founding,  into 
which  George  introduced  many  valuable  im- 
provements. In  connection  with  his  nephew, 
David  Bruce,  jun.,  he  invented  the  only  type- 
casting machine  which  has  stood  the  test  of 
experience,  and  is  now  in  general  use.  He 
was  many  years  pres.  of  the  Mechanics'  In- 
stitute, and  an  active  member  of  several  literary 
and  benevolent  associations. 

Bruen,  Matthias,  minister  of  the  Bleecker- 
st.  Church,  N.Y.  (14  June,  1825-1829),  b 
Newark,  N.J.,  Apr.  11,  1793;  d.  N.Y.,  Sept. 
6,   1829.      Col.  Coll.  1812.      He  travelled  in 


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136 


BTJO 


Europe  with  his  preceptor,  Dr.  Mason,  in  1816  ; 
was  ord,  in  London  in  1819,  and  preached  six 
months  in  the  Amer.  chapel,  Paris.  In  1822, 
he  became  a  missionary  in  N.Y.  He  was  active 
in  missionary,  relii^ious,  and  educational  work. 
Author  of  "  Sketches  of  Italy."  —  See  Life  and 
Character  of,  iV.  Y. ,  1 83 1 . 

Bruyas,  Rev.  Jacques,  of  Lyons,  mis- 
sionary, arrived  at  Quebec,  Auj^.  3,  1666; 
became  chief  of  the  Iroquois  Missions  in  1671, 
and  was  superior  of  his  order  in  1693-1700. 
In  1 700,  he  was  instrumental  in  making  a  peace 
with  the  Five  Nations,  which  lasted  over  50 
years.  In  Aug.  1701,  he  attended  the  grand 
ratification  of  this  treaty.  He  wrote  several 
works  in  the  Mohawk  tongue.  His  Dictionary, 
Catechism,  and  "  Racines  Afjnieres  "  are  still 
extant.  —  0'  Callaghan. 

Bryan,  Gkorge,  judge,  b.  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, 1731  ;  d.  Pliila.,  Jan.  27, 1791.  He  came 
to  Amer.  in  early  life ;  was  engaged  some  years 
in  commercial  pursuits  in  Pliila. ;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Assembly,  and,  in  1765,  was  a 
member  of  the  Stamp-act  Congress,  in  which, 
and  in  the  subsequent  struggle,  he  took  an 
active  part.  Vice-pres.  of  the  supreme  exec, 
council  of  Pa.,  from  the  period  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  he  was,  in  May,  1778, 
advanced  to  the  presidency;  and  in  1779  he 
was  elected  to  the  legisl.,  when  he  projected  and 
procured  the  passage  of  an  act  for  the  gradual 
abolition  of  slavery.  App.  a  judge  of  the 
State  Supreme  Court  in  1780,  he  remained  in 
that  position  until  his  death.  In  1784,  he  was 
elected  one  of  the  council  of  censors.  He 
strenuously  opposed  the  adoption  of  the  Federal 
Constitution.  He  was  an  impartial  and  incor- 
ruptible judge. 

Bryant,  William  Cullen,  poet  and  jour- 
nalist, b.  Cummington,  Ms.,  Nov. ' ,  1794.  His 
father  Peter,  a  physician,  superintended  the 
education  of  his  children.  Young  Bryant  com- 
municated verses  to  the  county  gazette  before 
he  was  10;  and  his  "Embargo,"  a  political 
satire,  and  "The  Spanish  Revolution,"  were 
pub.  in  his  14th  year,  and  again  in  1809.  At 
18,  he  wrote  "1  hanatopsis,"  first  pub.  in  the 
North  Amer.  Review  in  1817.  After  2  years' 
study  at  VVms.  Coll.,  he  studied  law;  Avas  adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1815;  commenced  practice  in 
Plainfield,  and  afterward  removed  to  Great  Bar- 
rington ;  but,  though  he  rose  to  distinction  in 
the  courts,  his  tastes  inclined  him  to  literature. 
He  wrote  several  prose  articles  for  the  North 
American  ;  in  1821  delivered  before  the  Phi 
Beta  Kappa  Society  of  H.  U.  a  poem  on  the 
"  Ages ;  "  and  a  vol.  containing  several  of  his 
poems,  pub.  at  Cambridge,  at  oncestamped  him 
as  a  genuine  poet.  He  removed  to  New  York 
in  1825;  edited  the  N.  Y.  Revieiv,  soon  after 
merged  into  the  U.  S.  Review,  and  in  1826 
connected  himself  with  the  Evening  Post.  This 
he  subsequently,  upon  obtaining  its  exclusive 
control,  changed  from  a  Federal  to  a  Democ. 
print,  favoring  free  trade.  From  1827  to  1830, 
with  Sands  and  Verplanck,  he  edited  the  "  Tal- 
isman," an  annual,  and  contrib.  "Medfield  "  and 
the  "  Skeleton  Cave "  to  the  "  Tales  of  the 
Glauber  Spa."  In  1832.  a  complete  edition  of 
his  poems  appeared  in  N.  Y. ;  and  Irving,  then 
in  Eng.,  caused  it  to  be  reprinted  there  with  a 


laudatory  preface,  securing  him  a  European 
reputation.  Having  associated  Wra.  Leggett 
with  himself  in  the  management  of  the  Post,  he 
visited  Europe  in  1834,  and  travelled  there  ex- 
tensively. He  went  again  in  1845,  and  in  a 
third  visit,  in  1849,  extended  his  journey  to 
Egypt  and  Syria.  His  letters  written  to  the 
Post  during  these  journeys  were  pub.,  with  the 
title  of  "  Letters  of  a  Traveller,"  soon  after 
his  last  return.  Ab.  1845,  he  purchased  an  an- 
cient mansion  near  the  village  of  Roslyn,  on 
Long  Island,  where  he  has  since  resided.  In 
1848,  he  delivered  a  funeral-oration  on  Thos. 
Cole,  the  great  landscape-painter  ;  and  in  1852 
a  discourse  on  the  life  and  writings  of  James 
Fen i more  Cooper  He  made  another  journey 
to  Europe  in  1857  and  '8,  described  in  a  series 
of  letters  to  the  Evening  Post,  pub.  in  1859  as 
"Letters  from  Spain  and  Other  Countries." 
Apr.  3,  1860,  he  delivered  at  the  Acad,  of  Mu- 
sic, N.  Y.,  an  address  on  Washington  Irving. 
A  new  vol.  of  verses,  entitled  "  Thirty  Poems," 
appeared  in  1864.  His  brother  John  How- 
ard, also  a  poet,  b.  July  22,  1807,  first  came 
into  notice  in  1826  by  the  publication  of  "  My 
Native  Land."  He  went  to  111.  in  1831  ;  ha's 
been  a  representative  in  the  legisl.,  and  pub.  a 
coll.  of  his  poems  in  N.  Y.  in  1855. 

Bryson,  Andrew,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,b.  New 
York,  July  25,  1822.  Midshipman,  Dec.  21, 
1837  ;  lieut.  Aug.  30, 1851  ;  com.  July  16, 1862; 
capt.  July  25,  1866.  He  com.  steamer  "  Chip- 
pewa "  on  special  service,  1862-3  ;  com.  iron- 
clad "  Lehigh,"  S.  A.  B.  squadron,  at  the  re- 
duction of  Fort  Macon,  and  in  all  the  princi- 
pal actions  in  which  the  iron-cladswere  engaged 
off  Charleston,  from  Sept.  1 863,  to  Apr.  5,  1864, 
and  wounded  slightly  by  fragment  of  a  shell; 
com.  iron-clad  "Essex,"  Mississippi  squadron, 
1864-5.  —  Hamershj. 

Buchanan,  Franklin,  an  officer  of  the 
Confed.  navy,  b.  Baltimore,  Md.,  ab.  1800. 
Entering  the  U.  S.  navy  as  midshipm.  Jan.  28, 
1815,  he  became  lieut.  Jan.  13,  1825  ;  master- 
com.  Sept.  8,  1841 ;  first  supt.  of  the  naval 
acad.  1845-7;  capt.  Sept.  14,  1855.  Apr.  19, 
1861,  he  sent  in  his  resignation;  but,  finding 
that  Md.  did  not  secede,  he  petitioned  to  be  re- 
stored; was  refused;  entered  the  Confederate 
service,  and  superintended  the  fitting-out  of 
the  frigate  "Merrimack."  He  com.  her  in  the 
attack  on  the  U.  S.  fleet  in  Hampton  Roads, 
and  was  so  severel^'^  wounded  as  to  be  obliged 
to  relinquish  his  com.  He  was  in  com.  when 
Gen.  Wool  occupied  Norfolk,  and  blew  up  his 
ship  to  save  her  from  capture.  Made  a  rear- 
adm.,  he  com.  the  iron-clad  "  Tennessee"  in 
Mobile  Bay,  Aug.  1864,  where  he  was  defeated 
by  Adm.  Farragut,  and  taken  prisoner. 

Buchanan,  Isaac,  member  of  the  Cana- 
dian parliament,  and  pres.  of  the  board  of 
trade  of  Hamilton,  b.  Glasgow,  N.B.,  1810. 
He  was  liberally  educated  ;  became  a  leading 
merchant  and  politician ;  was  active  in  sup- 
pressing the  rebellion  in  1837;  was  elected  to 
parliament  from  Toronto  in  1841,  and  has  been 
many  years  a  momber,  and  at  one  time  pres.,  of 
the  exec,  council  of  Quebec.  Author  of  "  The 
Relations  of  the  Industry  of  Canada  with  the 
Mother-Country  and  the  U.  S." 

Buchanan,  James,  British  consul  at  N.  Y.; 


BXJC 


13T 


BTJC 


d.  at  Elmwood,  near  Montreal,  Oct.  1851,  a.  80. 
While  a  resident  of  N.  Y.,  he  wrote  and  pub. 
*'  Sketches  of  the  History,  Manners,  and  Cus- 
toms of  the  N.  Amer.  Indians,"  2  vols.,  12mo, 
1824,  repub.  in  Lond.  the  same  year,  a  work 
of  merit.  —  N.  E.  H.  and  Geneal.  Reg.,  vi.,  101. 

Buchanan,  James,  15th  Pres.  of  the 
U.  S.,  b.  Frankiin  Co.,  Pa.,  23  Apr.  1791  ;  d. 
Wheatland,  near  Lancaster,  Pa.,  1  June,  1868. 
Dick.  Coll.  1809.  His  father  came  from  Ire- 
land in  1783  :  his  mother,  Elizabeth  Spear,  was 
the  dau.  of  a  farmer.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1812, 
he  practised  at  Lancaster  with  such  success, 
that,  at  the  age  of  40,  he  retired  with  a  compe- 
tency. Beginning  as  a  F'ederalist,  he  was  an 
M.  C.  in  1821-31,  and  supported  Jackson  for 
the  Presidency  in  1828 ;  minister  to  Russia  in 
1832-4;  U.  S.  senator,  1834-45;  sec.  of  State, 
under  Pres.  Polk,  in  1845-9,  opposing  the 
Wilmot  Proviso  and  the  antislavery  move- 
ment ;  and  U.  S.  minister  to  Eng.  in  1853-6. 
In  1856,  he  was  the  Democ.  candidate  for  Pres., 
and  was  elected,  receiving  174  electoral  votes 
to  129  for  Fremont  (Republican),  and  Fill- 
more (American).  In  Congress,  he  favored  a 
tariff  merely  for  revenue,  and,  as  chairman  of 
the  judiciary  committee  of  the  house,  conducted 
with  ability  the  prosecution  of  Judge  Peck  of 
Me.  in  1829-30.  As  minister  to  Russia,  he 
concluded  a  commercial  treaty,  securing  to  us 
important  privileges  in  the  Baltic  and  Black 
Seas.  In  the  senate,  where  he  was  regarded  as 
a  leader  of  the  Democracy,  he  urged  Congress 
to  declare  that  it  had  no  power  to  legislate  on 
the  subject  of  slavery,  and  advocated  the  an- 
nexation of  Texas.  As  one  of  the  3  members 
of  the  Ostend  Conference  in  1854,  he  declared, 
that,  if  Cuba  could  not  be  purchased,  we  should 
be  justified  in  wresting  it  from  Spain.  His  cab- 
inet was  composed  principally  of  disunionists 
and  their  friends.  In  the  first  year  of  his  ad- 
ministration, great  excitement  was  produced  by 
an  attempt  to  establish  slavery  in  Kansas.  In 
his  message,  Dec.  1857,  he  urged  that  Kansas 
be  adm.  with  the  Lecompton  Constitution, 
which  the  proslavery  party,  aided  by  executive 
influence,  had  framed.  In  his  last  message, 
Dec.  1860,  Buchanan  cast  on  the  Northern  peo- 
ple the  blame  for  the  disruption  of  the  Union, 
then  imminent,  and  declared  that  the  Constitu- 
tion did  not  delegate  to  Congress  or  to  the  Ex- 
ecutive power  to  coerce  or  to  prevent  the  seces- 
sion of  a  State.  Dec.  12,  1860,  Cass  resigned 
the  State  secretaryship,  because  the  Pres.  de- 
clined to  re-enforce  Fort  Sumter.  Most  of  the 
slave  States  seceded  in  the  winter  of  1860-61  ; 
and  nearly  all  the  forts,  arsenals,  and  custom- 
houses within  their  limits,  were  seized  by  the 
insurgents,  the  movements  of  the  disunionists 
to  found  and  fortify  a  Southern  confederacy  be- 
ing facilitated  by  the  outgoing  administration. 
He  withdrew  to  private  life  Mar.  3,  1861.  Au- 
thor of  "Mr.  Buchanan's  Administration," 
1866. 

Buchanan,  Robert  Christie,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Md.  West  Point,  1830.  Lieut, 
of  inf.,  1830;  adj.  183.5-8;  served  in  Seminole 
war,  1836-7;  capt.  1  Nov.  1838;  brev.  maj. 
"  for  gallant  and  disting.  service  in  battles  of 
R.  de  la  Palma  and  Palo  Alto,"  Aug.  1846  ; 
lieut.-col.  com.  batt.  Md.  vols,  in  Mex.  war, 


Sept.  1846,  to  May,  1847  ;  acting  maj.  and  dis- 
ting. in  battle  of  Churubusco  ;  brev.  lieut.-col. 
for  El  Molinodel  Rey,  July,  1848  ;  acting  insp.- 
gen.  to  Gen.  Butler  in  1848;  maj.  4th  Inf, 
Feb.  3,  1855  ;  com.  and  disting.  in  several  con- 
flicts with  Indians  near  Rogue  River,  Oregon, 
in  1856  ;  lieut.-col.  Sept.  9,  1861  ;  col.  1st  Inf., 
Feb.  8,  1864;  brig.-gen.  U.S.  vols.,  29  Nov. 
1862;  was  in  the  "battles  and  sieges  of  the 
peninsular  camp.;  battles  of  Manassas,  Antie- 
tam,  and  Fredericksburg ;  brev.  brig.-gen.  U. 
S.A.,  13  Mar.  1865,  for  Malvern  Hill;  brev. 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  for  Manassas  and  Fredericks- 
burg. —  Culiuin. 

Buckingham,  James  Silk,  traveller  and 
author,  b.  Eng.,  1784;  d.  London,  June  30, 
1855.  He  made  tours  in  various  parts  of  Eu- 
rope and  N.  America,  the  published  accounts 
of  which  make  many  vols. ;  9  of  them  are 
upon  Amer.  He  visited  the  U.S.,  and  lectured 
on  temperance  and  slavery  in  most  of  the 
cities  of  the  Union.     M.  P.  1832-7. 

Buckingham,  Joseph  Tinker,  editor, 
b.  Windham,  Ct.,  Dec.  21,  1779;  d.  Cam- 
bridge, Ms.,  Apr.  11,  1861.  His  father,  Nehe- 
miah  Tinker,  a  Revol.  soldier^,  d.  in  1783,  leav- 
ing his  family  destitute.  Joseph  worked  on  a 
farm;  entered  a  printing-office  at  16;  came  to 
Boston  in  Feb.  1800,  and  in  1804  had  his  name 
changed  by  act  of  the  legisl.  He  began  to  pub. 
the  Poli/anthos  in  1805,  the  Ordeal,  a  weekly 
of  16  pages,  8vo,  in  Jan.  1809,  the  iV.^.  Gal- 
axy,  in  conjunction  with  S.  L.  Knapp,  in  Oct. 
1817,  and  in  Mar.  1824,  the  Boston  Courier, 
as  the  special  and  avowed  advocate  of  the 
Amer.  system.  He  retired  from  the  Courier  in 
June,  1848.  From  1831  to  1834,  in  connection 
with  his  son,  he  pub.  the  N.  E.  Magazine.  He 
was  several  times  elected  to  the  legisl.,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  State  senate  in  1847-8,  and 
1850-1.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Specimens  of 
Newspaper  Literature,"  &c.,  2  vols.,  1850 ; 
"  Personal  Memoirs  and  Recollections,"  2  vols., 
1852;  "Annals  of  the  Ms.  Char.  Mechanics' 
Assoc,"  1853.  He  was  pres.  of  the  Ms.  Char- 
itable Assoc,  of  the  Bunker  Hill  Monument 
Assoc,  and  of  the  Middlesex  Agric.  Society. 

Buckingham,  William  Alfred,  LL.D. 
(Y.C.  1866),  gov.  of  Ct.,  1858-66,  b.  Lebanon, 
Ct.,  May  28,  1804.  His  ancestor  was  Rev. 
Thos.  of  Saybrook.  He  engaged  in  business 
in  Norwich,  in  1825,  and  became  a  successful 
merchant  and  carpet  manuf.  His  patriotism 
and  efficiency  during  the  Rebellion  were  of 
great  service  to  the  national  cause.  U.S.  sen- 
ator since  1869.  He  gave  $25,000  to  the  Theol. 
School  of  Y.C  — See  H.  D.  Stooge's  Men  of 
our  Time. 

Buckminster,  Joseph,  D.D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1803),  minister  of  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  b.  Rut- 
land, Ms.,  Oct.  14,  1751;  d.  June  10,  1812. 
Y.C.  1770,  where  he  was  a  tutor  from  1774  to 

1778.  Thos.  his  ancestor  came  early  to  Boston, 
and  d.  Brookline,  1656.  He  became  attached, 
while  at  New  Haven,  to  a  lady  of  reputation  and 
celebrity,  whose  history  is  the  basis  of  Miss 
Foster's  story,  "  The  Coquette."   Ord.  in  Jan. 

1779,  pastor  of  the  North  Church  ;  but  after  a 
ministry  of  33  years,  his  health  becoming 
greatly' impaired,  he  left  home  June  2,  1812, 
accompanied  by  his  wife  and  two  friends,  but 


BXJC 


138 


33i:  E 


d.a  few  days  after.  He  pub.  some  sermons, 
and  a  short  sketch  of  Dr.  Mackintosh.     Eliza 

B.  Lee,  his  dau.,  pub.  "  Memoirs  of  the  Rev. 
Joseph  Buckminster,  D.D.,"  1851.  —  Sprague. 

Buckminster,  Joseph  Stevens,  a  cele- 
brated preacher  and  scholar,  b.  Portsmouth, 
N.H.,  May  26,  1784;  d.  June  9,  1812,  H.U. 
1800.  Son  of  Rev.  Joseph.  He  devoted  him- 
self for  4  years  to  theology  and  general  litera- 
ture. An  assist,  in  Exeter  Acad,  after  leaving 
coll.,  he  was  one  of  the  teachers  of  Daniel 
Webster.  I7i  Oct.  1804,  he  preached  in  Bos- 
ton for  the  tirst  time,  and  accepted,  in  1805,  an 
invitation  from  the  Brattle-st.  society  there. 
A  voyage  to  Europe  was  rendered  necessary 
for  the  restoration  of  his  health  ;  and  in  1806-7 
he  travelled  extensively  in  Eng.  and  on  the 
Continent.  He  was  an  active  member  of  the 
Anthology  Club,  famous  for  the  many  gifted 
men  which  it  included,  and  for  having  origi- 
nated one  of  the  first  purely  literary  periodicals 
of  this  country.  In  1809,  he  delivered  before 
the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society  of  H.  U.  an  ad- 
dress on  "  The  Dangers  and  Duties  of  Men  of 
Letters."  He  maintained  by  his  sermons  the 
highest  rank  among  poj)ular  preachers,  and 
was  a  contrib.  to  the  periodicals  of  the  day. 
The  Greek  Testament  of  Griesbach  was  edited 
by  him  in  1808.  In  1811,  he  was  app.  the  first 
lecturer  on  biblical  criticism  at  H.  U. ;  and, 
while  busily  preparing  for  the  execution  of 
this  office,  a  violent  fit  of  epilepsy  at  once  de- 
stroyed his  intellect,  and  gave  a  shock  to  his 
frame,  which  he  survived  but  a  few  days.  In 
1808,  he  pub.  a  collection  of  hymns  for  the  use 
of  his  society.  A  vol.  of  his  sermons  was  pub., 
with  a  memoir  of  his  life  and  character,  i)y  S. 

C.  Thatcher  in  1814.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  of  the 
Ms.  Hist.  Society. 

Buckminster,  Col.  William,  Revol. 
officer,  b.  Framingham,  Dec.  15,  1736  ;  d.  June 
22,  1786.  He  removed  toBarre  in  1757  ;  com. 
the  minute-men  in  1774;  was  lieut.-col.  of 
Brewer's  regt.  at  Bunker's  Hill,  and  received 
there  a  wound  which  crippled  him  for  life. 

Buckner,  Simon  Bolivar,  gen.  C.S.A., 
b.  Ky.,  ab.  1824.  West  Point,  1844.  En- 
tering the  2d  Inf,  he  was  from  Aug.  1845, 
to  May,  1846,  assist,  prof,  of  ethics  .at  West 
Point ;  brev.  1st  lieut.  for  gallantry  at  Contre- 
ras  and  Churubusco,  where  he  was  wounded  ; 
capt.  for  gallantry  at  Molino  del  Rey ;  assist, 
instructor  inf  tactics  at  West  Point,  Aug.  1848, 
and  resigned  Mar.  25,  1855.  He  then  prac- 
tised law,  and  became  the  most  prominent  of 
the  Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle  in  Ky.  Af- 
ter the  civil  war  broke  out,  he  was  made 
com.  of  the  State  guard  of  Ky.,  and  adj.-gen. 
of  the  State.  Sept.  12,  1861,  he  issued  from 
Russelville  an  address  to  the  people  of  Ky., 
calling  on  them  to  take  up  arms  against  the 
usurpation  of  Abraham  Lincoln ;  after  which 
he  removed  to  Bowling  Green.  After  the  cap- 
ture of  Fort  Henry,  he  evacuated  Bowling 
Green.  Com.  a  brigade  at  Fort  Donelson,  in 
the  battles  of  Feb.  13,  14,  and  15,  and,  after  the 
escape  of  Pillow  and  Floyd,  surrendered  the 
fort,  Feb.  16,  to  Gen.  Grant,  with  16,000  pris- 
oners and  vast  stores.  He  was  imprisoned 
at  Fort  Warren,  Boston,  until  exchanged  in 


Aug.  1862.  He  subsequently  com.  the  1st 
division  of  Gen.  Hardee's  corps  in  Bragg's 
army  in  Tenn.  Later  he  was  made  a  maj.-gen., 
assigned  to  the  3d  grand  div.,  and  was  in  the 
battles  of  Murfreesborough  and  Chiekamauga, 
and  surrendered  with  Kirby  Smith's  army  to 
Gen.  Canby,  at  N.  Orleans,  May  26,  1865. 

Buell,  Abel,  an  ingenious  mechanic,  b. 
Killingworth,  Ct.,  ab.  17.50;  d.  N.  Haven,  Ct, 
ab.  1825.  In  his  youth,  he  was  apprenticed  to 
a  gold  and  silver  smith,  and  at  the  age  of  20 
was  detected  and  punished  for  an  ingenious 
alteration  of  a  colony  note.  His  next  exploit 
was  the  construction  of  a  lapidary  machine,  be- 
lieved to  be  the  first  used  in  this  country.  Re- 
moving to  N.  Haven  ab.  1770,  he  was  employed 
by  Bernard  Romans,  who  was  constructing  his 
map  of  N.  Amer.,  to  survey  the  coast  of  Pen- 
sacola,  and  afterwards  to  engrave  the  map, 
which  was  pub.  during  the  Revol.  He  next 
established  a  type-foundry,  and,  for  his  various 
services  to  the  public,  was  restored  by  the  legisl. 
to  his  civil  rights.  After  the  war,  he  was  em- 
ployed by  the  State  in  coining  coppers;  for 
which  he  made  all  the  apparatus.  He  then  vis- 
ited Eng.,  where  he  gained  some  knowledge  of 
the  machinery  used  in  the  manuf.  of  cloth,  and, 
on  his  return,  erected  a  cotton-factory  in  N. 
Haven,  — one  of  the  first  in  the  country. 

Buell,  Don  Carlos,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  b. 
near  Marietta,  O.,  Mar.  23,  1818.  West  Point, 
1841.  Entering  the  3d  Inf,  he  became  1st  lieut. 
June,  1846,  and  won  the  brevets  of  captain  at 
Monterey,  and  major  at  Contreras  and  Churu- 
busco, where  he  was  severely  wounded.  Lieut.- 
col.  May  11,  1861  ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  May  17, 
1861.  In  Nov.,  he  superseded  Gen.  W.  T.  Sher- 
man in  thedept.  of  the  Cumberland,  which  was 
re-organized  as  that  of  the  Ohio.  Maj.-gen.  of 
vols.  March  21,  1862,  and  on  the  same  day  his 
dist.  was  incorporated  with  that  of  the  Mpi., 
Gen.  Halleck.  He  arrived  with  a  part  of  a  di- 
vision on  the  battle-field  of  Shiloh,  near  the 
close  of  the  first  day's  action,  Apr.  6,  in  time 
to  succor  the  hard-pressed  army  of  Gen.  Grant ; 
3  of  his  divisions  arriving  the  next  day,  the 
Confederates  were  driven  to  their  intrcnch- 
ments  at  Corinth.  June  12,  he  took  com.  of 
the  dist.  of  Ohio.  In  July  and  Aug.,  Bragg's 
army  advanced  into  Ky.,  capturing  a  number 
of  Buell's  posts,  compelling  the  abandonment 
of  Lexington  and  Frankfort,  and  the  remov- 
al of  the  State  archives  to  Louisville,  which  city 
was  threatened,  as  well  as  Cincinnati.  At  mid- 
night of  Sept.  24,  Buelfs  retreating  army  en- 
tered Louisville  amid  great  excitement,  as  it 
was  feared  that  Bragg  would  reach  there  first. 
Sept.  30,  by  order  from  Washington,  Buell 
turned  over  his  com.  to  Gen.  Thomas,  but  was 
restored  the  same  day,  and,  Oct.  1,  began  to 
pursue  the  Confederates.  On  the  8th,  a  severe 
but  indecisive  battle  was  fought  with  them  at 
Perryville  by  a  portion  of  Buell's  army.  On 
the  24th,  he  was  ordered  to  transfer  his  com.  to 
Gen.  Rosecrans.  A  court  of  inquiry  to  inves- 
tigate his  operations  made  a  report,  which  has 
never  been  pub.  Resigned  1  June,  1864.  Pres. 
Green  River,  Ky.,  Iron  Works,  since  1865. 

Buell)  Jesse,  agriculturist,  b.  Coventry, 
Ct.,  Jan.  4,  1778;  d.  Danbury,  Oct.  6,  1839. 
Originally  a  printer,  he  removed  to  Albany  in 


:btjw 


139 


33XJIL, 


1813,  and  established  the  Arcjus,  which  he  edit- 
ed until  1821,  when  he  devoted  himself  to  ag- 
ricul.  pursuits  in  that  vicinity  with  great  suc- 
cess. He  was  often  a  member  of  the  State 
assembly ;  at  one  time  a  magistrate  ;  was  Whig 
candidate  for  gov.  in  1836,  and,  at  the  time  of 
his  death,  was  a  regent  of  the  U.  In  1834,  he 
established  the  Cultivator,  which  has  probably 
exerted  a  greater  influence  among  agricultu- 
rists, and  been  the  means  of  effecting  more  im- 
provement in  husbandry,  than  any  other  simi- 
lar journal  in  the  U.  S.  He  delivered  numer- 
ous addresses, pub.  the  "Farmer's  Instructor," 
in  10  vols.,  and  the  "  Farmer's  Companion," 
1839.  Member  of  many  Amer.  and  foreign 
horticultural  and  agricultural  societies. 

BufiFum,  Edwakd  Gould,  journalist  and 
author,  b.  R.  I. ;  d.  Paris,  France,  Dec.  24, 
1867,  Son  of  Arnold  Buffum,  the  well-known 
philanthropist.  In  early  life,  he  became  a  writer 
for  the  New -York  Herald,  but  in  1846  joined 
Col.  Stevenson's  N.  Y.  regt.,  and  accomp.  it  to 
Cal.  as  a  lieut.  Being  there  at  the  time  of  the 
discovery  of  gold,  he  was  actively  engaged  in 
explorations  of  the  State,  and  subsequently 
pub.  an  interesting  and  valuable  work,  thetirst 
of  its  kind,  on  the  gold-mines  of  Cal.  He  was 
a  long  time  editor  in  chief  of  the  Aha  Califor- 
nian;  and  in  the  State  legisl.,  of  which  he  was 
a  member  from  San  Francisco,  displayed  great 
ability  as  a  debater.  He  wrote  a  history  of  Col. 
Stevenson's  regt.,  graphically  describing  life  in 
Cal.  in  its  early  days.  At  the  time  of  his  death, 
he  had  for  8  years  been  the  Paris  corresp.  of 
the  A'^.  y.  Herald.  He  possessed  extensive  ac- 
quirements, and  was  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the 
leading  magazines  of  Europe  and  America. 

Buford,  Col.  Ahraiiam,  Revol.  officer  of 
Va. ;  d.  Scott  Co.,  Ky.,  June  29,  1833.  Made 
col.  of  Morgan's  11th  Va.  regt..  May  16, 1778. 
May  29,  1780,  his  com.  was  surprised  and  mas- 
sacred by  Col.  Tarleton  at  Waxhaw  Creek. 

Buford,  John,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  vols.,  b. 
Ky.,  182.5;  d.  Washington,  D.  C,  Dec.  16, 
1863.  West  Point,  1848.  Entering  the  1st 
Dragoons,  he  became  capt.  Mar.  9,  1859; 
served  in  the  Utah  exped. ;  became  insp.-gen., 
rank  of  major,  Nov.  12,  1861 ;  was  attached  to 
the  staff  of  Gen.  Pope  in  the  Army  of  Va., 
June  26,  1862  ;  brig. -gen.  July  27,  1862  ;  com. 
a  brigade  of  cavalry  under  Gen.  Hooker,  and 
early  in  Aug.  1862,  was  so  severely  wounded 
near  the  Rappahannock  River,  that  he  was  re- 
ported dead.  He  served  on  McClellan's  staff 
at  the  battle  of  Antietam.  Assigned  to  the 
com.  of  the  reserve  cavalry  brigade,  he  was  con- 
spicuous in  many  engagements,  and  began  the 
attack  at  Gettysburg  before  the  arrival  of  Rey- 
nolds. He  was  Gen.  Burnside's  chief  of  caval- 
ry, and  was  one  of  the  best  officers  in  that 
branch  of  the  service.  He  had  been  assigned 
to  the  com.  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland 
just  before  his  death.  Gen.  N.  B.  Buford  was 
his  half-bro. 

Buford,  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  brev. 
maj.-gen.  vols.,  half-bro.  of  Gen  John,  b.  Wood- 
ford Co.,  Ky.,  Jan.  13,  1807.  West  Point, 
1827.  Entering  the  3d  Art.,  he  was  employed 
in  various  surveys  ;  obtained  leave  in  1831  to 
enter  the  Law  School  of  H.U.  In  1833,  he 
was  assist,  prof,  of  nat.  philos.  at  West  Point. 


Resigning  in  1835,  he  was  engaged  in  the  pub- 
lic improvements  of  Ky.  until  1842.  In  1843, 
he  removed  to  Rock  Island,  111.,  where  he  was 
a  merchant,  an  ironfounder,  and  banker.  Col. 
27th  111.  Vols.,  Aug.  1861,  he  com  the  troops 
that  accomp.  the  gunboat  flotilla  to  Colum- 
bus and  Island  No.  Ten ;  captured  Union 
City,  March  30,  1862,  and  became  brig.-gen. 
vols.,  April  15,  1862  ;  in  the  battle  of  Corinth, 
Oct.  3-4,  1862,  and  siege  of  Vicksburg,  Feb. 
1863;  brev.  maj.-gen.  vols.,  13  Mar.  1865; 
special  U.S  com.  Indian  affairs  in  1867. 

Bulflnch,  Charles,  architect,  b.  Aug.  8, 
1763  ;  d.  Boston,  April  15,  1844.  H.U.  1781. 
Son  of  Dr.  Thos.  He  acquired  by  travel  in 
Europe  a  cultivated  taste,  and  a  knowledge  of 
architectural  science.  The  primitive  condi- 
tion of  this  country  had  occasioned  a  total  neg- 
lect of  art ;  and,  on  his  return  from  Europe  in 
1786,  he  devoted  himself  to  architecture  as  a 
profession.  He  drew  the  plan  for  the  State 
House  and  City  Hall  in  Boston,  and  for  the 
Capitol  at  Washington.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  of 
the  Mass.  Hortic.  Society. 

Bulflnch,  Stephen  Greenleaf,  D.D., 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  Boston,  June  18, 
1809;  d.  Cambridge,  Oct.  12,1870.  Col.  Coll. 
D.C.  1826.  At  the  age  of  9,  he  was  taken  by 
his  father,  Charles,  architect  of  the  Capitol,  to 
Washington.  After  studying  at  the  Camb. 
Div.  School,  he  was  from  1830  to  1837  a  Uni- 
tarian clergyman  at  Augusta,  Ga.  He  next 
kept  school,  and  preached  at  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
and  was  similarly  engaged  at  Washington, 
D.C,  for  6  years.  In  1845,  he  was  settled  at 
Nashua,  N.H.,  and  in  1852  removed  to  Boston. 
He  pub.,  "  Contemplations  of  the  Saviour," 
1832  ;  a  vol  of  poems,  Charleston,  S.C.,  1834; 
"  The  Holy  Land,"  1834  ;  "  Lays  of  the  Gos- 
pel," 1835;  a  devotional  vol.,  "Communion 
Thoughts,"  1852  ;  "  The  Harp  and  the  Cross," 
1857,  with  several  sermons,  and  contributions 
to  the  magazines.  He  was  a  contrib.  to  the 
coll.  of  Unitarian  hymns  in  use  by  that  de- 
nomination. —  Duycldnck. 

Bulflnch,  Thomas,  author,  b.  Boston, 
July  15,  1796  ;  d.  there  May  27,  1867.  H.U. 
1814.  He  was  in  mercantile  business  until 
1837  ;  and  during  the  rest  of  his  life  was  a  clerk 
in  the  Boston  Merchant's  Bank.  He  pub.  in 
1855  "  The  Age  of  Fable ;  "  "  Age  of  Chivalry," 
1858;  "  Legends  of  Charlemagne,"  "Poetry 
of  the  Age  of  Fable,"  "  Oregon  and  Eldorado, 
or  Romance  of  the  Rivers,"  "  Hebrew  Lyrical 
History,"  1853,  and  "  The  Boy  Inventor," 
1860. 

Bulkley,  Peter,  first  minister  of  Con- 
cord, Ms.,  b.  Odell,  Bedfordshire,  Eng.,  Jan. 
31,  1583  ;  d.  Concord,  Mar.  9, 1659.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge  U.,  and  succeeded  to  the 
living  of  his  father,  Dr.  Edward,  retaining  it 
21  years.  Removed  by  Laud  for  nonconform- 
ity, he  came  to  Cambridge  in  1635,  and  in 
1636,  with  a  few  companions,  founded  Con- 
cord, Ms.,  where  he  afterward  resided.  Author 
of  some  Latin  poems  contained  in  Cotton 
Mather's  "  History  of  N.E.,"  and  also  of  the 
"  Gospel  Covenant  Opened,"  London,  1646 ; 
and  an  elegy  on  Rev.  Thos.  Hooker.  He 
was  as  remarkable  for  benevolence  and  kind 


BXJX. 


140 


BXJIS- 


dealinjr,  as  for  strict  virtue.  Edward  his  son 
succeeded  him  in  the  pastoral  charge  at  Con- 
cord. 

Bull,  Henry,  one  of  the  original  purchasers 
and  settlers  of  Aquidneck,  now  R.I.,  b  South 
Wales,  in  1609  ;  d.  1693.  After  a  short  resi- 
dence in  Ms.,  whither  he  had  emigrated,  he 
joined  himself  with  17  others,  who  purchased 
land  and  settled  at  Newport  in  1638.  He  was 
gov.  of  the  new  colony  in  1685,  and  again  in 
1689. 

Bull,  Ole  Bornemann,  Norwegian  violin- 
ist, b.  Bergen,  1810. .  He  studied  under  Spohr ; 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  was  so  destitute  as  to 
be  on  the  point  of  committing  suicide,  when  he 
was  relieved  by  a  lady  of  rank.  Brilliantly 
successful  in  the  European  capitals,  he  came 
in  1845  to  America.  He  bought  120,000  acres 
of  land  in  Pa.,  where  he  founded  a  Swedish 
colony,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Oleona. 

Blill,  William,  M.D.,  physician,  b.  1714  ; 
d.  London,  July  4,  1791.  Son  of  Wm.  Bull, 
lieut.-gov.  of  S.  C.  (1738-43),  several  years 
speaker  of  the  assembly,  son  of  Stephen  Bull, 
one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Carolina,  and  sur- 
veyor-gen., who  d.  in  March,  1755,  a.  72.  A 
pupil  of  Bocrhaave,  he,  in  1735,  defended  a  the- 
sis before  the  U.  of  Leyden,  and  was  quoted 
by  his-fellow  student.  Van  Swieten,  as  the 
learned  Dr.  Bull.  After  his  return  to  America, 
he  was  in  1751  a  member  of  the  council;  in 
1763  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives, 
and  in  1764  lieut.-gov.  of  S.C,  which  office, 
with  that  of  com.-in-chief,  he  held  many  years. 
Faithful  to  the  crown  in  1776,  when  the 
British  troops  left  S.C.  in  1782,  he  accomp. 
them  to  Eng. 

BuUard,  Henry  Adams,  jurist,  b.  Groton, 
Ms.,  Sept.  9,  1788;  d.  New  Orleans,  Apr.  17, 
1851.  H.U.  1807.  The  son  of  a  minister  of 
Pepperell.  He  practised  law,  and  became 
connected  in  Phila.  with  Gen.  Toledo,  who 
was  organizing  an  exped.  to  revolutionize  New 
Mexico.  Joining  him  as  aide  and  military  sec, 
they  were  defeated  in  the  spring  of  1812,  at 
San  Antonio,  and,  after  suffering  severe  hard- 
ships, he  reached  Natchitoches,  and  opened  a 
law-office  there.  He  was  raised  to  the  bench 
of  the  Dist.  Court  in  1822,  was  M.C  in  1831- 
4  ;  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  La.,  from 
1834  to  1846,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
months  in  1839,  when  he  acted  as  sec.  of  State. 
Removing  to  New  Orleans,  he  was  in  1847 
app.  prof  of  civil  law  in  the  law  school  of 
La.,  and  delivered  two  courses  of  lectures.  In 
1850,  he  was  chosen  to  the  Icgisl.,  and  was 
M.C.  in  1850-1.  His  most  elaborate  speech 
was  on  the  tariff-hill,  in  1832. 

Bullions,  Peter,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1837), 
clergvman  and  educator,  b.  Moss  Side,  near 
Perth,  Scotland,  Dec.  1791 ;  d.  Troy,  N.Y.,  Feb. 
13, 1864.  In  his  youth,  he  worked  on  his  father's 
farm,  and  attended  school ;  spent  three  years 
at  the  U.  of  Edinburgh  ;  studied  theology  four 
years,  sustaining  himself  by  teaching  during 
vacations ;  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  pres- 
bytery of  Edinburgh,  in  June,  1817,  and  then 
married,  and  came  to  the  U.S.  In  March, 
1818,  he  was  ord.  pastor  at  Argyle,  N.Y.,  and, 
from  Nov.  1824  until  1848,  was  prof  of  lan- 
guages at  the  Alban/Acad.     From  1832  to 


1852,  he  preached  at  Troy.  He  then  visited 
Europe,  and,  after  his  return,  resumed  his  pas- 
torate over  the  United  Presbyterians.  He  was 
an  able  preacher  and  instructor,  and  prepared  a 
very  complete  series  of  classical  text-books, 
which  are  extensively  used  ;  among  them  are, 
"  Practical  Lessons  in  English  Grammar  and 
Composition;"  "  Principles  of  English  Gram- 
mar," 1834  ;  "  Introduction  to  Analytical  Eng- 
lish Grammar  ;  "  "  Analytical  and  Practical 
English  Grammar,"  1850;  "Progressive  Ex- 
ercises in  Analysis  and  Par.-ing;"  "Latin 
Grammar,"  "  Latin  Reader,"  and  "  Exercises  ; " 
"  Cassar,"  "  Sallust,"  and  "  Cicero,"  with 
notes;  "  Latin-English  Dictionary,  with  Syno- 
nymes ;  "  "  First  Lessons  in  Greek,"  "  Gram- 
mar," and  "  Reader ; "  "  Memoir  of  Rev. 
Alex.  Bullions." 

Bullitt,  Alexander  Scott,  statesman  of 
Ky.,  b.  Prince  William  Co.,  Va.,  1761  ;  d. 
Jefferson  Co.,  Ky.,  April  13,  1816.  Nephew 
of  Capt.  Thomas,  an  early  explorer  of  Ky., 
and  dep.  adj. -gen.  in  Va.  in  1776;  founder 
of  Louisville,  Ky. ;  served  under  Washington 
on  the  frontier,  and  was  at  Braddock's  defeat. 
His  father,  Cuthbert,  was  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Va.  at  his  death  in  1790.  The  son  em- 
ij^rated  to  Ky.  in  1784;  m.  the  dau.  of  Col.  Wm. 
Christian  in  1785  ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Const. 
Conv.  of  1792;  pres.  of  the  Ky.  senate  until 
1799,  when  he  was  pres.  of  the  convention  to 
amend  the  State  Constitution  ;  lieut.-gov.  in 
1800-4  ;  again  in  the  legisl.  until  1808.  —  Col- 
litis. 

Bullock,  Alex.  Hamilton,  LL.D.  (H. 
U.  1866),  gov.  of  Ms.  1866-9,  b.  Royalston, 
Ms.,  March  2, 1816.  Amh.  Coll.  1836.  Adm.  to 
the  bar,  1841  ;  member  Ms.  legisl.  1845,  '7,  '8, 
'61-2;  mayor  of  Worcester,  1859;  State  sen- 
ator, 1849  ;  com.  of  insolvency,  1853  ;  judge  of 
insolv.  1856-8.  He  has  pub,  several  addresses 
and  speeches. 

Bullock,  Archibald,  Revol.  patriot  of 
Ga.,  b.  Charleston,  S.C;  d.  Feb.  1777.  He 
was  a  delegate  from  Ga.  to  the  Congress  at 
Phila.  in  1775,  and  June  20,  1776,  was  chosen 
pres.  of  the  Exec.  Council  of  Ga.,  the  first  posi- 
tion in  the  State,  which  post  he  filled  until  the 
formation  of  the  State  Constitution,  Feb.  5, 
1777.  His  son  William  B.,  lawyer,  mayor  of 
Savannah  in  1809,  and  U.S.  senator  in  1813, 
d.  Sav.  6  Mar.  1852,  a.  76. 

Bullock,  William,  pub.  "  Virginia  Impar- 
tially Examined,"  Lond.,  1849. 

Buinstead,   Frekman     Josiah,    M.D. 

(1851),  physician  and  author,  b.  Boston,  Apr. 
21,  1826.  'Wms.  Coll.  1847.  He  studied  at 
Paris  in  1852,  and  then  settled  in  practice  in 
New-York  City.  He  was  some  years  surgeon 
to  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  is  now  (1870)  sur- 
geon to  the  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and  to  the 
Charity  Hospital,  Blackwell's  Island.  During 
the  session  of  1866-7,  he  was  lecturer  on  ma- 
teria medica  at  the  Coll.  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, N.Y.,  and  is  now  prof  of  venereal  dis- 
eases'there.  He  pub.  a  translation  of  Ricord's 
Notes  to  Hunter  on  Venereal,  1854 ;  "Pa- 
thology and  Treatment  of  Venereal  Diseases," 
1861,  and  a  translation  of  CuUerier's  Icono- 
graphie  des  Maladies  Ven.,  1867. 

Bunch,  Samuel,  col.,  b.  1786;  d.  Granger 


BUN" 


141 


BXJR 


Co.,  Tenn.,  Sept.  5,  1849.  He  com.  a  regt.  of 
Tenn.  mounted  gunmen,  in  1813,  under  Jack- 
son, and  was  disting.  in  the  attack  on  the 
Creek  Indians  at  Hillibeetown,  Nov.  18,  1813; 
M.C.  1833-7. 

Buncombe,  Col.  Richaed,  llevol.  offi- 
cer, b.  St.  Kitts,  W.I. ;  d.  Phila.,  1777,  from 
wounds  at  the  battle  of  Brandywine.  Edu- 
cated in  Eng.,  he  inherited  a  kirge  estate;  re- 
moved in  1776  to  Tyrrell  Co.,  N.C. ;  was  an 
active  patriot,  and  raised  and  com.  the  5th  N. 
C.  regt.  A  county  of  N.  C.  perpetuates  his 
name. 

Burbank,  Sidney,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S. 
A.,  son  of  Lieut. -Col.  Sullivan,  b.  Ms.  West 
Point,  1829.  Entering  the  1st  Inf.,  he  served 
in  the  Black  Hawk  and  Seminole  Indian  wars  ; 
capt.  8  Nov.  1839;  ma].  2d  Inf.,  8  Dec.  18.55; 
lieut.-col.  13th  Inf.,  14  May,  1861  ;  col.  2d  Inf., 
16  Sept.  1862;  com.  brigade  of  regulars  in  the 
Rappahannock  campaign,  and  in  battles  of 
Chancellorsvillc  and  Gettysburg,  for  which  he 
was  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  1,3  Mar.  1865.  — 
CuUum. 

Burbeck,  Gen.  Henry,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Boston,  Juno  8,  1754;  d.  New  London,  Oct.  2, 
1848.  His  father  was  an  officer  at  Castle  Wil- 
liam. In  1776,  he  was  made  a  licut.;  capt.  of  art. 
Sept.  12,  1777,  and  continued  in  active  service 
until  the  close  of  the  war,  when  he  received  the 
brev.  of  major.  He  participated  in  the  battles 
of  Brandywine  and  Germantown,  as  well  as  in 
the  tembie  privations  and  sufferings  of  Valley 
Forge ;  shared  the  perils  of  the  memorable 
retreat  through  N.  J.,  and  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  Monmouth.  In  1786,  he  again 
entered  the  service  with  the  rank  of  capt.,  and 
was  actively  engaged  for  several  years  in  the 
Indian  war  on  our  w^estern  border]^  under  Gen. 
Wayne.  Maj.  com.  art.  Nov.  4,  1791;  lieut.- 
col.  May  7,  1798;  col.  art.  Apr.  1,  1802;  and 
brev.  brig.-gen.  Sept.  10,  1813;  retired  1815.— 
Geneal,  Reg.  in.,  101. 

Burdeil,  Henry,  inventor,  b.  Dumblane, 
Scotland,  20  Apr.  1 791 ;  d.  Troy,  N.Y.,  19  Jan. 
1871.  Brought  up  on  his  father's  farm,  his 
inventive  faculty  was  first  tested  on  a  threshing- 
machine.  After  a  thorough  coui'se  of  scientific 
study  at  Edinburgh,  he  came,  in  1819,  to  the 
U.  S.;  made  an  improved  plough;  in  1820  in- 
vented the  first  cultivator  used  in  America; 
patented  a  machine  for  making  wrought-iron 
spikes  in  1825,  and  in  1835  a  machine  for 
making  horse-shoes.  In  1843,  he  patented  his 
hook-headed  spike,  now  used  upon  every  rail- 
road. In  1 822,  he  became  agent  of  the  Troy 
Iron  and  Nail  Factory.  These  works  he 
greatly  enlarged,  and  was  finally  sole  propri- 
etor. He  was  much  interested  in  ocean  navi- 
gation. 

Burges,  Tristam,  LL.D.,  orator  and  ju- 
rist, b.  Kochester,  Ms.,  Feb.  26,  1770;  d;  Prov- 
idence, R.I.,  Oct.  13, 1853.  B.  U.  1796.  Like 
his  father,  he  was  both  a  farmer  and  a  cooper, 
and,  though  his  early  education  was  limited,  he 
sought  knowledge  with  avidity.  He  taught 
school  in  Providence;  was  in  1799  admitted  to 
the  R.I.  bar ;  rose  to  the  head  of  the  profession, 
and  became  a  leader  of  the  Federal  party ;  in 
1811  entered  the  State  legisl.;  became  chief-jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  of  R.I.  in  1815,  and 


was  soon  after  app.  prof,  of  oratory  and  belles 
lettres  in  B.  U.,  retiring  in  1825.  M.  C.  1825- 
35.  His  speeches,  and  his  famous  passage- 
at-arms  with  John  Randolph,  showed  that  he 
was  able  to  contend  successfully  with  the  ablest 
debaters  in  Congress.  His  style  was  ornate  and 
peculiar,  rich  in  classical  and  scriptural  illus- 
tration. He  was  an  acute  logician,  and  un- 
equalled in  sarcasm.  A  Memoir,  with  selections 
from  his  speeches  and  occasional  writings,  by 
Henr}^  L.  Bowen,  was  pub.  in  1835,  and  an- 
other in  1869.  He  pub.  "  Battle  of  Lake  Erie, 
Avith  Notices  of  Com.  Elliot's  Conduct,"  1839. 

Burgess,  Ebenezer,  D.D.,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, b.  Warcham,  Ms.,  1  Apr.  1790;  d.  Ded- 
ham,  Ms.,  5  Dec,  1870.  B.U.  1809.  He  was 
tutor  at  B.U. ,  and  afterwards  a  prof,  in  Vt.  U. 
One  of  the  founders  of  the  colony  of  Liberia  in 
1817.  S  tudied  theology  at  Andover  and  Prince- 
ton, and  was  ord.  pastor  at  Dedham  in  Mar. 
1821.  Author  of  "  The  Dedham  Pulpit,"  1 846, 
and  "The  Burgess  Genealogy,"  1865. 

Burgess,  George,  D.D.,  Prot.-Ep.  bishop 
of  Me.,  b.  Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  31,  1809; 
d.  on  the  passage  home  from  the  West  Indies, 
Apr.  23,  1866.  B.  U.  1826.  Son  of  Judge 
Thomas  Burgess.  He  was  a  tutor  in  B.  U., 
afterwards  travelled  in  Europe,  and  studied  two 
years  in  the  Universities  of  Gottingen,  Bonn, 
and  Berlin.  He  was  rector  of  Christ  Church, 
Hartford,  from  1834  to  1847,  -when  he  was 
consec.  biihop  of  Maine  (Oct.  31 ),  and  became 
at  the  same  time  rector  of  Christ  Church,  Gar- 
diner. His  death  was  very  sudden.  He  had 
been  establishing  an  Episcopal  mission  in 
Hayti,  and  was  on  his  way  from  Migroam  to 
Port  Au  Prince,  when  he  was  seized  with  pa- 
ralysis, and  died  instantly.  He  pub.  two  aca- 
demic poems,  a  metrical  version  of  some  of  the 
Psalms,  1840,  "Pages  from  the  Ecclesiastical 
History  of  New  England,"  a  curious  treatise 
on  death,  entitled  "  The  Last  Enemy,  Con- 
quering and  Conquered,"  1851,  a  vol.  of  "  Ser- 
mons on  the  Christian  Life,"  and  a  discourse 
in  1854  before  the  Me.  Hist.  Society.  His 
style  is  remarkable  for  its  vigor.  In  the  house 
of  bishops,  he  occupied  a  prominent  position 
as  the  leader  of  the  moderate  church  party.  — 
See  Memoir,  by  his  hro.,  Rev.  Alex.  Burgess. 

Burgoyne,  John,  a  British  gen.  and 
dramatist,  b.  1730;  d.  Lond.,  4  Aug.  1792. 
Natural  son  of  Lord  Bingley,  he  was  liberally 
educated,  entered  the  army  at  an  eai'ly  age,  and 
m.  clandestinely  a  dau.  of  the  Earl  of  Derby, 
who  subsequently  helped  him  to  rise  in  his 
profession.  Brig.-gen.  of  the  force  sent  for  the 
defence  of  Portugal  in  1762,  and  at  Alcantara 
and  at  Villa  Franca  manifested  skill  and  en- 
terprise. May  25,  1775,  he  arrived  at  Boston, 
and,  June  25,  wrote  a  graphic  account  of  the 
battle  of  Bunker's  Hill  to  Lord  Stanley,  which 
Avas  pub.  in  the  newspapers  of  the  day.  Gen. 
Lee,  his  old  comrade  in  Portugal,  having 
opened  a  corrcsp.  with  him,  vindicating  the 
Americans,  Burgoyne  replied,  and  proposed  an 
interview,  which,  however,  did  not  take  place. 
He  returned  home  11  Dec.  1776,  concerted  with 
the  ministry  a  plan  for  the  campaign  of  1777, 
and  v/as  made  a  lieut.-gcn.  A  large  force  was 
to  proceed  toward  Albany  from  Canada  by 
way  of  the  Lakes ;  while  another  large  body 


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142 


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advanced  up  the  Hudson  in  order  to  cut  off 
communication  between  the  northern  and 
southern  Colonies,  in  the  expectation,  that  each 
being  left  to  itself  would  be  subdued  with  little 
trouble.  Arriving  in  Canada  earl^  in  1777,  he 
issued  a  proclamation  in  June,  inviting  the 
Indians  to  his  standard,  and  captured  Ticon- 
deroga,  with  all  its  artillery  and  stores,  July  6 ; 
but  the  natural  difficulties  of  the  country,  the 
inclemency  of  the  weather,  and  the  scarcity  of 
provisions,  retarded  his  advance,  and  enabled 
the  Americans,  under  Gen.  Gates,  to  concen- 
trate a  superior  force  in  his  front.  A  battle  was 
fought  at  Stillwater,  19  Sept.,  and  another  at 
Freeman's  Farm,  7  Oct.;  and  16  Oct.  1777,  he 
was  compelled  to  capitulate  at  Saratoga  with 
his  whole  army.  Returning  to  Eng.  in  May, 
1778,  he  in  vain  solicited  a  court-martial, 
but  ably  vindicated  himself  in  ^  parliament, 
and,  joining  the  opposition,  was  in  17 79  dis- 
missed the  service.  On  the  change  of  ministry 
in  1782,  he  was  restored  to  his  rank,  and  app. 
com.-in-chief  in  Ireland.  In  1780,  he  pub.  a 
narrative  of  his  exped.  and  the  proceedings  at 
his  trial  before  a  committee  of  parliament.  As 
a  dramatist,  he  is  best  known  by  his  comedy  of 
"  The  Heiress,"  and  "  The  Lord  of  the  Manor," 
a  comic  opera.  His  plays  and  poems  were 
coll.  and  pub.  in  two  vols.,  1808.  Burgoyne's 
"  Orderly  Book,"  edited  by  E.  B.  O'Callaghan, 
was  pub.  by  Munsell,  Albany,  1 860. 

Burke,  ^danus,  jurist,  b.  Galway,  Ire- 
land, 1743;  d.  Charleston,  S.C,  Mar.  30,  1802. 
Educated  at  St.  Omer's  for  a  priest,  he  visited 
the  West  Indies,  came  thence  to  S.  C,  and 
was  a  vol.  in  the  struggle  for  independence. 
A  lawyer  by  profession,  he  was  in  1778  app.  a 
judge  of  the  State  Supreme  Court ;  served 
again  in  the  army  in  1780-82 ;  resumed  his  scat 
on  the  bench;  M.C.  1789-91 ;  was  many  years 
in  the  State  legisl.,  and  a  short  time  before  his 
death  became  chancellor  of  S.C.  He  zealously 
opposed  the  establishment  of  the  Society  of  the 
Cincinnati ;  against  the  aristocratic  features  of 
which  he  wrote  a  famous  pamphlet,  subse- 
quently translated  by  Mirabeau,  and  used  by 
him  with  great  eifoct  during  the  French  Revol. 
He  opposed  the  Federal  Constitution,  fearing 
consolidated  power.  Judge  Burke  was  emi- 
nent for  wit  and  eccentricity. 

Burke,  Edmund,  statesman  and  orator,  b. 
Dublin,  1  Jan.  1730;  d.  9  July,  1797.  The 
son  of  a  prominent  Dublin  attorney.  He  grad. 
at  Trinity  Coll.  1748;  studied  law;  pub.  in 
1756  his  "Vindication  of  Natural  Society," 
and  the  essay  on  "  The  Sublime  and  Beauti- 
ful ;  "  in  1757,  "An  Account  of  the  European 
Settlements  in  America,"  and,  in  1758-9,  es- 
tablished with  Dodsley  The  Annual  Reqister. 
In  I761-5,he.was  the  friend  and  adviser  of  Wm. 
Gerard  Hamilton,  sec.  to  the  lord-lieut.  of  Ire- 
land, nnd  in  1765-6  was  sec.  to  the  prime-min- 
ister, Rockingham,  and  entered  parliament  14 
Jan.  1766.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  dis- 
cussion of  American  questions,  and  proved 
himself  an  able  and  eloquent  speaker.  His 
thorough  acquaintance  with  American  afFaii*8 
was  rewarded,  in  Nov.  1771,  by  the  app.  of 
agent  for  the  Colony  of  N.Y.  April  19,  1774, 
he  made  a  speech  on  American  taxation,  con- 
sidered by  many  as  the  greatest  effort  cf  ora- 


tory ever  heard  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
His  speech  of  Mar.  22,  1775,  recommending 
conciliatory  measures  towards  the  Colonies, 
also  excited  general  admiration.  Returned 
from  Bristol  in  1774,  he  lost  popularity  in  that 
city  in  1780,  by  advocating  the  claims  of  the 
Roman  Catholics,  and  opposing  the  policy  of 
repressing  the  trade  of  Ireland,  and  was  after- 
ward the  representative  of  Malton.  During 
Rockingham's  brief  administration  in  1782, 
Burke  was  a  privy  councillor  and  paymaster 
of  the  forces,  a  place  he  also  held  under  the 
"Coalition"  ministry  in  1783.  He  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  affi^irs  of  India,  and,  in 
Jan.  1786,  began  the  prosecution  of  Warren 
Hastings.  His  speech  on  the  openinj;  of  Hast- 
ings's trial,  10  Feb.  1788,  was  worthy  of  the  oc- 
casion and  of  his  great  reputation.  Though 
the  impeachment  of  Hastings  was  not  carried, 
the  herculean  labors  of  Burke  in  behalf  of 
India  were  not  fruitless.  In  Nov.  1790,  he 
pub.  his  great  work  in  opposition  to  the  French 
Revolution,  entitled  "  Reflections  on  the  Rev- 
olution in  France."  May  6,  1791,  an  open 
rupture  took  place  between  Burke  and  Fox, 
who  accused  him  of  abandoning  the  principles 
of  his  party.  Burke  vindicated  himself  in  his 
"Appeal  from  the  New  to  the  Old  Whigs."  In 
1796,  he  wrote  his  "  Letter  to  a  Noble  Lord," 
one  of  the  most  successful  and  popular  of  all 
the  productions  of  his  pen.  As  a  statesman, 
a  thinker,  or  an  orator,  he  was  without  an 
equal.  —  See  Lives  of  BitrJce,  bij  Prior,  Bisset, 
McCormick,  Crolij,  and  P.  Burke. 

Burke,  Edmund,  lawyer,  b.  Westminster, 
Vt.,  Jan.  23,  1809  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1829;  removed  to  N.  H.  in  1833,  and  estab- 
lished, and  for  many  years  edited,  in  Sullivan 
Co.,  the  N.  H.  Argus.  M.C.  1839-45;  U.  S. 
Gomr.  of  patents,  1845-50.  He  pub.  a  pam- 
phlet, "The  Protective  System  Considered," 
1846. 

Burke,  John  Dolt,  historian,  b.  Ireland; 
killed  in  a  duel  with  Felix  Coquebert  in  conse- 
quence of  a  political  dispute,  April  11,  1808. 
Trin.  Coll.,  Dublin.  He  emigrated  to  Ameri- 
ca in  1796,  conducted  a  daily  paper  for  a  short 
time  at  Boston  (1796-7),  and  afterwards  at 
N.Y.,  where  he  was  arrested  under  the  sedition 
law.  He  afterwards  removed  to  Petersburg,  Va., 
where  he  practised  law,  and  wrote  his  history. 
He  was  made  the  master  of  ceremonies  at  the 
Boston  Theatre;  pub.  "  Bunker's  Hill,"  a  tra- 
gedy ;  "  Bethlem  Gabor,"  an  historical  drania, 
1803;  an  oration  delivered  March  4,  1808; 
"  History  of  the  Late  War  in  Ireland,"  Phila., 
8vo,  1799  ;  and  a  history  of  Virginia  from  its 
first  settlement  to  1804,  in  3  vols.,  of  which  an 
additional  vol.  was  pub.  in  1816,  the  joint  pro- 
duction of  Messrs.  Jones  and  Girardin.  A 
Memoir  of  Burke,  by  C.  Campbell,  was  pub. 
1868. 

Burke,  Thomas,  Revol.  patriot,  and  gov. 
of  N.C.,  b.  Ireland,  ab.  1747  ;  d.  Hillsborouoh, 
Dec.  2,  1783.  Son  of  Ulick  Burke  of  Gal- 
way. He  left  Ireland  ab.  1764,  and  resided 
some  years  in  Accomac  Co.,Va.,  engaged  in  the 
study  and  practice  of  medicine.  He  next  stu- 
died law,  and  removed  to  Norfolk,  and  in  1774 
to  Hillsborough,  N.C.  Of  a  bold  and  impetu- 
ous temper,  a  ready  writer  and  speaker,  he 


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143 


BXJR 


became  one  of  the  leading  spirits  in  theRevoI. 
contest.  His  writings  in  opposition  to  the 
Stamp  Act  drew  him  into  notice  ;  and  he  had  a 
large  share  in  the  formation  of  the  constitution 
of  N.C.  Member  of  the  Prov.  Congress  at 
Halifax  in  1776,  and  a  volunteer  at  the  battle 
of  Brandy  wine.  He  was  an  efficient  and  active 
member  of  Congress  from  Dec.  1776,  until  his 
election  as  gov.  in  the  early  part  of  1781.  In 
Sept.  of  that  year,  he  was  surprised  and  seized 
by  the  Tories,and  retained  at  James  Island, S.C., 
as  a  prisoner  on  parole.  Obnoxious  to  the  To- 
ries from  his  previous  course,  he  was  in  daily 
apprehension  of  assassination,  to  escape  which, 
after  having  endeavored  unsuccessfully  to  obtain 
an  exchange,  or  a  parole  to  some  other  State, 
he  effected  his  escape  in  the  night  of  Jan.  16, 
1782,  after  an  imprisonment  of  4  months. 
Kegnlarly  exchanged  soon  after,  he  was  at  lib- 
erty to  return  home,  and  resumed  hisgovt.;  but, 
at  the  next  ensuing  session  of  the  legisl.,  he 
voluntarily  retired  from  public  life. 

Burke,  Capt.  William,  of  Boston,  app., 
in  Nov.  1775,  to  com.  one  of  the  first  4  vessels 
of  the  American  navy ;  d.  Western  Ms.,  May 
24,  1787,  a.  40. 

Burleigh,  William  Henry,  poet,  b. 
Woodstock,  Ct.,  Feb.  2,  1812;  d.  Brooklyn, 
N.Y.,  18  Mar.  1871.  Rinaldo,  his  father,  a 
popular  and  successful  teacher  ( Y.  Coll.  1803), 
died  Plainficld,  Ct.,  10  Feb.  1863,  a.  89. 
Bred  on  a  farm,  at  16  he  became  apprentice  to 
a  clothier,  then  to  a  village  printer,  afterwards 
labored  in  various  places  as  a  journeyman 
printer,  and  finally  as  editor.  He  had  charge 
of  the  Lilerni'ij  Journal  at  Schenectadv,  the 
Christian  Witness  at  Pittsburg,  the  Charter 
Oak  at  Hartford,  and  the  Washington  Banner, 
in  which  papers,  and  in  others,  he  produced 
many  short  poems,  a  coll.  of  which  was  pub. 
in  1840.  Mr.  Burleigh  also  took  an  active 
part  in  various  religious  and  social  movements, 
and  was  well  known  as  a  lecturer  upon  anti- 
slavery.  Celia  M.  Burleigii,  his  widow,  is 
known  as  a  graceful  writer  and  an  eloquent 
lecturer.  His  mother  was  desconded  from  Gov. 
Bradford.  Charles  C,  George  S.,  and  Lucien 
Burleigh,  all  disting.  as  writers  or  speakers,  are 
his  brothers. 

Burlingame,  Anson,  LL.D.,  statesman 
and  diplomatist,  b.  New  Berlin.  Chenango  Co., 
N.Y.,  Nov.  14,  1822;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  Feb. 
23,  1870.  H.  U.  1846.  His  youth  was  spent 
on  the  Western  frontiers,  surveying  and  par- 
ticipating in  the  making  of  Indian  treaties  for 
beyond  the  confines  of  civilization.  He  laid 
the  foundation  of  his  education  at  the  Branch 
U.  of  Michigan.  Studied  law.  and  practised  in 
Boston  ;  was  a  member  of  the  State  senate  in 
1852  ;  a  member  of  the  convention  for  revis- 
ing the  State  constitution  in  1853;  M.C.  from 
Boston,  1856-61 ;  minister  to  Austria,! 861,  and 
subsequently  to  China,  1861-7.  From  1867 
until  his  death,  he  was  in  the  employ  of  the 
Chinese  Govt.,  negotiating  treaties  with  foreign 
powers.  He  was  an  eloquent  and  effective  po- 
litical speaker. 

Burnaby,  Andrew,  an  English  divine,  b. 
1732  at  Asfordby,  Leceistershire ;  d.  Mar.  9, 
1812.  He  came  to  America  soon  after  the 
year  \lf>l,  and  in  1776  pub.  "  Travels  through 


the  Middle  Settlements  of  North  America,  in 
1759-60."  In  1786,  he  was  preferred  to  the 
archdeaconry  of  Leicester.  He  also  wrote  a 
vol.  of  sermons,  and  a  journal  of  a  tour  to 
Corsica  in  1766,  8vo. 

Burnap,  George  W.,  D.D.  (1849),  Uni- 
tarian clergyman  and  author,  b.  Merrimack, 
N.H.,  Nov.  30,  1802;  d.  Phila.,  Sept.  8,  1859. 
H.U.  1824.  Son  of  Rev.  Jacob  Burnap,  ord. 
pastor  in  Baltimore,  Apr.  23,  1828.  Forcible 
and  impressive  in  the  pulpit,  he  was  character- 
ized also  by  his  sturdy  integrity  and  inde- 
pendent frankness.  Among  his  pubs,  are 
"Lectures  to  Young  Men,"  1840;  "On  the 
History  of  Christianity,"  1842;  "On  the 
Sphere  and  Duty  of  Woman,"  1840;  "Life 
of  Lemuel  Culvert"  in  "Sparks's  Am.  Biog.," 
1844 ;  "  Popular  Objections  to  Unitarian 
Christianity  considered  and  answered,"  1848  ; 
"Expository  Lectures  on  the  Bible,"  1845; 
"  Lectures  on  the  Doctrines  of  Controversy 
between  Unitarians  and  Other  Denominations 
of  Christians,"  1835;  a  vol.  of  "Miscella- 
nies," and  a  "  Biography  of  Henry  A.  Ingalls," 
1845;  in  18.50,  20  di.>courses  "  On  the  Recti- 
tude of  Human  Nature,"  and,  in  1855,  "  Chris- 
tianity, its  Essence  and  Evidence,"  the  most 
compendious  statement  of  the  biblical  theology 
of  the  author's  school  of  Unitarianism  ;  and 
occasional  addresses  and  discourses. 

Burnet,  Jacob,  LL.D.,  jurist,  son  of  Dr. 
W.  B.,  b.  Newark,  N.J.,  Feb.  22,  1770;  d. 
Cincinnati,  April  27,  1853.  N.  J.  Coll.  1791. 
He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Judge  Boudinot, 
and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1796.  He  then  re- 
moved to  Cincinnati,  where  he  became  disting. 
In  1799,  he  was  app.  to  the  legisl,  council  of 
the  territory,  continuing  until  the  formation 
of  a  State  govt.  In  1812,  he  was  a  member 
of  the  State  legisl.,  was  a  judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Ohio  in  1821-8,  and  in  1828- 
31,  U.S.  senator.  He  was  soon  after  chosen  by 
the  legisl.  of  Ky.  a  commis.  to  adjust  some  ter- 
ritorial disputes  with  Va, ;  took  a  leading  part 
in  the  establishment  of  the  Lancastrian  Acad, 
of  Cin.,  and  of  the  Cin,  Coll.,  of  which  he  was 
the  first  pres, ;  was  active  in  re-organizing  the 
Med,  Coll.  of  Ohio,  over  which  he  several  years 
presided.  A  delegate  to  the  Harrisburg  con- 
vention in  1839,  he  was  mainly  instrumental 
in  securing  the  nomination  of  Harrison  to  the 
Presidency.  He  was  the  first  pres.  of  the  Col- 
onization Soc.  of  Cin.,  also  of  the  Astron. 
Society,  and  at  the  instance  of  Lafayette,  the 
friend  of  his  father  and  of  his  bro.  Maj.  Bur- 
net, was  elected  a  member  of  the  French  Acad, 
of  Sciences,  His  efforts  in  1821  to  alleviate 
the  distress  felt  by  the  purchasers  of  Western 
lands,  on  account  of  indebtedness  to  govt, 
which  they  were  wholly  unable  to  pay,  result- 
ed in  an  act  of  Congress  granting  relief  to  the 
entire  West,  raising  the  n  from  a  state  of  de- 
pression, which,  had  it  been  continued,  must 
have  produced  distressing  results.  In  1847.  he 
pub.  a  vol.,  entitled  "  Notes  on  the  Early  Set- 
tlement of  the  Northern  Territory."  —  Lan- 
man. 

Burnett,  David  G.,  b.  Newark,  N,J., 
April  4,  1789;  d.  Galveston,  Texas,  Dec.  5, 
1870.  He  entered  a  counting-house  in  N.Y.; 
joined  Gen.  Miranda's  cxped.  in  1806;  in  1817, 


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144 


BTJR 


became  a  merchant  in  Natchitoches,  La.,  after- 
ward studied  law  in  Cincinnati ;  emig.  to  Texas 
in  1 826 ;  was  a  member  of  the  San  Felipe  Con- 
vention in  1 833 ;  app.  judge  of  the  municipality 
of  Austin  in  1834,  and,  when  Santa  Ana  as- 
sumed dictatorial  powers  in  1836,  became  pres. 
ad  interim  of  the  incipient  republic.  He  was 
afterward  chosen  vice-pres.,  and  lived  in  re- 
tirement, near  the  battle-field  of  San  Jacinto. 
Chosen  U.  S.  senator  from  Texas  after  the 
llcbellion,  Congress  refused  to  admit  him. 

Burnett,  Waldo  Irving,  M.D.  (1849), 
naturalist  and  microscopist,  b.  Southborough, 
Ms.,  July  12,  1828;  d.  Boston,  July  1,  1854. 
He  early  began  the  study  of  entomology; 
studied  medicine  under  his  father,  who  was  a 
physician;  and  visited  Europe.  During  the 
last  5  years  of  his  life,  and  while  suffering  from 
consumption,  he  accomplished  a  great  share  of 
intellectual  labor,  the  results  of  which  may  be 
found  in  various  scientific  periodicals.  His 
principal  work  was  the  Prize  Essay  on  "  The 
Cell,  its  Physiology,  Pathology,  and  Philos- 
ophy." He  was  last  engaged  in  translating 
from  the  German  the  "  Comparative  Anatomy 
of  Siebold  and  Stannius." 

Burnett,  William,  a  colonial  gov.,  b.  at 
the  Hague,  Mar.  1688;  d.  Boston,  Sept.  7, 1729. 
Son  of  Bishop  Burnett,  he  had  for  a  godfather 
William  of  Orange.  Involved  pecuniarily  by 
the  "South  Sea"  speculation,  he  accepted  the 
govts,  of  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  retrieve  his  for- 
tunes. He  had  previously  been  a  comptroller 
of  the  customs.  Arriving  in  N.  Y.  19  Sept. 
1720,  his  administration  was  popular  until  the 
passage  of  an  act  prohibiting  the  sale  to  the 
French  of  goods  proper  to  the  Indian  trade. 
Some  of  his  decrees  as  chancellor  also  gave  dis- 
satisfaction ;  and,  on  the  accession  of  George  II., 
he  was  transferred  to  the  govts,  of  Ms.  and  N.H. 
He  arrived  in  Boston  in  July,  1728,  and  at  once 
became  unpopular  by  insisting  upon  a  fixed 
salary.  He  was  majestic  in  stature,  frank  in 
manner,  possessed  a  ready  wit,  and  shone  in  con- 
versation. He  pub.  astron.  observations  in  the 
Trans,  of  the  Roy.  Soc.,  and  in  1724  an  essay 
on  Scripture  prophecies. 

Burnett,  William,  physician  and  patriot, 
b.  Elizabeth,  N.J.,  Dec.  13,  1730;  d.  Newark, 
N.J.,  Oct.  7,  1791.  N.J.  Coll.  1749.  He  held 
at  different  times  various  offices  in  the  State 
govt.;  was  a  member  of  Congress  in  1780-81, 
and  was  chief  physician  and  surgeon  in  an  im- 
portant section  of  the  army  during  the  Revol. 
war.  He  suffered  much  in  property  by  the  dep- 
redations of  the  enemy,  who  carried  off  his 
large  and  valuable  library.  He  was  a  skilful 
and  successful  physician  of  extensive  practice. 
Judge  Jacob  B.  of  Cincinnati  was  his  son.  — 
Alden. 

Burnham,  Hiram,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Me.; 
killed  at  Chaffin's  Farm,  Sept.  29,  1864.  He 
entered  the  service  as  col.  6th  Me.  regt.,  be- 
haved gallantly  through  tlie  peninsular  cam- 
paign, at  Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  and  Gettys- 
burg; brig.-gen.  April,  1864.  Conspicuous  in 
all  the  campaign  from  the  Wilderness  to  Peters- 
burg. He  com.  a  brigade  in  Stannard's  div. 
18th  corps. 

Burns,  William  W.  brev.  brig.-gen.  U. 
S.  A.,  b.  O.,  ab.  1827.   West  Point,  1 847.    En- 


tering the  .5th  Inf.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  Aug. 
12,  1850,  and  in  Jan.  1859,  relinquished  rank 
in  the  line,  being  made  a  capt.  in  the  subsistence 
dept.  Maj.  and  com.  subsistence,  3  Aug.  1861 ; 
bng.-gen.  vols.  Sept.  28,  1861;  served  in  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac;  was  wounded  in  one 
of  the  battles  before  Richmond,  and  Nov.  2, 
1862,  took  com.  of  a  div.  in  the  army  corps  of 
Gen.  Wilcox;  participated  in  the  battle  of 
Fredericksburg;  maj. -gen.  vols.  29  Mar.  1862; 
resigned  March  20,  1863;  brev.  lieut.-col. 
U.S.A.  29  June,  1862,  for  Savage  Station; 
brev.  col.  30  June,  1862,  for  Glendale,  and  brev. 
brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865,  for  merit,  ser- 
vices in  the  Rebellion. —  Culhim. 

Burnside,  Ambrose  Everett,  maj.-gen. 
vols.,  b.  Liberty,  Ind.,  May  23,  1824.  West 
Point,  1847.  His  grandparents  came  from 
Scotland  near  the  close  of  the  last  century,  and 
settled  in  S-C.  Entering  the  3d  Art.,  he 
marched  in  Patterson's  column  to  the  city  of 
Mexico,  and  was  in  1849  ordered  toNewMex., 
where,  in  charge  of  a  squadron  of  cavalry,  he 
highly  disting.  himself  in  a  conflict  with  the 
Apaches.  In  1850-51,  he  was  quartermaster 
to  the  Mexican  boundary  commission.  Dec. 
1851,  became  1st  lieut.  He  went  to  R.I.  ;  re- 
signed in  1853,  and  built  an  establishment  for 
the  manuf.  of  his  breech-loading  rifle,  which  he 
invented  when  on  duty  in  Mex.  This  proving 
unprofitable,  he  removed  to  Chicago,  and  be- 
came cashier  in  the  land  office  of  the  111.  Central 
Railroad.  He  soon  became  treasurer,  and 
transferred  his  office  to  N.Y.  City,  where  he 
resided  in  1861.  Col.  1st  R.I.  Vols.  At  the 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21,  he  com.  a  brigade 
in  Hamilton's  div.,  and  was  highly  commended 
by  Gen.  McDowell  for  braverj  and  coolness. 
Made  brig.-gen.  vols.,  Aug.  6,  1861,  he  assisted 
Gen.  McClellan  in  organizing  the  army.  In- 
trusted with  an  exped.  for  the  capture  of 
Roanoke  Island,  he  left  Hampton  lioads  in 
Jan.  1862,  with  10,000  men,  convoyed  by  a  fleet 
under  Flag-officer  Goldsborough.  Feb.  8,  the 
island  was  taken  by  a  combined  attack;  2,000 
of  the  enemy  being  captured.  For  this  victory, 
the  legisl.  of  R.I.  voted  him  a  sword ;  and 
Mar.  18,  he  was  made  mnj.-gen.  of  vols.  Mar. 
14,  he  captured  Newbern,  and  Beaufort  and 
Fort  Macon  soon  afterward.  On  McClellan's 
retreat  to  the  James  River,  July,  1862,  Burn- 
side  was  ordered  to  re-enforce  him  with  the 
greater  part  of  his  army.  Occupying  Fred- 
ericksburg, the  defeat  of  Gen.  Pope  compelled 
him  to  fixll  back  toward  Washington.  When 
the  Confederates  invaded  Md.,  his  com.  was 
largely  increased,  and,  with  Gen.  McClellan,  he 
pushed  forward  to  meet  them,  defeating  them 
at  South  Mountain,  Sept.  14.  At  the  battle 
of  Antietam,  Sept.  17,  he  com.  the  left  wing, 
and  was  highly  disting.  Assigned  to  the  9th 
army  corps,  he  occupied  Leuttsville,  Va  ,  Oct. 
26.  Ab.  the  same  time,  he  was  placed  in  com. 
of  one  of  the  3  grand  armies  into  which  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  was  divided.  Nov.  7, 
he  superseded  McClellan  in  com.  of  the  Array 
of  the  Potomac,  and  Dec.  13,  was  defeated  by 
the  Confederates  under  Lee  at  Fredericksburg. 
Relieved  of  the  com.,  Jan.  28,  1863,  assumed 
com.  of  the  dept.  of  the  Ohio,  Apr.  26 ;  re- 
pulsed Longstreet's  attack  on  Knoxville,  Nov. 


BTJR 


145 


BTJIt 


28,  1863,  and  took  com.  of  the  9th  corps  in  the 
followin;^:  Apr.,  participating  in  the  campaigns 
around  Richmond  and  Petersburg  until  Lee's 
surrender.     Gov.  of  R.  I.,  1866-71. 

Burnyeat,  John,  one  of  the  earliest 
preachers  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  b.  Crab- 
treebeck,  Cumberland,  1631  ;  d.  Dublin,  July 
11,  1690.  He  travelled  in  Eng.  and  Ireland, 
and  in  1672  came  with  George  Fox  to  Amcr. 
His  "  Memorials  "  describe  the  condition  of 
Md.,  and  the  other  Colonies  through  which  he 
passed  from  N.  Eng.  to  N.C.  He  was  a  zeal- 
ous advocate  of  his  creed,  and  suffered  much 
persecution. 

Burr,  Aarox,  pres.  of  N.J.  Coll.,  b.  Fair- 
field, Ct.,  Jan.  4, 1716  ;  d.  Sept.  24, 1757.  Y.C. 
173.5.  Of  German  extraction.  He  was  a  de- 
scendant of  John,  an  early  settler  of  Springfield, 
Ms.,  and  of  Rev.  Jonathan,  minister  of  Dor- 
chester, who  d.  Aug.  9, 1641.  Ord.  by  the  Pres- 
bytery of  East  Jersey,  Oct.  25,  1 737.  In  1 738, 
he  was  invited  to  take  charge  of  the  Presb. 
church  at  Newark,  N.J.  Unanimously  elected 
in  1748  to  the  pres.  of  the  coll.  which  he  was 
instruMicntal  in  founding.  In  1754,  he  accomp. 
Mr.  Whiteficld  to  Boston.  Mr.  Burr.  pub. 
"  The  Supreme  Deity  of  our  Lord  Jesus 
Christ  Maintained  ; "  also  a  Fast-day  sermon, 
Jan.  1,  1755;  "The  Watchman's  Answer  to 
the  Question,  What  of  the  Night  ?  "  a  sermon, 

1756,  and  a  funeral   sermon  on  Gov.  Belcher, 

1757.  He  prepared  a  Latin  grammar,  pub. 
in  N.Y.  in  1752,  used  in  the  college  of  N.  J., 
and  known  as  "  The  Newark  Grammar." 
The  eulogium  on  his  death,  by  William  Liv- 
ingston, celebrates  his  virtues  with  animated 
panegyric.  He  was  pre-eminent  in  force  and 
elegance  of  mind,  in  learning,  eloquence,  and 
excellence  as  a  preacher.  In  1752,  he  m.  a  dau. 
of  Jonathlin  Edwards. 

Burr,  Aaron,  vice-pres.  of  the  U.S.,  b. 
Newark,  N.J.,  Feb.  6,  1756  ;  d.  Staten  Island, 
Sept.  14,  1836.  N.J.  Coll.  1772.  Son  of 
Pres.  Burr,  and  grandson  of  Pres.  Edwards. 
In  1775,  he  joined  the  army  at  Cambridge; 
accomp.  Arnold  as  a  private  in  his  exped. 
against  Quebec ;  acted  as  aide  -to  Gen.  Mont- 
gomery in  the  assault  on  that  stronghol  I,  en- 
deavoring to  bring  off  his  body  when  he  fell 
at  his  side  ;  acted  as  brigade-major  to  Arnold, 
and  on  his  return,  in  May,  1776,  joined  the 
military  family  of  Washington  with  the  rank 
of  maj.  Dissatisfied  with  this  position,  he 
quitted  it  in  6  weeks  to  become  an  aide  to  Gen. 
Putnam,  participating  in  the  defence  of  N.Y. 
In  July,  1777,  he  became  a  licut.-col.  in  Malcom's 
regt ,  and  was  disting.  at  Monmouth,  where 
he  com.  a  brigade  in  Stirling's  division.  Dur- 
ing the  winter  of  1778-9,  he  was  stationed  in 
Westchester  Co.,  N.Y.,  and  com.  for  a  short 
tiraeat  West  Point,  but  resigned  from  ill  health, 
Mar.  10,  1779.  Burr  belonged  to  the  Lee  and 
Gates  faction,  and  always  affected  to  despise 
the  military  talents  of  Washington.  He  began 
to  practise  law  at  Albany  in  Apr.  1782,  but 
removed  to  N.Y.  in  1783.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  N  Y.  legisl.  in  1 784  and  1 798  ;  was  app. 
atty.-gen.  of  the  State,  Sept.  27,  1789  ;  com- 
mi.ssioner  on  Revol.  claims  in  1791,  and  from 
1791  to  1797  was  a  conspicuous  Democ.  leader 
in  the  U.  S.  senate.  At  the  next  presidential 
10 


election,  Jefferson  and  Burr  had  each  73  votes; 
and  the  choice  was  decided  by  Congress,  on  the 
36th  ballot,  in  favor  of  Jefferson  for  pres.  and 
Burr,  for  vice-pres.  July  12,  1804,  he  mortally 
wounded  in  a  duel  Alexander  Hamilton,  long 
his  professional  rival  and  political  opponent. 
He  soon  after  undertook  his  mad  enterprise  in 
the  western  territories  of  the  U.  S.,  for  which 
he  was  apprehended  and  tried  at  Richmond,  on 
a  charge  of  treason,  in  Aug.  1807,  and,  after  a 
long  trial,  acquitted.  To  escape  further  legal 
requisition,  and  to  avoid  numerous  creditors, 
he  went  to  London  in  1808,  and  lived  some 
years  in  extreme  poverty  there  and  in  Paris, 
endeavoring,  unsuccessfully,  to  procure  means 
to  carry  out  his  Mexican  project.  It  was  sup- 
posed that  he  intended  establishing  an  empire 
in  Mexico,  which  should  embrace  some  of  the 
South-western  States  of  the  Union.  He  re- 
turned to  N.Y.  in  1812,  and  practised  law,  but 
lived  in  obscurity  and  poverty.  By  his  first 
wife,  the  widow  of  Gen.  Augustine  Prevost, 
he  had  a  dau.,  who  m.  Mr.  Allston  of  S.  C. 
At  the  age  of  78,  he  m.  his  second  wife,  a  Mrs. 
Jumel.  Burr  was  small  in  stature,  had  a 
remarkably  brilliant  eye,  and  a  striking  ap- 
pearance. He  possessed  disting.  talents,  but 
manifested  a  lamentable  want  of  principle  both 
in  public  and  private  life.  He  was  charitable, 
and  benevolent  to  the  poor.  A  memoir  of  his 
life  and  times  was  pub.  by  James  Parton, 
N.Y.,  1857.  Another,  by  M.  L.  Davis,  2  vols., 
1836-7. 

Burrell,  Jonathan,  a  Revol.  officer,  b. 
1753;  d.  Goshen,  N.Y.,  Nov.  18,  1834.  In 
1776,  he  joined  the  northern  army  under 
Schuyler.  His  talents  soon  procured  him  the 
app.  of  assist.  paym.,and,  at  thecloseofthe  war, 
a  place  in  the  commission  for  settling  the  ac- 
counts of  the  commissary  and  quarterm.  depts. 
He  was  afterward  assist,  postmastcr.-gen.  ; 
cashier  of  the  U.  S.  Branch  Bank  of  N.Y.,  and 
one  of  the  managers  of  the  N.Y.  State  lotteries 
at  a  time  when  public  confidence  in  them  had 
been  shaken.  His  ability,  industry,  and  in- 
tegrity were  of  a  high  order. 

Burrill,  Alexander  M.,  legal  writer,  d. 
Kearney,  N.J.,  Feb.  7.  1869,  a.  62.  Col.  Coll. 
1824,  with  highest  honors  of  the  class.  He 
studied  several  years  in  the  office  of  Chancellor 
Kent,  and  was  remarkable  for  his  scholarly 
precision  and  discrimination  in  the  use  of  lan- 
guage. Author  of"  Circumstantial  Evidence," 
" As-ignments,"  "Practice,"  and  a  "Law 
Dictionary."  He  also  aided  in  compiling 
"  Worcester's  Dictionary." 

Burrill,  James,  LL.D.,  lawyer  and  states- 
man, b.  Providence,  R.I.,  April  25,  1772;  d. 
Washington,  Dec.  25,  1820.  B.U.  178S.  Adm. 
to  practise  law  in  Sept.  1791,  his  superior 
talents  soon  gave  him  the  first  rank  at  the  bar. 
He  was  atty.-gen.  of  R.I.  from  1797  to  1813, 
when  the  decline  of  his  health  caused  his  retire- 
ment from  the  bar.  Member  of  the  legisl.  in 
1813,  speaker  in  1814,  chief-justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  in  1816,  U.S.  senator,  1817-20. 
He  bore  a  disting.  part  in  the  U.S.  senate,  espe- 
cially in  the  debate  on  the  Mo.  Compromise, 
to  which  he  was  inflexibly  opposed.  He  was 
dignified  in  character  and  eminent  in  scholar- 
ship. 


BXJR 


146 


BUR 


Burrington,  George,  gov.  of  N.C.,  1723- 
4  and  1 730-4  :  was  ajjp.  because  his  father 
had  been  active  in  support  of  the  govt,  at  the 
accession  of  George  I.  He  withdrew  from  the 
Colony  in  l734,  to  avoid  prosecution,  and  evade 
justice,  and  was  found  murdered  one  morning 
in  St.  James's  Park,  Lond. —  Williamson's  N.C. 

Burritt,  Elihu,  "  the  learned  black- 
smith," reformer,  b.  New  Britain,  Ct.,  Dec.  8, 
1811.  The  son  of  a  shoemaker,  he  was  edu- 
cated at  a  common  school,  and  at  16  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  blacksmith.  Desirous  of  read- 
ing the  Scriptures  in  their  original  languages, 
in  the  intervals  of  labor,  by  diligence  and  a 
remarkable  facility,  he  acquired  several  lan- 
guages. He  removed  to  Worcester  for  the 
benefit  of  the  library  of  the  Antiquarian  Soci- 
ety, and,  while  still  plying  his  trade,  became 
acquainted  with  the  principal  ancient  and  mod- 
ern languages.  In  1844,  he  edited  at  Worces- 
ter the  Christian  Citizen,  a  paper  advocating 
a  peaceful  settlement  of  international  difficul- 
ties. In  this  cause,  he  delivered  many  public 
lectures.  In  1846,  he  went  to  Eng.,  where  he 
formed  the  "LeagueofUniversalBrotherhood," 
whose  object  was  "to  employ  all  legitimate 
means  for  the  abolition  of  war  throughout  the 
world ;  "  and  was  proprietor  and  editor  of  the 
Peace  Advocate,  and  pub.  a  periodical  tract, 
the  Bond  of  Brotherhood.  He  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  all  the  European  peace  congresses, 
returning  to  America  in  1853.  The  promotion 
of  temperance,  cheap  ocean-postage,  and  the 
abolition  of  American  slavery,  have  been  ob- 
jects of  his  exertions.  He  has  been  for  some 
years  U.S.  consul  at  Birmingham.  His  prin- 
cipal publications  are,  "  Sparks  from  the  An- 
vil," 1848,  "  Miscellaneous  Writings,"  1850, 
and  "  Thoughts  and  Things  at  Home  and 
Abroad,"  Boston,  1854. 

Burroughs,  Charles,  D.  D.,  Prot.-Ep. 
clergyman,  b.  Boston,  27  Dec.  1787;  d.  Ports- 
mouth, N.H.,  5  Mar.  1868.  H.U.  1806.  Ord. 
priest,  1812,  and  rector  of  St.  John's  Church, 
Portsm.,  nearly  50  years.  Nearly  30  years  pres. 
N.H.  Asylum  for  the  Insane;  of  the  Portsm. 
Athenaeum  nearly  40  years,  and  of  the  Gen. 
Theol.  Library  of  Boston,  from  its  origi- 
nation until  his  death.  Author  of  "  Memoirs 
of  Horace  B.  Morse,"  1829,  "  The  Poetry  of 
Religion  and  other  Poems,"  1851. 

Burroughs,  George,  minister  of  Salem  ; 
executed  for  witchcraft,  19  Aug.  1692.  H.U. 
1670.  In  1676,  he  was  settled  at  Falmouth 
(now  Portland),  Me. ;  25  Nov.  1680,  he  was 
ord.  at  Salem,  but,  in  consequence  of  a  dispute 
with  some  of  his  people,  resigned  in  1685,  and 
returned  to  Falmouth.  On  the  destruction  of 
this  place  by  the  Indians,  in  1690,  he  is  said  to 
have  returned  to  Salem.  Examined  for  witch- 
craft, and  imprisoned  at  Boston,  May  8,  he  was 
brought  to  trial,  3  Aug.,  for  having,  by  his 
"  wicked  arts,  tortured,  afflicted,  pined,  'con- 
sumed, wasted,  and  tormented  Mary  Walcott, 
and  also  for  having  performed  feats  of  extraor- 
dinary strength."  On  the  strength  of  these 
charges,  made  by  professed  witches,  or  those 
who  were  victims  of  their  influence,  he  was 
hung. 

Burroughs,  Stephen,  adventurer,  b. 
Hanover,  N.H.,  1765;  d.  Three  Rivers,  Cana- 


da, 28  Jan.  1840.  Son  of  a  Cong,  clergyman, 
and  reputed  "the  worst  boy  in  town."  At 
14,  he  joined  the  army,  but  soon  deserted.  He 
left  Dartm.  Coll.  clandestinely,  became  succes- 
sively privateersman,  ship's  physician,  and 
schoolmaster,  and  finally  a  preacher.  Under  the 
name  of  Davis,  he  was  a  Cong,  pastor  in  Pel- 
ham,  Ms. ;  was  afterward  imprisoned  in  Spring- 
field for  passing  counterfeit  money  ;  set  fire  to 
his  jail,  and  was  removed  to  Castle  Island, 
Boston  harbor.  After  his  release,  he  again 
connected  himself  with  a  gang  of  counterfeiters, 
in  Canada,  but  afterward  became  an  exem- 
plary Catholic,andeducated  the  sons  of  wealthy 
Canadians.  He  was  remarkable  throughout 
his  career  for  charitable  deeds.  He  pub.  2 
vols,  of  Autobiography. 

Burrows,  William,  U.S.N.,  b.  Kender- 
ton,  near  Phila.,  Oct.  6,  1785;  d.  Sept.  5, 
1813.  Son  of  col.  W.  Ward  Burrows,  com.  of 
U.S.  marines;  midshipm.  10  Nov.  1799,  and 
served  under  Preble  in  the  Tripolitan  war; 
lieut.  March  19, 1807  ;  app.  to  the  sloop-of-war 
"Enterprise,"  he  sailed  from  Portsmouth,  and  on 
Sunday,  Sept.  5, 1813,  fell  in  with  the  British 
brig  "  Boxer  "  off  Portland,  and,  after  an  action 
of  45  minutes,  captured  her,  her  com.  Blythe 
being  killed.  Burrows  was  mortally  wounded 
at  the  first  fire.  For  his  gallantry,  Congress 
voted  a  gold  medal  to  his  nearest  male  rela- 
tive. 

Burt,  William  A.,  surveyor,  b.  Worces- 
ter, Ms.,  13  June,  1792;  d.  18  Aug.  1858. 
He  received  a  good  education  ;  was  some  years 
an  engineer  in  Erie  Co.,  NY. ;  settled  near 
Detroit,  Mich.,  in  1824;  served  several  terms 
in  the  Terr.  Council ;  became  U.S.  dep.  sur- 
veyor, and  in  1840-7  surveyed  Northern  Mich. 
He  originated  the  idea  of  the  solar  compass, 
introduced  important  improvement^  in  geol. 
surveying;  received  in  1851,  from  the  London 
Industrial  Exhib.,  a  prize  medal  for  his  com- 
pass, and  in  1856  patented  an  equatorial  sex- 
tant, but  d.  before  bringing  it  to  perfection. 
He  had  been  a  judge  of  the  Mich.  Circuit 
Court,  and  member  of  the  legisl.  for  several 
terms,  and  was  a  prime  mover  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Saute  Ste.  Marie  Canal. 

Burton,  Asa,  D.D.  (Middleb.  Coll.  1804), 
divine,  b.  Preston,  now  Griswold,  Ct.,  Aug.  25, 
1752  ;  d.  Thetford,  Vt.,  May  1, 1836.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1777.  Ord.  at  Thetford,  Jan.  19,  1779, 
over  a  church  of  16  members,  he  continued  his 
pastorate  more  than  half  a  century.  He  pub- 
lished several  sermons  and  discourses,  and 
"Essays  on  Some  of  the  First  Principles  of 
Metaphysics,  Ethics,  and  Theology,"  8vo,  1824. 
A  memoir  has  been  pub.  by  Thomas  Adams. 
—  Sprague. 

Burton,  Henry  S.,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S. 
A.,  b.  N.Y.,  1818;  d.  Fort  Adams,  R.I., 
April  4,  1869.  West  Point,  1839.  He  served 
in  the  art.  in  the  Seminole  war ;  was  an  in- 
structor at  West  Point  in  1843-6;  and,  as 
lieut.-col.  N.Y.  vols.,  disting,  himself  by  his 
defence  of  La  Paz  in  Lower  Cal.,  in  Nov.  1847  ; 
maj.  May  14,  1861  ;  lieut-col.  July  25,  1863; 
col.  5th  Art.  Aug.  11,  1863  ;  brev.  brig.-gen. 
March  13,  1865,  for  services  at  the  capture  of 
Petersburg. 

Burton,  Hutchins   G,   a  politician  of 


BTJR 


147 


BTJS 


N.  C,  b.  Granville  Co.;  d.  Apr.  21,  1836. 
After  studying  law,  he  settled  in  Mecklenburg, 
which,  in  1810,  he  represented  in  the  House  cf 
Commons.  Atty.-gen.  of  the  State,  1811-16  ; 
removed  to  Haliflix  Co.  in  1816,  again  becom- 
ing a  member  of  the  House ;  was  M.  C.  1819- 
24,  and  gov.  1824-7. 

Burton,  Napier  Christie,  a  British 
gen.,  "  an  American  by  birth  ; "  d.  Eng.,  Jan. 
1835,  a.  76.  He  entered  the  service  in  Aug. 
1775,  as  ensign  22d;  was  made  capt.  Sept. 
1779.  During  the  winter  of  1779-80,  he  served 
in  the  Jerseys ;  in  actions  of  Elizabethtown  and 
Springfield  in  1780;  in  Aug.  went  to  Ports- 
mouth, Va.,  and  thence  to  S.  C  ;  engaged  in 
the  affairs  of  the  Catawba  and  Yadkin,  in  the 
battles  of  Guilford  and  Cross  Creek,  and  was 
taken  prisoner  at  Yorktown ;  lieut.-col.  in 
1789;  served  in  Flanders;  app.  lieut.-gov.  Up- 
per Canada  in  1799  ;  lient.-gen.  Jan.  1,  1805; 
gen.  June  4,  1814;  M.  P.  for  Beverley,  1796- 
1806.  —Philipart. 

Burton,  iVUj.-Gen.  Ealph;  d.  1768. 
lieut.-col.  48th  Foot,  Oct.  14,  1754,  and  wound- 
ed at  Braddock's  defeat ;  com.  the  3d  brigade  in 
the  exped.  against  Louisburg  in  1758;  was 
wounded  at  the  capture  of  Quebec ;  com.  the 
reserve  at  the  Plains  of  Abraham  ;  was  made 
lieut.-gov.  of  Quebec,  brig.-gen.  in  1760,  and 
maj.-gen.  July  10,  1762.  In  Gen.  Murray's 
operations  at  the  reduction  of  Montreal,  *he 
com.  the  1st  brigade.  —  0' Callaghan. 

Burton,  Col.  Robert,  Re'vol.  officer,  b. 
1747,  Mecklenburg  Co.,  Va. ;  d.  Granville  Co., 
N.  C,  1825.  He  was  a  planter,  and  moved  to 
Granville  ab.  1775.  Member  of  the  Old  Con- 
gress, 1787-8.  Commissioner  on  boundary  line 
between  N.  and  S.  Carolina  and  Ga.,  in  1801 . 

Burton,  W.\rren,  author  and  clergvman, 
b.  Wilton,  N.  H.,  Nov.  13,  1800  ;  d.  Salem, 
Ms.,  June  6,  1866.  H.  U.  1821.  His  grand- 
fiither  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Wilton,  a 
soldier  in  the  French  war,  and  an  officer  of 
theRevol.  war.  He  studied  at  the  Cambridge 
Theol.  School,  was  ord.  5  Mar.  1828,  at  East 
Cambridge,  Ms.,  but,  after  a  brief  ministry, 
devoted  himself  to  objects  of  reform,  still  con- 
tinuing to  preach  occasionally.  He  was  a  min- 
ister at  large  in  Boston,  from  1844  to  1848. 
Chaplain  of  the  Worcester  prison  in  1849,  to 
the  State  senate  in  1852,  to  the  house  in 
1858  and  1860,  and  to  the  State  convention  in 
1853.  He  labored  to  promote  true  culture,  to 
raise  the  condition  of  schools,  and  especially 
to  secure  universal  attention  to  the  sphere  of 
home  education,  by  lectures,  meetings  for  dis- 
cussion, and  through  the  newspaper  press. 
His  publications  are,  "  Cheering  Views  of  Man 
and  Providence ;  "  "  Uncle  Sam's  Recommen- 
dations of  Phrenology,"  1842  ;  "District School 
as  it  was  ; "  "  Helps  to  Education  in  the  Homes 
of  our  Country,"  1863  ;  "  Scenery  Showing, 
or  Word-Paintings  of  the  Beautiful,  Pictur- 
esque, and  Grand  in  Nature ;  "  "  My  Religious 
Experience  at  my  Native  Home,"  1829  ;  "  Es- 
say on  the  Divine  Agency  in  the  Material  Uni- 
verse," besides  articles  in  annuals  and  periodi- 
cals. 

Burton,  William  Evans,  comedian  and 
author,  b.  London,  Sept.  1802;  d.  N.  Y.,  Feb. 
10,  1860.     Intended  for  the  church,  he  received 


a  classical  education,  but,  at  the  age  of  1 8,  took 
charge  of  his  father's  printing-office,  and  edited 
a  monthly  magazine.  After  acting  several 
years  on  the  Norwich  circuit,  he  appeared  with 
success  at  the  Hay  market  in  1832.  He  wrote 
several  dramatic  pieces,  one  of  which,  "  Ellen 
Wareham,"  was  played  at  5  theatres  in  Lon- 
don on  the  same  evening.  He  made  his  debut 
at  the  Arch-st.  Theatre,  Phila.,  as  "  Dr.  OUa- 
pod,"  Sept.  3, 1834,  appearing  first  in  N.Y.  at  a 
complimentary  benefit  to  Woodworth,  in  1839. 
He  was  the  lessee  of  theatres  in  the  chief  At- 
lantic cities,  residing  principally  in  Phila.  and 
N.Y.  In  Phila.,  he  buiit  the  "National,"  and 
started  in  1837  the  Gentlemen's  Magazine.  He 
was  proprietor  of  the  Opera  House,  N.  Y.,  when 
burned  in  1841.  In  1847,  he  purchased  Palmo's 
Opera  House,  in  Chambers  Street,  where  he 
managed  dramatic  performances  with  popular 
favor  10  years.  In  1856,  he  purchased  the  Met- 
ropolitan Theatre  on  Broadway,  to  which  his 
name  was  attached.  The  part  of  "  Toodles  " 
was  one  of  his  specialties.  He  was  very  success- 
ful as  a  manager  and  performer,  and  was  unri- 
valled in  a  wide  range  of  eccentric  and  comic 
parts.  An  excellent  Shaksperian  scholar,  he 
possessed  a  very  full  Shaksperian  library.  He 
edited  for  several  years  the  Literari/  Souvenir, 
and  compiled  in  1858  a  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Wit 
and  Humor,"  2  vols,  royal  8vo.  He  was  a  man 
of  unsullied  integrity  and  great  generosity. 

Bush,  Maj.  George,  Revol.  officer  of  Del. ; 
d.  ab.  1794.  His  bro.  Maj.  Lewis  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Brandy  wine,  Sept.  11,  1777.  Wil- 
liam S.  Bdsh,  lieut.  of  marines,  nephew  of 
George  and  Lewis,  killed  in  the  action  between 
the  frigates  "  Constitution  "  and  "  Guerriere," 
Aug.  19,  1812. 

Bush,  Rev.  George,  an  eminent  Sweden- 
borgian  divine  and  author,  b.  Norwich,  Vt., 
June  12,  1796;  d.  Rochester,  N.Y.,  Sept.  19, 
1859.  Dartm.  Coll.  1818.  He  studied  theol- 
ogy at  the  Princeton  Sem.,  made  a  brief  mis- 
sionary tour  in  Indiana,  and  was  pastor  of  a 
Presb.  church  in  Indianapolis,  from  1824  to 
1829.  Elected  in  1831  prof,  of  Hebrew  and 
Oriental  literature  in  the  U.  of  N.Y.,  he  first 
became  known  as  an  author  by  his  popular 
"  Life  of  Mohammed,"  1832.  He  afterwards 
pub.  "  Scriptural  Illustrations,"  "  Treatise  on 
the  Millennium,"  1833  ;  "  New  Church  Miscel- 
lanies," 1855;  "Priesthood  and  Clergy  un- 
known to  Christianity,"  1857  ;  "  Hebrew  Gram- 
mar," 1 835 ;  in  1 840  commenced  a  series  of  Bible 
commentaries  in  7  vols.;  "  Anastasis,"  1844, 
and  edited  the  Hierophant,  a  monthly  mag.,  in 
1844.  In  his  work  on  mesmerism,  1847,  he 
deems  it  a  confirmation  of  the  truth  of  Sweden- 
borg's  revelations.  He  was  a  man  of  simple 
manners,  genial  and  kind.  Embracing  the  doc- 
trines of  Swedenborg,  he  became  pastor  of  the 
New  Jerusalem  Church,  N.Y.,  in  1845,  and  be- 
came editor  of  the  New  Church  Repository,  tp 
develop  and  maintain  the  principles  of  that 
philosopher.  He  finally  became  a  Spiritualist. 
A  vol.  of  Memoirs  of  Bush,  by  W.  M.  Fernal^, 
appeared  in  1860. 

Bushnell,  David,  inventor,  b.  Saybrook, 
Ct.,  ab.  1754;  d.  Warrenton,  Ga.,  1824.  Y.C. 
1775.  During  the  Revol.,  he  turned  his  mind 
to  the  invention  of  a  machine  for  blo\yipg:  ,^p 


BUS 


148 


BUT 


vessels  :  he  marie  one  capable  of  conveying  an 
operator,  with  100  lbs.  of  powder,  which  was 
tried  in  vain  on  "  The  Eagle,"  a  British  64  gun- 
ship  lying  in  N.Y.  harbor.  An  account  of 
this  machine  is  found  in  Silliman's  Journal  for 
1820  Bushnell  prepared  a  large  number  of 
machines  in  kegs  to  be  floated  by  the  tide  upon 
the  British  vessels  lying  in  the  river  at  Phila., 
the  result  of  which  attempt  occasioned  the  bal- 
lad of  the  "Battle  of  the  Kegs,"  by  Hopkin- 
son.  He  became  a  capt.  in  the  army,  and  af- 
ter the  war  went  to  France.  Returning,  he 
was  several  years  at  the  head  of  one  of  the 
most  respectable  schools  of  Ga.,  and  later  set- 
tled at  Warrcnton,  as  a  practitioner  of  physic, 
where  he  was  known  as  Dr.  Bush. 

Bushnell,  Horace,  D.l).  (Wesl.  U. 
1842),  Cong,  divine  and  author,  h.  Litchfield, 
Ct.,  1802.  Y.C.  1827.  At  one  time  literary 
ed.  of  the  N.  Y.  Journal  of  Commerce,  then  a 
teacher  in  the  Norwich  Acad, ;  tutor  at  Yale 
in  1829-31.  Since  May,  1833,  pastor  of  the 
North  Cong.  Church,  Hartford,  Ct. ;  an  elo- 
quent preacher,  and  a  distiny:.  philos.  essayist. 
In  1837,  he  delivered  at  N.  Haven  a  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  oration  on  the  "  Principles  of  National 
Greatness."  He  also  pub.  "  Christian  Nur- 
ture," 1847;  "God  in  Christ,"  1849,  and 
a  defence  of  it,  entitled  "  Christian  Theology," 
in  1851 ;  "  Sermons  for  the  New  life,"  18.58  ; 
"  Nature  and  the  Supernatural,"  1858 ;  "  Work 
and  Play,"  1864  ;  "  Christ  and  his  Salvation," 
1864;  "The  Vicarious  Sacrifice,"  1865,  and 
"  Woman's  Suffrage,  the  Reform  against  Na- 
ture." Also  a  contrib.  to  theiV.  Enc/lander  and 
other  periodicals. 

Bushy  head,  Jesse,  chief -justice  of  the 
Cherokees ;  d.  at  the  mission  in  the  Cherokee 
nation.  West,  July  17,  1844.  He  was  a  self- 
made  man,  acquired  great  distinction  among 
his  tribe,  and  filled  with  fidelity  many  public 
trusts. 

Bussey,  Benjamin,  a  benefactor  of  H.U., 
b.  Canton,  Ms.,  March  1,  1757;  d.  Roxbury, 
Jan.  13,  1842.  At  18,  he  enlisted  as  a  soldier 
in  the  Revo),  army,  and  was  at  the  capture  of 
Burgoyne.  At  age  of  22,  he  m.,  commenced 
business  as  a  silversmith  in  Dedliam,  with  a 
capital  of  $10,  and  in  1782  removed  to  Bos- 
ton ;  where,  engaging  in  foreign  commerce,  he 
acquired  a  fortune.  He  left  a  widow,  one 
grandchild,  and  some  great  grandchildren.  On 
the  death  of  the  last  survivor,  the  whole  of  this 
estate,  estimated  at  $350,000,  will  pass  to  Har- 
vard University,  one  half  to  endow  a  Farm 
School,  for  instruction  in  practical  agricul- 
ture, &c.,  the  other  half  to  be  devoted  to  the 
sup|)ort  of  the  law  and  divinity  schools. 

Bustamente  (boos-ta-man'-ta),  Anasta- 
Sis,  pres.  of  M  xico,  b.  in  Guadalajara,  1782; 
d.  St.  Miguel  de  Allende,  1851.  At  21,  he  re- 
ceived the  diploma  of  M.D.,  began  practice  in 
San  Luis  Potosi,  and  was  family  physician  to 
Calleja,  viceroy  of  Mexico.  On  the  breaking- 
out  of  the  revol.  of  1810,  he  fought  in  behalf 
of  the  Spanish  Govt. ;  but  the  cruelty  of  Cal- 
leja made  him  a  patriot  When,  Feb.  24, 
1821,  Iturbide  pronounced  against  the  Span- 
ish Govt.,  Bustamente  was  one  of  the  first  to 
sustain  him.  Iturbide  made  him  gen.  of  div., 
and  com.  of  the  interior  provinces,  which  office 


he  held  till  called  to  the  vice-pres.  of  the  republic, 
Dec.  31,  1829.  He  took  part  against  Guerrero, 
and  in  Dec.  1830,  Santa  Aiia  having  headed  a 
Revol.  called  the  "  plan  of  Jalapa,"  he  was 
charged  with  the  executive  power  till  Aug.  14, 
1832.  Being  succeeded  in  the  presidency  fiy  Pe- 
draza,  he  took  com.  of  the  army,  and  was  soon 
after  overthrown  by  Santa  Ana,  who  banished 
him.  He  visited  France,  but,  on  the  outbreak 
of  Texas  in  1836,  returned  to  Mexico;  in 
1837-41  was  again  pres.,  excepting  a  short 
interval  in  1839,  but  was  again  overthrown 
and  banished  by  Santa  Ana.  He  fled  to  Eu- 
rope, resided  some  time  in  Genoa,  but,  on  the 
fall  of  Santa  Aiia  in  1845,  again  returned  to 
Mexico,  and  served  his  country  in  many  offices 
till  his  death.  Under  his  administration,  the 
rcpul)lic  prospered. 

Bustamente,  don  Carlos  Mabia  de, 
Mexican  archaeologist,  b.  Mexico,  ab.  1790. 
Author  of  "  Statistical  Memoir  on  the  Oaxaca 
Country,"  1821  ;  "  Tezcoco  in  the  Last  Days 
of  its  Ancient  Kings,"  1826;  ''Description 
Hist,  y  Cronol.  de  las  dos  Piedras,"  &c.,  1832. 
Editor  of  a  "  Com])lcte  Hi^<tory  of  Events 
in  New  Spain,"  1839,3  vols.,  by  the  Monk 
Sahagan,  and  the  Mexican  translation  of 
"  The  Conquests  of  Fernando  Cortes,"  1826. 

Butler,  Andrew  Pickens,  U.S.  senator 
from  1846  to  his  d.,  Edgefield  dist.,  S.C.,  25 
May,  1857  ;  b.  there  18  Nov.  1796.  S.C.  Coll. 
1817.  Son  of  Gen.  Wm.,  a  gallant  Revol. 
soldier  of  Va.  Adm.  to  the  i)ar  in  1818,  and 
soon  attained  higli  rank;  became  also  an  able 
debater  in  the  State  legisl. ;  judge  of  the  ses- 
sions, 1833,  and  of  the  State  Court  in  1835- 
46;  chairman  of  the  senate  judiciary  com., 
he  made  an  elaborate  speech  on  reporting  the 
fugitive  slave  law,  and  was  cons))icuous  on 
the  Kansas  and  other  important  questions  ;  his 
last  speech  being  a  reply  to  Mr.  Sumner,  and  a 
defence  of  S.C. 

Butler,  Benjamin  F.,  a  politician  and  law- 
yer of  N.Y.,  b.  Kinderhook,  Dec.  15,  1795  ;  d. 
Paris,  France,  Nov.  8,  1858.  He  was  a  lineal 
descendant  of  Oliver  Cromwell  on  his  moth- 
er's side.  He  studied  law  with  Martin  Van 
Buren,  and,  on  his  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1817,  be- 
came his  partner,  and  was  dist.-atty.  of  Al- 
bany in  1821-5.  He  served  in  the  State 
assembly,  and,  with  John  Duer  and  J.  C. 
Spencer,  revised  the  statutes  of  N.Y.  He  was 
U.S.  atty.-gen.  under  Jackson  (1831-4),  also  act- 
ing sec.  of  war  from  Oct.  1836  to  March,  1837  ; 
U.S.  dist.-atty.  for  the  southei-n  dist.  of  N.Y. 
1838-41.  He  left  the  Dcmoc.  party  on  account 
of  the  Nebraska  bill,  joined  the  Repubs.,  and 
voted  for  Fremont.  Resuming  his  profession, 
he  also  performed  the  duties  of  principal  prof, 
of  law  in  the  U.  of  N.Y.,  which  institution  he 
was  instrumental  in  establishing,  —  See  Life 
and  Opinions  of,  by  W.  L.  Mackenzie. 

Butler,  Benjamin  Franklin,  lawyer  and 
politician,  b.  Deerfield,  N.H.,  Nov.  5,  1818. 
Waterville  Coll.,  Me.,  1838.  Zephaniah,  his 
grandfather,  was  a  Revol.  officer.  He  studied 
law  at  Lowell,  Ms. ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1841,  and  practised  law  in  Ms.  until  April, 
1861,  with  high  rqputation,  especially  in  crim- 
inal cases.  He  became  identified  with  the 
Democ.  party,  was  active  in  politics ;  was  a 


BUT 


149 


BXJX 


member  of  the  Mass.  les^isl.  in  1853,  and  of 
the  State  senate  in  1859-60,  of  the  Const, 
('onv.  of  1853,  and  in  1860  was  a  delegate  to 
thoDemoc.  pres.  convention  at  Charleston,  and 
afterward  at  Baltimore,  in  which  he  supported 
the  nomination  of  Breckinridge.  As  brig.- 
gen.  of  Ms.  militia,  April  17,  1861,  he  marched 
with  the  Ms.  8th  rcgt.  to  Annapolis,  brought 
out  the  frigate  "  Constitution,"  and  was  placed 
in  com.  of  the  dept.  of  Annapolis,  including 
the  city  of  Baltimore;  made  maj.-gen.  of 
vols.  May  16,  and  transferred  to  the  com.  of 
Fortress  Monroe,  and  the  dept.  of  Eastern  Va. 
•To  some  slaves  who  came  to  the  (brt  for  protec- 
tion, Butler  applied  the  famous  phrase  "  con- 
traband of  war."  Aug.  22,  he  proceeded  with 
an  exped.  against  Forts  Hatteras  and  Clark  on 
the  coast  of  N.C.,  which  fell  on  the  29th.  He 
then  organized  an  cxped.  for  the  capture  of 
New  Oi-leans  ;  left  Boston,  Feb.  20,  1862,  and 
on  the  surrender  of  Fort  St.  Philip  and  Fort 
Jackson  to  Flag-officer  Farragut,  May  1,  took 
possession  of  the  city,  and  by  a  vigorous  admin- 
istration reduced  it  to  order  and  security.  He 
was  removed  in  Nov,  1862.  In  the  latter 
part  of  1863,  he  obtained  com.  of  the  dept.  of 
Va.  and  N.C  He  operated  on  the  south  si^ie 
of  the  James  River  against  Richmond,  in- 
trenching himself  at  City  Point  and  Bermuda 
Hundred,  5  May,  1864.  He  was  attacked  on 
the  16th  near  Drury's  Bluff,  and  forced  back  to 
his  intrenchments,  so  that  he  could  not  take 
the  offensive.  He  com.  the  land  force  in  the 
unsuccessful  exped.  against  Fort  Fisher  in 
Dec.  1864.  M.C.  1866-71  ;  one  of  thc^  mana- 
gers of  the  impeachment  of  Pres.  Johnson, 
1868.  —  See  Parton's  Butler  in  New  Orleans; 
Greeley's  Amer.  Conflict. 

Blitler,  Caleb,  b.  Pelham,  N.H.,  Sept. 
13, 1776  ;  d.  Groton,  Ms.,  Oct.  7,  1854.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1800.  Studied  law  in  Groton,  and  was 
the  principal  instructor  of  the  Groton  Acad. 
for  11  years.  He  pub.  a  Masonic  oration, 
1816;  "  Facts,  &c.,  as  to  Affairs  in  Groton," 
1827  ;  "  Review  reviewed,"  1850,  "  History  of 
Groton,"  1848. 

Butler,  Ezra,  statesman,  d.  Waterburv, 
Vt.,  July  19,  1838,  a.  76.  In  Sept.  1786,  lie 
came  from  Weathersfield,  Vt.,  and  settled  in 
VVaterbury.  He  was  of  the  JefFersonian  school 
in  politics;  was  11  years  a  member  of  the  as- 
sembly ;  1 5  years  of  the  council ;  first  jud.^e  of 
Chittenden  Co.  Court,  1803-6;  chief-justice, 
1806-11;  ch.-jus.  of  Jefferson  Co.,  1814-26; 
M.C.  1813-15";  member  of  the  Vt.  Const.  Conv. 
1822;  gov.  of  Vt.  1826-8.  He  was  53  years 
in  the  public  service,  beside  the  town  offices  he 
held  at  home.  —  Deminrfs  Vt.  Officers. 

Butler,  Col.  John,  a  Tory  leader  of  the 
Revol.,  b.  Ct.  ;  d.  Niagara,  1794.  Before 
the  war,  he  was  in  official  connection  with  the 
Johnsons,  and  com.  a  militia  regt.  in  Tryon 
Co.,  N.Y.  In  1776,  he  organized  a  band  of 
marauders,  who  dressed  and  painted  like  In- 
dians, but  who  were  chiefly  American  traitors 
and  vagabonds  in  disguise.  He  was  active  in 
the  predatory  warfare  which  so  long  disturbed 
Tryon  Co.  ;  was  at  the  battle  of  Oriskany  in 
Aug.  1777  ;  com.  the  1,100  men  who  desolated 
Wyoming  in  July,  1778;  was  among  those 
who  opposed  Sullivan's  exped.  to  the  Indian 


country  in  1779,  and  accomp.  Sir  John  John- 
son's raid  on  the  Schoharie  and  Mohawk  set- 
tlements in  1780.  After  the  war,  he  went  to 
Canada,  and  was  richly  rewarded  by  the  Bri- 
tish Govt.,  succeeding,  in  part,  to  the  agency  of 
Indian  affairs,  long  held  by  the  Johnsons  ;  and, 
ab.  1794,  had  a  salary  of  £500  per  annum,  and 
a  military  pension  of  £200  more.  His  son 
Walter,  a  major  in  the  British  service,  kilbd 
in  battle  in  1781,  was  a  man  of  ferocious  and 
brutal  character. 

Butler,  Mann,  author  of  a  "  History  of 
Kentucky;"  d.  in  Nov.  1835,  in  consequence 
of  a  railroad  accident  in  Mo.  He  emig.  to  Ky. 
in  1806,  and  pub.  his  history  at  Louisville  in 
1834. 

Butler,  Gen.  Percival,  4th  of  the  Butler 
bros.,  b.  Pa.,  1760;  d.  Port  William.  Ky,, 
Sept.  11,  1821.  The  bros.  Richard,  William, 
Thomas,  Percival,  and  Edward,  all  served  with 
dist.  in  the  Revol.,  and  the  succeeding  Indian 
wars.  Capt.  in  the  Revol.  army.  He  was 
Morgan's  second  in  com.  at  Saratoga,  and 
com.  in  the  conflict  with  Col.  Simcoe  at  Spen- 
cer's Ordinary,  June  25,  1781,  and  served  at 
the  siege  of  Yorktown.  After  the  war,  he 
removed  to  Jessamine  Co.,  Ky.,  and  was  adju- 
tant-gen. in  the  War  of  1812. 

Butler,  Pierce,  senator,  b.  Ireland,  1744; 
d.  Phila.,  Feb.  15,  1822.  He  was  of  the  family 
of  the  Dukes  of  Onnond  ;  was  made  a  lieut. 
46th  regt.  Aug.  18,  1761  ;  capt.  29th  in  July, 
1762  ;  major  in  April,  1766,  and  was  stationed 
in  Boston,  but  resigned  before  the  Revol.,  and 
settled  in  S.C.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Old 
Congress  in  1787  from  S.C;  in  1788  of  the 
convention  which  framed  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion, and  was  a  senator  from  S.C.  in  1789-96 
and  1802-4.  Director  in  the  U.S.  Bank.  His 
wife,dau.of  Col.  Middleton  of  Charleston,  S.C, 
whom  he  m.  in  1768,  d.  1790. 

Butler,  Col.  Pi  erg  b  M.,  soldier  and 
statesman,  b.  Edgefield  dist.,  S.C,  April  11, 
1798;  killed  Aug.  20,  1847,  in  battle  of  Churu- 
busco,  Mexico.  Son  of  Gen.  Wm.  Butler,  and 
bro.  of  Senator  A.  P.  Butler.  Lieut.  4th  Inf., 
Aug.  13,  1819  ;  capt.  Dec.  1825  ;  resigned  Oct. 
1,  1829;  became  cashier  and  sul)sequently 
pres.  of  the  State  Bank  at  Columbia;  lieut.- 
col.  of  Goodwin's  mounted  vols,  in  Fla.  war, 
Feb.  17,  1836;  gov.  of  S.C  1836-8;  U.S. 
agent  for  the  Cherokees  west  of  the  Mpi. ;  re- 
moved by  Mr.  Polk,  who  app.  him  to  treat  with 
the  Comanche  Indians ;  made  col.  of  the 
Palmetto  regt.  in  the  Mexican  war,  Dec.  22, 
1846,  in  com.  of  which  he  was  disting.  and 
twice  wounded. 

Butler,  Richard,  major-gen.,  b.  Ireland  ; 
killed  Nov.  4,  1791.  He  came  to  Amer.  before 
1760;  was  made  lieut.-col.  Pa.  line  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war,  in  the  spring  of  1777  was 
lieut.-col.  of  Morgan's  rifle  corps,  and  disting. 
himself  on  many  occasions.  While  with  Lafay- 
ette's detachment  near  Williamsburg,  Va.,  June 
26,  1781,  he  attacked  Col.  Simcoe's  rangers, 
gaining  the  advantage.  He  held  the  rank  of  col. 
9th  Pa.  rcgt.  at  the  close  of  the  war ;  was  agent 
for  Indian  affairs  in  O.,  ab.  1787,  and  in  the 
exped.  of  St.  Clair  against  the  Indians  in  1791, 
com.  theright  wing,  with  the  rank  of  maj.-gen.; 
attacked  early  in   the  morning  of  Nov.  4,  he 


BUT 


150 


BUT 


repeatedly  charj^ed  the  enemy,  but  received 
several  severe  wounds,  and  finally  was  toma- 
hawked and  scalped. 

Butler,  Col.  Thomas,  3d  of  the  Butler 
bros.,  b.  Pa.,  1754  ;  d.  N.  Orleans,  Sept.  7, 
1 805.  In  1 776,  while  studying  law  with  Judge 
Wilson  of  Phila.,  he  joined  the  army,  soon  ob- 
tained a  companv;  was  in  almost  every  action 
in  the  Middle  States  during  the  Revol.,  and 
was  wounded.  At  the  Brandy wijie,  Sept.  11, 
1777,  he  received  the  thanks  of  Washington  on 
the  field  for  intrepidity  in  rallying  a  retreating 
detachment.  At  Monmouth,  he  received  the 
thanks  of  Wayne,  for  defending  a  defile  in  the 
face  of  a  heavy  fire,  while  Col.  Richard  But- 
ler's regt.  withdrew.  After  the  war,  he  retired 
to  a  farm,  but  in  1791  was  made  major,  com. 
a  batt.  from  Carlisle  in  Gibson's  regt.,  under 
St.  Clair,  at  whose  defeat,  Nov.  4,  he  was  twice 
wounded.  His  leg  had  been  broken  by  a  ball. 
His  elder  bro.  Richard  was  killed,  and  he  was 
with  difficulty  removed  by  his  surviving  bro. 
Edward.  Maj.  4th  sub  legion,  April  11,1 792  ; 
lieut.-col,  com.  July  1,  1794  ;  col.  2d  Inf.,  Apr. 
1802.  William,  second  of  the  bros.,  lieut.-col. 
4th  Pa.  regt.  Revol.  army,  made  an  exped.  in 
Oct.  1778,  into  the  Indian  settlements  at  Una- 
dilla  and  Anaguaga,  which  were  destroyed. 
An  account  of  this  exped.  was  pub. 

Butler,  William,  lieut.-col.  38th  British 
regt.  at  Bunker's  Hill  battle;  d.  Bristol,  Eng., 
in  July,  1796. 

Butler,  Gen.  William,  Revol.  soldier  and 
politician,  b.  Prince  William  Co.,  Va.,  1759; 
d.  Columbia,  S.C,  Nov.  15,  1821.  Son  of 
James  Butler,  who,  while  com.  a  party  of 
Whigs,  was  captured  and  afterward  murdered 
by  the  notorious  Cunningham.  Grad.  at  S.C. 
Coll.  as  a  student  of  medicine.  He  became  a 
licut.  in  Lincoln's  army  in  1779  ;  was  engaged 
at  Stono,  and  served  in  the  famous  corps  of 
Pulaski  until  the  death  of  the  latter.  Butler 
next  joined  Gen.  Pickens,  subsequently  served 
with  Gen.  Lee,  under  Greene,  at  the  siege  of 
Ninety-Six,  and  was  detached  on  several  sepa- 
rate services  requiring  celerity,  courage,  and 
vigilance.  He  at  length  rose  to  a  command  of 
mounted  rangers,  and  took  part  in  many  affairs 
with  the  Tories.  He  was  soon  after  the  war 
made  a  brig.-gen.,  and,  in  1796,  major-gen.  of 
militia.  M.C.  1801-11.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  convention  of  1787  to  consider  the  adop- 
tion of  the  Federal  Constitution, and,  with  Gen. 
Sumter  and  others,  voted  against  it.  He  was 
subsequently  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
passed  the  present  constitution  of  S.C. ;  was 
for  some  time  a  member  of  the  legisl. ;  sheriff 
in  1794,  and  at  one  time  served  as  a  magistrate. 
In  the  War  of  1812,  he  com.  the  S.C.  troops  for 
State  defence.  Father  of  Senator  A.  P.  Butler 
and  Pierce  M.  Butler.  He  was  large  and 
handsome  in  person,  a  bold  rider,  and  had  a 
great  passion  for  horses. 

Butler,  William  Allen,  lawyer  and 
poet,  b.  Albany,  N.Y.,  1825.  U.  of  N.Y. 
1843.  He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  his 
father,  Hon.  B.  F.  Butler,  travelled  in  Europe 
from  1846  to  1848,  and  has  since  been  actively 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  in  N.Y.  City. 
He  pub.  in  1846  a  poem,  entitled  "  The  Fu- 
ture ;  "  has  contrib.  many  papers  in  prose  and 


verse  to  the  Democratic  Eteview,  to  the  Art 
Union  Bulletin,  The  Cities  of  Art  and  the  Enrltf 
Artists,  and  to  the  Literary  World,  Out-qf-the- 
Way  Places  in  Europe,  a  few  pleasant  sketches 
of  travel,  and  several  humorous  papers  in 
prose  and  verse,  entitled  The  Colonel's  Club.  In 
1856,  he  pub.  "  Barnum's  Parnassus,"  a  vol. 
similar  to  the  "  Rejected  Addresses  ;  "  in  1857, 
the  poem  of  "  Nothing  to  Wear ;  "  a  new 
poem,  entitled  "Two  Millions,"  in  1858,  and 
"  Martin  Van  Buren,  Lawyer,  Statesman,  and 
Man,"  1862.  —  Duyckinck. 

Butler,  Gen.  William  Orlando,  soldier 
and  politician,  b.  Jessamine  Co.,  Ky.,  1793. 
Son  of  Gen.  Percival  Butler.  He  was  liberally 
educated,  and  designed  for  the  bar ;  licut.  2d 
Inf.,  Sept.  28,  1812  ;  wounded  and  made  pris- 
oner at  the  River  Raisin ;  afterward  served  with 
distinction  under  Jackson,  at  New  Orleans,  and 
was  bi-ev.  major,  Dec.  23,  1814  ;  aide  to  Jack- 
son, rank  of  lieut.-col.,  in  1816-17.  He  prac- 
tised law  in  Ky.  for  the  next  25  years  ;  M.C. 
1839-43;  Democ.  candidate  for  gov.  of  Ky.  in 
1844,  and  also  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
vice-pres.  in  1848.  Mademaj.-gen.  of  vols,  for 
the  Mexican  war,  June  29,  1846;  disting.  and 
wounded  in  the  battle  of  Monterey,  Sept. 
21,  1846,  for  which  he  was  presented  by  Con- 
gress with  a  sword  ;  succeeded  Gen.  Scott  in 
com.  of  the  army  in  the  Valley  of  Mexico,  in 
Feb.  1848.  App.  gov.  of  Nebr.  Terr,  by  Pres. 
Pierce,    declined.      Author  of   some  fugitive 

?oems  of  merit,  among  which  "  The  Boatman's 
Lorn  "  attained  popularity.     Member  of  the 
peace  congress  in  1861. 

Butler,  Col.  Zebulon,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Lyme,  Cr.,  1731  ;  d.  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  28  July, 
1795.  He  served  in  the  French  war  and  in  the 
exped.  to  Havana,  and  rose  to  be  a  capt.  in 
1761.  In  1769,  he  settled  at  Wyoming,  Pa.; 
lieut.-col.  Ct.  line,  serving  in  N.J.,  in  1777-8; 
col.  13  Mar.  1778  ;  and  3  July,  1778  com.  the 
weak  garrison  at  Wyoming  at  the  time  of  the 
massacre,  which  he  was  unable  to  prevent.  He 
accomp.  Sullivan  in  his  Indian  exped.  in  1779, 
and  served  with  distinction  throughout  the 
war.  —  Miner's  Wyoming. 

Butterfleld,  Daniel,  raaj.-gen.  vols.,  b. 
Oneida  Co.,  N.Y.,  Oct.  1831.  Un.  Coll.  1849. 
He  was  a  merchant  in  N.Y.  City,  and  col.  12th 
regt.  N.Y.  militia  when  the  civil  war  broke 
out.  Accompanying  his  regt.  to  Washington  in 
July,  he  joined  Gen.  Patterson  on  the  Upper 
Potomac,  and  com.  a  brigade.  Lieut.-col.  12th 
U.S.  Inf.,  May  14, 1861 ;  brig.-gen. vols.  Sept.  7, 
1861,  and  assigned  to  the  army  corps  of  Fitz- 
John  Porter,  in  which  he  made  the  campaign 
of  the  peninsula.  He  took  part  in  the  great 
battles  under  Pope  and  McClcUan  in  Aug.  and  ' 
Sept.  1862,  and,  near  the  close  of  Oct.,  took 
command  of  Morell's  division,  Maj.-gen. 
Nov.  29,  1862  ;  col.  5th  Inf.,  July  1, 1863  ;  com. 
5th  corps  at  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  Va. ; 
chief  of  staff,  Army  of  the  Potomac,  at  Chan- 
cellorsville  and  at  Gettysburg,  where  he  was 
wounded ;  ordered  to  re-enforce  Rosecrans' 
Army  of  the  Cumberland,  Oct.  1863;  chief  of 
staff  to  Hooker  at  Lookout  Mountain,  Mission 
Ridge,  Ringgold,  and  Pea  Vine  Creek,  Ga.  ; 
com.  a  division  of  20th  corps  at  battles  of  Buz- 
zard's   Roost,    Resaca,    Dallas,    New    Hope 


BUT 


151 


CAJB 


Church,  Kenesaw,  and  Lost  Mountain,  Ga., 
and  brev.  bri^.  and  maj.  gen.  for  gallant  and 
merit,  conduct.  Author  of  "  Camp  and  Out- 
post Duty,"  1862. 

Button,  Sir  Thomas,  an  early  English 
navigator  and  explorer  of  the  N.  E.  coast  of  N. 
Amer.  He  sailed  in  1612  with  2  vessels,  "  The 
Resolution  "  and  "  The  Di&covery ;  "  passed 
through  Hudson's  Straits,  and  was  the  first  to 
reach  land  on  the  western  coast  of  the  bay,  in 
lat.  62°,  and  named  it  Carey's  Swan's  Nest.  A 
river  was  first  named  by  him  Nelson's,  after  the 
master  of  his  ship.  He  wintered  there,  and 
during  the  next  summer  explored  and  named 
several  places  on  the  coast  of  Hudson's  Bay, 
and,  advancing  to  lat.  65°,  became  convinced  of 
the  possibility  of  the  north-west  passage.  He 
was  knighted  for  his  services. 

Buttrick,  Col.  Johx,  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  Concord  militia  on  the  memorable  19th 
of  April,  1775;  d.  Concord,  May  16,  1791, 
a.  60. 

Byfleld,  Nathaniel,  judge,  b.  Long  Bit- 
ten, Sussex,  Eng.,  1653  ;  d.  Boston,  June  6, 
1733.  Richard  his  father  was  one  of  the 
Westminster  Assembly  divines  ;  his  mother,  a 
sister  of  Bishop  Juxon.  He  arrived  in  Boston 
in  1G74,  became  an  eminent  merchant,  and  one 
of  the  4  proprietors  and  principal  settler  of  the 
town  of  Bristol,  R.I.  He  returned  to  Boston 
in  1724  ;  was  speaker  of  the  H.  of  representa- 
tives ;  38  years  judge  of  the  C.  C.  P.  for  Bris- 
tol Co.,  of  Suffolk  Co.,  1730-32;  was  many 
years  member  of  the  council,  and  judge  of  the 
vice-admiralty  in  1704-15  and  in  1729.  He 
pub.  an  account  of  the  late  Revolution  in  N. 
England,  in  1689.— xl//ert. 

Byles,  Mather,  D.D.,  Cong,  clergyman, 
and  wit,  b.  Boston,  March  26,  1706;  d.  there 
July  5,  1788.  H.  U.  1725.  Ord.  over  the 
church  in  Hollis  Street,  Dec.  20,  1733.  He  was 
disting.  among  his  contemporaries  for  literary 
taste  and  for  solid  learning.  He  received  from 
the  U.  of  Aberdeen,  in  1765,  the  degree  of 
D.D.  The  correspondent  of  Pope  and  Swift, 
he  himself  pub.  a  vol.  of  miscellaneous  poems 
in  1736.  His  reputation,  however,  rests  upon 
his  wit,  cheerful  flow  of  spirits,  and  conversa- 
tion. He  had,  however,  just  claims  to  regard 
as  a  pulpit  orator ;  and  his  pub.  sermons  evince 
a  fine  imagination,  great  skill  and  com.  of  lan- 
guage combined  with  terseness  of  expression. 
He  maintained  his  loyalty  during  the  troubled 
ante-revol.  period  in  Boston.  In  Aug.  1776, 
at  the  age  of  70,  his  connection  with  his  parish 
was  on  this  account  dissolved.  The  next  year, 
he  was  denounced  in  town-meeting  as  an  ene- 
my to  the  country,  tried,  and  condemned  to 
imprisonment  in  a  guard-ship,  and  to  subse- 
quent exile.  This  sentence  was  afterwards 
commuted.  A  sentinel  was  placed  before  his 
door,  but  was  afterwards  withdrawn,  and  finally 
replaced.  Released  soon  after,  he  alluded  to 
these  changes  of  treatment,  saying  that  "  he 
had  been  guarded,  regarded,  and  disregarded." 
His  two  daughters  lived  unmarried  to  a  great 
age,  and  to  the  last  were  stanch  loyalists.  The 
last  survivor  d.  Boston,  1837.  His  son  Math- 
er, D.D.,  formerly  a  Cong,  clergyman  in  New 
London,  Ct.,  became  an  Episcopalian  in  1768, 
was  several  years  rector  of  Christ  Church,  Bos- 


ton, left  that  place  with  the  Tories,  and  d. 
rector  of  a  church  in  St.  John's,  March  12, 
1814.  He  was  a  man  of  learning  and  ability, 
aiul  received  from  Oxford  the  honorary  degree 
of  D.D.     H.U.  1751.     B.Jan.  12,  1735. 

Byrd,  Col.  William,  a  disting.  Virginian, 
b.  Westover,  March  28, 1674  ;  d.  Aug.  26, 1744. 
Born  to  an  ample  fortune,  and  liberally  edu- 
cated, having  been  called  to  the  bar  in  the 
Middle  Temple,  Lond.,  he  became  the  patron 
of  science  and  literature  in  Va.  He  studied  in 
the  Low  Countries,  visited  the  court  of  France, 
and  became  a  fellow  of  the  Roy.  Society.  He 
was  long  receiver-gen.  of  the  revenue  in  Va.,  was 
thrice  agent  of  the  Colony  in  Eng.,  and,  being 
37  years  a  member,  finally  became  pres.  of  the 
council  of  the  Colony.  In  1728,  he  was  one 
of  the  commissioners  for  i-unning  the  bounda- 
ry line  between  N.  C.  and  Va.,  and,  on  his 
return,  caused  his  notes  of  the  joui'ney  to  be 
copied.  In  1841,  "  The  Westover  Manuscripts" 
were  pub.  by  Edmund  Ruflfin.  They  contain 
sketches  of  old  Virginia  travel,  a  "Progress  to 
the  Mines"  in  1732,  and  a  "Journey  to  the 
Land  of  Eden,"  in  1733.  In  1733,  he  laid  out 
the  cities  of  Richmond  and  Petersburg,  Va. 
He  wrote  for  the  "  Philos.  Transactions  "  an 
account  of  a  negro-boy  dappled  with  white 
spots.  His  son,  Col.  William,  com.  a  regt. 
at  Fort  Cumberland,  in  Aug.  1758,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  council  in  1775,  but  d.  soon 
afterwards. 

Byrne,  Andrew,  D.D.,  R.  C.  bishop  of 
Little  Rock,  Ark.,  consec.  March  10,  1844;  d. 
1862. 

Byron,  John,  navigator,  b.  Newstead 
Abbey,  8  Nov.  1723,  d.  1786.  Son  of  Wm., 
4th  Lord  Byron,  and  grandfather  of  the  poet. 
Ho  entered  the  navy  at  an  early  age,  and  was 
a  midshipman  in  "The  Wager,"  in  Anson's 
S.  Sea  Expcd.,  in  1740,  of  which  he  pub.  an 
interesting  "  Narrative."  Made  capt.  30  Dec, 
1746  ;  rear-adni.  1775  ;  sent  with  a  fleet  to  de- 
molish the  fortifications  of  Louisburg  in  1760. 
Placed  in  com.  of  an  exped.  to  the  South 
Sea,  he  circumnavigated  the  globe,  21  June, 
1764-May,  1766,  an  account  of  which  is  in 
Hawks  worth's  Coll.  of  Voyages.  Com.  in 
chief  at  Newfoundland,  1769.  Com.  in  the 
.West  Indies  during  the  Amer.  war,  and  6  July, 

1779,  fought  a  severe  battle  with  D'Estaing  off" 
Granada,  and  was  promoted  to  vice-adm. 

Cabell,  Col.  Samuel  Jordan,  a  Revol. 
officer;  d.  Nelson  Co.,  Va.,  Sept.  4,  1818,  a.  61. 
Eldest  son  of  Wm.  C.  of  Union  Hill.  He  left 
Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  at  the  beginning  of  the 
war,  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieut.-col.  in  the  Cent, 
army,  and  at  the  fall  of  Charleston,  May  12, 

1780,  he  became  a  prisoner  until  the  close 
of  the  war.  He  was  many  years  a  member  of 
the  assembly,  a  member  of  the  Va.  convention 
to  ratify  the  Federal  Constitution,  and  M.C. 
in  1795-1803. 

Cabell,  Col.  William,  statesman,  of 
Union  Hill,  Va.,  b.  March,  1730;  died  early  in 
1798.  Wm.,  his  father,  formerly  a  surgeon  in 
the  British  navy,  came  to  Va.  in  1720,  and 
settled  on  James  River,  where  he  d.  in  1774. 
The  son  received  a  good  education,  was  long  a 
member  of  the  House  of  Burgesses ;  county 
lieut. ;  member  of  all  the  convontious  before 


C-AJB 


152 


CAJB 


that  of  May,  1776,  in  which  he  was  one  of  the 
committee  to  draft  a  declaration  of  rights  and 
a  plan  of  government.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  committee  of  safety ;  charged  with  the 
civil  and  military  control  of  the  colony ;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  senate  from  Amherst  district, 
and  was  subsequently  a  member  of  the  house 
of  delegates  and  of  tlie  convention  to  ratify  the 
Federal  Constitution.  His  brothers  Joseph, 
John,  and  Nicholas,  were  all  active  patriots. — 
Grifjshi/. 

CabeU,  William  H.,  son  of  Nicholas,  and 
nephew  of  Wm.,  gov.  of  Va.,  1805-S  ;  d.  Rich- 
mond, Jan.  17,  1853.  He  was  pres.  of  the 
Court  of  Appeals  after  being  gov.,  and  50  years 
in  public  life. 

Cabeza  de  Vaca  (ka-ba'-tha  da  va'-ka), 
Alvar  Nuxez,  a  Spaniard,  who  explored  the 
River  La  Plata  in  1540. 

Cabot,  George,  statesman,  b.  Salem,  Dec. 
3, 1752;  d.  Boston,  April  18,  1823.  After  pass- 
ing two  years  at  H.  U.,  he  went  to  sea  for  a 
short  time,  and  then  engaged  in  the  mercantile 
profession,  in  which  he  was  very  eminent  and 
successful.  Before  he  was  26,  he  opposed,  in 
the  Prov.  Congress  of  Ms.,  the  attempt  to  es- 
tablish a  maximum  price  for  the  sale  of  pro- 
visions ;  thus  early  manifesting  his  correct  views 
of  political  economy.  Member  of  the  State 
Const.  Conv.,  and  also  of  that  which  ratified 
the  Conbtituiion  of  the  U.  S.  U.  S.  senator  in 
1791-6,  becoming  one  of  the  confidential  friends 
of  Washington  and  Hamilton,  to  the  latter  of 
whom  he  was  an  able  coadjutor  in  the  forma- 
tion of  his  financial  system.  He  received, 
May  3,  1798,  the  app.  of  sec.  of  the  navy, 
which  he  declined;  was  in  1808  a  member  of 
the  council  of  Ms.;  in  1814  a  delegate  to  the 
convention  which  met  at  Hai'tford,  and  was 
pres.  of  that  body.  He  was  a  leader  of  the 
Federal  party,  and  exercised  great  influence 
upon  public  opinion. 

Cabot  (kab'-ut),  John,  discoverer  of  the 
North-American  continent.  March  28,  1476, 
denization  was  granted  him  in  Venice,  after  the 
usual  residence  of  15  years.  In  1495,  he  resided 
at  Bristol,  with  his  wife,  a  Venetian,  and  3 
sons,  and  as  early  as  1491  had  sent  from  that 
city  an  exped.  in  search  of  "Brazil  and  the 
Seven  Cities."  Mar.  5,  1496,  John  and  his  3 
sons  obtained  a  patent  from  Henry  VII.,  au- 
thorizing them  to  search  for  islands,  provinces, 
or  regions  in  ihe  eastern,  western,  or  northern 
seas,  and  to  occupy  the  territories  that  might  be 
found,  with  an  exclusive  right  to  their  com- 
merce, on  paying  the  king  a  fifth  of  all  profits. 
Accompanied  by  his  son  Sebastian,  he  sailed 
in  May,  1497,  in  a  single  vessel,  700  leagues 
west,  and  June  24, 1497,  saw  the  land,  which 
he  reported  to  have  been  a  part  of  a  continent. 
A  letter  of  that  year  states  that  he  sailed  300 
leagues  along  the  coast,  landed,  and  planted  on 
the  soil  the  banners  of  England  and  Venice.  He 
reached  Bristol  in  Aug.,  and  was  favorably  re- 
ceived by  the  king,  who  granted  him  special  au- 
thority to  impress  6  English  ships,  and  to  enlist 
volunteers,  Feb.  3,  1498.  Of  his  subsequent  ca- 
reer nothing  is  known.  —  Seethe  Venetian  Ar- 
chives; the  Patent  granted  him  1496;  the  License 
1498 ;  a  Letter,  dated  Aug.  23, 1497,/rom  Lorenzo 
Pasqualigo,  a  merchant  at  London,  to  his  brothers 


at  Venice ;  and  the  Legend  on  the  map  of  Sebastian 
Cabot  cited  in  Ilakluyt. 

Cabot,  Sebastian,  discoverer  of  the  coast- 
line of  the  U.  S.  as  far  south  as  the  Chesa- 
peake, b.  ab.  1472  ;  d.  ab.  1557.  Son  of  the 
preceding.  At  the  age  of  17,  Sebastian  had 
acquired  skill  ia  mathematics,  and  had  made 
several  voyages.  In  May,  1497,  pursuant  to 
letters-patent  obtained  from  Henry  VII.,  John 
and  Sebastian  sailed  to  the  west,  discovering, 
in  June,  Newfoundland,  which  they  explored  as 
far  as  latitude  67°.  In  May,  1498,  with  2  ships, 
and  a  large  company  of  vols.,  from  Bristol,  he 
sailed  in  search  of  a  short  north-western  passage 
to  China  and  Japan.  He  reached  the  main- 
land of  N.  A.,  landed  in  several  places,  and  saw 
natives  clad  in  the  skins  of  beasts,  and  making 
use  of  copper.  The  discoveries  of  the  Cabots 
were  so  little  valued,  that  the  family  suffered 
the  patent  granting  them  the  exclusive  privi- 
lege of  trade  to  be  lost.  In  1512,  he  went  to 
Spain  by  invitation  of  King  Ferdinand,  until 
whose  death,  in  1516,  he  enjoyed  honor  and 
emolument.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  he 
procured  another  ship  for  discovery,  and  in 
1517  attempted  a  southern  passage  to  the  East 
Indies,  in  which  he  failed.  He  then  visited 
Spain,  where  he  was  well  treated,  and  app.  pi- 
lot-major by  Charles  V.  He  soon  after  received 
from  a  company  of  merchants  the  command  of 
an  exped.  to  the  Spice  Islands,  through  the 
recently-discovered  Straits  of  Magellan.  In 
April,  1525,  he  accordingly  sailed  from  Cadiz 
to  the  Canaries  and  Cape  de  Verde  Islands  ; 
and  failing,  from  the  opposition  of  his  crew,  in 
his  plan  of  reaching  the  Spice  Islands,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  the  River  La  Plata,  where  he  discov- 
ered St.  Salvador,  and  erected  a  fort.  He  af- 
terwardsjvisited  the  great  River  Paraguay,  and 
endeavored  for  some  time  to  form  an  establish- 
ment on  the  Amer.  coast;  but,  disappointed  in 
the  expected  aid  from  Spain,  he  returned  home, 
where  he  met  with  an  unfavorable  reception. 
He  returned  to  England  near  the  close  of  1548. 
A  pension  was  settled  upon  him  by  Edward 
VI.,  as  grand  pilot  of  England,  and  he  was 
thenceforward  consulted  on  all  questions  of 
navigation ;  and  in  1552,  being  gov.  of  the 
company  of  racrchant-adventurei's,  he  drew  up 
instructions,  and  procured  a  license,  for  an  ex- 
ped. to  discover  a  northern  passage  to  the  East 
Indies.  He  first  noticed  the  variation  of  the 
compass ;  and,  besides  the  ordinances  preserved 
in  Hakluyt,  he  pub.  a  large  map  of  the  world, 
and  "  Navagazione  nelle  parte  Septentrionale." 
He  was  also  gov.  of  the  Russian  company, 
and  was  very  active  in  their  affairs.  The  best 
work  on  Sebastian  Cabot  is  the  Memoir  by 
Richard  Biddle,  8vo,  1831. 

Cabral,  Pedro  Alvarez  de,  the  princi- 
pal discoverer  of  Brazil,  b  Portugal ;  d.  ab. 
1526.  King  Emanuel  having  fitted  out  an  ex- 
ped. to  Calicut  of  13  ships,  Cabral  was  app. 
com.  in  chief.  After  passing  the  Canaries,  he 
took  a  westerly  course,  resulting  in  the  discov- 
ery of  Brazil,  of  which,  Apr.  24,  1500,  he  took 
possession  in  the  name  of  his  king.  He  then 
sailed  for  India,  losing  half  his  fleet  in  a  tem- 
pest, landed  at  Calicut,  and  succeeded,  after 
negotiating  with  the  Indian  princes,  in  estab- 
lishing a  factory  there. 


C-AJD 


153 


C^AJL. 


Cadwalader  (cad-wor-a-der),  George, 
maj.-gen.  vtjls.,  son  of  Gen.  Thomas,  grandson 
of  Gen.  John,  b.  Phila.  He  studied  and  prac- 
tised law  in  Phila.,and,  on  the  breaking-out  of 
the  Mexican  war,  was  app.  brig.-gen.  March  3, 
1847.  Disting.  at  El  Molino,  he  was  brev. 
maj.-gen.  for  gallantry  at  Chapultepec.  In 
1861,  he  was  app.  by  the  gov.  of  Pa.  maj.-gen. 
of  State  vols. ;  had  com.  at  Baltimore  in  May, 
and  was  second  in  com.  in  the  force  which 
moved  on  Winchester,  under  Gen.  Patterson,  in 
June.  Apr.  25,  1862,  he  was  app.  maj.-gen. 
of  vols.  One  of  the  commission  to  revise  the 
military  laws  and  regulations,  Dec.  17,  1862. 
His  "  Services  in  the  Mexican  Campaign  of 
1847"  was  pub.  Phila.,  8vo,  1848. 

Cadwalader,  John,  gen.,  son  of  Dr. 
Thomas,  b.  Phila.;i743;  d.  Shrewsbury,  Pa., 
Feb.  10,  1786.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Pa. 
convention  in  1775;  an  active  member  of  the 
committee  of  safety,  and  com.,  in  Phila.,  "  The 
Silk  Stocking  Company,"  of  which  nearly  all 
the  members  were  app.  to  commissions  in  the 
army.  He  was  afterward  made  col.  of  one  of  the 
city  battalions;  was  promoted  to  brig.-gen.,  and 
was  intrusted  with  the  com.  of  the  Pa.  militia, 
and  co-operated  in  the  attack  on  the  Hessians  at 
Trenton.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Prince- 
ton, Jan.  3,  1777.  He  acted  with  his  com.  as 
a  vol.  at  Brandywine,  Germantown,  and  Mon- 
mouth. In  the  autumn  of  1777,  at  the  request 
of  Washington,  he  assisted  in  organizing  the 
militia  of  the  eastern  shore  of  Md.  After  the 
disgrace  of  Gen.  Conway,  he  was  called  to  ac- 
count by  Cadwalader  for  some  offensive  re- 
marks in  reference  to  Washington.  In  the  duel 
which  followed,  Conway  was  severely  wounded. 
After  the  war,  Gen.  Cadwalader  removed  to 
Md.,  and  was  a  member  of  the  legisl.  His 
dan.  Fanny,  in  1800,  m.  D.  M.  Erskine,  after- 
wards Baron  Erskine.  His  grandson.  Gen. 
George  Cadwalader,  disting.  himself  in  the 
Mexican  war.  He  pub.  a  reply  to  Gen  J. 
Reed's  "Remarks,"  1783. 

Cadwalader,  Col.  Lambert,  M.  C. 
1789-91  and  1793-5,  b.  Trenton,  N. J.,  1741; 
d.  there  Sept.  13, 1823.  He  com  a  Pa.  regt.  in 
the  llevol. ;  assisted  in  the  defence  of  Fort 
Washington,  Nov.  16,  1776;  was  taken  prison- 
er at  its  capture,  and  retired  to  his  estates,  near 
Trenton.  Member  of  the  Old  Congress, 
1784-7. 

Cady,  Albemarle,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  N.H.  West  Point,  1829.  Entering  the 
6th  Inf.,  he  became  capt.  7  July,  1838  ;  major, 
27  Jan.  1853  ;  lieut.-col.  7th  Inf.,  6  June,  18*61 ; 
col.  8th  Inf ,  20  Oct.  1863;  retired,  18  May, 
1864;  brev.  brig.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865.  Heservcd 
i:i  the  Florida  war,  1838-42;  in  the  Mexican 
war,  1846-8;  was  at  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz, 
battles  of  Cerro  Gordo,  Cburubusco,  and  Mo- 
lino del  Rey,  where  he  was  wounded,  and  brev. 
maj.  8  Sept.  1847  ;  and  in  the  Sioux  exped. 
was  engaged  in  action  of  Blue  Water,  Dak., 
3  Sept.  1855. — Cullum. 

Cahill,  Rev.  Daniel  William,  D.D.,  an 
Irish  priest,  chemist,  astronomer,  and  pulpit 
orator,  b.  Queen's  Co.,  Ireland,  1802  ;  d.  Bos- 
ton, Oct.  27,  1864.  Studied  at  Carlow  Coll., 
and  at  Maynooth,  where  he  was  ord.  Prof,  of 
nat.  hist,  in  Carlow  Coll.    Author  of  several 


pamphlets,  and  former  editor  of  the  Dublin 
Tcleqraph. 

CaineS,  George,  reporter  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  N.Y.  ;  d.  Catskill,  N.Y.,  July  10, 
1825,  a.  54.  He  pub.  "Lex  Mercatoria  Ameri- 
cana," 1802;  "Cases  in  the  Court  of  Errors," 
2  vols.,  1805-7;  "Forms  of  the  N.Y.  Supreme 
Court,"  1803;  "  Summary  of  the  Practice  in 
the  N.Y.  Sup.  Court,"  1808;  "Cases  in  the 
Court  for  the  Trial  of  Impeachments,"  &c. 
1805-7,  2  vols.,  8vo;  "N.Y.  Sup.  Court  Re- 
ports," 1803-5,  3  vols.,  8vo,  2d  cd.,  1852. 

Caldas,  Francisco  Jose  de,  naturalist, 
b.  Popayan,  N.  Granada,  1770;  executed  by 
order  of  Morillo  in  1816.  By  his  own  exertions, 
he  acquired  the  rudiments  of  astronomy, 
botany,  and  medicine,  and  constructed  a  ba- 
rometer and  sextant,  unaided  even  by  books. 
He  accompanied  for  a  time  the  Spanish  explor- 
er, J.  C.  Mutis.  Subsequently  he  explored 
the  Andes,  and  the  Magdalen  River,  and  in 
1804  measured  the  height  of  Chimborazo  and 
Tunguragua.  After  having  been  nominated 
director  of  the  observatory  at  Santa  Fe  de 
Bogota,  he  began  to  edit,  in  1807,  the  "  Semi- 
narjo  de  la  Nueva  Granada."  He  was  employed 
by  the  Congress  of  New  Granada  to  complete 
the  flora  of  Bogota,  when  the  disturbed  state 
of  public  affairs  interrupted  the  work  ;  and 
himself  and  colleague,  Don  Losano,  were  put 
to  death. 

Caldas,  Pereira  de  Souza  Antonia, 
a  Brazilian  poet,  b.  Rio  de  Janeiro,  1762;  d. 
1814.  He  studied  at  Coimbra,  but,  on  being 
consigned  to  a  convent  by  the  Inquisition,  took 
holy  orders.  His  writings  were  pub.  in  Paris, 
1821,  entitled  "  Poesias  sagradas  e  }>rofanas," 
with  a  commentary  by  Gen.  Stoekler.  A  new 
edition  of  his  poetical  works,  exclusive  of  his 
translations,  was  brought  out  in  1836. 

Calderon  de  la  Barca  (Frances  In- 
GLis),  b.  Scotland  ;  m.  in  1 838  to  Don  Calderon 
de  la  Barca,  Spanish  minister  to  the  U.  S.,  and 
subsequently  to  Mex. ;  pub.  "  Life  in  Mexico," 
with  a  preface  by  Win.  H.  Prescott  the  his- 
torian, in  1843. 

Caldicott,  Thomas  Ford,  D.D.,  Baptist 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  Buckby,  Eng.,  1803 ; 
d.  Toronto,  Canada,  July  9,  1869.  He  emi- 
grated to  Canada  in  1824  ;  removed  to  Hamil- 
ton, N.Y.,  in  1831,  and  preached  successively 
there,  at  Lockport,  at  Boston,  and  at  Brooklyn, 
N.Y.,  26  years,  writing  much  for  the  periodical 
press  during  the  time.  From  1860  till  his 
death,  he  was  pastor  of  the  Bond-st.  Church, 
Toronto.  A  thorough  scholar,  an  able  writer, 
and  an  eloquent  preacher. 

Caldwell,  Charles,  M.D.,  physician  and 
author,  b.  Caswell  Co.,  N.C.,  May  14,  1772; 
d.  Louisville,  Ky.,  July  9,  1853.  The  son  of 
an  Irish  officer.  He  first  taught  school  in  N.C. ; 
went  to  Phila.  in  1792  ;  studied  and  practised 
medicine  there  ;  and,  during  the  yellow-fever 
of  1793,  particularly  disting.  himself.  He  was 
surgeon  of  a  brigade  during  the  "  Whiskey 
Insurrection."  In  1810,  he  filled  the  chair  of 
natural  history  in  the  U.  of  Pa. ;  was  prof,  of 
materia  medica  in  Transyl.  U.  in  1818-37; 
and  in  1837-40  in  the  Louisville  Med.  School. 
He  translated  Blumenbach's  "  Elements  of 
Physiology"  in  1795;  pub.  "  Malaria,"  8vo, 


CJ^lJu 


154 


C^^JL. 


N.Y.,  1831;  "Unity  of  the  Human  Race," 
8vo,  1830;  edited  the  Portfolio  in  1814; 
edited  "  Cullen's  Practice  of  Physic  "  in  1816, 
and  in  1819  pub.  his  "Life  of  Gen.  Greene." 
In  1855,  his  Autobiography  appeared.  He  pub. 
"  Memoirs  of  Horace  Holley,"  1828  ;  and  "  The 
Royal  Foundlings,"  a  Persian  tale ;  "  Medical 
and  Phys.  Memoirs,"  &c.,  1801;  "Medical 
Theses,"  &c.,  1805  ;  and  wrote  over  200  pieces 
in  various  departments  of  literature  and  science. 
He  wrote  much  upon  phrenology.  A  bio- 
graphical sketch  was  read  by  Dr.  13.  H.  Coates 
before  the  Amer.  Phil.  Soc. 

CaldweU,  Charles  Henry  Bromedge, 
capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Hingham,  Ms.,  June  11, 1823. 
Midshipm.  Feb.  27,  1838  ;  lieut.  Sept.  4, 1852 ; 
com.  July  16,  1862;  capt.  Dec.  12,  1867. 
With  a  detachment  from  "  The  Vandalia,"  he 
defeated  a  tribe  of  cannibals  at  Wega,  one  of 
the  Fejee  Islands,  and  burned  their  town,  Oct. 
11,  1858;  com.  steamer  "Itasca,"  West  Gulf 
block,  squad,  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans  ;  at 
Grand  Gulf,  Mpi.  River,  June  10,  1862  ;  com. 
ironclad  "Essex,"  Mpi.  squadron,  1862-3; 
Port  Hudson,  from  March  to  July,  1863,  in 
com.  of  "  Essex,"  and  mortar  flotilla ;  com. 
steamer  "  Glaucus,"  N.  A.  B.  squad.,  1863-4; 
steamer  "R.  R.  Cuyler,"  N.  A.  B.  squad., 
1864-5,  and  present  at  surrender  of  Wilming- 
ton.—  Hamersly. 

Caldwell,  David,  D.D.  (U.  of  N.C. 
1810),  b.  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  Mar.  22,  1725; 
d.  Aug.  25,  1824.  N.J.CoU.  1761.  He  was  a 
house-carpenter  until  his  25th  year;  was  li- 
censed to  preach  in  1763  ;  ord.  July  6,  1765, 
and  installed  pastor  of  Buffalo  and  Alamance, 
Hanover,  N.C.  He  also  opened  a  classical 
school,  which  he  continued  nearly  50  years,  and 
became  a  skilful  and  successful  physician. 
Member  of  the  convention  which  met  at  Hali- 
fax, Nov.  12,  1776,  and  of  the  convention  to 
ratify  the  Federal  Constitution.  He  retired 
from  the  ministry  in  1820.  —  See  Life,  by  E. 
W.  Caruthers,  D.D.,  1842. 

Caldwell,  Howard  H.,  poet,  b.  New- 
bury, S.C,  Sept.  20,  1831.  S.C  Coll.  1851. 
Adm.  to  the  bar,  1855;  has  since  practised  at 
Columbia.  In  1853,  he  pub.  "Oliatta  and 
other  poems."  He  has  contrib.  frequently  to 
the  periodicals  of  the  South ;  and  a  new  vol.  of 
his  poems  was  pub.  1858. 

Caldwell,  James,  Presb.  minister  and 
Revol.  patriot,  b.  of  Scotch  parents,  Charlotte 
Co.,  Va.,  Apr.  1734;  d.  Elizabethtown  Point, 
N.J.,  24  Nov.  1781.  N.J.  Coll.  1759.  Ord. 
over  the  1st  Church  at  Elizabethtown,  Mar. 
1762.  Eloquent  and  energetic  in  arousing  a 
Revol.  spirit,  in  the  people,  he  served  in  the 
war  as  chaplain,  and  afterward  as  commissary 
to  the  N.J.  troops ;  was  the  special  object  of 
the  hatred  of  the  loyalists,  and  was  obliged  to 
remove  his  family  to  Connecticut  Farms  for 
safety.  During  the  frequent  incursions  of  the 
enemy,  the  bell  of  his  church  always  sounded 
the  alarm,  and  raised  the  country.  His  church 
was  burned  ;  his  wife,  Hannah  Ogden,  whom  he 
had  ra.  in  1763,  was  deliberately  shot  at  and 
killed,  6  June,  1780,  then  her  house  fired  and 
burnt  down  ;  and  he  himself  was  shot  by  a  sen- 
tinel who  had  been  bribed  to  do  the  deed.  A 
marble  monument  at  Burlington  was  dedicated 


to  their  memory  on  the  64th  anniversary  of  his 
death.  His  son,  Johx  E.  of  N.Y.,*was  taken 
to  France,  and  educated  by  Lafayette.  He  was 
a  disting.  philanthropist,  edited  the  Christian 
Herald,  and  founded  the  Bible  Society.  — 
Spraf/ite. 

Caldwell,  Gen.  John,  lieut.-gov.  of  Ky., 
1804;  b.  Prince  Edw.  Co.,  Va.  D.  Frank- 
fort, Ky.,  Nov.  9,  1804.  He  went  to  Ky.  in 
1781 ;  served  in  the  conflicts  with  the  Indians  ; 
became  a  maj.-gen  of  militia ;  member  of  the 
State  conventions  of  1787-8,  and  of  the  State 
senate,  1792-3. 

Caldwell,  Joseph,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1816),  b.  Leamington,  N.J.,  April  21,  1773  ;  d. 
Chapel  Hill,  N.C.,  Jan.  24,  1835.  N.J.  Coll. 
1791.  At  school,  he  displayed  a  taste  for  math- 
ematics, and  that  diligence  and  energy  which 
characterized  his  subsequent  career.  He  stu- 
died for  the  ministry,  taught  school,  and  in 
1796  was  chosen  presiding  prof,  of  the  infant 
U.  of  N.C,  also  performing  the  duties  of  math- 
ematical prof.  Licensed  to  preach  22  Sept. 
1796.  In  1804,  a  presidency  was  created,  to 
which  he  was  chosen,  and  which  he  held  until 
the  period  of  his  death.  Upon  his  election  to 
the  presidency,  he  vacated  the  mathematical 
chair  for  that  of  moral  philosophy.  In  1824, 
he  visited  Europe  in  order  to  direct  in  person 
the  construction  of  a  philosophical  apparatus, 
and  to  select  books  for  the  library.  To  him 
N.C.  is  indebted  for  various  internal  improve- 
ments of  his  suggesting,  as  well  as  to  his  ser- 
vices in  the  cause  of  education.  He  pub.  in 
1822  a  treatise  on  geometry,  and  "  Letters  of 
Carlton,"  1825.  —  Sprague. 

Caldwell,  Samuel,  gen.,  maj.  of  Ky. 
"  levies  of  1791 ;  "  disting.  in  Wilkinson's  ex- 
ped.  against  the  Indians  on  the  Wabash  in 
Aug.  1791  ;  lieut.-col.  com.  Ky.  Vols.  1812, 
and  in  Clay's  brigade  under  Gen.  Harrison  in 
1813;  brig.  Ky.  Vols.  Aug.  1813,  and  com.  a 
brigade  in  battle  of  the  Thames,  Oct.  5,  1813. 
—  Gardner. 

Calef  (or  Calfe),  Robert,  merchant  of 
Boston,  famous  for  his  opposition  to  the  witch- 
craft persecution  of  1692  ;  d.  ab.  1723.  2d 
son  of  Robert  of  Roxbury,  who  d.  Apr.  13, 
1719.  Such  was  the  prevalence  of  the  belief 
which  he  so  powerfully  attacked,  that,  un- 
able to  pub.  his  defence  in  Boston,  it  was  print- 
ed in  London  in  1700.  Its  title,  "More  Won- 
ders of  the  Invisible  World,"  was  suggested 
by  Cotton  Mather's  "Wonders  of  the  Invisi- 
ble World  ;  "  and  its  plain  facts  and  common- 
sense  arguments  contrib.,  notwithstanding  the 
learned  and  powerful  were  its  opponents,  most 
essentially  to  a  change  of  public  opinion.  Dr. 
Increase  Mather,  pres.  of  H.  C.,  ordered  the 
wicked  book  to  be  burnt  in  the  coll.  yard.  The 
members  of  the  Old  North  Church  pub.  a  de- 
fence of  their  pastors,  the  Mathers,  entitled 
**  Remarks  upon  a  Scandalous  Book,"  &e., 
with  the  motto,  "  Truth  will  come  off  Conquer- 
or." The  complete  triumph  of  Calef  turned 
the  satire  upon  them  ;  judges  and  jurors  con- 
fessed their  errors  ;  and  the  people  were  aston- 
ished, and  ashamed  of  their  own  follies.  Jus- 
tice was,  however,  withheld  from  him  in  his 
day  ;  and  traces  of  his  unpopularity  are  discov- 
erable in  several  proceedings  of  the  town.     A 


CAI^ 


155 


CAJii 


new  edition  of  his  work  was  printed  at  Salera 
in  1796. 

Calhoun,  John  Caldwell,  LL.D.,  states- 
man, b.  Abbeville  District,  S.C.,18  Mar.  1782; 
d.  Washington,  D.C,  31  Mar.  1850.  Y.  C. 
1804,  with  the  first  honors.  Patrick,  his  fa- 
ther, a  native  of  Ireland,  com,  a  company  for 
frontier  defence,  and  was  for  30  years,  and 
until  his  d.  in  1796,  a  member  of  the  legisl. 
His  mother,  Martha  Caldwell,  was  of  Scotch- 
Irish  descent.  From  his  boyhood,  he  was 
grave,  thoughtful,  ardent,  and  persevering. 
He  studied  law  at  Litchfield,  began  practice  in 
his  native  district  in  1807,  took  high  rank  in 
his  profession,  and,  with  a  lucrative  practice, 
entered  early  upon  the  political  arena.  He 
was  in  the  State  legisl.  in  1808-10;  M.C. 
1811-17,  and  influential  in  procuring  the  dec- 
laration of  war  with  England  in  1812  ;  sec.  of 
war  in  Monroe's  cabinet,  16  Dec.  1817-Mar. 
1825  ;  vice-pres.  of  tlie  U.S.,  182.5-31  ;  U.S. 
senator,  1831  and  1845-50;  sec.  of  State  1844- 
5.  As  presiding  oflScer  of  the  senate,  he  was 
punctual,  methodical,  and  accurate.  The  pe- 
culiar doctrine  of  this  eminent  man,  which  he 
honestly  entertained  and  earnestly  advocated, 
was,  that  the  Constitution  was  a  mere  treaty, 
from  the  conditions  of  which  any  State  might 
separateherself  if  desirable  to  the  inhabitants, — 
the  doctrine  of  "  State  Rights,"  as  it  is  called. 
Calhoun's  influence  in  his  own  State  was  so 
great,  that  his  ultra  views  of  the  tariff,  nullifi- 
cation, and  slavery,  controlled  the  opinions  of 
the  majority  of  his  constituents.  His  collected 
writings  and  speeches,  edited  by  R.  K.  Cralle, 
with  a  biography,  were  pub.  in  6  vols.,  8vo. 
His  son,  Maj.  Patrick,  U.S.A.,  d.  Pendleton, 
S.C,  1  June,  1858,  a.  37.  Another  son,  Col. 
William  Lowndes,  a  planter,  d.  Abbeville 
Dist.,  19  Sept.  1858,  a.  28. 

Calhoun,  John  Ewing,  lawyer  and  sen- 
ator, b.  1749;  d.  Pendleton  District,  S.C, 
Nov.  26,  1802.  N.J.  Coll.  1774.  While  very 
young,  he  lost  his  father,  but  was  taken  by  his 
Uncle  Patrick,  who  provided  him  with  an  ex- 
cellent education.  He  studied  law,  became 
disting.  in  the  profession,  was  many  years  in 
the  legisl.  of  S.C.,  and  was  a  U.S.  senator  in 
1801-2.  He  was  on  the  committee  to  report  a 
modification  of  the  judiciary  system  of  the 
U.S.,  and  was  an  eloquent  and  independent 
man. 

Calhoun,  William  Barron,  LL.D. 
(Amh.  Coll.  1858),  b.  Boston,  Dec.  29,  1795  ; 
d.  Springfield,  Ms.,  Nov.  8,  1865.  Y.  C.  1814. 
He  studied  law  with  George  Bliss  of  Spring- 
field, and  for  40  years  was  prominent  there. 
Member  of  the  Ms.  legisl.  1825-35;  speaker, 
1834-5;  M.C.  183.5-43;  pres.  of  the  State 
senate,  1846-7  ;  sec.  of  State  of  Ms.  1848-51  ; 
mayor  of  Springfield,  1859  ;  and  again  member 
of  Ms.  legisl.  1861.  Many  years  a  contrib.  to  the 
Springfield  Republican.  John,  his  brother,  who 
while  surv.-gen.  of  Kansas,  gained  an  unenvia- 
ble reputation  in  the  attempt  to  force  the  Le- 
compton  Constitution  upon  the  people,  d.  Oct. 
19,  1859. 

Call,  Daniel  D.,  an  eminent  lawyer;  d. 
Richmond,  Va.,  May  20,  1840,  a.  ab.  75.  Bro.- 
in-law  of  Judge  Marshall.  He  pub.  6  vols,  of 
"Reports  of   the    Va.    Court    of   Appeals," 


1790-1818,  2d  ed.,  1824-33,  edited  by  Joseph 
Tate.  ^  ^ 

Call,  Maj.  Richard  of  Va.  Revol.  offi 
cer;  fought  at  Charleston,  S.C,  May  6,  1780; 
com.  rifle  corps  in  action  with  Col.'Simcoe  at 
*'  Spencer's  Ordinary,"  Va.,  June  25,  1781,  and 
served  under  Lafayette;  made  surv.-gen.  of 
Ga  ,  Jan.  1784. 

Call,  Richard  K.,  gen.,  b.  Ky. ;  d.  Talla- 
hassee, Sept.  1862.  App.  from  Kv.  lieut.  44th 
Inf,  July  15,  1814;  brev.  capt.  Nov.  7,  1814; 
vol.  aide  to  Gen.  Jack.son,  April,  1818,  and 
acting  insp.-gen.  to  the  army  in  the  field.  May, 
1818 ;  capt.  July,  1818  ;  resigned  May  1,  1822. 
Member  legisl.  council  of  Fla.,  Apr.  1822; 
brig.-gen.  W.  Fla.  militia,  Jan.  1823  ;  delegate 
in  Congress,  1823-5  ;  receiver  land  office,  W. 
Fla.  March,  1825;  gov.  of  Fla.  and  com.  of 
the  army  against  the  Seminoles,  Dec.  6, 1835,  to 
Dec.  6,  1836;  com.  in  2d  and  3d  battles  of 
Wahoo  Swamp,  Nov.  18  and  21,  1836;  U.S. 
gov.  Fla.  Terr.,  1836-Mar.  1 844  ;  maj.-gen.  Fla. 
militia,  July  1  to  Dec.  8,  1846. —  Gardner. 

Calleja'  (kal-la'-ha),  Don  Felix  del 
Rey,  Count  de  Calderon,  a  Spanish  gen., 
b.  1750  ;  d.  ab.  1821.  After  having  been  treas. 
of  the  council  of  the  Indies  in  Amer.,  he  com. 
in  1810  at  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico,  when  he 
was  ordered  to  pursue  the  insurgent  Hidalgo, 
who  was  advancing  on  the  capital  with  a  large 
native  force.  Easily  defeating  him,  he  carried 
Guanaxoato  by  assault,  and  Jan.  12,  1812,  de- 
feated and  mortally  wounded  him  at  Guadalax- 
ara.  He  gained  other  advantages,  but  through 
his  cruelty  caused  the  insurrection  to  become 
much  more  formidable ;  and,  under  Morelos, 
the  success  was  balanced  between  the  two  par- 
ties. Calleja  was  made  viceroy,  4  Mar.  1813; 
ordered  Morelos,  who  had  been  made  prisoner, 
to  be  shot,  22  Dec.  1815;  was  succeeded  in 
his  viceroyship  in  1817,and,returning  to  Spain, 
was  made  a  count.  In  1819,  he  was  given  the 
com.  of  troops  destined  to  act  against  the  in- 
dependents of  Paraguay,  but  was  taken  pris- 
oner by  Riego,  and  confined  in  the  Isle  of  Leon, 
dying  soon  after  recovering  his  liberty. 

Callender,  James  Thompson,  political 
writer,  b.  Scotland  ;  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  July, 
1803.  He  was  exiled  for  pub.  his  "Political 
Progress  of  Britain,"  Edinb.,  1792.  Came  to 
Phila.,  where  he  pub.  the  "  Political  Register," 
3  Nov.  1794  to  3  Mar.  1795,  8vo ;  "Amer. 
Annual  Register  for  1796,"  Svo,  1797.  He  was 
at  one  time  the  friend  of  Jefferson,  but  became 
his  enemy  and  calumniator.  The  Richmond 
Recorder,  which  he  edited  some  years,  was 
noted  for  its  virulent  assaults  upon  the  admin- 
istrations of  Washington  and  John  Adams. 
He  was  drowned  while  bathing'  in  the  James 
River.  Author,  also,  of  "  The  Prospect  before 
us,"  and  "  Sketches  of  Amer.  Hist.,"  1798. 

Callender,  John,  Baptist  minister  of 
Newport,  R.I.,  b.  Boston;  d.  Jan.  26,  1748,  a. 
4 1 .  H.U.  1 723.  He  was  a  nephew  of  the  Rev. 
Elisha,  a  Baptist  minister  of  Boston ;  was  li- 
censed to  preacli  in  1727  ;  was  pastor  of  the 
Baptist  Church  in  Swansey,  Ms.,  from  Aug. 
1728  to  Feb.  1730,  and  Oct.  13,  1731  was  ord. 
minister  of  the  second  Baptist  church  in  Amer., 
formed  in  1644.  His  centennial  discourse  in 
1738  is  very  valuable,  and  contains  much  of  the 


CAJL. 


156 


CJ^JL, 


early  history  of  R.  I.,  especially  in  ecclesiasti- 
cal affairs:  this  was  reprinted  in  1838,  in  the 
Colls.  Tl.  I.  Hist.  Soc,  with  notes  by  Dr.  El- 
ton. He  also  pub.  sermons  on  the  death  of 
Rev.  Mr.  Clapp,  1745,  and  Rev.  Mr.  Condy, 
1739.  His  collections  relating  to  the  history 
of  the  Baptists  in  this  country  were  used  by 
Mr.  Backus, 

Callieres  (deh-ka'-leair'),  Chevalier 
Louis  Hector,  de,  b.  Torigny,  France;  d. 
Montreal,  Ca.,  May  26,  1703.  He' was  a  gallant 
military  officer,  and  came  to  Canada  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Montreal  company.  App.  gov.  of 
Montreal  in  1684,  he  enclosed  the  town  with 
palisades.  In  1689,  he  went  to  France  to  sug- 
gest a  project  for  the  conquest  of  N.  Y.,  in  which, 
but  for  its  failure,  he  would  have  had  the  chief 
com.  Gov.  of  Canada  from  the  death  of 
Frontenac,  in  1698,  until  his  own  death:  his 
ability  and  valor  made  him  popular  in  the 
Colony.  He  had  several  negotiations  with  the 
Indians,  but  died  in  the  midst  of  his  labors, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Vaudreuil.  He  endeav- 
ored to  unite  all  the  Indian  tribes  in  a  perma- 
nent peace,  and.^to  attach  them  to  the  French 
interest.  —  Charlevoix. 

Calmes,  Gen.  Marquis,  Rcvol.  officer; 
d.  Woodford  Co.,  Ky.,  Feb.  27,  1834,  a.  79. 
He  was  a  capt.  in  the  Revol.,  and  was  disting. 
at  the  battle  of  Monmouth.  Made  brig.-gen. 
Ky.  Vols.,  Aug.  31,  1813.  He  served  under 
Harrison,  and  com.  a  brigade  at  the  battle  of 
the  Thames. 

Calvert,  Benedict,  gov.  of  Md.,  1727-32 ; 
d.  June  1,  1732,  on  his  passage  toEng.  Ed- 
ward Henry,  bro.  of  Benedict,  and  pres.  of 
the  council,  d.  Annapolis,  Apr.  24, 1730,  a.  28. 
His  wife  was  dau.  of  the  Earl  of  Litchfield, 
and  sister  of  the  wife  of  Edward  Young  the 
poet.  Frederick,  Baron  Baltimore,  and  last 
proprietor  of  Md.,  succeeded  Charles,  Lord  B., 
in  17.51  ;  d.  Naples,  Sept.  30,  1771,  leaving  his 
property  in  Md.  to  his  son  Henry  Harford. 
He  pub.  a  "  Tour  in  the  East,"  &c.^  1767. 

Calvert,  Sir  George,  the  first  baron  of 
Baltimore.  Founder  of  the  province  of  Mary- 
land, b.  Kipling,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1582  ;  d. 
London,  Apr.  15,  1632.  He  was.  descended 
from  a  Flemish  family.  Grad.  at  Oxford  in 
1597,  and,  after  travelling  abroad,  entered  the 
service  of  Robert  Cecil,  afterwards  Earl  of  Salis- 
bury. He  was  knighted  by  James  I.  in  1617, 
and  made  clerk  of  the  privy  council,  and,  in 
1619,  one  of  the  sees,  of  State.  This  post  he 
resigned  in  1624  in  consequence  of  having  be- 
come a  Roman  Catholic.  Notwithstanding 
this,  he  retained  the  confidence  of  the  king, 
who  in  1625  raised  him  to  the  Irish  peerage  of 
Baltimore.  He  had  ])reviously  obtained  a 
grant  of  land  in  the  Island  of  Newfoundland, 
which  he  named  Avalon,  where  he  was  pre- 
vented from  making  a  settlement  by  the  inva- 
sions of  the  French.  Still  desirous  of  forming 
a  settlement  in  Amer.,  whither  he  might  retire 
with  his  family  and  friends  of  the  same  reli- 
gious principles,  he  in  1629  visited  Va.,  whose 
fertility  and  attractions  had  been  highly  laud- 
ed. Meeting  with  an  unwelcome  reception  on 
account  of  his  religion,  he  turned  his  attention 
to  the  territory  north  of  the  Potomac,  and,  on 
his  return  to  Eng.,  obtained  a  grant  of  it  from 


Charles  I. ;  but,  dying  before  the  patent  was 
completed,  it  was  again  drawn  in  the  name 
of  his  eldest  son  Cecil,  who  succeeded  to  his 
honors,  and  it  passed  the  seals,  June  20,  1632. 
This  territory,  named  in  honor  of  Henrietta 
Maria,  queen-consort  of  Charles  I.,  was  col- 
onized under  the  patronage  of  Lord  Baltimore, 
who  displayed  justice  and  good  faith  in  his 
dealings  with  the  Indians,  and  liberality  to  re- 
ligious sectaries  in  his  legisl.  arrangements, 
highly  creditable  to  his  principles  and  charac- 
ter. Lord  Baltimore  wrote  some  political 
tra!:ts  ;  and  his  speeches  in  parliament,  and  let- 
ters of  State,  have  also  been  pub.  —  See  Life  of 
Calvert,  by  S.  F.  Streeter. 

Calvert,  George  Henry,  author,  b.  Bal- 
timore, Md.,  Jan.  2,  1803.  H.  U.  1823.  His 
father  was  of  the  family  of  the  founder  of  Md. ; 
and  his  mother,  a  lineal  descendant  of  the 
painter  Rubens,  was  a  native  of  Antwerp.  Af- 
ter studying  at  Gottingen,  he  edited  for  several 
years  the  Baltimore  American.  In  1832,  he  pub. 
"  Illnstrations  of  Phrenology,"  the  first  Amer. 
treatise  on  the  subject;  in  1833,  "Life  of  Rob- 
ert Barclay;"  in  1836,  a  metrical  version  of 
Schiller's  "  Don  Carlos ;  "  in  1840,  a  fragment 
on  "  Arnold  and  Andre,"  2  cantos  of  "  Cabi- 
ro  "a  poem,  and  "  Count  Julian,"  a  tragedy  ;  in 
1 845,  a  portion  of  the  correspondence  of  Goethe 
and  Schiller,  and,  in  1846  and  1852,  2  series  of 
*'  Scenes  and  Thoughts  in  Europe  ;  "  in  1856, 
"An  Introduction  to  Social  Science;"  "  The 
Gentlemen,"  1863  ;  tAvo  additional  cantos  of 
"  Cabiro "  in  1864;  a  new  edition  of  his 
"  Scenes  and  Thoughts  in  Europe,"  1865  ;  and 
"  Comedies,"  Boston,  12mo,  1856  ;  "  Thoughts 
of  Joseph  Joubert,  with  a  Biog.  Notice." 
Since  1843,  he  has  resided  at  Newport,  R.I., 
of  which  city  he  was  mayor  in  1853,  and  was 
the  orator  at  the  celebration  of  the  40th  anni- 
versary of  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie.  He  has 
contrib.  to  the  zV.  A.  Review,  Putnam's  Monthly, 
and  other  literary  periodicals.  —  Dui/ckinck. 

Calvert,  Leonard,  first  gov.  of  Md. ;  d. 
June  9,  1647,  a.  41.  His  bro.  Cecil,  the  pro 
prietor,  sent  him  to  Amer.  as  superintendent  of 
the  colony  in  1633.  After  landing  with  his 
company  of  200  at  Point  Comfort,  Va.,  Feb. 
24,  1 634,  he  sailed  up  Chesapeake  Bay,  Mar.  3, 
entered  the  Potomac  a  distance  of  12  leagues, 
and  anchored  at  an  island  which  he  named  St. 
Clement's,  of  which  he  took  formal  possession. 
Having  convinced  the  natives  that  his  designs 
were  peaceful,  he  took  possession  of  the  territory, 
giving  to  the  town  the  name  of  St.  Mary's,  and 
to  the  creek  on  which  it  was  situated  the  name 
of  St.  George.  The  liberal  policy  of  security 
of  property  and  toleration,  upon  which  its  col- 
onization was  based,  made  a  Roman-Catholic 
colony  an  asylum  for  those  who  were  driven 
from  N.  E.  by  the  persecutions  there  carried  on 
among  Protestants.  He  experienced  much 
trouble  from  a  settler  of  Kent  Island,  Wra. 
Clay  borne,  who  denied  his  jurisdiction,  and  took 
up_  arms  against  him,  but  who  was  ultimately 
driven  out  of  the  province.  Calvert  superin- 
tended the  affairs  of  the  colony  until  the  civil 
war  in  Eng.,  when  the  name  of  a  papist  became 
so  obnoxious,  that  the  parliament  assumed  the 
govt,  of  the  province,  and  app.  a  new  gov.  At 
the  restoration,  Cecil  Calvert  recovered  his  right. 


CJ^lSl 


157 


C^iNX 


Cambreling,  Churchill  C,  mercliant 
and  M.C.,  b.  Washington,  N.C.,  1786;  d.  West 
Neck,  L.I.,  Apr.  30,  1862.  He  received  an 
academical  education  at  Newborn,  removed  in 
1802  to  N.Y.  City,  where  he  subsequently  re- 
sided, and,  engaging  at  an  early  day  in  mercan- 
tile pursuits  witli  John  Jacob  Astor,  travelled 
extensively  over  the  world.  He  was  M.C.  from 
N.Y.  from  1821  to  1839,  and  chairman  of  the 
com.  of  commerce,  of  ways  and  means,  and  of 
foreign  affairs.  Of  his  numerous  reports  and 
political  pamphlets,  that  on  commerce  and  navi- 
gation passed  through  several  editions,  and  was 
repub.  in  London.  While  travelling  in  Europe 
in  1 839,  he  was  app.  minister  to  Russia.  Mem- 
ber of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  in  1846. —  Lan- 
man. 

Cameron,  Sir  Alan,  a  British  gen. ;  d. 
Fulhara,  Eng.,  Mar.  9,  1828.  He  was  con- 
cerned with  Connolly  in  1775  in  the  plan  of 
arousing  and  combining  the  Indian  tribes 
against  the  Colonists ;  was  taken  prisoner  near 
Hagerstown,  Md.,  and  remained  for  nearly  2 
years  in  the  common  jail  at  Phila.  In  attempt- 
mg  to  escape  from  this  confinement.  Sir  Alan 
had  both  his  ankles  shattered  and  broken; 
and  he  never  perfectly  recovered  from  the  pain- 
ful effects  of  those  injuries.  He  was  subse- 
quently placed  upon  half-pay  as  a  prov.  officer ; 
but  in  1793  he  raised  the  79th,  or  Cameron 
Highlanders,  at  his  own  expense.  With  this 
regt.  as  major,  and  then  col.  comg.,  he  served  in 
the  Netherlands  and  in  the  West  Indies,  and 
subsequently  in  the  peninsula,  where  he  disting. 
himself  particularly  at  Talavera  and  Busaco. 
Sir  Alan  was  app.  maj.-gen.  July  25,  1810; 
after  the  peace,  K.C.B.;  and,  on  the  12th  of 
Aug.  1819,  lieut.-gen. 

Cameron,  Simox,  statesman,  b.  Lancaster 
Co.,  Pa.,  1799.  Left  an  orphan  at  9,  he  learned 
the  trade  of  a  printer ;  worked  at  Harrisburg 
and  at  Washington,  D.C.,  employing  his  leisure 
in  study.  In  1820,  he  became  editor  of  a  news- 
paper at  Doylestown,  Pa.;  in  1822  settled  in 
jHarrisburg,  editing  a  journal  advocating  Gen. 
Jackson's  election  to  the  Presidency,  and  in 
1832  was  pres.  of  the  Middletown  bank  of  Pa. 
He  became  pres.  of  two  railroad  companies, 
and  adj.-gen.  of  the  State.  U.S.  senator  in 
1845-9  and  1857-61.  In  that  body,  he  voted 
for  Mr.  Douglas's  proposition  to  extend  the 
Mo.  Compromise  line  to  the  Pacific.  After  the 
repeal  of  the  Mo.  Compromise  in  1854,  and 
the  attempt  to  force  slavery  upon  the  people  of 
Kansas,  he  connected  himself  with  the  "People's 
Party"  in  Pa.,  and  in  1856  voted  for  Fremont. 
Mr.  Lincoln  made  him,  4  Mar.  1861 ,  sec.  of  war, 
which  post  he  filled  until  Jan.  14, 1862,  when  he 
resigned,  and  was  app.  minister  to  Russia ;  but 
he  soon  returned  to  the  U.S.,  arriving  Nov.  8, 
1862.  Delegate  to  the  Bait,  convention,  1864, 
the  Phila.  convention  of  1 866,  and  Avas  again  a 
U.S.  senator  for  the  term  ending  in  1873.  Suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Sumner  as  chairman  of  the  com. 
on  foreign  affairs  in  Feb.  1871.  His  brother 
Col.  Jamks,  b.  Mnytown,  Pa.,  Mar.  1,  1801 ; 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Eun,  July  21,  1861, 
leading  a  charge  of  the  79th  N.Y.  regt.  He 
began  life  a  printer  in  his  bro.'s  office,  and  edited 
the  PoUfkat  Sentinel,  1827. 

Cammerhof,  Frederick,  a    Moravian 


bishop ;  d.  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  Apr.  28,  1751.  He 
came  to  the  U.S.  in  1746,  visited  the  establish- 
ment at  Shomokin  on  the  Susquehanna  in  1749, 
and  in  1750  went  to  Onondaga  to  labor  amongst 
the  Iroquois.  His  was  a  character  of  much 
benevolence,  and  he  was  greatly  beloved. — 
Loskiel. 

Campbell,  Alex.,  D.D.,  founder  of  the 
sect  called  "  Campbellites,"  b.  Antrim  Co., 
Ireland,  June,  1786;  d.  Bethany,  Va.,  4  Mar. 
1866.  Educated  at  the  U.  of  Glasgow.  He 
came  to  the  U.S.  in  1800,  settled  in  Washing- 
ton, Pa.,  and  preached  at  Brush  Run  in  1810. 
Originally  a  Presb.,  but  in  1812  became  a  Bap- 
tist. With  his  father  Thomas  Campbell,  he 
founded  several  congregations,  which  united 
with  the  Baptists,  bvit  protested  against  all 
creeds;  and  in  1827  was  excluded  from  fel- 
lowship with  the  Baptist  churches.  In  1833, 
his  followers  numbered  100,000,  mostly  in  the 
States  of  Va.,  Ky.,  and  Tcnn.  In  1844,  he 
founded  Bethany  Coll.,  of  which  he  was  made 
pres.  A  history  of  the  sect  is  in  the  Christian 
Baptist  and  XJillennial  Hrirliiiifjer,  edited  by  him 
in  Bethany  (1823-63).  Including  his  "De- 
bates," he  pub.  52  vols.  He  was  a  man  of 
strong  intellect,  fine  scholarship,  and  great  logi- 
cal powers.  —  See  Memoir,  by  Robert  Richardson, 
2  rofs.,  Phila.,  1868. 

Campbell,  Sir  Archibald  of  Invei-mell, 
a  British  maj.-gen.;  d.  Mar.  1791.  App.  capt. 
42d  regt.  Oct.  1758;  maj.  Dec.  1780  ;  licut.- 
col.  71  st  in  1775,  and  was,  with  a  portion  of  his 
corps,  made  prisoner  while  entering  Boston 
harbor,  just  after  Gen.  Howe  had  departed. 
Made  a  subject  of  retaliation  for  the  cruel 
treatment  of  captive  American  officers,  he  yet 
displayed  gentleness  and  humanity  towards  his 
foes,  while  conducting,  afterward,  active  opera- 
tions in  the  South,  where  he  proved  himself  a 
brave  and  skilful  commander.  Nov.  27,1778, 
he  com.  an  exped.  against  Savannah,  defeated 
Gen.  Robert  Howe,  and,  Dec.  29,  captured 
that  city.  He  captured  Augusta,  Ga.,  Jan.  29, 
1779;  was  made  col.  Dec.  7,  1779  ;  M.P.  for 
Stirling,  1774-80  and  in  1789;  gov.  of  Madras, 
1785-89,  and  gov.  of  Jamaica  in  1789-91. 

Campbell,  Col.  Arthur,  a  Western  pio- 
neer, b.  Augusta  Co.,  Va.,  1742;  d.  Yellow 
Creek,  Knox  Co.,  Ky.,  1815.  At  the  age  of 
fifteen,  he  was  taken  by  the  Indians  and  made 
himself  master  of  their  language.  Escaping  in 
1759,  he  served  as  guide  in  an  exped.  to  the 
Upper  Lakes,  and  was  rewarded  by  govt  with 
1,000  acres  near  Louisville,  Ky.  In  1769,  he 
settled  at  "  The  Royal  Oak^'  on  Holstein 
River;  was  app.  mnjor  of  militia;  was  col.  of  a 
regt^more  than  30  years;  and  was  engaged  in 
and  com.  several  military  expeds.,  especially 
that  against  the  Chcrokees,  in  Jan.  1781,  with 
whom  he  made  an  important  treaty.  In  the 
spring  of  1776,  he  was  elected  to  the  Va.  assem- 
bly, and,  as  a  member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv., 
took  a  decided  srand  agiiinst  an  established 
church.  He  was  for  some  years  county  lieut. 
of  Washington  Co.,  Va.  After  35  years' resi- 
dence at  Holstein,  he  removed  to  Yellow  Creek. 
He  m.  a  sister  of  Gen.  Wm.  Campbell,  and 
was  the  father  of  Col.  John  B. 

Campbell,  Charles,  historinn,  b.  Peters- 
burg, Va.,  1807.     N.J.  Coll.   1825.     Son  of 


C-AJM 


158 


C.AJVI 


John  "Wilson  Campbell,  a  bookseller  of  Pe- 
tersb.  Authorofa  Hist.of  Va.,l813.  Has  pub. 
"  The  Bland  Papers,"  8vo,  1840 ;  "  History  of 
Virginia,"  8vo,  1869;  "Memoir  of  John  Daly 
Burke,"  1868  ;  "  Genealogy  of  the  Spotswood 
Family,"  1868.  Contrib.  to  the  Southern  Lit. 
Messenger  from  its  commencement.  Editor  of 
"  The  Orderly  Book  "  of  Gen.  Andrew  Lewis  in 
1776,  4to,  1860. 

Campbell,  David,  gov.  of  Va.,  1 836-9 ;  d. 
Abingdon,  Va.,  March  19,  1859,  a.  80.  App. 
major  12th  Inf.,  July  6,  1812  ;  lieut.-col.  20th 
Inf.,  Mar.  12,  1813;  resigned  Jan.  28,  1814. 

Campbell,  Duncan  R.,  D.D.,  Baptist 
clergyman,  b.  Scotland,  ab.l797  ;  d.  Covington, 
Ky.,  Aug.  11,  1865.  Graduate  of  a  Scottish 
university ;  soon  after  came  to  the  U.  S. ; 
preached  some  years,  and  after  a  pastorate  at 
Georgetown,  Ky.,  was  pres.  of  Georgetown 
Coll.  from  1849  until  his  death. 

Campbell,  George  Wash.,  statesman,  b. 
Tenn.,  1768;  d.  Nashville,  Feb.  17,  1848.  N.J. 
Coll.  1794.  M.  C.  from  1803  to  1809,  during 
the  last  two  years  of  which  period  he  was  chair- 
man of  the  committee  of  ways  and  means; 
U.S.  senator,  1811-14  and  1815-18;  sec.  of  the 
treasury  from  Feb.  9  to  Oct.  6,  1814;  envoy- 
extraor.  and  minister- plenipo.  to  Russia  in 
1818-21;  and  at  one  time  judge  of  the  U.  S. 
Dist.  Court  of  Tenn.  A  commissioner  in  1831 
to  settle  the  claims  on  France. 

Campbell,  Hugh  F.,  commodore  U.  S.  N; 
d.  Washington,  Nov.  11,  1820.  App,  raaster- 
com.  July  27,  1799;  capt.  Oct.  16,  1800. 

Campbell,  Jacob,  author  of  "Political 
Essays,"  b.  R.I.  1760;  d.  1788.  — ^///6one. 

Campbell,  James,  jurist,  b.  Phila.,  1813. 
Son  of  an  Irish  emigrant,  who  gave  his  chil- 
dren a  thorough  education.  His  persevering, 
energetic,  prompt,  and  inquiring  mind  soon  gave 
him  a  high  rank  among  the  proverbially  acute 
and  eloquent  members  of  the  Phila.  bar;  and 
in  1841-50  he  was  a  judge  of  the  C.  C.  P.; 
atty.-gen.  of  the  State  in  1850-3  ;  U.  S.  post- 
master-gen. in  1853-7. 

Campbell,  James  Archibald,  judge 
U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  1853-61,  b.  Washington, 
Ga.,  June  24,  1811,  U.  of  Ga.  1826.  His 
grandfatherwas  an  aide-de-camp  to  Gen. Greene. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  Montgomery,  Ala.,  in  1830, 
and  practised  with  success.  He  opposed  the 
secession  of  Ala. ;  did  all  in  his  power  to  bring 
the  war  to  a  close  in  1864,  and  in  1865  re- 
sumed practice  in  N.  Orleans. 

Campbell,  John,  bookseller,  and  post- 
master of  Boston  many  years,  and  until  1718  ; 
pub.,  24  Apr.  1704,  the  Boston  News  Letter,  the 
first  permit,  newsp.  issued  in  N.  Amer ;  b.  Scot- 
land, 1653;  d.  Boston,  Mar.  1728.  Some  years 
justice  of  the  peace  for  Suffolk  Co.  — Drake's 
Boston,  528,  538. 

Campbell,  John,  political  writer,  b.  Edin- 
burgh, Mar.  8, 1708;  d.  Dec.  28,  1775.  Agent 
of  the  British  Govt,  for  Ga.  from  1755  to  his  d. 
Author  of  a  "  Concise  Hist,  of  Span.  America," 
1741;  "Lives  of  the  Eng.  Admirals,"  1744; 
"New  Sugar  Islands  in  the  W.  Indies,"  8vo  ; 
"  Trade  of  Great  Britain  to  America,"  4to, 
1772;  "Political  Survey  of  Great  Britain," 
&c. 

Campbell,  John,  a  British  gen.,  b.  Stra- 


chur,  Scotland ;  d.  early  in  1 806.  He  entered 
the  army  in  June,  1745,  as  lieut.  of  Loudon's 
Highlanders  ;  served  through  the  Scotch  rebel- 
lion ;  made  the  campaign  in  Flanders  in  1747 ; 
capt.  1  Oct.  1747  ;  April  9,  1756,  he  was  app.  to 
the  42d  Highlanders  ;  was  wounded  in  the  at- 
tack on  Ticonderoga  in  1 758  ;  major  of  the  1 7  th 
Foot,  July  11,  1759;  lieut.-col.  in  the  army, 
Feb.  1,  1762,  and  com.  this  regt.  in  the  expeds. 
against  Martinico  and  Havana.  May  1,  1773, 
he  became  lieut.-col.  of  the  37th  Foot ;  returned 
to  Amer.  in  1776  with  his  regt,  at  the  outset 
of  theRevol.;  was  app.  maj.-gen.Feb.  19, 1779; 
col.  of  his  regt.  Nov.  2,  1780;  and  com.  the 
British  forces  in  West  Fla.,  where,  after  a  gal- 
lant defence,  he  was  obliged  to  surrender  Pen- 
sacola  to  the  Spaniards,  May  10,  1781  ;  lieut.- 
gen.  Sept.  28,  1 787  ;  gen.  in  the  army,  Jan.  26, 
1797. 

Campbell,  John  B.,  col.,  b.  Ky. ;  d.  of 
wounds  reed,  in  the  battle  of  Chippewa,  Aug. 
28,  1814.  Nephew  of  Col.  Campbell  of  King's 
Mountain  renown.  Was  app.  lieut.-col.  19th 
Inf.,  March  12, 1812  ;  com.  detachment  against 
the  Mississinewa  Indians,  Dec.  1812,  for  which 
he  was  brev.  col. ;  col.  11th  Inf ,  Apr.  9,  1814  ; 
disting.,  and  severely  wounded  in  battle  of 
Chippewa,  July  5,  1814,  where  he  com.  the 
right  wing  of  the  army  under  Scott.  —  Gardner. 

Campbell,  John  N.,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1835),  Presb.  clergyman,  b.  Phila.,  March  4, 
1798;  d.  Albany,  March  27,  1864.  He  stud- 
ied theology  with  Rev.  Ezra  Stiles;  was  for 
a  while  at  the  U.  of  Pa.,  and  was  afterward  a 
teacher  of  languages  in  Hainp,  Sid.  Coll.  In 
May,  1817,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
presbytery  of  Hanover,  Va.  In  1820,  he  was 
chaplain  to  Congress.  After  preaching  in  Pe- 
tersburg, Newbern,  and  elsewhere,  he,  in  1823, 
became  the  assist,  of  Dr.  Balch  of  Georgetown, 
D.C.  From  1825  to  1831,  he  was  pastor  of 
the  N.Y,-ave.  Church  in  Washington,  D.C, ; 
and  from  1831  to  his  death,  he  was  pastor  of 
the  First  Presb,  Church  at  Albany.  He  was 
for  more  than  20  years  one  of  the  regents  of 
the  N.Y.  U.  He  was  an  eloquent  preacher 
and  a  vigorous  writer. 

Campbell,  John  Poage,  M.D.,  Presb. 
minister  of  Chillicothe,  0.,  b,  Aug.  Co.,  Va,, 
1767;  d.  near  Chillicothe,  4  Nov.  1814.  Hamp. 
Sid.  Coll.  1790.  Licensed  to  preach  in  May, 
1792  ;  settled  in  Ky.  in  1795.  He  pub.  "Doc- 
trine of  Justification  Considered,"  "  Strictures 
on  Stone's  Letters,"  1805;  "Vindex,"  in  an- 
swer to  "  Stone's  Reply,"  1806.  He  left  a  MS. 
Hist,  of  the  Western  country.  —  Sprague. 

Campbell,  John  W.,  jurist,  b.  Augusta 
Co.,  Va.,  23  Feb.  1782  ;  d.  Delaware,  O  ,  24 
Sept.  1833.  His  parents  removed  to  Ky.  in 
1791,  and  afterward  to  0.  He  received  a  com. 
school  education;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1808; 
became  pros.  atty.  Adams  and  Highland  Coun- 
ties; member  of  the  legi.sl. ;  M.C.  1817-27,  and 
U.S.  dist.  judge  from  1829  to  his  d.  —  ^ee 
Biog.  Sketch  and  Lit.  Refhains  by  his  widow,  8vo, 
1838, 

Campbell,  Lewis  D,,  Democ.  politician, 
b,  Franklin,  0.,  9  Aug,  1811.  He  had  a  lim- 
ited education ;  became  asst.  editor  of  the  Cin- 
cimmti  Gazette;  studied  and  practised  law;  was 
M.C.  1849-57,  and  chairman  of  the  com.  on 


CA3I 


159 


C-Ajsr 


ways  and    means,  1853-5;    app.   minister  to 
Mexico  in  Dec.  1865;  again  M.C.  1871-3. 

Campbell,  P-,  author  of  "  Travels  in  N. 
Amer.  in  1791-2,"  Edinb.,  8vo,  1793. 

Campbell,  Col.  Richard  of  Va. ;  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Eutaw  Springs,  S.C.,  Sept  8, 
1781.  Was  commissioned  capt.  Feb.  19,  1776  ; 
was  a  lieut.-col.  at  the  battle  of  Hobkirk's  Hill, 
and  at  the  siege  of  Ninety-six. 

Campbell,  Col.  Robert,  Indian  fighter, 
b.  Va.,  1755;  d.  near  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  Feb. 
1832.  He  displayed  great  bravery  in  many 
conflicts  with  the  Cherokees,  and  subsequently 
at  the  battle  of  King's  Mountain.  He  was 
nearly  40  years  a  magistrate  of  Washington 
Co.,  Va.,  and  in  1825  emigrated  to  Tenn. 

Campbell,  Lord  William,  gov.  of  S.C. ; 
1774-5;  d.  Sept.  5,  1778.  Youngest  son  of 
the  4th  Duke  of  Argyle.  Became  a  capt.  in  the 
navy,  Aug.  20,  1762";  M.P.  in  1764;  gov.  of 
Nova  Scotia  in  1766-73.  Entering  upon  his 
administration  in  June,  1775,  he  was  active  in 
fomenting  insurrectionary  movements  favor- 
able to  the  crown  among  the  border  population 
and  the  red  men .  Detected  in  this  practice,  and 
the  public  military  stores  having  been  secured 
by  the  people,  he  fled  on  board  a  frigate,  and  in 
the  following  year  was  mortally  wounded  on 
board  "  The  Bristol,"  during  the  attack  on  Fort 
Moultrie.  In  May,  1763,  he  m.  Sarah,  sister  of 
Ralph  Izard,  a  leading  patriot  of  the  Revol. 

Campbell,  Gen.  William,  Revol.  offi- 
cer, b.  Augusta,  Va.,  1745;  d.  Sept.  1781.  He 
received  a  liberal  education.  Formed  by  Nature 
for  a  soldier,  and  was  at  the  battle  of  Point 
Pleasant,  1774;  was  app.  a  capt.  in  the  first  Va. 
regt.  in  1775,  but  resigned  in  the  latter  part  of 
1776,  on  account  of  the  breaking-out  of  an  In- 
dian war,  which  called  him  home.  He  was 
then  made  lieut-col.  of  Washington  Co,  mili- 
tia, and  in  1778,  col.  With  his  regt.,  he  marched 
200  miles  to  attack  Maj.  Ferguson,  at  King's 
Mountain,  at  which  battle  he  com.  Oct.  7, 
1780;  and  for  his  disting.  services  on  this 
occasion,  the  Icgisl.  presented  him  with  a 
sword,  horse,  and  pistols,  and  named  a  county 
after  him.  His  conduct  at  Guilford  drew  from 
Greene  and  Col.  Lee  flattering  letters,  and 
from  the  Va.  legisl.  the  rank  of  brig.-gen.  He 
joined  Lafayette  to  oppose  the  invasion  of 
Cornwallis,  and  received  the  com.  of  the  light 
infantry  and  riflemen,  but  died,  after  a  short 
but  brilliant  military  career,  just  before  the 
siege  of  York  town. —  Va.  Hist.  Colls. 

Campbell,  William  B.,  soldier  and  pol- 
itician, b.  Sumner  Co.,  Tenn.,  Feb.  1, 1807  ;  d. 
Lebanon,  Aug.  19,  1867.  He  studied  law; 
practised  at  Carthage,  Tenn.  in  1830;  was 
elected  dist-atty.  4th  dist.  in  1831,  and  be- 
came a  member  of  the  legisl.  in  1835.  He  was 
a  capt.  of  vols,  during  the  Creek  and  Fla. 
wars;  M.C.  in  1837-43;  col.  1st  Tenn.  Vols, 
in  Mexican  war ;  com.  a  brigade,  and  was  dis- 
ting. in  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo,  and  at  Mon- 
terey ;  was  made  judge  4th  circuit  of  Tenn. 
soon  after  his  return,  and  was  in  1851-3  gov. 
of  the  State ;  chosen  judge  of  the  Circuit  Court 
in  1857.  In  1861,  he  canvassed  his  State  in 
opposition  to  the  secessionists,  and  June  30, 
1862,  was  made  brig.-gen.  vols.,  but,  on  account 
of  feeble  health,  resigned  26  Ja-n.  1863. 


Campbell,  William  W,,  judge,  grand- 
son of  Col,  Samuel ;  b,  Cherrv  Valley,  N,Y., 
June  10,  1806.  Un.  Coll.  1827.  He  studied 
law  with  Judge  Kent ;  commenced  practice  in 
N,  Y.  City  in  1831 ;  was  M.  C.  in  1845-7  ; 
then  spent  a  year  in  Europe;  app,  in  1849  a 
justice  of  the  Superior  Court  of  N,  Y,  City ; 
served  seven  years,  and  was  subsequently  elected 
a  judge  of  the  State  Supreme  Court,  Author 
of  "Annals  of  Tryon  County,  N.Y,,"  8vo, 
1831  ;  new  ed,,  revised,  entitled  "Border  War- 
fare," N.Y.,  1849,  12mo;  "Life  and  Writings 
of  De  Witt  Clinton,"  1849,  8vo;  "  Sketches  of 
Robin  Hood  and  Capt,  Kidd,"  12mo,  1853; 
"Life  of  Mrs.  Grant,  Missionary  to  Persia," 
12mo,  1840, 

Canby,  Edward  Richard  Sprigg,  brig.- 
gen.  U.  S.A,,  b.  Ky.,  ab,  1819,  West  Point, 
1839,  Served  in  the  Florida  war,  1839-42; 
assist,  adj,-gen.  (rank  of  capt,)  3  Mar.  1847; 
disting,  at  Cerro  Gwdo ;  brev,  major  for  Con- 
treras  and  Churubusco,  Aug,  20,  1 847 ;  brev. 
lieut,-col.  for  gallant  conduct  at  the  Belen  Gate, 
Sept.  13,  1847 ;  capt,  2d  Inf.  June,  1851  ;  major 
10th  Inf,  Mar,  3,  1855;  col.  19th  Inf.  May  14, 
1861,  and  brig.-gen,  vols.  March  31,  1862.  He 
served  in  the  TJtah  exped,  under  Gen,  A.  S. 
Johnston,  and  in  1 859-60  com.  Fort  Bridger, 
Utah.  When  the  civil  war  began  in  1861,  he 
was  in  New  Mexico,  and  displayed  great  energy 
and  skill  in  defending  the  territory  against  the 
confederates.  He  afterwards  served  in  the  war 
dopt.  at  Washington ;  com.  the  troops  in  and 
around  N.Y,  City'at  the  time  of  the  riots  in  July, 
1863,  and  resumed  his  post  in  the  war  dept,  m 
Nov.  1 863.  7  May,  1 864,  he  was  made  maj  .-gen. 
comg,  the  district  embracing  the  depts,  of  the 
Mo,,  Ark,,  and  the  Gulf.  He  com.  the  exped. 
which  captured  Mobile,  Apr.  12, 1865,  and  May 
4,  received  the  surrender  of  the  rebel  Taylor  and 
his  army.  Brev.  maj.-gen.  U,  S,  A,  Mar,  13, 
1865;  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  July  28,  1866;  brev. 
brig.-gen.  U,S,A,  for  battle  of  Valverde,  New 
Mex,;  maj, -gen,  for  Mobile;  Nov.  4,  1868,  cotn- 
5th  military  district. 

CaufLeld,  Francesca  Anna,  poetess,  b. 
Phila,,  1 803  ;  d.  1823,  Dau.  of  Dr,  F,  Pascalis, 
an  Ital,  physician.  She  was  distinguished  for 
her  knowledge  of  languages,  and  the  excellence 
of  her  verses,  many  of  which  are  in  Griswold's 
Female  Poets  of  Amei-ica,  and  in  the  periodi- 
cals of  the  day,  —  AUibone. 

Canfleld,  Henry  Judson,  b.  Ct.,  1789; 
d.  1856.  Y.  C.  1806.  Author  of  "Treatise 
on  Sheep."  Contrib.  to  Ohio  Cultivator,  Amer. 
Agriculturist,  &c,  — AUibone. 

Cannon,  Charles  James,  poet,  dramatist, 
and  no^'«list,  b,  N.  Y.,  of  Irish  parentage,  Nov.  4, 
1 800 ;  d.  there  Nov.  9, 1 860,  Among  his  numer- 
ous works  are  "  Facts,  Feelings,  and  Fancies," 
"  The  Poet's  Quest,"  "  Mora  Carmody,"  "  Fa- 
ther Felix ;  poems,  dramatic  and  miscellaneous ; 
dramas,  including  the  "  Oath  of  Office  "  and 
"  Tighe  Liffbrd."  He  also  compiled  a  speller 
and  a  series  of  readers,  —  See  Brownson's  Qitar- 
terlyfor  Oct.  1857 ;  Hist.  Mag.  v,  30, 

Cannon,  James  Spencer,  D,D,,  clergy- 
man of  the  D.  R.  Church,  b.  1776;  d.  New 
Brunswick,  N, J.,  July  25,  1852.  Rutg.  Coll. 
1811.  He  was  for  51  years  a  trustee,  and 
from  1826  until  his  death,  prof,  of  metaphysics 


cJAJsr 


160 


CAR, 


and  the  philosophy  of  the  human  mind  in 
Rutg.  Coll.  Author  of  "Lectures  on  Chro- 
nology," "Lectures  on  Pastoral  Theology," 
8vo,  1853. 

Cannon,  Newton,  soldier  and  statesman, 
b.  Guilford  Co.,  N.C.,  ab.  1781 ;  d.  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  Sept.  29,  1841.  Member  State  legisl. 
1811-12,  and  State  Const.  Conv.  of  1834.  Col. 
Tenn.  Mounted  Rifles,  Sept.  to  Dec.  1813,  and 
com.  the  left  in  battle  of  Tallahatchie,  Nov.  3, 
1813 ;  was  M.C.  from  Tenn.  from  1814  to  1817 
and  from  1819  to  1823;  was  app.  by  Monroe 
one  of  two  commissioners  to  treat  with  the 
Chickasaws  in  1819;  and  was  gov.  of  Tenn. 
from  1835  to  1839. 

Cannon,  William,  gov.  of  Del.,  1864-5,  b. 
Bridgeville,  Del.,  1809  ;  d.  Phila.,  Mar.  1, 1865. 
He  was  some  time  in  the  State  legisl.;  was 
State  treasurer,  and  member  of  the  peace 
congress  in  1861. 

Canonicus,  a  Narragansett  chief,  uncle  of 
Miantonomoh,  b.  ab.  1565;  d.  June  4,  1647; 
was  the  firm  friend  of  the  English,  especially 
of  Roger  Williams.  From  him,  Williams 
obtained,  March  24,  1638,  the  grant  of  land 
for  his  settlement  of  the  future  State  of  R.I. 
In  1622,  two  years  after  the  Pilgrims  landed  at 
Plymouth,  Canonicus  sent  as  a  challenge  a 
bundle  of  arrows  tied  Avith  a  snake-skin.  The 
skin  was  returned  filled  with  powder  and  ball ; 
but  the  peace  was  unbroken.  In  1632-5, 
there  was  a  war  between  the  Pequots  and  Nar- 
ragansetts,  about  the  ownership  of  land  lying 
between  Paucatuck  River  and  Wecapang 
Brook.  Canonicus,  afccr  losing  his  son,  burned 
his  own  residence,  and  all  his  goods  in  it. 
Roger  Williams  calls  him  "  A  wise  and  peace- 
able prince."  During  his  life,  the  Narragan- 
setts,  though  engaged  in  wars  with  other 
Indians,  remained  at  peace  with  the  whites. 
Many  years  after  his  death,  however,  under  the 
famous  King  Philip,  they  made  war  on  the 
English,  and  were  exterminated. 

Capers,  William,  D.D.  (Aug.  Coll.,  Ky., 
1839),  bishop  M.  E.  Church,  b  St.  Thomas's 
Parish,  S.C,  Jan.  26, 1790;  d.  Anderson,  S.C., 
Jan.  29,  1855.  S.C.  Coll.  1808.  He  became  a 
travelling  minister  in  1808.  In  1821,  he  was 
app.  missionary  to  the  Indians  in  Western  Ga., 
and  travelled  extensively  throughout  the  State. 
He  established  a  mission  among  the  Creek  In- 
dians on  Flint  River  in  1822;  preached  in 
Charleston  from  1825  to  1831,  and  edited  the 
Wesleyan  Journal.  In  1828,  he  was  sent  to 
Eng.  as  the  representative  of  his  church  at 
the  British  conference.  In  1835,  he  was  elect- 
ed prof,  of  the  evidences  of  Christianity  in  the 
U.  of  S.C,  and  afterwards  took  charge  of  the 
Southern  Christian  Advocate.  For  several  years, 
he  was  one  of  the  gen.  missionary  secretaries, 
and  in  May,  1846,  was  elected  bishop  of  the 
southern  division,  which,  at  the  gen.  conference 
held  at  N.Y.  in  1844,  had  separated  from  the 
northern  on  the  slavery  question.  He  was 
remarkable  for  urbanity,  elegance  of  style, 
and  the  oratorical  finish  and  force  of  his  pulpit 
ministrations. 

Capron,  Elisha  S.,  counsellor  at  law, 
author  of  "  Hist,  of  California,  from  its  Dis- 
covery to  1854,"  b.  N.Y.,  1806. 

CardOZO)  Isaac  N.,  journalist  and  politi- 


cal economist,  b.  Savannah,  Ga.,  Jime  17, 
1786  ;  drowned  in  James  River,  Va.,  Aug.  26, 
1850.  He  received  a  plain  English  education 
in  Charleston,  S.C.  In  1816,  he  became  edi- 
tor of  the  Southern  Patriot,  a  free-trade  organ 
in  Charleston,  becoming  sole  proprietor  in 
1823,  in  which  year  he  was  active  in  establish- 
ing the  chamber  of  commerce.  He  opposed 
the  tariff  act  of  1828,  but  did  not  adopt  ex- 
treme nullification  views.  In  1845,  he  sold  the 
Patriot,  and  soon  after  established  the  Evening 
News,  another  daily,  of  which  he  was  commer- 
cial editor.  He  was  a  contrib.  to  the  Southern 
Quarterly  Review,  and  other  periodicals,  and  in 
1826  pub.  "Notes  on  Political  Economy. 

Carew,  Sir  Benjamin  Hallowell, 
adm.  R.N.,  b.  Boston,  1760;  d.  Beddington 
Park,  Eng.,  2  Sept.  1834.  Son  of  Benj.  Hal- 
lowell, customs  commissioner  at  Boston.  En- 
tering the  navy  at  an  early  age,  he  became  a 
lieut.  in  Aug.  1781,  capt.  1793,  rear-adm. 
1811,  and  vice-adm.  1819,  K.C.B.  1819,  K. 
G.C.  1831.  He  was  with  Rodney  in  the  great 
fight  with  DeGrasse  ;  com.  a  ship  of  the  line 
under  Hotham  in  the  action  off  the  Hieres 
Islands  ;  was  a  vol.  on  board  "  The  Victory," 
in  the  battle  of  Cape  St.  Vincent;  and,  in  com. 
of  "  The  Swiftsure,"  contrib.  essentially  to  the 
great  victory  of  the  Nile.  He  was  with  Hood 
at  the  reduction  of  St.  Lucia  and  Tobago,  and 
with  Nelson  in  the  W.  Indies.  He  succeeded 
to  the  estates  of  the  Carews  on  the  death  of  a 
cousin  in  1828.  — Sabine. 

Carey,  Alice  and  Phcebe,  two  sisters, 
poets.  Alice  was  b.  Mount  Healthy,  nearCin- 
cin.,  O.,  April,  1820;  d.  N.Y.  City,  12  Feb. 
1871.  Walter,  her  emigrant  ancestor,  settled 
at  Bridge  water,  Ms.  Her  grandfather,  a 
Revol.  soldier  of  Ct.,  settled  after  the  war  in 
Hamilton  Co.,  O.  Robert  her  father,  one  of 
the  first  settlers  of  Cincin.,  d.  11  Feb.  1866,  a. 
80.  Alice  first  became  known  by  a  series  of 
sketches  in  the  National  Era,  signed  "  Patty 
Lee."  The  sisters  pub.  jointly  in  1850  a  vol. 
of  poems.  She  pub.  a  vol.  of  prose-sketches, 
"  Clovernook,"  in  1851,  a  second  scries  in  1853, 
and  a  third  in  1854  ;  "  Lyra  and  other  Poems," 
18.53;  "Hagar,  a  Story  of  To-day,"  1852; 
"  Married,  not  Mated,"  1856  ;  a  new  collection 
of  poems,  1855;  "Pictures  of  Country  Life," 
1859;  "Lyrics  and  Hymns,"  1866;  "The 
Bishop's  Son,"  1867;  "*The  Lover's  Diary," 
1867  ;  and  "  Snowberries."  In  1850,  the  sisters 
removed  to  N.Y.  City.  Phoebe,  b.  Clover- 
nook,  1825,  like  her  sister,  was  a  frequent 
contrib.  to  periodicals,  pub.  in  1854  a  vol.  of 
poems  and  parodies,  and  recently,  "Poems 
of  Faith,  Hope,  and  Love."  D.  31  July,  1871. 

Carey,  Henry  Charles,  political  econo- 
mist, son  of  Matthew,  b.  Phila.,  Dec.  15, 
1793;  was  brought  up  a  bookseller,  liecoming 
a  partner  in  his  father's  firm  in  1814.  In  1821, 
he  became  the  leading  partner  in  the  firm  of 
Carey  &  Lea,  the  largest  j)ublishing-house  in 
the  country,  and  in  1835  withdrew  from  busi- 
ness to  employ  his  capital  in  industrial  enter- 
prises. Long  a  student  of  political  economy, 
and  originally  a  zealous  partisan  of  free  trade, 
he  eventually  became  a  protectionist.  He  has 
pub.  "Essay  on  the  Rate  of  Wages,"  1835; 
"The   Principles  of   Political    Economy,"  3 


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vols.,  8vo,  1837-40;  "The  Credit  System  in 
France,  Great  Britain,  and  the  U.S.,"  1838; 
"  The  Past,  the  Present,  and  the  Future," 
1848;  "The  Harmony  of  Interests,"  1850; 
**  The  Slave  Trade,  Domestic,  and  Foreign  ; " 
"  Letters  on  International  Copyright,"  1863  ; 
"  Letters  to  the  President  on  the  Foreign  and 
Domestic  Policy  of  the  Union,"  1858;  "Prin- 
ciples of  Social  Science,"  3  vols.,  8vo,  1858-9  ; 
"  A  Series  of  Letters  on  Polit.  Economy," 
addressed  to  W.  C.  Bryant,  1860,  and  another 
series  addressed  to  Hon.  Schuyler  Colfax,  1865. 
For  several  years,  he  contrib.  the  leading  pa- 
pers in  the  Plough,  the  Loom,  and  the  Anvil, 
some  of  which  were  afterwards  collected  in  his 
"  Harmony  of  Interests."  He  has  also  written 
much  on  other  subjects  in  the  newspapers.  — 
Duj/rkinck. 

Carey,  Matthew,  political  writer,  pub- 
lisher, and  philanthropist,  b.  Dublin,  Ireland, 
28  Jan.  1760;  d.  Phila.,  16  Sept.  1839.  Ap- 
prenticed to  a  printer,  he  in  1779  wrote  a 
pamphlet  on  the  Irish  Catholic  question,  and 
was  obliged  to  withdraw  to  France.  Return- 
ing in  1780,  he  pub.  the  Freeman's  Journal, 
and,  13  Oct.  1783,  began  the  Volunteer's  Journal, 
for  which  he  was  committed  to  Newgate  prison. 
Restored  to  liberty,  14  May,  1784,  he  came  to 
Amer.,  landed  in  Phila,,  15  Nov.,  and  by  the 
aid  of  Lafayette,  who  sent  him  S400,  established 
the  Pennsylvania  Herald,  25  Jan.  1785.  In  a 
duel  with  Col.  Oswald,  21  Jan.  1786,  he  re- 
ceived a  wound  which  confined  him  to  his 
house  for  16  months.  He  was  subsequently 
connected  with  the  Columbian  Magazine  and 
the  American  Museum,  and  engaged  extensively 
in  bookselling  and  publishing  in  connection 
with  his  sons.  He  took  an  active  part  in  chari- 
table enterprises,  and  every  fortnight  dispensed 
food  and  other  necessaries  of  life  to  hun- 
dreds of  poor  widows.  In  1793,  he  founded 
the  Hibernian  Society.  He  pub.  a  "  History 
of  the  Yellow  Fever  of  1793  ;  "  "  Miscellane- 
ous Trifles,"  1796;  "Amer.  Pocket  Atlas," 
1801 ;  "  Essavs  on  Polit.  Economy,"  8vo,  1822 ; 
"Miscell.  Essays,"  1830;  "The  Olive 
Branch,"  an  attempt  to  harmonize  the  Fed- 
eral and  Democ.  parties,  1814;  "  Vindiciae 
Hibernica,"  1819;  and  "  Philosophy  of  Com- 
mon Sense ;  "  "  The  New  Olive  Branch,"  1820 ; 
A  zealous  champion  of  the  "  protective  system  " 
of  American  industry,  his  writings  in  its  favor 
number  59.  He  also  advocated  the  system  of 
internal  improvements  to  which  Pa.  is  so  much 
indebted.  In  1833-4,  he  contrib  his  Auto- 
biography to  the  A^.  E.  Magazine.  In  1796-8, 
he  had  a  controversy  with  Wm.  Cobbett,  which 
he  closed  with  "  The  Porcupiniad,  aHudibras- 
tic  Poem,"  1799. 

Carillo  (ka-rer-yo),  Braulio,  dictator  of 
Costa  Rica,  b.  Cartago,  1800;  assassinated 
1845.  Member  of  the  Federal  Congress  of 
Central  Amer.,  he  was  afterward  elected  gov. 
of  Costa  Rica,  and  dictator  from  1838  to  1842. 
His  dictatorship  was  advantageous  to  the 
country  ;  for,  while  he  repressed  with  a  strong 
hand  all  revol.  tendencies,  he  devoted  the 
energies  of  a  powerful  mind  to  the  promotion 
of  the  material  interests  of  the  State.  He 
adjusted  its  foreign  debt,  built  roads  and  bridges, 
and,  above  all,  introduced  the  culture  of  coffee, 
11 


now  the  great  staple  of  the  country,  and  raised 
it  from  the  poorest  to  the  richest  State  of  Central 
Amer.  He  transacted  all  public  affairs  with 
the  aid  of  his  wife  only. 

Carleton,  Guy  (Lord  Dorchester),  a 
British  gen.,  b.  Strabane,  Ireland,  1722  ;  d.  10 
Nov.  1808.  Entering  the  Guards  at  an  early 
age,  he  became  in  1748  lieut.-col.  72d  regt. ; 
was  aide-de-camp  to  Cumberland  in  the  German 
campaign  of  1757  ;  served  under  Amherst  at 
the  siege  of  Louisburg  in  1758  ;  under  Wolfe, 
at  Quebec,  as  quartermaster-gen.  in  1759  ;  and 
was  a  brig.-gen.,  and  was  wounded  at  the  siege 
of  Belleisle.  Made  a  col.  in  the  army  in  Feb. 
1762,  heserved  asquarterm.-gen.in  the  Havana 
exped.,  and  was  wounded  in  the  successful  as- 
sault on  the  Moro  Castle.  In  1767,  he  became 
licut.-gov,,  and  in  1 768,  gov.,  of  Quebec ;  in  1772, 
maj.-gen.  and  col.  47th  Foot ;  and  29  Aug.  1774, 
gov.gen.  of  the  Province  of  Quebec.  In  Oct. 
1775,  he  attempted  to  retake  Ticonderoga  and 
Crown  Point,  recently  captured  by  the  Amer- 
icans, but  was  defeated,  and  himself  narrowly 
escaped  capture.  Reaching  Quebec,  he  exerted 
himself  successfully  in  putting  it  in  a  state  of 
defence,  and,  31  Dec.  1775,  repulsed  the  assault 
of  the  Americans,  who  lost  their  brave  leader, 
Montgomery.  Receiving  re-enforcements  from 
Eng.,  he  drove  the  Americans  from  the  province, 
and  in  a  naval  battle  on  Lake  Champlain,  13 
Oct.  1776,  totally  defeated  the  flotilla  under 
Arnold.  In  1777,  he  was  superseded  by  Bur- 
goyne  ;  in  1778,  was  made  alieut.-gen.,  and  in 
1781  was  app.  com. -in-chief  in  Amer.,  where 
he  had  the  credit  of  having  done  all  in  his  power 
to  soften  the  rigors  of  war  and  to  conciliate  the 
people.  He  embarked  for  Eng.,  25  Nov.  1783  ; 
was  created  Baron  Dorchester,  21  Aug.  1786, 
and,  from  1786  to  1796,  was  gov.  of  British 
N.  Amer.;  his  administration  being  marked  by 
mildness  and  justice.  He  was  succeeded  in  his 
title  and  estate  by  his  eldest  son  Thomas. 

Carleton,  Henry,  jurist,  b.  Va.,  1785; 
d.  Phila.,  Mar.  28,  1863.  Y.C.  1806.  Origi- 
nally named  Henry  Carleton  Coxe.  Removing 
to  Mpi.,  he  established  himself  in  N.  Orleans  in 
1814  ;  served  as  a  lieut.  under  Jackson  in  the 
campaign  of  that  year  ;  practised  law,  and,  with 
L.  Moreau,  translated  of  " Tms  Siete  partidas," 
a  celebrated  Spanish  code,  such  portions  as 
were  in  u'^e  La.  Made  atty.  of  the  east,  district 
of  La.  in  1832,  he  was  afterward  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  resigning  in  1839.  He  visited 
Europe  several  times,  and  pub.  in  1857  a  vol. 
on  "  Liberty  and  Necessity." —  Ob.  Record,  Y.  C. 

Carleton,  James  Henry,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Me.  In  Feb.  1839,  during  the  boun- 
dary dispute  with  Great  Britain,  he  was  capt. 
of  a  company  of  Maine  riflemen,  and,  on  its  set- 
tlement, was  made  2d  lieut.  1st  U.S.  Dragoons. 
1st  lieut.  Mar.  1845,  served  on  Gen.  Wool's 
staff  in  Mexico  ;  made  capt.  Feb.  1847,  and 
brev.  maj.  for  gallantry  at  Buena  Vista;  Sept. 
7,  1861,  made  maj.  6th  caval.  Early  in  1862, 
he  raised  the  vols,  known  as  the  "  Column 
from  Cal.,"  and  marched  with  them  to  the  Rio 
Grande.  He  was  made  brig.-gen.  vols.  Apr. 
28,  1862,  and  ordered  to  relieve  Gen.  Can  by  in 
com.  of  the  dept.  of  N.  Mexico  ;  lieut  -col.  4th 
cav.  July  31,  1866;  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A. 
for  merit,  services  in  the  war;  col.  2d  U.S.  car. 


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June,   1868.    Author  of  a  "History  of  the 
Battle  of.Buena  Vista,"  N.Y.,  1848. 

Carleton,  Osgood,  a  teacher  of  mathe- 
matics and  navigation  ;  d.  Litchfield,  N.H.,  in 
June,  1816.  A  resident  of  Ms.,  he  pub.  valuable 
maps  of  that  State  and  of  the  district  of  Me. 
"  The  Amer.  Navigator,"  1801 ;  "The  South 
Amer.  Pilot,"  1804;  "A  Map  of  the  U.S.," 
1806,  and  "  Practice  of  Arhmetic,"  1810. 

Carleton,  Thomas,  British  gen.,  bro.  of 
Sir  Guy;  d.  Jan.  1817,  a.  85.  App.  ensign 
Wolfe's  regt.,  1755;  capt.  1759;  brev.  maj., 
1773  ;  quartermast.-gen.  to  the  army  in  Canada 
in  Nov.  1775;  lieut.-col.  19th,  1776 ;  col.  Nov. 
20,1782;  maj.-gen.  1793;  lieut.-gen.,  1798; 
gen.  1803.  He  had  seen  service  in  Germany  ; 
was  wounded  in  the  naval  contest  with  Arnold 
on  Lake  Champlain  in  1776,  and  was  gov.  of 
N.  Brunswick  in  1783.  —  Philipart. 

Carlin,  Thomas,  gov.  of  III.,  1838-42,  and 
a  pioneer  to  that  State  in  1813,  b.  Ky.,  1791  ; 
d.  4  Feb.  1852. 

Carlin,  William  P.,  brev.-raaj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Greene  Co.,  111.,  Nov.  24,  1829. 
West  Point,  1850.  Entering  the  6th  Inf.,  ho 
took  part  in  the  Sioux  exped.  in  March,  1855, 
under  Gen.  Harney,  and,  in  the  summer  of 
1857,  com.  a  company  in  the  exped.  of  Col. 
Sumner  against  the  Cheyennes,  who  were  de- 
feated at  Solomon's  Fork,  Ks.,  Aug.  29,  1857. 
Early  in  1858,  he  joined  the  Utah  exped.  under 
Gen.  A.  S.  Johnston;  capt.  March  2,  1861  ; 
Aug.  15,  1861,  he  took  com.  of  the  38th  111. 
regt.,  and,  Oct.  21,  defeated  JefF.  Thompson  at 
Fredericktown,  Mo.  He  com.  the  district  of 
South-east  Mo.  till  March,  1862,  then  com.  a 
brigade  under  Gen.  Steele  in  the  exped.  into 
Ark.,  and  joined  Pope's  army  in  season  to  aid 
in  the  pursuit  of  Beauregard  from  Corinth.  He 
disting.  himself  in  the  battle  of  Perryville,Ky., 
Oct.  8,  1862,  and  at  Knob  Gap,  near  Nolens- 
ville,  where  he  defeated  Wharton's  rebel  cav- 
alry. His  brigade  bore  a  prominent  part  in  the 
battle  of  Stone  River,  Dec.  31,  1862,  as  is 
shown  by  its  losses  in  that  memorable  conflict. 
He  was  made  brig.-gen.  29  Nov.  1862  ;  was  in 
the  Tullahoma  campaign,  battles  of  Chicka- 
mauga,LookoutMountain,  and  Mission.  Ridge, 
Ringgold,  Buzzard's  Roost,  Resacca,  Kenesaw 
Mountain,  siege  and  capture  of  Atlanta  ;  com. 
1st  div.  14th  corps  in  Sherman's  march  to  the 
sea  ;  breA\  col.  for  the  battle  of  Jonesboro',  Ga., 
Sept.  1,  1864  ;  brev.  brig.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865, 
for  Bentonville,  and  brev.  maj.-gen.  for  gallant 
and  merit,  services  in  the  field  during  the  Re- 
belllion.  Maj.  16th  Inf.,  8  Feb.  1864;  transfer- 
red to  34th  Inf.,  21  Sept.  1866.  ~  Cullum. 

Carlisle,  Frederick  Howard,  5ih  earl 
of,  one  of  the  3  commissioners  sent  to  Amer. 
in  1778  to  treat  with  the  revolted  colonists,  b. 
May,  1748;  d,  Sept.  4,  1825.  In  the  house  of 
peers,  he  first  disting.  himself  by  his  recom- 
mendation of  conciliatory  measures  toward  the 
American  Colonies.  Lord  lieut.  of  Ireland, 
1780-2.  Uncle  and  guardian  of  Lord  Byron, 
and  himself  a  poet  of  some  merit. 

Carman,  Capt.,  a  brave  seaman ;  lost  at 
gea  on  the  coast  of  Spain  in  Dec.  1645.  In 
Dec.  1642,  he  sailed  from  New  Haven  for  the 
Canaries,  and,  near  the  Island  of  Palma,  was 
attacked  by  a  Turkish  pirate-ship  of  300  tons, 


with  200  men  and  26  cannon  ;  he  having  only 
20  men  and  7  cannon.  The  tiller  of  the  Turk 
was  disabled  ;  and  she  fell  off,  leaving  50  men 
who  had  boarded  Carman's  ship.  These  he 
attacked  and  killed,  or  forced  overboard.  He, 
with  others  o-f  his  men,  were  wounded ;  but  he 
lost  only  one  man.  —  Savage's  Winth.  ii.,  124, 
239. 

Carmiehael,  William,  diplomatist,  b. 
Md. ;  d.  early  in  1795.  A  man  of  fortune,  of 
a  disting.  family.  He  was  on  his  way  to  Amer. 
in  July,  1776,  with  despatches  from  Arthur 
Lee,  but  was  detained  at  Paris  by  sickness,  and 
assisted  Mr.  Deane,  our  minister,  in  his  corresp. 
and  transaction  of  business  for  more  than 
a  year.  He  communicated  to  the  king  of 
Prussia,  at  Berlin,  intelligence  concerning 
Amer.  commerce ;  assisted  the  commissioners 
at  Paris  ;  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  from 
Md.  in  1778-80;  was  sec.  of  legation  during 
Mr.  Jay's  mission  to  Spain  ;  and  when  the  lat- 
ter left  Spain,  in  June,  1782,  he  remained  as 
charge  d'affaires,  and  retained  that  office  ab.  13 
years.  In  March,  1792,  Wm.  Short  was  joined 
with  him  in  a  commission  to  negotiate  a  treaty 
with  Spain  ;  but  the  attempt  was  unsuccessful. 
His  letters  are  in  vol.  ix  of  Sparks's  "  Dipl. 
Corresp." 

Carnahan,  James,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  pres.  of 
the  Coll.  of  N.J.  from  1823  to  1854,  b.  Cum- 
berland Co.,  Pa.,  Nov.  15,  1775;  d.  Newark, 
N.J.,  March  2,  1859.  N.J.  Coll.  1800.  At  the 
time  of  his  death,  he  was  one  of  the  trustees  of 
the  Coll.,  and  pres.  of  the  board  of  trustees  of 
Princeton  Theol.  Sem.  D.D.  of  Ham.  Coll. 
1821. 

Carnes,  Thomas  P.,  jurist,  b.  Md.  1762;  d. 
Milledgeville,  Ga.,  May  8,  1822.  Removing  to 
Ga.,  where  he  attained  high  rank  as  a  lawyer, 
he  became  successively  solicitor-gen.,  atty.- 
gen,,  and  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court.  M.C. 
1793-5. 

Carnochan,  John  Murray,  surgeon,  b. 
Savannah,  1817.  His  father  was  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, and  his  mother  was  descended  from  Gen. 
Putnam.  After  graduating  in  the  high  school 
and  U.  of  Edinburgh,  he  returned  to  the  U.S., 
and  studied  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Valentine  Mott 
of  N.Y.  After  taking  his  degree,  he  again 
visited  Europe,  and  passed  several  years  in  at- 
tendance upon  the  clinical  lectures  of  Paris, 
London,  and  Edinburgh.  In  1847,  he  began 
practice  in  N.Y.,  where  his  skilful  and  original 
operations  gained  him  distinction.  In  1851, 
he  was  app,  surgeon-in-chief  of  the  N.Y.  State 
Immigrant  Hospital.  In  1852,  he  performed  the 
operation  of  amputating  the  entire  lower  jaw. 
In  1854,  he  exsected  the  entire  ulna,  saving  the 
arm,  with  its  functions  unimpaired,  and  subse- 
quently, in  another  case,  successfully  removed 
the  entire  radius.  In  1856,  he  performed  the 
startling  operation  of  exsecting,  for  neuralgia, 
the  entire  trunk  of  the  2d  branch  of  the  5th 
pair  of  nerves.  Amputation  at  the  hip-joint  he 
has  frequently  performed.  In  1851,  he  became 
prof,  of  surgery  in  the  N.Y.  Med.  Coll.  He 
has  pub.  his  lectures  on  partial  amputations  of 
the  foot,  lithotomy  and  lithothrity,  and  also  a 
"  Treatise  on  Congenital  Dislocations,"  1850  ; 
'*  Contributions  to  Operative  Surgery,"  and 
has  translated  Sedillot's  "  Treatise  on  Operative 


CA.R 


168 


CAJEl 


Medicine,"  and  Karl  Rokitansky's  "  Pathologi- 
cal Anatomy." 

Carpenter,  Benjamin,  b.  Eehoboth,  1726; 
d.  Guilford,  Vt,  Mar.  29,  1823.  He  was  a 
founder  of  Guilford  in  1770,  a  field-officer  of 
the  Revol.,  member  of  the  first  Const.  Conv. 
of  Vt.,  member  of  the  council,  and  lieut.-gov. 
in  1778,  and  one  of  the  council  of  censors. 

Carpenter,  Francis  B.,  portrait-painter, 
b.  Homer,  N.Y.  His  portrait  of  David  Lea- 
vitt  was  exhibited  at  the  Nat.  Acad,  in  1852. 
Besides  portraits  of  several  ex-presidents  and 
governors,  he  has  produced  "The  Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation,"  the  likenesses  in  which  are 
excellent.  His  book,  "  Six  Months  in  the 
White  House,"  contains  valuable  personal  me- 
moirs of  Abraham  Lincoln. —  Tuckerman. 

Carpenter,  George  W.,  merchant  and 
scientist,  b.  Germantown,  Pa.,  July  31,  1802  ; 
d.  there  June  7,  1860.  He  was  a  highly-suc- 
cessful merchant ;  was  treasurer  of  the  Acad, 
of  Nat.  Sciences  from  1823 ;  had  a  choice 
collection  of  minerals;  ranked  high  as  a  geolo- 
gist, and  was  a  member  of  many  European 
scientific  societies.  Author  of  "  Essays  on 
Materia  Medica,"  and  "  Medical  Chest  Dis- 
pensatory," and  was  a  contrib.  to  the  Journal 
of  Medical  Science. 

Carpenter,  Stephen  Cullen,  author,  b. 
Eng. ;  d.  1820.  Reporter  of  Hastings's  trial. 
Came  to  Amer.  in  1803.  In  180.5,  he  com- 
menced in  Charleston,  S.C.,  with  Bristed,  the 
Monthly  Register,  Magazine,  and  Revieio  of  the 
U.S.  In  1809,  he  pub.  at  N.Y.  2  vols  of 
"Memoirs  of  Jefferson,"  a  decidedly  anti-Jef- 
fersonian  work.  In  1810  and  11,  he  edited  at 
Phila.  the  Mirror  of  Taste,  and  Dramatic  Cen- 
sor, and  in  1815  pub.  at  Phila.  2  vols,  of  "  Se- 
lect Amer.  Speeches,  with  Prefatory  Re- 
marks," being  a  sequel  to  Dr.  Chapman's  "  Se- 
lect Speeches."  He  also  wrote  "D.  Campbell's 
Overland  Journey  to  India,"  N.Y.,  1809-10.  — 
Duyckinck. 

Carr,  Dabnet,  a  member  of  the  Va.  house 
of  burgesses;  d.  Charlottesville,  Va.,  May  16, 
1773,  a.  30.  He  moved  and  eloquently  supported 
a  resolution  to  app.  a  committee  of  corresp.  in 
consequence  of  British  encroachments,  which 
was  adopted  Mar.  3,  1773.  He  m.  a  sister  of 
Jefferson,  by  whom  he  is  described  as  a  man 
of  sound  judgment  and  inflexible  purpose,  and 
of  a  powerful  eloquence.  Dabney  his  son,  b. 
Apr.  1773,  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  Jan.  8,  1837. 
Commenced  to  practise  law  at  Albemarle ;  was 
chancellor  of  Winchester  dist.  from  1811  to 
1824,  and  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  from 
1824  to  1837. 

Carr,  Dabney  S.,  of  Baltimore,  several 
years  naval  officer  of  that  port,  and  U.  S.  min- 
ister to  Turkev  in  1843-9;  d.  Charlottesville, 
Va.,  Mar.  24,  1854,  a.  51. 

Carr,  Eugene  A.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Erie  Co.,  N.Y.,  Mar.  20, 1830.  West  Point, 
1850.  Entering  the  mounted  rifles,  he  was  for 
several  years  engaged  in  Indian  warfare  in 
New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  the  West.  In  a  skir- 
mish near  Diablo  Mountain,  10  Oct.  1854,  he 
was  severely  wounded,  and  for  his  gallantry 
was  promoted  to  Ist  lieut.  1st  cavalry.  In 
1 858,  he  was  in  the  Utah  exped. ;  1 1  June,  1 858, 
he  was  made  capt.  1st    car.,  and  in  1861,  he 


was  made  col.  3d  111.  vol.  cavalry,  and  fought 
under  Lyon  at  Wilson's  Creek;  At  Pea  Ridge, 
he  com.  a  division,  and  was  severely  wounded. 
For  his  gallantry,  he  was  made  brig.-gen,  vols., 
dating  from  Mar.  7,  and  assigned  a  command 
under  Gen.  Curtis,  in  Ark.;  July  17,  1862, 
maj.  5th  cavalry.  He  com.  a  division  in  the 
battles  of  Port  Gibson,  1  May,  1863;  Big 
Black,  17  May  ;  the  assaults  on  Vicksburg,  19 
and  22  May ;.  at  the  capture  of  Little  Rock, 
Ark.,  Sept.  10,  for  which  he  was  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  13  Mar.  1865;  and  com.  the  3d 
div.  of  A.  J.  Smith's  corps,  and  led  the  assault 
on  Spanish  Fort,  the  key  of  the  defences  of 
Mobile,  which  was  captured  Apr.  3,  1865. 
For  this  exploit,  he  was  made  brev.  maj.-gen. 
13  Mar.  1865. 

Carr,  Joseph  B.,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Alba- 
ny, N.Y.,  ab.  1824.  Apprenticed  to  a  tobacco- 
nist at  Troy,  he  entered  the  vol.  militia,  rose 
to  be  col.,  and,  in  Apr.  1861,  became  lieut.-col. 
2d  N.Y.  Vols.  Col.  in  May,  1861,  he  was  or- 
dered to  Newport  News.  During  the  cam- 
paign of  the  Chickahominy,  he  was  attached 
to  Gen.  Hooker's  command,  and  made  brig.- 
gen.  Sept.  7,  1862.  He  com.  the  4th  div.  Han- 
cock's corps  in  the  Va.  campaign  of  1864,  and 
was  in  the  battles  of  the  Wilderness. 

Carr,  Sir  Robert,  British  commissioner 
in  N.  E.  ;  d.  Bristol,  Eng.,  June  1,  1667.  He 
was  of  Ithall,  Northumberland  Co.  He  was  app. 
commis.  by'  Charles  II.  in  1664,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  NicoUs,  Cartwright,  and  Maverick. 
Aug.  27,  1664,  Nicolls  and  Carr  captured  New 
Amsterdam  from  the  Dutch,  and  called  it  New 
York  in  honor  of  the  duke,  afterwards  James 
II.  Carr  forced  the  Swedes  and  Dutch  on 
the  Delaware,  into  a  capitulation,  Oct.  1,  1664 ; 
returned  to  Boston  in  Feb.  1665,  and,  in  con- 
junction with  his  co-adjutors,  assumed  the 
principal  powers  of  govt. 

Carrell,  George  Aloysius,  D.D.,  R.  C. 
Bishop  of  Ky.,  b.  Phila.,  June  13,  1803  ;  d. 
Covington,  Ky.,  Sept.  25,  186§.  Completing 
his  theol.  studies  at  Mount  St.  Mary's,  Em- 
mettsburg,  he  was  ord.  priest  in  1829  ;  spent 
several  years  in  Phila.  and  Wilmington,  Del.; 
became  in  1837  prof  in  the  U.  of  St.  Louis, 
and  pastor  of  the  coll.  church  of  St.  Xavier; 
was  rector  of  the  U.  in  1845-8  ;  pres.  of  the 
Purcell  Mansion  Coll.  and  St.  Xavier  Church, 
Cincinnati,  in  1849-53;  and  Nov.  1,  1853, 
was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Covington. 

Carrera  (kar-ra'-ra)  Jose  Miguel,  Juan 
Jose,  and  Louis,  three  bros.,  disting.  in  the 
revolutions  of  Chili.  The  first  of  these,  b.  St. 
Jago,  Chili,  was  a  maj.  of  grenadiers  at  the 
beginning  of  the  troubles,  and  defeated  the 
Spaniards  on  many  occasions.  After  the  bros. 
had  been  some  time  at  the  head  of  the  revol. 
govt.,  they  were  taken  prisoners  by  the  Span- 
iards in  1813,  and  confined  at  Taloa,  but  soon 
regained  their  liberty,  and  also  their  power, 
which  had  been  assumed  by  O'Higgins  during 
their,  confinement.  The  defeat  at  Raucagua, 
in  Oct.  1814,  compelled  the  Carrerras  to  quit 
the  country.  Juan  and  Luis  were  again  taken 
at  Mendoza,  and,  at  the  instigation  of  Gen.  San 
Martin,  were  executed  Apr.  8,  1817.  Don 
Jose  was  also  captured  after  a  brave  resistance, 
and,  after  a  partial  trial,  execiited  Sept.  1, 1821, 


C^R 


164 


OA.R 


Carrera,  Martinez,  ex-pres.  of  Mexico; 
d.  11  Apr.  1871. 

Carrera,  Rafael,  ruler  of  Guatimala,  b. 
Guatimala  City,  1814,  of  mixed  Indian  and 
negro  blood  ;  d.  Apr.  14,  1865.  In  1829,  when 
Morazan  was  pres.,  Carrera  became  a  drumraer- 
boy.  In  1837,  he  placed  himself  at  the  head 
of  a  band  of  insurgent  mountaineers,  and  in 
Feb.  1838,  occupied  the  city  of  Guatimala, 
with  6,000  Indians,  whom  he  restrained  from 
their  anticipated  pillage  and  massacre  ;  but,  an 
accommodation  having  taken  place,  Carrera 
was  sent  in  an  official  capacity  to  Meta,  a 
neighboring  district.  Apr.  13,  1839,  he  again 
entered  the  capital,  and  in  1840  he  completed 
the  triumph  of  the  disunionistsand  State-rights 
party  by  the  defeat  of  Gen.  Morazan.  Ruling 
first  as  gen-in-chief,  he  was  elected.  Mar.  21, 
1847,  pres.,  and  Oct.  19,  1851,  pres.  for  life. 
In  Feb.  1851,  with  1,500  men,  he  defeated  the 
combined  forces  of  San  Salvador  and  Hondu- 
ras. When  first  elected  pres.,  he  did  not  know 
how  to  read  and  write,  but  afterward,  in  some 
measure,  repaired  the  deficiencies  of  his  educa- 
tion. His  govt,  was  absolute. — Men  of  the 
Time. 

Carrier,  Thomas,  of  remarkable  longevity, 
b.  in  the  west  of  Eng. ;  d.  Colchester,  Ct.,  May 
16,  1735,  a.  109.  He  settled  in  Andover,  Ms., 
and  in  1664  m.  Martha  Allen,  who,  Aug.  19, 
1692,  fell  a  victim  to  the  witchcraft  delusion  at 
Salem.  He  passed  the  last  20  years  of  his  life 
at  Colchester,  and,  shortly  before  his  death, 
walked  6  miles  to  see  a  sick  man,  and  visited 
his  neighbors  the  very  day  before  he  died. 
Notwithstanding  his  age,  his  head  was  not 
bald,  nor  his  hair  gray. 

Carrigain,  Philip,  lawyer,  b.  Concord, 
N.H.,  Feb.  20,  1772  ;  d.  there  Mar.  16,  1842. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1794.  His  father  Philip,  b. 
N.Y.,  1746,  d.  Concord,  Aug.  1806,  was  a 
physician  and  surgeon  of  eminence  in  C.  The 
son  practised  law  successively  at  Concord,  Ep- 
som, Chichester,  and  again  at  Concord  ;  was 
sec.  of  State  of  N.  H.  4  years,  and  also  clerk 
of  the  senate.  He  surveyed  a  great  part  of 
N.H.,  of  which  he  pub.  an  excellent  map  in 
1816. 

Carrington,  Edward,  lieut.-col.  Revol. 
army,  b.  Va.,  Feb.  11,  1749;  d.  Richmond, 
Va.,  Oct.  28,  1810.  Commissioned  lieut.-col. 
of  Harrison's  art.  regt.,  Nov.  30,  1776.  De- 
tached with  a  portion  of  this  regt.  to  the  South, 
he  was  made  prisoner  at  Charleston.  Carring- 
ton was  afterward  employed  by  Gates  and  by 
Greene,  who  made  him  his  quartermaster-gen. 
Aided  by  capt.  Smith  of  the  Md.  line,  he  ex- 
plored the  River  Dan,  and  made  every  prepa- 
ration for  Greene  to  cross  it  with  his  army  ; 
then  joined  him  near  the  Yadkin,  and  was  an 
active  and  efficient  officer  in  the  memorable  re- 
treat to  the  Dan.  He  com.  the  artillery, 
and  did  good  service  at  the  battle  of  Hobkirk's 
Hill,  Apr.  24,  1781,  and  also  at  Yorktown. 
M.  C.  in  1785-6,  and  was  foreman  of  the  jury 
in  Burr's  trial  for  treason. 

Carrington,  Col.  Paul,  statesman  of  the 
Revol.,  bro.  of  Col.  Edward,  b.  Va.,  Feb  24, 
1733;  d.  at  his  seat,  Charlotte  Co.,  Va.,  June 
22,1818.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  Of  English  de- 
scent, his  maternal  grandfather  and  his  father 


had  emigrated  to  Va.  by  way  of  Barbadoes,  and 
were  both  engaged  in  the  exped.  of  Col.  Byrd,  in 
1736,  to  fix  the  boundary-line  between  Va.  and 
N.C.  He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Col.  Clem- 
ent Read,  clerk  of  the  Co.  of  Lunenburg,  ab. 
1748  ;  m.  his  dan.  ;  commenced  practice  at  21, 
and  soon  rose  to  eminence.  From  1 765  to  1775, 
he  was  a  member  of  the  house  of  burgesses,  and 
voted  against  the  Stamp-act  resolutions  of  Pat- 
rick Henry.  He  was  a  member  of  various  con- 
ventions in  1775-6,  and  of  the  committee  which 
reported  the  Declaration  of  Rights  and  the 
State  Constitution.  He  then  took  his  seat  in 
the  house  of  delegates,  from  which  he  passed 
to  the  bench  of  the  General  Court  in  May, 
1779,  and  to  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  1789,  in 
which  last  he  remained  until  1811.  Member 
of  the  committee  of  safety  during  the  whole  of 
its  existence,  and,  in  the  Va.  convention,  voted 
for  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  committee  to  report  amend- 
ments. Three  of  his  sons  were  in  the  army,  — 
George  ;  Paul,  who  was  at  the  battle  of  Guil- 
ford, a  graduate  of  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.,  mem- 
ber of  the  H.  of  delegates  at  22,  afterward  in 
the  Va.  senate,  and  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court,  d.  Jan.  8,  1816,  a.  52 ;  and  Col.  Clem- 
ent, who  was  severely  wounded  at  Eutaw.  — 
Griqshy. 

Carroll,  Charles,  last  surviving  signer 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  b.  Annap- 
olis, Sept.  20,  1737;  d.  Baltimore,  Nov.  14, 
1832.  Descended  from  a  wealthy  Irish  Catholic 
family,  who  came  to  Md.  during  the  reign  of 
William  and  Mary.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
Omer's,  and  at  a  Jesuit  coll.  at  Rheims,  and 
studied  law  in  France,  and  at  the  Temple,  Lon- 
don. Returning  home  in  1764,  he  soon  became 
noted  as  an  able  political  writer,  and  advocate 
for  liberty.  He  inherited  a  vast  estate,  and  was 
considered  the  richest  man  in  the  Colonies.  In 

1775,  he  was  a  member  of  the  first  committee 
of  observation  established  at  Annapolis,  and  a 
delegate  to  the  prov.  convention.  In  Feb.  1776, 
he  was  app.  a  commissioner  with  Franklin  and 
Chase,  accomp.  by  Rev.  John  Carroll,  to  visit 
Canada,  and  induce  the  Canadians  to  unite 
with  the  Colonies.  A  journal  of  this  mission, 
with  a  memoir  by  B.  Mayer,  was  pub.  1845. 
Returning  in  June,  he  labored  assiduously  in 
the  convention  to  authorize  the  Md.  delegates 
in  Congress  to  join  in  a  decl.  of  indep.,  which 
was  done  June  28.  He  was  a  delegate  to  Con- 
gress from  July  4, 1776,  until  1778,  and  an  effi- 
cient meml)er  of  the  board  of  war.  In  the  lat- 
ter part  of  1776,  he  was  one  of  the  committee 
to  draft  the  constitution  of  Md.;  and  in  Dec. 

1776,  also  in  1781,1786,  and  1797,  was  elected 
to  the  State  senate.  He  was  a  U.  S.  senator 
in  1789-91  ;  and  in  1799-1801  was  a  commis- 
sioner to  settle  the  boundary-line  between  Va. 
and  Md.  July  4, 1828,  when  ho  had  passed  the 
patriarchal  age  of  90,  attended  by  one  of  the 
most  imposing  civic  processions  ever  seen  in 
the  U.  S.,  he  laid  the  corner-stone  of  the  Bal- 
timore and  Ohio  Railroad.  In  natural  saga- 
city, in  refinement  of  taste,  and  in  unaffected 
and  habitual  courtesy,  he  had  few  equals.  His 
grand-daughter,  Miss  Caton,  afterward  Mar- 
chioness of  Wellesley,  d.  Hampton  Court  Pal- 
ace, Dec.  17,  1853. 


OA-R 


165 


CJLR 


Carroll,  Daniel,  cousin  of  Charles,  b.  Md.; 
d.  Washington,  D.  C.,  1849,  at  a  great  age. 
Delegate  to  the  Old  Congress,  1780-4.  He 
was  a  delegate  from  Md.  to  the  convention 
which  framed  the  U.  S.  Constitution  ;  M.  C. 
in  1789-91,  and  was  in  the  latter  year  app. 
commissioner  for  surveying  the  Dist.  of  Co- 
lumbia. His  farm  formed  the  site  of  the  pres- 
ent city  of  Washington. 

Carroll,  Daniel  Lynn,  D.D.,  Presb.  cler- 
gyman, b.  Fayette  Co.,  Pa.,  10  May,  1797  ;  d. 
Phila.,  Nov.  23,  1851.  Jeff.  Coll.  1823.  Li- 
censed to  preach,  6  Oct.  1826.  D.D.  of  the  U. 
of  N.  Y.  He  succeeded  Dr.  Beecher  as  the 
minister  of  Litchfield  (1827-9)  ;  was  in  1829- 
35,  pastor  in  Brooklyn  ;  in  1835-8,  pres.  of 
Hamp.  Sid.  Coll. ;  in  1838-44,  pastor  in  Phila.; 
and  afterward  sec.  of  the  N.  Y.  Colonization 
Society.  He  pub.  2  vols,  of  sermons,  1846-7, 
sonie  addresses,  sermons,  and  tracts. —  Sprar/ue. 

Carroll,  John,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  cousin  of 
Charles,  R.  C.  bishop  of  the  U.  S.,  b.  Upper 
Marlborough,  Md.,  Jan.  8,  1735;  d.  Bait.,  Dec. 
3,  1815.  Educated  at  St.  Omer's,  Liege,  and 
Bruges;  ord.  a  priest  in  1769,  and  became  a 
Jesuit  shortly  after.  In  1770,  he  accomp.  Lord 
Stourton  on  a  tour  through  Europe  as  private 
tutor,  and  in  1773,  on  his  return  to  Bruges,  ac- 
cepted a  professorship  in  the  coll.  After  a  brief 
residence  in  Eng.,  he  returned  to  Md.  in  1775, 
and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  a  pariah  priest. 
Apr.  2,  1776,  by  desire  of  Congress,  he  accomp. 
Dr.  Franklin,  Charles  Carroll,  and  Samuel 
Chase,  on  a  mission  to  Canada.  In  1786,  at 
the  instance  of  Dr.  Franklin,  Mr.  Carroll  was 
app.  vicar-gen.,  and  fixed  his  abode  in  Balti- 
more. In  1789,  he  was  named  first  R.  C.  bishop 
of  the  U.  S.,  and  went  to  Eng.  in  the  summer 
of  1790,  where  he  was  consecrated,  Aug.  15. 
In  the  same  year,  he  returned  to  Baltimore,  and, 
as  the  seat  of  his  episcopal  .see  was  established 
in  that  city,  assumed  the  title  of  Bishop  of  Bal- 
timore. In  1791,  he  founded  St.  Mary's  Coll., 
and,  in  1804,  obtained  a  charter  for  Baltimore 
Coll.  Devoid  of  intolerance,  he  lived  in  friend- 
ly communion  with  persons  of  other  sects.  A 
few  years  before  his  d.,  he  was  raised  to  the 
archiepiscopacy. 

Carroll,  Samuel  Sprigg,  brev.  mnj.-gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  b.  Washington,  D.C.  West  Point, 
1856.  Entering  the  10th  Inf.,  he  became  capt. 
1  Nov.  1861;  col.  8th  Ohio  Vols.,  15  Dec. 
1861  ;  brig.-gen.  vols.,  12  May,  1864  ;  lieut.-col. 
21st  U.  S.  Inf.,  22  Jan.  1867.  He  served  in 
West  Va.,  Dec.  1861,  to  May,  1862;  com.  a 
brigade  in  Shields's  division,  May-Aug.  1862  ; 
engaged  at  Port  Republic  and  Cedar  Mountain ; 
was  wounded  at  the  Rapidan,  14  Aug.  1862; 
com.  brigade  3d  corps  at  Fredericksburg;  brev. 
maj.  3  May,  1863,  for  Chancellorsville,  and 
lieut.-col.  3  July,  1863,  for  Gettysburg;  com. 
brigade  2d  corps,  and  brev.  col.  5  May,  1864, 
for  battle  of  the  Wilderness;  wounded,  and 
brev.  brig.-gen.,  13  Mar.  1865,  for  battle  of 
Spottsylvania  (9-13  May,  1864);  and  brev.maj.- 
gcn.  vols.,  and  also  of  U.  S.  A.,  13  Mar.  1865, 
for  gallant  and  merit,  services  during  the  Re- 
bellion. —  Cullum. 

Carroll,  Gen.  William,  soldier  and 
statesman,  b.  Pittsburg,  1788;  d.  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  Mar.  22,  1844.     He  was  engaged  in  the 


hardware  business  in  Pittsburg,  whence,  in 
1810,  he  went  to  Nashville.  Tall,  well-formed, 
and  fond  of  military  life,  he  attracted  the  at- 
tention of  Jackson,  by  whom  he  was  made 
capt.  and  brigade-insp.  in  his  division,  Feb.  20, 
1813;  col  and  insp.-gen.  Sept.  1813,  to  May, 
1814.  In  1813,  he  fought  a  duel  with  Jesse, 
brother  of  Col.  Thos.  H.  Benton.  Disting.  him- 
self at  Euotochopco ;  was  wounded  in  the  battle 
of  the  Horse-shoe  Bend  of  Tallapoosa  River, 
Mar.  27, 1813;  maj.-gen.  of  Tenn.  militia,  Nov. 
13,  1814,  to  May  13,  1815;  disting.  in  the  de- 
fence of  New  Orleans,  and  especially  in  the 
battle  of  Jan.  8,  1815.  Gov.  of  Tenn.  in 
1821-7  and  1829-35. 

Carruthers,  William  A.,  novelist,  b. 
Va.,  ab.  1800;  d.  ab.  1850.  He  was  a  student 
of  Wash.  Coll.  in  1818;  and  in  the  Knicker- 
bocker Mag.  for  July,  1838,  gives  an  account  of 
a  hazardous  ascent  of  the  Natural  Bridge,  Va. 
He  pub.  several  works  in  N.Y.,  ab.  1834,  and 
removed  to  Savannah,  Ga.,  where  he  practised 
medicine,  and  wrote  for  the  Magnolia,  and  other 
Southern  magazines.  He  pub."  The  Cavaliers 
of  Virginia,"  "  The  Kentuckians  in  New  York, 
or  the  Adventures  of  Three  Southerners," 
'*  The  Knights  of  the  Horse  Shoe,"  Wetump- 
ka,  Ala.,  1845,  and  "Life  of  Dr.  Caldwell."  — 
Dm/ckinck. 

Carson,  Christopher,  popularly  known 
as  "  Kit  Carson,"  mountaineer,  trapper,  and 
guide,  b.  Madison  Co.,  Kv-,  Dec.  24,  1809;  d. 
Fort  Lyon,  Col.  Terr.,  May  23,  1868.  While 
yet  an  infant,  his  family  emigrated  to  Howard 
Co.,  Mo.  He  became  a  skilful  hunter.  The 
early  years  of  his  life  were  passed  as  a  trapper ; 
and  he  was  for  8  years  hunter  to  Bent's  fort. 
Fremont  engaged  him  as  guide  in  his  explora- 
tions. In  1847,  Carson  was  sent  to  Washing- 
ton, bearer  of  despatches,  and  received  an  app. 
as  lieut.  U.S.  Rifles.  In  1853,  he  drove  6,500 
sheep  to  Cal.,  a  difficult  undertaking,  and,  on 
his  return  to  Taos,  was  app.  Indian  agent  in 
New  Mexico.  He  was  subsequently  largely 
instrumental  in  bringing  about  treaties  between 
the  U.S.  and  the  Indians.  During  the  late  war, 
he  rendered  great  service  to  the  Union,  in  New 
Mexico,  Colorado,  and  the  Indian  Territory, 
and  was  a  brev.  brig.-gen.  At  its  close,  he  re- 
sumed his  duties  as  Indian  agent.  In  1868,  he 
visited  Washington  with  a  deputation  of  the 
Red  men,  and  made  a  tour  of  several  of  the 
Northern  and  Eastern  States.  Unlike  many 
of  his  profession,  he  was  a  man  of  remarkable 
modesty,  and  was  an  excellent  judge  of  the 
Indian  character. 

Carter,  James  Gordon,  educationist,  b. 
Leominster,  Ms.,  Sept.  7,  1795;  d.  Chicago, 
July  22,  1849.  II.  U.  1820.  He  taught  school 
at  Leominster  until  1830.  In  1823,  hecontrib. 
to  the  Boston  Patriot  a  series  of  papers  subse- 
quently pub.  with  the  title  of  "  Carter's  Essays 
on  Popular  Education."  In  1823,  his  "Letters 
to  the  Hon.  William  Prescott,  on  the  Free 
Schools  of  N.E.,  with  Remarks  on  the  Princi- 
ples of  Instruction "  first  developed  the  idea 
of  a  normal  school,  or  seminary  for  teachers. 
In  1824,  he  edited  the  U.S.  Review,  at  Boston. 
In  1830,  he  assisted  in  organizing  the  Amer. 
Institute  of  Instruction,  of  which  he  was  long 
an  active  member  and  officer.     His  lectures  be- 


C^R 


166 


C.AJR 


fore  that  body  in  1830-31  are  valuable  contri- 
butions to  it's  transactions.  From  1835  to 
1840,  he  was  a  member  of  the  house  or  senate ; 
was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  education, 
and  in  1837  drafted  the  bill  establishing  the 
board  of  education.  Gov.  Everett  app.  him 
the  first  member  of  the  board.  Author  of 
Geography  of  Ms.,  of  Middlesex  and  of  Wor- 
cester Counties,  1830,  and  of  N.  H.,  1831. 

Carter,  Nathaniel  Hazeltine,  author, 
b.  Concord,  N.H.,  Sept.  17,  1787;  d.  Mar- 
seilles, France,  Jan.  2, 1830.  Dart.  Coll.  1811. 
He  taught  school  at  Salisbury,  N.H.,  and  at 
Portland,  Me.;  studied  law;  and,  from  1817  to 
1820,  wasprof.of  languages  in  Dartm.  Coll.  In 
1820,  he  became  editor  and  proprietor  of  the 
Albany  Register,  afterward  the  A^.  Y.  Statesman, 
a  paper  of  Clintonian  politics,  and  in  Jan.  1822 
removed  to  N.Y.  City.  He  made  the  tour  of 
Europe  in  1825-7,  and,  on  his  return,  pub. 
"  Letters  from  Europe,"  2  vols.,  8vo,  1827.  He 
passed  the  winter  of  1828  in  Cuba ;  relinquished 
his  paper  in  1829,  and  went  to  France  for  his 
health,  and  while  on  shipboard,  believing  his 
end  near,  he  wrote  the  lines  entitled  "  The 
Closing  Scene ;  or.  The  Burial  at  Sea."  His 
longest  poetical  piece,  entitled  "  The  Pains  of 
Imagination,"  was  delivered  at  Dartm.  Coll. 
in  1824.  His  "  Hymn  for  Christmas"  is  pre- 
served in  "  Specimens  of  American  Poetry." 

Carter,  Samuel  Powhatan,  brig.-gen. 
vols.,  b.  Elizabcthtown,  Carter  Co.,  Tenn., 
Aug.  6,  1819.  He  was  educated  at  N.J.  Coll., 
and,  in  Feb.  1840,  became  midshipman  in  the 
navy.  From  1851  to  1853,  he  was  assist,  in- 
structor of  inf.  tactics  at  the  naval  acad.  In 
1855,  he  was  made  lieut.  ;  was  present  at  the 
capture  of  Vera  Cruz,  serving  on  board  "  The 
Ohio,"  and  also  assisted  in  the  capture  of  the 
Barrier  forts  near  Canton,  China,  in  1856,  and 
was  complimented  for  gallantry  on  that  occa- 
sion. He  was  ordered  again  to  the  Annapolis 
naval  school  as  assist,  instructor  of  seaman- 
ship, 1858-9.  In  July,  1361,  he  was  tempora- 
rily transferred  to  the  war  dept.,  for  the  special 
duty  of  organizing  troops  from  East  Tenn. 
He  was  app.  col.  2d  Tenn.  Vols. ;  was  acting 
brigadier  at  the  battle  of  Mill  Spring,  and  was 
made  brig.-gen.  May  1,  1862.  In  Dec.  1862, 
he  com.  a  cavalry  exped.  which  cut  the  E.Tenn. 
Railroad,  destroying  nearly  100  miles  of  the 
track,  besides  inflicting  other  damage.  He 
participated  in  the  capture  of  Knoxville,  and 
com.  in  E.  Tenn.  in  the  fall  of  1863.  He  com. 
a  div.  under  Gen.  Schofield  in  the  N.C.  cam- 
paign of  Mar   1865. 

Cartier,  Hon.  George  Etienne,  Canadi- 
an lawyer  and  statesman,  descended  from 
Jacques,  b.  St.  Antoine,  L.C.,  6  Sept.  1814. 
St.  Sulpice  Coll.,  Montreal.  In  1835,  he  began 
practice  in  Montreal;  member  of  the  Canadi- 
an parliament,  1848-61 ;  prov.  sec.  Jan.-May, 
1856;  atty.-gen.  May  24,  1856;  leader  of  the 
French  Canadian  conservative  party;  prime- 
minister,  Aug.  1858-May,  1862  ;  atty.-gen.  for 
Lower  Canada,  Mar.  1864;  delegate  to  Eng. 
on  the  questions  of  confederation  and  the  inter- 
colonial railway  in  1865,  and  again  in  1866. 
Author  of  many  legislative  and  judicial  re- 
forms. 
Cartier  (kar'-teea'),  Jacques,    a  French 


navigator,  b.  St.  Malo,  Dec.  31,  1494 ;  d.  ab. 
1555.  The  importance  of  having  a  colony- 
near  the  fisheries  of  Newfoundland  induced 
Francis  I.,  after  some  unsuccessful  attempts,  to 
send  out  Cartier  in  1534.  He  sailed  from  St. 
Malo,  Apr.  20,  with  2  ships  of  60  tons,  and  122 
men.  May  10,  he  saw  Bona  Vista,  on  the  Is- 
land of  Newfoundland  ;  but,  compelled  by  the 
ice  to  steer  to  the  south,  he  entered  a  harbor  at 
the  distance  of  5  leagues,  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  St.  Catharine.  Entering  the  Straits 
of  Belle  Isle,  he  visited  the  greater  part  of  the 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  took 
possession  of  the  country  in  the  name  of  the 
king.  A  bay  which  he  discovered,  was,  on  ac- 
count of  the  sultry  weather  experienced  in  it, 
named  by  him  de  Chaleur;  and  he  explored  the 
great  river  afterwards  called  the  St.  Lawrence, 
returning  home  in  Sept.  A  settlement  having 
been  determined  upon,  he  received  a  more 
ample  commission,  was  assigned  3  vessels,  and 
sailed  May  19,  1535.  Ascending  the  St.  Law- 
rence, he  discovered  an  island,  which  he  named 
Bacchus,  but  which  is  now  called  Orleans,  in 
the  vicinity  of  Quebec,  and  continued  his 
voyage  as  far  as  ilochelaga,  an  Indian  settle- 
ment upon  an  island  which  he  called  Monte 
Roj/al,  now  Montreal.  He  set  sail  for  France 
in  "the  following  May,  taking  with  him  10  of 
the  natives,  and  arrived  in  July.  In  May, 
1540,  as  pilot,  with  the  command  of  5  ships 
under  Koberval,  commissioned  lieut.-gov.  of 
Canada,  he  sailed  on  his  third  expedition,  and 
built  a  fort  which  he  called  Charlesbourg,  near 
the  present  site  of  Quebec.  On  his  way  to 
France,  in  the  spring  of  1542,  he  stopped  at 
St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  Avhere  he  met  Ro- 
berval,  who  did  not  accompany  him  in  his  voy- 
age, by  whom  he  was  ordered  to  return  to 
Canada;  but  choosing,  rather,  to  pursue  his 
voyage  to  France,  he  sailed  out  of  the  harbor 
privately  in  the  night.  After  his  return  from 
his  second  voyage,  he  pub.  (1545)  "Memoirs  of 
Canada."  The  journals  of  the  two  first  jour- 
neys of  Cartier  are  contained  in  the  32d  vol. 
of  Ramusio's  Italian  Collection  (Venice,  1565), 
also  in  Lescarbot's  "  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle 
France ;  "  a  description  of  his  3d  journey  is  in 
the  3d  vol.  of  Hakluyt's  "Principal  Naviga- 
tors," &c.,  1600. 

Cartwright,  Col.  George,  was  one  of 
the  commissioners  to  N.E.  with  NicoUs,  Carr, 
and  Maverick,  in  1664.  When,  on  their  arri- 
val at  Boston,  the  commissioners  informed 
the  General  Court  that  they  should  next  day  sit 
and  hear  a  cause  against  the  gov.  and  company, 
the  court  pub.  "by  sound  of  trumpet "  its  disap- 
probation of  this  proceeding,  and  prohibited 
all  persons  from  abetting  it.  The  commission- 
ers, finding  that  they  had  to  deal  with  men  of 
this  stamp,  soon  departed  in  displeasure. 
Cartwright,  on  his  voyage  to  Eng.  in  1665, 
was  taken  by  the  Dutch,  and  barely  escaped 
with  his  life. 

Cartwright,  Capt.  George,  author  of  "A 
Journal  of  Transactions  and  Events  during  a 
Residence  of  nearly  16  Years  in  Labrador," 
3  vols.,  1792,  Newark;  b.  Marnham,  1739;  d. 
1819.  In  the  7-years'  war,  he  served  in  Germa- 
ny, and  attained  the  rank  of  capt. 

Cartwright,  Major  John,  political   re- 


C.AJR 


167 


CAJR 


former,  b.  Eng.,  Sept.  28,  1740j  d.  London, 
Sept.  23,  1824.  He  had  been  an  officer  in  the 
British  army.  In  1774,  he  attracted  notice  by 
advocating  the  freedom  of  the  Colonies,  and,  in 
1775,  pub.  a  tract,  entitled  "American  Inde- 
pendence the  Glory  and  Interest  of  Great  Bri- 
tain." This  publication  caused  a  rupture  be- 
tween him  and  his  friend,  Lord  Howe,  whose 
offer  of  a  com.  under  him,  ajj^ainst  the  Ameri- 
cans, he  had  rejected.  It  advocated  a  union 
between  the  Colonies  and  the  mother-country 
under  separate  legislatures,  and  placed  the 
question  on  the  foundation  of  natural,  inherent 
right.  April  2,  1777,  he  presented  to  the  king 
an  address,  recommending  peace  with  Amer., 
and  proposing  the  union  he  had  before  sug- 
gested in  his  letters  on  Amer.  independence. 
In  1 780,  he  joined  with  Dr.  Jebb  and  Granville 
Sharpe  in  forming  the  "  Society  for  Constitu- 
tional Information."  His  sentiments  in  favor 
of  liberty  subjected  him  to  trial,  and  the  pay- 
ment of  a  fine,  June  1,  1821.  He  pub.  several 
political  tracts,  and,  in  his  "Letters  on  the 
Slave  Trade,"  favored  the  making  that  traffic 
piracy.  His  Life  and  Corresp.,  by  his  niece, 
Frances  D.  Cartwright,  contains  a  map  of  his 
discoveries  and  explorations  in  Newfoundland, 
remarks  on  the  aborigines,  corresp.  with  Thos. 
Jefferson,  &c. 

Carvajal  (kar-va-hal'),  Fraxcis  de,  a 
Spanish  captain,  b.  ab.  1464;  d.  1548.  He 
disting.  himself  at  the  battle  of  Pavia,  and  at 
the  sack  of  Rome  in  1527;  then  served  in 
Amer.,  whither  avarice  had  led  him,  and  con- 
tributed to  the  victory  of  Chiapas,  which  Vaca 
de  Castro,  gov.  of  Peru,  obtained  over  the 
young  Almagro,  and,  in  1542,  became  a  major- 
gen.  Ranging  himself  on  the  side  of  Gonzales 
Pizarro,  he  became  the  soul  of  his  party.  Made 
prisoner  with  him  in  1548,  he  was  condemned 
to  be  hung.  He  was  then  84  years  old.  Car- 
vajal resembled  the  other  conquerors  of  the  New 
"World,  both  in  valor  and  cruelty.  More  than 
20,000  Indians  whom  he  had  enslaved  are  said 
to  have  given  way  under  the  weight  of  the  labor 
he  had  heaped  upon  them. 

Carvallo  (kar-val'-yo),  Manuel,  lawyer 
and  diplomatist  of  Chili,  b.  Santiago,  June, 
1808.  Finishing  his  education  in  the  National 
Institute  in  1830,  he  was  at  once  app.  chief 
clerk  of  the  congress  of  plenipotentaries  at  San- 
tiago, chief  clerk  of  the  state  dept.,  represen- 
tative in  Congress,  and  charged' affaires  to  the 
U.  S.  He  m.  at  Washington,  returned  home 
in  1835,  and  became  a  disting.  lawyer.  Minis- 
ter to  the  U.  S.  in  1846.  He  has  a  profound 
knowledge  of  the  law  of  nations  ;  is  a  member 
of  the  committee  to  reform  the  Chilian  Code ; 
of  the  faculty  of  law  and  political  science  of 
the  U.  of  Chili,  and  of  some  foreign  societies. 
His  printed  legal  opinions  and  arguments  form 
a  thick  vol. 

Carver,  John,  first  gov.  of  Plymouth,  b. 
Eng. ;  d.  Plymouth,  Ms.,  April  5,  1621.  He 
had  a  good  estate  in  Eng.,  which  he  spent  in 
the  emigration  to  Holland  and  Amer.,  and  was 
a  deacon  or  elder  in  Mr.  Robinson's  church. 
He  had  quitted  his  country  for  the  sake  of  re- 
ligion, and  had  established  himself  at  Leyden, 
when  he  was  sent  to  effect  a  treaty  with  the 
Va.  Company  concerning  territory  in  N.  Amer. 


He  obtained  a  patent  in  1619,  embarked  in 
*'  The  Mayflower,"  and,  after  a  dangerous  voy- 
age, landed  at  Plymouth,  Dec  21,  1620.  Pre- 
vious to  their  landing,  on  Nov.  21,  the  colonists 
agreed  upon  and  subscribed  a  written  instru- 
ment, by  which  they  formed  themselves  into  a 
body  politic  for  their  better  order  and  preser- 
vation ;  and  Carver  was  unanimously  elected 
gov.  He  managed  the  affairs  of  the  infant 
colony  with  prudence ;  was  a  man  of  great  piety, 
integrity,  and  firmness  of  mind;  and  exhibited 
great  address  in  his  intercourse  with  the  Indi- 
ans, but  died  soon  after  landing. 

Carver,  Jonathan,  traveller,  b.  Stillwater, 
Ct.,  1732;  d.  London,  Jan.  31,  1780.  In  the 
French  war,  he  com.  with  reputation  a  company 
of  provincials  in  the  exped.  against  Canada.  lu 
1763,  he  undertook  to  explore  the  vast  territory 
gained  by  Great  Britain  in  N.  Amer.  He  ac- 
cordingly left  Boston  in  1766,  and  having 
reached  Michilimacinac,  the  remotest  English 
post,  applied  to  Mr.  Rogers,  the  gov.,  for  an 
assortment  of  goods,  as  presents  for  the  Indians 
inhabiting  the  track  he  intended  to  pursue. 
Having  received  a  part  of  the  required  supply, 
with  a  promise  that  the  remainder  should  be 
sent  after  him  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  he 
continued  his  journey  ;  but,  the  remainder  of 
the  goods  not  reaching  him,  he  was  under  the 
necessity  of  I'cturning  to  Prairie  du  Chien. 
Hence,  in  the  beginning  of  1767,  he  directed 
his  steps  northward,  with  a  view  of  finding  a 
communication  from  the  heads  of  the  Missis- 
sippi into  Lake  Superior.  He  reached  Lake 
Superior,  and  returned,  after  continuing  some 
months  on  its  northern  and  eastern  borders, 
and  exploring  the  bays  and  rivers  that  empty 
themselves  into  this  large  body  of  water.  Soon 
after  his  arrival  at  Boston,  in  Oct.  1768,  up  to 
which  time  he  had  travelled  near  7,000  miles, 
he  set  out  for  Eng.,  "  to  communicate  the  dis- 
coveries he  made,  and  render  them  beneficial 
to  that  kingdom."  On  his  ai-rival,  he  presented 
a  petition  to  the  king,  praying  for  a  re-imburse- 
ment  of  the  sums  he  had  expended  ;  and,  after 
undergoing  an  examination  by  the  board  of 
trade,  he  received  permission  to  publish  his 
papers.  His  travels  were  pub.  in  1778.  The 
profits  he  derived  from  it  were,  however,  in- 
sufficient to  relieve  his  necessities;  and,  in  the 
winter  of  1779,  he  obtained  a  subsistence  by 
acting  as  clerk  in  a  lottery-office.  Having  sold 
his  name  to  a  historical  compilation,  which  was 
pub.  in  1779,  in  folio,  entitled  "  The  New 
Universal  Traveller,"  containing  an  account  of 
all  the  empires,  kingdoms,  and  states  in  the 
known  world,  he  was  abandoned  by  those 
whose  duty  it  was  to  support  him.  In  the 
early  part  of  1780,  he  was  reduced  to  a  state 
of  extreme  destitution,  and  was  carried  off  by 
dysentery.  The  circumstances  of  his  death 
were  made  known  to  the  public  by  the  benevo- 
lent Dr.  Lettsom,  who  brought  out  a  new  edi- 
tion of  his  travels,  for  the  benefit  of  his  widow 
and  children,  and  made  such  a  representation 
of  the  author's  sufferings,  as  finally  led  to  the 
institution  of  the  Literary  Fund.  Besides  his 
"  Travels,"  Carver  wrote  an  excellent  trea- 
tise on  the  cultivation  of  the  tobacco-plant. 

Cary,  Col.  Archibald,  patriot  and  states- 
man, b.  Va.,ab.  1730;  d.  Ampthill,  Sept.  1786. 


CAJEl 


168 


c^s 


He  early  became  a  member  of  the  H.  of  bur- 
gesses. In  1764,  he  served  on  the  committee 
which  reported  the  address  to  the  king,  lords, 
and  commons ;  in  1773,  he  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee of  correspondence,  and  he  served  with 
distinction  in  the  convention  of  1776.  As  chair- 
man of  the  committee  of  the  whole,  he  reported 
the  resolutions  instructing  the  Va.  delegates  in 
Congress  to  propose  independence.  Upon  the 
organization  of  the  State  govt.,  he  was  re- 
turned to  the  senate,  where  he  presided  with 
great  dignity  and  efficiency  until  his  death. 
He  was  descended  from  Henry,  Lord  Hunsdon, 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  heir-apparent 
of  the  barony.  He  was  a  man  of  singular 
courage  and  intrepidity,  short  in  stature,  but 
possessed  of  great  personal  beauty. 

Gary,  John,  colored  servant  of  Washing- 
ton, wliom  he  accomp.  in  the  old  French  war, 
at  Braddock's  defeat,  and  through  the  Hevol. 
war;  b.  Westmoreland  County,  Va.,  Aug. 
1729;  d.  at  Washington,  June  2,  1843,  in  his 
1 14th  year. 

Gary,  Lott,  a  Baptist  preacher,  originally 
a  slave  in  Va.,  b.  there  ab.  1780;  d.  Monrovia, 
Nov.  10,  1828.  In  1807,  he  joined  a  Baptist 
church  in  Richmond,  Va.,  made  rapid  progress 
in  learning,  and  soon,  exhibiting  talents  of  a 
superior  order,  became  a  preacher,  and  saved  a 
sum  sufficient  to  purchase  the  freedom  of  him- 
self and  family.  He  accomp.  a  colony  of  emi- 
grants to  Liberia  in  1821,  the  existence  of 
which  was  mainly  preserved  by  his  efforts,  in 
appreciation  of  which,  he  was  in  1825  elected 
the  vice-agent.  While  engaged  with  others  in 
making  cartridges  for  an  exped.  against  the 
natives,  who  had  robbed  a  neighboring  fac- 
tory, a  candle  was  overturned,  occasioning  an 
explosion,  which  caused  the  death  of  Carey 
and  seven  others. 

Gary,  Col.  Richard,  aide-de-camp  to 
Washington  in  theRevol.,  b.  Charlestown,  Ms., 
Jan.  13,  1747  ;  d.  Dec.  13,  1806.  H.  U.  1763. 
App.  A.  D.  C,  21  June,  1776. 

Gary,  Col.  Simeon,  b.  Bridgewater,  Ms., 
Dec.  6,  1719;  d.  1802.  Capt.  in  the  French 
war,  col.  in  the  Revol.,  and  held  many  local 
offices. 

Gasa  Irujo  de  (ka-sae-roo-ho),  Carlos 
Maria,  Martinez,  Marquis,  a  Spanish 
statesman,  b.  Cartagena,  1765;  d.  1824.  From 
1795  to  1808,  he  was  minister  to  the  U.S., 
where  he  m.  a  dau.  of  Gov.  Thos.  McKean. 
Plenipo.  at  the  congress  of  Aix-la-Chapelle 
in  1818  ;  ambassador  to  Paris  in  1821  ;  minis- 
ter of  foreign  affairs,  and  pres.  of  the  council, 
1823-4. 

Gasal  de  (da-ka-saK),  Manuel  Ayres,  a 
Portuguese  geographer,  who  emigrated  to  Bra- 
zil in  his  youth  ;  made  explorations  there,  resid- 
ing some  time  in  Rio  Janeiro,  and  d.  in  Lis- 
bon many  years  after  the  publication  of  his 
Historical  and  Geographical  Description  of 
Brazil,  1817. 

Gasas  (dalaska-sas),  Bartholomew  de 
las,  a  philanthropic  Spanish  missionary,  b. 
Seville,  1474;  d.  Madrid  in  1566.  In  1493, 
he,  with  his  father,  accomp.  Columbus  to  the 
West  Indies.  5  years  after,  he  returned  to 
Spain,  and  entered  the  ecclesiastical  order.  He 
again  accomp.  Columbus  in  his  second,  third. 


and  fourth  voyages ;  was  ordained  on  his  arrival 
at  St.  Domingo  in  1510,  and,  on  the  conquest 
of  Cuba,  settled  there,  and  disting.  himself  by 
his  humane  conduct  towards  the  oppressed  na- 
tives, over  whom  he  attained  great  influence. 
Besides  setting  at  liberty  those  who  had  fallen 
to  his  share  in  the  division,  he  interested  him- 
self so  much  for  them,  that,  in  1516,  he  went  to 
Spain  to  lay  a  statement  of  their  case  before 
King  Ferdinand,  whose  death  at  that  time  pre- 
vented any  measures  for  their  redress.  The 
regent.  Cardinal  Ximenes,  however,  app.  a  com- 
mission, whom  Las  Casas  accomp.  with  thj  title 
of  "  Protector  of  the  Indians."  He  next  ap- 
plied for  a  grant  of  an  unoccupied  tract  in 
order  to  try  his  own  plan  with  a  new  colony. 
Having  obtained  this,  with  200  persons  whom 
he  had  persuaded  to  accompany  him,  he  landed 
at  Porto  Rico  in  1521,  but  found  an  exped. 
advancing  to  ravage  this  very  tract,  and  con- 
vey its  inhabitants  to  Hispaniola  as  slaves. 
He  endeavored  in  vain  to  prevent  the  threat- 
ened danger,  and  with  a  few  adherents  returned 
to  Hispaniola  to  solicit  succor.  During  his 
absence,  the  natives  attacked  the  colonists  with 
such  success,  that,  in  a  short  time,  not  a  Span- 
iard remained  in  that  part  of  America.  In 
despair  at  the  failure  of  his  project.  Las  Casas 
retired  to  the  Dominican  Convent  at  St.  Do- 
mingo, and  assumed  the  habit  of  the  order. 
While  on  a  mission  to  Spain  in  1542,  he  com- 
posed his  celebrated  treatise,  "Brevissima  Rela- 
cion  de  la  Destruccion  des  Indes,"  in  which  he 
exposed  the  cruelties  practised  by  the  Spaa 
iards.  His  unremitting  perseverance  at 
length  obtained  a  new  code  of  laws  and  regu- 
lations, by  which  the  natives  were  greatly 
relieved.  He  returned  in  1544,  at  the  age  of 
70,  and  for  the  8th  time,  to  Amer.  as  Bishop 
of  Chiapa,  which  office  he  resigned  upon  his 
return  to  Spain  in  1551.  He  met  with  diffi- 
culties in  the  administration  of  his  bishopric, 
and,  having  refused  the  sacraments  to  those  of 
the  colonists  who  reduced  the  Indians  to  sla- 
very, drew  upon  himself  not  only  the  hostility 
of  the  planters,  but  also  the  disapproval  of  the 
church.  The  charge  that  he  advised  the  im- 
portation of  negro  slaves  as  a  substitute  for  In- 
dians has  been  completely  refuted  by  M.  Gre- 
goire,  says  the  "Nouvelle  Biographie  G^iierale.'* 
He  composed  several  unpublished  works, 
among  which  is  a  "  General  History  of  the 
Indies,"  which  greatly  assisted  Herrera  in  his 
history.  All  his  works  display  profound  learn- 
ing, piety,  and  sound  judgment. 

Gase,  Augustus  Ludlow,  commodore 
U.S.N.,  b.  Newburgh,  N.Y.,  Feb.  3, 1812  ;  mid- 
shipm.  Apr.  1,  1828;  licut.  Feb.  25,  1841; 
commander,  Sept.  14,  1855  ;  capt.  Jan.  2, 1863  ; 
commo.  Dec.  8,  1867.  He  served  in  the  Bra- 
zil squad,  and  in  the  W.I.,  1828-34  ;  in  the  ex- 
ploring exped.,  1838-42.  During  the  Mexican 
war,  1846-8,  he  participated  in  the  capture  of 
Vera  Cruz,  Alvarado,  and  Tabasco ;  after 
taking  possession  of  Laguna,  he  took  with  25 
men,  and  held  for  a  fortnight,  the  town  of  the 
same  name  on  the  Palisada  River;  com. 
steamer  "  Caledonia,"  Brazil  squadron  and 
Paraguay  exped.,  1859;  com.  steam-frigate 
"Minnesota,"  1861-2;  engaged  Forts  Clark 
and  Hatteras,  Aug.  28,  29,  1861 ;  took  part  in 


CA.3 


169 


c^s 


the  battle  of  Roanoke  Island,  Feb.  7-8,  1862  ; 
com.  Iroquois  N.A.  blockad.  squad.  1863.  He 
had  charge  of  the  blockade  of  New  Inlet,  N.C., 
and  was  engaged  in  cutting  out  the  steamer 
"  Kate  "  from  under  the  batteries  at  New  Inlet. 
Lighthouse  insp.  1867-69;  chief  of  bureau  of 
ordnance,  Aug.  10,  1869. 

Casey,  Gen.  Levi,  Revol.  officer;  M.C. 
1803-7,  b.  S.C.,1749;  d.  Washington,  D.C., 
Feb.  1, 1807.  He  com.  a  company,  with  which 
he  assisted  in  the  assault  on  Savannah ;  was 
disting.  at  Rocky  Mount,  Hanging  Rock, 
Musgrove's,  King's  Mountain,  Fishing  Creek, 
Blackstocks,  and  the  Cowpens,  where  he  per- 
formed services  of  great  importance  to  Mor- 
gan ;  and  represented  the  Newbury  dist.  in  the 
State  legisl.  and  in  Congress. —*iVa<.  Litell. 
Feb.  6,  1807.       • 

Casey,  Silas,  brev.  niaj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b. 
East  Greenwich,  R.I.,  July  12,  1807.  West 
Point,  1826.  Entering  the  2d  Inf.,  he  became 
capt.  1  July,  1839,  disting.  under  Worth  in  Flor- 
ida war  in  1837-41  ;  brev.  major  forContreras 
and  Churubusco,  Aug.  20,  1847  ;  com.  and 
severely  wounded  while  leading  stormers  at 
Chapultepec  ;  and  brev.  lieut.-col.  July,  1848  ; 
lieut.-col.  9th  Inf.,  March  3,  1855  ;  com.  and 
disting.  in  operations  against  Indians  on  Puget's 
Sound,  W.T,,  1856 ;  col.  4th  Inf.,  Oct.  9,  1861  ; 
brig.-gen.  vols.,  Aug.  31, 1861,  and  charged  with 
organizing  and  disciplining  the  vols,  in  and 
near  the  capital.  He  was  afterward  assigned 
a  division  in  Gen.  Keyes's  corps  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac,  and,  occupying  with  it  the  ex- 
treme advance  before  Richmond,  received  the 
first  attack  of  the  enemy  at  Fair  Oaks,  May 
31,  1862,  for  which  he  was  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.;  maj.-gen.May  31, 1862;  brev. maj. -gen. 
U.S.A.,  13  Mar.  1865,  for  gallant  and  merit, 
services  in  the  Rebellion.  Retired  July  8, 
1868.  In  1867,  he  received  the  thanks  of  the 
R.I.  legisl.  for  his  services  in  the  Rebellion,  and 
especially  for  his  bravery,  skill,  and  energy  at 
the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks.  Author  of  "  System 
of  Infantry  Tactics,"  2  vols.,  1861,  and  of  "  In- 
fantry Tactics  for  Colored  Troops,"  1863.— 
Cullum. 

Casilear,  J.  W.,  landscape-painter  of 
New  York.  Engraver  and  designer  for  the 
Amer.  Bank  Note  Co.  until  1854.  He  spent 
2  years  in  Europe  in  1840-2,  visiting  the  great 
galleries  of  art.  In  1857-8,  he  sketched  in 
Switzerland'  and  Savoy.  Pic  excels  in  lake 
scenes  and  in  Alpine  peaks.  Among  his  best 
works  are  "  Lake  George,"  "June,"  "Swiss 
Lake,"  "  The  Four  Seasons,"  and  "  Chocorua 
Mountain,  N.H."  His  works  evince  truth, 
precision,  and  delicacy.  He  m.  a  N.H.  lady  in 
1867. 

Cass,  Lewis,  statesman,  b.  Exeter,  N.H., 
9  Oct.  1782;  d.  Detroit,  17  June,  1866.  Son 
of  Jonathan,  capt.  in  Revol.  army,  who  d. 
Zanesville,  O.,  14  Aug.  1830,  a.  77.  At  17, 
with  an  academic  education,  he  crossed  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains  on  foot,  studied  law,  and  be- 
gan practice  in  Zanesville,  ab.  1802.  Member 
O.  legisl.  at  25  ;  marshal  of  the  State  in  1807- 
13  ;  col.  3d  O.  rcgt.,  which,  imdor  Gen.  Hull, 
invaded  Canada,  and  surrendered  at  Detroit, 
Aug.  16,  1812  ;  app.  col.  20th  Inf.,  Feb.  1813  ; 
brig.-gen.  U.S.A.,  12  Mar.   1813,   and  was  a 


vol.  aide  to  Harrison  at  the  battle  of  the 
Thames;  app.  gov.  of  Michigan  Terr.,  Oct. 
1813,  and,  as  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs, 
negotiated  19  Indian  treaties.  In  1819-20,  he 
organized  a  scientific  exploration  of  the  Up- 
per Mpi.  Resigning  the  office  of  gov.  in  1831, 
he  was  app.,  in  July,  sec.  of  war  by  Pres.  Jack- 
son ;  was  minister  to  France  in  1836-42; 
U.S.  senator,  1845-8,  and,  nominated  by  the 
Democ.  convention  at  Baltimore  to  the  presi- 
dency in  May,  1848,  received  137  electoral 
votes  to  163  for  Gen.  Taylor,  the  Whig  candi- 
date. Again  U.S.  senator,  1851-Mar.  1857, 
he  voted  for  Douglas's  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill 
in  1854.  Sec.  of  State  to  Pres.  Buchanan, 
Mar.  1857-Dec.  1860,  resigning  on  account  of 
the  pres.  declining  tore-enforce  the  garrison  of 
Fort  Sumter.  VVhile  sec.  of  war,  the  policy 
of  removing  the  Indians  to  the  west  of  the 
Mpi.,  which  he  strenuously  advocated,  led  to 
the  war  with  the  Scminoles  in  Florida,  who 
were  finally  subdued  at  the  cost  of  much  blood 
and  treasure.  At  the  close  of  his  diplomatic 
career,  he  attacked  the  "quintuple  treaty,"  for 
the  suppression  of  the  slave-trade.  His  criti- 
cisms on  the  Ashburton  Treaty,  negotiated  by 
Mr.  Webster,  then  sec.  of  State,  produced  a 
sharp  controversy  between  the  two.  In  his 
letter  to  Mr.  Nicholson,  in  Dec.  1847,  he  op- 
posed the  Wilmot  Proviso,  and  questioned  the 
power  of  Congress  to  exclude  slavery  from 
the  Territories.  It  first  enunciated  the  dbc- 
trine  of  "  Popular  (Squatter)  Sovereignty."  He 
supported  the  compromise  measures  of  1850, 
and  favored  a  compromise  in  the  disunion 
movement  that  followed  Mr.  Lincoln's  election. 
Though  approving  Buchanan's  denial  of  the 
existence  of  any  power  in  the  Constitution  to 
coerce  a  State,  he  was  yet  in  full  sympathy 
with  the  national  cause  during  the  Rebellion. 
Author  of  "France,  its  King,  Court,  and  Gov- 
ernment," 1840  ;  articles  upon  Indian  affairs  in 
the  N.  A.  Review,  Nos.  50  and  55,  also  contrib. 
to  the  Southern  Lit. Messenger. —  See  Schoolcraft, 
Life  of  Cass,  1848;  W.  L.  G.  Smith,  Life  of 
Cass,  1856. 

Cassin,  John,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Phila.,  ab. 
1750;  d.  Charleston,  S.C,  Mar.  24,  1822. 
He  was  app.  from  the  merchant-service  a  lieut. 
in  the  navy,  Nov.  13,  1799  ;  master,  Apr.  2, 
1806;  post  capt.  July  3,  1812.  He  com.  the 
naval  forces  in  the  Delaware,  for  the  protec- 
tion of  Phila.,  in  the  War  of  1812.  Father 
of  Com.  Stephen  Cassin,  U.S.N. 

Cassin,  John,  ornithologist,  b.  near  Ches- 
ter, Pa.,  Sept.  6,  1813  ;  d.  Jan.  10,  1869.  He 
removed  to  Phila.  in  1834,  and,  excepting  a  few 
years  of  mercantile  pursuit,  devoted  himself  to 
ornithology.  He  contrib.  descriptions  of  new 
species  to  the  Proceedings  and  the  Journal  of 
the  Phila.  Acad,  of  Natural  Science,  and  pub. 
"  Birds  of  California  and  Texas,"  8vo,  con- 
taining descriptions  and  colored  engravings 
of  50  species  not  given  by  Audubon  ;  a  "  Sy- 
nopsis of  the  Birds  of  N.  America,"  "  Ornithol- 
ogy of  the  U.S.  Exploring  Exped.,"  "  Ornithol- 
ogy of  the  Japan  Exploring  Exped.,"  "Orni- 
thology of  Gilliss's  Astronomical  Exped.  to 
Chili,"  and  the  chapters  on  rapacious  and  wad- 
ing Birds  in  "  The  Ornithology  of  the  Pacific 
Railroad  Explorations  and  Surveys."    He  was 


c^s 


170 


C-A.T 


of  a  Quaker  family,  several  of  whom  have 
disting.  themselves  in  the  naval  and  military 
service.  Com.  John  Cassin  was  his  great-un- 
cle. 

Cassin,  Stephen,  commodore  U.S.N.,  b. 
Phila.,  Feb.  16,  1783;  d.  Georgetown,  D.C., 
Aug.  29,  18.57.  Son  of  Capt.  John  Cassin, 
Entered  the  navy  as  midshipman,  Feb.  21, 
1800;  became  a  lieut.  Feb.  12,  1807  ;  master, 
Sept.  11,  1814;  capt.  Mar.  3,  1825.  Served 
with  distinction  in  the  war  with  Tripoli ;  com. 
"  The  Ticonderoga,"  in  Macdonough's  victory 
on  Lake  Champlain ;  was  rewarded  by  Congress 
with  a  gold  medal  for  bravery  in  that  action, 
and  was  a  terror  to  the  pirates  who  infested 
the  West  Indies,  and  captured  4  of  their  ves- 
sels, Sept.  28,  29,  1822. 

Castilla  (kas-tel'-ya),  Ramon,  pres.  of 
Peru;  b.  Tarapaca,  Aug.  31,  1797;  d.  May 
25,  1867.  In  1821,  Castilla,  then  a  lieut.  in  the 
Spanish  cavalry,  joined  the  liberating  army, 
and  disting.  himself.  In  1834,  he  fought  brave- 
ly against  Pres.  Orbegoso,  when  the  latter  be- 
trayed his  country  to  Santa  Cruz,  pres.  of 
Bolivia.  In  1844,  he  overthrew  the  dictator 
Vivanco,  for  which  eminent  service  he  was 
elected  pres.  in  1845.  Under  his  administra- 
tion, negroes  received  equality  of  rights,  Indi- 
ans were  freed  from  oppressive  burdens,  capi- 
tal punishment  was  abolished,  and  freedom  of 
the  press  secui-ed.  At  the  close  of  his  term,  in 
1851,  he  was  succeeded  by  Gen.  Echenique, 
but  usurped  the  power  in  1855,  and  was  re- 
elected pres.  in  Aug.  1858.  In  1861,  he  made 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  annex  Bolivia.  In 
1867,  he  headed  an  insurrection  against  Pres. 
Prado.  Castilla  was  one  of  the  last  of  the 
representative  men  who  freed  S.  Amer.  from 
Spanish  rule. 

Castin  (kas-teen'),  Vincent,  baron  de,  b. 
Oleron,  France.  Was  of  a  noble  family  ;  was 
well  educated;  was  col.  of  the  king's  body- 
guard, and  of  the  regt.  of  Carignan,  which  he 
accomp.  to  Canada  in  1665.  Disbanded  At 
the  close  of  the  war,  he  established  a  trading- 
house,  at  Penobscot,  now  Castine,  in  1687,  and 
m.  the  dau.  of  Madocawando,  a  Penobscot 
chief  During  his  absence  in  1688,  his  house 
was  pillaged  by  the  English.  In  1696,  he,  with 
Iberville,  led  200  savages  against  Pemaquid, 
which  he  captured.  In  1706,  he  assisted  in  the 
defence  of  Port  Royal,  and  again  in  1707, 
when  he  was  wounded.  He  was  much  es- 
teemed by  the  Indians,  and  feared  by  the  Eng- 
lish. His  son,  the  Baron  de  St.  Castin,  who 
succeeded  him  in  the  com.  of  the  Penobscot 
Indians,  was  surprised  in  Dec.  1721,  and  car- 
ried prisoner  to  Boston.  He  d.  on  his  estate 
in  France. 

Castries  (kas'-tre'),  Armand  Nicolas 
Augustine,  Due  DE,  son  of  the  Marshal  de  Cas- 
tries, and  a  col.  in  the  Amer.  war,  where  he 
was  known  as  the  Count  de  Charlus,  b.  Apr. 
1756  ;  d.  1842.  Col.  en  second  regt.  Saintonge; 
made  brig,  of  cavalry  in  1782;  received  the 
brevet  title  of  Duke  de  Castries  in  1784.  He 
was  deputy  to  the  nat.  assembly  in  1789,  and 
defended  the  monarchy  with  such  energy  as 
occasioned  a  duel  with  Charles  Lameth.  In 
1794,  he  raised  a  corps  of  emigrants  in  the  pay 
of  Eng.,  returned  to  France  with  Louis  XVIII., 


and  was  made  a  peer  and  lieut.-gen.  He  was 
gov.  of  Rouen  when  Napoleon  returned  from 
Elba,  and  made  strenuous  efforts  in  the  cause 
of  royalty. 

Castro  de  (da  kas'-tro),  Vaca,  a  Spanish 
officer,  b.  at  Leon  ;  d.  1558.  He  was  a  judge  of 
the  Royal  Court  at  Valladolid,  when,  in  1540, 
Charles  V.  sent  him  as  gov.  to  Peru,  then  dis- 
turbed by  the  rebellion  of  Almagro.  In  1542, 
a  battle  was  fought  at  Chupas,  in  which  Al- 
magro was  defeated  and  taken,  and,  by  order 
of  Castro,  executed  on  the  spot.  Super- 
seded in  1544,  he  returned  to  Spain,  where  he 
was  several  years  imprisoned.  —  Prescott's  Con- 
guest  of  Peru. 

Caswell,  Alexis,  D.D.  (B.U.  1841), 
LL.D.  (1865),  pres.  of  Brown  U.  since  Feb. 
1868.  B.U.  1822.  Prof  of  languages  Col. 
Coll.,  D.C. ;  prof  of  math,  and  nat.  philos. 
B.U.,  1828-50,  and  of  math  and  astron.,  1850- 
64,  Author  of  "  A  Memoir  of  John  Barstow," 
1864. 

Caswell,  Richard,  statesman  and  soldier, 
b.  Md.,  Aug.  3,  1729;  d.  Fayetteville,  N.C., 
Nov.  20,  1789.  He  moved  toN.C.  in  1746; 
was  for  some  years  employed  in  the  public  of- 
fices, and  afterward  studied  and  practised  law 
successfully.  He  was  a  member  of  the  assem- 
bly from  1754  to  1771  ;  speaker  of  the  house 
in  1770-1,  and  com.  the  right  wing  of  Gov. 
Tryon's  forces  at  the  battle  of  Allamance,  May 
16,  1771.  Identifying  himself  with  the  patriots 
at  the  breaking-out  of  the  Revol.,  he  was  a  dele- 
gate to  Congress  in  1774-5;  treasurer  of  the 
southern  district  of  N.C.,  Sept.  1775  ;  3  years 
pres.  of  the  Prov.  Congress,  which  framed  the 
State  constitution  in  Nov.  1776,  and  was  gov. 
of  the  State  during  the  trying  period  of  1777-9. 
Feb.  27,  1776,  he  com.  at  the  battle  of  Moore's 
Creek,  defeating  a  large  body  of  loyalists  under 
Gen.  McDonald,  who  was  made  prisoner,  —  a 
victory  of  great  benefit  to  the  patriot  cause  in 
N.C.,  and  which  earned  for  him  the  thanks  of 
Congress  and  the  app.  of  maj.-gen.  for  the  dis- 
trict of  Newbern.  In  1780,  he  led  the  State 
troops  in  the  disastrous  battle  of  Camden  ;  was 
chosen  speaker  of  the  senate,  and  controller-gen. 
in  1782;  was  again  gov.  in  1784-6;  was  a 
delegate  to  the  convention  which  framed  the 
Federal  Constitution  in  1787,  and  in  1789  was 
elected  to  the  State  senate  from  Dobbs  Co.,  and 
also  a  member  of  the  convention  which  in  Nov. 
ratified  the  Federal  Constitution.  When  the 
assembly  met,  he  was  chosen  speaker,  and 
while  presiding,  Nov.  5,  1789,  was  struck  with 
paralysis.  He  was  grand-master  of  Free 
Masons  in  N.C. ;  and  on  his  death  a  funeral 
oration  was  delivered  by  Francois  X.  Martin. 
His  son  William  served  through  the  Revol., 
and  was  a  brig.-gen.  of  militia  in  1781. 

Catesby,  Mark,  F.R.S.,  naturalist,  b. 
Eng.,  1679;  d.  London,  Dec.  24,  1749.  A 
taste  for  natural  history,  early  imbibed,  induced 
him  in  1710,  after  studying  the  natural  sciences 
in  London,  to  make  a  voyage  to  Va.,  where  he 
was  occupied  in  collecting  its  various  produc- 
tions. He  returned  to  Eng.  in  1719,  with  a 
rich  collection  of  plants,  but  at  the  suggestion 
of  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  and  other  eminent  natu- 
ralists, re-embarked  for  Amer.,  with  the  pro- 
fessed purpose  of  describing,  delineating,  and 


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171 


CJSJV 


collecting  the  most  curious  natural  objects  in 
that  country,  arriving  in  May,  1722.  He  re- 
sided cliiefly  in  Carolina,  whence  he  made 
excursions  to  Ga.,  Fla.,  and  the  Bahama  Is- 
lands, and,  on  his  return  to  Eng.  in  1726,  he 
prepared  for  publication,  in  two  vols,  folio, 
"  The  Natural  History  of  Carolina,  Florida,  and 
the  Bahama  Islands,''  1731-48.  In  this  work 
were  found  the  first  descriptions  of  several 
plants  which  are  now  cultivated  in  all  Euro- 
pean gardens.  The  figures  were  etched  by 
himself,  from  his  own  paintings;  and  the  colored 
copies  were  executed  under  his  own  inspection. 
Catesby  was  a  fellow  of  the  Roy.  Society,  to 
whose  transactions  he  contrib.  a  paper  assert- 
ing the  migration  of  birds,  on  bis  own  obser- 
vations. A  plant  of  the  tetrandrous  class  has 
been  called,  after  him,  Catesbea,  by  Gronovius. 
He  wrote  "  Hortus  Brittanno  Americanus." 

Cathcart,  William  Shaw,  Earl,  soldier 
and  diplomatist,  b.  1755;  d.  June  16,  1843. 
Educated  at  the  U.  of  Glasgow,  and  designed 
for  the  law.  Entered  the  army  in  June,  1777  ; 
came  to  Amer.,  and  served  with  the  16th  dra- 
goons, and  afterward  as  the  aide  of  Gen.  T.  S. 
Wilson  and  Sir  Henry  Clinton.  He  served 
gallantly  at  the  storming  of  Forts  Montgomery 
and  Clinton,  and  was  wounded  at  Brandywine 
and  at  Monmouth.  He  raised  and  com.  the 
Caledonian  Vols.,  subsequently  known  as  Tar- 
leton's  British  Legion ;,  maj.  38th  Foot,  April 
13,  1779,  and  com.  that  regt.  in  the  actions  at 
Springfield  and  Elizabethtown,  N.J.,  in  June, 
1780;  served  as  quartermaster-gen.  until  the 
arrival  of  Gen.  Dalrymple;  was  present  at  the 
siege  of  Charleston,  and  returned  to  Eng.  in 
Oct. ;  brig. -gen.  in  1793,  under  Lord  Moira, 
and  served  under  the  Duke  of  York  in  1794  ; 
lieut.-gen.  1801  ;  com.  in  Hanoverin  1805;  was 
minister  to  Sweden  in  1807,  and  joined  Lord 
Gambier  in  the  exped.  against  Copenhagen ; 
made  viscount,  Nov.  3,  1807;  gen.  in  1813; 
minister  to  Russia,  1813-14,  and  created  a  Bri- 
tish peer,  June  18,  1814.  He  was  the  represen- 
tative of  England  in  the  Congress  of  Vienna. 
In  April,  1779,  he  m.  the  dau.  of  Andrew  Elliot 
ofN.Y. 

Cathrall,  Isaac,  M.D.,  phvsician,  b. 
Phila.,  1764;  d.  Feb.  22,  1819.  He  studied 
medicine  under  Dr.  Redman,  and  in  London, 
Edinburgh,  and  Paris.  Returned  home  early  in 
1793,  and  during  the  prevalence  of  yellow-fever 
in  that  year  (in  which  he  suffered  severely  with 
the  disease),  and  in  1797-9,  he  remained  at 
his  post,  and  even  dissected  those  who  d.  of  the 
disease.  He  pub.  "  Remarks  on  the  Yellow- 
Fever,"  1794;  "  Buchan's  Domestic  Medicine, 
with  Notes,"  1797  ;  "  Memoir  on  the  Analysis 
of  the  Black  Vomit,"  1800,  in  vol.  5  of  the 
"Trans,  of  the  Amer.  Philos.  Society,"  and  a 
pamphlet  on  the  yellow-fever  in  conjunction 
with  Dr.  Currie,  in  1802.  He  was  a  surgeon 
of  the  city  almshouse  from  1810  to  1816. — 
Thachet: 

Catlin,  George,  artist,  and  tourist  among 
the  Indians,  b.  Wyoming  Valley,  Pa.,  ab.  1796. 
His  father  was  a  lawyer.  George  studied  law 
in  Ct.,  practised  2  years,  and  subsequently, 
though  un instructed  in  the  art,  became  a 
painter  in  Phila.  In  1832-9,  he  visited  some 
48  Indian  tribes,  painted  200  of  the  chiefs  and 


warriors.  He  also  visited  Fla.  and  Ark.  His 
letters  were  pub.  in  2  vols.,  8vo,  with  illustra- 
tions, 1841;  also  "  North- American  Portfolio 
of  Hunting-Scenes,"  fol.,  25  plates,  Lond.,  1844; 
"  Notes  of  8  Years'  Travel  and  Residence  in 
Europe,"  Lond.,  2  vols.,  8vo,  1848;  "Life 
among  the  Indians,"  "  Okeepah,"Lond.,  1867. 
His  gallery  of  aboriginal  portraits  was  exhib- 
ited in  the  principal  cities  of  America  and 
Europe. 

Catron,  John,  jurist,  b.  Wythe  Co.,  Va., 
1778;  d.  Nashville,  Tenn.,  30  May,  1865. 
With  only  a  common  school  education,  he 
studied  in  Tenn.,  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1815.  He  served  one  campaign,  under  Gen. 
Jackson  ;  became  State  atty.  for  his  circuit,  and 
removing  in  1818  to  Nashville,  where  he  sub- 
sequently resided,  attained  high  rank  as  a 
chancery  lawyer;  chosen  judge  of  the  State 
Supreme  Court  in  Dec.  1824;  he  was  chief- 
justice  in  1830-6,  and  in  March,  1837,  was 
madeajusticeof  thelJ.S.  Supreme  Court,  where 
his  great  knowledge  of  the  laws  applicable  to 
land-titles  rendered  him  exceedingly  useful. 
In  1860-61,  he  opposed  secession,  and  was 
driven  from  the  State,  but  returned  in  1862. 
His  State  decisions  are  in  "  Yerger's  Tenn.  Re- 
ports," i.-viii.;  his  opinions  as  a  national  judge, 
in  the  later  vols,  of  Peters,  the  20  vols,  of 
Howard,  and  the  2  vols,  of  Black. 

Caulkins,  Frances  Manvvaring,  au- 
thor, b.  N.  London,  Ct.,  April  26,  1795;  d. 
there  Feb.  3, 1869.  She  taught  school  in  Nor- 
wich and  N.  London,  until  1834,  when  she 
adopted  literature  as  a  profession,  residing  in 
New  Haven  from  1836  to  1842,  and  afterward 
in  N.  London.  She  was  a  contrib.  in  prose 
and  verse  to  the  N.  London  papers,  and  wrote 
for  the  Amer.  Tract  Society  ;  6  vols,  of  "  Bible 
Studies,"  1854-9;  and  "  Eve  and  Her  Daugh- 
ters," 1861.  She  was  also  a  contrib.  to  their 
American  Messmger.  Author  of  a  "  History  of 
Norwich,"  1845,  a  new  and  enlarged  edition, 
1866,  8vo,  and  "History  of  New  London," 
8vo,  1852  and  1860.  She  was  a  member  of 
several  historical  societies. 

Cavendish,  Lord  John,  a  British  states- 
man. Son  of  the  4th  Duke  of  Devonshire ;  d. 
Dec.  19,  1796.  He  was  one  of  tbe  lords  of  the 
treasury  under  the  ministry  of  the  Marquis  of 
Rockingham,  and,  in  the  Amer.  Avar,  was  a 
constant  opponent  of  Lord  North,  whom  he 
succeeded  as  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in 
1782. 

Cavendish,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English 
navigator,  b.  1564;  d.  1593.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  gentleman  who  possessed  a  good  estate 
at  Trimley  St.  Martin,  in  Suffolk,  which  he  in- 
herited; but,  having  impoverished  himself  by 
living  at  court,  he  fitted  out  some  vessels  for  a 
predatory  exped.  against  the  Spanish-American 
Colonies,  with  a  view  to  retrieve  his  affairs. 
In  1585,  he  accomp.  the  exped.  under  Ralph 
Lane  and  Sir  R.  Grenville,  to  colonize  Va. 
He  sailed  from  Plymouth  with  3  small  ships, 
July  21,  1586,  and  after  having  ravaged  the 
western  coasts  of  America,  and  taken  a  Spanish 
vessel  of  700  tons,  richly  laden,  he  sailed  across 
the  South  Sea,  and  returned  by  way  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  Eng.,  Sept.  9,  1588  ; 
having  circumnavigated  the  globe  in  less  time 


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172 


CJELA. 


than  any  preceding  adventurer.  The  great 
wealth,  as  well  as  fame,  which  he  acquired 
from  this  undertaking,  prompted  him  to  engage 
in  another  voyage,  on  which  he  embarked  Aug. 
26,  1591.  Tempestuous  weather,  sickness,  and 
other  causes,  contributed  to  render  the 
scheme  unfortunate;  and  Cavendish  himself  died 
on  the  coast  of  Brazil,  or  on  the  passage  home, 
from  sickness,  and  grief  at  his  ill  success.  Au- 
thor of  "  Voyage  to  Magellanica  in  1586." 

Cerraehi  (cha-rak'-kee),  Giuseppe,  an 
Italian  sculptor,  and  an  ardent  Republican, 
guillotined  for  conspiring  against  Napoleon, 
1802,  b.  ab.  1760.  Came  to  Phila.  in  1791, 
and  executed  a  noble  bust  of  Washington,  also 
of  Alex.  Hamilton,  and  other  eminent  men. 
When  Bonaparte  invaded  Italy  in  1796,  he 
made  a  statue  of  that  general.  In  1800,  hav- 
ing formed  with  Arena  and  others  a  design  to 
assassinate  the  first  consul,  he  proposed  to 
make  another  statue ;  but  his  design  was  de- 
tected. 

Chabert  (sha'-bair'),  Joseph  Bernard, 
Marquis  of,  a  distinguished  navigator,  astron- 
omer, and  geographer,  b.  Toulon,  Feb.  28, 
1724;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  1,  1805.  He  entered  the 
naval  service  in  17-41  ;  was  an  enthusiastic  to- 
pographer, and  planned  and  executed  maps  of 
the  shores  of  N.  America  and  the  Mediterra- 
nean, especially  of  Greece;  became  in  1758 
a  member  of  the  French  Academy,  and,  during 
the  Amer.  wai*,  he  disting.  himself  so  highly, 
that,  in  1781,  he  was  made  commander  of  a 
squadron,  and  vice-admiral,  1792.  Driven  by 
the  Revoi.  to  England,  he  returned  to  Paris  in 
1802,  when  Bonaparte  assigned  him  a  pen- 
sion, and,  in  1804,  app.  him  to  the  board  of 
longitude.  One  of  his  principal  works  com- 
prises his  observations  on  the  American  coast, 
and  is  entitled  "Vui/ages  surles  Cotes  de  l'Am€- 
rique  Septentrionale,"  Paris,  1753,  4to.  —  Nouv. 
Biog.  Gen. 

Chalkley,  Thomas,  Quaker  preacher,  b. 
London,  Mar  3,  1675  ;  d.  Tortola,  one  of  the 
Friendly  Islands,  Sept  4.  1741.  He  was  pressed 
on  board  a  man-of-war  at  the  age  of  20,  but  was 
dismisscil,  as  his  principles  forbade  him  to  fight. 
After  finishing  his  apprenticeship  to  a  trade, 
he  travelled  and  preached  in  Eng.  for  a  {q\v 
months,  and  engaged  in  the  love  of  the  gospel 
to  visit  friends  in  Amer.  Landing  in  Md.  in 
Jan.  1698,  he  travelled  one  year,  visiting  N. 
Eng.  and  Va.,  and,  after  "  several  good  and 
open  meetings  in  Va.,"  returned  to  Eng.  After 
a  journey  to  Ireland,  he  removed  permanently 
to  Amer.  Settling  his  wife  in  Phila.,  1701,  he 
occupied  himself  in  journeys  through  various 
parts  of  the  country.  In  1707,  he  again  visited 
Barbadoes;  sailed  thence  for  Eng  ,  and  was 
shipwrecked  on  the  Irish  coast.  Upon  leaving 
Ireland,  he  journeyed  through  Great  Britain, 
and,  after  a  visit  to  Holland  and  Germany,  re- 
turned to  Phila.  His  "  Journal,"  which  he 
continued  to  within  a  few  days  of  his  death,  was 
pub.,  with  a  coll.  of  the  author's  writings,  in 
Phila.  in  1749,  reprinted  at  N.Y.  in  1808.  By 
a  bequest  in  his  will,  he  founded  the  Library 
of  the  Friends  at  Phila.  —  Dut/clcinc/c. 

Chalmers,  George,  historical  and  political 
writer,  b.  Fochabers,  Scotland,  1742  ;  d.  in 
London,  May  21,  1825.     He  was  educated  at 


King's  Coll.,  Aberdeen,  and  at  Edinburgh. 
In  1763,  he  accomp.  his  uncle  to  Amer,  for  the 
purpose  of  giving  him  legal  assistance  in  the 
recovery  of  a  large  tract  of  land  in  Md.,  and 
practised  his  profession  at  Baltimore,  where  in 
a  few  years  he  acquired  an  extensive  and  profit- 
able business.  On  the  breaking-out  of  the 
Revol.  in  1775,  he  went  to  Eng.,  not  one  of  the 
least  suffering  loyalists.  Not  receiving  com- 
pensation for  his  losses,  he  applied  himself  to 
the  preparation  of  his  "  Political  Annals  of  the 
Present  United  Colonies,"  pub.  in  1780  ;  "  An 
Introduction  to  the  History  of  the  Revolt  of 
the  Colonies ;  "  "  Estimate  of  the  Comparative 
Strength  of  Great  Britain  during  the  Present 
and  Four  Preceding  Reigns,"  which  went 
through  several  editions,  and  was  translated 
into  French  and  German  ;  and  "  Opinions  on 
Interesting  Subjects  of  Public  Law  and  Com- 
mercial Policy,  arising  from  American  In- 
dependence." In  Aug.  1786,  he  was  app.  chief 
clerk  of  the  board  of  trade  ;  and,  for  the  next 
40  years,  continued  to  pub.  a  variety  of  works, 
of  which  the  principal  are  "  Churchyard  Chips 
concerning  Scotland,"  "  Life  of  Mary,  Queen 
of  Scots,"  and  his  "  Caledonia,"  which  he  did 
not  live  to  complete,  but  by  which  alone  he 
will  be  known  to  posterity.  Under  the  nom  de 
plume  Francis  Oldvs  of  the  U.  of  Pa.,  he  pub. 
"  Life  of  Thos.  Paine,"  Lond.  8vo,  1791-2. 

Chalmers,  Lionel,  M.D.,  physician,  b. 
Caml)leton,  in  the  West  of  Scotland,  ab.  1715  ; 
d.  1777.  A  graduate  of  the  U.  of  Edinburgh. 
He  came  to  Carolina  when  very  young,  and 
practised,  first  in  Christ  Church  Parish,  and 
afterwards  in  Charleston.  In  1754,  he  wrote 
"  Useful  Remarks  on  Opisthotonos  and  Te- 
tanus," which  Avere  pub.  in  the  first  vol. 
of  "  The  Observations  and  Inquiries  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  London,"  and  in  1767,  at 
Charleston,  "  An  Essay  on  Fevers."  Besides 
several  smaller  productions,  he  also  pub.  a 
valuable  work  illustrative  of  the  weather  and 
diseases  of  S.  C,  2  vols.,  Lond.,  1776. — 
Tkacher. 

Chambers,  Ezekiel  F.,  LL.D.  (Y.  C. 

1833),  jurist  and  statesman,  b.  Kent  Co.,  Md., 
Feb.  28,  1788;  d.  Charlestown,  Md.,  Jan.  30, 
1867.  Wash.  Coll.,  Md.,  1805.  Adm.  to  the 
Md.  bar  in  1808.  In  the  War  of  1812,  he  did 
military  duty,  and  subsequently  became  brig.- 
gen.  of  militia.  In  1822,  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  senate;  was  a  U.  S.  senator  from  1826 
to  1835,  disting.  himself  as  an  able  debater; 
was  chief  judge  of  the  second  judicial  dist.  and 
of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  from  1834  to  1851, 
and  was  an  active  member  of  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  in  1850.  In  1852,  ill  health  compelled 
him  to  decline  the  post  of  sec.  of  the  navy 
offered  him  by  Pres.  Fillmore. 

Chambers,  George,  LL.D.  (Wash. Coll., 
Pa.,  1861),  jurist  and  author,b.  Chambcrsburg, 
1786;  d.  there,  Mar.  25,  1866.  N.J.  Coll. 
1804.  Grandson  of  the  founder  of  his  native 
town.  Was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1807,  his  talent, 
energy,  and  integrity  placing  him  in  the  front 
rank  of  his  profession.  He  was  M.C.  in  1833- 
7.  Member  of  the  Pa.  Const.  Conv.,  and  in 
1851  became  a  judge  of  the  Pa.  Supreme 
Court.  He  was  much  interested  in  the  early 
history  of  his  State,  had  pub.  some  of  his  re- 


CHA. 


173 


CHLA. 


searches  in  his  "  Tribute  to  the  Scotch-Irish/' 
and  had  prepared  others  for  the  Hist.  Society, 
unfortunately  destroyed  when  the  rebels  burned 
Chambersburg. 

Chambers,  John,  chief-justice  of  N.Y., 
member  of  the  exec,  council  in  17.54,  and  a 
commissioner  to  the  Albany  Congress,  June 
14,  1754;  d.  N.Y.,  April  10,  1765.— Allen. 

Chambers,  John,  lawyer,  and  gov.  of 
Iowa  (1841-.5),  b.  N.J.,  1779;  d.  near  Paris, 
Ky.,  Sept.  21,  1852.  At  the  age  of  13,  he  went 
to  Ky.,  and  located  himself  in  Washington, 
Mason  Co.,  where  he  studied  and  practised  law, 
soon  obtaining  a  lucrative  business.  In  1813, 
he  became  a  vol.  aide  to  Gen.  Harrison,  whose 
election  to  the  presidency  in  1840  he  zeal- 
ously promoted.  Mr.  Chambers  was  frequent- 
ly a  member  of  the  Ky.  legisl.,  and  M.C.  1827- 
9  and  1835-9. 

Chamorro,  Fruto,  a  Central  Amer. 
statesman  and  gen.,  b.  Guatimala,  1806,  elect- 
ed supreme  director  or  pi'es.,  1853  ;  d.  1855. 

Champe,  John,  a  brave  Revol.  soldier,  b. 
Loudoun  Co.,  Va.,  1752;  d.  Ky.,  ab.  1798. 
He  is  noted  for  his  daring  attempt  to  capture 
the  traitor  Arnold,  for  which  duty  he  was 
selected  by  Col.  Lee,  of  whose  legion  he  was 
sergt. -major.  He  failed  in  the  attempt  in  con- 
sequence of  the  removal  of  Arnold's  quarters 
on  the  day  designated  for  liis  capture. 

Champlain  (sham-plan'),  Samuel  de, 
founder  and  gov.  of  Quebec,  b.  of  good  fami- 
ly, in  Brouage,  Saintonge,  ab,  1570;  d.  Dec. 
1635.  He  had  acquired  a  high  reputation  as 
a  skilful  officer  previous  to  his  employment 
by  De  Chasles  to  make  a  voyage  to  Canada, 
whither  he  sailed,  March  16,  1603,  arriving  at 
Tadoussac,  May  25.  In  a  light  bateau,  he 
ascended  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  fjills  of  St. 
Louis,  which  was  the  limit  of  Cartier's  discov- 
eries in  1535  ;  and,  after  exploring  much  of  the 
country  along  the  river,  he  sailed  for  France 
in  Aug.  On  his  arrival  there  in  Sept.,  De 
Monts  engaged  him  as  his  pilot  in  another  voy- 
age to  the  New  World.  Sailing,  March  7, 1 604, 
he  arrived  at  Acadia,  May  6,  and  selected  for 
settlement  a  small  island,  to  which  De  Monts 
gave  the  name  of  "  St.  Croix."  In  this  voyage, 
he  explored  the  coast  as  far  as  Cape  Cod.  In 
1608,  he  was  sent  on  another  voyage  to  Tadous- 
sac, accomp.  by  Pontgrave.  In  July,  1C08,  he 
laid  the  foundation  of  Quebec,  and  subsequent- 
ly, Avhilc  engaged  in  a  hostile  exped.  against 
the  Iroquois,  discovered  the  lake  which  still 
bears  his  name.  He  again  sailed  from  France 
in  April,  1610,  and,  in  another  exped,  against 
the  Iroquois,  was  wounded  by  an  arrow,  and 
soon  after  returned  to  P'rance.  App.  lieut.- 
gov.,  with  extensive  powers,  he  returned  to 
Amer.  in  1612,  where  he  made  new  discoveries, 
exploring  the  Ottawa  River,  Lakes  Huron, 
and  Ontario.  He  went  home  to  get  permis- 
sion to  fortify  the  settlement.  He  returned 
with  his  family,  and  the  title  of  gov.  in  1620.  In 
July,  1629,  he  wis  obliged  to  capitulate  to  Sir 
David  Kirk,  and  was  carried  to  France  in  an 
English  ship.  In  1632,  Canada,  with  Acadia 
and  Cape  Breton,  being  restored  to  France  by 
treaty,  the  company  of  New  France  resumed 
all  their  rights,  and  app.  Champlain  gov.  His 
zeal  for  the  propagation  of  Christianity  was 


very  great.  A  coll.  was  established  at  Quebec, 
in  which  the  children  of  the  savages  were 
trained  in  habits  of  civilization,  and  in  the  use 
of  the  French  language.  In  1603,  he  pub.  an 
account  of  his  first  voyage,  in  4to,  and,  in  1620, 
a  continuation,  in  8vo.  In  1632,  he  pub.  an 
edition  of  both  these  in  one  vol.,  entitled  "  Les 
Voyages  a  la  Nouvelle  France  Occidentale,  et  Can- 
ada," 4to,  This  work  comprises  a  history  of 
New  France  from  the  first  discoveries  of  Ver- 
razani  to  1631.  The  best  edition  of  his  works 
is  that  pub  in  4to,  1640.  His  "  Voyage  to  the 
W.  Indies  and  Mexico,"  1599-1602,  ed.  by  N. 
Shaw,  was  pub.  by  the  Hakluyt  Soc,  Lond., 
1859. 

Champlin,  Christopher  Grant,  b. 
Newport,  April  12,1768;  d.  there  March  28, 
1840.  H.U.  1786,  His  uncle  George  (1738- 
1809)  was  a  merchant  of  Newport,  an  officer 
of  the  Revol.;  memb.  Cont.  Congress,  1785- 
6,  and  of  the  convention  which  adopted  the 
U.S.  Constitution.  He  resided  some  years  in 
Europe,  where  a  part  of  his  time  was  passed  at 
the  Coll  of  St.  Omer's  ;  M.C.  1797-1801 ;  U.S. 
senator,  1809-11.  Many  years  pres.  of  the 
Bank  of  R.L 

Champlin,  Stephen,  commodore  U.S.N,, 
b.  S.  Kingston,  R.I.,  Nov.  17,  1789;  d.  Buffa- 
lo, Feb.  20,  1870.  His  father  Stephen  was  a 
vol.  in  the  Amer.  Revol.  His  mother,  Eliza- 
beth Perry,  was  an  aunt  of  Com.  Perry.  At 
16,  he  began  a  seafaring  life,  and,  at  22,  com.  a 
ship  out  of  Norwich.  May  22,  1812,  he  was 
app.  sailing-master  in  the  navy;  lieut.  Dec.  9, 
1814;  commander,  June  22,  1838;  capt.  Aug. 
4,  1850,  and  com  mo,  on  retired  list,  July  16, 
1862.  He  first  com.  a  gunboat  under  Perry  at 
Newport ;  was  second  in  com.  of  "  The  Asp,"  in 
the  affairs  of  Little  York  and  Fort  George, 
U.C. ;  and,  joining  Perry  at  Lake  Erie,  took 
com.  of  "  The  Scorpion,"  in  which  he  did  good 
service  at  the  battle  of  Sept.  10,  1813,  captur- 
ing "  The  Little  Belt."  Of  this  battle,  in 
which  he  fired  the  first  and  last  guns,  he  was 
the  last  surviving  officer.  In  the  following 
spring,  ho  com.  "  The  Tigris,"  and,  while  block- 
ading Mackinac,  was  attacked  at  night  by  an 
overwhelming  force,  severely  wounded,  and 
made  prisoner.  In  1816,  he  com.  "  The  Por- 
cupine," but  performed  little  subsequent  ser- 
vice on  account  of  his  wound.  He  was  a  resi- 
dent of  Buffalo  from  1834. — Buffalo  Coml. 
Adv.,  Feb.  21. 

Cham.plin,  Stephen  G.,  brig.-gen.  vols.  ; 
d.  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  Jan.  29,  1864.  He 
rose  from  the  rank  of  major  to  that  of  brig.- 
gen.  Nov.  29,  1862,  was  dieting,  in  the  princi- 
pal battles  of  1862-3,  including  those  of  Antie- 
tam  and  Fredericksburg,  and  was  severely 
wounded  at  Fair  Oaks. 

Champney,  Benjamin,  landscape-painter, 
b.  N.  Ipswich,  N.H.,  Nov.  20,  1817,  Came  to 
Boston  in  1834,  worked  in  Pendleton's  litho- 
graphic establishment  in  1837-40;  studied  and 
painted  at  the  Louvre  Gallery,  Paris,  in  1841-5  ; 
then  visited  Italy  with  Kensett,  and,  revisiting 
Europe  in  1847-8,  painted  a  panorama  of  the 
Rhine.  Since  1853,  he  has  passed  his  sum- 
mers at  N.  Conway,  where  he  has  a  cottage  and 
studio,  and  has  painted  many  White  Mountain 
views,  as  well  as  those  of  Switzerland,  which 


OELA. 


174 


CHLA. 


are  owned  in  and  around  Boston.  In  1865-6, 
he  ai?ain  visited  Italy  and  Switzerland. 

Champney,  James  Wells,  "  Champ," 
painter  of  genre  pictures,  b.  Boston,  July  16, 
1843.  Apprenticed  to  a  wood-engraver  at  the 
age  of  16.  Enlisted  for  9  months  in  the  45th 
Ms.  Vols.  In  '63,  after  return  from  the  war, 
designed  on  wood.  Teacher  in  drawing  at 
Dr.  Dio  Lewis's  Sem.,  at  Lexington,  for  two 
years.  Sailed  for  Paris,  Oct.  16, 1866  ;  studied 
abroad  until  June  1870.  Pupil  of  Edouard 
Frere,  and  of  the  Fine  Arts  School  in  Ant- 
werp. Settled  in  Boston  in  Oct.  1870.  Has 
painted,  among  other  pieces  "  The  Roguish 
"  Sister,"  "  Little  Boy  Shelling  Peas,"  and 
"  Domino-Player." 

Chanche,  John  J.,  D.D.,  E.G.  bishop  of 
Natchez,  consec.  March  14,  1841 ;  d.  July  22, 
1852. 

Chandler,  Abiel,  a  philanthropic  mer- 
chant, b.  Concord,  N.H.,  Feb.  26,  1777;  d. 
Walpole,  N.H.,  March  22,  1851.  H.U.  1806. 
Occupied  until  the  age  of  21  in  agricultural 
labors,  and  from  1806  to  1817  was  a  teacher  in 
Salem  and  Newburyport.  For  many  years,  he 
was  engaged  in  business  in  Boston,  and  was 
well  known  as  a  partner  in  the  house  of  Chan- 
dler, Howard,  &  Co.,  retiring  in  1845  with  a  for- 
tune. He  bequeathed  $1,600,  and  also  the  sur- 
plus of  his  estate,  to  the  N.H.  Asylum  for  the 
Insane,  and  $50,000  to  Dartm.  Coll.,for  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  scientific  school  connected 
with  that  institution. 

Chandler,  Elizabeth  Margaret,  poet, 
b.  Centre,  near  Wilmington,  Del.,  Dec.  24, 
1807;  d.  Nov.  22,  1834.  Dau.  of  Thomas 
Chandler,  a  Quaker  farmer;  was  educated  at 
the  Friends'  school  in  Phila.,  and  commenced 
writing  verses  at  an  early  age.  Her  poem, 
"The  Slave-Ship,"  written  at  18,  gained  a 
prize  offered  by  the  Casket,  a  monthly  maga- 
zine. Most  of  her  subsequent  productions  ap- 
peared in  the  Genius  of  Universal  Emancipation, 
an  antislavery  periodical  of  Phila.  In  1830, 
she  removed  to  Mich.,  and  settled  near  the  vil- 
lage of  Tecumseh,  on  the  River  Raisin.  In 
1836,  her  poetical  works,  with  a  Memoir  by 
Benjamin  Lundy,  were  pub.  at  Phila. — Duyc- 
hinck. 

Chandler,  Gen.  John,  b.  Monmouth,Ms., 
1760;  d.  Augusta,  Me.,  Sept.  25,1841.  Ori- 
ginally a  blacksmith,  by  perseverance  and  indus- 
try, he  became  wealthy.  Was  a  counsellor  and 
senator  from  1803  to  1805;  M.  C.  1805-8; 
brig.-gen.  July  8,  1812;  wounded  and  made 
prisoner  at  Stony  Creek,  U.C,  June  6,  1813  ; 
and  from  1820  to  1829,  U.S.  senator  from  Me.; 
collector  of  Portland,  1829-37 ;  trustee  of 
Bowd.  Coll.,  sheriff  of  Kennebec  Co.,  and 
maj.-gen.  of  militia. 

Chandler,  Joseph  R.,  editor,  b.  Kings- 
ton, Ms.,  1792.  He  adopted  the  profession  of 
the  law ;  was  M.C.  from  Pa.,  1849-55  ;  and  in 
1858-61  was  minister  to  Naples.  He  edited 
the  United-States  Gazette  in  Phila.  for  many 
years,  and  subsequently  the  Philadelphia  North 
American.  He  pub.  a  "  Grammar  of  the  Eng- 
lish Language  "  in  1821,  and  subsequently  a 
large  number  of  essays  and  addresses  upon  lit- 
erary and  social  topics,  and  congressional 
speeches. 


Chandler,    Thomas    Bradbury,    D.D. 

(Oxf.  U.  1766),  Prot.-Epis.  clergyman  and  con- 
troversialist, b.  Woodstock,  Ct.,  26  Apr.  1726; 
d.  Elizabethtown,  N.J.,  17  June,  1790.  Y.  C. 
1745.  In  1747,  he  became  lay-reader  in  St. 
John's  Church,  Elizabethtown,  and,  after  being 
ord.  in  Eng.  in  1751,  was  rector  there  till  his 
death,  excepting  in  177.5-85,when,  being  a  loy- 
alist, he  was  in  Eng.  App.  bishop  of  Nova 
Scotia,  but  declined.  He  was  a  zealous  defend- 
er of  Episcopacy,  and  in  1767  pub.  "An  Appeal 
in  Behalf  of  the  Church  of  Eng.  in  Amer." 
This  was  attacked  by  Dr.  Chauncey,  to  whom 
he  replied  with  "  The  Appeal  Defended,"  and, 
in  1771,  "The  Appeal  Further  Defended." 
Also  author  of  "  A  Life  of  Samuel  Johnson," 
pres.  of  King's  Coll.,  12mo,  1805. 

Channing,  Edward  Tyrrel,  LL.D. 
(H.U.  1847),  prof,  of  rhetoric  in  H.  U.  {1819- 
51),  b.  Newport,  R.L,  12  Dec.  1790;  d.  Cam- 
bridge, Ms.,  8  Feb.  1856.  Bro.  of  Rev.  Wil- 
liam E.  Channing.  He  studied  at  H.U.,  but 
did  not  graduate,  and  opened  a  law-office  in 
Boston.  Editor  of  the  N.  Amer.  Rev.  1819- 
21,  and  a  contrib.  until  his  death.  His  style 
was  vigorous  and  pure,  his  taste  severe  and 
critical ;  and  he  excelled  in  conversation.  He 
delivered  the  oration  in  Boston,  4  July,  1817. 
Author  of  a  Memoir  of  William  Ellery,  in 
Sparks's  "Amer.  Biog."  In  1856,  a  vol.  of  his 
lectures  was  pub.  with  a  memoir,  by  R.  H. 
Dana,  jun. 

Channing,  Walter,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa.), 
physician,  bro.  of  W.  E.  and  E.  T.  Channing, 
b.  Newport,  R.L,  Apr.  15,  1786.  He  was  at 
H.U.  in  1804-7.  Studied  medicine  under  Dr. 
James  Jackson  of  Boston,  and  Prof.  Barton 
of  Phila.  Afterward  studied  at  the  U.  of 
Edinburgh,  at  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's  Hospi- 
tals, London,  and  began  practice  in  Boston  in 
1812.  Lecturer  inl812,  and  prof,  of  obstetrics 
and  med.  jurisp.  in  H.U.  from  1815  to  1854; 
assist,  phys.  Ms.  Hospital  from  1821  to  1840. 
Dr.  C.  has  been  a  frequent  contrib.  to  med. 
and  literary  periodicals,  besides  pub.  a  vol.  of 
"Miscellaneous  Poems,"  1851;  "A  Physi- 
cian's Vacation,  or  a  Summer  in  Europe,'* 
1856;  "Etherization  in  Childbirth,"  1848; 
"  Address  on  the  Prevention  of  Pauperism," 
12mo,  1843;  "Professional  Reminiscences  of 
Foreign  Travel,"  8vo  ;  "New  and  Old,"  12 
mo,  1851  ;  "Reformation  of  Medical  Science," 
1851.  He  has  also  written  many  fugitive 
pieces  in  prose  and  verse.  His  son,  William 
Ellery,  (whose  wife,  Ellen  K.,  sister  of  Mar- 
garet Fuller,  d.  Sept.  22, 1856,  a.  36),  has  pub. 
"Poems,"  1843,  1847,  and  1849;  "Youth  of 
the  Poet  and  Painter,"  in  "The  Dial,"  1844  ; 
"  Conversations  in  Rome,"  1847. 

Channing,  William  Ellery,  D.  D. 
(H.U.  1820),  a  Unitarian  divine  of  great  celeb- 
rity, b.  Newport,  R.L,  April  7,  1780;  d.  Ben- 
nington, Vt.,  Oct.  2,  1842.  H.U.  1798.  His 
father  Wm.,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Newport,  d. 
Oct.  1793,  a.  42  :  his  mother  was  the  dau.  of 
Wm.  Ellery,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Decl.  of 
Indep.  The  influences  of  the  climate  and 
scenery  of  the  island  where  his  boyhood  was 
passed,  had  no  slight  influence  upon  the  social 
and  moral  attributes  of  his  mind.  At  the 
university,   he  attained  the   highest  honors. 


CJE3LA. 


175 


CHA 


On  leaving  coll.,  he  spent  one  year  in  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  as  a  teacher  in  the  family  of  David 
M.  Randolph.  Returning  from  the  South  in 
feeble  health,  in  1802,  he  went  through  a  course 
of  theol.  study,  and  June  1,  1803,  became  the 
pastor  of  the  Federal-st.  Society  in  Boston, 
which  was  extremely  small  at  the  time  of  his 
ordination,  but  soon  rose  from  his  popularity 
to  be  one  of  the  first  parishes  in  the  city.  A 
feeble  constitution,  and  liability  to  disease,  oc- 
casioned, probably,  by  his  residence  in  Va., 
proved  great  impediments  to  his  labors  through- 
out his  professional  career.  He  made  a  voyage 
to  Europe  in  1822  for  this  cause,  remaining 
little  more  than  a  year ;  and,  in  the  autumn  of 
1830,  he  again  left  the  U.S.,  and  spent  the  win- 
ter in  St.  Croix.  His  bodily  infirmities  occa- 
sioned the  app.  of  a  colleague  in  1824  ;  but  he 
occasionally  officiated  in  the  pulpit  until  1840, 
when  he  resigned,  delivering  his  last  public  ad- 
dress 1  Aug.  1842,  at  Lenox,  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  West 
Indies.  The  pub.  works  of  Dr.  Channing  in- 
clude a  large  number  of  religious  discourses,  the 
articles  on  Milton,  Bonaparte,  and  Fenelon, 
which  appeared  in  the  Christian  Examiner  in 
1826-9,  and  a  variety  of  tracts  on  temperance, 
education,  slavery,  and  the  condition  of  the 
laboring  classes.  An  edition  of  his  works  has 
been  pub.  in  6  vols.,  1846.  His  "  Sermon  on 
War,"  before  the  conv.  of  Cong  ministers  in 
1816,  was  widely  circulated,  and  contrib.  power- 
fully to  the  formation  of  peace  societies  in  the 
U.S.  His  lectures  on  "Self-Culture,"  1839, 
and  on  "  The  Elevation  of  the  Laboring  Class- 
es," 1840,  had  an  extensive  circulation,  and 
were  repub.  in  Eng.  He  was  one  of  the  earli- 
est agitaiors  of  antislavery  in  the  U.S.,  but  did 
not,  until  he  delivered  his  address  in  Faneuil 
Hall  in  1837,  become  publicly  identified  with 
the  political  movement  for  abolition.  In  1837, 
he  addressed  a  letter  to  Henry  Clay,  against 
the  annexation  of  Texas,  and  in  1841  pub.  his 
work  on  Slavery.  Among  his  theol.  discours- 
es, his  lecture  on  "  The  Evidences  of  Chris- 
tianity," delivered  at  H.U.  in  1821, is,  perhaps, 
the  most  remarkable.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
independence  of  mind.  He  paid  no  respect  to 
men  on  account  of  their  wealth  or  oflSce.  His 
sermons  on  "  The  Paternal  Character  of  God," 
on  "  The  Loveliness  of  the  Example  of  Christ," 
on  "  The  Evidence  of  Christianity,"  and  on 
"  Political  and  Moral  Integrity,"  are  admirable. 
He  spoke  out  in  intelligible  terms  on  conjugal 
infidelity  and  licentiousness.  In  the  pulpit,  his 
gravity  and  solemnity  exceeded  that  of  most 
preachers.  His  elocution  was  peculiar.  His 
preaching  and  his  writings  weie  corroborated 
by  a  life  of  high  moral  character.  During  the 
Unitarian  controversy,  Dr.  Channing  was  the 
acknowledged  head  of  the  liberal  party,  and  was 
obliged,  though  averse  to  disputation,  to  take 
an  active  part.  "  He  was  unrivalled  in  his  en- 
thusiasm for  moral  and  progressive  ideas,  and 
in  his  high  estimate  of  the  moral  capacities  of 
man."  Coleridge  said  of  him,  "He  has  the  love 
of  wisdom,  and  the  wisdom  of  love."  —  See 
"  Memoirs,  Correspondence,"  Sfc,  by  his  nephew, 

W.  H.  Channing,  1848. 

Channing,  William  Francis,  M.D.,  son 
of  Wra.   Ellcry,  b.   Boston,   1820;  has  pub. 


*'  Davis's  Manual  of  Magnetism,"  12mo,  1841  ; 
"Notes  on  the  Medical  Application  of  Elec- 
tricity," 1849;  "Fire-Alarm  Telegraph,"  1855; 
contrib.  to  "  Silliman's  Jour.,"  &c.  One  of  the 
inventors  of  the  system  of  fire-alarm  tele- 
graphy now  in  general  use.  —  Allibone. 

Channing,  William  Henry,  clergyman, 
nephew  of  Wm.  E.,  b.  Boston,  May  25,  1810. 
H.U.  1829 ;  Camb.  Divinity  School,  1833. 
Ord.  Cincinnati,  May  10,  1839.  His  father, 
Francis  Dana  Channing,  died  when  he  was 
very  young.  He  has  been  settled  in  Mcad- 
ville.  Fa.,  N.Y.  City,  Cincinnati,  Nashua,  Bos- 
ton, Rochester,  and  Liverpool,  Eng.,  where  he 
is  pastor  of  the  Hope-street  (Unitarian)Church, 
as  successor  of  Rev.  James  Martineau.  He  ed- 
ited the  Western  Messenger  one  year,  the  Pres- 
ent, the  Harbinger,  and  the  Spirit  of  the  Age, 
and  has  been  a  contrib.  to  the  Dial,  Christian 
Examiner,  and  N.  Amer.  Review.  He  has  writ- 
ten and  pub.  "  The  Translation  of  JoufFioy's 
Ethics,"  2  vols.,  1840  ;  "Memoirs  of  Dr.  Wm. 
E.  Channing,"  3  vols.,  1848  ;  "  Life  and  Writ- 
ings of  James  H.  Perkins,"  2  vols. ;  "  Memoirs 
of  Madame  Ossoli  (MargaretFuller),"  sermons, 
reviews,  and  miscellanies.  He  has  labored 
much  in  social  reforms,  and  is  a  zealous  and 
eloquent  preacher. 

Chapm,  Alonzo  Bowen,  D.D.,  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  Somers,  March  10,  1808; 
d.  Hartford,  July  9,  1858.  He  quitted  the 
study  of  theology  for  the  law  ;  adm.  to  practise 
in  1831,  and  established  himself  at  Walling- 
ford.  He  edited  the  Chronicle  of  the  Church,  an 
Episcopal  paper  at  N.  Haven,  8  years,  and,  re- 
suming his  theol.  studies,  was  ord,  in  1838; 
was  rector  of  Christ  Church,  West  Haven, 
until  1850,  and  of  St.Luke's,  Glastenbury,  until 
1855,  when  he  removed  to  Hartford,  and  edit- 
ed the  Calendar.  Besides  numerous  contribs. 
to  magazines  and  reviews.  Dr.  Chapin  is  the 
author  of  "A  View  of  the  Organization  and 
Order  of  the  Primitive  Church,"  1850  ;  "Views 
of  Gospel  Truth;"  "Glastenbury  for  200 
Years,"  1853  ;  a  "  Classical  Spelling-book  ;  " 
"Puritanism  not  Protestantism,"  1847;  "  In- 
aug.  Discourse  at  Beloit  Coll.,  1850,"  as  pres. 

Chapin,  Calvin,  D.D.,  Cong.clergvman, 
b.  Springfield,  Ms.,  Julv  22,  1763;  d.  Weth- 
ersfield,  Mar.  17,  1851.  Y.  C.  1788.  He  was 
a  teacher  in  Hartford  two  years  ;  from  1791  to 
1794  was  a  tutor  in  Y.  C,  and  was  pastor  of  a 
church  in  Wethersfield,  Ct.,  from  1794  to  1847. 
Dr.  Chapin  was  an  efficient  member  of  the  mis- 
sionary, Bible,  and  temperance  societies,  and 
was  for  32  years  rec.  sec.  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 
During  his  connection  with  the  church  at 
Wethersfield,  he  was  offered,  and  declined,  the 
presidency  of  2  different  colleges.  He  pub.  an 
essay  recommending  the  substitution  of  water 
for  wine  in  the  Lord's  supper.  — Allen. 

Chapin,  Edwin  Hubbell,  D.D.  (H.  U. 
1856),  an  eloquent  preacher,  b.  Union  Village, 
Wash.  Co.,  N.Y.,  Dec.  29, 1814.  He  conipleted 
his  school-education  at  a  sem.  in  Bennington, 
Vt. ;  commenced  preaching  in  1837  ;  was  first 
settled  over  a  society  of  Unitarians  and  Uni- 
versalists  in  Richmond,  Va.;  removed  to 
Charlestown,  Ms.,  in  1830;  thence  to  Boston 
in  1846,  and  in  1848  to  New  York,  where  he  is 
still  pastor  of  the  4th  Universalist  Church.  Dr. 


CHA 


176 


GELA. 


Chapin  is  one  of  the  most  powerful  and  effec- 
tive pulpit  orators  of  America.  He  has  been  a 
frequent  speaker  before  lyceums  and  literary 
associations,  and,  as  an  advocate  of  temperance 
and  other  movements  of  moral  reform,  he  ex- 
ercises a  vast  influence.  One  of  his  best  speech- 
es is,  perliaps,  that  before  the  Peace  Conven- 
tion at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  in  1850.  He 
has  pub.  "Moral  Aspects  of  City  Life,"  1853  ; 
"True  Manliness,"  1854;  several  vols,  of  ser- 
mons and  religious  lectures,  and  a  few  occa- 
sional discourses.  His  "  Crown  of  Thorns  " 
attained  a  wide  circulation.  —  See  Golden  Age 
of  Amcr.  Oratory,  by  E.  G.  Parker,  1857. 

Chapin,  Stephen,  D.D.  (B.  U.  1822), 
clergyman,  b.  Milford,  Ms.,  Nov.  4,  1778;  d. 
Washington,  D.C.,Oct.  1,1845.  H.U.1804.  He 
studied  theology  with  Dr.  Emmons.  Ord.  pas- 
tor of  the  Cong.  Church  in  Hillsborough,  N.H., 
June  1 9,  1 805.  In  Nov.  1 809,  he  took  charge  of 
the  Cong.  Church  in  Mt.  Vernon,  N.H.,  but, 
becoming  a  Baptist,  resigned  in  1818,  and  was 
pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church,  North  Yarmouth, 
Me.,  from  Nov.  28,  1819,  imtil  called,  in  1822, 
to  the  chair  of  theology  in  Waterville  Coll., 
Me.  He  remained  there  until  1828,  when  he 
was  made  pres.  of  Col.  Coll.,  Washington, 
which  office  he  resigned  in  1841. 

Chaplin,  Jeremiah,  D.D.  (S.  C.  Coll. 
1819),  Baptist  minister,  b.  Rowley,  Ms.,  2  Jan. 
1776  ;  d.  Hamilton,  N.Y.,  May,  1841.  B.  U. 
1799.  Descended  from  Hugh.  3  years  tutor 
in  B.  U. ;  minister  in  Danvers  "from  1802 
to  1818;  pres.  Waterville  Coll.,  Me.,  1820-32; 
afterward  preached  in  Rowley,  Willington, 
Ct.,  and  Hamilton,  N.Y. 

Chapman,  Charles,  an  eminent  crim. 
lawyer,  and  politician,  b.  Newtown,  Ct.,  21 
June,  1799;  d.  Hartford,  Ct.,  7  Aug.  1869. 
Son  of  Judge  Asa.  Educated  at  an  acad. ; 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1823  ;  practised  at  Newton, 
1824-7  ;  at  N.  Haven,  and,  from  1 832,  at  Hart- 
ford ;  3  times  member  of  the  legisl. ;  U.  S.  dist. 
atty.  1841-5  ;  M.  C.  1851-3.  A  man  of  great 
powers  of  wit  and  sarcasm. 

Chapman,  George  Thomas,  D.  D. 
(Trans.  U.  1824),  Pr.-Ep.  clergyman,  b.  Pilton, 
Devonshire,  Eng,,  Sept.  21,  1786.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1804.  He  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  1795; 
practised  law  in  Bucksport,  Me.,  from  Dec. 
1808  to  1815  ;  ord.  deacon  by  Bishop  Griswold, 
1816;  priest,  Jan.  6,  1818;  rector  of  Christ 
Church,  Lexington,  Ky.,  July  1,  1820,  to  July 
1,  1830;  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  Portland,  Me., 
1832-5;  of  Grace  Church,  Newark,  N.  J., 
1837-41  ;  preached  in  Belleville,  N.J.,  in  1842  ; 
rector  of  St.  Stephen's  Church,  Pittsfield,  Ms., 
1846-52;  preached  some  months  in  Hanover, 
N.H.  Resides  in  Newburyport,  Ms.  He  pub. 
"  The  Ministry,  Worship,  and  Doctrines  of  the 
Prot.-Epis.  Church,"  a  vol.  of  20  sermons,  also 
a  vol.  of  27  "Sermons  to  Presbyterians  of  all 
Sects,"  besides  18  other  sermons,  and,  in  1867, 
"  Sketches  of  the  Alumni  of  Dartm.  Coll." 

Chapman,  John  G.,  b.  Charles  Co.,  Md., 
July  5,  1798;  d.  Dec.  10,  1856.  Educated  at 
Yale,  but  did  notgrad.,on  account  of  his  health. 
He  studied  law  with  Wm.  Wirt ;  practised 
some  years  ;  between  1824  and  '44  was  almost 
constantly  in  the  Md.  legisl. ;  M,  C.  1845-9; 
pres.  of  the  Const.  Conv.  of  Md.,  and  of  the 


National  Whig  Conv.  of  Baltimore  in  1856. 
He  was  an  eloquent  speaker. — Lanman. 

Chapman,  John  Gadsbt,  artist,  b.  Alex- 
andria, Va.  He  studied  and  practised  his  art 
at  Rome  several  years.  Establishing  himself 
in  New  York,  he  obtained  ample  employment 
by  his  ingenuity  and  taste.  He  has  furnished 
many  original  designs  for  the  illustration  of 
works  of  taste  or  fancy,  among  them  Schmidt's 
"  Tales,"  Whittier's  "  Songs  of  Labor,"  and 
Harper's  Bible.  He  also  painted  the  "Bap- 
tism of  Pocahontas"  for  one  of  the  panels  in 
the  rotunda  at  Washington.  Since  1848,  he 
has  resided  in  Rome.  Among  his  pictures 
are,  "  Israelites  Spoiling  the  Egyptians," 
"Etruscan  Girl,"  "A  Donkey's  Head,"  "The 
Last  Arrow,"  and  "Pirst  Italian  Milestone." 
He  pub.  "American  Drawing-Book,"  N.Y., 
4to,  and  "The  Amateur's  Drawing  Manual," 
4to,  1858. 

Chapman,  Nathaniel,  M.D.,  physician 
and  scholar,  b.  near  Alexandria,  Va.,  28  May, 
1780;  d.  Phila.,  1  July,  1853.  U.  ofPa.  1801. 
His  paternal  ancestor,  a  capt.  in  the  army,  and 
a  relative  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  came  to  Va. 
with  the  first  colonists.  Completing  his  stud- 
ies at  London  and  Edinburgh, where  he  took  his 
degree,  he  began  practice  in  Phila.  in  1804. 
Prof,  of  materia  medica  in  1813-16,  and  of 
practice,  institutes,  and  clinical  med.,  in  the  U. 
of  Pa.,  from  1816  to  1850.  Pounder  of  the 
Med.  Institute  in  1817,  he  lectured  there  dur- 
ing the  summer  for  nearly  25  years.  He  had 
charge  of  the  city  hospital  during  the  epidem- 
ic of  1820,  and  was  many  years  clinical  lecturer 
in  the  hospital  of  the  city  almshouse.  Pres. 
Amer.  Philos.  Society,  1846-8,  and  for  many 
years  of  the  Phila.  Med.  Soc.  Author  of  "  Lec- 
tures on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine," 
"Eruptive  Fevers,"  "  Thoracic  Vi-scera,"  "  El- 
ements of  Therapeutics  and  Materia  Medica,'* 
1817,  "Select  Speeches,  with  Critical  and  Il- 
lustrative Remarks,"  5  vols.,  8vo.  In  1820,  he 
began,  and  for  many  years  edited,  the  Phila. 
Journal  of  the  Medical  and  Phijsical  Sciences, 
and  contrib.  to  the  Portfolio  under  the  signature 
of  "Falkland."  — J.  B.  Biddle,  in  Gross's 
Amer.  Med.  Biog. 

Chapman,  Robert  Hett,  D.D.  (Wms. 
Coll.  1815),  pres.  of  the  U.  of  N.  C.  at  Chapel 
Hill,  1812-16,  b.  Orange,  N.J  ,  2  Mar.  1771  ; 
d.  Winchester,  Va.,  18  June,  1833.  N.J.  Coll. 
1789.  Son  of  Rev.  Jedediah  of  Western  N.Y., 
who  d.  22  May,  1813.  Licensed  by  the  Pres- 
bytery of  N.  Y.,  2  Oct.  1793  ;  pastor  of  Rah- 
way,  N. J.,  1796-1801,  and  of  Cambridge,  N.Y., 
in  1801-12,  afterwards  officiating  in  Va.,  N.C, 
and  Tenn. 

Charlevoix ( shar-leh-vwa'),  Peter  Fran- 
cis Xavier,  a  French  historian  and  mission- 
ary, b.  St.  Quentin,  Oct.  29,  1682  ;  d.  Lafleche, 
Feb.  1,  1761.  He  acquired  reputation  as  a 
teacher  of  languages  and  philos.  in  Jesuit  col- 
leges. Was  for  some  years  a  missionary  in 
Canada,  and,  on  his  return,  had  a  chief  share 
in  the  Journal  de  Trevoux  for  24  }^^ears.  In 
1720,  he  again  visited  Canada,  by  order  of  the 
French  king,  and  passing  up  the  St.  Lawrence, 
and  through  the  Lakes,  to  Michilimacinac, 
he  descended  through  Lake  Michigan  and  the 
Rivers  111.  and  Mpi.,  to  N.  Orleans.     In  1722, 


CHIA. 


177 


OHA. 


he  returned  to  France  by  way'of  St.  Domingo. 
His  works  are,  "  Journal  of  a  Voyage  from 
Kaskaskias  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,"  1721 
(French  Hist.  Colls,  of  La.,  vol.  ii.),  "  His- 
toire  et  Description  Gen€rale  de  Japaii,"  "  His- 
toire  Generale  de  Paraguaif,"  "  Ilistoire  de  I  'Isle 
de  St.  Dominique,"  "  Vie  de  Mere  Marie  de  I  'In- 
carnation," and  a  "  Hisfoire  Gen&ale  de  la 
Nouvelle  France,"  of  which  the  latter  is  most 
valuable,  describing  his  own  experience,  and 
the  manners  and  customs  of  the  natives,  for 
which  he  is  often  quoted  as  good  authority, 
though  not  free  from  partiality  and  creduhty. 

Charlton,  Robert  M.,  jurist  and  author, 
b.  Savannah,  19  Jan.  1807;  d.  there  18  Jan. 
1854.  Son  of  Judge  Thos.  B.,  a  capt.  of  art. 
at  the  capture  of  Charleston,  S.C,  who  d.  Nova 
Scotia,  1847.  Adm.  to  the  bar,  and  elected  to 
the  legisl.  in  1828;  app.  U.S.  dist-atty.  i)y 
Pres.  Jackson,  and  at  the  age  of  27  was  app. 
and  afterward  elected  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court 
of  the  eastern  dist.  of  Ga.  Twice  mayor  of 
Savannah,  and  U.S.  senator  in  1852—3.  He 
pub.  in  1839  a  vol.  of  poems,  including  the 
poetical  remains  of  a  deceased  bro.,  2d  ed., 
1842  ;  and  contrib.  many  pieces  both  in  prose 
and  verse  to  the  Kncikerhoclcer  Mag.  Esteemed 
for  his  finished  oratory  and  for  his  geniality. 

Chase,  CAnLxoN,  D.D.  (U.  of  Vt.  1839), 
Prot.-Epis.  bishop  of  N.H.  (consec.  20  Oct. 
1844),  b.  Hopkinton,  N.H.,  Feb.  20,  1794  ;  d. 
Ciaremont,  N.H.,  Jan.  18,  1870.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1817.  Ord.  deacon,  1818;  priest.  1820;  rector 
of  Immanuel  Church,  Bellows  Falls,  Vt.,  from 
1819  to  1844;  and  of  Trinity  Church,  Ciare- 
mont, N.H.  in  1844-63.  After  the  deposition 
of  Bisho])  Onderdonck  of  N.Y.,  Bishop  Chase 
performed  for  a  time  the  episcopal  duties  of  that 
diocese.  At  his  death,  he  was  a  royal  arch 
Mason. 

Chase,  Dudley,  statesman  and  jurist,  b. 
Cornish,  N.H.,  Dec.  30,  1771  ;  d.  Randolph, 
Vt.,  Feb.  23,  1846.  Dartm.  Coll.  1791,  where 
also  his  4  bros.  were  educated,  —  Salmon,  father 
of  the  senator  ;  Baruch,  a  lawyer  ;  Heber,  who 
d.  in  1797  ;  and  Philander,  bishop  of  O.  Adm. 
to  the  practice  of  law  in  1793,  he  was  State 
atty.  for  Orange  Co.  from  1803  to  1811  ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Const.  Conv.  of  1814  and  of  1822  ; 
lor  a  number  of  years  a  member,  and,  from 
1808  to  1812,  speaker,  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives of  Vt. ;  U.S.  senator  from  1813  to 
1817;  chief-justice  of  the  Supreme  Couit  of 
Vt.,  1817-21,  and  again  U.S.  senator  in  1825-31. 

Chase,  Irah,  D.D.,  theologian,  b.  Strat- 
ton,  Vt.,  Oct.  5, 1793;  d.  Newtonvi!le,Ms.,  Nov. 
1,1864.  Middleb.  Coll.  1814.  After  studying 
at  Andover,  he  was  ord.  in  1817  ;  labored  as  a 
Baptist  missionary  in  Western  Va. ;  became  in 
1818  prof,  in  the  theol.  school  at  Pliila.,  which 
was  soon  after  transferred  to  Washington. 
In  1825,  he  was  prominent  in  establishing 
the  theol.  school  at  Newton  Centre,  Ms., 
of  which  he  was  prof,  till  1845.  In  1830,  he 
was  instrumental  in  founding  the  Baptist  mis- 
sion in  France.  He  subsequently  contrib.  to 
reviews  on  questions  of  church  history  and 
Christian  doctrine.  He  pub  "  Life  of  Bunyan," 
"  The  Design  of  Baptism,"  "  The  Constitu- 
tion of  the  Holy  Apostles,"  "  Infant  Baptism 
an  Invention  of  Man,"  &c. 
12 


Chase,  Lucien  B.,  M.C.  from  Tenn., 
1845-9;  author  of  a  "History  of  President 
Polk's  Administration."  B.  Vt.,  1817;  d. 
Dec.  1864. 

Chase,  Philander,  D.D.,  Prot.-Epis. 
bishop  of  111.,  b.  Cornish,  N.H.,  Dec.  14, 1775  ; 
d.  Peoria,  111.,  Sept.  20,  1852.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1796.  He  was  descended  from  Aquila  Chase, 
who  came  from  Cornwall,  Eng.,  in  1640,  and 
settled  at  Newbury.  His  grandson  Dudley, 
father  of  the  bishop,  removed  to  a  township 
above  Fort  No.  4  on  the  Ct.,  and  founded  the 
town  of  Cornish.  A  severe  injury  to  one  of 
his  limbs  prevented  his  becoming  a  farmer. 
Ord.  deacon,  May  10,  1798,  and  priest,  Nov.  10, 
1799,  and  was  for  several  years  zealously  en- 
gaged in  missionary  labors  in  Western  N.Y.  In 
1805,  he  went  to  N.  Orleans,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  the  organization  of  the  Prot.-Epis. 
church  in  that  city  ;  returning  to  the  North  in 
1811,  and,  until  1817,  was  rector  of  Christ 
Church,  Hartford,  Ct.  Feb.  11,  1819,  he  was 
consec.  bishop  of  0.,  and  in  1823  went  to  Eng. 
to  solicit  aid  for  Kenyon  Coll.  and  theol.  sem. 
in  his  diocese,  with  great  success.  Difficulties 
having  arisen  with  some  of  his  clergy  in  regard 
to  the  disposal  of  the  funds  he  had  collected, 
and  other  matters,  he  resigned  the  jurisdiction 
of  his  diocese,  Sept.  9, 1831  ;  removed  toMich., 
and  Mar.  8,  1835,  being  made  bishop  of  III., 
he  visited  li^ng.  a  second  time  in  behalf  of 
education  in  the  West.  In  1838,  he  returned, 
with  funds  sufficient  to  lay  the  foundation  of 
Jubilee  Coll.  at  Robin's  Nest,  Peoria  Co.,  111. 
Bp.  Chase,  notwithstanding  his  size  and  cor- 
pulence, was  an  exceedingly  active  and  labori- 
ous man,  and,  though  not  learned,  had  great 
diplomatic  talents,  and  intuitive  knowledge  of 
hun^ian  nature,  great  shrewdness,  and  accom- 
plished an  amount  of  good  tenfold  greater  than 
many  incomparably  his  superiors  in  scholastic 
knowledge.  He  pub.  in  two  8vo  vols.  "  Rem- 
iniscences "  of  his  life  and  labors;  "Plea 
for  the  West,"  1826  ;  "  Star  of  Kenyon  Coll.," 
1828;  "Defence  of  Kenyon  Coll.,"  1831.  A 
serious  injury,  caused  by  being  thrown  from 
his  carriage,  hastened  the  aged  bishop's  decease, 
and,  a  few  days  after,  he  sank  quietly  to  rest. 

Chase,  Salmon  Portland,  statesman, 
nephew  ot  Bishop  Chase,  b.  Cornish,  N.H. ,13 
Jan.  1808.  Dartm  Coll.  1828.  Losing  his 
father  at  the  age  of  12,  he  found  a  home  with 
his  uncle,  the  bishop,  who  superintended  his 
studies.  He  taught  school  in  Washington, 
D.C.,  in  1827-9  ;  studied  law  under  Wm.  Wirt; 
settled  in  Cincinnati  ab.  1830;  prepared  an 
edition  of  the  statutes  of  0.,  of  received  author- 
ity ;  and  became  eminent  at  the  bar,  where  his 
hostility  to  slavery  found  frequent  expression. 
He  was  in  the  city  council  in  1840,  and  sup- 
ported Harrison  for  the  presidency  ;  took  a  lead- 
ing part  in  organizing  the  "  Liberty  party"  at 
Columbus  in  Dec.  1841  ;  was  active  in  its  con- 
ventions; and  in  that  held  at  Cincinnati  in  June, 
1845,  prepared  an  address,  widely  circulated, 
giving  a  history  of  slavery  in  the  U.S.,  and 
arguing  the  necessity  of  political  organization 
to  denationalize  it.  The  convention  of  the 
"Free  Soil"  party  at  BuffiUo  in  Aug.  1848, 
called  through  his  efforts,  nominated  VanBuren 
for  the  presidency.     Chosen  by  the  Democrats 


CltA. 


178 


CII^ 


of  the  Ohio  legisl.  to  the  U.S.  senate  in  Feb. 

1849,  he  spoke  aj^ainst  the  Compromise  Bill  in 

1850,  and  separated  from  that  party  on  the 
nomination  of  Mr.  Pierce  to  the  presidency  in 
1852.  In  1854,  he  drafted  an  appeal  to  the 
people  against  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  and 
in  a  speech,  3  Feb.,  elaborately  exposed  its 
objects.  He  proposed  to  add  a  clause  to  it,  that 
"  the  people  of  the  territory,  through  their  ap- 
propriate representatives,  may,  if  they  see  fit, 
proliibit  the  existence  of  slavery  therein  :  " 
rejected  10  to  36.  He  advocated  the  Homestead 
Bill,  and  the  grant  of  aid  toward  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Pacific  Railroad.  Gov.  of  0.,  1 85.5- 
9.  Supported  J.  C.  Fremont  for  the  presidency 
in  1857.  His  decided  action  compelled  the 
resignation,  in  1857,  of  the  State  treasurer,  who 
was  a  defaulter  ;  and  bis  prompt  and  judicious 
arrangements  protected  the  credit  of  the  State, 
and  averted  a  large  pecuniary  loss.  At  the  peace 
conference  in  Feb.  1861,  he  proposed  compen- 
sation to  the  owners  of  fugitive  slaves.  Made 
sec.  of  the  treasury  in  Lincoln's  cabinet.  Mar. 
4,  1861.  In  Jan.  1862,  he  recommended  that 
the  U.S.  notes  be  made  a  legal  tender.  He 
raised  money  by  the  issue  of  "  greenbacks," 
which  bore  no  interest,  and  by  loans,  which  were 
taken  at  moderate  rates,  mostly  by  the  people 
of  the  U.S.  His  financial  services  during  the 
Rebellion  were  second  only  in  importance  to 
those  of  the  war  dept.  Resigning,  30  June, 
1864,  his  friends  endeavored  to  procure  for  him 
the  nomination  to  the  presidency,  but  without 
success.  He  succeeded  Chief  Justice  Taney  as 
the  head  of  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court,  12  Oct. 
1864.  He  presided  over  the  court  of  impeach- 
ment (Mar.  1868)  for  the  trial  of  Pres.  Johnson, 
whose  acquittal  he  favored.  Unsucessful  can- 
didate for  the  Democ.  nomination  for  pres.  in 
July,  1868.  He  has  contrib.  to  the  N.  A. 
Review,  and  to  the  Western  Monthly  Magazine, 
and  is  the  author  of  some  good  verses.  —  See 
Mrs.  Stowe's  Men  of  our  Time. 

Chase,  Samuel,  jurist  and  statesman,  b. 
Somerset  Co.,  Md.,  17  Apr.  1741  ;  d.  19  June, 
1811.  Son  of  Rev.  Thos.  Chase,  a  native  of 
Eng.,  by  whom  he  was  carefully  educated. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1761,  and  settled  in  Annap- 
olis, where  his  talents,  industry,  intrepidity, 
imposing  stature,  sonorous  voice,  and  energet- 
ic elocution  raised  him  to  distinction.  In  the 
colonial  legisl.,  of  which  he  was  20  years  a 
member,  he  vehemently  opposed  the  Stamp 
Act;  was  a  member  of  the  committee  of  cor- 
resp.,  and  a  delegate  to  Congress  in  1774-9, 
He  denounced  Zubly  of  Georgia  as  a  traitor, 
compelling  him  to  flee  the  Congress,  whose  se- 
crets he  was  divulging  to  the  enemy  ;  was  in 
1776,  with  Franklin  and  Carrol,  a  commission- 
er to  form  a  plan  of  union  between  the  Colo- 
nies and  Canada,  and,  on  his  return,  labored 
successfully  to  change  the  sentiment  of  Md., 
BO  as  to  authorize  him  to  vote,  as  he  did,  for  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  of  which  he  was 
one  of  the  signers.  He  served  with  unwearied 
industry  on  many  of  the  important  committees 
of  Congress.  In  1 783,  he  was  the  agent  of  Md. 
in  Eng.,  to  reclaim  a  large  sum  of  money  in- 
trusted to  the  Bank  of  Eng.,  $650,000  of  which 
was  subsequently  paid  over  to  the  State.  In 
1788.  he  was  a  member  of  the  convention  to 


consider  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.,  which 
he  did  not  regard  as  sufficiently  democ. ;  chief- 
justice  of  the  Gen.  Court  of  Md.,  1791-6; 
asso.-justice  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  27  Jan. 
1796  to  his  d.  Warmly  attached  to  the  prin- 
ciples and  measures  of  the  administrations  of 
Washington  and  Adams  ;  after  the  change  of 
administration  in  1804,  he  was,  at  the  instance 
of  John  Randolph,  impeached  for  his  conduct 
in  the  trials  of  Fries  and  Callender,  solely  on 
political  grounds,  but  was  acquitted  by  the 
senate.  He  was  a  somewhat  irascible  man, 
and  sometimes  was  overbearing  as  a  judge, 
but  was  learned,  able,  and  patriotic. 

Chase,  Thomas,  dep.  Q.  M.  gen.,  north- 
ern department,  in  Revol.  war;  d.  Boston, 
May  17,  1787. 

Chastellux  (sha'-ta'-luks'),  Francois 
Jean,  Marquis  de,  author  and  soldier,  b. 
Paris,  1734;  d.  there  Oct.  28, 1788.  Entering 
the  army  at  15,  he  was  col.  of  the  regt.  Gnjjenne 
through  the  war  in  Germany,  1754-63;  be- 
came Mare'chal  de  Camp,  and  in  1780  was  a 
maj.-gen.  in  Rochambeau's  army  in  Amer., 
gaining  the  particular  friendship  of  Washing- 
ton. On  his  return  to  France,  he  was  made  a 
field-marshal,  and  a  member  of  the  Acad. 
His  literary  reputation  was  established,  in  1772, 
by  his  De  la  I'YIicif^  Publiqne."  His  "  Voyage 
dans  I  'Am€riqae  Septentrionale  dans  les  Antie'es 
1780-2,"  2  vols.,  8vo, Paris,  1786,  contains  noti- 
ces of  the  natural  history  of  the  country,  inter- 
esting details  of  the  localities  and  events  of  the 
war,  and  observations  on  the  character  of  the 
principal  actors  in  it.  This  work  was  translated 
by  Geo.  Grieve,  and  pub.  in  London  in  1787. 
liis  discourse  "  De  la  D€converte  de  I  'Ame'rique," 
and  "  Di scours  en  Vers,  addresses  aux  Officierset 
Soldats  des  Differentes  Armies  Am^ricaines,"  were 
translated  by  David  Humphreys.  The  year 
before  he  d.  he  m.  Miss  Plunket,  a  young  lady 
of  Irish  extraction. 

Chatham,  William  Pitt,  Earl,  orator 
and  statesman,  b.  Westminster,  15  Nov.  1708  ; 
d.  11  May,  1778.  Son  of  Robert  Pitt,  Esq., 
of  Boconock,  Cornwall.  Studied  at  Eton 
and  Oxford,  entered  parliament  in  1735,  and 
opposed  Sir  Robert  Walpole  with  such  effect, 
that  the  Duchess  of  Marlborough  bequeathed 
Pitt  a  legacy  of  £10,COO.  Made  joint  vice- 
treas.  of  Ireland  in  1746,  soon  afterward  treas. 
and  paymaster  of  the  army,  and  privy  council- 
lor. He  was  dismissed  from  office  in  1 755,  hav- 
ing connected  himself  with  the  Grenville  party, 
through  his  marriage  with  Hester,  dau.  of 
Richard  Grenville.  Made  in  1757  sec.  of  State, 
he  infused  his  own  spirit  and  energy  into  the 
public  service  everywhere,  made  Eng.  trium- 
phant in  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  and  added 
Canada  to  her  dominions.  He  resigned  in  Oct. 
1761,  and  received  a  pension  of  £3,000  a  year. 
He  advocated  a  conciliatory  policy  toward 
the  Amer.  Colonies,  and  the  repeal  of  theStamp 
Act.  In  1766,  he  formed  a  new  ministry,  in 
which  he  took  the  privy  seal,  and  was  made 
Earl  of  Chatham,  but  quitted  office  finally  in 
1768.  In  the  house  of  lords,  he  opposed  the 
coercive  measures  employed  against  Amer.,  in 
speeches  of  great  ability  and  eloquence;  but  in 
reply  to  a  motion  by  the  Duke  of  Portland, 
in  Apr.  1778,  urging  the  acknowledgment  of 


CHA. 


179 


OHLA. 


the  independence  of  Amer.,  Chatham,  who  had 
just  left  a  sick-bed,  opposed  it  with  all  the  ar- 
dent eloquence  of  his  younger  days.  The 
Duke  of  Richmond  having  replied  to  this 
speech,  Chatham  attempted  to  rise  again,  but 
fainted,  and  was  borne  home  in  a  state  of  ex- 
haustion, from  which  he  never  recovered.  He 
had  a  public  funeral  at  the  national  expense, 
and  a  monument  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Chaumonot  (sho'-mo'-no''),  or  Chaumox- 
NOT,  PiERRK  Marie  Joseph,  a  French  Jesuit, 
b.  near  Chatillon-sur-Seine,  in  1611 ;  d.  Lorette, 
near  Quebec,  Feb.  21,  1693.  After  robbing 
an  uncle,  wlio  directed  his  education,  he  went 
to  Rome,  where,  under  an  assumed  character, 
he  became  a  Jesuit.  Repenting  of  his  errors, 
he  was,  after  being  ord.  priest,  sent,  at  his  own 
request,  as  a  missionary  to  the  N.  Amer.  Indi- 
ans. Landing  at  Quebec  with  Father  Poncet, 
in  1639,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  instruction 
of  the  Hurons  and  Neutrals.  When  the  Hu- 
rons  were  dispersed  by  the  Iroquois,  in  1650, 
he  accomp.  a  small  party  of  the  fugitives  to 
Quebec.  The  next  year,  he  formed  with  the 
Hurons  a  Christian  settlement  at  Isle  Orleans. 
In  1655,  he  visited  the  Onondagas,  but  re- 
turned in  1658,  and  helped  found  the  mission 
of  Notre  Dame  de  Foye,  near  Quebec.  Soon 
after  its  removal  to  Lorette,  in  1693,  which 
mission  he  had  founded  ab.  the  year  1670,  he 
ended  his  long  career  of  labor  and  hardship.  . 
He  left  an  excellent  grammar  of  the  Huron 
tongue,  pub.  by  the  Hist.  Society  of  Quel)cc, 
1835,  a  list  of  radical  and  derivative  words,  a 
catechism,  and  a  series  of  instructions,  all  in  the 
same  language,  and  a  memoir  of  his  own  life. 
These  are  unpub.  — App/eton's  New  Amer.Cijdo. 

Chauncy  (chahn'-si),  Charles,  B.  D., 
2d  pres.  of  H.  U.,  and  the  ancestor  of  all  who 
bear  the  name  in  the  U.S.  ;  b.  Yardley  Herts., 
Eng.,  1592;  d.  Feb.  19,  1672.  Educated  at 
Westminster  and  Cambridfre,  he  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Archbishop  Usher,  and  was  app. 
prof  of  Hebrew,  and  afterward  of  Greek,  at 
Cambridge.  He  was  a  scholar  at  Westminster 
at  the  time  of  the  gunpowder  plot  to  blow  up  the 
building.  In  1627,  he  became  vicar  of  Ware, 
Hertfordshire.  His  stern  Puritanism  involved 
him  in  difficulties  with  the  ecclesiastical  au- 
thorities :  he  was  imprisoned  and  fined,  and 
recanted,  but  soon  repented  of  his  recantation. 
He  therefore  determined  to  embark  for  N.E,, 
where  he  arrived  a  few  days  before  the  great 
earthquake,  June  1,  1638.  He  was  re-or- 
dained, and  for  3  years  remained  in  Plymouth, 
as  assist,  pastor  to  Mr.  Raynor,  and  then  took 
pastoral  charge  of  the  church  in  Scituate,  Ms. 
A  change  in  the  ecclesiastical  polity  of  Eng. 
determined  him  to  return  to  his  vicarage  in 
Ware;  but  the  offer  of  the  presidency  of  the. 
university,  which  he  accepted  Nov.  27,  1654, 
kept  him  here  till  his  death.  He  pub.  a  few 
theol.  works,  and  a  number  of  sermons.  He 
was  zealous  against  wearing  long  hair,  and 
baptizing  the  children  of  non-communicants ; 
a  man  of  great  industry  and  learning,  and  was 
eminent  as  a  physician.  He  left  6  sons,  who 
all  grad.  at  Harvard,  and  became  preachers. 

Chauncey,  Charles,  D.D.  {U.  of  Edinb. 
1742),  clergyman  of  Boston,  great-grandson  of 
Pres.  C,  kJan.  1,1705;   d.  Feb.  10,  1787. 


H.U.  1721.  Ord.  pastor  of  the  1st  church  in 
Boston,  Oct.  25,  1727,  as  the  colleague  of  Mr. 
Foxcroft.  He  was  minister  of  one  parish  for  60 
years.  Among  his  numerous  publications  are, 
"  A  Complete  View  of  the  Episcopacy,"  being 
the  substance  of  a  discussion  with  Dr.  Chand- 
ler of  N.J. ;  "  Seasonable  Thoughts  on  the 
State  of  Religion  in  N.  England; "  "  Discourse 
on  Enthusiasm,"  1742,  directed  against  White- 
field  ;  "  Remarks  on  the  Bishop  of  LandafFs 
Sermon,"  1767;  "Mystery  hid  from  Ages, 
or  the  Salvation  of  all  Men,"  1785;  "The 
Benevolence  of  the  Deity,"  1784;  "Five  Dis- 
sertations on  the  Fall  and  its  Consequences," 
1785.  He  was  a  warm  friend  of  his  country 
during  the  Revol.  struggle,  was  a  man  of  great 
learning  and  piety,  and  was  an  active  contro- 
versialist.—  See  Chauncey  Memo' Is,  W.  C. 
Fowler. 

Chauncey,  Charles,  LL.  D.  (Mid.  Coll. 
1811),  a  disting.  lawyer,  b.  Durham,  Ct.,  June 
11,1747;  d.  New  Haven,  April  18, 1823.  Y.  C. 
1779.  Removing  to  New  Haven,  he  was  adra. 
to  the  bar  in  Nov.  1768 ;  app.  State's  atty.  in 
1776;  and  was  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court 
in  1789-93.  He  was  40  years  a  lecturer  on 
jurisp.,  and  was  pres.  of  the  first  agric.  society 
of  Ct.,  of  which  he  was  a  principal  founder.  His 
son  Charles,  LL.  D.  (Y.  C.  1827),  a  leading 
lawyer  of  the  Phila.  bar,  b.  N.  Haven,  Aug.  17, 
1777;  d.  Wilmington,  N.  J.,  Aug.  30,  1849. 
Y.  C.  1792.     He  removed  ab.  1798  to  Phila. 

Chauncey,  Isaac,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  b.  Black 
Rock,  Ct.,  Feb.  20,  1772;  d.  Washington,  Jan. 
27,  1840.  Entering  the  merchant-service  very 
young,  he  com.  a  ship  at  19,  and  made  several 
successful  voyages  to  the  E.  Indies  in  the 
ships  of  J.  J.  Astor.  On  the  organization  of 
the  navy,  he  was  made  a  lieut.  Sept.  17,  1798; 
was  acting  capt.  of  the  frigate  "  Chesapeake" 
early  in  1802;  was  hi;:hly  praised  for  his  conduct 
in  several  actions  off  Tripoli ;  became  master. 
May  23,  1804;  and  capt.  April  24,  1806.  In 
the  War  of  1812,  he  com.  the  naval  force  on 
Lake  Ontario,  but  was  unable  to  bring  the 
British  com.,  Sir  James  Yco,  to  action.  April 
25, 1813,  he  conveyed  Gen.  Pike's  force  to  York, 
which  was  captured,  Chauncey's  gallantry  being 
conspicuous.  May  27,  he  again  co-operated 
with  the  land-force  in  the  capture  of  Fort 
George,  which  brought  about  the  evacuation,  by 
the  British,  of  the  whole  Niagara  frontier.  Sept. 
27,  Chauncey  succeeded  in  getting  up  with  Yeo, 
in  York  Bay.  "  The  Pike,"  his  flagship,  was,  on 
this  occasion,  manoeuvred  and  fought  in  a  man- 
ner ever  since  a  theme  of  admiration  in  the 
navy.  Before  the  whole  Amer.  squadron  could 
get  into  action,  the  enemy  bore  up,  Chauncey 
following.  A  heavy  gale  stopped  the  chase, 
and  prevented  the  destruction  of  the  British 
fleet.  After  the  war,  he  com.  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  with  Wm.  Shaler,  consul,  negoti- 
ated a  treaty  with  Algiers.  Navy  commiss.  at 
Washington  in  1820,  and  from  1833  until  his 
death.  He  was  a  model  of  gallantry,  energy, 
and  skill ;  father  of  Com.  J.  S. 

Chauncey,  Com.  John  S.,  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
New  York;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  11  Apr.  1871. 
Midshipman,  Jan.  1,1812;  lieut.  Jan.  13,  1825; 
com.  Sept.  8, 1841  ;  capt.  Sept.  14, 1855  ;  comm. 
July    16,    1862;    in   sloop  "  Peacock,"   W.I. 


CHA 


180 


cm^ 


squadron,  in  Aug.  1822;  engaged  in  capturing 
7  pirate  vessels  and  a  heavily-armed  pirate 
scliooner  off  Biihia  Honda,  Cuba;  assist,  insp. 
of  ordnance,  1838-43;  insp.  of  do.,  1847-50; 
com.  sloop  "  Vandalia,"  W.  I.  squadron,  1843- 
5 ;  corn,  steam-sloop  "  Susquehanna,"  1861  ;  en- 
gaged forts  Hatteras  and  Clark,  as  second  in 
com.,  Aug.  29-30, 1861 ;  in  com.  of  blockade  of 
sounds  of  Va.  and  N.C.,Sept.l86l. — Hamerslji. 

Chauncey,  Ichabod  Wolcott,  capt.  U. 

S.  N. ;  d.  Pensacola,  Oct.  14, 183.5.  Mid.  June 
28,  1804;  lieut.  Jan.  7,  1810;  master,  March 
5,  1817  ;  capt.  Apr.  24,  1828. 

Chauveau  (sho-v5'),  Pierre  J.  O.,  LL.D., 
Canadian  author  and  politician,  b.  Quebec, 
May  30,  1820.  Son  of  a  merchant.  Was  edu- 
cated at  the  sem.  of  Quebec  ;  studied  law,  and 
wrote  politiciil  articles  for  "  Le  Canndien  "  and 
"  Le  Courier  d( 8  E tats  Unis,"  N.  York.  Pie  was 
elected  to  parliament  in  1844  and  1848;  was 
app.  solicitor-gen.  in  1851  ;  prov.  sec.  in  1853  ; 
and  in  July,  1855,  superintendent  of  educa- 
tion. His  best  work  is  "Charles  Gu6in,Roinan 
de  McEurs  Canadiennes,"  1853.  He  is  liberal 
in  politics.  —  Morgan. 

Chauvenet,  William,  LL.  D.,  mathe- 
matician, b.  Milford,  Pa.,  1820;  d.  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  13  Dec,  1870.  Y.  C.  1840.  He  was 
first  employed  in  taking  meteor,  observations 
at  Girard  Coll.  Obs. ;  became  in  1841  instr. 
in  maths,  at  the  U.  S.  Naval  Asylum,  Phila. ; 
prof  of  astron.  and  maths,  at  the  Naval  Acad., 
Annapolis,  1845-59 ;  prof  of  astron.  and  maths, 
at  Wash.  U.,  St.  Louis,  1859-62;  chancellor 
of  the  U.,  1862-9.  Author  of  "Binomial 
Theorem  and  Logarithm^,"  1843;  "Plane 
and  Spherical  Tiigonoinetry,"  1850;  "New 
Method  of  Correcting  Lunar  Distances,"  1850; 
"The  Great  Circle-Protractor,"  fol.,  1855; 
"Manualof  Spher.  and  Pract.  Astron.,  "2  vols., 
1863;  and  "  Elem.  Gcom.,"  1870. 

Cheetham,  James,  editor  American  Citi- 
zen, NY.,  1798;  d.  there  Sept.  19,  1810,  a.  37. 
He  pub.  "Reply  to  Aristides,"  1804;  "Nine 
Letters  on  Burr's  Defection,"  1803;  "Peace, 
or  War?"  1807;  "Life  of  Thos.  Paine," 
1809.  Of  this  work,  penned  with  "  settled 
malignity,"  Cheetham  left  a  revised  copy  in 
the  library  of  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  He  was  an 
English  radical,  escaped  from  the  Manchester 
riots  of  1798,  had  a  mind  largely  cultivated  by 
reading,  and  remarkable  powers  of  invective. 
—  See  Dr.  Francis's  Old  New  York. 

Cheever,  Ezekiel,  an  eminent  N.  E. 
schoolmaster,  b.  London,  Jan.  25,  1616;  d. 
Boston,  Aug.  21,  1708.  The  son  of  a  linen- 
draper.  He  had  a  superior  classical  training,  as 
evinced  by  some  Latin  verses  and  essays  still 
extant  in  MS.  Came  to  Boston  in  1637,  but 
in  1638,  with  Davenport  and  Eaton,  founded 
New  Haven.  Chosen  a  deacon  soon  after  the 
organization  of  a  church,  he  occasionally  offi- 
ciated as  a  preacher;  taught  a  public  school 
there  from  1638  till  1650,  and  represented  the 
town  in  the  Gen.  Assembly  in  1646.  He  was 
master  of  the  grammar  school  at  Ipswich 
from  1650  to  1661  ;  taught  the  free  school  in 
Charlestown  from  1661  to  1770,  and  from  that 
time  until  his  death  had  charge  of  the  Boston 
Latin  School.  While  teaching  at  New  Haven, 
he  prepared  the  "  Accidence, a  Short  Introduc- 


tion to  the  Latin  Tongue,"  which,  in  1785,  had 
reached  20  editions,  and  was  for  more  than  a 

century  the  hand-book  of  the  Latin   scholars  ■■ 

of   N.  E.      He   also    wrote   a   little   treatise,  j 

"  Scripture  Prophecies  Explained,  in  3  short  \ 

Essays."     A  funeral   disc,  by  Cotton   Mather,  \ 

with  poems  from  his  MS.,  was  pub.,  Boston,  i 

1828.      His  son    Samui;l,    first    minister    of  ■ 

Marblehead,  d.  there  May  29,  1724,  a.  85.     H.  i 
U.  1659.     B.  New  Haven,Ct.,  Sept.  22,  1639  ; 

ord.  Aug.  13,  1684.  | 

Cheever,  George  Barrell,  D.D.,  clergy-  | 

man  and  author,  b.   Hallowell,  Me.,  Apr.  17,  j 

1807.  Bowd.Coll.  1825  ;  And.  Thcol.  Sem.  1830.  i 

Ord.  pastor  Howard-st.  Cong.  Church,  Salem,  j 

Ms.,  1832.     While  at  Andovcr  and  Salem,  he  j 

contributed  in  prose  and  verse  on  literary  and  ; 

theolo;:;ical  topics  to  the  North  Am.  Review,  Bib-  ' 

lical  Repository,  and  other  periodicals.     Enga-  \ 

ging  in  the  Unitarian  Controversy,  he  wrote  a  j 

defence  of  the   orthodoxy  of  Cudworth.     Es-  j 

pousing  the  temperance  cause,  he  pub.  in    a  | 

Salem   newspaper,  in   1835,  a  dream,  entitled  ' 

"Deacon  Giles's  Distillery."     The  friends  of  | 

the  deacon   made   a    riotous    attack    on    Mr.  ] 

Cheever,  who  was  tried  for  libel,  and  imprisoned  \ 

30  days.      Resigning  his  pastorate,  he  went  to  | 

Europe,  contrib.  letters  to  theiV.  Y. Observer, t\nA^  \ 

on  his  return  in  1839,  took  charge  of  the  Allen-st.  ; 

Prcsb.  Church,  N  Y.     He  soon  after  delivered  i 

his  lectures  on  the  "Pilgrim's  Progress,"   and  ; 

on  "Hierarchical  Despotism."     In  1843,  in  3  i 
public    debates   with    J.    L.    O'Sullivan,     he 

argued  forcapital  punishment.     He  was  in  Eu-  ] 

rope  in    1844,  as  corresp.  editor  of  the  N.Y.  ^ 

Evanrjelist,  of  which  he   was  principal  editor  ! 

after  his  return  in  1845.     Since  1846,  he  has  | 

been  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Puritans,  in  ■ 
iS'ew  York,  and  is  disting.  as  a  preacher.  He  has 
contrib.  much  to  the  N.Y.  Inde}yendent,  and  the 
Bibliotheca  Sacra.  Among  his  publications  are 
"  Commonplace  Books  of  Prose  and  Poetry," 
1828   and   29;    "Studies  in    Poetry,"    1830; 

"  SelectWorks  of  Archbishop  Leighton,"  1832 ;  ' 
"Lectures  on  the  Pilgrim's  Progress,"  1844; 
"Wanderings  of  a  Pil-rim,"    1845  and  '46; 

"Journal  of  the    Pil-rrims    at    Plvmouth    in  ■ 

1620,"  1848;  "Windings  of  the  River  of  the  i 
Water  of  Life,"  1849;   "Lectures  on  the  Life, 

Genius,  and  Sanctity  of  Cowper,"  1 856  ;  "  God  i 

against  Slavery,"  1857  ;   "  Voyage  to  the  Ce-  ; 

lestial  Country,"  &c.  ; 

Cheever,  Henry  T.,  brother  of  the  pre-  j 

cedinii:,  a  Cong,  clergyman,  has  written  several  ; 

popular  books  of  travel  and  biography,  among  | 

them  "  Island  World  of  the  Pacific,"  "  Life  in  i 

the  Sandwich  Islands,"  "  The  Whale  and  his  ' 

Captors,"  1849;  "  Autobiog.   and  Memorials  j 

of  Capt.   Obadiah   Congar,"  1851  ;  "  Biogra-  ' 

phy  of  Nathaniel  Cheever,  M.D.,"  1851 ;  "  The  ^ 

Pulpit  and  the  Pew,"  1858.     Resides  at  Green  i 

Point,  L.I.  I 

Cheney,   Harriet    V.,  author,  dau.  of 

Hannah  Foster,  b.  Ms.     Has  pub.  "  The  Sun-  j 

day-school,"  written  in  conjunction  with  her  sis-  j 

ter,  "A  Peep  at  the  Pilgrims,"  1850;    "The  i 

Rivals  of  Acadia,"  "  Sketches  from  the  Life  of  1 

Christ,"  "  Confessions  of  an    Early  Martyr,"  ! 

1840.     Mrs.  Gushing,  her  sister,  has  pub.  "  Es-  ' 

ther,"  a  dramatic  poem,  and   some  works   for  I 
the  young.  — Allibone. 


CHE 


181 


CHE 


Cheney,  Seth,  an  artist  celebrated  for  his 
crayon-drawings;  d.  Manchester,  Ct.,  Sept.  10, 
1856,  a.  55.  He  excelled  in  giving  a  purity 
and  spirituality  to  his  pieces.  John  Cheney, 
his  brother,  excelled  as  an  engraver  of  heads. 
—  Even.  Post,  Sept.  1 1 . 

Chesebro,  Caroline,  authoress,  b.  Ca- 
nandaigua,  N.  Y.  Her  first  talcs  and  sketches 
appeared  in  1848,  in  Graham's  Magazine,  and 
Ilolden's  Dollar  Magazine.  In  1851,  a  vol.  of 
her  writings  was  pub.,  entitled  "  Dreamland 
by  Daylight,  a  Panorama  of  Romance ;  "  in 
1852,  "Isa  a  Pilgrimage,"  and  in  1856,  "  Vic- 
toria, or  the  World  overcome,"  a  novel.  She 
has  also  pub.  ''The  Beautiful  Gate,  and  other 
Tales,"  and  has  contrib.  occasionally  to  news- 
papers, and  frequently  to  Putnam's,  Harpers', 
the  Knickerbocker,  and'  the  Atlantic  Magazines. 

Cliester,  Col.  Johx,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Wethersiield,  Jan.  29,  1749;  d.  there  Nov,  4, 
1809.  Y.C.  1766.  Son  of  Col.  John  (H.U. 
1722),  whose  gr.-grandfather  Leonard,  of  Bla- 
by,  Leicestershire,  Eng.,  came  over  in  1633,  was 
an  original  settler  of  W.,  and  d.  there  1 1  Dec. 
1648,  a.  39.  A  representative  in  1772,  he  was 
a  capt.,  and  disting.  at  the  battle  of  Bunker's 
Hill ;  was  afterwards  made  col.,  and  continued 
in  the  army  until  1777.  He  was  subsequently 
some  time  speaker  of  the  legisl.  of  Ct.,  and  a 
member  of  the  council,  1788-91  and  1803; 
supervisor  of  the  dist.  of  Ct ,  1791-1801,  and 
he  also  held  for  some  time  the  office  of  judge 
of  the  county  court  of  probate. 

Chester,  Joseph  Lemuel,  antiquary,  b. 
Norwich,  Ct.,  April  30,  1821.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  pursuits  in  Phila.  until 
1852,  and  was  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  press, 
principally  under  various  signatures,  of  which 
the  best  known  is  that  of  "Julian  Cramer." 
He  then  became  connected  with  the  Phila. 
press,  and  was  some  time  an  assist,  clerk  in 
the  U.  S.  H.  of  representatives.  Since  1858, 
he  has  resided  in  London.  In  1869,  he  assist- 
ed in  forming  at  London  "  The  Harleian  So- 
ciety," for  the  pub.  of  inedited  MSS.  relatmg 
to  genealogy,  heraldry,  &c.,  and  was  chosen  a 
meml)er  of  its  council.  In  1870,  he  was  made 
one  of  the  council  of  the  Hist.  Soc.  of  Great 
Britain,  recently  organized.  He  has  pub. 
•'Greenwood  Cemetery  and  other  Poems," 
1843;  "A  Preliminary  Treatise  on  the  Law 
of  Repulsion,"  1853;  "  Educational  Laws  of 
Va.,  the  Personal  Narrative  of  Mrs.  Margaret 
Douglas,"  1854;  "John  Rogers,"  with  a 
genealogy  of  the  family,  1861.  He  is  a  con- 
trib. to  various  historical  and  genealogical 
journals,  and  is  an  hon.  member  of  several 
learned  societies  in  Eng.  and  America. 

Chevalier  (shoh-va  ka)  Michel,  a 
French  political  economist,  b.  Limoges,  Jan. 
13,  1806;  studied  at  the  polytechnic  and  the 
mining  schools,  and  was  app.  engineer  in  the 
dept.  du  Nord.  He  joined  the  Disciples  of  St. 
Simon,  shared  the  penalties  they  incurred,  and, 
after  a  short  imprisonment,  was  sent  by  M. 
Thiers  to  the  U.S.,  with  the  special  mission  of 
acquainting  himself  with  the  Amer.  system  of 
railroads.  He  arrived  in  N.Y.  near  the  end 
of  1832,  travelled  2  years  over  the  US.,  Mexi- 
co, and  Cuba,  and  pub.  the  results  in  the 
Journal  desDebats,  and  in  1836,  in  book-form, 


entitled,  "Lettres  sur  I' Am€riqne  da  Nord."  He 
entered  the  council  of  state  m  1840,  suc- 
ceeded M.  Rosse  as  prof  of  political  economy 
at  the  Coll.  of  France,  and,  a  few  months  later, 
was  made  chief  eng.  of  mines.  In  his  "  iJis- 
toire  et  Description  des  Voies  de  Communication 
aux  Etdts  Unis,"  2  vols.,  1840-42,  he  gives  a  full 
account  of  American  railroads,  with  a  view  of 
their  influence  upon  social  intercourse.  He 
is  an  advocate  of  free  trade,  and  in  1851  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  acad.  of  moral  and 
political  science.  JNlade  a  senator  in  1860, 
grand  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  1861. 
He  has  also  pub.  ''  L'Isthne  de  Suez,"  1844  ; 
'' La  Liberty  aux  J^  tats  Unis,"  1849;  "Ques- 
tions Politiqueset  Sociales,"  1852  ;  "  Mexico  An- 
cient and  Modern,"  1864;  "  U Expedition  da 
Mexiqne,"  in  1862,  and  "  Oours  d'Economie 
Politique." 

Cheverus  (shSv'e-rus)  Jean  Louis  Anxe 
Madeleine  Lefevrb  de,  D.D., cardinal,  arch- 
bishop of  Bordeaux,  b.Mayenne,  28  Jan.  1768; 
d.  Bordeaux,  19  July,  1836.  Educated  at  the 
Coll.  of  Louis  le  Grand,  Paris,  1786 ;  ord.  priest 
in  1790;  was  some  time  a  curate  at  Mayenne; 
came  to  Boston  in  Oct.  1796;  was  consec.  1st 
R.C. bishop  of  Boston,  1  Nov.  1810  ;  bishop  of 
Montauban,  1823;  archbishop  of  Bordeaux, 
1826,  and  cardinal  in  1835.  He  founded  a 
church  in  Newcastle,  Me. ;  spent  3  months  in 
successful  missionaiy  labors  among  the  Indi- 
ans on  the  Penobscot,  and,  during  the  preva- 
lence of  yellow-fever  in  Boston,  manifested  de- 
votion and  benevolence  not  confined  to  those 
of  his  own  creed.  Learned,  talented,  amiable, 
and  devout,  he  was  regarded  by  Protestants, 
as  well  as  Catholics,  with  sincere  affection  and 
respect. 

Gheves,  Langdon,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll. 
1824),  jurist  and  statesman,  b.  Abbeville  Dist., 
S.C,  Sept.  17,  1776;  d.  Columbia,  S.C,  June 
25,  1857.  He  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1800; 
entered  the  legisl.  in  1808,  becoming  its  leader ; 
was  atty.-gen.  of  the  State;  M.C.  1811-16; 
speaker  during  the  2d  session  of  the  13th  Con- 
gress; judge  of  the  C.  C.  P.  1816-19,  and  for 
some  time  pres.  of  the  U.S  Bank.  He  was  a 
zealous  supporter  of  the  War  of  1812;  was 
chairman  of  the  naval  com.  in  1812,  and  of 
that  of  ways  and  means  in  1813,  and  made 
several  eloquent  speeches,  and  advocated  the 
creation  of  a  navy.  He  was  chief  commission- 
er under  the  treaty  of  Ghent  for  settling  some 
of  its  provisions.  Though  advocating  a  South- 
ern confederacy,  he  reiused  to  sanction  the 
scheme  of  nullification  in  1832.  He  was  a  del- 
egate to  the  Nashville  convention  in  1850,  and 
to  the  State  convention  in  1852.  Of  his  lit- 
erary efforts,  the  best  known  is  his  essay  on  the 
subject  of  the  U.S.  Bank,  signed  "  Say." 

Chew,  Benjamin,  jurist,  b.  W.River,  Anne 
Arundel  Co.,  Md.,  Nov.  29,  1722;  d.  Jan.  20, 
1810.  His  grandfather,  Col.  Saml.  Chew,  came 
from  Chcwton,  Somersetshire,  in  1671,  with 
Lord  Baltimore.  Samuel,  his  father,  phys. 
and  judge,  and  a  Quaker,  d.  16  June,  1744. 
His  speech  to  the  grand  jury  of  Newcastle,  on 
the  lawfulness  of  defence,  was  pub.  in  1741, 
and  repub.  in  1775.  After  studying  law  with 
Andrew  Hamilton,  and  also  in  London,  in 
1743  he  settled  on  the  Delaware,  and  in  17.54 


Clil 


182 


CHZ 


went  to  Phila.,  where  he  held  respectively 
the  offices  of  recorder  (1755-72),  register  of 
wills,  atty.-gen.  (resigned  in  1766),  and  be- 
came in  1774  chief-justice  of  Pa.  He  was 
long  speaker  of  the  H.  of  delegates  of  the  3 
lower  counties  in  Del.  Claimed  by  both  par- 
ties when  the  Revol.  broke  out,  he  took,  after 
the  Decl.  of  Indep.,  a  decided  stand  against  the 
Whigs.  Refusing  in  1777  to  sign  a  parole,  he 
was  sent  a  prisoner  to  Fredericksburg,  Va. 
Pres.  of  the  High  Court  of  Errors  and  Appeals, 
1790-1806. 

Chickering,  Jesse,  M.D.  (1833),  a  sta- 
tistical writer,  b.  Dover,  Aug.  31,  1797;  d. 
West  Roxbury,  Ms.,  May  29,  1855.  H.U. 
1818.  He  studied  theology,  and  became  a  Uni- 
tarian preacher ;  then  medicine,  which  he  prac- 
tised ab,  ten  years  in  Boston,  when  he  removed 
to  West  Roxbury.  Author  of  "  The  Popula- 
tion of  Ms.  from  1765  to  1840,"  1846  ;  "  Ira- 
migration  into  the  U.S.,"  1848,  and  "  Reports 
on  the  Census  of  Boston,"  1851,  and  contrib. 
many  valuable  articles  to  magazines  and  peri- 
odicals. His  last  publication  was  a  "Letter 
addressed  to  the  Pres.  of  the  U.S.  on  Slavery 
considered  in  Relation  to  the  Constitutional 
Principles  of  Govt,  in  Great  Britain  and  in  the 
U.S.,"  1855. 

Ctlickering,  Jonas,  philanthropist,  and 
pianoforte  maker,  b.  New  Ipswich,  N.H.,  Apr. 
5,  1798  ;  d.  Boston,  Dec.  8,  18.53.  The  son  of 
a  blacksmith.  After  receiving  a  common  school 
education,  he  learned  the  trade  of  a  cabinet- 
maker. In  1818,  he  went  to  Boston,  and 
became  a  workman  in  John  Osborne's  piano- 
forte manuf.,  and  in  1823  began  business  for 
himself.  He  latterly  constructed  1,500  instru- 
ments annually,  and  at  least  one  grand  piano, 
worth  $1 ,000,  or  more,  every  week.  Just  a  year 
before  his  death,  he  lost,  by  the  burning  of  his 
establishment,  more  than  ^200,000,  but  at  once 
projected  and  completed  an  extensive  factory 
at  the  south  part  of  the  city,  covering  a  space 
of  between  60  and  70,000  square  feet,  5  stories 
in  height.  He  was  widely  known  for  his  liber- 
ality and  kindness  to  the  poor,  and  those  who 
have  struggled  for  fame  in  their  musical  career. 
He  had  been  a  member  of  the  legisl.,  pres.  of 
the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society,  and  of  the 
Ms.  Charitable  Mechanics  Asso.,  which  last 
office  he  filled  at  the  time  of  his  death.  His 
son  Thomas  E.  Chickering,  col.  41st  Ms. 
regt.  in  the  civil  war,  b.  Boston,  22  Oct.  1824 ; 
d.  there  14  Feb.  1871.  Succeeded  his  Either 
in  the  management  of  the  large  piano-forte 
manuf.  established  by  him. 

Child,  Lydia  Maria,  philanthropist  and 
author,  b.  Medford,  Ms.,  Feb.  11,  1802.  Her 
ancestor,  Richard  Francis,  settled  in  Cam- 
bridge, Ms.,  in  1636.  Her  brother,  Convers 
Francis,  was  an  eminent  Unitarian  divine. 
She  was  educated  at  the  public  schools,  and 
one  year  in  a  sera,  at  Medford.  From  1825  to 
1828,  she  kept  a  private  school  in  Watertown, 
and  in  1828  was  m.  to  David  Lee  Child,  a  law- 
yer of  Boston.  In  1841-9,  she,  with  her  hus- 
band, edited  the  Antislavery  Standard  in  N.Y., 
where  she  was  a  member  of  the  family  of  the 
Quaker  philanthropist,  Isaac  T.  Hopper. 
While  there,  she  wrote  for  the  Boston  Courier 
her  2  series  of  "Letters  from  N.Y  ,"  afterward 


pub  in  2  vols.,  1843  and  1845.  She  hag  since 
resided  at  Wayland,  Ms.  She  has  pub.  "  Ho- 
boraok,  a  Tale  of  Early  Times,"  1821 ;  "  The 
Rebels,  or  Boston  before  the  Revol.,"  1822; 
"Juvenile  Miscellany,''  8  vols,  from  1827  to 
1835;  "  The  Frugal  Housewife,"  1829,  which 
had  in  1855  reached  33  editions  ;  "Mother's 
Book,"  1831 ;  "  The  Girl's  Own  Book,"  1831 ; 
"The  History  of  Woman,"  1832;  "Biogra- 
phies of  Good  Wives,"  "  Memoirs  of  Madame 
DeStael,  Madame  Roland,  Madame  Guyon, 
and  Lady  Russell;  "The  Coronal,"  1833; 
"  Appeal  for  that  Class  of  Americans  called 
Africans,"  1833;  the  first  antislavery  work 
ever  printed  in  Amer.  in  book-form ;  "  The 
Oasis,"  an  annual,  1834;  "Antislavery  Cat- 
echism ;  "  "  Authentic  Anecdotes  of  American 
Slavery  ; "  "  The  Evils  of  Slavery  and  the 
Cure  of  Slavery;"  "Philothea,"  a  novel, 
1836;  "Fact  and  Fiction,"  a  collection  of 
Tales,  1846;  "Flowers  for  Children,"  3  vols., 
collected  from  the  Juvenile  Miscellany ; 
"  Isaac  T.  Hopper,  a  True  Life,"  1853 ;  "  The 
Progress  of  Religious  Ideas,"  3  vols.  1855  ; 
"Autumnal  Leaves,"  1857  ;  "The  Patriarchal 
Institution  "  and  "  The  Duty  of  Disobedience 
to  the  Fugitive  Slave  LaAV,"  2  small  tracts, 
1860;  "The Right  Way  and  the  Safe  Wav," 
1860  ;  "  Looking  Towards  Sunset,"  1864  ; 
"  The  Frecdman's  Book,"  1865  ;  and,  in  1867, 
"  A  Romance  of  the  Republic."  IJpon  the 
arrest  of  Capt.  John  Brown,  she  wrote  to  him, 
offering  her  services  as  a  nurse,  enclosing  it  in 
one  to  Gov.  Wise.  He  replied,  declining  her 
offer,  but  asking  her  to  aid  his  family,  which  she 
did.  With  this  letter  came  one  from  Gov.  Wise, 
reproving  her  expi'csbions  of  sympathy  for  the 
prisoner,  which  she  answered.  She  was  also 
the  recipient  of  a  singular  epistle  from  Mrs. 
M.  J.  C.  Mason,  to  which  she  replied  in  her 
best  vein.  This  series  of  letters,  pub,  in  pam- 
phlet form  in  1860,  had  a  circulation  of  300,- 
000.  Her  antislavery  writings  contrib.  in  no 
slight  decree  to  the  formation  of  the  public 
sentiment  which  ultimately  prevailed;  but  they 
long  subjected  her  to  popular  odium. 

Childs,  Henry  IIalsey,  M.D.,  physician, 
b.  Pittsfield,  Ms.,  June  7,  1783;  d.  Boston, 
Mar.  22,  1868.  Wras.  Coll.  1802.  Son  of  Dr. 
Timothy,  an  eminent  physician.  In  Sept.  1823, 
he  organized  the  Berkshire  Med.  Institute, 
which  became  a  college  in  1837,  and  of  which 
he  was  prof  of  the  theory  and  practice  of 
med.,  and  pres.  until  1863'  He  was  a  Jeffer- 
sonian  Democ. ;  represented  Pittsfield  in  the 
legisl.  of  1816  and  1827;  in  the  Const.  Conv. 
of  1820;  State  senator  in  1837,  and  was  lieut.- 
gov.  of  Ms.  in  1843.  He  was  a  man  of  strict 
integrity  and  great  benevolence. 

Childs,  Thomas,  brig.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  b. 
Pittsfield,  Ms.,  1796  ;  d.  Tampa  Bay,  Fla.,  8 
Oct.  1853.  Son  of  Dr.  Timo.,  and  gr.-son  of 
Col.  James  Easton.  West  Point,  1814.  Enter- 
ing the  art.,  he  was  disting.  at  Niagara  and  Fort 
Erie ;  became  capt.  1  Oct.  1826  ;  brev.  maj.  for 
gallantry  at  Fort  Drane,  Fla.,  21  Aug.  1836  ; 
brev.  lieut.-col.  for  gallantry  in  the  Fla.  war, 
1840-2  ;  brev.  col.  for  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca, 
9  May,  1846  ;  com.  the  storming  party  at  Mon- 
terey ;  joined  Gen.  Scott  before  Vera  Cruz ; 
maj.  1st  Art.,  16  Feb.  1847 ;  disting.  at  Cerro 


CHI 


183 


CJdLl 


Gordo;  brev.  brif?.-gen.  for  defence  of  Puebla, 
12  Oct.  1847;  mi, it.  j^^ov.  of  Jalapa,  Apr.  1847, 
and  of  Piiebla,  Auf?.  1847.  He  joined  to  un- 
daunted bravery  great  professional  skill. 

Childs,  Timothy,  M.D.  (H.  U.  1811), 
physician  and  patriot,  b.  Deerfield,  Ms.,  Feb. 
1748;  d.  Feb.  25,  1821.  Entering  H.  U.  in 
1764,  he  was  obliged  fiom  poverty  to  leave 
there  in  1767,  and,  returning  to  Deerfield, 
studied  physic,  and  in  1771  removed  to  practise 
in  Pittsrteld.  An  ardent  patriot,  he  was  com- 
missioned in  a  company  of  minute-men,  with 
which  he  marched  to  Boston  in  Apr.  1775,  and 
was  soon  after  app.  surgeon  of  Col.  Patterson's 
regt.,  with  which  he  went  to  N.  Y.,  and  in  the 
exped.  to  Montreal.  In  1777.  he  left  the  ar- 
my, and  resumed  practice  at  Pittsfield,  where 
he  continued  till  his  death.  In  1792,  and  for 
several  years  after,  he  was  a  representative,  and 
also  a  senator  in  the  General  Court,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  exec,  council.  He  was  a  warm 
supporter  of  the  Republican,  or  Democratic 
party,  —  Thacher. 

Chipman,  Daniel,  LL.D.  (Dartm.  Coll. 
1848),  lawyer,  b.  Salisbury,  Ct.,  Oct.  22, 1765  ; 
d.  Ri'pton,'Vt.,  Apr.  23,  1850.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1788.  In  1775,  his  father  removed  to  Tinmouth. 
Daniel  labored  on  a  farm  until  1783.  After 
studying  law  with  his  bro.  Nathaniel,  at  Rut- 
land, Vt.,  he  commenced  practice  there,  but  in 
1794  removed  to  Middlebury.  He  became  dis- 
ting.  in  his  prof ,  and  also  in  litei'ature;  was 
madeamemberofthe  Amcr.  Acad.,  1812  ;  prof 
of  law  in  Mid.  Coll.  from  1806  to  1816.  He  rep- 
resented Rutland  in  the  State  Const.  Conv.  of 
1793,  and  was  often  a  member  of  the  State 
legisl.  between  1794  and  1808,  when  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  council,  and  from  1809 
to  1815,  and  again  in  1818  and  '21  ;  speaker 
in  1813-14;  M.  C.  1815-17;  member  of  the 
Const.  Convs.  of  1816  and  1850.  Besides  these 
duties  and  distinctions,  he  was  the  first  reporter 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Vt. ;  pub.  a  valuable 
treatise  on  the  Law  of  Contracts,  and  a  vol.  of 
Reports  of  the  Supreme  Court,  8vo,  1835 ;  a  bi- 
ography of  his  bro.  Nathaniel  Chipman,  and 
also  of  Col.  Seth  Warner  and  Gen.  Thos.  Chit- 
tenden, 1849.  He  was  the  youngest  of  7  bros., 
all  highly  distinguished  men. 

Chipman,  Nathaniel,  LL.D.  (Dartm. 
Coll.)  jurist,  I).  Salisbury,  Ct.,  Nov.  15,  1752; 
d.  Tinmouth,  Vt.,  Feb.  15,  1843.  Yale  Coll. 
1777.  Bro.  of  Daniel.  Lieut,  in  the  Revol. 
army  in  the  spring  of  1777,  and  participated  in 
the  battles  of  Monmouth  and  White  Plains. 
He  studied  law,  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  March, 
1779,  and  removed  to  Tinmouth,  Vt.  He  im- 
mediately took  a  high  stand  at  the  bar ;  was  a 
member  of  the  State  legisl.  in  1784-5  ;  a  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Vt.  in  1786,  and  chief- 
justice  in  1789.  In  that  year,  he  was  one  of 
the  commissioners  on  behalf  of  Vt.  to  adjust 
differences  with  N.  Y.,  and  in  1791  to  nego- 
tiate the  admission  of  Vt.  into  the  Union.  In 
1791,  he  was  app.  by  Washington  judge  of  the 
U.  S.  Dist.  Court  of  Vt.,  which  he  resigned  in 
1793;  in  Oct.  1796  was  again  chosen  chief- 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  at  the  same 
time  was  app.  one  of  a  committee  to  revise  the 
statutes,  the  duties  of  which  were  almost  wholly 
performed  by  him.    He  was  U.  S.  senator  from 


1797  to  1803  ;  from  1806  to  1811  was  a  repre- 
sentative to  the  State  legisl.;  in  1813,  he  was 
one  of  the  council  of  censors  ;  in  1813-15  was 
once  more  chief-justice  of  the  Supreme  Court; 
and  was  prof  of  law  in  Mid.  Coll.  from  1816 
until  his  death.  Judge  Chipman  enjoyed  high 
reputation  as  a  jurist  and  a  lawyer,  and  pos- 
sessed, also,  considerable  literary  and  scientific 
attainments.  He  pub.  in  1793  "  Sketches  of 
the  Principles  of  Govt.,"  and  a  small  vol.  of 
"  Reports  and  Dissertations."  In  1826,  he  re- 
vised the  laws  of  Vt.  His  bro.  Daniel  pub.  a 
memoir  of  his  life. 

Chipman,  Ward,  LL.D.,  chief-justice  of 
N.  Brunswick,  b.  St.  John,  N.B.,  July  10,  1787  ; 
d.  St.  John,  26  Dec.  1851.  H.U.  1804.  Son  of 
Judge  Ward  Chipman,  a  loyalist.  He  held, 
successively,  the  oflSces  of  advocate-gen.  and 
clerk  of  the  circuits,  recorder  of  St.  John, 
solicitor-gen.,  puisne  jud<j:e  of  the  Supreme 
Court  (Mar.  18,  1825),  and  Sept.  29,  1834,  was 
app.  chief-justice.  He  had  also  been  a  speaker 
of  the  assembly,  and  pres.  of  the  legisl.  coun- 
cil, and  was  a  liberal  benefactor  of  churches 
and  schools. 

Chittenden,  Martin,  gov.  of  Vt.  (1813- 
15),  son  of  Gov.  Thomas,  b.  Salisbury,  Ct., 
Mar.  12, 1769  ;  d.  Williston,  Vt.,  Sept.  5, 1841. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1789.  In  May,  1776,  the  family 
removed  to  Williston,  Vt.,  but,  during  the  same 
year,  took  up  their  abode  in  the  south  part  of 
the  State,  where  they  remained  until  the  close 
of  the  war.  Owing  to  feeble  health,  he  devoted 
himself  to  agric.  pursuits,  of  which  he  was  ex- 
ceedingly fond,  at  Jericho,  in  Chittenden  Co. 
Was  a  member  of  the  convention  that  adopted 
the  U.  S.  Constitution;  was  in  1790  elected 
county  clerk  and  representative,  to  which  sta- 
tion he  was  re-elected  for  6  successive  years,  and 
also  at  occasional  subsequent  intervals.  He  was 
judge  of  the  Co.  Court  in  1793-5;  chief-judge 
in  1796-1803;  and  was  M.  C.  from  1803  to  1813, 
and  judge  of  probate  in  1821-2.  He  was  gov. 
during  the  war  with  Eng.,  and  refused  to  com- 
ply with  the  requisition  of  Gen.  Macomb  for  the 
State  militia.  This  act  was  severely  commented 
upon  by  his  political  opponents,  and  prevented 
his  re-election.  At  the  age  of  33,  he  attained 
the  rank  of  maj.-gen.  of  militia. 

Chittenden,  Thomas,  first  gov.  of  Vt., 
b.  East  Guilford,  Ct.,  Jan.  6,  1730  ;  d.  Willis- 
ton, Vt.,  Aug.  24,  1797.  With  a  scanty  edu- 
cation, at  the  age  of  20,  he  m.,  and  removed  to 
Salisbury,  where  he  commanded  a  regt. ;  ^as 
many  years  representative,  and  justice  of  the 
peace,  but  in  May,  1774,  emig.  to  the  N.H. 
grants,  as  Vt.  was  then  called,  and  settled  at 
Williston,  on  Onion  River.  During  the  con- 
troversy with  N.Y.,  and  the  war  of  the  Revol., 
he  was  assiduously  engaged  in  the  councils 
of  his  State,  to  which  he  rendered  great  ser- 
vice ;  was  a  member  of  the  convention,  which, 
Jan.  16,  1777,  declared  Vt.  an  independent 
State ;  and  was  app.  one  of  the  com.  to 
communicate  to  Congress  the  proceedings  of 
the  inhabitants,  and  to  solicit  admission  into 
the  Confederacy.  He  was  a  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  convention  at  Windsor,  July  2, 
1777,  which  framed  the  first  constitution  of 
Vt. ;  and  pres.  of  the  council  of .  safety> 
which    was   vested  with    all    the   powers   of 


cm 


184 


CTTR 


govt,  executive,  legislative,  and  judicial. 
A  memoir  of  him,  with  a  history  of  the  con- 
stitution of  Vt.  during  his  administration, 
was  pub.  in  1849,  by  Daniel  Chipman.  Un- 
der the  constitution  established  in  1778,  he 
was  elected  jL'Ov.  of  the  State,  and,  with  the 
exception  of  one  year,  filled  that  office  nutil 
his  death.  In  the  difficult  position  in  which 
Governor  Chittenden  was  placed,  contending 
for  independence  on  the  one  hand,  and  unac- 
knowledfjed  by  Congress  as  a  State,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  claims  of  N.Y.,  upon  the  other, 
a  profound  policy  was  requisite.  To  prevent 
invasion,  hopes  were  held  out  to  the  British, 
of  a  return  to  its  allegiance  to  the  king ;  while 
the  possibility  of  her  deserting  the  Anieri'^an 
cause  operated,  in  Congress,  to  prevent  her  be- 
ing required  to  submit  to  the  claims  of  N.Y. 

ChitWOOd,  M.  Louisa,  poet,  b.  29  Oct. 
1832;  d.  Mt.  Carmel,  Ind.,  19  Dec.  1855. 
She  was  a  contrib.  to  the  Louisville  Journal, 
Ladies'  Repos.,  Arthur's  Home  Gazette,  &c.,and, 
at  the  time  of  her  death,  was  preparing  for 
publication  a  vol.  of  poems,  which  appeared 
in  1857,  with  an  introd.  bv  Geo.  D.  Prentice. 

Choate,  Rufus,  LLiD.  (Y.C.  1844),  an 
eminent  lawyer  and  orator,  b.  Essex,  Ms.,  1 
Oct.  1799;  d.  Halifax,  N.S.,  13  July,  1859. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1819.  Tutor  in  D.C.  one  year; 
he  then  studied  at  the  Camb.  Law  School,  and 
in  the  office  of  Wm.  Wirt,  at  Waslrngton, 
D.C. ;  began  practice  at  Danvers  in  1824,  and, 
in  1834,  removed  to  Boston,  where  he  gained 
the  highest  position  as  an  advocate.  He  was 
a  State  representative  in  1825;  State  senator 
in  1827,  and  M.C.  from  the  Essex  District  in 
1832-4  ;  U.S.  senator,  as  successor  to  Mr. 
Webster,  Feb.  1841-Aug.  1845.  He  spoke  ably 
on  the  McLeod  case,  the  Fiscal  Bank  Bilf, 
Oregon,  the  Smithsonian  Institution  (of  which 
he  was  a  regent),  and  in  opposition  to  the  an- 
nexation of  Texas.  In  1853,  he  was  atty.- 
gen.  of  Ms.  and  a  member  of  the  Const. 
Conv.  After  the  death  of  Mr.  Webster,  he 
was  the  acknowledged  leader  of  the  Ms.  bar. 
In  1858,  impaired  health  compelled  his  retire- 
ment from  professional  labor  ;  and  he  sailed  for 
Europe,  but  proceeded  no  farther  than  Hali- 
fax, where  he  died.  Tall  and  commanding  in 
person,  he  had  a  face  of  remarkable  expres- 
sion, and  a  rich,  musical,  and  sympathetic 
voice.  His  speech  was  wouderfuily  persua- 
sive, exuberant,  and  brilliant,  and  his  learning 
various  and  extensive.  In  the  management  of 
causes,  he  possessed  consummate  tact,  and  uner- 
ring judgment.  Skilful  in  the  examination  of 
witnesses,  never  making  a  mistake  himself  nor 
overlooking  one  in  an  opponent,  his  powers  as  a 
lawyer  were  seen  to  the  greatest  advantage  in 
the  unpremeditated  discussion  of  the  law-points 
that  incidentally  arose.  Rukus,  his  son,  an 
officer  in  the  2d  Ms.  Vols.,  d.  Dorchester, 
Ms.,  15  Jan.  1866,  a.  32.  —  -See  his  Works,  with 
Memoir  bjj  S.  G.  Brown,  1862;  Golden  Age 
of  American  Orafori/,  bi/  E.  G.  Parker,  1857. 

Choisi  de  (deii  shwa'-ze'),  a  French  gen. 
of  briirade,  of  disting.  merit,  in  the  army  of 
Rochambeau  ;  com.  the  force  which  invested 
Gloucester,  Va.,  Oct.  3,  1780,  attacked  and  de- 
feated Tarleton's  Legion,  and  aided  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown,  Va. 


Choules,  John  Overton,  D.D.,  Baptist 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  Bristol,  Eng.,  Feb. 
5,  1801;  d.  New  York,  Jan.  5,  1856.  After 
completing  his  school  education,  he  became  in 
1822  a  divinity  student  in  the  Baptist  Coll.  at 
Bristol.  After  his  arrival  in  America  in  1824, 
he  was  2  years  principal  of  an  acad.  at  Red 
Hook,  N.J. ;  officiated  in  his  clerical  capacity 
in  Newport,  R.I.,  in  New  Bedford,  Ms.,  Buf- 
falo (1837-41),  at  Jamaica  Plain,  near  Boston, 
1843,  and  while  at  the  latter  place,  and  in  New- 
port, he  had  charge  of  a  select  school  of  boys, 
for  which  he  was  admirably  qualified.  At  the 
time  of  his  death,  he  had  the  pastoral  charge  of 
a  Baptist  church  at  Newport.  He  was  also  a 
public  lecturer,  a  contrib.  to  the  press,  and 
pub.  "  The  History  of  Christian  Missions,"  a 
narrative  of  a  yacliting  excursion  to  Europe 
in  company  with  Mr.  Vanderbilt,  1854,  an 
edition  of  Neal's  "  History  of  the  Puritans," 
1843;  a  continuation  of  Hinton's  "History 
of  the  U.S.,"  edited  an  edition  of  Foster's 
"Statesmen  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Eng- 
land," 1846;  James's  "Church-Member's 
Guide,"  and  "  Young  American  Abroad,  or  Va- 
cation in  Europe,"  describing  an  excursion- 
tour  with  several  of  his  pupils.  He  delivered 
excellent  anniversary  addresses  ;  was  much  in- 
terested in  agricultural  and  political  matters; 
and  was  a  warm  partisan  and  personal  friend 
of  Mr.  Webster.  Of  low  stature,  in  person 
the  beau  ideal  of  a  bon  vivant,  his  knowledge 
of  the  world,  humor,  and  vivacity,  made  him  a 
most  agreeable  companion,  in  addition  to 
which,  he  was  exceedingly  benevolent. 

Chouteau  (shoo'-to'),  Augustb  and 
Pierre,  two  brothers,  founders  of  the  city  of 
St.  Louis,  b.  N,  Orleans ;  d.  (the  first)  Feb.  24, 
1829,  a.  80,  and  Pierre,  July  9, 1849,  a.  90.  They 
joined  the  exped.  of  Laclede  in  Aug.  1763,  to 
establish  the  fur-trade  in  the  region  west  of 
the  Mpi.  Auguste,  the  elder,  was  in  com*,  of 
a  boat.  In  the  following  winter,  they  selected 
a  point  61  miles  above  St.  Genevieve,  on  the 
western  bank  of  the  Mpi.,  for  their  principal 
post,  and  named  this  St.  Louis.  Auguste  was 
in  charge  of  the  party  that  commenced  opera- 
tions here  Feb.  15,  *1764.  The  brothers  be- 
came, in  time,  the  heads  of  numerous  families 
of  the  highest  respectability ;  acquired  affluence 
and  a  name,  which,  after  a  lapse  of  70  years,  is 
still  a  passport  that  commands  safety  and  hos- 
pitality among  the  Indians  of  the  north-west. 
Pierre,  son  of  the  last-named,  b.  19  Jan. 
1789;  d.  8  Sept.  1865.  Was  a  leading  mer- 
chant in  the  fur-trade  in  St  Louis  ;  a  principal 
member  or  the  head  of  most  of  the  successive 
companies  formed  for  conducting  this  business. 
In  1834,  he,  with  Messrs.  Pratte  and  Cabanne, 
purchased  the  interest  of  John  Jacob  Astor  in 
the  American  Fur  Company.  In  1839  was 
formed  the  house  of  P.  Chouteau,  jun.,  &  Co., 
which  nearly  monopolized  the  fur-trade  of  the 
west  and  north-west.  —  Edwards's  Great  West. 

Christian,  Col.  William,  b.  Berkeley 
Co.,  Va.,  1732;  d.  June,  1782.  Emigrating 
with  his  family  to  Pa.,  he  served  against 
Pontiac;  wasacapt.  in Forbes's exped.  against 
Fort  Duquesne  in  1758,  and  was  efficient  in 
Dunmore's  campaign  against  the  Sciotos. 
He  was  an   intimate  friend  of  Washington. 


CUR 


185 


CETCJ 


Settled  at  Braddock's  Ford  on  the  Youghi- 
ogeny  in  1768,  and  raised  and  com.  a  regt.  dur- 
ing the  Revol.  In  1782,  he  reluctantly  accepted 
the  com.  of  an  exped.  to  ravage  the  Wyandotte 
and  Moravian  Indian  townson  the  Muskingum; 
was  taken  prisoner,  and  put  to  death  with  ex- 
cruciating tortures. 

Christie,  Gen.  Gabriel  ;  d.  Montreal, 
Nov.  1798.  Capt.  48th  Foot,  Nov.  13,  1754, 
and  was  in  com.  at  Albany  in  the  summer  of 

1757.  He  served  at  the  siege  of  Louishurg  in 

1758,  was  app.  maj.  Apr.  7,  1759  ;  d.q.-m.-gen. 
in  Amer.,  Aug.  14,  and  entered  Canada  with 
the  British  army  in  1760.  He  became  brevet 
lieut.-col.  Jan.  27,  1762;  licut.-col.  60th  roy. 
Americans,  Dec.  24, 1 768.  Sept.  1 8, 1775,  he  was 
changed  to  the  first  batt.  ;  app.  quartermast.- 
gen.  in  Canada,  Apr.  2,  1776  ;  brev.  col.  Apr. 
29,1777;  col.  com.  2d  batt.  May  14,  1778; 
m.-gcn.  Oct.  19,1781  ;  lieut.-gen.Oct.  12, 1793; 
gen.  Jan.  1,  1798.  Gen.  C.  was  proprietor  of 
Isle  Aux  Nois  in  the  Richelieu  River,  a  little 
north  of  Lake  Champlain,  which  he  afterwards 
sold  to  the  crown  ;  andof  several  seigniories  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  island. 

Christie,  John,  col.  U.S.A.,  son  of  James, 
b.  N.Y.  Citv,  1786;  d.  Fort  George,  U.C, 
July  22,  1813.  Col.  Coll.  1806.  He  studied 
law;  was  app.  lieut.  of  inf..  May  3,  1808; 
capt.  Feb.  1809;  lieut.-col  13th  Inf.,  Mar.  12, 
1812;  wounded  at  Queenstown,  Oct.  13, 
1812,  where  he  com.  the  regular  troops.  He 
displayed  here  the  courage  and  skill  of  a 
veteran,  but  was  compelled,  after  an  heroic 
struggle,  to  surrender  to  an  overwhelming 
force.  Insp  -gen..  Mar.  18,  1813  ;  col.  23d  InK', 
Mar.  12,  1813. 

Christie,  Robert,  M.P.P.,  a  Canadian 
historian,  b.  Nova  Scotia,  1788;  d.  Quebec, 
Oct.  13,  1856.  Author  of  "History  of  L. 
Canada,"  6  vols.,  12mo.  He  was  at  various 
times  a  contrib.  to  the  Quebec  Gazette  and  to 
the  Quebec  Mercun/. 

Christophe  (kres'tof ),  Henri,  king  of 
Hayti,  b.  Oct.  6, 1767,  in  the  Island  of  ("Tranada, 
or  of  St.  Christopher;  d.  Oct.  8,  1820,  by  his 
own  hand.  One  account  states  that  he  was,  at 
the  age  of  12,  taken  to  St.  Domingo,  sold  as  a 
slave,  and  employed  as  a  cook :  others  rehite, 
that  after  serving  in  the  Amer.  war,  and  receiv- 
ing a  wound  at  the  siege  of  Savannah,  he  went 
to  St.  Domingo,  and  was  employed  on  tlic 
plantation  of  Limonade,  displaying  as  an  over- 
seer his  characteristic  severity.  From  the  com- 
mencement of  the  troubles  amongst  the  blacks, 
he  took  a  decided  part  in  favor  of  independence, 
and  signalized  himself  by  his  energy,  boldness, 
and  activity  in  many  bloody  engagements. 
Toussaint  made  hima  brig.-gen.,  and  employed 
him  to  suppress  an  insurrection.  This  was 
speedily  accomplished  ;  and  Christophe  was 
made  gov.  of  the  province  of  the  north.  He 
com.  at  the  cape  in  1802,  when  Leclerc  arrived 
with  a  French  army  destined  for  the  subjugation 
of  the  negroes.  Dessalinesand  Christophe  were 
declared  outlaws.  Their  heioic efforts,  aided  by 
the  climate,  left,  at  tffe  close  of  1805,  no  vestige 
of  a  French  force  in  Hayti.  Christophe  was 
pen. -in-chief  during  the  brief  administration  of 
Dessalines,andwas  app.,  in  Feb.  1807,  pres.  for 
life.     The  popularity  of  Petion   in  the  south, 


however,  led  to  the  organization,  at  the  same 
time,  of  a  republic  at  Port  au  Prince  under 
that  officer ;  but  the  civil  war  which  ensued  did 
not  prevent  Christophe  from  taking  judicious 
measures  for  the  establishment  of  order,  and  the 
promotion  and  encouragement  of  the  industry 
of  his  people.  Having  abolished  the  repub- 
lican forms,  he  was.  Mar.  28,  1811,  proclaimed 
king  of  Hayti  by  the  name  of  Henri  I.,  and 
was  crowned  at  the  cape,  June  2,  1812.  Fol- 
lowing the  example  of  Napoleon  still  further, 
he  compiled  from  the  "  Code  Napoleon  "  the 
"  Code  Henri,"  which  had  the  meritof  judicious 
adaptation  to  the  situation  of  Hayti.  A  sus- 
pension of  hostilities  between  Petion  and  him- 
self took  place  in  1814.  They  broke  out  afresh 
upon  the  death  of  Petion  in  1818  ;  and  an  in- 
surrection, begun  by  the  army,  soon  extended 
itself  in  all  directions.  Christophe,  whose 
deposition  was  demanded,  and  who  was  confined 
by  illness  in  his  fortified  palace  of  Sans  Souci, 
perceiving  his  case  to  be  desperate,  and  resolved 
not  to  gratify  the  insurgents  by  becoming  their 
prisoner,  shot  himself.  His  eldest  son  was  mas- 
sacred ;  but  his  widow  and  daughter  were  pro- 
tected by  Boyer,  who  enabled  them  to  withdraw 
to  Europe  with  a  competent  fortune. 

Christy,  William,  lawyer,  b.  George- 
town, Ky.,  Dec.  6,  1791.  He  began  practice 
in  1811.  Served  under  Harrison  in  the  War 
of  1812,  and  was  afterward  a  merchant  in  N. 
Orleans.  Resuming  practice,  he  pub.  in  1826 
a  "  Digest  of  the  Decisions  of  the  Sup.  Court 
of  La."  During  the  Harrison  presidential 
campaign  in  1840,  he  was  a  ready  and  fre- 
quent speaker  in  behalf  of  his  old  friend. 

Chronicle,  Maj.  William,  an  officer  of 
the  Revol.,  b.  S.C,  1755  ;  killed  at  the  battle 
of  King's  Mountain,  N.C.,  Oct.  7,  1780.  He 
belonged  to  the  S.C.  contingent,  furnished  in 
1779,  after  the  defeat  at  Savannah.  In  1780, 
he  became  maj.,  and  fell  while  gallantly  leading 
his  men  in  the  attack  on  Maj.  Ferguson.  A 
monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  upon  the 
battle-field. 

Church,  Albert  E.,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1852), 
mathematician,  b.  Salisbury,  Ct.  West  Point 
(1st  in  class),  1828.  Son  of  Judge  Samuel. 
Entering  the  3d  Art.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  13 
Jan.  18"36  ;  assist,  prof,  of  math.,  West  Point, 
Oct.  1833  ;  prof,  since  13  Mar.  1838  ;  A.M.  of 
Wash.  Coll.,  Ct.,  and  N.  J.  Coll.  1837  ;  mem- 
ber of  several  scientific  asso.  Author  of  Ele- 
ments of  D iff.  and  Integ.  Calculus,"  1842 ; 
iniproved  ed.,  1851;  "Elements  of  Analyt. 
Geom.,"  1851;  "Elements  of  Descriptive 
Geom.,"  &c.,  1865.  —  Cul/um. 

Church,  Col.  Benjamin,  disting.  in  the 
early  Indian  wars  of  N.  E.,  b,  Plymouth,  Ms., 
1639  ;  d.  Little  Compton,  where  he  had  settled 
in  1674,  .Ian.  17,  1718.  He  was  engaged  in 
several  severe  skirmishes  in  King  Philip's  war, 
one  of  which  was  in  a  swamp  near  Bridge- 
water;  and  in  Aug.  1676,  com.  the  party  by 
which  Philip  was  killed.  Com.-in-chief  of  an 
exped.  against  the  Eastern  Indians  in  1689,  he 
ascended  the  Kennebec,  and  rescued  Ca.sco  for 
a  time.  He  made  4  other  expeds.  against  the 
Indians  in  Me.,  doing  much  injury  to  the 
French  and  Indians  on  the  Kennebec,  Penob- 
scot, and  Passamaquoddy  Rivers.   Under  his  di- 


CHXJ 


186 


CIE 


rection,  and  from  his  minutes,  his  son  Thomas 
wrote  a  "  History  of  Philip's  War,"  1716,  last 
edition,  with  notes  by  H.  M.  Dexter,  1865.  He 
was  equally  disting.  in  the  various  walks  of 
life  by  his  inte;irity,  justice,  and  piety.  In  his 
old  age,  he  was  corpulent ;  and  he  d.  by  a  fall 
from  his  horse.  Thomas,  his  grandson,  b. 
Little  Compton,  d.  Dighton.  Ms. ;  was  app. 
col.  in  the  R.I.  army  of  observation  in  May, 
1775;  was  a  member  of  the  State  senate  in 
1776,  and  an  assist,  in  the  II.  I.  govt. 

Church,  Benjamin,  physician,  great- 
grandson  of  the  preceding,  b.  Newport,  R.  I., 
Aug.  24,  1734;  lost  at  sea,  May,  1776.  H.U. 
1754.  He  studied  medicine  in  London,  and, 
after  his  return  to  Boston,  became  eminent  as 
a  surgeon.  Ab.  1768,  he  built  an  elegant  man- 
sion at  Raynham,  where  he  is  said  to  have  led 
an  extravagant  and  licentious  life.  The  pecu- 
niary embarrassment  resulting  from  this  is 
supposed  to  have  led  to  his  defection  from  the 
cause  of  his  country.  For  several  years  pre- 
ceding the  Revol.,  he  was  a  conspicuous  and 
leading  Whig.  He  was  a  representative,  a 
member  of  the  Prov.  Congress  of  1774,  and 
physician-gen.  to  the  patriot-army.  In  1774, 
Church  was  found  to  have  written  parodies  of 
popular  songs,  composed  by  himself  in  favor 
of  liberty,  for  the  Tory  journals.  In  Sept.  1 775, 
an  intercepted  letter  in  characters,  to  Maj. 
Cain  in  Boston,  which  had  passed  through 
the  hands  of  a  woman  who  was  kept  by 
Church,  was  deciphered;  and  the  woman  final- 
ly confessed  that  Church  was  its  author.  Oct. 
3,  1775,  he  was  convicted  by  a  court-martial, 
of  which  Washington  was  pres.,  "  of  holding 
a  criminal  corresp.  with  the  enemy,"  and  was 
imprisoned  at  Cambridge.  He  was  expelled 
from  the  house,  notwithstanding  a  brilliant  and 
ingenious  defence,  and  by  order  of  Congress  was 
confined  in  jail  at  Norwich,  Ct.,  and  debarred 
the  use  of  pen,  ink,  and  paper.  Released  in 
May,  1776,  on  account  of  failing  health,  he 
sailed  for  the  W.  Indies,  and  was  never  after- 
ward heard  from.  His  family  was  pensioned 
by  the  crown.  He  was  an  elegant  orator  and 
poet,  and  the  best  of  the  contributors  to  the 
Pietas  et  Gratalatio.  He  wrote  "  The  Choice," 
a  poem  ;  "The  Times,"  1760,  a  satire  on  the 
Stamp  Act  and  its  abettors  ;  an  elegy  on  Dr. 
Mayhew,  1766,  on  Whitcfield,  1770  ;"  Address 
to  a  Provincial  Bashaw,  by  a  Son  of  Liberty," 
1769  ;  "  Oration,  Mar.  5,  1773."  An  account 
of  his  examination  and  defence  is  in  Ms.  Hist. 
Colls,  vol.  i. 

Church,  Frederic  Edwin,  landscape- 
painter,  b.  Hartford,  Ct.,  May,  1826.  A  pupil 
of  Thos.  Cole,  he  was  first  brought  into  notice 
by  his  view  of  East  Rock,  near  New  Haven. 
Subsequent  representations  of  Amer.  scenery, 
increasing  his  reputation,  he  went  in  1853  to  S. 
Amer.  His  views  of  the  great  mountain-chains 
of  New  Granada  were  among  the  first  seen 
here ;  and  they  attracted  great  attention  at  the 
exhibition  of  the  N.Y.  Acad,  of  Design.  In 
1857,  he  made  a  second  visit,  and  also  painted 
a  large  view  of  Niagara  Falls,  which  greatly 
increased  his  reputation.  It  represents  the 
Horse-Shoe  Fall  as  seen  from  the  Canadian 
shore,  near  Table  Rock,  and  has  been  pro- 
nounced, both  here  and  in  Eng.,  the  best  rep- 


resentation of  the  Falls  ever  painted.  Mr. 
Church  has  for  some  years  been  a  resident  of 
N.Y.  His  "  Heart  of  the  Andes,"  "  Cotopaxi," 
"The  Icebergs,"  and  "Rainy  Season  in  the 
Tropics,"  are  among  his  best  efforts. 

Church,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (Trin.  Coll. 
1847),  jurist,  b.  Salisbury,  Ct.,  Feb.  1785;  d. 
at  Newtown,  Sept.  12,  1854.  Y.C.  1803.  He 
studied  law,  and  settled  in  his  native  town,  of 
which  he  was  a  representative  and  senator 
(1818-31)  ;  11  years  judge  of  probate;  judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  in  1833,  and  in  1847-54 
chief-justice.  He  removed  to  Litchfield  in 
1845.  He  pub.  an  address  at  the  Salisbury 
Centennial  Jubilee,  1841. 

Churchill,  Sylvester,  brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b.  Woodstock,  Vt.,  Aug.  2,  1783;  d.  Wash- 
ington, Dec.  7,  1862.  Educated  in  the  schools 
of  his  native  place,  he  pub.  in  Windsor,  in 
1808,  a  weekly  Democ.  newspaper.  The  Ver- 
mont Republican.  App.  lieut.  of  art.  in  Mar. 
1812;  capt.  Aug.  1813,  of  a  company  raised 
by  himself,  and  did  good  service  on  BuiHngtoa 
Heights  in  protecting  Macdonough's  fleet  dur- 
ing an  attack,  while  undergoing  repairs.  Asst. 
insp.-gen.  Aug.  29,  1813;  ordnance  officer 
under  Gen.  Wade  Hampton,  serving  as  such 
through  the  war.  He  was  in  the  attack  on 
La  Cole  Mill ;  was  subsequently  on  the  staff  of 
Gen.  Iziird,  and  was  acting  adj.-gen.  to  Gen. 
Macomb,  at  Plattsburg;  maj.  3d  Art.,  Apr.  6 
1835;  acting  insp.-gen.  in  Creek  Nation  and 
in  Florida,  from  July,  1836,  to  1841 ;  insp.-gen. 
June  25,  1841  ;  brev.  brig.-gen.  Feb.  23,  1847, 
"  for  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  in  battle 
of  Buena  Vista."  Retired  Oct.  1861.  His 
eldestson,  Capt.  Wm.  H.  Churchill,  d.  at  Point 
Isabel  in  1847.     West  Point,  1840 

Churchman,  John,  Quaker  preacher,  b. 
Nottingham,  Pa.,  June  4,  1705  ;  d.  there  July 
24,  1775.  He  entered  on  the  ministry  in  1733 ; 
travelled  and  preached  in  N.E.  in  1742;  in 
N.Y.  in  1743,  and  again  in  1774;  in  Eng., 
Scotland,  Wales,  Ireland,  and  Holland  in 
1750-4,  and,  in  1775,  visited  the  Eastern  shore 
of  Md.  He  was  an  able  preacher  and  an  ex- 
emplary man.  An  account  of  his  labors  and 
experiences  was  pub.,  Lond.,  1780. —  Coll.  of 
Quaker  Memorials. 

Churchman,  John,  a  Quaker,  disting. 
for  his  researches  after  the  cause  of  the  varia- 
tion of  the  magnetic  needle,  b.  Md. ;  d.  on  the 
passage  from  Europe,  July  24, 1805.  He  pub., 
besides  several  philos.  tracts,  a  useful  variation- 
chart  of  the  globe,  magnetic  atlas  and  explana- 
tion, Phila.,  1790  ;  was  a  member  of  the  Rus- 
sian Imperial  Acad.,  and  was  presented  by  it 
with  a  set  of  its  Transactions. 

Churruca  y  Elorza  de  (da  choor-roo'- 
ka  e  a-lor'-tha),  C.  Damian,  an  able  Spanish 
naval  officer,  b.  Guipuzcoa,  1761  ;  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Trafalgar,  1805.  Sent  with  the 
exped.  to  survey  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  his 
valuable  "  Diary  of  the  Exploration  of  Terra 
del  Fuego,"  was  pub.  in  1793.  He  com.  an 
exploring  exped.  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  1 791 , 
from  which  resulted  nuiflerous  charts  of  the 
coasts. 

Cieza,  or  Cieca  de  Leon  (the-a'-tha  da 

la-6n'),  Pedro,  b.  Seville,  ab.  1520  ;  served 
under  Pizarro  in  the  W.  Indies ;  resided  many 


cm. 


187 


CIxA. 


years  in  Peru.  Author  of  "  Crovica  del  Peru  " 
(1553),  commended  by  Prescott.  —  See  Con- 
quest of  Peru. 

Cilley,  Gen.  Joseph,  Revol.  officer,  b.  Not- 
tingham, N.II.,  1734;  d.  there  Aug.  1799.  His 
father  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  N.  in  1727. 
With  little  education,  he  became  a  self-taught 
lawyer.  In  Dec.  1774,  he,  with  other  patriots, 
dismantled  the  fort  at  Portsmouth,  and  re- 
moved the  cannon.  Immediately  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Lexington,  he  led  100  vols,  to  Boston  ; 
became  a  major  in  Poor's  regt.  in  May,  1775; 
lieut.-col.  Nov.  8,  1776,  and  col.  IstN.H.  regt., 
Feb.  22,  1777.  He  com.  his  regt.  at  Ticonde- 
roga  in  July,  1777  ;  was  conspicuous  for  brav- 
ery at  Bemis  Heights  in  Sept. ;  was  at  the 
storming  of  Stony  Point,  at  the  battle  of  Mon- 
mouth, and  in  Sullivan's  exped.  against  the 
Indians  in  1779,  serving  to  the  end  of  the  war. 
Maj.-gen.  of  militia,  June  22,  1786,  and  held 
various  offices. 

Cist,  Charles,  editor  and  author;  d.  Cin- 
cin.,  6  Sept.  1868.  Editor  of  "  Cists's  Adver- 
tiser," Cin.,  1844-53,  and  of  3  vols,  of  Annals  of 
Cincinnati,  1841,  '51,  and  '59,  and  Cincinnati 
Miscellany,  8vo. 

Cist,  Lewis  J.,  poet,  son  of  Charles,  b. 
Harmony,  Pa.,  20  Nov.  1818.  Removed  when 
a  child  to  Cincinnati,  and  in  1852  to  St.  Louis, 
where  he  has  long  been  a  bank-officer.  From 
his  contribs.  to  the  "  Hesperian,"  his  father's 
"  Advertiser,"  and  other  papers,  he  collected 
and  pub.  in  1845  a  vol.  of  "Trifles  in  Verse." 
—  See  Pods  and  Poetry  of  the  West. 

Claflin,  WiLLiAxM,  LL.D.(VVesl.  U.  1868), 
gov.  of  Ms.,  1869-71,  b.  Milford,  6  Mar.  1818. 
Many  years  engaged  in  the  shoe  and  leather 
business,  Boston.  Member  Ms.  legisl.  1849- 
52;  senator,  1860;  pres.  senate,  1861,  and  lieut.- 
gov.  1866-9. 

Claggett,  John  Thomas.  D.D.,  first  Ep. 
bishop  of  Md.,  b.  Oct.  2,  1742,  at  White's 
Landing,  Md.;  d.  Aug.  2,  1816.  N.J.  Coil. 
1764;  D.D.  1787.  Son  of  a  cler«ryman  ;  adm. 
to  priest's  orders  by  the  bishop  of  Lond,,  Oct.  1 1, 
1767.  He  took  charge  of  All  Saints'  parish, 
Calvert  Co.,  Md.,  until  the  Revol.,  and  after- 
wards of  St.  James's  parish,  Anne  Arundel  Co., 
preaching  alternately  in  both.  In  1791,  he 
removed  to  his  large  paternal  estate  at  Croom 
in  Prince  George's  Co.  After  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  church  in  the  diocese  of  Md.,  Dr. 
Claggett  was  elected  its  first  bishop,  and  was 
consec.  Sept.  17,  1792. 

Claiborne,  Ferdinand  Leigh,  gen.,  b. 
Sussex  Co.,  Va.,  1772;  d.  1815.  Bro.  of  Wm. 
C.C.  App.  ensign  of  inf ,  Feb.  1793  ;  capt.  Oct. 
1799;  brig.-gen.  militia  Mpi.  Terr.,  Feb.  1811  ; 
col.  Mpi.  vols.  1812-13;  brig.-gen.  vols.  1813  ; 
com.  in  engagement  with  Creek  Indians  at  the 
"Holy  Ground,"  Dee.  1813  ;  legislative  coun- 
cillor Mpi.  Terr.,  1815.  He  settled  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi Territory,  and  presided  over  the  delib- 
erations of  its  legisl. 

Claiborne,  John  F.  H.,  journalist  and 
author,  b.  Natchez,  Mpi.  Educated  as  a  lawyer 
in  Va. ;  member  Mpi.  legisl.  3  sessions;  MC. 
1835-8  ;  editor  Natchez  Fair  Trader  and  Louisi- 
ana Courier,  and  afterward  of  an  agric.  paper 
in  N.  Orleans  ;  app.  U.S.  timber  agent  for  La. 
and  Mpi.  by  Pres.  Pierce  ;  author  of  "  Life  of 


Gen.  Sam.  Dale,"  1860;  "  Life  of  Gen.  Quit- 
man," 2  vols.  12mo.  —  Hist.  Mag.  iii.  352. 

Claiborne,  Nathaniel  Herbert,  poli- 
tician, of  the  same  family  as  the  above,  and 
bro.  of  Gov.  Wm.  C  C,  b.  Franklin  Co.,  Va., 
1777  ;  d.  on  his  plantation  there,  Aug.  15,  1859. 
He  was  the  son  of  Wm.  Claiborne  and  Mary 
Leigh;  was  many  years  a  disting.  member  of 
both  branches  of  the  Va.  legisl.,  where  he  was 
a  reformer  of  extravagance  and  abuses  of  the 
govt. ;  was  afterward  a  member  of  the  exec, 
council,  and  was  a  M.C.  from  1825  to  1837. 
Author  of  "Notes  on  the  War  in  the  South," 
Richmond,  12rao,  1819. 

Claiborne,  William  Charles  Cole, 
statesman,  b.  Va.,  1773;  d.  N.  Orleans,  Nov. 
23,  1817.  Bred  a  lawyer,  he  settled  in  Tenn., 
where  he  soon  received  the  app.  of  territorial 
judge  ;  assisted  in  framing  a  State  constitution 
in  1796,  and  was  M.C.  from  1797  to  1801.  He 
was  app.,  by  Jefferson,  gov.  of  Mpi.  in  1802; 
was  a  commissioner  with  Gen.  Wilkinson  to 
take  possession  of  La.  on  its  purchase  from  the 
French,  and,  on  the  establishment  of  the  new 
govt,  in  1804,  was  app.  gov.,  to  which  position 
he  was  elected  by  the  people  from  1812  to  1816. 
Elected  to  the  U.S.  senate  in  the  latter  year, 
he  was  prevented  by  sickness  from  taking  his 
seat.  Of  the  same  family  as  the  above  were, 
1st,  Col.  Thomas  of  Brunswick,  Va.,  M.C. 
1793-9,  1801-5;  2d,  his  son.  Dr.  John,  M.C. 
from  1805  to  his  death,  Oct.  9,  1808;  3d, 
Thomas  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  M.C.  1817-19; 
4th,  Nathaniel  H.  of  Va.  — Lanman. 

Clap,  Nathaniel,  minister  of  Newport, 
R.I. ,  b.  Jan.  20,  1669;  d.  Newport,  Oct.  30, 
1745.  H.C.  1690.  Grandson  of  deacon 
Nicholas,  a  settler  of  Dorchester  in  1636.  He 
began  to  preach  in  Newport  in  1695 ;  was  ord. 
Nov.  3,  1720,  and  preached  there  until  his 
death.  Whitetield  and  Bishop  Berkeley  both 
s|)eak  of  his  appearance  as  most  venerable.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  earnestness,  goodness,  and 
charity.  He  pub.  "  Advice  to  Children,"  1691, 
and  a  sermon  on  some  extraordinary  dispensa- 
tions, 1715. 

Clap,  Capt.  Roger,  one  of  the  first  settlers 
of  Dorchester,  b.  Sallora,  Devonshire,  Eng., 
Apr.  6,  1609  ;  d.  Boston,  Feb.  2,  1691.  Emi- 
grating to  Ms.  in  1630,  with  Warham,  Maver- 
ick, and  others,  he  began  a  plantation  at  Dor- 
chester. He  sustained  several  military  and 
civil  offices;  was  a  representative  from  1652  to 
1666,  and  capt.  of  Castle  William  from  Aug. 
1665,  till  his  removal  to  Boston  in  1686.  Being 
a  man  of  remarkable  piety,  he  officiated  as  chap- 
lain at  the  castle.  His  manuscript  memoirs  — 
a  most  touching  memorial  of  the  New-England 
worthies,  prepared  for  the  benefit  of  his  chil- 
dren, to  whom  he  gives  excellent  advice —  were 
first  pub.  by  Rev.  Thos.  Prince  in  1731,  and 
have  been  5  times  reprinted,  the  last  time  by 
the  Dorchester  Hist.  Soc. —  Hist,  of  Dorchester. 

Clap,  Thomas,  divine  and  scholar,  b.  Scit- 
uate,  Ms.,  June  26,  1703  ;  d.  N.  Haven,  Jan.  7, 
1767.  H.  U.  1722.  He  was  educated  by  Dr. 
McSparran,  the  R.  I.  missionary ;  was  minis- 
ter of  Windham,  Ct.,  1726-39,  and  pres  of  Y. 
C.  1739-66.  He  was  one  of  the  most  learned 
men  of  his  time  in  N.  E.;  constructed  the  firsi 
orrery  in  America,  and  was  eminent  as  a  math- 


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ematicinn,  astronomer,  and  natural  philoso- 
pher. The  coll.,  under  his  administration,  rose 
greatly  in  reputation.  He  was  an  accomplished 
instructor,  and  a  man  of  indefatigable  industry 
and  unaffected  piety.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of 
Yale  Coll.,"  1766;  "An  Abridgment  of  the 
Established  Doctrines  of  the  N.  E.  Churches," 
1755  ;  also  sermons  ;  a  tract  on  meteors;  "  Ks- 
say  on  the  Religious  Constitution  of  Colleges," 
1754;  "  Nature  and  Foundation  of  Moral  Vir- 
tue and  Obligation,"  1765;  "Letter  to  Mr. 
Edwards,"  1745  ;  and  "  Remarks  on  Graham's 
Vindication  of  B.  Gale." 

Clapp,  Asa,  merchant,  b.  Mansfield,  Ms., 
March  15,  1762;  d.  Portland,  May  17,  1848. 
The  son  of  a  respectable  farmer.  He  was  a  vol. 
in  Sullivan's  exped.  to  R.  I.  in  1778,  and  served 
as  an  officer  of  a  privateer  until  the  close  of  the 
Revol.,  when  he  obtained  the  com.  of  a  ship. 
He  was  at  St.  Domingo  during  the  negro 
insurrection,  and  rendered  much  service  to 
the  distressed  inhabitants.  Quitting  the  sea  in 
1796,  he  established  himself  in  business  in  Port- 
land, and  became  one  of  the  wealthiest  and 
most  disting.  merchants  of  Me.  He  was  a  State 
councillor,  a  delegate  to  the  convention  for 
framing  the  constitution  of  Me.  in  Oct.  1819, 
and  several  years  a  representative  in  the  State 
legisl.  He  was  noted  for  benevolence  and 
rectitude.  A  memoir,  by  J.  A.  Lowell,  is  in 
"  Lives  of  American  Merchants."  —  Portland 
Advertiser,  May  18. 

Clapp,  Rev.  Theodore,  Unitarian  clergy- 
man, b.  Easthampton,  Ms.,  March  29,  1792  ; 
d.  Louisville,  Ky.,  Apr.  17,  1866.  Y.  C.  1814. 
He  studied  theology  at  Andover  in  1818-19, 
and  in  1822  became  pastor  of  the  First  Presb. 
Church  in  N.  Orleans.  In  1834,  he  adopted 
Unitarian  views,  and  dissolved  his  connection 
with  the  Presb.  Church,  but  remained  pastor 
of  nearly  the  same  congregation  as  before,  or- 
ganized under  the  name  of  the  Church  of  the 
Messiah.  He  resided  in  N.  Orleaiis  through  20 
fatal  and  wide-spreading  epidemics,  including 
yellow-fever  and  cholera,  and,  by  his  laborious 
devotion  to  all  classes,  earned  the  esteem  and 
affection  alike  of  his  own  parishioners  and  of 
the  whole  body  of  Protestant  and  Catholic  in- 
habitants. In  1847,  he  travelled  in  Europe;  re- 
signed his  pastorate  from  ill  health  in  1857, 
and  in  1858  pub.  a  vol.  of  "Autobiographical 
Sketches  and  Recollections  of  a  35- Years'  Res. 
in  N.  Orleans  ;  "  in  1859,  "  Theol.  Views,"  &c. 
An  instance  of  the  esteem  in  which  he  was  held, 
even  by  his  bitterest  religious  foes,  is  found  in 
the  fact,  that,  for  many  years,  the  use  of  a 
large  church  in  N.  Orleans  was  given  him  by 
its  owner,  Judah  Touro,  a  wealthy  Jew,  free 
of  expense. 

Clapp,  William  Warland,  Jun.,  jour- 
nalist, b.  Boston,  11  Apr.  1826,  succeeded  his 
father,  in  1847,  as  editor  of  the  Boxton  Sat. 
Evening  Gazette.  After  the  death  of  C.  O.  Ro- 
gers, he  became  a  proprietor  of  the  Boston  Jour- 
nal. Author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Boston 
Stage." 

Clark,  Abraham,  signer  of  the  Decl.  of 
Indep.,  b.  Elizabethtown,  N.J.,  15  Feb.  1726; 
d.  Rahway,  Sept.  15,  1794.  Bred  a  farmer,  he 
taught  himself  a  knowledge  of  mathematics  and 
of  the  law  ;  held  the  offices  of  high  sheriff  and 


clerk  of  the  assembly,  and,  from  his  habit  of 
giving  legal  advice  gratuitously,  was  called 
"the  poor  man's  counsellor."  Active  in  the 
Revol.  movement,  he  was  on  the  committee 
of  public  safety;  was,  with  few  intermissions, 
a  delegate  to  Congress  from  June  11,  1776,  un- 
til the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Const.,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  conventions  at  Annapolis  in 
1786,  and  of  that  which  framed  the  U.  S.  Const, 
in  1787.  Member  of  the  State  legisl.,  1782-7  ; 
M.  C.  1789-94.  Two  of  his  sons,  officers  of 
the  army,  were  at  one  time  inmates  of  the  Jer- 
sey prison-ship ;  and  the  sufferings  of  one  of 
them  were  such  that  Congress  ordered  a  retali- 
ation. His  zeal,  public  spirit,  and  patriotism 
made  him  one  of  the  most  useful  men  of  his 
time. 

Clarke,  Sir  Alured,  a  British  field-mar- 
shal, b.  1745;  d.  Sept.  16,  1832.  He  entered 
the  army  in  1755;  became  maj.  Nov.  1771; 
lieut.-col".  7th  Foot,  1777  ;  brev.  col.  May,  1781 ; 
maj.-gen.  1790;  lieut.-gen.  1797;  gen.  1800; 
field-marshal,  1830.  He  com.  the  British  forces 
in  Savannah,  until  their  withdrawal,  11  July, 
1782,  and  gained  the  good  will  of  the  Ameri- 
cans by  his  courtesy  and  by  the  protection  of 
property  at  the  evacuation.  Gov.  of  Jamaica ; 
gov.  of  Quebec,  1792-3  ;  com.  at  the  capture 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1794;  com. -in- 
chief  of  Madras,  1795-7;  gov.-gen  of  India, 
Sept.  1797-Apr.  1808;  and  com.-in-chiefof  the 
forces  in  India,  May,  1798-1801. 

Clark,  Alvan,  portrait-painter,  and  maker 
of  telescopes,  b.  Ashfield,  Ms.,  March  8,  1804. 
A  fixrtner's  boy,  at  22  he  became  a  calico-engrav- 
er at  Lowell.  In  1836,  he  became  a  success- 
ful portrait-painter  in  Boston,  and  still  contin- 
ues to  practise  this  art.  When  over  40  years 
of  age,  he  became  interested  in  telescopes,  and, 
with  his  sons,  succeeded  in  producing  instru- 
ments of  great  accuracy.  No.  9  of  vqI  xvii.  of 
the  "  Proceedings  of  the  Roy.  Astron.  Society 
of  Lond.,"  contains  a  list  of  discoveries  by  Mr. 
Clark,  with  telescopes  of  his  own  manufacture. 
He  is  also  the  inventor  of  a  double  eye-piece, 
an  ingenious  and  valuable  method  of  measur- 
ing small  celestial  arcs  from  3'  to  60'.  Jan.  3, 
1863,  the  French  Imperial  Acad,  of  Sciences 
awarded  him  the  La  Lande  prize  for  his  dis- 
covery of  the  new  star  near  Sirius  with  the 
great  reflecting  telescope  made  by  him.  A.M. 
of  Amh.  and  N.  J.  Colleges. 

Clark,  Davis  Wasgatt,  D.D.,  Methodist 
clergyman,  b.  on  the  Island  of  Mt.  Desert,  Me., 
Feb.  25,  1812;  d.  Cincin  ,  23  May,  1871.  Wcsl. 
U.  1836.  He  presided  over  Amenia  Sem.,  N.Y., 
7  years.  For  9  years,  he  filled  important  sta- 
tions, 4  of  them  'in  N.  Y.  City.  In  1852,  he 
was  elected  editor  of  hooks  and  of  the  Ladies* 
Reposifori/,  at  the  Western  Book  Concern,  Cin- 
cinnati, O.  He  presided  over  42  annual  con- 
ferences. Elected  pres.  of  Lawrence  U.  1852, 
and  in  1853  of  Ind.  Asbury  U.  Elected  bishop 
in  1864.  In  1849,  he  received  from  his  alma 
mater  the  degree  of  D.D.  He  pub.  an  algebra 
in  1843;  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
Methodist  QwirterJy  Revieio ;  pub.  a  "  Treatise 
on  Mental  Di.scipiine,"  1848;  "Fireside  Read- 
ings," 5  vols.;  "Life  and  Times  of  Bishop 
Hedding,"  1854;  "Man  Immortal,"  1864; 
"  Sermons,"  1868.     27  vols,  have  been  edited 


aHiA. 


189 


crL,A. 


by  him,  and  pub.  by  the  Book  Concern.  He 
has  also  been  actively  engaged  as  a  preacher. — 
Alumni  Rec.  Wesl.  (J. 

Clark,  Danikl,  lawyer  and  senator,  b. 
Stratham,  N.H.,  Oct.  29,  1809.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1834.  He  began  practice  at  Epping  in  Sept. 
1837,  and  in  Manchester  in  1839;  member 
N.H.  legisl.  1842-3,  '46,  and  18.54-5;  U.S. 
senator,  1857-66,  and  pres.  pro  tem.  1864-5; 
judge  U.S.  District  Court  since  1866. 

Clarke,  Rev.  Dorus,  D.D.,  b.  Northamp. 
Ms.,  Jan.  2,  1797.  Wms.  Coll.  1817.  Some 
time  pastor  4th  Cong.  Ch.,  Springfield,  Ms. 
Author  of  "  Lectures  to  Young  People  in  Man- 
ufocturing  Villages  ;  "  "  Fugitives  from  the  Es- 
critoire of  a  Retired  Editor,"  1864.  "Ortho- 
dox Congregationalism"  1871.  Several  years 
editor  N.  E.  Puritan  and  the  Christian  Times 
in  Boston,  and  of  the  Christian  Parlor  Mag. 
in  N.Y. 

Clarke,  Gex.  Elijah,  b.  N.C. ;  d.  Wilkes 
Co.,  Ga.,  Dec.  15,  1799.  He  removed  to  Ga. 
in  1774  ;  became  a  capt.  in  1776,  and  disting. 
himself  in  engagements  both  with  Indians  and 
British  on  the  frontiers  of  Ga.  App.  a  col.  of 
militia,  and  subsequently  a  brig.-gen.,  he  de- 
feated the  British  at  Musgrove's  Mill  and  Black- 
stocks,  and  contrib.  greatly  to  the  capture  of 
Augusta  in  June,  17S1.  At  the  battle  of  Long 
Cane,  he  was  severely  wounded,  and,  on  his 
recovery,  joined  the  com.  of  Gen.  Pickens. 
He  afterward  fought  many  battles,  and  made 
several  treaties,  with  the  Creek  Indians.  He 
was  accused,  in  1794,  of  a  design  to  establish  an 
independent  govt,  in  the  Creek  nation,  where 
he  had  settled  in  violation  of  law. 

Clarke,  George,  gov.  of  N.Y.  from  March, 
1736  to  1743  ;  d.  Chester,  Eng..  1763.  Of  an 
ancient  family  in  Somersetshire,  he  was  bred  to 
the  law,  and  assumed  the  administration  as 
senior  counsellor  on  the  death  of  Gov.  Cosby. 
His  administration,  like  that  of  his  predecessor, 
was  agitated  by  contention  with  the  assembly. 

Clark,  Gborge  H.,  poet,  b.  Northamp- 
ton, Ms,  1809.  Inn-merchant  at  Hartford, 
Ct.,  and,  besides  contributing  poems  to  news- 
papers and  magazines,  has  pub.  "  Now  and 
Then,"  and  "  The  News,"  poems  of  ab.  1,000 
lines,  and  "  Under  Tow  of  a  Trade  Wind 
Surf,"  a  coll.  of  sentimental  and  humorous 
pieces.  —  Dwjclcinck. 

Clarke,  George  Rogers,  gen.,  b.  Albe- 
marle Co.,  Va.,  Nov.  19,  1752  ;  d.  near  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  Feb.  13,  1818.  Originally  a  land- 
surveyor,  he  com.  a  company  in  Dunmore's 
army  in  1774.  In  1775,  he  went  to  Ky.,  and 
took  com.  of  the  armed  settlers.  In  the  spring 
of  1778,  Miij.  Clarke  was  intrusted  by  Gov. 
Henry  of  Va.  with  the  com.  of  an  exped. 
against  the  British  fort  at  Kaskaskia,  which  he 
surprised  and  captured.  He  succccled,  also,  in 
reducing  other  posts  in  this  region,  including 
that  at  Vincennes,  which  were  organiz'd  into 
a  county,  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Va.,  and 
named  Illinois.  Promoted  to  col.  by  the  Va. 
authorities,  he  applied  himself  successfully  to 
the  pacification  of  the  Indian  tribes.  AVhile 
thus  engaged,  he  learned  that  Gov.  Hamilton 
of  Detroit  had  captured  Vincennes,  and  that 
further  blows  were  to  be  struck  against  Amer. 
posts.     Anticipating  the  enemy,  Col.  Clarke 


commenced  his  march  against  Vincennes, 
Feb.  7,  1779,with  175  men,  traversing  a  wilder- 
ness and  the  drowned  lands  of  Illinois,  suffering 
every  privation  from  wet,  cold,  and  hunger. 
The  place  was  besieged  on  the  morning  of  the 
19th,  and  was  surrendered  the  next  day.  He 
intercepted  a  convoy  of  goods  worth  $10,000, 
and  built  Fort  Jefferson  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Mpi.  In  retaliation  for  the  inroads  of  the 
British  and  Indians  into  Ky.,  in  June,  1780,  he 
led  a  force  against  the  Shawnees  on  the  Great 
Miami,  defeating  them,  with  heavy  loss,  at 
Pickawa.  DuringArnold's  invasion, Clarke  took 
a  temporary  com.  under  Baron  Steuben.  He 
afterwards  succeeded  in  raising  a  considerable 
force  for  an  exped.  against  Detroit,  and  was 
made  a  brigadier ;  but  the  progress  of  Cornwal- 
lis,  and  the  poverty  of  the  country,  restricted 
the  frontiersmen  to  the  defensive.  In  Sept. 
1782,  Gen.  Clarke,  at  the  head  of  more  than 
1 ,000  mounted  riflemen, assembled  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Licking,  invaded  the  Indian  towns  on 
the  Scioto,  burned  five  of  their  villages,  and 
laid  waste  their  plantations,  pi*oducing  a  salu- 
tary effect,  and  so  awing  the  savages,  that  no 
formidable  Indian  war-party  ever  after  invaded 
Ky.  In  1786,  Clarke  com.  an  exped.  of  1,000 
men  against  the  Indians  on  the  Wabash.  It 
was  a  failure.  His  great  services  to  his  coun- 
try were  passed  over,  and  he  d.  in  poverty  and 
obscuritv.  "  A  Sketch  of  his  Campaign  in 
111.  in  i 778-9,"  by  H.  Pirtle,  was  pub.  8vo, 
Cincinnati,  1869. 

Clark,  Gen.  Isaac,  d.  Castleton,  Vt.,  Jan. 
31,  1822,  a.  73.  Member  of  the  Const.  Conv., 
and  many  years  chief-judge  of  the  Vt.  Co. 
Court,  a  soldier  of  the  Revol.,  and  col.  11th 
U.S.  Inf.,  Mar.  12,  1812.  Com.  a  successful 
exped.  against  Massequoi,  L.  Canada,  Oct.  12, 
1813. 

Clark,  J.  Henry,  M.D.,  physician  and 
author,  b.  Livingston,  N.J.,  June  23,  1814  ;  d. 
Montclair,  N.J.,  March  6,  1869.  U.  of  N.Y. 
1841.  He  studied  medicine  in  N.Y.  and  Eu- 
rope, and  settled  in  practice  at  Newark,  ab. 
1846,  gaining  a  high  reputation.  He  was  some 
years  pres.  of  the  Essex  Co.  Med.  Society. 
Author  of  "  Sight  and  Hearing,"  1856  ;  "  Med. 
Topography  of  Newark  and  its  Vicinity,"  1861. 

Clark,  Col.  James,  b.  July  1730;  d.  Leb- 
anon, Ct.,  Dec.  29,  1826.  Descended  from 
Daniel,  an  early  settler  of  Windsor,  Ct.  A 
capt.  in  Putnam's  regt.,  and  disting.  at  Bun- 
ker's mil ;  made  lieut.-col  of  Huntington's  regt. 
Nov.  4,  1775,  and  was  disting.  at  Harlem 
Heights  and  White  Plains. 

Clark,  James,  gov.  Ky.,  1836-9,  b,  near 
the  Peaks  of  Otter,  Bedford  Co.,  Va.,  1779  ;  d. 
Frankfort,  Ky.,  Aug.  27,  1839.  His  father 
having  moved  to  Clark  Co.,  Ky.,  James  prac- 
tised law  in  Winchester  in  1 797  ;  was  several 
times  a  member  of  the  State  legisl.,  was  judge 
of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  1810-12  ;  M.C.  1813- 
16  and  182.5-31  ;  jmlge  of  the  Circuit  Court, 
1 817-24,  and  member  of  the  State  senate,  and 
speaker,  in  1832.  —  Collins' s  Hist.  Ky. 

Clarke,  James,  journalist  and  politician, 
b.  Westmoreland  Co.,  Pa.;  d.  near  Burlington, 
Iowa,  July  28,  1850,  a.  38.  He  went  to  St. 
Louis  in  1836,  then  to  Beloit,  Wis.,  where  he 
was  territorial  printer,  and  in  1837  to  Bnrling- 


CJiiJL 


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ton,  Iowa,  where  he  conducted  the  Territorial, 
now  State  Gazette,  until  the  winter  of  1839-40, 
when  he  was  app.  sec.  of  the  Terr.  ;  resumed 
the  conduct  of  that  paper  from  1843  to  1845; 
was  gov.  of  the  Terr,  in  1846,  and  again  edited 
the  Gazette,  from  the  fall  of  1848,  till  his  death. 

Clarke,  James  Freemax,  D.D.  (H.U. 
1863),  clergyman,  b.  Hanover,  N.H.,  April  4, 
1810.  H.  U.  1829  ;  Camb.  Div.  School,  1833. 
Pastor  of  the  Unitarian  Church  at  Louisville, 
Ky.,  from  1833  to  1840,  of  the  Church  of  the 
Disciples,  Boston,  from  1841  to  1850,  and  from 
1853  to  the  present  time.  He  edited  the  Western 
Messenger  at  Louisville,  1836-9  ;  translated  De 
Wette's" Theodore,"  2  vols.,  1840;  pub.  "Life 
and  Military  Services  of  Gen.  Wm.Hull,"  1848; 
"  Eleven  Weeks  in  Europe,"  1851 ;  "  Christian 
Doctrine  of  Forgiveness,"  1852  ;  "  Service- 
Book  and  Hymn-Book  for  the  Church  of  the  Dis- 
ciples," 1844,1856;  "Memoirs  of  the  Mar- 
chioness D'Ossoli,"  1852  ;  "  Christian  Doctrine 
of  Prayer,"  1854  and  1856  ;  "  Ten  Great  Re- 
ligions," 1870;  also  occasional  sermons, 
poems,  articles  in  reviews,  &c.  In  1864,  he 
delivered  a  tercentenary  discourse  on  Shak- 
speare  in  Boston.  Dr.  Clarke  has  ever 
been  devoted  to  practical  reforms,  to  the  im- 
provement of  the  forms  of  worship  and  fellow- 
ship, and  was  long  engaged  in  the  antislavery 
movement.  The  worship  of  the  Church  of 
the  Disciples  combines  the  features  of  re- 
sponses on  the  part  of  the  congregation,  as  in 
the  English  Church,  the  extempore  prayer  of 
the  Congregationalists,  and  the  silent  prayer 
of  the  Friends.  His  treatises  on  prayer  and 
forgiveness  have  attracted  much  attention. 

Clarke,  John,  a  founder  of  R.I.,  b.  Bed- 
fordsh.  Eng.,  Oct.  8,  1609;  d.  Newport,  April 
20,  1676.  He  was  a  physician  in  Lond.,  came 
to  Ms.  soon  after  its  settlement,  but  espousing 
the  cause  of  Anne  Hutchinson,  and  publicly 
claiming,  with  Roger  Williams,  full  license  for 
religious  belief,  was  obliged  to  flee  from  the 
Colony.  Welcomed  by  Roger  Williams,  the 
fugitives  formed  themselves  into  an  organiza- 
tioii,  March  7,  1637-8,  and  obtained  from  the 
Indians  Aquidneck,  which  they  named  the  Isle 
of  Rhodes,  or  Rhode  Island.  The  settlement 
began  at  Pocasset,  in  1638;  and  Mr.  Clarke, 
who  commenced  preaching,  founded  at  New- 
port in  1644,  and  became  pastor  of,  the  second 
Baptist  Church  in  Amer.  In  1649,  he  was 
treas.  of  the  Colony.  Visiting  his  friends  in 
Lynn,  while  preaching  there,  July  24,  1651,  he 
was  arrested,  was  taken  before  the  court,  and 
was  condemned,  for  what  were  adjudged  false 
teachings,  to  pay  a  fine  of  £20,  or  be  publicly 
whipped.  He  proposed  a  discussion,  but  was 
obliged  to  pay  his  fine,  and  was  ordered  to  leave 
the  Colony.  He  was  sent  to  Eng.,  with  Roger 
Williams,  in  1651,  as  an  agent  of  the  Colony  of 
R.I.,  and  there  pub.,  in  1652,  "111  News  from 
New  England ;  or,  a  Narrative  of  New  England's 
Persecution."  Remaining  12  years  in  Eng., 
he  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  revocation  of 
Coddington's  commission  as  gov.,  and  finally 
procured  a  second  charter  for  the  Colony,  which 
secured  to  every  person  complete  freedom  in 
matters  of  religious  concernment.  Returning 
in  1663,  he  resumed  his  pastorate  at  Newport, 
retaining  it  till  his  death,  and  was  for  3  suc- 


cessive years  dep.  gov.  of  the  Colony.  In  his 
will,  he  left  his  farm  for  charitable  purposes, 
the  income  of  it  only  to  be  expended;  and  it 
has  since  produced  annually  about  $200.  — 
DuycJdnck. 

Clarke,  John,  D.D.  (U.  of  Edinb.),  Cong, 
minister,  b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  April  13,  1755  ; 
d.  April  2,  1798.  H.U.  1774.  He  became  a 
teacher,  and  was  ord.  pastor  of  the  First  Church, 
as  colleague  with  Dr.  Chauncey,  July  8,  1778. 
He  pub.  a  tract,  entitled  "An  Answer  to  the 
Question,  Why  are  you  a  Christian?"  1797, 
and  "  A  letter  to  a  Student  at  Coll.,"  1796.  A 
vol.  of  his  sermons  Wi\s  pub.  in  1799,  and 
"  Discourses  to  Young  Persons  "  in  1804. 

Clarke,  John,  gov.  of  Del.,  1816-17  ;  d. 
Smyrna,  Del.,  Aug.  1821. 

Clarke,  Gen.  John,  gov.  of  Ga.,  1819-23, 
b.  1766  ;  d.  West  Fla.,  Oct.  15,  1832.  At  16, 
he  was  app.  lieut.,  then  capt.,  of  militia.  He 
fought  under  his  father.  Gen.  Elijah  Clarke,  in 
the  Revol.  army ;  at  the  siege  of  Augusta ;  and, 
at  the  battle  of  Jack's  Creek  in  1787,  greatly 
disting.  himself,  and  attained  the  rank  of  maj.- 
gen.  of  the  State  militia.  At  a  critical  period 
in  the  War  of  1812,  he  was  app.  by  the  gov.  to 
the  com.  of  the  forces  destined  to  defend  the  sea- 
coast  of  Ga. 

Clarke,  John  A.,  D.D.,  Pr.-Ep.  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  Pittsfield,  Ms.,  May  6, 
1801  ;  d.  Nov.  27,  1843.  Rector  of  St.  An- 
drew's Church,  Phila.  Un.  Coll.  1823.  He 
early  became  a  popular  preacher  and  writer. 
He  pub.  "Gathered  Fragments,"  "Awake, 
Thou  Sleeper,"  "  The  Pastor's  Testimony," 
"  The  Young  Disciple,"  "  Gleanings  by  the 
Way,"  and  "  A  Walk  about  Zion."  "  Glimpses 
of  the  Old  World  "  was  pub.,  with  a  memoir  of 
the  author,  bv  the  Rev.  S.  H.  Tyng,  in  2  vols., 
8vo,  Lond.,  1847. 

Clark,  John  B.,  lawyer,  b.  Madison  Co., 
Ky.,  April  17,  1802.  Removing  to  Mo.,  he 
was  clerk  of  Howard  Co.  Court,  1824-34 ;  com. 
a  mounted  regt.  in  Black  Hawk  war;  maj.- 
gen.  of  militia,  1848;  member  of  legisl.  1850- 
51  ;  as  gen.  of  militia,  expelled  the  Mormons 
from  Mo. ;  M.C.  from  1857,  until  expelled  in 
July,  1861. 

Clark,  Rev.  Jonas,  minister  of  Lexing- 
ton, and  Revol.  patriot,  b.  Newton,  Ms.,  Dec. 
25,  1730;  d.  Lexington,  Nov.  1.5,  1805.  H.U. 
1752.  Ord.  successor  of  Mr.  Hancock  at  Lex- 
ing'on,  Nov.  5,  1755,  he  proved  an  able  and 
faithful  minister.  He  was  disting.  as  a  patriot, 
and  saw  his  people  shot  down  at  their  doors  on 
the  19th  of  April,  1775.  During  the  war,  him- 
self and  parishioners  religiously  observed  the 
anniversary  of  this  event.  He  pub.  sermons, 
and  "  Narrative  of  the  Lexington  Battle," 
\11&.  — Allen. 

Clark,  Laban,  DD.  (Wesl.  U.  1853), 
Methodist  clergvman,  b.  Haverhill,  N.H.,  July 
19,  1778;  d.  Middletown,  Ct.,  Nov,  28,  1868. 
He  received  an  academical  education  at  Brad- 
ford, Vt. ;  began  to  preach  in  1800  ;  joined  the 
N.Y.  Conference  in  1801,  and  for  50  years  was 
a  successful  and  able  preacher  in  N.Y.,  N.  E., 
and  Canada.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Methodist  Ep.  Miss.  Society  in  1819,  and 
also  of  the  Wesleyan  U.  at  Middletown,  Ct., 
where  he  fixed  his  residence  in  1851. 


CL^ 


191 


ciuJs. 


Clark,  Louis  Gaylord,  editor,  b.  Otisco, 
N.Y.  1810.  He  and  his  twin-brother  Willis 
were  chiefly  educated  by  their  father,  a  Revol. 
soldier,  and  a  man  of  reading  and  observation. 
In  1834,  Louis  became  editor  of  the  Knicker- 
bocker Magazine.  His  contribs,,  called  "  The 
Editor's  Table,"  and  "  Gossip  with  Readers 
and  Correspondents,"  display  humor,  pathos, 
culture,  and  geniality.  In  1852,  "Knick- 
Knacks  from  an  Editor's  Table,"  selected 
from  the  magazine,  appeared  in  an  8vo  vol.  He 
had  previously  pub.  a  selection  of  papers  by  Ir- 
ving and  others,  called  "  The  Knickerbocker 
Sketches."  Li  1855.  the  leading  Amer.  con- 
tribs. to  his  magazine  pub.  "  The  Knickerbocker 
Gallery,"  illustrated  with  their  portraits,  and 
consisting  wholly  of  their  original  contribs. 
The  design  was  to  purchase  a  cottage  residence 
for  Mr.  Clark  at  Piermont  on  the  Hudson, 
where  he  has  lived  many  years. 

Clarke,  McDonald,  poet,  b.  N.  London, 
Ct.,  June  18,  1798;  d.  N.Y.,  Mar.  5,  1842. 
He  went  to  NY.  City  in  1819  ;  m.  an  actress, 
and  was  for  many  years  one  of  the  features  of 
Broadway  ;  was  always  celebrating  in  verses 
the  belles  of  the  town  and  the  topics  of  the  day, 
and  was  familiarly  known  as  the  "  mad  poet." 
His  oddities  were  all  amiable ;  he  had  no  vices  ; 
always  preserved  agentility  of  deportment,  and 
was  a  regular  attendant  at  the  fashionaI)le 
Grace  Church.  His  poems  were  humorous, 
sentimental,  and  indignant,  and  have  a  vein 
of  tenderness  pervading  all  their  grotesqueness 
and  irregularity.  They  contain  many  touches 
of  delicate  human  sensibility.  They  are  now 
rare,  though  several  times  pub. ;  some  of  their 
titles  being,  "  A  Review  of  the  Eve  of  Eter- 
nity, and  other  Poems,"  1820;  "The  Elixir 
of  Moonshine,"  by  the  Mad  Poet,  1822;  "  The 
Gossip,"  1825;  "Poetic  Sketches,"  1825; 
"The  Belles  of  Broadway;"  "Death  in  Dis- 
guise," a  temperance  poem,  1833  ;  "Poems," 
1836.  His  last  effusion,  "A  Cross  and  a 
Coronet,"  was  pub.  1841 Appletou's  Cijclop. 

Clarke,  Newman  S,  brev.  brig. -gen. 
U.S.A. ;  d.  San  Francisco,  Oct.  16,  1860.  App. 
from  Vt.  ensign  11th  Inf.,  Mar.  12,  1812;  adj. 
1813;  bri».-maj.  to  Gen.  Ripley,  1814 ;  brev. 
capt.  "  for  gallantry  in  the  battle  of  Niagara," 
July  25,  1814;  capt.  Oct.  1814;  brev.  maj. 
July  25,  1824;  maj.  2d  Inf.,  July  21,  1834; 
lieut.-col.  8th  Inf.,  July  7,  1838  ;  col.  6th  Inf., 
June  29,  1846  ;  com.  brig,  in  Mexico  in  1847  ; 
brev.  brig  -gen.  "  for  siegeof  Vera  Cruz,"  Mar. 
29,  1847. —  Gardner. 

Clark,  RuFus  Wheelwright,  D.D.  (U. 
of  N.Y.  1862),  Presb.  minister,  b.  Newbury- 
port,  Ms.,  1813.  Y.C.  1838.  Rector  of  the 
North  Church,  Portsmouth,  until  Dec.  1851  ; 
of  the  Maverick  Church,  E.  Boston,  from  Dec. 
1851  to  1856  ;  now  of  the  D.  R.  Church,  Al- 
bany. Has  pub.  "  Heaven  and  its  Scriptural 
Emblems  ;  "  "  Memoir  of  Rev.  John  E.  Em- 
erson," 1851;  "Lectures  to  Young  Men," 
"Review  of  Prof.  Stuart  on  Slavery,"  1850; 
"Romanism  in  America,"  1859;  "Life- 
Scenes  of  the  Messiah  ;  "  also  pamphlets,  ser- 
mons, &c.,  and  contribs.  to  various  journals. 

Clarke,  Samuel  (1.599-1682),  pastor  in 
Saint  Bennet  Fink,  Lond.,  pub.  "  A  True  and 
Faithful  Account  of  the  Four  Chiefest  Plan- 


tations of  the  English  in  America,"  Lond., 
folio,  1670  ;  also  a  number  of  theol.  works. ; 
"  New  Description  of  the  World,"  1689,  fol. 

Clark,  Samuel  A.,  Epis.  minister,  b.  New- 
buryport,  Ms.  Has  pub.  "  Memoir  of  Rev. 
Albert  VV.  Day,"  prefaced  to  Day's  Sermons, 
8vo,  1846;  "^History  of  St.  John's  Church, 
Elizabethtown,  N.J."  ( 1 703-1857 ),  Phila.,  1 857, 
12  mo. 

Clark,  Sheldon,  benefiictor  of  Yale  Coll., 
b.  Oxford,  Ct.,  Jan.  31,  1785  ;  d.  there  Apr. 
10,  1840.  He  studied  under  the  direction  of 
Pres.  D wight,  and  became  a  farmer.  He 
founded,  in  1823,  a  prof,  of  moral  philos.  and 
metaphysics  at  Y.C. ;  afterwards  established 
a  scholarship  fund;  bought  for  the  coll.  a 
superior  telescope,  and  bequeathed  to  it  the 
residue  of  his  property,  $15,000. 

Clark,  Thomas,  author  of  a"  Naval  Hist, 
of  the  U.S.,"  2  vols.,  181-3-14,  and  "  Sketches 
of  the  Naval  Hist,  of  the  U.S.,"  1813;  app. 
from  Pa.  lieut.  of  art.,  Apr.  1813  ;  assist,  topog. 
engr.,  rank  of  capt.,  1  Apr.  1813;  disbanded, 
June,  1815.  —  Gardner. 

Clark,  Thomas  March,  D.D.  (Trin.  Coll. 
1851),  LL.D.  (Cantab.  1867),  bishop  of  R.I., 
b.  Newburyport,  Ms.,  July,  1812.  Y.C.  1831. 
Ord.  1836;  consec.  Providence,  Dec.  16,  1854. 
Has  pub.  "  Lectures  on  the  Formation  of 
Cluu-acter,"  1852;  "Puritv,  a  Source  of 
Strength,"  "  The  Efficient  S.S.  Teacher,"  "An 
Efficient  Ministry,"  "  Early  Discipline,"  1855. 

Clarke,  Gen.  William,  explorer,  and  gov. 
of  La.  Terr.  1813-20,  b.  Va.,  Aug.  1,  1770;  d. 
St.  Louis,  Sept.  1,  1838.  In  1784,  he  removed 
to  where  Louisville  now  stands,  where  his  bro. 
George  Rogers  had  built  a  fort.  He  served  in 
campaigns  against  the  Indians,  was  adj.  and 
quartermaster  in  1793,  resigned  in  1796.  App, 
lieut.  of  art.  in  1803,  and  joined  with  Meri- 
wether Lewis  in  the  north-western  expl.  exped. 
which  left  St.  Louis  in  Mar.  1804,  returned  in 
the  fall  of  1806,  and  kept  the  journal  of  the 
exped.,  afterwards  pub.  He  was  then  made  In- 
dian agent,  and  afterward  brig.-gen.  of  Upper 
La.  App.  supt.  of  Indian  affairs  in  May, 
1822,  he  made  treaties  with  many  tribes. 
Four  of  his  bros.  were  disting.  in  the  Revol. 
One  fell  in  the  struggle,  another  was  killed  by 
the  Indians  on  the  Wabash.  Well  acquainted 
with  Indian  character  and  habits,  he  was  ever 
considerate  in  his  treatment  of  them. 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord,  miscell.  writer, 
bro.  of  Louis,  b.  Otisco,  N.Y.,  1810;  d.  Phila., 
June  12,  1841.  He  gave  early  indications  of 
literary  talent ;  established  a  weekly  journal  at 
Phila.'in  1830,  which  was  soon  abandoned  ;  be- 
came co-editor  with  Dr.  Brantley  of  the  Colum- 
bian Star,  a  religious  and  literary  weekly;  and 
was  subsequently,  until  his  d.,  editor  and  pro- 
prietor of  tho  Phila.  Gazette,  In  Sept.  1833, 
he  recited  his  longest  poem,  "  The  Spirit  of 
Life  "before  the  Franklin  Soc.  of  B.U.  In 
1844,  a  vol.  of  his  literary  remains,  including 
"  Ollapodiana,"  poems,  and  magazine  articles, 
was  pub.  A  complete  ed.  of  his  poems  was  pub. 
in  1847,  under  the  supervision  of  his  bro.  He 
was  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  annuals  and 
magazines,  particularly  the  N.Y.  Knickerbocker, 
in  which  appeared  the  original,  racy,  and  fan- 
ciful ptipers,  entitled  "Ollapodiana." 


CLA 


192 


CIL.^ 


Clarkson,  Col.  Mathew,  a  disting.  Re- 
vol.  officer;  d  N.Y.  City,  April  22, 1825,  a.  66. 
His  great-grandfather,  Mathew,  13  years  sec. 
of  the  province,  d.  in  the  autumn  of  1708,  the 
year  of  the  great  sickness.  He  was  aide-de- 
camp to  Gen.  Gates  in  the  battle  of  Stillwater, 
and,  while  carrying  an  order  in  front  of  the 
lines,  was  severely  wounded  in  the  neck.  He 
had  previously  been  aide  to  Arnold,  and  was 
wounded  at  Fort  Edward,  in  July,  1777.  In 
his  later  years,  he  was  vice-pres.  of  the  Am. 
Bible  Society. 

Clary,  Albert  G.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Ms., 
May  8,  1815.  Midshipm.  May  8,  1832;  lieut. 
Apr.  11,  1845  ;  com.  July  16,  r862;  capt.  Nov. 
21,1866.  Attached  to  the  sloop  "Preble," 
present  at  Tuspan  and  Tabasco,  during  the 
Mexican  war ;  comg.  steamer  "  Anacosria," 
Potomac  flotilla  in  engagement  at  Acquia 
Creek,  May  31  and  June  1,  1861;  battle  of 
Port  Roval,  Nov.  7,  1861  ;  com.  steamer  "  Mt. 
Vernon,"  N.A.B.  squad.,  1862;  steamer  "Ti- 
oga," VV.I.  squad.,  1863;  steamsloop  "  Daco- 
tah,"  N.A.B.  squad.,  1864;  steamsloop  "  Semi- 
nole," W.  Gulf  squad.,  1864-5.  —  Ilamerslt/. 

Clason,  Isaac  Starr,  author  and  actor, 
b.  New  York,  1789  ;  d.  Lond.,  1834.  The  son 
of  a  wealthy  merchant.  He  possessed  brilliant 
natural  parts.  He  received  a  good  education, 
and  inherited  a  fortune,  which  he  soon  dissipat- 
ed; and  he  supported  himself  as  a  writer,  teacher 
of  elocution,  and  actor.  He  appeared  at  the 
Bowery  and  Park  Theatres  in  leading  parts,  but 
with  moderate  success.  In  1825,  he  pub.  2 
cantos  of  "  Don  Juan,"  supplementary  to  the 
work  of  Lord  Byron,  which,  probably,  approach 
nearer  to  the  brilliant  original  than  any  other 
of  its  numerous  imitations.  In  1826,  he  pub. 
poems,  entitled  "^  Horace  in  New  York."  He 
is  also  the  author  of  some  feeling  lines  to  the 
memory  of  Thomas  Addis  Emmett.  Having 
gone  to  London  as  a  theatrical  adventurer,  and 
being  reduced  to  poverty,  he  sealed  up,  in  com- 
pany with  his  mistress,  the  room  in  which 
they  lodged,  lighted  a  fire  of  charcoal,  and  died 
by  its  fumes. 

Claviere  (kla'-veair'),  Etienxe,  states- 
man and  financier,  b.  Geneva,  1735  ;  d.  Dec.  8, 
1793.  He  was  forced  from  political  reasons  to 
emigrate  to  France.  Displaying  great  zeal  in 
the  revol.  in  France,  he  was  app.  minister  of 
finance  in  Mar.  1792,  but,  on  the  fall  of  the  Gi- 
rondists, was  imprisoned,  and  committed  sui- 
cide. He  accomp.  Brissot  in  his  tour  in  the 
U.S.  in  1783,  and  pub.,  in  conjunction  Avith 
him,  "  De  la  France  et  des  Jbldts  Clnis,"  transl. 
and  pub.  in  Lond.,  1788. 

Clavigero  (kla-ve-ha'-ro),  Fraxcisco  Sa- 
VERio,  a  Mexican  historian,  b.  Vera  Cruz, 
Mexico,  ab.  1720;  d.  Cesena,  Italy,  Oct.  1793. 
Educated  as  an  ecclesiastic,  and  resided  nearly 
40  years  in  the  provinces  of  New  Spain,  where 
he  acquired  the  languages  of  the  Mexicans  and 
other  indigenous  nations,  collected  many  of 
their  traditions,  and  studied  their  historical 
paintings  and  other  monuments  of  antiquity. 
After  the  suppression  of  the  order  of  Jesuits, 
of  which  he  was  a  member  (1767),  he  retired  to 
Cesena.  The  fruit  of  his  researches  was  a"  His- 
tory of  Mexico,"  written  in  Italian,  an  Eng- 
lish translation  of  which  was  pub.  in  2  vols.. 


4to,  1787.  This  work  affords  mucli  information 
relative  to  the  natural  and  civil  history,  anti- 
quities, and  religion  of  Mexico. 

Claxton,  Alexander,  commodore  U.S.N., 
b.  Md.,  ab.  1790;  d.  March  7,  1841,  at  Tal- 
cahuana.  Chili,  while  in  com.  of  the  squad- 
ron in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Entering  the  navy 
in  June,  1806,  he  was  promoted  to  a  lieut.  Jan. 
8,  1813,  and  served  in  the  sloop-of-war 
"  Wasp,"  in  her  action  with  "  The  Frolic,"  Oct. 
18,  1812.  Master  com.  March  28,  1820;  capt. 
Feb.  22,  1831.  His  son,  Col.  F.  S.  Claxton, 
invented  the  mitrailleur,  or  canister-battery, 
recently  introduced  in  France.  His  brother 
Thomas,  midshipm.  U.S.N.,  Dec  17,  1810, 
mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Lake  Eric, 
Sept.  10,  1813;  d.  early  in  Oct. 

Clay,  Cassius  Marcellus,  politician,  son 
of  Gen.  Green  Clay,  b.  Madison  Co.,  Ky.,  Oct. 
19,1810.  Y.C.  1832.  He  practised  law;  was 
a  meml)er  of  the  Ky.  legisl.  in  1835, '37,  and '40, 
andofthenat.  Whig  conv.  of  1840  at  Harris- 
burg.  The  improved  jury  system,  and  the 
common  school  system,  of  Ky.,  are  principally 
due  to  his  efforts  while  in  the  legisl.  He  de- 
noimced  the  scheme  for  the  annexation  of 
Texas;  stumped  the  Northern  States  in  f\wor 
of  Henry  Clay,  Whig  candidate  for  the  Pres. 
in  1844,  and  June  3,  1845,  issued,  in  Lexing- 
ton, Ky.,  the  first  number  of  the  True  Ameri- 
can, a  weekly  antislavery  paper.  In  Aug.,  his 
press  was  seized  by  a  mob  ;  and  it  was  afterward 
printed  in  Cincinnati,  and  pub.  in  Lexington, 
whither  he  had  removed  in  1 840,  and  afterward 
in  Louisville.  Capt.  in  the  Mex.  war,  and 
made  prisoner  at  Encarnacion,  23  Jan.  1847. 
He  aided  in  nominating  Taylor  to  the  presi- 
dency in  1848  ;  called  a  convention  of  emanci- 
pationists at  Frankfort  in  1849  ;  separated  from 
.the  Whig  party  in  1850,  and,  as  an  antislavery 
candidate  for  gov.,  received  nearly  5,000  votes. 
App.  maj.-gen.  U.S.  vols.,  11  Apr.  1862;  re- 
signed. Mar.  11,  1863;  minister  to  Russia, 
1 862-9.  A  vol.  of  his  speeches,  edited  by  Horace 
Greeley,  was  pub,  in  8vo,  1848. 

ClaV,  Clement  Comer,  jurist  and  states- 
man, b.  Halifax  Co.,  Va.,  Dec.  17,  1789;  d. 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  Sept.  9,  1866.  U.  of  East 
Tenn.  His  father,  Wm.  Clay,  a  Revol.  soldier, 
after  the  war  settled  in  Granger  Co.,  Tenn., 
where  he  d.  Aug.  4,  1841.  He  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1809,  and  in  1811  removed  to  Hunts- 
ville, Ala.  During  the  Creek  war  (1813),  he 
saw  some  service  as  a  soldier.  In  1817,  he  was 
elected  to  the  territorial  council  of  Ala. ;  in 
1819,  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
Circuit  Court ;  in  1820  was  chosen  chief-justice, 
and  resigned  in  1823.  In  1828,  he  was  elected 
to  the  State  legisl.,  and  was  made  speaker ; 
M.C.  1829-35;  conspicuous  as  an  advocate 
and  defender  of  the  leading  measures  of  Jack- 
son's administration  ;  gov.  of  Ala.  in  1836  and 
1837,  and  U.S.  senator  from  1837  to  1842,  and 
a  supporter  of  Van  Buren's  administration. 
His  son,  C.  C,  jun.,  was  U.S.  senator  from  Ala. 

Clay,CLEMENT  Comer,  jun.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, also  U.S.  senator  from  Ala.,  b.  Madi- 
son Co.,  1819.  He  grad.  from  the  law  dept. 
of  the  U.  of  Va.  in  1839;  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1840;  was  elected  to  the  legisl  in  1842 
and  1844  ;  Judge  of  the  county  court,  1846-8  ; 


CJL^ 


193 


GLiA. 


took  his  seat  in  the  U.S.  senate  in  Dec.  1854, 
and  was  re-elected  for  6  years,  from  March  4, 
1859.  In  Dec.  1857,  he  pronounced abrief  but 
eloquent  oration  on  the  occasion  of  the  death 
of  Senator  Butler  of  S.C.  In  the  spring  of 
1858,  he  delivered  a  speech  in  fiivor  of  the  ad- 
mission of  Kansas  under  the  Lecompton  con- 
stitution. He  also  spoke  in  favor  of  a  bill  re- 
pealing the  bounty  on  vessels  engaged  in  the 
Newfoundland  fisheries.  He  left  his  post  in 
Feb,  1861,  to  take  part  in  the  slaveholders'  Re- 
bellion, as  a  senator  in  the  Confed.  congress. 
After  the  surrender  of  Lee,  he  took  refuge  in 
Canada. 

Clay,  Edward  W.,  caricaturist,  b.  Phila., 
1792  ;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  Dec.  31,  1857.  He  was  a 
relative  of  Henry  Clay;  had  a  liberal  educa- 
tion ;  served  as  a  midshipman  under  Perry, 
then  turned  his  attention  to  the  law,  and, 
though  very  young,  was  at  once  app.  prothon- 
otary  of  Phila.  His  artistic  tastes,  however, 
led  him  to  Europe,  and  he  studied  the  old  mas- 
ters for  3  years.  On  his  return  to  Phila.,  he 
sketched  "  Tiie  Rats  Leaving  the  Falling 
House,"  on  the  dissohition  of  Jackson's  cabi- 
net. This  brought  him  into  notice,  and,  for 
more  than  20  years,  he  was  a  noted  caricatur- 
ist. Failure  of  eyesight  caused  him  to  accept 
the  offices  of  clerk  of  the  Chancery  Court,  and 
of  the  Orphan's  Court,  Del.,  which  he  held  lor 
several  years. 

Clay,  Green,  gen.,  b.  Powhatan  Co.,  Va., 
Aug.  14,  1757;  d.  Oct.  31,  1826.  He  emi- 
grated to  Ky.  before  he  was  20  ;  became  a  dep. 
surveyor;  afterwards  a  surveyor  on  his  own 
account,  and,  by  locating  lands,  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  a  fortune.  He  was  a  representative 
of  the  Ky.  dist.  in  the  Va.  legisl. ;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Va.  convention  which  ratified  the 
Federal  Constitution  in  1789,  and  was  a  leader 
of  the  convention  which  formed  the  Ky.  consti- 
tution in  1799.  He  served  for  a  long  time  in 
both  branches  of  the  State  legisl.,  and  was 
speaker  of  the  senate.  App.  brig.-gen.  March 
29,  1813,  he  led  3,000  Ky.  vols,  to  the  relief  of 
Fort  Meigs,  and  forced  the  enemy  to  withdraw. 
Gen.  Harrison  left  him  in  com.  of  Fort  Meigs, 
which  he  skilfully  defended  from  the  attack  of 
a  large  force  of  British  and  Indians  under  Gen. 
Proctor  and  Tecumseh. 

Clay,  Henry,  orator  and  statesman,  b. 
Hanover  Co.,  Va.,  Apr.  12,  1777;  d.  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  June  29,  1 852.  Ilis  father,  a  Baptist 
minister,  d.  when  Henry  was  5  years  old.  He 
was  taught  the  rudiments  of  education  in  a 
log-cabin  schoolhouse  ;  labored  on  a  farm,  and, 
at  15,  entered  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the 
Chancery  Court ;  adm.  to  the  bar  in  Nov.  1797, 
he  opened  an  office  in  Lexington,  Ky. ;  soon 
acquired  extensive  practice,  and  gained  repute 
in  criminal  cases.  He  was  elected  to  the  legisl. 
in  1803  and  in  1807-8,  and  was  speaker  in 
1808;  U.S.  senator,  1806-7  and  1809-10; 
M.C.  and  speaker,  1811-14;  a  commissioner 
to  Ghent,  to  treat  for  peace,  in  1814  and  1815  ; 
again  M.C.  1815-21  and  1823-5,  and  5  times 
re-elected  speaker;  sec.  of  State,  1825-9,  and 
again  senator,  1831-42.  He  was  an  unsuccess- 
ful candidate  for  Pres.  in  opposition  to  Jack- 
son in  1832,  and  again  in  1844,  when  defeated 
by  Polk,  the  Deraoc.  nominee.  Though  de- 
13 


feated,  he  was  long  the  most  popular  man  in 
the  U.S.  He  was  in  the  senate  for  the  last 
time  in  1849-52,  and  took  a  leading  part  in  the 
compromise  measures  of  1850.  Mr.  Clay  re- 
ceived from  Madison  the  successive  offers  of  the 
mission  to  Russia,  and  a  place  in  the  cabinet, 
and,  from  Monroe,  a  cal)inet  office  and  the  mis- 
sion toEng.,  all  of  which  he  declined.  In  Con- 
gress, his  eloquence  roused  the  country  for  the 
VVarof  1812  with  Eng. ;  contrib.  to  secure  the 
recognition  of  S.  Amer.  Independence,  to  inau- 
gurate a  system  of  internal  improvements,  and 
the  protection  of  Amer.  industry.  He  advocated 
a  thorough  Amer.  policy,  to  the  exclusion  of 
European  influence  on  this  continent.  Some 
of  his  most  eloquent  speeches  were  said  to  have 
been  made  to  Ky.  juries  in  criminal  cases,  be- 
fore he  had  passed  his  25th  year.  He  fought  a 
duel  with  Humphrey  Marshall  in  1808,  and 
subsequently  with  John  Randolph,  who  had 
attacked  the  administration  of  J.  Q.  Adams. 
He  was  interested  in  the  Colonization  Society, 
and  was  for  a  time  its  pres.  His  Life  and  Let- 
ters were  pub.,  and  also  his  Speeches,  by  Calvin 
Colton,  1846-57.  His  widow,  Lucretia  Hart,  d. 
Louisville,  Apr.  6,  1864,  a.  83.  Thomas  Hart 
Clay,  his  son,  min.  to  Nicaragua  during 
Lincoln's  administ.,  and  afterwards  to  Hon- 
duras, d.  Lexington,  Ky.,  Mar.  18,  1871,  a. 
68. 

Clay,  Henry,  lieut.-col.,  b.  Ky.,  April  10, 
1811;  killed,  Feb.  23,  1847,  at  the  battle  of 
Buena  Vista.  Transylv.  U.  1828  ;  West  Point, 
1831.  Son  of  Hon.  H.  Clay.  He  applied  him- 
self to  the  study  of  the  common  and  civil  law; 
twice  represented  his  native  county  of  Fayette 
in  the  general  assembly,  1835-7.  He  became 
lieut.-col.  of  McKee's  regt.  Ky.  Vols,  in  the 
Mexican  war,  June  9,  1846,  and  ex.tra  aide-de- 
camp to  Gen.  Taylor,  Oct.  5,  1846. 

Clay,  James  B.,  M.C.  1857-9,  son  of  Hen- 
ry, b.  Wasliington,  D.  C,  Nov.  9,  1817;  d. 
Montreal,  Jan.  26,  1864.  Transylv.  U.  At  15, 
he  went  to  Boston,  spent  two  years  in  a  count- 
ing-house ;  then  settled  upon  a  farm  near  St. 
Louis ;  at  21,  removed  to  Ky. ;  was  engaged  two 
years  in  manufactures.  He  then  studied  at  the 
Lexington  Law  School,  and  practised  as  the 
partner  of  his  fa ^.her  until  1849,  when  he  was 
app.  charge  d'affaires  to  Lisbon.  A  change  in 
the  administration  soon  brought  him  home. 
He  resided  again  at  Mo.  from  1851  to  18.53, 
when  he  became  the  proprietor  of  Ashland. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  peace  conven- 
tion of  1861  ;  but,  fraternizing  with  the  Rebel- 
lion, he  died  in  involuntary  exile,  and,  it  is 
said,  through  his  own  excesses. 

Clay,  Col.  Joseph  ;  d.  Savannah,  Ga., 
Jan.  1805.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Revol. 
committee  of  1774-5;  member  of  the  Cont. 
Cong.  1778-80,  and  judge  of  the  Dist.  Court 
of  Ga.  1796-1801.  Paym.-gcn.  of  the  Southern 
dept.  in  the  Revol.  —  Ga.  Hist.  Colls. 

Clay,  Rev.  Joseph,  lawyer  and  clergyman, 
son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Savannah,  Ga.,  Aug. 
16,  1764  ;  d.  Bo.ston,  Jan.  11,  1811.  N.J.  Coll, 
1784.  He  studied  law,  rose  to  the  highest  em- 
inence in  his  profession ;  was  a  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Const.  Conv.,  and  was  U.  S. 
dist.  judge  of  Ga.,  1796-1801.  In  1802,  he 
entered    the    Baptist    ministry.     Ord.   Sav., 


CLA. 


194 


CLE 


1804;  installed  colleague  with  Dr.  Stillman, 
Boston,  Aug.  19,  1807  ;  dism.  Nov.  1808;  vis- 
ited Savannah,  but  returned  to  Boston,  1810. 

Clayborne,  William,  an  early  Va.  colo- 
nist, received  in  1627,  from  the  gov.  of  Va.,  au- 
thority to  discover  the  head  of  Chesapeake  Bay, 
or  any  part  of  Va.  from  lat.  34°  to  41°  N.  In 
16.31,  King  Charles  granted  him  a  license  to 
make  discoveries,  and  trade.  He  established  a 
trading-post  on  Kent  Island,  in  Chesapeake 
Bay,  near  Annapolis.  Ejected  by  Lord  Balti- 
more, he  took  refuge  in  the  more  settled  part 
of  Va. ;  and  his  estate  on  Kent  Island  was 
seized  by  the  Md.  authorities  as  forfeited.  He 
went  to  Eng.  with  witnesses,  presented  a  pe- 
tition to  Charles  I.,  setting  forth  his  griev- 
ances ;  and,  in  1638,  the  king  severely  repri- 
manded Lord  Baltimore  for  having,  in  viola- 
tion of  his  royal  commands,  ousted  Clayborne 
from  his  rightful  possessions  on  Kent  Island, 
and  slain  several  persons  inhabiting  there.  Nev- 
ertheless, in  1639,  the  commissioners  of  plan- 
tations decided  in  favor  of  Lord  Baltimore.  In 
164.5,  taking  advantage  of  the  civil  war  in  Eng., 
at  the  head  of  a  body  of  armed  insurgents,  he 
expelled  Leonard  Calvert,  dep.-gov.,  and  seized 
upon  the  govt.  In  1646,  Calvert  was  re-instat- 
ed ;  but  Clayborne  escaped  with  impunity.  In 
1651,  he  was  app.  a  commissioner  to  reduce 
Va.  to  obedience  to  the  Commonwealth  of 
Eng.  Bennet  and  Clayborne,  in  "  The  Gui- 
nea," frigate,  reduced  Md.  also  to  obedience ;  the 
former  was  made  gov.,  and  Clayborne,  sec.  of 
State.  After  the  restoration,  he  was  superseded 
in  the  office  of  sec.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
court-martial  that  tried  the  prisoners  in  Ba- 
con's rebellion.  He  lived  in  New  Kent  Co., 
and  d.  at  an  advanced  age.  His  descendants, 
now  numerous,  spell  the  name  Claiborne. 

Clayton,  Augustin  Smith,  jurist,  b. 
Fredericksburg,  Va.,  Nov.  27,  1783  ;  d.  Athens, 
Ga.,  June  21,  1839.  U.  of  Ga.  1804,  and  sub- 
sequently a  tutor  there.  He  practised  law  with 
eminent  success;  served  in  the  State  legisl., 
which,  in  1810,  app.  him  to  compile  the  statutes 
of  Ga.  from  1800  ;  was  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  the  western  circuit,  from  1819  to  1825, 
and  from  1828  to  1831,  when  he  was  superseded 
for  maintaining,in  opposition  to  the  policy  of  the 
State,  the  right  of  the  Cherokee  Indians  to  dig 
gold  on  their  lands ;  M.  C.  1831-5,  and  a  prom- 
inent opponent  of  the  tarifFand  the  U.  S.  Bank. 
He  was  a  proficient  in  the  classics,  and  in  high 
esteem  as  an  able  writer.  He  acquired  some 
distinction  as  a  politician,  and  is  said  to  have 
written  the  political  pamphlet  called  "  Crock- 
ett's Life  of  Van  Buren.'*  He  pub.  "Laws  of 
Georgia,  1800-10,"  Augusta,  4to,  1812. 

Clayton,  John,  botanist,  b.  Fulham,  Eng., 
1686;  d.  Va.,  Dec.  15,  1773.  Ab.  1706,  he 
emigrated  to  Va.,  where  his  father  was  atty.- 
gen.,  and  resided  near  Williamsburg.  Edu- 
cated a  physician,  he  was  an  indefatigable  bot- 
anist ;  passed  a  long  life  in  exploring  and  de- 
scribing the  plants  of  his  country,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  have  enlarged  the  botanical  catalogue 
as  much  as  any  man  who  ever  lived.  15  years 
clerk  of  Gloucester  Co.  J.  Clayton's  letter  to 
the  Roy.  Soc,  May  12,  1688,  giving  an  ac- 
count of  several  observables  in  Va.,  is  in  Force's 
Tracts,  vol.,  III.     His  essays  on  the  natu- 


ral history  of  Va.  were  pub.  in  the  "  Phil. 
Transactions  "  of  the  Roy.  Soc.  of  Lond.  lie 
also  sent  dried  specimens  of  the  flora  of  Va.  to 
Gronovius,  who,  with  Linnaeus,  pub.  an  ac- 
count of  a  portion  of  them  at  Leyden,  2  parts, 
in  1739-43.  After  the  death  of  Gronovius,  the 
remainder  were  described  in  a  3d  part  by  his 
son,  in  1762,  who  gave  Clayton's  name  to  a 
genus  of  plants. 

Clayton,  John  Middleton,  LL.D.  (Y.C. 
1846),  statesman  and  jurist,  b.  Sussex  Co., 
Del.,  July  24,  1796;  d.  Dover,  Del.,  Nov.  9, 
1856.  Y.  C.  1815.  He  was  bred  to  the  bar, 
having  studied  at  the  Litchfield  Law  School ; 
commenced  practice  in  1818,  and  soon  attained 
eminence  in  his  profession.  He  was  in  1824 
elected  to  the  State  legisl.,  and  subsequently 
sec.  of  State;  from  1829  to  1837  was  U.  S. 
senator;  chief-justice  from  1837  to  1839 ;  again 
U.  S.  senator  from  1845  to  1849,  when  he  be- 
came U.  S.  sec.  of  State  under  Pres.  Taylor, 
which  position  he  occupied  until  the  death  of 
Taylor  in  July,  1850.  He  was  a  third  time 
U.  S.  senator,  from  Mar.  1851,  until  his  death, 
and  vindicated  with  marked  ability  the  princi- 
ples of  the  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty,  which  he 
negotiated  in  1850.  He  was  an  active  and  in- 
fluential member  of  the  convention  to  revise 
the  State  constitution  in  1831.  In  the  U.  S. 
senate,  he  delivered  a  speech  during  the  famous 
debate  on  Foote's  resolution,  which  secured  for 
him  a  place  among  the  leading  members  of 
the  body.  He  also  made  an  impressive  argu- 
ment in  favor  of  paying  the  claims  for  French 
spoliations.  One  of  his  most  remarkable 
speeches  was  on  Pres.  Pierce's  veto  of  the  act 
ceding  public  lands  for  an  insane  asylum. 

Clayton,  Joshua,  physician  and  states- 
man, d.  Del.,  Aug.  1798.  He  practised  medi- 
cine many  years.  During  the  scarcity  of 
Peruvian  bark  in  the  llevol.  war,  he  success- 
fully substituted  for  it  in  his  practice  a  mixture 
of  poplar  and  the  root  of  the  dogwood  in  nearly 
equal  parts,  and  half  the  quantity  of  the  interior 
bark  of  the  white-oak.  He  was  pres.  of  Del. 
from  1789  to  1793;  gov.  1793-6,  and  U.S. 
senator,  1798. 

Clayton,  Powell,  gov.  Ark.  1866-71 ; 
U.S.  senator  for  the  term  1871-7.  Before  the 
war,  he  was  a  lawyer  in  Leavenworth,  Kan. 
Early  in  1861,  made  col.  1st  Kan.  cav. ;  brig.- 
gen.  1864;  May  6,  1863,  he  com.  an  exped. 
from  Helena,  Ark.,  to  the  White  River  to  break 
up  a  guerilla  band,  and  destroy  Confed.  stores, 
which  was  successful.  He  also  com.  a  success- 
ful exped.  from  Pine  Bluffs,  Ark.,  in  March, 
1864,  inflicting  severe  loss  on  the  enemy. 

Clayton,  Thomas,  senator  and  jurist  of 
Del.,  b.  1778;  d.  Newcastle,  Del,,  Aug.  21, 
1854.  M.  C.  1813  to  1817;  U.S.  senator^ 
from  1823  to  1826,  and  from  1837  to  1847  ;  Mr. 
Clayton  also  served  at  different  times  in  the 
State  legisl.  as  well  as  in  the  offices  of  chief- 
justice  of  C.  C.  P.  and  of  the  Superior  Court. 
He  was  opposed  to  the  Mexican  war. 

Cleaveland,  Col.  Benj.,  Revol.  soldier ; 
d.  Wilkes  Co.,  Ga.  Before  the  war,  he  moved 
from  Culpeper  Co.,  Va.,  to  Wilkes  Co.,  N.C. 
App.,  in  1775,  ensign  2d  N.C.  regt. ;  fought 
at  Guilford,  also  in  many  actions  against  the 
Tories,  and  was  one  of  the  leaders  and  heroes 


CLE 


195 


CIjIS 


of  Kind's  Mountain.  He  was  afterward  sur- 
veyor of  Wilkes  Co.  An  impediment  in  his 
speech  prevented  his  Attaining  political  dis- 
tinction. His  son  John  was  capt.  of  dragoons 
at  the  battle  of  Camden. 

Cleaveland,  Elisha  Lord,  D.D.,  Cong, 
clergyman,  b.  Topsfieid,  Ms.,  25  Apr.  1806; 
d.  N.' Haven,  Ct.,  16  Feb.  1866.  Bowd.  Coll. 
1829;  And.  Sem.  1832.  Ord.  24  July,  1833, 
over  the  Third  Cong.  Church,  N.  Haven.    He 

Jub.  some  occas.  sermons.  Grandson  of  Rev. 
ohn  of  Ipswich,  son  of  Dr.  Nehemiah  of 
Topsfieid,  1760-26  Feb.  1837. 

Cleaveland,  John,  minister  of  Ipswich, 
Ms.,  from  1747  to  his  d.,  Apr.  22,  1799,  b. 
Canterbury,  Ct.,  Apr.  22,  1722.  Y.C  1745. 
Descended  from  Moses  of  Woburn,  Ms.  He 
first  ministered  to  a  Separatist  society  in  School 
Street,  Boston,  but  declined  settlement  there. 
Chaplain  in  Col.  Bagley's  regt.  at  Ticonderoga 
in  1758,  and  at  Louisburg  in  1759,  and  was  in 
the  army  at  Cambridge  in  1775,  and  in  Ct.  and 
N.Y.  in  1776  in  the  same  capacity.  He  had  a 
controversy  with  Dr.  Mayhew,  which  brought 
out  several  ponderous  pamphlets.  He  Avas  an 
energetic  and  successful  preacher.  He  pub.  a 
"  Narrative  of  the  Work  of  God  at  Chebacco  in 
1763-4,"  an  essay  in  defence  of  the  atonement, 
and  a  treatise  on  infant  baptism,  1784. 

Cleaveland,  Parker,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
mineralogist,  b.  Rowley,  Ms.,  Jan.  15,  1780; 
d.  Brunswick,  Me.,  Oct.  1.5,  18.58.  H.U.  1799. 
Son  of  a  surgeon  in  the  Revol.  army.  He 
taught  school  at  Haverhill  and  York,  Me. ;  was 
tutor  of  mathematics  at  H.U.  in  1803-5  ;  prof, 
of  mathematics  and  nat.  philos  in  Bowd.  Coll., 
Me.,  180.5-28,  and  prof,  of  chemistry,  mineral- 
ogy, and  nat.  philos.  there  from  1828  to  1855. 
In  the  science  of  mineralogy,  he  had  no  equal 
in  America ;  and  his  proficiency  procured  him 
the  honors  of  Amer.  and  foreii^n  literary  and 
scientific  institutions.  The  mineralogical  col- 
lections of  the  coll.  were  made  very  complete 
by  his  zealous  and  laborious  explorations  of 
the  surrounding  country.  He  aided  the  med. 
school  at  Bowd.  Coll.  in  1820,  and  was  con- 
nected with  it  as  a  lecturer  on  chemistry,  dean, 
and  librarian.  He  pub.  "Elements  of  Mine- 
ralogy and  Geology,"  1816,  an  enlarged 
edition  in  1822,  and  a  still  larger  one  in  1856, 
pronounced  the  most  useful  work  on  the  subject 
in  the  English  language.  He  m.  Martha  Bush 
of  Cambridge,  Ms. 

Cleaveland,  Capt.  Stephen  of  the  Revol. 
navy,  b.  E.  Haddam,  Ct.,  1740;  d.  Salem, 
1801.  He  went  to  sea  at  14  ;  was  taken  by  a 
British  press-gang  in  Boston  in  1756,  and 
kept  in  service  till  1763.  Soon  after  the  Decl. 
of  Indep.,  he  was  commissioned  by  Congress 
capt.  in  the  navy,  and  brought  from  Bordeaux 
valuable  munitions  of  war.  His  son,  Richard 
Jaffrey  of  Salem,  has  pub.  his  "  Voyages 
and  Commercial  Enterprises,"  2  vols.  From 
1829  to  1834,  he  was  U.S.  vice-consul  at 
Havana.  —  Allen. 

Cleburne,  Patrick  R.,  gen.  C.  S.  A.,  b. 
near  Quecnstown,  Ireland,  Mar.  17,  1828; 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Franklin,  Tenn.,  Nov. 
30,  1864.  At  the  age  of  22,  after  3  years'  ser- 
vice as  a  private  in  the  British  army,  he  came 
to  the  U.S.,  settled  at  Helena,  Ark.,  and  stud- 


ied law.  He  was  in  successful  practice  when 
the  war  broke  out ;  enlisted  as  a  private,  but 
was  soon  promoted  to  col.  In  Mar.  1862,  he  was 
made  a  brig.-gen.,  and  at  Shiloli  com.  the  2d 
brigade  of  the  3d  corps,  being  specially  com- 
mended for  valor  and  ability.  He  was  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Perry ville.  Maj.-gen.  Dec. 
1862,  com.  a  division  of  the  right  wing  at  Mur- 
freesboro'  and  Chickamauga ;  disting.  himself 
in  com.  of  the  rear-guard  at  Mission.  Ridge, 
and  received  the  thanks  of  the  rebel  congress 
for  his  def-'uce  of  Ringgold  Gap.  AtJonesboro', 
he  covered  the  retreat  of  Hood's  defeated  army, 
and  at  Franklin  he  com.  a  corps  whun  killed. 
He  was  very  popular  with  both  officers  and 
men  ;  was  skilful  and  daring  in  action,  and 
possessed  a  commanding  presence,  being  over 
6  feet  in  height. 

Clemens,  Jeremiah,  lawyer  and  politi- 
cian, b.  Huntsville,  Ala.,  Dec.  28,  1814;  d. 
there  May  21,  1865.  U.  of  Ala.  1833.  He 
studied  law  at  Transvl.  U.,  Ky.,  and  was  adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1834.  In  1838,  he  was  app.  U.S. 
atty.  for  the  northern  (list,  of  Ala. ;  was  elected 
to  the  State  Icgisl.  in  1839-41,  and  '43,  '44;  in 
1842,  he  raised  a  company  of  vols.,  and  went 
to  Texas.  Having  volunteered  for  the  Mexi- 
can war,  he  was  app.  maj.  13th  Inf ,  Mar.  3, 
1847;  lieut.-col.  9th  Inf ,  July  16,  1847;  col. 
Apr.  1848.  In  1848,  he  was  app.  gov.  of  the 
civil  and  military  dept.  of  purchases  in  Mexico, 
and  was  U.S.  senator  from  1849  to  1853. 
In  1855,  though  previously  a  Democrat,  he 
publicly  advocated  the  principles  of  the  Amer. 
party.  Member  of  the  Ala.  convention  which 
voted  the  State  out  of  the  Union,  but  protested 
against  its  action.  He  afterwards  held  office 
under  the  Confederacy,  but,  in  1864,  advocated 
the  re-election  of  Lincoln.  He  was  eminent 
at  the  bar  and  in  debate.  He  pub.  "  Bernard 
Lile,"  1856;  "Mustang  Gray,"  1857,  —  a 
story  of  the  times  of  Aaron  Burr  and  Alex. 
Hamilton;  and  "  Tobias  Wilson,"  1865. — 
Lanman. 

Clemens,  Samuel  Langhorne,  "  Mark 
Twain,"  humorist,  b.  Florida,  Munroe  Co., 
Mo.,  30  Nov.  1835.  Entered  journalism  in 
Virginia,  Nevada,  in  1862  ;  continued  in  it  3 
years  there,  3  years  in  San  Francisco,  and  one 
in  Buffalo.  Author  of  "  The  Jumping  Frog, 
and  other  Sketches,"  12mo,  1867;  "The  In- 
nocents Abroad,"  8vo,  1869,  of  which  100,000 
copies  have  been  sold  in  two  years.  Contrib. 
of  humorous  sketches  to  "  The  Galaxy," 
1870-1. 

Clerc,  Laurent,  a  deaf-mute,  one  of  the 
founders  and  teachers  of  the  Asylum  for  the 
Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Hartford,  Ct.,  b.  La  Balme, 
near  Lyons,  France,  Dec.  26,  1785;  d.  Hart- 
ford, July  18,  1869.  His  father  was  mayor  of 
the  commune  34  years.  When  ab.  a  year  old, 
Laurent  fell  into  the  fire,  was  badly  burned, 
and  lost  the  sense  of  smell  and  hearing. 
Taken  to  Paris  at  the  age  of  1 2,  to  the  Abbe 
Sicard,  under  whose  skilful  instructions  he 
made  rapid  proficiency ;  in  1 805  was  app. 
tutor,  and,  in  1806,  a  teacher.  While  on  a 
visit  to  Eng.  in  1815,  he  made  the  acquaint- 
ance of  Dr.  Gallaudet,  who  persuaded  him  to 
come  to  this  country  to  lay  the  foundation  of 
deaf-mute  instruction.     They  arrived  in  N.Y., 


CLE 


196 


CTJL 


Auj?.  1816,  opened  the  asylum  at  Hartford, 
April  15,  1817;  and  much  of  its  success  is 
doubtless  due  to  his  patient  and  earnest  labors. 
He  retired  on  a  pension  in  1858.  His  eldest 
son  is  an  Episcopal  clergyman  of  high  repute 
at  St.  Louis. 

Cleveland,  Aaron,  poet  and  clergyman, 
b.  Haddam,  Ct,  Feb.  3,  1744;  d.  Sept.  21, 
1815.  Aaron,  his  ftither,  a  missionary  of  the 
Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel, 
dying  when  the  son  was  but  13  years  of  age, 
the  latter  had  little  education.  He  was  for 
many  years  a  hatter  in  Norwich  and  in  Guil- 
ford, Ct.,  and  was  an  active  member  of  the 
legisl.  iit  the  age  of  19,  he  produced  a  de- 
scriptive poem  of  some  merit,  "  The  Philoso- 
pher and  Boy,"  "Family  Blood,"  a  burlesque 
poem ;  soon  after,  became  a  Cong,  minister ; 
pub.  a  poem  on  slavery  in  blank  verse  in  1775, 
and  also  wrote  some  satirical  poems  against 
the  Jefferson i an s.  He  preached  in  Royalton, 
Vt.,  and  in  N.  Haven,  but  was  never  settled. 
His  Memoir,  by  his  grandson  Arthur  Cleveland 
Coxe,  with  extracts  from  his  poems,  is  in  "  The 
Poets  of  Ct."  Rev.  Charles  Cleveland, 
missionary  among  the  poor  of  Boston,  is  a 
son. 

Cleveland,  Charles  Dexter,  LL.D. 
(U.  of  N.Y.  1866),  author  and  scholar,  b. 
Salem,  Ms.,  Dec.  3.  1802  ;  d.  Phila.,  Aug.  18, 
1869.  Dartm.  Coll.  1827.  Son  of  Rev. 
Charles  of  Boston.  Originally  in  a  counting- 
house  ;  prof,  of  Latin  and  Greek,  Dick.  Coll., 
1830-2;  of  Latin  language  and  literature,  U. 
of  N.Y.,  in  1832-4,  and,  from  Oct.  1834  till  his 
healtli  failed,  taught  a  young  ladies'  school  in 
Phila. ;  U.S.  consul  at  Cardiff,  Wales,  in  1861-7. 
He  is  best  known  by  his  Compendiums  of  Eng- 
lish, American,  and  classical  literature,  but  has 
written  a  large  number  of  school  text-books. 
Also  "  Address  of  the  Liberty  Party  of  Pa. 
to  the  People  of  the  State,"  1844;  "Hymns 
for  Schools,"  1850;  and,  in  1853,  an  ed.  of 
Milton's  poetical  works,  with  a  complete  in- 
dex;  "Lyra  Sacra  Americana,"  1868;  "The 
Moral  Characters  of  Thcophrastus,"  1827 ; 
"Epitome  of  Grecian  Antiquities,"  1828,  en- 
larged in  1831.  —  Alumni  of  D.C. 

Cleveland,  Chauncey  F.,  LL.D.,  lawyer 
and  statesman,  b,  Hampton,  Ct.,  1799.  He 
received  a  common  school  education,  studied 
law,  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1819 ;  was  in  the 
legisl.  in  1826-9,  '32,  '5,  '6,  '8,  '47,  '8,  and 
twice  elected  speaker;  State  atty.  in  1832; 
gov.  of  Ct.  in  1842  and  1843,  and  M.C.  from 
1849  to  1853;  member  of  peace  congress. 
Mar.  1861,  —  Lanman, 

Cleveland,  Henry  Russell,  writer  of 
Boston  ;  d.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  June  12,  1843,  a.  34. 
H.U.  1827.  Son  of  Richard  Jaffrey.  He 
edited  an  approved  edition  of  "  Sallust,"  con- 
trib.  to  Sparks's  "  Amer.  Biog."  a  "  Life  of 
Henry  Hudson,"  also  many  pieces,  of  much 
excellence,  both  of  style  and  thought,  to  our  pe- 
riodical literature,  and  pub.  a  little  vol.  on 
classical  studies  in  1834.  He  also  pub.  "Ad- 
dress before  the  Harvard  Musical  Assoc,"  1840, 
8vo,  "  Letter  to  Daniel  Webster  on  the  Causes 
of  the  Destruction  of  the  Steamer  Lexing- 
ton," 1840;  contrib.  to  the  N.  A.  Rev.  and  the 
N.  E.  Marj.    A  selection  of  his  writings,  with 


a  Memoir  by  G.  S.  Hillard,  was  pub.  Boston,        ' 
1844.  ! 

Clevenger,  Shobal  L.  Vail,  sculptor,  b.  ! 
Middletown,  O.,  1812;  d.  at  sea,  Sept.  28,  ' 
1843.  Jn  his  youth,  he  was  a  stone-cutter  in 
Cincinnati,  and  attracted  attention  by  the  fig-  j 
ure  of  an  angel,  which  he  carved  on  a  tomb.  ! 
Removing  to  Boston,  he  executed  busts  of  Web-  \ 
ster,  Everett,  Allston,  Clay,  Van  Buren,  and  ' 
others.  He  afterwards  executed  similar  works 
in  Italy. 

Clifford,  John   D.  ;  d.   Lexington,  Ky., 
May    8,    1820,    a.  42.     He  formed  a  valuable 
cabinet  of  natural  history,  and  pub.  essays  on 
the  antiquities  of  the  western  country  in  the         \ 
Western  Review,  1 8 1 9-20.  \ 

Clifford,  John  Henry,  LL.D.,  gov.  of 
Ms.,  1853-4,  b.  Providence,  R.I.,  16  Jan.  1809.        \ 
Brown  U.  1827.     LL.D.  1849.     Lawyer  in  N.         ! 
Bedford ;  memb.  Ms.  legisl.  1835  ;  atty.-gen.  of         , 
Ms.,1 849-53  and  1854-8.  Pres.  Ms.  senate,  1862. 

Clifford,    Nathan,    jurist,    b.   Rumnev, 
Grafton  Co.,  N.H.,  Aug.  18,  1803.     He  stud-         ! 
ied  at  the  Haverhill  Acad,  and  at  the  Hamp-         ] 
ton  Literary  Inst ;  studied  law,  and,  after  being         ' 
adm.   to  the   bar,    removed   to    Me.  in    1827. 
From  1830  to  1834,  he  was  a  member,  and  two         ' 
years  speaker,  of  the  State  legisl.  ;  was  atty.- 
gen.  of  Me.  from  1834  to  1838  ;  M.C.  from  1839         ; 
to  1843  ;  U.S.  atty.-gen.  from  1846  to  Mar.  1847, 
when  he   was  app.   commissioner  to  Mexico,         i 
and  was  sub.sequently  minister  to  that  Repub-         | 
lie.     On  his  return  to  the  U.S.,  he  settled  as  a 
lawyer  in  Portland,  and  in  1858  was  app.  by         ! 
Pres.  Buchanan  an  assoc.-justice  of  the  U.S.         i 
Supreme  Court.  Author  of  U.S.  Circuit  Court         ; 
Reports,  2  vols.,  8vo.,  1869.  —  Lanman.  i 

Clifton,  William,  poet,  b.  Phila.,  1772  ;  d.  ; 
Dec.  1799.  He  was  the  son  of  a  wealthy  j 
Quaker  mechanic,  and  early  displayed  a  taste  j 
for  literature;  but  his  father  brought  him  up  I 
strictly  in  the  manners  and  principles  of  his 
sect.  At  the  age  of  19,  the  rupture  of  a  blood- 
vessel incapacitated  him  for  active  business, 
and  enabled  him  to  devote  himself  to  the  lite- 
rary pursuits  so  much  to  his  taste.  Clifton  was 
member  of  an  association  called  the  Anchor 
Club,  combining  social  objects  with  that  of 
"producing  a  disposition  in  the  public  mind 
towards  war  with  France."  He  first  contrib., 
in  prose  and  verse,  to  the  newspapers  and  other 
fugitive  publications,  exercising  his  pen  in 
satires  in  support  of  Jay's  treaty  and  the 
administration  of  Washington,  the  longest  of 
which  was  entitled  "  The  Group  :  "  another  of 
similar  tenor,  "  A  Rhapsody  on  the  Times," 
was  in  Hudil)rastic  measure.  He  commenced 
a  poem,  entitled  "  The  Chimeriad,"  which  he 
left  unfinished,  in  which  he  personifies  with 
much  spirit  and  boldness  the  genius  of  false 
philosophy  then  prevalent  in  France,  in  the 
character  of  the  witch  Chimera.  Probably  the 
best  of  his  productions  is  the  epistle  to  Gifford, 
pub.  anonymously  in  the  first  Amer.  edition 
of  GifFord's  poems.  One  of  his  best  papers 
was  a  pretended  French  MS.  in  prose  and 
verse,  describing  a  descent  of  Talleyrand  into 
hell.  He  became  also  accomplished  in  music, 
drawing,  and  field-sports,  and  relinquished  the 
Quaker  dress.  A  collection  of  his  poems  was 
pub.  in  New  York  in  1800. 


CUL 


197 


CXJ 


Clinch,  Duncan  L.,  brig.-f^en.  U.  S.  A., 
b.  N.C.;  d.  Macon,  Ga.,  Nov.  27, 1849,  a.  51. 
App.  ft  first  licut.  3d  Inf.,  July  1,  1808,  capt. 
1810,  lieut.-col.  in  Aug.  1813,  col.  1819,  and  in 
1829  was  biev.  a  brig.-gen.  Wiien  the  Semi- 
nole war  broke  out  in  Florida,  in  1835,  Gen. 
Ciincli  was  in  com.  of  that  dist. ;  and  in  its 
earlier  events  he  acted  a  conspicuous  part.  In 
the  battle  of  Onithlecooche,  Dec.  31, 1835,  he 
displayed  the  most  intrepid  courage.  He  re- 
siguecl  his  commission  in  Sept.  1836,  and  from 
1843  to  1845  was  M.C.  from  Ga.  His  dau.  m. 
Gen.  Robert  Anderson. 

Clingmau,  Thomas  L.,  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician, b.  Huntsville,  Surrey  Co.,  N.C.  U.  of 
N.C.  1832.  He  studied  law,  but  was  elected  to 
the  H.  of  commons  just  as  he  was  ab.  to  com- 
mence practice.  On  his  retirement  from  the 
legisl.  in  1836,  he  removed  to  Ashville  in  Bun- 
combe Co.,  where  he  still  resides.  He  was 
soon  after  elected  to  the  State  senate,  was  M.C. 
from  1843  to  1858,  with  the  exception  of  one 
term,  and,  in  Nov.  1858,  was  app.  a  U.S.  sena- 
tor. He  has  made  contiibs  to  the  sciences  of 
geology  and  mineralogy,  and  brought  to  light 
many  facts  connected  with  the  mountains  of 
N.C,  one  of  the  hijihest  peaks  of  which  now 
bears  his  name.  While  a  member  of  Congress, 
he  shared  in  almost  all  important  debates,  and 
acquitted  himself  with  ability  as  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  foreign  relations.  Originally 
a  Whig,  he  afterwards  united  himself  with  the 
Democ.  party.  Expelled  from  the  senate  in 
July,  1861,  he  took  part  in  the  Rebellion  as  a 
col.  —  Laninan. 

Clinton,  Col.  Charl?:s,  soldier  and  judge, 
b.  Longford  Co.,  Ireland,  1690;  d.  Ulster,  now 
Orange  Co.,  N.Y.,  Nov.  19, 1773.  His  grand- 
father, Wm.,  an  officer  in  the  army  of  Charles 
I.,  settled  in  Ireland.  In  May,  1729,  with  a 
number  of  relatives  and  friends,  he  chartered  a 
ship  to  convey  his  party  to  Phila.;  but  the  cap- 
tain, having  formed  the  design  of  starving  them 
to  death,  either  with  a  view  to  acquire  their 
property,  or  deter  emigration,  landed  them 
at  Cape  Cod,  after  receiving  a  large  sum  of 
money  as  a  commutation  for  their  lives.  Many 
of  the  passengers  died,  among  them  a  son  and 
dau.  of  Mr.  Clinton.  In  the  spring  of  1731, 
he  removed  to  the  county  of  Ulster,  N.Y., 
where  he  formed  a  flourishing  settlement,  ab.  60 
miles  from  the  city  of  N.Y.,  and  8  miles  from 
the  Hudson  River.  Mr.  Clinton  pursued  the 
occupation  of  a  farmer  and  surveyor.  He  was 
soon  app.  a  justice  of  the  peace,  county  judge, 
and  lieut.-col.  of  the  militia  of  Ulster  Co. 
March  24,  1758,  he  was  app.  a  lieut.-col.  in 
DcLancey's  regt.,  in  which  he  served  under 
Col.  Bradstrect  at  the  siege  and  capture  of 
Fort  Frontenac.  Of  four  sons,  Alexander 
(N.J.  Coll.  1750)  was  a  physician,  Charles 
was  a  surgeon  in  the  army  which  took  Ha- 
vana (d.  Apr.  1791 ),  James  was  maj.-gen.,  and 
George  vice-pres.  of  the  U.S.  —  Rogers. 

Clinton,  DeWitt,  statesman,  b.  Little 
Britain,  Orange  Co.,  N.Y.,  2  Mar.  1769;  d. 
Albany,  11  Feb.  1828.  Col.  Coll.  1786.  Son 
of  Gen.  James  and  Mary  DeWitt.  Adm.  to 
the  bar  in  1788,  but  practised  very  little.  Pri- 
vate sec.  to  his  uncle,  Gov.  George  Clinton, 
1790-5,  and  a  leading  champion,  through  the 


press,  of  his  administration,  and  a  Repnb.  in 
politics.  Member  of  the  legisl.  in  1797,  and  in 
1798-1802  of  the  State  senate,  and  a  leader  of 
the  Democ.  party  ;  U.S.  senator,  1802-3,  and 
made  a  powerful  speech  on  the  navigation  of 
the  Mpi.,  and  opposed  a  war  with  Spain ; 
mayor  of  N.Y.  City,  1803-7,  1809-10,  and 
1811-14,  and,  by  his  wise  and  efficient  adminis- 
tration, contrib.  much  to  the  prosperity  of  the 
city.  The  Historical  Society  and  the  Acad,  of 
Fine  Arts  were  established  under  his  auspices. 
Offered  the  embassy  to  Eng.  by  Mr.  Adams, 
he  declined  ;  was  a  member  of  the  State  sen- 
ate in  1805-11,  and  lieut.-gov.  in  1811-13. 
Clinton  was  the  political  rival  of  Aaron  Burr, 
and,  after  his  disgrace,  of  Daniel  D.  Tompkins, 
who  excelled  him  in  gaining  popular  favor. 
Opposed  to  the  War  of  1812,  he  was  the  peace 
candidate  for  the  presidency  in  1812,  receiving 
89  electoral  votes,  but  was  defeated  by  James 
Madison.  He  was  the  first  pres.  of  the  Lite- 
rary and  Philos.  Soc,  founded  ab.  1814;  ini- 
tiated the  construction  of  the  Erie  Canal  in 
1815,  and  was,  in  1816,  canal  commissioner,  and 
pres.  of  the  board,  which  post  he  also  held  in 
1823-4;  gov.ofN.Y.in  1817-22  and  in  1824- 
7.  The  opening  of  the  Erie  Canal  was  cele- 
brated with  great  pomp  in  Oct.  1825,  when 
Clinton  was  conveyed  in  a  barge  on  a  trium- 
phal progress  from  Lake  Erie  to  N.Y.  City. 
He  was  pre-eminent  for  comprehensive  views, 
and  his  liberal  patronage  of  learning  and  of 
schools.  In  1811,  he  delivered  an  elaborate 
discourse  on  the  Iroquois,  before  the  N.Y.  Hist. 
Soc.,  and,  in  1814,  an  introductory  discourse 
before  the  Lit.  and  Philos.  Soc,  in  whose  Trans- 
actions appeared  in  1822  his  "Letters  on  the 
Natural  History  and  Internal  Resources  of  the 
State  of  N.Y."  —  See  Renwick's  Life  of  Clinton, 
1840 ;  IV.  IV.  Campbell's  Life  of  Clinton,  1849  ; 
D.  Uosack's  Life  of  Clinton',  1829. 

Clinton,  Admiral  George,  gov.  of  N.Y. 
Sept.  1743-Oct.  1753;  d.  gov.  of  Newfound- 
land, 10  July,  1761.  Youngest  son  of  Francis, 
sixth  Earl  of  Lincoln.  App.  commodore  and 
gov.  of  Newfoundland,  1732.  Subsequently 
app.  gov.  of  N.Y.,  his  want  of  skill  in  civil  af- 
fairs peculiarly  exposed  him  to  the  tumults  and 
commotions  of  colonial  govt.  In  his  contro- 
versies with  the  assembly,  Coldcn,  afterwards 
lieut.-gov.,  was  his  champion  with  the  pen  ;  his 
chief  opponent  being  Horsemander.  Clinton 
afterwards  became  gov.  of  Greenwich  hospital ; 
in  1745  became  vice-adm.  of  the  Red,  and  adm. 
of  the  fleet  in  1757. 

Clinton,  George,  soldier  and  statesman, 
son  of  Col.  Charles,  b  Ulster,  N.Y.,  July  26, 
1739;  d.  Washington,  April  20,  1812.  After 
returning  from  a  cruise  in  a  privateer,  he  ac- 
comp.  his  bro.  James  in  the  exped.  against 
Fort  Frontenac,  as  a  lieut.  He  subsequently 
studied  law  under  WnL  Smith ;  settled  in  his 
native  county,  where  Gov.  George  Clinton  gave 
him  a  clerkship ;  practised  law  with  repute,  and, 
as  a  member  of  the  assembly,  opposed  the  ar- 
bitrary measures  of  the  British  ministers.  He 
took  his  place  in  Congress,  May  15,  1775,  and 
voted  for  independence;  but  the  invasion  of 
N.Y.,  calling  him  to  her  defence,  prevented  his 
signing  the  instrument.  In  1776,  he  was  a 
dep.  to  the  N.Y.  Prov.  Congress,  which  framed 


CX.I 


198 


CLI 


tlie  first  State  constitution.  Active  in  defend- 
ino;  the  State  as  a  gen.  of  militia,  he  was  app. 
brig.-gen.  by  Congress,  March  25,  1777.  He 
defended  the  posts  at  the  highlands,  and  proved 
his  heroism  by  tlie  brave  defence  of  forts  Mont- 
gomery and  Clinton,  when  attacked  by  Sir  H. 
Clinton,  Oct.  6,  1777.  Chosen  first  gov.  of 
the  State,  April  20,  1777,  he  was  re-elected 
until  1795,  exhibiting  great  energy,  and  ren- 
dering important  services  throughout  the  war, 
both  in  his  civil  and  military  capacity.  In 
June,  1788,  he  presided  over  the  convention  to 
ratify  the  Federal  Constitution,  the  adoption  of 
which  he  opposed,  not  deeming  it  sufficiently 
decided  in  favor  of  State  sovereignty.  When, 
in  1792,  Washington  was  re-elected  pres.,  Clin- 
ton received  50  electoral  votes  for  the  vice- 
presidency.  Chosen  to  the  legisl.  in  1800,  he 
was  again  gov.  in  1801-4,  and  vice-pres.  of  the 
U.S.  in  1804-12.  His  casting-vote  negatived 
the  renewal  of  the  U.  S.  Bank  charter  in 
1811. 

Clinton,  Siu  Hexry,  an  English  gen.,  and 
com.-in-chicf  of  the  British  forces  in  Amer.,  b. 
1738  ;  d.  Dec.  23, 1795.  Grandson  of  Francis, 
sixth  Earl  of  Lincoln,  and  son  of  George,  gov. 
of  N.Y.  After  receiving  a  liberal  education,  he 
entered  the  army  ;  served  for  some  time  in  Han- 
over, and  on  the  Continent  during  the  7-years' 
war,  and  in  1775  obtained  the  rank  of  major- 
gen.,  and  disting.  himself  during  the  early  part 
of  the  Amer.  war.  He  participated  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Bunker's  Hill,  leading  the  re-enforcement, 
and  after  having  assisted  at  the  unsuccessful 
attack  on  Charleston,  S.C.,  entered  N.York, 
after  the  defeat  of  the  Americans  on  Long  Is- 
land, and  took  the  command.  He  attacked 
and  carried  Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery  in 
Oct.  1777,  and  May  11,  1777,  was  made  Knight 
of  the  Bath.  In  Jan.  1778,  he  succeeded 
Howe  in  the  chief  com.,  and  arrived  on  the  8th 
of  May  at  Phila.,  whence,  on  the  approach  of 
Washington,  al)Out  the  middle  of  June,  in 
obedience  to  previous  orders  from  Eng.,  he 
commenced  his  retreat  to  N.Y.  At  Monn)outh 
Court  House,  he  engaged  and  compelled  the 
Amer.  to  retreat  with  considerable  loss.  In 
1779,  he  became  col.  of  the  7th  or  "King's  Own" 
regt.,  and  in  the  course  of  the  year  undertook 
an  exped.  against  N.J.,  where  his  troops  be- 
haved with  great  barbarity.  He  also,  in  con- 
junction with  Gen.  Prevost,  who  com.  in  East 
Florida,  concerted  and  carried  into  effect  an 
invasion  of  Ga.,  and  captured  Savannah,  invest- 
ing Charleston,  S.C.,  in  Jan.  1780.  It  sur- 
rendered on  the  11th  of  the  following  May. 
He  shortly  afterwards,  through  the  medium  of 
Andre,  endeavored,  unsuccessfully,  to  obtain 
possession  of  West  Point,  esteemed  the  Gibral- 
tar of  America.  After  having  made  an  inef- 
fectual attempt  to  succor  Cornwallis,  who  was 
compelled  to  capitulate,  he  commenced  prep- 
arations, in  1782,  to  attack  the  French  settle- 
ments in  the  Antilles,  but  was  superseded  in  his 
com.  before  he  could  carry  the  project  into  ef- 
fect. On  his  return  to  Kng.,  June  12,  1782,  a 
pamphlet  war  took  place  between  him  and 
Cornwallis,  as  to  the  surrender  of  the  latter, 
the  entire  blame  of  which  each  party  attributed 
to  the  other.  He  subsequently  obtained  the 
governorship  of  Limerick,  and,  in  1793,  that  of 


Gibraltar,  in  possession  of  which  he  died.  He 
was  for  some  time  a  member  of  parl't.  Clin- 
ton is  justly  chargeable  with  the  barbarities  ex- 
ercised by  his  troops  in  N.J.,  as  admitted  even 
by  the  British  historian  Stedtnan,  himself  an 
officer  in  the  army  in  America.  In  1783,  he 
pub.  "  A  Narrative  of  his  Conduct  in  Amer.," 
8vo  ;  "Observations  on  Earl  Cornwallis's  An- 
swer to  the  Narrative,"  8vo,  1783;  "  Letter  to 
the  Commissioners,"  8vo,  1784. 

Clinton,  James,  brig.-gen.  Revol.  army, 
b.  Oran^-e  Co.,  N.Y.,  Aug.  9, 1736 ;  d.  Dec.  22, 
1812.  He  was  third  son  of  Col.  Charles,  who 
provided  him  with  an  excellent  education  ;  but 
his  ruling  inclination  was  for  a  military  life. 
App.  by  Gov.  Sir  Charles  Hardy  an  ensign  in 
the  2d  regt.  of  Ulster  Co.  militia,  he  became 
its  lieut.-col.  before  the  commencement  of  the 
Revol.  During  the  war  of  1756,  between  the 
English  and  French,  he  particularly  disting. 
himself  at  the  capture  of  Fort  Frontenac,  Avhcre 
he  was  a  capt.  under  Bradstreet,  rendering 
essential  service  by  capturing  a  sloop-of-war  on 
Lake  Ontario,  which  impeded  the  operations 
of  the  army.  The  confidence  reposed  in  his 
character  may  be  estimated  by  his  app.  as  capt.- 
commandant  of  four  regts.  levied  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  western  frontiers  of  Ulster  and 
Orange  Counties,  —  a  position  of  great  respon- 
sibility and  danger.  After  the  French  war,  he 
m.  Mary  DeWitt.  At  the  commencement  of 
the  Revol.,  he  was  app.  (June  30,  1775)  col. 
of  the  3d  N.Y.  regt.,  and  in  the  same  year  ac- 
comp.  Montgomery  to  Quebec.  App.  a  brig.- 
gen.  Aug.  9,  1776,  he  com.  Fort  Clinton  when 
it  was  attacked,  in  Oct.  1777,  by  Sir  Henry 
Clinton.  After  a  gallant  defence  by  about  600 
militia  against  3,000  British  troops,  Fort  Clin- 
ton, as  well  as  Fort  Montgomery,  of  which  his 
bro.  George,  the  gov.,  was  com. -in-chief,  was 
carried  by  storm.  Gen.  Clinton  was  the  last 
man  to  leave  the  works,  escaping  with  a  severe 
wound..  In  1779,  he  joined  with  1,600  men  the 
exped.  of  Gen.  Sullivan  against  the  Indians, 
by  way  of  the  Mohawk.  After  an  engagement, 
in  which  the  Indians  were  defeated  with  great 
loss  at  Newtown,  now  Elmira,  all  resistance 
upon  their  part  ceased  ;  their  settlements  were 
destroyed  ;  and  they  fled  to  the  British  fortress 
of  Niagara.  Gen.  Clinton,  during  a  great 
part  of  the  war,  was  stationed  at  Albany.  He 
was  present  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown.  He 
was  a  commissioner  to  adjust  the  boundary- 
line  between  N.Y.  and  Pa. ;  member  of  the 
legisl.  and  of  the  convention  which  adopted 
the  present  Constitution  of  the  U.S.,  and  a 
senator. 

Clitz,  Henry  B.,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  N.Y.  Son  of  Capt.  John,  2d  U.S.  Inf. 
West  Point,  1845.  Entering  the  7th  Inf.,  he 
served  with  distinction  in  most  of  the  battles 
of  the  Mex.  war ;  brev.  1st  Hcut.  for  Cerro  Gor- 
do, 18  Apr.  1847  ;  capt.  3d  Inf.,  6  Dec.  1858; 
served  in  defence  of  Ft.  Pickens,  Fla.,  Apr.- 
June,  1861  ;  maj.  12th  Inf.,  14  May,  1861; 
wounded  at  siege  of  Yorktown,  Va. ;  wounded, 
and  made  prisoner,  at  the  battle  of  Gaines's  Mill, 
Va.,  27  June,  1862,  and  brev.  lieut.-col.  ;  com. 
cadets,  and  instr.  tactics,  23  Oct.  1862,  to  4 
July,  1864;  lieut.-col.  6th  Inf.,  4  Nov.  1863; 
brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.   for  gallant  and  dist. 


CLI 


199 


COB 


services  in  the  field,  13  Mar.  1865,  Col.  10th. 
Inf.  22  Feb.  1869.—  Cu//mwi. 

Glitz,  John  M.  B.,  capt.  U.  S.  N.  b.  N.Y., 
Dec.  I,  1820.  Midshipman,  Aug.  12,  1837; 
lieut.  Apr.  6,  1851  ;  com.  July  16,  1862  ;  capt. 
July  25,  1866.  Attached  to  bomb  brig  "  Heclii  " 
at  capture  of  Vera  Cruz  and  Tuspan,  1847; 
com.  steamer  "  Penobscot,"  N.A.  block,  squad., 
1863  ;  steam-sloop"  Juniata, "East  Gulf  squad., 
1863  ;  steamer  "  Osceola,"  N.  A.  block  squad., 
1864-5,  in  both  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher;  com. 
"Pawnee,"  S.  A.  squad.,  1868-9.  — Hamershj. 

Clowes,  Rev.  Timothy, LL.D.  ;  d.  Hemp- 
stead, L.I.,  June  16,  1847,  a.  60.  Col.  Coll. 
1808.  In  1821,  he  was  principal  of  Erasmus 
Hall.  In  1823,  he  was  chosen  pres.  of  Wash- 
ington Coll.,  Md.,  and  rector  of  the  church  in 
Cbestertown  and  St.  Paul's,  Kent  Co.  From 
1828  to  the  fall  of  1832,  he  presided  over  the 
Clinton  Liberal  Institute,  Oneida  Co.  He 
excelled  as  a  mathematician. 

Cluseret  (klu'-zeh-ra'),  Gustave  Paul, 
brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Paris,  France,  June  13,  1823. 
He  received  a  good  education.  Entering  the 
military  school  of  St.  Cyr  in  1841,  in  1843  he 
became  sub.-lieut.  in  a  regt.  com.  by  his  father. 
For4  years,  he  taught  fortification,  topography, 
tactics,  and  strategy.  During  the  revol.  of 
June,  he  com.  a  column  in  the  Rue  St.  Jacques 
under  Gen.  Dumesne,  and  was  wounded.  In 
July,  he  was  made  a  chevalier  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor.  He  was  retired  from  active  service 
in  Jan.  1849,  and  soon  after  put  on  half-pay 
by  Pres.  Louis  Napoleon  on  account  of  his  re- 
publican opinions.  He  then  opened  a  painter's 
studio,  but,  after  2  years,  returned  to  the  service 
as  lieut.  of  chasseurs  a  pied  in  Algeria.  Here 
he  participated  in  several  expcds.,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  preparing  the  " DictioiDiaire  Hislorique 
et  (jeorjrap/dque  de  I'Alrj&ie."  In  1854,  he  was 
ordered  to  the  Crimea,  where  he  was  twice 
wounded,  and  was  promoted  to  capt.  at  the 
Mamelon  Vert.  He  returned  to  France  in  1856; 
joined  the  exped!  against  the  Kabyles  in  1857  ; 
on  the  outbreak  in  Italy,  joined  the  staff  of 
Garibaldi,  with  the  rank  of  major  in  the  Italian 
army;  and  was  soon  afterward  placed  in  com. 
of  the  French  legion.  Wounded  at  the  siege  of 
Capua,  he  received,  two  days  after,  the  brev. 
of  col.  (Nov.  1,  1860).  He  arrived  at  Wash- 
ington in  Jan.  1862  ;  was  app.  aide-de-camp  to 
Gen.  McClellan,  with  rank  of  col.,  and  was 
soon  after  assigned  to  Gen.  Fremont,  who  placed 
him  in  com.  of  his  advanced  guard.  He  was 
in  the  battles  of  Strasburg,  Harrisonburg,  and 
Cross  Keyes,  and,  for  his  gallantry  in  the  latter 
buttle,  was  made  brig.-gen.  of  vols.  Oct.  14. 
Resigned,  Mar.  2,  1 863.  A  leader  of  the  Paris 
Communists  in  the  spring  of  1871,  and  minis, 
of  war. 

Clymer,  George,  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  b.  Phila.,  1739  ;  d.  Mor- 
risville,  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  Jan.  23,  1813.  His 
father  emigrated  from  Bristol,  Eng.,  to  Phila., 
and  left  him  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  7.  His 
maternal  uncle,  Wm.  Coleman,  educated  him, 
took  him  intohiscounting-room,  and  eventually 
left  him  the  bulk  of  his  fortune.  At  the  tea- 
meeting  in  Phila.,  Oct.  16,  1773,  he  was  app. 
chairman  of  the  committee  to  request  the  tea- 
agents  to  resign.     He  was  also  a  member  of 


the  council  of  safety.  July  20,  1775,  he  was 
app.  joint  treasurer  of  the  State  with  Michael 
Hillegas,  and  converted  all  his  specie  into 
Continental  currency,  besides  subscribing  lib- 
erally to  the  loan.  July  20,  1776,  he  was 
delegated  to  Congress.  Sept.  1776,  be  was 
sent  with  Stockton  to  confer  with  Washington 
on  the  affairs  of  the  army ;  and  when,  in  Dec., 
Congress  retired  to  Baltimore,  Clymer  was  one 
of  the  commissioners  left  in  Phila.  to  guard 
the  public  interests.  Again  elected  to  Congress 
in  1777.  His  house  was  plundered  by  the  British 
after  the  battle  of  Brandywine.  Dec.  7,  1778, 
he  was  a  commissioner  to  treat  with  the  Indians 
at  Fort  Pitt;  in  1780  was  a  third  time  elected 
to  Congress;  in  Nov.  1780  was  deputed,  with 
John  Nixon,  to  organize  the  Bank  of  North 
America,  and  in  1782  wasassoc.  with  Rutledge 
in  his  mission  to  the  Southern  States.  Re- 
moving to  Princeton  at  the  close  of  the  war, 
he  was  in  1784  elected  to  the  Pa.  legisl.,  where 
he  aided  in  modifying  the  criminal  code.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  that  framed 
the  Federal  Constitution,  and  in  Nov.  1788  was 
elected  to  the  first  U.S.  Congress.  In  1791,  he 
was  app.  collector  of  the  duty  on  spirits,  w^hich, 
in  Pa.,  led  to  the  whiskey  riots.  Resigning  this 
office,  he  was,  with  Messrs.  Pickens  and  Haw- 
kins, app.  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with  the  Creeks 
and  Cherokees,  consummated  June  29,  1796, 
when  he  withdrew  from  public  affairs.  Besides 
other  institutions  indebted  to  him  were  the  Pa. 
Ag;icultural  Society,  of  which  he  was  vice- 
pres.,  the  Acad,  of  Fine  Arts,  and  the  Pa. 
Bank,  of  both  which  he  was  pres. 

Cobb,  David,  Revol.  soldier  and  legislator, 
b.  Attleborough,Ms.,  14  Sept.  1748  ;  d.  17  Apr. 
1830.  H.  U.  1766.  Many  years  a  practising 
physician  ;  sec.  of  the  Bristol  Co.  convention 
of  1774,  and  member  of  the  Prov.  Congress  in 
1775.  Lieut.-col.  of  H  Jackson's  regt.  in 
1777-8,  serving  in  N.  J.  and  R.  I.,  and  several 
years  a  member  of  Washington's  milit.  family. 
Afterwards  maj.-gen.  of  militia;  judge  of  C.  C. 
P. :  M.  C.  1793-5  ;  member  of  the  Ms.  senate 
and  house,  and  some  time  pres.  and  speaker; 
member  of  the  exec,  council,  and  lieut.-gov. 
1809.  While  a  resident  of  Me.  (1796-1820), 
he  was  chief-justice  of  C,  C.  P.,  maj.-gen.  10th 
milit.  div.,  and,  during  the  War  of  1812,  was  on 
the  board  of  milit.  defence, 

Cobb,  Howell,  lawyer,  and  clergyman 
of  the  M.  E.  Church,  b.  Savannah,  Ga.,"^1795. 
After  serving  an  apprenticeship  to  a  printer,  he 
engaged  in  teaching  in  Perry,  Houston  Co.,  till, 
in  1827,  he  was  adm.  to  the  bar.  In  1830,  he 
was  a  State  senator;  soon  after  established  the 
Cherokee  Gazette.  In  1845,  he  pub.  a  work  on 
legal  forms,  and  soon  after  compiled  the  penal 
code  of  the  State.  He  has  written  much  for 
the  press,  and  is  the  author  of  a  curious  work 
on  the  African  race. 

Cobb,  Howell,  statesman,  b.  Cherry  Hill, 
Jefferson  Co.,  Ga.,  Sept.  7, 1815  ;  d.  N.  Y.  City, 
Oct.  9,  1868.  Franklin  Coll.,  Athens,  1834. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1836  ;  solicitor-gen.  of  the 
western  circuit  of  Ga.  in  1837-41,  and  built 
up  an  extensive  and  lucrative  practice  ;  M.  C. 
1843-51;  speaker  of  the  31st  Congress;  gov. 
of  Ga.,  1851-3;  again  M.  C.  1856-7  ;  sec.  of 
the  treasury  under  Buchanan,  1857-60.    Zeal- 


COB 


200 


COB 


ous  in  the  secession  movement,  he  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Montgomery  Congress,  and  chosen 
its  pres.  Feb.  4,  1861.  Made  a  brig.,  and  then 
a  maj.-gen.,  but  did  not  disting.  himself  in  the 
field.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  he  opposed  all 
the  measures  for  reconstruction.  In  Congress, 
he  disting.  himself  by  his  familiarity  with  the 
rules  of  the  house,  his  skill  as  a  debater,  his 
vehement  professions  of  love  for  the  Union,  and 
his  equally  earnest  advocacy  of  State  rights. 
His  inipcriousness,  and  his  bold  championship 
of  slavery,  made  him  the  leader  of  the  Soutli- 
ern  party  in  the  house.  He  demanded  the  ex- 
tension of  slavery  into  Cal.  and  New  Mexico, 
and  advocated  the  compromise  measures  of 
1850.  —  See  Memorial  Vol.,  ed.  by  Saml.  Boykin, 
Phila.,  1869. 

Cobb,  Joseph  Beckham,  politician  and 
author,  son  of  Thos.  W.,  b.  Oglethorpe  Co., 
Ga.,  Apr.  11,  1819;  d.  Columbus  Ga.,  Sept. 
15,  1858.  Educated  at  Wilmington,  N.C.,and 
at  Franklin  Coll.,  Ga.  He  removed  in  1838  to 
Noxul)ee  Co.,  Mpi.  In  1851,  he  was  elected  by 
the  Whigs  to  the  State  convention  ;  was  sub- 
sequently, for  some  years,  a  member  of  the 
State  senate,  and  in  1*853  an  "American  "  can- 
didate for  Congress.  Author  of  "  The  Creole," 
a  novel,  1848;  "Sketches,"  8vo,  1851;  and 
"Leisure  Hours,"  1858;  and  a  contrib.  to  Pe- 
terson's National  Man.  and  to  the  Amer.  Rev. 

Cobb,  Nathaniel  R.,  a  philanthropic  mer- 
chant of  Boston,  b.  Falmouth,  Me.,  Nov.  3, 
1798;  d.  Boston,  22  May,  1834. 

Cobb,  Sylvanus,  D.D.,  Universalist  min- 
ister, b.  Norway,  Me.,  July,  1799;  d.  E.  Bos- 
ton, Oct.  31,  1866.  In  1828,  he  was  settled  at 
Maiden  and  Waltham,  Ms.;  Avas  the  author 
of  a  "  Commentary  on  the  New  Testament," 
"  Compend  of  Divinity,"  "  Discussions,"  and 
some  other  works,  and  edited  the  Christian 
Freeman  more  than  20  years.  His  son  Stl- 
VANDS,  1).  Waterville,  Me.,  182.3,  is  a  popular 
writer  of  novelettes.  He  was  editor  and  pub. 
of  a  paper  called  The  Rechabite ;  edited  the  New- 
England  Washingtonian;  and  was  a  principal 
contrib.  to  (Jleason's  Pictorial,  Flag  of  our 
Union,  and  the  N.  Y.  Ledger.  He  pub.  "  The 
Autobiog.  of  Rev.  Sylvanus  Cobb,"  with  a 
memoir,  in  1867. 

Cobb,  Capt.  Thomas,  b.  Buckingham  Co., 
Va.;  d.  Columbia  Co.,  Ga.,  Oct.  1832,  a.  110. 
He  took  a  patriotic  part  in  the  Revol.  strug- 
gle ;  was  often  associated  in  the  councils  of 
the  times ;  held  offices  under  the  State  govt, 
until  his  removal  to  Ga.,  ab.  1783,  and  effi- 
ciently managed  his  plantation  for  80  or  90 
years.  —  N.  E.  Mag.,  iii.,  520. 

Cobb,  Thomas  R.  R.,  lawyer,  b.  Jefferson 
Co.,  Ga.,  1820;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Freder- 
icksburg, Va.,  Dec.  13,  1862.  U.  of  Ga.  1841. 
Bro.  of  Howell.  Adm.  to  the  bar,  he  was  re- 
porter of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ga.  from  1849 
to  1857.  In  1851,  he  pub.  a  new  digest  of  the 
laws  of  Ga.,  and  in  1858  an  "  Inquiry  into 
the  Laws  of  Negro  Slavery."  He  was  a  trus- 
tee of  the  university,  was  active  in  the  cause 
of  education  in  Ga.,  and  had  a  high  reputation 
and  large  practice  as  a  lawyer.  An  able  and 
eloquent  member  of  the  Confederate  Congress, 
in  which  he  served  as  chairman  of  military 
affairs  ;  afterward  a  gen.  in  the  rebel  army. 


Cobb,  Thomas  W.,  statesman,  b.  Colum- 
bia Co.,  Ga.,  1784;  d.  Greenesborough,  Feb.  1, 
1830.  After  studying  law  in  the  office  of  Wm. 
H.  Crawford,  he  settled  at  Lexington,  Ga.,  and 
disting  himself  at  the  bar.  M.  C.  from  1817 
to  1821  and  1823-4  ;  U.  S.  senator  from  1824 
to  1828;  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  from 
1828  till  his  d.  He  wrote  excellent  political 
essays,  and  was  an  eloquent  and  argumenta- 
tive debater,  prominent  in  the  discussion  in 
1819  of  the  Mo.  question. 

Cobbett,  Thomas,  clergyman  and  author, 
b.  Newbury,  Eng.,  1608  ;  d.  Ipswich,  Ms., 
Nov.  5,  1685.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  but  left 
on  a(icoiint  of  the  plague,  and  became  a  pupil 
of  Dr.  Twiss.  Persecuted  for  nonconformity, 
he  came  to  Ms.  in  1637  with  Davenport,  and 
was  colleague  to  his  old  friend,  Mr.  Whiting 
of  Lynn,  until,  in  1656,  he  became  pastor  of 
the  First  Church  in  Ipswich,  where  heremained 
till  his  death.  During  his  ministry,  there  was 
a  powerful  and  extensive  revival  in  that  town. 
He  was  remarkable  for  the  frequency  of  his 
prayers,  and  his  assurance  of  their  efficacy. 
He  pub.  in  1645a  work  on  infant  baptism; 
"  The  Civil  Magistrate's  Power  in  Matters  of 
Religion,  modestly  debated,"  &c.,  1653;  "A 
Practical  Discourse  of  Prayer,"  8vo,  1654; 
"On  the  Honor  due  from  Children  to  their 
Parents,"  1656;  "Narrative  of  New  Eng- 
land's Deliverances  "  (in  N.E.  H.  and  G.  Reg., 
vol.  vii.). 

Cobbett,  William,  political  writer,  b. 
Farnham,  Surrey,  Eng.,  9  Mar.  1762;  d.  17 
June,  1835.  He  was  a  farmer's  son,  and  was 
self-educated.  After  a  clerkship  of  some 
months  to  an  atty.  in  London,  he,  ab.  1784, 
enlisted  in  the  army,  in  which,  by  good  conduct, 
he  rose  to  the  grade  of  sergt  -maj.  After  5 
years'  service  in  Nova  Scotia,  he  returned  to 
Eng.  in  1791,  obtained  his  discharge,  m.,  and 
in  1792  settled  as  a  bookseller  in  Phila.  There 
he  issued  Peter  Porcupine's  Gazette,  a  Federalist 
paper,  assailing  with  great  power,  and  coarse- 
ness of  language,  the  supporters  of  the  French 
Revol. ;  pub.  his  "  Observations,"  and  other 
political  tracts,  and  was  fined  $5,000  for  a  libel 
on  Dr.  Rush.  Returning  to  Eng.  in  1800,  he 
began  a  daily  paper  called  The  Porcupine,  but 
in  1802  established  his  famous  Political  Regis- 
ter, at  first  a  Tory  paper,  afterward  in  opposi- 
tion to  Pitt  and  the  Tories,  and  discontinued 
in  1835.  For  his  libels  or  satires  on  members 
of  the  govt.,  he  was  several  times  heavily 
fined,  and  in  1810  was  imprisoned  for  two 
years.  The  passage  of  the  famous  "  Six  Act 
Bill "  caused  him  to  emig.  again  to  the  U.S. ; 
und  his  Registers  were  dated  from  Long  Island, 
from  1817  to  his  return  in  Dec.  1819,  on  which 
occasion  he  took  to  Eng.  the  bones  of  Thos. 
Paine.  Again  tried  for  libel  in  1831,  he  de- 
fended himself  with  such  ability,  that  he  was 
acquitted.  After  two  unsuccessful  attempts  to 
enter  parliament  for  Oldham,  he  was  returned 
in  1832,  and  again  in  1834.  Besides  his  politi- 
cal writings,  he  was  the  author  of  many  use- 
ful and  popular  books.  Ho  was  master  of  a 
vigorous  Saxon-English  style,  unrivalled  for 
sarcasm  and  common  sense ;  and  possessed 
great  powers  of  observation  and  descrintion. 
Among  his  works  are   "  Advice  to   Young 


COB 


201 


coo 


Men,"  "  Cottage  Economy,"  "  Grammars  of 
the  English  and  French  Languages,"  "  A  Year's 
Residence  in  America,"  "  History  of  the  Refor- 
mation," "Rural  Rides,"  "  Emigrant's  Guide," 
20  vols,  of  "  Parliamentary  Debates,"  "  Letters 
on  the  Late  War  between  Eng.  and  the  U.S.," 
1815,  and  "  Pride  of  Brittania  Humbled," 
181.5;  "Life  of  Andrew  Jackson,"  1834; 
"Life  of  Peter  Porcupine,"  1796;  "Porcu- 
pine's Works,"  12  vols.,  8vo,  1801.  —  See  Life 
of  Cohbett,  Phila.,  1831  j  HazUtCs  Misc. 
Works,  vol.  V. 

Cobbs,  Nicholas  Hamner,  D.I).,  Pr.-Ep. 
bishop  of  Ala.,  b.  Med  ford  Co.,  Va.,  Feb.  1796 ; 
d.  Jan.  11,  1861.  He  tauglit  a  classical  school 
some  years;  was  ord.  deacon  in  1824;  priest 
in  1825  ;  then  labored  14  years  in  his  native 
county,  and  4  years  in  Petersburg,  Va. ;  then 
took  charge  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  Cincinnati, 
O.;  and  was  consec.  bishop,  Oct.  20,  1844,  at 
Phila. 

Cochrane,  Sir  Alex.  Forester  Inglis, 
an  Eng.  adm.  (1758-1832).  Disting.  in  the 
wars  with  Amer.  and  France,  especially  for  an 
unequal  combat  with  five  French  vessels  in 
Chesapeake  Bay.  Com.  the  British  fleet  on 
the  Amer.  station  in  the  War  of  1812-15,  and 
assisted  the  land-forces  in  the  attack  on  N. 
Orleans.     Made  adm.  of  the  Blue  in  1819. 

Cochran,  James,  inventor  of  the  art  of 
making  cut  nails,  b.  1763,  Batavia,  Genesee 
Co.,  N.Y. ;  d.  Dec.  31,  1846.  He  was  a  brass- 
founder;  and  to  his  shop,  while  he  lived  in 
Phila.,  Franklin  paid  frequent  visits.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  above  invention,  he  claimed  to 
have  manuf.  the  first  centos  in  this  country. 

Cochran,  John,  M.  D.,  physician  and 
surgeou-gen.  of  the  Revol.  army,  b.  Chester 
Co.,  Pa.,  Sept.  1,  1730;  d.  Palatine,  Mont- 
gomery Co.,  Apr.  6,  1807.  Educated  at  the 
school  of  Dr.  Francis  Allison,  and  had  finished 
his  medical  studies  when  the  war  with  France 
broki3  out  in  17.>5.  Entering  the  army  as  sur- 
geon's mate,  he  quitted  the  service  at  the  close 
of  the  war,  with  the  character  of  an  able  and 
experienced  practitioner,  and, settling  in  Alba- 
ny, m.  Gertrude,  sister  of  Gen.  Schuyler.  He 
soon  removed  to  New  Brunswi(.-k,  N.J.j  and, 
late  in  1776,  offered  his  services  as  a  vol.  in  the 
hospital  dept.  At  the  warm  recommendation 
of  Washington,  he  was  app.  Apr.  10,  1777, 
physician  and  surgeon-gen.  in  the  middle  dept.., 
and  in  Oct.  1781,  Congress  app.  him  director- 
gen,  of  the  hospitals  of  the  U.S.  His  experi- 
ence in  the  British  service  enabled  him  to 
make  great  improvements  in  the  hospitals. 
Soon  after  the  peace,  he  removed  his  family  to 
N.Y.,  and,  on  the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution, Washington  made  him  commis.  of 
loans  for  N.Y.  —  Thacher. 

Cochrane,  John,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Pala- 
tine, Montgomery  Co.,  N.Y..  Aug.  27,  1813. 
Ham.  Coll.  1831.  Adm.  to  the  bar,  he  prac- 
tised law  some  years  in  the  Valley  of  the  Mo- 
hawk ;  removed  to  N.Y.  City  in  1846  ;  became 
a  leader  of  that  branch  of  the  Democ.  party 
popularly  called  "  Barnburners,"  and,  during 
the  administration  of  Pres.  Pierce  (1853-7), 
was  surveyor  of  the  port  of  N.Y.  M.C.  from 
1856  to  1862.  Mar.  1861,  he  visited  Richmond 
to  confer  with  the  Union  members  of  the  Va. 


convention,  and  in  Aug.  took  the  field  as  col. 
1st  US.  (vol.)  Chasseurs,  which  he  com.  at 
Fair  Oaks,  Malvern  Hill,  and  other  battles  of 
the  Chickahominy  campaign.  Brig.-gen.  of 
vols.  17  July,  1862,  he  was  assigned  a  brigade 
in  Couch's  division  of  the  Potomac  Army.  He 
was  with  the  reserve  at  thcl;^ttle  of  Antietam, 
and  afterward  pursued  the  retreating  enemy. 
Resigned  Feb.  25,  1863.  Nominated  in  1864 
vice-pres.  on  the  ticket  with  Fremont.  Atty.- 
gen.  N.Y.,  1865. 

Cock,  Tiio.MAS,  M.D.,  physician  and  med- 
ical author,  b.  Glen  Cove,  L.  I.,  1802  ;  d.  N.Y., 
June  14,  1869.  He  studied  in  the  office  of  Dr. 
Seeman,  with  whom  he  was  afterward  partner. 
During  the  yellow-fever  epidemic  of  1822,  he 
was  indefatigable  in  his  efforts  to  overcome 
the  disease,  as  also  during  the  cholera  of  1832. 
He  had  been  pres.  of  the  Acad,  of  Medicine 
of  N.Y.,  prof,  and  subsequently  pres.,  of  the 
Coll.  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  was 
many  years  attending  and  consulting  physician 
of  the  N.Y.  hospital.  Long  an  active  member, 
and  at  his  death  vice-pres.,  of  the  American 
Bible  Society. 

Coekburn  (ko'-burn).  Sir  George,  an 
English  adm.,  b.  Lond.,  1771  ;  d.  Aug.  1853. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  1783,  became  a  post- 
captain  in  1795,  and,  after  disting.  himself  on 
many  occasions,  became,  in  1812,  a  rear-adm. 
In  the  early  part  of  1813,  he  com.  "  The  Marl- 
borough "  74,  on  the  N.  Amer.  station,  and  suc- 
cessfully attacked  various  towns,  and  reposito- 
ries of  stores,  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  at  the 
head  of  Chesapeake  Bay.  June  26,  1813,  he 
assisted  in  taking  the  camp  and  fortified  works 
at  Hampton.  In  the  following  month,  he  ob 
tained  possession  of  two  islands  in  N.C,  and 
captured  two  small  vessels  of  war.  In  the  be- 
ginning of  Aug.  1814,  he  accomp.  the  exped. 
which  succeeded  in  taking  the  city  of  Wash- 
ington, and  which  had,  it  is  said,  been  suggest- 
ed by  himself  to  the  commanders.  Gen.  Ross 
and  Adm.  Cochrane.  He  was  employed  in  the 
unsuccessful  attempt  on  Baltimore,  in  Sept. 
1814.  In  Jan.  1815,  he  was  made  a  K.B  ;  on 
the  12th  of  Aug.  1819,  a  viee-adm.,  and  on  the 
5th  of  April,  1821,  maj.-gen.  of  marines. 

Cocke,  John,  gen.,b.  Brunswick, Nottaway 
Co.,  Va.,  1772;  d.  Granger  Co.,  Tenn.,  Feb. 
16,  1854.  Wm.  his  father  participated  in  the 
civil,  legislative,  and  military  service  of  Va. ; 
removed  to  Tenn.,  and  became  a  gen.  of  mili- 
tia; State  legisl.  1813;  judge  Circuit  Court ; 
US.  senator,  1796-7  and  1799-1805;  app.  in 
1814  agent  for  the  Chickasaw  Indians.  In 
early  life  John  emigrated  to  Tenn.,  adopted 
the  profession  of  the  law,  became  a  member  of 
the  first  legisl.  in  1796,  was  speaker  of  the 
house  for  many  years,  was  Subsequently  a 
member  of  the  senate,  and  was  M.C.  from 
1819  to  1827.  He  was  maj.-gen.  Tenn.  vols., 
Sept.  25,  1813,  in  service  against  the  Creeks. 
Col.  Tenn.  regt.  Nov.  14,  under  Gen.  Jackson, 
at  New  Orleans.  —  Gardner. 

Cocke,  John  H.,  brig.-gen.  War  of  1812 ; 
d.  at  his  residence,  Fluvanna  Co.,  Va.,  July  1, 
1866,  a.  85. 

Cocke,  Philip  St.  George,  gen.  C.S.A. 
b.  Virginia,  1808;  shot  himself  at  his  resi- 
dence in  Powhatan  Co.,  Va.,  Dec.   26,  1861. 


COID 


202 


COB^ 


West  Point,  1832.  Entering  the  2d  art.,  he 
was  adj.  in  1833-4;  resij^ned,  April,  1834,  and 
was  made  a  brig.-gen.  Confed.  army  early  in 
1861,  and  took  part  in  the  first  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  com.  the  5tli  brigade.  After  a  campaign 
of  8  months,  he  returned  to  his  home  shattered 
both  in  mind  and  body,  and  in  a  paroxysm  of 
insanity  put  an  end  to  his  life.  President  Va. 
Agric.  Soc.  1853-6.  Author  of  "  Plantation 
and  Farm  Instruction,"  1852. 

Codazzi  (ko-dat'-see),  Agostino,  an  Ital- 
ian engineer,  b.  near  Ferrara,  1792.  He  made 
several  camjiaigns  under  Napoleon,  and  after- 
wards disting.  himself  as  an  engineer  in  S. 
America.  Entering  the  Columbian  service  as 
lieut.-col.  of  art.,  he  was  employed  in  making 
charts,  and  in  preparing  plans  of  defence.  In 
1831-40,  he  prepared  charts  of  Venezuela,  and 
was  rewarded  with  the  rank  of  col.  In  1838- 
9,  he  explored  the  interior  of  Guiana,  pene- 
trated nearly  to  the  sources  of  the  Orinoco; 
and  the  valuable  results  of  his  labors,  "Geo- 
graphia  de  Venezuela,"  appeared  in  Paris  in 
1841,  accomp.  by  an  extensive  chart  of  Venezu- 
ela. Codazzi  afterwards  established  a  German 
colony  in  Veneznela.  In  1848,  he  was  em- 
ployed by  the  govt,  of  New  Granada  upon  a 
topographical  survey. 

Codding,  Ichabod,  Presb.  clergyman,  and 
an  eloquent  antislavery  lecturer,  b.  Bristol, 
N.Y.,  1811  ;  d.  Baraboo,  Wis.,  17  June,  1866. 
He  studied  at  Middleb.  Coll.,  lectured  for  the 
Amer.  Antislavery  Society  in  1837-42  ;  entered 
the  ministry,  and  was  successively  pastor  at 
Princeton,  Lockport.  Joliet,  Baraboo,  and 
Bloomington,  HI.  His  addresses  were  marked 
by  great  eloquence  and  fervor. 

Coddington,  William,  fourtder  of  R.I., 
b.  Lincolnshire,  Eng.,  1601  ;  d.  Nor.  1,  1678. 
In  1630,  he  came  in  "  The  Arabella  "  to  Salem, 
a  magistrate  of  Ms.,  app.  by  the  crown.  For 
some  years,  he  was  a  merchant  in  Boston.  In 
1636,  when  Winthrop  succeeded  Vane  as  gov., 
Coddiugton's  name  was  dropped  from  the  roll ; 
but  the  freemen,  on  the  following  day,  sent  him 
and  Vane  as  deputies  to  the  court.  He  defend- 
ed Anne  Hutchinson  against  Winthrop  and 
his  party,  and  opposed,  though  unsuccessfully, 
the  proceedings  against  Wheelwright,  but 
finally,  with  18  others,  removed,  Apr.  26,  1638, 
to  the  Island  of  Aquidneck,  now  R.I.  Cod- 
dington was  elected  judge,  with  a  council  of 
3  elders,  who  were  enjoined  by  a  vote  of  the 
freemen  to  be  "guided  by  God's  laws."  Mar. 
12,  1640,  Coddington  was  elected  gov.;  contin- 
ued 7  years  in  office,  until  a  charter  was  ob- 
^  tained,  and  the  island  incorporated  with  the 
Providence  plantations.  Having  made  a  voy- 
age to  Eng.  in  1651,  he  returned  with  a  com- 
mission as  gov.  of  Aquidneck  Island,  but  he 
soon  resigned.  He  was  again  gov.  in  1674-5. 
After  his  settlement  in  R.I.,  he  adopted  the 
tenets  of  the  Quakers.  He  was  earnest  for 
liberty  of  conscience.  Author  of  "A  Demon- 
stration of  True  Love  unto  you  the  Rulers  of 
the  Colony  of  Ms.,"  4to,  1674. 

Codm'an,  John,  D.D.  (II.  U.  1840),  min- 
ister 2d  (yh.,  Dorchester,  from  Dec.  7,  1808,  to 
his  d.,  Dec.  23,  1847  ;  b.  Boston,  Aug.  3, 1782. 
H.U.  1802.  Son  of  John,  a  Boston  merchant. 
He  studied  at  Cambridge  and  at  Edinburgh, 


and  preached  in  the  Swallow-st.  Church, 
Lond.,  in  1808.  He  was  a  benefactor  of  the 
theol.  seminaries  of  Princeton  and  Andover. 
A  Memoir  by  Dr.  Allen,  with  6  sermons,  was 
pub.,  8vo,  1853 ;  sermons  on  various  occa- 
sions, 1834 ;  narrative  of  a  visit  to  Eng.,  1836, 
and  many  separate  sermons. — Allen. 

Coffee,  John,  gen.,  b.  Nottaway  Co.,  Va., 
1772;  d.  near  Florence,  Ala.,  July  7,  1833. 
In  1804,  he  engaged  in  business  with  Andrew 
Jackson,  near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  but  in  1807 
resumed  his  old  occupation  of  surveying. 
Ever  the  strong  pei'sonal  friend  of  Jackson,  he 
seconded  him  in  his  affray  with  thcBentons  in 
Sept.  1813.  Col.  of  Tenn.  vols,  under  Jack- 
son, Dec.  1812  to  Apr.  1813;  brig.-gen.  Tenn. 
mounted  gunmen,  Sept.  24,  1813;  com.  de- 
tachment engaged  with  Creek  Indians  at  Tal- 
lahatchie, Nov.  3,  1813;  badly  Avoundcd  in 
battle  under  Gen.  Jackson,  with  Creek  Indians 
at  Emucfau,  Jan.  22,  1814  ;  in  attack  on  Pcn- 
sacola,  Nov.  1814;  disting.  in  defence  of  N. 
Orleans  in  battles  of  Dec.  23,  1814,  and  Jan.  8, 
1815;  in  service  to  June,  1815.  US.  survey- 
or of  public  lands,  March,  1817.  His  son  An- 
drew J.  served  as  extra  aide-de-camp  to  Gen. 
Taylor  at  Buena  Vista,  and  was  brev.  lieut.- 
col.  for  his  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct, 
Feb.  23,  1847. 

Coffin,  Charles.  D.D.  (Wms.CoU.  1808), 
Presb.  clergyman,  b.  Newburyport,  Ms.,  Aug. 
15,  1775;  d.  Greenville,  E.  Tenn.,  June  12, 
1853.  H.U.  1793.  Son  of  Dr.  Charles.  Li- 
censed to  preach  by  the  Essex  Middle  Assoc., 
May  14,  1799.  Pres.  of  Greenville  Coll.,  Tenn., 
1810-27,  and  of  Knoxville  Coll.  1827-33.  He 
passed  the  last  50  years  of  his  life  in  Tenn.  — 
Spragiie. 

Coffin,  Sir  Isaac,  a  British  adm.,  b.  Bos- 
ton, 16  May,  1759;  d.  Cheltenham,  Eng.,  23 
July,  1839.  Son  of  Nathaniel,  collector  of  the 
customs,  and  a  loyalist,  by  Elizabeth,  dau.  of 
Henry  Barnes  of  Boston.  Educated  in  the 
Boston  schools  ;  entered  the  British  navy  in 
1773;  became  a  lieut.  in  1778;  was  actively  era- 
ployed  on  the  Amer.  coast;  was  made  com- 
mander in  July,  1781;  acted  as  signal-officer  to 
Adm.  Arbuthnot  in  the  action  off  Cape  Henry, 
16  March,  1781,  and  served  as  a  vol.  in  the 
action  between  Rodney  and  DeGrasse  in  1782. 
Post-capt.  1790;  rear-adm.  of  the  Blue,  23 
Apr.  1804  ;  baronet,  19  May,  1804  ;  vice-adm. 
April,  1808;  June  4,  1814,  adm.  of  the  Blue, 
and,  on  the  death  of  George  IV.,  adm.  of  the 
White.  M.  P.  1818,  and  again  in  1826.  He 
ever  retained  a  strong  regard  for  his  native 
land,  and  in  1826,  while  visiting  Nantucket, 
where  many  of  his  kindred  resided,  authorized 
the  purchase  of  a  building  for  the  "  Coffin 
School,"  for  the  support  of  which  he  after- 
wards invested  a  fund  of  £2,500. 

Coffin,  John,  a  British  gen.,  bro.  of  Sir 
Isaac,  b.  Boston,  1751 ;  d.  St.  John's  Co.,  N. 
Brunswick,  12  May,  1838.  He  accomp.  the 
British  troops  in  the  action  at  Bunker's  Hill; 
rose  to  the  rank  of  capt.  of  the  N.Y.  vols. ; 
disting.  himself  at  the  siege  of  Savannah,  the 
battle  of  Hobkirk's  Hill,  the  action  of  Cross 
Creek,  near  Charleston,  S.C.,  and  especially  at 
the  battle  of  Eutaw,  8  Sept.  1781,  where  he 
exacted  even  the  admiration  of  Greene  in  his 


COB^ 


203 


COG- 


despatches  to  Congress,  and  was  at  once  made 
major  of  the  King's  Araer.  regt.  At  the  close 
of  the  war,  he  settled  in  N.  Brunswick  ;  became 
a  col.  in  the  army  in  1797;  maj-gen.  1803; 
lieut.-gen.  1809;  gen.  1819.  In  1783,  he  was 
wounded  in  a  duel  with  Col.  Campbell ;  mem- 
ber of  the  N.  B.  Assembly,  chirf  magistrate  of 
King's  County,  and  member  of  the  council, 
retiring  to  private  life  in  1828.  His  wife  Ann, 
dau.  of  Wm.  Mathews  of  S.  C,  d.  Bath,  in 
Apr.  1839,  a.  76. 

Cofl3.n,  Joshua,  genealogist  and  antiqua- 
ry, b.  Newbury,  Ms.,  Oct.  12,  1792;  d.  there 
June  24,  18.64.  Dartm.  Coll.  1817.  Many 
years  a  teacher.  He  pub.  "  The  History  of 
Ancient  Newbury,"  8vo,  1845,  genealogies 
of  the  Woodman,  Little,  and  Toppan  families, 
besides  many  articles  in  periodicals.  He  was 
the  schoolmaster  of  the  poet  Whittier, 

CoflB.n,  Nathaniel,  M.D.,  physician,  b. 
Portland,  Me.,  May  3,  1744  ;  d.  there  Oct.  18, 
1826.  He  studied  under  his  father  Nathaniel, 
who  was  a  physician,  and  at  Guy's  and  St. 
Thomas's  Hospitals,  Lond.,  under  Hunter, 
Akenside,  and  McKenzie;  and  commenced 
practice  at  the  age  of  21.  At  the  death  of  his 
father,  in  1766,  he  succeeded  to  an  extensive 
practice,  and  in  1769  m.  the  dau.  of  Isaac  Fos- 
ter of  Charlestown.  When  Capt.  Mowatt,  in 
1775,  prepared  to  destroy  the  town,  then  called 
Falmouth,  Dr.  Coffin,  with  two  others,  went 
on  board  his  ship,  and  endeavored  fruitlessly 
to  avert  the  impending  storm.  As  an  opera- 
tive surgeon,  he  ranked  high.  The  hon.  deg. 
of  M.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  Bowd.  Coll., 
Brunswick.  He  was  the  first  pres.  of  the  Me. 
Med.  Society,  and  for  many  years  discharged 
the  duties  of  hospital  surgeon  for  marine  pa- 
tients in  his  dist. —  Tliacher. 

Coffin,  IJoBERT  S.,  printer  and  poet,  b. 
Brunswick,  Me.,  1797  ;  d.  Rowley,  Ms.,  May 
7,  1827.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  printer  in 
Newburyport,  whither  his  father  had  removed; 
was  a  sailor  during  the  War  of  1812,  and  once 
a  prisoner  on  board  an  English  frigate,  and  sub- 
sequently worked  on  newspapers  in  Boston, 
N.r.,  and  Phila.,  publishing  occasional  verses. 
His  poems  were  coll.  in  a  vol.  entitled  "  The 
Oriental  Harp,  Poems  of  the  Boston  Bard," 
Boston,  1826.  His  Lite,  written  by  himself, 
was  pub.,  12mo,  1825. 

Coffin,  Sir  Thomas  Aston,  bart.  (19  Mav, 
1804),  loyalist,  b.  Boston,  Mar.  31,  1754;  d. 
London,  May  31,  1810.  H.U.  1772.  Son  of 
Wm.  of  Boston,  and  cousin  of  Adm.  Sir  Isaac. 
At  one  period  of  the  Revol.,  he  was  private 
sec.  to  Sir  Guy  Carlcton.  He  was  afterward 
commiss.-gen.  in  the  British  army,  and  in  1804, 
sec.  and  comptroller  of  accounts  of  Lower 
Canada.  —  Sabine. 

Coffin,  Timothy  Gardner,  lawyer,  b.  Nan- 
tucket, Ms.,  Nov.  1,1788;  d.  New  Bedford, 
Sept.  19,  1854.  B.U.  1813.  He  early  en- 
gaged in  a  seafaring  life,  but,  receiving  severe 
injuries  from  a  fall,  turned  his  attention  to  the 
law.  Adm.  in  1816  to  practise  at  the  Bristol 
bar,  he  obtained  the  foremost  rank  in  the  pro- 
fession, trying  his  intellectual  strength  against 
such  opponents  as  Webster  and  Choate.  As 
a  nisi  prius  lawyer,  he  had  few  equals. 

Coggeshall,  Capt.  George    of  Ct.,  b. 


1 784.  Pub.  "  Voyages  to  Various  Parts  of  the 
World,  1799-1841,"  2  vols.,  8vo,  1851-2; 
"  History  of  Amer.  Privateers,"  8vo ;  '•  Reli- 
gious and  Miscellaneous  Poetry."  He  com. 
two  privateers  in  the  War  of  1812-15. 

Cogswell,  Rev.  Jonathan,  D.D.  (U.  of 
N.Y.  1836),  b.  3  Sept.  1782;  d.  N.  Brunswick, 
N.J.,  1  Aug.  1864.  H.U.  1806.  Tutor  at 
Bowd.  Coll. ;  prof,  of  cccl.  hist.,  Theol.  Inst, 
of  Ct.  at  East  Windsor,  1834-44  ;  afterward  a 
resident  of  N.B.  Author  of  a  sermon  delivered 
24  Aug.  1819,  before  the  York  Co.  Assoc., 
Alfred,  Me. ;  "  Farewell  Discourse  at  Saco,"  12 
Oct.  1828  ;  "  Discourses,"  8vo,  Hartford,  1842; 
"  Discourses," N.  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  12mo,  1845  ; 
"Hebrew  Theocracy,"  12mo,  1848;  "  Calvary 
and  Sinai,"  8vo,  1852;  also  discourses,  &c. — 
Alii  bone. 

Cogswell,  Joseph  Green,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1863),  scholar,  b.  Ipswich,  Ms.,  Sept.  27,1786. 
H.  U.  1806.  Proceeding  to  the  East  Indies  in 
a  merchant-ship,  on  his  return,  he  studied  law 
with  Fisher  Ames,  and  in  1814  was  a  tutor  at 
Cambridge.  In  1816,  he  went  to  Europe, 
studied  at  Gtittingen  and  other  German  uni- 
versities, and  travelled  on  the  Continent.  From 
1820  to  1823,  he  was  librarian,  and  prof,  of 
mineralogy  and  geology,  at  Cambridge,  when, 
with  George  Bancroft,  he  founded  the  Round 
Hill  School  at  Northampton,  which  he  carried 
on  for  five  years.  He  afterwards  had  charge 
of  a  similar  establishment  in  Raleigh,  N.C., 
but  before  1839  settled  in  N.Y.  City,  edited  the 
N.  Y.  Review,  and  assisted  John  Jacob  Astor 
in  arranging  the  plans  for  the  great  library 
which  he  endowed.  He  several  times  visited 
the  principal  libraries  and  cities  of  Europe, 
collecting  books  for  it.  He  presented  to  it  his 
own  bibliographical  coll.,  one  of  the  largest 
and  finest  in  the  country.  Many  years  snpt. 
of  the  Astor  Library.  With  Mr.  Andrew  Rit- 
chie, he  purchased  in  Germany,  and  presented 
to  H.U.,  a  cabinet  of  ab.  5,000  minerals,  and 
gave  to  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Cambridge 
nearly  4,000  choice  speoimens  of  dried  ])lants 
of  Central  Europe.  He  has  been  a  contrib.  to 
B'ackwood's  Mag.,  Monthlij  A7itholo^}/,  and  the 
xV.  A.  Review.  A  resident  of  Cambridge  until 
his  death,  26  Nov.  1871. 

Cogswell,  Mason  Fitch,  M.D.,  physi- 
cian, b.  Canterbury,  Ct.,  1761  ;  d.  Hartford, 
Dec.  1830.  Y.C.  1780.  Son  of  Rev.  James. 
He  assisted  his  bro..  Dr.  James,  a  surgeon  in 
the  army;  established  himself  in  Hartford  in 
1789,  and  took  high  rank,  especially  as  a  sur- 
geon. He  was  particularly  successful  in  opera- 
tions for  the  cataract,  and,  in  Nov.  1803,  was  the 
first  in  this  country  to  secure  the  carotid  artery 
by  a  ligature.  He  was  chiefly  instrumental  in 
founding  the  asylum  for  the  deaf  and  dumb, 
and  was  a  friend  and  supporter  of  the  Retreat 
for  the  Insane  at  Hartford,  and  Avas  10  years 
pres.  of  the  State  Med.  Soc.  His  son,  of  the 
same  name,  also  an  eminent  physician,  b. 
Hartford,  Ct.,  10  Nov.  1809;  d.  Albanv,  21 
Jan.  1865.  M.  D.,  Coll.  of  Phys.  and  Surg. 
1832.  —  Williams  Med.  Biog. 

Cogswell,  Nathaniel,  son  of  Thomas,  b. 
Haverhill,  Ms.,  Jan.  19,  1773;  d.  Rapids  of 
Red  River,  La.,  Aug.  1813.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1794.     He  began  to  practise  law  at  Gilmanton, 


COGJ- 


204 


con. 


1805;  removed  to  Nevvburyport  in  1808,  and 
afterward  was  a  gen.  in  the  Spanish  Patriot 
Army. 

Cogswell,  Thomas,  soldier  and  jurist,  b. 
Haverhill,  Ms.,  Aug.  4,  1746;  d.  Gilmanton, 
Sept.  3,  1810.  He  was  a  capt.  in  Gerrish's 
rcgt.  at  Bunker's  Hill ;  maj.  of  Vose's  regt., 
Feb.  21,  1777;  lieut.-col.  15th  Ms.  regt.,  Nov. 
26,  1779,  serving  to  the  close  of  the  war.  Set- 
tling at  Gilmanton,  he  was  chief-justice  C.C.P. 
from  1784  till  his  death.  Two  of  his  sons  d. 
in  the  army,  in  the  War  of  1812.  M.,  in  1774, 
Ruth,  dau.  of  Gen.  Joseph  Badger  of  Gil- 
manton. —  Hist.  Gilmanton. 

Cogswell,  William,  D.D.  (Wms.  Coll. 
1833),  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Atkinson, 
N.  H.,  June'  5,  1787;  d.  Gilmanton,  N.  H, 
Apr.  18,  1850.  Dartm.  Coll.  1811.  The  son 
of  a  physician  of  Atkinson.  From  Apr.  26, 
1815,  to  Dec.  15,  1829,  he  was  pastor  of  the 
South  Church  in  Dedham  ;  was  in  1829  app. 
gen.  agent  of  the  Amer.  Education  Society,  its 
sec.  and  director  in  1832 ;  prof,  of  hist,  in 
Dartm.  Coll.  in  1841,  and  in  1844  was  elected 
pres.  of  the  Gilmanton  Theol.  Sem.,  and  prof, 
of  theology.  Dr.  Cogswell  pub.,  besides  dis- 
courses, "A  Manual  of  Tlieol.  and  Devotion," 
"Christian  Philanthropist,"  "Theol.  Class- 
Book,"  "Letters  to  Young  Men  preparing  for 
the  Ministry,"  "Occasional  Sermons,"  " Re- 
ports of  the  Amer.  Education  Society,"  and 
"  Reports  of  the  Northern  Acad,  of  Arts  and 
Sciences."  He  edited  the  N.  11.  Repositorif,  the 
N.E.  H.  and  G.  Register,  for  1847,  and  the 
Amer.  Quarterly  Reijister.  Member  of  many 
literary  societies.  —  A'umni  Dartm.  Coll. 

Coit,  Thomas  Winthrop,  D  D.(Co1.  Coll. 
1834),  LL.D.  (Trin.  Coll.  1853),  b.  N.  London, 
Ct.,  June  28,  1803.  Y.  C.  1821.  Pres. 
Transyl.  U.  Prof.  Trinity  Coll.  1849.  Has 
pub.  "  Theol.  Cummonplace  Book,"  1832-57  ; 
"Remarks  on  Norton's  Statement  of  Reasons," 
8vo,  1833;  "Paragraph"  Bible,  1834; 
"  Townsend's  Chronol.  Bible,"  2  vols.,  8vo, 
1837-8;  "Puritanism,"  12mo,  1844.  Con- 
trib.  to  Church  Review,  Churchman,  &c.  — 
Allihone. 

Coke,  Thomas,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  one  of  the 
first  bishops  of  the  M.E.  Church,  b.  Brecon, 
S.  Wales,  Sept.  9,  1747 ;  d.  at  sea.  May  2, 1814. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  at  23  became 
mayor  of  his  native  town,  but  took  orders,  and 
obtained  a  curacy  at  Petherton.  Making  the 
acquaintance  of  Wesley  in  1776,  he  joined  the 
Methodists  ;  became  in  1780  supt.  of  the  Lond. 
dist.,and  pres.  of  the  Irish  conference  in  1782. 
Ord.  by  Wesley  as  bishop  of  the  church  in 
Amer.,  he  arrived  in  N.  Y.  in  1 784,  and,  on  Dec. 
27,  ord.  Asbury  a  bishop,  and  joint  supt.  of  the 
church  in  Amer.  They  proceeded  together  to 
visit  the  different  conferences  until  June,  1785, 
when  he  returned  to  Em;.,  and  visited  Wales, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland.  The  first  mission  which 
he  established  was  in  the  W.  Indies,  in  1786, 
which  he  again  visited  in  1788-9,  1790,  and 
1792-3.  His  9th  and  last  visit  to  Amer.  was 
in  1803.  After  the  death  of  Wesley,  he  was 
chosen  sec.  of  the  English  Conference,  and,  in 
conjunction  with  Mr.  Moore  and  Dr.  White- 
head, pub.  in  1792  a  Life  of  Wesley.  In  a 
voyage  to  Amer.  in  1797,  the  vessel  he  was  in 


was  taken  by  a  privateer,  and  he  was  most  cru- 
elly treated,  being  plundered  of  every  thing  but 
his  books.  He  completed  his  Commentary  on 
the  Bible  in  1807.  In  1803,  he  established  a 
mission  in  Gibraltar.  From  this  time  until 
1808,  he  was  engaged  in  travelling  to  various 
parts  in  aid  of  the  missionary  cause.  Through 
his  influence,  a  mission  was  established  in  1811, 
at  Sierra  Leone,  and  missionaries  sent  out.  De- 
termining in  1813  to  establish  a  mission  at 
Ceylon,  such  was  his  zeal,  that,  when  the  con- 
ference hesitated  on  account  of  the  expense, 
he  furnished  the  money  from  his  own  private 
purse.  The  missionaries  embarked  Dec.  30 ; 
and,  after  having  been  out  4  months,  he  was 
found  dead  in  his  cabin.  Besides  his  Commen- 
tary, he  wrote  "  A  History  of  the  W.  Indies," 
"  History  of  the  Bible,"  "  Six  Letters  in  De- 
fenceof  the  Doctrine  of  Justification  by  Faith," 
"Four  Discourses  on  the  Duties  of  a  Minis- 
ter," "Preacher's  Manual,"  12mo.  He  ren- 
dered valuable  assistance  to  Wesley  in  procur- 
ing what  was  called  the  deed  of  declaration, 
providing  for  the  settlementcof  the  Methodist 
Chapels  in  the  connection,  and  restricted  the 
conference  to  100  of  the  preachers,  and  their 
successors,  forever.  —  See  Memoir  btj  Samuel 
Drew,  1853. 

Colborne,  Sir  John,  Lord  Seaton,  a 
British  gen.,  b.  1779;  d.  1863.  He  entered 
the  army  an  ensign,  in  1794;  served  in  Hol- 
land, Egypt,  and  Italy;  was  in  the  battle  of 
Maida  in  1806;  was  military  sec.  to  Sir  John 
Moore,  and  fought  at  Corunna;  served  un- 
der Wellington  in  Spain  and  at  Waterloo. 
He  received  several  orders  of  knighthood  for 
his  brilliant  services;  became  lieut.-gov.  of 
Guernsey;  maj. -gen.  in  1825;  lieut.-gen. 
1838;  gen.  1854,andin  1860 field-marshal.  In 
1829,  he  became  lieut.  gov.  of  U.  Canada.  He 
found  a  strong  reform  party,  which  he  firmly 
repressed.  In  1835,  he  solicited  and  obtained 
a  recall,  but  as  he  wasab.  to  embark  for  Europe, 
was  app  com.-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Canada. 
He  returned  to  Quebec,  and  took  efficient  and 
prompt  measures  to  check  the  rebellion  then 
preparing,  and,  on  its  breaking-out,  took  the 
field  in  person,  in  several  engagements,  and 
completely  routed  and  discomfited  the  insur- 
gents. He  was  twice  temporarily  gov.-gen.  of 
JBritish  N.  Amer.,  and  rendered  great  services 
to  that  country.  In  1839,  he  returned  to  Eng., 
where  his  great  services  were  requited  with  the 
barony  of  Seaton,  the  post  of  privy-councillor, 
and  a  pension  of  .£2,000  per  annum.  He  was 
afterward  com.  in  Ireland.  —  Morgan. 

Colburn,  Warren,  mathematician,  b. 
Dedham,  Ms.,  Mar.  1,  1793;  d.  Lowell,  Sept. 
15,  1833.  H.  U.  1820.  The  son  of  poor 
parents,  he  worked  in  factories,  but  studied 
mathematics,  and  acquired  the  trade  of  a 
machinist.  He  opened  a  select  school  in  Boston 
in  1821,  and  pub.  "  First  Lessons  in  Intellectual 
Arithmetic."  It  had  an  extraordinaiy  sale  of 
more  than  2,000,000,  and  has  been  translated 
into  most  of  the  languages  of  Europe,  and  into 
several  of  the  languages  of  Asia.  In  April, 
1823,  he  was  app.  supt.  of  the  Boston  Manuf. 
Co.  at  Waltham,  and,  Aug.  1824,  of  the  Mer- 
rimack Co.  of  Lowell.  Many  important  im- 
provements in  the  machinery  of  our  manuf. 


cor. 


205 


COL 


establishments  are  the  fruits  of  his  scientific 
researches  and  inj^cnuity.  In  1825,  he  delivered 
a  course  of  lectures  on  the  natural  history  of 
animals,  followed,  in  subsequent  years,  with 
lectures  on  light,  the  eye,  the  seasons,  electricity, 
hydraulics,  astronomy,  &c.  His  "Sequel" 
was  pub.  in  1824;  his'"  Algebra,"  1828.  Mem- 
ber of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

Colburn,  Zerah,  mathematical  prodigy, 
b.  Cabot,  Vt.,  1  Sept.  1804;  d.  Norwich,  Vt., 
2  Mar.  1839.  At  8,  he  began  to  show  his  pre- 
cocity in  computation,  and  was  exhibited  by 
his  father  in  Vt.,  N.H.,  and  Ms.,  visiting 
Boston  in  Nov.  1810,  where  the  boy  excited 
great  interest,  as  well  as  at  the  South,  and  in 
Eng.,  where  ho  went  in  May,  1812.  The  Earl 
of  Bristol  placed  him  at  school ;  but  his  father 
took  him  out  in  1819.  He  studied,  unsuccess- 
fully, for  the  stage  ;  then  taught  school ;  re- 
turned to  the  U.S.  on  the  death  of  his  father 
in  1824  ;  was  ord.  in  the  Meth.  Church  in  1825, 
and  labored  as  an  itinerant,  until,  in  1835, 
app.  prof,  of  languages  and  literature  in  the 
infant  U.  at  Norwich.  He  lost  his  wonderful 
talent  some  time  before  leaving  Eng.  Ar^ong 
his  mental  operations  was  giving  the  number 
of  seconds  from  the  commencement  of  the 
Christ.  Era,  tlie  square  root  of  106,929  (given 
before  the  number  could  be  written  down),  and 
the  cube  root  of  268,336,125,  given  with  equal 
facility  and  promptness.  Through  practice,  he 
increased  his  powers  of  computation.  His 
processes  did  not  differ  from  those  in  ordinary 
use,  excepting  in  finding  the  square  root  of 
large  numbers,  for  which  he  had  invented  a 
method.  — See  Colbuni's  Autohiofj.,  1833. 

Colburn,  Zbrah,  engineer,  b.  Saratoga, 
N.Y.,  1832  ;  d.  by  his  own  hand,  4  May,  1870, 
in  a  country  town  in  Ms.  He  was  named  for 
his  uncle,  the  celebrated  arithmetician.  In 
his  boyhood,  he  worked  on  a  farm.  At  15,  he 
entered  the  Lowell  machine-shop,  Boston,  and 
afterwards  became  supt.  of  the  locomotive 
works  of  Mr.  Souther,  and  of  those  at  Patter- 
son, N.J.  He  connected  himself  with  the  Rail- 
road Journal;  pub.  the  Railroad  Advocate  in 
N.Y.  in  1854-5  ;  and  in  1858,  with  Mr.  Holley, 
visited,  and  made  a  valuable  report  on,  the  rail- 
ways of  Europe,  which  was  pub.  with  many 
illiistrations.  For  some  years,  he  edited  the 
London  Engineer,  and,  from  1866  until  a  few 
weeks  before  his  death,  pub.  there  his  scientific 
journal,  Engineerim],  He  received  medals  from 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  for  his  papers 
on  "  Iron  Bridges,"  and  on  "  Amer.  Locomo- 
tives and  Rolling  Stock,"  and  was  a  first-rate 
authority  on  these  subjects,  and  on  general 
mechanical  engineering.  Overwork  and  irregu- 
larity caused  him  to  become  partially  insane. 
He  came  to  the  U.S.  in  April,  avoided  all  his 
old  friends,  and,  straying  away,  committed 
suicide.  He  pub.  "  The  Locomotive  Engine," 
Boston,  1851. 

Golden,  Cadwallader,  physician,  author, 
and  politician,  b.  Dunse,  Scotland,  Feb.  17, 
1688;  d.  at  his  seat  on  Long  Island,  Sept.  28, 
1776.  U.  of  Edinburgh,  1705.  Son  of  Rev. 
Alex.  Colden.  He  devoted  himself  to  medicine 
and  mathematics,  in  which  he  made  great  pro- 
ficiency. Emigrating  to  Pa.  in  1708,  he  prac- 
tised physic  a  few  years,  and  in  1715  returned 


to  Eng.,  where  he  acquired  considerable  repu- 
tation by  a  work  on  "  Animal  Secretions." 
After  visiting  Scotland,  became  again  to  Amer. 
in  1716;  settled  a  second  time"  in  Pa ,  but, 
in  1718,  removed  to  N.Y.  at  the  request  of  Gov. 
Hunter.  The  next  year,  he  was  app.  the  first 
surveyor-gen.  of  the  Colony,  and  also  master 
in  chancery.  In  1720,  he  obtained  a  seat  in 
the  king's  council  under  Gov.  Burnet.  Ab. 
1755,  he  took  up  his  residence  on  a  tract  of 
land  about  9  miles  from  Newburgh,  on  the 
Hudson,  for  which  he  had  received  a  patent, 
and  where  he  was  exposed  to  the  attacks  of  the 
Indians.  Succeeding  to  the  presidency  of  the 
council,  he  administered  the  govt,  in  1760.  In 
1761,  he  was  app.  licut.-gov.  of  N.Y.,  which 
station  he  occupied  during  the  remainder  of 
his  life  ;  being  repeatedly  placed  at  the  head 
of  affiiirs  by  the  absence  or  death  of  several 
govs.  During  one  of  these  periods,  the  paper 
intended  for  distribution  in  N.  Y.,  under  the 
Stamp  Act,  arrived,  and  was  put  under  his 
care  in  Fort  George.  The  populace  burned 
him  in  effigy,  and  destroyed  his  carriage  in  his 
sight.  After  the  return  of  Gov.  Tryon  in  1775, 
he  retired  to  a  seat  on  Long  Island.  Besides 
some  medical  treatises,  he  is  the  author  of  a 
"  History  of  the  Five  Indian  Nations  of 
Canada,"  1727,  3d  ed.,  Lond.,  1755.  Colden 
took  a  great  interest  in  the  study  of  botany, 
and  first  introduced  the  Linnaean  system  in 
America  a  few  months  after  its  publication  in 
Europe.  His  description  of  300  or  400  Amer. 
plants  was  printed  in  the  Acta  Upsaliensa. 
From  1710  to  1776,  he  corresp  actively  with 
the  leading  scientific  men  of  Europe  and  Amer. 
Among  his  MS.  are"  Observations  on  Smith's 
Hist,  of  N.Y."  He  was  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing and  superior  talents. 

Golden,  Cadwallader  David,  lawyer,  b. 
Spring  Hill,  Flushing,  Apr.  4,  1769;  d.  Jersey 
City,  Feb.  7, 1834.  Son  of  David,  who  excelled 
in  mathematics  and  nat.  philos.,  and  grandson 
of  Cadwallader.  His  education,  begun  in  the 
town  of  Jamaica,  L.I.,  was  completed  in  Lon- 
don. Returning  to  the  U.S.  in  1785,  he  stud- 
ied law  ;  commenced  practice  in  N.Y.  in  1791, 
and  in  1793  removed  to  Poughkeepsie,  where 
he  became  district  atty.,  and,  in  a  few  years, 
stood  at  the  head  of  his  profession  as  a  com- 
mercial lawyer.  In  1812,  he  was  col.  of  a  regt. 
of  vols.  In  1818,  he  was  elected  to  the  as- 
sembly, and  the  same  year  was  mavor  of 
N.Y.  City.  M.C.  1821-3,  and  in  1824-7  a 
member  of  the  State  senate.  He  was,  in  con- 
nection with  De Witt  Clinton,  among  theearliest 
and  most  efficient  promoters  of  the  system  of 
internal  improvements.  Upon  the  completion 
of  the  EMe  Canal,  he  pub.  a  memoir  of  the 
subject.  He  also  wrote,  in  1817,  "  The  Life  of 
Roi)crt  Fulton,"  of  whom  he  was  an  early  and 
intimate  friend.  Public  education,  and  the 
reformation  of  juvenile  offenders,  were  also 
subjects  to  which  he  devoted  much  attention. 
For  many  years,  he  was  one  of  the  govs,  of 
the  N.Y.  Ho.spital. 

Gole,  Joseph  Foxcroft,  landscape  and 
figure  painter  of  Boston,  b.  Jay,  Me.,  9  Nov. 
1837.  Was  a  pupil  of  Lambinet  and  Charles 
Jacque,  Paris;  has  painted  a  large  picture 
owned  by  the  Union   Club,  "  The  Ram  and 


COL. 


206 


COIL. 


Ewe,"  "New -England    Farm/'  and    "The 
Shepherdess." 

Cole,  Samuel  ;  d.  Chelsea,  Ms.,  Dec.  3, 
1851.  Author  of  a  valuable  work  on  "  Fruits 
and  Fruit-Trees,"  and  other  agric.  works,  and 
editor  of  the  N.  E.  Farmer. 

Cole,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  painter,  b. 
Bolton-lc-Moor,  Lancashire,  Eng.,  Feb.  1, 1801 ; 
d.  Catskill,  N.Y.,  Feb.  11,  1847.  His  parents, 
who  had  lived  here  previous  to  his  birth,  re- 
turned to  Amer.  in  1819,  and  settled  in  Phila., 
where  Thomas  applied  himself  to  wood-en- 
graving, amusing  his  leisure-hours  with  a 
flute  ;  having  a  passionate  fondness  for  music. 
In  Jan.  1820,  he  went  to  St.  Eustatia  to  recruit 
his  health ;  and,  on  his  return  in  May,  he  joined 
his  father  in  Steubenville,  0.,  where  he  began 
portrait-painting.  In  Feb.  1822,  he  left  home 
as  an  itinerant  portrait-painter,  but,  not  meet- 
ing much  success,  turned  his  attention  to 
landscape-painting.  He  returned  in  Nov.  1823 
to  Phila.,  and  met  with  encouragement.  In 
the  spring  of  1825,  he  removed  to  N.Y.,  where 
his  family  were  then  established.  The  scenery 
of  the  Hudson  called  out  all  his  artistic  en- 
thusiasm ;  and,  during  a  visit  to  the  Catskills 
in  the  autumn,  he  painted  several  landscapes, 
which  were  exhibited  on  his  return  to  the  city. 
This  was  the  turning-point  in  his  career.  For 
the  next  4  years,  commissions  flowed  in  from 
all  quarters.  In  1829,  he  visited  Eng.,  remain- 
ing about  2  years ;  then  Paris,  and  thence  to 
Italy,  returning  to  N.Y.  in  Oct.  1832.  He 
finally  took  up  his  residence  at  Catskill,  N.Y. 
His  two  great  works  are,  "  The  Course  of  Em- 
pire "  and  "  The  Voyage  of  Life ;  "  the  former 
consisting  of  5,  and  the  latter,  of  4  pictures,  — 
"Childhood,"  "Youth,"  "Manhood,"  and 
"Old  Age."  A  second  visit  to  Europe  in  1841, 
to  ena!)le  him  still  further  to  perfect  himself  by 
studying  the  great  masters,  resulted  in  a  sequel 
to  "  The  Voyage  of  Life ; "  and,  after  an  absence 
of  less  than  two  years,  he  returned.  He  painted, 
among  other  works,  "  The  Cross  in  the  Wilder- 
ness," "L' Allegro,"  and  "II  Penseroso," 
"  Home  in  the  Woods,"  "  The  Hunter's 
Return,"  "  The  Mountain  Ford,"  &c.  In  1835, 
he  composed  a  dramatic  poem,  "  The  Spirits 
of  the  Wilderness,"  still  unpublished.  In  early 
life,  he  wrote  for  the  Phila.  Saturday  Evening 
Post  "  a  tale  called  "  Emma  Moreton ;  "  and 
some  of  his  sketches  of  travel  have  been  pub. 
in  the  Literary  World.  A  memoir  of  his  life 
has  been  pub.  by  Rev.  L.  L.  Noble,  12 mo,  1855. 

Coleman,  John,  D.D.,  Episc.  clergyman, 
b.  Baltimore,  1803.  Editor  of  "  Faber's  Dif- 
ficulties of  Romanism,"  with  Introd.  Essay, 
Phila.,  1840 ;  of  "  The  Episc.  Manual,"  by  Dr. 
Wilmer,  1841.  Contrib.  to  various  religious 
journals.  Editor  of  the  Banner  of  the  Cross, 
Phila.,  with  Rev.  F.  Ogilbv.  —Altibone. 

Coleman,  Lyman,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1847), 
b.  Middlefield,  Ms.,  14  June,  1796.  Y.  C. 
1817.  3  years  principal  of  the  Latin  School, 
Hartford  ;  tutor  at  Yale,  1820-5;  pastor  of  a 
church  at  Belchertown,  Ms.,  7  years  ;  principal 
of  the  Burr  Sem.,  Vt.,  5  years;  principal  of 
the  English  depart,  at  Andover;  studied  and 
travelled  a  year  in  Germany ;  prof,  of  German 
in  N.  J.  Coll. ;  prof,  of  Latin  and  Greek  in 
Laf.  Coll.  Has  pub.  "  Antiquities  of  the  Chris- 


tian Church,"  trans,  from  the  German,  N.  Y., 
1 846 ;  "The  Apostolical  and  Primitive  Church," 
12mo;  "Hist.  Geog.  of  the  Bible,"  Phila., 
1850;  "Ancient  Christianity,"  8vo,  Phila., 
1852;  "Hist.  Text-Book  and  Atlas  of  Bibli- 
cal Geog.,"  8vo,  Phila.,  1854,  new  ed.,  revised, 
l^b^.—AlUhone. 

Coleman,  Otho  M.,  inventor,  b.  Barnsta- 
ble, Ms.,  Jan.  23,  1817;  d.  Saratoga,  N.Y., 
Apr.  5,  1845.  Of  German  and  English  par- 
entage. At  the  age  of  16,  he  lived  in  New  Bed- 
ford ;  was  relieved  from  extreme  poverty  by  the 
sale  of  his  invention  of  the  automaton  lady- 
minstrel  and  singing-bird  for  $800 ;  removed 
to  Saratoga  in  1842,  and  invented  the  -^olian 
attachment  to  the  piano-forte,  for  which  he  re- 
ceived $100,000  here,  and  $10,000  in  Eng., 
whence  he  returned  in  Jan.  1845. 

Coleman,  William,  journalist,  b. Boston, 
Feb.  14,  1766;  d.  New  York,  July  13,  1829. 
He  was  educated  for  the  bar,  and  ab.  1794  com. 
practice  in  Greenfield,  Ms.,  which  he  repre- 
sented twice  in  the  legisl.  He  served  against 
thr*  insurgents  in  Shays'  rebellion.  Removing 
to^e'iw  York  in  1797,  he  was  for  a  short  time 
a  partner  of  Aaron  Burr  in  the  practice  of 
law;  afterwards,  until  1800,  he  was  reporter 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  N.  if.,  and  was  editor 
of  the  Eveninfi  Post,  a  leading  Federal  paper, 
from  1801  to  his  d.,and  sole  editor  for  20  years. 
He  was  an  able,  honest,  fearless  man,  and  a 
warm  Federalist.  —  Appleton's  Cud. 

Coles,  Edward,  statesman,  b,  Albemarle 
Co.,  Va.,  Dec.  15,  1786;  d.  Phila.,  July  7, 
1868.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  1807.  In  1810-16, 
he  was  private  sec.  to  Pres.  Madison,  who  sent 
him  to  Russia  on  a  diplomatic  mission  in  1817. 
Returning  in  1818,  he  soon  after  removed  to 
Illinois,  taking  with  him  his  slaves,  whom  he 
liberated.  He  was  gov.  of  111.  from  1823  to 
1826;  a  resident  of  Phila.  subsequent  to  1833. 
He  read  before  the  Pa.  Hist.  Societv,  June  9, 
1856,  "A  History  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787," 
pub.  8vo,  Phila. 

Coles,  Isaac  A.,  col.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  Albera. 
Co.,  Va.,  Feb.  15,  1780 ;  d.  Charlottesville,  Va., 
July  21,  1841.  Capt.  light  dragoons,  Jan.  16, 
1809 ;  maj.  12th  Inf.,  Mar.  20,  1812  ;  col.  Mar. 
12,  1813;  dish.  June,  1815.  He  was  sec.  to 
Pres.  Jefferson  4  years ;  member  of  the  Va. 
legisl. 

Coles,  Col.  Thomas,  b.  Eng.,  Dec.  4, 
1752;  d.  Providence,  Oct.  13,  1844.  Capt.  in 
C.  Greene's  (1st)  R.  I.  regt.  in  April,  1779; 
became  aide-de-camp  to  Lafayette,  and  after- 
wards a  naval  commander.  Collector  of  the 
port  of  Providence  many  years,  and  was  re- 
moved by  Pres.  Jackson.  —  Walker  Family, 
159. 

Colesworthy,  Daniel  Clement,  b.  Port- 
land, Me.,  July  14,  1810.  Descended  from  an 
old  Boston  family,  one  of  whom  was  a  member 
of  the  famous  "  Tea-Party."  He  became  a 
printer ;  pub.  and  edited  the  Portland  Tribune 
in  1840-4,  and  since  1850  has  been  a  book- 
seller in  Boston.  He  has  pub.  "  Sab.-School 
Hymns,"  1833;  "Advice  to  an  Apprentice," 
1836  ;  "  Opening  Buds,"  1838  ;  "  Touch  at  the 
Times,"  1840;  "Chronicles  of  Casco  Bay," 
1850  ;  "  Group  of  Children,  and  other  Poems," 
1865,  &c. 


COIj 


207 


COL 


Colfax,  SciiUYLEK,  vice-pres.  U.S.,  b.N.Y. 
City,  Mar.  23,  1823.  Grandson  of  Gen.  Wm. 
of  tiie  Rcvol  ,coni.  of  WasIiin<^toii's  Life  Guard, 
who  d.  Fompton,  N.J.,  7  Sept.  1838.  A  mer- 
chant's clerk  for  3  years ;  in  1838  removed,  with 
his  widowed  mother,  to  Ind.,  wiiere  he  studied 
law.  In  1845,  he  established  the  Saint  Joseph 
Vuliei/  Refjister,  an  able  Whig  paper,  at  South 
Bend,  which  he  continued  until  18.'j5.  Mem- 
ber of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  in  1850,  and  op- 
posed the  clause  prohibiting  free  colored  men 
from  settling  in  that  State;  delegate  and  sec. 
of  the  Whig  national  conventions  of  1848  and 
1852;  M.  C.  1855-G9,  and  speaker  of  the 
house  in  1863-9  ;  became  vice-pres.  4  Mar.  1869. 
While  in  Congress,  he  made  an  eloquent  speech 
on  the  Kansas  question,  of  which  500,000 
were  circulated.  During  the  civil  war,  he 
was  the  intimate  friend  and  adviser  of  Pres. 
Lincoln.  He  was  the  most  popular  presiding 
officer  of  the  house  since  Henry  Clay.  —  See 
Lives  of  Colfax,  by  Moore  and  Martin  ;  Grant 
and  Colfax,  by  C.  A.  Phelps. 

Coliioun,  Edmund  K.,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
Pa.,  May  6,  1821.  Midshipm.  Apr.  1,  1839; 
lieut.  1861;  com.  Nov.  17,  1862;  capt.  1869. 
During  the  ISIcxican  war,  he  served  at  the  at- 
tack on  Alvarado  and  at  Tabasco,  init  left  the 
navy,  June  27,  1853.  Com.  steamer  "  Hunch- 
back," N.  A.  B.  squad.,  at  Roanoke  Island, 
Feb.  7-8,  1862  ;  capture  of  Newbern,  March 
14,  1862;  engagements  on  the  Blackwater 
River,  Oct.  1862;  com.  steamer  "  Ladona," 
1863,  monitor  *'  Weehawken,"  S.  A.  B.  squad., 
in  the  diiferent  actions  with  the  Charleston 
forts,  July  to  Sept.  1863  ;  com.  monitor 
**  Saiigus,"  N.  A.  squad.,  1864-5;  engaged 
Howlett's  battery  on  James  River,  June  21  and 
Dec.  5,  1864;  in  both  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher; 
now  (1870)  commands  iron-clad  "Dictator," 
N.  A  squad.  —  llamersli/. 

CoIIamer,  Jacob,  LL.D.  (U.  of  Vt.  1849; 
D.  C.  1857),  jurist  and  senator,  b.  Trov,  N.Y., 
1792;  d.  Woodstock,  Vt.,  9  Nov.  1865^  U.  of 
Vt.  1810.  His  father  removed  to  Burlington, 
Vt.,  where  Jacob  pursued  his  studies  without 
any  other  pecuniary  means  than  his  own  indus- 
try supplied.  He  served  as  a  subaltern  in  1812, 
in  the  war  with  Eng. ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1813  ;  practised  in  the  Counties  of  Orange  and 
Windsor,with  marked  ability  and  success,  until 
1833 ;  was  several  years  a  member  of  the  legisl.; 
judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  of  Vt.  in  1833-42  ; 
M.  C.  1843-9;  U.  S.  postmaster-gen.  1849- 
20  July,  1850  ;  again  judge  Sup.  Court  of  Vt., 
from  8  Nov.  1850,  to  Oct.  1854;  and  was  U.S. 
senator  from  Mar.  1855,  to  his  death.  He  was 
a  logical  reasoner,  and  a  man  of  remarkable 
industry. 

Colles,  Christopher,  philosopher,  b.  Ire- 
land, ab.  1738;  d.  New  York,  1821.  Left  an 
orphan  at  an  early  age,  he  was  educated  by  Po- 
cocke,  afterward  Bishop  of  Ossory,  upon  whose 
death,  in  1765,  he  left  Ireland,  and  in  1772 
lectured  in  Phila.,  upon  pneumatics.  The  next 
year,  he  delivered  in  New  York  a  series  of  lec- 
tures on  inland  lock-navigation.  In  April, 
1774,  he  proposed  to  build  a  reservoir  for  N.  Y. 
City.  In  1775,  he  lectured  on  gunnery,  and 
was  employed  as  instructor  to  the  artillery 
dept.  of  the  army,  until  the  arrival  of  Baron 


Steuben  in  1777.  Colles  was  the  first  to  sug- 
gest canals  and  improvements  to  connect  Lake 
Ontario  with  the  Hudson,  and  surveyed  the 
Mohawk  River  as  far  as  Wood  Creek.  The 
results  of  his  labors  were  pub.  by  Samuel  Lou- 
don in  1785.  In  1808,  Colles  pub.  a  pamphlet 
on  inland  navigable  communications.  He  next 
made  a  tour  through  Pa.  and  N.  Y. ;  and  in 
1789  pub.  a  book  of  roads  through  N.Y.  In 
1796,  he  settled  in  N.Y.  City,  and  manuf.  band- 
boxes and  paper-hangings,  rat  and  mouse  traps, 
Prussian  blue  and  other  pigments;  and,  by  these 
and  various  other  useful  avocations,  he  barely 
maintained  himself  His  chemical  skill  pro- 
cured him  an  app.  to  test  the  specific  gravity 
of  imported  liquors,  and  he  also  made  proof- 
glasses.  Finally,  through  his  friend  John 
Pintard,  he  received  the  app.  of  supt.  of  the 
Acad,  of  Fine  Arts.  He  was  benevolent ;  and 
his  long  career  was  highly  useful  to  his  adopted 
country.  During  the  War  of  1812,  he  was  the 
projector  and  attendant  of  the  telegraph  erected 
on  Castle  Clinton.  He  is  said  to  have  built,  the 
first  steam-engine  in  Amer. — Appleion's  New 
Amer.  Cycl. 

CoUeton,  James,  colonial  gov.  of  S.  C. 
from  1686  to  1690.  He  was  a  bro.  of  one  of 
the  proprietors ;  was  app.  landgrave,  and  en- 
dowed with  vast  landed  possessions.  Assum- 
ing the  govt,  when  disputes  were  rife  concern- 
ing tenures  of  land  and  quit-rents,  he  procured 
alterations  in  the  fundamental  laws  in  1687  ; 
declared  martial  law  during  a  rebellion  of  the 
people,  and  was  impeached  by  the  assembly, 
and  banished  from  the  province. 

Collier,  Sir  George,  a  British  adm. ;  d 
6  Apr.  1795.  Made  capt.  R.N.,  12  July,  1762; 
commo.  in  N.  Amer.,  1779;  adm.  1 793.  He  cap- 
tured "  The  Hancock,"  Capt.  Manly,  in  Apr. 
1777;  in  May,  1779,  he  destroyed  the  princi- 
pal towns  in  the  Chesapeake;  ravaged  the  coasts 
of  Va.  and  Ct.,  destroying  several  armed  ves- 
sels; assisted  at  the  capture  of  Stony  Point,  on 
the  Hudson,  in  June ;  July  5,  took  part  in  the 
plundering  exped.  to  N.  Haven,  and  then 
sailed  to  the  Penobscot,  where  he  captured  and 
destroyed  the  fleet  of  Com.  Saltonstall.  He 
was  knighted  for  his  services  in  Amer.  Col- 
lier's Journal  in  "The  Rainbow,"  1776-9,  was 
pub.  by  Ithiel  Town,  N.Y.,  1835. 

Collier,  Henry  Watkins,  jurist,  b.  Lu- 
nenburg Co.,  Va.,  Jan.  17,  1801  ;  d.  Bailey's 
Springs,  Ala.,  Aug.  28,  1855.  Educated  in 
Abbeville  Dist.,  S.C.  ;  went  to  Ala.  in  1818; 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1821  ;  began  practice  at 
Huntsville,  and,  in  1823,  removed  to  Tuscaloo- 
sa ;  judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  that  dist. 
1827-37  ;  chief-justice  of  Ala.  in  1837-49;  gov. 
1849-53. 

Collins,  Charles,  D.D.  (Dick.  Coll.,  Pa., 
1851),  b.  N.  Yarmouth,  Me.,  Apr,  17,  1813. 
Wesleyan  U.  1837.  Pres.  of  the  Emory  and 
Henry  Coll.,  Va.,  1838-52,  and  of  Dickinson 
Coll.,  Pa.,  from  1852  to  1860,  of  the  State 
Female  Coll.,  Tenn.,  1860-6.  Author  of 
"  Methodism  and  Calvinism  Compared."  Con- 
trib.  to  Methodist  journals  of  the  U.S. 

Collins,  Isaac,  printer  and  bookseller,  b. 
Del.,  Feb.  16,  1746  ;  d.  Burlington,  N.J.,  Mar. 
21,  1817.  Charles,  his  father,  was  an  eraig. 
from  Bristol,  Eng.     Isaac  learned  the  trade  of 


COL 


208 


COL 


IJ 


a  printer,  and  at  21  went  to  Phila.,  and  in 
1770,  to  Burlington,  N.J.,  having  been  app. 
printer  to  George  III.  He  removed  to  Tren- 
ton in  1778,  and  pub.  the  first  quarto  Family 
Bible  in  the  U.S.  In  1796,  he  removed  his 
family  and  business  to  N.Y.,  but  returned  to 
Burlington  in  1808.  He  was  some  years  one 
of  the  govs,  of  the  N.  Y.  Hospital.  Several  of 
his  sons  became  prominent  booksellers  and 
ublishers  in  N.  Y.  —  See  Memoir  of  Isaac  Col- 
ins,  1848. 

Collins,  John,  gov.  of  R.I.,  1786-9,  mem- 
ber of  the  Cont.  Congress  from  1778  to  1783  ; 
d.  Newport,  R.I.,  March,  179.5,  a.  78.  M.  C. 
1789.  Ho  was  first  assist,  in  1776,  and  in  Apr. 
1778,  a  commissioner  to  settle  the  accounts  of 
R.I.  with  Congress. 

Collins,  John,  gov.  of  Del.,  1820,  to  his 
d.,  Apr.  15,  1822,  at  Wilmington. 

Collins,  Napoleon,  commo.  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
Pa.,  May  4, 1814.  Midshipman,  Jan.  2,  1834; 
lieut.  Nov.  6,  1846;  com.  July  16,  1862  ;  capt. 
July  25,  1866;  commo.,  Jan.  1871.  Attached 
to  sloop  "  Decatur,"  and  present  at  Tuspan  and 
Tabasco,  Mexican  war ;  comg.  steamer  "Ana- 
costia,"  Potomac  flotilla,  in  engagements  at 
Acquia  Creek,  May  31  and  June  1,  1861; 
comg.  gunboat  "  Unadilla  "  at  battle  of  Port 
Royal,  Nov.  7,  1861,  and  in  various  expeds.  on 
the  coasts  of  S.C,  Ga.,  and  Fla.,  1861-2  ; 
comg.  steamer  "Octarora,"  VV.I.  squad  ,  1863  ; 
steamer  "  Wachusett,"  special  service,  1863-4. 
Oct.  7, 1864,  he  seized  the  rebel  steamer  "  Flor- 
ida," in  the  harbor  of  Bahia,  Brazil.  —  Ham- 
ersly. 

Collins,  Thomas,  gov.  Del.,  1786-9,  b. 
1732;  d.  near  Duck  Creek,  Kent  Co.,  Del.,  29 
Mar.  1789.  High  sheriff  of  Kent  Co.  ;  4  years 
a  member  of  the  council ;  brig.-gen.  of  militia, 
1776-83;  member  of  the  assembly,  and  chief- 
justice  of  C.C.P. 

Collins,  Zaccheus,  philanthropist,  b. 
Phila.,  Aug.  26,  1764;  d.  there  June  12,  1831. 
Member  of  the  Society  of  Friends  ;  an  ardent 
promoter  of  the  advancement  of  the  natural 
sciences,  and  was  an  officer  or  member  of  many 
philosophical,  humane,  and  religious  societies. 

CoUot,  A.  G.,  b.  France,  1796;  settled  in 
the  U.S.  Pub.  "  Complete  Study  of  French," 
6  vols  ;  "  French  and  English  Dictionary," 
8vo,  Phila.,  1853.  —  Allibone. 

Collot,  Gen.  Victor,  pub.  a  map  of  De- 
troit in  1796,  also  "Voyage  dans  le  Nord  de 
I'Am&ique  en  1796,"  an  English  trans,  of 
which  was  pub.  in  1826. 

CoUyer^  Rev.  Robert,  pastor  of  Unity 
Church,  Chicago,  since  Feb.  1859  ;  b.  Keighly, 
Yorkshire,  Eng.,  8  Dec.  1823.  His  youth  was 
passed  in  a  factory  and  at  the  forge;  but  all  his 
leisure  was  devoted  to  study.  In  1847,  he 
joined  the  Methodists,  emigrated  to  the  U.S.  in 
May,  1850,  and  was  a  blacksmith  and  preacher 
at  Shoemakerstown,  Pa. ;  but  in  Jan.,  having 
embraced  Unitarian  views,  he  was  brought  up 
for  heresy,  and  the  conference  refused  to  renew 
his  license  to  preach.  He  is  a  simple,  earnest, 
and  eloquent  preacher,  a  worker  in  all  needed 
reforms,  and  a  successful  lecturer.  Author  of 
a  Life  of  A.  H.  Conant,  1868. 

Colman,  Benjamin,  D.D.  (U.  of  Glasg. 
1731),  clergyman,  b.  Boston,  19  Oct.  1673 ;  d. 


there  29  Aug.  1747.  H.  U.  1692.  Son  of 
Wra.,  who  came  from  Lotid.  ab.  1671.  He 
began  to  preach  in  Medford  in  1693,  embarked 
for  Eng.  in  July,  1695,  but  was  captured  by  a 
privateer,  and  kept  some  time  pris.  in  France  ; 
then  visited  and  preached  in  Eng.,  gaining  the 
friendship  of  Bates,  Calamy,  Howe,  and  other 
em.  divines,  and,  returning  to  Boston  in  1699, 
became  pastor  of  the  Brattle-st.  Church,  where 
he  preached  on  the  last  Sunday  of  his  life. 
This  church  was  formed  in  opp.  to  the  Cam- 
bridge platform ;  and  the  other  I3oston  church- 
es long  refused  to  hold  communion  with  it. 
Chosen  pres.  of  H.U,  in  1724,  but  declined. 
A  benefactor  of  Harv.and  Yale  Colleges  ;  was 
employed  by  the  Gen.  Court  in  important 
affairs;  and  was  much  esteemed  as  a  pulpit 
orator.  A  coll.  of  his  sermons  was  pub.  in 
3  vols.,  1707-22.  Author,  also,  of  some  poems, 
and  a  tract  in  favor  of  inoculation  for  the 
small-pox,  1721.  His  "  Life"  was  pub.  in  1749, 
by  Rev.  E.  Turell,  who  m.  his  dan  —N.E.  H. 
and  G.  Reg.  iii.  110. 

Colman,  Henry,  agric.  writer  and  clergy- 
man, b.  Boston,  Sept.  12,  1785;  d.  Islington, 
Eng.,  Aug.  14,  1849.  Dartm.  Coll.  1805. 
From  1807  to  1820,  he  was  a  Cong,  minister 
at  Hingham,  Ms.,  where  he  also  taught  school ; 
was  a  teacher  in  Boston  in  1820-5,  and,  from 
Feb.  1825  to  Dec.  1831,  had  charge  of  a  Uni- 
tarian church  in  Salem,  when  he  left,  in  ill 
health.  Engaging  in  agriculture  at  Deerfield, 
Ms.,  he  was  employed  by  the  State,  from  1836 
to  1842,  to  investigate  its  agric.  condition  and 
resources.  In  1842,  he  visited  Europe,  in  the 
employ  of  the  Ms.  Agric.  Soc,  for  a  similar 
purpose,  and  pub.  in  2  vols.,  8vo,  "  European 
Agric.  and  Rural  Economy,"  and  "  Agric.  and 
Rural  Economy  of  France,  Belgium,  Holland, 
and  Switzerland,"  8vo,  1848,  the  result  of  6 
years'  oI)servation.  He  also  pub.  "  Report  on 
Silk  Culture,"  1840,  and  "Reports  on  the  Agric. 
of  Ms.,"  1838-9;  "Letters  on  European  Life 
and  Manners,"  2  vols.,  1849,  and  2  vols,  of  ser- 
mons. Visiting  Eng.  again  for  his  health  in 
1849,  he  d.  soon  after  his  arrival. 

Colman,  Samuel,  landscape-painter,  b. 
Portland,  Me.,  1832.  Son  of  Samuel,  book- 
seller and  publisher  of  N.Y.,  and  also  dealer  in 
engravings  and  pictures ;  has  painted,  among 
other  fine  pictures,  "  Rock  of  Gibraltar,"  "  Lake 
George  "  "  Street  Scene  in  Seville,"  "  Conway 
Valley,"  "  Harbor  of  Seville,"  and  "  Barges  on 
the  Hudson,"  "  Hill  of  the  Alhambra,"  and 
"  Tower  of  the  Giralda."  His  first  picture 
was  exhib.  at  the  Acad,  in  1850.  He  went 
abroad  in  1860,  studied  and  sketched  in  Anda- 
lusia and  in  Paris,  and  was  made  a  member 
of  the  Acad,  of  Design  in  1862.  He  is  one  of 
the  most  poetical  of  Amer.  painters. 

Colquitt,  Walter  T.,  Democ.  politician, 
b.  Halifax  Co.,  Va.,  Dec.  27,  1799;  d.  Macon, 
Ga.,  May  7,  1855.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1820; 
brig.-gen.  of  militia  at  the  age  of  21 ;  in  Dec. 
1826,  app.  a  dist.  judge;  re-app.  in  1829;  a 
member  of  the  State  senate  in  1834  and  1837  ; 
M.C.  1839-43;  U.S.  senator,  1843-9.  He  sup- 
ported the  Polk  administration  in  the  contro- 
versy relative  to  Oregon,  and,  throughout  the 
Mexican  war,  was  prominent  in  oppo.  to  the 
Wilmot  Proviso,   and  was  one  of  the  most 


COL 


209 


cox. 


earnest  speakers  in  the  Nashville  convention  in 
1850,  in  defence  of  the  "  rights  "  of  the  South. 
He  had  also  been  a  Methodist  preacher,  and, 
even  during  the  turmoil  of  a  most  exciting  po- 
litical career,  was  in  the  habit  of  officiating  at 
the  Methodist  churches.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  public  affairs,  and  was  a  ready  speaker. 
—  Bench  and  Bar  of  Ga. 

Colt,  Samuel,  inventor,  b.  Hartford  Ct., 
July  19, 1814;  d.  there  Jan.  10,  1862.  In  July, 
1829,  he  ran  away  from  home,  and  shipped, 
as  a  boy  before-the-mast,  on  an  East-India 
voyage.  After  his  return,  under  the  assumed 
name  of  Dr.  Coult,  he  lectured  on  chemistry 
in  the  U.S.  and  Canada.  The  proceeds  of 
these  earnings  were  devoted  to  the  prosecution 
of  his  invention  of  the  revolver,  the  first  model 
of  which,  in  1829,  was  of  wood.  In  1835,  when 
only  21,  he  took  out  his  first  patent  for  revolv- 
ing fire-arms,  securing  patents  in  Eng.  and 
France  ;  and  a  company  was  formed  at  Patter- 
son, N.J.,  which  suspended  in  1842.  In  1837, 
during  the  Florida  war,  Colt's  revolvers  were 
first  successfully  used.  During  the  Mexican 
war,  a  demand  sprung  up;  and  Mr.  Colt  com- 
menced their  manuf  at  Hartford.  The  extraor- 
dinary emigration  to  Cal.,  and  afterward  to 
Australia,  greatly  increased  the  demand  ;  and 
he  erected  an  armory  of  Portland  stone,  with  a 
capacity  for  the  manuf.  of  1,000  per  day.  A 
part  of  the  establishment  is  devoted  to  the 
manuf.  of  machinery  for  making  these  fire- 
arms elsewhere,  which  has  already  supplied  a 
large  portion  of  the  machinery  for  the  armory 
at  Enfield,  Eng.,  and  the  whole  of  that  for  the 
Russian  Govt,  armory  at  Tula.  Various  im- 
jjrovements  were  patented  after  the  Mexican 
war;  and  it  was  adopted  by  the  U.S.  Govt, 
as  a  regular  weapon  for  the  army.  The  Cri- 
mean and  Indian  campaigns  suggested  still 
further  improvements  in  its  construction,  also 
secured  by  patent,  rendering  the  arm  compar- 
atively perfect,  and  of  superior  efficiency.  From 
almost  all  the  govts,  of  Europe,  he  received 
orders  of  merit,  medals,  diplomas,  and  other 
tokens  of  their  appreciation  of  his  great  inven- 
tion. Mr.  Colt  also  invented  a  submarine 
battery  of  great  power  and  efficacy,  and  was 
one  of  the  inventors  of  the  submarine  teleg. 
cable ;  having  laid,  and  operated  with  perfect 
success,  in  1843,  such  a  cable  from  Coney  Island 
and  Fire  Island  to  the  city  -of  N.Y.,  and  from 
the  Merchants'  Exchange  to  the  mouth  of  the 
harbor.     He  acquired  an  immense  fortune. 

Colton,  Calvin,  LL.D.  (Hob.  Coll.  1852), 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  Longmeadow,  Ms., 
1789';  d.  Savannah,  Ga.,  March  13,  1857.  Y.C. 
1812.  Settled  over  the  Presb.  church  at 
Batavia,  N.Y.,  1815  ;  he  subsequently  entered 
the  ministry  of  the  Pr.-Ep.  church,  but  relin- 
quished preaching  in  1826  from  failure  of 
his  voice.  After  a  long  tour  through  the  U.S., 
he  went  to  Eng.  in  1831,  as  corresp.  of  the 
N.Y.  Observer.  In  1848,  he  wrote  on  political 
economy,  of  which  science  he  was  clioson  prof, 
in  Trin.  Coll.,  Hartford,  in  1852.  From  1842 
to  1844,  he  edited  the  True  Wh'uj  in  Washing- 
ton. He  pub.  in  Eng.  "  A  Manual  for  Emi- 
grants to  Amer.,"  and  the  "  History  and  Char- 
acter of  Amer.  lievivals  of  Keligion,"  1832; 
"  The  Americans,  by  an  Amer.  in  London," 
14 


1833;  "Amer.  Cottager,"  "A  Tour  of  the 
Lakes,"  1833  ;  "Church  and  State  in  Amer.," 
"Protestant  Jesuitism,"  1836;  "Abolition  a 
Sedition,"  and  "  Abolition  and  Colonization 
Contrasted,"  1838  ;  "  A  Voice  from.  Amer.  to 
Eng.,"  1839;  "The  Crisis  of  the  Country," 
"Amer.  Jacobinism,"  and  "One  Presidential 
Term,"  1840;  "Junius,"  a  series  of  tracts, 
1843-4;  "Life  and  Time  of  Henry  Clay," 
1846;  "Four  Years  in  Great  Britain,"  1835; 
"  Thoughts  on  the  Religious  State  of  the 
Country,"  "  The  Genius  and  Mission  of  the  Ep. 
Church  in  the  U.S."  1 853 ;  "  The  Rights  of  La- 
bor," 1844  ;  "  "  Public  Economy  of  the  U.S.," 
8vo,  1848;  "Private  Corresp.  uf  Henry  Clay," 
8vo,  1855  ;  "  Last  Seven  Years  of  the  Life  of 
Henry  Clay,"  8vo,  1856;  "Speeches  of  Henry 
Clay,"  2  vols.,  8vo,  1857. 

Colton,  George  Hooker,  author,  b. 
Westford,  N.Y.,  Oct.  27,  1818;  d.  NY.  City, 
Dec.  1,  1847.  Y.C.  1840.  Son  of  Calvin.  He 
immediately  after  grad.  engaged  as  a  teacher 
in  Hartford,  where  he  wrote  the  poem  of  "  Te- 
cumseh ;  or.  The  West  30  Years  Since,"  pub. 
1842.  He  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  the 
Amer.  Indians  in  1842-3,  and  a  poem  before 
the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society,  Y.  C,  1844,  and 
in  1845  started  the  American  Whij  Revieio  in 
N.Y.,  which  he  conducted  till  his  death. — Duyc- 
kinch. 

Colton,  Walter,  author,  bro.  of  Calvin, 
b.  Rutland,  Vt.,  May  9,  1797;  d.  Phila.,  Jan. 
22,1851.  Y.C.  1822.  After  teaching  school, 
and  studying  theology  at  Andover,  he  became, 
in  1825,  prof,  of  moral  philos.  and  belles-let- 
tres at  Middlctown  Acad.,  Ct.  In  1828,  he 
was  editing  a  AVhig  paper  in  Washington,  but, 
becoming  a  favorite  with  Pres.  Jacks(,n,  was 
app.  chaplain  in  the  navy.  In  1831,  he  sailed 
to  the  W.  Indies  in  "  The  Vincennes ;  "  in 
1 832-5  in  "  The  Constellation,"  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  in  1838  was  assigned  to  Phila., 
where,  in  1841-2,  he  was  principal  editor  of  the 
North  American,  and  pub.  a  pamphlet,  entitled 
"  The  Bible  in  the  Public  Schools."  July  28, 
1846,  he  was  made  by  Com.  Stockton  alcalde 
of  Monterey,  Cal.,  also  officiating  there  as 
judge  of  admiralty  during  the  Mexican  war, 
and  established  the  first  newspaper  in  Cal. 
He  returned  to  Phila.  in  1849.  Among  his 
works  are  "Ship  and.  Shore,"  1835;  "Con- 
stantinople and  Athens,"  1836  ;  "  Deck  and 
Port,"  1850;  "Three  Years  in  California," 
1850  ;  "  Land  and  Sea,"  1851 ;  "  The  Sea  and 
the  Sailoi-,"  "  Notes  on  France  and  Italy,"  and 
other  literary  remains,  with  a  memoir  by 
Rev.  H.  T.  Cheever,  12mo,  1851. 

Columbus,  Bartholomew,  a  younger 
bro.  to  Christopher,  b.  Genoa,  ab.  1436;  d.  1514. 
He  displayed  great  ingenuity  in  drawing 
spheres  and  sea-charts  at  Lisbon  in  1470.  Ab. 
1486,  he  visited  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  prob- 
ably with  Barthelemi  Diaz.  Queen  Isabella 
sent  him,  in  com.  of  3  store-ships,  to  the  new 
colony  of  Hispaniola,  where  Christopher  re- 
ceived him  with  joy,  and  app.  him  adelantado, 
or  lieut.-gov.  of  the  Indies.  In  this  position, 
he  showed  great  bravery  and  decision.  The 
Spanish  monarchs  confirmed  his  title,  and  gave 
him  the  lordship  of  the  small  Island  of  Mona, 
near   St.    Domingo,  with  200  Indians  as  his 


cor. 


210 


COL 


Eersonal  body-guard.  Bartholomew  shared  the 
onors  and  dangers  of  his  brother's  discoveries; 
became  very  wealthy,  and  was  the  founder  of 
the  town  of  St.  Domingo. 

Columbus,  Christopher,  discoverer  of 
America,  b.  at  Cogerio,  20  miles  west  of  Genoa, 
ab.  1435;  d.  Valladolid,  Spain,  May  20,  1506. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Domenico  Colombo, 
a  cloth-weaver ;  though  his  ancestors  followed 
the  sea.  Sent  at  the  age  of  10  to  the  U.  of 
Pavia,  he  studied  cosmography,  history,  phi- 
losophy, and  other  sciences  having  a  bearing  on 
navigation.  Entering  the  Genoese  marine  in 
1449-50,  he  continued  in  it  20  years.  In  an 
action  with  the  Venetians,  his  vessel  took  fire, 
and  he  saved  himself  by  swimming  ashore, 
whence  he  went  to  Lisbon,  where  lie  staid  until 
1484,  supporting  himself  by  drawing  charts  in 
conjunction  with  his  brother,  and  making  occa- 
sional voyages  to  Madeira,  tlie  Canaries, 
Azores,  and  the  Portuguese  settlements  in  Af- 
rica. While  at  Lisbon,  he  m.  Felipa,  dau.  of 
Bartolomeo  di  Palestrello,  a  disting.  Italian 
navigator.  In  1477,  he  made  a  voyage  to  the 
N.  VV.,  100  leagues  beyond  Ireland,  into  lat. 
73°.  Columbus  had  by  this  time  matured  his 
views ;  namely,  that  the  earth  was  spherical, 
that  Asia  extended  to  the  parallel  now 
known  as  180°  E.  from  Greenwicli,  that  a  navi- 
gable ocean  only  intervened,  and  that  not  more 
than  5"  of  the  earth's  circumference  separated 
Europe  and  Asia.  He  applied  for  aid  in  find- 
ing this  western  route  to  India,  first  to  the  re- 
public of  Genoa,  and,  subsequently,  to  either 
Alfonso  v.,  or  John  II.  of  Portugal.  The  lat- 
ter referred  it  to  his  council,  who  reported 
against  it.  Hopeless  of  success  in  Portugal,  he 
set  out,  in  1484,  with  his  son  Diego,  for  Spain. 
Stopping  at  a  convent  near  Palos  to  beg  some 
bread  for  liis  boy,  he  acquired  the  friendship  of 
the  superior,  Juan  Perez  de  Marchena,  with 
whom  he  remained  till  the  spring  of  1486. 
While  awaiting  the  result  of  his  application  to 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  Columbus  served  in 
the  war  against  the  Moors  of  Granada.  Re- 
ceiving an  unfavorable  reply  in  1491,  he  next 
applied  to  Charles  VIII.  of  France.  Finally, 
with  the  aid  of  the  Spanish  sovereigns,  3  small 
ships  were  fitted  out  at  Palos,  and  sailed,  Aug. 
3,  1492.  At  2  o'clock,  a.m.,  of  Friday,  Oct. 
1 2,  1492,  after  having  been  71  days  at  sea,  "The 
Pinta  "  fired  a  gun,  the  signal  for  land.  This 
land  he  took  possession  of  in  the  name  of  the 
crown  of  Castile,  and  named  the  Island  San 
Salvador.  He  also  discovered  others  of  the 
W.I.  Islands,  and  built  on  the  Bay  of  Caracola 
a  fort  with  the  timbers  of  "  The  Santa  Maria,'' 
and,  leaving  in  it  39  men,  sailed,  Jan.  4,  1493, 
for  Spain;  taking  with  him  several  of  the  natives. 
He  was  well  received  by  the  king  and  queen, 
confirmed  in  all  the  dignities  previously  be- 
stowed, and  given  the  command  of  17  ships 
and  1,500  men  to  prosecute  the  discovery. 
With  this  fleet,  he  sailed  from  Cadiz,  Sept.  25, 
1493 ;  discovered  the  Windward  Islands,  Ja- 
maica, and  Porto  Rico,  and  founded  a  colony 
in  Ilispaniola,  of  which  he  left  his  brother  Bar- 
tholomew lieut.-gov.,  and  reached  Cadiz  June 
11,  1496.  He  succeeded  in  clearing  himself 
of  the  charges  and  clamor  raised  against  him 
h)    the  adventurers  who  had  accomp.  him  in 


the  expedition  of  finding  gold,  and  May  30,  ; 
1498,  sailed  on  his  3d  voyage  with  6  ships.  He 
discovered  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco,  then  re- 
visited Hispaniola  to  recruit  his  enfeebled 
health,  and  again  became  the  victim  of  malice  | 
and  misrepresentation.  A  commissioner  sent  ; 
from  Spain  to  inquire  into  the  trouble  put  Co-  i 
lumbus  and  his  bro.  in  chains,  and  sent  them  to  I 
Spain.  The  officers  of  the  ship  offering  to  ! 
liberate  him  from  his  fetters,  he  replied  proudly,  I 
"I  will  wear  them  as  a  memento  of  the  grati-  \ 
tude  of  princes."  The  indignation  expressed  j 
throughout  Spain  at  this  outrage  caused  the  i 
king  to  disclaim  having  authorized  it ;  but  the  \ 
nobles  were  jealous  of  his  superior  rank,  and  \ 
the  king  dissatisfied  with  the  small  profits  of  ^ 
the  enterprise.  The  only  subsequent  employ-  ' 
ment  Columbus  received  was  the  command  of 
4  caravels,  with  150  men,  to  search  for  a  passage  : 
through  the  sea,  now  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  He  left  i 
Cadiz,  May  9, 1 502 ;  coasted  the  south  side  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and,  after  much  suffering  from  \ 
hardship  and  famine,  reached  San  Lucar,  Nov.  i 
7,  1504,  where  he  lay  sick  some  months,  and,  ; 
upon  recovery,  had  his  claims  for  redress  finally  ; 
rejected  by  the  king.  At  the  age  of  70,  infirm  | 
in  body,  but  in  full  possession  of  his  mental  i 
faculties,  having,  in  his  own  words,  "  Noplace 
to  repair  to,  except  an  inn,  and  often  with  ; 
nothing  to  pay  for  his  sustenance,"  the  dis-  , 
coverer  of  the  New  World  died.  The  tomb  over  ! 
his  remains  bears  this  inscription,  "  To  Castile 
and  Leon,  a  new  world  gave  Colon."  His  re- 
mains, taken  in  1536  to  St.  Domingo,  were,  i 
in  1796,  conveyed  with  great  pomp  to  the  | 
Cathedral  of  Havana,  where  they  now  repose.  | 
His  son  Diego  sued  the  king  in  the  high  • 
council  of  the  Indies,  and,  recovering  the  ] 
viceroyalty  of  Ilispaniola,  m.  Maria,  niece  of  i 
the  Duke  of  Alva.  Their  eldest  son,  Luis,  \ 
became  Duke  of  Veragua,  Marquis  of  Ja-  j 
maica.  —  See  Life  and  Voijar/es,  bi/  Irving.  \ 

Colver,  Khv.  Nathaniel,  D.D.,  Baptist 
clergyman,  b.  Orwell,  Vt.,  May,  1794  ;  d.  Chi-  i 
cago,  Sept.  25,  1870.     He  had  a  limited  edu- 
cation, was  a  vol.  in  the   War  of  1812,  and  ' 
was  by  trade  a  tanner.     He  began  his  ministry  \ 
at  Union  Village,  N.Y.,  in  1836,  and  was  set-  ' 
tied  successively  in   Boston   (1843),    Detroit,  i 
Cincinnati,  and  Chicago  (1860).     He  was  emi-  j 
nent  as  an  antimason  and  an  abolitionist,  was  \ 
an  able  preacher,  and  had  great  power  with  ' 
the  masses.     After  the  war,  he  founded,  and  i 
put  in  successful  operation  at  Richmond,  the 
"  Colver  Institute,"  for  educating  young  men  ; 
of  color  for   the    ministry.     Author  of  three  ' 
lectures  on  Odd  Fellowship,  1844.  j 

Colvilie,    Alexander,    lord,    made  an  i 
adm.  in   1762,  and  com.  in  N.  Amer. ;  retook 
Newfoundland;  d.  1779. 

Colvocoresses,     George     M.,    capt.  | 

U.S.N.,  I).  Greece.     App.  from  Vt.  midshipra.  j 

Feb.  2 1 ,  1 832  ;  com .  July  1 , 1 86 1 ;  capt.  and  re-  ' 
tired,  1867.    Attached  to  Wilkes's  expl.  exped. 

1838-42  ;  as  1st  lieut.,  participated  in  capture  I 

of  the  barrier  forts,  Canton,  China ;  com.  store-  j 

ship  "Supply,"   1861-3,  and  captured  "The  " 

Stephen   Hart,"   loaded   with   arms   and  am-  \ 
munition  for  the  rebels  ;    com.   "  Saratoga," 

S.A.B.  squad.,  1864,  and  received  thanks  of  i 

the  adm.  and  of  the  navy  dept.  for  merit,  ser-  ' 


COL 


211 


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vices ;  com.  sloop  "  St.  Mary's,"  Pacific  squad., 
1865-6.  —  Hamershf. 

Colwell,  Stephen,  author,  b.  Brooke 
Co.,  Va.,  Mar.  2.5,  1800.  JefF.  Coll.,  Pa.,  1819. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  Va ,  1821  ;  practised  some 
time  in  Pittsburji;,  hut  has  been  many  years  an 
iron-merchant  in  Phila.  Author  of  *•  New 
Themes  (or  the  Protestant  Clergy,"  &c., 
1851  ;  "Politics  for  Amer.  Christians,"  1852  ; 
"  Religious  Instruction  in  Public  Schools,"  &c., 
1854  ;  "  The  Ways  and  Means  of  Commercial 
Payment,"  &c.,  1858  ;  and  a  number  of  pam- 
phlets on  politics,  banking,  and  polit.  economy. 
Died  Phila.  15  Jan.  \%1  \ .—Mibone. 

Combe,  George,  a  Scottish  phrenologist, 
b.  near  Edinburgh,  Oct.  21,  1788;  d.  Moor 
Park,  Surrey,  Eng.,  Aug.  14,  1858.  He  was 
bred  to  the  legal  profession,  bat  in  1816,  with 
his  bro.  Andrew,  devoted  himself  to  the  propa- 
gation of  the  science  of  phrenology  as  writer 
and  lecturer.  In  1838-40,  accomp,  by  his 
wife,  he  visited  the  U.S.,  and  delivered  158 
lectures  in  various  parts  of  the  country.  He 
pub.  many  works  on  phrenology  and  educa- 
tion, and  also  "  Notes  on  the  U.S.  of  Ameri- 
ca," 3  vols.,  1841. 

Combs,  Leslie,  lawyer  and  politician,  b. 
Ky.,  1794.  His  father,  a  Virginian,  was  a 
Revol.  oificer,  and  a  hunter  of  Ky.  Leslie, 
the  youngest  of  12  children,  joined  the  army 
in  1812  ;  was  disting.  for  energy  and  bravery  ; 
com.  a  company  of  scouts ;  was  wounded  near 
Fort  Meigs,  and  narrowly  escaped  death.  He 
afterward  practised  law,  took  part  in  politics 
as  a  personal  friend  and  supporter  of  Henry 
Clay,  and  was  a  fluent,  eloquent,  and  effective 
speaker.  In  1836,  he  raised  a  rcgt.  for  the 
south-western  frontier  at  the  time  of  the  revol. 
in  Texas.  A  gen.  of  militia,  and  resides  in 
Lexington,  Ky. 

Comegys,  Cornelius  G.,  M.D.,  b.  Del. 
Prof,  of  Institutes  of  Medicine  in  Miatui 
Coll.,  0.  Author  of  "  A  History  of  Medi- 
cine," 8vo,  Cincin.,  1856. 

Comer,  Thom.\s,  actor  and  musician,  b. 
Bath,  Kng.,  Dec.  19,  1790;  d.  Boston,  July 
27,  1862.  He  played  at  Covent  Garden  and 
Drury  Lane;  came  to  this  country  in  1827, 
and  was  successively  musical  director  at  the 
Tremont  Theatre,  Museum,  and  Boston  Thea- 
tre. He  excelled  in  eccentric  parts  and  in 
Irish  personations,  and  was  skilled  in  musi- 
cal composition. 

Comly,  John,  a  Friend,  author  of  some 
popular  school  text-books,  b.  Pa. ;  d.  Ryberrv, 
Pa.,  Aug.  17,  1850,  a.  76.  —  See  Journal  of  the 
Life  and  Religions  Labors  of  John  Comly  of  Ry- 
berry,  pub.  by  his  children,  hvo,  Phila.,  1853. 

Comonibrt,  Ygnacio,  pres.  of  Mexico, 
1855-8,  b.  Pucbla,  March  12,  1812;  murdered 
Nov.  13,  1863.  He  entered  the  Jesuit  Coll.  in 
1826,  became  a  capt.  of  cav.  in  1832,  and  es- 
poused the  liberal  cause.  In  1 834,  he  was  made 
prefect  and  military  gov.  of  the  dist.  of  Tlapa ; 
in  1842,  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  and  re- 
elected in  1846.  In  the  revol.  of  Aug.  1846, 
Comonfort  took  a  conspicuous  part.  App.  3d 
alcalde  of  the  capital,  and  afterward  prefect 
of  Western  Mexico,  he  relinquished  these  posi- 
tions to  engage  in  the  war  with  the  U.S.,  at 
tho  close  of  which  he  was  summoned  to  the 


Congress  of  Queretaro.  He  was  then  chosen 
senator  of  Puebla,  and  served  until  1851.  In 
1852-3,  he  represented  in  Congress  the  newly- 
created  State  of  Guerrero,  and  acted  as  custom- 
house director  of  Acapulco  and  other  places, 
until  Santa  Ana's  return,  when  he  was  dismiss- 
ed from  office.  He  now  joined  Alvarez,  raised 
the  standard  of  revol.,  proclaimed  the  plan 
of  Ayutla,  March  11,  1854,  visited  N.Y.,  and 
raised  funds  there  to  carry  on  the  war,  finally 
compelling  Santa  Ana,  in  1855,  to  abdicate. 
Alvarez  resigned  the  supreme  power  to  Comon- 
fort, Dec.  11, 1855.  He  soon  met  with  strenuous 
opposition  from  the  clergy,  the  army,  and  the 
large  body  of  the  conservative  party.  An  in- 
surrection broke  out  at  the  capital,  resulting, 
after  a  [)loody  struggle,  in  the  elevation  of 
Juarez;  and  Comonfort,  in  Feb.  1858,  came  to 
the  U.S.  He  soon  went  to  France,  but,  on  the 
first  movement  of  the  French  for  the  invasion 
of  Mexico,  returned  thither,  and  offered  his 
services  to  Juarez,  who  made  him  com.  in 
chief.  He  was  murdered  by  banditti  while  oa 
his  way  to  San  Luis  Potosi. 

ComstOCk,  Adam,  a  Revol.  officer;  d. 
Saratoga  Co.,  N.Y.,  Apr.  10,  1819,  a.  79. 
Formed  by  nature  for  a  soldier,  he  early  en- 
gaged in  the  Revol.  conflict,  and  was  lieut.-col. 
of  Lippits's  R.I.  Regt.  Enjoying  the  confi- 
dence of  Washington,  he  was  soon  ])romoted 
to  a  colonelcy  ;  was  the  "  officer  of  the  day  " 
at  the  victory  of  Red  Bank,  and  alternately 
com.  with  Col.  Saml.  Smith  in  the  gallant  af- 
fair of  Mud  Fort.  After  the  war,  he  settled  in 
Saratoga,  N.Y. ;  filled  various  judicial  offices, 
serving  near  20  years  in  the  legisl.  and  the 
council. 

Comstoek,  Andrew,  M.D,,  prof,  of  elo- 
cution, and  lecturer  on  oratory,  b.  N.Y.,  1795. 
Author  of  a  "New  System  of  Phonetics," 
"  Phonetic  Speaker,"  "Testament,"  "Reader," 
"  Historia  Sacra,"  and  "  Homer's  Iliad,"  "  El- 
ocution," 16th  ed.,  1854. 

Comstoek,  John  Lee,  physician  and  au- 
thor, b.  East  Lyme,  Ct.,  1789;  d.  Hartford, 
Ct.,  Nov.  21, 1858.  He  was  self-educated ;  was  a 
surgeon  in  thearmyduriug  the  War  of  1812-15, 
and  afterwards  resided  in  Hartford.  Pie  pre- 
pared for  the  use  of  schools,  text-books  on  chem- 
istry, natural  history,  botany,  physical  geogra- 
phy, physiology,  and  mineralogy  ;  a  "  History 
of  Gold'  and  Silver;"  "  History  of  the  Greek 
Revolution,"  1829;  and  "  Cabinet  of  Curiosi- 
ties," His  "  Natural  Philosophy  "  became  a 
standard  book  ;  and  its  sale,  which  was  not  con- 
fined to  this  country,  reached  nearly  a  million 
copies.  He  possessed  great  mechanical  skill, 
constructed  most  of  his  apparatus  himself, 
and,  being  a  skilful  draughtsman,  made  the 
drawings  for  most  of  the  illustrations  of  his 
works. 

Couant,  Hannah  O'Brien  Chaplin,  dau. 
of  Rev.  Jeremiah  Chaplin,  b.  Danvers,  Ms., 
1812;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Feb.  18,  1865;  m. 
Dr.  T.  J.  Conant  in  1832.  In  1838,  she  began 
editing  the  Mother's  Monthly  Journal,  and  was 
a  constant  contrib.  to  the  periodical  press.  By 
her  knowledge  of  Oriental  languages,  she  ren- 
dered great  service  to  her  husband  in  the  prep- 
aration of  the  new  version  of  the  Scriptures. 
Author  of  a  number  of  works,  original  and 


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212 


CON 


translated,  among  them,  "  Lea ;  or,  The  Bap- 
tism in  Jordan,"  by  Strauss,  1844  ;  translations 
of  Neander's  Commentaries  on  the  P^pistles  of 
John  and  James,  and  the  Epistle  of  Paul  to  the 
Philippians,  1850-52;  the  "Earnest  Man,"  a 
biog.  sketch  of  Dr.  Judson,  1855  ;  a  "  Popular 
History  of  English  Bible  Translation,"  1856; 
and  the  "New-England  Theocracy,"  1857,  a 
translation  from  the  German;  "The  History 
of  the  English  Bible,"  1859. 

Conant,  Roger,  an  early  settler  in  Ms.,  b. 
Budleigh,  Devonshire,  Eng.,  April,  1593;  d. 
Beverly,  Ms.,  Nov.  19,  1679.  He  came  to 
Plymouth  in  1623;  removed  to  Nantasket  in 
1625,  and  thence,  in  the  autumn,  to  Cape  Ann, 
charged  by  the  adventurers  in  Eng.  with  the 
care  of  that  settlement.  He  founded  Salem, 
where,  in  1626,  he  built  the  first  house.  He 
was  a  representative  at  the  first  court  in  1634  ; 
in  1637,  he  was  a  justice  of  the  Quarterly  Court 
in  what  was  afterward  known  as  Essex  Co. 
He  organized  the  first  Puritan  church  at  Cape 
Ann.  In  1640,  his  son  Roger,  "being  the 
first-born  child  in  Salem,"  received  from  the 
town  a  grant  of  40  acres  of  land.  —  See  Notice 
of  Conant,  hij ./.  B.  Felt,  in  Geneal.  Reg.,  ii.,  233, 
329. 

Conant,  Thomas  J.,D.D.,  Orientalist  and 
biblical  scholar,  b.  Brandon,  Vt.,  Dec.  13, 
1802.  Midd.  Coll.  1823.  After  a  brief  tutor- 
ship  at  Col.  Coll.,  D.C.,  he  was  made  prof,  of 
languages  in  Wat.  Coll.,  Me.,  which  he  resigned 
in  i833.  In  1835,  he  was  made  prof  of  bibli- 
cal literature  and  criticism  in  the  theol.  sem.  at 
Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1850,  he  assumed  a 
similar  office  in  Rochester  Sem.,  which  he  re- 
signed ab.  1859.  While  prof,  at  Hamilton,  he 
visited  Europe,  spending  2  years  at  Halle  and 
Berlin.  He  has  been  long  engaged  in  the  prep- 
aration of  an  improved  popular  version  of  the 
Scriptures.  His  first  elaborate  production,  writ- 
ten while  at  Middlebury,  was  an  essay  on  the 
laws  of  translation.  In  1839,  he  translated 
"  Gesenius's  Hebrew  Grammar."  He  pub.  a 
version  of  the  "  Book  of  Job"  in  1857. 

Concanen,  Luke,  O.  p.,  fir.^t  R.  C.  bishop 
of  N.  Y. ;  consec.  Apr.  24,  1808;  d.  1810. 

Concha,  Jose,  Marquis  de  la  Habana, 
capt.-gen.  of  Cuba,  b.  Buenos  Ay  res,  1800. 
Took  ])art  in  the  struggle  in  S  A.,  and  against 
Don  Carlos;  was  app.  licut.-gen.  in  1839,  and 
was  capt.-gen.  of  the  Basque  provinces  from 
1843  to  1846.  Placed  at  the  head  of  the  Span- 
ish cavalry,  he  was  capt.-gen.  of  Cuba  from 
1849  to  1852,  when  he  was  removed,  after  the 
attempt  of  Lopez,  and  replaced  by  Canedo. 
Joining  his  bro.  in  opposing  the  govt.,  he  was 
banished  from  Spain  in  June,  1854.  After  the 
rcvol.  of  July,  1854,  he  was  re-app.  capt.-gen. 
of  Cul)a,  and,  with  the  exception  of  a  short  pe- 
riod in  1856,  held  the  office  until  Dec.  1858. 
Minister  of  war,  1863;  pres.  Spanish  senate, 
1864  ;  app.  nominal  prime-minister  by  the 
queen  just  after  the  revol.  broke  out  in  Spain 
in  Sept.  1868. 

Condamine,  Charles  Marie  de  la, 
a  French  mathematician  and  geographer,  b. 
Paris,  Jan.  28,  1701  ;  d.  there  Feb.  4,  1774. 
Educated  at  the  U.  of  Paris,  he  abandoned  the 
military  career,  in  which  he  was  disting.,  and, 
joining  an  exploring  cxped.,  visited  Troas,  Cy- 


prus, Jerusalem,  and  Constantinople.  In  1735, 
the  Acad,  of  Sciences  sent  him  to  Peru  to 
measure  an  arc  of  the  meridian.  He  returned 
to  France  in  1743,  and  prepared  accounts  of  the 
voyage,  travels,  and  labors  of  the  commission. 
His  "  Voyage  up  the  Amazon,"  and  "  Travels 
in  S.  America,"  appeared  in  1745,  and  "  The 
Figure  of  the  Earth,"  in  1749.  In  1748,  he 
was  made  a  fellow  of  the  Roy.  Soc.  of  Lond  , 
and  in  1760  a  member  of  the  Acad,  of  Sciences 
in  Paris. 

Condict,  John,  senator,  b.  1755;  d.  Or- 
ange, N.J.,  May  4,  1834.  He  was  a  soldier  and 
surgeon  in  the  Revol.  army  ;  was  several  years 
a  member  of  the  N.J.  legisl.;  M.  C.  from  1799 
to  1803  and  1819-20;  and  U,  S.  senator  from 
1803  to  \^\1.  —  Lanman. 

Condict,  Lewis,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1794), 
politician,  b.  Morristown,  N.J.,  Mar.  1773  ;  d. 
there  May  26,  1862.  He  was  high-sheriff  of 
Morris  Co.  before  1800  ;  member  of  the  State 
legisl.  from  1805  to  1810,  officiating  as  speaker 
two  terms;  one  of  the  commissioners  for  set- 
tling the  boundary  between  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. ; 
and  M.  C.  in  1811-17  and  1821-33. 

Condict,  Silas,  member  of  the  State  le- 
gisl., M.  C.  1831-3,  member  of  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  of  1844,  many  years  pres.  of  the  Newark 
Banking  Co.  b.  N.  J.,  1777  ;  d.  Newark,  N.J., 
Nov.  29,  1861.  N.J.  Coll.  1795.  Silas,  his 
father,  was  a  delegate  to  the  Old  Congress  in 
1781-4. 

Condie,  D.  Francis,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa. 
1818),  b.  Phila.,  May  12,  1796.  Has  pub. 
"An  Abridgment  of  Thomas's  Practice,"  1817  ; 
"  Course  of  Examination  for  Med.  Students," 
1824  ;  "  Catechism  of  Health,"  1831  ;  "  Trea- 
tise on  Epidemic  Cholera,"  in  conjunction 
with  Dr.  John  Bell,  1832  ;  "Diseases  of  Chil- 
dren," 4th  ed.,  8vo,  1854.  Editor  of  Church- 
ill's "  Diseases  of  Women."  Contrib.  to 
"  Cyclopaedia  of  Practical  Medicine,"  Phila., 
1834,  ajid  to  numerous  medical  journals. — 
Allibone. 

Condorcanqui,  Joseph  Gabriel,  an 
American  Spaniard,  who,  having  been  ill-treat- 
ed by  a  magistrate  of  Lima,  attempted  the  re- 
dress of  his  own  grievances,  and  the  oppres- 
sions of  the  Indians,  by  exciting  an  insurrec- 
tion in  1780.  He  was  an  artful  and  intrepid 
man,  and,  to  conciliate  the  Indians,  assumed  the 
name  of  the  luca  Tupac-Amaru,  professing  a 
design  to  restore  the  ancient  dynasty  of  Peru, 
—  a  project  which  had  been  entertained  by 
Raleigh.  His  plan  was  at  first  successful ; 
and,  attera  contest  of  3  years,  he  was  hailed  inca 
of  Peru.  Having  become  obnoxious  to  the 
Spanish  settlers,  troops  were  sent  against  him  ; 
and,  the  effiarts  of  the  Indians  proving  too  fee- 
ble and  desultory,  he  was  deserted  by  his  fol- 
lowers, taken,  and  cruelly  put  to  death.  — 
Humboldt. 

Cone,  Spencer  Houghton,  D.D.  (B.U. 
1842),  a  Baptist  clergyman,  i).  Princeton,  N.J., 
Apr.  30,  1785;  d.  N.Y.,  Aug.  28,  1855.  At 
the  age  of  14,  he  was  obliged  to  leave  N.  J. 
Coll.,  and  assist,  by  teaching,  in  the  support  of 
his  widowed  mother  and  family.  Becoming 
an  actor,  he  played  7  years  with  great  success, 
principally  in  Phila.  Abandoning  the  stage 
in  Dec.  1812,  he  connected  himself  with  the 


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213 


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Baltimore  American,  and  afterwards  with  the 
Baltimore  Whig.  He  was  present,  in  com.  of  a 
company  of  vols,  from  Baltimore,  at  Bladens- 
burg  and  Fort  McHenry,  and  afterwards  be- 
came a  clerk  in  the  treasury  dept.  at  Washing- 
ton. Ord.  a  Baptist  minister  in  1815,  he  be- 
came, a  few  weeks  afterwards,  chaplain  to 
Congress;  was  pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church 
in  Alexandria,  D.  C,  from  1816  until  May 
1823 ;  of  the  Oliver-st.  Church,  N.Y.  City,  for 
18  years ;  and  of  the  First  Baptist  Church,  from 
1841  until  his  death.  In  1836-49,  Dr.  Cone 
was  pres.  of  the  Bible  Society.  He  was  one 
of  the  most  popular  pulpit  orators  in  the  U.S. 
He  was  a  leading  member  of  the  Baptist  gen- 
eral Convention  of  the  U.S.  till  he  became  its 
pres.  in  1832  ;  was  foremost  in  directing  the 
measures  of  the  Societies  of  Home  and  Foreign 
Missions  ;  and  was  one  of  the  authors  of  a  tract 
in  1850,  calling  for  a  new  translation  of  the 
Bible  more  definitely  in  accordance  with  Bap- 
tist views.  —  See  Memoir,  by  his  Sons,  N.  Y^.,1 856. 

Conkling,  Alfred,  jurist,  b.  E.  Hamp- 
ton, N.Y.,  Oct.  12,  1789.  Un.  Coll.  1810. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1812  ;  dist.-atty.  for  Mont- 
gomery Co.,  two  or  three  years  ;  M.C.  1821-3  ; 
settled  in  Albany  ;  app.  U.S.  dist.  judge  of 
the  northern  dist.  of  N.Y. ;  minister  to  Mexi- 
co in  1852,  and,  on  his  return,  settled  at  Gene- 
see, N.Y.  Author  of  "  Conkling's  Treatise," 
"  Conkling's  Admiralty,"  1857;  "The  Pow- 
ers of  the  Executive  Departments  of  the  U.S.," 
1867;  "  Young  Citizen's  Manual."  Two  of 
his  sons  are  members  of  Congress. 

Conkling,  Roscoe,  lawyer  and  senator, 
son  of  Alfred,  b.  Albany,  1828.  Received  a  good 
education,  and  adopted  the  profession  of  law ; 
settled  in  Utica  in  1846,  of  which  place  he 
was  mayor  in  1858  ;  app.  dist.-attv.  of  Oneida 
Co.  in  1849;  M.  C  1859-63;  U.  S.  senator, 
since  1867.     Disting.  as  a  debater. 

Conner,  David,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  Har- 
risburg,  Pa.,  1792;  d.  Phila,  Mar.  20,  1856. 
Reentered  a  counting-house  in  Phila.  in  1806, 
and,  in  a  voyage  to  the  W.  Indies,  developed 
an  inclination  for  the  sea.  Midshipman,  Jan. 
16,  1809,  and,  as  acting  lieut.,  took  part  in  the 
action  between  "  The  Hornet "  and  "  Peacock," 
Feb.  24,  1813.  Charged  with  the  duty  of  re- 
moving the  prisoners,  Lieut.  Conner  was  among 
the  last  to  leave  the  sinking  vessel.  July  24, 
1813,  he  became  a  lieut.,  and  remained  in  "  The 
Hornet"  under  Capt.  Biddle.  In  the  action 
with  "  The  Penguin,"  Mar.  23,  1815,  he  was 
dangerously  wounded,  and,  for  his  gallantry, 
was  presented  with  a  medal  by  Congress  ;  and 
the  legisl.  of  Pa.  unanimously  voted  him  a 
sword.  Mar.  3,  1 825,  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  com.,  and  Mar.  3, 1835,  to  that  of  capt. 
Com.  the  squadron  on  the  W.  India  station,  just 
before  the  commencement  of  hostilities  with 
Mexico,  he  was  much  commended  by  govt,  for 
the  manner  in  which  he  performed  his  duties. 
He  established  an  efficient  blockade  of  the  Mex- 
ican ports  on  the  gulf.  Nov.  14,  1846,  the  port 
of  Tampico  was  captured.  Mar.  9,  1847,  he  di- 
rected the  landing  of  the  army  of  Gen.  Scott, 
at  Vera  Cruz,  but  was  soon  after  compelled,  by 
the  failure  of  his  health,  to  return  home. 

Conner,  Samuel  Shepard,  b.  N.H. ;  d. 
Covington,  Ky.,   17  Dec.  1820.     Y.  C.  1806. 


App.  maj.  21st  Inf.,  Mar.  12,  1812;  aide-de- 
camp to  Gen.  Dearborn,  1813;  lieut.-col.  13th 
Inf.,  Mar.  1813  to  July  1814;  M.  C.  from 
Ms.,  1815-17;  surveyor-gen.  in  O.,  1819. — 
Gardner. 

ConoUy,  John,  physician  and  adventurer, 
b.  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.  He  resided  at  Pittsburg, 
and  was  a  business  corresp.  of  Washington's, 
who  pronounced  him,  "  A  very  sensible,  intelli- 
gent man."  He  was  seized  and  imprisoned, 
while  at  the  head  of  an  armed  party,  in  1774, 
by  the  authorities  of  Pa.,  with  whom  he  had 
a  bitter  controversy  respecting  land  at  the 
Falls  of  the  Ohio,  granted  him  by  Lord  Dun- 
more.  In  1775,  he  was  authorized  by  Dun- 
more  to  raise  and  com.  a  regt.  of  loyalists  and 
Indians,  to  be  called  the  "  Loyal  Foresters." 
While  on  his  way  to  execute  this  design,  he 
was  taken,  and  held  prisoner  till  near  the  end 
of  the  war.  Ab.  1788,  he  and  other  disaffect- 
ed persons  held  conferences  at  Detroit,  with 
prominent  citizens  of  the  West,  as  to  the  seiz- 
ure of  N.  Orleans,  and  the  forcible  control  of 
the  navigation  of  the  Mpi.  The  attention  of 
Washington  was  attracted  to  the  subject;  and 
measures  were  taken  to  counteract  the  plot.  — 
Sabine. 

Connolly,  John,  R.  C.  bishop  of  N.Y,, 
consec.  Nov.  16,  1814  ;  d.  N.Y.  Feb.  6,  1825. 

Connor,  Henry  W.,  M.  C.  1821-41,  b. 
Prince  George  Co.,  Va.,  Aug.  1793  ;  d.  N.C., 
Jan.  1.5,  1866.  U.  of  S.  C.  1812.  Aide  to  Gen. 
Graham  in  the  Creek  war  of  1814;  member 
of  the  assembly  in  1848. 

Conover,  Thomas  A.,  com.  U.  S.  N..  b. 
N.J.,  1794  ;  d.  S.  Amboy,  N.J.,  Sept.  24,  1864. 
Midshipm.  Jan.  1,  1812;  lieut.  Mar.  5,  1817  ; 
com.  Feb.  28,  1838;  capt.  Oct.  2,  1848.  His 
first  cruise  was  in  "  The  Essex,"  Com.  Porter. 
He  was  in  Macdonough's  fleet  in  the  victory 
on  Lake  Champlain,  Sept.  11, 1814.  Com.  the 
African  squadron  in  1857-9,  and  was  made 
commo.  on  the  retired  list,  July  16,  1862. 

Conrad,  Charles  M.,  statesman,  b.  Win- 
chester, Va.,  ab.  1804.  While  an  infant,  he 
was  taken  by  his  father  to  Mpi.,  and  thence  to 
La.,  where  he  has  since  resided.  Adm.  to  the 
N.  O.  bar  in  1828;  served  some  years  in  the 
State  legisl.  ;  U.S.  senator  in  1842-3  :  member 
of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  in  1844  ;  M.C  from 
1849  to  Aug.  1850;  sec.  of  war  under  Pres. 
Fillmore  from  Aug.  15,  1850,  to  Mar.  7,  1853  ; 
served  as  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  rebel  army  ;  mem- 
ber Confed.  Congress,  1862-4. 

Conrad,  Robert  T.,  lawyer,  politician, 
and  man  of  letters,  b.  Phila.,  June  10,  1810; 
d.  there  June  27, 1858.  Son  of  John,  publisher 
and  bookseller  of  Phila.  Educated  for  the  bar, 
his  tastes  led  him  to  literature.  Before  he  was 
21,  he  wrote  a  tragedy,  Conradin,  and  in  1832 
pub.  the  Daily  Commercial  Intelligencer,  which 
was  merged  into  the  Phila.  Gazette.  Abandon- 
ing this  occupation  from  ill  health,  in  1834,  he 
returned  to  the  law;  became  recorder  of  the 
Northern  Liberties,  and,  in  1838,  judge  of  the 
criminal  sessions  for  the  city  and  county  of 
Phila.  When  the  latter  court  was  dissolved,  he 
resumed  the  pen,  edited  Graham's  Magazine,  and 
became  asso.  editor  of  the  North  American. 
Upon  the  consolidation  of  the  districts  with  the 
city,  he  was  elected  mayor  by  the  Whig  and 


coisr 


214 


coo 


American  parties.  In  1856,  he  was  app.  to  the 
bench  of  the  Quarter  Sessions,  serving  in  that 
capacity  till  the  fall  of  1857.  In  literature,  he 
is  best  known  by  the  tragedy  of  "  Aylmere," 
purchased  by  Mr.  Forrest,  and  in  which  that 
actor  sustains  the  part  of  "  Jack  Cade."  In 
1852,  Judge  Conrad  pub.  a  vol.  entitled 
"  Aylmere  and  Other  Poems,"  the  principal 
of  which  are  "  The  Sons  of  the  Wilderness," 
and  a  series  of  sonnets  on  the  Lord's  Prayer. 
Judge  C.  was  also  celebrated  as  a  popular 
political  speaker. 

Conrad,  Timothy  Abbott,  naturalist, 
b.  N.J.,  1803.  Member  Imperial  Soc.  of  Nat. 
Hist,  of  Moscow.  Hai;  pub.  "  Fossil  Shells  of 
the  Tertiary  Formations  of  the  U.S.,"  1832; 
*'  New  Fresh  Water  Shells  of  the  U.S.,"  1836 ; 
"  Miocene  Shells  of  the  U.S.,"  1 838  ;  "  Paleon- 
tologv  ofLvnch's  Palestine  Exp."  in. /our.  Acad. 
Nat  "Sci,  Phil. ;  of  "  The  Pacific  R.  R.  Survey 
inCal.,"  1854;  of  "  The  Mex.  Boundary  Sur- 
vey," 1854,  and  in  "  N.Y.  State  Ann.  Report," 
1840;  "  Monographv  of  the  Urionidae  of  the 
U.S."  1836;  N.Y. 'Geological  Report,  1837, 
and  "  New  Fresh  Water  Shells  and  Fossils  of 
the  U.S."  in  Silliman's  Jour.  —  Allihone. 

Contee,  Benjamin,  D.D.,  Prot.-Epis. 
clergyman  ;  d.  Charles  Co.,  Md.,  Nov.  3, 1815, 
a.  60.  An  oflBccr  in  the  3d  Md.  batt.  in  1776 ; 
a  delegate  to  the  Old  Congress,  1787-8  ;  M.C. 
1789-91;  chief  judge  of  the  County  Tes- 
tamentary Court. 

Converse,  Charles  Crozat  (Karl 
Reden,  E.  C.  Revons,  and  C.  O.  Nevers,  noms 
de  plume);  b.  Warren,  Ms.,  1834;  grad.  in 
music,  Leipsic,  1857,  and  in  law,  1861.  Author 
of  "  Spring  and  Holiday,"  a  cantata,  1855; 
*'  New  Method  for  the  Guitar,"  1855  ;  "  Musi- 
cal Bouquet,"  1859;  a  cantata,  the  126th 
Psalm,  1860;  "Sweet  Singer,"  1863; 
"  Church  Singer,"  1863  ;  "  Sayings  of  Sages," 
1863.  —  AlUbone. 

Conway,  Thomas,  Count  de,  gen.  in 
the  Revol.  army,  b.  Ireland,  Feb.  27,1733; 
d.  ab.  1800.  Taken  to  France  when  6  years 
old,  he  was  educated  there,  attained  the  rank 
of  col.  and  the  decoration  of  St.  Louis  ;  and  in 
1777,  on  the  recommendation  of  Silas  Deane, 
came  to  the  U.S.;  made  brig.-gen.  May  13, 
1777,  and  led  his  brigade  at  Brandywine  and 
Germantown  ;  maj.-gen.  and  insp.-gen.,  Dec. 
13,  1777;  resigned,  1778.  Conway  was  one 
of  the  most  active  of  the  secret  enemies  of 
Washington,  and  endeavored  to  elevate  Gates 
to  the  supreme  com.,  —  a  conspiracy  known  as 
the  "  Conway  Cabal."  His  course  made  him 
unpopular  ;  and,  much  to  his  surprise,  his  res- 
ignation was  accepted.  In  a  duel  with  Gen. 
Cadwallader,  July  4,  1778,  receiving  what  he 
supposed  a  fatal  wound,  he  wrote  a  letter  of 
apology  to  Washington,  containing  the  ex- 
pression, "  You  are,  in  my  eyes,  the  great  and 
good  man."  He  recovered,  returned  to  France, 
and  in  1784  was  marshal-de-camp,  and  app. 
gov.  of  Pondicherry  and  all  the  French  settle- 
ments in  Hindostan.  He  desired,  in  1788,  to 
assist  the  Republican  party  in  the  Dutch  set- 
tlements, but  was  prevented  by  the  Marquis 
Cornwallis.  When  the  French  revol.  broke 
out,  he  was  obliged  to  fly  ;  and  his  life  was 
saved  only  by  the  energetic  efforts  of  the  British 


authorities.  He  m.  a  dau.  of  Baron  de  Copley, 
marshal-de-camp.  —  See  Boss's  Life  of  Corn- 
wallis. 

Conway,  William,  actor, b.  London;  d. 
1828.  Educated  for  the  bar,  his  first  appear- 
ance on  the  stage  was  at  the  Haymarket.  He 
terminated  a  3-years'  engagement  in  1816; 
starred  till  1821,  and,  after  an  engagement  at 
the  Haymarket,  came  to  America  in  1823. 
After  visiting  the  Western  and  Southern  cities, 
early  in  1828  he  took  passage  for  Savannah, 
and,  off  Cliarleston  bar,  threw  himself  into  tho 
sea,  and  was  drowned.  He  possessed  a  cul- 
tivated mind,  and  in  Coriolanus  was  excelled 
by  Kcmble  alone. 

Conwell,  Henry,  D.D.,  R.C.  bishop  of 
Phila.,  consec.  Lond.,  Eng.,  1820  ;  d.  Phila., 
Apr.  22,  1842,  a.  91. 

Cony,  Samuel,  gov.  of  Me.,  1864-7,  h. 
Augusta,  Me.,  27  Feb.  1811  ;  d.  there  Sept.  5, 
1870.  B.  U.  1829.  Son  of  Gen.  Samuel ; 
grandson  of  Dr.  Daniel.  He  began  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  1832;  member  Me.  legisl.  1835 
and  1862;  member  council,  1839;  judge  of 
probate,  1840-7;  State  treas.  1850-5;  mayor 
of  Augusta,  18.54. 

Cooke,  Elisha,  father  and  son,  eminent 
politicians  of  Ms.  I.  A  physician,  b.  Bo.s- 
ton,  Sept.  16,  1637;  d.  May  31,  1715.  H.U. 
1657.  An  assist,  under  the  old  govt.,  he  was 
in  1689  the  agent  of  Ms.  in  Eng.  for  the  res- 
toration of  her  charter.  He  opposed  the  ac- 
ceptance of  the  new  charter  in  1691,  and  was 
in  the  exec,  council  from  1694  to  1703.  He 
was  for  40  years  in  places  of  public  trust. 
II.  An  orator  and  politician,  b.  Boston,  Dec. 
20,  1678;  d.  Aug.  24,  1737.  H.U.  1697.  He 
was  a  representative  to  the  Gen.  Court,  from 
1713  to  1734 ;  was  a  member  of  the  council  in 
1717,  and  a  popular  opponent  of  Gov.  Shute. 
Rechosen  in  1718,  he  was  negatived  by  the 
gov.,  as  also  for  the  speaker's  chair  in  1720. 
Agent  for  Ms.  in  Eng.  in  1 723  ;  member  of  the 
coimcil  soon  after  his  return  in  May,  1726;  in 
1730,  justice  of  C.  C.  P.  Suffolk  Co.  He  was 
long  the  leader  of  the  popular  party,  and  pub. 
some  political  tracts. 

Cooke,  George  Frederick,  actor,  b. 
Eng.,  17  Apr.  1756;  d.  N.Y.  City,  26  Sept. 
1812.  A  printer's  apprentice.  His  fondness  for 
the  stage  led  him  early  into  that  career;  he  be- 
came a  star  at  the  provincial  theatres  ;  was  3 
years  in  Dublin,  and,  in  Oct.  1800,  appeared 
at  Covent  Garden  as  Richard  III.,  taking  his 
place  in  the  first  rank  of  actors.  He  was  also 
celebrated  in  Macbeth,  lago,  Shy'ock,  Sir  Per- 
tinax  Macsycophant,  &c.,  and  was  the  rival  of 
John  Kemble.  Oct.  21,  1810,  he  app.  as  Rich- 
ard at  a  N.Y.  theatre.  He  attracted  large  au- 
diences there,  and  in  Phila  ,  Bait.,  and  other 
cities,  but,  by  his  capricious  and  contemptuous 
conductjdisgusted  everybody,  and  finally, by  his 
habitual  intemperance  and  debauched  habits, 
destroyed  his  constitution,  and  hastened  his 
death.  —  See  Cooke's  Life,  bu  Wm.  Dunlap, 
1812,  and  his  novel,  "  Thirty  Years  Ago,"  pub. 
1836. 

Cook,  Henry  F.,  brig.-gen.  C.  S.  A.,  b. 
Mpi.;  killed  at  Bristow  Station,  Va.,  Oct.  14, 
1863.  In  the  Mex.  war  he  was  1st  lieut.  in  Jeff. 
Davis's  rcgt. ;   was  disting.   and   wounded  at 


coo 


215 


coo 


Monterey;  com.  company  C  at  Buena  Vista; 
joined  the  Confed.  army  in  1861,  and  rose  by 
successive  steps  to  brif^.-gen.  in  1863. 

Cook,  James,  an  illustrious  English  navi- 
gator, b.  Murton  in  Yorkshire,  Oct.  27,  1728; 
d.  Feb.  14,  1779.  Owing  to  the  poverty  of  his 
parents,  his  education  was  limited.  He  en- 
tered the  merchant-service;  in  175.5,  embarked 
in  "  The  Eagle,"  man  of-war,  obtained  the 
notice  of  the  capt.,  and  was  May  15, 1759,  app. 
master  of  "  The  Murray,"  in  which  he  joined 
the  fleet  engaged  in  the  siege  of  Quebec.  Em- 
ployed to  take  the  soundings  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, between  Orleans  and  t!ie  north  shore,  as 
well  as  to  survey  the  most  dangerous  parts  of 
the  river  below  Quebec,  those  important  ser- 
vices he  most  successfully  performed  in  the  very 
face  of  fhc  French  encampment.  Having  as- 
sisted at  the  recapture  of  Newfoundland,  he, 
in  1762,  returned  to  Eng.  Early  in  1763,  he 
went  out,  with  Capt.  Greaves,  to  Newfound- 
land, as  surveyor  of  its  coasts,  and  in  tlie  fol- 
lowing year  accomp.  Sir  Hugh  Pallisser  to 
Labrador  and  Newfoundland,  as  marine  survey- 
or. Lieut,  in  1768,  he  was  app.  to  the  com. 
of  "  The  Endeavor,"  in  which  he  sailed  to 
Otaheite,  accomp.  by  Mr.  Banks  and  Dr.  So- 
lander  to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus  in  1769. 
This  object  accomplished,  Cook  proceeded 
upon  his  voyage  of  discovery,  and,  after  en- 
countering many  difficulties,  "The  Endeavor" 
arrived  in  En^.  on  the  Uth  of  June,  1771; 
and,  on  the  29th  of  Aug.,  Cook  was  made  a 
capt.  in  the  navy.  After  another  voyage,  com- 
menced the  following  year,  in  which  many 
valuahle  discoveries  were  made,  and  which 
lasted  3  years,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
post-captain,  Aug.  9,  1775.  In  1776,  he  re- 
ceived the  Copleian  gold  medal  from  the  Roy. 
Soc.  His  third  and  last  exped.  had  for  its  ob- 
ject to  determine  whether  a  maritime  communi- 
cation existed  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Oceans  in  the  arctic  regions  of  the  glohe. 
Unhappily,  while  touching  at  Owhyhee,  Cook 
was  murdered  by  the  natives,  A  medal  in 
commemoration  of  him  was  struck  by  order  of 
the  Roy.  Society, 

Cooke,  Jay,  financier,  b.  Sandusky,  O., 
Aug.  10, 1821.  Francis  Cooke,  theemig.  ances- 
tor, came  over  in  "  The  Mayflower."  Eleuthe- 
ros.his  father, a  prominent  lawyer,  and  M.C.  of 
Ohio,  d.  Dec.  28,  1864.  Jay  went  in  1838  to 
Phila.,  entered  the  banking-house  of  E.  W. 
Clark  &  Co.,  in  which  he  became  at  21  a  part- 
ner; retired  in  1858,  and  in  1861  established 
the  firm  of  Jay  Cooke  &  Co,  By  his  energy 
and  business-capacity,  Mr.  Cooke  succeeded  in 
popularizing  the  govt,  loans,  and  thereby  con- 
tributed materially  to  the  success  of  the  Union 
arms.  Now  (1871),  of  the  banking-firm  of 
Cooke,  McCulloch,  &  Co.,  London. 

Cook,  John,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Belleville, 
III.,  June  12,  1825.  Left  an  orphan  with  a 
large  fortune  at  an  early  age,  he  entered  the 
coll.  at  Jacksonville,  but  was  not  a  graduate, 
and  in  1855  was  mayor  of  Springfield.  Made 
col.  1st  III.  vols.  April,  1861  ;  and  for  gallantry 
at  the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson,  where  he 
com.  a  brigade,  was  made  brig.-gen.  March 
22,  1862. 

Cooke,  John  Esten,  novelist,  son  of  J.  R. 


Cooke,  b.  Winchester,  Va.,  Nov.  3, 1830.  His 
family  removed  to  Richmond  in  1839,  where 
he  commenced  the  practice  of  law  in  1851. 
He  served  in  the  Confed.  army,  first  as  a  pri- 
vate of  art.,  and  afterward  on  the  staff'  of 
Stewart  and  other  generals,  throughout  the 
war.  He  wrote  a  Life  of  Stonewall  Jackson, 
which  appeared  in  New  York,  as  tlie  work  of 
John  M.  Daniel.  Since  the  war,  he  has  writ- 
ten much  for  the  N.Y.  World.  Author  of 
"Fairfax,"  and  "Mohan,"  "Hilt  to  Hilt," 
"  Hammer  and  Rapier,"  "  Out  of  the  Foam," 
"Leather  Stocking  and  Silk,"  "The  Virginia 
Comedians,"  and  "  The  Youth  of  Jeff'erson." 
In  1855,  he  pub.  "  Eilie,  or  the  Human  Come- 
dy;"  in  I  856,  "  The  Last  of  the  Foresters,"  and 
in  1858,  "  Henry  St.  John,  Gentleman."  He 
has  written  much  for  the  Southern  Literary 
Messenger,  flarpeis'  Magazine,  and  other  peri- 
odicals. He  has  also  written  poems,  among 
thetn  a  tribute  to  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane. 

Cooke,  John  H.,  brig.-gen.  in  the  War  of 
1812;  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  June,  1866,  a.  86. 
He  was  a  successful  farmer  and  vigorous  agri- 
cultural writer. 

Cooke,  John  P.,  composer  and  musician, 
b.  Chester,  Eng.,  1820;  d.  N.Y.  City,  4  Nov, 
1865.  His  father  was  a  musician  and  actor. 
After  leading  the  orchestra  of  the  Adelphi,  the 
Strand,  and  Astley's  London,  he  came  in  1850 
to  N.Y.  as  leader  at  Burton's  Theatre.  He 
composed  and  arranged  the  music  for  the 
Winter's  Tale,  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  and 
other  Shaksperian  plays ;  also  for  the  Sea  of 
Ice,  and  furnished  many  other  compositions 
of  merit. 

Cooke,  Joseph  Platt,  delegate  to  the 
Old  Congress,  1784-8,  b.  Ct.,  1730  ;  d.  Danbu- 
ry,  Ct.,  1816.     Y.C.  1750. 

Cooke,  Nicholas,  gov.  of  R.I.,  b.  Provi- 
dence, Feb.  3,  1717  ;  d.  Sept.  14,  1782.  Dep. 
gov.  from  May  to  Oct,  1775;  gov,  of  R,I. 
from  Oct.  1775  until  May,  1778.  "  He  merited 
and  won  the  approbation  of  his  fellow-citizens, 
and  was  honored  with  the  friendship  and  con- 
fidence of  Washington:"  such  is  the  inscrip- 
tion upon  his  monument  in  Providence  bury- 
ing-ground. 

Cooke,  Parsons,  D.D.,  Cong,  clergyman 
and  writer,  b.  Hadley,  Ms.,  Feb.  18,  1800;  d. 
Lynn,  Ms.,  Feb.  12,  1864.  Wms.  Coll.  1822. 
He  studied  theology.  June  26,  1826,  he  was 
ord.  pastor  of  a  newly-organized  church  in 
Ware,  Ms.  ;  removed  to  Portsmouth  in  1836, 
and,  a  few  months  after,  became  pastor  of  the 
First  Church  at  Lynn,  remaining  there  until  he 
died.  In  1840,  he  edited  the  N.  E.  Puritan, 
and  subsequently  the  Boston  Recorder.  An 
active  controversialist,  he  pub.  in  1829  a  ser- 
mon on  "The  Exclusiveness  of  Unitarian- 
ism,"  and  was  constantly  in  controversy  with 
the  new-school  Calvinistic  Congregationalists, 
or  other  religious  denominations. 

Cooke,  Phillip  Pendleton,  poet,  son 
of  J.  R.  Cooke,  b.  Martinsburg,  Va.,  Oct.  26, 
1816;  d.  Jan.  20,  1850.  N.  J.  Coll.  1834. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1837.  He  pub.  several 
poems  in  the  Knickerbocker  Magazine,  contrib. 
to  the  Southern  Lit.  Messenger,  and  in  1847 
pub,  "Froissart  Ballads,  and  Other  Poems," 
At  the  time  of  his  death,  he  was  publishing 


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serially  "  The  Chevalier  Merlin,"  an  historical 
prose  poem.  His  best  pieces  are  the  short 
hrrics,"  Florence  Vane,"  "To  My  Daughter 
Lily,"  and  "  Rosa  Lee."  The  first  of  them  has 
been  translated  into  many  languages,  and 
taken  as  a  theme  for  music  by  celebrated  com- 
posers.—  Appkton's  Netv  Amer.  Cycl. 

Cooke,  Philip  St.  George,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Berkeley  Co.,  Va.,  1809.  West 
Point,  1827.  Adj.  6th  Inf.  at  battle  of  the 
Bad  Axe ;  capt.  May  31,  1835  ;  lieut.-col. 
com.  batt.  of  vols,  in  Mex.  war,  1846-7,  in 
Cal. ;  maj  2d  Drags.,  16  Feb.  1847  ;  brev.  licut  - 
col.  for  merit,  services  in  Cal.,  20  Feb.  1847; 
col.  2d  Drags.,  14  June,  18.58;  brig.-gen.  12 
Nov.  1861;  brev.  maj. -gen.  13  Mar.  1865; 
com.  and  disting.  in  conflict  svith  Apaches  in 
New  Mex.,  Apr.  8,  1854;  defeated  the  Co- 
manches  at  Cineguihis,  New  Mex.,  in  1855; 
com.  in  Kansas  during  the  troubles  there  in 
1856-7,  performing  that  delicate  duty  to  the  sat- 
isfaction of  all ;  took  part  in  the  Utah  cxped. ; 
com.  all  the  regular  cavalry  in  the  Potomac 
Army,  particularly  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown, 
and  battles  of  Williamsburg,  Gaines's  Mill,  and 
Glendale.  Author  of  "  Scenes  and  Adven- 
tures in  the  Army,"  Phila.,  1856. —  Cullum. 

Cook,  Russell  S.,  Cong,  clergyman,  b. 
N.  Marlboro',  Ms.,  March  6, 1811  ;  d'.  Pleasant 
Valley,  N.Y.,  Sept.  4,  1864.  He  studied  at 
the  Auburn  Theol.  Sem.,  and  was  settled  over 
the  church  at  Lanesboro',  Ms.,  in  1836-8. 
Losing  his  voice,  he  connected  himself  with 
the  Tract  Society,  of  which  he  was  a  sec. 
from  1839  to  1856.  Devoting  himself  to  the 
system  of  American  colportage,  he  was  instru- 
mental in  placing  religious  reading  in  almost 
every  dwelling  in  the  land,  still  further  aiding 
'he  objects  of  the  society  by  establishing  the 
American  Messenger  in  1843.  Visiting  Europe 
in  1853  and  in  1856,  he  succeeded  in  estab- 
lishing the  colporter  enterprise  in  Scotland.  — 
Appleton's  Ann.  Ci/clop.,  1864. 

Cook,  Thomas,  R.C.  bishop  of  Three 
Rivers,  Canada,  from  1852 ;  d.  Montreal,  30 
Apr.  1870,  a.  78. 

Cook,  W.  H.,  M.D.,  b.  N.Y.  Citv,  1832. 
Prof,  therap.  in  Phys.  Med.  Coll.,  O.  Au- 
thor of  "Treatise  on  Dysentery,"  1855; 
"Piinciples  and  Practice  of  Physio.  Med. 
Surgery,"  Cincin.,  8vo,  1857. 

Cookman,  George  G.,  Meth.  preacher,  b. 
Kingston-upon-Hull,  Eng.,  1800;  lost  at  sea 
March,  1841,  in  the  steamer  "President."  In 
1821,  he  cp.me  to  the  U.S.  on  business,  but 
obtained  a  license  to  preach  ;  went  to  Phila.  in 
1825,  and,  at  the  ensuing  session  of  the  Phila. 
conference,  was  adm.  into  the  travelling  con- 
nection. In  1833,  he  was  transferred  to  the 
Bait,  conference,  and  was  twice  chaplain  to 
Congress.  His  preaching  was  nervous  and 
elegant,  and  attracted  large  crowds.  A  vol.  of 
his  speeches  was  pub.  18mo,  by  the  Meth. 
B.C. 

Cooley,  Dr.  Abiel  a.,  inventor  of  fric- 
tion-matches;  d.  Hartford,  Ct.,Aug.  18,1858, 
a.  76.  He  was  also  the  inventor  of  one  of  the 
first  power-presses  in  use,  as  well  as  of  an  in- 
genious shingle-machine,  and  was  the  first  to 
apply  the  cam-movement  to  pumps. 

Cooley,   James    Ewing,   b.    Ms.,    1802. 


Pub.  "  The  American  in  Egypt,"  &c.,  in  1839- 
40,  8vo,  N.Y.,  1842. 

Cooley,  Thomas  M.,  jurist,  b.  Attica,  N.  Y., 

6  Jan.  1824.  Removed  to  Mich,  in  1843;  was 
adm.  to  the  bar  at  Adrian  in  1846,  where  he 
settled  permanently  in  1848.  In  1857,  he  was 
app.  to  compile  the  statutes  of  Mich.,  which 
were  pub.  in  2  vols.  Reporter  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  1858-64,  and  pub,  8  vols,  of  reports 
Jay  prof,  of  law  in  Mich.  U.  since  1850,  and 
since  1864,  a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
He  has  also  pub.  a  "  Digest  of  Mich.  Re 
ports,"  1866,  and  a  "  Treatise  on  Constitu 
tional  Limitations  of  the  Legis.  Power  of  the 
States,"  1868.  —  Lanman. 

Coolidge,  Carlos,  LL.D.  (Mid.  Coll. 
1849),  gov.  of  Vt,  1849-51,  b.  Windsor,  Vt., 
1792;  d.  there  Aug.  15,  1866.  Mid.  Coll. 
1811.  He  practised  law  in  Windsor  52  years; 
was  State  atty.  for  the  Co.  in  1831-6  ;  repre- 
sentative, 1834-7  and  1839-42;  speaker  in 
1836  and  1839-42  ;  and  senator,  1855-7. 

Coombe,  Thomas,  D.D.  (Dub.  U.  1781), 
Pr.-Ep.  divine  and  loyalist,  b.  Phila.,  1747  ;  d. 
London,  15  Aug.  1822.  Phila.  Coll.  1766. 
Ord.  by  the  bishop  of  London  in  1769.  App. 
chaplain  to  the  Marquis  of  Rockingham  in 
1771 ;  app.  assist,  min.  of  Christ  Church,  Phila., 
in  1772,  but  was  removed  for  his  Toryism; 
went  to  Eng.  in  1779;  became  chaplain-in-or- 
dinary to  the  king  in  1794  ;  prebendary  of  Can- 
terbury in  1800,  and,  in  1808,  rector  of  St. 
Michael's  Queenhithe.  Many  years  minister 
of  Curzon-st.  Chapel,  an  impressive  speaker, 
and  a  disting.  scholar.  He  pub.  sermons,  and 
"  The  Peasant  of  Auburn,"  a  poem,  1783. — 
Gents'  Mag.,  1822. 

Cooper,  Bexjamin,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b. 
N.  J.  ;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  June  1,  18.50,  a.  57. 
He  entered  the  service,  Jan.  16,  1809,  and 
served  with  distinction  under  Lawrence  in 
"  The  Hornet,"  in  the  action  with  "  The  Pea- 
cock," Feb.  24,  1813.  Lieut.  Dec.  9,  1814; 
master,  Apr.  24,  1828  ;  capt.  28  Feb.  1838. 

Cooper,  George  H.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
N.Y.,  July  27, 1821.  Midshipm.  Aug.  14,  1837 ; 
lieut.  May  8,  1851  ;  com.  July  16,  1862  ;  capt. 
Dec.  2,  1867.  He  served  in  the  Florida  war 
in  1837,  and  in  the  Mexican  war,  1846-7; 
present  at  Tabasco,  Alvarado,  and  Tuspan  ; 
com.  supply-steamer  "Massachusetts,"  1862; 
steamer  "  Mercedita,"  S  A.B.  squad.,  1863 ;  was 

7  weeks  in  com.  of  monitor  "Sangamon,"inside 
of  Charleston  Roads,  on  picket-duty,  constant- 
ly shelling  Fort  Sumter  and  the  batteries  on 
Sullivan's  Island;  stationed  at  Stono  Inlet, 
S.C.,  co-operating  with  the  army,  and  fre- 
quently engaged;  com.  steamer  "Sonoma," 
S.A.B.  squad.,  1863-4;  steamer  "  Glaucus," 
E.G.B.  squad.,  1864-5  ;  steamer  "  Winooskie," 
special  service,  1866-7. 

Cooper,  James,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Fred- 
erick Co.,  Md.,  Mav  8,  1810  ;  d.  Columbus,  O., 
Mar.  28,  1863.  Wash.  Coll.,  Pa.,  1831.  He 
studied  law  with  Thaddeus  Stevens ;  was  adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1834;  was  M.C.  in  1839-43,  and 
a  leading  advocate  of  the  tariflF  of  1842  ;  mem- 
ber of  the  State  legisl.  in  1843-6  and  1847, 
when  he  was  speaker,  introducing  and  carrying 
through,  after  a  violent  struggle,  measures  to 
relieve  the  credit  of  the  State,  then  on  the  verge 


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of  permanent  repudiation ;  travelled  in  Europe 
in  1847;  was  made  atty.-gen.  in  1848,  and  U.S. 
senator  from  1849  to  1855.  In  politics,  he 
was  a  Whig.  Authorized  in  1861  to  raise  a 
brigade  of  loyal  Marylanders,  he  was  app. 
brig. -gen.  May  11,  1861,  and  served  in  Va.  un- 
der Fremont. 

Cooper,  James  B.,  commander  U.S.N.,  b. 
Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  Mar.  6,  1753;  d.  Haddonfield, 
N.J.,  Feb.  5,  1854.  He  was  a  capt.  in  Lee's 
Legion  in  the  Revol.  War ;  was  at  Stony  Point 
and  Paulus  Hook,  Guilford  Court  House,  and 
Eutaw  Springs ;  was  a  sailing-master  in  the 
navy  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  served  through 
the  war;  lieut.  Apr.  22,  1822;  commander, 
Sept.  8,  1841. 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore,  novelist,  b. 
Burlington,  N.  J.,  15  Sept.  1789;  d.  Coopers- 
town,  N.Y.,  14  Sept.  1851.  Son  of  Judge 
Wm.  He  studied  at  Yale,  but  did  not  grad- 
uate, and  in  1811,  after  6  years'  service  in  the 
navy,  m.  a  Miss  De  Lancey,  and  settled  at 
Mamaroneck,  N.Y.  His  first  work,  "  Precau- 
tion," pub.  anonymously  in  1821,  was  followed 
by  "  The  Spy,"  "'The  Pioneer,"  1823,  and  "The 
Leather-stocking  Tales,"  which  gave  him  great 
popularity.  This  was  increased  by  his  sea- 
novels,  "'The  Pilot,"  "  Red  Rover,"  "  Water 
Witch,"  "  Two  Admirals,"  "  Wing  and 
Wing,"  &c.,  and  by  "  The  Bravo,"  "  Heidcn- 
maur,"  and  "  Headsman,"  pub.  during  a  visit 
to  Europe,  in  1826-33.  After  his  return,  he 
pub.  "  Letter  to  his  Countrymen,"  "  Home- 
ward Bound,"  and  "  Home  as  Found,"  which 
somewhat  lessened  his  popularity.  Besides  oth- 
er works  of  fiction,  he  wrote  a  "  History  of  the 
U.S.  Navy,"  2  vols.,  8vo ;  "Battle  of  Lake 
Erie,"  1843;  "  Lives  of  Amer.  Naval  Officers," 
2  vols.,  12mo;  6  vols,  of  "Gleanings  in  Eu- 
rope," "  Sketches  of  Switzerland,"  and  a  com- 
edy performed  at  Burton's  Theatre,  N.Y.,  in 
1 850.  The  latter  part  of  his  life  was  imbittercd 
by  quarrels  and  lawsuits  with  the  editorial  fra- 
ternity. His  later  productions  were  unworth}' 
the  high  fame  which  Mr.  Cooper  justly  de- 
served and  enjoyed. 

Cooper,  Myles,  LL.D.  (Oxf.  U.  1768), 
scholar  and  clergyman,  b.  Eng.,  1735;  d. 
Edinburgh,  May  I,  1785.  Oxford  U.  1760. 
Afterward  a  Fellow  of  Queen's  Coll.  In  1761, 
he  pub.  at  Oxford,  by  subscription,  a  vol.  of 
poems.  In  1762,  he  came  to  Amer.,  on  the 
nomination  of  Archbishop  Seeker,  as  assist. 
of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  pres.  of  Col.  Coll., 
whom  he  succeeded  in  that  office.  May,  1763. 
In  1771,  he  visited  Eng. ;  and  on  his  return  to 
N.Y.,  on  the  breaking-out  of  the  Revol., 
Cooper  was  active  on  the  Tory  side,  and  is 
said  to  have  had  a  hand  in  the  tract,  "  A 
Friendly  Address  to  all  Reasonable  Ameri- 
cans," &c.,  which  one  of  his  pupils,  young  Alex. 
Hamilton,  answered  with  signal  ability.  Be- 
coming exceedingly  obnoxious  to  the  Whigs, 
in  Apr.  1775  he  and  his  friends  received  a  sig- 
nificant hint  from  a  pub.  letter,  signed  "Three 
Millions,"  to  fly  for  their  lives.  On  the  night 
of  May  10,  after  destroying  the  guns  on  the  bat- 
tery, the  njub  proceeded  to  expel  him  from  the 
coll.  He  escaped  on  board  an  English  ship 
of  war,  in  which  he  sailed  to  Eng.  A  poem 
commemorating    this  event  was  pub.  by  him 


in  the  Gents*  Mag.  for  July,  1776.  Dec.  13; 
1776,  he  preached  a  sermon  before  the  U.  of 
Oxfoi'd,  "  On  the  Causes  of  the  Present  Rebel- 
lion in  Amer.,"  which  gave  rise  to  much  con- 
troversy between  the  Whig  and  Tory  parties 
of  the  day.  He  was,  until  his  decease,  one  of  the 
ministers  of  the  English  Chapel  in  Edinburgh. 
He  was  a  man  of  taste  and  learning;  advocated, 
in  an  "  Address  to  the  Episcopalians  of  Va.," 
the  app.  of  bishops  for  the  Colonies.  He  pub.  in 
1774  "The  Amer.  Querist." — Duifckinck. 

Cooper,  Peter,  a  benevolent  and  enter- 
prising manuf.,  b.  N.  Y.  City,  Feb.  12,  1791. 
His  maternal  grandfather,  John  Campbell,  was 
mayor  of  N.  Y.,  and  dep.  quarterm.-gen.  dur- 
ing the  Revol.  war.  His  father,  also  a  Revol. 
officer,  established  a  hat  manuf.,  in  which  Peter 
assisted  him.  He  afterward  learned  coach- 
making,  the  manuf.  of  cabinet-ware,  then  the 
grocery  business,  and  finally  engaged  in  the 
manuf.  of  glue  and  isinglass,  about  1828.  In 
1830,  he  erected  extensive  iron-works  at  Can- 
ton, near  Baltimore.  He  next  erected  a  roll- 
ing and  wire  mill  in  the  city  of  N.  Y.,  in  which 
he  first  successfully  applied  anthracite  to  the 
puddling  of  iron.  In  1845,  he  removed  the 
machinery  to  Trenton,  N.J.,  where  he  erected 
the  largest  rolling-mill  then  in  the  U.  S.  for 
the  manuf.  of  railroad-iron,  and  there  first 
rolled  wrought-iron  beams  for  fire-proof  build- 
ings. At  Baltimore,  he  built  the  first  locomo- 
tive-engine on  this  continent.  Pres.  of  the 
N.  Y.,  Newfoundland  and  London  Teleg.  Co..; 
pres.  of  the  Amer.  Teleg.  Co.,  and  of  the  N.  A. 
Teleg.  Assoc.  He  has  served  in  both  branches 
of  the  N.  Y.  common  council,  and  was  a  prom- 
inent advocate  of  the  construction  of  the  Cro- 
ton  aqueduct.  In  pursuance  of  his  great  object, 
the  education  and  elevation  of  the  industrial 
classes,  the  "  Union  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science  and  Art,"  commonly  called  the  Cooper 
Institute,  has  been  established  in  N.  Y.,  at  the 
intersection  of  3d  and  4th  Avenues,  at  a  cost 
of  over  $500,000,  devoted,  with  all  its  rents  and 
profits,  to  the  instruction  and  elevation  of  the 
working-classes  of  N.  Y.  It  includes  a  school 
of  design  for  females,  evening  courses  of  in- 
struction for  mechanics  and  apprentices  in  the 
application  of  the  sciences  to  the  business  of 
life,  a  free  reading-room,  galleries  of  art,  and 
collections  of  modern  inventions,  and  a  poly- 
technic seliool. 

Cooper,  Samuel,  D.D.  (U.  of  Edinburgh, 
1767),  an  eminent  divine  and  patriot,  b.  Bos- 
ton, Mar.  28,  1725;  d.  Dec.  29,  1783.  H.  U. 
1743.  Son  of  the  Rev.  William.  At  the  age 
of  20,  he  commenced  preaching  in  the  Brattle- 
st.  Church,  where  he  was  ord.  colleague  with 
Dr.  Colman,  May  21, 1746,  continuing  his  min- 
istry until  his  death.  He  took  an  early  and 
decided  part  in  the  politics  of  his  time.  In 
1754,  he  wrote  the  "Crisis,"  in  opposition  to 
the  "Excise  Act"  then  in  contemplation. 
From  the  time  of  the  Stamp  Act,  some  of  the  best 
political  pieces  in  the  Boston  Gazette  were  from 
his  pen.  The  letters  of  Gov.  Hutchinson  were 
sent  him  by  Dr.  Franklin,  with  an  injunction 
not  to  allow  their  publication.  He  placed  thera 
in  the  hands  of  a  friend,  whose  disregard  of 
the  prohibition,  though  a  breach  of  private  con- 
fidence involving  serious  consequences,  was  a 


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great  public  benefit.  Dr.  Cooper  was  a  mem- 
ber of  several  relij^ious  and  literary  societies, 
and  was  the  first  vice-pres.  of  the  Amer.  Acad, 
of  Arts  and  Sciences.  He  was  remarkable  in 
prayer,  in  the  taste  and  elegance  of  his  ser- 
mons, and  as  a  critic,  and  was  the  esteemed 
corresp.  of  many  disting.  Europeans. 

Cooper,  Gen.  Samuel,  jun.,  b.  N.  Y.,  ab. 
1796.  West  Point,  181.5.  Aide-de-camp  to 
Gen.  Macomb  from  May,  1828,  to  1836;  capt. 
11  June,  1836;  assist,  adj.-gen.  July  7,  1838; 
chief  of  staff  to  Col.  Worth  in  Florida  war, 
1841-2,  and  in  action  of  Pilaklikaha,  19  Apr. 
1842;  brev.  col.  "for  meritorious  conduct  in 
the  war  with  Mexico,"  May  30,  1848  ;  adj.-gen. 
of  the  army,  July  1.5,  1852 ;  resigned  March  7, 
1861,  and  app.  adj.-gen.  in  the  rebel  army, 
standing  first  in  its  list  of  generals.  Bro-in- 
law  of  J.  M.  Mason  of  Va.,  formerly  U.  S. 
senator.  Author  of  "Concise  System  of  In- 
struction for  the  Militia  and  Vols,  of  U.  S.," 
Phila.,  1836.— Cullum. 

Cooper,  Susan  Fenimore,  b.  1815,  eld- 
est dau.  of  the  novelist,  and  author  of  "  Rural 
Hours,"  18.50;  "llhyme  and  Reason  of  Coun- 
try Life,"  1854;  an  annotated  edition  of  an 
English  work,  the  "Journal  of  a  Naturalist," 
1852  ;  and,  in  1858,  a  beautiful  little  tribute  to 
the  character  of  Washington,  given  in  aid  of 
the  fund  for  the  purchase  of  Mt.  Vernon.  She 
has  also  contrib.  to  various  popular  periodi- 
cals. 

Cooper,  Thomas,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  natural 
philosopher,  politician,  and  author,  b.  London, 
Oct.  22,  1759;  d.  Columbia,  S.C,  May  11, 
1839.  Educated  at  Oxford,  he  afterward  stud- 
ied law  and  medicine ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar, 
and  travelled  a  circuit  for  a  few  years,  and, 
with  Watt  the  inventor,  was  sent  by  the  Democ. 
clubs  of  Eng.  to  those  of  France,  where  he 
sided  with  the  Girondists.  Called  to  account 
for  this  by  Mr.  Burke  in  the  house  of  com- 
mons. Cooper  replied  with  a  violent  pamphlet. 
While  in  France,  he  had  learned  to  make  chlo- 
rine from  common  salt;  and  he  became  a 
bleacher  and  calico-printer  in  Manchester,  but 
was  unsuccessful.  In  1795,  he  established  him- 
self as  a  lawyer  in  Pa.,  whither  his  friend  Priest- 
ley had  also  emigrated.  Uniting  himself  with 
the  Democrats,  he  violently  attacked  Pres.  Ad- 
ams in  a  newspaper  in  1799;  was  tried  for 
libel,  and  sentenced  to  6  months'  imprisonment 
and  a  fine  of  $400.  He  became  a  land  com- 
missioner in  1806,  and  overcame  the  ditficulties 
with  the  Ct.  claimants  in  Luzerne  Co.,  but, 
being  made  judge,  became  obnoxious  to  mem- 
bers of  his  own  party,  and  was  removed  in  1811, 
on  a  charge  of  arbitrary  conduct.  He  was  an 
efficient  supporter  of  the  administrations  of  Jef- 
ferson, Madison,  and  Monroe.  He  successively 
occupied  the  chair  of  chemistrv  in  Dick.  Coll., 
in  the  U.  of  Pa.,  and  in  Col  .'Coll.,  S.  C,  be- 
coming pres.  of  the  latter  in  1820,  discharging 
also  the  duties  of  prof,  of  chemistry  and  politi- 
cal economy.  On  his  retirement  in  1834,  he 
was  app.  to  revise  the  State  statutes,  4  vols,  of 
which  ho  had  completed  when  he  died.  He 
possessed  great  versatility  and  extensive  knowl- 
edge, displaying,  as  a  lecturer,  great  erudition, 
and  was  an  admirable  talker.  In  philosophy, 
he  was  a  materialist,  and  in   religion  a  free- 


thinker. In  the  nullification  contest,  he  was  an 
ultra  State-rights'  man.  He  pub.  "  Informa- 
tion Concerning  America,"  Lond.,  1794;  a 
collection  of  political  essays,  reprinted  from  a 
Phila.  newspaper  in  1800;  a  translation  of  the 
"Institutes  of  Justinian,"  1812;  a  work  on 
"  Med.  Jurisprudence,"  1819  ;  2  of  the  5  vols, 
of  "  Emporium  of  Arts  and  Sciences,"  Phila., 
1812-14;  "Lectures  on  the  Elements  of  Polit. 
Economv,"  Charleston,  1826;  "  Letters  on  the 
Slave  Trade,"  1787  ;  "  Tracts,  Ethical,  Theo- 
logical, and  Political,"  1790  ;  "  The  Bankrupt 
Law  of  America  compared  with  that  of  Eng.," 
Phila.,  8vo,  1801;  "Account  of  the  Trial  of 
Thomas  Cooper  of  Northumberland,"  1800; 
"Introd.  Lecture  at  Carlisle  Coll.,"  1812; 
"  Observations  on  the  Writings  of  Priestley ;  " 
two  Essays,  "  Foundation  of  Civil  Govt.,"  and 
"On  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.,"  1826; 
an  1  many  vigorous  polit.  pamphlets. 

Cooper,  ^Thomas  Apthorpe,  actor,  b. 
Lond.,  1776;  d.  Bristol,  Pa.,  Apr.  21,  1849. 
He  received  a  good  education ;  became  the 
ward  of  Ilolcroft  and  Wm.  Godwin  on  the  death 
of  his  ftither,  and  at  17  made  his  clelnit  upon 
the  stage  in  Stephen  Kcmble's  company  at  Edin- 
burgh. In  1795,  he  appeared  with  success  at 
Covent  Garden,  as  Hamlet  and  Macbeth,  and 
Dec.  9,  1796,  made  his  de1>ut  in  Phila.,  with 
Wignell's  company,  as  Hamlet.  Ho  soon  ob- 
tained a  considerable  reputation  as  a  tragedian, 
and  in  1802  returned  to  Eng.,  where,  for 
nearly  3  years,  he  was  one  of  the  chief  actors 
on  the  London  boards.  Returning  to  the  U.S. 
in  Nov.  1804,  he  soon  after  became  a  lessee  of 
the  N.Y.  theatre.  In  1810,  he  again  visited 
Eng.  He  continued  on  the  stage  until  late  in 
life,  App.  military  storekeeper  at  Frankford, 
Pa.,  in  1841,  by  Pres.  Tyler,  whose  son  m. 
Cooper's  dau.  He  was  some  years  insp.  to  the 
N.Y.  and  Phila.  custom-houses.  He  was  6  feet 
in  height,  and  possessed  a  remarkably  fine  per- 
son. 

Cooper,  William,  clergyman,  b.  Boston, 
1694;  d.  there  Dec.  13,  1743.  H.U.  1712. 
Ord.  23  May,  1716,  colleague  pastor  with  Mr. 
Colraan  of  Brattle  Street,  Boston,  where  he 
preached  till  his  death.  In  1737,  he  was 
chosen  pres.  of  H.U.,  but  declined  the  trust. 
He  excelled  in  prayer,  and  was  an  eminent 
preacher,  having  a  pleasing  voice  and  an  im- 
pressive elocution.  Author  of"  Predestination 
Explained  and  Vindicated,"  1740,  repub.  in 
1804,  and  a  number  of  sermons.  William 
his  son,  49  years  town-clerk  of  Boston,  and  an 
eminent  patriot  of  the  Revol.,  d.  Boston,  Nov. 
28,  1809,  a.  89. 

Coote,  Sir  Eyre,  a  British  gen. ;  d.  Dec. 
10,  1823,  a.  66.  Nephew  of  the  celebrated  Sir 
Eyre  Coote.  Ensign  37th  regt.  Apr.  15,  1774 ; 
lieut.  July,  1776  ;  capt.  Aug.  10, 1778;  ma j. 47th, 
Feb.  20,  1783;  col.  Jan.  21,  1796;  maj -gen. 
1798;  lieut.-gen.  1805;  gen.  June,  1814.  He 
served  at  the  battle  of  Brooklyn,  L.I.,  at  the 
reduction  of  Fort  Washington,  and  in  the 
expeds.  to  R.I.  and  the  Chesapeake,  the  battles 
of  Brandywine,  Germantown,  Monmouth,  and 
the  attack  on  Mud  Island.  He  was  present 
at  the  siege  of  Charleston,  the  campaign  in  Va., 
and  was  taken  at  Yorktown.  He  served  under 
Gen.  Grey  in  the  W.  Indies  in  1793-3;  was 


COI> 


219 


COR 


severely  wounded  in  the  Ostend  exped.  in  1798, 
and  served  under  Abcrcrornbie  in  Ejjypt.  On 
his  return  to  Eng.,  he  received  thanks  of  par- 
liament, the  order  of  the  Bath,  and  afterward 
the  Turkish  order  of  the  Crescent.  Lieut.- 
j^ov.  of  Jamaica,  1805-8.  Publicly  disgraced, 
and  deprived  of  all  rank,  in  consequence  of  an 
abominable  act  committed  in  one  of  the  chari- 
table institutions  of  England.  —  Philipart,  &c. 

Cope,  Thomas  Pym,  merchant,  b.  Lan- 
caster Co.,  Pa.,  Aug.  26,  1768;  d.  Phila.,  Nov. 
22,  1854.  Son  of  Caleb,  a  Quaker  of  Lancas- 
ter, Pa.,  who  protected  Andre  from  a  mob, 
while  a  prisoner  in  1775.  Said  to  be  maternal- 
ly descended  from  John  Pym.  He  entered  a 
counting-house  in  Phila.  in  1786;  began  on 
his  own  account  in  1790,  importing  his  own 
goods;  established  in  1821  the  first  line  of 
packets  between  Phila.  and  Liverpool,  and  ac- 
quired great  wealth.  He  was  active  in  allevi- 
ating the  small-pox  sufferers  in  1797  ;  was  a 
a  member  of  the  city  council  ab.  1800  ;  an  effi- 
cient member  of  the  committee  for  introducing 
water  into  the  city  ;  served  in  the  State  Icj^isl. 
in  1807,  and  in  the  State  Const.  Conv. ;  was 
prcs.  of  the  Board  of  Trade  and  the  Mercantile 
Library  Co.,  and  was  an  executor  of  Girard's 
will,  and  a  trustee  of  the  bank,  and  subse- 
quently a  director  of  the  Girard  Coll.  He  was 
also  an  efficient  worker  in  completing  the  Ches- 
apeake and  Del.  Canal,  and  in  securing  the 
construction  of  the  Pa.  Railroad.  Edwaru  D. 
Cope,  naturalist,  author  of  "  The  Origin  of 
Gejiera,"  "  Extinct  Batraehia  and  Reptilia 
of  N.A.,"  "  Our  Own  Birds  of  the  U.S.,'^  &c., 
is  a  grandson  ofThos.  P.,  and  son  of  Alfred. — 
See  Hunt's  Amer.  Merchants ;  Simpson. 

Copley,  John  Singleton,  painter,  b. 
Boston,  July  3,  1737  ;  d.  Lond.,  Sept.  9,  1813. 
Like  West,  he  was  self-taught ;  and  some  of  his 
pieces  executed  at  Boston,  and,  to  use  his  own 
words,  "  before  he  hud  seen  any  tolerable  pic- 
ture," were  unsurpassed  by  his  later  productions. 
After  acquiring  considerable  reputation,  par- 
ticularly by  his  portraits  (among  which  are 
those  of  Samuel  Adams,  Thos.  Hancock  and 
lady,  W.  W.  Boylston,  Judge  Tyng,  Judge 
Foster,  Mrs.  D.  Sargent,  &c.),  he,  in  1774,  pro- 
ceeded by  way  of  Eng.  to  Rome,  where  he 
arrived  in  Aug.,  and  returned  to  Lond.,  with 
the  intention  of  settling  there,  late  in  1775, 
where  he  was  joined  by  his  wife  and  children, 
and  devoted  himself  to  port,  painting.  He  was 
introduced  by  West  to  the  Roy.  Acad.,  of 
which  he  was  adm.  an  associate  in  1777.  His 
historical  paintings  soon  rendered  his  name 
famous,  and  procured  for  it,  in  1783,  the  hon- 
orable addition  of  R.  A.  His  first  and  most 
popular  composition  was  "  The  Death  of  the 
Earl  of  Chatham."  He  afterwards  produced 
"  Tlie  Death  of  Major  Pierson,"  "  The  Siege 
of  Gibraltar,"  "  The  Arrest  of  the  Five  Mem- 
bers, by  Charles  the  First,"  "  De  Winter's  De- 
feat by  Admiral  Duncan,"  and  sketched,  but 
left  unfinished,  a  picture  on  the  subject  of  Nel- 
son's fall  at  Trafalgar,  &c.  He  also  painted 
many  portraits,  his  last  work  being  a  portrait 
of  his  son,  Lord  Lyndhnrst.  He  m.  the  dan. 
of  Richard  Clarke,  one  of  the  consignees  of  the 
tea  destroyed  in  1773.  His  dau.  Elizab.  m. 
Gardiner  Greene  of  Boston,  d.  there  1  Feb. 


1866,  a.  95.  Copley  was  peculiar  both  in  man- 
ner and  dress.  As  an  artist,  his  chief  merit 
consists  in  his  coloring  and  drawing. 

Coppde,  Henry,  LL.D.  (U.  of  Pa.,  and 
Un.  Coll.,  1866),  author,  b.  Savannah,  Ga., 
Oct.  15,  1821.  West  Point,  1845.  He  was  at 
Y.C.  in  1836-7.  Was  3  years  a  student  of 
civil  engineering,  and  employed  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  Central  Railroad  from  Savan- 
nah to  Macon,  Ga.  He  served  through  the 
Mexican  war,  and  was  brev.  capt.  for  the  battles 
of  Contreras  and  Churubusco,  Aug.  20,  1847  ; 
resigned  30  June,  1855.  From  1848  to  1855, 
he  was  instructor  in  French,  and  assist,  prof, 
of  ethics  and  English  studies,  at  West  Point. 
Prof  of  belles-lettres  in  the  U.  of  Pa.,  1 855- 
66  ;  since  then  president  of  Lehigh  U.,  Bethle- 
hem, Pa.  Member  of  several  scientific  and 
historical  societies.  He  has  pub.  "  Elements 
of  Logic,"  1858;  "Elements  of  Rhetoric," 
1859;  "Select  Academic  Speaker,"  1861; 
"Field  Manual  of  Evolutions  of  the  Line," 
1861  ;  "  Field  Manual  of  Battalion  Drill," 
1861 ;  "Field  Manual  of  Courts-Martial,"  1863; 
"  Grant  and  his  Campaigns,"  1866;  a  transla- 
tion of  Marmont's  "Esprit  des  Institutions 
Mllitaires,"  1862;  he  has  edited  the  "  Gallery 
of  Famous  Poets,"  "  Songs  of  Praise,"  1866  ; 
"  Gallery  of  Famous  Poetesses,"  185U-60.  In 
1864-6,  he  edited  the  U.S.  Service  Magazine. — 
Dw/ckiiick. 

Copway,  George  (Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowk), 
an  Ojibway  chief.  Has  pub.  "  Acts  of  the  Apos- 
tles in  Ojibway  Lang.,"  1838  ;  "  The  Ojibway 
Conquest,"  1850;  "Life  and  Travels""  (by 
himself),  6th  ed.,  1847  ;  "  History  and  Sketches 
of  the  Ojibway  Nation,"  illustrated  by  Darley, 
1851,  and  "Organization  of  a  New  Indian 
Terr.,"  &c.,  1850. 

Coram,  Thomas,  a  philanthropic  English 
mariner,  0.  ab.  1667;  d.  London,- March  9, 
1751,  a.  84.  Having  been  master  of  a  mer- 
chant-vessel trading  to  the  American  Colonies, 
he  is  usually  styled  Capt.  Coram.  He  set- 
tled in  Taunton,  Ms.,  ab.  1692,  and  owned  a 
firm  on  the  river,  now  within  tlie  limits  of 
Berkeley,  where  he  constructed  vessels,  probably 
for  the  Newfoundland  fishery.  He  is  styled 
"  shipwright  of  Boston,"  in  Prov.  Laws,  act 
of  Apr.  16, 1701 .  He  left  in  1703,  and  gave  his 
farm  toward  erecting  an  Episcopal  church  in 
Taunton.  Tie  was  the  ])rojcctor  of  the  Found- 
ling Hospital,  in  promoting  the  cstablit^hment 
of  which  he  sednously  exerted  himself  during 
many  years,  till  he  had  procured  a  royal  char- 
ter for  the  institution.  He  also  promoted  the 
settlement  of  Ga.  and  Nova  Scotia;  and, 
through  his  advice,  a  bounty  was  given  on  naval 
stores  imported  from  the  Colonies.  After  he 
relinquished  his  profession,  his  lime  was  wholly 
employed  in  contriving  and  executing  various 
schemes  of  public  utility.  He  seems  to  have 
neglected  his  private  affairs  ;  and,  towards  the 
close  of  his  life,  a  subscription  was  raised  for 
his  support.  —  Drake's  Boylies's  New  Plj/m. 

Corbin,  Thomas  G.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Va., 
Aug.  13,  1820.  Midshipm.  May  15,  1838; 
lieut.  June  10,  1852;  com.  July  16,  1862; 
capt.  July  25,  1866.  Attached  to  steam  frig- 
ate "  Wabash,"  S.  Atl.  block,  squad.,  1861-3  ; 
at  the  capture  of  Forts  Beauregard  and  Walk- 


COR 


220 


COR 


er,  Port  Koyal,  Nov.  7,  1861  ;  com.  of  mid- 
shipra.  at  Naval  Acad.,  1863;  steamer  "Au- 
f,^usta,"  1864-5  ;  fleet-capt.  W.I.  squad.,  1865- 
6 ;  steam  sloop  "  Guerriere,"  flag-ship  S.A. 
squad.,  1868.  — ZTawers/y. 

Corcoran,  Michael,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b. 
Carrowkill  Co.,  Sligo,  Ireland,  Sept.  21,  1827  ; 
d.  Dec.  22,  186-3,  near  Fairfax  C  H.,  Va.  He 
came  to  America  in  1849,  obtained  a  clerkship 
in  the  N.Y.  City  post-office,  and  first  came  into 
public  notice  as  col.  of  the  69th  N.Y.  militia. 
On  the  call  for  troops,  April,  1861,  he  took  the 
field  with  his  com.,  and  disting.  himself  highly 
at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  run,  where  he  was 
wounded,  and  taken  prisoner.  He  was  confined 
successively  at  Richmond,  Charleston,  Colum- 
bia, Salisbury,  N.C.,  and  other  places.,  and  was 
one  of  the  officers  selected  for  execution,  had 
the  Federal  authorities  carried  out  their  threats 
of  punishing  the  crews  of  captured  Confederate 
privateers  as  pirates.  Exchanged  Aug.  15, 
1862,  he  was  made  brig.-gen.,  dating  from  July 
21,1861.  He  afterward  recruited  an  "Irish 
Legion,"  and  served  in  N.C.,  at  the  battles  of 
the  Nau.scmond  River  and  Suffolk,  in  April, 
1862,  and  checked  the  advance  of  the  enemy 
upon  Norfolk.  He  died  of  injuries  received  by 
a  fall  from  his  horse. 

Cordova,  Francisco  Fernandez  de, 
discoverer  of  Mexico;  d.  1518.  Feb.  8,  1517, 
this  navigator  sailed  from  Cuba  with  Juan  Ala- 
minas,  a  pilot  who  had  accomp.  Columbus  in 
his  fourth  voyage,  steered  for  the  continent,  and 
in  March  ranged  the  coast  of  Yucatan,  where 
he  lost  many  men  in  his  various  encounters 
with  the  natives.  It  appears  certain  that  Cor- 
dova left  two  of  his  companions  in  this  region; 
for  in  1518,  when  Grijaloa  explored  the  coun- 
try, he  was  informed  that  one  of  them  survived, 
but  was  unable  to  procure  his  release.  After 
exploring  the  coast,  and  remarking  the  grand 
monumental  structures  of  Yucatan,  he  was 
forced  by  a  tempest  to  abandon  its  shores.  He 
visited  Fia.  5  years  after  the  exped.  of  Ponce  De 
Leon,  and,  on  returning  to  Cuba,  d.  ten  days 
after  his  arrival,  of  wounds  received  from  the 
natives. 

Cordova,  Jose  M.,  a  Colombian  gen.,  b. 
Antoquia,  New  Granada,  1747  ;  killed  at  San- 
tuario,  Oct.  17,  1829.  The  son  of  a  rich  mer- 
chant of  the  Spanish  party,  Cordova,  on  the 
contrary,  when  15  years  of  age,  jomed  the  In- 
dependents. His  conduct  at  the  battle  of 
Boyaca,  Aug.  8,  1819,  gained  for  him,  from 
Bolivar  the  victor,  the  rank  of  col. ;  and  he  was 
charged  with  the  expulsion  of  the  royalists 
from  Antoquia.  This  duty  he  successfully  per- 
formed ;  and  his  first  care  was  to  levy  on  his 
father  the  sum  of  10,000  piastres.  His  exactions 
occasioned  his  recall,  and  he  disting.  himself 
anew  in  many  combats  on  the  banks  of  the 
Magdalina.  By  a  skilful  manoeuvre  he  captured 
a  Spanish  fleet  of  27  vessels  at  anchor  in  the 
port  of  TcnerifFe,  and,  after  a  bloody  battle, 
took  possession  of  the  town.  Named  general, 
Cordova  was  in  the  Colombian  division  left  by 
Bolivar  in  Peru.  Dec.  9,  1824,  Cordova  took 
the  greatest  share  in  the  victory  of  Ayacucho, 
and  he  was  named  gen.  of  division  on  the  field  of 
battle.  Covering  his  ambition  with  the  pre- 
text of  establishing  a  federal  govt.,  Cordova 


conspired  many  times  against  Bolivar,  and 
openly  revolted*  in  Aug.  1829,  but  found  few 
partisans.  Hunted  at  Santuario,  Oct.  17,  by 
the  united  forces  of  Andradu,  Ureta,  and 
O'Leary,  he  defended  himself  with  vigor,  but 
fell  at  length,  covered  with  wounds. 

Coreal  (ko-ra-al'),  Francisco,  a  Spanish 
traveller,  b.  Cartagena,  1648;  was  in  the  W. 
Indies  in  1666-97,  and  left  an  interesting  nar- 
rative, which  was  pub.  in  French  in  3  vols., 
1722. 

Corlet,  Elijah,  an  early  teacher  of  Cam- 
bridge, Ms.,  b.  Lond..  1611  ;  d.  Feb.  24,  1687. 
Oxford  U.  1627.  He  taught  the  grammar 
school  at  C.  46  years.  The  Society  for  the 
Propagation  of  the  Gospel  compensated  him  for 
preparing  Indian  scholars  for  the  university. 
N.  Walter  pub.  an  elegy  on  his  death,  in 
blank  verse. 

Cornbury,  Edward  Hyde,  lord,  gov.  of 
N.Y. ;  d.  Lond.,  Apr.  1,  1723.  Son  of  the  2d 
Earl  of  Clarendon,  and  one  of  the  first  of  the 
household  troops  to  go  over  to  the  Prince  of 
Orange.  In  return,  he  was  made  gov.  of  N. Y., 
where  he  arrived.  May  3,  1702.  He  was  ra- 
pacious and  bigoted  to  such  a  degree  as  to  have 
left  the  memory  of  the  worst  gov.  ever  app.  to 
the  Colony.  He  imprisoned  two  ministers  sent 
out  from  Lond.,  for  preaching  without  license. 
It  was  not  unusual  for  him  to  dress  in  women's 
costume,  and  then  patrol  the  fort  in  which  he 
resided.  He  earned  the  contempt,  as  well  as 
the  hatred,  of  the  colonists.  He  was  removed 
from  oflSce  in  1708,  when  his  creditors  had 
him  taken  into  custody,  but,  after  the  death 
of  his  father,  returned  to  Eng.,  and  succeeded 
to  the  earldom. 

Cornelius,  Elias,  D.D.,  educator  and 
missionary,  b.  Soraers,  N.Y.  1795;  d.  Hart- 
ford, Ct.,  Feb.  12,  1832.  Y.C.  1813.  His  father, 
surgeon's  mate  of  Col.  Angell's  regt.,  and  at 
one  time  an  inmate  of  the  "Jersey"  prison- 
ship,  d.  Somers,  N.Y.,  June  13,  1823,  a.  65. 
He  studied  theology,  and  in  1816  became  an 
agent  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  and  visited  the 
Cherokee  and  Chickasaw  Indians.  The  winter 
of  1818  was  spent  at  N.  Orleans  in  the  employ 
of  the  Missionary  Society  of  Ct.  Installed 
colleague  with  Dr.  Worcester  at  Salem  in 
July,  1819,  he  was  dismissed  in  Sept.  1826, 
having  been  app.  sec.  of  the  Amer.  Education 
Society.  In  Oct.  1831,  he  was  chosen  sec.  of 
the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  Contrib.  to  the  Quarterly 
Journal,  and  pub.  annual  reports  of  the  Educa- 
tion Society.  —  See  Memoir,  by  D.  B.  Edwards, 
1833. 

Cornell,  Gen.  Ezekiel.RcvoI.  officer  of 
Scituate,  R.I.  App.  in  1775  lieut-col.  of  Hitch- 
cock's regt. ;  present  at  the  siege  of  Boston ; 
dep.  adj.-gen.  Oct.  1,  1776,  and  subsequently 
brig.-gen.  and  com.  of  the  brigade  of  State 
troops  ;  in  service  3  years  and  3  mos. ;  disb. 
Mar.  16,  1780.  This  force  was  of  great  service 
in  protecting  the  State  during  the  British  oc- 
cupation. Member  of  the  Cont.  Congress, 
1780-3,  and  chairman  of  the  military  commit- 
tee. He  was  a  mechanic  before  the  war,  but  was 
self-educated,  and  established  a  valuable  library 
in  his  native  town. 

Cornell,  Wm.  Mason,  M.D.,  D.D.  (Jeff. 
Coll.  1864),  LL.D.  (West.  U.  1863),  b.  Berk©- 


COR 


221 


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ley,  Ms.,  16  Oct.  1802.  B.U.  1827.  Ord.  19 
Jan.  1830;  pastor  1st  Cong.  Church,  Wood- 
stock, Ct.,  1832-4,  and  of  the  Trinit.  Church, 
Quincy,  1834-9.  He  then  studied  medicine, 
and  since  1845  has  pract.  chiefly  in  Boston. 
Author  of  some  med.  treatises,  and  contrib.  to 
many  med.  and  relirrious  periodicals.  Editor  of 
the  Journal  of  Health,  1846-9.  He  now  edits 
Pastor  and  People,  and  Guardian  of  Health,  and 
is  preparing  a  medical  dictionary.  With  a 
feeble  constitution,  Dr.  C.  has  performed  a 
hirge  amount  of  literary  labor. 

Corning,  Erastus,  merchant,  and  M.C. 
1857-9,  1861-3,  and  1865-7;  b.  Norwich,  Ct., 
Dec.  14, 1794.  When  13  years  of  age,  he  went 
to  Troy,  and  entered  the  hardware  store  of  his 
uncle,  Benj.  Smith,  the  bulk  of  whose  property 
he  subsequently  inherited.  In  1814,  he  removed 
to  Albany,  where  he  established  the  well-known 
house  of  Erastus  Corning  &  Co.  Alderman 
of  theciry,  and  3  years  mayor.  He  was  also, 
for  several  years,  an  influential  railroad,  bank, 
and  Canal  Co.  pres.  ;  for  several  terms,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  legisl.  In  1863,  he  retired 
from  the  iron-business  with  a  fortune  of  5 
millions.  Member  of  the  peace  congress,  Mar. 
1861  ;  delegate  to  the  State  Const.  Conv.  1867. 

CornpIanter(  Garyan-wah-gah),  a  celebrat- 
ed Seneca  chief,  b.  Conewaugus  on  the  Gene- 
see River ;  d.  at  the  Seneca  Reservation,  Pa., 
Feb.  17, 1836,  a.  ab.  100.  He  was  a  half-breed, 
the  son  of  John  O'Bail,  an  Indian  trader. 
He  is  first  noticed  as  the  leader  of  a  war-party 
of  Senecas,  in  alliance  with  the  French  against 
the  English;  was  present  at  Braddock's  de- 
feat, and,  at  the  period  of  the  Revol.,  was  one 
of  those  who  spread  destruction  over  the  fron- 
tier settlements  in  N.Y.  and  the  Valley  of  Wy- 
oming. During  the  war,  he  was  the  most  in- 
veterate foe  of  America,  for  which  he  ever  after 
manifested  sincere  friendship.  He,  with  his  as- 
sociate. Red  Jacket,  was  for  many  years  the 
counsellor  and  protector  of  the  interests  of  his 
people.  He  made  great  efforts  to  stop  intem- 
perance in  his  nation,  and  was  the  first  and 
most  eloquent  temperance-lecturer  in  America. 
In  his  later  years,  he  cultivated  a  farm  on  the 
Alleghany  River. 

Cornwallis,  Charles,  Earl  and  Mar- 
quis, a  British  gen.,  b.  31  Dec.  1738;  d.  Gha- 
zepore,  India,  5  Oct.  1805.  Eldest  son  of  the 
first  earl,  before  whose  d.,  in  1762,  he  was  styled 
Lord  Broome.  Educated  at  Eton  and  Cam- 
bridge, he  was  a  capt.  in  the  army  at  the  age 
of  20 ;  was  aide-de-camp  to  Lord  Granby  in 
the  German  campaign  of  1761,  and,  though  an 
aide-de-camp  and  favorite  of  the  king,  opposed 
in  the  house  of  lords  the  measures  which 
caused  the  Amer.  war.  Notwithstanding  this, 
he  accepted  a  com.,  and,  as  maj.-gen.,  took  part 
in  the  exped.  under  Sir  Peter  Parker,  which 
attacked  Charleston  in  June,  1776,  and  which 
failed  in  consequence  of  the  gallant  defence  of 
Fort  Moultrie.  In  Aug.,  he  com.  the  reserve 
of  Howe's  army,  which  drove  the  Americans 
from  L.I.,  and  through  the  Jerseys,  but  was 
outgeneralled  by  Washington  at  Trenton.  He 
displayed  great  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Bran- 
dywine,  and  com.  the  detachment  which  took 
possession  of  Phila.,  24  Sept.  1777;  shortly 
after  which  he  returned  to  Eng.,  and  on  his 


examination  before  the  house  of  commons, 
respecting  the  conduct  of  Gen.  Howe,  testified 
strongly  in  his  favor.  He  was  present  at  the 
capture  of  Charleston  in  May,  1780  ;  was  made 
com.  of  the  dist.  of  S.C  ;  defeated  Gen.  Gates 
at  Camden,  16  Aug.  1780  ;  gained  an  unimpor- 
tant advantage  over  Gen.  Greene  at  Guilford, 
15  Mar.  1781 ;  and  having  invaded  Va.,  and  oc- 
cupied Yorktown,  his  embarkation  thence  was 
prevented  by  the  fleet  of  DeGrasse,  and  he  was 
compelled  to  surrender  hisarmy  of  about  8,000 
men  to  the  combined  forces  of  Washington 
and  Rochambeau,  19  Oct.  1781,  virtually  end- 
ing the  war.  He  was  the  ablest  and  most  en- 
ergetic of  the  British  gens,  employed  in  the 
Revol.  war.  He  endeavored  to  place  the  blame 
of  his  capture  on  Sir  H.  Clinton,  who  repelled 
the  charge;  and  Cornwallis  pnb.  an  "Answer" 
to  Clinton's  strictures  upon  his  conduct.  App. 
in  1786  gov.  gen.  and  com. -in-chief  in  India. 
In  the  war  with  Tippoo  Saib,  he  took  Bunga- 
lorc  in  1791 ;  was  victorious  at  Seringapatam  in 
1792,  and  compelled  as  the  price  of  peace  the 
cession  of  half  his  domains.  Returning  to 
Eng.  in  1793,  he  was  made  a  marquis,  and 
master-gen.  of  the  ordnance.  Lord-lieut.  of  Ire- 
land in  1798,  he  pacified  the  rebels  by  a  mod- 
erate policy,  negotiated  the  treaty  of  Amiens 
in  1802,  and  in  1805  was  again  app.  gov.-gen. 
of  India.  Napoleon  said  of  him,  "  He  had  tal- 
ent, great  probity,  sincerity,  and  never  broke 
his  word.  He  was  the  first  to  impress  upon 
me  a  favorable  opinion  of  Englishmen.*' 
Without  brilliant  talents,  his  enterprise,  perse- 
verance, alacrity,  and  caution  made  him  a  suc- 
cessful general. 

Coronado  (ko-ro-nah'-do),  Francesco 
Vasquez  de,  an  early  explorer  of  N.  Mexico; 
d.  1542.  The  oxped.  of  Marco  de  Niza,  in  1539, 
strengthened  the  belief  in  the  existence  of  treas- 
ure among  the  Indian  tribes  north  of  Fla. ;  and 
a  second  exped.  was  fitted  out  under  Coronado, 
which  left  Culiacan  on  the  Pacific  coast,  in 
April,  1540.  Passing  through  what  is  now 
Sonora,  and  crossing  the  Gila,  he  reached  the 
little  Colorado,  and  visited  the  famed  cities  of 
Cibola,  but  found  the  reports  of  their  wealth 
untrue.  He  found  there  "very  excellent  good 
stone  houses  3,  4,  or  5  stories  high,  wherein 
are  good  lodgings  and  fair  chambers,  with  lad- 
ders instead  of  stairs."  Drawings  of  these 
cities  and  houses  were  sent  to  Spain  with  hi." 
report.  The  people  all  wore  mantles  of  cotton  ; 
and  cotton  yarn  was  found  in  their  houses. 
They  reached  the  city  of  Quivera,  the  ruins  of 
which  are  ab.  170  miles  N.E.  of  El  Paso.  On 
his  way  back,  in  March,  1542,  Coronado  fell 
from  his  horse  at  Tiguex,  near  the  Rio  Grande, 
"  and,"  says  the  narrative,  "  with  the  fall  fell 
out  his  wits,  and  he  became  mad."  The  nar- 
rative of  this  exped.  furnishes  the  first  authen- 
tic account  of  the  buffalo  and  the  great  prairies 
and  plains  of  N.  Mexico. 

Correa  da  Serra,  Abbe  Joseph  Fran- 
cis, LL.D.  (IT.  U.  1823),  Portuguese  botanist, 
and  minister-plenipo.  to  the  U.  S.,  1816-21,  b. 
Serpa,  1750  ;  d.  Caldas,  11  Sept.  1823.  Chosen 
perpetual  sec.  of  the  Acad,  of  Sciences  of  Lis- 
bon ab.  1780.  He  studied  at  Rome  and  Na- 
ples, and,  after  residing  11  years  at  Paris,  came 
in  1813  to  the  U.  S.  to  prosecute  researches  in 


COR 


222 


COR 


natural  history.  Ab.  1814,  he  supplied  the  place 
of  Mr.  Barton  as  prof,  of  botany  in  Phila.  Pie 
pub.  several  botanical  papers,  —  one,  on  tlie  soil 
of  Ky.,  in  Am.  Philos.  Trans,  i.,  new  series. 

Corse,  John  M.,  brig.-gen.  vols.  (11  Aug. 
1863.)  Col.  6th  la.  vols.,  disting.  at  Chicka- 
manga.  In  Oct.  1864,  he  defended  Alatoona 
with  success  against  a  superior  force  of  Con- 
federates, and  com.a  division  of  Sherman's  army 
in  its  march  through  Ga.  and  the  Carolinas. 

Corse,  Montgomery  D.,  brig.-gen.  C.S.  A., 
b.  Alex.,  D.C.,  14  Mar.  1816.  Capt.  in  Mex. 
war.  Engaged  in  banking  at  Alex,  when  the 
war  broke  out.  Maj.  and  afterwards  col.  17th 
Va.  regt. ;  brig.-gen.  1  Nov.  1862.  Woundod 
at  second  Bull  Run,  Boonsboro',  and  Antie- 
tam  ;  afterward  com.  a  brigade  in  Pickett's  div. 
in  the  cxpcd.  against  Knoxville,  and  captured 
at  Sailor's  Creek,  Va.,  in  Apr.  1865.  Con- 
fined some  months  at  Fort  Warren. 

Cortereal,  Gaspard,  a  Portuguese  navi- 
gator, b.  Lisbon;  d.  1.501.  In  the  year  1500, 
this  intrepid  navigator,  by  appointment  of  the 
King  of  Portugnl,  left  the  mouth  of  the  Tagus 
with  2  ships,  well  equipped,  and  at  his  own  cost, 
and  proceeded  as  far  as  the  regions  since  known 
by  the  name  of  Canada.  He  reached  60°  north, 
and  imposetl  upon  many  places  purely  Portu- 
guese names,  such  as  Labrador.  Sebastian  Ca- 
bot had  visited  thesecoasts  in  1497,  but  he  did 
not  land  upon  them.  After  his  return  from  this 
voyage,  he  again  left  Lisbon  for  the  arctic  re- 
gions, May  15, 1501,  but  never  returned  ;  and  an 
exped.  sent  by  King  Emanuel  in  1503  found 
no  traces  of  him.  In  this  last  voyage,  he  seized 
and  carried  off  57  natives,  most  of  whom  were 
lost  in  his  ship.  The  other  ship  mached  Lis- 
bon in  Oct.  1501.  His  father,  John  Vaz 
Costa  Cortkreal,  a  gentleman  of  the  house- 
hold of  Alphonso  V.  of  Portui^al,  is  said  to 
have  discovered  Newfoundland  ab.  1463. 

Cortes  (kor'tdz),  Hernando,  conqueror 
of  Mexico,  b.  MedcUin,  Estremadura,  1485  ;  d. 
near  Seville,  Dec.  2,  1547.  He  left  the  U.  of 
Salamanca  in  1501,  and  was  bred  to  the  legal 
profession,  which  he  quitted  for  military  life. 
In  1504,  he  went  to  the  W.  Indies;  was  re- 
ceived with  favor  by  the  gov.  of  Hispaniola ; 
was  employed  under  Diego  Velasquez  in  paci- 
fying a  revolt,  and  received  from  his  country- 
man Ovando  a  riparthniento  of  Indians,  and  a 
notarial  office  in  Azuna.  He  held  successively 
several  appointments,  and  in  1511  accomp.  Ve- 
lasquez to  subdue  and  colonize  Cuba.  He  af- 
terwards held  the  office  of  alcalde  of  Santiago 
in  the  new  colony.  He  received  from  Velas- 
quez, gov.  of  Cuba,  the  com.  of  a  fleet  sent  on 
a  voyage  of  discovery.  Nov.  18, 1518,  with  10 
small  vessels  and  600  Spaniards,  he  left  San- 
tiago, and  arrived  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  where 
he  burnt  his  ships,  that  his  soldiers  might  have 
no  other  resource  than  their  own  valor.  He 
first  landed  on  the  shores  of  Mexico,  in  the 
province  of  Tabasco,  Mar.  4,  1519.  The  na- 
tives were  greatly  terrified  by  the  movable  for- 
tresses in  which  they  came,  the  iron  which  cov- 
ered them,  the  horses  on  which  they  were 
mounted,  and  the  noise  of  the  cannon.  Having 
conquered  the  TIascalans,  and  induced  them  to 
become  his  allies,  Cortes  entered  the  city  of 
Mexico,    Nov.  8,  1519,  and  was  received  by 


Montezuma,  the  sovereign  of  the  country,  as  his 
master,  and  was  regarded  by  the  natives  as  a 
god,  and  a  child  of  the  sun.  By  allying  him- 
self to  those  caciques  who  were  inimical  to 
Montezuma,  employing  force  or  stratagem  with 
others,  he  obtained  possession  of  a  great  por- 
tion of  the  country.  A  chieftain,  acting  under 
secret  orders  from  Montezuma,  having  attacked 
the  Spaniards,  Cortes  repaired  to  the  imperial 
palace,  had  the  com.  and  his  officers  burnt 
alive,  and  forced  the  emperor,  while  in  chains, 
publicly  to  acknowledge  the  sovereignty  of 
Charles  V.  To  this  homage  he  a-^lded  a  pres- 
ent of  a  large  quantity  of  pure  gold  and  a  num- 
ber of  precious  stones.  Meantime,  the  jealousy 
of  Velasquez  was  so  aroused  by  the  deeds  of 
his  representative,  that  he  sent  an  army  against 
him  under  Narvaez.  Re-enforced  by  fresh  troops 
from  Spain,  Cortes  advanced  to  meet  them, 
was  victorious,  and,  uniting  the  vanquished 
troops  with  his  own,  again  made  war  with  the 
Mexicans,  who  had  revolted  aj:ainst  Monte- 
zuma, whom  they  accused  of  treachery.  Mon- 
tezuma having,  in  the  attempt  to  restore  tran- 
quillity, fallen  a  victim  to  the  rage  of  the  mul- 
titude, his  nephew  and  son-in-law,  Guatimozin, 
succeeded  him,  and  successfully  resisted  the 
Spaniards  for  three  months,  but  could  not  with- 
stand their  artillery.  Cortes  again  entered 
Mexico;  and  Guatimozin,  with  many  of  his 
nobles,  was  executed  in  1521,  after  he  had  un- 
dergone horrid  tortures  to  compel  him  to  dis- 
close the  place  where  his  treasure  was  con- 
cealed. Commissioners  having  been  sent  to 
inspect  and  control  his  measures  by  the  court 
of  Madrid,  which  had  become  jealous  of  the 
power  of  Cortes,  who  had  some  time  before  been 
app.  capt.-gen.  and  gov.  of  Mexico,  his  property 
was  seized,  his  dependents  were  imprisoned; 
and  in  1528  he  returned  to  Spain.  His  recep- 
tion was  flattering,  and  he  returned  to  Mexico 
in  1530,  with  an  increase  of  titles,  but  a  dimi- 
nution of  power.  The  civil  administration 
was  in  charge  of  a  viceroy ;  and  Cortes,  with  the 
military  command,  had  the  privilege  of  pros- 
ecuting his  discoveries.  Dissension  ensued ; 
and  though,  in  1536,  he  discovered  the  Peninsula 
of  California,  many  of  his  plans  were  frustrated, 
and  his  life  imbittered  ;  and  on  his  final  re- 
turn to  Spain,  in  1540,  he  was  received  coldly, 
and  neglected.  Once,  having  forced  his  way 
through  a  crowd  round  the  carringe  of  the 
king,  Charles  coldly  inquired  who  he  was.  "  I 
am  a  man,"  replied  Cortes,  "  who  has  gained 
you  more  provinces  than  your  father  left  you 
towns."  His  "  Letters  and  Despatches,"  transl. 
by  George  Folsom,  were  pub.  8vo.,  N.  Y.,  1843. 
Corwin,  Thomas,  statesman,  b.  Bourbon 
Co.,  Ky.,  July  29,  1794;  d.  Washington,  D.C., 
Dec.  18,  1865.  His  father,  Matthias,  many 
vears  a  member  of  the  O.  legisl.,  removed  with 
liis  family  to  O.  in  1798,  and  settled  near  Leb- 
anon, Warren  Co.  Thomas  was  reared  on  a 
farm,  had  few  opportunities  for  education,  early 
exhibited  a  talent  for  oratory,  was  in  May,  1818, 
adm.  to  the  bar,  and  at  once  took  high  rank. 
His  eloquence  was  unrivalled.  Member  of  the 
State  legisl.  in  1822-9  ;  M.  C.  1831-40.  Dur- 
ing the  administrations  of  Jackson  and  Van 
Buren  he  uniformly  sided  with  the  Whigs.  In 
1836  and   1840,  he  supported  Gen.  Harrison. 


COS 


223 


COXJ 


Whig  candidate  for  gov.  of  Ohio  in  1840,  he 
made  speeches  in  almost  every  county  of  the 
State,  and  contributed  more  than  any  other 
person  to  swell  Harrison's  majority.  Gov. 
1841-2;  U.  S.  senator  1845-50.  His  speech 
on  the  Mexican  war  is  one  of  his  ablest  efforts. 
Sec.  U.  S.  treas.  July,  1850-Mar.  1853  ;  M.  C. 
1859-61  ;  app.  minister  to  Mexico  in  1861, 
but  came  home  on  the  arrival  of  Maximillian. 
—  See  Life  and  Speeches,  ed.  by  Isaac  Strohm, 
1859. 

Cosby,  William,  gov.  of  N.  Y.  from  1731 
till  his  d.,  Mar.  7,  1 736.  He  hud  been  previously 
gov.  of  Minorca  and  of  the  Leeward  Islands, 
and  a  col.  in  the  army.  His  administration 
was  turbulent  and  unpopular.  He  app.  Dc- 
lancy,  a  man  bf  intrigue,  his  successor;  held  in 
contempt  the  elective  I'ranchise;  and  continued 
the  same  assembly  6  years,  without  permitting 
its  dissolution. 

Costa  da,  Claddio  Mangel,  a  Brazilian 
poet,  b.  1729;  d.  1789.  Educated  at  Coimbra, 
he  returned  to  Brazil,  and  wrote  "  Villarica," 
and  other  poems  of  merit. 

Cottineau,  Denis  Nicholas,  capt.  in  the 
Revol.  navy  of  the  U.  S.,  b.  Nantes,  France; 
d.  Savannah,  Ga.,  Nov.  29,  1808,  a.  62.  For- 
merly a  licut.  in  the  French  navy,  and  a  knight 
of  the  order  of  St.  Louis ;  com.  "  The  Pallas  " 
in  the  battle  of  Paul  Jones  with  the  British 
squadron  under  Sir  R.  Pearson. 

Cotton,  John,  one  of  the  first  ministers  of 
Boston,  b.  Derby,  Eng.,  Dec.  4,  1585  ;  d.  Bos- 
ton, Dec.  23,  1652.  He  entered  Trin.  Coll.  at 
13  ;  afterward  removed  to  Emanuel  Coll.,  and 
became  a  lecturer  and  tutor  there.  Ab.  1612, 
he  became  vicar  of  St.  Botolph's  Church,  Bos- 
ton, Lincolnshire,  where  for  more  than  20  years 
he  was  a  noted  preacher  and  controversialist, 
inclining  toward  the  Puritan  worship.  Cited 
to  appear  before  Archbishop  Laud  for  not 
kneeling  at  the  sacrament,  he  fled  to  London, 
and  thence  to  America,  landing  in  Boston, Sept. 
4,  1633.  Oct.  17,  he  was  ord.  colleague  with 
Mr.  Wilson,  and  teacher  of  the  Boston  Church. 
For  19  years,  he  was  so  influential  as  to  have 
been  called  the  patriarch  of  New  England.  In 
1642,  he  was  invited,  together  with  Hooker  and 
Davenport,  to  assist  the  assembly  of  divines  at 
Westminster,  and  was  in  favor  of  accepting 
the  invitation,  but  was  dissuaded  by  Hooker, 
who  was  himself  forming  a  system  of  church 
govt,  for  New  England.  His  death  was  brought 
on  by  exposure  in  crossing  the  ferry  to  Cam- 
brige,  where  he  was  going  to  preach.  He  was 
a  man  of  learning,  a  critic  in  Greek,  wrote 
Latin  with  elegance,  and  could  discourse  in  He- 
brew. Simple  and  plain  in  his  discourses,  he 
was  exceedingly  effective  in  exciting  attention 
to  religion.  His  publications  were  numerous, 
mostly  sermons  and  controversial  works,  the 
most  important  being  his  controversy  with 
Roger  Williams,  and  his  "Power of  the  Keys," 
on  the  nature  of  church  government.  He  de- 
fended, against  Roger  VVilliams,  the  interfer- 
ence of  the  civil  power  in  religious  affairs  for 
the  support  of  truth.  A  monumental  tablet, 
with  a  Latin  inscription  by  Edward  Everett, 
was  erected  in  St.  Botolph's  Church,  Boston, 
Eng.,  in  1857,  in  his  honor,  chiefly  by  contri- 
butions from  his  descendants  in  JBoston.     A 


memoir,  by  John  Norton,  with  notes  by  Prof. 
Enoch  Pond,  was  pub.  Boston,  1834.  His  son 
Seaborn  (H.  C.  1651)  was  minister  of  Hamp- 
ton, N.H.,  1660-86. 

Cotton,  John,  b.  Boston,  Mar.  13,  1640; 
d.  Charleston,  S.C,  Sept.  18,  1699.  Minister 
of  Plymouth,  Ms.,  from  June  30,  1669,  to  Oct. 
5,  1697;  of  Martha's  Vineyard  from  1664  to 
1667;  and  of  Charleston,  S.C,  in  1698-9. 
H.  U.  1657.  Son  of  the  preceding.  Eminent 
for  his  knowledge  of  the  Indian  language.  He 
rendered  great  assistance  to  Thos.  May  hew  at 
Martha's  Vineyard;  frequently  preaclied  to  the 
aborigines  while  at  Plymouth;  and  revised  and 
corrected  Eliot's  Indian  Bible,  printed  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1685.  His  sons,  John,  Roland,  and 
Theophilus,  were  ministers. 

Cotton,  Jos  I  All,  judge,  and  preacher  to  the 
Indians,  b.  Plymouth,  Jan.  8,  1680;  d.  Aug. 
19, 1756.  H.  U.  1698.  Grandson  of  Rev.  John 
Cotton.  He  studied  theology,  taught  school 
in  Marblehead  and  Plymouth,  and,  though  not 
ord.  over  any  church,  preached  occasionally  for 
several  years.  He  also  gave  his  attention  to 
agriculrure,  having  a  good  farm  in  the  north 
part  of  Plymouth.  Having  acquired  consider- 
able knowledge  of  the  Indian  language,  he  vis- 
ited various  tribes  in  Plymouth  Colony  as  a  mis- 
sionary during  nearly  40  years.  He  was  also 
clerk  of  the  County  Court,  register  of  probate, 
and  j  ustice  of  the  peace.  He  prepared  a  vocabu- 
lary of  the  language  of  the  Ms.  Indians,  pub.  in 
Ms.  Hist.  Colls.,  vol.  ii.,  3d  series. 

Couch,  Darius  Nash,  maj.-gen.  vols., 
b.  Putnam  Co.,  N.Y.,  July  23,  1822.  West 
Point,  1846.  Entering  the  4th  Artillery,  ho 
served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  was  brev.  for  gal- 
lantry at  Buena  Vista,  Feb.  1847,  and  became 
1st  lieut.  Dec.  1847.  He  was  afterward  in  com. 
at  Key  West  barracks ;  aided  in  suppressing  the 
last  outbreak  of  the  Seminoles,  and  in  1853 
made  a  scientilic  tour  in  Mexico,  pub.  under 
the  title  of  "Notes  of  Travel."  In  1855,  he  re- 
signed, and  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  in 
N.  Y.  City,  but  in  1859  removed  to  Taunton, 
Ms.  June  15,  1861,  he  became  col.  7th  Ms. 
regt.,  and  in  Aug.  brig.-gen.,  dating  from  May 
17.  On  the  re-organization  of  the  Potomac  Ar- 
my, he  was  assigned  the  com.  of  a  division  in 
the  corps  of  Gen.  Keyes,  with  which  he  greatly 
disting.  himself  at  the  battles  of  Fair  Oaks, 
Williamsburg,  and  Malvern  Hills.  Promoted 
to  maj.-gen.  July  4,  1862,  he  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Antietam,  in  Franklin's  corps,  and 
was  soon  after  put  in  com.  of  the  2d  (late  Sum- 
ner's) army  corps.  He  took  a  prominent  part 
in  Burnside's  operations  at  Fredericksburg, 
Hooker's  at  Chancellorsville ;  com.  dept.  of  the 
Susquehannah,  June,  1863-Dec.  1864;  com.  2d 
div.  23d  corps  in  the  defeat  of  Hood  near  Nash- 
ville, and  also  in  the  operations  in  N.C.  in  Feb. 
1865.  Pres.  of  a  Va.  mining  and  manuf.  co. 
since  1867. —  Culluin. 

Court  de  Gebelin  (koordeh  zhab'-lan'), 
Antoine,  a  French  author,  b.  Nismes,  1725  ;  d. 
Paris,  May  10,  1784.  A  preacher  in  early  life, 
he  established  himself  in  Paris  in  1763,  and,  be- 
tween 1775  and  1784,  pub.  9  vols,  of  his  great 
work,  "  Le  Monde  Primitif."  He  sympathized 
deeply  with  the  American  struggle  for  inde- 
pendence, and  co-operated  with  Franklin  and 


COXJ 


224 


cox 


others  in  the  publication  of  a  work  advocating 
the  American  cause,  entitled  "Affaires  de  VAn- 
gleterre  et  de  VAinerique,"  15  vols.,  1776,  et.  seq. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  defence  of  animal  mag- 
netism, and  of  a  variety  of  works,  historical, 
philosophical,  and  political. 

Courtenay,  Edward  H.,  LL.D.  (H.  Sid. 
Coll.  1846),  mathematician,  b.  Md.,  1803;  d. 
Charlotteville,  Va.,21  Dec.  1853.  West  Point 
(1st  in  chiss),  1821.  Teacher  and  prof,  of  math, 
and  exper.  philos.  therefrom  1828  to  31  Dec. 
1834;  prof,  of  math.  U.  of  Pa.,  1834-6,  and  at 
U.  of  Va.,  1842-53.  Engr.  in  construct,  of  Ft. 
Independence,  Boston  Harbor,  1837-41  ;  cliief- 
engr.  of  dry  dock,  Brooklyn  navy -yard,  1841-2. 
Author  of  "  Elem.  Treatise  on  Mechanics," 
from  the  French  of  Boucharlat,  1833;  and 
"  Treatise  on  Differential  and  Integral  Calcu- 
lus, and  Calculus  of  Variations,"  1855.  A.M. 
U.  of  Pa.,  1854. 

Covington,  Leonard,  brig. -gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Aquasco,  Prince  George  Co.,  Md.,  Oct.  30, 
1768;  d.  French  Mills,  Nov.  14,1813.  Mar. 
14, 1792,  he  obtained  from  Washington  the  com. 
of  licut.  of  dragoons ;  joined  the  army  under 
Gen.  Wayne  ;  disting.  himselfat  Fort  Recovery 
and  the  battle  of  Miami ;  was  honorably  men- 
tioned in  Wayne's  official  report ;  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  capt.  in  July,  1794,  and  retired 
to  the  pursuits  of  agriculture.  Many  years  a 
member  of  the  legist,  of  Md. ;  was  M.C.  from 
1805  to  1807  ;  was  app.  in  1809  lieut.-col.  of 
a  rcgt.  of  cav. ;  in  Aug.  181 3,  he  was  app.  brig.- 
gen.,  and  ordered  to  the  northern  frontier.  At 
the  battle  of  Chrystler's  Fields,  he  received  a 
mortal  wound,  and  died  2  days  after.  He  had 
the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  best  officers 
in  the  service. 

Covode,  John,  M.C.  from  Pa.,  1855-63 
and  1867-9,  b.  Westmoreland  Co.,  Pa.,  17  Mar. 
1808;  d.  Harrisburg,  11  Jan.  1871.  He  was 
a  farmer,  and  was  extensively  engaged  in  coal- 
mining. Chairman  of  a  special  committee  of 
36th  Congress  to  investigate  certain  charges 
against  Prcs.  Buchanan  ;  and  his  "Report," 
pub.  by  Congress,  attracted  much  attention  at 
the  time. 

Cowdery,  Dr.  Jonathan,  senior  surgeon 
U.  S.  N.,  b  Sandisfield,  Ms.,  Apr.  22,  1767  ;  d. 
Norfolk,  Va.,  Nov.  20,  1852.  App.  assist, 
surg.,  Jan.  1,  1800;  surgeon,  Nov.  27,  1804. 
He  served  in  the  frigate  "  Philadelphia,"  which 
was  stranded  on  the  coast  of  Tripoli,  Oct.  31, 
1803,  and  was  a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  the 
Turks  nearly  2  years.  In  1806,  he  pub.  a 
journal  of  this  captivity. 

Cowell,  Benjamin,  b.  Wrentham,  Ms., 
1782  ;  d.  Providence,  R.I.,  May  6, 1860.  B.U. 
1803.  He  settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Prov.  ;  was 
clerk  of  the  federal  courts,  and  for  a  time  chief- 
justice  C.C.P.  He  pub.  in  1850  a  vol.  of  Revol. 
history,  entitled  "  The  Spirit  of  '76." 

Cowell,  Joseph,  comedian,  b.  Kent,  Eng., 
Aug.  7,  1792;  d.  Lond.,  Nov.  14,  1863.  He 
made  his  delmt,  Jan.  23,  1812,  at  Daven- 
port, Eng.  First  app.  in  the  U.S.  as  Le  Clair 
in  "Foundling  of  the  Forest"  at  the  Park, 
N.Y.,  in  Oct.  1821.  Kate  Bateman  is  a  grand- 
daughter. Author  of  "  30  Years  among  the 
Players  of  Eng.  and  Amer.,"  8vo,  N.Y.  1844. 

Coxe,  Arthur  Cleveland,  D.D.,  Prot.- 


Epis.  bishop  of  Western  N.Y.  Son  of  Rev. 
S.  H.  Coxe,  b.  Mendham,  N.J.,  May  10, 1818. 
U.  of  N.Y.  1838.  He  took  orders  in  1841; 
became  rector  of  St.  John's,  Hartford,  Ct., 
1842,  and  was  settled  successively  at  Morris- 
ania,  Hartford,  and  Baltimore,  where  he  was 
rector  of  Grace  Church  in  1854-64,  and  Jan.  4, 
1865,  was  consec.  at  Geneva  bishop  of  West- 
ern N.Y.  He  has  written  "  Christian  Bal- 
lads," a  vol.  of  religious  poems,  N.Y.,  1840  ; 
"  Saul,  a  Mystery,  and  Other  Poems,"  1845  ; 
a  vol.  of  travels  in  England,  1856;  a  coll.  of 
sermons,  1855 ;  "Halloween  and  Other  Poems," 
1844;  "Advent,  a  Mystery,  a  Dramatic 
Poem,"  1837  ;  "  Athwold,  a  Romaunt,"  1838  ; 
"  Saint  Jonathan,  the  Lay  of  a  Scald,"  1838; 
"  Athanasion,  and  Other  Poems,"  1842; 
"  Thoughts  on  the  Services."  He  visited  Eng. 
ill  1851.  While  at  Baltimore,  he  nobly  main- 
tained the  cause  of  the  Union,  against  great 
and  bitter  opposition,  during  the  Rebellion. 

Cox,  Jacob  Dolson,  maj.-gen.  vols,,  b. 
Montreal,  Canada,  Oct.  27,  1828.  His  mother 
was  a  lineal  descendant  of  Elder  William 
Brewster.  His  parents  resided  in  N.Y.  City, 
where  the  son  studied  law  for  some  time,  after- 
ward spending  3  years  at  Oberlin  Coll.,  O., 
and  was  adrn.  to  the  bar  in  1852.  He  practised 
at  Warren,  O.,  until  elected  State  senator  in 
1859.  In  Apr.  1861,  he  was  made  brig.- 
gen.  State  nnlitia,  and  placed  in  com.  of  a 
camp  of  instruction.     Brig.-gen.  of  vols.,  May 

15,  1861,  he  com.  in  the  Kanawha  Valley,  and 
soon  drove  out  Gen.  Wise,  and  took  Gauley 
Bridge.  He  remained  in  com.  of  this  dept. 
except  for  a  short  time,  when  Gen.  Rosccrans 
was  over  him,  until  Aug.  1862,  when  he  was 
assigned  to  the  Army  of  Va.  under  Gen.  Pope. 
Oct.  6,  1862,  he  was  ordered  to  the  district  of 
the  Kanawha  ;  com.  the  9th  army  corps  after 
the  death  of  Gen.  Reno ;  at  South  Mountain, 
Sept.  14,  1862,  and,  3  days  after,  Antietam. 
Placed  in  com.  of  the  district  of  Ohio,  Apr. 

16,  1863,  and  of  a  division  of  the  23d  army 
corps,  he  served  in  the  Atlanta  campaign  of 
1864,  and  was  in  the  battles  of  Franklin  and 
Nashville,  Tenn.  Maj.-gen.  for  these  disting. 
services  from  Dec.  7,  1864.  Li  Mar.  1865, 
after  fighting  a  battle  at  Kinston,  N.C,  he 
joined  Sherman's  army.  Gov.  of  0.,  1866-8  ; 
sec.  of  the  interior,  1869  to  Nov.  1870. 

Cox,  James,  b.  Monmouth  Co.,N.J.,  1753; 
d.  there  Sept.  12,  1810.  Several  years  mem- 
ber of  the  legisl.  and  speaker  of  the  assembly  ; 
com.  a  company  of  militia  at  Germantown 
and  Monmouth,  and  was  subsequently  a  brig.- 
gen.  of  militia;  M.C.  1809-10. 

Coxe,  John  RiiDM.\N,  M.D.,  b.  Trenton, 
N.J.,  1773  ;  d.  Phila.,  Mar.  22, 1864.  He  stud- 
ied medicine  under  Dr.  Rush,  and  at  London, 
Paris,  and  Edinburgh.  Settled  in  Phila.  in 
1796  ;  was  port-physician  in  1798,  during  the 
yellow-fever  visitation  ;  was  for  several  years  a 
physician  of  the  Pa.  hospital  and  of  the  Phila. 
dispensatory;  prof,  of  chemistry  in  the  U.  of 
Pa.  in  1809-18,  and  prof,  of  materia  medica 
from  1818  to  1835.  He  first  introduced  vac- 
cination in  Phila.  Dr.  Coxe  never  had  a  sick 
day,  and  d.,  aged  91,  without  any  appreciable 
disease.  He  pub.  "On  Inflammation,"  8vo, 
1794;  "Importance,  &c.,  of  Medicine,"  Svo, 


cox 


225 


CIEIJ^ 


1800;  "Vaccination,"  8vo,  1800;  "Combus- 
tion, &c.,"  8vo,  I81I ;  "  Anier.  Dispensatory," 
Svo,  1827  ;  "  liefut.  of  Harvey's  Claim  to  the 
Discov.  of  the  Circulation  of  the  Blood,"  Svo, 
1834;  "Female  Biography;"  "  Recog.  of 
Friends  in  Another  World,"  1845,  12mo. 
Edited  Phila.  Med.  Museum,  6  vols.,  8vo,  1805, 
new  series,  1811;  ^^  Emporium  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,"  5  vols.,  8vo,  1812. 

Cox,  Lemuel,  an  eminent  mechanic,  b. 
Boston,  Ms.,  1736;  d.  Charlcstown,  Ms.,  Feb. 
18,  1806.  Near  the  close  of  1775,  he  was  in 
prison  at  Ipswich  for  his  attachment  to  the 
cause  of  the  crown.  Mr.  Felt,  in  his  "  Annals 
of  Salem,"  supposes  him  to  have  been  the  per- 
son who  was  the  chief  architect  of  Essex  bridge 
in  1788,  and  who  subsequently  constructed 
bridges  in  Eng.  and  Ireland.  "  In  1796,"  says 
Mr,  Felt,  "  he  had  a  grant  of  1,000  acres  of 
land  in  Me.,  from  our  legisl.,  for  being  the  first 
inventor  of  a  machine  to  cut  card-wire,  the 
first  projector  of  a  powder-mill  in  Ms.,  the  first 
suggester  of  employing  prisoners  on  Castle  Is- 
land to  make  nails,  and  for  various  other  dis- 
coveries in  mechanical  arts."  The  celebrated 
bridge  at  Waterford,  Ireland,  was  in  1793  built 
under  his  direction  and  superintendence.  He 
also  built  bridges  from  Salem  to  Beverly,  and 
over  the  Mystic  River  to  Maiden.  —  Sabine ; 
Bradford. 

Coxe,  Margaret,  b.  Burlington,  N.J. 
Pub.  "  Claims  of  the  Country  on  Amer.  Fe- 
males," 2  vols.,  12mo,  Columbus,  1842;  "Bot- 
any of  the  Scriptures  ;  "  "  Wonders  of  the 
Deep ; "  "  Young  Ladies'  Companion  and  To- 
ken," 12mo. — Allibone. 

Cox,  Samuel  Hanson,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
Presb.  divine,  b.  Leesville,  N.J.,  Aug.  25,  1793. 
Commenced  the  study  of  law  in  1811,  afterward 
studied  theology,  and  was  ord.  by  the  N.J. 
Presbytery,  July  1,  1817.  From  1820  to  1833, 
he  had  charge  of  the  Spring-st.  Church,  N.Y  ; 
prof,  of  sacred  rhetoric  at  Auburn,  N.Y.,  from 
1834  to  May,  1837,  and  from  that  time  until 
1854,  when  obliged  by  the  failure  of  his  voice 
to  give  up  his  charge,  pastor  of  the  First  Presb. 
Church  in  Brooklyn.  Having  sympathized 
with,  and  aided  in  founding  the  Antislavery 
Society,  he  was  one  of  the  sufferers  by  a  mob, 
and  had  his  house  and  church  sacked,  July  10, 
1834.  He  successively  advocated  abolition, 
temperance,  colonization,  and  New  School  Pres- 
byterianism,  and  the  Evangelical  Alliance,  and 
r.vnks  high  as  a  writer  and  preacher.  He  has 
been  frequently  a  delegate  to  the  religious  anni- 
versaries in  London.  Author  of  "  Quakerism 
not  Christianity,"  "  Interviews,  Memorable 
and  Useful,  from  the  Diary  of  Memory,"  N.Y., 
1853,  and  other  publications.  Father  of  Bishop 
A.  C.  Coxe. 

Cox,  Samuel  Sullivan  ("  Sunset"  Cox), 
b.  Zanesville,  0.  Brown  U.  1846.  He  became 
a  lawyer  and  an  editor  in  O. ;  was  sec.  of  le- 
gation to  Peru  in  1855;  M.C.  1857-65  and 
1869-71,  and  is  an  occasional  lecturer.  Au- 
thor of  "  The  Buckeye  Abroad,"  N  Y.,  1852  ; 
"  Eight  Years  in  Congress,"  1865,  and  "  Search 
for  Winter  Sunbeams." 

Coxe,  Tench,  writer  on  political  economy, 
b.  Phila.,  May  22, 1755  ;  d.  there  July  17, 1824. 
His  great-grandfather.  Dr.   Daniel    Coxe    of 
15 


Lond.,  was  the  proprietor  of  West  New  Jersey 
and  of  Carolina,  between  the  31st  and  36th 
parallels  of  N.  latitude.  He  had  been  physi- 
cian to  Queen  Anne,  and  was  a  gov.  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital  in  London.  In  1698, 
he  sent  2  ships  and  several  hundred  colonists 
to  settle  this  territory,  which  were  the  first  ships 
to  enter  the  Mpi.  from  the  sea.  The  colonists 
were,  however,  by  French  machinations,  divert- 
ed from  their  purpose,  and  settled  in  S.C.  His 
son.  Col.  Daniel,  inherited  his  interests;  came 
over  in  1702 ;  resided  at  Burlington,  and  then 
at  Trenton,  N.J. ;  filled  important  stations  in 
that  province ;  was  speaker  of  the  assembly  in 
1716;  judge  of  the  Sup.  Ct.  1734-9,  and  wrote 
"  A  Description  of  the  Province  of  Carolina," 
8vo,  Lond.,  1722;  "Collect,  of  Voyages  and 
Travels,"  Svo,  1741  ;  d.  Trenton,  May,  1739. 
Tench  was  educated  at  the  Phila.  Coll. ;  became 
a  partner  in  business  with  his  father,  Wm.,  in 
May,  1776;  was  a  commissioner  to  the  Federal 
convention  at  Annapolis,  in  1786;  member  of 
the  Cont.  Congress  in  1788  ;  assist,  sec.  of  the 
treas.  May,  1790  ;  commissioner  of  the  revenue 
May,  1792,  and  purveyor  of  the  public  supplies 
from  1803  to  1812.  He  devoted  his  life  to  the 
encouragement  of  our  manufactures.  His  sym- 
pathies appeared  to  be  on  the  side  of  the  crown 
during  the  Revol.  He  pub.  "  A  Brief  Exam- 
ination of  Lord  Sheffield's  Observations  on  the 
Commerce  of  the  U.S.,"  1792;  "A  View  of 
the  U.S.,"  1794,  and  "  A  Statement  of  the  Arts 
and  Manufiictures  of  the  U.S.  for  1810,"  1814 ; 
"An  Address  on  American  Manufactures," 
"  An  Inquiry  into  the  Principles  of  a  Commer- 
cial System  for  the  U.S.,"  1787;  "Thoughts 
on  the  Naval  Power,  and  the  Encouragement 
of  Commerce  and  Manufactures,"  1806; 
"Memoir  on  the  Cultivation,  Trade,  and 
Manufacture  of  Cotton,"  1807;  "On  the 
Navigation  Act,"  1809.  — AS/m/Json. 

Cox,  William,  author,  b.  Eng. ;  d.  there 
ab.  1851.  He  came  to  the  U.S.  in  early  life; 
was  a  printer ;  was  employed  in  the  N.  1.  Mir- 
ror, to  which  he  was  a  contrib.,  and  pub. 
"  Crayon  Sketches,"  2  vols.,  1833. 

Cozzens,  Frederick  Swart wout,  au- 
thor, b.  N.Y.,  March  5,  1818;  d.  Brooklyn, 
Dec.  23,  1869.  He  was  educated  in  his  native 
city.  In  1853,  he  coll.  a  series  of  articles  con- 
trib. to  the  Knickerbocker  Magazine,  in  a  vol. 
entitled  "  Prismatics,"  by  Richard  Hayward. 
In  1856,  he  pub.  the  "  Sparrowgrass  Papers." 
A  leading  wine-merchant,  he  pub.,  in  connec- 
tion with  his  business,  a  periodical  entitled  the 
"  Wine  Press,"  for  which,  as  well  as  for  other 
publications,  he  wrote  interesting  essays  on 
grape-culture.  In  1858,  he  attended  the  copy- 
right congress  of  Brussels,  as  delegate  of  the 
N.Y.  Publishers'  Association.  Author  of 
"  Acadia ;  or,  A  Sojourn  among  the  Blue- 
noses,"  12mo,  1858;  "Stone  House  on  the 
Susquehanna;"  "Memorial  of  Fitzgreene  Hal- 
leck,"  1868. 

Cozzens,  Issachar,  uncle  of  F.  S.,  b. 
Newport,  ii.I.,  1781.  Pub.  "  Geological  His- 
tory of  N.Y.  Island,"  N.Y.,  Svo,  1843. 

Crabbe,  Thomas,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Md.  Midshipm.  Nov.  15,  1809;  lieut.  Feb.  4, 
1815  ;  com.  Mar.  3,  1835 ;  capt.  Sept.  8,  1841 ; 
commo.  July  16,  1862;  rear-adm.  retired  list, 


CR^ 


226 


CRJ^ 


July  25, 1866.  Engaged  in  attack  by  gunboats 
on  3  British  frigates  in  Hampton  Roads,  June 
20,1813;  also  in  repelling  attack  on  Craney 
Island,  June  22, 1813  ;  com.  sloop  of  war"  Van- 
dalia,"  W.I.  squadron,  1837;  and,  during  the 
Seminole  war,  had  charge  of  Fort  Brooke,Tam- 
pa  Bay,  Jan.  28  to  May  17,  1837  ;  com.  frigate 
"  Brandy  wine,"  Brazil  squad.,  1841  ;  steam- 
sloop  "  San  Jacinto,"  Medit.  squad.,  1852-3  ; 
com.  squad,  coast  of  Africa,  1855-7  ;  prize 
commis..  East.  Dist.  Pa.,  1864-5.  —  Hamerslfj. 

Cradock,  Matthew;  first  gov.  of  the  Ms. 
Company  (18  Mar.  1628),an  opulent  Lond.  mer- 
chant; d.  May  27, 1641.  "He was,"  Hutchin- 
son says,  "  more  forward  in  advancing  out  of  his 
substance  than  any  other,  being  generally  the 
highest  in  all  subscriptions,"  and  at  his  decease 
left  a  large  claim  upon  the  Colony.  He  con- 
tinued many  years  to  carry  on  a  trade  in  the 
Colony  by  his  servants;  but  he  never  came  over. 
To  him  is  due  the  important  measure  of  trans- 
ferring the  govt,  from  the  Lond.  company  to 
the  inhabitants  here,  a  measure  pregnant  with 
independence.  He  was  a  member  of  the  cele- 
brated Long  Parliament  from  the  city  of 
London,  in  1640. — N.E.  H.  and  Geneal.  Reg., 
viii.  27. 

Cradock,  Thomas,  rector  of  St.  Thomas's 
Church,  Baltimore  Co.,  Md. ;  d.  1760.  He 
preached  a  sermon  in  1753,  before  the  gov.  and 
assembly,  on  the  irregularities  of  the  clergy. 
In  1756,  he  pub.  a  version  of  the  Psalms,  in 
heroic  measure. 

Crafts,  Samuel  Chandler,  jurist  and 
statesman,  b.  Woodstock,  Ct.,  Oct.  6,  1768; 
d.  Craftsbury,  Vt.,  Nov.  19,  1853.  H.U.  1790. 
His  father,  CoL  Ebenezer  Crafts,  founded  Lei- 
cester Acad.;  settled  in  Vt.  in  1790;  d.  1810, 
a.  70.  Y.C.  1759.  The  son  was  town-clerk 
of  Craftsbury,  1792-1829;  youngest  delegate  to 
the  State  Const.  Conv.  in  1793;  was  several 
years  a  representative,  and  clerk  of  the  house 
in  1798  and  1799;  register  of  probate  for  the 
Orleans  dist.  from  1796  to  1815;  member  of 
the  exec,  council  from  1809  to  1812  and  from 
1825  to  1827  ;  a  judge  of  Orleans  county  court 
from  1800  to  1816,  being  pres.  judge  for  the 
last  six  years,  and  from  1825  to  1828;  and 
clerk  of  the  court  from  1836  to  1838;  M.  C. 
1817-25  ;  gov.  1829-32;  was  pres.  of  the  Const. 
Conv.  in  1829,  and  in  1842  was  app.  a  U.S.  sena- 
tor. M.A.  of  the  U.  of  Vermont,  1809.  In 
June,  1802,  while  there  were  but  a  few  log- 
huts  on  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Cincin- 
nati, he  commenced  a  tour  of  observation  to 
the  Lower  Mpi.,  and,  in  company  with  Mi- 
chaux  the  younger,  made  a  botanical  recon- 
noissance  of  the  Valley  of  the  Great  West  in 
canoes  and  arks. 

Crafts,  William,  lawyer  and  author,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C,  Jan.  24,  1787;  d.  Lebanon 
Springs,  N.Y.,  Sept.  23, 1826.  H.U.  1805.  He 
was  a  successful  practitioner,  and  an  eloquent 
advocate  of  Charleston,  especially  in  criminal 
cases,  and  was  several  years  a  member  of  the 
State  legisl.  As  editor  of  the  Charleston  Courier 
he  contrib.  many  essays,  suggested  by  topics 
of  the  day.  He  delivered  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
address  at  Cambridge,  1817,  and  wrote  a  few 
poems ;  the  "  Sea  Serpent,"  or  "  Gloucester 
Hoax."  a  drama  in  3  acts,  and  contribs.  to  the 


"  Omnium  Botherum,"  a  serial  devoted  to 
local  satire.  A  selection  from  his  writings, 
including  some  of  his  orations,  was  pub.  at 
Charleston  in  1828,  with  a  memoir,  by  Rev. 
Samuel  Oilman. 

Cragin,  Aaron  H.,  senator,  b.  Weston, 
Vt.,  3  Feb.  1821.  Lawyer;  member  N  H. 
legisl.  1852-5;  M.C.  1857-61;  U.S.  senator 
1865-71  ;  re-elected  in  1870. 

Craig,  Henry  Knox,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U. 
S.A.,  b.  Pa. ;  son  of  Isaac,  a  maj.  in  the  Revol. 
war,  by  a  dau.  of  Gen.  John  Neville.  Lieut, 
art.  Mar.  17,  1812  ;  engaged  in  the  occupation 
of  Fort  George,  and  night  assault  at  Stony 
Creek,  U.C. ;  capt.  Dec.  1813 ;  brev.  maj.  Dec. 
23,  1823;  maj.  of  ordnance,  May  30,  1832; 
disting.  in  battles  of  Palo  Alto  and  La  Palma ; 
brev.  lieut.-col.  "for  Monterey,  Mex.,"  Sept. 
23,  1846;  lieut.-col.  Mar.  25,  1848;  col.  of  ord- 
nance, July  10,  1851;  retired,  June  1,  1863; 
brev.  brig.-gen.  Mar.  13,  1865. — Gardner. 

Craig,  James,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Pa.  ab. 
1820.  He  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar;  removed  to  Mo.,  and  settled  at  St. 
Joseph's ;  was  a  member  of  the  State  legisl.  in 
1846-7;  served  in  the  Mex.  war,  and  was  a 
capt.  Mo.  mounted  rifles  from  Aug.  1847  to 
Nov.  1848;  circuit-atty.  12th  judicial  circuit. 
Mo.,  from  1852  to  1856;  Democratic  M.C.  in 
1857-61  ;  app.  a  brig.-gen.  of  vols.  Mar.  21, 
1862,  and  employed  in  the  West. 

Craig,  Sir  James  Henry,  a  British  gen., 
b.  Gibraltar,  1749;  d.  Jan.  12,  1812.  luisign 
in  1763;  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Boyd  at  Gibral- 
tar in  1770;  in  1771,  capt.  47th  Foot,  with 
which  he  went  to  America  in  1774;  was  in 
the  battle  of  Lexington ;  severely  wounded  at 
Bunker's  Hill,  again  at  Hubbardton,  and  a 
third  time  at  Freeman's  Farm,  Sept.  19,  1777. 
Included  in  the  convention  at  Saratoga,  sent 
to  Eng.  with  despatches,  and  app.  maj.  82d, 
Dec.  1777.  He  was  engaged  in  the  operations 
on  the  Penobscot  in  1779;  was  ordered  to  the 
South;  in  Jan.  1781  occupied  Wilmington, 
N.C.,  whicli  he  abandoned  when  Cornwallis 
surrendered  in  Nov.  1781,  when  he  held  the 
rank  of  lieut.-col.  He  saw  much  active  ser- 
vice, usually  in  com.  of  light  troops,  and  was 
an  officer  of  merit.  As  a  maj.-gen.  he  com. 
the  exped.  against  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in 
1795,  and  in  1797  the  successful  exped.  against 
Manilla.  Lieut.-gen.  Jan.  1801.  With  Sir 
John  Stuart,  he  led  the  army  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean to  Sicily  in  1805.  App.  com.-in-chief 
of  Canada  in  Aug.  1807,  he  proved  wholly 
unfit  for  a  civil  station.  He  saw  in  every  op- 
ponent of  his  policy  a  disaffected  rebel,  seized 
liberal  presses,  suppressed  opposition,  and  em- 
ployed spies.  He  returned  to  Eng.,  June  19, 
1811. 

Craig,  Col.  Thomas,  RevoL  oflScer;  d. 
Lehigh  Co.,  Pa.,  Jan.  14, 1832,  a.  92.  Made 
capt.  in  St.  Clair's  batt.  Jan.  5,  1776;  maj. 
Sept.  7,  1776;  col.  3d  Pa.  rcgt.  1777. 

Craighill,  William  P.,  maj.  engr.  corps 
U.S.A.,  b.  Va.  West  Point,  1853.  Entering 
the  engr.  corps,  he  became  capt.  3  Mar.  1 863 ; 
brev.  lieut.-col.  13  Mar.  1865,  for  services  in 
defence  of  Cumberland  Gap;  maj.  23  Nov. 
1865.  He  was  engaged  some  years  in  the  con- 
struction and   repairs  of  Southern   forts  and 


CRA. 


227 


CRA. 


harbors  ;  was  assist,  prof,  of  engineering  at 
West  Point,  1859-63;  chief  engr.  of  Gen.  G. 
W.  Morgan's  div.,  June-Oct.  1862,  and  of 
dept.  of  the  Monongahela,  June-Aug.  1863; 
assist,  engr.  in  construction  of  defences  of  Bait, 
harbor,  Sept.,  1863-June,  1864;  chief  engr. 
middle  dept.  and  8th  army  corps,  Apr.-June, 
1864.  Compiler  of  "Army  Officer's  Pocket 
Companion,"  1861  ;  translator  of  Dufour's 
"  Cours  de  Tactiques,"  1863,  and,  jointly  with 
Capt.  Mendell,  of  Jomini's  "  Pr€cis  de  I  'Art  de 
la  Guerre,"  1862. —  Cu/lum. 

Craik,  James,  M.D.,  physician,  b.  Scot- 
land, 1731  ;  d.  Fairfax  Co.,  Va.,  Feb.  6,  1814. 
Educated  for  the  medical  service  of  the  British 
army,  he  came  to  Va.  in  early  life ;  was  with 
Washington  in  the  exped.  against  the  French 
and  Indians,  in  1754,  and  the  next  year  was  in 
Braddocks  fatal  campaign.  In  1775,  by  the 
aid  of  Washington,  he  was  transferred  to  the 
medical  dept.  of  the  army,  and  rose  to  the  first 
rank  and  distinction.  In  1777,  he  was  active 
in  unveiling  the  conspiracy  to  remove  the 
commander-in-chief.  In  1781,  he  was  director 
of  the  hospital  at  Yorktown.  After  the  Revol., 
Craik  settled  near  Mount  Vernon,  and  attended 
Washington  in  his  last  illness. 

Cralle,  Richard  K.,  author,  b.  S.C.  ;  d. 
Va.,  10  June,  1864.  Relativeof  J.  C.  Calhoun, 
and  his  amanuensis  while  sec.  of  State,  and 
pub.  an  edition  of  his  works  in  6  vols.,  with  a 
memoir.  Previously  an  editor  in  Washing- 
ton and  a  Sweden  bo  rgian  clergyman.  Author 
of  some  New  Church  publications. 

Cranch,  Christopher  Pearse,  artist 
and  poet,  son  of  Judge  C,  b.  Alexandria, 
D  C,  March  8,  1813.  Col.  Coll.  1831.  He 
studied  divinity  3  years  at  H.U.,  but,  in  1842, 
devoted  himself  to  landscape-painting  in  N.Y. 
May  25,  1840,  he  delivered  a  poem  at  the  200th 
anniv.  of  the  town  of  Quincy.  In  1847-8,  he 
visited  Italy;  went  again  to  Europe  in  1853, 
and  resided  some  years  in  Paris.  During  his 
10  years'  absence,  he  executed  many  admira- 
ble landscapes.  Since  his  return,  he  has  re- 
sided in  N.Y.  and  at  Fishkill,  and  has  painted 
views  of  Venice,  some  fruit-pieces,  and  other 
compositions.  He  was  one  of  the  contribs.  to 
the  Dial,  in  which  were  pub.  some  of  his  best 
poems.  In  1854,  a  vol.  of  his  poems  appeared 
at  Piiila.  He  has  also  pub.  two  stories,  "  The 
Last  of  the  Huggermuggers,"  1856;  and 
"  Koboltozo,"  a  sequel  to  the  former,  1857. 
He  still  writes  occasionally  for  various  journals 
and  magazines. 

Cranch,  William,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1829), 
jurist,  b.  Weymouth,  Ms.,  July  17,  1769;  d. 
Washington,  Sept.  1,  1855.  H.U.  1787. 
Richard,  his  father,  b.  Eng.,  Nov.  1726;  d. 
Oct.  16,  1811  ;  came  to  Ms.  in  1746;  m.  Mary, 
dau.  of  Rev.  Wm.  Smith  of  Weymouth  ;  was 
a  man  of  learning;  many  years  a  member  of 
the  legisl.,  and  judge  of  the  C.C.P. ;  pub. 
"  Views  of  the  Prophecies  concerning  Anti- 
Christ."  Wm.  studied  law  ;  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  July,  1790;  practised  in  Braintree  and 
in  Haverhill,  'but  in  Oct.  1794,  removed  to 
Washington.  In  1801,  his  bro.-in-law,  Pres. 
Adams,  app.  him  jun.  assist,  judge  of  the 
Circuit  Court  of  the  D.C.,  of  which  he  was 
chief-justice  from  1805  to  1855.     In  these  55 


years,  but  2  of  his  decisions  were  overruled. 
He  pub.  9  vols,  of  Reports  of  U.S.  Supreme 
Court,  and  6  vols,  of  Reports  of  Circuit 
Court  of  D.C.,  from  1801  to  1841.  He  also 
prepared  a  code  of  laws  for  the  district ;  pub. 
a  memoir  of  John  Adams,  8vo,  1827,  and,  in 
1831,  an  address  on  temperance.  Member  of 
the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

Crane,  Ichabod  B.,  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  N  J.; 
d.  Port  Richmond,  Staten  Island,  NY.,  Oct. 
5,  1857.  App.  2d  lieut.  marines,  Jan.  1809; 
capt.  3d  Art.  April  25,  1812;  brev.  maj.  for 
merit,  services,  Nov.  13,  1813;  maj,  4th  Art., 
Sept.  15,  1825;  lieut.-col.  2d  Art.,  Nov.  3, 
1832;  col,  1st  Art.,  June  27,  1843;  gov.  of 
Military  Asylum  at  Washington,  May,  1851 
to  Nov.  1853  ;  bro.  of  Com.  Wm.  M.  Crane.  — 
Gardner. 

Crane,  Col.  John,  Revol.  officer  of  Ms. ; 
d.  Aug.  21,  1805.  He  com.  the  regt.  of  Ms. 
Art.  through  the  war.  During  the  siege  of 
Boston,  he  held  the  rank  of  major,  and  did 
good  service. 

Crane,  William  Montgomery,  com. 
U.S.N.,  b.  Elizabethtown,  N.J,,  Feb.  1,  1784; 
d,  Washington,  March  18,  1846.  His  father. 
Gen,  Wm.,  severely  wounded  at  Quebec,  and 
a  col.  in  the  Revol.  armv,  d.  Elizabethtown, 
July  30,  1814.  Midshipm.  May  23,  1799; 
lieut.  July  20,  1803;  com.  March  4,  1813; 
capt.  Nov.  22,  1814.  Comg.  the  brig  "  Vix- 
en," he  disting.  himself  in  the  attack  on  Trip- 
oli, and  was  in  "  The  Chesapeake,"  when  at- 
tacked by  "  The  Leopard."  In  July,  1812,  while 
comg.  the  brig.  "  Nautilus,"  he  was  taken  by 
"  The  Southampton,"  frigate.  On  his  ex- 
change, he  was  ordered  to  the  Lakes,  where,  in 
com.  of  "  The  Madison  "  and  *•  Pike,"  in 
Chauncey's  squadron,  he  served  with  distinc- 
tion for  the  remainder  of  the  war.  In  1827, 
in  the  flag-ship  "  Delaware,"  he  com.  the 
Mediterranean  squadron,  acting  as  joint  com- 
missioner with  Mr.  Offley,  U.S.  consul  at 
Smyrna,  to  open  negotiations  with  the  Otto- 
man Govt.  App.  navy  commissioner  in  1841, 
and  in  1842  chief  of  the  bureau  of  ordnance 
and  hydrography.  He  died  by  his  own  hand  ; 
cause  unknown. 

Cranfleld,  Edward,  gov.  of  N.H.,  1682- 
5  ;  d.  Eng.,  1704.  He  exchanged  a  profitable 
office  in  Eng.  to  better  his  fortune  here,  but  exer- 
cised his  power  in  so  arbitrary  a  manner,  that 
he  soon  lost  his  place.  Venturing  to  tax  the 
people  without  their  consent,  he  soon  found  "all 
his  efforts  ineffectual,  and  his  authority  con- 
temptible." The  complaints  were  taken  up  by 
the  lords  of  trade,  and  decided  against  him. 
Returning  to  Eng.  in  1685,  he  was  afterwards 
app.  collector  of  Barbadoes. 

Crapo,  Henry  H.,  gov.  of  Mich.,  1865-9, 
b.  Dartmouth,  Ms.,  24  May,  1804  ;  d.  Flint, 
Mich.,  July  23,  1869,  He  resided  in  New  Bed- 
ford until  his  removal  to  Saginaw,  Mich.,  in 
1856,  where  he  entered  largely  into  the  lumber- 
business.  State  .senator  in  1862,  and  at  one 
time  mayor  of  Flint. 

Craven,  Charles,  sec.  to  the  proprietors 
of  S.C,  and  gov.  in  1712-16.  Ordered  in  1712 
to  sound  Port  Royal  River,  it  is  probable  that 
he  founded  Beaufort.  The  Yemassees  and 
other  warlike  tribes,  having,  in  1715,  combined 


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228 


CR^ 


for  the  destruction  of  the  Colony,  Gov.  Cra- 
ven at  the  head  of  1,200  men,  part  of  whom 
were  blacks,  defeated  them  in  a  series  of  des- 
perate conflicts. 

Craven,  Tuxi8  Aug.  Macdonough,  com- 
mander U.S.N.,  b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.  ;  killed 
in  the  iron-clad  "  Tecumseh,"  destroyed  by  a 
torpedo  in  Mobile  Bay,  Aug.  5,  1864.  Mid- 
shipm.Feb.  2, 1829;  lieut.  1841  ;  com.  Apr.  24, 
1861 .  He  had  seen  20  years'  service,  —  8  years' 
in  the  coast-survey,  —  and,  during  the  civil 
war,  com.  "  The  Crusader,"  "  The  Tuscarora," 
and  "  The  Tecumseh." 

Craven,  Thomas  T.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,b. 
D.C.  Son  of  Tunis  Craven  of  N  J.  Many 
years  U.S.  naval  storekeeper  at  the  Portsmouth 
and  Brooklyn  navy-yards.  Midshipni.  May  1, 
1822;  lieut.  May  27,  1830;  com.  Dec.  16, 
1852;  capt.  June  7,  1861;  commo.  July  16, 
1362;  rear-adm.  Oct.  10,  1866;  lieut.-com. 
of  the  flag-ship  "  Vincennes "  in  Wilkes's 
U.S.  Exploring  Exped.,  1838-42.  While  at 
Valparaiso,  in  July,  1839,  he  was  instrumental 
in  saving  the  crew  of  a  Chilian  vessel,  wrecked 
in  a  gale  there,  for  which  he  was  complimented 
by  Sec.  Paulding.  From  1851  to  1855,  com. 
of  midshipm.,  and  instructor,  U.S.  naval  acad. 
at  Annapolis;  June  27,  1861,  he  took  com. 
of  the  Potomac  flotilla,  and  of  "  The  Brook- 
lyn," in  the  autumn  of  1861.  In  the  attack  on 
Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  "  The  Brook- 
lyn" became  entangled  in  the  obstructions  in  the 
river,  and  was  attacked  by  a  ram  and  a  steam- 
er. The  latter  received  a  broadside  at  60 
yards,  which  put  a  stop  to  her  attack  ;  while  the 
chain-armor  of  "  The  Brooklyn  "  prevented  in- 
jury by  the  shock  from  the  ram.  Capt.  Craven 
took  part  in  the  subsequent  engagements  on 
the  Mpi.,  until  Aug.  1862.  Com.  N.  Pacific 
squad.,  1869. 

Crawford,  George  W.,  statesman  and 
lawyer,  b.  Columbia  Co.,  Ga.,  Dec.  22,  1798. 
N.  J.  Coll.  1820.  He  studied  law,  and  com- 
menced practice  at  Augusta,  Ga.,  in  1822  ; 
was  atty.-gen.  1827-31  ;  was  in  the  State  legisl. 
from  1837  to  1842,  with  the  exception  of  one 
year;  M.C.  1843  ;  gov.  1843-7,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  Pres.  Taylor's  cabinet,  as  sec.  of  war, 
1849-July,  1850;  subsequently  visited  Europe, 
since  which  time  he  has  lived  in  retirement  at 
his  home  in  Richmond  Co.  —  Lanman. 

Crawford,  Nathaniel  Macon,  D.D.,  di- 
vine, b.  near  Lexington,  Ga.,  Mar.  22,  1811. 
U.  of  Ga.  Aug.  1829.  He  studied  law  with 
his  father,  Wm.  H.  Crawford,  but  never  prac- 
tised. Prof,  of  mathematics  in  Oglethorpe  U., 
1837-41 ;  licensed  to  preach  in  1843,  and  ord. 
in  the  Baptist  ministry,  1844.  Pastor  in  Wash- 
ington, Ga.,  in  1845,  and  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
in  1846.  Prof,  of  biblical  literature  in  Mercer 
U.,  1847-54,  and  was  pres.  in  1855-6  ;  in  1857, 
he  was  prof,  of  mental  and  moral  philos.  in 
the  U.  of  Mpi ,  and  was  prof,  in  the  Western 
Baptist  Thcol.  Sem.  at  Georgetown,  Ky.,  until 
July,  1858.  He  afterward  resumed  the  presi- 
dency of  Mercer  U. ;  pres.  of  the  Bible  Revision 
Assoc,  in  1857.  Author  of  "  Christian  Para- 
doxes," 1858.  He  is  considered  one  of  the 
first  pulpit  orators  of  the  Baptist  Church  at 
the  South. 

Crawford,  Samuel  Wylie,  brev.  brig.- 


gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Franklin  Co.,  Pa.,  Nov.  8, 
1829.  U.  of  Pa.  1847.  He  studied  medicine, 
and  in  1851  was  made  assist,  surgeon,  U.S.A.; 
was  on  duty  in  Texas  3  years,  and  in  New 
Mexico  until  1856,  when  he  went  to  Mexico. 
While  there,  he  made  scientific  researches,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  Geog.  Society  of  Mex- 
ico. He  was  one  of  the  garrison  of  Fort  Sum- 
ter in  Apr.  1861  ;  com.  a  battery  during  the 
action  ;  was  made  maj.  of  the  13th  Inf.,  May 
14,  1861 ;  ordered  to  Eastern  Va.,  and  made 
insp.-gen.  of  that  dept. ;  brig.-gen.  Apr.  25, 
1862,  he  was  assigned  to  the  corps  of  Gen. 
Banks  in  the  army  of  the  Shenandoah.  He 
was  in  the  battle  of  Winchester,  and  was 
mentioned  in  the  report  of  the  comg.-gen.  He 
bore  a  leading  part  in  the  battle  of  Cedar  Moun- 
tain, where  he  lost  more  than  half  his  brigade, 
and,  after  the  death  of  Gen.  Mansfield,  com.  his 
division  in  the  battle  of  Antietam,  where, 
though  severely  wounded,  he  kept  the  field  till 
the  close  of  the  action.  He  com.  3d  div.  5th 
corps,  at  the  Wilderness  battle,  at  Hatch- 
er's Run,  and  in  the  battles  around  Petersburg. 
Brev.  maj.-gcn.  Mar.  13,  1865;  brev.  col. 
U.S.A.  for  Gettysburg;  brev.  brig.-gen.  for 
Five  Forks,  13  Mar.  1865;  col.  2d  U.S.  Inf. 

Crawford,  Thomas,  sculptor,  b.  N.Y., 
Mar.  22,  1814  ;  d.  Lond.,  Eng.,  Oct.  10,  1857. 
He  early  manilcsted  a  remarkable  taste  for  art, 
in  which  he  was  encouraged  by  his  father,  who 
caused  him  to  be  thoroughly  instructed  in 
drawing,  carving,  and  in  modelling  in  clay. 
In  1834,  he  went  to  Italy,  and  at  Rome  enjoyed 
the  instruction  and  friendship  of  Thorwaldsen. 
After  a  few  years'  study,  he  established  his  stu- 
dio in  Rome,  and  soon  obtained  abundant  em- 
ployment. Among  the  most  felicitous  and 
characteristic  of  his  works  is  the  bust  of  Josiah 
Quincy,  placed  in  the  library  of  H.U.  In 
1 839,  he  designed  his  famous  group  of  "  Orphe- 
us," which,  with  his  "  Cupid  and  Psyche,"  is 
in  the  Athenaeum  in  Boston.  Of  his  ideal  busts, 
the  "  Saj)pho  "  and  "  Vesta  "  are  models  of 
purity  and  taste.  He  executed  many  bas-reliefs ; 
and  his  religious  subjects,  especially  those  in 
which  the  person  of  the  Saviour  is  introduced, 
are  marked  by  singular  propriety  and  dignity 
of  treatment.  Among  the  noblest  of  his  works 
are  his  statue,  in  bronze,  of  Beethoven,  in  the 
Music  Hall,  Boston,  and  the  bronze  equestrian 
statue  of  Washington,  ordered  by  the  State  of 
Va.,  and  erected  at  the  Capitol  "in  Richmond. 
Visiting  Ainer.  in  1844,  he  m.  Miss  Ward,  by 
whom  he  had  several  children.  He  made  a 
second  visit  to  the  U.S.  in  1849,  and  a  third  in 
1856.  Crawford  received  from  Congress  a 
commission  to  furnish  marble  and  bronze  stat- 
uary for  the  new  Capitol  at  Washington,  for 
which  he  designed  —  perhaps  his  grandest 
work  —  the  colossal  statue  of  the  Genius  of 
Amer.,  destined  for  the  pinnacle  of  the  Capitol 
dome.  He  suffered  for  the  last  years  of  his 
life  from  a  malignant  tumor  or  cancer  of  the 
eye,  which  nearly  deprived  him  of  sight,  and 
caused  him  to  renounce  his  art  entirely,  with 
many  works  unfinished.  The  industry  of 
Crawford  was  wonderful.  He  finished  upward 
of  60  works,  many  of  them  colossal,  and  left 
ah.  50  sketches  in  plaster,  and  designs  of  vari- 
ous kinds. 


CR-A. 


229 


CRE 


Crawford,  Thomas  Hartley,  b.  Chani- 
bersburg,  Pa.,  Nov.  14,  1786;  d.  Washington, 
D.C.,  Jan.  27,  1863.  N.  J.  Coll.  1804.  Ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1807  ;  M.  C.  1829-33  ; 
member  Fa.  legisl.  1833  ;  in  1836  a  commis- 
sioner to  investigate  frauds  in  the  purchase  of 
lands  of  the  Creek  Indians ;  U.S.  commissioner 
of  Indian  atfairs,  1838-45;  and  from  1845  till 
his  d.,  judge  of  the  Criminal  Court  of  D.  C. 

Crawford,  Col.  William,  Revol.  officer, 
b.  Berkeley  Co.,  Va.,  1732 ;  d.  June,  1782.  A 
capt.  in  Forbes's  exped.  in  1758,  and  the  inti- 
mate friend  of  Washington,  then  a  surveyor. 
He  served  in  therontiac  war  in  1763-4;  moved 
to  Pa.  in  1768 ;  was  an  efficient  officer  in  Dun- 
more's  campaign  against  the  Scioto  Indians ; 
made  lieut.-col.  5th  Va.  regt.,  Feb.  13,  1776; 
became  col.,  and  resigned,  Feb.  10, 1781.  One 
of  the  bravest  of  frontiersmen,  he  often  led 
parties  across  the  Ohio  against  the  Indians,  to 
whom,  from  his  success,  he  was  particularly 
obnoxious.  In  May,  1782,  he  accepted,  reluc- 
tantly, the  com.  of  an  exped.  against  the  Wyan- 
dottes  on  the  Muskingum,  fell  into  an  ambus- 
cade, was  taken  prisoner,  and  tortured  to  death 
at  Sandusky. 

Crawford,  William  Harris,  lawyer  and 
statesman,  b.  Nelson  Co.,  Va.,  Feb.  24, 1772  ;  d. 
near  Elbertou,  Ga.,  Sept.  15,  1834.  His  father 
Joel,  in  1783,  removed  his  family  to  Ga.,  but 
d.  in  1788  ;  and  young  Crawford,  after  assisting 
his  mother  to  support  the  family,  by  teaching, 
for  several  years,  at  length  studied  law.  In 
1799,  he  commenced  practice  in  Lexington, 
Oglethorpe  Co.,  and  soon  became  disting.  in 
his  j)rofession.  In  1800,  he  was  app.  with  Ho- 
ratio Marbury  to  revise  the  laws  of  Ga.,  and 
compiled  the  first  digest  of  her  laws,  pub.  Sa- 
vannah, 4to,  1802.  Member  of  the  State  legisl. 
1803-7  ;  U.  S.  senator,  1807-13,  and  was  its 
pres.  pro  tern,  in  March,  1812.  In  this  body,  he 
.shone  pre-eminently,  soon  making  himself 
known  and  respected  by  the  force  of  natural 
al)ility,  energy,  and  loftiness  of  mind.  His  in- 
fluence was  further  increased  by  his  perfect  in- 
tegrity and  unflinching  firmness.  He  evinced, 
in  the  consideration  of  many  important  and  ex- 
citing questions,  statesmanship  of  a  high  order. 
He  was  opposed  to  the  policy  of  war  with  Gi'cat 
Britain,  but  finally  voted  for  it.  Having  de- 
clined the  war  secretaryship  in  1313,  he  ac- 
cepted the  post  of  minister  to  France,  where  he 
remained  two  years,  and  acquired  the  friend- 
ship of  Lafayette,  who  appointed  him  agent 
for  his  American  lands,  and  with  whom,  after 
his  return  home,  he  carried  on  a  confidential 
corresp.  On  his  return  to  the  U.  S.,  he  was 
app.  to  the  war  dept.,  but  in  Oct.  1816,  was 
transferred  to  the  treasury  dept.,  the  duties  of 
which  he  continued  to  discharge  until  1825, 
when  he  became  the  Democ.  nominee  for  the 
presidency,  but  was  defeated.  A  long  and  se- 
vere sickness  destroyed  all  chanceof  his  election 
by  the  house,  and  removed  him  henceforth  from 
the  political  arena.  Mr.  Adams  offered  to  con- 
tinue him  as  sec.  of  the  treas. ;  but  he  declined. 
He  was  strongly  opposed  to  the  nullification 
movement,  and  is  generally  regarded  as  the 
greatest  of  the  citizens  of  Ga.  In  1827,  he  was 
app.  judge  of  the  Northern  Circuit  Court  of 
Ga.,  which  office  he  retained  until  his  death. 


Creighton,  John  Orde,  commo.  U.S.K, 
b.  N.  Y.  City;  d.  Sing  Sing,  Oct.  13,  1838. 
Midshipm.  June  25,1800;  served  under  Preble 
before  Tripoli ;  became  a  lieut.  Feb.  24,  1807, 
and  was  attached  to  the  frigate  *'  Chesapeake  " 
in  June,  1807,  when  attacked  by  "The  Leop- 
ard." He  was  afterwards  attached  to  "  The 
President,"  and  was  first  lieut.  in  her  action 
with  "The  Little  Belt,"  May  16,  1811.  In 
1813,  he  com.  the  brig  "  Rattlesnake,"  with 
the  rank  of  master-commandant  (July  13), 
and  was  made  capt.  Apr.  27, 1816.  In  1829-30, 
he  com.  the  squadron  on  the  coast  of  Brazil. 

Creighton,  Johnstox  B.,  capt.  U.S.N., 
b.  R.  L,  Mar.  12,  1821.  Midshipman,  Feb.  10, 
1838;  lieut.  Oct.  9,  1853;  com.  Sept.  20,  1862; 
capt.  Nov.  26, 1868;  comg.  steamer  "  Ottawa," 
S.  A.  B.  squadron,  i 862  ;  steamer  "Mahaska," 
bombarding  forts  Wagner  and  Gregg,  Morris 
Island,  Aug.  8  to  21,  1863;  comg.  steamer 
"  Mingo,"  S.  A.  B.  squad.,  1864-5  ;  steamsloop 
"  Oneida,"  Asiatic  squad.,  1867-9. 

Crele,  Joseph,  the  oldest  man  in  America, 
b.  Detroit,,  1725;  d.  Caledonia,  Wis.,  Jan.  27, 
1866.  The  date  of  his  birth  is  established  by 
the  record  of  his  baptism  in  the  French  Cath- 
olic Church,  Detroit.  He  resided  for  about  a 
century  in  Wis.  He  m.  in  1755;  settled  at 
Prairie  du  Chien  ;  bore  arms  at  Braddock's  de- 
feat, and,  before  the  Revol.  war,  carried  letters 
between  Prairie  du  Chien  and  Green  Bay.  A 
few  years  before  his  death,  he  testified  in  the 
Circuit  Court  of  Wisconsin,  in  a  case  involving 
the  title  to  some  real  estate,  to  events  that  oc- 
curred 80  years  before.  He  lived  for  some 
years  at  Caledonia  with  a  dau.  by  his  third 
wife,  b.  when  he  was  69.  Until  1864,  he  was 
as  hale  and  hearty  as  most  men  of  70 ;  could 
walk  miles  without  fatigue,  and  often  chopped 
wood  for  the  family  use.  During  the  last  year 
or  two  of  his  life,  he  would  sometimes  say 
sadly,  "I fear  death  has  forgotten  me." 

Cresap,  Capt.  Michael,  b.  Alleghany 
Co.,  Md.,  June  29,  1742;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  Oct. 
18,  1775.  Son  of  Col.  Thomas,  an  emigrant 
from  Yorkshire,  who  settled  in  Western  Md. 
Michael  was  a  trader;  moved  to  the  Ohio  in 
1774,  and  commenced  clearing  land.  Difficul- 
ties with  the  Indians  followed  ;  and  Cresap  re- 
turned to  Md.  Capt.  in  the  militia,  and  served 
in  Dunmore's  exped.  against  the  western  tribes. 
Com.  a  rifle  company,  July,  1775,  in  the  army 
near  Boston,  but  was  obliged,  by  illness,  to  re- 
turn to  N.  Y.,  where  he  died.  A  Memoir,  vin- 
dicating his  character  from  the  aspersion  in 
Jefferson's  Notes,  has  been  pub.  by  his  son-in- 
law,  J.  J.  Jacob ;  and  a  new  ed.  edited  by 
Brantz  Mayer,  in  1866. 

Crespel,  Emmanuel,  a  Flemish  mission- 
ary of  the  order  of  Recollets.  Embarked  for 
Canada  in  Jan.  1724,  and  was  successively 
cur^  near  Montreal,  and  aamonier  in  various 
localities.  The  ship  in  which  he  returned  to 
France  in  Nov.  1736  having  been  wrecked,  he 
landed  with  some  companions  on  the  coast  of 
Labrador,  and,  after  passing  the  winter  in  that 
frightful  place,  returned  to  Quebec  in  June, 
and  to  France  in  Dec.  1738.  An  account  of 
his  travels  and  shipwreck  was  pub.  in  Am- 
sterdam, 1757;  an  Eng.  transl.  was  pub.  in 
Lend,  1797. 


CRE 


230 


CRI 


Cresson,  Elliot,  philanthropist,  b.  Phila., 
Mar.  2,  1796 ;  d.  there  Feb.  20, 1854.  Brought 
up  in  the  Society  of  Friends,  he  imbibed  from 
them  an  ardent  love  of  benevolent  deeds,  of 
which  his  life  was  passed  in  the  continual  ex- 
ercise. He  became  a  successful  merchant ;  was 
one  of  the  pioneers  in  African  colonization,  and 
pres.  of  the  society.  In  his  will,  he  made  gen- 
erous contributions  to  a  great  variety  of  objects. 

Creswell,  John  A.  J.,  postmaster-gen., 
app.  Mar.  1869;  b.  Port  Deposit,  Cecil  Co., 
Md.,  18  Nov.  1828.  Dick.  Coll.  1848.  Adm. 
to  the  Md.  bar  in  1850;  member  of  the  H.  of 
delegates,  1861-2;  assist,  adj.-gen.  of  Md., 
Aug.  1862-Apr.  1863;  M.  C.  1863-5;  U.  S. 
senator,  1865-7;  22  Feb.  1866,  he  delivered, 
at  the  request  of  the  House,  a  eulogy  on  Henry 
Winter  Davis,  his  friend  and  colleague. 

Cretin,  Joseph,  D.D.,  R.  C.  Bishop  of  St. 
Paul,  Minn.,  consec.  Jan.  26, 1851  ;  d.  Feb.  22, 
1857. 

CrevecCBUr  (krav'-ku/).  Hector  St. 
John,  author  and  agriculturist,  b.  Caen, 
France,  1731  ;  d.  Sarcelles,  Nov.  1813.  Sent 
by  his  parents  to  England,  to  complete  his 
education  at  16,  he  passed  6  years  there  ;  came 
to  Amer.  in  1754,  settled  on  a  farm  near  N.Y. 
City,  and  m.  In  the  war,  his  lands  were  over- 
run by  the  British  troops.  In  1780,  his  affairs 
requiring  his  presence  in  Eng.,  he  was  permit- 
ted, with  one  of  his  sons,  to  embark  from  New 
York.  A  French  fleet  on  the  coast  detained 
the  vessel  in  the  harbor ;  and  he  was  arrested  as 
a  spy,  and  kept  in  prison  3  months.  Released, 
after  examination,  he  sailed  for  Dublin,  arrived 
in  Dec,  and  Apr.  2,  1781,  he  reached  the 
paternal  roof  in  France,  after  an  absence  of  27 
years.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Agric. 
Society  of  Caen,  and  introduced  the  cultivation 
of  the  potato  there.  His  "  Letters  from  an' 
Amer.  Farmer"  were  pub.  Lond.,  1782,  Paris, 
1784  and  1787.  His  glowing  and  extravagant 
pictures  of  American  life  induced  many  fam- 
ilies to  emigrate  to  the  borders  of  the  Ohio, 
where  they  suffered  the  extremities  of  famine 
and  fever.  In  1783,  he  returned  to  N.Y.  as 
French  consul.  He  found  his  house  burnt, 
his  wife  dead,  and  his  children  in  the  hands  of 
a  stranger,  Mr.  Flaver,  a  merchant  of  Boston, 
who  had  been  led  to  take  charge  of  them  by 
the  kindness  Crevecoeur  had  shown  to  prisoners 
abroad.  Resigning  his  office  in  1793,  he  re- 
turned to  France.  In  1801,  he  pub.  at  Paris, 
"  Voijage  dans  la  Haute  Pennsyhanie,"  &c.  St. 
John  was  by  nature,  by  education,  and  by  his 
writings,  a  philanthropist ;  a  man  of  serene 
temper  and  pure  benevolence.  —  Dayckinck. 

Crittenden,  George  B.,  gen.  C.S.A.  Son 
of  Senator  Crittenden,  b.  Ky.  West  Point, 
1832.  Resigned,  1833  ;  counsellor-at-law,  Ky., 
1835-46;  capt.  mounted  rifles.  May,  27,  1846; 
brev.  major  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and 
Churubusco,  Aug.  20,  1847;  major,  March  15, 
1848;  lieut.-col.  Dec.  30,  1856;  resigned,  10 
June,  1861,  and  joined  the  Confederate  army, 
in  which  he  was  made  amaj.-gen.,  and  ordered 
to  S.  E.  Ky.,  where,  Jan.  19,  1862,  he  was  de- 
feated by  Gen.  G.  H.  Thomas  in  the  battle  of 
Mill  Spring,  or  Somerset.  He  was  put  under 
arrest ;  was  not  released  until  November,  and 
resigned  soon  afterward. 


Crittenden,  John  Jordon,  lawyer  and 
senator,  b.  Woodford  Co.,  Ky.,  Sept.  10, 1786; 
d.  Frankfort,  Ky  ,  July  26, 1863.  When  quite 
young,  he  entered  the  army,  and,  during  the 
War  of  1812,  was  an  officer  in  Gen.  Hopkins's 
exped.,  and  was  aide-de-camp  to  Gov.  Shelby 
at  the  battle  of  the  Thames.  After  adopting 
the  profession  of  law,  he,  in  1816,  was  elected 
to  the  Ky.  legisl.,  of  which  he  was  several  years 
speaker,  and  was  U.S.  senator  from  Ky.  in 
1817-19.  From  1819  to  1835,  he  continued  in 
the  practice  of  his  profession,  residing  princi- 
pally at  Frankfort,  and  occasionally  represent- 
ing his  county  in  the  State  legisl.  Again  U.S. 
senator  in  183.5-41,  when  he  was  app.  atty.- 
gen.  by  Pres.  Harrison.  In  Sept.  1841,  lie 
resigned,  and  resumed  his  seat  in  the  U.S. 
senate  in  1842.  He  was  re-elected  senator  for 
six  years,  from  March,  1843,  but,  in  1848,  was 
elected  gov.  of  the  State,  which  office  he  held 
until  his  app.  as  atty.-gen.  by  Pres.  Fillmore, 
in  1850;  again  elected  to  the  U.S.  senate  in 
1855.  In  early  life,  Mr.  C.  belonged  to  the 
Repub.,  and,  subsequently,  to  the  Whig  party. 
He  was  one  of  Mr.  Clay's  friends  ;  always 
favored  the  protective  policy ;  was  for  a  U.S. 
bank,  and  against  the  sub-treasury  system;  and 
opposed  Calhoun's  bill,  in  1835,  empowering 
postmasters  to  take  from  the  mails  documents 
hostile  to  slavery.  He  opposed  the  annexation 
of  Texas,  and  strove  to  bring  the  Mexican  war 
to  a  peaceful  termination  as  soon  as  practica- 
ble. It  was  Mr.  Crittenden,  who,  in  1847,  in- 
troduced the  bill  in  the  senate  for  the  relief  of 
the  starving  in  Ireland  and  Scotland,  support- 
ing it  in  an  eloquent  and  feeling  speech.  He 
opposed  the  admission  of  Kansas  under  the 
Topeka  Constitution  in  1856;  voted  against 
the  repeal  of  the  territorial  laws,  and  in  favor 
of  Toombs's  Kansas  Bill,  and  in  1858  opposed 
the  admission  of  Kansas  under  the  Lecompton 
Constitution.  He  was  considered  the  patri- 
arch of  the  senate,  a  designation  to  which  his 
charactei*,  as  well  as  his  age,  entitled  him.  He 
was  an  excellent,  extemporaneous  debater.  Dur- 
ing the  memorable  second  session  of  the  36th 
Congress,  he  proposed  the  plan  known  as  the 
"Crittenden  Compromise,"  prohibiting  slavery 
north  of  36°  30',  admitting  new  States  with 
or  without  slavery,  and  prohibiting  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia 
while  it  existed  in  Va.  or  Md.  He  re-entered 
Congress  in  July,  1861 ;  participated  in  the 
chief  debates,  and  was  an  ardent  Union  man, 
but  opposed  confiscation,  emancipation,  and 
the  enlistment  of  negroes. 

Crittenden,  Thomas  Leonidas,  ,brev. 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Russellville,  Ky.,  1819. 
Second  son  of  John  J.  Crittenden.  Studied  law 
under  his  father  ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar,  and  be- 
came Commonwealth's  atty.  On  the  breaking- 
out  of  the  Mexican  war,  he  was  app.  vol.  aide 
to  Gen  Taylor,  in  which  capacity  he  highly 
disting.  himself  at  Buena  Vista.  As  lieut.-col. 
4th  Ky.  vols.,  he  took  part  in  the  memorable 
battles  in  the  Valley  of  Mexico  under  Gen. 
Scott.  Gen.  Taylor,  on  his  elevation  to  the 
presidency,  app.  him  consul  at  Liverpool 
(1849).  Returning  in  18.53,  he  resided  awhile 
at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  but  afterward  engaged  in  mer- 
cantile pursuits  at  Louisville.    Brig.-gen.  Sept, 


CRO 


231 


CRO 


17, 1861,  and  assigned  acom.  under  Gen.  BucU. 
For  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  April  6 
and  7,  1862,  he  was  promoted  to  maj.-gen.,  July 
17,  and  assigned  a  division  in  the  array  of  the 
Tenn.  lie  afterward  com.  the  2d  corps,  com- 
posing the  left  wing  of  the  army  of  the  Ohio 
under  Gen.  Buell,  and  in  Oct.  was  attached  to 
Gen  Rosecrans's  dept.  of  the  Cumberland,  tak- 
ing part  in  the  battles  of  Stone  River  and  Chick- 
amauga,  where  his  corps  was  routed,  and  after- 
wards com.  a  division  of  the  9th  corps  in  the 
Va.  campaign  of  1864;  col.  17th  U.S.  Inf., 
July  28,  1866;  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  2  Mar. 
1867. 

Crocker,  Hannah  Mather,  grand-daugh- 
ter of  Cotton  Mather,  and  widow  of  Joseph  C. 
of  Taunton,  b.  Boston,  1765;  d.  Roxbury,  Ms., 
July  10,  1847.  Pub.  ''  Letters  on  Free  Mason- 
ry," 181.5,  with  a  preface  by  T.  M.  Harris; 
"  The  School  of  Reform  ;  "  "  Seamen's  Safe 
Pilot,"  &c.;  "Observations  on  the  Rights  of  Wo- 
man," 1818;  "Statement"  respecting  Mad- 
am Knight,  in  the  Lib.  of  the  Antiq.  Soc.  at 
Worcester.  Dau.  of  Rev.  Samuel.  —  See  Liv- 
ing Age,  No.  735  ;  AlUhone. 

Crocker,  Mahcellus  M.,  brev.  maj  -gen., 
vols.;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Aug.  1865. 
Studied  2  years  at  West  Point ;  settled  as  a 
lawyer  in  Des  Moines,  Iowa.  Maj.  2d  Iowa 
vols..  May,  1861  ;  col.  13  July,  1861,  and 
disting.  at  Shiloh  ;  brig.-gen.  in  the  Atlanta 
campaign  under  Sherman. 

Crockett,  Col.  David,  noted  for  eccen- 
tricity, b.  Greene  Co.,  Tenn.,  17  Aug.  1786;  d. 
6  Mar.  1836,  at  San  Antonio  de  Bexar.  Son 
of  a  Revol.  soldier.  His  education  was  scanty  ; 
but  he  became  a  noted  marksman  and  hunter. 
Served  under  Gen  Jackson  in  his  Creek  cam- 
paign, 1813-14;  was  a  member  of  the  Icgisl., 
and  was  M.C  in  1828-34,  but,  becoming  an 
opponent  of  Pres.  Jackson,  lost  popularity,  and, 
in  1834,  removed  to  Texas.  At  Washington, 
his  singular  manners  and  oddity  of  expression, 
gave  him  great  notoriety.  Engaging  with  zeal 
in  the  contest  with  the  Mexicans,  he  fell,  while 
heroically  fighting  in  defence  of  the  Alamo. 
His  autobiography  was  pub.  Phila.,  1834, 
"  Tour  to  the  North  and  Down  East,"  1835  ; 
"Sketches and  Eccentricities,"  1847;  "  Exploits 
in  Texas,"  "Life  of  Van  Buren,"  1835.  His 
son  John  W.,  M  C.  1838-43,  d.  Memphis, 
Tenn.,  24  Nov.  1852. 

Croes,  John,  D.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1811),  Pr.- 
Ep.  bishop  of  N.J.,  b.  Elizabeihtown  ^  'jS  ;  d. 
New  Brunswick,  July  30,  1832.  Oi  German 
extraction.  His  early  efforts  to  procure  an 
education  by  his  own  exertions  were  retarded 
by  the  Revol.  war,  during  tlie  latter  years  of 
which  he  was  engaged  in  defence  of  his  coun- 
try. Ord.  deacon  in  1790,  and,  in  1792,  [uiest. 
After  officiating  at  Swedesborough,  he  was,  in 
1801,  invited  by  the  societies  of  Christ  Church, 
N.  Brunswick,  and  St.  Peter's  Church,  Spotts- 
wood,  to  become  their  pastor,  and  was  at  the 
sime  time  elected  principal  of  the  Acad,  at  N. 
Brunswick.  This  charge  he  resigned  in  1808, 
having  previously  resigned  that  of  the  church 
at  Spottswood,and  devoted  himself  solely  to  the 
church  at  N.  Brunswick.  Elected,  in  1815, 
bishop  of  Ct.,  he  declined  the  appt.,  and  was 
consec.  bishop  of  N.J.,  19  Nov.  1815. 


Croghan  (kro'-gan),  CoL.  George,  Indian 

agent,  b.  Ireland  ;  d.  Passayunk,  Pa.,  ab.  Au^-. 
1782.  He  was  educated  in  Dublin;  settled 
near,Harrisburg,  Pa. ;  was  an  Indian  trader  as 
early  as  1746,  and,  acquiring  their  languages 
and  their  confidence,  became  agent  for  the 
Colony.  He  was  a  capt.  in  Braddock's  exped. 
in  1755  ;  was  employed  in  defence  of  the  Wes- 
tern frontier  in  1756,  and  in  Nov.  was  made 
dep.  Indian  agent  for  the  Pa.  and  Ohio  Indi- 
ans by  Sir  W.  Johnson,  who  in  1763  sent  him 
to  Eng,  to  confer  with  the  ministry  ab.  an 
Indian  boundary-line.  In  this  voyage,  he  was 
shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  France.  While  on 
his  way,  in  1765,  to  pacify  the  Illinois  Indians, 
he  was  attacked,  June  8,  wounded,  and  taken  to 
Vincennes,  but  was  soon  released,  and  accom- 
plished his  mission.  In  May,  1766,  he  made  a 
settlement  4  miles  above  Fort  Pitt.  He  con- 
tinued to  render  valuable  service  in  pacifying 
the  Indians,  and  conciliating  them  to  the  Bri- 
tish interest  until  1776.  He  was  an  object  of 
suspicion  to  the  Revol.  authorities  in  1778,  but, 
as  he  continued  to  reside  on  his  farm,  was, 
doubtless,  unjustly  accused.  —  O'Ca/laghan. 

Croghan,  George,  insp.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b. 
near  Louisville,  Ky.,  Nov.  15,  1791  ;  d.  N.  Or- 
leans, Jan.  8,  1849.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  1810. 
His  father  was  Maj.  William  Croghan  of  the 
Revol.,  and  his  mother  was  a  sister  of  Gen. 
Geo.  Rogers  Clarke.  Aide  to  Col.  Boyd  at  the 
battle  of  Tippecanoe  in  1811,  and  made  capt. 
17th  Inf.,  Mar.  12,  1812.  He  highly  disting. 
himself  under  Harrison,  in  the  sortie  from 
Fort  Meigs  ;  became  his  aide-de-camp,  rank  of 
maj.,  Mar.  30,  1813,  and,  on  the  1st  and  2d  of 
Aug.  following,  conducted  the  memorable  de- 
fence of  Fort  Stephenson,  at  Lower  Sandusky, 
against  Gen.  Proctor,  with  an  army  of  500  reg- 
ulars and  700  Indians.  Maj.  Croghan  was  brev. 
licut.-col.  for  his  gallantry  on  this  occasion, 
and  subsequently  received  from  Congress  a 
gold  medal.  Made  a  lieut.-col.  Feb.  21,  1814; 
upon  the  reduction  of  the  army  at  the  close  of 
the  war,  he  was  transferred  to  the  1st  Inf.  He 
resigned  in  1817  ;  was  postmaster  at  New  Or- 
leans in  1824,  and  was  app.  insp.-gen.,  with 
the  rank  of  col.,  Dec.  21,  1825.  In  1846,  he 
joined  Taylor's  army  in  Mexico,  and  served 
with  credit  at  the  battle  of  Monterey.  His  son, 
Col.  George  St.  John  Croghan,  was  killed 
in  a  skirmish  in  W  Va.  during  Floyd's  retreat 
from  Colton  Hill,  in  Dec.  1861.  He  invented  a 
pack-saddle  for  mules,  for  conveying  wounded 
men  over  the  steep  mountain-passes  of  W.  Va., 
successfully  used. 

Croix,  John  Baptist  de  la,  bishop  of 
Quebec,  b.  of  a  noble  family  of  Grenoble, 
France,  1653  ;  d.  Quebec,  Dec.  28, 1727.  Fir.>t 
almoner  to  Louis  XIV.,  he  came  to  Canada  in 
1 685  as  successor  of  Bishop  Laval.  He  founded 
3  hospitals,  and  displayed  great  charity  to  the 
poor. 

Cronyn,  Rt.  Rev.  Benjamin,  consec. 
bishop  of  Huron  in  1857,  b.  1802.  Educated 
at  Trin.  Coll.,  Dublin.  Taking  orders,  he  held 
a  pastoral  charge  in  Canada.  D.  Sept.  22, 1871. 

Crook,  George,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A., 
b,  near  Dayton,  O.,  Sept.  8,  1828.  W.  Point, 
1852.  Entering  the  4th  Inf.,  he  became  1st 
lieut.  Mar.  1856,  and  capt.  May  14, 1861  ;  com. 


cno 


232 


CRO 


Pitt  River  exped.,  and  wounded  by  an  Indian 
arrow,  10  June,  1857  ;  became,  Sept.  12,  1861, 
col.  36th  0.  vols.,  serving  in  Western  Va.,  and, 
at  the  head  of  1,300  men,  repulsed  a  much 
larger  body  of  Confederates  at  Louisburg, 
Greenbrier  Co.,  Apr.  23,1862.  Brig.-gen,  Sept. 
7,  1862  ;  took  com.  of  the  dist.  of  Kanawha,  and 
engaged  in  the  battles  of  South  Mountain  and 
Antietam;  transferred  in  Jan.  1863  to  com. 
the  2d  cavalry  div.  of  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland ;  fouglit  at  Chickamauga  ;  defeated  and 
drove  the  rebel  Gen.  Wheeler  across  the  Ten- 
nessee with  great  loss;  com.  the  3d  div.  in  W. 
Va.  in  April,  1864;  defeated  and  killed  Gen. 
Jenkins  at  Cloyd  Mountain,  May  9 ;  brev. 
maj.-gen.  July  18,  and  put  in  com.  of  the  army 
of  W.  Va.  He  took  part  in  Sheridan's  brilliant 
operations  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  especial- 
ly at  Opequan,  Fisher's  Hill,  and  Cedar  Creek, 
and  in  his  cavalry  operations,  ending  in  Lee's 
surrender.  Maj.-gen.  vols.  21  Oct.  1864;  Feb. 
21,  186.5,  he  was  captured  by  guerillas,  who 
surprised  his  quarters  in  the  night,  and  was  ex- 
changed Mar.  20  ;  brev.  brig.-  gen.  U.  S.  A. 
13  Mar.  1865,  for  the  camp,  of  1864  in  W.  Va; 
lieut.-col.  23d  Inf.,  July  2S,  1866;  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.  S.  A.  for  Fisher's  Hill,  Y&.—Reid's 
Ohio  in  thf.  War. 

Crooks,  George  R.,  D.D.,  clergyman  and 
lexicographer,  b.  Phila.,  Feb.  3,  1822.  Dick. 
Coll.  1840.  He  entered  the  ministry  of  the 
M.  E.  Church  in  1841 ;  labored  in'  Fulton, 
Knox,  and  Peoria  Counties,  111.;  was  chosen 
tutor  in  Dick.  Coll.  in  1842,  and  in  1843  be- 
came principal  of  the  grammar  school  of  the 
coll.,  and  assoc.  with  Prof.  McClintock  in  pre- 
paring Latin  and  Greek  text-books.  In  1846, 
he  was  elected  adjunct  prof  of  ancient  lan- 
guages, but  in  1848  resumed  the  pastoral  office. 
He  has  had  charge  of  prominent  churches  in 
Phila.,  Wilmington,  and  New  York,  and  holds 
a  high  rank  as  a  preacher.  He  has  pub.  an 
edition  of  "  Butler's  Analogy,"  with  an  analy- 
sis, notes,  and  an  index,  and  a  Latin-English 
lexicon.     Contrib.  to  Meth.  Qiarterly  Rev. 

Cropper,  Gen.  John,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Va.,  1756;  d.  Bowman's  Folly,  Accomac  Co., 
Va.,  Jan.  15,  1821.  Capt.  in  the  9th  Va.  regt. 
in  1775,  he  was  soon  promoted  to  a  majority  in 
the  5th  regt.,  which,  at  the  battle  of  the  Bran- 
dy wine,  was  nearly  cut  to  pieces ;  was  then 
made  lieut.-col.  of  the  7th  Va.  regt.,  and  was 
at  the  battles  of  Germantown  and  Monmouth. 
Lieut.-col.  1 1th  regt..  May  15,  1778;  afterwards 
its  col. 

Cropsey,  Jasper  Francis,  artist,  b.  Stat- 
en  Island,  N.Y.,  Feb.  18,  1823.  He  studied 
ai'chitecture,  but,  on  account  of  ill-health,  de- 
voted himself  to  landscape-painting,  and  by  his 
picture  of  Greenwood  Lake,  N.  Y.,  gained  a 
membership  in  the  Acad,  of  Design.  From 
1847  to  1850,  he  studied  in  Europe.  Among 
his  most  successful  pictures  since  are  the 
"  Sibyl's  Temple,"  "American  Harvesting," 
"  Peace  "  and  "  War,"  "  Autumn  on  the  Hud- 
son," "  Richmond  Hill,"  and  "  Niagara  Falls." 
F>om  June,  1856,  to  1863,  he  resided  in  Eng. 
He  has  executed  designs  for  illustrated  books 
of  poems,  compositions  entitled  "  The  Olden 
Time,"  "A  Tournament,"  and  "  Return  from 
Hawking." 


Crosby,  Alpheus,  scholar,  b.  Sandwich, 
N.H.,  Oct.  13,  1810.  Dartm.  Coll.  1827.  Pre- 
ceptor of  Moor's  Charity  School,  Hanover, 
1827-8;  tutor  at  Dartm.  Coll.,  1829-31;  prof, 
of  Latin  and  Greek  there,  1833-7  ;  of  Greek 
only,  since  1837  ;  principal  of  the  Normal 
School  at  Salem,  Ms.,  1857-65.  Has  pub. 
Greek  text-books,  an  edition  of  Xenophon's 
"  Anabasis  ;  "  "  First  Lessons  in  Geometry  ;  " 
and  an  "  Essay  on  the  Second  Advent." 

Crosby,  Enoch,  a  Revol.  patriot,  said  to 
be  the  original  of  Cooper's  "Harvey  Birch,"  the 
"  Spy,"  b.  Harwich,  Ms.,  Jan.  4, 1750 ;  d.  June 
26,  1835.  During  his  infancv,  his  parents  set- 
tled in  South-east,  Duchess  Co.,  N.Y.  He  be- 
came a  shoemaker,  but,  when  the  Revol.  broke 
out,  shouldered  a  musket,  became  engaged  in 
the  "  secret  service,"  and  afterward  joined  the 
army  under  Heath,  stationed  in  the  Highlands. 
The  narrative  of  his  life  and  adventures,  taken 
from  his  own  lips  by  Capt.  H.  L.  Barnum,  has 
been  pub.,  entitled  "  The  Spy  Unmasked,'* 
8vo,  N.Y.,  1828.  — Lossiriff. 

Crosby,  Howard,  b.  N.Y.  City,  1826. 
Prof,  of  Greek  in  the  U.  of  N.Y. ;  chancellor, 
Nov.  18, 1870.  Great-grandson  of  Wm.  Floyd. 
Pub.  "Lands  of  the  Moslem,"  8vo,  1851; 
the  New  Testament,  with  brief  explan.  notes. 
Editor  of  Sophocles'  CEdipus  Tyrannus. 

Crosby,  Pierce,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  b.  Dela- 
ware Co.,  Pa.,  Jan.  16,  1823.  Midshipman, 
Jan.  5,  1838;  lieut.  Sept.  3,  1853;  com.  Sept. 
2,  1862;  capt.  May  27,  1868;  attached  to 
sloop  "  Decatur,"  and  present  at  Tabasco  and 
Tuspan,  Mexico ;  served  in  Chesapeake  Bay, 
1861,  and  sloop  "  Cumberland,"  N.A  B. squad- 
ron, at  capture  of  Hatteras,  where  he  rendered 
essential  service  in  landing  troops;  com.  steamer 
"Pinola,"  W.  Gulf  squad  ,  1862  ;  co-operated  in 
bombard,  and  capture  of  Forts  Jackson  and  St. 
Philip,  and  N.  Orleans,  and  in  the  removal  of 
obstructions  in  the  river  previous  to  the  battle ; 
and  at  Vicksburg,  and  engagement  with  the 
ram  "Arkansas  ;  "  com.  iron-clad  "Sangamon," 
1863;  steamer  "  Florida,"  1863-4,  in  engage- 
ment at  Masonboro'InletjN.C, while  destroying 
four  blockade-runners;  com.  steamer  "  M eta- 
comet"  in  attack  on  Mobile,  and  planned  and 
constructed  torpedo  drag-nets  for  BlakelyRiver, 
and  com.  "  Shamokin,"  S.A.  squadron, 1 866-8. 
—  Flameish/. 

Cross,  Trueman,co1.,  assist.quarterm.-gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  b.  Md.;  killed  by  Mex.  banditti,  near 
Fort  Brown,  Apr.  21, 1846.  Ensign  42d  Inf., 
Apr.  27,  1814;  capt.  Sept.  1819;  assist,  insp.- 
gen.  Oct.  19,  1820;  q.-mr.  May  22, 1826  ;  assist, 
q.-mr.-gen.,  rank  col.,  July  7,  1838;  chief  of 
q.-mr.'s  depart,  of  army  of  occupation  from 
Oct.  1845  till  his  death.  Author  of  "Military 
Laws  of  the  U.S."  —  Gardner. 

Croswell,  Andrevv,  clergyman,  b. 
Charlestown,  Ms.,  1709;  d.  Boston,  April  12, 
1785.  H.U.  1728.  Ord.  North  Groton,  Oct. 
14,  1736.  After  having  been  two  years  settled 
in  Groton,  Ct.,  he  was,  Oct.  6,  1748,  installed 
over  a  society  in  Boston,  formed  by  persons 
from  other  churches.  He  was  much  engaged 
in  religious  controversy  ;  wrote  a  narrative  of 
the  new  Cong.  Church ;  a  defence  of  the  doc- 
trine of  justification,  1746;  an  answer  to  Giles 
Firrain's  8  arguments  on  this  subject;  several 


CRO 


233 


CRXJ 


sermons  against  Arminians;  controversial 
writings  with  Turell,  Gumming,  and  others ; 
part  of  an  exposition  of  Paul's  journey  to  Da- 
mascus, 1768;  remarks  on  Bishop Warburton's 
sermon  before  the  Society  for  Propagating  the 
Gospel,  1768  ;  remarks  on  commencement  drol- 
lery, 1771,  &c. 

Croswell,  Edwin,  journalist  and  politi- 
cian, nephew  of  Rev.  Harry,  b.  Catskill,  N.Y., 
29  May,  1797;  d.  Princeton,  N.J.,  13  June, 
1871.  He  became  assist,  editor  of  the  Catskill 
Recorder,  sustaining  the  War  of  1812,  and,  on 
the  retirement  of  his  father,  managed  the  paper 
so  as  to  attract  the  attention  of  prominent  pub- 
lic men.  In  1824,  he  took  charge  of  the  Alba- 
ny Argus,  which  he  changed  to  a  daily,  and 
niade  one  of  the  chief  organs  of  the  Democ. 
party.  State  printer,  1823-40.  He  retired 
from  the  Argus  in  1854.  He  pub.  addresses 
and  other  literarv  productions. 

Croswell,  Harry,  D.D.(Trin. Coll.  1831), 
clergyman,  b.  West  Hartford,  Ct.,  June  16, 
1778;  d.  New  Haven,  March  13,  1858.  Noah 
Webster  was  his  schoolmaster.  In  1802,  he 
became  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Balance,  a 
famous  Federal  newspaper,  at  Hudson,  N.Y. 
He  wrote  vigorously  and  severely  of  political 
opponents.  An  article  published  in  the  Wasp, 
a  journal  also  under  his  direction,  levelled  at 
Jefferson,  led  to  a  libel-suit,  and  the  celebrat- 
ed trial  in  which  Hamilton  made  his  last  and 
one  of  his  greatest  forensic  efforts.  Removing 
to  Albany  in  1808,  he  established  a  Federal 
paper,  and  was  again  prosecuted  for  libel ;  his 
opponent,  Mr.  Southwick  recovering  damages. 
Dissatisfied  with  politics,  Mr.  Croswell  took 
deacon's  orders  in  the  Pr.-Ep.  Church  in  1814, 
preached  at  Christ  Church,  Hudson,  N.Y.,  and 
in  1815  commenced  his  ministry  at  Trinity 
Church,  New  Haven,  which  terminated  only 
with  his  death.  He  was  the  author  of  a  me- 
moir of  his  son  Rev.  Wm.  Croswell,  "  Rudi- 
ments of  the  Church,"  and  "  Family  Prayers," 

Croswell,  William,  D.D.  (  Trin.  Coll. 
1846),  Pr.-Ep.  clergyman  and  scholar,  son  of 
Dr.  Harry,  b.  Hudson,  N.Y.,  Nov.  7,  1804 ;  d. 
Boston,  Nov.  9,  1851.  Y.  C.  1822.  He  com- 
menced the  study  of  law  at  Albany,  N.Y.,  in 
conjunction  with  literary  labors  in  1824,  but  in 
1826  entered  the  gen.  theol.  sem.  in  New 
York.  He  pursued  his  theol.  studies  at  Hart- 
ford, in  1827,  under  the  direction  of  Bishop 
Brownell,  at  the  same  time  editing  the  Christian 
Watchman,  and  induliiing  his  poetic  vein  in 
compotsitions,  among  the  sweetest  and  most  pa- 
thetic in  our  language.  Adm.  in  the  spring  of 
1 829  to  the  priesthood ;  rector  of  Christ  Church, 
Boston,  1829-40  ;  of  St.  Peter's,  Auburn,  N.Y., 
1840-44  ;  but  in  1844  returned  to  Boston  to 
take  charge  of  a  new  parish,  the  Church  of  the 
Advent,  and  was  involved  in  a  controversy 
with  Bishop  Eastburn.  A  menjoir  of  his  life 
by  his  father,  together  with  his  poems  and  cor- 
respondence, was  pub.  in  New  York,  8vo, 
1853.  His  life  was  a  beautiful  example  of  self- 
denying  charity  and  religious  devotion. 

Crowe,  Frederick,  clergyman  and  author, 
b.  Belgium  ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Nov.  7,  1858.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  British  subject.  Came  to 
Balize  about  1838,  and  established  himself  as 
an  independent  missionary;  labored  13 years 


in  disseminating  the  Scriptures  in  Spanish 
Amer.,  and  was  the  author  of  a  valuable  his- 
torical work  on  Central  America.  He  was 
expelled  from  San  Salvador,  as  is  said,  by  the 
Catholics,  because  he  circulated  the  Bible,  and 
intended  to  open  a  school  in  San  Miguel. 
After  being  imprisoned,  harassed,  and  at  last 
driven  by  mob-violence  from  the  country,  he 
came  to  N.Y.,  and  soon  after  died. 

Crowninshield,  Benjamin  Williams, 
sec.  navy,  Dec.  1814,  to  Nov.  1818;  M  C. 
182.3-31  ;  b.  Boston,  Dec.  27,  1772;  d.  there, 
Feb.  3,  1851  ;  State  senator,  1811,  '22,  '23. 

Cruger,  Henry,  jun.,  politician,  b.  N.Y. 
City.  1739;  d.  there  Apr.  24,  1827.  Henry, 
his  father,  merchant,  and  member  of  the  as- 
sembly and  council  of  N.Y.,  went  to  Eng.  for 
his  health,  and  d.  Bristol,  Feb.  8,  1780,  a.  78. 
He  established  himself  in  trade  in  Bristol  with 
his  father,  succeeding  him  as  mayor  in  1781. 
Elected  to  parliament  as  the  colleague  of  Burke 
in  1774,  and  re-elected  in  1784,  he  advocated 
upon  all  occasions  a  conciliatory  course  toward 
his  countrymen.  He  retorted  with  such  sever- 
ity upon  Col.  Grant,  who  stated  in  parliament 
that  the  Americans  would  never  dare  to  face 
an  English  army,  as  to  be  called  to  order  by 
the  speaker.  After  the  war,  he  was  a  merchant 
in  N.Y.,  and  was  elected  to  the  State  senate 
while  still  a  member  of  parliament.  A  bro., 
J.  H.,  was  a  col.  in  the  royal  army  ;  another, 
a  merchant  of  N.Y.,  was  identified  with  the 
Whigs,  and  a  friend  of  Gen.  Washington. 

Cruger,  John,  uncle  of  Henry  ;  d.  N.Y. 
City,  1791-2,  a.  82.  Mayorof  N.Y.  City,  1764 ; 
speaker  of  the  assembly,  1765;  a  proposer, 
and  afterward  a  prominent  member,  of  the  first 
N.Y.  Prov.  Congress  in  1775.  The  Declaration 
of  Rights  issued  by  that  body  was  written  by 
him. 

Cruger,  Lieut.-Col.  John  Harris, 
loyalist,  b.  N.Y.  City,  1738;  d.  London,  June 
3,1807.  Nephew  of  John,  and  brother  of 
Henry.  He  succeeded  his  father  Henry  as  a 
member  of  the  council,  and  at  the  beginning 
of  the  Revol.  was  also  chamberlain  of  N.Y. 
City.  He  was  a  son-in-law  of  Col.  Delancey, 
and  com.  the  1st  batt.  of  his  loyalist  corps. 
Captured  at  a  plantation  in  Belfast,  Ga.,  in 
June,  1780,  but  was  soon  exchanged  for  Col. 
John  Mcintosh.  In  Sept.  he  made  a  forced 
march  to  Augusta  to  relieve  Col.  Browne,  and 
arrived  most  opportunely.  His  corps  formed 
the  British  centre  at  the  battle  of  Eutaw 
Springs,  and  was  disting.  His  defence  of 
Ninety-Six,  when  attacked  by  Greene  in  May, 
1781,  backed  by  the  engineering  skill  of 
Kosciusko,  and  until  relieved  by  Rawdon, 
earned  for  him  great  and  just  applause.  His 
pi-operty  was  confiscated ;  and  he  went  to  Eng. 
after  the  war. 

Cruse,  Peter  Hoffman,  b.  Baltimore, 
1793;  d.  1832.  He  edited  the  Baltimore 
American  several  years,  and  contrib.  largely  to 
reviews.  Some  of  his  poetry  will  be  found  in 
"  The  Red  Book,"  a  periodical  pub.  in  Bal- 
timore, 1818-19,  by  Mr.  Cruse  and  J.  P.  Ken- 
nedy. —  Allibone. 

Cruttenden,  David  H.,  b.  Saratoga  Co., 
N.Y.,  1816.  Un.  Coll.  1841.  Author  of  a 
series  of  "  Systematic  Arithmetics,"  "  Philos- 


CUD 


234 


cum: 


ophy  of  Sentential  Language ;""  Geography 
and  History  combined,"  &c.  —  Allibone. 

Cudworth,  Gen.  James;  d.Eng.,  1682,a. 
ab.  70.  Son  of  Rev.  Ralph,  and  bro.  of  Ralph 
Cudworth,  D.D.,  author  of  "  The  Intellectual 
System  of  the  Universe."  He  came  to  Ply- 
mouth in  1634;  soon  removed  to  Scituate ; 
was  several  years  assist,  and  one  of  the  council 
of  war.  He  com.  the  Plymouth  troops  in 
Philip's  war ;  was  next  in  military  renown  to 
Standish,  and  was  a  brave  and  prudent  officer. 
Independent  in  his  opinions,  and  tolerant, 
he  opposed  the  severe  measures  against  the 
Quakers,  and  was  therefore  unpopular.  He 
went  to  Eng,  as  agent  for  the  Colony  in  1681, 
andd.  soon  after  his  arrival.  Such  of  his  let- 
'ters  on  public  business  as  are  still  extant  afford 
evidence  of  a  good  education.     Dep.  gov.  1681. 

Cuffee,  Paul,  a  philanthropic  negro  sea- 
capt.,  b.  on  one  of  the  Elizabeth  Isles,  near 
N.  Bedford,  Ms.,  1759;  d.  Sept.  7,  1818.  His 
father,  a  native  of  Africa,  was  once  a  slave; 
his  mother  was  of  Indian  extraction.  A  com- 
manding presence,  strong  common  sense,  and 
untiring  industry  and  enterprise,  procured  him 
a  handsome  fortune  in  seafaring  pursuits.  He 
was  an  esteemed  member  of  the  society  of 
Friends.  He  encouraged  the  emigration  of 
the  free  people  of  color  in  this  country  to 
Siei-ra  Leone.  In  1815,  he  carried  thither  38 
emigrants,  30  at  his  own  expense,  furnishing 
them,  on  arrival,  with  means  of  subsistence ; 
spending  in  this  enterprise  nearly  $4,000.  He 
pub.  in  1812  a  brief  account  of  the  colony  of 
Sierra  Leone. 

Cullum,  George  Washington,  brev. 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y.  City,  Feb.  25,  1812. 
West  Point,  1833.  Entering  the  engr.  corps, 
he  became  capt.  July  7,  1838;  maj.  Aug.  6, 
1861;  lieut.-col.  Mar.  3,  1863;  col.  Mar.  7, 
1867.  He  was  employed  in  the  construction 
of  Fort  Adams  and  other  works  at  Newport, 
R.I. ;  from  1838  to  1848,  he  superintended  the 
erection  of  Fort  Trumbull,  and  the  battery  at 
Fort  Griswold,  New  London,  Ct.,  and  from 
1846  to  1848  of  Forts  Warren,  Independence, 
and  Winthrop,  in  Boston  harbor.  From  1848 
to  1855,  he  was  instructor  of  practical  engineer- 
ing at  West  Point,  during  which  time  he  spent 
two  years  in  foreign  travel  for  his  health,  and 
in  18.53-4  constructed  the  N.Y.  assay  office. 
He  was  also,  in  1848,  com.  of  sappers,  miners, 
and  pontoniers  in  the  army.  He  afterward 
superintended  the  construction  of  the  ibrtifica- 
tions  and  other  public  works  in  N.  and  S. 
Carolina,  and  in  1858  took  charge  of  those  at 
N.  Bedford,  Newport,  N.  London,  and  New 
York,  on  the  Sound.  Early  in  1861,  he  was 
ordered  to  Washington ;  served  as  aide-de-camp 
to  Gen.  Scott,  with  the  rank  of  col.  Nov.  1, 
1861,  he  was  made  a  brig.-gen.  of  vols.,  and 
app.  chief  of  staff  and  engrs.  to  Gen.  Halleck, 
serving  through  the  campaign  before  Corinth, 
and  accomp.  him  to  Washington.  While  at 
the  West,  he  also  had  com.  for  some  time  at 
Cairo,  111.,  and  in  1861-4  was  a  member  of  the 
U.S.  sanitary  commiss. ;  supt.  U.S.  military 
acad.,  8  Sept.  1864  to  28  Aug.  1866  ;  brev. 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  13  Mar.  1865,  for  merit, 
services  in  the  Rebellion.  Gen.  Cullum  has 
pub.  a  "  Register  of  the  Officers  and  Graduates 


of  the  U.S.  Military  Academy,"  1850  ;  "  Mili- 
tary Bridges  with  India-Rubber  Pontoons," 
1849,  2d  ed.,  1863  ;  a  translation  of  Dunarcq's 
"  Elements  of  Military  Art  and  History,*'  1863, 
and  "  Biog.  Register  of  the  Officers  and  Grad. 
of  West  Point,"  2  vols.,.  1868. 

Culpepper,  John,  a  surveyor-gen.  and 
political  leader  in  the  Carolinas,  was  a  refugee 
from  the  Southern  or  Clarendon  colony,  and 
in  1678  headed  an  insurreclion  in  the  Northern 
or  Albemarle  colony,  in  fiivor  of  popular  lib- 
erty. Under  his  lead,  the  people  deposed  tne 
pres.  and  deputies  of  the  proprietaries,  seized 
the  public  funds,  app.  new  magistrates  and 
judges,  called  a  parliament,  and  took  all  the 
functions  of  govt,  into  their  own  hands.  Cul- 
pepper was  then  sent  to  Eng.  to  negotiate  a 
compromise.  Indicted  for  high-treason,  he 
was,  through  the  influence  of  Shaftesbury,  ac- 
quitted ;  returned  to  Carolina,  and  in  1680  laid 
out  the  city  of  Charleston.  — Appleton. 

Culpepper,  Thomas,  Lord,  gov.  of  Va., 
1680-3  ;  d.  1719.  He  was  one  of  the  grantees 
of  the  territory  of  Va.,  and  in  1669  purchased 
of  his  co-grantees  their  rights  between  the  Rap- 
pahannock and  Potomac  Rivers.  He  had  been 
one  of  the'  commissioners  for  plantations  in 
July,  1675.  He  was  an  able  but  an  artful  and 
covetous  man.  His  estate  descended  to  his 
dau..  Lady  Fairfax.  Returning  to  Eng.  in 
1 683,  in  violation  of  his  orders,  he  was  arrested 
immediately  on  his  arrival ;  and  having  re- 
ceived presents  from  the  assembly,  contrary  to 
his  instructions,  a  jury  of  Middlesex  found  that 
he  had  forfeited  his  commission. 

Culvert,  George,  a  head  chief  and  war- 
rior of  the  Choctaw  nation,  b.  1744  ;  d.  Fort 
Towson,  Ark.,  Nov.  4,  1839;  served  under 
Washington  in  the  Revol.,  and  received  from 
him  a  com.  of  mnj.  of  militia  in  the  U.S.  ser- 
vice, and  a  sword.  He  served  under  Wayne, 
and  also  under  Jackson,  against  the  Seminoles, 
in  1814.  For  his  bravery,  Jackson  presented 
him  with  a  col's,  com.,  and  afterward  (during 
his  presidency)  with  a  sword.  He  educated 
his  sons,  and  established  them  on  plantations 
among  his  people.  He  was,  physically  and 
mentally,  a  great  man. 

Cumming,  Alfred,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A., 
b.  Ga.,  1829  ;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Jonesboro', 
Ga.,  Sept.  1,  1864.  West  Point,  1849.  Capt. 
10th  Inf.,  20  July,  1856  ;  res.  Jan.  19, 1861,  and 
entered  rebel  army. — Cullum. 

Cumming,  Gen.  John  Noble,  Revol. 
officer;  d.  Newark,  N.J.,  July  6,  1821,  a  69. 
N.J.  Coll.  1774.  He  was  a  relative  of  Rev. 
Alex.  His  son,  Rev.  Hooper  Cumming,  D.D., 
minister  of  Newark,  d.  Charleston,  S.C.,  Dec. 
1825.     N.J.  Coll.  1805. 

Cumming,  Major-Gen.  Robert,  naval 
officer  of  the  Revol. ;  d.  Libertytown,  Md., 
Feb.  14,  1826,  a.  70. 

Cumming,  William,  col.,  b.  Ga.,  1788  ; 
d.  Augusta,  Ga.,  Feb.  1863.  App.  maj.  8th 
Inf.,  25  Mar.  1813;  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Chrystler's  Fields,  11  Nov.  1813;  adj. -gen., 
rank  of  col.,  16  Feb.  1814  to  31  Mar.  1815; 
severely  wounded  at  Lundy's  Lane ;  app.  maj.- 
gen.  3  Mar.  1847,  declined.  He  studied  at  the 
Litchf  Law  School,  but,  inheriting  a  fortune, 
never  practised.  He  wounded  McDuffie  in  a  duel. 


cum: 


236 


CTJE. 


CummingS,  Asa,  D.D.  (B.C.  1847),  min- 
ister of  North  Yarmouth,  Me.,  1821-9;  editor 
of  the  Christian  J/iV/or,  Portland,  from  1826  to 
1856;  b.  Andover,  Ms.,  Sept.  29,  1790  ;  d.  at 
sea,  June  5,  18.56,  while  returning  fiom  Pana- 
ma. H.U.  1817.  Tutor  at  Bowd.  Coll.  1819- 
20      He  pub.  "Memoirs  of  Dr.  Pavson." 

CummingS,  Henry,  D.D.  (H.U.  1800), 
divine,  b.  Holhs,  N.H.,  Sept.  28,  1739  ;  d.  Bal- 
timore, Sept.  5,  1823.  H.  U.  1760.  Ord.  at 
Baltimore,  Jan.  26,  1763.  Many  years  settled 
at  Billerica,  Ms.  Fourteen  of  his  occasional 
discourses  were  pub. — Allen. 

CummingS,  Jacob  A.,  teacher  and  book- 
seller .of  Boston,  b.  Hollis,  N.H.,  Nov.  2,  1772 ; 
d.  Feb.  24,  1820.  H.  U.  1801.  He  pub.  some 
elementary  school-books,  "  New-Testament 
Questions,"  1817;  "Geography,  Ancient  and 
Modern." 

CummingS,  Joseph,  D.D. ,  LL.D.,  pres. 
of  the  Wesl.  U.,  Middletown,Ct.,  b.  Falmouth, 
Me.,  March  3,  1817.  Wesl.  U.  1840.  He  be- 
came prof,  of  natural  science  in  the  Amenia 
Scm.,  N.Y.,  and  principal  in  1843.  He  was 
licensed  to  preach  in  1841  ;  in  1846  joined  the 
N.  E.  conference;  was  in  1853  app.  prof,  of 
theology  in  the  Meth.  gen.  biblical  institute  at 
Concord, N.H. ;  pres.  of  Geneva  College,  1854- 
7,  and  of  Wesleyan  U.  since  1857;  D.D.  of 
Wes.  U.  1854;  LL.D.  of  the  North-western 
U.  1866. 

Cummins,  Ebenezer  H.,  clergyman 
and  author,  b.  N.C. ;  d.  Washington,  Jan.  17, 
1835.  Frank.  Coll.  1804.  He  was  educated 
for  the  bar  in  Ga.;  served  in  the  State  legisl.,tlien 
entered  the  marine  corps;  afterward  studied  di- 
vinity, and  settled  in  Baltimore,  where  he  was 
a  magistrate.  Author  of  a  "  History  of  the 
Late  War,"  8vo,  Bait.,  1820;  "  Geography  of 
Ala.,"  1819. 

Cummins,  Francis,  D.D.  (U.  of  Ga. 
1820),  Presb.  clergyman,  b.  nearShippensburg, 
Pa.,  1752;  d.  Greenesboro',  Ga.,  22  Feb.  1832. 
A.  M.  of  N.J.  Coll.  1787.  He  was  a  Revol. 
patriot ;  and  his  name  is  connected  with  the 
celebrated  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence of  May,  1775;  licensed  by  the  pres- 
bytery of  Orange,  N.C,  15  Dec.  1780;  mem- 
ber of  the  S.C.  convention,  to  consider  the 
U.S.  Constitution  in  1778.  For  53  years,  he 
was  pastor  of  different  churches  in  S.C.  and  Ga. 
—  Sprague. 

Cummins,  Maria  S.,  novelist,  b.  Salem, 
Apr.  10,  1827  ;  d.  Dorchester,  Ms.,  Oct.  1 ,  1866. 
Dau.  of  Judge  David.  Author  of  "  Lamp- 
lighter," 1853;  "  El  Fnreidis,"  1860;  "Mabel 
Vaughan,"  1857 ;  "  Haunted  Hearts,"  and 
other  novels.  She  was  a  contrib.  to  the  Atlan- 
tic Monthhj  and  Young  Folks.  Her  first  book 
attained  a  sale  of  100,000. 

Cunha  Barbosa  (Koon'-ya  bar-bo'-sa), 
Januario  da,  Brazilian  prelate  and  states- 
man, b.  July  10,  1780  ;  d.  Feb.  22,  1846.  He 
was  chaplain  of  John  VI.,  and  afterward  prof, 
of  moral  philosophy.  Dec.  15, 1821,  he  estab- 
lished, in  conjunction  with  Ledo,  a  political 
journal  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  favoring  Brazilian 
independence.  After  this  had  been  declared, 
Cunha  was,  at  the  instigation  of  his  enemies, 
arrested  Dec.  7,  1822,  and  banished  to  France. 
To  repair  this  injustice,  he  was  app.  in  1824 


canon  of  the  imperial  chapel.  In  1826,  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  assembly.  In  concert 
with  Gen.  Cunha,  he  founded  'the  Hist,  and 
Geog.  Society  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  He  also  ed- 
ited a  political  journal  favorable  to  the  govt., 
and  an  agricultural  paper.  He  was  also  impe- 
rial historiographer,  and  director  of  the  nation- 
al library.  He  left  a  small  vol.  of  poems.  — Ap- 
pleton. 

Cunha  Mattos,  Raymunde  Jose  da, 
Brazilian  gen.  and  author,  b.  Faro,  Prov.  of  Al- 
garve.  Nov.  2,  1776;  d.  March,  1840.  He  entered 
the  Portuguese  army  in  1790,  served  3  years  in 
the  south  of  France,  and  18  years  in  Africa, 
then  served  in  Rio  Janeiro,  and  was  afterwards 
acting  gov.  of  St.  Thomas.  In  1817,  he  re- 
turned to  Brazil,  com.  the  art.  of  Pernambu- 
co,  and  subsequently  governed  the  province  of 
Goyaz.  He  pub.  a  work  on  the  interior  of 
Brazil,  in  1836.  Removing  to  Rio  de  Janeiro 
in  1826,  he  was  elected  to  the  legisl. ;  directed 
the  military  acad.  of  Rio  in  1832,  and  was 
soon  after  made  com.-in-chief  of  the  Brazilian 
army.  He  was  sec.  for  life  of  the  Industrial 
Aid  Society,  and  one  of  the  founders,  and  for 
several  years  vice-pres.,  of  the  Hist.  Society  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro, 

Cunningham,  Gen.  Robert,  loyalist;  d. 
Nassau,  New  Providence,  1813,  a.  74.  In  1769, 
he  settled  in  the  dist.  of  Ninety-Six,  and  be- 
came a  judge ;  imprisoned  by  the  Whigs  in 
Charleston,  in  1775-July,  1776;  made  a  brig.- 
gcn.  of  loyalists  in  1780,  and  placed  in  com. 
of  a  garrison  in  S.C.  He  removed  to  Nassau, 
N.P.  The  British  Govt,  compensated  him  for 
his  losses,  and  gave  him  an  annuity. 

Cunningham,  William,  prov.-marshal 
of  the  British  army  in  New  York  during 
the  Revol.  war,  Avas  executed  for  forgery  at 
London  Dock,  Aug.  10,  1791.  (See  his  con- 
fession in  Ms.  Centinel,  Feb.  15,  1792.)  Of 
the  prisoners  under  his  care,  2,000  were  starved 
to  death,  and  more  than  250  were  privately 
hung  without  ceremony. 

Curry,  Daniel,  D.D.  (Wesl.  U.  1852), 
clergvman  and  author,  b.  near  Peekskill,N.Y., 
Nov.'26,  1809.  Wesl.  U.,  Ct.,  1837.  Princi- 
pal of  the  Troy  Conference  Acad.,  1837.  In 
1839  he  removed  to  Ga.,  where  he  was  sta- 
tioned successively  at  Athens,  Savannah,  and 
Columbus.  He  entered  the  N.Y.  Conference 
in  1844.  After  having  been  stationed  in  the 
cities  of  N.Y.,  N.  Haven,  Brooklyn,  and  Hart- 
ford, he  was,  in  1854-7,  pres.  of  the  Indiana 
Asbury  U.  Returning  to  Brooklyn,  he  was, 
in  1858,  pastor  of  the  church  in  Middletown, 
and  in  1862,  at  37th  St.,  N.Y.  City.  He  has 
contrib.  to  the  magazines  of  the  day.  Author 
of  "  Life  of  WyclifFe,  and  "  Metropolitan  City 
of  America."  He  has  also  edited  Southey's 
"Life  of  Wesley."  Ed.  of  the  Christian  Ad- 
vocate since  1864. 

Curry,  Jabez  Lafayette  Monroe, 
politician,  b.  Lincoln  Co.,  Ga.,  June  5,  1825  ; 
removed  in  1838,  with  his  family,  to  Talladega 
Co.,  Ala.  U.  of  Ga.  1843  ;  H.U.  Law  School 
in  1845,  and  became  a  disting.  lawyer.  Mem- 
ber of  the  Ala.  H.  of  representatives  in  1847, 
'53,  and '55;  and  in  1857-61,  M.C.,  distin- 
guishing himself  as  a  debater.  Jan.  7, 1861, 
he  joined  the  other  representatives  of  Ala.  at 


CXJR 


236 


CTJR 


Washington  in  advising  the  immediate  seces- 
sion of  the  State.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Con  fed.  Congress,  After  the  war,  he  became 
a  Baptist  preacher,  and  pres.  of  Howard  Coll., 
Ala.,  in  1865. 

Curtin,  Andrew  Gregg,  statesman,  1). 
Bellefonte,  Pa.,  Apr.  28,  1817.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1839,  and  practised  at  Bellefonte.  He 
canvassed  the  State  for  Clay  in  1844,  and  for 
Taylor  in  1848.  From  1855  to  1858,  he  was 
sec.  of  state,  and  supt.  of  common  schools  for 
Pa.  In  1 860,  he  was  elected  gov.  by  the  Repub. 
party.  When  the  civil  war  broke  out  in  1861, 
he  was  zealous  in  organizing  troops,  and  in 
May,  18G1,  in  a  message  to  the  legisl.,  advised 
the  establishment  of  a  reserve-corps,  which  ren- 
dered important  service  to  the  country.  He 
was  re-elected  in  1863,  and  was  one  of  the  lead- 
ing spirits  among  the  loyal  govs,  of  the  North- 
ern States  during  the  civil  war.  He  was  active 
in  the  election  of  Gen.  Grant,  who  app.  him 
minister  to  Russia  in  Apr.  1869. 

Curtis,  Alva,  M.D.,  b.  N.H.,  1797.  Edit- 
ed Physico-Med.  Recorder  20  years  in  Cincin. 
Author  of  "  Medical  Discussions,"  12mo,  1833; 
"  Lectures  on  Obstetrics,"  Svo,  1838 ;  "  Theory 
and  Practice  of  Medicine,"  8vo,  1842,  repub. 
in  Eng. ;  "Medical  Criticisms,"  1856. —Al- 
libone. 

Curtis,  Benjamin  Bobbins,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1852),  jurist,  b.  Watertown,  Ms.,  Nov.  4,  1809. 
H.U.  1829.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1832,  he  com- 
menced practice  at  Northfield,  Ms.,  but  in  1834 
removed  to  Boston,  where  he  took  high  rank. 
App.  to  the  bench  of  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court 
in  Sept.  1851,  he  resigned  in  the  autumn  of 
1857,  and  has  since  practised  his  profession  in 
Boston.  He  was  two  years  in  the  Ms.  H.  of 
representatives.  In  Mar.  1868,  he  was  one  of 
the  counsel  for  Pres.  Johnson  before  the  Court 
of  Impeachment.  Author  of"  Reports  of  U.S. 
Circuit  Court,"  2  vols.,  1857  ;  "  Decisions  of 
the  U.S.  Sup.  Court,"  22  vols. ;  "  Digest  "  of 
the  same  to  1854,  8vo,  Boston. 

Curtis,  George  Ticknor,  jurist  and 
author,  bro.  of  B.  R.  Curtis,  b.  Watertown, 
Ms.,  Nov.  28,  1812.  H.U.  1832.  Adm.  to  the 
Suffolk  bar,  Aug.  1836.  and  representative  in 
1840-4.  Mr.  Curtis  has  pub.  "  Rights  and 
Duties  of  Merchant  Seamen,"  "  Digest  of  the 
Decisions  of  the  Courts  of  Common  Law  and 
Admiralty,"  2  vols.  ;  also  of  "  Cases  in  the 
Amer.  and  English  Courts  of  Admiralty," 
"American  Conveyancer,"  "  Treatise  on  the 
Law  of  Patents,"  "Equity  Precedents,"  a 
ract,  entitled  "  The  Rights  of  Conscience 
and  Property, "  a  treatise  on  the  "  Law  of 
Copyright,"  and  a  "Life  of  Daniel  Webster," 
2  vols.,  8vo.  He  has  also  delivered  a  course  of 
12  lectures  on  the  History  of  the  U.S.  Con- 
stitution. In  1854-8,  hepub.  "  Commentaries 
on  the  Jurisprudence,  Practice,  and  Peculiar 
Jurisdiction,  of  the  Courts  of  the  U.S."  His 
best  known  work  is  a  "  History  of  the  Origin, 
Formation,  and  Adoption  of  the  Constitution 
of  the  U.S.,"  2  vols.,  1855-8. 

Curtis,  George  William,  author,  b. 
Providence,  R.I.,  Feb.  24,  1824.  His  mother, 
was  a  dau.  of  Senator  Burrill  of  R.I.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  education  at  Jamaica  Plain, 
Ms.     When  he  was  15,  his  father  removed  to 


N.Y.,  where  he  was  one  year  in  a  counting- 
house.  In  1 842,  he  went  with  his  elder  brother 
to  reside  with  the  Brook  Farm  Assoc,  where 
he  remained  18  months,  and  also  spent  a  similar 
period  in  Concord,  Ms.,  engaged  in  agriculture 
and  study,  and  enjoying  the  society  of  Emer- 
son and  Hawthorne.  In  1846,  he  went  to 
Europe,  and,  after  a  year  in  Italy,  entered  the 
U.of  Berlin,  witnessingtherevol.  scenesof  1848. 
The  2  following  years  he  spent  chiefly  in  travel 
in  Europe,  Egypt,  and  Syria.  He  returned  to 
the  U.S.  in  1850.  Joining  the  editorial  staff 
of  the  N.  Y.  Tribune,  a  series  of  letters  to  that 
journal  afterwards  appeared,  entitled  "Lotus 
Eating."  He  was  one  of  the  original  editors 
of  Putnam's  Monthhj,  and,  in  the  attempt  to  save 
its  creditors  from  loss  by  the  failure  of  the  pub- 
lishers, sunk  his  entire  private  fortune.  As  a 
lyceum  lecturer  since  1853.  he  has  met  with 
great  success.  In  the  presidential  canvass  of 
1856,  he  enlisted  with  great  zeal  as  a  public 
speaker  on  behalf  of  the  Repub.  party.  He  has 
delivered  several  poems  and  orations  before 
literary  bodies.  In  the  winter  of  1858,  he  ad- 
vocated the  rights  of  women  in  a  lecture  en- 
titled "  Fair  Play  for  Women."  He  has  contrib. 
to,  and  for  many  vears edited,  Harpers'  MonthJij, 
and  since  1857  tiarpers'  Weekly.  Author  of 
"  The  Potiphar  Papers,"  a  series  of  satiric 
sketches  of  society ;  "  Trumps,"  a  novel ; 
"  Nile-Notes  of  a  Howadji,"  18.i0  ;  "  Howadji, 
in  Syria,"  1852;  "  Prue  and  I,"  1856.  He 
edited  A.  J.  Dovvning's  "Rural  Essays," with 
a  memoir. 

Curtis,  Samuel  Ryan,  maj.-gen.  vols., 
b.  O.,  Feb.  3,  1807;  d.  Council  Bluffs,  la., 
Dec.  25,  1866.  West  Point,  1831.  Hisfamily 
was  from  Ct.  Resigning  from  the  army  in 
1832,  he  studied  and  practised  law,  and  was  in 
1837-40  engr.  of  the  Muskingum  Works.  As 
col.  2d  0.  vols.,  he  served  under  Taylor,  and  as 
assist  adj. -gen.  to  Gen.  Wool  in  the  Mexican 
war,  and  was  for  a  time  gov.  of  Saltillo,  Mex. 
He  was  afterward  engaged  in  engineering  at 
the  West ;  settled  as  a  lawyer  at  Keokuk,  la., 
in  1855,  and  was  M.C.  in  1857-61.  Here  he 
was  identified  with  the  Repub.  party  and  with 
the  Pacific  Railroad  project.  Member  of  the 
peace  congress,  1861.  When  the  Rebellion 
broke  out,  he  became  col..  2d  la.  vols. ;  app. 
brig-gen.  May  17,  1861, and  maj.-gen.  Mar.  21, 
1862.  He  com.  the  army  operating  in  S.  W. 
Mo.,  and  gained  the  victory  of  Pea  Ridge  over 
Price  and  McCuUoch,  Mar.  6-8,  1 862.  He  was 
in  com.  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  during  the 
Price  raid  in  Oct.  1864,  and  co-operated  in 
the  pursuit  and  defeat  of  Price's  army.  U.S. 
commis.  to  treat  with  the  Sioux,  Cheyennes, 
and  other  Indian  tribes,  Aug.-Nov.  1865,  and 
to  examine  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  Nov. 
1865  to  Apr.  1866. 

Curtiss,  Abby  Allin,  poet,  b.  Pomfret, 
Ct.,  15  Sept.  1820.  Daniel  Allin,  her  father, 
was  a  sea-captain  of  Providence,  R  I.  Her 
first  piece,  "  Take  me  Home  to  Die,"  app.  in 
Neal's  Gazette  in  1846.  In  Sept.  1852,  she  m. 
Daniel  S.  Curtiss,  farmer-editor  of  Chicago, 
and  resides  at  Madison,  Wis.  Author  of 
"Home  Ballads,"  Boston,  1850.  —  Poets  and 
Poetn/  of  the  West. 

Curwen,  Samoel^  a  merchant  and  loyalist, 


CTJS 


237 


CTJS 


b.  Salem,  Ms.,  Dec.  28,  1715;  d.  there  Apr.  9, 
1802.  Son  of  Rev.  George.  He  was  educated  for 
the  ministr}',  but  engaged  in  commercial  pur- 
suits in  Salem,  and  in  the  winter  of  1 744-5  was 
a  capt.  in  Feppereli's  successful  exped.  against 
Louisburg.  In  1759,  Mr.  Curwen  was  app.  im- 
post officer  for  Essex  Co.,  and  in  1775  was 
judge  of  the  Admiralty  Court.  He  left  his 
country  in  May,  1775,  and  resided  abroad  un- 
til the  autumn  of  1784,  when  he  returned  to 
his  native  town.  His  Journal  and  Letters  were 
pub.  in  1842,  with  notices  of  his  fellow-loyal- 
ists, by  the  editor,  Geo.  A.  Ward  of  N.  Y. 

Gushing,  Caleb,  LL.D.  (H.  U.  1852), 
politician,  orator,  and  jurist,  b.  Salisbury,  Ms., 
Jan.  17,  1800.  H.  U.  1817.  His  father  ac- 
quired a  handsome  fortune  in  the  shipping 
business.  He  studied  law  at  Cambridge ;  was 
tutor  of  mathematics  and  natural  pliilos.  two 
years,  and  then  removed  to  Newburyport  to 
practise  law.  In  1825-6,  he  served  in  the  State 
legisl.,  and  in  1829  vi>ited  Europe,  publishing, 
on  his  return,  "  Reminiscences  of  Spain,"  and 
"  Review  of  the  Revol.  in  France."  He  also 
wrote  for  the  N.  Amer.  Review,  mainly  on  his- 
torical and  legal  subjects.  In  1833-4*,  he  was 
again  elected  to  the  legisl.,  and  was  M.  C.  from 
1835  to  1843.  During  the  administration  of 
Tyler,  Mr.  Gushing  was  one  of  the  few  Whigs 
who  sustained  the  course  of  that  Pres.  in  aban- 
doning his  political  friends ;  since  which,  he  has 
been  connected  with  the  Democ.  party.  App. 
by  Pros.  Tyler  commissioner  to  China  in  1843, 
he  negotiated  an  important  treaty  in  1844.  Re- 
turning to  Newburyport  in  1846,  he  was  again 
elected  to  the  legisl.,  in  which  he  was  the  most 
prominent  member.  He  advocated  the  policy 
of  the  Mexican  war,  advanced  the  money  from 
his  own  means  for  equipping  the  Ms.  regt.,  of 
which  he  was  chosen  col.,  accomp.  it  to  the  Rio 
Grande  in  the  spring  of  1847,  and  April  14, 
1847,  was  app.  a  brig. -gen.  While  in  Mexico, 
in  1847,  he  was  the  Democ.  candidate  for  gov. 
of  Ms.,  and  was  defeated.  In  1850,  he  was  a 
5th  time  elected  to  the  legisl.,  and  was  mayor 
of  Newburyport ;  in  1852  was  made  a  justice 
of  the  State  Superior  Court;  was  atty.-gen. 
under  Pres.  Pierce,  1853-7,  and,  on  his  return 
home  was  again  re-elected  to  the  legisl.,  remain- 
ing until  1860.  In  1860,  he  was  pres.  of  the 
Democ.  convention  at  Charleston,  S.  C.  In 
July,  1866,  he  was  app.  one  of  three  to  re- 
vise and  codify  the  laws  of  the  U.  S.  His  lit- 
erary, historical,  and  political  productions,  as 
well  as  his  orations  and  addresses,  have  been 
very  numerous.  He  delivered  a  poem  before 
the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society  in  1819,  and  an 
oration  on  the  Durability  of  the  Federal  Union, 
on  taking  his  degree.  In  1826,  he  pub.  a  "  His- 
tory of  Newburyport,"  and  a  treatise  on  "  The 
Practical  Principles  of  Political  Economy  ; " 
"  Growth  and  Territorial  Progress  of  the 
U.  S.,"  8vo,  1839;  "Life  of  Wm.  H.  Harri- 
son," Boston,  12mo,  1840. 

Gushing,  Jonathan  Peter,  pres.  of 
Hamp.  Sid.  Coll.,  1821-35,  b.  Rochester,  N.H., 
March  12,  1793  ;  d.  Raleigh,  N.C.,  April  25, 
1835.  Dartm.  Coll.  1817.  He  purchased  with 
the  proceeds  of  his  overwork,  as  an  apprentice, 
the  remainder  of  his  time,  and  entered  Phil- 
lips (Exeter)   Acad.,  where,  by  working  at  his 


trade  a  portion  of  the  time  each  day,  and  by 
school-keeping,  he  paid  his  expenses,  and  went 
through  college.  To  restore  his  health,  he 
went  South;  became  a  tutor  in  Hamp.  Sid. 
Coll.  in  Nov.  1817;  prof,  of  chemistry  and  nat- 
ural philos.,  1819-21.  This  institution,  then 
disorganized  and  broken  down,  was,  by  his  ex- 
ertions built  up  and  placed  high  in  rank  among 
kindred  institutions.  The  labor  and  responsi- 
bility of  the  enterprise  exhausted  his  strength, 
and  hastened  his  death. 

Gushing,  Luther  Stearns,  jurist,  b.  Lu- 
nenburg, June  22,  1803;  d.  Boston,  June  22, 
1856.  Camb.  Law  School,  1826.  He  for  some 
years  conducted  The  Jurist  and  Law- Magazine 
in  Boston  ;  was  clerk  of  the  house  from  1832  to 
1844;  representative  in  1844;  judge  of  C  C.P., 
1844  to  1848,  and  subsequently  reporter  of  the 
decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court.  In  1845,  he 
pub.  a  "Manual  of  Parliamentary  Practice;" 
"  Elements  of  the  Law  and  Practice  of  Legis- 
lative Assemblies,"  1855;  12  vols.  Ms.  Sup. 
Court  Reports;  "Introd.  to  the  Study  of  Roman 
Law,"  1854;  and  "  Rules  of  Proceeding  and 
Debates  in  Deliberative  Assemblies,"  1854. 
He  transl.  "Pothieron  Contracts,"  1839. 

Gushing,  Nathan,  jurist,  b.  Sept.  24, 
1742  ;  d.  Scituate,  Ms.,  Nov.  3,  1812.  H.  U. 
1763.  Counsellor,  and  judge  Ms.  Sup.  Court, 
1800-12. 

Gushing,  Col.  Nathaniel,  Revol.  officer, 
b.  Pembroke,  Ms.,  Apr.  8,  1753  ;  d.  Marietta, 
O.,  Aug.  1814.  Lieut,  in  Brewer's  regt.  in 
July,  1775  ;  capt.  in  R.  Putnam's  regt.  from 
1777  to  the  close  of  the  war  ;  was  in  many  ac- 
tions ;  surprised  Col.  Delancey's  loyalist  corps 
in  May,  1780,  and  brev.  major  in  1782.  Emi- 
grated to  Belpre,  Ohio,  in  1789. 

Gushing,  Thomas,  LL.D.  (H.  U.  1785), 
Revol.  statesman,  b.  Boston,  Mar.  24,  1725; 
d.  Feb.  28,  1788.  H.  U.  1744.  Son  of  Thos., 
speaker  of  the  H.  from  1742  to  his  d.,  11  Apr. 
1746.  Many  years  a  representative  from  Bos- 
ton ;  and  when  Otis,  who  had  been  chosen 
speaker,  was  negatived  by  the  gov.,  he  was 
elected  in  his  place,  filling  it  until  1774,  when 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Prov.  Congress,  and 
of  the  Congress  which  met  at  Phila.  On  his 
return,  he  was  elected  to  the  council ;  was  com- 
missary-gen. in  1 775  ;  judge  of  the  C  C.  P.,  and 
of  Probate  in  Suffolk  Co.,  in  1777  ;  declined 
a  seat  in  the  Cont.  Congress  in  1779,  and  was 
lieut.-gov.  of  Ms.  from  1779  until  his  death, 
and  acting  gov.  in  1785.  His  signature  being 
affixed  to  all  public  papers,  as  speaker  of  the 
house,  caused  him  to  be  regarded  in  Great  Bri- 
tain as  the  leader  of  the  Whigs  in  this  country. 
Dr.  Johnson,  in  his  "  Taxation  no  Tyran- 
ny," says,  "  One  object  of  the  Americans  is 
said  to  be  to  adorn  the  brows  of  Mr.  Gushing 
with  a  diadem."  He  was  the  devoted  friend 
and  counsellor  of  Hancock,  and  the  friend  and 
corresp.  of  Franklin,  from  whom  he  received 
the  letters  of  Hutchinson  and  others,  that  pro- 
duced so  great  an  effect  at  the  time.  He  was  a 
commissioner  of  the  Society  in  London  for 
Propagating  the  Gospel  in  N.  E.,  and  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and 
Sciences.  Pie  was  moderate  and  conciliatory 
in  character,  and  possessed  great  influence. 

Gushing,  Thomas  Humphrey,  brig.-gen. 


CTJS 


238 


CXJS 


U.S.A.,  b.  1755;  d.  N.  London,  Ct.,  Oct.  19, 
1822.  With  his  bro.  Nathaniel,  he  served 
through  the  Revol.  war,  and  was  a  sergeant 
under  him  in  Arnold's  naval  battle  on  Lake 
Champlain ;  was  app.  capt.  2d  Inf.,  March  4, 
1791;  maj.  1st  sub.  legion,  March  3,  1793; 
insp.  Feb.  24,1797;  adj.  and  insp.  April  1, 
1802;  lieut.-col.  2d  Inf.  ;  col.  Sept.  7,  1805; 
adj.-gen.  and  brig. -gen.  July,  1812;  app.  col- 
lector of  New  London,  Jan.  1816.  He  fought 
a  duel  with  Mr.  Lewis,  M.  C.  from  Va.,  in 
which  his  life  was  saved  by  his  watch,  which 
was  struck  by  his  adversary's  ball.  An  account 
of  his  trial  by  court-martial  was  pub.  in  1812. 
Cushing,  Thomas  Parkman,  a  public- 
spirited  merchant  of  Boston,  b.  Ashburnham, 
Ms.,  1787;  d.  Boston,  Nov.  23,  1854.  By  his 
will,  he  bequeathed  the  bulk  of  his  fortune, 
supposed  to  amount  to  $150,000,  for  the  main- 
tenance of  2  schools  in  his  native  town. 

Gushing,  William,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1785), 
jurist,  b.  Scituate,  March  1,  1732;  d.  there 
Sept.  13,  1810.  H.U.  1751.  He  was  the  de- 
scendant of  Matthew  of  Boston,  1638,  whose 
grandson  John,  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
in  1728,  d.  Scituate,  Jan.  19,  1737,  a.  75.  His 
father  John,  also  a  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  d.  1772  ;  was  one  of  the  presiding  judges 
at  the  trial  of  the  Brit,  soldiers  for  the  massacre 
at  Boston,  March  5,  1770.  He  studied  law 
with  J.  Gridley  ;  was  atty.-gen.  of  Ms. ;  judge 
of  Probate,  Pownalboro',  Lincoln  Co.,  Me., 
1768;  judge  of  the  Ms.  Superior  Court,  1772 ; 
chief-justice,  1777;  judge  of  the  Supreme  Ju- 
dicial Court,  1782,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Revol.,  alone  among  the  high  in  office,  sup- 
ported the  rights  of  his  country.  First  chief- 
justice  of  the  State  under  the  constitution  of 
1788;  asso.  justice  U.S.  Supreme  Court,  Sept. 
27,1789;  he  was,  in  1796,  nominated  by  Wash- 
ington chief-justice  of  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court, 
which  honor  he  declined.  In  1788,  he  was 
vice-pres.  of  the  Ms.  convention  ;  was  a  found- 
er and  member  of  the  Am.  Acad,  of  Arts  and 
Sciences  in  1780.  He  was  an  eloquent  speaker, 
and  invincible  at  town-meetings. 

Gushing,  William  B.,  lieut.-com.  U.S.N., 
b.  Wis.,  Nov.  24, 1 842.  App.  from  N. Y.,  Sept. 
24, 1857  ;  resigned,  Mar.  23,  1861  ;  re-app.  act- 
ing officer,  1861;  lieut.  July  16,  1862;  lieut.- 
com.  Oct.  22,  1864,  There  was  not  a  year 
during  the  war  that  Lieut.  C.  did  not  disting. 
himself  by  some  perilous  adventure.  Nov.  23, 
1862,  he  was  ordered  in  the  steamer  "  Ellis  "  to 
capture  Jacksonville,  and  destroy  salt-works,  if 
any,  in  New  River  Inlet.  After  performing 
this  duty  successfully,"  The  Ellis  "  got  aground. 
Lieut.  Gushing  fired  her,  and  escaped  in  a 
small  boat,  receiving  special  commendation  for 
his  coolness,  courage,  and  conduct  in  this  af- 
fair. For  his  daring  exploit  on  the  night  of 
Oct.  27,  1864,  in  blowing  up  the  rebel  ram 
*'  Albemarle,"  at  Plymouth,  he  received  a  vote 
of  thanks  from  Congress,  and  a  complimen- 
tary letter  from  the  sec.  of  the  navy.  In  this 
affair  his  boat  was  sunk  ;  and  Lieut.  Cushing 
escaped  by  swimming  ashore,  and  making  use 
of  a  picket-boat  belonging  to  the  rebels,  with 
which  he  reached  the  fleet.  He  com.  the 
steamer  "  Mauraee,"  Asiatic  squadron,  1868-9. 
— Hamersly. 


Gushman,  Charlotte  Saunders,  an 
eminent  actress,  b,  Boston,  July  23,  1816.  At 
the  age  of  12,  she  contributed  to  the  support 
of  her  family  by  her  fine  voice;  and  she  was 
advised  by  the  celebrated  Mrs.  Wood  to  culti- 
vate it  for  the  stage.  April  18,  1835,  she  made 
her  d€but  at  the  Tremont  Theatre,  Boston,  as 
the  countess  in  "  The  Marriage  of  Figaro." 
Accepting  an  engagement  at  N.  Orleans,  her 
voice  failed  her.  Determining  to  become  an 
actress,  under  the  tuition  of  Mr.  Burton,  she 
studied  the  part  of  Lady  Macbeth,  in  which 
she  appeared  with  complete  success.  She 
played  for  3  years  to  large  audiences  at  the 
Bowery  and  at  the  Park,  N.Y.,  in  a  great  vari- 
ety of  parts,  and  brought  out  her  younger  sis- 
ter Susan,  taking  herself  the  chief  male  parts  ; 
and  for  one  season,  in  Phila.,  they  played  all  the 
principal  characters.  She  afterwards  directed 
one  of  the  Phila.  theatres,  until  invited  by  Mr. 
Macready,  in  1844,  to  accompany  him  on  a 
professional  tour  in  the  Northern  States,  in  the 
course  of  which  she  played  with  success  the 
higher  range  of  tragic  parts.  In  1845,  she  ap- 
peared at  the  Princess's  Theatre,  Lond.,  as  Bi- 
anca  in  "Fazio."  Her  reception  was  enthusi- 
astic ;  and  for  84  nights  she  appeared  in  a  vari- 
ety of  characters.  With  her  sister,  she  acted 
for  several  years  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre^ 
Lond,,  and  in  the  chief  provincial  towns.  In 
1849,  she  revisited  the  U.S.,  and  played  Meg 
Merrilies  in  "  Guy  Mannering."  She  has  since 
played  both  in  Eng.  and  Amer.  Her  sister 
Susan  was  m.  in  March,  1848,  to  Dr.  James 
S.  Muspratt  of  Liverpool. 

Gushman,  Henry  Wyles,  Heut.-gov.  of 
Ms.,  1851-2,  b,Bernardston,  Ms,,  9  Aug.  1805; 
d.  there  21  Nov.  1863.  Descended  from  Rob- 
ert. He  studied  at  the  Norwich  Milit.  Acad. ; 
was  a  member  of  the  legisl.  in  1837,  '39,  '40, 
and  '44,  and  of  the  Const.  Conv.,  18.53.  He 
held  many  public  and  private  trusts,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  N.E.  H.  and  G.  Soc,  and  many 
years  pres.  of  the  Franklin  Co.  Agric.  Soc. 
Author  of  the  Cushman  Genealogy,  1855.  He 
had  nearly  completed  a  Hist,  of  IBernardston, 
at  the  time  of  his  d.  —  See  Geneal.  Register, 
1864. 

Gushman,  Robert,  one  of  the  founders 
of  Plymouth  Colony,  b.  Eng.  ab.  1580;  d. 
1625.  He  joined  the  nonconformists  at  Ley- 
den,  and  in  1617  was  sent  by  them  to  Lond., 
with  John  Carver,  to  negotiate  with  the  Va. 
Company  for  leave  to  settle  within  their  do- 
main in  Amer.,  and  to  petition  King  James 
for  "  liberty  of  conscience  there."  Sent  again 
in  1619,  with  Wm.  Brewster,  a  patent  was  fi- 
nally obtained.  He  made  a  4th  jouiney  to 
Lond.  in  1620,  with  Carver  and  Martin,  pro- 
cured "  The  Mayflower,"  a  pilot,  &c.,  and  sailed 
in  her  as  "assistant  gov."  from  Southampton, 
Aug.  5,  1620,  in  company  with  "  The  Speed- 
well." The  latter,  proving  unseaworthy,  re- 
turned ;  and  Mr.  Cushman  took  charge  of  those 
who  remained,  and  followed  in  the  next  vessel, 
"  The  Fortune,"  reaching  New  Plymouth,  Nov. 
9,  1621.  Dec.  12,  he  preached  the  first  sermon 
in  Amer.  that  was  printed,  "  On  the  Sin  and 
Danger  of  Self-love."  This  sermon,  with  a  Me- 
moir of  Cushman  by  John  Davis,  was  re-pub. 
Plymouth,  1785.    He  sailed  for  Eng.  the  next 


CXJS 


239 


CUT 


day,  but  was  captured  by  the  French,  plundered, 
and  detained  2  weeks  on  their  coast.  After  his 
arrival,  he  wrote  and  pub.  an  eloquent  vindi- 
cation of  the  colonial  enterprise,  and  an  appeal 
for  Christian  missions  to  the  Amer.  Indians. 
He  continued  in  Lond.  as  agent  for  the  Colo- 
nists. In  1623,  he,  with  Edward  Winslow,  pro- 
cured from  Lord  Sheffield  a  charter  for  terri- 
tory on  Cape  Ann. 

Custer,  George  A.,  hrev.maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  NewRumley,  O.,  Dec.  5,  1839.  West  Point, 
1861.  Entering  the  second  cav.,  he  served  in 
the  Potomac  Army  ;  was  aide  to  McClellan,  and 
engaged  at  Yorktown,  So  Mountain,  and  An- 
tietam,  and  Stoneman's  raid  ;  was  aide  to  Gen. 
Pleasanton  ;  brig.-gen.  of  vols.  29  June,  1863; 
held  with  his  cav.  brigade  the  right  of  the  line 
at  Gettysburg ;  com.  a  brigade  of  the  cav. 
corps  in  the  Richmond  campaign,  Apr.  to  Aug. 
1864  ;  and  of  the  3d  div.  cav.  corps  in  Shenan- 
doah Valley,  Oct.  '64  to  Mar.  '65.  He  routed 
the  rebel  rear-guard  at  Falling  Waters ;  at 
Winchester,  he  captured  9  battle-flags,  and 
more  men  than  he  had  engaged;  rendered 
most  important  service  at  Fisher's  Hill;  brev. 
maj.-gen.  for  conduct  at  Cedar  Creek;  routed 
Gen.  Rosser,  Oct.  9,  1864  ;  and  at  Waynesboro' 
captured  the  remnant  of  Early's  armv,  ab.  18,- 
000  strong,  in  Feb.  1865.  In  the  battles  of  the 
campaign  ending  in  the  surrender  of  Lee,  Cus- 
ter com.  a  cav.  division,  and  bore  a  most  im- 
portant part;  disting.  himself  at  Dinwiddie  C. 
H.,  at  Five  Forks,  Sailor  Creek,  and  finally  at 
Appomattox  C.  H.,  and  Apr.  15,  1865,  was 
made  maj.-gen.  of  vols.  He  never  lost  a  gun 
or  a  color,  captured  more  guns,  flags,  and  pris- 
oners than  any  other  general  not  an  army 
commander,  and  was  exceptionally  fortunate 
in  his  career.  Lieut.-col.  7th  cav.  28  July, 
1866  ;  brev.-maj.  for  Gettysburg;  lient.-col.  for 
Yellow  Tavern,  Va.,  11  May,  1864;  col.  for 
Winchester,  19  Sept.  1864;  brig.-gen.  for  Five 
Forks,  and  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  for  services  end- 
ing in  Lee's  surrender.  —  Citllum. 

Custine  (kus'-ten'),  Adam  Philip,  Count 
DE,  a  French  gen.,  b.  Metz,  Feb.  4,  1740; 
guillotined  at  Paris,  Aug.  28,  1793.  After 
serving  as  capt.  in  the  Seven-Years'  War  under 
the  Great  Frederick,  he  ol)taincd,  through  the 
influence  of  Choiseul,  a  regt.  of  dragoons  in 
1762,  Avhich  was  called  by  his  name;  but  in 

1780  he  exchanged  this  for  the  regt.  Saintonge. 
Was  quar  -master-gen.  of  the  French  forces  in 
Amer.  in  1780-3,  and  was  present  at  the  sur- 
render at  Yorktown.  On  his  return,  in  1783, 
he  was  made  mar€chnl-de-camp,  and  gov.  of  Tou- 
lon. In  1789,  he  was  dep.  of  the  nobility  of 
Metz,  and  was  one  of  the  first  who  declared  for 
the  popular  party.  He  afterwards  com.  the 
army  of  the  north;  received  in  June,  1792,  the 
com.  of  the  army  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  and  after 
some  successes  took  com.  of  the  northern 
army,  in  May,  1793,  from  which,  however,  he 
was  soon  recalled  by  the  committee  of  safety, 
and  placed  at  the  bar  of  the  revol.  tribunal, 
which,  spite  of  a  spirited  defence,  having  de- 
termined upon  his  death,  condemned  him. 

Custis,  George  Washington  Parke, 
the  last  of  Washington's  family,  b.  Apr.  30, 

1781  ;  d.  Arlington,  Oct.  10, 1857.  His  father, 
Col.   John   Parke    Custis,    the  son   of  Mrs. 


Washington,  was  aide-de-camp  to  Washington 
at  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and  d.  Nov.  5,1781 

a.  28.  The  son  had  his  early  home  at  Mount 
Vernon,  pursued  his  classical  studies  at  Prince- 
ton, and,  having  built  "  Arlington  House,"  de- 
voted himself  to  literature  and  agriculture. 
This  estate,  which  came  to  him  under  the  will 
of  Washington,  passed,  at  his  death,  to  R.  E. 
Lee,  who  m.  his  only  dau.  Mr.  Custis  Avrote 
some  orations  and  plays,  and  executed  some 
paintings  of  Revol.  battles.  He  was  in  his 
early  days  an  eloquent  and  effective  speaker, 
and  was  well  known  for  his  generous  hospital- 
ity. His  Recoils,  of  Washington,  with  a  me- 
moir of  the  author,  by  his  dau.,  was  pub.,  with 
notes  by  B.  J.  Lossing,  8vo,  1860. 

Cutbush,  James,  b.  Pa.  Pyrotechnist, 
prof,  of  chemistry,  at  West  Point;  d.  there 
Dec.  15,  1823.  He  pub.  the  "Useful  Cabinet," 
1808;  "Philos.  of  Experimental  Chemistry," 
2  vols.,  1813;  "Treatise  on  Pyrotechnics," 
Phila.,  1825;  app.  apothec.-gen.  U.S.A.,  12. 
Aug.  1814  ;  post-surgeon  at  W.  Point,  1820-1. 

Cutler,  Benjamin  Clarke,  D.  D.  (Col. 
Coll.  1836),  b.  Ro.xbury,  Ms.,  6  Feb.  1798;  d. 
Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  10  Feb.  1863.  Brown  U.  1822. 
Ord,  in  Nov.  1822;  was  settled  in  Quincy  7 
years  ;  spent  the  winter  of  1830  in  Savannah, 
was  rector  of  Leesburg  parish  ab.  a  year ;  in 
1832  took  charge  of  the  first  city  mission  of 
the  Ep.  Church  in  N.Y. ;  rector  of  St.  Ann's, 
Brooklyn,  from  Apr.  1833,  to  his  d.  Has  pub. 
"  Century  Sermon,  Christ  Church,  Quincy, 
Ms.,  1828;"  "21  Parochial  Sermons,"  Phila., 
12mo,  1857;  also  many  other  discourses,  ser- 
mons, tracts,  &c.  —  See  Memoir  by  Rev.  Horatio 
Gray,  1864. 

Cutler,  Enos,  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  Brookfield, 
Ms.,  Nov.  1,  1781;  d.  Salem,  July  14,  1860. 
B.U.  1800.  Tutor  there  one  year.  He  studied 
law,  settled  in  Cincinnati ;  app.  lieut.  7th  Inf., 
1808;  capt.  Sept.  1810;  assist,  adj. -gen.  Feb  15, 
1813;assist.  insp.-gen.  Mar.  18,  1813;  maj.38th 
Inf.,  May  1,  1814;  lieut.-col.  3d,  Apr.  28, 
1826;  col.  4th  Inf.,  Sept.  21,  1836;  res.  Nov. 
30,  1839.  He  saw  service  in  the  War  of  1812, 
in  the  first  Seminole  campaign  with  Gen.  Jack- 
son, and  in  the  Creek  war. 

Cutler,  Jervis,  a  Western  pioneer,  b.  Ed- 
gartown,  Ms.,  Sept.  19,  1768;  d.  Evansville, 
Ind.,  June  25, 1 844.  Son  of  Manasseh  Cutler, 
LL.D.  One  of  the  band  of  emigrants  from 
Ms.,  under  Gen.  Rufus  Putnam,  who  in  1788 
settled  Marietta.  He  was  an  officer  of  the 
Ohio  militia,  and  also  of  the  regular  army. 
In  1823,  he  settled  as  an  engraver  in  Nashvilfe, 
Tenn.,  and  in  1841  at  Evansville.  He  pub. 
in  1812  "A  Topographical  Description  of  the 
Western  Country,  with  an  Account  of  the  In- 
dian Tribes." 

Cutler,  Lysander,  maj.-gen.  U.S.  vols., 

b.  Me.,  ab.  1806  ;  d.  Milwaukie,  Wis.,  Julv30, 
1866.  In  1861,  he  took  com.  of  the  6th  Wis. 
regt.,  which  he  made  one  of  the  best  in  the  ser- 
vice. While  commanding  the  "  Iron  Brigade  " 
of  the  Potomac  Army,  by  his  faithfulness 
and  gallantry  he  won  the  grade  of  brigadier, 
and  afterward  of  maj.-gen.,  proving  himself  an 
excellent  leader  both  of  brigade  and  division, 
and  was  twice  wounded. 

Cutler,  Manasseh,  LL.D.  (Y.  C.  1791), 


CTJT 


240 


CXJY 


clergvmnn  and  botanist,  b.  Killin<;lv,  Ct.,  May 
3, 1742  ;  d.  Hamilton,  Ms.,  July  28,'l823.  Y.C. 
1765.  He  engaged  in  the  whaling-business; 
then  opened  a  store  in  Edgartown ;  was  adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1767,  but  removed  to  Dedham  ; 
studied  theology;  was  licensed  in  1770,  and 
Sept.  11,  1771,  was  ord.  minister  of  Hamilton. 
In  Sept.  1776,  he  became  chaplain  of  Col.  Fran- 
cis's regt.,  taking  part  in  the  action  inR.I.,  Aug. 
28,  1778,  receiving  for  his  bravery  the  gift  of  a 
fine  horse  from  his  col.  He  also  studied  and 
practised  medicine,  and  became  noted  for  his 
scientific  attainments.  Made  a  member  of  the 
Amer.  Academy  in  1781  :  the  vol.  of  its  me- 
moirs for  178.5  contains  several  of  his  scientific 
papers.  His  botanical  paper  was  the  first  at- 
tempt at  a  scientific  description  of  the  plants 
of  N.  E.  With  Dr.  Peck's  assistance,  he  pre- 
pared the  chapter  on  trees  and  plants  in  "Bel- 
knap's History  of  N.  H."  In  1784,  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Philos.  Society  of  Phila.  In 
1787,  as  agent  for  the  Ohio  comp.,  he  purchased 
from  Conj^ress  1,-500,000  acres  of  land  N.W. 
of  the  Oiiio  River.  Dr.  Cutler  started  the  first 
company  of  emigrants  to  that  region,  who  be- 
gan the  settlement  of  Marietta,  Apr.  7,  1788. 
He  himself  travelled  thither  in  a  sulky,  accom- 
plishing the  750  miles  in  29  days.  He  returned 
with  his  family  to  N.  E.  in  1790.  Washington, 
in  1795,  app.  him  a  judgeof  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Ohio  Terr.;  but  he  declined.  He  was  after- 
ward a  member  of  the  Ms.  legisl.,  and  M.  C. 
from  1800  to  1804.  Author  of  a  Century  Dis- 
course at  Hamilton,  27  Oct.  1814. 

Cutler,  Timothy,  DD.  (Oxf.  1723),  pres. 
of  Y.  C,  1719-22,  b.  1684;  d.  Boston,  Ms., 
Aug.  17,  1765.  H.  U.  1701.  Ord.  Jan.  11, 
1 709,  at  Stratford,  Ct.  In  1  722,  he  renounced 
his  connection  with  the  Cong,  churches,  went 
to  Eng.,  took  orders,  returneti  to  Boston,  and 
Avas  rector  of  Christ  Church  from  Dec.  29, 1723, 
till  his  death.  He  pub.  a  sermon  before  the 
General  Court  at  N.  Haven  in  1717,  and  one 
on  the  death  of  Thomas  Graves,  1757.  A  se- 
ries of  his  letters  in  Nichols's  "  Illustrations  of 
Literary  History  "  have  considerable  historical 
value.  "  He  was,"  says  Pres.  Stiles,  "  a  good 
logician,  geographer,  and  rhetorician,"  and  was 
a  man  of  extensive  reading,  and  of  a  command- 
ing presence  and  dignity. 

Cutt,  John,  pres.  of  the  Province  of  N.H., 
b.  Wales  ;  d.  Mar.  27,  1681.  He  came  to  this 
country,  with  his  bros.  Robert  and  Richard, 
previous  to  1646;  settled  as  a  merchant  in 
Portsmouth,  N.H.,  became  also  a  farmer  and 
mill-owner,  and  acquired  by  industry  and  probi- 
ty a  large  property.  He  was  a  deputy  to  the 
Gen.  Court  during  the  union  with  Ms.,  and  was 
one  of  the  committee  of  Portsmouth  app.  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  Ms.,  and  against  the  claims 
of  Mason.  He  was  app.  pres.  in  1679.  His  bro. 
Richard  settled  at  the  Shoals,  and  carried  on 
fishing,  but  removed  to  Portsmouth,  all  the 
northerly  part  of  which  was  owned  by  himself, 
his  bro.  John,  and  two  others.  Robert  settled 
in  Kittery,  where  he  was  a  noted  ship-builder. 
From  these  brothers  are  descended  all  the 
CUTT8  families  on  both  sides  the  Piscataqna. 

Cutter,  Ammi  Ruhamah,  M.  D.  (H.  U. 
1792),  physician,  b  N.Yarmouth,  Me.,  Mar. 
4,  1735;  d.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  Dec.  8,  1819. 


H.U.  1752.  His  fi\ther,  a  clergyman  (H.U. 
1725),  was  at  the  time  of  his  death  chaplain 
of  a  N.E.  regt.  at  the  siege  of  Louisburg,  1745. 
He  studied  physic  with  Dr.  Clement  Jackson 
of  Portsmouth;  was  surgeon  to  Col,  Robert 
Rogers's  rangers  until  disbanded,  and  in 
1758  was  surgeon  of  the  N.H.  troops  in  the 
successful  exped.  against  Louisburg.  On  his 
return,  he  m.,  and  soon  obtained  a  very  ex- 
tensive practice.  He  was  a  decided  Whig, 
and  was  physician-gen.  of  the  eastern  dept.  ; 
stationed  at  Fishkill  from  Apr.  1777,  until 
the  beginning  of  1778,  when  he  resumed  prac- 
tise at  Portsmouth.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
N.H.  Const.  Conv. ;  was  long  pres.  of  the 
N.H.  Med.  Society.  —  Tliacher. 

Cutter,  George  W.,  poet,  b.  Ms.;  d. 
Washington,  D.C.,  24  Dec.  1865.  He  prac- 
tised law  successfully  in  Ky.  until  1845;  was 
a  capt.  in  McKee's  Ky.  Vols,  in  the  Mexican 
war ;  was  at  one  time  a  member  of  the  Ind. 
legisl.,  and  was  a  clerk  in  the  treasury  dept. 
during  Fillmore's  administration.  Among  his 
best  pieces  are,  "  E  Pluribns  Unum"  and  the 
"Song  of  Steam."  Author  of  "Poems,  Na- 
tional, and  Patriotic,"  8vo.,  Phila.,  1857  ; 
"  Song  of  Steam  and  Other  Poems,"  Cincin. 
12mo.  —  Poets  and  Poetrtj  of  the  West. 

Cutting,  FRAXCI8  Brockholst,  an  emi- 
nent commercial  lawyer  of  N.Y.  M.C.  in 
18.53-5,  b.  N.Y.  City,  1805;  d.  there  26  June, 
1870.  Col.  Coll.  1825.  Grandson  of  Leon- 
ard, Pr.-Ep.  rector,  of  St.  George's  Church, 
Hempstead,  L.L,  1766-84;  d.  1794,  a.  69.  In 
the  N.Y.  legisl.,  he  rendered  efficient  service  to 
the  Democ.  party  in  1836-7.  He  refused  to 
follow  the  lead  of  the  South  wliile  in  Congress, 
and  had  a  personal  difficulty  with  J.  C.  Breck- 
inridge. In  1861,  he  became  a  "war  Demo- 
crat," and  did  good  service  in  securing  the  re- 
election of  Pres.  Lincoln.  Leading  counsel  in 
nearlv  all  important  commercial  questions  in 
N.Y.'in  1840-55. 

Cutting,  James  A.,  inventor;  d.  July, 
1867,  in  the  Lunatic  Asylum,  Worcester,  Ms. 
Early  in  life,  he  resided  in  Haverhill,  and 
gained  some  money  by  the  patent  for  a  bee- 
hive. He  went  to  Boston,  learned  the  art  of 
daguerrotyping,  and  invented  the  process  of 
making  ambrotypcs,  for  which  he  received  a 
large  sum.  He' established  an  Aquarial  Gar- 
den in  Boston. 

CuttS,  RiCfiARD,  politician,  b.  Saco,  Me., 
June  28,  1771  ;  d.  Washington,  Apr.  7,  1845. 
H.U.  1790.  He  studied  law  ;  engaged  in  com- 
merce and  politics  ;  was  captain  of  a  merchant- 
man ;  visited  Europe;  was  2  years  in  the  Ms. 
legisl. ;  M  C.  in  1801-13  ;  supt.  gen.  of  mili- 
tary supplies  in  1813-17,  and,  from  1817  to 
1829,  second  compt.  U.S.  treasury.  In  Con- 
gress, he  supported  efficiently  the  administra- 
tions of  Jeffl'rson  and  Madison,  voting  for  the 
war  with  Eng.,  although  it  would  necessarily 
prove  ruinous  to  his  private  fortune,  consist- 
ing principally  in  ships. 

Cuyler,  Sir  Cornelius,  bart.,  a  Brit. 
^Q^.,  b.  Albanv,  N.Y. ;  d,  St.  John's  Lodge, 
Herts,  Eng.,  March  8,  1819.  Bart.  Oct.  29, 
1814.  In  May,  1759,  he  joined  as  ensign  the 
55th  Foot,  and  was  at  the  reduction  of  Ticon- 
deroga  in   1759,   and  of  Montreal   in    1760; 


CUY 


241 


1DAJ3: 


capt.  46th,  May  9,  1764;  first  A.D.C.  to 
Gen.  Sir  W.  Howe  from  July,  1775,  to  Jan.  15, 
1776,  when  he  was  made  maj.  55th.  He  con- 
tinued first  aide  to  Gen.  Howe ;  was  at  the 
battles  of  Long  Island,  Brandywine,  and  Ger- 
mantown  ;  lieut.-col.  Nov.  16,  1777;  com.  his 
regt.  at  Monmouth ;  was  at  the  reduction  of 
St.  Lucie  in  1779  ;  adj. -gen.  to  the  army  in  the 
W.  Indies  in  1781  ;  col.  Nov.  20,  1782;  Q  M. 
G.  W.  Indies,  1787-92;  com.  the  forces  there 
in  1792-3;  captured  Tobago,  April  1,  1793; 
maj. -gen.  Oct.  12,  1793;  lieut.-gen.  1798; 
gen.  1799  ;  gov.  of  Kinsale,  and  col.  69th,  at 
the  time  of  his  death.  —  PhiUpart ;  Sabine. 

Cuyler,  Cornelius  C.,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll. 
1828),  Presb.  clergyman,  b.  Albanv,  N.Y., 
Feb.  15,  1783  ;  d.  Phila.,  Aug.  31,  1850.  Un. 
Coll.  1806.  His  ancestors  came  from  Leyden 
to  N.Y.  ab.  1650.  His  mother  was  a  sister  of 
Chief-Justice  Yates.  Ord.  Jan.  2,  1809,  over 
the  Dutch  Church  of  Poughkeepsie ;  14  Jan. 
1834,  betook  charge  of  the  2d  Prcsh.  Church, 
Phila.;  sided  with  the  "old  school"  in  the 
split  of  that  denomination ;  exercised  a  con- 
trolling influence  over  the  deliberations  of  that 
party,  acting  as  pres.  of  the  convention  of 
1837,  which  defined  its  doctrine  and  policy. 
He  was  many  years  pres.  of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees of  Jefl'.  Med.  Coll.  Author  of  "The 
Signs  of  the  Times,"  12mo,  Phila.,  and  occa- 
sional sermons.  —  Sprague. 

Dablon,  Claude,  superior  of  the  Jesuit 
missions  on  the  Upper  Lakes,  and  a  friend 
and  companion  of  Father  Marquette ;  labored 
principally  at  the  Saute  Ste.  Marie,  and  at  the 
head  of  Green  Bay.  He  took  part  in  the  ex- 
peds.  for  the  survey  of  Lake  Superior,  which 
resulted  in  a  valuable  and  curious  map  of  that 
region,  and  statements  concerning  its  copper- 
mines.  An  account  of  his  labors  is  in  the 
Jesuit  Relation  of  1671,  repub.  N.Y.,  1860. 

Dabney,  Richard,  a  self-taught  scholar, 
b.  Louisa  Co.,  Va.,  ab.  1787;  d.  Nov.  1825. 
He  was  an  assist,  teacher  at  Richmond,  and  in 
Dec.  1811,  barely  escaped  with  life  from  the 
burning  theatre  there.  In  1812,  he  pub.  a  vol. 
of  original  poems  and  translations,  of  which  a 
new  ed.  appeared  in  1815,  in  Phila. 

Daboll,  Nathan,  mathematician  ;  d. 
Groton,  Ct.,  Mar.  9,  1818,  a.  68.  He  was  an 
able  teacher,  had  instructed  1,500  persons  in 
navigation ;  pub.  a  valuable  system  of  arith- 
metic, and  also  of  navigation.  His  son,  C.  L. 
Daboll,  inventor  of  the  fog-trumpet,  d.  New 
London,  Ct.,  Oct.  13,  1866,  a.  48. 

Dacres,  James  Richard,  a  British  adm. ; 
d.  Eng.,  Dec.  4, 1853.  His  father,  Vice-Adm. 
Dacres,  com.  "  The  Carleton  "  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  in  the  fight  with  Arnold's  flotilla,  in 
1776.  The  son  entered  the  Royal  Navy  in 
1796;  was  promoted  to  the  com.  of  the  sloop 
"Elk"  in  1805  ;  was  transferred  to  "  The  Bac- 
chante" in  1806,  and  to  "  The  Guerriere,"  "  a 
worn-out  frigate,"  in  1811.  In  the  action  be- 
tween this  ship  and  "The  Constitution,"  Capt. 
Hull,  Aug.  19,  1812,  Dacres  was  wounded,  and 
"  The  Guerriere  "  captured.  He  was  tried  by 
court-martial,  and  acquitted.  In  1838,  he  at- 
tained flag-rank,  and  in  1845  was  com.-in-chief 
at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Dadd,   George  H.,  M.D.,  b.  Eng.,  1813. 


Veterinary  surgeon,  settled  in  the  U.S.,  1839. 
Author  of  "  Anatomy  and  Physiology  of  the 
Horse,"  8vo  ;  "  American  Cattle  Doctor,"  8vo ; 
"Modern  Horse  Doctor,"  8vo,  1854;  "Man- 
ual of  Veterinary  Science,"  8vo,.  1855.  —  Ed. 
Amer.  Veter.  Jour. 

Dade,  Francis  Langhorne,  maj.  U.S.A., 
b.  Va. ;  killed  by  Indians  near  Fort  King,  Fla., 
Dec.  28,  1835.  App.  lieut.  12th  Inf.,  Mar.  29, 
1813;  capt.  Feb.  1818;  brev.  maj.  Feb.  24, 
1828  ;  com.  a  detachment  on  a  march  to  Fort 
King,  which  was  nearly  destroyed. 

Daggett,  David,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1827), 
jurist,  b.  Attleboro',  Ms.,  Dec.  31,  1764;  d. 
N.  Haven,  Apr.  12,  1851.  Y.C.  1783.  Adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1778 ;  member  of  the  State  legisl. 
1791-1813,  and  speaker  in  1794;  U.S.  senator, 
1813-19  ;  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  1826- 
32,  and  chief -justice  in  1832-4.  He  was  State- 
atty.  in  1811,  and  at  one  time  mayor  of  New 
Haven.  Instructor  of  the  law-school  in  1824  ; 
Kent  prof,  of  law  in  Y.C,  from  1826  until 
compelled  to  resign  by  the  infirmities  of  age. 
—  See.  Life,  hij  Dr.  Out  ton,  pub.  in  1851. 

Daggett,  Napthali,  D.D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1774),  scholar  and  divine,  b.  Attleboro',  Ms., 
Sept.  8,  1727;  d.  N.  Haven,  Nov.  25,  1780. 
Y.C.  1748.  Minister  of  Smithtown,  L.I.,  from 
Sept.  18,  1751,  to  Nov.  1755;  prof,  of  divinity 
in  Y.C.  from  Mar.  4,  1756,  till  his  death,  and 
acting  pres.  in  1766-77.  He  received  the  de- 
gree of  D.D.  from  both  N.  J.  and  Yale  Col- 
leges. When  the  British  attacked  N.  Haven, 
in  July,  1779,  he  went  into  the  fight,  fowling- 
piecx3  in  hand,  but  was  taken  prisoner,  and  com- 
pelled, in  an  intensely-hot  day,  to  act  as  guide 
to  the  advancing  columns  of  the  enemy  ;  while 
they  repeatedly  pricked  him  with  tiieir  bayo- 
nets when  his  strength  foiled.  He  never  fully 
recovered  from  this  treatment.  He  pub.  some 
sermons ;  his  son  Henry,  an  officer  of  the 
Revol.,  and  a  graduate  of  Y.C,  d.  N.  Haven, 
June  20,  1843,  a.  85. 

Dahlgren,  John  A.,  rear-ad m.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Phila.,  Nov.  1809;  d.  Wash.,  D.C,  July  12, 
1870.  Midshipm.  Feb.  1826;  lieut.  Mar.  8, 
1837;  com.  Sept.  14,  1855;  capt.  July  16, 
1862;  rear-adm.  Feb.  7,  1863.  In  1847-57, 
he  was  employed  on  ordnance  duty,  and,  with 
the  exception  of  a  short  cruise  in  com.  of  "  The 
Plymouth,"  sloop-of-war,  was  engaged  in  impor- 
tant experiments  at  the.  navy-yard  at  Washing- 
ton, perfecting  the  Dahlgren  gun.  In  1862,  he 
was  made  chief  of  the  bureau  of  ordnance. 
He  took  com.  of  the  S.  A.  block,  squad.,  July 
6,  1863,  and,  in  conjunction  with  the  land  for- 
ces of  Gen.  Gilmore,  captured,  after  a  long  and 
severe  struggle,  Morris  Island,  reduced  Fort 
Sumter  to  ruins,  and  ended  blockade-running 
in  that  quarter.  In  Feb.  1864,  he  led  a  suc- 
cessful exped.  up  the  St.  John's  River  to  aid  a 
military  force  intended  to  be  thrown  into  Flor- 
ida. In  Dec.  1864,  he  co-operated  with  Gen. 
Sherman  in  the  capture  of  Savannah,  and 
Feb.  18,  1865,  moved  his  vessels  up  to  the  city 
of  Charleston.  Adm.  Dahlgren  also  invented 
a  rifled  cannon  for  the  navy,  and  introduced 
the  light  boat-howitzers,  which  are  held  in  high 
estimation.  Author  of  "  Report  on  the  32- 
Pounders,  of  32  cwt.,"  1850;  "  System  of  Boat 
Armament  in  the  U.S.  Navy,"  1852  and  1856  ; 


t^j^jh: 


242 


D^^JL. 


"Naval  Percussion  Locks  and  Primers/*  1852 ; 
"Shells  and  Shell-Guns,"  1856;  "Report  on 
Cruise  of  the  Ordnance  Ship,  Plymouth,"  8vo, 
1857. 

Dahlgren,  Col.  Ulrich,  b.  1842;  killed 
in  a  skirmish  at  King's  and  Queen's  C.H.,  Va., 
Mar.  4,  1864.  Son  of  Adm.  D.  A  midshipm. 
before  the  war,  on  its  breaking  out,  he  assisted 
his  father  in  the  ordnance  dept. ;  became  aide- 
de-camp  to  Sigel ;  was  disting.  at  the  second 
Bull  Run,  and,  in  Nov.  1862,  made,  at  the  head 
of  Sigel's  body-guard,  that  attack  on  Freder- 
icksburg so  famous  in  the  annals  of  the  war. 
Transferred  to  Gen.  Hooker,  he  again  disting. 
himself  at  Chancellorsville.  Retained  by  Gen. 
Meade,  he  performed  most  dangerous  and  im- 
portant service  at  the  head  of  a  picked  body  of 
men  in  the  Gettysburg  campaign,  in  which  he 
lost  a  leg.  Made  a  col.  for  his  gallantry.  He 
lost  his  life  in  a  raid  planned  to  release  the 
Union  prisoners  from  Libby  Prison  and  Belle 
Isle. 

Daille,  Peter,  a  Huguenot  clergyman  ;  d. 
Boston,  May  21,  1715,  a.  66.  He  was  one  of 
the  earliest  French  Protestant  ministers  of 
N.Y. ;  but  incurring  Gov.  Leisler's  displeasure 
in  1690,  and  subsequently  having  some  differ- 
ence with  his  congregation,  he  went  to  Boston, 
and  had  charge  of  the  French  Church  in 
School  Street,  before  1696,  and  continued  there 
till  his  death. 

Dalcho,  Frederick,  physician  and  cler- 
gyman, b.  London,  1770;  d.  Charleston,  S.C, 
Nov.  24,  1836.  On  the  death  of  his  father,  a 
Pole,  who  had  been  an  officer  in  the  army  of 
Hanover,  he  was  invited  by  an  uncle  to  Md., 
and  received  an  excellent  education  in  Balti- 
more. He  became  a  medical  practitioner  in 
Charleston,  where  he  was  active  in  establishing 
the  Botanic  Garden.  Ab.  1810  Dr.  Dalcho  re- 
linquished his  practice,  and  became  associated 
with  Mr.  A.  S.  Wiilington,  in  conducting  the 
Courier,  a  daily  Federal  newspaper.  He  sub- 
sequently studied  theology,  became  lay-reader 
in  St.  Paul's  Church,  Colleton,  in  1814,'received 
priest's  orders,  and  was  assist,  minister  of  St. 
Michael's  Church,  Charleston,  from  1819  till 
his  d.  He  pub.  a  treatise  on  "  The  Evidence 
of  the  Divinity  of  our  Saviour,"  an  "  Historical 
Account  of  the  Prot.-Ep.  Church,  in  S.C" 
and  "  Ahimon  Rezon  for  Masons,"  8vo,  1827. 

Dale,  Richard,  commodore  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
near  Norfolk,  Va.,  Nov.  6,  1756;  d.  Phila., 
Feb.  24,  a826.  He  went  to  sea  at  12,  and  at 
19  com.  a  merchant- vessel.  Early  in  1776, 
while  a  lieut.  in  the  Va.  navy,  he  was  captured 
by  the  English,  and  thrown  into  a  prison-ship 
at  Norfolk.  Here  he  was  surrounded  by  royal- 
ists, many  of  them  old  schoolmates,  who  pre- 
vailed on  him  to  embark  in  a  cruiser  against 
the  vessels  of  the  State.  In  an  affair  with  an 
Amer.  flotilla  soon  after,  he  received  a  wound, 
with  which  he  was  confinied  several  weeks  ;  and 
he  resolved  "  never  again  to  put  himself  in  the 
way  of  the  bullets  of  his  own  countrymen." 
In  the  summer  of  1776,  he  was  a  midshipman 
in  "  The  Lexington,"  Capt.  Barry.  She  was 
captured  on  the  British  coast  by  "  The  Alert,"  in 
Sept.  1777;  and  officers  and  men  were  confined 
in  Mill  Prison.  In  Feb.  1778,  most  of  the 
officers  and  some  of  the  men  escaped;  but  Dale 


was  retaken  in  Lond.,  and  earned  back.  In 
Feb.  1779,  he  escaped  in  the  guise  of  a  British 
naval  officer,  reached  France,  and  joined  Paul 
Jones  as  master's  mate,  and  soon  became  1st 
lieut  of  the  "  Bon  Homme  Richard."  In  the 
memorable  battle  of  Sept.  2-3, 1779,  with  "  The 
Serapis,"  Dale  was  highly  disting.,  and  received- 
a  severe  splinter-wound.  Returning  to  Phiia., 
Feb.  18,  1781,  he  was  placed  on  the  list  of 
lieutenants  in  the  navy.  Joining  "  The  Trum- 
bull," Capt.  Nicholson,  in  June,  his  ship  was 
taken  two  months  later,after  a  severe  action  with 
"  The  Iris  "  and  "  Monk."  In  this  action,  Dale 
experienced  his  3d  wound  and  his  4th  capture. 
Being  exchanged  in  Nov.,  he  was  employed  in 
letters-of-marque,  and  the  merchant-service, 
until  the  end  of  the  war.  While  commanding 
"The  Queen  of  France,"  in  1782,  he,  after  a 
severe  conflict,  beat  off  a  privateer  of  14  guns. 
June  4,  1794,  he  was  made  a  capt.  in  the  navy, 
and  in  May,  1798,  com.  the  sloop-of-war  "Gan- 
ges." In  1801,  he  com.  the  squadron  ordered 
to  the  Mediterranean,  of  which  "  The  Presi- 
dent "  44,  was  the  flag-ship.  He  was  so  fettered, 
however,  by  his  instructions,  that  no  serious 
enterprise  could  be  attempted;  but  his  vigilance 
was  such  that  the  Tripolitans  made  no  cap- 
tures during  his  command.  He  returned  home 
in  Ap^il,  1802,  and  resigned  his  commission 
Dec.  17,  1802.  He  spent  the  latter  part  of  his 
life  in  Phila.  in  the  enjoyment  of  a  competent 
estate.  Dale  was  a  thoroughly  brave  and  in- 
telligent seaman,  and  an  honest  and  honorable 
man.  Two  of  his  sons  were  in  the  navy. 
Richard  d.  of  wounds  received  in  the  frigate 
"President."  Montgomery d.  in  Dec.  1852, 
a.  55. 

Dale,  Gen.  Samuel,  pioneer,  b.  Rock- 
bridge Co.,  Va.,  1772;  d.  Lauderdale  Co., 
Mpi.,  May  23,  1841.  He  became  a  famous  In- 
dian fighter,  and  afterward  a  trader  among  the 
Creeks  and  Cherokees.  Maj.  commanding  a 
batt. of  Ky.  vols,  against  the  Creeks.Feb.  1814; 
disting.  under  Jackson,  and  brev.  brig.-g.  After 
the  war,  he  settled  at  Dale's  Ferry,  on  the  Ala., 
and  engaged  in  merchandising.  In  1816,  he 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  to  divide  the 
Mpi.  Territory,  and  served  several  terms  in  the 
Ala.  legisl.  His  celebrated  canoe-fight  with  7 
Indian  warriors,  all  of  whom  he  killed,  would 
be  thought  fabulous,  if  it  had  not  been  wit- 
nessed by  some  soldiers,  who,  not  having  a 
boat,  could  render  him  no  assistance.  —  See 
Life,  hy  F.  II.  Claiborne. 

Dale,  Sir  Thomas,  gov.  of  Va. ;  d.  near 
Bantam,  E.I.,  early  in  1620.  A  soldier  of 
distinction  in  the  Low  Countries,  knighted  by 
King  James  in  June,  1606,  as  Sir  Thomas 
Dale  of  Surrey;  June  20,  1611,  ab.  a  month 
after  his  arrival  in  Va.,  the  States-General  gave 
him  3  years'  leave  of  absence,  which  in  1614 
was  extended.  He  administered  the  govt,  on 
the  basis  of  martial  law,  planted  a  new  settle- 
ment at  Henrico,  and  introduced  important 
changes  in  the  land-laws  of  the  colony,  gaining 
praise  for  his  vigor  and  industry,  his  judgment 
and  conduct.  He  conquered  the  Appomattox 
Indians,  and  took  their  town.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded in  Aug.  1.611  by  Sir  Thomas  Gates,  but 
continued  to  take  an  active  part  in  the  affairs 
of  the  colony ;  and  on  Gates's  return  to  Eng. 


IDAJIu 


243 


JDAJL,, 


in  1614,  he  resumed  the  govt.  He  retarned  to 
England  in  June,  1616;  was  in  Holland  in  Feb. 
1617  ;  in  Jan.  1619  was  made  com.  of  the  E.I. 
fleet,  and  had  an  engagement  with  the  Dutch 
near  Bantam,  but  soon  succumbed  to  the 
climate. 

Dalhousie  (dal-hoo'-ze),  Gen.  George 
Eamsay,  9th  Earl  of,  b.  1770;  d.  Dalhousie 
Castle,  Scotland,  March  21,  1838.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  his  title  and  estate,  on  the  death  of 
his  father  in  Nov.  1787.  Entering  the  army  in 
that  year,  he  was  maj.  of  the  2d  Foot,  in  1792, 
and  was  severely  wounded  at  Martinique.  He 
served  in  Ireland  in  1798,  in  the  exped.  to  the 
Helder  in  1799,  in  Egypt  in  1801,  under  Sir 
R.  Abercrombie,  and  in  April,  1305,  was  made  a 
maj. -gen.  He  was  in  the  exped.  to  the  Scheldt 
in  1809,  and  afterward  in  the  Peninsular  cam- 

Saigns,  where  he  rendered  important  service, 
uly  18,  1815,  he  was  made  an  English  baron; 
in  1816,  lieut.-gen.  com.  in  Nova  Scotia,  and 
was  gov.-in-chief  and  com.  of  the  forces  of 
British  N.  A.,  from  1 820  to  1 828.  He  was  com.- 
in-chief  in  India,  1829-32. 

Dallas,  Alexander  James,  statesman  and 
financier,  b.  in  the  Island  of  Jamaica,  June  21, 
1759;  d.  Trenton,  Jan.  16,  1817.  Son  of  a 
Scotch  physician,  and  was  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh and  at  Westminster.  His  mother  be- 
coming a  widow,  and  again  marrying,  he  was 
prevented  from  obtaining  any  share  of  his  fa- 
ther's property,  and  in  April,  1783,  quitted  his 
native  place,  and  settled  in  Phila.  Having 
taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  State  of  Pa. 
in  June,  1783,  he  was  in  July,  1785,  adm.  to 
practise  as  an  advocate  in  the  Supreme  Court, 
and  in  a  few  years  became  a  practitioner  in  the 
U.S.  Courts.  He  also  employed  himself  in 
literary  undertakings,  wrote  for  the  public 
journals,  and  at  one  time  edited  the  Columbian 
Magazine.  In  Jan.  1791,  he  was  app.  sec.  of 
Pa.,  by  Gov.  Mifflin;  and  in  Dec.  1793,  his 
commission  was  renewed.  Not  long  after,  he 
was  constituted  paymaster-gen.  of  a  force 
which  he  accompanied  in  an  exped.  to  Pitts- 
burg. In  Dec.  1796,  he  again  became  sec.  of 
state.  On  the  election  of  Jefferson  to  the 
presidency  in  1801,  Mr.  Dallas  was  app.  U.S. 
atty.  for  the  eastern  dist.  of  Pa.,  and  occupied 
that  post  until  his  removal  to  Washington. 
Oct.  6,  1814,  he  was  made  sec.  of  the  U.S. 
treasury,  then  in  a  di'plorable  condition ;  and 
in  that  highly  responsible  and  difficult  situa- 
tion, he  exhibited  great  ability  and  energy  of 
character.  In  March,  1815,  he  undertook  the 
additional  duties  of  the  war-office,  and  success- 
fully performed  the  delicate  task  of  reducing 
the  army.  In  Nov.  1816,  peace  and  tranquilli- 
ty being  restored,  the  financial  condition  of  the 
country  being  improved  under  the  influence 
of  the  National  Bank,  which  he  had  so  long  en- 
deavored to  establish,  he  resigned  his  post, 
and  returned  to  the  practice  of  the  law  at 
Phila.,  in  which  he  was  eminently  successful. 
He  pub.  "Features  of  Jay's  Treaty,"  1795  ; 
"  Speeches  on  the  Trial  of  Blount ;  "  "  Laws 
of  Pennsylvania,-"  with  notes;  "Reports," 
4  vols.,  1806-7 ;  "  Treasury  Reports ; "  "  Exposi- 
tion of  the  Causes  and  Character  of  the  War 
of  1812-15,"  &c. 
Dallas,  Alexander  James,  capt.  U.S.N,, 


son  of  the  preceding,  b.  1791  ;  d.  in  Callao 
Bay,  June  3,  1844,  commanding  Pacific  squa- 
dron. He  entered  the  navy,  Nov.  22,1805; 
lieut.  June  13,  1810;  master-com.  March  5, 
1817;  capt.  April  24,  1828;  served  under 
Rodgers  in  "The  President "  in  1812,  afterwards 
under  Chauncey  on  Lake  Ontario ;  accomp. 
Porter  in  his  cruise  for  the  extermination  of 
the  West-India  pirates,  and  attained  distinction 
in  his  profession. 

Dallas,  George  Mifflin,  LL.D.  (N.J. 
Coll.  1853),  statesman,  bro.  of  prec,  b.  Phila., 
July  10,  1792;  d.  there  Dec.  31,  1864.  N.J. 
Coll.  1810.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1813.  Accomp. 
Mr.  Gallatin  to  Russia  as  private  sec. ;  visited 
France,  Eng.,  and  Holland  ;  returned  home  in 
1814,  and,  after  assisting  his  father  in  the  U.S. 
treasury  dept.,  resumed  the  practice  of  law.  In 
1817,  while  dep.  of  the  atty. -gen.  of  Phila.,  he 
won  a  high  reputation  as  a  criminal  lawyer. 
Mayor  of  Phila.  in  1828;  dist.-atty.  1829-31, 
and,  as  U.S.  senator  in  1832-3,  ably  advocated 
the  re-charter  of  the  U.S.  Bank,  a  protective 
tariff",  and  other  important  measures.  Declin- 
ing a  re-election  in  1833,  he  was  atty  .-gen.  of 
Pa.  in  1833-5  ;  ambassador  to  Russia  from 
1837  to  Oct.  1839;  vice.-pres.  of  the  U.S.  in 
1845-9,  and  minister  to  Eng.  in  1856-61. 
While  vice-pres.,  his  casting  vote  in  the  sen- 
ate made  the  Tariff"  Act  of  1846  —  a  free-trade 
measure  —  the  law  of  the  land.  As  minister  to 
Eng.,  he  was  at  once  called  upon  to  settle  the 
Central-American  question,  and  the  recall  of 
the  British  minister  Crampton,  both  which 
matters  were  amicably  adjusted.  During  the 
Rebellion,  he  manifested  publicly,  on  all  suitable 
occasions,  his  abhorrence  of  it  and  its  abettors. 
He  was  an  ablestatesmananddiplomatist,  a  suc- 
cessful and  influential  lawyer.  Allibone  gives 
a  list  of  30  of  Dallas's  speeches  and  other  pam- 
phlets. His  Letters  from  London  in  1856-60 
have  been  edited  and  pub.  by  his  dau.  Julia. 

Dalling,  Sir  John,  bart.  of  Burwod,  Sur- 
rey, a  British  gen. ;  d.  1798.  Maj.  27th  Foot, 
Feb.  2, 1757  ;  served  under  Loudoun  in  1757; 
at  Louisburg,  1758,  and  com.  a  corps  of  light 
inf.  under  Wolfe  at  Quebec,  in  1759;  lieut.- 
col.  43d  Foot  in  1760,  and  com.  it  at  the  siege 
of  Ilavanna,  in  1762;  app.  in  1767  lieut.-gov. 
and  a  few  years  later,  gov.  of  Jamaica ;  maj.- 
gen.  Aug.  29,  1777;  lieut.-gen.  Nov.  1782; 
bart.  1783.  In  1780,  he  led  an  exped.  against 
the  Spanish  Main.  —  0' Callaghan. 

DaltOU,  John,  D.D.,  R.  C.  bishop  of  Har- 
bor Grace,  N.F.,  consec.  1856  ;  d.  May  5,  1869. 

Dalton,  John  C  ,  physiologist,  b.  Chelms- 
ford, Ms.,  2  Feb.  1825.  H.U.  1844.  M.D.  1847. 
His  essay  on  the  "  Corpus  Luteum,"  &c.,  1851, 
won  the  prize  of  the  Amer.  Md.  Assoc.  His 
treatise  on  "  Human  Physiology,"  1859  (4th  ed. 
1867),  placed  him  at  once  in  the  first  rank  of 
Amer.  physiologists.  He  has  also  pub.  "  Phy- 
siology and  Hygiene,  for  Schools,  Families, 
and  Colleges,"  1868. —  7^0/ftas. 

Daltou,  Tristam,  senator,  b.  Newbury- 
port,  Ms.,  May  28,  1738;  d.  Boston,  May  30, 
1817.  H.U.  1755.  He  studied  law;  m.  the 
dau.  of  Robert  Hooper,  with  whom  he  engaged 
in  mercantile  pursuits,  and  took  a  deep  interest 
in  thCvCultlvation  of  a  large  estate  in  W.  New- 
bury^ where  Washington,  John  Adams,  Louis 


T>AJL, 


244 


IDAJ^ 


Philippe,  Talleyrand,  and  other  disting.  guests, 
partook  of  his  hospitalities.  A  leading  Revol. 
patriot  of  Essex  Co.  ;  he  was  speaker  of  the 
house,  and  a  member  of  the  senate  of  Ms.,  and 
U.S.  senator  in  1789-91.  Investing  his  for- 
tune in  real  estate  in  Washington,  he  lost  nearly 
all  of  it  by  tlie  mismanagement  of  an  agent, 
and  was  surveyor  of  the  port  of  Boston  from 
1815  till  his  death.  He  was  remarkable  for  his 
fine  person,  gentle  and  elegant  manners,  integ- 
rity, and  scholarly  accomplishments. 

Daly,  Charles  P.,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll. 
1860),  jurist  and  scholar,  h.  of  Irish  parents 
N.Y.  -City,  31  Oct.  1816.  At  first  a  sailor, 
afterward  a  mechanic's  apprentice,  and  in  1839 
adm.  to  the  N.Y.  bar.  Member  of  the  legisl. 
in  1843;  judge  of  the  C.C.P.  of  N.Y.  City 
since  1845,  and  first  judge  since  1857.  He  has 
pub.  a  "  Hist.  Sketch  of  the  Judicial  Tribunals 
of  N.Y.,  1623-1846,"  8vo,  1855;  "Memoir  of 
Chancellor  Kent,"  pamphletson  Banking,  Natu- 
ralization Laws,  the  Introduction  of  the  Drama 
(1863), &c.;  contribs.  to  Appleton's Cyclop. ;  has 
delivered  lectures  on  legal  subjects  before  the 
law  school  of  Col.  Coll.,  speeches  and  ad- 
dresses upon  political,  lltei*ary,  and  historical 
subjects ;  and  is  pres.  of  the  Amer.  Geog.  and 
Statist.  Soc,  and  vice.-pres  of  theEthnol.  Soc. 
—  Duycktnck. 

Damas  (da'-mas'),  Joseph  Francois 
Louis  Charles  dug  de,  French  gen.,  b.  1758; 
d.  Paris,  March  5,  1829.  As  aide-de-camp  to 
Rochambeau,  he  made  the  Amer.  campaigns 
of  1780-2;  and,  "Of  all  the  officers,"  says 
Chastellux,  "  who  fought  for  Amer.  Indepen- 
dence, he  was,  perhaps,  the  only  one  in  whom 
the  spectacle  of  a  people  breaking  their  fetters 
awakened  no  ideas  of  liberty."  After  his  re- 
turn, he  was  made  col.  of  dragoons,  and  was 
arrested  at  Varennes  with  Louis  XVI.,  whose 
escape  he  was  endeavoring  to  effect.  He  emi- 
grated in  1792  ;  fought  in  the  royalist  ranks  in 
1 793,  and  accompanied  Louis  XVIII.  to  Italy  as 
captain  of  tlie  guards.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  subsequent  royalist  enterprises,  and  in  1825 
he  received  the  title  of  duke.  —  Nouv.  Biog. 
Gen. 

Dampier, William,  a  celebrated  navigator, 
b.  East  Coker,  Somersetshire,  in  1652;  d.  ab. 
1712.  He  went  to  sea  at  an  early  age;  became 
t>verseer  of  a  plantation  ;  made  several  voyages 
in  a  Jamaica  coaster,  and  cut  mahogany  three 
years  in  the  Bay  of  Honduras,  of  which  place  he 
pub.  a  description  on  returning  to  Lond.  in 
1B78.  He  was  afterward  a  buccaneer,  but 
quirrelled  witli  his  companions,  and  left  them. 
Was  in  Va.  in  1682,  and  joined  Capt.  Cook  in 
a  cruise  against  the  Spaniards  in  Aug.  1683. 
They  burned  the  town  of  Plata,  then  advanced 
to  the  Bay  of  Panama,  near  which  they  took  a 
Spanish  ship  which  was  carrying  despatches  to 
Lima ;  and,  from  the  intelligence  obtained,  they 
concerted  an  attack  on  the>treasure-ships,  which 
resulted  unsuccessfully.  They  next  attacked 
Leon  and  Rio  Leja  on  the  Mexican  coast, 
when  Dampier  left  Davis,  Cook's  successor,  and 
sailed  with  Capt.  Swan  across  the  Pacific  for 
the  East  Indies.  After  visiting  St  John's  Is- 
land, New  Holland,  and  Nicobar,  Dampier  aban- 
doned his  companions,  journeyed  to  the  Eng- 
lish factory  at  Achan,  where  he  subsequently 


joined  with  Captain  Weldon  in  trading  voy- 
ages during  15  months,  and  then  engaged  as 
gunner  at  a  factory  at  Bencoolen.  In  1691,  he 
escaped  the  vigilance  of  the  gov.,  and  arrived 
at  the  Downs,  Sept.  16,  bringing  with  him  all 
his  papers  and  journals.  Being  now  in  want 
of  money,  he  sold  his  share  in  an  Indian  prince, 
whom  his  companions  carried  about  for  exhibi- 
tion. Capt.  R.  navy,  26  July,  1698.  Hav- 
ing sailed  in  "  The  Roebuck  "  on  a  voyage  of 
discovery,  in  Jan.  1699,  his  ship  foundered  at 
the  Isle  of  Ascencion,  where,  with  his  crew,  he 
remained  from  Oct.  1700  until  relieved,  April, 
1701.  He  was  employed,  1708-11,  in  prose- 
cuting a  voyage  to  the  South  Seas  under  the 
patronage  of  British  merchants.  This  voyage 
round  the  world  has  been  frequently  pub.,  and 
is  an  accurate  and  valuable  work.  The  best 
edition  is  that  of  1729,  4  vols.,  8vo,  Lond.  In 
1707,  he  pub.  a  defence  of  his  buccaneering  on 
the  Spanish  Main.  He  also  wroLe  a  treatise  on 
Winds  and  Tides. 

Dana,  Charles  Anderson,  journalist,  b. 
Hinsdale,  N.H.,  Aug.  8, 1819.  He  studied  two 
years  at  H.U.,  but  did  not  grad.,  owing  to  a 
disease  of  the  eyes.  He  edited  the  Harbinqer, 
was  a  contrib.  to  the  Boston  Chronotifpe,  was 
connected  with  the  N.Y.  Tribune  in  1847-58, 
and  is  now  editor  of  the  Sun.  FTe  edited  "  The 
Household  Book  of  Poetry,"  N.Y.,  8vo,  1858, 
and,  in  connection  with  Geo.  Ripley,  edited 
Appleton's  Cycl.     Ass.  Sect.  War,  186.3-4. 

Dana,  Daniel,  D.D.,  Preso.  clergyman, 
b.  Ipswich,  Ms.,  July  24,  1771  ;  d.  Newburv- 
port,  Ms.,  Aug.  26,  1859.  Dartm.  Coll.  1788. 
Son  of  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph.  Settled  pastor  of  the 
First  Presb.  Church,  Newburyport,  Nov.  19, 
1794;  pres.  of  Dartm.  Coll.  in  1820-21;  set- 
tled in  Londonderry,  N.IL,  Jan.  16,  1822;  dis- 
missed Apr.  1826,  and  from  May  31,  1826,  to 
1845,  he  was  settled  over  the  Second  Prcsb. 
Church  in  Newburyport.  Trustee  of  the  And. 
Thcol.  Sem.  from  1804  to  1856.  He  pub.  21 
occasional  sermons,  besides  discourses,  essays, 
&c.  — Alumni  D  C. 

Dana,  Edmund  Trowbridge,  J.U.D. 
(Heidelberg,  1854),  translator  and  editor  of 
works  on  international  and  pul)lie  law,  and 
polit.  economy,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  29  Aug. 
1818;  d.  there  18  May,  1869.  Vt.  U.  1839; 
Camb.  Law  School,  1 841 .  Son  of  R.  H.  Dana. 
Practised  law  with  his  bro.  R.  H..  jun.,  a  few 
years  in  Boston,  then  studied  at  the  German 
universities. 

Dana,  Francis,  LL.D.  (H.U  1792),  states- 
man and  jurist,  b.  Charlestown,  Ms.,  June  13, 
1743  ;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  April  25,  1811.  H. 
U.  1762.  Richard,  his  father,  was  an  eminent 
magistrate  and  patriot.  Francis  studied  law 
with  Judge  Trowbridge  ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1767  ;  became  an  active  Whig ;  was  a  delegate 
to  the  Provincial  Congress  in  Sept.  1774 ;  passed 
the  year  1775  in  Eng. ;  member  of  the  exec, 
council  from  May,  1776,  to  1780;  delegate  to 
Congress  in  1776-8  and  in  1784;  mcmlxjr  of 
the  board  of  war,  Nov.  17, 1777,  and  chairman 
of  the  committee  charged  with  the  responsibil- 
ity of  re-organizing  the  army ;  accomp.  Mr. 
Adams  to  Paris  in  Nov.  1 779,  as  sec.  of  legation ; 
and  from  Dec.  19,  1780,  until  1783,  was  minis- 
ter to  Russia.     Prevented  from  attendinsr  the 


T>JLN 


245 


UAJN 


convention  for  framing  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion, of  which  he  was  a  member,  in  1787,  he 
strongly  advocated  its  adoption  in  the  conven- 
tion of  Ms.  He  declined  the  embassy  to 
France  in  1797.  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Ms.  from  Jan.  1785,  until  1792;  chief-justice 
1792-1806.  A  founder  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  and  a  vice-px'es.  of  that  body. 
Early  in  life,  he  m.  a  dau.  of  Wm.  Ellery.  His 
corresp.  while  in  Europe  will  be  found  in 
Sparks's  "  Diplom.  Corresp.,"  vol.  viii. 

Dana,  James,  D.D.  (U.  of  Edinb.),  Cong, 
minister,  b.  Ms.,  May  11,  1735  ;  d.  New  Ha- 
ven, Ct.,  Aug.  18,  1812.  H.U.  1753.  Ord. 
at  Wallingford,  Ct.,  Oct.  12, 1758,  in  disregard 
of  the  '*  Saybrook  Platform,"  and  a  long  con- 
troversy ensued  ;  dism.  1 788.  Minister  of  New 
Haven  from  Apr.  29,  1789,  to  the  fall  of  1805. 
He  regarded  the  scheme  of  Edwards  as  acquit- 
ting the  creature  of  blame,  and  impeaching  the 
truth  and  justice  of  the  Creator.  He  pub. 
anonymously  an  "  Examination  of  Edwards  on 
the  Will,"  8vo,  Boston,  1770;  a  continuation 
of  the  same,  with  his  name,  in  1773  ;  a  century 
discourse,  Apr,  9,  1770,  and  a  number  of  ser- 
mons. Samuel  W.  Dana,  U.S.  senator,  was 
his  son. 

Dana,  James  Dwight,  LL.D.  ( Amh.  Coll. 
1853),  physicist,  son  of  James,  b.  Utica,  N.Y., 
Feb.  12,  1813.  '  Y.  C.  1833.  App.  teacher  of 
mathematics  in  the  U.S.  navy,  and  sailed  to 
the  Mediterranean  in  "  The  Delaware,"  return- 
ing in  1835.  In  1835-6,  he  was  assist,  to  Prof. 
Silliman  at  Y.C. ;  from  Aug.  1838  to  1842,  he 
was  mineralogist  and  geologist  of  Wilkes's  ex- 
plonng  exped.,  and  for  13  years  after  was  en- 
gaged in  preparing  for  pub.  the  various  reports 
of  this  exped.,  and  in  other  scientific  labors. 
He  returned  to  New  Haven  in  1844,  m.  Henri- 
etta Francis,  dau.  of  Prof.  Silliman,  and  has 
since  resided  in  that  city.  In  1855,  he  became 
Silliman  prof,  of  nat.  hist,  and  geology  in 
Y.C,  a  post  he  still  occupies,  while  editing  the 
American  Journal  of  Science,  founded  by  Silli- 
man in  1819.  He  has  also  contrib.  various 
important  scientific  papers  to  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Am.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences  in  Bos- 
ton, the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  of  N.Y., 
and  the  Acad,  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phila. 
In  1854,  he  was  elected  pres.  of  the  Am.  Assoc, 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  many  learned  societies  in  Europe.  He 
pub.  "Mineralogy,"  1837,  4th  edition  revised 
and  enlarged,  1854;  reports  on  "Zoophytes," 
1846,  proposing  a  new  classification,  and  de- 
scribing 230  new  species  ;  on  the  "  Geology  of 
the  Pacific,"  1849;  on  "Crustacea,"  1852-4, 
describing  658  new  species;  on  "Coral  Reefs 
and  Islands,"  8vo,  Phila.,  1853  ;  "  Suppt.  to 
System  of  Mineralogy,"  1855-6  ;  "  Man- 
ual of  Geology,"  1862,  and  articles  in  the  Am- 
er.  Jour,  of  Science.  A  series  of  4  articles  from 
his  pen,  entitled  "  Science  and  the  Bible," 
called  forth  by  Taylor  Lewis's  work  on  "  The 
Six  Days  of  Creation,"  appeared  in  the  Bibli- 
otheca  Sacra  in  1856-7. 

Dana,  James  Freeman,  chemist,  b.  Am- 
herst, N.H.,  Sept.  23, 1793 ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Apr. 
14, 1827.  H.U.  1813.  He  was  the  son  of  Lu- 
ther Dana,  a  naval  officer  of  the  Revol.  Stud- 
ied medicine  in  Boston  ;    spent  6   months  in 


Lond.,  under  the  instruction  of  the  celebrated 
chemist,  Accum,  and,  on  his  return,  was  em- 
ployed to  refit  the  laboratory  of  Harvard 
Coll.,  and  settled  in  Cambridge  as  a  physician, 
holding  also  the  office  of  assist,  prof,  of  chem- 
istry. In  1817,  he  received  the  degree  of 
M.D.;  in  the  autumn  of  that  year  was  app.  lec- 
turer on  chemistry  in  Dartm.  Coll.,  and  in  1820 
prof,  lecturing  also  on  mineralogy  and  botany. 
In  1826-7,  he  was  prof,  of  chemistry  in  the 
N.Y.  Coll.  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He 
pub.  a  small  work  on  the  mineralogy  and  geol- 
ogy of  Boston  and  vicinity,  in  conjunction 
with  his  bro.  Dr. S.  L.  Dana,  1818;  "Epitome 
of  Chemical  Philosophy,"  1825;  "Report  on 
a  Singular  Disease  of  Horned  Cattle  in  Burton, 
N.H."  He  also  contrib.  many  scientific  pa- 
pers to  the  Journal  of  Science,  the  N.E.  Jour- 
nal of  Medicine,  and  the  Annals  of  the  Lyceum 
of  Natural  History  of  N.  Y.  In  1815  and"l816, 
he  received  Boylston  prizes  for  dissertations. 

Dana,  John  W.,  gov.  of  Me.,  1847-50,  min- 
ister to  Bolivia,  1854,  son  of  Judah,  b.  Fryeburg, 
Me.;  d.  near  Rosario,  S.  Amer.,  Dec.  22,  1867, 
of  cholera.     He  was  a  Democ.  politician. 

Dana,  Judah,  lawyer,  b.  Pomfret,  Ct., 
April  25,  1772;  d.  Fryeburg,  Me.,  Dec.  27, 
1845.  Dartm.  Coll.  1795.  His  mother  was  a 
dau.  of  Gen.  Putnam.  He  began  to  practise 
law  at  Fryeburg  in  1798  ;  was  county  atty.  in 
1805-11  ; 'judge  of  probate,  1805-22,  and  of 
the  circuit  of  C.  C.  P.  in  1811-23;  member 
of  the  Me.  Const.  Conv.  in  1819,  one  of  the 
com.  by  whom  the  instr.  was  drafted  ;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  exec,  council  in  1834,  and  of  the 
U.  S.  senate  in  1836-7.  — Z).  C.  Alumni. 

Dana,  Napoleon  Jackson  Tecu.mseh, 
maj.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Fort  Sullivan,  Eastport,  Me., 
Apr.  10,  1822.  West  Point,  1842.  Entering 
the  7th  Inf.,  he  served  with  distinction  in  Mex- 
ico ;  was  severely  wounded  at  Cerro  Gordo, 
and  brev.  capt.  Resigning  in  1855,  he  engaged 
in  business  in  St.  Paul  until  Oct.  1861,  when 
he  became  col.  1st  Minnesota  Vols.  On  the 
2 1  St,  he  participated  in  the  affair  at  Ball's 
Bluff.  Made  brig.-gen.  Feb.  3,  1862,  he  served 
with  the  Potomac  Army  in  all  the  battles  be- 
fore Richmond.  At  Antietam,  he  com.  a  bri- 
gade in  Sedgwick's  division  of  Sumner's  corps, 
and  was  wounded.  Maj.-gen.  Nov.  29,  1862; 
in  the  operations  with  Army  of  the  Gulf,  and 
engaged  at  Fordoche  Bayou,  Sept.  1863;  at 
Brazos  Santiago,  Oct.  27;  com.  13th  army 
corps,  Dec.-Jan.  1864;  com.  dist.  of  Vicks- 
burg,  Aug.-Oct.  1864;  16th  army  corps,  and 
dist.  of  W.  Tenn.  and  Vicksburg,  Nov.  1864, 
and  dept.  of  Mpi.  Dec.  '64,  to  27  May,  1865. 

Dana,  Richard,  jurist,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms., 
July  7,  1699;  d.  May  17,  1772.  H.  U.  1718. 
Grandson  of  Richard,  who  settled  in  Cambridge 
in  1640.  After  practising  law  at  Marblehead 
and  Charlestown,  he  removed  to  Boston,  where 
he  attained  high  rank  in  the  profession.  He 
was  prominent  in  the  ante-Re  vol.  movement; 
occasionally  presided  over  the  Boston  town- 
meetings,  between  1763  and  1772 ;  reported  the 
instructions  to  the  town  representatives,  Nov. 
20, 1767,  and  May  8,  1770;  was  one  of  the  asso- 
ciated Sons  of  Liberty,  and  at  their  celebrated 
meeting  of  Dec.  17,  1769,  administered  to  Sec. 
Oliver  the  oath  of  non-execution  of  the  Stamp 


3D.AJSr 


246 


iDAJsr 


Act.  His  death  was  considered  a  great  loss  to 
the  patriot  cause.  He  m.  the  sister  of  Judge 
Trowbridge,  and  was  the  father  of  Chief-Jus- 
tice Francis  Dana. 

Dana,  Richard  Henry,  poet  and  essayist, 
b.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  Nov.  15,  1787.  He  was 
educated  at  H.  U.  and  at  Newport,  R.I. ;  stud- 
ied law  with  his  father,  Francis  Dana ;  was 
adm.  to  the  Boston  bar  in  1811,  and  soon  after 
to  that  of  Baltimore,  but  in  1812  entered  upon 
the  profession  in  his  native  town,  and  became 
a  member  of  the  legisl.  His  first  literary  pub- 
lic appearance  was  as  an  orator  on  the  4th  of 
July,  1814,  in  which  year  he  joined  the  club 
by  whom  the  North  American  Review  was  ori- 
ginated, and  for  a  time  conducted.  In  1818-19, 
he  was  its  assoc.  editor  with  Prof.  E.  T.  Chan- 
ning.  In  1821-2,  he  pub.,  in  numbers,  "The 
Idle  Man."  His  first  pieces  in  verse,  "  The 
Dying  Raven,"  and  "  The  Husband  and 
Wife's  Grave,"  appeared  in  the  N.  Y.  Review 
in  1825.  In  1827,  he  pub.  "  The  Buccaneer, 
and  other  Poems,"  which  was  well  received 
and  highly  commended.  It  was  praised  by 
Wilson  in  Blackwood's  Marjazine,  as  "  the  most 
powerful  and  original  of  Amer.  poetical  com- 
positions." In  1833,  he  pub.  an  enlarged  vol., 
including  new  poems  and  the  papers  of  "  The 
Idle  Man,"  and  in  1850,  "Poems  and  Prose 
Writings,"  2  vols.,  being  a  complete  coll.  of 
his  writings,  excepting  a  series  of  lectures  on 
Shakspeare,  delivered  in  Boston,  N.  Y.,  and 
Phila.,  1839-40. 

Dana,  Richard  Henry,  Jun.,  advocate  and 
writer,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms., 
Aug.  1,  1815.  H.  U.  1837.  In  1834,  he  made 
the  voyage  described  in  his  "  Two  Years  be- 
fore the  Mast,"  which  details  the  ship  and 
shore  life  of  a  common  sailor  from  personal 
experience.  Adm.  to  the  Boston  bar  in  1840. 
In  1841,  he  pub.  "  The  Seaman's  Friend,"  re- 
pub,  in  Eng.  as  "  The  Seaman's  Manual." 
Mr.  Dana  was  engaged  in  the  numerous  trials 
for  the  rescue  of  the  slave  Shadrach  in  1853, 
and  in  the  case  of  Anthony  Burns  in  1854.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Buffalo  convention  of 
1848;  a  speaker  in  the  Repub.  movement  of 
1856-60,  and  a  member  of  the  Ms.  Const. 
Conv.  of  1853.  In  1861-6,  he  was  U.  S.  atty. 
for  the  dist.  of  Ms.  He  has  occasionally  con- 
trib.  to  the  N.  A.  Review  and  to  the  Law  Re- 
porter. In  1859,  he  pub.  a  vol.  of  travel,  "To 
Cuba  and  Back."  He  is  the  author  of  many 
speeches  and  addresses  on  political  and  general 
topics. 

jDana,  Samuel,  an  eminent  lawyer  and  ju- 
rist, son  of  Judge  Samuel  (H.  U.  1755;  min- 
ister of  Groton,  1761-75  ;  b.  Jan.  14,  1739  ;  d. 
Apr.  2,  1798),  b.  Groton,  Ms.,  June  26,  1767; 
d.  Charlestown,  Ms.,  Nov.  20,  1835.  Pres.  of 
the  Ms.  senate;  M.  C.  1814-15*  and  chief-jus- 
tice of  the  Circuit  C.  C  P.  He  pub.  an  ora- 
tion delivered  at  Groton,  July  4, 1807. — Sabine 
and  Allen. 

Dana,  Samuel  Luther,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
chemist,  bro.  of  James  F.,  and  grandson  of 
Rev.  Samuel  of  Groton,  b.  Groton,  Ms.,  July 
11,  1795;  d.  Lowell,  Ms.,  Mar.  11,  1868.  H.U. 
1813.  Lieut.  1st  U.  S.  Art.,  and  served  until 
the  close  of  the  War  of  1812-1 5.  He  then  stud- 
ied medicine ;  received  the  degree  of  M.D.  in 


1818  ;  practised  from  1819  to  1826  in  Waltham, 
where  he  established  a  chemical  laboratory  for 
the  manuf.  of  the  oil  of  vitriol  and  bleaching- 
salts,  and  founded  the  "Newton  Chemical  Co.," 
of  which  he  was  the  chemist  till  1 834.  Subse- 
quently resident  and  consulting  chemist  to  the 
Merrimack  Manuf.  Co.  In  connection  with  his 
bro.,  he  pub.  "  The  Mineralogy  and  Geology  of 
Boston  and  Vicinity,"  1818.  In  1833,  while  in 
Eng.,  he  pub.  a  clear  exposition  of  the  chemical 
changes  occurring  in  the  manuf.  of  sulphuric 
acid.  This  was  followed  by  a  report  to  the  city 
council  of  Lowell  on  the  danger  arising  from 
the  use  of  lead  water-pipes.  He  made  many 
experiments  in  agricultural  science ;  pub.  "  The 
Farmer's  Muck  Manual"  in  1842;  an  "Es- 
say on  Manures,"  1843,  honored  by  the  prize 
of  the  Ms.  Agric.  Society ;  a  translation  of 
Tauquerelon  Lead-Diseases;  and  assisted  in  the 
agric.  and  geol.  reports  of  the  State  survey. 
He  also  contrib.  several  articles  to  the  N  A. 
Review  and  other  periodicals.  He  contrib.  to 
the  improvement  of  the  important  art  of  print- 
ing cotton,  beside  his  discoveries  in  the  art  of 
bleaching  it. 

Dana,  Samuel  Whittlesey,  an  eminent 
and  leading  Federalist,  son  of  Rev.  James,  b. 
New  Haven,  Ct.,  July,  1757 ;  d.  Julv  21, 1830. 
Y.  C.  1775.  M.  C.  1796  to  1§10;'U.  S.  sen- 
ator, 1810-21.  Many  years  mayor  of  Middle- 
town,  Ct. 

Dane,  Nathan,  LL.D.,  an  eminent  jurist 
and  statesman,  b.  Ipswich,  Dec.  27,  1752  ;  d. 
Beverly,  Ms.,  Feb.  15,  1835.  H.U.  1778. 
John,  his  ancestor,  came  from  England, 
as  early  as  1638,  and  settled  in  Ipswich.  He 
practised  law  in  Beverly,  where  he  resided  till 
his  death  ;  was  a  member  of  the  Ms.  legisl. 
in  1782-5,  and  was  an  able  and  influential 
member  of  Congress  in  1785-8;  member  of 
the  Ms.  senate  in  1790,  '94,  '96-8  ;  a  commis- 
sioner to  revise  the  laws  of  the  State  in  1795 ; 
in  1811,  to  revise  and  publish  the  charters 
which  had  been  granted  therein ;  and  again,  in 
1812,  to  make  a  new  publication  of  the  statutes. 
In  1814,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Hartford 
Convention,  and  in  1820  of  that  for  revising 
the  State  constitution,  but,  on  account  of  deaf- 
ness, declined  taking  his  seat.  He  was  the 
framer  of  the  celebrated  ordnance,  passed  by 
Congress  in  1787,  for  the  govt,  of  the  territory 
north-west  of  the  Ohio,  —  a  code,  by  which  the 
principles  of  free  gt.,  to  the  exclusion  of  slavery, 
were  eJctcnded  to  that  immense  region.  He  in- 
corporated in  this  ordnance  a  prohibition 
against  all  laws  impairing  the  obligation  of 
contracts,  which  the  convention  that  formed  the 
Constitution  of  the  U.S.  a  few  months  after- 
wards extended  to  all  the  States  of  the  Union, 
by  making  it  a  part  of  that  Constitution.  His 
professional  practice  was  laborious  and  exten- 
sive; and  his  great  work,  entitled  "A  General 
Abridgment  and  Digest  of  American  Law,"  in 
9  large  vols,  8vo  (1823-9),  remains  as  a  proof 
of  his  learning  and  industry.  The  Dane  pro- 
fessorship of  law,  founded  by  his  munificence 
at  H.  U.,  and  the  law  hall  for  the  use  of  the 
students  and  professors  of  law,  are  enduring 
monuments  of  his  desire  to  promote  the  inter- 
ests of  the  legal  profession  and  the  welfare  of 
the  community. 


j:>ajn 


247 


r».AjR 


Danforth,  Samuel,  minister  of  Roxbury 
from  Sept.  24,  1650,  to  his  d.,  Nov.  19,  1674 
b.  Framlingham,  Suffolk,  Eng.,  Sept.  1626 
came  to  N.E.  with  Nicholas  his  father,  1634 
H.  U.  1643.  Tutor  and  fellow  of  H.  U 
Brother  of  Thos.,  pres.  of  Me.  He  pub.  a 
number  of  Almanacs,  an  "  Astronomical  De 
scription  of  the  Comet  of  1664,"  a  heavenly 
body,  the  appearance  of  which  he  believed  por- 
tentous, and  the  election  sermon,  1670,  enti- 
tled "  A  Recognition  of  New  England's  Errand 
into  the  Wilderness." 

Danforth,  Samuel,  M.D.,  physician,  b. 
Cambridge,  Ms.,  Aug.  1740;  d.  Boston,  Nov. 
16,  1827.  H.U.  1758.  Son  of  Judge  Samuel, 
grandson  of  Rev.  John  of  Dorchester.  After 
studying  medicine  with  Dr.  Rand,  he  practised 
a  year  or  two  at  Newport,  and  then  settled  in 
Boston,  where  his  loyalty  occasioned  his  being 
treated  somewhat  harshly  after  the  evacuation 
of  that  city  by  the  British.  He  practised  with 
success  until  near  80  years  of  age,  and  in- 
creased his  reputation  by  his  chemical  studies. 
In  all  difficult  medical  cases,  his  opinion  was 
relied  on  as  the  utmost  effort  of  human  skill. 
From  1795  to  1798,  he  was  pres.  of  the  Ms. 
Med.  Society.  Member  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts 
and  Sciences.  —  Thacher. 

Danforth,  Thomas,  pres.  of  the  district 
of  Maine,  b.  Eng.,  1622;  d.  Nov.  5,  1699. 
Son  of  Nicholas,  who  d.  Cambridge,  1637.  He 
had  great  influence  in  public  affairs  ;  was  an 
assist,  from  1659  to  1678;  dep.  gov.  in  1679; 
pres.  and  dept.  gov.  until  the  arrival  of  Andros 
in  1688.  He  was  also  a  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court.  In  1681,  he,  with  Gookin,  Cooke,  and 
others,  opposed  the  acts  of  trade,  and  assert- 
ed the  chartered  rights  of  his  country.  During 
the  witchcraft  troubles  in  1692,  he  condemned 
the  proceedings  of  the  courts. 

Daniel,  Isaac,  a  soldierof  the  Revol.  and 
of  the  War  of  1812,  b.  Westchester  Co.,  N.Y.; 
d.  N.Y.  City,  29  June,  1864,  a.  109  years. 

Daniel)  John  M.,  journalist,  d.  Richmond, 
Va.,  March  30,  1865.  Noted  as  a  newspaper 
writer  in  Richmond.  He  was  in  1854  app.  by 
Pres.  Pierce,  minister  resident  at  the  court  of 
Sardinia,  but  became  very  unpopular,  and  in 
1858  resigned.  Soon  after,  he  became  again 
connected  with  the  Richmond  press,  and  was 
noted  for  the  violence  of  his  language,  and  his 
readiness  to  resort  to  the  duello.  He  was  a 
strenuous  advocate  for  the  hanging  of  John 
Brown  in  1859;  was  a  zealous  secessionist; 
was  for  a  time  on  the  staff  of  one  of  the  Va. 
corps  commanders,  but  soon  returned  to  Rich- 
mond, and  edited  the  Examiner,  in  which  he 
attacked  Mr.  Davis  virulently.  A  Life  of 
Stonewall  Jackson,  pub.  in  his  name,  was 
written  by  J.  Esten  Cook.  A  Memoir  of 
Daniel,  by  bisbro.  F.  S.  Daniel,  was  pub.  1868. 

Daniel,  Joseph  J.,  jurist,  b.  Halifax  Co., 
N.C.,  ab.  1783;  d.  Feb.  1848.  After  receiv- 
ing a  classical  education,  he  studied  law,  be- 
came an  ornament  to  the  bar;  in  1807  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  house;  in  1816  was 
app.  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Law  and 
Equity,  and,  from  1822  to  his  d.,  was  judge  of 
the  N.C.  Supreme  Court. 

Daniel,  Junius,  brig.-gen.  C.  S.  A.,  b. 
N.C.    1828;    killed   near  Spottsylvania,  Va., 


May  11,  1864.  West  Point,  1851.  1st  lieut. 
3d  U.S.  Inf.,  May,  1857  ;  resigned,  June,  1858, 
and  was  a  planter  at  Shreveport,  La.,  1858-61. 

Daniel,  Peter  Vtvian,  jurist,  b.  Stafford 
Co.,  Va.,  1785;  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  May  31, 
1860.  N.J.  Coll.  1805.  His  father,  Travers 
Daniel,  was  an  extensive  land-proprietor  and 
planter  in  Stafford  Co.,  Va.,  to  which  State 
his  ancestor  emigrated  in  1649.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1808.  In  1809-10,  he  was  a  member  of 
the  H.  of  delegates  ;  one  of  the  privy  council 
from  1812  to  1835,  being  a  portion  of  the  time 
ex-officio  pres.  of  the  council,  and  lieut.-gov. ; 
app.  judge  of  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court  of  Va.  in 
1836,  and  3  Mar.  1841,  judge  of  the  U.S.  Su- 
preme Court.  He  m.  a  daughter  of  Edmund 
Randolph,  in  whose  office  he  studied  law.  He 
was  a  Democ.  politician,  and  sustained  the 
Dred  Scott  decision  of  Judge  Taney. 

Daniel,  William,  judge,  b.  Va.,  1771  ;  d. 
Lynchburg,  Nov.  20,  1839.  In  1798-9,  he 
was  a  conspicuous  member  of  the  State  legisl., 
and,  during  the  last  23  years  of  his  life,  was  on 
the  bench  of  the  general  and  circuit  courts  of 
Va. 

Danielson,  Timothy,  Revol.  patriot,  b. 
Brimfield,  Ms.,  1733;  d.  there  Sept.  19,  1791. 
Y.C.  1756.  He  studied  theology,  but  did  not 
engage   in  the  clerical  profession.      In  Sept. 

1774,  he  was  chairman  of  the  Hampshire  Co. 
convention  ;  a  delegate  to  the  Prov.  Congress 
at   Concord,  Oct.    1774,  at   Cambridge,  Feb. 

1775,  and  at  Watertown,  May,  1775.  In 
May,  1774,  being  then  a  representative,  he  was 
chosen  to  the  council,  but  was  negatived  by 
Gov.  Gage.  Col.  of  a  provincial  regt.  in 
May,  1775.  His  chief  service,  however,  was 
in  the  legisl.,  of  which  he  continued  a  member 
several  years.  Member  of  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  in  1779,  and  afterward  of  the  State 
senate  and  executive  council;  chief-justice  of 
Hampshire  Co.  His  widow  m.  Gen.  Eaton. 
Large  and  finely  formed,  he  possessed  great  in- 
fluence. 

Daponte,  see  Ponte. 

Darby,  William,  statistician  and  geogra- 
pher, b.  Pa.  1775  ;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Oct. 
9,  1854.  An  officer  under  Gen.  Jackson  in 
La.,  and  one  of  the  surveyors  of  the  boundary 
between  the  U.S.  and  Canada.  Author  of 
"Geog.  Descrip.  of  La.,"  8vo,  1816;  "Plan 
of  Pittsburg  and  Adjacent  Country,"  1817  ; 
"Emigrant's  Guide  to  the  Western  Country," 
1818;  "Tour  from  N.Y.  to  Detroit,"  1819; 
"  Geog.  and  Hist,  of  Florida,  with  a  map," 
1821;  3d  ed.  of  "Brooke's  Univ.  Gazetteer," 
1823  ;  "  View  of  the  U.S.,"  8vo,  1828  ;  "  Lec- 
tures on  the  Discovery  of  Amer.,"  1828  ; 
"  Geographical  Dictionary,"  8vo,  3d  ed.,  1843  ; 
"U.S.  Gazetteer,"  1830  (with  Theo.  Dwight), 
and  "  Mnemonica,  a  Register  of  Events  to 
1829." 

Darden,  Miles,  noted  for  his  great  size, 
b.  N.C.  1798;  d.  Henderson  Co,  Tenn.,  Jan. 
23,  1857.  He  was  7  feet  6  inches  high;  and 
at  his  death  his  weight  was  a  little  over 
1,000  lbs.  Until  1853,  he  was  active  and  lively, 
and  able  to  labor ;  but  from  that  time,  was 
obliged  to  stay  at  home,  or  be  hauled  about  in 
a  2-horse  wagon.  In  1850,  it  required  13|^yds. 
of  cloth,  one  yard  wide,  to  make  him  a  coat. 


D^AJR 


248 


DAV 


His  coffin  was  8  feet  long,  35  inches  deep,  32 
inches  across  the  breast,  18  across  the  head, 
and  14  across  the  feet. 

Dare,  Virginia,  the  firstchildof  English 
parents  in  the  New  World,  b,  at  Roanoke,  Aug. 
1587.  Grand-daughter  of  John  White,  gov. 
of  the  colony  sent  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 
White's  dau.  m.  Mr,  Dare,  one  of  the  assist- 
ants of  the  gov. ;  and  Virginia  was  b.  ab.  a 
month  after  the  arrival  of  the  exped. 

Darke,  William,  gen.,  b.  Phila,  Co.,  Pa., 
1736;  d.  Jefferson  Co.,  Va.,  Nov.  26,  1801. 
In  1740,  his  parents  moved  to  Va.  He  was  in 
Braddock's  army  at  its  defeat  in  1755,  and 
was  made  a  capt.  at  the  beginning  of  the  Rev- 
ol.  war.  He  was  made  prisoner  at  the  battle 
of  Gerniantown,  and  was  col.  com.  of  the 
Hampshire  and  Berkeley  regts.  at  the  capture 
of  Cornwallis.  He  was  often  a  member  of 
the  Va.  legiil.,  and,  in  the  convention  of  1788, 
voted  for  the  Federal  Constitution.  Lieut.-col. 
of  a  regt.  of  "Levies"  in  1791,  he  com.  the 
left  wing  of  St.  Clair's  army,  at  its  defeat  by 
the  Miami  Indians,  Nov.  4,  1791.  He  made 
two  gallant  and  successful  charges  with  the 
bayonet  in  this  fight,  in  the  second  of  which, 
his  youngest  son,  Capt.  Joseph  Darke,  was 
killed,  and  he  himself  was  wounded,  and  nar- 
rowly escaped  death.  He  was  afterward  a 
maj.-gen.  of  Va.  militia. 

Darley,  Elle.v  Westray,  actress,  b. 
Buth,  Eng.  ;  d.  Phila.,  Sept.  26,  1849.  Made 
her  first  app.  in  Amer.  at  the  Haymarket, 
Boston,  Dec.  26,  1796,  as  Narcissa,  in  "Inkle 
and  Yarico;"  in  N.Y.  in  1798,  at  the  Park, 
as  Joanna  in  "The  Deserted  Daughter." 

Darley,  Felix  O.  C,  artist,  b.  Phila., 
June  23,  1822.  Placed  by  his  parents  in  a 
mercantile  establishment,  he  devoted  his  lei- 
sure to  drawing,  and,  receiving  from  the  pub- 
lisher of  the  Saturdaji  Museum  a  handsome 
sum  for  a  few  designs,  he  applied  himself 
wholly  to  that  pursuit.  For  several  years,  he 
was  employed  by  large  publishing-houses  in 
Phila.,  and  soon  acquired  reputation.  The 
series  pub.  in  the  "  Library  of  Humorous 
American  Works  "  was  very  popular  in  the 
Southern  and  Western  States.  In  1848,  he 
removed  to  New  York,  where  he  illustrated 
"  The  Sketch  Book,"  "  Knickerbocker,"  &c. 
He  had  previously  made  a  series  of  designs  in 
outline,  from  Judd's  novel  of  "  Margaret," 
which  were  pub.  in  1856.  The  committee  of 
the  American  Art  Union  commissioned  him 
to  illustrate  in  similar  style  Irving's  "  Rip 
Van  Winkle"  and  his  "Legend  of  Sleepy 
Hollow,"  both  of  which  are  highly  creditable 
productions.  Offers  were  made  to  him  to  set- 
tle in  London,  which  he  declined.  He  has 
also  been  engaged  in  the  preparation  of  vig- 
nettes for  bank-notes,  and  in  illustrating  Coop- 
er's works ;  has  executed  "  The  Massacre  at 
Wyoming,"  and  4  other  Revol.  pieces  of  merit, 
and  has  contrib.  designs  to  Irving's  "Life  of 
Washington,"  Dickens's  and  Sims's  novels. 
Another  of  his  works  is  an  illustration  of  the 
wedding-procession  in  Longfellow's  poem  of 
"  The  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish."  For 
Prince  Napoleon,  when  in  N.Y.,  he  executed 
four  drawings  illustrative  of  American  life, 
"  The  Unwilling  Laborer,"  "  Repose,"  "  The 


Blacksmith's  Shop,"  and  "  Emigrants  attacked 
by  the  Indians."  Among  his  pictures  of  the 
late  civil  war  are  "  Giving  Comfort  to  the 
Enemy  "  and  "  Dahlgren's  Charge  at  Fred- 
ericksburg." He  m.  the  dau.  of  Warren  Col- 
burn,  and  resides  at  Claymont,  Del.  —  Tuck- 
erman. 

Darling,  Noyes,  a  disting.  agriculturist, 
b.  Woodbridge,  Ct.,  1782;  d.  New  Haven, 
Sept.  17,  1846.  Y.  C.  1801.  Tutor  there  1804- 
8.  Engaged  at  one  time  in  mercantile  pur- 
suits in  N.Y.  City,  he  afterward  became  espe- 
cially interested  in  horticulture,  and,  also  in  in- 
vestigating the  habits  of  insects  injurious  to 
vegetation,  and  wrote  frequently  on  this  sub- 
ject. He  passed  the  latter  portion  of  his  life 
in  New  Haven,  of  which  city  he  was  mayor, 
having  served  long  as  Co.  surveyor,  and  was 
at  the  time  of  his  death  judge  of  the  Co. 
court. 

Darlington,  William,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa. 
1804),  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1848),  botanist  and  poli- 
tician, b.  of  Quaker  parents  in  Birmingham, 
Pa.,  Apr.  28,  1782  ;  d  West  Chester,  Pa.,  Apr. 
23, 1863.  With  only  a  common  country  school 
education,  he  began  to  study  medicine  at  the 
age  of  18  ;  studied  languages  and  botany  2 
years,  and  then  went  to  Calcutta  as  surgeon 
of  a  ship.  His  "Letters  from  Calcutta "  were 
afterward  pub.  in  the  Analectic  Magazine.  Re- 
turning in  1807,  he  m.,  and  practised  medicine 
for  several  years  successfully  at  West  Chester. 
He  wrote  in  defence  of  the  policy  of  Mr. 
Madison  ;  raised  an  armed  corps  on  the  break- 
ing-out of  hostilities,  and,  after  the  sack  of 
Washington  in  1814,  was  chosen  major  of  a 
vol.  regt.,  and  was  a  Democ.  M.C.  in  1815-17 
and  1819-23.  He  founded  at  West  Chester  in 
1812  an  academy,  an  athena3um,  and  a  pi'os- 
perous  society  of  natural  history,  of  which  he 
was  pres.  In  1813,  he  began  a  descriptive  cata- 
logue of  plants  growing  around  West  Chester, 
pub.  in  1826,  with  the  title,"  Florula  Cestrica," 
afterwards  enlarged  as  the  "  Flora  Cestrica," 
1837,  and  repub.  in  1853,  containing  a  com- 
plete description  and  classification  of  every 
plantknown  in  the  county.  In  1843,  he  edited 
the  corresp.  of  his  friend,  Dr.  Wm.  Baldwin, 
and  accomp.  it  with  a  memoir,  entitling  the 
work  "  Reliquice  Baldioiniana."  In  1853,  the 
name  of  Darlingtonica  California  was  given,  in 
his  honor,  to  a  new  and  remarkable  variety 
of  pitcher-plant  found  in  California.  In  1847, 
he  pub.  "  Agric.  Botany ; "  "  Mutual  Influence 
of  Habits  and  Disease,"  8vo,  1804-6;  "  Agric. 
Chemistry,"  1847.  In  1849,  he  coll.  and  pub. 
the  corresp.  of  Humphrey  Marshall  and  John 
Bartram.  His  last  work,  pub.  in  the  W.  Ches- 
ter Village  Record,  was  his  "  Notce  Cestrienses." 
He  was  a  member  of  some  40  learned  societies 
in  America  and  Europe.  —  Gen.  Beg.  xviii.  97. 

D*Arusmont,  see  Wright. 

Daveiss,  Col.  Joseph  Hamilton,  law- 
yer and  soldier,  b.  Bedford  Co.,  Va.,  Mar.  4, 
1774;  d.  Nov.  7,  1811.  He  was  bred  to  the 
law,  and  was  at  the  time  of  his  death  U.S. 
atty.  for  Ky.  A  maj.  of  Ky.  vol.  dragoons 
under  Gen.  Harrison  at  Tippecanoe,  he  was 
killed  while  leading  his  men  to  the  cliarge.  He 
pub.  in  1807  "  A  View  of  the  President's 
Conduct  concerning  the  Conspiracy  of  1806." 


ID^V 


249 


jyArv 


Davenport,  Col.  Abraham,  Revol.  pa- 
triot, b.  Stamford,  Ct.,  1715;  d.  there  Nov.  20, 
1789.  Y.C.  1732.  Son  of  Rev.  John,  minis- 
ter of  Stamford,  1694-1731.  He  was  a  man 
of  stern  integrity  and  generous  beneficence. 
In  a  time  of  scarcity,  he  sold  the  product  of 
his  farm  to  the  poor  at  old  prices.  He  was  a 
judge  of  the  C.C.P. ;  a  member  of  the  exec, 
council  of  Ct. ;  25  years  in  the  State  legisl. ; 
senator,  1766-84  ;  and  during  the  war  was  one 
of  the  State  com.  of  safety.  —  Hist.  Stamford. 

Davenport,  Addington,  judge,  b.  Aug. 
3.  1670;  d.  Apr.  2,  1736.  H.U.  1689.  After 
visiting  Eng.,  Spain,  and  the  West  Indies,  he 
returned  to  Boston,  and  was  register  of  deeds 
for  Suffolk  Co.  He  was  afterward  successively 
clerk  of  the  H.  of  representatives,  Supreme 
Court,  and  C.C.P. ;  member  of  the  council ; 
representative,  1711-13,  and  from  1715  to  his 
death  was  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  Brattle-st.  Church 
in  1698. 

Davenport,  Addington,  D.D.,  a  Prot.- 
Epis.  clergyman  of  Boston,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, b.  May  16,  1701 ;  d.  Sept.  8,  1746.  H.U. 
1719.  He  was  educated  for  the  law,  but  entered 
the  ministry.  From  Apr.  15,  1730,  to  1737, 
he  was  minister  of  St.  Andrew's  Church,  Scit- 
uate ;  was  assist,  minister  of  King's  Chapel 
from  Apr.  15,  1737,  to  May  8,  1740,  when  he 
became  rector  of  Trinity  Church.  On  leaving 
Scituatc,  he  gave  his  house  and  land  to  the 
Society  for  Proi)agating  the  Gospel  in  Foreign 
Parts.  Dec.  23,  1729,  he  m.  Jane,  dau.  of 
Grove  Hirst,  a  merchant  of  Boston. 

Davenport,  Edward  L,  one  of  the  best 
actors  on  the  American  stage,  b.  Boston,  1816. 
Made  his  debut  at  the  Lion  Theatre,  Providence, 
as  Passion  Will  to  Booth's  Sir  Giles  Overreach. 
First  appeared  in  N.Y.  at  the  Bowery,  under 
llamblin's  management;  at  Phila.,  at  the 
Walnut,  in  1838,  as  Count  Montalban  in  the 
Honeymoon.  Dec.  6,  1847,  he  opened  at 
the  Manchester  Theatre,  Eng.,  as  Claude 
Melnotte,  and  supported  Mrs.  Mowatt.  During 
Macready's  farewell  from  the  stage,  he  sup- 
ported him.     He  m.  Fanny  Vining. 

Davenport,  Frankhn,  of  Woodbury, 
N  J.,  served  in  the  Revol.  war  under  Gen. 
Saml.  Smith  at  Fort  Mifflin  ;  was  a  U.S. 
senator  in  1798-9;  M.C.  1799  to  1801,  and 
also  a  judge. 

Davenport,  Hexry  K.,  capt.  U.  S.  N., 
b.  Ga.,  Dec.  10,  1820.  Midshipm.  Feb.  19, 
1838;  licut.  Dec.  19,1853;  com.  July  16, 
1862;  capt.  Mar.  14,  1868.  Attached  to  sloop 
"  Portsmouth  "  at  the  storming  of  the  6  forts. 
Canton  River,  China,  Nov.  1856  ;  to  the  sloop 
"  Cumberland  "  at  the  capture  of  Hatteras, 
Aug.  1861 ;  in  repulseof  rebel  steamer  "  James- 
town," in  James  River,  Dec.  1861  ;  com. 
steamer  "  Hetzel  "  at  the  capture  of  Newbern, 
and  destruction  of  rebel  fleet  in  those  waters ; 
defence  of  Fort  Anderson,  Neuse  River,  and 
repulse  of  Pettigrew's  army.  Mar.  14,  1863; 
defence  of  Newbern,  and  repulse  of  Hoke's 
army,  May,  1864  ;  com.  flag-ship  "  Lancaster," 
Pacific  squad.,  1864-6,  and  captured  7  pirates 
on  board  Amer.  steamer  "  Salvador  "  off  the 
Bay  of  Panama,  Nov.  10,  1864,  and  received 
thanks  of  navy  dept.  —  Hamersly. 


Davenport,  James,  lawyer  and  M.C. 
1796-9;  son  of  Col.  Abraham;  b.  Stamford, 
12  Oct.  1758;  d.  there  3  Aug.  1797.  Y.C. 
1777.  He  was  in  the  commissary  dept.  in  the 
Revol. ;  was  a  judge  of  the  C.C.P.,  and  a  man 
of  literary  tastes  and  abilities. 

Davenport,  John,  a  Puritan  divine,  one 
of  the  founders  of  New  Haven,  b.  Coventry, 
Eng.,  1597;  d.  Boston,  Mar.  15,  1670.  At 
the  age  of  16,  he  entered  Merton  Coll.,  Oxford. 
After  2  yrs.  rem.  to  Magdalen,  where  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  B.A.,  and  subsequently 
that  of  B.  D.  He  commenced  preaching  in 
Lond.,  where  his  purity  and  worth,  his  learning, 
and  talent  as  a  preacher,  were  greatly  esteemed. 
Ab.  1626,  in  connection  with  Drs.  Sibs  and 
Gouge,  the  lord-mayor  of  London,  and  oth- 
ers, he  devised  a  plan  to  purchase  impropria- 
tions, with  the  profits  of  which  a  number  of 
ministers  should  be  maintained,  who  would 
assist  in  reformiiig  abuses.  But  Archbishop 
Laud  procured  its  condemnation,  and  the 
confiscation  of  the  money  to  the  king's  use. 
At  the  close  of  1633,  Mr.  Davenport  was  com- 
pelled, by  the  increasing  persecution  of  non- 
conformists, to  resign  his  pastoral  office  over 
St.  Stephen's  Church,  Coleman  St.,  and  retire 
to  Holland.  After  officiating  for  a  time  as  a 
private  instructor,  he  returned  to  Lond.  in  1635. 
He  had  been  concerned  in  the  patent  of  the 
Ms.  Colony,  and  determined  to  come  over. 
June  26,  1637,  he  landed  at  Boston  with  Mr. 
Eaton  and  Mr.  Hopkins,  was  received  with 
great  respect,  and  invited  to  sit  with  the  synod 
at  Cambridge,  to  which  his  learning  and  wis- 
dom made  him  a  valuable  accession.  March 
30,  1638,  he  sailed  with  his  company  for  Quin- 
nipiack,  or  New  Haven,  to  found  a  new  colony. 
Here,  under  the  branches  of  an  oak,  he 
preached  Apr.  18,  the  first  Sunday  after  their 
arrival,  and  ministered  there  near  30  years. 
June  4,  1639,  holding  their  constituent  assem- 
bly in  a  barn,  the  "  Free  Planters,"  resolved 
that  church-members  only  should  be  burgesses ; 
and  Davenport  was  chosen  one  of  the  "seven 
pillars"  to  support  the  ordinance  of  civil  govt. 
Two  of  the  regicides,  Goffxj  and  Whalley,  were 
concealed  in  his  house;  and  he  instigated  the 
people,  by  his  preaching,  to  protect  them  from 
the  commissioners  of  tiie  king.  With  Cotton 
and  Hooker,  he  was  invited  to  join  the  West- 
minster Assembly;  but  his  church  was  unwill- 
ing to  part  with  him.  He  was  ord.  Dec.  9, 
1668,  over  the  First  Chuch,  Boston ;  but  he  sur- 
vived this  change  but  a  short  time.  He  wrote 
sermons,  several  controversial  pamphlets,  "  A 
Discourse  about  Civil  Govt,  in  a  New  Planta- 
tion," "  The  Saint's  Anchor-Hold  in  all  Storms 
and  Tempests,"  a  Catechism  containing  the 
chief  heads  of  the  Christian  religion,  and  other 
theol.  tracts. 

Davenport,  John,  lawyer,  M.C,  1799- 
1817,  b.  Stamford,  Ct.,  16  Jan.  1752;  d.  there 
28  Nov.  1830.  Y.C.  1770.  Tutor  there  1773. 
An  active  Revol.  patriot,  and  a  maj.  in  the 
commis.  dept.  Son  of  Col.  Abraham.  —  Hist. 
Stamford. 

Davenport,  Col.  William,  b.  Culpeper 
Co.,  Va.,  Oct.  12,  1769;  d.  Walnut  Fountain, 
Caldwell  Co.,  N.C.,  Aug.  19,  1859.  He  held 
at  various  times  the  offices  of  justice  of  the 


X)A.V 


250 


T>AJV 


peace,  Co.  surveyor,  legislator,  &c.,  and  con- 
trib.  largely  to  the  erection  of  the  female  coll. 
of  Lenoir,  which  bears  his  name. 

Davenport,  William,  col.  U.S.A.,  b. 
N.  C;  d.  Phila.,  Apr.  12,  1858.  App.  capt. 
16  Inf.,  Sept.  28,  1812  ;  maj.  6th  Inf.,  Dec.  16, 
1825  ;  lieut.-col.  1st  Inf.,  Apr.  4,  1832;  in  bat- 
tle of  Bad  Axe,  under  Gen.  Atkinson ;  brev. 
col.  for  meritorious  service  in  Florida,  July  7, 
1838;  col.  6th  Inf.,  June  U,  1842;  1st  Inf., 
July,  1843;  resigned,  Jan.  31,  1850.  He  dis- 
ting.  himself  at  Chippewa  and  Bridgewater 
in  the  War  of  1812,  also  in  the  Black  Hawk 
and  Florida  wars.  —  Gardner. 

David»  John  B.,  D.D.,  Rom.  Cath.  bishop 
of  Louisville,  Ky.  Consec.  15  Aug.  1819;  d. 
1841. 

Davidson,  John  Wynn,  brig.-gen.  vols., 
b.  Fairfax  Co.,  Va.,  Aug.  18,  1824.  West 
Point,  1845.  Entering  the  1st  dragoons,  he 
accompanied  Gen.  Kearney,  in  1846,  to  Cal., 
in  com.  of  a  howitzer  battery.  Was  in  the 
battles  of  San  Pasqual,  Dec.  6,  1846  ;  San  Ber- 
nardo, Dec.  7  ;  San  Gabriel,  Jan.  8,  1847  ; 
Plains  of  Mesa,  Jan.  9,  1847  ;  Clear  Lake, 
Cal.,  May  17,  1850,  and  at  Russian  River, 
June  17,  1850,  under  Capt.  Nath.  Lyon.  He 
fought  the  battle  of  Cieniguilla,  N.  Mexico, 
Mar.  .30,  1854,  against  the  Apache  and  Utah 
Indians,  losing  3-4  of  his  command,  and  being 
himself  wounded.  Capt.  20  Jan.  1855  ;  maj. 
2d  Cav.  Nov.  14, 1861  ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  Feb.  3, 
1862  ;  com.  a  brigade  in  Smith's  division  in 
the  Potomac  Army.  He  served  at  the  battles 
of  Lee's  Mills,  Apr.  5,  1862  ;  Mechanicsville, 
May  24  ;  Golding's  farm,  June  28,  and  White- 
oak  Swamp,  June  30.  Early  in  Aug.  he  was 
transferred  to  the  dept.  of  the  Mpl.,  and  put 
in  com.  of  the  S.  E.  dist.  of  Mo.  He  co-ope- 
rated with  Gen.  Steele  in  his  exped.  against 
Little  Rock,  meeting  the  rebel  cavalry  at 
Bayou  Metre;  was  in  the  actions  of  Ash- 
ley's Mills,  Ark.,  and  Little  Rock,  10  Sept. 
1863;  com.  cav.  exped.  from  Baton  Rouge  to 
Pascagoula,  24  Nov.  1864;  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  13  Mar.  1865,  for  capt.  of  Little  Rock; 
maj.-gen.  for  merit,  services  in  the  Rebellion; 
lieut.-col.  10th  Cav.  1  Dec.  1866.—  Cullum. 

Davidson,  Lucretia  Maria,  a  remarka- 
ble instance  of  early  genius,  b.  Plattsburg, 
N.Y.,  Sept.  27.  1808;  d.  Aug.  27,  1825. 
When  but  four  years  old,  a  number  of  her  lit- 
tle books  were  found  to  be  filled  with  rude 
drawings,  accompanied  with  explanatory  verses 
written  in  characters  of  the  printed  alphabet. 
From  an  early  age,  every  leisure  moment  was 
devoted  to  reading.  The  earliest  of  her  pro- 
ductions which  are  preserved  were  written 
when  she  was  9  years  old.  So  early,  ardent, 
and  so  fatal  a  pursuit  of  intellectual  improve- 
ment is  unparalleled,  except  in  the  cases  of 
Chatterton  and  Kirke  White.  In  Oct.  1824, 
a  gentleman  who  knew  her  intense  desire  for 
education  placed  her  at  a  female  seminary, 
where  her  incessant  application  soon  destroyed 
her  constitution,  previously  debilitated  by  dis- 
ease ;  and  she  d.  before  completing  her  17th 
year.  A  biog.  sketch,  with  a  coll.  of  her  po- 
ems, was  pub.  by  S.  F.  B.  Morse,  in  1829,  en- 
titled "  Amir  Khan  and  other  Poems,  the  Re- 
mains of  L,  M.  Davidson."    Although  a  great 


part  of  her  compositions  were  destroyed,  278 
remain.  —  See  Life,  by  Catharine  M.  Sedgwick, 
1843. 

Davidson,  Margaret  Miller,  poetess, 
sister  of  L.  M.,  b.  Mar.  26,  1823  ;  d.  Nov.  25, 
1 837.  Sharing  her  sister's  precocity,  she  began 
to  write  at  6  years  of  age.  At  10,  she  wrote  and 
acted  in  a  passionate  drama  in  society  at  N.Y., 
and,  notwithstanding  the  warning  of  her  sister's 
fate,  her  intellectual  activity  was  not  restrained. 
Margaret's  poems  were  issued  under  the  au- 
spices of  Washington  Irving;  and  the  works 
of  both  sisters  wei-e  pub.  together  in  1850.  A 
vol.  of  Selections  from  the  Writings  of  Mrs. 
Margaret  M.  Davidson,  the  mother,  with  a 
preface  by  Miss  C.  M.  Sedgwick,  appeared  in 
1843.  Lieut.  L.  P.  Davidson,  U.S.A.,  the  bro. 
of  Margaret  and  Lucretia,  who  also  d.  young, 
wrote  verses  with  elegance  and  ease. 

Davidson,  Gen.  William,  Revol.  officer, 
b.  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  1746;  killed  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Cowan's  Ford,  NC,  Feb.  1,  1781.  In 
1750,  he  removed  with  his  family  to  Rowan 
Co.,  N.C.,  and  was  educated  at  Charlotte  Acad. 
App.  a  major  in  1776,  he  served  under  Wash- 
ington, until  in  Nov.  1779,  detached  to  re-en- 
force the  army  of  Gen.  Lincoln,  at  which  time 
he  com.  his  regt.  with  the  rank  of  lieut.-col. 
Visiting  his  family  on  the  way,  he  was  saved 
from  captivity,  as  the  investiture  of  Charleston 
prevented  him  from  rejoining  his  regiment. 
In  an  engagement  at  the  head  of  some  militia, 
with  a  party  of  loyalists,  near  Calson's  Mill,  he 
was  severely  wounded ;  but,  having  been  app. 
brig.-gen.  by  the  State  of  N.C.,  took  the  field  8 
weeks  after,  and  e.xerted  himself  to  interrupt 
the  progress  of  Cornwallis.  Detached  by 
Greene,  on  the  last  day  of  Jan.  1781,  to  guard 
the  very  ford  selected  by  Cornwallis  for  his 
passage  of  the  Catawba,  Davidson  posted  him- 
self there  at  night  at  the  head  of  300  men,  and 
was  killed  on  the  following  day.  Congress 
decreed  him  a  monument.  —  Rogers. 

Davie,  William  Richardson,  lawyer, 
statesman,  and  soldier,  b.  Egremont,  near  White 
Haven,  Eng.,  June  20, 1756  ;  d.  Camden,  S.C, 
Nov.  8,  1820.  N.J.  Coll.  1776.  His  father 
brought  him  to  S.C.  soon  after  the  peace  of 
1763,  and,  returning  to  Eng.,  confided  him  to 
the  care  of  Rev.  Wm.  Richardson,  his  maternal 
uncle,  who  educated  and  adopted  him  as  his 
son  and  heir.  He  commenced  the  study  of  law 
at  Salisbury ;  but,  soon  obtaining  a  lieutenancy 
in  a  troop  of  dragoons,  he  succeeded  to  the 
com.,  annexed  it  to  the  legion  of  Pulaski  in 
1779,  and  was  promoted  by  Gen.  Lincoln  to 
be  brigade-major.  He  fought  at  Stono,  where 
he  was  severely  wounded,  at  Hanging  Rock, 
and  Rocky  Mount.  Taking  the  field  with  a 
legionary  coi'ps,  and  rank  of  maj.,  after  expend- 
ing the  last  shilling  of  the  estate  bequeathed 
to  him  by  his  uncle,  in  its  equipment,  he 
was  actively  engaged  in  protecting  the  country 
between  Charlotte  and  Camden  from  the 
enemy's  predatory  excursions.  When  Corn- 
wallis entered  Charlotte,  N.C.,  Col.  Davie 
severely  handled  Tarleton'slegion,killing  a  large 
number,  and  wounding  its  commander,  Maj. 
Hanger,  withdrawing  his  own  force  without 
loss.  His  eflBciency  in  saviug  the  remnant  of 
the  army  after  its  overthrow  at  Camden,  as 


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251 


iDJkrv 


well  as  his  other  services,  procured  for  him  the 
rank  of  col.  com.  of  the  cavalry  of  the  State. 
Gen.  Greene,  on  taking  com.  of  the  Southern 
dept.,  gave  him  the  post  of  commiss.,  in  which 
his  zeal,  talents,  influence,  and  local  knowledge 
contrib.  greatly  to  the  successful  operations 
which  followed.  After  the  war,  he  settled, at 
Halifax,  on  the  Roanoke,  in  the  practice  of 
law,  and  soon  rose  to  great  eminence.  He  was 
possessed  of  great  sagacity,  knowledge,  and 
eloquence ;  was  many  years  a  member  of  the 
State  legisl.  In  1787,  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
convention  which  framed  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion ;  but  the  illness  of  his  family  called  him 
home  before  its  labors  were  terminated,  and  his 
name  does  not  appear  on  that  instrument.  In 
the  convention  of  N.C.,  he  was  its  most  able 
champion.  To  him  the  U.  of  N.C  is  mainly 
indebted  for  its  establishment  and  support. 
App.  a  major-gen.  of  the  State  militia  ;  in  1799, 
he  was  gov.  of  the  State,  but  was  soon  after 
sent  by  Pres.  Adams  with  Ellsworth  and  Mur- 
ray on  a  mission  to  France.  Soon  after  his 
return,  he  withdrew  from  public  life  to  his 
farm  at  Tivoli,  on  the  Catawba  River,  S.C. 
App.  a  maj.-gen.  by  the  govt,  in  Mar.  1813,  he 
declined  on  account  of  bodily  infirmities  occa- 
sioned by  his  wounds  in  the  Revol.  He  was  a 
man  of  commanding  appearance,  affable,  hos- 
pitable, and  delightful  as  a  companion.  —  See 
Sparks's  Amer.  Biog.,  vol  xv.,  2d  series. 

Davies,  Charles,  LL.D.  (Gen.  Coll. 
184U),  mathematician,  b.  Washington,  Ct.,  22 
Jan.  1798.  West  Point,  1815.  Emig.  to  St. 
Lawrence  Co.,  N.Y.  He  worked  on  a  farm  till 
he  entered  West  Point  in  1814.  Prof  at  West 
Point  from  Dec.  1816  to  Mav,  1837  ;  at  Trinity 
Coll.  in  1839-41,  and  in  the'N.Y.  U.  in  1848-9, 
when  he  withdrew  to  his  residence  at  Fishkill 
Landing,  N.Y.,  and  completed  his  series  of 
text-books.  He  afterward  resumed  his  profes- 
sional duties,  first  in  the  Normal  School  at 
Albany,  and  in  Columb.  Coll.  in  1857-6.5.  His 
works  are  characterized  by  great  perspicuity, 
and  close  logical  arrangement.  They  consist 
of  a  series  of  arithmetics,  algebras,  and  geome- 
tries, "Elements  of  Surveying,"  "  Stiades, 
Shadows,  and  Perspective,"  "  Differential  and 
Integral  Calculus,"  "Grammar  of  Arithmetic," 
"  Practical  Mathematics,"  "  Logic  of  Mathe- 
matics," and  "  Mathema4;ical  Dictionary "  (with 
G.  W.  Peck).  Prof  Davies  was  a  paymaster 
in  the  army  in  1841-5. 

Davies,  Samuel,  D.D.,  divine  and  scholar, 
b.  Newcastle  Co.,  Del.,  Nov.  3,  1723;  d. 
Princeton,  N.J.,  Feb.  4,  1761.  He  was  care- 
fully and  religiously  educated  at  home  by 
David  his  father,  a  pious  Welsh  planter ; 
studied  at  Mr.  Blair's  school  at  Fogg's  Manor. 
Was  licensed  to  preach,  July  30,  1746;  ord. 
Feb,  19,  1747,  and  officiated  at  different  places 
in  Hanover  Co.,  Va.,  where  dissenters  from  the 
established  Episcopal  Church  of  Va.  were  ob- 
noxious to  the  civil  authorities.  The  success 
of  his  labors  led  to  a  controversy  between  him 
and  the  king's  atty-gen.,  as  to  whether  the  act 
of  toleration  which  had  been  passed  in  Eng.  for 
the  relief  of  Protestant  dissenters  extended  also 
to  Va.,  —  a  question  ultimately  decided  in  the 
affirmative.  Sent  with  Gilbert  Tennent  to 
Eng.  in  1753  to  solicit  funds  for  the  Coll.  of 


N.J.,  he  preached  with  acceptance  there  and 
in  Scotland,  and  succeeded  in  the  object  of  his 
mission.  On  his  return  in  Feb.  1755,  he  re- 
sumed his  pastoral  labors,  and,  after  Braddock's 
defeat,  preached  a  sermon  which  was  pub.,  in  a 
note  to  which  occurs  the  prophetic  passage : 
"  That  heroic  youth,  Col.  Washington,  whom 
I  cannot  but  hope  Providence  has  hitherto  pre- 
served in  so  signal  a  manner  for  some  impor- 
tant service  to  his  country."  The  First  Va. 
presbytery  was  established  through  his  efforts 
in  1755,  and  July  26,  1759,  he  succeeded  Jona- 
than Edwards  as  pres.  of  the  N.J.  Coll.  A 
coll.  of  his  sermons  was  pub.  Lond.,  1767,  in  5 
vols.,  and  passed  through  several  editions  in 
Great  Britain  and  Amer.  The  edition  of  his 
sermons  pub.  N.Y.,  1851,  3  vols.,  8vo,  contains 
an  essay  on  the  Life  and  Times  of  Davies,  by 
Rev.  Albert  Barnes.  He  was  an  eloquent 
preacher;  and  his  sermons  are  highly  esteemed 
for  elegance  of  style,  as  well  as  their  masterly 
treatment  of  important  subjects.  He  also 
wrote  verses  of  considerable  merit,  among  thera 
an  elegy  on  his  old  preceptor,  Samuel  Blair. 
His  son  Col.  William  left  N.J.  Coll.  in  1775, 
became  an  officer  in  the  army,  and  enjoyed  the 
esteem  of  Washington.  He  was  app.  a  sub- 
inspector  under  Steuben,  in  April,  1778,  and 
was  the  most  efficient  of  his  assistants.  He 
was  afterward  in  the  auditor's  office,  Richmond, 
and  removed  to  Sussex  Co.,  where  he  died. 

Davies,  Thomas  Alfred,  brig.-gen.  vols., 
b.  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.Y.,  Dec.  1809.  West 
Point,  1829.  Entering  the  1st  Inf.  he  resigned 
in  1831  ;  followed  mercantile  pursuits  and  civil 
engineering  in  N.Y.  City,  where,  in  1840-41, 
he  was  engaged  on  the  Croton  Aqueduct.  In 
May,  1861,  he  became  col.  16th  N.Y.  vols.  In 
the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  he  was  acting  brig., 
com.  the  left  wing  of  the  army,  and,  for  his  gal- 
lantry on  that  occasion,  was  made  brig.-gen. 
March  7,  1862.  Joining  the  army  of  the  West, 
under  Gen.  Halleck,  he  com.  the  2d  division  in 
the  movement  against  Corinth,  and  took  part 
in  the  battle  of  Oct.  3-4,  1862  ;  com.  the  dis- 
trict of  Rolla,  Mo.,  Mar.  1863  to  Mar.  1864, 
and  of  N.  Kans.  1864-5.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Answer  to  Hugh  Miller  and  Theoretical 
Geologists,"  "  Cosmogony,"  8vo,  1858. 

Davila  y  Padilla  (da'-ve-lae  pa-del'-ya), 
AuGUSTiN,  became  bishop  of  St.  Domingo ;  d. 
1604.  Author  of  "  History  of  the  Province  of 
Santiago  de  Mexico,"  1596. 

Davis,  Andrew  Jackson,  clairvoyant,  b. 
Blooming  Grove,  Orange  Co.,  N.Y.,  Aug.  11, 
1826.  His  parents  were  extremely  poor,  and 
his  youth  was  passed  in  various  labors,  with 
but  little  schooling.  Early  in  1843,  Mr.  Wm. 
Levingston  of  Poughkeepsie,  by  mesmerism, 
developed  in  him  extraordinary  clairvoyant 
powers.  He  discoursed  learnedly  on  medical, 
psychological,  and  scientific  subjects,  and  suc- 
cessfully treated  diseases.  March  7, 1844,  dur- 
ing a  trance  of  16  hours,  he  conversed,  as  he 
asserts,  with  invisible  beings,  and  received  inti- 
mations and  instructions  concerning  the  posi- 
tion he  was  subsequently  to  occupy  as  a  teacher 
from  the  interior  state.  In  Nov.  1845,  he  dic- 
tated to  Rev.  Wm.  Fishbough,  at  New  York, 
while  clairvoyant,  his  first  and  most  consider- 
able work,   "  The  Principles  of  Nature,  her 


j:>asv 


252 


DAV 


Divine  Relations,  and  a  Voice  to  Mankind," 
8vo,  800  pp.  This  book  presents  a  wide  range 
of  subjects,  and  repudiates  any  special  author- 
ity in  the  teachings  of  the  Bible.  He  has  pub. 
several  other  works  under  the  same  influence, 
—  the  "  Great  Harmonia,"  4  vols. ;  the  "  Ap- 
proaching Crisis ; "  the  "  Penetralia,"  1 856 ;  the 
"  Present  Age,"  and  "  Inner  Life,"  "  Review  of 
Dr.  Bushnellon  Supernaturalism  ;  "  "  Philoso- 
phy of  Spiritual  Intercourse/' 8vo;  "Philosophy 
of  Special  Providences  ;  "  "  Free  Thoughts  con- 
cerning Religion,"  8vo,  1854;  "Harmonial 
Man,"  8vo.  He  is  more  successful  as  a  writer 
than  as  a  lecturer,  and  has  been  principally  in- 
strumental in  inaugurating  the  modern  move- 
ment known  as  "Spiritualism."  —  See  ihe 
Magic  Staff,  an  Autohiog.  of  A.  J.  Davis,  1857. 

Davis,  AsAHEL,  b.  Ms.,  1791.  Pub.  "  An- 
cient America,  and  Researches  of  the  East," 
30th  thousand,  1854,  and  lecture  on  "The 
Discov.  of  Amer.  by  the  Northmen,"  1840. 

Davis,  Charles  Aug.,  a  shipping-mer- 
chant of  N.Y.,  and  a  political  writer,  b. 
1795  ;  d.  27  Jan.  1867.  Well  versed  in  finan- 
cial and  commercial  affairs  :  he  was  also  a  bril- 
liant and  genial  writer  upon  those  topics. 
Author  of  the  "  Peter  Scriber  Letters  "  in  the 
Commercial  Advertiser,  and  "  Major  Jack  Down- 
ing's  Letters  "  in  the  same  paper,  detailing  his 
interviews  with  Gen.  Jackson,  and  the  plans 
for  overthrowing  the  U.S.  Bank. 

Davis,  Charles  Henry,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1868),  mathematician,  redr-adm.  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
Boston,  Ms.,  Jan.  16,  1807.  Son  of  Daniel, 
U.S.  solicitor-gen.  for  Ms.  H.U.  1825.  Mid- 
shipm.  Aug.  12,  1823;  lieut.  Mar.  3,  1834; 
com.  June  12,  1854;  capt.  15  Nov.  1861; 
commo.  July  16,  1862;  chief  of  bureau  of  navi- 
gation, July  17,  1862  ;  rear-adm.  Feb.  7,  1863. 
From  1844  to  1849,  he  was  engaged  in  the  U.S. 
coast-survey.  In  1846-9,  while  surveying  the 
waters  about  Nantucket,  he  discovered  the  New 
South  Shoal,  and  several  smaller  shoals  di- 
rectly in  the  track  of  ships  sailing  between 
N.Y.  and  Europe,  and  of  coasting-vessels  from 
Boston.  He  was  subsequently  engaged  in  ex- 
amining the  state  of  the  harbors  of  Boston, 
N.Y.,  Charleston,  &c.  These  investigations  led 
him  to  the  study  of  the  laws  of  tidal  action. 
See  his  "  Memoir  upon  the  Geological  Action 
of  the  Tidal  and  other  Currents  of  the  Ocean  " 
(Memoirs  of  the  Am.  Acad.,  new  scries,  vol. 
iv.),  and  "  The.  Law  of  Deposit  of  the  Flood 
Tide"  (Smiths.  Contribs.  vol.  iii.).  He  founded 
the  "  Amer.  Nautical  Almanac,"  superintend- 
ing it  from  1849  to  1856,  when  he  was  ordered 
to  naval  service  in  the  Pacific  in  com.  of  the 
sloop  of  war  "  St.  Mary's."  He  was  fleet-capt. 
in  Dupont's  exped.  against  Port  Royal,  and 
second  in  com.,  and  was  assigned  to  the  Mpi. 
flotilla.  May  9,  1862,  he  was  app.  flag-officer 
of  the  flotilla,  and  on  the  11th  repulsed  an  at- 
tack by  the  rebel  fleet.  June  8,  he  attacked 
the  rebel  fleet  opposite  Memphis,  capturing  or 
destroying  all  but  one  vessel.  The  surrender 
of  Memphis  immediately  followed.  He  then 
joined  Adm.  Farragut,  and  was  engaged  in  the 
various  operations  ab.  Vicksburg.  With  Gen. 
Curtis,  he  operated  up  the  Yazoo  in  Aug.  1862, 
with  complete  success.  Supt.  Naval  Obser- 
vatory, Washington,  1865-7  ;  com.  S.  Atlantic 


squad.,  1867-9.  Author  of  an  English  trans- 
lation of  Gauss's  "  T/ieoria  Motus  Corporum 
Ccdestium,"  Boston,  1858,  and  of  some  shorter 
translations  and  articles  on  mathematical  as- 
tronomy and  geodesy. 

Davis,  Daniel,  soldier,  killed  Sept.  17, 
1814,  in  the  sortie  from  Fort  Erie.  App,  lieut.- 
col.  comg.  N.Y.  vols.,  June  29,  1812;  brig.- 
gen. 1814. 

Davis,  Daniel,  lawyer,  b.  Barnstable, 
Ms.,  May  8,  1762;  d.    Cambridge,   Oct.    27, 

1835.  He  settled  in  Falmouth,  now  Portland, 
Me.,  in  1782;  was  successful  at  the  bar;  was 
6  years  in  the  house,  and  6  years  in  the  senate, 
of  Ms.,  where  he  was  disting.  as  a  debater ; 
U.S.  atty.  for  Me.,  1796-1801  ;  solicitor.-gen. 
of  Ms.,  1800-32.  He  removed  to  Boston  in 
1804,  and  in  1832  to  Cambridge.  Admiral 
Charles  H.  Davis  is  his  son.  Author  of 
"  Criminal  Justice,"  8vo,  2d  ed.  1828;  "  Pre- 
cedents of  Indictments,"  8vo,  1831. —  Willis's 
Lawyers  of  Maine. 

Davis,  David,  juri.st,  b.  Cecil  Co.,  Md., 
Mar.  9,  1815.  Ken.  Coll.  1832.  Studied  law 
in  Ms.  and  N.  Haven  ;  in  1835,  adm.  to  the  bar, 
and  settled  in  Bloomington,  111. ;  member  State 
legisl.  1844;  of  the  State  Const.  Con  v.,  1847  ; 
judge  of  the  8th  jud.  circuit,  1848-62  ;  app. 
judge  U.S.  Supreme  Court,  Dec.  8, 1862.  F"'or 
many  years,  the  intimate  friend  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  and  delegate  to  the  Chicago  conven- 
tion, which  in  1860  nominated  him  for  pres- 
ident. 

Davis,  Edwin  Hamilton,  M.D.  (Cin. 
Coll.  1837),  physician  and  archaeologist,  b. 
Ross  Co.,  O.,  Jan.  22,  1811.  Ken.  Coll.  1833. 
He  explored  the  mounds  of  the  Scioto  Valley, 
and  read  a  paper  on  that  subject  before  the 
Philomathesian  Society,  subsequently  enlarged 
and  delivered  at  the  coll.  commencement  of 
1833.  The  suggestions  of  Daniel  Webster, 
then  making  a  tour  in  the  West,  stimulated 
him  to  continue  these  researches;  and  the. re- 
sults of  15  years' diligent  study  and  exploration 
are  embodied  in  "  The  Monuments  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley,"  vol.  i.  of  the  "  Smithsonian 
Contributions  to  Knowledge."  He  practised  his 
prof  in  Chillicothe  until  1850,  when,  on  the 
establishment  of  the  NY.  Med.  Coll.,  he  was 
called  to  the  chair  of  materia  medica  and 
therapeutics,  which  he  still  holds.  He  has 
been  acontrib.  to  scientificand  medical  journals, 
besides  being  for  a  time  one  of  the  conductors 
of  the  American  Medical  Monthly.  In  the  spring 
of  1854,  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on 
archaeology  before  the  Lowell  Institute,  Boston. 
Author  of  "  Report  on  the  Statistics  of  Cal- 
culous Diseases  in  Ohio,"  8vo,  1850. 

Davis,  Emerson,  D.D.  (H.U.  1847), 
Cong,  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Ware,  Ms., 
July  15,  1798  ;  d.  Westfield,  Ms.,  June  8, 1866. 
Wms.  Coll.  1821.  He  was  preceptor  of  the 
Westfield  acad.  one  year ;  tutor  in  the  coll.  one 
year;  resumed  his  preceptorship,  and  June  1, 

1836,  Avas  settled  over  the  First  Church  in 
Westfield.  He  was  active  in  the  cause  of  edu- 
cation ;  was  viee-pres.  of  Wms.  Coll.  1861-8. 
In  1852,  he  pub.  "  The  Half-Century,"  a  work 
of  great  research,  reprinted  in  Great  Britain; 
"  The  Teacher  Taught,"  Bost.,  1839  ;  "  Hist. 
Sketch  of  Westfield,"   1826.      He  also  pub. 


T>AJV 


253 


DA.^ 


sermons,  addresses,  and  essays.  He  left  5  MS. 
vols,  of  biographies  of  Trinit.  Cong,  clergy- 
men, now  in  the  Cong.  Library,  Boston. 

Davis,  Gakuet,  lawyer  and  senator,  b. 
Mount  Stirling,  Ky.,  Stjpt.  10,  1801.  He  re- 
ceived a  classical  education  ;  was  employed  as 
a  writer  in  tlie  County  and  Circuit  Courts  of 
his  dist. ;  was  adin.  to  the  bar  in  1823,  and  at- 
tained distinction  and  a  lucrative  practice. 
Member  of  the  State  legisl.  in  1833-6;  of  the 
State  Const.  Conv.  in  1839;  M.C.  1839-47; 
and  a  Dcmoc.  U.S.  senator  since  1861.  He 
was  an  intimate  personal  and  political  friend  of 
Henry  Chiy,  was  a  leader  in  the  Whig  party, 
and  was  very  active  in  preventing  the  secession 
of  his  State  in  1861. 

Davis,  Henry,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll.  1810),  an 
eminent  Presb.  divine,  b.  East  Hampton,  N.Y., 
Sept.  15,  1771  ;  d.  Clinton,  N.Y.,  March  8, 
1852.  Y.  C.  1796.  His  ancestors  were  from 
Kidderminster,  Eng.  He  was  tutor  at  Wms. 
and  at  Yale  Colls.  7  years,  studied  theology, 
and  soon  became  known  as  a  preacher  of  great 
ability  and  eloquence.  Prof,  of  Greek  at  Un. 
Coll.,  from  1806  to  1809;  pres.  of  Middl.  Coll., 
Vt.,  from  Dec.  1809  to  July,  1817,  when  he  be- 
came pres.  of  Ham.  Coll.,  N.Y.,  which  office 
he  resigned  in  April,  1833.  Dr.  Davis  was 
active  in  establishing  the  Theol.  Sem.  at  Au- 
burn, N.Y.,  and  in  behalf  of  foreign  missions. 
He  pub.  an  inaugural  oration  at  Middlebury, 
Feb.  21,  1810,  a  number  of  sermons  and  ad- 
dresses, and  a  narrative  of  the  embarrassments 
and  decline  of  Ham.  Coll.,  April,  1833. — 
Sprague. 

Davis,  Henry  Winter,  LL.D.,  states- 
man, b.  Annapolis,  Md.,  Aug.  16,  1817;  d. 
Baltimore,  Dec.  30,  1865.  Ken.  Coll.  1837. 
Son  of  an  Episc.  clergyman,  and  prof,  in  St. 
John's  Coll.,  Annapolis  ;  studied  lavv;wasadm. 
to  the  bar  at  Alexandria,  Va.,  and  rapidly  rose 
to  distinction.  Removing  to  Baltimore  in 
1850,  he  attained  celebrity  by  his  defence  of 
Dr.  JohnSj  in  the  Episc.  convention,  against 
the  accusation  of  Bishop  Whittingham.  M.C. 
in  18.")8-6l  and  1863-5,  servingon  the  commit- 
tee of  ways  and  means.  In  1859,  he  voted  for 
Pennington,  the  Repub.  candidate  for  speaker, 
drawing  down  upon  himself  a  storm  of  abuse. 
Though  representing  a  border  slave-State  dur- 
ing the  Rebellion,  he  was  conspicuous  in  Con- 
gress for  his  uncompromising  radicalism,  his 
early  advocacy  of  emancipation,  and  of  arming 
the  negroes.  He  made  a  great  speech  in  the 
summer  of  1865,  at  Chicago,  in  favor  of  negro 
suffrage.  In  the  38th  Congress,  he  served  with 
disting.  ability  as  chairman  of  the  com.  of 
foreign  affairs.  He  pub.  in  1852  "  The  War 
of  Ormuzd  and  Ahriman  in  the  19th  Centu- 
ry." Feb.  22,  1866,  a  eulogy  was  pronounced 
upon  him  by  Senator  Creswell,  by  order  of 
the  house.  His  speeches  were  pub.  by  Cress- 
well,  8vo,  1867. 

Davis,  Jefferson,  soldier  and  statesman, 
b.  Christian  Co.,  Ky.,  3  June,  1808.  He  stud- 
ied at  Transylv.Coll.,  grad.  West  Point,  1828  ; 
served  as  a  licut.  of  inf.  in  the  Black  Hawk 
war,  1831-2;  1st  lieut.  of  dragoons  against 
the  Pawnees  and  other  Indian  tribes  in  1833- 
5  ;  resigned,  and  became  a  cotton-planter  in 
Mpi.     A  Democ.  M.  C.  in   1845-6,  and  con- 


spicuous in  the  di.scussions  on  the  tariff,  Ore- 
gon, and  the  Mexican  war  ;  col.  of  the  Mpi 
Rifles,  and  prominent  at  Monterey  and  Buena 
Vista,  and  highly  commended  by  Gen.  Taylor 
in  his  official  despatch  ;  U.S.  senator  in  1847- 
51,  and  in  1857-Jan.  1861;  candidate  for 
gov.  of  Mpi.  in  1851,  defeated  byH.  S.  Foote, 
Union  candidate;  sec.  of  war  in  Mr.  Pierce's 
cabinet,  1853-7;  prominent  in  the  secession 
movement  of  1860-1;  chosen  pres.  of  the 
provisional  govt.,  formed  by  the  secessionists, 
4  Feb.  1861  ;  elec.  pres.  for  6  years  of  the  Con- 
federate States,  in  Nov.  1861,  and  inaug.  22 
Feb.  1862;  taken  prisoner  at  Irwin ville  in 
Southern  Ga.,  10  May,  1865  ;  confined  2  years 
in  Fortress  Monroe,  and  then  released  on  bail ; 
included  in  the  gen.  amnesty  of  25  Dec.  1868. 
He  m.  a  dan.  of  Pres.  Taylor.  In  the  senate, 
he  was  a  prominent  advocate  of  slavery,  of 
State  rights,  and  of  a  southern  route  for  the 
Pacific  Railroad,  and  a  conspicuous  opponent 
of  the  French  Spoliation  Bill.  As  sec.  of  war, 
he  was  popular  with  the  army.  Among  his 
measures  were  the  revision  of  the  army  regula- 
tions, the  introduction  of  the  light  infantry  or 
rifle-system  of  tactics,  the  manuf.  of  rifled 
arms,  the  increase  of  the  army,  and  scientific 
explorations  of  the  West  for  determining  the 
best  route  for  the  Pacific  Railroad.  As  a  speak- 
er, he  is  fluent,  earnest,  vigorous,  and  terse. 

Davis,  Jefferson  C.  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  b.  Clarke  Co.,  Ind.,  March  2,  1828. 
His  ancestors  were  noted  in  the  Indian  wars  of 
Ky. ;  William  his  grandfather  having  been  in 
the  battle  at  River  Raisin.  Leaving  the  Clarke 
Co.  Sem.  on  the  breaking-out  of  the  Mexican 
war,  he  joined  Col.  J.  H.  Lane's  regt.,  partici- 
pated in  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista  and  in  the 
entire  Mexican  campaign,  and,  for  gallant  con- 
duct, was  made  2d  lieut.  1st  U.S.  Art.,  June  17, 
1848;  became  1st  lieut.  in  1852;  took  charge 
of  the  first  garrison  placed  in  Fort  Sumter  in 
Aug.  1858,  and  was  there  duiing  the  bombard- 
ment in  April,  1861  ;  capt.  May  14,  1861  ;  col. 
22d  Ind.  vols.  He  was  given  a  brigade  by 
Gen.  Fremont,  with  whom  he  served  in  Mo. 
He  also  com.  a  brigade  under  Gens.  Hunter 
and  Pope.  For  his  conduct  at  Milford,  in 
Central  Mo.,  where  he  captured  a  superior 
force  with  a  large  quantity  of  military  supplies, 
he  was  made  brig.-gen.  Dec.  18,  1861,  and  at 
the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge  com.  one  of  the  four 
divisions  of  Gen.  Curtis's  army.  His  division 
fought,  March  7,  the  battle  of  Leetown,  one  of 
the  most  sanguinary  and  decisive  of  the 
war.  The  next  day,  Col.  Davis  stormed  and 
carried  the  heights  of  Elkhorn,  capturing  five 
cannon,  and  deciding  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge 
against  the  rebels.  He  was  then  transferred  to 
Gen.  Halleck's  army  at  Corinth,  and  after  its 
evacuation  was  given  a  division  in  the  army  of 
the  Tenn.  Sept.  29,  meeting  Gen.  Nelson  at 
a  hotel  in  Louisville,  an  affray  ensued,  in  which 
Nelson  was  killed.  After  being  a  short  time 
under  arrest,  he  was  restored  to  duty,  and  or- 
dered to  Covington.  He  led  his  old  division, 
20th  army  corps,  in  the  thickest  of  the  fight 
at  Stone  River,  holding  the  centre  of  the  right 
wing,  and,  for  good  conduct  on  that  occasion, 
was  strongly  recommended  by  Rosecrans  to  a 
maj.-genship.     He  was  in  the   battle  of  Chick- 


TDATV 


254 


UAJV 


amauga;  in  the  Atlanta  campaign,  and  com. 
the  I4th  corps  in  Sherman's  march  through 
Georgia  and  in  North  Carolina.  Col.  23d  Inf., 
July  28,  1866  ;  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  March 
13,  1865. 

Davis,  John,  an  eminent  English  mariner, 
b.  Sandridge,  Devonshire;  d.  Dec.  1605.  He 
went  to  sea  when  young,  and  acquired  so  much 
reputation  in  his  profession  as  to  be  intrusted 
in  1585  with  the  com.  of  an  exped.  for  the 
discovery  of  a  north-west  passage  to  the  East 
Indies.  In  tli  is  voyage,  he  discovered  the  straits 
in  the  Arctic  Sea  leading  to  Baffin's  Bay,  which 
still  bear  his  name.  Davis  twice  more  visited 
the  polar  regions,  and  in  1591  went  with  Cav- 
endish in  his  second  unfortunate  expedition  to 
the  South  Sea.  He  then  made  5  voyages  to 
the  E.  Indies  as  a  pilot;  and  during  the  last  of 
these,  while  serving  under  Sir  Edmund  Mi- 
chelbourne,  he  was  killed  in  an  engagement 
with  some  Japanese  off  the  coast  of  Malacca. 
He  wrote  accounts  of  some  of  his  voyages,  a 
treatise  entitled  "  The  World's  Hydrographical 
Description,"  and  the  "  Seaman's  Secrets," 
1595  ;  and  he  is  said  to  have  invented  a  quad- 
rant for  taking  the  sun's  altitude  at  sea,  which 
preceded  the  use  of  Hadley's  sextant. 

Davis,  John,  LL.D.  (H.  U.  1842),  jurist, 
b.  Plymouth,  Ms.,  Jan.  25,  1761;  d.  Boston, 
Jan.  14,  1847.  H.  U.  1781.  He  taught  for  a 
time  in  the  family  of  Gen.  Joseph  Otis  of 
Barnstable ;  studied  law,  and  began  practice  in 
Plymouth  in  1786.  He  was  some  years  in  the 
Ms.  legisl. ;  was  the  youngest  member  and  last 
survivor  of  the  convention  to  adopt  the  U.S. 
Constitution ;  member  of  the  State  senate, 
1795;  comptroller  U.S.  treasurv,  1795;  dist.- 
atty.  for  Ms.,  1796,  and  U.S.  dist.'judge  for  Ms., 
from  1801  till  his  death.  Delegate  to  the  State 
Const.  Conv.  of  1820.  Judge  Davis  was  one  of 
the  most  profound  antiquarians  of  N.E.  His 
notes  to  "  Morton's  Memorial "  are  a  monument 
to  his  learning.  He  was  a  member  of  many 
learned  societies,  and  pres.  of  the  Ms.  Hist. 
Soc.  from  1818  to  1843.  He  pub.  an  address 
before  the  Ms.  Charitable  Society,  1799;  a 
eulogy  on  Washington  ;  "  The  Inscriptions  on 
Dighton  Rock;"  an  address  on  comets,  and 
another,  22  Dec.  1813,  in  commem.  of  the 
landing  of  the  Pilgrims,  before  the  Ms.  Hist. 
Society. 

Davis,  John,  LL.D.  (H,  U.  1834),  states- 
man, b.  Northborough,  Ms.,  Jan.  13,  1787  ;  d. 
Worcester,  April  19,  1854.  Y.  Coll.  1812. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  of  Worcester  Co.  in  1815,  and 
settled  at  Worcester,  where  he  became  an  emi- 
nent lawyer  and  politician.  M.  C.  from  1825 
to  1833,  and  disting.  himself  in  questions  of  a 
financial  and  commercial  character.  Gov.  of 
Ms.,  1833-5  and  1840-1  ;  U.S.  senator  from 
1835  to  1841  and  from  1845  to  1853.  In  Con- 
gress, he  was  an  advocate  for  protection  to 
American  industry  ;  and  his  speeches  in  reply 
to  McDuffie,  Cambrelling,  and  others,  were  re- 
garded as  the  best  statements  and  defences  of 
the  protective  theories.  He  was  a  consistent 
opponent  of  Jackson's  administration  and  that 
of  Van  Buren,  and  contributed,  in  a  short 
speech  against  the  sub-treasury  in  1840,  the 
most  efficient  electioneering  pamphlet  for  the 
canvass  of  that  year  ;   more  than  a  million 


copies  having  been  distributed.  He  opposed 
in  the  senate  the  Mexican  war  ;  supported  the 
treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  ;  and,  in  the  great 
controversy  which  followed  as  to  the  disposi- 
tion to  be  made  of  the  U.S.  Territories,  he  was 
decided  and  earnest  in  favor  of  excluding  sla- 
very from  them.  He  supported  the  VVilmot 
Proviso,  and  was  one  of  the  most  decided  oppo- 
nents of  the  compromise  acts  of  1850.  No 
public  man  ever  enjoyed  more  fully  than  Mr. 
Davis  the  confidence  of  the  people;  and  he  was 
popularly  known  as  "Honest  John  Davis."  — 
See  Memoir,  in  Amer.  Anliq.  Soc,  Trans,  v.  3. 

Davis,  John  A.  G.,  law  prof,  at  Wm.  and 
Mary  Coll.  from  1830  to  14  Nov.  1840,  when 
he  d.  from  a  pistol-shot  fired  by  a  disguised 
student;  b.  Middlesex  Co.,  Va.,  1801.  Wm. 
and  Mary  Coll.  He  practised  law  in  Albemarle 
Co.,  and  for  some  years  pub.  a  weekly  journal 
at  Charlottesville.  Author  of  a  "  Manual  for 
Justices  of  the  Peace,"  1838  ;  a  tract  on  "  Es- 
tates Tail,"  &c.,  and  one  on  "Protection  of 
Domestic  Manufactures." 

Davis,  John  W.,  politician,  b.  Cumberland 
Co.,  Pa.,  1799;  d.  at  Carlisle,  Ind.,  Aug.  22, 
1859.  After  completing  his  medical  studies  at 
Baltimore,  he  emigrated  to  Ind.  in  1823;  served 
in  the  legisl. ;  was  speaker  of  the  lower  branch ; 
and  was  a  commissioner  to  treat  with  the  In- 
dians; M.  C.  in  1835-7,  1839-41,  1843-7,  and 
speaker  during  his  last  term.  He  was  in  1848 
app.  commissioner  to  China ;  was  gov.  of  Ore- 
gon Terr,  in  1853-4,  and  was  pres  of  the  Balti- 
more convention  in  1852. 

Davis,  Matthew  L.,  author,  b.  1766;  d. 
Manhattan ville,  June  21,  1850.  A  printer  by 
trade.  He  became  an  active  politician,  and  a  fre- 
quent contrib.  to  the  public  journals.  He  early 
attached  himself  in  politics  to  the  fortunes  of 
Aaron  Burr,  and  advocated  his  elevation  to  the 
presidency.  For  many  years  before  Burr's 
death,  Mr.  Davis  was  apparently  his  only  at- 
tached friend.  Sept.  15,  1797,  he  was  asso- 
ciated with  Freneau  in  the  publication  of  the 
Timepiece  and  Literary  Companion  in  N.  York, 
discontinued  Aug.  30,  1798.  He  was  the  Wash- 
ington correspondent  of  the  N.  Y.  Courier  and 
Inquirer,  under  the. signature  of  "  The  Spy  in 
Washington,"  and  was  also  a  contrib.  to  the 
London  Times  over  the  nom  de  plume  of  the 
"  Genevese  Traveller."  Author  of  "  Memoirs 
of  Aaron  Burr,"  2  vols.,  8vo,  and  edited  his 
Diary. 

Davis,  Richard  Bingham,  poet;  d.  at 
the  residence  of  his  father  in  New  Brunswick, 
in  1799,  a.  28.  He  edited  the  Diary  in  1796. 
His  poems,  with  a  sketch  of  his  life,  by  John 
T.  Irving,  were  pub.  1807. 

Davis,  Sylvanus,  an  early  settler  and  sol- 
dier of  Maine  ;  d.  Boston,  1704.  He  bought 
land  of  the  Indians  at  Damariscotta,  June, 
1659;  resided  some  time  at  Sheepscott ;  was 
severely  wounded  while  making  his  escape  from 
Fort  Arowsic ;  captured  by  Indians  in  Aug. 
1676  ;  accomp.  Maj.  Waldron's  exped.  early  in 
1677;  resided  in  Falmouth,  where  he  owned 
land,  in  1680  ;  com  Fort  Loyal,  Falmouth,  and 
was  obliged  to  surrender  it  to  the  French  and 
Indians,  May  20,  1690,  after  5  days'  defence; 
carried  prisoner  to  Quebec,  and  exchanged  4 
months  after,  and  was  a  counsellor  in  1691-2. 


I>^TV 


255 


D^Y 


His  account  of  the  conduct  of  the  war  is  in  3 
Ms.  Hist.  Colls.,  i.,  101. 

Dawes,  Henry  Laurens,  statesman,  b. 
Cuminingtun,  Ms.,  Oct.  30,  1816.  Y.C.  1839. 
A  lawyer  by  profession.  He  taught  school,  and 
edited  the  Greenfield  Gazette.  Adm.  to  the  bar 
in  1842,  and  settled  at  N.  Adams,  where  he 
edited  the  Transcript.  Member  of  the  Ms. 
legisl.  in  1848-9  and  1852;  of  the  State  sen- 
ate, 1850,  and  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  of 
1853;  dist.-utty.  for  the  western  dist.  of  Ms., 
1853-7  ;  M.  C.  since  1857,  and  one  of  the  most 
useful  men  in  that  body.  Chairman  of  the 
com.  of  ways  and  means, 

Dawes,  Rufus,  poet,  b,  Boston,  Jan.  26, 
1803;  d.  Washington,  D.C,  Nov.  30,  1859. 
Son  of  Judge  Thomas  Dawes.  He  entered 
H.  U.  in  1820,  but  did  not  graduate.  Studied 
law  with  Wm.  Sullivan,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  but  never  practised,  A  contrib.  to  the 
U.  S.  Lit.  Gazette,  and  conducted,  for  a  time, 
the  Eniera'id,  a  journal  printed  at  Baltimore. 
He  pub.  in  1830  "The  Valley  of  the  Nasha- 
way,  and  Other  Poems;"  in  1839,  "  Geral- 
dine,  Athenia  of  Damascus,  and  Miscellaneous 
Poems,"  and  "Nix's  Mate,"  a  hist,  romance, 
1840.  He  was  a  Swedenborgian,  and  fre- 
quently officiated  in  the  pulpits  of  that  denomi- 
nation. He  had  latterly  been  employed  in  one 
of  the  depts.  at  Washington. 

Dawes,  Col.  Thomas,  Revol.  patriot  and 
architect,  b.  Boston,  Aug.  5,  1731 ;  d.  Jan.  2, 
1809.  A  mechanic.  He  received  only  a  com- 
mon-school education,  but  took  a  deep  interest 
in  the  controversy  with  Great  Britain ;  was 
col.  of  the  Boston  regt.  in  1773-8;  and  was 
several  times  a  member  of  the  house  and  sen- 
ate, and  State  counsellor.  He  often  presided  at 
town-meetings  in  Boston,  and  managed  them 
with  great  tact.  Member  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts 
and  Sciences. 

Dawes,  Thomas,  jurist,  b.  Boston,  July  8, 
1758;  d.  July  22,  1825.  H.  U.  1777.  Son  of 
Col.  Thomas.  He  was  a  zealous  Whig,  and 
an  eminent  counsellor.  Member  of  the  State 
Const.  Convs.  of  1780  and  1820,  and  of  that 
which  adopted  the  Federal  Constitution  in 
1789.  Judge  Supreme  Court,  1792-1803,  Mu- 
nicipal Court,  1803-23,  and  judge  of  Probate 
until  his  death.  Member  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts 
and  Sciences.  His  literary  productions  were 
highly  popular,  and  his  witticisms  were  pro- 
verbial. He  pub.  an  oration,  July  4,  1787; 
"The  Law  Given  on  Mount  Sinai,"  a  poem, 
1777,  and  an  oration  on  the  Boston  Massacre. 

Dawson,  Henry  Barton,  historian,  b. 
Gosberton,  near  Boston,  Eng.,  June  8,  1821. 
He  came  with  his  parents  to  N.  Y.  in  1834; 
pursued  various  avocations  until  1845,  when 
he  pub.  the  Crystal  Fount,  a  temperance  news- 
paper, discont,  in  1847,  He  has  pub.  "The 
Park  and  its  Vicinity,"  for  the  manual  of  the 
Common  Council  of  N,  Y.,  1855;  "The  Life 
and  Times  of  Anne  Hutchinson,"  for  the  Bap- 
tist Hist.  Soc. ;  "  The  Retreats  through  West- 
chester Co.  in  1776,"  for  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc; 
"  The  Battles  of  the  U.  S.  by  Sea  and  Land," 
1858 ;  "  The  Fcederalist,"  with  a  hist,  and  bib- 
liog.  introduction,  1863;  "The  Assault  of 
Stony  Point  by  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne,"  1863; 
"  Current  Fictions  tested  by  Uncurrent  Facts ; " 


"  Diary  of  David  How,"  a  soldier  of  the  Revol., 

1865;  "  Dring's  Recollections  of  the  Jersey 
Prison-Ship,"  1865.  From  May  6,  1855,  to 
Mar.  31,  1866,  he  edited  the  Gazette,  a  week- 
ly Democ.  newspaper  at  Yonkers,  N.Y.  Four 
vols,  of  selections  from  this  paper  have  been 
pub.  He  has  edited  the  Historical  Magazine 
since  July  1, 1866.  His  "  Battles  of  the  U,  S." 
brought  on  a  controversy  upon  the  merits  of 
Gen,  Israel  Putnam,  between  himself  and 
Messrs,  Griswold  and  Deming  of  Hartford,  in 
the  Daib/  Post  of  that  city. 

Dawson,  John,  statesman,  b.  Va.,  1762; 
d.  Washington,  Apr.  1,  1814.  H.  U.  1782. 
Member  of  the  convention  of  1789,  also  of  the 
gen.  assembly  ^id  exec,  council  of  Va. ;  M.  C. 
from  the  Fredericksburg  dist.  from  1797  to 
1814  ;  bearer  of  despatches  to  France  in  1801, 
and  vol.  aide  to  Gen.  Jackson  in  1813. 

Dawson,  John  L.,  democ.  politician,  b. 
Uniontown,  Pa.,  7  Feb.  1813  ;  d.  there  18  Sept. 
1870,  Wash.  Coll,  He  practised  law;  was 
app.  dist.-atty.  for  Western  Pa.  in  1845  ;  M.C. 
in  1851-5  and  1863-7,  and  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Democ.  nat.  conventions  of  1844,  '48,  '56, 
and  '60.  App.  gov  of  Kansas  in  1855,  but 
declined.  Author  of  the  Homestead  Bill  of 
1854. 

Dawson,  J.  W.,  educator,  and  man  of  sci- 
ence, b.  Pictou,  N.S.,  Oct.  1820.  Edinb.  U. 
1840.  Returning  to  Nova  Scotia  in  1841,  he 
travelled  with  Sir  Charles  Lyell,  under  whose 
direction  he  made  explorations  in  that  province, 
and  described  its  geology  in  the  "  Proceedings 
of  the  Geological  Soc.  of  London."  He  lec- 
tured on  botany  and  geology  in  the  Acad,  of 
Pictou  and  in  the  Dalhousie  Coll. ;  pub,  some 
educational  works,  and  from  1850  to  1853  was 
supt,  of  instruction  for  N,  S.  In  1855,  he  was 
app.  principal  of  McGill  Coll,  Member  of 
many  scientific  associations  ;  has  pub,  numer- 
ous papers  in  their  "  Transactions ;  "  also  a 
"  Handbook  of  the  Geography  and  Nat,  Hist, 
of  Nova  Scotia,"  1848;  "Hints  to  the  Farmers 
of  N.  S.,"  1853;  "Acadian  Geology,"  1855, 
and  "  Archaia,"  1859.  —  Morgan. 

Dawson,  William  C,  lawyer  and  senator, 
b.  Greene  Co.,  Ga.,  Jan.  4,  1798;  d.  Greens- 
borougli,  Ga,,  May  5,  1856,  Franklin  Coll. 
1816.  Adm.  to  the  bar,  he  settled  at  Greens- 
borough  in  1818,  where  he  was  eminently  suc- 
cessful as  a  jury  lawyer.  He  was  for  12  years 
clerk  of  the  H,  of  representatives  of  Ga.,  and 
several  times  senator  and  representative  in  the 
legisl;  M.  C.  1837-42;  app.  in  1845  judge 
of  Ockmulgee  Circuit ;  and  from  1849  to  1855 
he  was  a  U.  S.  senator,  serving  on  important 
committees,  and  speaking  on  many  questions 
of  national  interest,  and  commanded  a  wide 
influence.  During  the  Creek  and  Seminole 
war  in  1836,  he  raised  a  vol.  company  for  special 
service.  In  the  house,  he  was  chairman  of  the 
military  com.,  and  also  of  the  com.  on  claims. 
He  pub.  "Laws  of  Georgia,"  4to,  1831.  —  Lan- 
man. 

Day,  Henry  Noble,  prof,  of  rhetoric. 
West.  Res.  Coll.,  1840,  b.  Ct.,  1808.  Y.  C. 
1828.  Author  of  "  Art  of  Elocution,"  "  Art 
of  Rhetoric,"  12mo,  1850;  "Art  of  Eng. 
CompositiooL,"  "  Elements  of  Logic,"  and  "la- 
trod.  to  Eag.  Literature." 


X)^Y 


256 


r>^Y 


Day,  Jeremiah,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll.  1818), 
LL.D.  (VVms.  and  Mid.  Colls.,  1817),  educa- 
tor, b.  Washington,  Ct.,  Aug.  3,  1773  ;  d.  N. 
Haven,  Aug.  22,  1867.  Y.  C.  1795.  Son  of 
Rev.  Jeremiah  Day.  Succeeded  Dr.  Dwight  as 
teacher  of  his  school  in  Greenfield  ;  was  a  tutor 
in  Williams  Coll.  in  1796-8;  tutor  at  Yale  in 
1798-1801  ;  prof,  of  mathematics  and  nat. 
philos.  at  Yale  in  1801-17;  pres.  of  that  col- 
lege in  1817-46.  While  a  prof.,  he  pub.  some 
mathematical  treatises,  which  have  been  ex- 
tensively used,  especially  that  on  algebra.  He 
pub.  a  treatise  on  the  *'  Self-determining  Power 
of  the  Will,"  1838  ;  "  An  Examination  of  Ed- 
wards on  the  Will,"  "  Course  of  Mathematics," 
Svo,  N.Y.,  1831  ;  "Navigation  ^nd  Surveying," 
Svo,  N.  Haven,  1817;  occasional  sermons,  and 
contrib.  papers  to  the  Journal  of  Science,  and 
the  New-EngJander.  —  See  Com.  Address,  by 
Pres.  Woolseij,  in  New-Enfjlander,  Oct.  1867. 

Day,  John,  an  eccentric  individual,  b. 
Eng. ;  d.  N.Y.  in  1820,  a.  103.  In  early  life, 
he  served  in  the  British  navy,  and  attained  the 
rank  of  lieut. ;  but,  having  killed  in  a  duel  a 
successful  rival,  he  quitted  the  navy,  and  took 
refuge  in  Amer.  Entering  the  army  when  the 
Revol.  warbrokeout,  he  served  as  a  private  until 
its  close,  resuming  again  the  servile  and  menial 
pursuits  he  had  occupied  himself  in  before  the 
war.  For  more  than  20  years  after  his  arrival 
here,  he  never  was  known  to  speak  to  a  female, 
and  had  little  intercourse  with  males.  His 
habits  were  temperate,  his  appearance  slovenly, 
his  beard  long,  and  he  never  looked  clean 
His  property,  amounting  to  many  thousand 
dollars,  he  bestowed  upon  an  excellent  and  rep- 
utable lady,  who  had  been  benevolent  to  him 
during  his  illness.  In  the  low  occupation  of 
carrying  the  baskets  of  huckster-women  from 
cellars  to  stalls,  with  the  pitiful  pittance  of 
sixpence  for  the  drudgery,  he  amassed  thou- 
sands.—  Ann.  Obit.,  1821. 

Day,  Mahlon,  publisher  and  philanthro- 
pist, b.  Morristown,  N.J.,  27  Aug.  1790;  d. 
27  Sept.  1854,  by  the  wreck  of  the  steamship 
"Arctic,"  together  with  his  wife  and  dau. 
Member  of  the  society  of  Friends.  Acquired 
wealth  as  a  publisher,  and,  for  15  years  before 
his  death,  had  devoted  his  life  to  charitable  and 
educational  objects. 

Day,  Martha,  b.  N.  Haven,  Feb.  13, 1813  ; 
d.  there  Dec.  2,  1833.  Dau.  of  pres.  Day. 
She  attained  great  proficiency  in  mathematics 
and  the  languages,  and  wrote  poetry  of  merit. 
Her  "Literary  Remains,"  with  memorials  of 
her  life  and  character,  was  pub.,  by  Prof. 
Kingsley,  N.  Haven,  in  1834.  —  Allibone. 

Daye,  Stephen,  the  first  printer  in  the 
English-Amcr.  Colonies,  b.  Lond.,  1611  ;  d. 
Cambridge,  Ms.,  Dec.  22,  1668.  A  supposed 
descendant  of  John  Daye,  an  eminent  printer 
of  Lond.  (1560-83),  and  served  his  apprentice- 
ship in  that  city.  He  came  over  in  1638,  and 
was  employed  to  superintend  the  press  sent  here 
by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Glover.  Daye,  by  the  direc- 
tion of  the  magistrate  and  elders,  set  up  a 
press,  and  prepared  other  parts  of  the  appa- 
ratus for  printing  at  Cambridge  in  March, 
1639.  His  first  work  was  "The  Freeman's 
Oath,"  next  an  "  Almanack,"  calculated  for 
N.  E.,  by  Mr.  Pierce,  mariner ;  the  third  waa 


"The  Psalms,"  in  metre,  crown  8vo,  300 
pages.  His  extant  works  do  little  credit  to 
his  skill.  The  printing-house  was  taken  from 
him  ab.  1648,  and  put  in  the  hands  of  Samuel 
Green,  who  empl.  him  as  journeyman. 

Day,  Thomas,  an  English  author  and 
philanthropist,  b.  Lond.,  22  June,  1748  ;  killed 
by  a  kick  from  a  horse,  28  Sept.  1789.  In- 
heriting a  fortune,  he  studied,  but  never  prac- 
tised, law.  In  1777,  he  m.  Miss  Milnes.  Took 
an  active  part  in  the  public  meetings  of  the 
time,  and  was  an  eloquent  advocate  of  Amer. 
Independence,  also  expressing  his  sympathy 
for  the  cause,  by  two  poems,  "  The  Devoted  Le- 
gions," and  the  "  Desolation  of  Amer.,"  1777, 
and  "Reflections  upon  the  Present  State  of 
Eng.  and  the  Indep.  of  Amer."  by  a  pamph. 
He  selected  two  young  girls  from  a  found- 
ling-hospital, with  the  intention  of  educating 
them  rationally,  on  the  principles  of  Rousseau, 
and  making  one  of  them  his  wife ;  but  the 
experiment  did  not  succeed.  One  of  his  pro- 
teg^'s,  however,  did  honor  to  his  efforts,  and  m. 
his  friend  Bicknell.  His  most  popular  work 
is  "  Sandford  and  Merton,"  1783. 

Day,  Thomas,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1847),  jurist, 
b.  New  Preston,  Ct.,  Julv  6,  1777  ;  d.  Hart- 
ford, March  1,  1855.  Y.C.  1797.  Son  of 
Rev.  Jeremiah  Day,  and  bro.  of  Pres.  Day.  A 
tutor  in  Williams  Coll.  in  1798;  studied  law, 
and  commenced  practice  in  1799,  in  Hartford. 
In  1809,  he  was  app.  assist,  sec.  of  the  State 
of  Ct. ;  in  1810,  sec,  —  an  office  which  he  held 
until  May,  1835;  in  May,  1815,  assoc.  judge 
of  the  County  Court  of  Hartford,  and  annually 
thereafter,  with  the  exception  of  one  year,  un- 
til May,  1825,  when  he  was  made  chief-judge 
of  that  court,  and  was  continued  in  that  office 
until  June,  1833.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  City 
Court  of  Hartford  from  1818  to  1831  ;  was  one 
of  the  committee  to  prepare  the  statutes  of 
1808  and  also  of  1821  and  1824.  He  report- 
ed the  decisions  of  the  Court  of  Errors  from 
1805  till  1853,  pub.  in  20  vols.  He  was  an 
original  member  of  the  Ct.  Hist.  Soc,  of 
which  he  was  pres.  from  1839  until  his  death. 
He  was  first  pres.  of  the  Wadsworth  Athenae- 
um, and  a  liberal  contrib.  to  its  funds.  He 
pub.  a  "  Digest  of  Reports  of  Sup.  Court  of 
Errors,  from  1786  to  182^."  —  Litchfield  Biog- 
raphies. 

Dayton,  Elias,  Revol.  officer,  b.  Eliza- 
bethtown,  N.J.,  1735  ;  d.  there  July,  1807.  He 
fought  in  Edward  Hart's  "Jersey  Blues,"  un 
dcr  Wolfe,  at  Quebec  ;  was  one  of  the  com.  ol 
safety  at  the  opening  of  the  Revol.,  and  in 
July,  1775,  com.  a  party  which  captured  a 
British  transport  off  Elizabethtown.  App.  col. 
3d  N.J.  regt. ;  served  in  N.Y.  and  N.J  ;  was  in 
the  battles  of  Brandy  wine,  Germantown,  Mon- 
mouth, Springfield,  and  siege  of  Yorktown; 
aided  in  suppressing  the  mutiny  of  the  N.J. 
line  in  Jan.  1781,  and  was  made  brig.-gen.  7 
Jan.  1783.  After  the  war,  he  was  maj.-gen.  of 
militia,  member  Cont.  Congress,  1787-8,  and 
often  in  the  State  legisl. 

Dayton,  Jonathan,  LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1798),  statesman,  son  of  the  preceding,  b. 
ICliza'bethtown,  N.J.,  Oct.  16,  1760;  d.  there 
Oct.  9,  1824.  N.J.  Coll.  1776.  App.  paymas- 
ter of  his  father's  regt.  Aug.  26,  1776  ;  held  sev- 


r>^Y 


257 


IDEJi^ 


eral  commissions  at  different  periods  of  the 
war;  was  in  many  engagements,  and  at  York- 
town  had  a  com.  under  Lafayette,  and  aided 
in  storming  one  of  the  British  redoubts.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  N.J.  legisl.;  member  of 
the  convention  which  framed  tlie  Federal  Con- 
stitution, 1787  ;  speaker  of  the  house  in  1790  ; 
M.C.  1791-9  ;  speaker  in  1795-9,  and  U.S. 
senator,  1799-1805.  He  afterward  served  sev- 
eral terms  in  the  State  senate.  He  was  arrest- 
ed for  alleged  complicity  in  Burr's  conspiracy, 
but  was  not  proceeded  against. 

Dayton,  William  Lewis,  LL.D.  (N.J. 
Coll.  1857),  statesman,  nephew  of  Jonathan,  b. 
Baskingridge,  N.J.,  Feb.  17,  1807;  d.  Paris, 
Dec.  1,  1864.  N.J.  Coll.  1825.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1830 ;  member  of  the  State  senate,  and 
chairman  of  the  judiciary  com.  in  1837  ;  judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  from  Feb.  28,  1838,  to 
Nov.  1841;  U.S.  senator,  1842-51;  atty.-gen. 
ofN.J.,  1857-61;  minister  to  France,  1861-4. 
In  the  senate  debates  on  the  Oregon  question, 
the  tariff,  annexation  of  Texas,  and  the  Mex- 
ican war,  he  took  the  position  of  a  Freesoil 
Whig.  He  maintained  to  the  fullest  extent 
the  right  of  Congress  to  legislate  with  respect 
to  slavery  in  the  Territories;  opposed  the  com- 
promises of  1850  ;  advocated  the  admission  of 
California  as  a  free  State,  the  abolition  of  the 
slave-trade  in  the  Dist.  of  Columbia,  and  was 
particularly  hostile  to  the  fugitive-slave  law. 
He  was  the  Freesoil  candidate  for  the  vice-pres- 
idency in  1856,  and  was  a  man  of  high  integ- 
rity, and  an  eloquent  debater. 

Dea/IL,  Amos,  LL.D.,  jurist,  b.  Barnard, 
Vt.,  Jan.  16,  1803  ;  d.  Albanv,  Jan.  26,  1868. 
Un.  Coll.  1822.  Descended  from  Walter  of 
Taunton.  He  studied  law,  and,  on  being  adm. 
to  the  bar,  soon  attained  a  high  reputation  for 
his  profound  legal  attainments.  In  1833,  he 
projected  the  Young  Men's  Assoc,  of  Albany, 
before  which  he  delivered  an  interesting  course 
of  lectures  in  1844.  He  prepared  numerous 
law  treatises,  all  of  which  have  been  recognized 
as  standard  works.  In  1851,  at  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  law  school,  he  was  app.  a  prof,  and 
had  filled  the  chair  of  mcd.  jurisprudence  in 
the  Albany  Med.  School,  from  its  organization 
in  1839.  Author  of  "  Medical  Jurisprudence," 
1854  ;  "  Lectures  on  Phrenology,"  8vo,  1835  ; 
"  Manual  of  Law,"  8vo,  1838,  and  "Philosophy 
of  Human  Life,"  8vo,  1839.  His  "  History  of 
Civilization,"  7  vols.,  8vo,  has  been  pub.  since 
his  death. 

Deane,  Charles,  an  historical  student,  b. 
at  Biddeford,  Me.,  Nov.  10,  1813  ;  son  of  Dr. 
Ezra,  descendant  of  Walter,  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlers of  Taunton,  Ms.  Was  many  years  a 
merchant  of  Boston,  and  latterly  a  resident  of 
Cambridge.  Mr.  Deane  is  a  member  of  the 
principal  historical  societies  of  the  U.S.,  of  the 
Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society,  and  the  Amer- 
ican Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  In  1856, 
he  received  the  hon.  degree  of  A.M.  from  H. 
U.,  and  in  1871  that  of  LL.D.  from  Bowd. 
Among  his  publications  are  "  Some  Notices  of 
Samuel  (iorton,"  1850;  "  Firct  Plymouth  Pa- 
tent," 1854;  "  Bibliog.  of  Gov.  Hutchinson's 
Publications,"  1857;  "  Wingfield's  Discodrse 
of  Virginia,"  1860 ;  "  Letters  of  Phillis  Wheat- 
ley,"  1864;  Smith's  "True  Relation,"  1866; 


"  Remarks  on  Sebastian  Cabot's  Mappe 
Monde,"  1867;  "  Memoir  of  George  Liver- 
more,"  1869  ;  "  The  Forms  in  issuing  Letters- 
Patent  by  the  Crown  of  England,"  1870.  Sev- 
eral of  these  (and  others  not  here  enumerated) 
originally  appeared  in  the  publications  of  the 
Ms,  Hist.  Soc,  others  in  the  Archaeologia 
Americana.  Mr.  Deane  edited  Gov.  Bradford's 
"  History  of  Plymouth  Plantation,"  1856,  and 
Bradford's  "Dialogue,  or  Third  Conference," 
between  old  men  and  young  men,  1870  ;  and 
several  vols,  of  Colls,  and  Proceedings  of  the 
Ms.  Hist.  Soc.,  of  which  body  he  is  the  rec. 
sec. 

Deane,  James,  missionary  to  the  Indians, 
b.  Groton,  Ct.,  Aug.  20,  1748;  d.  Westmore- 
land, N.Y.,  Sept.  10,  1823.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1773.  Descended  from  James  of  Stoningtoii. 
From  the  age  of  12,  he  was  with  Rev.  E. 
Mosely,  missionary  to  the  Oneidas,  and  mas- 
tered their  language.  In  1773-4,  he  was  a 
missionary  to  the  Caghnawaga  and  t!ie  St. 
Francis  tribes ;  was  afterward  employed  by 
Congress  to  conciliate  the  northern  tribes,  and, 
at  the  beginning  of  the  Revol.  war,  was  made 
Indian  agent  and  interpreter,  with  rank  of  ma- 
jor, at  Fort  Stanwix,  N.Y.  Made  prisoner  by 
the  Indians,  who  were  a!)Out  to  kill  him,  his 
life  was  saved  by  the  interposition  of  some 
squaws.  Many  years  a  judge  of  Oneida  Co., 
and  twice  a  member  of  the  N.Y.  assembly.  He 
wrote  an  essay  on  Indian  mythology,  supposed 
to  be  lost. 

Dean,  James,  LL.D.  (U.  of  Vt.  1847,) 
educator,  b.  Windsor,  Nov.  26,  1776;  d.  Bur- 
lington, Vt.,  Jan.  20,  1849.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1800.  Descended  from  James  of  Stonington. 
Tutor  in  the  U.  of  Vt.  in  1807-9,  and  prof, 
of  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  there 
from  1809  to  1814,  and  from  1821  to  1824.  He 
pub.  a  "Gazetteer  of  Vermont,"  1808;  "Ad- 
dress "  on  his  induction  as  prof.,  Apr.  24, 
1810. —  Alumni  Dartm.  Coll. 

Deane,  James,  M.D.,  physician  and  natu- 
ralist, b.  Coleraine,  Ms.,  Feb.  24,  1801;  d. 
Greenfield,  Ms.,  June  8,  1858.  Descended  from 
James,  an  early  settler  of  Stonington.  He 
spent  his  early  life  upon  his  father's  farm,  stud- 
ied law  in  Greenfield,  afterwards  studied  med- 
icine, received  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1831,  and 
practised  in  Greenfield.  In  1835,  he  made 
public  his  discovery  of  the  fossil  footprints  in 
the  red  sandstone  of  the  Ct.  Valley.  At  the 
time  of  his  death,  he  was  about  publishing  an 
elegantly  illustrated  work  upon  the  subject,  the 
result  of  24  years'  investigation  and  labor,  since 
issued  by  the  Smithsonian  Inst.  He  was  a  fre- 
quent contrib.  to  Sillirnmi's  Journal,  the  Boston 
medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  and  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  paper  on  the  "  Hygienic  Condition 
of  the  Survivors  of  Ovariotomy,"  in  which  he 
established  the  morality  of  the  operation. 
Member  of  the  Natural  History  Societies  of 
Montreal  and  Boston. 

Deane,  John,  d.  at  Wilford,  Nottingham- 
shire, Eng.,  Aug.  19,  1761,  a.  82.  He  was  ship- 
wrecked in  "The  Nottingham  Galley,"  of  which 
he  was  master,  Dec.  11,  1710,  on  Boon  Island, 
N.E.,  and  spent  24  days  on  that  desert  island, 
the  crew  being  obliged  to  eat  one  of  their  com- 
rades who  had  died.    He  pub.  a  narrative  of  the 


DEj^ 


258 


X>E^ 


shipwreck  at  Boston  in  1711,  appended  to  a 
sermon  by  Cotton  Mather.  The  same  year,  a 
counter-statement  was  pub. at  Lond.  by  his  mate 
Christopher  Langman  and  two  others.  The 
5th  ed.  of  the  narrative  was  pub.  at  Boston  in 
1762.  From  1714  to  1720,  he  com.  a  ship-of- 
war  in  the  service  of  Peter  the  Great  of  Rus- 
sia ;  but  he  fell  into  disgrace,  and  was  exiled  to 
Kasan,  where  he  was  favored  with  the  protec- 
tion of  Count  Apraxan.  He  was  afterwards 
for  many  years,  and  until  1750,  the  English 
consul  at  Ostend.  He  is  supposed  to  be  the 
person  of  his  name  who  was  the  author  of  "  A 
Letter  from  Moscow  to  the  Marquis  Caermar- 
then,  relating  to  the  Czar  of  Muscovy's  For- 
wardness in  his  Navy  since  his  return  Home," 
pub.  at  Lond.  in  1699. 

Dean,  John  Ward,  antiquarian,  b.  Wis- 
casset.  Me.,  Mar.  13,  1815.  Descended  from 
Thomas  of  Boston,  1692.  Previous  to  1835, 
he  lived  some  time  in  Portland;  from  1839  to 
1843,  in  Providence;  and  since  then  in  and 
near  Boston.  He  has  filled  several  offices  in 
the  N.E.  Hist.  Geneal.  Society,  to  whose  "  Reg- 
ister" he  has  made  many  valuable  contribu- 
tions, and  of  which  he  has  been  an  editor.  He 
is  now  pres.  of  the  Prince  Society,  and  rec. 
sec.  of  the  Amer.  Statist.  Assoc.  Having  a 
very  retentive  memory,  great  industry,  and  an 
ardent  thirst  for  knowledge,  he  has,  while  fol- 
lowing a  laborious  calling,  acquired  an  amount 
of  historical  information  such  as  few  men  pos- 
sess. His  accuracy  is  remarkable ;  and  he  is 
ever  ready  to  communicate  to  others  the  in- 
formation derived  from  his  diligent  research- 
es. The  honorary  degree  of  A.M.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  in  1869  by  Dart.  Coll.  He 
edited  the  first  and  a  portion  of  the  second 
vols,  of  the  first  series,  and  one  number  of  the 
fourth  volume  of  the  second  series,  of  the  His- 
torical Magazine.  Author  of  "  Memoir  of 
Rev.  Nath.  Ward,"  with  notices  of  his  family, 
8vo,  1868;  and  "Memoir  of  Rev.  Michael 
Wigglesworth,"8vo,  1871.  He  has  also  pub.  a 
number  of  hist.,  biog.,  and  genealogical  pam- 
phlets. 

Dean,  Julia,  actress,  b.  Pleasant  Valley, 
N.Y.,  July22,  1830;  d.  N.Y.  City,  March  6, 
1868.  Grand-dau.  of  Samuel  Drake,  one  of  the 
pioneers  of  the  drama  in  the  West.  Her 
father,  Edwin  Dean,  an  actor  of  repute,  was 
the  manager  of  the  Eagle-st.  Theatre,  Buffalo. 
Her  mother,  Julia  Drake,  was  an  actress  of 
celebrity.  Her  first  part  was  Lady  Ellen,  in 
"The  Lady  of  the  Lake,"  in  her  father's  theatre. 
She  gained  her  first  success  at  the  opening  of 
the  new  theatre  in  Louisville.  She  appeared 
at  the  Bowery  Theatre,  N.Y.,  May  18,  1846,  as 
Julia,  in  "The  Hunchback,"  and  achieved  popu- 
larity in  this  part,  in  "Pauline,"  "Juliet,"  and 
"  Marian na."  Her  beauty  and  talent  won  for 
her  a  wide  reputation  through  the  West  and 
South.  She  also  performed  on  the  English 
stage.  She  m.  Arthur,  son  of  Robert  Y. 
Hayne,  Jan.  20,  1855;  was  divorced  in  Sept. 
1866,  and  then  m.  Mr.  Cooper  of  N.Y.  After 
an  absence  of  12  years,  she  re-appeared  in  N.Y. 
in  July,  1867,  and  took  leave  of  the  stage  there 
in  Oct. 

Dean,  Rev.  Paul,  b.  Barnard,  Vt. ;  d. 
Framingham,  Ms.,  Oct.  1,   1860,  a.  71.    De- 


scended from  Walter  of  Taunton.  Installed 
over   the   Hanover-st.    Church   from    1813   to  ' 

1823,  and  over  the  Bulfinch-st.  Church  from 
May  17,  1823,  to  May  3,  1840.  This  society 
was  called  "  Restorationists,"  and  in  1838 
changed   the   corporate   name,   and  has  since  ! 

been  Unitarian.     He  was  afterward  settled  over  | 

a  Unit.    Church    at   Easton,    Ms.      He   pub.  \ 

"Lectures  on  Final  Restoration,"  1832,  "  Elec-         \ 
tion    Sermon,"  1832,  and  numerous   Masonic  \ 

and  other  occasional  addresses  and  sermons.  ' 

Deane,  Samuel,  D.D.  (B.  U.  1790),  poet, 
and  pastor  at  Falmouth  (now  Portland),  Me.,  i 

from  17  Oct.  1764  to  his  d.,  12  Nov.  1814;  b. 
Dedham,    Ms.,   30  July,    1733.     H.  U.  1760.  ; 

Librarian  at  H.  U.  1760-2,  and  tutor  in  1763. 
One  of  the  6  prizes  awarded  by  H.  U.  for  com-  .' 

positions  on  the  death  of  George  IL  and  the  \ 

accession  of  George  IIL  was  awarded  to  Iiira, 
he  having  written  the  best  English  ode.  These 
compositions,  and  others  from  persons  excluded 
by  the  terms  of  the  offer  from  competition  for  i 

the  prizes,  were  printed  in  1761,  under  the 
title  of  Pietas  et   Gratulatio,  &c.     Author  also  \ 

of  other  poems,  the  longest  of  which  was 
"  Pitchwood  Hill,"  ;  Georgical  Dictionary,  or 
N.  E.  Farmer,  1790;    oration,  July  4,  1793;  ! 

election   sermon    1794,  discourses,   &c.  — -See  - 

Geneal.  Reg.  iii.  385.  ; 

Deane,  Rev.  Samuel,  historian  and  poet, 
b.  MansHeld,  Ms.,  March  30,  1784  ;  d.  Aug.  9,  i 

1834.     Descended  from  John,  one  of  the  first  I 

settlers  of  Taunton.  B.  U.  1805.  He  was 
settled  in  1810  over  the  second  church  at  Scit-  ! 

uate,  Ms.,  of  which  he  was  pastor  24  years.  '[ 

His  "  History  of  Scituate,"  pub.  in  1831,  shows 
evidence  of  much  research  and  ability,  and  was 
one  of  the  earliest  to  give  a  conspicuous  place 
to  genealogy.     Mr.  Deane  was  well  versed  in  ; 

the  colonial  history  of  Plymouth  and  Ms.     His  j 

"Populous  Village,"  a  poem,  was  printed  in  '. 

1826.      He   pub.  a  number  of  sermons,  and  S 

wrote  many  short  poems  ;  but  no  collection  of 
his  works  has  appeared.  ; 

Deane,  Silas,  diplomatist,  b.  Groton,  Ct.,  I 

Dec.  24,  1737  ;  d.  Deal,  Eng.,  Aug.  23,  1789. 
Y.C.  1758.  He  settled  as  a  merchant  in  Weth- 
ersfield,  Ct.,  and   was  a  delegate   to  the  first  ; 

Congress  in  1774.     In  1775,  he  was  employed  j 

by  the  Marine  committee  to  procure  and   to  \ 

equip  and  fit  out  a  large  naval  force.     In  June,  i 

1776,  he  arrived  in  France  with  a  commission  | 

from  the  committee  of  secret  corresp.,  as  polit- 
ical and  commercial  agent,  authorizing  him 
not  only  to  operate  in   France,  but   in  Hoi-  •■ 

land  and  Great  Britain,  and  to  procure  cloth-  ^ 

ing,  arms,  military  accoutrements,  and  muni-  '\ 

tions  of  war,  sufficient  for  25,000  men,  and 
100  field-pieces.  Sept.  26, 1776,  he  was  chosen 
by  Congress,  in  conjunction  with  Franklin  and  \ 

Jefferson,   ambassador  to   France.     Franklin, 
Deane,  and  Arthur  Lee  (app.  in  place  of  Jef- 
ferson,  who  declined    succeeded  in   negotia-  \ 
ting  treaties  with  France,  which  were  signed  at           \ 
Paris,  Feb.  6,  1778.     To  Deane  is  undoubted-  \ 
ly  due  a  full  share  of  the  credit  of  this  impor-  \ 
tant  transaction  ;  and  it  was  through  him  that  • 
the   services   of  Lafayette  were  secured  to  our           | 
country.    Congress,  having  been  much  embar-            \ 
rassed  by  his  engagements  with  foreign  officers, 
which  it  found  itself  unable  to  meet,  and  which 


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259 


IDEA. 


caused  great  dissatisfaction  in  the  army,  Nov. 
21,  1777,  passed  an  order  for  his  recall,  which 
was  supplemented  by  a  preamble  and  resolu- 
tion (Dec.  8),  calling  for  information  of  the 
state  of  affairs  in  Europe,  and  directing  him 
to  embrace  the  first  opportunity  to  return,  and 
to  repair  with  all  possible  despatch  to  Congress. 
This  preamble  and  order,  accomp.  by  a  very 
complimentary  letter,  reached  him  in  Paris  on 
the  4th  of  March,  1778.  He  arrived  July  10, 
1778;  on  the  13th,  he  reported  himself  to  Con- 
gress. He  soon  perceived  that  he  was  not  re- 
garded with  f;\vor  by  that  body.  Some  6  weeks 
passed  before  any  notice  was  taken  of  his  at- 
tendance. He  was  finally  required  to  furnish 
such  an  account  of  his  financial  transactions 
as  it  was  impossible  to  give  without  returning 
to  France.  Exasperated  with  this  treatment, 
he  became  engaged  in  a  controversy  with  in- 
fluential members.  On  the  6th  of  Aug.  1779, 
he  was  discharged  from  further  attendance 
upon  Congress,  and  a  person  was  app.  to  audit 
his  accounts.  Dcane  arrived  in  France  in  1 780, 
but  was  still  subjected  to  delays  on  account  of 
an  alleged  want  of  authority  on  the  part  of 
the  person  appointed  to  settle  his  accounts. 
Owing  to  the  publication  of  some  of  his  letters 
charging  the  French  cabinet  with  intrigue  and 
duplicity,  he  became  obnoxious  to  the  author- 
ities there ;  and  he  retired  to  the  Netherlands,  im- 
poverished almost  to  penury.  He  considered 
himself  as  a  man  not  only  abused,  and  ill-re- 
quited for  important  services  rendered,  but  de- 
nied those  pecuniary  rights  which  common 
honesty  would  say  were  his  due.  Imbittered 
and  exasperated,  he  became  estranged  from  his 
country,  and  went  to  Eng.,  where  he  d.  in  ob- 
scurity and  poverty.  Dr.  Franklin  testified 
explicitly  to  Deane's  probity  and  honesty  in 
all  his  transactions  for  Congress  ;  but  the  enmi- 
ty and  misrepresentations  of  Arthur  Lee  pre- 
vailed in  that  body,  and  were  the  cause  of  his 
final  ruin.  A  perusal  of  Deane's  Letters  in  the 
first  vol.  of  Sparks's  "  Diplomatic  Correspond- 
ence," of  "Deane's  Narrative,"  pub.  in  185.5, 
by  the  Seventy-six  Society,  and  the  "  Me- 
morial of  the  Heirs  of  Silas  Deane,"  pre- 
sented to  Congress  in  1835,  cannot  fail,  it 
is  believed,  to  satisfy  the  reader  of  to-day, 
that  Silas  Deane  was  a  man  of  eminent  ability, 
of  thorough  honesty,  and  the  victim  of  malice 
and  misrepresentation.  In  1842,  his  long-dis- 
puted claims  were  adjusted  by  Congress ;  and 
a  large  sum  was  found  to  be  due  his  heirs,  and 
paid  over  to  them.  Deane  pub.  "  An  Address 
to  the  Free  and  Independent  Citizens  of  the 
U.  S.  of  N.  America,"  pp.  30,  Hartford,  1784; 
an  ed.  London,  1784,  pp.  95.  Each  edition 
contains  matter  not  embraced  in  the  other.  A 
vol.  entitled  "  Paris  Papers,  or  Mr.  Silas 
Deane's  late  Intercepted  Letters  to  his  Bro., 
and  other  Friends,"  &c.,  was  pub.  by  Riving- 
ton,  N.Y.,  1781. 

Dean,  William,  D.D.,  missionary,  b.  at 
Morrisville,  N.Y.,  June  21,  1807  ;  was  descend- 
ed from  John  Dean,  who  settled  in  Dedham, 
Ms.,  in  the  latter  half  of  the  1 7th  century.  He 
went  to  China  in  1834  as  a  missionary  of  the 
Bapt.  Miss.  Union.  He  has  translated  por- 
tions of  the  Bible  and  other  works  into  Chi- 
nese, which  have  been  printed  for  the  use  of 


his  mission.  A  Memoir  of  his  second  wife, 
Mrs.  Theodosia  A.  B.  Dean,  who  died  in  1843, 
was  printed  at  Boston  soon  after  her  death. 

Deane,  William  Reed,  antiquary,  h. 
Mansfield,  Ms.,  Aug.  21,  1809;  d.  there,  June 
16,  1871,  a.  61.  Was  a  nephew  of  Rev.  Samuel 
of  Scituate.  He  was  for  many  years  a  mer- 
chantin  Boston;  was  a  fine  belles-lettres  scholar 
and  a  genuine  antiquary,  and  familiar  with  the 
customs  and  usages  of  the  early  settlers  of 
N.  E.  He  contrib.  many  valuable  articles  to 
the  N.E.  Hist,  and  Genealogical  Register  and  the 
Historical  Magazine.  He  was  also  a  contrib.  to 
the  Unitarian  and  secular  press.  He  made  col- 
lections for  extensive  genealogies  of  the  Deane 
and  Pool  families,  and  also  for  thoroughly 
editing  "  Madam  Knight's  Journal,"  an  an- 
notated reprint  of  which  he  pub.  in  Littell's 
Living  Age,  June  26,  1858.  Author  of  gene- 
alogies of  the  Deane  Family,  1849 ;  the  Leon- 
ard Family,  1851 ;  and  the  Watson  Family, 
1864. 

Dearborn,  Benjamin,  inventor  of  the 
patent  balance,  b.  Portsmouth,  N.II.,  1755;  d. 
Boston,  Feb.  22,  1838.  Son  of  Dr.  Benj. 
Served  his  time  with  Daniel  Fowle,  printer ; 
taught  an  acad.  for  girls,  and,  removing  to 
Boston  ab.  1790,  pursued  the  same  vocation. 
He  was  well  versed  in  science.  In  1784,  under 
the  signature  of  "A  Friend  of  Industry,"  he 
pub.  in  the  N.  H.  Gazette  an  able  article  sug- 
gesting the  employment  of  convicts  in  prisons, 
—  a  plan  soon  afterward  generally  adopted. 

Dearborn,  Henry,  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b. 
North  Hampton,  N.H.,  Feb.  23, 1751  ;  d.  Rox- 
bury,  Ms.,  June  6, 1829.  His  ancestor  Godfrey 
came  from  Exeter,  Eng.,  settled  at  Exeter,  N.H., 
in  1639,  and  afterward  removed  to  Hampton. 
Henry,  having  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Hall 
Jackson  of  Portsmouth,  settled  in  practice  at 
Nottingham  Square  in  1772,  employing  his 
leisure  in  military  studies.  The  day  after  the 
battle  of  Lexington,  he  marched  at  the  head  of 
60  vols.,  reaching  Cambridge,  a  distance  of  65 
miles,  early  next  day.  Returning,  he  was  app. 
first  capt.  in  Stark's  regt. ;  was  again  at  Cam- 
bridge, May  15  ;  and  June  17,  participated  in 
the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill,  taking  post  behind 
the  rail-fence,  and  holding  it  until  the  main  body 
of  the  retreating  Americans  were  saved  from 
being  cut  off.  In  Sept.  he  accomp.  Arnold's 
exped.  through  the  wilderness  to  Canada,  and, 
being  taken  with  a  fever,  was  left  in  a  cottage 
on  the  banks  of  the  Chaudiere,  without  a  phy- 
sician. His  life  was  despaired  of;  but  he  re- 
covered, joined  his  company  early  in  Dee.,  and 
in  the  attack  on  Quebec,  Dec.  '31,  was  made 
prisoner,  and  closely  confined.  He  was,  in  May, 
1776,  permitted  to  return  on  pai'ole  ;  was  ex- 
changed early  in  March,  1777,  and  was  made 
major  of  Scammell's  (3d  N.H. )  regt.,  with  which 
he  went  in  May  to  Ticonderoga.  At  the  battle 
of  Stillwater,  he  com.  a  light  inf.  corps  of  5 
companies,  and,  with  the  rank  of  lieut.-coL,  led 
the  same  com.  in  the  decisive  battle  of  Saratoga, 
Oct.  7,  sharing  in  the  honor  of  carrying  the 
German  fortified  camp.  Disting.  at  the  battle 
of  Monmouth,  June  28,  1778.  In  Aug.  1779, 
he  took  part  in  Sullivan's  exped.  against  the 
Indians  in  the  interior  of  N.Y.,  and  was  in  the 
battle  of  Newtown,  Aug.  29  ;  in  1781,  he  was 


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260 


DEO 


attached  to  Washington's  stafFas  dep.  quarter- 
master-gen., rank  of  col.,  in  which  capacity  he 
served  during  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and,  from 
that  period  till  the  end  of  the  war,  was  col.  of 
the  1st  N.H.  regt.  In  June,  1784,  he,  with  his 
bros.,  removed  to  Monmouth,  Me. ;  was  chosen 
brig.-gen.  of  militia  in  1787;  maj.-gcn.  1795; 
was  app.  by  Washington  marslial  of  Me.  in 
1789;  was  M.C.  from  1793  to  1797;  sec.  of 
war  under  Jefferson  from  Mar.  1801  to  Mar. 
1809 ;  collector  of  the  port  of  Boston  from  1809 
until  his  app.  by  Pres.  Madison,  Jan.  27, 1812, 
as  senior  maj.-gen.  in  the  U.S.  army,  and  com.- 
in-chief  of  the  northern  department.  War  was 
declared,  June  18,  1812.  April  27,  1813,  he 
captured  York,  now  Toronto,  C.  W.,  and  May 
27,  Fort  George  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara. 
July  6,  1813,  he  was  superseded  ostensibly  on 
the  ground  of  ill  health,  but  really,  in  conse- 
quence of  political  intrigue.  Ho  solicited  a 
court  of  inquiry,  but  in  vain.  He  was  after- 
ward in  com.  of  the  military  di-t.  ofN.Y.  City. 
Minister  to  Portugal  from  May  7,  1822,  to 
1824,  when  he  resigned,  returned  home,  and 
retired  to  his  estate  at  Roxbary,  Ms  His  last 
wife  Sarah,  widow  of  Gov.  Bowdoin,  d.  May 
24,  1826.  Gen.  D.  was  large  and  command- 
ing in  person,  frank  in  manner,  and  of  unim- 
peached  integrity.  He  pub.  an  account  of 
Bunker's  Hill  battle,  and  was  the  author  of  a 
MS.  journal  of  his  exped.  to  Canada,  imprison- 
ment in  Qiiel)ec,  exped.  to  Wyoming,  and  other 
adventures  during  the  war,  printed  in  his  Life, 
by  his  son. 

Dearborn,  Gen.  IIknrv  Alexander 
ScAMMELL,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Exeter, 
N.H.,  3  Mar.  1783;  d.  Portland,  Me.,  29  July, 
1851.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  1 803.  He  studied 
law  with  .Judge  Story  in  Salem,  where  he  prac- 
tised ;  afterward  superintended  the  forts  in 
Portland  harbor;  was  brig.-gen.  of  militia, 
comg.  the  troops  in  Boston  harbor  in  1812; 
coll.  of  Boston,  1812-29  ;  member  Ms.  Const. 
Conv.  1820,  and  of  the  exec,  council  ;  M.C. 
1831-3;  adj.-gen.of  Ms.,  1 834-43,  removed  for 
loaning  the  State  arms  to  the  State  of  R.I.  to 
suppress  the  Dorr  rebellion ;  and  mayor  of 
Roxbury,  1847-51.  Author  of  Lives  of  the 
Apostle  Eliot,  of  Com.  Bainbridge,  and  of  his 
father  ;  "  Commerce  of  the  Black  Sea,"  3  vols., 
1819  ;  "  Letters  on  the  Int.  Improvements  and 
Com.  of  the  West,"  1839,  and  an  "  Oration,"  4 
July,  1811.  He  left  in  MS.  a  diary  in  45  vols.  ; 
a  "  History  of  B.  Hill  Battle,"  &c.  Member 
Amer.  Acad,  and  other  scieniific  bodies. 

Dearborn,  Nathaniel,  engraver,  son  of 
Benj.;  d.  S.  Reading,  Ms.,  Nov.  7,  1852,  a.  66. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  wood-engravers  in 
Boston.  He  pub.  "  Text-Book  of  Letters," 
"Boston  Notions  and  Guide,"  and  "Guide 
through  Mount  Auburn." 

Dearing,  James,  brig.-^en.  C.S.A. ;  killed 
near  Petersburg,  Va.,  April  6,  1865. 

Deas,  Charles,  artist,  b.  Phila.,1818;  d. 
insane.  His  maternal  grandfather  was  Ralph 
Izard.  Educated  by  John  Sanderson,  he  early 
devoted  himself  to  his  art ;  studied  under  the 
auspices  of  the  National  Acad. ;  afterward 
travelled  extensively  among  the  Indians  of  the 
North-west,  and  practised  his  art  successfully 
many  years  in  St.  Louis.     Among  his  pictures 


are  "  The  Turkey  Shoot,"  "  Walking  the 
Chalk,"  "Long  Jake,"  "The  Wounded 
Pawnee,"  "  Indian  Guide,"  "  A  Group  of 
Sioux,"  "  Hunters  on  the  Prairie,"  and  "  The 
Last  Shot."  The  most  important  of  his  works 
is  "  Council  of  the  Shawnees  at  North  Bend," 
an  incident  in  the  life  of  Gen.  Geo.  Rogers 
Clarke.  —  Tuckerman. 

De  Bow,  James  Dunwoody  Brownson", 
iournalist  and  statistician,  b.  Charleston,  S.C., 
July  10, 1820 ;  d.  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  Feb.  27, 1867. 
Charles.  Coll.  1843.  His  father  was  a  mer- 
chant. He  was  for  7  years  employed  in  a  mer- 
cantile house,  but,  after  graduating,  studied 
law,  and  was  adm.  to  the  Charleston  bar  in 
1844,  but  became  editor  of  the  Southern  Qxar- 
terlt)  Review  of  Charleston.  An  article  by  him 
upon  "  Oregon  and  the  Oregon  Question  "  at- 
tracted much  attention  here  and  in  Europe,  oc- 
casioning a  debate  in  the  French  chamber  of 
deputies.  In  the  latter  part  of  1845,  he  removed 
to  N.  Orleans,  and  established  De  Bow's  Com- 
mercial Review.  After  a  short  term  as  prof,  of 
political  economy  and  commercial  statistics  in 
the  U.  of  La.,  in  1848,  he  was  for  3  years  the 
head  of  the  census  bureau  of  La.  He  collected 
and  pub.  valuable  statistics  of  the  population, 
commerce,  and  products  of  that  State.  App.  in 
March,  1853,  supt.  of  the  U.  S.  census,  he  col- 
lected and  prepared  for  the  press  a  large  part  of 
the  material  for  the  quarto  edition  of  the  census 
of  1850.  He  was  active  in  the  enterprises  for 
the  advancement  of  the  material  and  intellec- 
tual interests  of  the  South  ;  was  a  member  of 
nearly  every  Southern  commercial  convention 
since  1845,  and  presided  over  that  at  Knox- 
ville,  Tcnn.,  in  1857.  Hecontrib.  many  articles 
upon  American  topics  to  the  new  edition  of  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  ;"  delivered  various 
addresses  before  literary,  agricultural,  and 
other  associations  ;  and  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  La.  Hist.  Society,  since  merged  in 
the  Acad,  of  Science.  For' some  years  before 
the  Rebellion,  he  was  very  bitter  in  his  denun- 
ciation of  the  Northern  States  and  their  insti- 
tutions; and  during  the  war,  though  his  Review 
was  necessarily  discontinued,  his  voice  and 
pen  were  actively  employed  in  the  service  of 
the  Confederacy.  After  its  overthrow,  he  ad- 
mitted the  superiority  of  the  free  to  the  slave 
labor  system,  and  urged  the  Southern  States 
to  encourage  immigration.  He  resumed  his 
Review,  first  at  New  York,  and  subsequently 
at  Nashville.  Also  authorof"  Encyclopaedia 
of  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  the  U.S.,"  2 
vols.,  8vo,  1853  ;  "  The  Southern  States,  their 
Agriculture,  Commerce,"  &c.,  8vo,  1856;  and 
"  industrial  Resources  of  the  South-west,"  3 
vols., 1853, compiledfrom  hhReview;"  Compen- 
dium of  the  Seventh  U.S.  Census."  —  Applcton. 

De  Camp,  John,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  N.J. 
Midshipman,  Oct.  1, 1827  ;  lieut.  Feb.  28,  1838; 
commander,  Sept.  14,  1855;  capt.  July  16, 
1862  ;  commodore,  retired  list,  Sept.  23,  1866; 
com.  steam-sloop  "Iroquois,"  1861-2  ;  in  the 
attack  upon  Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  and 
capture  of  N.  Orleans,  and  in  the  various  bat- 
tles on  the  Mpi.,  including  Vicksburg  ;  com. 
frigate"  Wabash,"  S.  A.  squad.,  1863-4;  com. 
receiving-ship  "Potomac,"  Phila.,  1868-9. — 
ITamersii/. 


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Decatur,  Stephen,  a  gallant  naval  officer, 
son  of  Capt.  Stephen,  b.  Sinnepuxent,  Md., 
5  Jan.  1779;  d.  Washington,  D.  C,  22  Mar. 
1820.  (Stephen,  his  father,  capt.  U.S.N.,  1798- 
1801,  b.  Newport,  1751,  d.  Frankford,  near 
Phila.,  Nov.  14,  1808.)  Midshipman,  30  Apr. 
1798;  lieut.  21  May,  1799;  capt.  26  Feb.  1804. 
His  first  exploit  was  the  destruction  of  the 
frigate  "  Philadelphia,"  in  the  harbor  of  Trip- 
oli on  the  night  of  15  Feb.  1804,  for  which  he 
received  from  Congress  a  sword,  a  vote  of  thanks, 
and  immediate  promotion.  In  the  attack  on 
Tripoli,  Aug.  3,  he  com.  a  division  of  gunboats, 
and  had  a  desperate  personal  conflict  with  the 
captain  of  a  Turkish  gunboat,  whom  he  slew. 
App.  to  com.  the  frigate  "  United  States,"  in 
which,  Oct.  25,  1812,  in  lat  29°  N.,  long.  29° 
30'  W.  he  fell  in  with  the  British  frigate  "  Ma- 
cedonian," capturing  her  after  an  action  of  an 
hour  and  a  half.  For  this  capture,  Congress 
awarded  him  a  gold  medal.  He  was  after- 
ward blockaded  in  N.  London  by  a  British 
squadron.  In  Jan.  1815,  he  attempted,  in  "Tlie 
President,"  to  elude  the  blockade;  but  she  was 
injured  in  passing  the  bar,  and  was  captured 
by  the  British  squadron,  after  having  kept  up 
a  running  fight  of  two  hours  and  a  half  with 
"  The  Endymion,"  which  was  dismasted  and  si- 
lenced. A  few  months  later,  he  was  despatched 
with  a  squadron  to  Algiers,  captured,  June  17, 
off^  Cape  de  Gatt,  an  Algerine  frigate,  killing 
the  noted  Admiral  Rais.Hammida,  and,  arriv- 
ing at  Algiers  June  28,  terrified  the  regency 
into  a  relinquishment  of  the  claim  for  trib- 
ute, the  surrender  of  all  captives,  and  compen- 
sation for  all  Amcr.  property  seized.  He  also 
obtained  indemnity  from  Tunis  and  Tripoli, 
and  procured  the  release  of  many  captives. 
Nov.  12,  he  was  app.  a  navy  commissioner,  and 
took  up  his  residence  at  Kalorama,  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  the  former  estate  of  Joel  Barlow. 
A  corresp.  with  Com.  Barron,  relative  to  "The 
Chesapeake"  affair,  resulted  in  a  duel  at  Bla- 
densburg,  in  which  Decatur  was  mortally, 
and  Barron  severely,  wounded.  Courage,  sa- 
gacity, energy,  self-possession,  and  a  high  sense 
of  honor,  were  the  characteristic  traits  of  De- 
catur.— See  Life,  bj/  A.  S.  Mackenzie,  1846. 

DeCharms,  Richard,  clergyman  and 
author,  b.  Phila.,  Oct.  17,  1796;  d.  Phila., 
March  20,  1864.  Y.C.  1826.  Descended 
from  Huguenots,  who  took  refuge  in  Eng.  in 
1G85.  His  father,  a  physician,  came  to  Pliila. 
in  1793.  At  14,  he  supported  his  mother  by 
working  in  a  printing-office.  After  graduat- 
ing, he  studied  Swedenborg's  theology  in  Bos- 
ton, printed  the  first  3  numbers  of  the  New 
Jerusalem  Magazine  with  his  own  hands,  and 
preached  one  year  in  Bedford,  Pa.  At  the 
suggestion  of  a  female  friend,  to  whom  he  was 
indebted  for  his  education,  he  continued  the 
study  of  theology  in  London,  to  fit  himself  for 
the  ministry  of  the  church  of  the  New  Jerusa- 
lem ;  supporting  himself  during  his  2  years' 
stay  there  by  working  as  a  journeyman  printer. 
His  first  sermon,  on  the  "  Paramount  Impor- 
tance of  Spiritual  Things,"  was  pub.  in  1828, 
and  reprinted  in  London.  He  settled  at  Cin- 
cinnati (1832-9),  Phila.  (1839-45),  Baltimore 
(1845-50),  and  New  York,  and  pub.  sermons 
and  lectures  on  the  fundamental  doctrines  of 


Swedenborg.  He  edited  the  Precursor  and 
New  Churchman.  His  chief  works  are  the 
"New  Churchman  Extra,"  8vo;  "Freedom 
and  Slavery  in  the  Light  of  the  New  Jerusa- 
lem ;  "  "  Sermons  illustrating  the  Doctrine  of 
the  Lord,"  1840;  "Series  of  Lectures  deliv- 
ered at  Charleston,  S.C,"  1841. 

Deems,  Chaiiles  F.,  D.D.,  b.  Baltimore, 
1820.  Dick.  Coll.  1839.  Prof,  in  the  U.  cf 
N.C.,  1842;  prof,  of  chemistrv,  Randolph  M. 
Coll.,  1848;  pres.  of  Greensboro'  Coll.,  18.50, 
of  Centenary  Coll,  1854.  Author  of  "Tri- 
umph of  Peace  and  other  Poems,"  "  Devo- 
tional Melodies,"  "  Twelve  College  Sermons," 
"  Life  of  Rev.  Dr.  Clarke,"  "  Home  Altar," 
"What  Now?"  "Family  Worship,"  l2mo, 
1852.  Edited  5  vols.  South.  Meth.  Pulpit. 
Contrib.  to  South.  Meth.  Quarterly,  and  other 
journals.  —  AUibone. 

Deering,  Nathaniel,  dramatist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  b.  Portland,  Me.,  June  25, 
1791.  H.U.  1810.  Educated  at  Exeter  and 
Cambridge.  He  studied  law  in  the  office  of 
Chief-Justice  Whitman  at  Portland,  and  pur- 
sued the  profession  in  the  northern  counties  of 
Me.  He  is  now  a  resident  of  Portland.  He 
has  produced  two  tragedies,  "  Carabasset ;  or. 
The  last  of  the  Norridgewocks,"  produced  at 
the  Portland  Theatre  in  1831,  and  "  Bozzaris." 
His  other  writings,  including  numerous  humor- 
ous tales  of  "Down-East"  life,  have  appeared 
from  time  to  time  in  the  journals  of  the  day. 
—  Dui/r/cinck. 

DeHaas,  John  Philip,  brig.-gen.  Revol. 
army,  b.  Holland,  ab.  1735;  d.  Phila.,  ah. 
1794.  Descended  from  an  ancient  family 
of  Northern  France,  and  in  1750  accomp.  his 
father  to  Amer.,  settling  in  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa. 
An  ensi^Mi  in  the  old  French  war,  and  in  Aug. 
1763,  participated  in  the  bloody  conflict  with 
the  Indians  at  Bushy  Run,  near  Pittsburg. 
App.  coll.  first  Pa.  regt.,  Jan.  22,  1776  ;  served 
in  Canada  and  at  Ticonderoga;  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  Long  Island,  and  was  promoted, 
Feb.  21,  1777,  to  brig.-gen.,  and  served  in  va- 
rious capacities  with  credit  until  the  close  of 
the  war.  The  latter  years  of  his  life  were 
passed  in  Phila.  A  son  served  as  ensign  in 
his  own  regt. 

DeHaas  (deh-has),  Maurice F.  H.,  marine 
painter,  b.  Rotterdam,  ab.  1830.  He  studied 
at  the  Acad,  of  Fine  Arts,  and  at  the  Antique 
and  Life  School,  made  sketching-excursions  to 
the  British  Channel  and  along  the  picturesque 
coast  of  France,  and  received  2  years'  instruction 
from  the  eminent  Louis  Meyer  of  the  Hague. 
In  1856,  the  Queen  of  the  Netherlands  sent  him 
a  flattering  letter,  and  a  handsome  present  in 
recognition  of  his  talent.  In  1857,  he  was 
com.  artist  to  the  Dutch  navy  ;  since  1859,  he 
has  held,  in  New  York,  the  first  rank  in  his 
prof.  Among  his  best  works  are  "  Storm  off 
the  Isle  of  Jersey,"  "  After  the  Wreck,' 
"  Seashore  near  Hastings,"  "  Calm  off  New- 
port," "  Wreck  off  St.  Hilliers,"  "Yacht  Hen- 
rietta," "  Clearing  Up,"  "  British  Channel," 
"The  Old  Wreck,"  "The  Rescue,"  "Moon- 
rise  at  Sunset,"  and  "Farragut  passing  the 
Forts  below  N.  O." 

DeHart,  Col.  William,  lawyer  and 
Revol.  soldier,  b.  Elizabethtown,  N.J.,  Dec.  7, 


r>Eii 


262 


I5BIL. 


1746 ;  d.  Morristown,  June  16,  1801.  Son  of 
Dr.  Matthias  DeHart.  Practised  law  before 
the  Revol. ;  was  app.  maj.  1st  N.J.  batt.,  Nov. 
7,  1775;  was  lieut.-col  in  1776;  resigned  his 
commission  before  the  close  of  the  war,  and 
resumed  the  profession  of  the  law  at  Morris- 
town,  N.J.  He  had  2  bros.  in  the  service, 
one  of  whom  was  aide  to  Gen.  Wayne,  and 
fell  at  Fort  Lee  in  1780.  Col.  DeHart  was 
eminent  in  his  profession,  and  was  noted  for 
wit  and  humor.  In  1779,  he  was  pres.  of  the 
St.  Tammany  Society,  —  Ord.  Book  N.A. 

DeHart,  William  C,  capt.  U.S.A.,  b. 
N.Y.,  1800;  d.  Elizabeth  town,  N.J.,  Apr.  21, 
1848.  West  Point,  1820.  Aide-de-camp  to 
Gen.  Scott,  Jan.  31,  1838 ;  capt.  3  Apr.  1838; 
at  siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  battle  of  Cerro 
Gordo  ;  lieut.-gov.  of  Puebla  during  its  siege, 
Sept.  and  Oct.  1847.  Author  of  a  treatise  on 
"Martial  Law  and  Courts-Martial,  N.Y.," 
8vo,  1846.  —  Cullum. 

DeHaven,  Edwin  J.,  arctic  explorer,  b. 
Phila.,  1819;  d.  there  May  9,  1865.  Mid- 
shipm.  Oct.  2,  1829;  lieut.  Sept.  8,  1841; 
resigned,  1857.  He  served  in  Wilkes's  ex- 
ploring exped.  1839-42,  and  com.  the  first 
exped.'fitted  out  at  the  expense  of  Henry  Grin- 
nell  of  N.Y.  to  search  for  Sir  John  Franklin. 
This  exped.  left  N.Y.,  May  24,  1850,  and  was 
absent  over  16  months,  wintering  within  the 
arctic  circle.  It  consisted  of  2  small  tugs,  "  The 
Advance  "  of  140,  and  "  The  Rescue  "  of  90  tons. 
Dr.  Kane  has  given  a  full  account  of  this  exped. 
On  his  return,  he  was  employed  in  the  coast- 
survey. 

Dehou,  Theodore,  D.D.,  Pr.-Ep.  bishop 
of  S.C.,  b.  Boston,  Ms.,  Dec.  8,  1776;  d. 
Charleston,  S.C,  Aug.  6,  1817.  H.U.  1795. 
He  became  rector  of  Trinity  Church,  Newport, 
R.I.,  in  1798,  and  of  St.  Michael's  Church, 
Charleston,  in  1809.  Oct.  15,  1812,  he  was 
consec.  bishop  of  S.C.  Besides  occasional  ser- 
mons, pub.  during  his  lifetime,  2  vols,  of  his 
"  Discourses  "  were  issued  in  1821 .  —  See  Life, 
by  C.  E.  Gadsden,  8vo,  1833. 

DeKay,  George  C.,  commodore,  b.  New 
York;  d.  Jan.  31,  1849,  a.  47.  When  quite 
young,  he  entered  the  navy  of  Buenos  Ay  res, 
then  contending  against  the  Brazilian  Empire, 
disting.  himself  by  a  series  of  brilliant  actions 
under  Admiral  Brown,  and  on  separate  com- 
mands, and,  in  less  than  two  years,  reached  the 
grade  of  lieut.-col.,  equivalent  to  the  English 
rank  of  commodore.  In  July,  1847,  he  com. 
the  frigate  "  Macedonian  "  on  her  philanthrop- 
ic mission  to  starving  Ireland.  His  wife  was 
the  dau.  of  the  poet  J.  Rodman  Drake,  and 
grand-daughter  of  Henry  Eckford. 

DeKay,  James  E.,  M.D.,  naturalist,  bro. 
of  Com.  Geo.  C. ;  d.  Oyster  Bay,  Nov.  21, 1851, 
a.  59.  Author  of  "  Sketches  of  Turkey,"  in 
1831-2,  and  of  "Zoology  in  the  Survey  of  N. 
Y.,"  15  vols.,  4to,  with  an  Introd.  by  Wm.  H. 
Seward  ;  "  Anniv.  Address  before  the  N.Y. 
Lyceum  on  the  Prog,  of  the  Nat.  Sciences  in 
the  U.S.,"  Feb.  1826. 

Delafleld,  John,  agriculturist,  b.  N.Y. 
City,  1786;  d.  1853.  Col.  Coll.  1802.  After 
losing  a  fortune  acquired  as  a  banker  in  Lond., 
in  1839  he  withdrew  to  a  farm  known  as  Oak- 
lands,  at  Rose  Hill,  Seneca  Co.,  N.Y.    Here 


his  efforts  for  rural  improvement  added  much 
to  the  agricultural  wealth  of  the  county.  In 
1851,  he  became  pres.  of  the  N.Y.  State  Agric. 
Society,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  pres. 
of  the  State  Agric.  Coll.  Author  of  "  An  In- 
quiry into  the  Origin  of  the  Antiquities  of 
America,"  Cincin.,  1839. 

Delafield,  Richard,  brev.  maj. -gen.  and 
chief  of  engineers  U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y.  West 
Point,  1818.  Capt.  24  May,  182B;  maj.  July 
7,  1838  ;  sup.  Milit.  Acad.,  Sept.  1838  to  Aug. 
1845,  and  from  Sept.  8,  1856,  to  1  Mar.  1861 ; 
lieut.-col.  engs.  Aug.  6,  1861 ;  col.  June  1, 
1863  ;  brig.-gen.  and  chief-engr.  Apr.  22, 1864; 
retired  Aug.  8,  1866.  Ordered  to  Europe  by 
the  govt,  to  observe  the  Crimean  war;  and  his 
report  was  pub.  as  a  senate  document  in  4to, 
1860.  Superint.  engr.  of  the  defences  of  N.Y. 
harbor,  1861-4. 

Delamater,  John,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  a  dis- 
ting. physician  and  scholar  of  the  West,  b.  18 
Apr.  1787;  d.  Cleveland,  O.,  28  Mar.  1867. 

DeLancey,  James,  jurist,  b.  N.Y.,  1703; 
d.  there  Aug.  2,  1760.  U.  of  Camb.,  Eng., 
1729.  Son  of  a  Huguenot  emigrant,  from 
Caen,  Normandy ;  was  sent  to  Eng.  for  educa- 
tion, and,  soon  after  his  return  in  1729,  was 
made  a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
chief-justice  in  1733.  On  the  death  of  Gov. 
Osborn,  he,  as  lieut.-gov.,  was  at  the  head  of 
affairs  in  the  province  from  1753  to  1755,  and 
also  as  successor  to  Hardy  from  1757  to  1760. 
He  was  a  profound  lawyer,  and  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  Gov.  Clinton,  1743-53,  exerted 
a  powerful  influence  on  the  legisl.  in  opposition 
to  him.  He  was  at  the  head  of  the  association 
which  founded  Kings  Coll.  The  author  of 
"  The  Review  of  Military  operations  from  1753 
to  1756  "  represents  him  as  a  man  of  learning 
and  talent,  yet  as  an  unprincipled  demagogue, 
and  finished  intriguer,  whose  plausible  arts, 
together  with  his  influence  as  chief-justice,  and 
a  vast  personal  estate  at  use,  all  conspired  to 
secure  his  popular  triumph. 

De  Lancey,  Col.  James,  loyalist,  b.  N.Y.; 
d.  Annapolis,  N.S.,  1800.  Son  of  Peter  De  L. 
and  Elizabeth  Golden.  Elected  to  the  N.  Y. 
assembly  in  1769,  and  some  time  sheriff  of  W. 
Chester.  He  com.  a  batt.  in  the  brigade  of  his 
uncle.  Gen.  Oliver  De  Lancey,  and,  being  taken 
in  1777,  was  confined  in  Hartford  jail.  His 
corps  were  called  "  Cow  Boys,"  from  "  their 
knowledge  of  beef"  An  attempt  to  capture  or 
destroy  this  odious  corps  in  July,  1781,  was  a 
failure.  His  estates  were  confiscated  ;  and  he 
went  to  Nova  Scotia,  where,  in  1794,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  council. 

De  Lancey,  Gen.  Oliver,  loyalist,  b.  N. 
Y.  City,  1717  ;  d.  Beverly,  Eng.,  Oct.  27, 178.5. 
Bro.  of  James,  lieut.-gov.  of  N.  Y.,  and  many 
years  a  member  of  the  assembly  and  council. 
As  col.  of  a  N.  Y.  regt.,  under  Abercrombie, 
his  gallantry  won  for  him  the  thanks  of  the 
legisl.  At  the  commencement  of  the  Revol., 
he  organized  and  equipped,  chiefly  at  his  own 
expense,  a  corps  of  3  battalions,  bearing  his 
name.  App.  in  1776  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  royal 
service,  he  was  the  senior  loyalist  officer  in 
America  during  the  Revol.  contest.  On  the 
evacuation  of  N.  Y.  in  1783,  he  went  to  Eu- 
rope.   His  dau.  Susannah  m.  Sir  Win.  Draper. 


IDEL 


263 


r)EN" 


De  Iiancey,  Oliver,  gen.  in  the  British 
army,  b.  New  Yqrk;  d.  Edinburgh,  Sept.  1822. 
Son  of  the  preceding.  Educated  in  Europe ; 
entered  the  service  in  1766;  lieut.  Dec.  1770; 
ciipt.  17th  Drags,  May,  1773;  maj.  July,  1778; 
lieut.-col.  Oct.  i781 ;  col.  Nov.  1790;  barrack- 
rnaster-gen.  1792-1804;  maj. -gen.  1794;  lieut - 
gen.  1801  ;  gen.  1812.  He  was  in  Boston  dur- 
ing the  siege  ;  accornp.  the  army  to  Nova  Sco- 
tia, and  in  June,  1776,  to  Staten  Island.  He 
com.  the  cavalry  during  the  landing  on  L.  I., 
and  was  constantly  employed  on  outpost  ser- 
vice until  the  battle  of  Aug.  28,  when  he  formed 
the  advance  of  the  right  column.  His  treatment 
of  Gen.  Woodhull,  who  surrendered  to  him,  on 
this  occasion,  was  inhuman.  He  promised  to 
protect  him  ;  but  his  men  murdered  him.  He 
was  at  White  Plains,  Fort  Washington,  in  the 
Jerseys,  in  the  attack  on  Red  Bank,  at  White 
Marsh,  and  at  Monmouth.  Dcp,  q.m.-gen. 
during  the  siege  of  Charleston,  and  in  several 
expeds.  under  Cornwallis,  to  wliom,  on  the  re- 
turn of  the  army  to  N.  York,  he  became  a.-d.-c. 
In  1781,  he  succeeded  Andre  as  adj.-gen.  On 
his  return  to  Eng.,  he  undertook  the  arrange- 
ment of  loyalist  claims,  and  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  a  commission  for  settling  all  army  ac- 
counts during  the  Amer.  war.  He  was  removed 
from  the  office  of  barrack-master  on  the  dis- 
covery of  a  great  defalcation  in  his  accounts. 
M.  P.  for  Maidstone,  1796.  Author  of  a  pam- 
phlet entitled  "Considerations  on  the  Propri- 
ety of  Imposing  Taxes  on  the  British  Colo- 
nies," London,  1766. 

De  Lancey,  Stephen,  lovalist,  b.  N.  Y. ; 
d.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  Dec.  3,' 1798.  Son  of 
Peter.  Clerk  of  the  city  and  county  of  Albany 
in  1765.  Member  of  the  council  in  1776,  and 
was  lieut.-col.  1st  batt.  N.  J.  vols,  in  1782.  He 
was  afterward  chief-justice  of  the  Bahamas, 
and  gov.  of  Tobago.  He  m.  a  dau.  of  Rev. 
H.  Barclay  of  Trinity  Church,  N.Y.  A  son, 
Sir  Wm.  H.  De  L.,  was  aide  to  Wellington, 
and  was  killed  at  Waterloo, 

De  Lancey,  William  Hbathcote,D.D., 
D.C.L.,  Pr.-Ep.  bishop  of  Western  N.  Y.,  b. 
Mamaroneck,  N.Y.,  Oct.  8,  1797;  d.  Geneva, 
N.Y.,  Apr,  5,  1865.  Y.  C.  1817.  He  studied 
theology  under  Bishop  Hobart ;  ord.  deacon  in 
1819,  and  priest  in  1822;  soon  after  became 
assist,  of  Bishop  White  of  Phila.,  in  the  3 
churches  of  which  he  was  rector,  and  in  1823 
became  one  of  the  regular  assistant  ministers 
of  those  churches.  He  was  annually  ciiosen 
sec.  of  the  diocesan  convention  of  Pa.  from 
1825  to  1830,  and  was  sec.  of  the  house  of 
bishops  from  1823  to  1829.  He  was  provost 
of  the  U.  of  Pa.  from  1828  to  1833  ;  travelled 
in  Europe  in  1835,  and  on  his  return,  after  the 
death  of  Bishop  White,  succeeded  to  the  rec- 
torship of  St.  Peter's.  In  1838,  Dr.  De  Lan- 
cey was  chosen  first  bishop  of  the  new  diocese 
of  Western  N.Y.,  and  was  consec.  May  9, 1839, 
The  Hobart  free  college  at  Geneva  was  chiefly 
indebted  to  his  efficient  efforts  for  its  support. 
In  1852,  he  was  a  delegate  to  Eng.  from  the 
Episcopal  bishops  of  the  U.  S.  He  was  one  of 
the  leaders  of  the  High-Church  party.  D.C.L. 
of  the  U.  of  Oxford,  1852;  D.D.  of  Y,  C, 
1828  ;  and  LL,D,  of  Un,  Coll,,  1847, 

DelanOi  Capt,  Amasa,  traveller,  b.  Dux- 


bur^,  Ms.,  1763;  d.  1817.  — See  a  Nairative 
of  Vojjages  mid  Travels  round  the  World,  8vo, 
Boston,  1817  (written  by  Rev.  Horace  Holley). 

Delano,  Columbus,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Shoreham,  Vt.,  1809.  Removed  to  Mt.  Ver- 
non, Ohio,  in  1817  ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1831,  and  became  eminent  as  an  advocate  and 
criminal  lawyer;  M.  C.  1845-7  and  1865-9; 
commis.-gen.  of  Ohio,  1861  ;  member  Ohio 
legisl.  1864;  engaged  extensively  in  agriculture 
and  in  banking;  commissioner  of  U.  S.  inter, 
rev..  Mar.  1869-Oct.  1870;  and  succeeded  J. 
D.  Cox  as  secretary  of  the  interior  in  Oct.  1870, 

De  Laplaine,  Joseph,  author  of  "  De 
Laplaine's  Repository  of  the  Lives  and  Por- 
traits of  Disting.  Americans,"  2  vols.,  4to  ;  d, 
Phila.,  May  31,  1824. 

Delaware,  Thomas  West,  Lord,  gov, 
of  Va. ;  d.  June  7,  1618,  on  his  second  voyage 
thither,  "in  or  near  the  mouth  of  the  bay  w'hich 
bears  his  name."  He  succeeded  to  his  father's 
title  Mar.  24,  1602.  He  landed  at  Jamestown, 
May  23,  1610,  and  succeeded  Sir  Thos.  Gates, 
under  the  charter  of  May  23,  1609.  In  March, 
1611,  after  having  built  3  forts,  and  regulated 
the  affairs  of  the  Colony,  he  returned  to  Eng. 
He  continued  to  take  a  deep  interest  in  the  con- 
cerns of  the  Colony,  which  he  was  at  great 
expense  to  establish.  The  "  Relation  "  of  the 
planting  of  his  colony,  London,  1611,  was 
reprinted  in  1858. 

Deliniers  (deh-le'-neair')  Jacques  An- 
TOiNE  Marie,  viceroy  of  Buenos  Ayres,  b. 
Niort,  France,  Feb.  6,  1756  ;  shot  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  Aug.  10,  1810.  A  capt.  in  the  Spanish 
navy,  he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  S.  Amer.  at 
a  time  when  Spain  and  Eng.  were  at  war,  and 
an  English  armament  had  (July  2,  1806)  cap- 
tured Buenos  Ayres.  Deliniers,  who  was  at 
Montevideo,  assembled  the  militia  of  the  coun- 
try, attacked  the  place,  and,  after  an  obstinate 
resistance,  forced  it  to  capitulatc(  Aug.  12,1807). 
He  was  at  once  made  viceroy,  and,  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  sustained  a  fierce  attack  from  the 
English,  under  Whitelocke  and  Auchmuty, 
whom  he  defeated,  and  compelled  to  evacuate 
the  country.  This  victory  crowned  the  repu- 
tation of  Deliniers,  who  received  from  the  king 
of  Spain  the  grade  of  brigadier  des  armies. 
The  Spanish  junta  in  18L0  sent  a  new  viceroy, 
Cisueros,  and  conferred  on  Deliniers  the  title  of 
"  Count  de  Buenos  Ayres."  The  revolutionists 
having  speedily  set  aside  the  new  viceroy,  De- 
liniers, desirous  of  re-establishing  the  royal  au- 
thority, assembled  a  force  of  2,000  men,  with 
which  he  blockaded  Buenos  Ayres  ;  but  his  fee- 
ble force  was  dispersed  by  the  revolutionists, 
and  he  himself,  with  other  royalist  chiefs,  was 
taken  and  shot.  —  Nouv.  Diog.  Gen. 

Demers,  Rev.  M.,  50  years  a  teacher  in  the 
Sem.  of  Quebec,  b.  St.  Nicholas,  Co.  of  Levis, 
1774;  d.  May  17,  1853.  He  did  much  to  pro- 
mote the  study  of  natural  philosophy,  and  taste 
for  the  fine  arts,  and,  in  1835,  pub.,  at  Quebec, 
"  Institationes  Philosophicm." 

Denio,  Hikam,  judge,  b.  Rome,  N.Y.,  1799. 
Judge  of  the  N.Y.  Court  of  Appeals ;  resides 
at  Utica.  Has  pub.  "  Reports  of  the  Sup. 
Court  of  N.Y.  1845-8,"  5  vols.;  "  Revised  Stat- 
utes of  N.Y.,"  4th  ed.,  2  vols.,  1852,  by  Denio 
and  Wm.  Tracey ,  —  Allibone. 


DEIS- 


264 


r)Ei> 


Denis,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Tours,  was 
gov.-lieut.-gen.  for  the  king  of  France,  and  pro- 
prietor of  a  part  of  Acadia  and  Canada.  Hav- 
ing obtained  a  grant  of  the  country  extending 
from  Cape  Canccaux  to  Gaspe,  he  came  to 
Amer.  in  1632.  but  was  obliged,  after  making 
important  establishments,  to  sustain  a  con- 
tinued and  vexatious  warfare  of  territorial  rights 
with  his  countrymen  ;  and  a  conflagration  com- 
pleted his  ruin.  Denis,  on  returning  to  France, 
after  a  sojourn  of  40  years  in  America,  during 
which  he  had  visited  most  of  the  French  pos- 
sessions, pub.  the  result  of  his  observations 
under  the  title,  '*  Description  G^ogmphique  et 
Historique  des  Cote's  de  I  'Am€riqiie  Septentrionale 
avec  I  'Histoire  Naturelle  de  ce  Pays,"  Paris,  1672, 
2  vols.  —  Biog.  Universelle. 

Denison,  Charles  Wheeler,  b.  Ct. 
1809.  Author  of"  American  Village  and  other 
Poems."  Contrib.  to  the  Knickerbocker  and 
other  mags,  and  journals.  —  Allibone. 

DenisOD,  Daniel,  maj.-gen.,  b.Eng.,  1613  ; 
d.  Ipswich,  Ms.,  Sept.  20,  1682.  Son  of  Wil- 
liam of  Roxbury.  Came  to  New  Eng.  ab.  1 631 ; 
removed  from  Cambridge  to  Ipswich  in  1635; 
was  the  military  leader  of  that  town  ;  commis- 
sioner to  treat  with  the  French  commander 
D'AuIny  at  Penobscot,  in  1646  and  in  1653, 
and  subsequently  was  10  years  major-gen.  of 
the  Colony.  He  represented  Ipswich  several 
years  in  the  General  Court ;  was  speaker  of  the 
house  in  1649  and  1651-2;  sec.  of  the  Colony 
in  1653  ;  justice  of  the  Quarterly  Court,  1658  ; 
commissioner  of  the  United  Colonies,l 655-62  ; 
assist.  1653-82.  His  public  employments  were 
numerous,  and  his  services  very  important.  In 
1684  was  printed  his  "  Ircnicon  ;  or,  Salve  for 
New  England's  Sore."  His  dau.  Elizabeth 
married  Pres.  Rogers  of  H  U.  App.  com.-in- 
chief  of  the  Ms.  forces  in  June,  1675,  but  was 
prevented  by  sickness  from  taking  the  field  in 
the  Indian  war.  — N.E.II.  and  G.R.y.,  140. 

Denison,  Mary  Andrews,  b.  Cambridge, 
Ms.,  1826  (Mrs.  C.  W.D.).  Author  of  "  Home 
Pictures,"  "  What  Not?  "  "  Carrie  Hamilton," 
"  Gracie  A\mber,"  "  Old  Hepscy,  a  Tale  of  the 
South,"  N.Y.,  12mo,  1858.  Contrib.  to  many 
of  the  leading  journals. 

Dennie,  Joseph,  journalist,  b  Boston,  Ms., 
Aug.  30,  1768  ;  d.  Phila.,  Jan.  7, 1812.  HU. 
1790.  He  studied  law,  and  practised  at  Wal- 
pole,  N.H.,  but  soon  adopted  the  literary  career, 
having  acquired  some  reputation  by  newspaper 
contributions  under  the  title  of  "  The  Farrago." 
He  pub.  at  Boston,  in  1795,  the  Tablet,  weekly, 
and  edited  the  Farmer's  Museum,  at  Walpole,  in 
1796-9,  in  which  the  popular  essays  of"  The 
Lay  Preacher"  first  appeared.  In  Sept.  1799, 
he  went  to  Phila.  as  clerk  in  the  office  of  Mr. 
Pickering,  sec.  of  State.  In  1800,  after  editing 
a  while  the  fJ.  S.  Gazette,  he  began  the  Port- 
folio, to  which  the  rest  of  his  life  was  devoted, 
under  the  nomde  plume  of  "  Oliver  Oldschool." 
This,  while  in  its  prime,  was  the  first  literary 
journal  of  the  country.  In  1803,  he  was  in- 
dicted for  a  libel  against  the  Federal  Govt.  pub. 
in  his  journal,  but  was  acquitted.  Dennie's 
convivial  tastes  led  him  to  form  the  "  Tuesday 
Club,"  a  social  gathering  of  the  wit  and  genius 
of  Phila,  He  was  remarkable  for  originality, 
and  for  delicacy  of  thought  and  language. 


Dennison,  William,  ])olitician,  b.  Cin- 
cinnati, Nov.  23, 1815.  MianaiU.  1835.  Adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1840;  practised  at  Columbus 
until  1848;  member  of  the  O.  legisl.  1848-50; 
pres.  of  the  Exchange  Bank,  and  of  the  Colum- 
bus and  Xenia  llailroad  Co. ;  in  1856,  delegate 
to  the  Pittsburg  convention  which  inaugurated 
the  Repub.  party,  and  also  to  the  Phila.  con- 
vention ;  gov.  of  Ohio,  1860-2,  and  did  much 
to  organize  the  vols,  against  the  Rebellion  ; 
chairman  of  the  Ohio  convention  of  1862  ;  dele- 
gate and  pres.  of  the  Baltimore  convention  of 
1864;  U.S.  postmaster-gen.  Oct.  1864  to  July, 
1866. 

Denonville,  Jacques  Rene  de  Brisay, 
Marquis  de,  gov.  of  Canada  in  1685-9  ;  was  a 
brave  officer,  but,  by  not  following  up  a  victory 
he  had  gained  over  the  Iroquois,  inspired  them 
with  contempt,  and  by  kidnapping  a  number 
of  their  chiefs,  and  sending  them  to  France  to 
work  at  the  galleys,  at  a  time  when  they  were 
on  a  peaceful  mission  to  himself,  excited  a 
hatred  against  the  French,  only  terminated  by 
the  frightful  "Massacre  of  Lachine."  —  Mor- 
gan. 

Dent,  John  Herbert,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Md.,  1782;  d.  July  31,  1823,  St.  Bartholomew's 
Parish,  S.C.  Midshipm.  March  16,  1798, 
under  Truxton,  in  the  frigate  "  Constellation," 
and  was  in  her  when  she  captured  the  French 
frigate  "  Insurgente,"  Feb.  1,  1799.  Lieut. 
July  11,  1799,  he  was  in  the  same  ship  when 
she  took  the  French  frigate  "  La  Vengeance," 
Feb.  1,  1800.  He  com.  the  schooners  "Nauti- 
lus" and  "Scourge,"  in  Preble's  squadron, 
during  the  Tripolitan  war,  and  participated  in 
the  several  attacks  upon  that  city  and  harbor 
in  1804.  Master  com.  Sept.  5,  1804;  capt. 
Dec.  29,  1811. 

Denton,  Daniel,  author  of  "  A  Brief  De- 
scription of  New  York,"4to,  Lond.,1670,  repr. 
in  N.Y.  in  1845,  with  notes  by  Gabriel  Fur- 
man. 

Denton,  William,  poet,  teacher,  and  lec- 
turer, b.  Darlington,  Durham  Co.,  Eng.,  1823. 
He  received  his  education  in  Eng.,  emigrated 
to  the  U.S.  afccr  attaining  manhood,  and  in 
1856  pub.  at  Dayton  "  Poems  for  Reformers." 
—  Poets  and  Poetrij  of  the  West. 

Denver,  James  W.,  politician,  b.  Win- 
chester, Va.,  1818.  He  emigrated  in  child- 
hood with  his  parents  to  Ohio,  removed  to  Mo. 
in  1841,  and  taught  school  and  studied  law 
there ;  was  app.  capt.  12th  Inf.,  March  5,  1847  ; 
left  the  service  at  the  end  of  the  Mexican  war, 
July  25, 1848;  emig.  toCal.in  1850;  was  chosen 
State  senator  in  March,  1852;  Aug.  2,  1852, 
killed  Mr.  Edward  Gilbert,  near  San  Francisco, 
in  a  duel  with  rifles  at  40  paces  ;  in  Feb.  1853 
was  app.  sec.  of  State;  MC.  185.5-7;  Mar. 
4,  1857,  was  app.  by  Pres.  Buchanan  commis- 
sioner of  Indian  affliirs,  but  resigned,  and  was 
made  gov.  of  Kansas  after  the  resignation  of 
R.  J.  Walker ;  resigning  this  post  in  Nov.  1858, 
he  was  re-app.  commissioner  of  Indian  affairs, 
which  he  held  till  Mar.  1859.  Made  brig. -gen. 
Aug.  14, 1861,  he  served  in  the  Western  States; 
resigned  March  5,  1863;  delegate  to  the 
Cleveland  Soldier's  Convention  in  1866,  and 
settled  in  Washington,  D.C.,  as  an  attorney. 

De  Peyster  (de  pis'-ter),  Abraham,  an 


DEF 


265 


DER 


eminent  merchant  and  citizen  of  New  York, 
eldest  son  of  Johannes,  b  New  York,  July  8, 
1658  ;  d,  there  Auj;.  10,  1728.  He  was  mayor 
of  N.Y.  between  1691  and  1695;  was  subse- 
quently chief-justice  of  the  province,  and  pres. 
of  the  kind's  council,  in  which  latter  capaci- 
ty, in  1701,  he  acted  as  col.  gov.  He  was  also 
3ol.  of  the  forces  of  the  city  and  county  of  N. 
Y.,  and  treasurer  of  N.Y.  and  N.J.  He  was 
the  intimate  friend  and  corresp.  of  Penn  and 
of  the  col.  poY.,  the  Earl  of  Bellomont.  His 
mansion  in  Tearl  St.,  once  the  headquarters  of 
Washinirton,  stood  until  1856. 

De  Peyster,  Johannes,  an  early  settler  of 
New  Amsterdam,  now  New  York,b.  Haarlem, 
Hoi.;  d.  New  York,  ab.  1685.  Of  Huguenot 
descent.  He  held  many  offices  of  trust  and 
honor  under  Dutch  and  English  colonial  rule. 
During  the  short  period  in  1673-4  in  which 
the  Dutch  recovered  possession  of  the  province, 
he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  conduct  of 
public  affairs.  Ho  was  subsequently,  at  differ- 
ent times,  alderman,  deputy  mayor,  and  mayor. 
—  Appleton. 

De  Peyster,  John  Watts,  of  Rose  Hill, 
Tivoli,  N.Y.,  brig.-gen.  M.F.S.,  N.Y,  b.'N.Y. 
City,  9  Mar.  1821.  Principal  contrib,  to  the 
Edaireur,A.  milit.  jour,,  1853-4  ;  and  its  editor 
1854-8;  privately  printed  "Life  of  L.  Tor- 
stenscn,"  8vo,  1855  ;  "  The  Dutch  at  the  North 
Pole  and  the  Dutch  in  Maine,"  12mo,  1857; 
"Early  Settlement  of  Acadie  by  the  Dutch," 
8vo,  1858  ;  "  The  Dutch  Battle  of  the  Baltic," 
Svo,  1858;  "Hist,  of  Carausius,"  8vo,  1853  ; 
"  The  Ancient,  Mediajval,  and  Modern  Nether- 
landers,'  8vo,  1859  ;  "  Winter  Campaigns  the 
Test  of  Generalship,"  8vo,  18G2;  "Practical 
Strategy,"  Svo,  1863  ;  "Secession  in  Switzer- 
land and  in  the  US.  compared,"  8vo,  1864; 
"  Decisive  ConHiits  of  the  late  Civil  War,"  1 868. 
Gen.  De  P.  has  prepared  a  genealogy  of  his 
family,  and  has  pub.  some  pamphlets  on  inili- 
tary  and  religious  subjects.  —  Allibone. 

Derbigny,  Peter,  gov.  of  La.  from  1828 
until  his  death,  Oct.  6,  1829.  App.  in  1820, 
with  Livingston  and  Moreau,  to  revise  the  laws 
of  La. 

Derby,  Elias  Hasket,  merchant,  b.  Sa- 
lem, Ms,,  Aug.  16,  1739;  d.  there  Sept.  8, 
1799.  His  father,  Capt.  Richard  (1712-83), 
was  a  successful  shipmaster  and  merchant  of 
Salem,  a  member  of  the  Gen.  Court,  1769-73, 
of  the  council,  1774-7.  His  bro.  John  was  an 
owner  of  the  ship  "  Columbia,"  which  discov- 
ered the  Columbia  River,  ^y  a  remarkable 
concurrence  of  events,  he  carried  to  England 
the  first  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  and, 
at  the  close  of  the  war,  bore  home  from  France 
the  first  news  of  peace.  Elias,  engaging  exten- 
sively in  business,  owned,  at  the  commencement 
of  the  Revol.,  7  ships  in  the  W.  India  trade. 
The  war  ruined  Amer.  commerce;  and  Mr.  Der- 
by, uniting  with  his  townsmen,  aided  in  the 
equipment  of  158  armed  vessels  fitted  out 
from  Salem,  many  of  which  were  successful, 
at  least  445  vessels  being  captured  from 
the  enemy.  Appreciating  the  importance  of 
speed,  Mr.  Derby  built  shipyards,  studied  naval 
architecture,  and  built  a  class  of  vessels  superi- 
or in  size,  model,  and  speed  to  any  previously 
launched  in  the  Colonies.     He  opened  Ameri- 


can trade  to  St.  Petersburg  in  1784,  and  to 
Canton  and  Calcutta  soon  afterward.  —  Hunt's 
Merchants. 

Derby,  Gen.  Elias  Hasket,  merchant,  b. 
Salem,  Jan.  10,  1766  ;  d.  Londonderry,  N.H., 
Sept.  16, 1826.  One  of  the  founders  of  the  In- 
dia trade,  first  importer  of  Merino  sheep,  and 
began  the  mannf,  of  American  broadcloth  dur- 
ing the  War  of  1812.  Reed,  an  hon.  degree 
from  H.U.  in  1803. 

Derby,  Elias  Hasket,  lawyer,  b.  Salem, 
Ms.,  24  Sept.  1803.  H.U.  1824.  Son  of  Gen. 
E.  H.  Derby.  He  studied  law  under  Daniel 
Webster,  began  practice  in  Boston  in  1827, 
and  attained  distinction  in  railway  cases.  He 
has  been  pres.  of  the  Old  Colony  R.  R.  Co., 
hiw  been  active  in  promoting  the  commercial 
interests  of  Boston,  and  was  earnest  and  zeal- 
ous in  his  efforts  to  secure  the  construction  of 
iron-clads  during  the  civil  war.  Besides  con- 
tribs.  to  the  Ediahurgh  Review,  the  Atlantic 
]\[on(hhj,  &c.,  he  is  the  author  of  "  Two 
Months  Abroad,"  1844;  "The  Catholic," 
"  The  Overland  Route  to  the  Pacific,"  and 
many  reports  on  the  "  Fisheries,"  the  "  British 
Provinces,"  &c.,  written  while  U.S.  commis- 
sioner. 

Derby,  George  H.,  capt.  U.  S.  topog. 
engrs.,  b.  Norfolk  Co.,  Ms.,  1824  ;  d.  insane  in 
N.Y.  City,  May  15,  1861.  West  Point,  1846. 
Descendant  of  E.  H.  Derby,  merchant  of 
Salem.  Severely  wounded  at  Cerro  Gordo, 
and  brev.  for  gallantry.  Afterward  stationed 
in  Cal.,  where  he  produced  those  humorous 
papers,  since  pub.  under  the  title  "  Phoenix- 
iana,"  the  success  of  which  has  encouraged  a 
multitude  of  imitators.  After  his  death,  some 
of  his  other  pieces  were  pub.,  entitled  "  Tho 
Squibob  Papers."  Employed  by  govt,  in  erect- 
ing lighthouses  on  the  coasts  of  Fla.  and  Ala., 
he  received  a  sunstroke,  which  resulted  in  a 
softening  of  the  brain.  Capt.  top.  engrs.  1 
July,  1860. 

De  Ros,  John  Fred.  Fitzgerald,  n  ar- 
adm.  (1857)  British  navy,  b.  1804;  d.  Juno 
19,  1861.  Author  of  "  Travels  in  the  U.S.  in 
1826." 

De  Russy,  Lewis  G.,  engineer,  b.  N.Y. ; 
d.  La.,  Sept.  1865.  West  Point,  1814.  En- 
tering the  1st  Art.,  he  became  capt.  3d  Art., 
11  Dec.  1825;  paymaster  and  maj.  21  Sept. 
1826;  was  dropped  from  the  army  register  in 
1842;  col.  1st  La.  Vols,  during  the  Mexican 
war,  1846-8;  planter  at  Natchitoches,  La., 
1848-61,  and  civil  engineer;  member  of  the 
house,  1851-3,  and  of  the  senate  of  La.,  1853- 
5;  maj.-gen.  La.  militia,  1848-61.  Joined 
the  Rebellion  against  the  U.S.  —  Cullnm. 

DeRussy,  Rene  Edward,  col.  engs. 
U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y.  Citv,  1791  ;  d.  San  Francisco, 
Nov.  26,  1865.  West  Point,  1812.  Son  of 
Thos.  of  St.  Maloes,  F'rance,  who  came  to 
N.Y.  in  1791,  and  long  resided  at  Old  Point 
Comfort,  Va.  Brev.  capt.,  Sept.  11,  1814,  for 
gallant  conduct  at  the  battle  of  Plattsburg; 
chief-engr.  of  Macomb's  army  in  1814;  capt. 
9  Feb.  1815;  brev.  maj.  Sept.  11,  1824;  supt. 
Milit.  Acad,  from  July,  1833  to  Sept.  1838; 
lieut.-col.  engrs.  Dec.  7,  1898;  col.  March  3, 
1863;  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865. 
At  the  breaking-out  of  the  war  in  1861,  ho 


IDES 


266 


DES 


was  ordered  to  the  defence  of  the  Pacific 
coast.  Two  sons,  Gustavus  and  John,  grad. 
West  Point;  the  former  was  a  brig.-fjjen.  U.S. 
vols.,  and  brev.  col.  U.S.A.,  for  gallant  con- 
duct in  the  civil  war,  and  is  now  (1869)  maj. 
3d  U.S.  Art. 

Desandrouins,  Vicomte,  a  French  engi- 
neer, b.  Dec.  12,  1740.  Accomp.  Montcalm 
to  Canada  in  May,  1756,  as  a  capt.  royal  engi- 
neers, became  his  aide  and  military  sec,  and 
was  disting.  in  the  defence  of  Ticonderoga 
and  in  the  subsequent  operations  in  Canada. 
Chief-engr.  in  Rochambeau's  army  in  the  U.S. 
in  1780-3  ;  made  brig  of  inf.,  Dec.  5,  1781, 
and  chief  de  brigade  of  the  engr.  corps.  In 
1789,  he  was  a  cliev.  of  Malta,  and  a  member  of 
the  National  Assembly  from  Calais  and  Ardres. 

Desaussure,  Henry  W.,  chancellor  of 
S.C,  1808-37  ;  d.  Charleston,  S.C.,  March  29, 
1839,  a.  75.  In  the  Revol.  war,  he  bore  arras 
in  defence  of  Charleston,  and,  after  the  organi- 
zation of  the  U.S.  Govt.,  was  app.  by  Wash- 
ington director  of  the  mint.  After  filling  the 
office  a  short  time,  he  returned  to  Charleston, 
resumed  the  practice  of  law,  and  soon  rose 
to  eminence  in  his  profession.  He  pub.  4  vols, 
of  Equity  Reports,  which  contain  the  early 
decisions  of  the  Equity  Court  of  S.C.  ;  Oration 
4  July,  1798,  before  the  S.  C  Hist.  Soc. 

Des  Barres,  Joseph  Frederic  Wallet, 
soldier  and  hydrographer,  b.  1722;  d.  Halifax, 
N.S.,  Oct.  24^  1824,  a.  102.  He  received  his  ed- 
ucation under  the  Bernouillis ;  entered  the  Roy- 
al Milit.  Coll.  at  Woolwich  ;  embarked  in  Mar., 
1756,  as  a  lieut.  in  the  60th  regt.  for  Amer., 
where,  having  raised  300  recruits  in  Pa.  and 
Md.,  he  formed  them  into  a  corps  of  field  ar- 
tillery, which  he  for  a  while  com.  In  1757,  he 
led  an  cxped.  against  the  Indians  who  had  at- 
tacked Schenectady,  surprised  and  captured 
the  chiefs,  and  brought  them  over  to  be  useful 
allies  to  the  army.  He  disting.  himself  as  an 
engr.  in  the  siege  of  Louisburg,  in  1758;  was 
aide-de-camp  to  Wolfe,  to  whom  he  was  mak- 
ing a  report  when  he  fell,  dying  in  his  arms, 
and  conducted  the  subsequent  engineering  op- 
erations, including  the  reduction  of  Fort 
Jacques  Cartier,  and  other  strong  places,  which 
completed  the  conquest  of  Canada.  In  1762, 
he  was  directing  engr.  and  quarterm.-gen.  in 
the  cxped.  for  retakinir  Newfoundland,  and  was 
publicly  thanked  for  his  services.  From  1763 
to  1773,  he  was  engaged  in  surveying  the  coast 
of  Nova  Scotia.  Returning  to  Eng.  in  1774, 
he  received  the  commendation  of  the  king  for 
the  manner  in  which  this  duty  had  been  per- 
formed. Selected  by  Earl  Howe  to  prepare 
charts  of  the  N.  A.  coast,  he  adapted  the  sur- 
veys of  Holland,  De  Brahm,  and  others,  to 
nautical  purposes;  pub.  in  1777  "  The  Atlantic 
Neptune,"  in  2  large  folios.  In  1784,  he  was 
made  gov.  of  Cape  Breton,  with  the  military 
com.  of  that  and  of  Prince  Edward's  Island, 
and  soon  after  began  the  town  of  Sydney,  and 
opened  and  worked  the  valuable  coal-fields  at 
the  entrance  of  the  river.  In  1 804,  he  was  app. 
lieut.-gov,  and  com.-in-chief  of  Prince  Edward's 
Island,  being  then  in  his  82d  year.  He  was 
Capt.  Cook's  teacher  in  navigation.  He  pub. 
"  Cape  Breton,"  Lond.,  8vo,  1804,  privately 
printed,  and  suppressed. 


Deschamps,  Isaac,  chief-justice  of  N.S. 
from  1785  to  his  d.,  Aug.  11,  1801,  a.  78.  Of 
Swiss  extraction.  He  came  in  early  life  to  Nova 
Scotia  ;  was  a  clerk  at  Fort  Edward  ( Windsor) 
in  1754,  and  aided  in  suppressing  the  turbu- 
lence of  the  Acadian  French  in  that  year; 
member  of  the  assembly  in  1761,  and  justice 
of  C.C.P.  for  Kings  Co.;  judge  of  P.E.  Island 
in  1768;  and  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  N.S,  1770-85;  clerk  of  the  assembly  in 
1772  ;  app.  counsellor,  Oct.  6,  1783. 

Desha,  Joseph,  soldier  and  statesman,  b. 
Pa.,  Dec.  9,  1768;  d.  Georgetown,  Kv.,  Oct. 
11,  1842.  Emigrating  to  Ky.  in  1781,  he 
served  as  a  vol.  in  the  exped.  against  the  Indi- 
ans under  Gen.  Wayne  in  1794-5;  represent- 
ed Macon  Co.  one  term  in  the  State  legisl.; 
fought  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames  as  a  maj.- 
gen.;  was  M.C.  in  1807-19,  and  gov.  of  Ky. 
from  1824  to  1828. 

Desha,  Gex.  Robert,  bro.  of  Joseph,  a 
prominent  merchant  of  Mobile,  and  M.  C. 
from  Tenn.  from  1827  to  1831  ;  d.  Mobile, 
Feb.  8,  1849;  capt.  24th  Inf.,  Mar.  12,  1812; 
brev.  maj.  for  gallant  conduct  in  attempt  to 
recapture  Fort  Mackinac,  Aug.  4,  1814  ;  brig.- 
maj.  Oft.  1814. 

De  Soto,  Fernando,  discoverer  of  the 
Mpi.,  b.  Xeres,  Estremadura,  Spain,  ab.  1500; 
d.  June  5, 1542,  on  the  banks  of  the  Mpi.  Of  a 
noble  but  impoverished  family,  he  was  enabled 
by  Pedrarias  Davila  to  spend  several  years  at 
a  university,  and  became  proficient  in  literary 
and  knightly  accomplishments.  In  1519,  he 
accomp.  Davila,  gov.  of  Darien,  to  Amer.,  and 
opposed  his  oppressive  administration.  Quit- 
ting his  patron,  he,  in  1528,  explore  1  the  coast 
of  Guatemala  and  Yucatan  for  700  miles,  in 
search  of  the  strait  which  was  supposed  to 
connect  the  two  oceans.  He  ai-comp.  Pizarro 
to  Peru,  under  the  promise  of  being  his  second 
in  com.,  in  1532,  and  was  sent  by  Pizarro  as 
ambassador  to  the  inca  Atahualpa.  He  was 
the  hero  of  the  battle  which  resulted  in  the 
capture  of  Cuzco,  the  metropolis  ;  soon  after, 
returned  to  Spain  with  a  fortune,  met  a  flatter- 
ing reception  from  Charles  V.,  and  m.  the  dau. 
of  Davila.  In  the  belief  that  Florida  was  a 
new  El  Dorado,  richer  than  any  that  had  been 
discovered,  he  undertook  its  conquest  at  his 
own  expense.  He  sailed  from  San  Lucas  early 
in  Apr.  1538,  with  600  men  ;  reached  the  bay  of 
Spiritu  Santo  (Tampa  B;iy),  May  25,  1539, 
and  passed  the  first  winter  in  the  country  of 
the  Appalachians,  E.  of  the  Flint  River.  Oct. 
18, 1540,  he  fought  a  sanguinary  battle  with  the 
Indians  at  Mavilla,  or  Mobile  on  the  Alabama. 
Soon  after  beginning  his  march  to  the  N.W., 
in  the  following  spring,  a  pestilential  fever 
carried  off  nearly  a  score  of  his  men.  He 
reached  the  Mpi.  after  journeying  seven  days 
through  a  wilderness  of  forests  and  marshes ; 
crossed  it,  and  marched  N.W.  to  the  highlands 
of  the  White  River ;  then  proceeded  South,  and 
wintered  on  the  Washita.  While  vainly  at- 
tempting to  descend  the  banks  of  the  Mpi., 
through  the  bayous  and  marshes,  he  was  at- 
tacked with  a  malignant  fever,  and  d.  To  con- 
ceal his  death,  his  body  was  wrapped  in  a  man- 
tle, and  at  midnight  was  silently  sunk  in  the 
middle  of  the  stream.    He  had  crossed  a  large 


DEJS 


26T 


DEV 


part  of  the  continent  in  search  of  gold,  and 
"found  nothing  so  remarkable  as  his  burial- 
place."  A  history  of  his  life  and  travels,  bj 
L.  A.  Wilmer,  was  pub.  at  Phila.  in  1858. 

Despard,  John,  a  Brit,  gen.,  b.  1745  ;  d. 
Sept.  3,  1829.  Ensign  12th  Foot,  1760  ;  lieut. 
1762  ;  capt.  Mar.  1777;  maj.  June,  1788  ;  lieut.- 
col.  July,  1791;  col.  Aug.  1795;  maj.-gen. 
1798;  licut.-gen.  1805;  gen.  1814.  He  served 
in  Germany ;  came  with  the  royal  fusileers  to 
Quebec  in  Mar.  1773,  and  was  taken  prisoner 
at  St.  John's,  Nov.  1775;  exchanged  Dec. 
1776  ;  joined  the  army  in  N.Y.,  and  was  at  the 
capture  of  Fort  Montgomery.  In  June,  1778, 
he  was  made  maj.  of  a  corps  raised  by  Lord 
Rawdon  ;  in  Dec.  1779,  dep.  adj.-gen.,  and  was 
at  the  capture  of  Charleston,  and  in  tho  cam- 
paigns of  Cornwallis,  ending  with  the  surrender 
at  Yorktown.  He  subsequently  served  on  the 
staff  of  the  army ;  7  years  gov.  of  Canada. 
He  was  in  24  engagements,  and  was  3  times 
shipwrecked.  —  Philipart. 

Desprez-Crassier  (da'-pra'  kras'-sea), 
Jean  Etienne  Phii.ibert,  a  French  gen.,  b. 
Crassier,  Jan.  18,  1733  ;  d.  Ornex,  ab.  1803. 
Entering  the  service  as  a  cadet  in  1745,  he  be- 
came a  capt.  in  1757  in  the  regt.  Royal  Deux- 
ponts,  which  was  employed  in  Germany  until 
the  peace  of  1763.  With  the  grade  of  lieut.- 
col.  in  the  same  corps,  he  fought  (under  the 
orders  of  Prince  Maximilian,  since  king  of 
Bavaria)  in  the  Amer.  war.  He  disting.  him- 
self particularly  at  Yorktown,  where  his  brave 
regt.,  having  captured  two  howitzers,  obtained 
by  the  exploit  the  title  of  "  Royal,"  then  so  flat- 
tering, and  the  still  more  extraordinary  distinc- 
tion of  bringing  with  it  in  its  marches  the  two 
pieces  of  artillery  which  it  had  won.  Mare- 
chal-de-camp  in  1791  ;  lieut.-gen.  in  Sept.  1792; 
he  took  com.  of  the  advanced  guard  of  the 
army  of  the  centre,  which  repulsed  the  Prus- 
sians at  the  camp  of  La  Lune.  Suspended  as 
a  nobleman  in  1793,  he  was  restored,  and  em- 
ployed successively  in  the  army  of  Italy,  the 
Pyrenees,  and  of  the  Rhine,  but  was  deprived 
of  command,  Oct.  26,  1795.  — Nouv.  Biog.  Gen. 

Dessalines  (da'-saMen')  Jean  Jacques, 
emperor  of  Hayti,  b.  ab.  1760;  killed  Oct.  17, 
1806.  Brought  when  young  to  Cape  Francois, 
he  was  purchased  by  a  black  proprietor  named 
Dessalines.  Taking  the  name  of  his  master, 
he  served  him  until  1791,  when  he  joined  the 
bands  of  Biasson.  Subsequently  joining  Tous- 
saintL'Ouverture,  he  rose  to  high  rank,  display- 
ing his  bravery  and  also  his  ferocity.  Upon 
the  arrival  of  the  French  exped.  under  Leclerc, 
in  1802,  he  occupied  the  dept.  of  the  south  and 
west,  conducting  a  bloody  guerilla  war  against 
the  French,  and  submitted  to  that  gen.  after 
the  affair  of  Crete-a-Pierrot.  He  affected  much 
zeal  for  the  French,  fought  the  insurgents, 
and  treated  the  vanquished  negroes  with  the 
same  cruelty  he  had  before  shown  the  whites. 
But,  when  he  saw  the  army  decimated  by  the 
yellow-fever,  he  joined  the  blacks,  and  became 
their  com  .-in-chief.  He  gained  a  victory  over 
Gen,  Rochambeau,  whom  he  forced  to  evacuate 
the  isle,  and  made  his  entry  at  the  Cape,  Oct. 
30,  1803.  The  people  of  Hayti  proclaimed 
their  independence  Jan.  1,1804,  and  named  Des- 
salines gov.-gen.,  who,  in  retaliation  for  the 


cruelties  exercised  by  Rochambeau  upon  the 
blacks,  invited  them  to  a  general  massacre  of 
the  whites.  He  was  crowned  Dec.  8,  1804, 
under  the  name  of  Jean  Jacques  First.  Feb. 
16,  1805,  he  marched  against  St.  Domingo;  but 
the  arrival  of  a  French  squadron  with  4,000 
troops  obliged  him  to  raise  the  siege  with  great 
loss.  On  his  return,  he  occupied  himself  in  lay- 
ing down  the  constitutional  bases  of  his  govt., 
which  were  promulgated  the  20th  of  May.  His 
despotism  and  cruelty  caused  an  insurrection 
Oct.  14,  1806.  Directing  his  course  to  the 
south,  in  order  to  repress  it,  he  fell  into  an  am- 
buscade near  Port  au  Prince,  where  he  lost  his 
life. 

De  Trobriand,  Philip  Regis,  brev.brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  France.  Col.  55th  N.Y.  vols., 
Aug.  1861  ;  engaged  at  Yorktown  and  Wil- 
liamsburg, Va.  ;  com.  brigade  at  Fredericks- 
burg, Chancellorsville,  Gettysburg,  Manassas 
Gap,  Auburn  and  Kelly's  Ford  ;  brig.-gen.  U. 
S.  vols.  Jan.  5, 1864  ;  com. brig.  2d  corps.  Army 
of  the  Potomac  at  Deep  Bottom  ;  assault  of 
Petersburg,  Jerusalem  Road,  Peebles's  Farm, 
Boydtown  Road,  raid  to  Hick's  Ford  on  the 
Weldon  Railroad  ;  battles  of  Hatcher's  Run 
and  Five  Forks,  and  com.  a  division  in  the 
operations  ending  in  Lee's  surrender.  Brev. 
maj.-gen.  of  vols,  and  brig.-gen  U.  S.  A.  for 
gallant  services  in  the  war ;  col,  31st  U.S.  Inf., 
July,  1866;  now  (1871),  col.  12th  U.  S.  Inf. 
Author  of  "  Quatre  Ans  de  Campagnes  de  I'Ar' 
me'e  du  Potomac." — Henrg. 

DeuxpontS,  Christian  and  William, 
Counts  DE  FoRBACH  DES,  respectively  col.  and 
lieut.-cdl.  of  the  regt.  of  that  name  ;  served  in 
the  army  of  Rochambeau  in  Amer.  in  1780-3. 
Christian,  b.  Deuxponts,  Bavaria,  20  Oct. 
1752;  became  col.  in  1775;  disting.  at  York- 
town  ;  com.  the  Bavarian  corps  at  Hohenlin- 
den  in  1800,  with  such  distinction  as  to  merit 
the  grand  cross  of  the  order  of  Maximilian 
Joseph.  William,  b.  18  June,  1754;  d.  16 
years  before  his  bro.  Lieut.-col,  Oct.  2,  1779  ; 
wounded  in  the  attack  on  the  redoubt  at  York- 
town,  on  the  night  of  Oct.  14,  1781;  for  his 
gallantry  on  this  occasion  was  made  by  the 
King  of  France  a  chev.  of  the  military  order 
of  St.  Louis.  He  was  afterward  com.  of  the 
Palace  Guard,  a  post  of  honor  at  the  Bavarian 
court.  A  journal  of  his  campaigns  in  Amer., 
edited  by  Dr.  S.  A.  Green,  was  pub.  Boston, 
8vo,  1868. 

De  Vere,  Maximilian  Schele,  LL.D., 
prof,  of  modern  languages  and  belles-lettres  in 
the  U.  of  Va.,  b.  near  Wcxio,  Sweden,  Nov.  1, 
1820.  He  first  entered  the  military  and  after- 
ward the  diplomatic  service  of  Prussia.  Emi- 
grating to  the  U.S.,  he  was  app.  prof,  in  1844. 
His  contribs.  upon  a  great  variety  of  subjects, 
historical,  literary,  and  scientific,  have  appeared 
in  the  British  Quarterig  Review,  tlie  Southern 
Literarg  Messenger,  Putnam's  and  Harper's 
Magazines,  &c.  lie  pub.  in  1853  "  Outlines 
of  Comparative  Philology,"  in  1856  "  Stray 
Leaves  from  the  Book  of  Nature,"  and  "Stud- 
ies in  English,"  "  Glimpses  of  Europe  in 
1848." 

Devine,THOMAS  C.,brev.brig.-gen.U.S,A., 
b.  N.  Y.  Lieut.-col.  1st  New  York  militia; 
capt.  of  mounted  men  in  Va.,  July-Oct.  1861  ; 


IDEW 


268 


r>K^v 


col.  6th  N.Y.  cav.  Nov.  1861  ;  brig.-gcn.  vols. 
Oct.  1864  ;  lieut.-col.  8th  U.S.  cav.  July,  1866. 
Engaged  at  South  Mountain  and  Fredericks- 
burg ;  com.  brigade  of  cav.  at  Chancellors- 
ville,  Gettysburg,  Rappahannock  Station,  and 
various  other  cavalry  actions  ;  in  Sheridan's 
cav.  campaign  at  battles  of  Todd's  Tavern, 
Spottsylvania  C.H.,  Cold  Harbor,  Trevillian's 
Station,  and  brev.  brig. -gen.  vols.,  and  wounded 
at  Front  Royal ;  engaged  at  Opequan.  Fisher's 
Hill,  and  Cedar  Creek  ;  com.  division  in  Sher- 
idan's raid  to  Lynchburg  and  in  the  opera- 
tions terminating  in  Lee's  surrender;  brev. 
maj.-gen.  vols,  for  gallant  services  in  the  war  ; 
col.  U.  S.  A.  for  Fisher's  Hill,  and  brig.-gen. 
for  Sailor's  Creek,  Va.  —  Renri/'s  Mil.  Record. 

Dew,  Thomas  Rodkric,  publicist,  b.  King 
and  Queen  Co.,  Va.,  Dec.  5,  1802;  d.  Paris, 
France,  Aug.  6,  1846.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll., 
1820.  He  studied  law,  travelled  two  years  in  the 
south  of  Europe,  in  1827  was  elected  prof,  of 
political  economy,  history,  and  metaphysics  in 
Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.,  and  in  1836  was  made 
pi'es.  In  1829,  he  pub.  his  "Lectures  on  the 
Restrictive  System."  His  essay  on  "  Slavery" 
produced  an  extraordinary  effect  upon  public 
opinion,  and  at  the  time  set  at  rest  the  ques- 
tion of  emancipation  in  Va.  He  also  contrib. 
to  the  Southern  Lit.  Messenger.  His  most  elab- 
orate work,  pub.  in  N.Y.  in  1853,  entitled  "A 
Digest  of  Ancient  and  Modern  History,"  is  a 
treatise  on  the  history  of  the  world,  from  the 
earliest  ages  to  the  first  French  Revolution.  In 
the  summer  of  1846,  hem.,  and  set  out  with  his 
bride  for  a  short  European  tour,  but  lived  only 
to  reach  Paris.  — Appleton. 

Dewees,  William  Potts,  M.D.,  phys- 
cian,  b.  Potts  Grove,  Pa.,  May  .5,  1768;  d. 
Phila.,  May  20,  1841.  Left  fatherless  in  early 
life,  and  without  the  means  of  obtaining  an 
education,  he  served  some  time  with  an  apothe- 
cary, attended  medical  lectures  in  the  U.  of 
Pa.,  and  in  1789  commenced  practice.  He  re- 
moved to  Phila.  in  1793,  where  he  devoted  him- 
self especially  to  obstetrics,  and  soon  acquired 
a  high  reputation  in  this  dept.,  upon  which  he 
delivered  lectures.  In  1812,  he  relinquished 
practice  on  account  of  ill  health,  and  devoted 
the  5  ensuing  years  to  farming  at  Phillipsburg, 
Pa.  He  resumed  practice  in  1817,  with  great 
success.  In  1825,  he  was  chosen  prof,  of  mid- 
wifery in  the  U.  of  Pa.,  first  as  an  assist.,  and 
in  1834  as  principal,  but,  his  health  again  fail- 
ing him,  he  resigned  in  1835.  After  spending 
one  winter  in  Cuba,  and  the  following  summer 
in  the  North,  he  settled  in  Mobile.  About  a 
year  before  his  death,  he  returned  to  Phila.  In 
1823,  he  pub.  a  vol.  of  occasional  contribs.  to 
the  medical  journals;  in  1825,  his  "Mid- 
wifery "  and  his  treatise  on  "  Children " 
"Diseases  of  Females"  in  1826,  and  "Prac- 
tice of  Medicine,"  1830.—  Williams's  Med. 
Biog. 

i)ewey,  Charles  Aug.,  LL.D.  (II.  U. 
1840)  Judge  Ms.  Sup.  Court,  1837-66,  b.  Wil- 
liamstown,  Ms.,  13  Mar.  1793  ;  d.  Northamp- 
ton, Ms.,  22  Aug.  1866.  Wms.  Coll.  1811. 
Son  of  Judge  Daniel.  He  studi-d  law  with 
Theo.  Sedgewick ;  practised  in  Williamstown 
in  1814-26;  removed  to  Northampton,  and  was 
U.  S.  dist.-atty  in  1830-7. 


Dewey,  Chester,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll.  1838), 
M.D.  (Y.C.  1825),  LL.D.  (Wms.  Coll.  1850), 
phvsician,  b.  Sheffield,  Ms.,  Oct.  25,  1781  ;  d. 
Rochester,  N.Y.,  Dec.  15,  1867.  Wms.  Coll. 
1806.  He  studied  for  the  ministry  ;  began  to 
preach  in  1808  at  Tyringham,  Ms. ;  was  after- 
ward a  tutor  in  Wms.  Coll.;  from  1810  to 
1826  was  prof,  of  mathematics  and  natural 
philos.  there ;  from  1827  to  1836  taught  the 
gymnasium  at  Pittsfield  with  great  success; 
was  principal  of  the  Collegiate  Inst,  at  Roches- 
ter, N.Y.,  from  1837  to  1850;  and  from  1850  to 
1860  was  prof,  of  chemistry  and  nat.  philos.  in 
the  new  U.  of  Rochester.  For  many  years,  he 
was  prof,  of  and  lecturer  on  botany  and  chem- 
istry in  the  med.  colleges  at  Pittsfield,  Ms.,  and 
at  Woodstock,  Vt.  Dr.  Dewey  preached  and 
taught  for  more  than  60  years.  He  was  the 
author  of"  Reports  on  the  Herbaceous  Plants 
of  Ms.,"  and  of  many  articles  in  scientific  jour- 
nals, as  well  as  the  secular  and  religious  press. 
His  botanical  papers  in  the  American  Journal 
of  Science  attracted  the  attention  of  the  ablest 
European  botanists. 

Dewey,  Daniel,  judge  Ms.  Sup.  Court 
from  1814  to  his  d.,  26  May,  1815,  b.  Sheffield, 
Ms.,  29  Jan.  1766.  He  settled  in  Williams- 
town  in  1787  ;  studied  law  under  Theo.  Sedge- 
wick, and  attained  high  rank  in  the  prof. ;  was 
a  member  of  the  exec,  council,  and  M.  C. 
1813-14. 

Dewey,  Orville,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  clergy- 
man, b.  Sheffield,  Ms.,  Mar.  28,  1794.  Wms. 
Coll.  1814;  AndoverSem.  1819.  He  preached 
8  months  as  agent  for  the  Education  Society, 
and  at  Gloucester,  Ms.  ;  became  a  Unitarian  ; 
soon  after  became  an  assist,  of  Dr.  Channing, 
and  was  pastor  of  the  Unit.  Church  in  New 
Bedford  from  Dec.  17,  1823,  until  his  first  voy- 
age to  Europe,  June,  1833.  "  The  Old  World 
and  the  New,"  1836,  contains  the  account  of 
his  2  years'  visit.  Nov.  26,  1835,  he  was  called 
to  the  2d  Unit.  Church,  N.Y.,  which,  during 
his  ministry,  built  the  Church  of  the  Mes- 
siah. He  was  again  abroad  in  1842-4;  but 
continued  ill  health  coujpellcd  him  to  withdraw 
in  1848  to  his  paternal  farm  in  Sheffield.  Here 
he  prej)ared  a  course  of  lectures  for  the  Lowell 
Institute  at  Boston,  on  "The  Problem  of  Hu- 
man Life  and  Destiny,"  delivered  in  the  princi- 
pal cities  of  the  Union.  This  was  followed,  in 
1855,  by  another  Lowell  course  on  "  The  Edu- 
cation of  the  Human  Race."  Meanwhile,  he 
filled  the  Unit,  pulpit  in  Albany  one  winter, 
and  in  Washington  two.  In  1858,  he  was  again 
settled  as  a  Unitarian  pastorover  the  society,  in 
Church  Green,  Boston,  from  which  he  retired 
in  1862.  His  first  publication  was  "Letters  on 
Revivals."  While  in  New  Bedford,  he  contrib. 
much  to  the  Christian  Examiner  and  the  N.  A. 
Review.  He  pub.  in  1835  a  vol.  of  sermons. 
His  works  have  been  collected  and  pub.  in  3 
vols.,  N.  Y.,  1847,  and  were  printed  in  Loud, 
in  1844.  As  a  pulpit  orator,  he  was  earnest, 
original,  and  impressive. 

DeWitt,  Charles,  member  Old  Congress, 
1783-5,  b.  1728;  d.  Kingston,  N.Y.,  Sept.  1787. 

DeWitt,  Simeon,  b.  Ulster  Co.,  N.Y., 
Dec.  25,  1756;  d.  Albany,  Dec.  3,  1834. 
Queen's  Coll.  1776.  Joining  the  army  of 
Gates,  he  was  present  at  the  surrender  ofBur- 


DEX 


269 


JDU^ 


poyne;  was  assist,  geographer  to  the  army, 
1778-80;  chief  geog.  in  1780-3,  and  present 
at  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  ;  surveyor-gen. 
of  N.  Y.,  1784-1834;  app.  surveyor-gen.  of 
the  U.  S.  in  1796,  but  declined.  From  1798, 
regent;  from  1817,  vice-chancellor ;  and  from 
1829,  chancellor,  of  the  State  of  N.  Y.  Mem- 
ber of  many  literary  and  scientific  bodies.  An 
"  Eulogium  "  on  his  life  and  services,  by  T. 
Romcyn  Beck,  was  pub.,  8vo,  Albany,  1835. 
Author  of  "  Elements  of  Perspective,"  12mo, 
Albany,  1813;  Map  of  N.  Y.,  1804. 

Dexter,  Franklin,  LL.D.  (H.  U.  1857), 
lawyer,  b.  Charlestown,  Ms.,  Nov.  5,  1793  ;  d. 
Beverly,  Aug.  14,  1857.  H.  U.  1812.  Son 
of  Samuel,  an  enjinent  lawyer.  He  established 
himself  at  Boston,  where  he  attained  a  promi- 
nent rank  at  the  bar;  filled  many  public  offi- 
ces; delivered  the  4th  of  July  oration  in  1819 
before  the  town  authorities  ;  was  a  member  of 
the  city  council  in  1825;  a  member  of  both 
branches  of  the  State  legisl. ;  was  in  1836  one 
of  the  select  committee  upon  the  revised  stat- 
utes; U.  S.  dist.-atty.  1841  to  1845,  and  in 
1849  was  app.  by  Pres.  Taylor  U.  S.  dist.-atty. 
for  Ms.  He  exhibited  great  skill  and  logical 
acuteness  in  defence  of  the  Knapps  in  their 
trial  for  tlie  murder  of  Capt.  White  of  Salem, 
in  1830,  against  Daniel  Webster,  who  was  em- 
ployed in  behalf  of  the  govt.  With  his  emi- 
nence as  a  lawyer,  he  united  great  knowledge 
and  skill  in  art,  and  high  attainments  in  litera- 
ture and  general  knowledge. 

Dexter,  Henry,  sculptor,  b.  N.  Y.  Hav- 
ing lost  his  father,  at  the  age  of  12  he  removed 
with  his  family  to  Ct.,  where  he  was  a  farmer, 
and  afterward  a  blacksmith.  His  artist-long- 
ings, however, finally  triumphed,  and  he  settled 
in  Boston  as  a  portrait-painter,  but  eventually 
turned  his  attention  to  modelling,  and  has  since 
executed  many  fine  portrait-busts  and  statues. 
Among  them  are  Pres.  Felton,  Gov.  Wis- 
ner,  Joseph  Warren,  S.  P.  Chase,  the  Govern- 
ors of  1860,  the  "Binney  Child,"  "The  Back- 
woodsman," "  The  Young  Naturalist,"  and 
"  The  First  Lesson."  His  studio  is  at  Cam- 
bridge, Ms.  —  Tudcerman. 

Dexter,  Henry  Martyn,  D.D.  (Iowa, 
1865),  pastor,  1849-67,  of  what  is  now  the 
Berkclcy-st.  Cong.  Church,  Boston  ;  b.  Plymo. 
Co.,  Ms.,  13  Aug.  1821.  Y.  C.  1840;  And. 
Theol.  Som.  1844.  Descended  from  farmer 
Thos.  Des-rcr  of  Lynn,  and  from  Geo.  Morton 
of  Plymouth.  Pastor  of  the  Franklin-street 
Church,  Manchester,  N.H.,  1844-9.  He  has 
pub.  "Street  Thoughts,"  1859;  "Twelve  Dis- 
courses," 1860;  "Future  Punishment,"  and 
"  Congregationalism."  Editor  of  Church's 
"Phihp's  War,"  1865,  and  Mourt's  "Rela- 
tion." Now  (1871)  in  Europe,  engaged  in  col- 
lecting materials  for  a  new  history  of  Old  Ply- 
mouth Colony.  In  1851,  he  became  editor  of 
the  Covrjrefiationalist,  weekly,  and  in  1858  of 
the  Conrj.  Quarterli/. 

Dexter,  Samijel,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1813),  an 
eminent  lawyer  and  statesman,  b.  Boston,  Mav 
14,  1761  ;  d.  Athens,  N.Y.,  May  4,  1816.  H.U. 
1781.  Son  of  Samuel,  a  Revol.  patriot,  and 
benefactor  of  H.U.  He  studied  law  at  Wor- 
cester, but  had  not  been  long  at  the  bar,  before 
he  was  elected  to  the  State  legisl.,  from  which 


he  was  transferred,  first  to  the  house  (1793-5), 
and  then  to  the  senate  (1799-1800),  of  the  U.S. 
Here,  during  a  period  of  strong  party  excite- 
ment, he  gained  influence  and  honor  by  the 
force  of  his  character  and  talents,  his  enlight- 
ened politics,  and  his  oratory.  He  was  app. 
by  Pres.  Adams  successively  sec.  of  war  (1800) 
and  of  the  treasury  (1801),  and  had  charge  for 
a  short  time  of  the  state  dept.  A  foreign  em- 
bassy which  was  offered  him  he  declined  ;  and, 
on  the  accession  of  Jefferson,  he  returned  to 
the  practice  of  the  law.  In  1815,  Madison 
tendered  him  an  extraordinary  mission  to  the 
court  of  Spain  ;  but  he  declined  the  offer.  He 
continued  many  years  to  display  extraordinary 
powers  in  his  profession  ;  having  no  superior, 
and  scarcely  a  rival,  before  the  Supreme  Court 
at  Washington,  in  which  he  appeared  every 
winter  in  cases  of  the  highest  importance.  In 
politics,  at  first  an  acknowledged  leader  of 
the  Federalists,  he  separated  himself  from 
them  during  the  War  of  1812,  and  gave  that 
measure  his  support.  He  argued  against  the 
validity  of  the  embargo  with  all  his  strength, 
and  always  maintained  the  unconstitutionality 
of  that  measure.  He  was  the  first  pres.  of  the 
first  society  formed  in  Ms.  for  the  promotion 
of  temperance.  He  drafted  the  eloquent  an- 
swer of  the  senate  to  Pres.  Adams's  address  on 
the  death  of  Washington,  and  pub.  a  "  Letter 
on  Freemasonry  ;  "  "  Progress  of  Science,"  a 
poem,  1780;  and  "Speeches  and  Political 
Papers."  —  See  Story's  Sketch. 

Dexter,  Timothy,  known  as  "  Lord 
Timothy,"  remarkable  for  eccentricity,  b. 
Maiden,  Jan.  22,  1747;  d.  Newburyport,' Oct. 
22,1806.  He  rose  from  poverty  to  affluence; 
possessed  much  acuteness,  and  was  honest  in 
his  dealings,  but  lackt^d  that  kind  of  prudence 
which  so  frequently  hides  bad,  and  sets  off  good 
qualities.  He  was  benevolent.  By  his  itch  to 
appear  in  print,  he  frequently  expo.sed  his  igno- 
rance. See  his  "  Pickle  for  the  Knowing  Ones." 
His  vanity  was  exhibited  by  his  assuming  the 
title  of  "  Lord."  He  built  a  house  at  New- 
buryport, adorned  according  to  his  own  whims. 
His  biography,  by  S.  L.  Knapp,  was  pub., 
Boston,  12mo,  1823. 

Dias  (dee'-az),  Gonqalvez, Brazilian  poet, 
b.  Cachias,  province  of  Maranha,  10  Aug.  1823. 
Studied  at  U.  of  Coimbra.  Author  of  "  Prim- 
eiros  Can/os,"  Rio,  1846  ;  "  Secjundos  Cantos," 
1848  ;  "  Leonor  de  Mendon^a,"  1847,  and  other 
poems. 

Diaz  del  Castillo,  Bernal,  a  Spanish 
adventurerandchronicler,b.  Medina  del  Campo, 
ab.  1500.  He  went  to  seek  his  fortune  in  the 
New  World  in  1514,  and  joined  theexpeds.  of 
Cordova  in  1517,  and  Grijalva  in  1518.  He 
next  attached  himself  to  Cortes,  whom  he 
served  faithfully  and  valiantly.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  119  battles  and  rencounters,  and  was 
several  times  wounded.  In  1568,  he  was 
rer/ider  of  the  city  of  Guatemala.  In  1558,  he 
finished  his  "  Historia  verdcxderade  la  Conqiiesta 
de  la  Nueva  Espana,"  designed  to  correct  the 
misstatements  of  Gomara's  "  Chronicle  of  New 
Spain,"  and  to  claim  for  himself  and  comrades 
a  share  of  the  glory  which  Gomara  gave  almost 
wholly  to  Cortes.  It  was  first  pub.  at  Madrid 
in  1632.    An  English  translation,  by  Lockhart, 


r>io 


270 


JXLO 


appeared  in  1844.  Wilson's  "New  History  of 
the  Conquest  of  Mexico  "  impugns  the  authen- 
ticity of  Diaz's  narrative,  which  he  calls  a  col- 
lection of  fables.  He  was  a  rough,  unlettered 
soldier;  but  he  describes  accurately  many  in- 
teresting transactions,  and  supplies  much  im- 
portant information  relative  to  the  history  of 
the  New  World. 

Dick,  James  T.,  artist,  b.N.Y.  City,  1834  ; 
d.  Brooklyn,  L.I.,  19  Jan.  1868.  Son  of  A.L. 
Dick,  whose  engraving  of  "  The  Last  Supper  " 
gained  him  much  repute.  At  the  age  of  14,  he 
gained  most  of  the  prizes  awarded  by  the  Man- 
chester Academy  of  Design.  One  of  the 
originators  of  the  Brooklyn  Art  School,  and  a 
founder  of  the  Acad,  of  Design.  Among  his 
best  pieces  are  "Cooling  Off,"  "  Leap  Frog," 
and  "  At  Mischief." 

Dick,  Dr.  Samuel,  member  of  the  Old 
Congress,  from  N.J.,  1783-4;  d.  N.J.,  Nov. 
1812. 

Dickens,  Asbury,  sec.  U.S.  senate,  1836- 
61  ;  1).  N.C.,  1773  ;  d.  Oct.  23,  1861.  Early  in 
life,  he  removed  to  Phila. ;  afterward  spent 
some  years  in  Europe ;  filled  a  post  in  the 
treasury  dept.  under  Sec.  Crawford,  and  was 
chief  clerk  of  the  State  dept.  under  Van 
Buren. 

Dickerson,  Mahlon,  statesman,  b.  Han- 
over, N.J. ,  17  Apr.  1770;  d.  Suckasunny  5  Oct. 
18.53.  N.J.  Coll.  1789.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1793,  he  pract.  with  reputation  in  Phila.  ;  was 
quarterm.-iren.  of  Pa.  in  180.5-8;  recorder  of 
Phila.,  1808-10.  Returning  to  N.J.  in  1814,  he 
was  a  member  of  the  legisl. ;  judge  of  the  Sup. 
Court,  gov.  and  chancellor,  1815-17;  U.  S. 
senator,  1818-34;  sec.  U.  S.  N.,  1834-8,  and 
was  subsequently,  for  a  few  months,  a  judge  of 
the  dist.  court  of  N.J.  Pres.  Amer.  Institute, 
1846-8.  Though  a  State's-rights  Democ,  he 
advocated  a  protective  tariff,  and  was  largely 
concerned  in  the  mining  and  manuf.  of  iron  in 
Morris  Co.  —  ^ee  Nat.  Port.  Gall.,  vol.  iii. 

Dickerson,  Philemon,  bro.  of  Mahlon ; 
M.C,  1833-5  and  1839-41;  gov.  of  N.J., 
1836  ;  subsequently  U.S.  dist.  judge  of  N.J. ; 
b.  Morris  Co.,  N.J.,  1788;  d.  Patterson,  10 
Dec.  1862. 

Dickinson,  Anna  Elizabeth,  orator 
and  reformer,  b.  Phila.,  Oct.  28,  1842.  Her 
father  died  when  she  was  2  years  old  ;  and  she 
was  educated  in  the  Friends'  free  schools. 
She  read  with  avidity,  devoting  all  her  earn- 
ings to  the  purchase  of  books,  and  attending 
the  lectures  of  disting.  orators.  Her  early  days 
were  a  continuous  struggle  with  poverty ;  but 
her  indomitable  courage,  and  willingness  to 
do  any  thing  for  an  honest  living,  carried  her 
through.  Her  first  public  speech  was  at  a  meet- 
ing of  Progressive  Friends  in  Jan.  1860,  to 
discuss  "  woman's  rights  and  wrongs  ;  "  and 
she  at  once  became  famous.  Her  first  prepared 
speech  on  "  Woman's  Work"  was  delivered  at 
Mullica  Hil!,  N.J.,  in  April,  1860.  She  next 
taught  a  school  in  Bucks  Co.,  at  a  salary  of  $25 
a  month.  From  Apr.  to  Dec.  1861,  she  had  a 
place  in  the  U.S.  Mint  at  Phila.,  from  which 
she  was  dismissed  for  denouncing  McClellan 
in  a  speech  in  West  Chester.  She  first  spoke 
in  Boston  at  the  Music  Hall,  in  the  spring  of 
1862,  on  the  "  National  Crisis,"  and  with  great 


effect.  In  the  following  winter,  she  delivered 
her  effective  speech  on  "  Hospital  Life,"  at 
Concord,  N.H.,  and  was  engaged  by  the  Repub, 
committee  to  make  campaign  speeches  through 
the  State,  Her  eloquence  secured  the  victory 
in  the  ensuing  election  ;  and  she  was  honored 
by  the  press  and  people.  A  similar  result  fol- 
lowed her  efforts  in  Ct.,  N.Y.,  and  Pa.  Jan.  16, 
1864,  at  the  request  of  the  leading  senators  and 
representatives,  she  spoke  in  the  H.  of  Repre- 
sentatives at  Washington,  and  gave  the  pro- 
ceeds, $1,030,  to  the  Freedmen's  Relief  Society. 
This  address  was  repeated  in  N.Y.  and  Boston, 
eliciting  high  praise.  Her  reputation  was  now 
thoroughly  established  ;  and  that  winter  she 
addressed  lyceums  nearly  every  night  at  100 
dollars  per  night.  One  of  her  most  powerful 
and  impressive  appeals  was  made  in  the  con- 
vention of  Southern  Loyalists  at  Phila.  in  Sept. 
1866.  Duringthewar,  in campand  hospital, she 
spoke  words  of  tenderness  to  the  sick  and  dying, 
uttered  the  highest  thought  in  Amer.  politics 
in  the  crisis  of  our  history,  pointed  out  the 
cause  and  remedy  of  the  war,  and  unveiled 
treason  in  the  army  and  the  White  House,  re- 
buking without  hesitation  the  iniquity  and  in- 
capacity of  those  in  high  places.  Since  the 
war,  she  has  spoken  much  upon  woman's  work 
and  suffrage.  She  pub.  "  What  Answer?  " 
1868.  —  Eminent  Women  of  the  Age. 

Dickinson,  Daniel  Stevens,  LL.D. 
(Ham.  Coll.  1858),  jurist  and  statesman,  b. 
Goshen,  Ct.,  Sept.  11,  1800;  d.  April  12,1866. 
He  went  to  Chenango  Co.,  N.Y.,  in  1806,  edu- 
cated himself;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1827, 
and  in  1831  settled  at  Binghnmton,  N.Y.  ; 
State  senator  in  1837-40  ;  ex-officio  judge  of 
the  Court  of  Errors,  1836-41,  and  lieut.-gov. ; 
pres.  of  the  senate  and  of  said  court  from  1842 
to  1844;  U.S.  senator,  1844-51.  He  ranked 
high  as  a  debater,  and  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  discussion  on  the  annexation  of  Texas, 
Mexican  war,  and  the  compromise  of  1850.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  senate  committee  on 
finance.  His  course  on  the  slavery  question 
placed  him  at  the  head  of  the  conservative  or 
"  hunker "  Democrats,  one  of  whose  candi- 
dates for  the  presidency  he  was  in  1852.  On 
the  breaking-out  of  the  Rebellion,  he  devoted 
his  energies  to  sustaining  the  govt.,  addressing 
public  assemblages,  advising  all  to  ignore  party, 
and  by  word  and  deed  to  defend  the  laws  and 
the  country.  At  the  time,  of  his  decease,  he 
was  U.S.  dist.  atty.  for  N.Y.  He  had  a  high 
reputation  as  a  nisiprius  lawyer,  was  apt  at  rep- 
artee, and  had  a  strong  vein  of  humor.  His 
"Life  and  Works  "were  pub  in  1867,  in  2 
vols.,  by  his  bro.  J.  R.  Dickinson. 

Dickinson,  John,  LL.D.,  (N.J.  Coll. 
1769),  statesman,  b.  Md.,  Nov.  13,  1732;  d. 
Wilmington,  Del.,  Feb.  14,  1808.  Son  of 
Judge  Samuel.  He  studied  law  in  Phila.,  and 
then  at  the  Temple,  Lond.,  and,  after  his  return, 
practised  with  success  at  the  Phila.  bar. 
Elected  to  the  Pa.  assembly  in  1764,  he  evinced 
unusual  capacities  for  a  legislator,  and  was, 
on  all  occasions,  a  ready  and  energetic  dtbater. 
At  the  same  time,  he  became  known  by  his 
publications  upon  the  attempts  of  Britain  to 
infringe  the  liberties  of  the  Colonies.  His 
"  Address  to  the  Committee  of  Corresp.  in 


3DIO 


271 


DIK 


Barbatloes,"  who  had  censured  the  opposition 
of  the  northern  Colonies  to  the  Stamp  Act, 
pub.  at  Fhila.,  1766,  is  an  eloquent  and  digni- 
fied defence  of  the  Colonies.  A  deputy  to  the 
first  Colonial  Congress  in  1765,  its  I'esolutions 
were  drawn  up  by  him.  In  1767,  he  pub.  his 
"  Farmer's  Letters  to  the  Inhabitants  of  the 
British  Colonies,"  repub.  in  London,  with  a 
preface  by  Dr.  Fi'anklin,  and  subsequently  in 
French,  in  Paris.  In  1774,  he  published  his 
"Essaj  on  the  Constitutional  Power  of  Great 
Britain  over  the  Colonies  in  America."  He 
was  a  member  of  the  first  Cont.  Congress  in 
1774,  and  wrote  those  important  State  papers, 
"  The  Address  to  the  Inhabitants  of  Quebec," 
"  The  Declaration  to  the  Armies,"  the  two 
petitions  to  the  king,  and  "  The  Address  to 
the  States."  He  opposed  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  as  premature,  and  was  one  of 
the  few  members  of  Congress  who  did  not  sign 
that  instrument.  This  course  made  him  un- 
popular at  home,  and  for  several  years  he  was 
absent  from  the  public  councils.  In  Oct.  1777, 
he  was  made  brig.-gen.  of  Pa.  militia.  In  Apr. 
1779,  he  returned  to  Congress  from  Del.,  and 
wi-ote  "The  Address  to  the  States  "  of  May  26. 
He  was,  in  1781-.'),  pres  of  the  States  of  Del. 
and  Pa.  successively,  and  a  member  of  the 
convention  for  framing  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion. In  1 788,  appeared  his  "  Fabius  "  Letters, 
advocating  the  adoption  of  the  new  constitu- 
tion. Another  scries,  over  the  same  signature, 
on  the  relations  of  the  U.S.  with  France,  1797, 
was  his  last  work.  In  1 792,  he  was  a  member 
of  the  convention  which  formed  the  constitu- 
tion of  Del.  His  political  writings  were  pub. 
in  2  vols,  in  1801.  He  was  a  man  of  elegant 
learning  and  fine  conversational  powers.  Dick- 
inson Coll.,  which  he  founded,  and  liberally 
endowed,  perpetuates  his  name  and  important 
services  to  his  country. 

Dickinson,  Jonathan,  Presb.  clergyman, 
b.  Hatfield,  Ms.,  Apr.  22,  1688;  d.  Elizabeth- 
town,  N.  J.,  Oct.  7,  1747.  Y.C.  1706.  Grandson 
of  Nath'l,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Wethers- 
field,  Ct.  He  came  to  Elizabethtown  in  1708, 
and  29  Sept.  1709,  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
Presb.  church,  where  he  remained  till  his  death. 
The  adjoining  townships  of  Rahway,  Westfield, 
Union,  Springfield,  and  part  of  Chatham,  were 
included  in  his  parish,  in  which  he  was  also 
engaged  in  teaching,  and  in  the  practice  of 
medicine.  After  the  separation  of  the  N.J. 
churches  from  the  synod  of  Phila.,  in  1741,  a 
charter  for  the  College  of  N.J.  was  obtained, 
the  first  classes  were  opened  in  Elizabethtown  ; 
and  Dickinson  was  elected  pres.  Oct.  22,  1746. 
His  high  reputation  as  a  preacher  and  contro- 
versialist is  evinced  by  his  published  sermons 
and  theol.  treatises.  He  was  one  of  the  ablest 
champions  of  Calvinism  in  this  country.  He 
pub.  "True  Scripture  Doctrine,"  &c.,  in  five 
discourses,  1741;  a  3d  ed.  of  his  "Familiar 
Letters  upon  Important  Subjects  in  Religion," 
was  pub.,  Edinb.,  12mo,  1757,  and  acollect.  of 
many  of  his  writings  in  the  same  place,  8vo, 
1793.  —  Sprague. 

Dickinson,  Jonathan,  chief-justice  of 
Pa.;  d.  1722.  He  was  a  Quaker,  came  from 
Jamaica  with  his  family  in  1696,  and  was  ship- 
wrecked in  the  Gulf  of  Florida.     His  pub.  ac- 


count was  entitled,  "  God's  Protecting  Provi- 
dence Man's  Surest  Help  and  Defence." 

Dickinson,  Gen.  Philemon,  Revol.  offi- 
cer, b.  near  Dover,  Del.,  Apr.  5,  1739  ;  d.  near 
Trenton,  Feb.  4,  1809.  He  was  educated  in 
Phila.  under  Dr.  Allison,  and  cultivated  a 
small  farm  near  Trenton,  N.J.  Entering  the 
army  in  1775,  he  was  app.  to  com.  the  N.J. 
militia.  With  about  400  men,  he  attacked  and 
defeated  a  large  foraging  party,  Jan.  21,  1777. 
He  com.  the  militia  at  the  battle  of  Monmouth. 
Member  of  the  Old  Congress  from  Del.  in 
1782-3  ;  U.S.  senator,  1790-3;  member  of  the 
commission  app.  in  Dec.  1784  to  select  a  site 
for  the  national  capital. 

Dickson,  Samuel  Henry,  LL.D.  (N.Y. 
Coll.  1853),  physician,  b.  Charleston,  S.C., 
Sept.  1798.  Y.  Coll.  1814.  Of  Scottish  par- 
entage. His  father  came  to  Amer.  before  the 
Revol.,  and  fought  at  the  South  under  Gen. 
Lincoln.  He  was  in  Charleston  during  the 
siege,  and  long  afterward  ;  taught  there  the 
school  of  the  S.  C.  Society,  and  d.  1819.  The 
son  studied  medicine  at  Charleston,  and  prac- 
tised there  during  the  prevalence  of  the  yellow- 
fever  in  1817.  In  1818-19,  he  attended  the 
medical  lectures  of  the  U.  of  Pa.,  grad.  in 
1819,  and  at  once  began  practice.  In  1823,  he 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  physiology 
and  pathology,  before  the  medical  students  of 
the  city ;  the  class  consisting  of  about  30.  He 
was  instrumental  in  the  establishment  of  a 
med.  coll.  in  Charleston ;  and  on  its  organiza- 
tion in  1824,  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  insti- 
tutes and  practice  of  medicine.  He  withdrew 
in  1832,  but  on  its  re-organization  in  1833,  as 
the  med.  coll.  of  S.C.,  he  was  re-elected.  He 
was  prof,  of  the  practice  of  medicine  in  the  U. 
of  N.Y.  from  1847  to  1850,  when  he  resumed 
his  post  at  Charleston.  In  1858,  he  was  called 
to  the  chair  of  practice  of  medicine  in  the  JefF. 
Med.  Coll.,  Phila.,  which  he  long  filled.  He  has 
contrib.  many  papers  to  the  med.  journals  of 
the  U.S.,  and  to  the  periodicals,  and  is  the  au- 
thor of  "  Manual  of  Pathology  and  Practice  of 
Medicine,"  N.Y. ;  "Essays  on  Pathology  and 
Therapeutics,"  2  vols.,  8vo,  N.Y.,  1845;  es- 
says on  "  Life,  Sleep,  Pain,"  &c.,  Phila.,  1852  ; 
"Elements  of  Medicine,"  Phila.,  1855.  He 
has  also  delivered  many  speeches,  lectures,  and 
addresses.  He  pub.  a  pamphlet  on  slavery, 
originally  in  a  Boston  periodical,  in  which  he 
maintained  the  essential  inferiority  of  the  ne- 
gro, and  the  futility  of  the  projects  suggested 
for  changing  his  condition.  — Dw/ckinck. 

Diereville  (de-air'-vell),  French  traveller, 
b.  Pont  I'Eveque;  d.  1708.  He  embarked  at 
La  Rochelle.Aug.  20,  1699,  as  supercargo  of  a 
vessel  bound  to  Acadia,  and  landed  at  Port 
Royal,  Oct.  13,  where  he  remained  until  Oct. 
6,  1700,  and  reached  La  Rochelle  Nov.  9.  He 
brought  many  new  plants  from  Amer.,  among 
others  a  shrub  with  beautiful  yellow  flowers, 
which  Tournefort  has  named  Dierevilla,  and 
which  Linnaeus  has  classed  in  the  genus  Loui- 
cera,  and  which  De  Jussieu  has  re-established 
as  a  genus.  He  pub.  an  account  of  his  voyage, 
Paris,  1708.  — JVouv.  Biog.  Gen. 

Dieskau  (dees'-kow),  LuDWiQ  August, 
Baron,  a  French  gen.,  b.  Saxony,  1701  ;  d. 
Surenne,  near  Paris,  Sept.  8,  1767.     He  first 


DIL 


272 


r)ix 


served  as  a  lieut.-col.  of  cav.,  under  Marshal 
Saxe,  and,  after  serving  in  the  Nether- 
lands, became  in  174S  brij^.-gen.  of  inf ,  and 
com.  of  Brest.  Sent  to  Canada,  Feb.  20,  1755, 
with  the  rank  of  maj.-gen.  With  600  Indians, 
as  many  Canadians,  and  300  regnlars,  he  as- 
cended Lake  Champlain  to  attack  Fort  Ed- 
ward, which  was  defended  by  Gen.  Johnson. 
Defeating  a  detachment  sent  to  its  relief,  under 
Col.  Williams,  Sept.  8,  1755,  he  pursued  the 
fugitives,  lioping  to  enter  the  fort  with  them. 
The  Indians  halted  outside  the  intrenchments; 
the  attacking  force  was  routed  and  put  to  flight, 
and  Dieskau,  severely  wounded,  was  made 
prisoner.  Exchanged  in  1763,  he  returned  to 
France,  where  he  received  a  pension. 

Dillingham,  Paul,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Shutesbury,  Ms.,  Aug.  1800;  removed  with 
his  father  to  Waterbury,  Vt.,  in  1805;  was 
adm.  to  the  bar  of  Washington  Co.  in  1824; 
was  town-clerk  of  Waterbury  in  1829-44;  was 
18  years  justice  of  the  peace ;  State's  atty.  for 
Wash.  Co.,  1835-8;  member  Const.  Con  v.  in 
1836-7;  was  6  years  a  State  representative; 
State  senator,  1841-2;  M.  C.  1843-7;  gov.  of 
Vt.,  1865-7. 

Dillon  (de'  Ion'),  Arthur,  Comte  de,  a 
French  gen.  of  Iribh  descent,  b.  Braywick,  Ire- 
land, Sept.  3,  1750  ;  guillotined  at  Paris,  April 
14,  1794.  Son  of  Henry,  11th  Viscount  Dil- 
lon. Named  in  his  infancy  col.  of  the  regt. 
Dillon,  originally  raised  by  his  grandfather  for 
the  service  of  Louis  XIV.,  he  took  in  1777  an 
active  and  disting.  part  in  the  Amer.  war  ;  at 
its  head  at  the  taking  of  Granada,  St.  Eusta- 
tia,  Tobaijo,  and  St.  Christopher.  After  the 
unfortunate  attack  upon  Savannah,  in  which 
he  participated,  he  was  named  successively 
gov.  of  St.  Christopher,  brigadier,  March  1, 
1780,  and  marechal -de- camp,  Jan.  1,1784.  He 
served  with  distinction  at  Yorktown.  He  was 
3  years  gov.  of  Tobago ;  was  a  dep.  to  the 
States-gen.;  com.  the  army  of  the  North  in 
1792;  opposed  the  Prussians  with  success  in 
the  forest  of  Argonne  under  Dumouriez,  and 
compelled  them  to  evacuate  Verdun.  De- 
nounced by  his  political  enemies  on  the  most 
absurd  pretexts,  he  was  condemned,  and  suf- 
fered with  great  courage.  —  Nouv.  Diofj.  Gen. 

Dillon,  John  B,  author,  b.  Brooke  Co., 
Va.,  ab.  1807.  While  an  infant,  his  father 
moved  to  Belmont  Co.,  O.,  and  d.  when  John 
was  9  years  old.  He  then  returned  to  his  na- 
tive county,  became  a  printer,  and  at  17  went 
to  Cincinnati.  While  there,  he  contrib.  poeti- 
cal pieces  to  the  journals.  In  1834,  he  went  to 
Logansport,  Ind.,  where  he  practised  law;  in 
1842,  he  pub.  "Historical  Notes;"  in  1845, 
he  became  State  librarian ;  has  since  been 
identified  with  popular  education  in  Ind.,  and 
its  benevolent  institutions,  and  was  many 
years  sec.  of  the  State  Board  of  Agric.  ;  sec. 
of  the  Ind.  Hist.  Society.  In  1859,  he  pub.  "A 
History  of  Indiana."  —  Poets  and  Poetry  of 
the  West. 

Dimick,  Justin,  brev.brig.-gen. U.S.A.,  b. 
Ct.,  West  Point,  1819.  Entering  the  art.,  he  be- 
came capt.  Apr.  6,  1835;  brev.  major  "for 
gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  in  war  against 
Florida  Indians,"  May  8,  1836;  brev.  lieut.- 
col.   "  for  battles  of   Contreras  and   Churu- 


busco,"  Aug.  20,  1847;  com.  P.  F.  Smith's 
brigade  in  battle  of  Contreras ;  brev.  col.  "  for 
battle  of  Chapultepec,"  Sept.  3,  '47  ;  com.  his 
re'gt.  on  the  13th,  and  at  the  capture  of  the 
City  of  Mexico  ;  major  1st  Art.,  Apr.  1,  1850; 
lieut.-col.  2d  Art.,  Oct.  5,  1857;  col.  1st.  Art., 
Oct.  26,  1861;  retired  1  Aug.  1863;  brev. 
brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865;  gov.  Sol- 
dier's Home,  near  Washington,  D.C,  since 
14  Jan.  1864.     D.  Oct.  1871,  a.  77.— Gardiner, 

Dinsmoor,  Robert,  poet,  b.  Windham, 
N.H.,  Oct.  7,  1757;  d.  there  1836.  Of  a 
Scotch  Presbyterian  family,  who  came  from 
the  N.  of  Ireland.  His  father  was  a  soldier 
in  the  old  French  war ;  and  the  son  was  in 
the  battle  of  Saratoga.  With  scanty  educa- 
tion, he  became  a  farmer  at  Windham,  and 
was  a  zealous  Presb.  He  published  at  Ha- 
verhill, in  1828,  "  Incidental  Poems,"  together 
with  a  preface  and  sketch  of  the  author's  life, 
by  Robert  Dinsmoor  the  "  Rustic  Bard."  — 
Dui/c/cinck. 

Dinsmoor,  Samuel,  gov.  of  N. H.  in  1 83 1  - 
4,  b.  Londonderry,  N.  H.,  July  1,  1766  ;  d. 
Keene,  Mar.  15,  1835.  Dartm.  Coll.  1789. 
He  was  many  years  a  maj.-gen  of  militia ; 
M.  C.  1811-13;  State  counsellor,  1821,  and 
judge  of  probate. 

Dinsmoor,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (Dartm.  Coll. 
1851),  gov.  of  N.H.,  1849-53,  b.  Keene,  N.H., 
May  8,  1799  ;  d.  there  Feb.  24,  1869.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1814.  Son  of  Gov.  Samuel.  Adm.  to 
the  bar  in  1818,  and  settled  at  Keene;  after- 
ward spent  some  time  in  Ark. ;  was  clerk  of 
the  N.H.  senate  in  1826-31. 

Dinwiddie,  Robert,  gov.  of  Va.,  1752-7, 
b.  Scotland  ab.  1690;  d.  Clifton,  Eng.,  1  Aug. 
1770.  A  member  of  the  council  as  early 
as  1742.  He  detected  and  exposed,  while  clerk 
to  a  collector  of  customs  in  the  W.  Indies, 
an  enormous  fraud  practised  by  his  prin- 
cipal, for  which  he  was  rewarded  with  the  post 
of  surveyor  of  the  customs  of  the  Colonies,  and 
afterward  Avith  the  govt,  of  Va.  Under  his  ad- 
ministration, the  attempt  was  made  to  expel  the 
French  from  the  Ohio  and  Fort  DuQuesne,  in 
which  Washington  first  disting.  himself,  and 
Braddock  fell.  He  proved  himself  a  zealous 
and  active  oflScer ;  discerned  the  capacity  of 
Washington,  whom  he  app.  adj.-gen.  of  a  mili- 
tary district,  and  sent  as  a  commissioner  to  the 
French  com.  on  the  Ohio.  In  17.54,  he  sug- 
gested to  the  British  Board  of  Trade  taxation 
of  the  Colonics  for  funds  to  carry  on  the  war  ; 
and  in  1755  was  one  of  the  5  colonial  govs, 
who  memorialized  the  ministry  to  the  same  ef- 
fect. He  left  the  Colony  in  Jan.  1758,  "  worn 
out  with  vexation  and  age,"  and  charged  by 
his  enemies  with  converting  to  his  own  use 
£20,000  transmitted  through  his  hands  as  a 
compensation  to  the  Virginians  for  the  money 
they  had  expended  beyond  their  proportion  in 
the  public  service. 

Dix,  Dorothea  Ltnde,  philanthropist, 
b.  Worcester,  Ms.  Her  father  Joseph  was  a 
merchant  in  Boston,  and,  after  his  death  in 
1821,  she  supported  herself  by  teaching  a  select 
school  for  young  girls  in  Boston.  Hearing  of  the 
neglected  condition  of  the  convicts  at  Charles- 
town  State  Prison,  she  visited  them,and  became 
deeply  interested  in  the  welfare  of  the  unfortu- 


r>ix 


273 


r)ix 


rate  and  suffering  classes,  for  whose  elevation 
she  labored  until  1834 ;  when,  her  health  becom- 
ing impaired,  she  gave  up  her  school,  and  visited 
Europe,  having  inherited  from  a  relative  suffi- 
cient property  to  render  her  independent.  She 
returned  to  Boston  in  1837,  and  devoted  her- 
self to  investigating  the  condition  of  paupers, 
lunatics,  and  prisoners,  encouraged  by  her 
friend  and  pastor.  Rev.  Dr.  Channing,  of  whose 
children  she  had  been  governess.  In  this  work, 
she  has  visited  every  State  of  the  Union  east 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  endeavoring  to  per- 
suade legislatures  and  influential  individuals  to 
take  measures  for  the  relief  of  the  poor  and 
wretched,  and  greatly  influencing  the  founda- 
tion of  State  lunatic  asylums.  In  April,  1854, 
in  consequence  of  her  unwearied  exertions,  a 
bill  passed  both  houses  of  Congress,  appropri- 
ating 10,000,000  acres  to  the  several  States  for 
the  relief  of  the  indigent  insane  ;  but  the  bill 
was  vetoed  by  Pres.  Pierce,  chiefly  on  the 
ground  that  the  Genl.  Govt,  had  no  constitu- 
tional power  to  make  such  appropriations. 
Miss  Dix  has  pub.  anonymously  "  The  Garland 
of  Flora,"  1829  ;  and  books  for  children.  She 
has  also  pub.  "Prisons  and  Prison  Discipline," 
8vo,  Boston,  1845;  a  variety  of  tracts  for 
prisoners,  and  has  written  many  memorials  to 
legislative  bodies,  on  the  subject  of  lunatic 
asylums.  During  the  Rebellion,  Miss  Dix  ren- 
dered service  in  the  hospitals  near  Washington. 
—  Appleton. 

Dix,  John  Adams,  LL.D.  (Gen.  Coll. 
1845),soldier,lawyer,and  senator,  b.  Boscawen, 
N.  H.,  24  July,  1798.  Brown  U.  1830.  Son 
of  Lieut.-Col.  Timo.  Dix.  He  studied  at  the 
academies  at  Salisbury  and  Exeter,  N.H.,  and 
in  a  French  coll.  at  Montreal;  entered  the 
army  as  ensign  in  1812 ;  was  adj.  of  a  vol.  batt. 
in  1813;  was  aide  to  Gen.  Brown  in  1819  ;  capt. 
of  art.  in  1825,  and  resigned  in  1828.  After 
visiting  Europe  for  his  health,  he  settled  as  a 
lawyer  in  Cooperstown,  N.Y. ;  was  sec.  of 
State  in  1833,  supt.  of  schools,  member  of  the 
council,  and  a  canal  commissioner ;  became  a 
member  of  the  assembly  in  1842,  and  was  a 
U.  S.  senator  in  1845-9.  In  that  body,  he 
bore  a  part  in  the  discussions  on  the  annexa- 
tion of  Texas,  the  Mexican  war,  the  Oregon 
dispute,  and  the  question  of  slavery  in  the  Ter- 
ritories, upon  which  he  expressed  the  views  of 
the  Freesoil  Democrats,  whose  candidate  for 
gov.  he  was  in  1848.  He  advocated  in  two 
speeches  a  bill  for  reciprocal  freedom  of  trade 
with  the  British  Provinces, —  a  measure  which 
prevailed  6  years  later.  Postmaster  of  N.Y. 
City  in  1860;  sec.  U.S.  treasury  in  Jan.  -Mar. 
1861  ;  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  vols.  16  May,  1861  ; 
com.  at  Baltimore,  and  subsequently  at  Fort- 
ress Monroe  and  on  the  peninsula;  16  Sept. 
1862,  he  received  com.  of  the  7th  army  corps ; 
pres.  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  Co. ;  app.  by 
Pres.  Johnson  minister  to  the  Netherlands,  but 
declined  ;  app.  naval  officer  of  N.Y.,  and  was 
U.  S.  minister  to  France  in  1867-9.  Author 
of  "  Resources  of  the  City  of  N.  Y.,"  1827  ;  "  A 
Winter  in  Madeira,"  1851;  "A  Summer  in 
Spain  and  Florence,"  1855  ;  and  "  Speeches," 
2  vols.,  8vo. 

Dixon,  Archibald,  lawver,  b.  Caswell 
Co.,  N.  C,  2  Apr.    1802.      Mis  grandfather, 


Col.  Henry,  received  a  wound  at  the  battle  of 
Eutaw,  which  caused  his  death ;  and  Warren, 
his  father,  served  gallantly  through  the  war 
In  1805,  he  removed  to  Henderson  Co.,  Ky., 
where  he  received  a  common  school  education  ; 
studied  law;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1824,  and 
soon  attained  high  rank  as  a  criminal  lawyer ; 
member  of  the  legisl.  in  1830  and  1841,  of  the 
State  senate  in  1836;  lieut.-gov.  in  1843-7,  and 
pres.  of  the  senate ;  member  Const.  Conv.  in 
1841,  and  U.  S.  senator,  1852-5. 

Dixon,  Capt.  GEOROE.authorof"  A  Voy- 
age around  the  World  in  1785-8,"  4to,  London, 
1789;  d.  ab.  1800.  He  discovered  a  number 
of  small  islands  near  the  N.W.  coast  of  Amer. 

Dixon,  James,  U.S.  senator,  1857-69,  b. 
Enfield,  Ct.,  5  Aug.  1814.  Wms.  Coll.  1834. 
Son  of  Judge  Wm.,  in  whose  office  he  read 
laAv.  Adm.  to  the  bar;  member  State  legisl.  in 
1837-8,  '44;  State  senator,  1849-54;  M.C. 
1845-9.  Resident  of  Hartford.  Contrib.  of 
poems  to  the  N.  E.  Magazine  and  the  Ct.  Cou- 
rant.  His  wife,  the  dau.  of  Rev.  Jona.  Cogs- 
well, d.  June,  1871.  —  See  Everest's  Poets  of  Ct.; 
Lanman. 

Dixon,  Joseph,  inventor,  d.  Jersey  City, 
N.  J.,  June  14,  1869,  a.  71.  Before  he  was  21, 
he  made  a  machine  to  cut  files,  afterward 
learned  the  printer's  trade,  that  of  wood-en- 
graving, then  lithography,  and  became  a  thor- 
ough chemist,  optician,  and  photographer.  He 
was  probably  the  first  person  to  take  a  portrait 
by  the  camera.  He  first  used  the  reflector  so 
that  the  subjects  should  not  appear  reversed. 
He  built  the  first  locomotive  with  wooden 
wheels,  but  with  the  same  double  crank  now 
used.  He  originated  the  process  of  photo- 
lithography. To  guard  against  abuses  of  this 
process,  he  invented  the  system  of  printing  in 
colors  on  bank-notes,  and  patented  it,  but  nev- 
er received  any  benefit ;  all  the  banks  having 
used  it  without  pay.  He  perfected  the  system 
of  making  collodion  for  the  photographers,  and 
aided  Mr.  Harrison  in  the  mode  of  grinding 
lenses  for  common  tubes.  He  is  the  father  of 
the  steel-melting  business  in  this  country;  is 
widely  known  as  the  origijiatorof  the  plumba- 
go crucible,  as  now  made;  and  his  establish- 
ment in  Jersey  City  is  the  largest  of  the  kind 
in  the  world. 

Dixwell,  Col.  John,  regicide  ;  d.  New 
Haven,  Mar.  18,  1689,  a.  81.  Upon  the  west 
side  of  the  monument  placed  over  his  remains 
in  1849,  by  a  descendant,  is  the  following  in- 
scription :  "  Here  rests  the  remains  of  John 
Dixwell,  Esq.,  of  the  Priory  of  Folkestone, 
in  the  County  of  Kent,  Eng.,  of  a  family  long 

Erominent  in  Kent  and  Warwickshire,  and 
imself  possessing  large  estates  and  much  in- 
fluence in  his  country.  He  espoused  the  popular 
cause  in  the  revol.  of  1640.  Between  1640 
and  1660,  he  was  col.  in  the  army,  an  active 
member  of  four  parliaments,  thrice  in  the 
council  of  State,  and  one  of  the  high  court 
which  tried  and  condemned  King  Charles  the 
First.  At  the  restoration  of  the  monarchy,  he 
was  compelled  to  leave  his  country,  and,  after 
a  brief  residence  in  Germany,  came  to  New 
Haven,  and  here  lived  in  seclusion,  but  enjoy- 
ing the  esteem  and  friendship  of  the  most 
worthy  citizens  till  his  death."    He  resided  in 


DOA. 


274 


IX)2D 


New  Haven  under  the  name  of  John  Davids. 
—  See  Sti/es's  Judges. 

Doane,  Augustus  Sidney,  M.D.,  physi- 
cian, b.  Boston,  Apr.  2,  1808  ;  d.  of  ship-fever, 
Staten  Island,  Jan.  27,  1852.  H.U.  1825.  He 
studied  in  Paris  2  years ;  returned  to  Boston, 
intendinj^  to  commence  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine, but  in  1830  removed  to  N.Y.,  where  he 
soon  became  a  successful  practitioner.  In  1839, 
he  was  app.  prof,  of  physiology  in  the  U.  of 
N.Y.,  which  he  soon  resigned ;  was  app.  chief 
physician  o(  the  marine  hospital,  in  which  he 
was  superseded  in  1843;  practised  his  profession 
until  1850,  when  he  was  a  second  time  app. 
health-officer.  He  edited  "Good's  Study  of 
Medicine;"  translated  "  Maygrier  on  Midwif- 
ery," "Dupuytren's  Surgery,"  "Lugol's  Scrof- 
ulous Diseases,"  "Baylis's  Descrip.  Anatomy," 
*'  Blandin's  Topog.  Anatomy,"  "Ricord  on  Sy- 
philis," &c.  Contrib.  to  "  Surgery  Illustrat- 
ed," and  to  sundry  medical  journals.  —  See 
Biog.  Notice  in  the  Intemat.  Mag.  v.  427. 

Doane,  George  Wash.,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
Pr.-Ep.  bishop  of  N.  J.,  b.  Trenton,  N.  J., 
May  27,  1799  ;  d.  Burlington,  N.  J.,  Apr.  27, 
1859.  Un.  Coll.  1818.  Adm.  to  holy  orders 
in  1821 ;  he  officiated  3  years  in  Trinity  Church, 
N.Y. ;  in  1824,  was  first  prof  of  rhetoric  and 
belles-lettres  in  Wash.  Coll.,  Hartford  ;  in  1828 
became  assist,  minister,  and  then  rector,  of  Trin- 
ity Church,  Boston,  where  he  continued  to  of- 
ficiate until  Oct.  31,  1832,  when  he  was  conse- 
crated bishop ;  removed  to  Burlington,  and 
became  rector  of  St.  Mary's  Church  in  that 
city.  In  pursuance  of  a  system  of  Christian 
education  for  females,  in  1837  he  established 
St.  Mary's  Hall,  a  boarding-school  for  girls. 
In  1846,  he  founded  Burl.  Coll.,  under  a  char- 
ter from  the  Statp  legi.sl.  Bishop  Doane's 
theol.  controversies  were  frequent.  He  visit- 
ed Eng.  in  1841  ;  and  in  1842  a  vol.  of  his  ser- 
mons was  pub.  at  London.  In  1824,  he  pub. 
early  poems',  entitled  "  Songs  by  the  Way, 
chiefly  Devotional,  with  Translations  and  Imi- 
tations." His  Life  has  been  written  by  his  son 
W.  C.  Doane,  Avho  has  also  edited  his  "  Poeti- 
cal Works,  Sermons,  and  Miscellaneous  Writ- 
ings," 4  vols.,  1860.  —  Dui/c/cinck. 

Dobbin,  James  Cochrane,  lawyer,  sec. 
U.S.N.,  1853-7,  b.Favetteville,  N.C.,  1814;  d. 
there  4  Aug.  1857.  U.  of  N.C.  1832.  A  suc- 
cessful practitioner  at  the  Favetteville  bar ; 
M.  C.  1845-7  ;  member  of  the  legisl.  1848,'50, 
'52,  and  speaker  in  1850,  and  instrumental  in 
the  Bait.  Con  v.  of  1852  in  securing  for  Mr. 
Pierce  the  Democ.  nomination  for  the  presiden- 
cy- 

Dobbs,  Arthur,  gov.  of  N.C.,  Nov.  1, 
1754-1765,  b.  Ireland,  1684;  d.  Town  Creek, 
N.C,  March  28,  1765.  He  was  a  man  of  let- 
ters ;  of  liberal  views ;  had  been  a  member  of 
the  Irish  parliament,  and  disting.  for  his  at- 
tempts to  discover  the  north-west  passage.  He 
adopted  conciliatory  measures  toward  the  In- 
dian tribes;  but  his  adm.  was  a  continued  con- 
test with  the  legisl.  on  unimportant  matters, 
displaying,  on  his  part,  an  ardent  zeal  for 
royal  prerogative,  and  an  indomitable  resist- 
ance on  the  part  of  the  Colonists,  Author  of 
"  An  Account  of  the  Countries  adjoining  to 
Hudson's  Bay,"  4to,  Lond.,  1 748 ;  "  Trade  and 


Improvement  of  Ireland,"  8vo,  Dublin,  1729,         , 

and  "  Capt.  Middletoa's  Defence,"  8vo,  1744. 

—  Wheeler's  N.  C.  , 

Dobson,  Thomas,  author  and  bookseller  ;         j 
d.  Phila,,  March  8,1823,     Author  of  "Letters 
on  the  Character  of  the  Deity  and  the  Moral         I 
State  of  Man,"  2  vols  ,  12mo,  1807,  ] 

Dod,  Albert  Bald^vin,  D.D,  (U.  of  N,C.        ■ 
1844),  scholar   and  divine,  b,  Mcndham,  N.J,,        ] 
March  24,  1805  ;  d,  Princeton,  Nov.  20,  1845.         i 
N.J.  Coll.  1822.     Son  of  Daniel,  mechanician. 
He   passed  4  years  teaching  in  Va,,  entered 
the  Princeton   Sem.  in   1827,  and  was  at   the        : 
same  time   tutor  in   N.  J.  Coll,     Licensed    to 
preach  in    1828  by  the  N.Y.  presbytery.     In         '< 
1830,    he  was   elected    prof,   of    mathematics 
in   the  coll.,  and,   for  a   few  years   previous 
to    his    death,    he    lectured    on    architecture 
and   political    economy,   in    addition    to    the        i 
instruction  of  his  proper  dept.     His   articles 
in  the  Biblical  Repertori/,  particularly  that  on         j 
capital  punishment,  in  April,  1842,  on  phre-        1 
nology  in  April,  1838,  attest  his  ability  in  han-        j 
dling  practical  subjects.     The  former  article  Was 
adopted  by  the  committee  of  the  N.Y.  legisl.        ! 
as  their  report,  and  repub.  as  a  public  docu-        j 
ment.     He  declined  the  chaplaincy  and  profes-        j 
sorship    of  moral  philosophy   at  West  Point 
Acad.     Some  of  Dr.    Dod's   admirable    pro-        | 
ductions  have  been  collected  in  a  volume  en-        j 
titled  "  Princeton  Essays."  — Sprague.  - 

Dodd,  James  B.,  mathematician,  b.  Va., 
1807.  Chosen  prof  of  mathem.,  nat.  philos., 
and  astronomy  in  the  Centen.  Coll.,  Miss., 
1841,  in  Transylv.  U.  1846;  pres.  pro  tern. 
1849-55.  Author  of  arithmetics,  algebras,  and 
elements  of  geometry  and  mensuration.  Con-  ! 
trib.  to  Qaarterly  Rev.  of  the  M.  E.  Church  \ 
South.  —  Allibone.  ! 

Dodd,  Mart  Ann  Hanmer,  poet,  b.  Hart-  j 
ford,  Ct.,  Mar.  5,  1813.  Has  contrib.  many  i 
poetical  pieces  of  great  merit  to  "  The  Hermene-  j 
thena,"  the  "Ladies'  Repository,"  and  "The  j 
Rose  of  Sharon."  A  vol.  of  her  poems  was 
pub.  Hartford,  1843.  —  AUil)one. 

Doddrige,  Rev.  Joseph,  Pr.-Ep.  clergy- 
man, and  pioneer  of  Western,  Va.,  b.  Pa,, 
1769  ;  d.  Wellsburg,  Va,,  Nov.  1826.  Bro.  of 
Philip,  Educated  at  Jeff,  Acad.,  Canons- 
burg,  Pa.  Ord.  by  Bishop  White  in  1792. 
Author  of  "  Notes  on  the  Settlement  and  In- 
dian Wars  of  the  West.  Country  in  1763-83," 
12mo,  1824  ;  and  Logan  a  dramat.  piece,  1823. 

Doddrige,  Philip,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Brooke  Co.,  Va.,  1772  ;  d,  Washington,  Nov. 
19,  1832,  In  his  youth,  he  worked  on  a  farm 
on  the  Ohio  River,  but  was  sent  to  school  at 
16.  After  a  voyage  down  the  Mpi.  on  a  flat- 
boat,  he  studied  law,  and  soon  gained  a  brilliant 
local  reputation.  Delegate  from  Brooke  Co. 
to  the  Va.  legisl.  in  1815,  and  was  a  member 
for  some  years.  In  the  Const.  Conv.  of  1829- 
30,  he  was  the  acknowledged  leader  of  the 
party  in  favor  of  the  white  basis  of  represen- 
tation. His  success  in  parliamentary  conflicts 
was  due  solely  to  close  reasoning,  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  subject,  great  energy  of 
manner,  and  a  wonderful  command  of  lan- 
guage. M,C.  1829-32,  and  was  then  engaged 
in  codifying  the  laws  for  the  Dist.  of  Columbia. 

Dodge,  Grenvillb  M.,  mqj.-gen.  vols.,  b. 


DOID 


275 


T>ON 


Danvers,  Ms.,  Apr.  12,  1831.  Educated  at 
Capt.  Partridfje's  military  acad.  in  Norwich, 
Vt.  lie  in  1851  removed  to  111.,  where,  until 
18.54,  he  was  employed  in  railroad  surveys. 
Ho  was  afterward  similarly  engaged  in  Iowa, 
prosecuting  his  surveys  west  of  the  Missouri  as 
far  as  the  Rocky  Mountains.  In  1861,  he  was 
sent  by  the  gov.  of  Iowa  to  Washington  to 
procure  arms  and  equipments  for  the  State 
troops.  June  17,  he  was  made  col.  4th  la. 
vols.     He  served  in  Mo.  in  1861,  and  in  Feb. 

1862,  withGen.  Curtis  in  Ark.  At  Pea  Ridge, 
he  com.  a  brigade  on  the  extreme  right,  and, 
though  severely  wounded  in  the  side,  kept  the 
field  until  the  final  rout  of  the  enemy.  For 
his  gallantry  here,  he  was  made  brig.-gcn.  from 
Mar.  31.  In  June,  he  took  com.  of  the  dist. 
of  the  Mpi.,  and  superintended  the  reconstruc- 
tion of  the  Mpi.  and    0.  Railroad.     Early  in 

1863,  he  made  a  raid  into  Northern  Ala.  His 
gallantry  at  Sugar  Valley,  May  9,  and  Resaca, 
May  14  and  15,  1864,  secured  for  him  the  rank 
of  maj.-gen.  June  7,  1864.  Wounded  at  At- 
lanta. He  subsequently  com.  the  16th  corps 
in  Sherman's  Georgia  campaign.  He  succeeded 
Rosecrans  in  com.  of  the  dept.  of  the  Mo.  in 
Dec.  1864.     M.C.  from  la.  1867-9. 

Dodge,  Gen.  Henrt,  b.  Vincennes,  Ind., 
Oct.  12,  1782;  d.  Burlington,  la.,  June  19, 
1867.  Son  of  Israel,  Revol.  officer  of  Canter- 
bury, Ct.  He  com.  a  company  of  vols,  in  1812; 
was  maj  of  Mo.  militia  in  1813  ;  waslieut.-col. 
com.  Mo.  mounted  inf.  from  Aug.  to  Oct.  1814; 
col.  of  Mich,  mounted  vols.  Apr.  to  July,  1832  ; 
com.  in  attack  on  Indians  at  Pickatolika,  June 
15,  1832;  successful  in  making  peace  with  the 
frontier  Indians  in  1834,  and  in  1835  com.  an 
important  expcd.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Maj.  U.S.  Rangers,  June  21,  1832;  col.  1st 
U.S.  Dragoons,  Mar.  4,  1833  ;  gov.  Wis.  Terr, 
and  supt.  Indian  affairs,  July  4,  1836  to  1841, 
and  1845-8;  deleg.  to  Congress,  1841-5;  U.S. 
senator,  1849-57.  As  an  Indian  fighter,  he 
had  no  superior.  A  sword  and  the  thanks  of 
the  nation  were  voted  him  by  Congress.  Father 
of  Senator  Aug.  C.  Dodge. 

Dodge,  Mary  Abigail  (Gail  Hamilton), 
authoress,  b.  Hamilton,  Ms.,  ab.  1838.  Her 
•father  was  a  farmer.  She  taught  school  in 
Hartford,  Ct.,  and  was  afterwards  governess 
in  the  family  of  Dr.  Gamaliel  Bailey  of  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  to  whose  paper  she  was  a  contrib. 
She  has  been  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  Atlantic 
Monthlij,  and  to  Harper's  Bazar,  and  has  pub. 
"Country  Living  and  Country  Thinking," 
1862  ;  "  Gala  Days,"  1863  ;  "A  New  Atmos- 
phere," 1864  ;  "  Stumbling-Blocks,"  "  Summer 
Rest,"  "Skirmishes  and  Sketches,"  "Battle 
of  the  Books,"  1870;  "Red  Letter  Days," 
"  Wool  Gathering,"  . "  Woman's  Wrongs,  a 
Counter-irritant,"  1868. 

Dods,  John  Bovee,  b.  N.Y.,  1795.  Has 
pub.  "30  Sermons,"  8vo ;  "  Philos  of  Mes- 
merism," 1847 ;  "  Philos.  of  Electrical  Psychol- 
ogy;" "Immortality  Triumphant,"  "Spirit 
Manifestations  Examined  and  Explained," 
N.Y.,  18.54. 

Doles,  George  E.,  brig,-gen.  C.S.A. ; 
killed  near  Cold  Harbor,  Va.,  June  2,  1864, 
a.  34.  Entering  the  4th  Ga.  Inf.  as  capt.,  he 
was  soon  its  col.,  and  Nov.  1,  1862,  was  made 


a  brig.-gen.,  and  at  his  death  com.  a  div.  in 
Ewell's  corps. 

Dombey,  Joseph,  a  French  naturalist,  b. 
Meaux,  1742;  d.  Apr.  1793,  in  the  Prison  of 
Montserrat.  He  studied  medicine  at  Mont- 
pelier,  and  in  1778-85  travelled  in  S.  Amer. 
He  traversed  Peru,  Chili,  &c.,  discovered  mines 
of  gold  and  quicksilver,  and  had  many  romantic 
adventures.  In  1 793,  he  was  sent  on  a  mission 
to  the  U.S.,  but  was  taken  by  privateers,  and 
imprisoned  in  Montserrat.  He  pub.  a  herbal, 
including  60  new  species  of  plants  of  Chili  and 
Peru  ;  and  his  contribs.  to  the  Museum  of 
Natural  History  at  Paris  were  very  consider- 
able. —  Diotj.  Univ. 

Donaldson,  Edwards,  capt.  U.  S.  N., 
b.  Md.,  Nov.  7,  1816.  Midshipm.  July  31, 
1835;  lieut.  Oct.  23,  1847  ;  com.  July  16,  1862  ; 
capt.  July  25,  1866.  Attached  to  frigate 
"  Columbia,"  and  in  the  attacks  on  fortson  the 
coastof  Sumatra,  1839  ;  com. steamer"  Scioto," 
W.  Gulf,  squad.,  at  passage  of  Forts  Jackson 
and  St.  Philip,  and  Vicksburg  batteries;  com. 
steamer  '-Keystone  State,"  N.  A.  block,  squad., 
1863-4  ;  com.  steamer  "  Seminole,"  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Mobile  Bay,  Aug.  5,  1864.  —Flamersli/. 

Donelson,  Andrew  Jackson,  soldier 
and  diplomatist,  b.  Tenn.,  1799;  d.  Memphis, 
Tenn.,  26  June,  1871.  West  Point,  1820. 
Aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Jackson,  1820-1,  and 
his  private  sec.  from  Mar.  1829  to  Mar.  1837  ; 
charg^-d 'affaires  to  Texas,  1844-5;  envoy- 
extr.  and  minister-plenipo.  to  Prussia,  1846  to 
1848,  and  to  Germany,  1848-9.  Editor  of 
Washington  Union,  1851-2;  candidate  of  the 
Amer.  Party  for  vice-pres.,  1852  ;  cotton-planter 
in  Bolivar  Co.,  Mpi.,  in  1822-65;  lawyer  in 
Memphis,  1865-71. —  Cullum. 

Donkin,  Robert,  an  English  gen.,  b. 
Mar.  19,  1727;  d.  Clifton,  near  Bristol,  Mar. 
1821.  He  entered  the  service  in  1746  ;  was  at 
the  siege  of  BcUcisle  in  1761  ;  subsequently 
served  in  Flanders  with  Wolfe,  served  through 
the  Seven- Years'  war;  and  was  aide-de-camp 
and  sec.  to  Gen.  Rufane,  gov.  and  com-in-chief 
at  Martinique.  Capt.  Dec.  25,  1770;  maj. 
23  July,  1772;  lieut.  col.  Oct.  25,  1779;  col. 
Nov.  18,  1790;  maj.-gen.  Oct.  1794;  lieut.- 
gen.  1801  ;  gen.  1809.  Gen.  Donkin  served 
through  the  whole  Amer.  war,  from  1775  to 
1783  ;  in  the  early  part  of  it  as  aide-de-camp  to 
Gen.  Gage,  and  afterwards  as  maj.  of  the  44th 
rcgt.  Author  of  "Military  Collections  and 
Remarks,"  N.Y.,  8vo,  1777,  "pub.  for  the  ben- 
efit of  the  children  and  widows  of  the  valiant 
soldiers  inhumanly  and  wantonly  butchered 
when  peacefully  marching  to  and  from  Con- 
cord, April  19, 1775,  by  the  rebels."  —  Introduc- 
tion. 

Donning,  or  Doming,  William,  the  first 
manuf.  of  wrought-iron  cannon ;  d.  Mifflin, 
Pa.,  Dec.  19,  1830,  a.  94.  He  was  an  artificer 
in  the  Revol.  army,and  made  two  wrought-iron 
cannon  at  Middlesex,  Pa.,  one  of  which  was 
taken  by  the  British  at  the  battle  of  Brandy- 
wine,  and  is  now  in  the  Tower  of  London. 
He  commenced  another  and  larger  gun  at 
Mount  Holly,  but  getting  no  one  to  assist  him 
who  could  stand  the  heat,  —  which  is  said  to 
have  been  so  great  as  to  melt  the  lead  buttons 
on  his  clothes,  —  it  remains  unfinished,  either 


T>oisr 


276 


DOR 


at  Holly  Forge  or  the  Carlisle  barracks.  A 
large  reward,  offered  by  the  British  to  the  per- 
son who  would  instruct  them  in  this  manufac- 
ture, was  no  temptation  to  this  patriotic  black- 
smith. —  Essex  Rey.,  Jan.  13,  1831. 

Donop,  Count,  col.  of  a  Hessian  regt.  in 
the  British  service;  killed  at  Red  Bank,  N.J., 
Oct.  22,  1 777,  a.  37.  He  landed  at  Long  Island 
Aug.  22,  1776;  took  part  in  the  battle  there 
Aug.  27,  and  Oct.  22,  1 777,  attacked  Fort  Mer- 
cer, at  Red  Bank,  and  fell  at  the  first  fire.  "It 
is  finishing  a  noble  career  early,"  said  he  to 
Chev.  Mandnit ;  "but  I  die  the  victim  of  my 
ambition  and  of  the  avarice  of  my  sovereign." 

Doolittle,  Amos,  the  first  who  engraved  in 
copper  in  this  country,  b.  Cheshire,  Ct. ;  d.  N. 
Haven,  Ct.,  Jan.  31,  1832,  a.  78.  Self-taught ; 
at  21,  he  commenced  business  as  an  engraver, 
having  previously  served  an  apprenticeship  with 
a  silversmith.  While  a  vol.  at  Cambridge,  he 
visited  the  battle-ground  at  Lexington,  and  on 
his  return  to  New  Haven  made  an  engraving 
of  the  action,  his  first  attempt  in  tiiat  art. 
This  is  believed  to  be  the  first  historical  en- 
graving executed  in  America.  He  executed  3 
other  historical  prints  in  relation  to  the  expe- 
dition to  Lexington  and  Concord.  — N,  E. 
Mafj.,  ii.,  534. 

i)00little,  Benjamin,  minister  of  North- 
field,  Ms.,  from  1718  to  his  d.,  Jan.  9,  1749  ;  b. 
July  10,  1695.  y.  C.  1716.  He  was  a  physi- 
cian also.  Pub.  a  valuable  "  Narrative  of  the 
Mischief  by  the  French  and  Indians  from  1744 
to  1748,"  and  an  "  Inquiry  into  Entliusiasm." 

Dorgan,  John  Aylmer,  poet,  b.  1836; 
d.  Fliila,,  1  Jan.]  867.  A  conveyancer  by  profes- 
sion. A  vol.  of  his  poems,  collected  from  the 
magazines  and  journals,  was  pub.  in  1866. 
They  possess  much  beauty  and  merit. 

Dorhman,  Arnold  Henry,  a  merchant 
of  Lisbon,  and  a  friend  of  American  liberty ; 
d.  Steubenville,  0.,  Mar.  21,  1813,  a.  65.  So 
zealous  were  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  our  captured 
seamen,  that  the  British  Govt,  demanded  his 
expatriation.  He  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  1783, 
and  x-eceivcd  compensation,  in  money  and  a 
Western  township,  for  the  losses  he  had  sus- 
tained, and  received  from  Congress,  also,  an 
app.  as  their  agent  at  Lisbon. — Nat.  Inteil., 
Apr.  4,  1813. 

Dornin,  Thomas  Aloysius,  commo. 
U.S.N.,  b.  Ireland.  Midshipm.  May  2,  1815; 
lieut.  1825;  capt.  1856.  He  com.  storeship 
"Relief,"  in  the  South  Sea  expi.exped.  While 
com."  The  Portsmouth,"  in  1851,  he  frustrated 
Walker's  fillibustering  attempts,  and  rescued 
some  40  Amer.  citizens  of  Guayamas,  held  in 
durance  by  the  authorities  of  Mazatlan  ;  after- 
ward served  as  fleet  ca])t.  of"  The  Wabash,"  in 
the  Mediterranean ;  of  "  The  San  Jacinto  "  and 
"  Constellation,"  coast  of  Africa.  During  the 
Rebellion  com.  the  Baltimore  station,  and  has 
since  had  charge  of  the  5th  Light-house  Dis- 
trict. —  Ilaiwrshj. 

Dorr,  Benjamin,  D.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1838), 
Pr.-Ep.  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Salisbury, 
Ms.,  Mar.  22,  1796;  d.  Germantown,  Pa.,  18 
Sept.  1869.  Dartm.  Coll.  1817.  After  study- 
ing law,  he  entered  the  Gen.  Theol.  Sem.  at 
N.Y. ;  wasord.  by  Bishop  Hobart  in  1820;  was 
in  1820-9  rector  of  the  churches  of  Lansing- 


burg  and  Waterford,  and  was  in  1829-35  rec- 
tor of  Trinity  Church,  Utica.  In  183.5-7,  he 
was  f^QT[\.  agent  of  the  domestic  committee  of 
the  Board  of  Missions,  travelling  15,000  miles. 
Rector  of  Christ's  Church,  Phila.,  from  4  May, 
1837,  to  his  d.  In  1839,  he  was  elected  bishop 
of  Md.,  but  declined.  In  1 853,  he  visited  Egypt 
and  the  Holy  Land.  He  pub.  "  The  Church- 
man's Manual,"  "  The  History  of  a  Pocket 
Prayer-Book,  written  by  Itself,"  "  Recognition 
of  JFriends  in  Another  World,"  "  Historical 
Account  of  Christ's  Church,  Phila.,"  1841  ; 
"  Notes  of  Travel  in  Egypt,  the  Holy  Land, 
Turkey,  and  Greece,"  1856  ;  "  Memoir  of  John 
F.  Watson,"  read  before  the  Pa.  Hist.  Soc.  — 
Dui/ckinck. 

Dorr,  Thomas  Wilson,  politician,  b. 
Providence,  R.I.,  Nov.  5,  1805  ;  d.  there  Dec. 
27,  1854.  H.  U.  1823.  Son  of  Sullivan  Dorr, 
a  successful  manufacturer.  He  studied  law  in 
the  office  of  Chancellor  Kent,  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1827,  and  commenced  practice  in  Provi- 
dence. Originally  a  Nat.  Repub.  in  politics,  he 
became  a  Democ.  in  1837.  The  R.  I.  Govt, 
was  then  based  upon  a  charter  granted  by 
Charles  II.  in  1 663 ;  and  the  elective  franchise 
was  limited  to  the  holders  of  a  certain  amount 
of  real  estate,  and  to  their  eldest  sons, —  ab.  one- 
third  of  the  citizens.  Mr.  Dorr  was  a  member 
of  the  assembly  in  1833-7,  and  exerted  himself 
in  vain  to  procure  a  liberal  constitution.  Mr. 
Dorr  was  chosen  gov.  by  the  suffrage  party  in 
1841.  May  3,  1842,  Mr.  Dorr's  govt,  attempt- 
ed to  organize  at  Providence,  and  to  seize  the 
reins  of  power.  They  were  resisted  by  the  le- 
gal State  govt.,  who  attacked  and  dispersed 
them,  at  Chepachet,  May  25.  Mr.  Dorr  fled 
to  Ct.,  and  afterward  to  N.  H.  A  reward  of 
S4,000  was  offered  for  his  apprehension,  by  the 
authorities  of  R.  I.  He  soon  returned,  was 
arrested,  tried,  convicted  of  high  treason,  and 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  life,  but  was 
pardoned  in  1847  ;  and  in  1853  the  legisl.  re- 
stored to  him  his  civil  rights,  and  ordered  the 
record  of  his  sentence  to  be  expunged.  He 
lived  to  see  his  State  under  a  liberal  constitu- 
tion, and  his  party  in  legal  possession  of  the 
govt. 

Dorsey,  John  Syng,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa. 
1802),  physician,  b.  Phila.,  Dec.  23,  1783  ;  d. 
Nov.  12,  1818.  He  received  a  classical  educa- 
tion, and  studied  medicine  with  his  relative  Dr. 
Physick.  The  ycllow-fcvcr  soon  after  appeared  in 
Phila.,  and  became. so  prevalent,  that  a  hospital 
was  opened,  to  which  he  was  app.  resident  phy- 
sician. This  opportunity  of  investigating  the 
disease  enabled  him  to  aid  in  the  establishment 
of  a  better  system  of  practice.  He  returned  homo 
from  a  visit  to  Europe  in  Dec.  1804,  and  soon 
gained  a  large  shareof  business.  He  was  in  1807 
elected  adjunct  prof,  of  surgery,  which  he  held 
till  he  succeeded  to  the  chair  of  materia  medica 
in  1816.  He  delivered  2  courses  of  lectures 
upon  this  subject,  when  he  was  made  prof,  of 
anatomy.  He  opened  the  session  with  great 
eloquence ;  but,  on  the  evening  of  the  same  day, 
he  was  attacked  with  a  fever,  which  in  one 
week  terminated  his  existence.  As  a  surgeon 
and  as  a  teacher,  he  was  highly  accomplished. 
Besides  contribs.  to  the  Portfolio,  and  other 
periodicals,  and  an  edition  of  Cooper's  Surgery 


XXOR 


277 


DOTJ 


in  the  notes,  he  pub.  "  Elements  of  Surgery," 
ill  2  vols.,  1813. —  Gross's  Med.  Blog. 

Dorsey,  Thomas  Bbalb,  lawyer  and  ju- 
rist, b.  Mel.,  Oct.  17,  1780  ;  d.  Dec.  26,  1855. 
St.  John's  Coll.  1799.  He  was  adin.  to  prac- 
tise in  Baltimore  in  1803  ;  in  18U7,  and  subse- 
quently, was  a  member  of  the  State  legisl. ;  in 
1811  app.  U.S.  dist.-atty.  for  Md.;  in  1818,  he 
resumed  practice,  his  health  being  partially  re- 
stored by  agric.  pursuits;  in  1822  was  app.  atty.- 
gen.  of  the  State,  and  from  1824  to  1851,  he 
was  chief  judge  of  the  third  judicial  district. 

Dostie,  Dr.  Anthoxy  P.,  citizen  of  N. 
Orleans,  b.  Saratoga  Co.,  N.Y. ;  d.  Aug.  5, 
1866,  from  wounds  received  from  the  mob  in 
that  city,  July  30.  A  barber  by  trade.  His 
fondness  for  study  soon  made  him  prominent. 
He  practised  dentistry  for  some  years  in  Chi- 
cago with  success,  but  removed  to  N.  Orleans, 
where  his  honest  and  genial  nature  won  him 
many  friends.  The  fearless  expression  of  loyal 
sentiments  during  the  war  brought  upon  him 
the  intense  hate  of  the  disloyal,  while  it  pro- 
cured for  him,  on  the  re-organization  of  the 
govt. of  La.,  the  app.  of  auditor, — a  post  he  filled 
with  credit  and  ability.  The  Const.  Conv. 
of  1864  re-assembled  at  the  call  of  its  pres.  in 
the  spring  of  1866.  The  mob,  which,  July  30, 
broke  up  this  convention,  sought  out  Dr.  Dos- 
tie as  one  of  its  first  victims,  and,  though  un- 
armed, he  was  shot,  and  beaten  till  he  was  sup- 
posed to  be  dead,  and  thrown  into  a  cart  with 
the  dead  bodies  of  the  other  victims  of  the 
mob.  — See  Memoir  of  Dostie,  by  Emily  11.  Reed, 
1-868. 

Doty,  James  Duane,  gov.  of  Wis.,  1841- 
4,  b.  N.r.,  1800;  d.  Salt  Lake  City,  June  13, 
1865.  Early  in  life  he  removed  to  ^-Vis.  Terr., 
whence  he  was  sent  a  delegate  to  Congress  in 
1839-41,  and  was  M.C.  in  1849-53.  ^He  was 
also  for  many  years  U.S.  judge  for  Mich., 
supt.  of  Indian  Affairs  1861-3,  and  gov.  of 
Utah  from  1853  until  his  death.  —  See  Memoir, 
by  A.  G.  Ellis,  in  Colls.  Wis.  Hist.  Sue,  v.,  369. 

Doubleday,  Abner,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.x\.,  b.  Ballston  Spa,  N.Y.,  June  26,  1819. 
West  Point,  1842.  lie  was  a  civil  engineer 
from  1836  until  1838  ;  served  during  the  Mexi- 
can war  in  the  1st  Art.,  of  which  he  became  1st 
lieut.  in  1847  ;  capt.  3  Mar.  1855.  From  1856 
to  1858,  he  served  against  the  Seminole  In- 
dians, and  was  at  Fort  Moultrie  until  its  evac- 
uation, Dec.  26,  1860;  when  the  garrison 
withdrew  to  Fort  Sumter.  The  first  gun  on 
the  side  of  the  Union  was  fired  by  him,  April 
12,  1861.  In  June,  1861,  he  joined  Gen.  Pat- 
terson in  Pa.,  and  was  made  maj.l7thlnf, 
14  May.  He  was  put  in  com.  of  a  battery,  and 
afterward  had  charge  of  the  defences  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Potomac,  near  Washington. 
Feb.  3,  1862,  he  was  made  brig.-gen.  vols.,  and 
placed  in  com.  of  the  forts  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  Potomac.  In  the  battle  of  Antietam, 
he  com.  a  division  in  the  1st  army  corps,  Gen. 
Hooker,  and  on  the  fall  of  Reynolds,  Hooker's 
successor,  at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  took 
com.  of  the  corps.  Maj.-gen.  Nov.  29,  1862; 
engaged  in  the  battles  of  Fredericksburg,  Chan- 
cellorsvillc ;  in  the  Pa.  campaign,  June-July, 
1863;  brev.  brig.-gen.  and  maj.-gen.  USA., 
13  Mar.  1865,  for  gallant  and  merit,  services  in 


the  Rebellion.     Lieut.-col.  17th  Inf,  20  Sept. 
1864  ;  col.  35th  Inf.,  Sept.  15,  \8Q>7.— Cullum. 

Doubleday,  Edward,  an  English  nat- 
uralist, b.  1810;  d.  Lond.,  1849.  After  mak- 
ing a  tour  of  the  U.S.,  he  pub.  a  paper  on  the 
"  Natural  History  of  N.  Amer.,"  and  was  app. 
one  of  the  curators  of  the  British  Museum. 
He  has  contrib.  to  science  the  results  of  his 
researches  concerning  butterflies,  in  a  work 
"  On  the  Genera  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera." 
He  also  wrote  on  ornithology,  entomology,  and 
zoology  in  the  Entomological  Magazine,  and 
elsewhere.  —  Appleton. 

Doughty,  Thomas,  landscape-painter,  b. 
Phila.,  July  19,  1793  ;  d.  N.Y.,  July  24,  1856. 
Apprenticed  to  a  leather  manuf.,  he  afterward 
carried  on  the  business  on  his  own  account. 
His  taste  for  art,  however,  induced  him  in  his 
28th  year,  contrary  to  the  advice  of  his  friends, 
to  become  a  painter.  He  had  previously  at- 
tempted a  few  paintings  in  oil,  and  had  received 
a  quarter's  tuition  in  India-ink  drawing.  He 
practised  his  profession  for  many  years  in  the 
U.S.,  and  also  in  Lond.  and  Paris,  but  died 
poor.  He  enjoyed  high  repute  as  a  landscape- 
painter.  Among  his  best  pictures  are  "Peep 
at  the  Catskills,"  "  View  on  the  Hudson, 
"  Lake  Scene,"  "  Old  iMill,"  "  Near  the  Del- 
aware Water  Gap,"  and  "  Scene  on  the  Sus- 
quehanna." 

Douglas,  David,  a  British  botanist,  b. 
Scone,  Scotland,  1798;  d.  July  12,  1834. 
Whilea  laborer  in  the  GIa.sgow  Botanic  Garden, 
he  attracted  the  notice  of  Dr.  Hooker,  who 
procured  for  him  an  app.  as  botanical  collector 
to  the  Hortic.  Soc.  of  Lond.  In  this  capacity, 
he  travelled  extensively  in  Amer. ;  in  1824 
explored  the  Columbia  River  and  Cal.,  and  in 
1827  traversed  the  continent  from  Fort  Van- 
couver to  Hudson's  Bay.  He  made  a  second 
visit  to  the  Columbia  in  1829,  and  afterward 
went  to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  where  he  fell 
into  a  pit,  and  was  killed.  Through  his  agency, 
217  new  species  of  plants  were  introduced  into 
Eng.  He  collected  800  specimens  of  the  Cali- 
fornia flora.  A  gigantic  species  of  pine,  which 
he  discovered  in  Cal.,  is  named  after  him,  Pinus 
Douglassii.  —  Appleton. 

Douglass,  David  Bates,  LL.D.  (Y.C. 
1841),  scholar,  b.  Pompton,  N.J.,  Mar.  21, 
1790;  d.  Geneva,  N.Y.,  Oct.  19,  1849.  Y.G. 
1813.  App.  lieut.  of  engineers  U.S.A.,  he 
joined  Gen.  Prown  in  1814;  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Lundy's  Lane  ;  repaired  Fort  Erie 
under  the  guns  of  the  enemy,  and  at  its  assault 
com.  a  battery  with  such  skill  and  gallantry, 
that  he  was  brev.  capt.  Prof,  of  mathematics, 
and  afterward  of  engineering  at  West  Point, 
withrankofmajor,  until  1831, and  subsequently, 
as  a  civil  engr.,  was  employed  upon  the  Crotoa 
Water  Works,  Morris  Canal,  Greenwood 
Cemetery,  the  Albany  Cemetery,  and  the 
Protestant  Cemetery  at  Quebec.  App.  prof, 
of  architecture  in  the  U.  of  N.Y.  in  1832; 
pres.  of  Kcnyon  Coll.,  O.,  in  1840-4;  and  in 
1848-9  prof  mathematics  and  nat.  philos.  at 
Geneva  Coll.  In  1845,  he  delivered  a  course 
of  lectures  at  N.  Haven  on  the  Niagara  cam- 
paign. 

Douglass,  Frederick,  orator  and  jour- 
nalist, b.  Tuckahoc,  near  Easton,  Md.,  ab.  1817. 


^OTJ 


278 


r>OT^ 


His  mother  was  a  negro  slave,  and  his  father  a 
white  man.  Until  the  ajreof  10,  he  was  a  slave 
on  the  plantation  of  Col.  Edward  Lloyd ; 
afterward  lived  in  Baltimore,  where  he  secretly 
taught  himself  to  read  and  write,  and,  at  the 
age  of  21,  fled  from  slavery.  He  went  to  N.Y., 
and  thence  to  New  Bedford,  where  he  m.,  and 
supported  himself  by  day-labor  on  the  wharves 
and  in  workshops.  In  the  summer  of  1841,  he 
spoke  at  an  antislavery  convention  at  Nan- 
tucket, and  soon  after  became  agent  of  the  Ms. 
Antislavery  Society.  He  travelled  and  lec- 
tured in  N.E.  4  years;  pub.  in  1845  an  auto- 
biography, and  soon  after  went  to  Kurope,  and 
lectured  ort  slavery  in  nearly  all  the  large  towns 
of  Great  Britain.  In  1846,  his  friends  in  Eng. 
contrib.  £150  to  buy  him  from  his  claimant  in 
Md.,  and  have  him  manumitted  in  due  form. 
On  his  return  to  the  U.S.  in  1847,  he  began  at 
Rochester,  N.Y.,  the  publication  of  Frederick 
Douglass's  Paper,  a  weekly  journal.  Though 
formerly  a  Garrisonian  disunionist,  he  re- 
nounced disunionism  at  a  later  period,  and  took 
the  ground  that  slavery  was  illegal  and  uncon- 
stitutional. In  1855,  he  rewrote  his  biography 
under  the  title  of  "  My  Bondage  and  My  Free- 
dom" Became  editor  of  the  National  Era  at 
Washington,  Sept.  1870. 

Douglas,  Stephen  Arnold,  senator,  b. 
Brandon,  Rutland  Co.,  Vt.,  23  Apr.  181.3;  d. 
Chicago,  3  June,  1861.  He  worked  at  cabinet- 
making  ;  studied  in  an  acad.  at  Canandaigua, 
N.Y.,  in  1830-3;  then  studied  law;  settled  in 
Jacksonville,  III.,  in  Mar.  1834,  where  he  was 
an  auctioneer's  clerk,  and  taught  school  until 
his  admission  to  the  bar.  Soon  attaining  a 
lucrative  practice,  he  became  an  active  politician 
and  Democ.  orator,  his  small  stature  procuring 
him  the  title  of  "The  Little  Giant."  Atty.- 
gen.  of  the  State,  and  member  of  the  legisl. 
in  1835;  app.  register  of  the  land  office  at 
Springfield  in  1837  ;  chosen  sec.  of  the  State 
of  111.  in  Dec.  1840;  judge  of  the  111.  Sup. 
Court  in  1841-3;  M.C.  1843-7,  and  prominent 
in  the  Oregon  controversy  ;  an  advocate  of  the 
annexation  of  Texas,  and  a  vigorous  promoter 
of  the  Mexican  war;  U.S.  senator,  1847-61. 
As  chairman  of  the  house  committee  on  ter- 
ritories, he  reported  the  joint  resolution  declar- 
ing Texas  to  be  one  of  the  U.S.  In  the  senate, 
he  supported  Clay's  compromise  measures  of 
1850,  maintaining  that  Congress  should  not 
interfere  in  relation  to  the  extension  of  slavery 
in  the  Territories,  but  that  the  people  of  each 
should  be  permitted  to  decide  whether  it  should 
be  a  free  or  slave  State.  Of  this  "  Popular 
Sovereignty  "  doctrine,  Douglas  was  the  reputed 
author.  As  chairman  of  the  territorial  com- 
mittee, he  reported  in  Jan.  1854  the  celebrated 
bill  to  organize  the  Territories  of  Kansas  and 
Nebraska,  which  was  passed,  and  by  which 
the  Missouri  Compromise  was  repealed,  po- 
litical parties  revolutionized,  and  intense  ex- 
citement produced  in  the  free  States.  In  the 
Nat.  Democ.  Conv.  of  1856,  Buchanan  and 
Douglas  were  the  rival  candidates  ;  the  former 
receiving  on  the  16th  ballot  168  votes  to  121 
for  Douglas.  In  1857,  he  denounced  and  ably 
opposed  the  admission  of  Kas.  under  the 
Lecompton  (fraudulent)  Constitution,  and  was 
thus  involved  in  a  controversy  with  Pres.  Bu- 


chanan. In  1858,  after  an  exciting  and  memo- 
rable contest  between  Douglas  and  Abraham 
Lincoln  for  the  U.S.  senatorship,  during  which 
joint  discussions  were  held  in  various  places, 
Mr.  Douglas  was  again  elected.  Remarkably 
successful  in  promoting  the  local  interests  of 
Illinois  :  the  construction  of  the  III.  Central 
Railroad  was  due  principally  to  him.  He 
favored  the  acquisition  of  Cuba  whenever  that 
island  could  be  obtained  consistently  with  the 
laws  of  nations  and  the  honor  of  the  U.S.  In 
1860,  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  Democ.  party 
of  the  North  for  the  presidency,  and  received  a 
very  large  popular  vote,  though  he  had  but 
12  electoral  votes.  After  the  Rebellion  began, 
he  supported  the  govt,  in  efforts  to  suppress  it. 
He  m.  1st  Martha  D.,  dau.  of  Col.  Robert 
Martin  of  N.C. ;  2d,  Adele,  dau.  of  J.  M. 
Cutts,  second  comptroller  of  the  treasury. 

Douglass,  William,  M.D.,  physician 
and  author,  b.  East  Lothian,  Scotland,  ab. 
1691  ;  d.  Boston,  Oct.  21,  1752.  After  receiv- 
ing his  professional  education  at  Paris  and 
Ley  den,  he  settled  at  Boston,  1718.  He  was  a 
violent  antagonist  of  Dr.  Boylston,  in  his  ef- 
forts to  introduce  inoculation.  His  learning 
was  considerable  ;  but  his  prejudices  were 
strong,  and  he  lacked  judgment  and  taste.  He 
wrote  many  political  essays  in  the  newspapers, 
which  were  generally  filled  with  sarcastic  re- 
marks upon  the  magistrates,  the  clergy,  the 
physicians,  and  the  people  of  N.E.  His  "  Sum- 
mary or  Historical  Account  of  the  British 
Settlements,"  pub.  in  1748  and  1753,  is  inaccu- 
rate, and  records  his  private  squabbles  as  well 
as  public  afl^airs.  He  pub.  an  almanac  in  1743, 
'44,  called  "  Merciirius  Novanr/licnnus,"  by  Wil- 
liam Nadir,  S.X.Q.,  still  valued  for  its  list  of 
chronological  events;  also  some  medical  disser- 
tations. A  town  in  Worcester  Co.,  Ms.,  of 
which  he  was  a  proprietor  and  benefoctor,  bears 
his  name.  —  Tkacher. 

Douglass,  Col.  William,  a  Revol.  pa- 
triot, b.  1741  ;  d.  March  27,  1777.  He  was  an 
officer  in  the  French  war,  until  the  taking  of 
Quebec ;  subsequently  disting.  himself  in  the 
Revol.  struggle  as  com.  of  a  flotilla  on  Lake 
Champlain ;  in  the  siege  and  capture  of  St. 
John's  in  1775,  and  in  taking  a  large  number 
of  prisoners,  arms,  ammunition,  and  stores  from 
the  enemy.  He  was  commissioned,  June  20, 
1775,  col.  of  a  regt.  fi*om  N.  Haven  Co  ,  which 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  battle  of  Long 
Island,  and  disting.  himself  at  the  battles  of 
New  York,  Harlem,  White  Plains,  and  skir- 
mishes with  the  enemy  about  N.Y.  in  1776,  in 
one  of  which  he  received  his  death-stroke. 

DoW;  Lorenzo,  an  eccentric  Methodist 
preacher,  b.  Coventry  Ct.,  Oct.  16,  1777;  d. 
Georgetown,  D.C.,  Feb.  2,  1834.  Adopting 
the  doctrines  of  the  Methodists  in  the  spring  of 
1796,  against  the  wishes  of  his  family  became 
an  itinerant  preacher.  His  youth  and  eccen- 
tricity long  prevented  his  recognition  by  the 
Methodist  conference;  but  he  finally  received 
a  regular  license  to  preach,  and,  in  spite  of  con- 
tumely and  rebuff's  and  hardships  of  all  kinds, 
persevered  for  nearly  40  years,  with  enthusi- 
asm, and  often  with  astonishing  eff'cct.  He  trav- 
elled over  Eng.  and  Ireland,  and  almost  every 
part  of  the  U.S.,  and  is  said  to  have  preached 


IDOTV 


279 


r>OTV 


to  more  persons  than  any  other  man  of  his 
time.  His  wife  Peggy,  to  whom  he  was  m.  in 
1804,  accomp.  him  in  all  his  peregrinations. 
Dow's  eccentricity  of  manner  and  dress  long 
excited  a  prejudice  against  him  ;  and  in  many 
parts  of  the  country  he  was  familiarly  known 
as  "  Crazy  Dow."  His  journal  and  miscella- 
neous wiitings  was  pub.  in  N.Y.,  1836,  8vo, 
ed.  by  Dr.  Dowling;  "Experience  and  Trav- 
els in  Europe  and  America,  and  Polemical 
Wi-itings,"  Cincin.,1851  ;  "  A  Short  Account 
of  a  Long  Tiavel,"  8vo,  1823,  Phi  la. 

Dow,  Neal,  reformer,  b.  Portland,  Me., 
1803.  Of  Quaker  parentage.  He  was  bred 
to  commercial  and  manufacturing  pursuits. 
Has  twice  been  mayor  of  Portland,  and  served  in 
the  state  legisl.,  where  he  introduced  the  fa- 
mous prohibitory  "Maine  Liquor  Law."  App. 
col.  13th  Me.  vols.  Dec.  31, 1861,  he  joined  Gen. 
Butler's  cxped.  against  N.  Orleans  was  app. 
brig.-gen.  Apr.  28, 1862,  and  com.  a  brigade  in 
the  dept.  of  the  Gulf.  Made  prisoner  near 
Port  Hudson,  July,  1863. 

Dowler,  Bennet,  M.D.  (U.of  Md.  1827), 
physician  and  physiologist,  b.  Ohio  Co.,  Va., 
April  16,  1797.  He  practised  his  profession 
many  years  in  New  Orleans;  and  in  March, 
1854,  began  there  the  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal.  He  is  noted  for  his  experiments  upon 
the  human  body  soon  after  death,  the  results 
of  which  were  given  to  the  world  in  a  series  of 
essays  in  1843-4.  These  researches  of  Dr. 
Dowler  have  won  for  him  a  wide  reputation. — 
Appkton . 

Dowling,  John,  D.D.,  a  successful  writer 
and  preaclier,  b.  Sussex,  Eng.,  May  12,  1807. 
Settled  in  the  U.S.  in  1832.  Author  of  "  Vin- 
dication of  the  Baptists,"  "Exposition  of  the 
Prophecies,"  "  Defenceof  the  Protestant  Scrip- 
tures," 1843;  "  Historv  of  Romanism,"  8vo, 
1845;  "Power  of  Illustration,"  &c.  Edited 
Conference  Hymn-Book,  Baptist  Noel's 
work  on  Baptism,  works  of  Lorenzo  Dow, 
Conyer's  Middleton  on  the  Conformity  of 
Popery  and  Paganism,  Memoir  of  the  Mis- 
sionary Jacob  Thomas,  and  a  translation  from 
the  French  of  Dr.  Cote's  work  on  Roman- 
ism. —  Allihone. 

Downes,  John,  commo.  U.S.N. ,  b.  Can- 
ton, Ms.,  1784  ;  d.  Charlestown,  Aug.  11,  1854. 
He  entered  the  navy  June  1,  1802;  served  in 
the  frigate  "New  York,"  in  tiie  Tripolitan 
war,  and  was  specially  disting.  in  the  attack  on 
Tripoli;  lieut.  March  6,  1807.  He  cruised 
with  Porter  in  the  Pacific,  and  in  com.  of  the 
"  Essex,  junior,"  a  captured  whaler  of  16  guns, 
did  immense  injury  to  the  enemy.  Master- 
corn.  June  24,  1813.  While  com.  "  The  Eper- 
vier,"  in  Decatur's  Mediterranean  squad.,  he 
captured,  June  17,  1815,  the  Algerine  frigate 
"Nashouda."  Capt.  March  5,  1817;  com. 
"Tiie  Macedonian,"  in  the  Pacific  in  1819-21  ; 
"The  Java"  in  the  Medit.  in  1828-9,  and 
from  1832  to  1834,  the  squad,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Feb.  5,  1832,  he  punished  the  natives 
of  Quallah  Battoo  for  outrages  upon  Ameri- 
can seamen.  Com.  of  Charlestown  navy-yard 
in  1837-42  and  1850-2.  He  com.  in  the  Pa- 
cific during  the  civil  wars  of  the  republics  in 
1847-8,  rendering  signal  service  in  protecting 
our  commerce.    His  son  John  A.  Downes, 


commander  U.S.N.,  d.  N.  Orleans,  Sept.  20, 
1865.  Entered  the  navy  in  1837,  and  during 
the  Rebellion  com.  the  gunboat  "  Huron,"  and 
the  monitor  "Nahant." 

Downie,  George,  a  British  commo.,  b. 
Ross,  Ireland ;  killed  in  the  naval  action  on 
Lake  Champlain,  Sept.  11,  1814.  The  son  of 
a  clergyman.  He  early  entered  the  navy,  was  in 
the  battle  of  Camperdown ;  served  afterward  in 
the  W.  Indies  ;  after  seeing  much  service,  he 
was  made  a  com.,  and  placed  in  com.  of  the 
fleet  on  the  Lakes  of  Canada  in  1812.  He 
com.  the  squadron  in  the  battle  of  Lake 
Champlain,  where  he  was  killed  while  gallant- 
ly fighting  the  fleet  of  Maedonough.  His  ves- 
sels were  poorly  manned,  and  inferior  in 
weight  of  metal.  — Morgan. 

Downing,  Andrew  Jackson,  horticul- 
turist, b.  Newburgh,  N.Y.,  Oct.  31,  1815.  His 
death  was  occasioned  by  his  philanthropic  ef- 
forts to  save  the  passengers  of  the  burning 
steamer  "  Henry  Clay,"  on  the  Hudson,  July 
28,  1852.  Fond  of  the  natural  sciences,  in  his 
boyhood,  he  devoted  himself  assiduously  to 
their  study.  His  natural  taste  was  of  the 
highest  order ;  and  his  scientific  knowledge  en- 
abled him  to  convert  all  he  learned  to  practical 
uses,  —  to  enhancing  the  comforts,  and  adding 
to  the  embellishments,  of  rural  life.  The 
rural  embellishments  surrounding  the  Smith- 
sonian Institute  were  planned  by  him,  and 
many  private  residences,  as  well  as  public  insti- 
tutions, present  evidences  of  his  skill  and  culti- 
vated taste.  Besides  his  treatises  on  "  Fruit 
and  Fruit-Trees,"  1845,  "Landscape  Gar- 
dening," 1841,  8vo,  "  Architecture  of  Country 
Houses,"  1850,  and  "  Cottage  Residences, 
1842,  he  was  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  peri- 
odical press ;  and  the  Ilorticu'turist,  conducted 
by  himself,  was  unequalled  in  its  treatment  of 
the  topics  coming  within  its  range.  In  1849, 
he  wrote  "  Additional  Notes  and'liints  to  Per- 
sons about  Building  in  this  Country."  Editor 
of  Mrs.  Loudon's  "  Gardening  for  Ladies." 
A  Memoir  of  him,  by  Geo.  Wm.  Curtis,  and  a 
"  Letter  to  his  Friends,"  by  Miss  Bremer, 
were  prefixed  to  a  collection  of  his  contribs. 
to  the  Horticulturist,  pub.  in  1854,  entitled 
"Rural  Essays." 

Downing,  Sir  George,  son  of  Emanuel 
Downing,  a  lawyer,  who  emig.  in  1638  to  Salem, 
Ms.,  b.  Dubliii,*l624;  d.  E.  llatley,  Cambridge- 
shire, 1684.  H.U.  1642,  the  first  class.  His 
father  represented  Salem  in  the  Gen.  Court  in 
1638-43.  His  mother  was  Lucy,  sister  of  Gov. 
John  Winthrop.  Returning  to  Eng.  in  1645, 
he  was  a  preacher  among  the  Independents ; 
chaplain  to  Col.  Okey's  regt.  in  Cromwell's 
army,  and,  in  1653,  commissary-gen.  and 
scoutmaster-gen.  to  the  army  in  Scotland ; 
M.P.  for  a  Scottish  borough  in  1654  and  1656, 
and  agent  in  Holland  in  1658-60.  Turning 
royalist,  he  was  knighted  by  Charles  II.,  May 
2l",  1660  ;  became,  at  the  restoration,  M.P.  for 
Morpeth  in  1661,  and  was  again  made  envoy- 
extr.  to  Holland.  Here  he  caused  the  arrest 
of  Cols.  Okey  and  Barksted,  and  Miles  Corbet, 
3  of  the  judges  of  Charles  I.,  who  were  sent 
to  Eng.,  and  executed  :  for  this  act,  he  was 
reprobated  by  all  honorable  men.  Through  his 
principal  agency,  the  New  Netherlands  were 


DOY 


280 


DI^uA. 


wrested  from  the  Dutch,  and  annexed  to  the 
English  possessions  as  New  York.  He  was 
afterward  sec.  of  llie  treas.  and  a  commissioner 
of  the  customs.  Pie  was  created  a  baronet, 
July  1,  1663.  Sent  in  1671  on  a  mission  to 
Holland,  he  returned  before  completing  his 
errand  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  king,  and  was 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  but  was  again  re- 
ceived into  favor.  Gov.  Bradstreet  was  his 
bro.-in-hnv.  Downing  St.,  London,  perpetuates 
his  name.  He  was  a  man  of  ability,  and  natu- 
ral fitness  for  politics.  Author  of  Political 
Tracts,  1664-72.  His  grandson,  Sir  George, 
founded  Downing  Coll.,  Cambridge,  Eng.,  in 
1717;  d.  1747. 

Doyle,  Sir  John,  a  British  gen.,  b.  Dub- 
lin, 1756;  d.  Aug.  8,  1834.  Trin.  Coll., 
Dublin.  Lieut,  of  light  inf.  at  Boston  in 
1775;  adj.  in  the  battle  of  Brooklyn,  L.L, 
and  Germantown  ;  capt.  of  the  "  Volunteers 
of  Ireland  ; "  then  maj.  of  brigade  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Charleston,  the  battles  of  Camden  and 
Hobkirk's  Hill.  At  the  head  of  a  corps  of 
light  cavalry,  Maj.  Doyle  operated  against 
Gen.  Marion  in  the  spring  of  1781,  and 
destroyed  his  camp  at  Snow  Island,  but  was 
pursued  by  Marion,  and  escaped  with  the  loss 
of  his  baggage.  During  the  wars  of  the 
French  revol.,  he  served  in  Holland,  1794,  in 
Ireland  as  sec.  of  war,  and  in  Egypt  under 
Gen.  Abercrombie,  where  he  was  highly  dis- 
ting.  He  was  made  a  bart.  in  1805  ;  full  gen. 
in  1819.  — Rose. 

Drake,  Benjamin,  author  and  journalist, 
b.  Mason  Co.,  Ky.,  Nov.  28,  1794;  d.  Cincin- 
nati, April  1,  1841.  Many  years  editor  of  the 
Cincinnati  Chronicle,  of  extensive  circulation. 
Author  of  "  Tales  from  the  Queen  City," 
1838;  "Life  of  Tecumsch,"  1841  ;  "Cincin- 
nati in  1826,"  by  B.  Drake  and  E.  D.  Mans- 
field, 1827;  "Life  and  Adventures  of  Black 
Hawk,"  1838 ;  "  Life  of  Gen.  Harrison,"  1840, 
and  "  The  Western  Agriculturist." 

Drake,  Charles  D.,  jurist  and  politician, 
b.  Cincinnati,  April  11,  1811.  He  received  an 
academical  education.  Was  a  midshipman  in 
the  navy  from  1827  to  1830,  but  resigned,  and 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  of  Hamilton  Co.,  O.,  in 
May,  1833.  He  was  a  frequent  contrib.  of 
prose  and  verse  to  the  Cincinnati  journals.  Re- 
moved to  St.  Louis  in  1834,  and  rapidly  be- 
came prominent.  In  1860,  he  entered  the  Mo. 
legisl.,  and  has  taken  a  prominent  part  in  the 
political  movements  of  the  day,  having  been 
a  strong  advocate  of  emancipation  in  Mo. 
Member  of  the  State  Convention  of  1863; 
member  and  vice-pres.,  and  a  leading  spirit,  of 
that  which  formed  the  present  constitution  of 
Mo.  in  1865;  U.S.  senator  from  1867  to  1871 ; 
app.  chief-justice  U.  S.  Court  of  Claims,  Jan. 
1871.  He  has  pub.  "Law  of  Attachments," 
1854;  Life  of  his  father,  Dr.  Daniel  Drake, 
1871. 

Drake,  Daniel,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1816), 
physician  and  author,bro.  of  Bcnj.,b,  Plainfield, 
N.J.,  Oct.  20,  1785  ;  d.  Cincinnati,  Nov.  6,  1852. 
Isaac,  his  father,  emig.  to  Mason  Co.,  Ky.,  in 
1788.  Daniel  began  practice  in  Cincinnati  in 
1804.  In  1817,  he  was  prof,  in  the  Transylv. 
Med.  School.  In  Dec.  1818,  he  procured  from 
the  Ohio  legisl.  a  charter  for  the  med.  coll.  of 


0.  at  Cincinnati,  and  also  established  there  in 
1821  the  Commercial  Hospital,  and  in  1827 
the  Eye  Infirmary.  In  1823,  he  again  accept- 
ed a  chair  in  the  Transylv.  school,  and  till  his 
death  was,  with  brief  intermissions,  connected 
with  medical  schools;  holding  professorships  in 
that,  in  thcJeiF.  Med.  Coll.,  Phila.,  the  Cincin- 
nati Med.  Coll.,  the  U.  of  Louisville,  and  at  his 
death  was  prof,  in  the  med.  coll.  of  O.  He 
pub.  "  Diseases  of  the  Mississippi  Valley," 
2  vols.,  1850-4  ;  "  An  Historical  and  Scientific 
Account  of  Cincinnati  and  the  Miami  Coun- 
try," 1815;  "Noticcsof  Cincinnati,"  1810  and 
1832  ;  "  Practical  E.ssays  on  Med.  Education," 
1832;  "Practical  Treatise  on  Epidemic  Chol- 
era," 1832  ;  "  The  Northern  Lakes,"  8vo,  1842 ; 
besides  numerous  pamphlets.  In  1827-39,  he 
edited  the  Western  Journal  of  Med.  Sciences, 
and,  after  its  transfer  to  Louisville  as  The 
Western  Journal  of  Med.  and  Surgery,  was  one 
of  its  editors  from  1839  to  1848.  A  Memoir 
of  him,  by  E.  D.  Mansfield,  was  published 
in  Cincinnati,  1855.  —  See  Memoir  in  Gross's 
Amer.  Med.  Biog.  and  Life,  by  Charles  D. 
Drake,  1871. 

Drake,  Sir  Francis,  a  celebrated  naviga- 
tor, b.  in  the  village  of  Crowndale,  near  Tavis- 
tock, Eng.,  ab.  1537;  d.  in  the  harbor  of  Porto 
Bello,  28  Jan.  1596.  Bred  a  sailor,  he  accomp. 
his  relative,  Capt.  John  Hawkins,  to  S.  Amer., 
and  was  treacherously  attacked  by  the  Span- 
iards at  St.  Juan  de  Ulloa.  In  1572,  he  took 
Nombre  de  Dios,  and  returned  home  with  a 
large  amount  of  treasure.  In  1573-5,  he  did 
excellent  service  in  suppressing  the  rebellion  in 
Ireland.  Dec.  13,  1577,  he  com.  an  cxped.  to 
the  South  Sea  :  a  tempest,  encountered  immedi- 
ately after  passing  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  left 
him,  with  a  single  vessel,  in  a  forlorn  condition 
in  an  unknown  sea.  He  prosecuted  his  voyage, 
however;  took  several  valuable  prizes,  and,  to 
elude  pursuit,  sought  a  N.  E.  passage  into  the 
Atlantic;  discovered  California,  and  was  the 
first  to  find  gold  there,  which  was  reported 
on  his  return  to  Eng.  Striking  acro.ss  tlie  Pa- 
cific, he  arrived  at  Plymouth  26  Sept.  1580,  be- 
ing the  first  Englishman  who  had  sailed  round 
the  world.  Apr.  4,  1581,  Queen  Elizabeth 
dined  on  board  his  ship,  and  knighted  him. 
Mayor  of  Plymouth  in  1581  ;  M.P.  1584-5  and 
1593.  In  1591,  he  completed  the  <rreat  engin- 
eering feat  of  supplying  Plymouth  with  pure 
water,  which  was  brought  some  20  miles.  In 
1585,  he  made  another  exped.  to  tlie  W.Indies. 
Drake's  next  exploit  was  in  1587,  entering  the 
port  of  Cadiz  in  spite  of  its  forts,  and  burning 
and  destroying  the  Spanish  fieet  which  Philip 
II.  was  preparing  for  the  subjugation  of  the 
English  heretics.  A  powerful  armada  was  sent 
in  1588  ;  but  the  valor  of  Drake  and  his  co-ad- 
jutors  broke  its  power;  and  the  elements  com- 
pleted its  destruction.  In  1589,  Drake  and 
Norris  led  an  exped.  for  the  restoration  of  Don 
Antonio  to  the  crown  of  Portugal,  which 
failed  for  want  of  co-operation  on  tlie  jiart  of 
his  adherents.  In  1595,  Drake  sailed  with  Sir 
John  Hawkins  on  another  exped.  to  S.  Amer., 
which  resulted  disastrously,  both  leaders  being 
carried  oflf  by  diseases  incident  to  the  climate. 
He  left  no  children,  and  disposed  of  his  property 
by  will,  —  a  fact  mentioned  for  the  benefit  of 


t>:ra. 


281 


DR-A. 


those  claiming  to  be  descended  from  one  who 
had  no  descendants. 

Drake,  Joseph  Rodman,  poet,  b.  N.  Y., 
Aug.  7,  1795;  d.  Sept.  21,  1820.  He  lost  his 
father  in  early  life,  and  with  3  sisters  struggled 
with  poverty.  He  studied  medicine  ;  and  his 
marriage  in  1816,  soon  after  taking  his  degree, 
with  Sarah,  dau.  of  Henry  Eckford,  placed 
him  in  affluence.  He  travelled  in  Europe,  and, 
after  his  return  in  1819,  contrib.  verses  under 
the  signature  of  "  Croaker,"  to  the  N.Y.  Even- 
ing Post.  His  largest  and  most  imaginative 
poem  is  the  "  Culprit  Fay."  Though  Drake 
had  written  from  his  boyhood,  yet  the  poems 
which  gave  him  his  reputation  were  ail  pro- 
duced in  a  single  season.  His  health  failing, 
he  passed  the  winter  of  1819  in  New  Or- 
leans. His  death  called  forth  a  beautiful  poet- 
cal  tribute  from  his  friend  Hallcck.  A  selec- 
tion of  his  poems,  including  "  The  American 
Flag,"  was  pub.  in  1836,  by  his  only  child,  a 
dau.,  who  m.  Com.  DeKay. 

Drake,  Samuel,  the  pioneer  of  the  drama 
at  the  West,  b.  Eng.  1767;  d.  near  Louisville, 
Ky.,  Oct.  17,  1854.  He  was  the  father  of 
those  well-known  performers,  Alexander,  Sam- 
uel, and  Julia  Drake,  and  was  himself  an  actor 
of  no  ordinary  distinction.  Made  his  Amer. 
d^buf.  in  1809,  at  the  Federal-st  Theatre,  Boston. 
Julia  was  the  mother  of  Wm.  VV,  Fosdick, 
the  poet,  by  her  first  husband,  and  of  Julia 
Dean,  the  actress,  by  her  second.  Another 
conspicuous  actress  of  this  family  is  Julia 
Drake  Chapman,  dau.  of  Alexander  Drake. 
The  family  came  to  the  U.S.  about  1800.  Its 
youngest  member,  James  G.,  is  known  to  the 
public  chiefly  as  a  song-writer.  His  "  Tom 
Breeze,"  "  Parlez  Bas,"  and  other  songs,  have 
been  widely  admired.  He  resided  in  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  where  he  d.  May  13,  1850.  — Poets 
and  Poetri]  of  the  West. 

Drake,  Samuel  Gardner,  historical  writ- 
er, b.  Pittsfield,  N.H.,  Oct.  11,  1798.  He  re- 
ceived a  common  school  education,  and  between 
the  ages  of  20  and  27  was  a  district  school 
teacher.  Removing  to  Boston,  he  established 
there  in  1828  the  Antiquarian  Bookstore,  the 
first  of  its  class  in  the  U.S.  One  of  the  found- 
ers of  theN.E.  Hist,  and  Genealogical  Soc,  of 
which  he  was  pres.  in  1858.  He  began  the 
publication  of  its  quarterly  "  Register "  in 
1847,  and  continued  it  many  years  as  editor 
and  publisher,  contributing  many  biog.  and 
hist,  articles  to  its  pages.  He  resided  in  Lon- 
don in  1858-60.  He  has  pub.  "  Church's  Phi- 
lip's War,  with  Additions,"  12mo,  1825; 
"  Sketches  of  the  Hist,  of  Northwood,  N.H., 
for  Colls.  H.  Soc,"  1832;  "Indian  Biogra- 
phy," 12mo,  1832  ;  "Book  of  the  Indians,"  8vo 
(Uth  cd.  1851),  1833;  "Old  Indian  Chroni- 
cle," 18mo,  1836  ;  "  Indian  Captivities,"  12mo, 
1839;  "Genealogical  and  Biographical  Acct. 
of  the  Fam.  of  Drake,"  12nio,  1845  ;  "  Review 
of  Savage's  ed.  Winthrop's  Journal,"  8vo, 
1854;  '-Hist,  and  Antiqs.,  Boston,"  roy.  8vo, 
1856  ;  "  Result  of  Researches  among  the  Brit. 
Archives,"  4to,  1860;  "Memoir  of  Sir  Walt. 
Raleigh,"  4to,  1862;  "  Introd.  and  Notes  to 
Mather's  Indian  War  of  1675-6,"  1862; 
"Introd.  and  Notes  to  Mather's  Relation," 
4to,  1864;  "Introd.  and  Notes  to  Plubbard's 


Indian  Wars,"  2  vols.,  4to,  1865;  "Introd. 
and  Notes  to  Mather's  Wonders  In  vis.  World, 
and  Calcf's  More  Wonders,"  3  vols.,  4to^ 
1866;  "The  Old  Indian  Chronicle,"  4to, 
1867  ;  "  Annals  of  Witchcraft  in  the  U.S.,"4to, 
1869  ;  "  History  of  the  Five  Years'  French  and 
Ind.  War,"  4to,  1870,  &c.  He  contrib.  the 
article  "  Massachusetts,"  to  the  Encyclop.  Bri- 
tannica. 

Draper,  John  William,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
chemist  and  physiologist,  b.  Liverpool.  Eng,, 
May  5,  1811.  He  was  educated  at  the  U.  of 
London.  He  emigrated  to  Amer.  in  1833, 
continuing  his  chemical  and  medical  studies  at 
the  U.  of  Pa.,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
M.D.  in  1836.  Prof,  of  chemistry,  nat.  philos., 
and  physiology,  in  Hamp  Sid.  Coll.,  Va.,  in 
1836-9.  Dr.  Draper  next  filled  the  chair  of 
chemistry  and  nat.  history  in  the  academic 
dept.  of  the  U.  of  N.Y.,  where  he  also  delivered 
lectures  upon  physiology.  In  1841,  he  was  app. 
prof  of  chemistry  in  the  University  Med.  Coll., 
which  he  had  aided  in  establishing ;  and,  in 
1850,  physiology  was  added  to  the  chair  of 
chemistry.  He  has  also  acted  as  the  medical 
faculty's  sec,  and,  since  1850,  as  their  presiding 
officer.  He  took  charge,  in  1854,  of  the  chair 
of  analytical  and  practical  chemistry  of  the  U. 
of  N.Y.  City.  He  has  devoted  much  attention 
to  the  study  of  the  action  of  light,  and  was  the 
inventor  of  the  af)plication  of  the  daguerrotype 
process  to  the  taking  of  portraits.  He  lias 
written  much,  and  with  high  reputation.  Be- 
tween 1838  and  1857,  he  furnished  to  the  Edinh. 
Philos.  Journal  ab.  40  treatises,  besides  contrib. 
to  other  scientific  journals.  Author  of  a 
"  Treatise  on  the  Organization  of  Plants,"  4to, 
1844;  a  popular  "  Text- book  on  Chemistry," 
1846;  and  another  on  "  Natural  Philosophy," 
1847  ;  a  "  History  of  the  Intellectual  Develop- 
ment of  Europe ;  "  "  Thoughts  on  the  Future 
Civil  Policy  of  Amer. ;  "  "  Hist,  of  the  Amer. 
Civil  War,"  3  vols.,  1867-8,  and  "  Memoirs 
on  the  Chemical  Action  of  Light."  His  most 
elaborate  work  is  a  treatise  on  "  Human  Phy- 
siology, Statical  and  Dynamical,"  1856. 

Draper,  Lyman  C,  historical  writer,  b. 
near  Buffalo,  Sept.  4,  1815.  He  has  since  1833 
been  engaged  in  making  colls,  of  Western 
history  and  biog.,  and  has  edited  4  vols.  Wis. 
Hist.  Soc.  Colls.  Pres.  of  that  body.  Author 
of  "  Madison,  the  Capital  of  Wis.,  its  Growth," 
&c.,  1857. 

Draper,  Simeon,  politician  of  N.Y.,  b. 
1804;  d.  Whitestown,  L.I.,  Nov.  6,  1866.  He 
was  a  prominent  merchant  of  N.Y.,  but  did 
not  succeed,  and  became  an  auctioneer.  Active 
in  politics,  he  was  long  the  friend  of  W.  H. 
Seward  ;  was  several  times  a  member  of  the 
Whig  State  Central  Committee;  in  1864,  chair- 
man of  the  Union  State  Central  Committee; 
was  many  years  an  administrator  of  the  public 
charities;  provost-marshal  in  1862,  and  col- 
lector of  the  port  of  N.Y.  in  1864.  He  was  an 
able  and  influential  man,  of  generous  impulses 
and  strict  integrity. 

Drayton,  John,  gov.  of  S.C.  1800-2,  and 
1808-10.  Dist.  judge  of  the  U.S.  till  his  d.,  at 
Charleston,  Nov.  27,  1 822,  a.  60.  Son  of  Wm. 
Henry.  He  pub.  "A  View  of  S.C,"  1802; 
"Memoirs  of  the  Revol."  in  that  State,"  2 


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vols.,  8vo,  1821,  and  "Letters  written  during 
a  Tour  through  the  Northern  and  Eastern 
States,"  Svo,  1794. 

Drayton,  Percival,  capt.  U.S.N.,b.  S.C., 
Aug.  25,  1812;  d.  Washington,  DC,  Aug:.  4, 
1865.  Son  of  Hon.  Wm.  Drayton,  MC. 
Midshipman,  Dec  1827  ;  lieut.  Feb.  28,  1838; 
was  attached  to  the  observatory,  Washington, 
in  1852;  command.  Sept.  14,  1855;  joined  the 
Paraguay  cxped.  in  1858,  and  from  1860  until 
the  outbreak  of  civil  war,  was  on  ordnance 
duty  at  Phihi.  Though  strongly  bound  by 
family  ties  to  the  seceding  States,  he  remained 
loyal'to  the  national  flag,  and,  in  theexped.  to 
Port  Royal,  com.  the  steamer  "  Pocaliontas  ; " 
his  brother.  Gen.  T.  F.  Drayton,  com.  at  the 
same  time  the  confed.  troops  at  Hilton  Head 
Island.  He  was  afterward  transferred  to  "  The 
Pawnee,"  and  July  16,  1862,  was  promoted  to 
capt.,  and  ordered  to  the  new  Ericsson  iron- 
battery  "  Passaic."  He  was  in  the  bombard- 
ment of  Fort  McAllister;  in  the  attack  on 
Sumter  by  Dupont ;  fleet  capt.  of  the  W.  Gulf 
squad.,  under  Farragut,  and  was  in  "  The  Hart- 
ford "  at  the  fight  with  and  capture  of  the 
rebel  fleet  in  Mobile  Bay,  Aug.  5, 1864.  He 
was  particularly  disting.  as  flag-officer.  App. 
chief  of  the  bureau  of  navigation,  Apr.  28, 
1865. 

Drayton,  Williaji,  LL.D.,  judge,  b. 
S.C.,  173.3;  d.  June,  1790.  Educated  at  the 
Middle  Temple,  Lond.,  where  he  studied  law  4 
years;  returned  to  Amer.  in  1754,  and  in  1768 
was  app.  chief-justice  of  the  Province  of  E. 
Fla.  During  the  Revol.  war,  he  was  suspended 
from  office,  then  reinstated,  and  with  his  family 
passed  some  time  in  Eng.  After  the  peace,  he 
was  successively  judge  of  the  Admiralty  Court 
of  S.C,  assoc.  justice  of  the  State,  Mar.  to 
Oct.  1789,  and  a  judge  under  the  U.S.  Govt., 
app.  Oct.  1789. 

Drayton,  William,  soldier  and  states- 
man, b.  St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  Dec.  30,  1776  ;  d. 
Phila.,  May  24,  1846.  Educated  in  Eng.; 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1797  ;  some  time  assist. 
clerk  in  a  Court  of  Sessions  in  S.C,  and, 
though  a  Federalist,  was  app.  lieut.-col.  10th 
U.S. Inf.,  Mar.  12,1812;  col.  I8th,july6, 1812; 
insp.-gen.  Aug.  1,  1814;  M.C.  1825-33.  In 
1830,  he  was  a  leader  of  the  Union  party  in 
opposition  to  that  of  nullification.  Removing 
to  Phila.,  he  succeeded  Biddle  as  pres.  of  the 
U.S.  Bank  in  1839,  and  aided  Gens.  Scott 
and  Macomb  in  preparing  a  system  of  inf. 
tactics.     Recorder  of  Charleston  "in  1819. 

Drayton,  William  Henry,  statesman, 
and  political  writer,  b.  on  Ashley  River,  S.C, 
Sept.  1742  ;  d.  Phila.,  Sept.  3,  1779.  A  nephew 
of  Gov.  Bull.  Educated  at  Westminster  and 
Oxford,  between  1753  and  1764,  when  he  re- 
turned to  Carolina.  In  1769,  an  article  under 
the  signature  of  "  Freeman  "  involved  him  in  a 
political  controversy  with  Gadsden  and  John 
Mackenzie.  In  1771,  after  revisiting  Eng.,  he 
was  app.  privy  councillor  for  the  Province  of 
S.C. ;  but,  as  the  Revol.  crisis  approached,  he 
espoused  the  popular  cause,  and  jirotested 
against  the  proceedings  of  his  colleagues.  In 
1774,  he  wrote  a  pamphlet  under  the  signature 
of  "Freeman,"  addressed  to  the  American 
Congress,  in  which  he  stated  the  grievances  of 


America,  and  drew  up  a  bill  of  rights.  It  sub- 
stantially marked  out  the  line  of  conduct 
adopted  by  Congress,  then  in  session.  Ho  was 
app.  a  judge  in  1774.  Suspended  from  his  of- 
fices under  the  crown,  he  was  made  a  member 
of  the  popular  committee  of  safety.  On  the 
formation  of  a  popular  constitution,  he  was  re- 
instated in  the  corresponding  offices  of  the 
State,  and,  in  1776,  was  advanced  to  the  rank 
of  chief-justice.  He  pub.  his  charge  to  the 
grand  jury  in  Apr.  1776,  which  breathes  all 
the  spirit  and  energy  of  the  mind  which  knows 
the  value  of  freedom,  and  is  determined  to  sup- 
port it.  Member  of  the  Provincial  Congress  in 
1775,  of  which  he  became  pres.  Pres.  of  S.C. 
in  1777;  member  of  the  Cont.  Congress  in 
1778-9.  He  left  a  manuscript  history  of  the 
Revol.  to  the  end  of  the  year  1778,  which  was 
pub.  by  his  son.  Gov.  John  Drayton,  in  1821, 
2  vols.,  8vo. — Rogers. 

Drew,  Daniel,  a  N.Y.  millionnaire,  b.  Car- 
rael,  Putnam  Co.,  N.Y.,  1788.  At  first  a 
farmer-boy,  then  an  employe  on  a  North  Riv- 
er steamboat.  He  became  an  owner  of  stock,  a 
builder  of  magnificent  steamboats,  a  bold  stock 
operator  in  Wall  Street,  and  finally  a  million- 
naire. In  1866,  he  gave  $250,000  toward  found- 
ing the  Drew  Theol,  Seminary  of  Madison, 
N.J.,  —  a  sum  increased  by  successive  donations 
to  nearly  a  million  dollars. 

Drinker,  Anna,  poet,  known  by  the  nom 
de plume,  "  Edith  May,"  b.  Pa.  Her  contribu- 
tions to  the  Home  Journal  were  highly  com- 
mended by  N.  P.  Willis.  She  has  pub.  "Po- 
etical Works,"  Svo,  1854;  "Talcs  and  Poems 
for  Children,"  1855,  12mo.  —  See  Griswold's 
Female  Poets  of  Amer. 

Drown,  Solomon,  M.D.,  a  physician  and 
botanist,  b.  Providence,  R. I.,  1753;  d.  1834. 
B.U.  1774.  He  studied  medicine,  was  a  sur- 
geon in  the  Revol.  army,  and  visited  Europe, 
to  perfect  his  professional  education,  in  1784. 
He  subsequently  practised  medicine  at  Provi- 
dence, in  Ohio,  and  in  Western  Pa.,  but  in 
1801  settled  in  Foster,  R.I.,  where  he  passed 
the  remainderof  his  life.  In  1811,  he  was  app. 
prof  of  materia  medica  and  botany  in  Brown 
U.  Member  of  the  Am.  Acad,  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  and  of  several  learned  bodies.  He 
pub.  "  The  Farmer's  Guide,"  1825  ;  also  some 
occasional  addresses. 

Druilletes,  Gabriel,  Jesuit  missionary, 
b.  France,  1593;  d.  Quebec,  8  Apr.  1681.  He 
was  sent  to  Canada  in  1643  ;  became  a  mission- 
ary to  the  wandering  Algonquins,  and  after 
losing  his  sight,  which  was  miraculously  re- 
stored, continued  his  labors  among  them  near 
40  years.  He  evangelized  the  Montagnasis, 
Algonquins,  Crees,  Papanachois,  and  Abnakis 
on  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Kennebec,  and  for 
several  years  after  1666,  labored  amonq:  the 
Ottawas  and  Chippewas  at  Sault.  Stc.  Marie. 
—  Shea's  Hist,  of  Missions,  Sfc. 

Drummond,  Sir  Gordon,  a  British  gen. 
b.  Quebec,  1771  ;  d.  London,  Oct.  10,  1854. 
Son  of  Colin,  paymaster  to  the  troops  in  L. 
Canada  in  1771.  Ensign  in  1789;  became 
gen.  1825.  He  served  in  Holland  in  1794-5, 
in  Egypt  in  1801 ;  as  a  staff'-officer  at  Jamaica 
for  some  years,  and  on  the  staflP  in  Canada  in 
1808-11;    lieut.-gen.  1811.      Sept.   1813,  he 


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went  to  Canada  as  second  in  com.  to  Sir 
George  Prevost.  He  planned  the  capture  of 
Fort  Niagara,  Dec.  19,  1813  ;  took  the  villages 
of  Black  Rock  and  Buffalo,  Dec.  31,  1813; 
captured  and  destroyed  the  barracks,  works, 
and  stores  at  Oswego,  in  May,  1814,  and  com. 
at  the  obstinately-contested  battle  of  Lundy's 
Lane,  July  2.5,  1814,  and  was  severely  wound- 
ed. Aug.  15,  he  attacked  Fort  Erie,  and  was 
repulsed  with  heavy  loss.  He  succeeded  Pre- 
vost in  the  com.  in  1814,  and  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  govt.,  but  returned  to  Eng.  in 
June,  1816.  In  1817,  he  received  the  grand 
cross  of  the  Bath. 

Duane,  James,  statesman,  b.  N.Y.  City, 
Feb.  6,1733;  d.  Duanesburg,  N.Y.,  Feb.  1, 
17'J7.  From  Anthony,  his  father,  he  acquired 
a  large  estate  in  Duanesburg,  N.Y.,  which  he 
began  to  settle  in  176.5.  Oct.  21,  1759,  he  m. 
a  dau.  of  Col.  Robert  Livingston.  Adopting 
the  profession  of  the  law,  he  became  a  member 
of  the  Revol.  committees  of  N.Y. ;  of  the  Old 
Congress,  1774-7  and  1780-2;  attended  the 
Indian  treaty  at  Albany  in  Aug.  1775;  mem- 
ber of  the  Const.  Conv.  in  1776-7,  and  on  the 
committee  to  draft  the  same;  member  commit- 
tee of  safety,  1776-7;  returned  to  N!y.  City, 
on  its  evacuation  in  1783;  became  a  member 
of  the  council,  State  senator,  1783-4:  first  may- 
or of  N.Y.  City,  1784;  member  of  the  conv. 
to  adopt  the  Federal  Constitution  in  1788  ;  U. 
S.  district  judge,  1789-94. 

Duane,  Col.  William,  editor  and  politi- 
cian, b.  near  Lake  Champlain,  N.Y.,  1760;  d. 
Phila.,  Nov.  24,  1835.  At  the  age  of  11,  he 
was  taken  by  his  mother,  then  a  widow  and  a 
Roman  Catholic,  to  Ireland,  and  liberally  edu- 
cated. He  became  a  printer.  Went  to  India  in 
1784,  rapidly  amassed  property,  and  became 
editor  of  the  World.  Having  opposed  the  lo- 
cal govt.,  he  was  seized,  and  sent  to  Eng., 
and  his  wealth  confiscated.  He  sought  redress 
in  vain,  and  soon  became  editor  of  the  General 
Advertiser,  siding  in  politics  with  Home  Tooke 
and  other  liberals.  In  1795,  he  came  to 
Phila.,  and  edited  the  Aurora,  wiiich,  by  able 
management,  became  the  most  influential 
organ  of  the  Democ.  party.  Jefferson  attrib- 
uted his  election  to  the  presidency  to  its 
vigorous  support,  and  app.  him  lieut.-col.  of 
rifles,  July  8,  1808;  adj. -gen.,  rank  of  col., 
March,  1813  to  June,  1815.  On  the  removal  of 
the  seat  of  govt.,  the  influence  of  the  Aurora 
declined.  He  withdrew  from  it  in  1822,  and 
travelled  through  the  S.  Amer.  republics  ;  pub. 
an  account  of  his  travels  on  his  return,  enti- 
tled "  A  Visit  to  Columbia,  1822-3,"  Phila., 
1826.  Prothonotary  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Pa.,  from  1826  till  his  death.  He  pub. 
"Military  Dictionary,"  1810;  "Hand-Book 
for  Riflemen,"  1813;  "Mississippi  Question," 
8vo,  Piiila.,  1803,  "An  Epitome  of  the  Arts 
and  Sciences,"  1811 ;  "Hand-Book  for  Infan- 
try," 1813;  "Amer.  Military  Library,"  2 
vols.,  1819. 

Duane,  William,  b.  Phila.,  Feb.  7,  1808. 
Son  of  VVm.  J.  Editor  of  "  Christopher 
Marshall's  Diary,"  1839,  and  new  enlarged  ed., 
1849.  Author  of  "  View  of  the  Relation  of 
Landlord  and  Tenant  in  Penn.,"  8vo,  1844  ; 
*'  Law    of   Roads,   Highways,  13 ridges,    and 


Ferries  in  Pa.,"  12mo,  1848,  "Coffee,  Tea, 
and  Chocolate,"  transl.  from  the  French,  12mo, 
1846;  "Canada  and  the  Continental  Con- 
gress," 8vo,  1850. — Allibone. 

Duane,  William  John,  lawver.  Son  of 
Col.  Wm.,  b.  Clonmel,  Ireland,  1780;  d. 
Phila.,  Sept.  27,  1865.  Originally  a  printer; 
afterward  a  paper-dealer;  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1803;  often  represented  Phila.  in  the  State 
legisl.  He  was  a  disting.  lawyer ;  took  a  deep 
interest  in  schools,  and  was  a  trustee,  and 
subsequently  a  director,  in  Girard  Coll.  Suc- 
ceded  iiis  father  as  editor  of  the  Aurora.  Sec. 
of  the  U.S.  treasury  in  1833  ;  was  removed  by 
Jackson,  Sept.  5^3,  1833,  fur  declining  to  order 
the  removal  of  the  deposits  from  the  U.S. 
Bank.  Author  of  "  The  Law  of  Nations  In- 
vestigated," &c.,  8vo,  1809;  "Letters  on  In- 
ternal Improvements,"  8vo,  1811  ;  "Narrative 
and  Correspondence  concerning  the  Removal 
of  the  Deposits,"  8vo,  1838. 

Dubois,  John,  D.D.,  R.C.  bi.shop  of 
N.Y.,  b.  Paris,  1764;  d.  N.Y.,  Dec.  20,  1842. 
In  1791,  the  revolution  drove  liim  to  the  U.S. 
He  officiated  in  Va.  and  Md.  ;  took  charge  of 
the  mission  at  Frederick,  Md.,  and  in  1808, 
having  become  a  member  of  the  society  of 
St.  Sulpice,  settled  at  Emmottsburg,  and  took 
an  active  part  iti  the  establishment  of  St. 
Mary's  (^W.  at  Baltimore.  Oct.  29,  1826,  he 
was  elevated  to  the  Episcopacy. 

Dubouchet  (dii-lioo'-sha'),  Florimand 
Langlois,  marquis,  a  French  gen.,  b.  Cler- 
mont, Oct.  20,  1752;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  1826. 
Having  entered  the  army  at  the  age  of  15,  and 
disting.  himself  in  Corsica  in  1769,  he  in 
1776  lent  his  services  to  the  Americans,  and 
in  the  following  year  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  major  on  the  field  of  battle  of  Sara- 
toga. In  1780,  he  joined  Rochambeau,  and 
was  present  at  the  surrender  of  both  Bur- 
goyne  and  Cornwallis:  At  the  conclusion  of 
peace,  he  returned  to  France  with  the  decora- 
tion of  the  Cincinnati,  and  received  the  cro.ss 
of  St.  Louis.  An  emigrant  at  the  epoch  of 
the  French  revol.,  he  re-entered  France  in 
1803;  com.  at  Yprcs  in  1809,  and  Breda  in 
1810.  At  the  restoration,  the  title  of  marquis 
was  made  hereditary  in  his  family;  and  in 
April,  1816,  he  was  made  lieut.-gen.,  but  oc- 
cupied himself  with  literary  labors  until  his 
death.  —  Biog.  Univ.  Suppt. 

Duch^  (du-sha'),  Jacob,  D.D.,  an  elo- 
quent Prot.-Ep.  clergyman,  b.  Phila.,  1739; 
d.  there  Jan.  3,  1798.  U.  of  Pa.  1757.  Son 
of  a  Huguenot,  who  came  to  America  with 
Wm.  Penn.  Licensed  in  1759,  by  the  bishop 
of  Lond.,  as  assist,  minister  of  Christ  Church, 
Phila.  and  in  1775  succeeded  Dr.  Peters  as 
its  rector.  Marrying  a  sister  of  his  classmate, 
Francis  Hopkinson,  he,  at  the  beginning  9f 
the  Revol.,  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Colonies, 
and  was  highly  esteemed  by  the  patriots.  At 
the  assembling  of  the  First  Congress,  Sept.  7, 
1774,  Duche  was  invited  to  make  the  open- 
ing prayer.  "  For  his  excellent  prayer,  so 
well  adapted  to  the  present  occasion,"  Con- 
gress gave  him  a  vote  of  thanks.  July  9, 1776, 
he  was  chosen  chaplain  to  Congress,  and  ap- 
propriated his  salary  to  the  relief  of  the  fami- 
lies of  Pennsylvanians  slain  in  battle ;  but  he 


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resigned  in  Oct.  When  the  British  took  pos- 
Bession  of  Phila.,  alarmed  at  the  gloomy 
aspect  of  affairs,  Duche  forsook  the  patriot 
cause,  and  in  a  letter  to  Washington  (Oct. 
1777)  urged  him  to  pursue  the  same  course. 
Washington  transmitted  the  letter  to  Con- 
gress ;  and  Duche  fled  to  Eng.,  where  he  became 
chaplain  in  the  Lambeth  Orphan  Asylum,  and 
a  popular  preacher.  His  estate  was  confis- 
cated, and  he  himself  banished  as  a  traitor  to 
his  country.  He  returned  to  Phila.  in  1790. 
He  was  a  highly  polished  writer,  and  had  a  fine 
poetical  taste.  In  1771,  he  pub.  the  "  Letters 
of  Tamoc  Caspipina,"  an  acrostic  on  his  desig- 
nation as  the  assist,  minister  of  Christ 
Church  and  St.  Peter's  in  Piiila.  in  N.A. 
"  Sermons,"  8vo,  1781.  —  Diujcklnck. 

DuCoudray  (du  koo'-dra),  Phil.  Chas. 
Jean  Bapt.  Tronson,  a  French  art.  officer, 
b.  Rheims,  Sept.  8,  1738;  d.  Sept.  11,  1777. 
Educated  in  the  corps  of  miners,  he  evinced 
superior  talents  at  an  early  age  ;  was  promoted 
over  the  heads  of  180  senior  oflScers  for  services 
in  Corsica;  and  was  adj.-gen.  of  art.,  and  one 
of  the  best  engineers  in  France,  when,  in  1776, 
he  offered  his  services  to  Deane  and  Franklin, 
who  agreed  that  he  should  com.  the  Amer. 
art.,  with  the  rank  and  pay  of  maj.-gen.  The 
dissatisfaction  of  Knox  and  other  valuable 
officers  of  that  arm  prevented  this  arrange- 
ment from  being  carried  out.  Aug.  11,  1777, 
he  was  app.  insp  -gen.,  with  rank  of  maj.-gen., 
and  placed  in  superintendence  of  the  works  on 
the  Delaware.  While  hastening  as  a  vol.  to 
the  battle  of  Braiidywine,  his  horse,  becoming 
restive  while  on  board  a  ferry-boat  crossing  the 
Schuylkill,  plunged  with  him  into  the  river, 
and  he  was  drowned. 

Ducreux  (du''-kruh'),FRANgois,  a  French 
historian,  b.  Saintes,  1596;  d.  1666.  Author 
of  Historia  Canadensis,  1664. 

Dudley,  Benjamin  Winslow,  M.D., 
LL.D.,  surgeon,  b.  Spottsylvania  Co.,  Va., 
1785;  d.  Lexington,  Ky.,  20  Jan.  1870.  He 
studied  at  Transylv.  U.,  and  took  his  medical 
degree  at  the  U.  of  Pa.  in  1806.  In  1800, 
he  went  to  Europe,  where  he  was  the  pupil  of 
Sir  Astley  Cooper,  Cline,  and  Abernethy  of 
Lond.,  and  Larrey,  Dubois,  and  Boyer  in  Paris 
till  1814,  returning  home  with  the  reputation 
of  a  most  skilful  operator.  He  estalilished 
himself  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  in  July,  1814,  re- 
maining there  in  successful  practice  until  1854, 
achieving  the  reputation  of  being  the  ablest 
surgeon  west  of  the  Alleghanies.  He  pub. 
several  medical  essays,  and,  on  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  medical  school  of  Transylv.  U., 
was  made  its  prof,  of  surgery. 

Dudley,  Charles  Edward,  senator,  b. 
Johnson  Hall,  Staffordshire,  P^ng.,  May  23, 
1780;  d.  Albany,  Jan.  23,  1841.  Charles,  his 
father,  coll.  of  the  customs  at  Newport,  and  a 
loyalist,  d.  Lond.  in  1790.  The  son  came  with 
his  mother  to  Newport,  R.I.,  in  1794.  Enter- 
ing into  trade  there,  he  went  to  the  E.  Indies 
as  supercargo,  subsequently  removed  to  N.Y., 
where,  in  July,  1800,  he  m.  Blandina,  dau.  of 
Rutgers  Bleecker,  and  in  1802  removed  to 
All)any.  State  senator  in  1820-5,  mayor  of 
Albany  in  1821  and  1828,  and  U.S.  senator  in 
1829-33.     Mr.  Dudley  was  particularly  lond 


of  astronomical  science;  and  in  1856  his 
widow  contrib.  $70,000  towards  the  erection 
and  endowment  of  the  Dudley  Observatory  at 
Albany.  At  the  time  of  her  death  in  Jan. 
1863,  she  had  contrib.  to  it,  in  all,  over  $100,- 
000. 

budley.  Dean,  b.  Kingfield,  Me.,  May 
23,  1823.  Educated  for  the  law.  Printer  and 
publisher  of  Boston.  Author  of  "  Dudley  Gen- 
ealogy," 8vo,  1848  ;  "  Pictures  of  Life  in  Eng. 
and  America,"  8vo,  1851 ;  "  History  of  the 
Fi.-st  Council  of  Nice ;  "  "  Social  and  Polit. 
Aspects  of  England  and  the  Continent." 

Dudley,  Edward  B.,  gov.  of  N.C.  (1837- 
41) ;  d.  Wilmington,  N.C,  Oct.  30,  1855,  a.  64. 
Entering  the  legisl.  of  N.C.  in  1816,  he  was 
M.  C.  1829-31. 

Dudley,  Joseph,  gov.  of  Ms.,  b.  Roxbury, 
July  23,  1647  ;  d.  there  Apr.  2,  1720.  H.  U. 
1663.  Son  of  Gov.  Thomas.  He  studied  the- 
ology, but,  preferring  a  political  career,  repre- 
sented his  native  town  in  1673-5  ;  was  assist. 
1676-85;  from  1677  to  1681  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  for  the  United  Colonies;  was 
present  at  the  battle  with  the  Narragansetts  in 
1675,  and  was  one  of  the  commissioners  who 
dictated  the  terms  of  a  treaty  with  that  power- 
ful tribe.  He  was  agent  for  the  colony  in  Eng. 
in  1682-3;  but,  unable  to  obtain  a  confirmation 
of  the  old  charter,  he  served  him.self,  and  became 
a  prominent  candidate  for  the  chief-magistracy. 
Commissioned  by  James  II.  pres.  of  New  Eng., 
Sept.  27,  1685  ;  in  1687  was  app.  chief-justice 
of  the  Superior  Court,  and  was  arrested  as  one 
of  the  friends  of  Andros,  with  whom  he  was 
sent  to  England.  He  was  received  with 
favor,  and  was  made  chicfjustice  of  N.Y., 
1690.  He  was  again  in  Eng.  in  1693,  and  dur- 
ing 8  years  held  the  oflace  of  dep.  gov.  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  being  in  1701  elected  to  parlia- 
ment from  Newtown.  From  1702  to  1715,  he 
was  capt.-gen.  and  gov.-in-chief  of  Ms.  Bay. 
He  then  retired  to  his  rural  home  in  Rox- 
bury. He  carried  the  doctrine  of  submission 
to  royal  and  ministerial  authority  to  a  danger- 
ous extreme.  Dudley  was  a  "  philosopher  and 
a  scholar,  a  divine  and  a  lawyer,  all  com- 
bined." —  N.  E.  H.  and  Gen.  Req.,  x.,  336. 

Dudley,  Paul,  F.R.S.,  jurist,  b.  Sept.  3, 
1675 ;  d.  Jan.  2.5,  1752.  H.  U.  1690.  Son  of 
Gov,  Joseph.  He  studied  law  at  the  Temple, 
London.  Returned  in  1702  with  a  commis- 
sion from  Queen  Anne  as  atty.-gen.  of  the 
Province,  which  he  held  till  his  promotion  to 
the  bench  in  1718;  becoming  chief-justice  in 
1745.  He  rep.  Roxbury  some  years  in  the 
legisl.,  and  in  1739  was  chosen  speaker,  but 
was  negatived.  He  was  a  learned  naturalist,  a 
member  of  the  Roy.  Soc.  Lond.  He  left  a  be- 
quest to  Harv.  Coll.  for  the  purpose  of  estab- 
lishing a  yearly  lecture  to  be  delivered  at  that 
institution  in  defence  of  Christianity,  called 
from  him  the  Dudleian  lecture.  He  pub.  sev- 
eral essays  on  the  Natural  History  of  Amer., 
particularly  of  N.  Eng.,  in  the  "  Transactions  " 
of  the  Roy.  Soc,  and  a  work  against  the 
Church  of  Rome. 

Dudley,  Thomas,  gov.  of  Ms.  in  1634, 
'40,  '45,  and  '50,  b.  Northampton,  Eng.,  1576; 
d.  Roxbury,  Ms.,  July  31,  16.53.  He  had  been 
an  officer  under  Elizabeth,  in  the  service  of 


IDXJE 


285 


DXJB^ 


Holland,  before  joining  the  Puritans,  and  after- 
ward retrieved  the  fortunes  of  the  Earl  of  Lin- 
coln by  the  faithful  stewardship  of  his  estates. 
A  principal  member  of  the  Ms.  company  which 
settled  Boston  and  vicinity,  he  came  over  in 
1630  as  dep.-gov.  with  his  son-in-law,  Simon 
Bradstreet,  and  held  that  office  12  years.  After 
residing  in  Cambridge,  Ipswich,  and  Boston, 
he  finally  settled  in  Roxbury,  where  his  estate 
was  long  possessed  by  his  descendants.  In 
1644,  he  was  app.  maj.-gen.  of  the  Colony.  He 
was  a  man  of  talent  and  integrity,  was' bold, 
outspoken,  and  energetic. 

Duer,  Joiiy,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1837),  ju- 
rist, b.  Albany,  N.Y.,  Oct.  7, 1782  ;  d.  Staten  Is- 
land, Aug.  8,'  18.58.  Son  of  Col.  Wm.  Duer, 
and  grandson  of  Lord  Stirling.  After  2  years' 
service  in  the  army,  he  practised  law  at  Goshen 
with  Beverly  Robinson,  with  whom,  ab.  1818, 
he  removed  to  N.Y.,  and  acquired  reputation 
as  an  insurance  lawyer.  In  1849,  he  was 
elected  an  assoc.  justice  of  the  Superior  Court, 
and  on  the  death  of  Judge  Oakley  in  May, 
1857,  .became  chief-justice.  In  182.5,  he  was 
app.  one  of  the  commissioners  to  revise  the 
statute  law  of  the  State.  He  was  a  delegate  to 
the  State  Const.  Conv.  in  1821.  In  1845,  he 
pub.  a  "Lecture  on  the  Law  of  Representa- 
tions in  Marine  Insurance,"  and  in  1845-6  a 
treatise  on  "  The  Law  and  Practice  of  Marine 
Insurance."  In  1848,  he  delivered  a  discourse 
on  Chancellor  Kent,  which  was  pub.,  and  at 
the  time  of  his  death  was  editing  "  Duer's  Re- 
ports of  the  Decisions  of  the  Superior  Court," 
the  6th  vol.  of  which  he  left  incomplete. 

Duer,  Col.  William,  b.  Eng.,  18  Mar. 
1747  ;  d.  7  May,  1799.  Son  of  John,  council- 
lor for  Antigua.  In  1765,  he  became  aide  to 
Lord  Clive  in  India.  In  1768,  he  purchased 
land  in  Washington  Co.,  N.Y. ;  was  app.  col. 
of  militia,  judge  of  the  county  courts,  member 
of  the  Prov.  Congress,  of  the  com.  of  safety, 
and  of  the  com.  to  draft  tlie  State  constitution 
in  the  conv.  of  1777;  delegate  to  the  Cont. 
Congress,  1777-8  ;  sec.  of  the  Treasury  Board 
until  the  organization  of  the  dept.  in  1789  ; 
member  of  the  State  legisl.  and  assist,  sec.  of 
the  treas.  under  Hamilton,  until  1790.  27  July, 
1779,  hem.  Catharine,  dau.  of  Lord  Stirling. 
He  took  up  his  residence  in  N.Y.  City  in  1783. 
—  See  Knickerbocker  Mag.,  xl.,  95-103. 

Duer,  William  Alex.,  jurist  and  man  of 
letters.  Son  of  Col  Wm.,  b.  Rhinebeck,  N.Y., 
Sept.  8,  1780;  d.  N.Y.,  May  30,  1858.  He 
studied  law  with  Duponceau  in  Phila.,  and 
Nat.  Pendleton  in  New  York.  During  the 
quasi  war  with  France  of  1798,  he  obtained  the 
app.  of  midshipman  in  the  navy,  and  served 
under  Decatur ;  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1802,  he 
engaged  in  business  with  Edward  Livingston, 
upon  whose  removal  to  N.  Orleans,  he  formed  a 
professional  partnership  with  his  bro. -in-law, 
Beverly  Robinson.  He  contrib.  to  a  partisan 
weekly  paper,  the  Corrector,  conducted  by  Dr. 
Peter  Irving,  in  support  of  Burr.  Mr.  Duer 
shortly  after  joined  Livingston  at  N.  Orleans, 
studied  the  Spanish  civil  law,  was  successful, 
but  was  induced  by  the  climate,  and  his  mar- 
riage with  the  dau.  of  Wm.  Denning  of  N.Y., 
to  resume  his  practice  in  the  latter  city.  Here 
he  was  a   contrib.  of  literary  articles  to   the 


Morning  Chronicle.  He  next  opened  an  oflSce 
in  his  native  town,  Rhinebeck,  and  in  1814  was 
elected  to  the  State  Assembly.  Continuing  in 
the  legisl.  till  1817,  he  was  a  prominent  pro- 
moter of  the  canal  legislation;  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  from  1822  to  1829;  pres.  of 
Col.  Coll.  from  1829  to  1842,  when  ill  health 
caused  his  retirement.  He  delivered  to  the 
seniors  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  constitution- 
al jurisprudence  of  the  U.S.,  pub.  in  1856.  He 
delivered  from  the  portico  of  the  Citv  Hall  a 
eulogy  upon  President  Monroe.  After  his  re- 
tirement, he  resided  at  Morristown,  N.J.  He 
pub.  in  the  Colls,  of  the  N.J,  Hist.  Society  a 
life  of  his  maternal  grandfather.  Lord  Stirling. 
He  delivered  in  1847  an  address  before  the  lit- 
erary societies  of  Col.  Coll.,  and  in  1848  an 
hist,  address  before  the  St.  Nicholas  Society, 
giving  early  reminiscences  of  New  York,  both 
of  which  have  been  pub.  —  Dui/ckinck. 

Duff,  Mary  Ann,  actress,  b.  Dublin;  d. 
Cincinnati,  Nov.  1832,  of  cholera.  She  was  a 
Miss  Dyke,  whose  sister  was  the  first  wife  of 
the  poet  Moore.  She  m.  John  DufF,  whose 
forte  was  genteel  and  sprightly  comedy,  and 
who  was  at  one  time  manager  of  the  Federal- 
street  Theatre,  Boston.  He  d.  in  Phila.,  April, 
1831,  a.  44.  After  playing  in  Dublin,  they 
came  to  this  country  in  1810,  opened  in  Bos- 
ton in  Nov.,  and  became  favorites  throughout 
the  country.  She  was  a  beautiful  woman,  and 
a  celebrated  tragedian.  She  went  to  Lond. 
in  1828,  and  Mar.  3,  played  at  Drury  Lane, 
Isabella,  in  "  The  Fatal  Marriage." 

Duffleld,  George,  D.D.  (Y.C.  1785),  cler- 
gyman, b.  Phila.,  7  Oct.  1732;  d.  there  Feb.  2, 
1790.  N.  J.  Coll.  1752.  ^  Tutor  in  N.  J.  Coll. 
1754-6  ;  minister  of  Carlisle,  Pa.,  from  25  Sept. 
1761  to  April.  1773,  when  he  became  pastor  of 
the  Third  Presb.  Church,  Phila.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  scholar  and  orator,  ami  was,  in 
the  Revol.  struggle,  an  early  and  zealous  friend 
of  his  country,  and  a  chaplain  of  the  Old  Con- 
gress. He  pub.  an  account  of  his  missionary 
tour  to  the  frontiers  in  1766,  and  a  thanksgiv- 
ing sermon  for  the  restoration  of  peace,  Dec. 
11,  1 783 .  —  Spraque. 

Duffield,  George,  D.D.  (U.  of  Pa.),  b. 
Strasburg,  Pa.,  Julv  4,  1794;  d.  Detroit,  June 
26,  1868.  U.  of  Pa.  1811.  Grandson  of  the 
preceding.  Licensed  to  preach  by  the  presby- 
tery of  Phila.,  Apr.  29,  1815;  pastor  of  the 
church  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  from  Dec.  1815  to 
1834,  and  of  the  5th  Presbyterian  Church  of 
Phila.  in  183.5-7.  In  1837,  he  succeeded  C.  G. 
Finney  at  the  Broadway  Tabernacle.  From 
1838  until  Apr.  27,  1865,  pastor  of  the  First 
Presb.  Chui-ch  of  Detroit.  He  was  a  ripe  schol- 
ar. During  the  war,  he  went  repeatedly  to  the 
battle-field  as  a  delegate  of  the  Christian  com- 
mission, and  ministered  to  the  wounded.  Au- 
thor of  "  Spiritual  Life,"  8vo,  "  Dissertations 
on  the  Prophecies,"  "  Millenarianism  de- 
fended," "Fugitive  Discourses,"  "  Claims  of 
Episc.  Bishops  examined,"  "Obligation  and 
Perpetuity  of  the  Christian  Sabbath."  Con- 
trib. to  the  Biblical  Repos.,  Presb.  Mag.,  &c. 

Duflfteld,  Rev.  George,  his  son,  b.  Car- 
lisle, Pa.,  1818.  Y.C.  1837.  Ord.  1840;  set- 
tled in  Blomfield,  N.J.,  then  in  Brooklyn, 
N.Y. ;  in  1852,  at  the  Buttonwood-st.  Church, 


DXJG- 


286 


D-CTN- 


Phila. ;  and  in  1860,  at  the  Presb.  Church, 
Ann  Arbor,  Mich.  He  has  written  many 
hymns,  but  will  be  chiefly  remembered  for  the 
one  "  Stand  up  for  Jesus." 

Duganne,  Augustine  Joseph  Hickey, 
poet  and  novelist,  b.  Boston,  1823.  He  has 
written  many  novellettes  and  romances,  *'  Mys- 
teries of  Boston,  New  York,  and  Phila.,"  8vo, 
Phila.,  and  a  great  number  of  miscellaneous 
papers  under  various  signatures.  His  poems 
are  the  "  Iron  Harp,"  "  Parnassus  in  Pillory," 
a  satire  ;  "  The  Mission  of  Intellect,"  a  poem 
delivered  in  N.Y.  in  1852  ;  "  The  Gospel  of 
Labor,"  1853,  and  many  short  pieces  pub.  in  a 
large  illustrated  edition  in  Phila.,  1856.  He 
has  also  written  the"  Lydian  Queen," a  tragedy, 
1848  ;  a  "  Comprehensive  Summary  of  General 
Philosophy,"  Phila.,  1845  ;  and  a  "  Class  Book 
of  Governments  and  Civil  Society,"  N.Y. 
1859.  At  one  time,  a  member  of  the  legisl. 
of  N.Y. 

Duggan,  Peter  Paul,  artist,  b.  Ireland  ; 
d.  Paris,  Oct.  15,  1861.  He  came  early  to  this 
country;  developed  a  taste  for  his  art  while 
quite  young,  and  qualified  himself  for  an  art 
professorship  in  the  N.Y.  Free  Acad,  soon  after 
Its  opening.  He  had  long  been  an  invalid. 
Resided  some  years  near  Lond.,  and  removed  to 
Paris  in  May,  1861.  Though  the  crayon  was 
his.fixvorite  medium,  he  occasionally  painted  a 
masterly  oil  head,  like  that  of  George  L. 
Duyckinck. 

Du  Lac,  Perrin,  author  of  "  Voijage  dans 
les  Deux  Louisianes,"  &c.,  Paris,  8vo,  1805. 

Dulaney,  Daniel,  lawyer  and  statesman, 
b.  Md.,  July,  1721  ;  d.  Bait.,  Mar.  19,  '1797. 
An  eminent  lawyer  of  Annapolis  ;  many  years 
commiss.  gen.,  sec,  atty.-gen.,  and  councillor 
of  Md.,  before  the  lievol.  Though  a  loyalist, 
he  stood  up  manfully  against  the  Stamp  Act. 
He  was  an  able  writer  on  the  side  of  govt. 
Author  of  "  Considerations  on  the  Propriety 
of  imposing  Taxes  on  the  British  Colonies  in 
N.A.  for  the  Purpose  of  a  Revenue,"  1766, 
Lond.,  8vo. 

Dulaney,  William,  col.  U.S.  marines  ;  d. 
Beltsville,  Md.,  July  4,  1868.  App.  from  Va., 
lieut.  of  marines,  June  10,  1817;  capt.  July, 
1834  ;  brev.  inaj.  "  for  meritorious  conduct  in 
the  Florida  war,"  Mar.  3,  1843  ;  maj.Nov.  17, 
1847.  Served  in  the  Mexican  war;  com.  the 
batt.  on  the  fall  of  Maj.  Twiggs;  brev.  lieut.- 
col.  "  for  gallantry  atChapultepcc,and  capture 
of  De  Belen  Gate  and  City  of  Mexico,*'  Sept. 
14,  1847  ;  col.  marines,  Apr.  1862.  —  Gardner. 

Dumas  (du-ma'),  Mathieu,  count,  a 
French  gen.,  b.  Montpelier,  23  Nov.  1753  ;  d. 
Paris,  16  Oct.  1837.  _  Entering  the  army 
in  1773,  he  served  as  aide  to  Rochambeau  in 
Amer.  (1780-3);  performed  missions  to  Turkey 
and  Holland ;  was  a  member  of  the  legisl. 
assembly  in  1791,  and  the  friend  of  Lafayette; 
was  condemned  to  death,  and  fled  to  Switzer- 
land ;  entered  the  military  service  of  Napoleon, 
and  was  a  gen.  at  Waterloo  ;  active  in  the 
revol.  of  1830,  and  aided  Lafayette  in  placing 
Louis  Philippe  on  the  throne.  Besides  some 
military  works,  he  pub.  "  Memoirs  of  my  own 
Time,"  (1773-1826).  His  memoirs,  entitled 
"  Souvenirs,"  were  pub.  by  his  son. 

Dummer,  Jeremiah,  scholar  and  political 


writer,  b.  Boston,  ab.  1679  ;  d.  at  Plastow, 
Eng.,  May  19,  1739.  H.U.  1699.  Son  of 
Jeremiah,  and  grandson  of  Richard.  On  leav- 
ing college,  he  studied  theology,  and  preached 
a  few  months,  but  was  not  popular.  He  passed 
several  years  at  the  U.  of  Utrecht,  where  he 
obtained  a  doctor's  degree.  Agent  of  Ms.  in 
Eng.,  1710-21.  He  wrote  an  admirable  de- 
fence of  the  N.E.  charters  when  they  were 
threatened  in  1721,  the  work  giving  the  best 
specimen  of  his  English  style,  which  is  un- 
commonly elegant  and  forcible.  Ho  also  pub. 
a  letter  to  a  noble  lord  on  the  exped.  to  Canada, 
stating  the  great  efforts  made  by  Ms.  for  its 
conquest.  While  in  Eng.,  he  procured  800 
volumes  as  a  donation  to  Yale  Coll. 

Dummer,  William,  bro.  of  Jeremiah, 
gov.  Ms. ;  b.  Newbury,  1677  ;  d.  Boston,  10 
Oct.  1761.  While  visiting  Eng.,  he  was  app. 
lieut.gov.  of  Ms.  1716,  acting  as  chief-magis- 
trate in  1723-8,  and  1729,  and  enjoyed  in  a 
great  degree  the  confidence  of  the  people.  He 
bequeathed  his  valuable  farm  and  mansion- 
house  for  the  endowment  of  Dummer  Acad., 
Newbury,  the  first  in  Ms.,  opened  Feb.  27, 1763. 
He  was  a  benefactor  of  H.  U.,  and  in  1719, 
capt.  of  the  Anc.  and  Hon.  Art.  corap. 

Dumout,  Ebenezer,  brig.-gen.  U.S.  vols., 
b.  Vevay,  Ind.,  Nov.  23,  1814.  John,  his 
father,  was  a  lawyer,  member  of  the  legisl.  of 
Ind.  1822-3.  His  mother  Julia  L.  (Corey), 
poetess  (b.  Waterford,  0.,  Oct.  1794  ;  d.  Jan. 
2,  1857),  pub.  "Life-Sketches,"  N.Y.,  1856. 
She  was  the  earliest  female  writer  of  the  West, 
whose  works  have  been  preserved.  He  was 
adm.  to  the  bar.  When  the  Mex.  war  began 
in  1846,  as  lieut.-col.  4th  Ind.  vols.,  disting. 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Huamantla  ;  afterward 
in  the  State  legisl. ;  was  speaker  of  the  house, 
and  many  years  pres.  of  the  State  Bank.  In 
1861  ,at  the  head  of  the  7th  Ind.  regt.,  he  served 
in  Western  Va.,  at  Laurel  Hill,  Rich  Mountain, 
and  Carrick's  Ford.  Made  brig.-gen.  Sept.  3, 
1861 ;  and  Sept.  12,  he  was  engaged  at  Cheat 
Mountain.  He  com.  the  17th  brigade  of  the 
Army  of  the  Ohio,  in  Jan.  1862.  May  5,  1862, 
he  attacked  and  routed,  at  Lebanon,  Ky.,  John 
Morgan's  command.  Oct.  1862,  he  commanded 
the  12th  division  of  Gen.  BucH's  army.  Res. 
Feb.  28, 1863.  M.C.  1863-7.    D.  April  16, 1871." 

Duncan,  James,  col.  and  insp.-gen.  U.S. 
A.,  b.  Cornwall,  N.Y.,  Sept.  1810  ;  d.  Mobile, 
July  3,  1849.  West  Point,  1834.  He  served 
in  the  Florida  war ;  was  wounded  at  the  Onith- 
ladoche,  Feb.  29,  1836;  capt.  6  April,  1846.  As 
an  officer  of  light  art,  he  did  good  service  in 
the  Mexican  war.  Brev.  maj.  for  Palo  Alto, 
May  8,  1846  ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  Resacade  la 
Palma,  May  9,  1846  ;  brev.  col.  for  Monterey, 
Sept.  23,  1846  ;  disting.  also  at  the  storm,  of 
Molino  del  Rey,  Chapultepec,  and  capture  of 
city  of  Mexico  ;  insp.-gen.  Jan.  26,  1849. 

Duncan,  John  M.,  traveller,  d.  Glasgow, 
Oct.  3,  1825,  a.  31.  Author  of  "Travels  in 
the  U.S.  and  Canada,  in  1818-19,"  2  vols., 
12mo,  1823;  "Sabbath  among  the  Tuscaro- 
ras." 

Duncan,  Johnson  K.,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A., 
b.  Pa.,  1826  ;  d.  Knoxville,  Jan.  1863.  West 
Point,  1849.  Entering  the  3d  U.  S.  Art.,  ho 
resigned  Jan.  31,  1855;  was  an  engineer  at 


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287 


DXJisr 


New  Orleans,  and  entered  the  Confed.  service 
as  cul. ;  was  app.  brifj.-fren.  from  La.,  and  com. 
Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip  at  the  time  of  the 
bombardment  by  Farragut,  becoming  a  prison- 
er of  war  on  their  surrender,  Apr.  25,  1862. 

Duncan,  Joseph,  gov.  of  III.  (1834-8),  b. 
Ky.,  ab.  1790;  d.  Jacksonville,  III.,  Jan.  15, 
1844.  Self  educated.  He  was  an  ensign  at  the 
brilliant  defence  of  Fort  Stephenson  under  Col. 
Croghan,  for  which  he  received  from  Congress 
the  testimonial  of  a  sword,  Feb.  13,  1835.  Fix- 
ing his  residence  in  111.,  he  was  soon  elected 
maj  -gen.  of  militia,  then  State  senator,  where, 
in  the  session  of  1824-5,  he  originated  the  law 
which  first  established  common  schools  in  the 
State;  M.C.  1827-35.  He  is  identified  with 
the  early  introduction  of  internal  improve- 
ments into  the  State.  —  Gardner. 

Duncan,  Silas  E.,  capt.  U.S.N. ,  b.  N.J.  ; 
d.  White  Sulph.  Springs,  Va.,  Sept.  14,  1834. 
Midshipman,  Nov.  15,  1809;  acting  lieut.  and 
distinguished  in  Macdonough's  victory  on  Lake 
Champlain,  Sept.  6,  1814  ;  lieut.  Dec.  9,  1814  ; 
commander  Mar.  1,  1829. 

Duncan,  William  Cecil,  D.D.  (Col. 
Coll.  1857),  Baptist  clergyman  and  author,  b. 
N.Y.  City,  Jan.  24,  1824  ;  d.  N.  Orleans,  La., 
Mav  1,  1864.  Col.  Coll.  1843,  Ham.  Theol. 
Sem.  Ord.  1848.  He  in  1847  established  at 
N.  Orleans  the  South-western  Baptist  Chronicle. 
He  was  3  years  prof,  of  Greek  and  Latin  in  the 
U.  of  La.;  then  became  pastor  of  the  Coliseum- 
place  Baptist  Church  in  N.O.,  but,  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1861,  was,  for  his  loyalty  to  the  U.S. 
Govt.,  compelled  to  come  North.  After  the 
capture  of  N.  Orleans  by  the  Union  forces,  he 
returned.  Author  of  "  A  Life  of  John  the 
Baptist,"  N.  Y.,  1853;  "The  Pulpit  Gift- 
Book,"  N.Y.,  1855;  "  History  of  the  Baptists 
for  the  First  Two  Centuries  of  the  Christian 
Era,"  1857,  and  "  The  Tears  of  Jesus."  — Ap- 
pleton. 

Dundas,  Francis,  a  British  gen.,  d.  Jan. 
1824.  Ensign  1st  Guards,  Apr.  1775;  capt. 
Jan.  1778;  lieut.-col.  1780;  gen.  1812.  He 
•  was  in  the  battles  of  Brandy  wine,  Germantown, 
reduction  of  the  forts  on  the  Delaware,  Mon- 
mouth ;  joined  Lord  Conwallis  in  1780  ;  com. 
his  advanced  guard  at  Guilford  and  Yorktovvn, 
and  saw  considerable  service  in  the  light  com- 
pany 2d  batt.  of  Guards.  He  served  at  Mar- 
tinique, 1794  ;  gov.  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
1796-1803.  — P/i///>ar^ 

Dundas,  Thomas,  maj. -gen.  of  Fingauk, 
b,  1730;  d.  June  3,  1794.  M.P.  for  Orkney, 
1770-80  and  1784-90.  Lieut.-col.  80th  in  Ar- 
nold's Va.  expedition,  Dec.  1780,  and  under 
Cornwallis  at  Yorktown. — Ross's  Cornwallis. 

Dunglison,  Robley,  M.D.,  LL.D.  (Y.C. 
1825),  physician  and  medical  writer,  b.  Kes- 
wick, Eng.,  4  Jan.  1798  ;  d.  Phil.,  Apr.  1, 1869. 
M.D.  London,  1819,  and  at  theU.of  Ezlangen, 
1823.  He  commenced  practice  in  Loud.,  but, 
after  a  few  years,  came  to  the  U.S.,  and  from 
1824  to  1833  was  prof,  of  medicine  in  the  U. 
of  Va.  He  filled  the  chair  of  therapeutics  and 
materia  medica  in  1833-6,  in  the  U.  of  Md. ; 
and,  from  1836  to  1868,  was  y)rof.  of  the  insti- 
tutes of  medicine  and  medical  jurisprudence  in 
JcflF.  Med.  Coll.,  Phila.  He  pub.  nearly  20 
vols.;  among  these  are  "Principles  of  Human 


Physiology," 2  vols.,  8vo,  1832  ;  "New Diction- 
ary of  Medical  Science  and  Literature,"  2  vols., 
8vo,  1833;  "General  Therapeutics  and  Mate- 
ria Medica,"  8vo,  1836;  "  New  Remedies," 
1839,  and  "Human  Health,"  1844,  and  a  large 
dictionary  for  the  blind;  "Diseases  of  the 
Stomach  and  Bowels  of  Children,"  Lond.,  8vo, 
1824  ;  "  Introd.  to  Grecian  and  Roman  Geog- 
raphy," 8vo,  1829;  "The  Medical  Student," 
8vo,  1837,  2d  ed.,  1844;  "Discourse,"  com- 
memorative of  P.  S.  Duponceau,  8vo,  1844; 
"Recollections  of  Europe  in  1854,  8vo  ;  the 
"  Va.  Literary  Museum,"  8vo,  1830.  He  was 
vice-pres.  of  an  institution  for  the  blind,  and  of 
the  Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  and  was  a  member  of 
many  literary  and  scientific  societies.  He  edit- 
ed "Magendie's  Formulary,"  the  "Cyclopaedia 


of  Practical  Medicir 


Roget's  Physiology,' 


"  Traill's  Med.  Jurisp.,"  and  several  smaller 
works.  Before  leaving  Eng.,  he  had  edited  the 
Lond.  Med.  Repos.,  and  the  Med.  Intelligencer. 

Dunklin,  Daniel,  gov.  of  Mo.,  1832-6; 
d.  Jeff.  Co.,  Mo.,  Aug.  25,  1844,  a.  54. 

Dunlap,  Andrew  of  Ms.  (1794-1835), 
author  of  "Admiraltv  Practice,"  Phila.,  8vo, 
1836,  2d  ed.,  N.Y.,  1850. 

Dunlap,  John,  printer,  and  Revol.  patriot, 
b.  Strabane,  Ireland,  1747  ;  d.  Phila.,  Nov.  27, 
1812,  At  the  age  of  8  or  9,  he  came  to  live 
with  his  uncle  Wm.,  a  printer  and  publisher  of 
Phila.,  who,  under  Franklin,  was  postmaster  at 
Lancaster,  Pa.  At  18,  he  took  his  uncle's  busi- 
ness, and  in  Nov.  1771,  began  the  Pa.  Packet, 
becoming  one  of  the  most  successful  printers 
and  e<litors  of  the  country.  While  the  British 
held  Phila.,  from  Sept.  1777,  to  July,  1778,  his 
newspaper,  devoted  to  the  patriot  cause,  was 
pub.  at  Lancaster:  from  1784,  it  was  a  daily, 
the  first  in  the  U.S.  It  now  bears  the  name 
of  The  North  American  and  U.S.  Gazette.  As 
printer  to  Congress,  he  first  issued  the  "Dec- 
laration of  Independence."  An  officer  of  the 
first  troop  of  Phila.  cav.,  the  body-guard  of 
Washington  at  Trenton  and  Princeton.  In 
1780,  he  subscribed  £4,000  to  supply  provisions 
to  the  army.  By  his  talents  and  industry,  he 
acquired  a  large  fortune.  —  Simpson. 

Dunlap,  Robert  P.,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Me.,  1789;  d.  Brunswick,  Me.,  Oct.  20, 
1859.  Bowd.  Coll.  1815.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1818;  member  of  the  State  legisl.  1821-2; 
State  senator,  1823  ;  pres.  State  senate,  1827- 
9  and  1831-3;  member  executive  council, 
1833;  gov.  1834-8;  M.C.  1843-7,  afterward 
pres.  of  the  Board  of  Overseers  of  Bowd.  Coll. ; 
coll.  of  customs,  Portland,  1848-9;  postmaster 
of  Brunswick,  1853-7. 

Dunlap,  S.  F.,  son  of  Andrew,  b.  Boston, 
1825.  Author  of  "The  Origin  of  Ancient 
Names,"  Camb.,  8vo,  1856 ;  repr.  from  the 
Chris.  Examiner,  Julv,  1856;  "  Vestiges  of  the 
Spirit  History  of  Man,"  N.Y.,  8vo,  1858; 
edited,  with  Notes,  "Dunlap's  Admiralty  Prac- 
tice." —  Allibone. 

Dunlap,  William,  painter  and  author, 
b.  Perth  Amboy,  N.J.,  Feb.  19,  1766;  d. 
N.Y.  City,  Sept.  28,  1839.  His  father,  an 
Irish  officer,  was  wounded  at  Quebec,  and,  be- 
ing a  loyalist,  went  to  N.Y.  in  1777,  where 
Wm.  commenced  painting,  and  in  the  summer 
of   1783  executed  a  likeness  of  Washington. 


IDTHSr 


288 


DTTP 


In  1784,  he  went  to  Eng.,  where  he  received 
instruction  from  West.  He  made  a  pedestrian 
tour  to  Oxford  with  Dr.  S.  L.  Mitchell  in 
1786,  then  returned  to  New  York,  and  mar- 
ried. Sept.  7,  1789,  "The  Father,"  a  5-act 
comedy,  and  the  best  of  his  pieces,  was  brought 
out.  He  appeared  once  upon  the  stage  him- 
self; in  1796  was  associated  with  Hallam 
and  Hodgkinson  in  the  management  of  the 
John-st.  Theatre,  and  in  Jan.  1798,  took  the 
Park  Theatre,  where,  in  March,  his  tragedy 
of  "  Andre,"  in  blank  verse,  was  produced 
with  success.  In  1805,  he  rented  the  N.Y. 
Theatre,  and  in  a  short  time  became  bankrupt. 
From  1814  to  1816,  he  was  assist,  paym.-gen. 
of  the  N.Y.  militia.  After  many  vicissitudes, 
he  began,  in  1816,  a  series  of  pictures,  which 
placed  him  in  the  first  rank  of  American  art- 
ists. Among  them  are  "  Christ  Rejected," 
*'  Bearing  of  the  Cross,"  "  Death  on  the 
Pale  Horse,"  and  "  Calvary,"  which  he  con- 
sidered the  best  and  most  finished  of  his  com- 
positions. He  pub.  memoirs  of  Cooke  the 
tragedian  in  1813,  and  of  Charles  Brockden 
Brown  ;  "  History  of  the  American  Theatre," 
8vo,  1833;  "The  Arts  of  Design  in  Ameri- 
ca," 1834;  Hist,  of  the  "New  Netherlands," 
2  vols.,  8vo,  1840;  "A  History  of  N.Y.  for 
Schools,"  1837;  and  "  Thirty  Years  Ago,  or 
the  Memoirs  of  a  Water-Drinker,"  1836.  He 
was  vice-pres.,  and  a  founder  of  the  "  National 
Acad,  of  Design." 

Dunmore,  John  Murbay,  4th  Earl, 
gov.  of  Va.,  b.  1732;  d.  Ramsgate,  Eng., 
May,  1809.  Descended  in  the  female  line  from  • 
the  house  of  Stuart,  succeeded  to  the  peer- 
age in  17.56.  Made  gov.  of  N.Y.  in  Jan. 
1770,  and  of  Va.  in  July,  1771.  He  arrived 
at  Williamsburg  early  in  1772,  and  on  occa- 
sion of  the  Va.  assembly  passing  the  resolu- 
tion recommending  the  committee  of  corresp., 
in  March,  1773,  immediately  dissolved  that 
body.  Its  act  in  the  next  session,  of  May, 
1774,  in  setting  apart  the  1st  of  June,  the  day 
for  closing  the  port  of  Boston,  as  a  day  of 
fasting,  humiliation,  and  prayer,  caused  it  to 
be  again  forthwith  dissolved.  On  the  20th  of 
April,  he  caused  the  removal  of  the  powder 
from  the  magazine  at  Williamsburg  on  board 
an  English  ship.  This  proceeding  caused  the 
greatest  excitement ;  the  people  took  arms 
under  Patrick  Henry;  and  the  gov.  was  forced 
to  compromise  the  affair  by  paying  for  the 
powder.  June  6,  he  fled  with  his  family, 
and  took  refuge  on  board  the  "  Fowey,"  man- 
of-war.  Rallying  a  band  of  Tories,  runaway 
negroes,  and  British  soldiers,  he  collected  a 
naval  force,  and  carried  on  a  petty  warfare, 
plundering  th3  inhabitants  on  the  James  and 
York  Rivers,  and  carrying  off  their  slaves. 
Dec.  9,  1775,  his  followers  suffered  a  severe 
defeat  at  the  battle  of  Great  Bridge,  near  Nor- 
folk; and,  on  the  following  night,  Dunmore 
took  refuge  on  board  his  fleet.  Jan.  1,  1776, 
he  set  fire  and  destroyed  Norfolk,  the  most 
populous  and  flourishing  town  of  Va.  Con- 
tinuing his  predatory  warfare,  he  established 
himself  early  in  June  on  Gwynn  Island,  in 
the  Chesapeake,  whence  he  was  dislodged  by 
the  Virginians,  July  8,  being  wounded  in  the 
leg  by  a  splinter.    Dunmore  shortly  afterward 


returned  to  Eng.,  and  was  in  1786  app.  gov. 
of  Bermuda.  —  Campbell's  Va. 

Dunster,  Henry,  first  pres.  of  H.U.,  b. 
Eng.;  d.  Scituate,  Ms.,  Feb.  27,  1659.  Son 
of  Henry  of  Balehoult,  Lancashire.  Of  Mag- 
dalen Coll.  1630  and  1634.  He  was  inducted 
into  office,  Aug.  27, 1640,  soon  after  his  arrival, 
and  resigned,  Oct.  24, 1654,  in  consequence  of 
having  publicly  advocated  the  principles  of 
anti-pedobaptism,  and  spent  the  rest  of  his 
days  at  Scituate.  He  was  highly  esteemed 
for  piety  and  learning ;  was  a  great  master  of 
the  Oriental  languages,  and  assisted  in  revising 
the  new  version  of  the  psalms  made  by  Eliot, 
Wilde,  and  Mather  in  1640.  By  his  will,  he 
bequeathed  legacies  to  the  very  persons  who 
had  occasioned  his  removal  from  the  presi- 
dency. 

Dunton,  John,  bookseller  and  author,  b. 
Graff  ham,  Huntingdonshire,  May  14,  1659  ;  d. 
1733.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  bookseller  in 
Lond.;  came  to  N.E.  in  March,  1686,  with  a 
cargo  of  books,  but  met  with  little  success,  and 
remained  but  about  8  months.  After20  years 
of  prosperity  in  the  bookselling  business,  he  be- 
came an  author,  and  in  1701  was  employed  in 
the  office  of  the  Post  Angel  paper.  He  af- 
terwards commenced  the  Athenian  Mercury, 
repub.  subsequently  under  the  name  of  the 
"  Athenian  Oracle,"  in  4  vols.,  8vo.  In  1705, 
he  pub.  "  The  Life  and  Errors  of  John  Dun- 
ton,"  in  which  he  gives  the  "  lives  and  charac- 
ters of  more  than  1,000  contemporary  charac- 
ters of  literary  eminence,"  and  describes  the 
ministers,  booksellers,  and  other  citizens  of 
Boston  and  Salem.  His  "  Letters  from  N.E." 
were  pub.  by  the  Prince  Society  in  1867,  with 
notes  and  appendix,  by  W.  H.  Whitmore. 

Duponceau  (du-pon'-so),  Peter  Ste- 
phen, LL.D.  (H.U.  1820),  philologist  and 
jurist,  b.  Isle  of  Rhe,  France,  June  3,  1760; 
d.  Phila.,  April  2,  1844.  After  the  death  of 
his  father,  he  went  to  Paris  in  Dec.  1775,  and, 
becoming  acquainted  with  Baron  Steuben, 
accomp.  him  to  Amer.  as  sec,  landing  at 
Portsmouth,  Dec.  1,  1777.  Feb.  18,  1778, 
he  was  made  brev.-capt.,  and  was  of  great  as- 
sistance to  Steuben  in  preparing  his  system  of 
army  discipline.  Sec.  to  R.  R.  Livingston ; 
head  of  foreign  affairs,  from  Oct.  1781  until 
June,  1783,  when  he  began  to  study  law,  and 
in  June,  1785,  was  adm.  to  the  Phila.  bar.  He 
became  eminent  in  the  profession,  especially 
on  questions  of  civil  and  foreign  law,  and  ac- 
cumulated money  enough  to  devote  himself  to 
literature.  Member  of  the  acad  of  arts  and 
sciences,  and  pres.  of  the  Amer.  Philos.  So- 
ciety. In  1835,  the  French  Institute  awarded 
him  a  pi'ize  for  a  disquisition  on  the  Indian 
languages  of  N.A.  He  pub.  in  1819  a  me- 
moir "  On  the  Structure  of  the  Indian  Lan- 
guages ;  "  in  1838,  at  the  age  of  78,  a  "Dis- 
sertation on  the  Chinese  Language,"  in  which  he 
held  the  opinion  that  the  written  language  was 
lexigraphic,  representing  sounds,  and  not  ideas, 
and  translated  a  "  Description  of  New  Swe- 
den," by  T.  C.  Holm.  Among  his  publica- 
tions on  jurisprudence  are  translation  of 
Bynkershock's  "  Laws  of  War,"  1810  ;  on  tho 
Nature  and  Extent  of  the  Jurisdiction  of 
the  Courts  of  the  U.S.,  1824;  a  Review  of 


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289 


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Kent's  Commentaries  in  Walsh's  Quarterly  Re- 
view ;  Discourse  at  the  opening  of  his  Law 
Acad,  in  Fhila.,  1821;  a  Brief  View  of  the 
U.  S.  Constitution,  1834.  He  made  great 
efforts  to  introduce  into  the  U.  S.  the  produc- 
tion and  manufacture  of  silk. 

Dupont,  Samuel.  Francis,  rear-adm. 
U.S.N.,  b.  Bergen  Pt.,  N.J.,  Sept.  27,  1803; 
d.  Phila.,  June  23,  1865.  Grandson  of  P. 
S.  Dupont  Nemours.  Midshipman  in  the 
navy  at  12  ;  lieut.  Apr.  26,  1826 ;  commander, 
Oct.  28,  1842.  In  1845,  he  was  ordered  to  the 
Pacific  in  com.  of  the  frigate  "  Congress," 
and,  during  the  Mexican  war,  saw  much  ac- 
tive service  on  the  Cal.  coast.  In  "  The 
Cyane,"  he  captured  San  Diego ;  cleared  the 
Gulf  of  Cal.  of  Mexican  vessels ;  took  La  Paz, 
the  capital  of  Lower  Cal. ;  assisted  in  the 
capture  of  Mazatlan  in  Nov.  1847,  and  de- 
fended Lower  Cal.  against  the  Indians  and 
Mexicans.  In  Feb.  1848,  he  landed  at  San 
Jose  with  100  marines  and  sailors,  and  de- 
feated and  dispersed  a  Mexican  force  five 
times  as  great.  Captain,  Sept.  14,  1855.  Hav- 
ing recommended  the  occupation  of  Port  Roy- 
al as  a  central  harbor  or  depot  on  the  south- 
ern coast,  he  was  given  the  com.  of  the 
S.  A.  block,  squad.,  and  intrusted  with  the 
attack  on  that  place.  Sailing  from  Fortress 
Monroe,  Oct.  29,  1861,  in  "The  Wabash," 
with  a  fleet  of  50  sail  of  war-vessels  and 
transports,  conveying  Gen.  Sherman's  troops, 
he  arrived  off  Port  Royal,  Nov.  4  and  5,  after 
a  violent  storm,  and  on  the  7th  attacked  and 
captured  two  strong  forts  on  Hilton  Head  and 
Bay  Point,  which  defended  the  harbor.  He 
followed  up  this  advantage  vigorously ;  and 
his  operations  along  the  southern  coast  were 
invariably  successful.  He  also  succeeded  in 
making  the  blockade  more  effective  than  be- 
fore. July  16,1862,  he  was  made  a  rear-adm.  on 
the  active  list.  In  April,  1863,  he  com.  the 
fleet  which  unsuccessfully  attacked  Charleston. 
He  was  soon  after  relieved  of  the  com.  of  the 
S.A.B.  squadrons,  and  subsequently  held  no 
active  command.  Admiral  Dupont  aided 
in  organizing  the  naval  school  at  Annapolis, 
and  is  the  author  of  a  report  on  the  use  of 
floating  batteries  for  coast  defence,  which  has 
been  repub.  and  highly  commended  in  Eng., 
by  Sir  Howard  Douglas  in  his  work  on  naval 
gunnery. 

Duportail,  Lebegue  (du'-por'-tal'leh- 
bag').  Chevalier  Louis,  a  French  gen.  d.  at 
sea  in  1 802.  Educated  at  the  military  school  of 
Mezieres,  he  acquired  the  reputation  of  being 
an  excellent  engineer.  Came  to  Amer.  during 
the  War  of  Independence,  attached  himself  to 
Lafayette  ;  was  app.  a  brig. -gen.  Nov.  17, 1777  ; 
maj.-gen.  Nov.  16,  1781;  was  directing  en- 
gineer at  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and  was  one 
of  the  general  officers  particularly  named  by 
Washington  after  the  capitulation.  He  re- 
turned to  France,  with  the  rank  of  brig.  ;  in 
1788  was  named  mar€chal-de-camp ;  and  by  the 
influence  of  Lafayette,  with  whom  he  was  in- 
timately connected,  he  was,  Nov.  16,  1790, 
made  minister  of  war.  The  disgrace  of  La- 
fayette determined  his;  and,  after  having  been 
denounced  in  the  assembly,  he  resigned,  Dec.  3, 
1791,  and  was  employed  in  a  military  capacity 


in  Lorraine.  Seasonably  warned  of  an  accusa- 
tion against  him  in  1792,  he  quitted  the  army, 
and  withdrew  to  Amer.,  whence  he  was  recalled 
by  the  events  of  the  18th  Brumaire,  but  was  not 
fortunate  enough  to  reach  his  native  land,  as 
he  died  during  the  passage.  —  Nouv.  Diog,  Gen. 

Dupratz,  M.  Le  Page,  see  Pratz. 

Dupuy,  Eliza  A.,  b.  Petersburg,  Va.  Of 
Huguenot  descent.  Author  of  *'  The  Con- 
spirator," "  Emma  Walton,"  "  Celeste,"  "  Flor- 
ence, or  the  Fatal  Vow,"  "  Separation," 
"  Concealed  Treasure,"  "  Ashleigh,"  "  The 
Country  Neighborhood,"  1855. 

Duquesne  (dii'-ken'),  de  Menneville, 
Marquis,  gov.  of  New  France  from  1752  to 
1755.  He  was  a  descendant  of  the  great 
Duquesne.  Was  a  capt.  of  royal  marines,  and 
had  been  recommended  to  his  app.  by  De 
Galissoniere.  He  introduced  great  reibrms  into 
the  colony  ;  placed  the  colonial  troops  on  a  par 
with  the  European  by  constant  drill  and  study  ; 
erected  forts  in  the  Far  West  for  the  protection 
of  the  people,  and  resisted  the  encroachments 
of  the  English  and  colonial  troops.  He  built 
Fort  Duquesne  on  the  Ohio,  memorable  as  the 
place  near  which  Braddock  was  defeated  in 
1755.  The  present  city  of  Pittsburg  stands 
upon  its  site.  —  Morgan. 

Durand,  Asher  Brown,  painter  and  en- 
graver, b.  Jefferson,  N.J.,  Aug.  21,  1796.  His 
paternal  ancestors  were  Huguenots.  In  the 
shop  of  his  father,  a  watchmaker,  he  learned 
engraving.  In  1812,  he  was  apprenticed  to 
Peter  Maverick,  engraver,  with  whom,  in  1817, 
he  became  a  partner.  His  engraving  of  Trum- 
bull's "  Declaration  of  Independence,"  his  first 
large  work,  cost  him  3  years'  labor,  but  brought 
him  into  notice.  The  National  Portrait 
Gallery  contains  many  of  his  heads ;  and 
his  "Musidora"  and  "Ariadne"  are  fine 
specimens  of  art.  After  10  years'  practice  as 
a  painter,  he  gave  up  engraving  in  1835,  and 
devoted  himself  chiefly  to  landscapes.  His 
pictures  are  pleasing  in  color  and  tone,  and 
evince  much  poetic  feeling.  The  principal  of 
his  figure-pieces  are  "  Harvey  Birch  and 
Washington,"  "  An  Old  Man's  Reminis- 
cences," "  The  Wrath  of  Peter  Stuyvesant," 
"  God's  Judgment  on  Gog,"  **  The  Dance  on 
the  Battery,"  "  The  Capture  of  Andre,"  &c. 
Some  of  his  landscapes  are  "  The  Morning 
and  Evening  of  Life,"  a  pair ;  "  Lake  Scene, 
—  Sunset,"  "  The  Rainbow,"  "  Wood  Scene," 
"Primeval  Forest,"  "  In  the  Woods,"  "The 
Symbol,"  from  Goldsmith's  "  Deserted  Vil- 
lage," "  Franconia  Mountains,"  and  "  Remi- 
niscences of  Catskill  Cloves."  In  1854,  he 
painted  a  portrait  of  Wm.  C.  Bryant.  Pres. 
of  the  Nat.  Acad,  of  Design.  His  son  John 
has  for  some  years  conducted  the  Crwjon,  a 
monthly  publication  specially  devoted  to  the 
fine  arts.  —  Appleton. 

Durbin,  John  Price,  D.D.  (Dick.  Coll. 
1837),  clergyman,  b.  Bourbon  Co.,  Ky.,  1800. 
Cin.  Coll.  1 825.  After  receiving  a  district  school 
education,  he  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Meth.- 
Epis.  Church  in  1819;  was  received  into  the 
O.  conf.  in  1820,  and  stationed  on  Greenville 
circuit;  subsequently  in  Hamilton,  where  he 
attended  Miami  U.,  12  miles  distant.  He  was 
soon  after  elected  prof,  of  languages  in  Augusta 


DUR 


290 


r>xjv 


Coll.,  Ky. ;  chaplain  of  the  U.S.  senate  in  1831. 
In  1832,  he  was  elected  prof,  of  natural  science 
in  the  VVesl.  U.,  and  in  1833  became  editor  of 
the  Christian  Advocate  and  Journal,  N.Y. 
From  1834  to  1845,  he  was  pres.  of  Dick.  Coll. 
He  then  travelled  through  portions  of  the 
Old  World,  and,  returning  next  year,  pub. 
*'  Observations  in  Europe,"  2  vols.,  1844,  and 
"  Observations  in  Egypt,  Palestine,  Syria,  and 
Asia  Minor,"  2  vols.,  1845.  Member  of  the 
Genl.  Conf.  of  1844,  and  took  an  important 
part  in  the  del»ate  which  resulted  in  the  division 
of  the  M.E.  Church.  In  1845,  he  was  stationed 
in  Phila.  as  presiding  elder.  In  1850,  he  was 
elected  corrcsp.  sec.  of  the  Missionary  Society 
of  the  M.E. Church,  which  post  he  still  occupies. 
Editor  of  Wood's  "  Mosaic  History  of  the 
Creation,"  with  notes,  Svo,  1831.  Contrib.  to 
many  peviodicals. 

Durfee,  Job,  LL.D.,  jurist  and  poet,  b. 
Tiverton,  R.I.,  Sept.  20,  1790;  d.  there  July 
26,  1847.  Brown  U.  1813.  Son  of  Thomas, 
many  years  chief-justice  of  the  C.C.P.  for  the 
county  of  Newport.  He  practised  law  success- 
fully ;  was  M.C.  in  1821-5  ;  chosen  a  justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  in  May,  1833,  and  was 
chief-justice  from  June,  1835  until  his  death. 
Member  of  the  State  legisl.  1813-19,  '27-9,  and 
speaker,  1828.  Author  of  "  What  Cheer,  or 
Roger  Williams  in  Exile,"  1832,  an  edition  of 
which  was  pub.  in  Eng.,  and  of  "  Panidea,"  a 
philos.  treatise.  His  writings  were  coll.  and 
pub.,  with  a  memoir,  by  his  son,  8vo,  1849. 

Durivage,  Francis  Alexander,  b. 
Boston,  1814.  Author  of  "  Cyclopaedia  of 
History,"  Svo;  "Stray  Subjects,"  12mo; 
"Life  Scenes."  Translated,  with  W.  I.  Chase, 
Lamartine's  "Revolution  of  1848."  Author 
of  several  plays  and  poems,  and  contrii> 
uted  to  periodicals.  Co-editor  of  Ballou's  Pic- 
torial. 

Durivage,  John  E.,  journalist  and  actor, 
b.  Boston,  1813  ;  d.  Memphis,  Tenn.,  Aug.  27, 

1869.  For  20  years,  he  had  been  connected 
with  the  press  of  Boston,  N.  York,  N,  Orleans, 
and  Cal.,  where  he  founded  the  Alia  Californian. 
He  had  for  some  years  acted  in  the  Western 
theatres.  Author  of  some  successful  farces 
and  burlesques.  He  was  at  one  time  aide  to 
Gen.  Wool. 

Durkee,  Charles,  statesman,  b.  Royal- 
ton,  Vt.,  Dec.    5,  1807  ;  d.  Omaha,  Jan.  13, 

1870.  He  received  an  academical  education  at 
Royal  ton  ;  became  a  merchant;  removed  to 
Wis.  ab.  1830;  was  a  member  of  the  legisl. 
in  1837-8  and  1848;  M.C.  1849-53;  U.S. 
senator,  1855-61  ;  delegate  to  the  Peace  Con- 
gress, 1861  ;  gov.  of  Utah,  1865-9.  In  Con- 
gress, he  was  one  of  the  early  advocates  of  anti- 
slavery  and  freesoil  principles. 

Durkee,  Col.  John,  b.  Windham,  Ct., 
1728;  d.  Norwich,  May  29,  1782.  He  served 
in  the  French  war ;  was  a  major  of  militia.  An 
early  settler  of  the  Wyoming  Valley,  but  re- 
turned to  Ct.  As  a  major  in  Putnam's  regt., 
he  disting.  himself  highly  at  Bunker's  Hill,  and 
was  a  col.  in  the  battles  of  Long  Island,  Ger- 
mantown,  Harlem,  White  Plains,  Trenton, 
Monmouth,  and  in  Sullivan's  exped.  against 
the  Six  Nations;  resigned  1780.  Maj.  Rob- 
ert, his  bro.-ia-law,  a  soldier  of  the  French 


and  Revol.  wars,  fell  at  the  Wyoming  massa- 
cre, 3  July,  1778. 

Duston,  Hannah,  heroine  of  N.E.,  ra. 
Thomas  D.  of  Haverhill,  Ms.,  Dec.  3,  1677. 
She  was  the  mother  of  13  children.  When 
the  Indians  attacked  Haverhill,  March  15, 1698, 
her  husband,  with  the  children,  escaped,  and  she, 
with  an  infant  and  her  nurse,  was  captured. 
After  proceeding  a  short  distance,  the  infant 
was  killed.  Mrs.  D.  was  taken  to  an  island  at 
the  junction  of  the  Merrimack  and  Contoocook 
Rivers,  being  assigned  to  an  Indian  family  of  12 
persons.  With  the  aid  of  a  nurse  and  a  boy, 
also  a  prisoner,  she  killed  the  Indians  with  a 
hatchet,  —  all  but  a  favorite  boy  and  a  wounded 
squaw,  who  escaped,  —  and  returned  safely  to 
Haverhill  with  their  scalps.  Her  house,  occu- 
pied by  Thomas  Dustin,  a  descendant,  was 
standing  in  1816. 

Dutton,  Henry,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1854),judge, 
b.  Plymouth,  Ct.,Feb.  12,  1796;  d.  N.  Haven, 
April  12,  1869.  Y.C.  1818.  Grandson  of 
Capt.  Thos.  of  the  Revol.  army.  He  was  a 
tutor  at  Yale  in  1821-3;  law  prof,  there  in 
1847-69;  practised  law  at  Newtown,  and  then 
at  Bridgeport;  was  State  atty. ;  was  5  times  a 
member  of  the  house;  State  senator  in  1849, 
and  one  year  judge  of  the  N.  Haven  Co.  Court; 
gov.  of  Ct.  1854-5;  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court,  and  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Errors, 
from  1861  to  1866.  He  pub.  in  1833  a  digest 
of  the  Ct.  Reports,  and  a  revision  of  Swift's 
digest,  and  was  a  member  of  the  commissions 
of  1849  and  1866,  to  revise  the  State  statutes, 
and  was  chairman  of  the  committee  which  in 
1854  prepared  a  new  compilation  of  the  State 
statutes. 

Dutton,  Samuel  William  Southmatd, 
D.D.  (B.U.  1856),  Cong,  clergyman,  and  writ- 
er, b.  Guilford,  Ct.,  March  14,  1814;  d.  Mil- 
bury,  Ms.,  Jan.  26,  1866.  Y.C.  1833.  Son 
of  Rev.  Aaron  (Y.C.  1803).  In  1834,  he 
taught  in  Mount  Hope  Coll.,  Baltimore,  and  in 
1834-5,  was  rector  of  the  Hopkins  grammar 
school,  New  Haven,  and  tutor  in  Yale  from 
1836  to  1838.  From  June,  1838,  to  his  death, 
he  was  pastor  of  the  North  Church,  N.  Haven, 
whose  history  during  the  last  century  he  pub. 
in  1842.  From  the  establishment  of  the  rfew- 
Englander,  in  1842,  he  was  one  of  its  editors, 
publishing,  also,  various  addresses  and  sermons. 
A  discourse  preached  at  his  funeral,  by  Rev. 
Leonard  Bacon,  has  been  pub. ;  aLso  a  sketch 
of  his  life  in  the  Cong.  Quarterly,  Apr.  1866.  — 
Ob.  Rec.  Yale,  1866. 

DuvaU,  Gabriel,  jurist.  Of  Huguenot 
descent,  b.  Pr.  George  Co.,  Md.,  Dec.  6,  1752  ; 
d.  there  March  6, 1844.  Clerk  to  the  first  Md. 
legisl.  previous  to  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence. M.C.  1794-5;  was  a  comptroller  of  the 
U.S.  treasury  from  1802  to  Nov.  18,  1811,  and 
was  then  app.  a  judge  of  the  U.S.  Supreme 
Court,  which  office  he  held  until  1836. 

DuvaU,  William  P.,  lawyer  and  states- 
man, b.  Va.,  1784;  d.  Washington,  D.C., 
March  19,  1854.  When  quite  young,  he  went 
to  Ky.,  where  he  studied  law,  rose  to  eminence 
in  the  profession,  and  also  became  a  noted  poli- 
tician. He  served  as  capt.  of  mounted  vols, 
under  Gen.  Hopkins,  Sept.  1812.  M.C.  1813- 
15;  he  was  gov.  of  Fla.  Terr.  1822-34.    In 


DXJY 


291 


r>^wi 


1848,  Gov.  Dnvall  removed  to  Texas,  He  was 
the  orif^inal  "  Ralph  Rinj^wood  "  of  Washinp^- 
ton  Irving,  and  "Nimrod  Wildfire"  of  J.  K. 
Paulding. 

Duyckinck  (di-klnk),  Evert  Augus- 
tus, author,  b.  N.Y.  City,  Nov.  23,  1816.  Col. 
Coll.  1835.  Evert,  his  father,  an  enterprising 
publisher  of  New  York,  b.  1765;  d.  1833.  In 
JDec.  1840,  he  commenced,  with  Cornelius  Mat- 
thews, Arcturus,  a  journal  of  books  and  opin- 
ions, continued  until  May,  1842.  He  contrib. 
to  the  early  numbers  of  the  N.Y.  Review.  In 
1 847, he  commenced  the  Literart/  [Vorld,a  weekly 
critical  journal,  which,  with  the  exception  of 
the  interval.  May,  1847,  to  Oct.  1848,  he  contin- 
ued, with  his  bro.  George  L.,  until  the  close  of 
1853.  In  1856,  the  bros.  completed  the  "Cy- 
clopaedia of  American  Literature,"  2  vols.,  8vo., 
a  work  of  great  research  and  value,  to  which 
a  suppt.  was  added  by  him  in  1866.  He  has 
pub.  the  "  Wit  and  Wisdom  of  Sydney 
Smith,"  and  Poems  relating  to  the  Am.  Rev. 
by  Freneau,  18G5,  both  with  original  mem- 
oirs; Nat.  Port.  Gallery  of  Eminent  Americans, 
2  vols.,  1862  ;  "  History  of  the  War  for  the  Un- 
ion," 3  vols.,  1861-5  ;  Memorial  of  John  Allan, 
printed  for  the  Bradford  Club,  1864;  a  Me- 
morial of  Francis  L.  Hawks,  D.D.,  read  before 
the  NY.  Hist.  Soc,  1867,  printed  for  the  So- 
ciety in  1871.  He  has  also  contrib.  largely  to 
Eeriodicals.  A  sermon  by  his  son.  Rev.  Henry 
)uyckinck  of  St.  Mark's  Ch.,  N.Y.,  a  promis- 
ing young  clergyman  (b.  Nov.  6,1843;  Col. 
Coll.  1867;  d.  Feb.  16,  1870),  was  printed  in 
connection  with  funeral-services,  in  1870. 

Duyckinck,  George  Long,  bro.  of  E.A., 
b.  at  New  York,  Oct.  17,  1823  ;  d.  there  Mar. 
30,  1863.  N.Y.  U.  1843.  He  studied  law, 
and  was  adm.  to  the  N.Y.  bar,  but  never  prac- 
tised. Besides  his  share  in  the  "  Cyclopaedia" 
and  in  the  Literary  World,  he  pub.  "  George 
Herbert,"  1858;  "Life  of  Bishop  Thomas 
Ken,"  1859  ;  "Jeremy  Taylor,"  1860;  "Lati- 
mer," 1861,  and  various  essays  and  reviews  in 
the  periodicals  of  the  day. 

Dwight,  Harrison  Gray  Otis,  D.D., 
missionary,  b.  Conway,  Ms.,  Nov.  22,  1803; 
killed  by  accident  on  the  N.  Vt.  Railroad,  Jan. 
25,1862.  H.  U.  1825;  And.  Sem.  1828.  Em- 
barking for  the  East  in  Jan.  1830,  he  settled 
in  Constantinople,  whore,  for  near  30  years, 
he  preached,  superintended  schools,  and  edited 
a  religious  paper.  Author  of  "  Christianity 
brought  Home  from  the  East,"  12mo,  1850; 
"Memoir  of  xMrs.  E.  0.  Dwight," N.Y.,  1840. 

Dwight,  Joseph,  soldier  and  judge,  b. 
Dedham,  Ms.,  Oct.  16,  1703  ;  d.  Great  Bar- 
rington,  June  9,  1765.  H.  U.  1722.  Son  of 
Henry  of  Hatfield,  and  grandson  of  Timothy 
of  Dedham.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1733,  he  be- 
came judge  of  C.C.P.,  Worcester  Co.,  in  1739, 
and  in  1761  judge  of  the  Co.  Court,  and  of 
Probate  of  Berkshire  Co.  A  brig.-gcn.  at  the 
reduction  of  Louisburg,  in  1745,  he  com.  the 
Ms.  Art.,  and  was  disting.  and  commended  by 
Pepperell.  In  1756,  at  the  head  of  a  brigade 
of  militia,  he  served  at  Lake  Champlain,  in 
the  second  French  war ;  1 1  years  representative 
of  BrookHeld,  speaker  of  the  house  in  1749. 

Dwight,  Mary  Ann,  teacher,  b.  North- 
ampton, Ms.,  1806  ;  d.  Morrisania,  N.Y.,  Dec. 


1858.  In  1849,  she  pub.  an  excellent  work  on 
Grecian  and  Roman  mythology,  and  in  1856 
an  elementary  treatise  on  the  fine  arts.  She 
had  also  prepared  for  publication  an  abridg- 
ment of  "  Lanzi's  History  of  Painting."  — 
Hist.  Mag.,  iii.,  28. 

Dwight,  Sekeno  Edwards,  D.D.  (Y.C. 
1833),  teacher  and  divine,  b.  Greenfield,  Ct., 
May  18,  1786  ;  d.  Phila.,  Nov  30,  1850.  Y.C. 
1803.  Son  of  Pres.  Dwight,  and  in  youth  was 
remarkable  for  brilliant  talents,  and  force  of 
character.  Tutor  at  Yale  in  1806-10 ;  and  from 
1810  to  1815  practised  lawwith  success.  During 
this  period,  he  wrote  his  celebrated  essay  on  the 
lawfulness  of  marriage  with  a  wife's  sister, 
entitled  "  The  Hebrew  Wife."  In  1816,  he  en- 
tered the  ministry,  and  was  chosen  chaplain  of 
the  U.  S.  senate.  In  the  summer  of  1817,  he 
became  pastor  of  thePark-st.  Church,  Boston; 
but  in  the  spring  of  1826,  he  resigned  on  ac- 
count of  failing  health.  In  1828-31^  he  conduct- 
ed with  his  bro.  Henry,  a  large  school  in  N. 
Haven,  called  The  Gymnasium.  Pres.  of  Ham. 
Coll.,  Clinton,  N.Y.,  1833-5.  He  was  an  able 
preacher,  a  good  writer,  and  a  captivating 
and  successful  teacher.  Author  of  the  Life 
of  his  relative,  Jonathan  Edwards,  "  Sermons 
and  Addresses,"  "  The  Life  of  Brainerd,"  1822 ; 
a  vol.  on  the  "  Atonement,"  1830;  a  vol.  of 
"  Select  Discourses,"  pub.  in  1851,  together 
with  a  memoir  by  his  bro.  Rev.  Dr.  W.  T. 
Dwight.  He  edited  Jonathan  Edwards's 
Works,  10  vols.,  8vo,  1830. 

Dwight,  Theodore,  lawyer  and  brilliant 
political  writer,  b.  Northampton,  Ms.,  16  Dec. 
1764  ;  d.  N.Y.,  June  11,  1846.  Bro.  of  Pres. 
Dwight.  His  mother  was  dau.  of  Pres. 
Edwards.  He  studied  law  at  Hartford,  prac- 
tised with  repute,  wrote  frequently  on  political 
subjects,  became  very  popular  with  the  Federal 
party,  was  many  years  in  the  senate  of  Ct. ; 
M.C.  1806-7.  His  eloquence  and  readiness  in 
debate  insured  him  a  leading  part  in  Congress  ; 
and  he  was  a  prominent  advocate  of  the  bill 
for  the  suppression  of  the  slave-trade.  He  ed- 
ited the  Mirror,  pub.  at  Hartford,  the  leading 
Federal  journal  in  that  State  during  the  war. 
Sec.  of  the  Hartford  Convention,  the  proceed- 
ings of  which,  he  pub.  in  1833.  In  1815,  he 
pub.  the  Albamj  DaiUf  Advertiser,  and,  two  years 
afterwards,  commenced  the  N.  Y.  Dai/i/  Adver- 
tiser, continuing  to  act  as  assoc.  editor  and 
proprietor,  until  the  great  fire  of  1835,  when 
he  relinquished  his  interest,  and  retired  with 
his  family  to  Hartford.  He  was  a  founder, 
and  long  an  active  director,  of  the  Bible  Socie- 
ty. He  had  a  hand  in  the  poetical  and  politi- 
cal essays  of  The  Echo  in  the  Hartford  Mercury, 
in  common  with  Hopkins  and  Alsop.  He 
was  the  author  of  "  Character  of  Thos.  Jeffer- 
son, as  exhibited  in  his  own  Writings,"  1839  ; 
"  Dictionary  of  Roots  and  Derivations." 

Dwight,  Theodore,  author,  b.  Hartford, 
Ct.,  Mar.  3,  1796 ;  d.  Brooklyn,  Oct.  16,  1866, 
from  injuries  received  by  a  railroad  accident. 
Y.C.  1814.  Son  of  the  preceding.  After 
visiting  a  great  portion  of  Europe,  in  1821, 
he  pub.  "A  Tour  in  Italy,"  1824.  In  1833, 
he  removed  to  Brooklyn,  engaged  in  philan- 
thropic and  literary  pursuits  ;  assisted  his 
father  in   editing  the  Daily  Advertiser;  after- 


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ElAJEl 


ward  taught  school  in  Brooklyn,  and  then  in 
N.  Y.  City.  Was  engaged  in  several  maga- 
zines and  periodicals,  and  edited  and  pub. 
the  N.  Y.  Presbyterian.  He  was  a  good  linguist, 
and  was  a  member  of  many  scientific,  literary, 
and  philosophic  societies.  Author  of  a  "  Hist, 
of  Connecticut,"  1841  ;  a  vol.  on  the  revol.  of 
1848 ;  "  A  Summer  Tour  in  the  Northern  and 
Middle  States,"  1847;  (in  conjunction  with 
Wm.  Darby),  "A  New  Gazetteer  of  the  U.S.," 
183.3;  "Schoolmaster's  Friend,"  8vo,  183.5; 
"  The  Northern  Traveller,"  12mo,  1841  ; 
"  Lessons  in  Greek,"  12mo,  1833  ;  The  "  Fath- 
er's Book;  "  "  Life  of  Garibaldi,"  1859.  Some 
of  his  poetical  pieces  are  in  Everest's  Poets  of 
Ct. 

Dwight,  TiMOTHY,D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1787), 
LL.D.  (H.U.  1810),  divine  and  scholar,  b. 
Northampton,  Ms.,  14  May,  1752  ;  d.N.  Haven, 
11  Jan.  1817.  Y.  C.  1769.  Col.  Timothy,  his 
father,  was  a  merchant,  andd.  Natchez,  10  June, 
1772.  Mary,  his  mother,  dau.  of  Jonathan 
Edwards,  was  a  woman  of  talents  and  rare 
excellence.  Tutor  at  Yale,  1771-7  ;  licensed 
to  preach,  and  a  chaplain  in  the  Revol.  army, 
Sept.  1777-Oct.  1778.  Hedid  much  to  heighten 
the  enthusiasm  of  the  soldiers  by  his  popular 
patriotic  songs.  He  then  worked  on  a  farm  4 
years,  aiding  in  the  support  of  his  mother  and 
family,  and  occasionally  preaching ;  member  of 
the  legisl.  in  1781  and  1786;  ord.  minister 
of  Greenfield,  Ct.,  12  Nov.  1783,  and  at  the 
same  time  taught  an  acad.  with  success  ;  pres. 
of  Yale  Coll.  from  Sept.  1795  to  his  death;  at 
the  same  time  prof,  of  theol.,  and  preacher  in 
the  coll.  chapel.  In  1796,  he  began  travelling 
through  the  N.E.  States  and  N.Y.  during  his 
college  vacations  ;  publishing  in  1 821 ,  in  4  vols., 
8vo,  "  Travels  in  N.E.  and  N.Y.,"  a  work  of 
permanent  value  and  interest  in  regard  to  the 
natural  history  and  social  condition  of  the 
country.  He  was  eminently  qualified  as  an 
instructor,  and  largely  increased  the  usefulness 
of  Y.  Coll.  Dr.  Dwight  had  a  commanding 
presence,  great  industry  and  research,  and  a 
wonderful  memory ;  was  a  strong,  sound,  and 
impressive  preacher,  and  a  poet  of  no  mean 
ability.  Authorof  "  The  Conquest  of  Canaan," 
an  epic  poem,  finished  in  1774,  pub.  1785; 
"Greenfield  Hill,"  a  poem,  1794;  a  revision 
of  "  Watts's  Version  of  the  Psalms,"  1800; 
"  Theology  Explained  and  Defended,"  5  vols., 
1818,  which  has  passed  through  many  editions ; 
"  Sermons,"  2  vols.,  1828  ;  "Remarks  on  the 
Review  of  Inchiquin's  Letters,"  pub.  in  the 
Quarterly  Review,  ISl 5;  and  many  occasional 
sermons.  In  1772,  he  delivered  at  Y.C.  a  dis- 
sertation on  the  "  History,  Eloquence,  and 
Poetry  of  the  Bible,"  pub.  both  in  the  U.S. 
and  Europe.  His  son  Henry  Edwin  (Y.  C. 
1815),  author  of  "Travels  in  the  N.  of  Ger- 
many," 1825-6,  d.  N.  Haven,  11  Aug.  1832, 
a.  35. 

Dwight,  William  Theodore,  D.D. 
(B.C.  1846),  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Green- 
field, Ct.,  June  15,  1795;  d.  Andover,  Ms., 
Oct.  22,  1865.  Y.  C.  1813.  Son  of  Pres. 
Dwight.  Tutor  in  Y.C.  1817-19  ;  in  1821  was 
adm.  to  the  bar  of  Phila.,  at  which  he  practised 
10  years.  Pastor  of  the  3d  Cong.  Church, 
Portland,  Me.,  from  June  6,  1832,   to  May, 


1864.  He  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  and 
influential  ministers  in  Maine,  and  excelled  as 
a  preacher.  Pres.  of  the  Portland  Benevolent 
Soc,  of  the  Me.  Missionary  Soc,  of  the  Cong. 
Library  Assoc,  of  the  Board  of  Visitors  of 
Andover  Theol.  Seminary,  and  of  the  Albany 
Convention  of  Cong.  Churches.  He  pub.  a 
"  Memoir  of  Rev.  S.  E.  Dwight,  D.D.,"  1851  ; 
orations,  addresses,  discourses,  and  review 
articles.  —  Y.  C.  Obit.  Record. 

Dyer,  Eliphalet,  LL.D.  (Y.  C.  1787), 
soldier  and  jurist,  b.  Windham,  Ct.,  Sept.  28, 
1721  ;  d.  there  May  13, 1807.  Y.  C.  1740.  Ho 
commenced  the  practice  of  law;  in  1745-62 
was  representative  to  the  Gen.  Court.  He 
com.  a  Ct.  regt.  during  the  French  war  (app. 
1755)  ;  was  elected  a  member  of  the  council  in 
1762;  Avent  to  Eng.  in  1763  as  agent  of  the 
Susquehanna  Company,  and  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Stamp  Act  Congress  in  1765.  He  was 
also  a  delegate  to  Congress  in  1774,  and,  except- 
ing 1779,  held  during  the  war  a  seat  in  that 
body.  He  was  app.  a  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  in  1766,  and  in  1789-93  was  chief- 
justice.  — Rogers. 

Dyer,  Mary,  wife  of  William,  was  a  dis- 
ciple of  Anne  Hutchinson,  and  a  victim  to  the 
persecution  of  the  Quakers;  hanged  on  Boston 
Common,  June  1,  1660.  Quakers  were  by 
statute  excluded  from  the  bounds  of  Ms. ;  and 
death  was  the  penalty  for  a  second  visit,  Mary 
Dyer,  who  had  left  on  the  enactment  of  the 
law,  soon  returned  on  purpose  to  offer  up  her 
life.  She  was  arrested,  and  sent  to  prison  ; 
was  reprieved  after  being  led  forth  to  execution, 
and  was,  against  her  will,  conveyed  out  of  the 
Colony.  She  speedily  returned,  and  suffered 
as  a  willing  martyr. 

Eagle,  Henry,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  N.Y. 
Midshipm.  Jan.  1,  1818;  lieut.  Mar.  3,  1827; 
com.  June  4,  1844;  capt.  Sept.  14,  1855; 
commo.  retired  list,  July  16,  1862.  Attached 
to  sloop  "Natchez,"  W.  L  squad.  1830-3; 
com.  bomb-vessel  "  ^tna,"  during  the  Mexican 
war;  stationed  at  Tabasco,  also  civil  and  mili- 
tary gov.  of  the  Province,  1847;  com.  frigate 
"Santee,"  Gulf  squad.,  1861-2,  organizing  and 
sending  out  several  successful  expcds.  against 
the  enemy  while  stationed  in  the  Gulf. 

Eames,  Charles,  lawyer,  journalist,  and 
diplomatist,  b.  New  Braintree,  Ms.,  Mar.  20, 
1812;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Mar.  16,  1867. 
H.U.  1831.  He  studied  at  the  Camb.  Law 
School,  but  was  prevented  by  ill  health  from 
practising,  and  in  1845  took  a  position  in  the 
navy  dept.  A  few  months  later,  he  became 
assoc.  editor  of  the  Washington  Union,  and  was 
app.  by  Mr.  Polk  commiss.  to  the  Sandwich 
Islands  for  the  negotiation  of  a  treaty.  In 
1850,  he  returned,  and,  after  editing  the  Nash- 
ville Union  for  six  months,  again  edited  the 
Union,  until  sent  minister  to  Venezuela  by 
Pres.  Pierce.  He  returned  to  Washington  in 
1858,  where  he  practised  law  until  his  death. 
During  the  last  5  years  of  his  life,  his  manage- 
ment of  prize-cases  showed  him  to  be  one  of 
the  best  admiralty  lawyers  of  the  country ;  while 
he  won  high  distinction  by  his  great  knowledge 
of  international  law. 

Earle,  Pliny,  inventor,  b.  Leicester,  Ms., 
Dec.   17,   1762;  d.   there  Nov.  29,  1832.     In 


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293 


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1785,  he,  with  Edward  Snow,  manufactured 
cards  for  cardin<j  cotton  and  wool,  Mr.  Earle 
at  first  made  these  by  hand,  but  soon  invented 
the  machine,  still  in  use,  for  their  manufacture, 
by  which  the  labor  of  a  man  for  15  hours  could 
be  performed  in  as  many  minutes.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  society  of  Friends. 

Earle,  Pliny,  M.D.  (1837),  physician. 
Son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Leicester,  Ms.,  Dec.  31, 
1809.  Educated  at  the  Friends'  Boarding 
School  at  Providence,  where  he  afterward 
taught.  He  travelled  in  Europe,  returned  to 
Phila.  in  1839;  from  1840  to  1842  was  resi- 
dent physician  of  the  insane  hospital  at  Frank- 
ford,  Pa.  ;  from  1844  to  April,  1849,  was  physi- 
cian to  the  insane  asylum,  Bloomingdale,N.Y., 
when  he  visited  the  insane  hospitals  of  Europe. 
In  1853,  he  was  app.  visiting  physician  to  the 
N.Y.  City  lunatic  asylum.  He  has  written 
much  in  the  medical  and  scientific  journals, 
and  the  Journal  of  Insanity.  He  pub.  "  Mar- 
athon and  other  Poems,"  in  1841,  but  soon 
withdrew  the  edition  from  the  market ;  "  Visit 
to  13  Asylums  for  the  Insane  in  Europe;" 
"  History,  Description,  and  Statistics  of  the 
Bloomingdale  Asylum,"  1848  ;  a  volume  on  in- 
stitutions for  the  insane  in  Germany  and  Aus- 
tria, pub.  originally  in  the  Journal  of  Insan- 
itij,  also  a  series  of  articles  on  "  Blood-letting 
in  Mental  Disorders,"  in  book-form,  1854. 

!EarIe,  Kalph  and  James,  painters.  Ralph 
b.  Leicester,  Ms.,  11  May,  1751  ;  d.  Bolton, 
Ct.,  16  Aug.  1801.  Grandson  of  Half,  an  ear- 
ly settler  of  L.  He  painted  in  Ct.  in  1775,  and 
executed  4  hist,  paintings  (believed  to  be  the 
first  ever  exec,  by  an  Amer.  artist),  represent- 
ing views  of  the  battle,  of  Lexington.  After 
the  peace,  he  studied  in  Lond.  under  West;  was 
made  a  member  of  the  Roy.  Acad.,  painted  a 
portrait  of  the  king,  and  returned  to  Anier.  in 

1786.  He  painted  in  various  parts  of  N.E. 
Among  his  works  is  a  large  picture  of  Niaga- 
ra Falls,  portraits  of  Pres.  Dwight  and  Gov. 
Strong.  James,  a  portrait-painter,  b.  Leices- 
ter; d.  Charleston,  S.C,  Sept.  1796,  of  yellow- 
fever.  Augustus,  son  of  Ralph,  was  an  ec- 
centric and  dieting,  painter  in  N.  Orleans. — 
Hist.  Leicester ;  Dunlap. 

Earle,  Thomas,  writer  on  law,  bro.  of 
Pliny,  b.  Leicester,  Ms.,  April  21,  1796;  d. 
Phila.,  July  14,  1849.  Educated  at  Leicester 
Acad.,  removed  to  I^hila.  in  1817,  engaged  in 
mercantile  pursuits  for  a  few  years,  then  stud- 
ied law,  and  commenced  practice  in  that  city, 
where  he  was  disting.  He  ed.  successively  the 
Columbian  Observer,  Standard,  Pennsylvanian, 
and  Mechanics'  Free  Press  and  Reform  Advocate  ; 
took  an  active  part  in  calling  the  Const,  Conv. 
of  Pa.  in  1837,  and  was  a  prominent  member. 
He  lost  his  popularity  with  the  Democ.  party 
by  advocating  the  extension  of  the  right  of 
suffrage  to  negroes.  In  1840,  he  was  the  can- 
didate of  the  Liberty  party  for  the  vice-presi- 
dency. He  pub.  an  "  Essay  on  Penal  Law," 
an  "Essay  on  the  Rights  of  States  to  alter  and 
annul  their  Charter,"  "A  Treatise  on  Railroads 
and  Internal  Communications,"  1830,  and  a 
"Life  of  Benjamin  Lundy."  At  his  death,  he 
had  nearly  completed  a  history  of  the  French 
Revol.,  and  a  translation  of  Sismondi's  "Ital- 
ian Republics." 


Early,  John,  bishop  of  the  M.  E.  Church, 
South,  b.  Va.,  1785.  He  joined  the  Va.  conf. 
when  young,  became  an  itinerant  minister,  and 
was  successively  sec.  of  conf.,  presiding  elder, 
and  delegate  of  the  gen.  conf.  At  the  gen.  conf. 
in  1846,  he  was  chosen  book-agent,  continuing 
in  office  until  elected  bishop  in  1854. 

Early,  Jubal  A.,  gen.  C.  S.  A.,  b,  Va.,  ab. 
1818,  West  Point,  1837.  Entering  the  1st 
Art.,  he  served  in  the  Florida  war,  and  resigned 
in  July,  1838,  to  study  and  practise  law  in  Va., 
where  he  became  a  member  of  the  legisl.,  and 
State  atty.  1843-7  and  1848-52.  Major  of  a 
Va.  regt.  in  the  Mexican  war,  from  Jan.  1847 
to  Aug.  1848.  In  1861,  he  entered  the  army 
of  Va.  as  a  col. ;  com.  a  brigade  at  Bull  Run, 
arriving  on  the  field  at  a  critical  period  of 
the  day;  maj.-gen.  Feb.  1863;  com.  a  divis- 
ion at  Gettysburg.  Early  in  1864,  he  was 
ordered  to  com.  the  forces  in  the  Shenandoah 
Valley,  and  in  July  invaded  Md.,  and  threat- 
ened Washington  City ;  defeated  by  Sheridan 
at  Winchester,  Va.,  Sept.  19,  1864;  again  on 
the  22d  at  Fisher  Hill,  and  at  Opequan,  Oct. 
19.  He  pub.  in  1867  "Memoirs  of  the  Last 
Year  of  the  War."  Now  (1871)  practises  law 
in  Richmond,  Va. 

Early,  Peter,  jurist  and  statesman,  b. 
Madison  Co.,  Va.,  June  20,  1773;  d.  Green 
Co.,  Ga.,  Aug.  15,  1817.  N.J.  Coll.  1792.  In 
1795,  he  emig.  with  his  father  to  Ga.  Studied 
law  in  Phila.,  and  practised  successfully  at  the 
Ga.  bar.  M.C.  in  1802-7.  His  speech  as  one 
of  the  prosecutors  of  the  impeachment  of  Judge 
Chase  was  one  of  the  ablest  on  that  side. 
Judge  of  the  State  Sup.  Court  from  1807  to 
1813;  gov.  1813-15,  and  subsequently  a  State 
senator. 

Eastburn,  James  Wallis,  poet,  b.  Eng., 
1797;  d.  on  the  passage  to  Santa  Cruz,  Dec. 
2,  1819.  Col.  Coll.  1816.  He  studied  theol. 
under  Bishop  Griswold  at  Bristol,  R.I.  With 
R.  C.  Sands,  in  1817-18,  he  wrote  "  Yamoy- 
den,"  a  romantic  poem  founded  on  the  history 
of  King  Philip,  sachem  of  the  Wampanoags, 
pub.  12mo,  1820.  He  also  wrote  some  fugitive 
poems.  In  1818,  he  was  ord.,  took  charge 
of  a  parish  in  Accomac,  Va.,  and  having  sailed 
for  Santa  Cruz,  for  the  restoration  of  his  health, 
died  a  few  days  after  embarking. 

Eastburn,  Manton,  D.  D.  (Col.  Coll. 
1835),  Pr.-Ep.  bishop  of  Ms.  ;  bro.  of  J.  W., 
b.  Eng.,  Feb.  9,  1801.  Col.  Coll.  1817;  Gen. 
Theol.  Sem.  His  parents  came  to  the  U.S. 
when  he  was  a  boy,  and  settled  in  N.Y.  Ord. 
in  May,  1822  ;  assist,  ministerof  Christ  Church, 
N.Y.,  for  a  few  years  ;  became  rector  of  the 
Church  of  the  Ascension  in  1827  ;  was  consec. 
assist,  bishop  of  Ms.,  Boston,  Dec.  29,  1842;  and 
Feb.  15,  1843,  became  bishop,  Bp.  Eastburn 
delivered  4  lectures  on  Hebrew,  Latin,  and  Eng- 
lish poetry,  before  the  N.Y.  Athenaeum,  in  1825 ; 
in  1829,  he  contrib.  a  portion  of  a  vol.  of  "  E.s- 
says  and  Dissertations  on  Biblical  Literature;" 
in  1833  pub.  "Lectures  on  the  Epistles  to  the 
Philippians,"  and  in  1837  delivered  the  ora- 
tion at  the  semicentennial  anniversary  of 
Col.  Coll.  He  has  edited  "  Thornton's  Family 
Prayers." 

Eastman,  Charles  Gamagb,  poet  and 
journalist,  b.   Fryeburg,  Me.,  June    1,  1816. 


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He  reiiioved  with  his  parents,  at  an  early  age, 
to  Barnard,  Vt.,  and  studied  at  Royalston  acad., 
at  Windsor,  and  at  Burlington,  Was  editor 
of  the  Burlington  Sentinel  in  1835-6  ;  com- 
menced the  Lamoille  River  Express,  at  Johnson, 
Vt.,  in  the  spring  of  1838;  established  the 
Spirit  of  the  Age,  at  Woodstock,  Vt.,  in  1840, 
and  purchased  the  Vt.  Patriot,  and  removed 
to  Montpelier,  in  1846.  He  was  postmaster  at 
Woodstock  and  Montpelier,  several  years,  and 
senator  for  Washington  Co.  in  1851-2.  He 
pub.  a  vol.  of  poems  in  1848,  contrib.  poetry 
to  the  reviews  and  magazines,  and  has  delivered 
poems  of  much  merit  at  Dartm.,  Vt.  U.,  and 
other  colleges. 

Eastman,  Mary  (Henderson),  author- 
ess, b.  Warienton,  Va.,  ab.  1817.  Dau.  of 
Dr.  Thos.  Henderson,  U.S.A.  She  was,  in 
1835,  m.  to  Capt.  Seth  Eastman,  U.S.A.,  with 
whom  she  long  resided  at  Fort  Snelling  and 
other  frontier  posts.  She  pub.  "  Dacotah,  or 
Life  and  Legends  of  the  Sioux,"  1849  ;  "  Ro- 
mance of  Indian  Life,"  1852  ;  "  American  Ab- 
original Portfolio,"  1863  ;  "  Chicora,  and  other 
ilegions  of  the  Conquered,"  1854;  "Aunt 
Phillis's  Cabin,"  a  reply  to  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cab- 
in," in  1852;  "Tales  of  Fashionable  Life," 
also  many  tales  and  sketches  for  Arthur's  and 
other  magazines. 

Eastman,  Philip,  LL.D.,  jurist,  h.  Chat- 
ham, N.  H.,  Feb.  1799  ;  d.  Saco,  Me.,  Aug.  7, 
1869.  Bowd.  Coll.  1820.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1823;  practised  at  N.  Yarmouth,  1823-36, 
Harrison,  1836-47,  and  at  Saco,  1847-69.  In 
1840,  with  Ebenezer  Everett,  he  revised  and 
pub.  the  "  General  Statutes  of  Maine  ; "  State 
senator,  1840-2  ;  on  the  north-eastern  bounda- 
ry commission  in  1842-3  ;  commissioner  for 
Cumberland  Co.,  1843-8.  In  1849,  he  pub.  a 
digest  of  the  first  26  vols,  of  the  "  Maine  Law 
Reports." 

Eastman,  SETH,brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., b. 
Brunswick,  Me.,  24  Jan.  1808.  West  Point, 
1829.  Entering  1st  Inf.,  he  became  capt.  12 
Nov.  1839;  maj.  5th  Inf.,  31  Oct.  1856  ;  lieut.- 
col.  1st  Inf,9  Sept.  1861 ;  brev.  col.  and  brig.- 
gen.  9  Aug.  1866;  retired  3  Dec.  1863.  As- 
sist, teacher  of  drawing  at  West  Point,  1833- 
40  ;  in  the  Florida  war,  1840-1  ;  author  of  a 
"  Treatise  on  Topographical  Drawing,"  1837  ; 
"  History,  Condition,  and  Future  Prospects  of 
the  Indian  Tribes  of  the  U.S.,"  illustrated,  and 
pub.  by  order  of  Congress,  1850-7. 

Easton,  Col.  James,  Revol.  sohlier,  b. 
Hartford,  Ct. ;  d.  Pittsfield,  Ms.  He  was  a 
builder.  Removed  from  Litchfi.eld,  Ct.,  to  Pitts- 
field,  in  1763.  Was  a  prominent  citizen,  an 
active  patriot,  and  member  of  the  legisl.  1774. 
He  raised  a  regt.  in  Berkshire ;  was  one  of  the 
leaders  in  the  exped.  which  captured  Ticonde- 
roga.  May  9,  1775;  and  was  the  bearer  of  the 
intelligence  to  the  Prov.  Congress.  He  was 
one  of  the  earliest  to  advocate  the  invasion  of 
Canada ;  com.  a  regt.  under  Montgomery,  ren- 
dering valuable  service  up  to  the  close  of  the 
year  1776,  and  received  the  thanks  of  Congress, 
Jan  9,  1776.  His  further  service  in  the  army 
was  prevented  by  the  enmity  of  Arnold.  He 
sacrificed  his  whole  fortune  in  the  service  of 
his  country,  and  d.  in  poverty. 

Easton,  Nicholas,  gov.  of  R.  I.,  1650-2, 


1672-4;  d.  Newport,  15  Aug.,  1675,  a.  82.  Came 
from  Wales  in  1634,  with  his  two  sonfj,  Peter 
and  John,  resided  1  year  at  Ipswich,  then  in 
Newbury,  and  in  1638  removed  to  Hampton. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  both  the 
last-mentioned  towns,  and  having,  in  conse- 
quence of  some  differences  with  the  govt.,  re- 
moved to  Portsm.,  R.I.,  in  1638,  and  afterwards 
to  Newport,  erected  in.that  place  the  first  house. 
John,  his  son,  gov.  1690-5,  d.  1705,  a.  88,  was 
author  of  "  A  Narrative  of  the  Causes  which 
led  to  Philip's  Indian  War  of  1675-6,"  pub. 
by  F.  B.  Hough,  Albany,  1858. 

Eaton,  Amos,  botanist,  b.  Chatham,  N.Y., 
May,  1776  ;  d.  Troy,  N.Y.,  May  6, 1842.  Wms. 
Coll.  1799.  He  fitted  himself  for  college 
while  a  blacksmith's  apprentice ;  studied  law  un- 
der Alex.  Hamilton,  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar. 
Becoming  agent  and  surveyor  of  the  Living- 
ston estates  on  the  Hudson  River,  he  studied 
chemistry,  mineralogy,  and  botany,  and  com- 
menced lecturing  on  the  natural  sciences,  at 
Wms.  Coll.  in  1817.  In  1820,  Gen.  Stephen 
Van  Rensselaer  employed  him  to  make  a  geo- 
logical survey  of  the  region  through  which  the 
Erie  Canal  afterward  passed,  which  was  pub.  in 
1824.  When  Rensselaerestablished  the  institute 
at  Troy,  he  made  Eaton  senior  prof.  He  pub. 
"  Index  to  the  Geology  of  the  Northern  States," 
1818;  "The  Philos.  Instructor,"  1824;  "A 
Geol.  Text-Book,"  "A  Manual  of  the  Botany 
of  N.  America,"  1 833,  the  first  popular  text- 
book of  that  science  pub.  in  the  U.S.,  and  a 
"  Treatise  on  Engineering  and  Surveying," 
4to,  N.Y. 

Eaton,  Amos  B.,  brev.  maj. -gen.  and  cora- 
mis.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y.  West  Point,  1826. 
Entering  the  2d  Inf ,  he  became  capt.  1  Mar. 
1839;  transferred  to  commis.  dept.  7  July, 
1838;  maj.  9  May,  1861;  col.  9  Feb.  1863; 
brig.-gen.  and  com.-gen.  29  June,  1864;  brev. 
maj.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865.  He  served  in  the 
Florida  war,  1837-41  ;  chief  com.  of  subsist. 
in  Gen.  Taylor's  army  in  Mexico  in  1847-8; 
and  brev.  maj.  23  Feb.  1847,  for  gallant  and 
merit,  conduct  at  Buena  Vista.  —  Cullum. 

Eaton,  Cyrus,  b.  Framingham,  Ms.,  Feb. 
11,  1784.  40  years  a  successful  teacher  in  Me. 
Became  totallv  blind  in  1845.  Author  of 
"  Annals  of  Warren,  Me.,"  8vo,  1851 ;  "  Wo- 
man," a  poem,  1854  ;  "  Hist,  of  Thomaston, 
Me.,"  8vo,  2  vols.,  1865. 

Eaton,  Horace.  M.D.,  gov.  of  Vt.,  1846- 
9,  b.  Barnard,  Vt.,  June  22,  1804  ;  d.  July  4, 
1855.  Mid.  Coll.  1825.  He  practised  medi- 
cine in  Enosbury  from  1828  to  1848,  when  he 
was  app.  prof,  of  chemistry  and  nat.  hist,  in 
Mid.  Coll.,  subsequently  residing  at  Middle- 
bury.  Some  years  a  member  of  the  legisl.; 
lieut.-gov.  from  1843  to  1846  ;  supt.  of  schools 
from  1845  to  1850,  and  member  of  the  Const. 
Conv.  in  1848. 

Eaton,  Major  John  Henry,  a  noted  poli- 
tician, b.  Tenn. ;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Nov. 
17,  1856,  a.  66.  U.S.  senator  from  Tenn., 
1818-29  ;  sec.  of  war  under  Pres.  Jackson  (as 
well  as  a  warm  personal  friend),  1829-31  ; 
gov.  of  Fla.  Terr.  1834-6,  and  minister  to 
Spain,  1836-40.  Author  of  an  elaborate  Life 
of  Jackson,  8vo,  1824. 

Eaton,    Theophilus,  first    gov.  of  New 


E^T 


295 


EDD 


Haven  Colony, —  from  1638  till  his  d.,  Jan.  7, 
1657,  a.  66  ;  b.  Stony  Stratford,  Co.  Bucks, 
Eng.  His  father  was  a  clergyman.  He  was 
bred  a  merchant ;  was  for  some  years  the  Eng- 
lish agent  at  the  court  of  Denmark,  and  was 
afterward  a  merchant  of  Lond.,  of  high  re])ute. 
He  accomp.  Mr.  Davenport  to  N.E.  in  1637  ; 
was  soon  chosen  a  magistrate  of  Ms.,  and  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  New  Haven  in  1638. 
His  bros.  Samuel,  assist,  minister  to  Mr. 
Davenport  in  1640-44,  d.  Eng.  1665;  Nath'l. 
was  first  head  of  Harv.  Coll.  1637-9. 

Eaton,  Gen.  William,  b.  Woodstock, 
Ct.,  23  Feb.  1764;  d.  Brimfield,  Ms.,  1  June, 
1811.  Dartm.  Coll.  1790.  His  father,  a  school- 
master and  farmer,  removed  to  Mansfield,  ab. 
1774.  The  son  acquired  a  good  English  edu- 
cation, and  at  16  entered  the  Revol.  army,  which 
he  left  in  1783,  with  the  rank  of  sergeant.  He 
taught  school  in  Vt.  in  1788-91 ;  was  clerk  of 
the  H.  of  delegates  in  Oct.  1791  ;  capt.  in  the 
U.S.A.  in  1792-7,  and  July  11,  1797,  was  made 
consul  to  Tunis,  where  he  arrived  in  Mar.  1799. 
He  concerted  with  Hamet-  the  lawful  chief  of 
Tripoli,  then  in  exile,  an  exped.  against  the 
usurping  bashaw  ;  captured  Derne  by  assault, 
27  Apr.  1805,  and  repulsed  several  attempts  to 
retake  the  place  with  severe  loss  to  the  as>ail- 
ants.  Eaton  was  on  the  point  of  completing  his 
project,  and  capturing  Tripoli,  when  he  learned 
that  a  treaty  of  peace  had  been  made,  by  which 
he  was  compelled  to  evacuate  Derne.  Eaton 
was  well  received  on  his  return  home ;  was 
honorably  mentioned  in  the  President's  mes- 
sage to  Congress,  and  was  granted  by  thelegisl. 
of  Ms.  10,000  acres  of  land,  but  failed  to  obtain 
compensation  from  the  govt,  for  his  pecuniary 
losses,  or  such  employment  as  his  talents  and 
services  entitled  him  to  expect.  The  King  of 
Denmark  presented  him  with  an  elegant  ac- 
knowledgment in  a  gold  box,  of  services  he  ren- 
dered several  captured  Danes  at  Tunis.  In  the 
winter  of  1806  Burr  endeavored,  ineffectually, 
to  enlist  him  in  his  conspiracy ;  and,  on  his 
trial  at  Richmond,  Eaton  testified  against  him. 
This  bold  and  enterprising  man,  under  the 
influence  of  disajppointment,  fell  a  victim  to 
intemperance  a  few  years  later.  His  letters  and 
journal  were  pub.  in  "  The  Life  of  Gen. 
Eaton,"  written  by  Prentiss,  8vo,  1813.  An- 
other, by  C.  C.  Felton,  compiled  from  Eaton's 
papers,  is  in  "  Sparks's  Amer.  Biog." 

Ebeling,  Christopher  Daniel,  a  Ger- 
man scholar  and  author,  b.  Hildesheim,  Nov. 
20,  1741  ;  d.  Hamburg,  June  30,  1817.  He 
studied  theology  at  Gottingen,  but  devoted 
himself  to  geographical  studies,  and  held  for 
33  years  the  professorship  of  history  and  Greek 
in  the  Hamburg  Gymnasium,  and  was  supt. 
of  the  Hamburg  Library,  For  his  great  work, 
"Geography  and  History,  of  N.  America," 
Hamburg,  1793-9,  in  5  vols.,  he  received  the 
thanks  of  the  U.S.  Congress.  He  paid  special 
attention  to  this  subject,  and  coll.  about  10,000 
maps,  and  nearly  4,000  books,  relating  to  Amer. 
This  valuable  coll.  was  purchased,  and  pre- 
sented to  the  library  of  Har.  Coll.  in  1818,  by 
Israel  Thorndike. 

Eberie,  John,  M.D.,  physician  and  medi- 
cal writer,  b.  Hagerstown,  Md.,  10  Dec.  1787  ; 
d.  Lexington,  Ky.,  Feb.  2,  1838.     U.  of  Pa. 


1809.  He  edited  a  political  paper  a  while  in 
Phila.  ;  began  to  edit  the  Med.  Recorder  in 
1818,  which  he  continued  5  or  6  years  ;  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Jeff.  Med.  Coll.  of 
Phila.,  and  lecturer  on  materia  medica,  and 
theory  and  practice  ;  was  a  prof,  in  the  Med. 
Coll.  of  Ohio,  1831-7,  and  in  the  Transylv. 
Med.  School  at  Lexington  from  1837  until  his 
death.  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
Western  Med.  Gazette  and  the  Ohio  Med. 
Lyceum.  Author  of  "  Eberle's  Therapeutics," 
1822;  "  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine;" 
"  Eberle's  Notes  ;  "  "  Diseases  of  Children  ;  '* 
"Amer.  Med.  Recorder,"  Phila.,  8  vo,  1819  ; 
"Botanical  Terminology,"  1818. 

Eccleston,  Samuel,  D.D.,  5th  R.C. 
archbishop  of  the  U.S.,  b.  Md.  1801;  d. 
Georgetown,  DC,  April  8,  1851.  Educated 
at  St.  Mary's  Coll.  He  visited  Eng.,  Ireland, 
and  France,  after  his  ordination,  and,  soon  af- 
ter his  return  to  Md.,  was  elected,  first  to  the 
vice-presidency,  and  subsequently  to  the  presi- 
dency, of  St.  Mary's  Coll.  Sept.  14,  1834,  he 
was  app.  assist,  bfshop  to  Archbishop  White- 
field,  whose  death  in  that  year  invested  him 
with  the  title  and  honors  of  the  principal  see 
of  the  church  in  the  U.S. 

Eekford,  Henry,  shipbuilder,  b.  Irvine, 
Scotland,  March  12,  1775;  d.  Constantinople, 
Nov.  12,  1832.  At  16,  he  was  placed  with 
John  Black,  a  maternal  uncle,  and  no-VoX  con- 
structor at  Quebec,  and  in  1796  began  busi- 
ness in  N.Y.,  where  he  soon  introduced  im- 
provements in  naval  architecture,  and  took  the 
lead  in  his  profession.  During  the  War  of 
1812,  he  constructed  the  ships-of-war  on  the 
Lakes  with  such  exped.  and  skill,  that  the  glori- 
ous results  may  be  partially  attributed  to  him. 
Soon  after  the  war,  he  built  the  steamer  "  Rob- 
ert Fulton,"  which  in  1822  made  the  first  suc- 
cessful steam-trip  to  N.  Orleans  and  Havana. 
App.  naval  contractor  at  Brooklyn  in  1820,  6 
ships-of-the-line  of  which  "  The  Ohio  "was  the 
first,  were  constructed  after  his  models.  Dis- 
gusted with  the  interference  of  the  board  of 
naval  commissioners,  he  left  the  govt,  service, 
and  was  afterward  employed  in  building  ves- 
sels-of-war  for  various  European  powers,  and 
for  some  of  the  Republics  of  S.A.  He  made  a 
plan  for  the  re-organization  of  the  navy  at  the 
request  of  Pres.  Jackson,  and  projected  a  pro- 
fessorship of  naval  architecture  for  Col.  Coll. 
In  1831,  he  constructed  a  ship-of-war  for  Sul- 
tan Mahmoud,  which  led  him  to  visit  Turkey, 
where  he  organized  a  navy-yard. 

Eddy,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (1801),  judge,  b. 
Johnson,  R.I. ,  March  31, 1769  ;  d.  Providence, 
Feb.  2,  1839.  Brown  U.  1787.  He  studied 
law,  but  did  not  long  practise  it ;  was  clerk 
of  the  Sup.  Court  in  1790-3;  was  sec.  of 
State  in  1798-1819  ;  M.C  1819-25,  and  was, 
in  1827-35,  chief-justice  of  the  Sup.  Court  of 
R.I.  He  made  valuable  contribs.  to  the  Colls,  of 
the  Ms.  Hist.  Society,  and  pub.  a  work  on 
"  Antiquities." 

Eddy,  Thomas,  philanthropist,  b.  Phila., 
Sept.  5,  1758;  d.  N.Y.,  Sept.  16,  1827.  His 
parents  were  Quakers.  He  began  to  trade  in 
New  York  in  1779,  afterward  became  an  insur- 
ance-broker in  that  city,  and  was  successful. 
He  was  active  in  originating  the  "  Penitenti- 


EIDEJ 


296 


ED^W 


ary  System"  of  N.Y.,  and,  in  1801,  pub.  his 
celebrated  work  on  the  State  Prison  of  N.Y. 
The  N.Y.  Hospital,  of  which  he  was  long  a 
gov.,  the  Insane  Asylum  at  Bloomingdale,  the 
great  Erie  Canal,  the  N.Y.  Savings  Institu- 
tion, and  the  N.Y.  Bible  Society,  were  fostered 
or  originated  by  him,  and  his  labors  earned  for 
him  the  title  of  the  American  Howard.  —  See 
Memoir,  by  Samuel  L.  Knapp,  8vo,  1834. 

Eden,"  Charles,  gov.  N.C.,  1713-22;  d. 
March  26,  1722,  a.  48. 

Eden,  Sir  Robert,  last  roy.  gov.  of  Md., 
b.  Durham,  Eng. ;  d.  Annapolis,  Sept.  2, 1786. 
He  succeeded  Sharpe  in  1768,  and  was  more 
disposed  to  moderation  than  any  of  the  other 
British  officers,  and  complied  reluctantly  with 
the  order  of  Congress  to  relinquish  his  govt. 
After  the  restoration  of  peace,  he  returned 
from  Eng.  to  this  country  for  the  recovery  of 
his  estates,  to  which  he  was  entitled  by  the 
treaty  of  1783.  He  was  a  bro.  of  Sir  John 
Eden,  and  m.  Lady  Calvert,  sister  of  Lord 
Baltimore.  Created  a  baronet,  Oct.  19,  1776. 
His  grandson.  Sir  Frederick  Eden,  an  officer 
in  the  British  army,  fell  at  New  Orleans,  24 
Dec.  1814. 

Eden,  William,  Lord  Auckland,  a  dis- 
ting.  diplomatist.  Son  of  Sir  Robert,  and  bro. 
of  the  preceding,  b.  1744;  d.  May  28,  1814. 
Was  in  1778  one  of  the  3  commissioners  who 
came  to  the  U.S.  to  negotiate  with  the  revolted 
Colonies. 

Edes,  Benjamin,  Revol.  journalist,  b. 
Charlestown,  Ms.,  Oct.  14,  1732;  d.  Boston, 
Dec.  11,  1803.  Son  of  Peter  and  Esther  of 
C,  and  descended  in  the  fourth  gen.  from  John 
of  C,  who  was  b.  in  Lawford  Co.,  Essex,  Eng- 
land, March  31,  16.51.  A.  and  Hon.  Art.  Co., 
1760;  styled  "  captain  ;  "  and  was  one  of  the 
Sons  of  Liberty.  In  his  printing-office  in 
Queen  (now  Court)  St.,  many  of  the  *'  Boston 
Tea  Party  "  disguised  themselves,  and,  on  their 
return,  did  justice  to  a  punch  served  in  a 
punch-bowl  still  preserved  among  his  descend- 
ants. In  1755,  he  began,  with  John  Gill,  the 
publication  of  the  Boston  Gazette  and  Country 
Journal,  a  newspaper  of  deserved  popularity, 
unsurpassed  in  patriotism,  and  zeal  for  the 
cause  of  liberty,  to  whose  columns  Otis,  the 
Adamses,  Quincy,  and  Warren  — the  personal 
friends  of  Mr.  Edes — were  constant  contribut- 
ors. Mr.  Edes  wielded  a  caustic  pen,  ever 
ready  to  deal  with  the  political  questions  of 
the  day.  In  his  letters  to  Lord  Hillsboro', 
Gov.  Bernard  advised  the  arrest  of  both  Edes 
and  Gill,  as  publishers  of  sedition.  During  the 
siege  of  IBoston,  Edes  having  dissolved  partner- 
ship with  Gill,  and  admitted  his  sons  to  his 
business,  removed  his  press  to  Watertown,  and 
there  continued  to  print  the  Gazette,  which  was 
the  "chosen  mouthpiece  of  the  Whigs."  The 
Gazette  was  discontinued  Sept.  17,  1798,  hav- 
ing been  edited  by  Mr.  Edes  for  43  years.  At 
the  opening  of  the  Revol.  war,  he  possessed  a 
handsome  property,  which  was  wholly  lost  by 
the  depreciation  of  the  currency.  An  obituary 
appeared  in  the  Independent  Chronicle  of  Dec. 
19,  1803.  —  See  Buckingham's  Remin.  of  Print- 
ing. 

Edes,  Peter,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Bos- 
ton, Dec.  17,  1756;  d.  Bangor,  Me.,  in  1840. 


In  partnership  with  his  father ;  afterwards  re- 
sided in  Newport,  R.I.,  Augusta  and  Hallo- 
well,  Me.  Gen.  Gage  ordered  his  arrest  "  for 
having  fire-arms  concealed  in  his  house ; "  and, 
two  days  after  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill,  he 
was  thrown  into  prison  in  Boston,  where  he 
remained  about  three  months.  His  journal,  in 
MS.,  kept  during  his  confinement,  is  in  posses- 
sion of  the  family. 

Edmonds,  Francis  W.,  banker  and 
artist,  b.  Hudson,  N.Y.,  Nov.  22,  18U6 ;  d. 
at  his  seat  on  the  Bronx  River,  ab.  1860.  Son 
of  Gen.  Samuel.  He  studied  at  the  Nat. 
Acad,  of  Design,  and  became  cashier  of  a 
bank,  employing  his  leisure  with  his  pencil. 
In  1835,  he  sent  to  the  acad.  his  first  picture, 
"  Sammy  the  Tailor,"  which  attracted  atten- 
tion, and  was  followed  by  the  "  Penny  Pa- 
per," "  Sparking,"  "  The'  City  and  Country 
Beaux,"  "  Dominie  Sampson,"  "  Commodore 
Trunion,"  &c.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
acad.  in  1840  ;  afterward  visited  Lond.,  Paris, 
and  Rome,  and  assisted  in  the  resuscitation  of 
the  American  Art  Union,  and  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  N.Y.  Gallery  of  Fine  Arts. 

Edmonds,  John  Worth,  jurist  and 
Spiritualist,  b.  Hudson,  N.Y.,  March  13,  1799. 
Un.  Coll.  1816.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1819,  he 
began  practice  in  Hudson  in  1820.  Member  of 
the  Ipgisl.  in  1831,  and  of  the  senate  and  Court 
of  Errors  in  1832-6.  In  1836-7,  he  was  sent 
by  govt,  on  special  missions  to  the  Indians  on 
the  frontiers.  In  1837,  he  resumed  practice  in 
N.Y.  City ;  became  prison-inspector  in  1843, 
inaugurating  important  reforms  in  the  treat- 
ment of  criminals;  circuit  judge,  1845-7; 
judge  of  the  Sup.  Court,  1847-1852,  and 
member  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  1852-3, 
when  he  retired,  and  has  since  practised  in  New 
York.  He  became  an  avowed  advocate  of  the 
belief  in  the  intercourse  of  man  with  the  spirits 
of  the  departed,  in  1853,  and  in  1854-5  pub. 
"  Spiritualism,"  in  2  vols.,  8vo.  He  has  pub. 
other  works  on  the  same  subjects. 

Edwards,  Bela  Bates,  D.D.,  scholar, 
b.  Southampton,  Ms.,  July  4,  1802  ;  d.  Ga., 
April  20, 1852.  Amh.  Coll.  1824.  Descended 
from  a  Welsh  family,  embracing  the  two  Jona- 
than Edwardses  and  Pres.  Dwight  among  its 
descendants.  Before  he  was  11,  he  had  read 
the  Bible  through  seven  times,  and  Scott's 
Notes  twice.  He  studied  theology  at  Ando- 
ver.  Tutor  at  Amh.  Coll.  1826-8;  sec.  of  the 
Education  Society  until  1833.  In  1837,  he 
was  app.  prof,  of  Hebrew  in  the  theol.  sem., 
and  in  1848  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  bibli- 
cal literature.  He  pub.  the  "  Ecletic  Reader," 
and  an  introd.  to  it,  "  Biography  of  Self- 
taught  Men,"  "  Memoirs  of  E.  Cornelius," 
1 842  ;  a  vol.  on  the  "  Epistle  to  the  Gala- 
tians,"  the  Mis.sionary  Gazetteer,  1832  ;  translat- 
ted,  annotated,  and  criticised  a  large  number 
of  works;  also  ed.  the  Amer.  Quarterlu  Regis- 
ter, 1827-42  ;  conducted  the  Amer.  Quarterly 
Observer  (1833-6),  the  Biblical  Repository 
(1835-8),  and  afterwards  the  Bibliotheca  Sacra 
and  Theol.  Review  (1844-52).  A  selection  of 
his  sermons,  lectures,  and  addresses,  with  a 
memoir,  by  Prof.  Park,  was  pub.  in  2  vols., 
12mo,  Boston,  1853. 

Edwards,  Bryan,  historian,  b.  Westbury, 


EID^W 


297 


ED"W 


Wilts.,  Eng.,  May  21,  1743  ;  d.  July  15,  1800. 
He  inherited  a  large  fortune  in  Jamaica, 
became  an  eminent  merchant,  and  a  promi- 
nent member  of  the  colonial  assembly  ;  returned 
to  Eng.,  and  in  1796  took  his  seat  for  the 
borough  of  Grampound,  which  he  represented 
until  his  death.  Author  of  "  Thoughts  on 
the  Trade  of  the  W.I.  Islands  with  the  U.S.," 
1784;  "  History  of  the  British  Colonies  in  the 
W.  Indies,"  1793,  2  vols.,  4to.  A  new  edition 
of  this  work,  pub.  after  his  death,  in  1801,  3 
vols.,  8vo,  includes  a  "  History  of  St.  Do- 
mingo."—  See  Lifepref.  to  Hist.  W.I. 

Edwards,  Charles,  lawyer  in  N.Y. 
City,  b.  Eng.,  1797.  Author  of  "Juryman's 
Guide,"  8vo,  1831;  "Parties  to  Bills  and 
other  Pleadings,"  Svo,  1832;  "  Feathers  from 
My  Own  Wings,"  12 mo,  1833  ;  "  Receivers  in 
Chancery,"  8vo,  1839,  1846;  "Reports  of 
Chancery  Cases,  1st  Circuit,  N.Y.,  1831-4.5," 

4  vols.,  Svo  ;  "  History  and  Poetry  of  Finger- 
Rings,"  12mo,  1855;  "  Receivers  in  Equity," 
1857;  "Referees,"  1860;  "Stamp  Act  of 
1862." 

Edwards,  Henry  Waggaman,  LL.D. 
(Y.C.  1833),  gov.  of  Ct.,  b.  N.  Haven,  1779; 
d.  there  July  22,  1847.  N.  J.  Coll.  1797. 
Grandson  of  Jonathan.  He  studied  at  the 
Litchf.  Law  School,  and  settled  in  N.  Haven. 
Was  M.C.  1819-23;  U.S.  senator  in  1823-7; 
State  senator,  1828-9  ;  in  1830,  a  State  repre- 
sentative, and  speaker  of  the  house,  and  gov. 
in  1833,  and  again  in  1835-8. 

Edwards,  Jonathan,  the  greatest  of 
American  metaphysicians,  b.  E.  Windsor,  Ct., 

5  Oct  1703;  d.  Princeton,  N.J.,  22  Mar.  1758. 
Y.  C.  1720.  Timo,  his  father  was  minister  of 
E.W.  from  May,  1694  to  his  d.,  27  Jan.  1758, 
a.  88.  H.U.  1691.  He  began  to  study  Latin 
at  6,  and  before  leaving  coll.  is  said  to  have 
reasoned  out  for  himself  his  great  doctrine  of 
freedom  of  the  will.  Before  he  was  20,  he 
began  preaching  to  a  Prcsb.  congregation  in 
N.  Y.  City;  was  a  tutor  at  Yale  in  1724-6; 
then  an  assist,  to  his  maternal  grandfather,  Mr. 
Stoddard,  minister  of  Northampton,  whom  he 
succeeded;  ord.  15  Feb.  1727,  and  soon  after 
m.  Sarah  Picrrepont  of  N.  Haven.  Dismissed 
in  June,  1750,  for  insisting  upon  a  purer  and 
higher  standard  of  admission  to  the  commu- 
nion table.  While  missionary  to  the  Stock- 
bridge  Indians  in  1751-7,  he  wrote  his  celebrat- 
ed work  on  "  The  Freedom  of  the  Will,"  pub. 
1754,  and  unequalled  for  close  and  subtile  rea- 
soning. Made  pres.  of  N.J.  Coll.  in  the  latter 
part  of  1757,  and  inaug.  16  Feb.  1758;  d.  soon 
afterward  of  small-pox.  While  at  Stockbridge, 
his  scanty  means  of  subsistence  were  increased 
by  a  contrib.  from  his  friends  in  Scotland,  and 
by  the  industry  of  his  wife  and  daughters, 
whose  delicate  handiwork  was  sent  to  Boston 
to  be  sold.  He  taught  the  doctrine,  that  phi- 
losophic necessity  was  compatible  with  freedom 
of  the  will,  rightly  defined,  and  with  human 
responsibility,  and  was  intensely  attached  to 
the  system  of  Calvinism  as  opposed  to  that  of 
Arminianism.  Tall  and  slender  in  person,  he 
had  a  high,  broad,  bold  forehead,  piercing  and 
luminous  eyes,  and  a  countenance  indicative 
of  sincerity  and  benevolence.  He  left  5  daugh- 
ters and  3  sons,  one  of  whom  was  afterward 


pres.  of  N.J.  Coll.  His  other  works  are, 
"  Treatise  Concerning  the  Religious  Affec- 
tions," 1746  ;  "  Inquiry  into  the  Qualifications 
for  Full  Communion  in  the  Church,"  1749; 
"  Original  Sin,"  1757  ;  "  Dissertation  concern- 
ing the  End  for  which  God  created  the 
World,"  1789;  "True  Nature  of  Christian 
Virtue,"  1788;  "  Thoughts  on  the  Revival  of 
Religion ;  "  "  History  of  the  Redemption,"  and 
"  Life  of  David  Brainerd."  His  writings,  with 
a  Memoir  by  Sereno  E.  D wight,  were  pub. 
10  vols.,  8vo,  N.Y.  —  See,  also,  Life  of  Edwards, 
by  S.  Hopkins,  Sparks's  Amer.  Biog.,  vol.  viii., 
and  Appleton's  Ctjcl.  art.,  "  Edtvards." 

Edwards,  Jonathan,  D.D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1785),  son  of  the  preceding,  and  also  a  theolo- 
gian and  metaphysician,  b.  Northampton,  Ms., 
May  26,  1745,  O.S.;  d.  Schenectady,  N.Y., 
Aug.  1,  1801.  N.J.  Coll.  1765.  At  Stock- 
bridge,  he  became  thoroughly  learned  in  the 
Indian  language.  A  few  months  of  his  10th 
year  were  passed  among  the  Six  Nations,  learn- 
ing the  language,  and  becoming  qualified  to  be 
a  missionary  among  them  ;  but  the  French  war 
occasioned  his  return  to  Stockbridge.  Studied 
divinity  with  Dr.  Bellamy ;  was  licensed  to 
preach  in  1766;  in  1767-9  was  tutor  in  N.J. 
Coll.,  and  from  1769  to  May  19,  1795,  was  pas- 
tor of  the  church  in  White  Haven,  Ct.  He 
was  in  1796  settled  as  pastor  of  the  church  in 
Colebrook,  and  corresp.  extensively  with  learn- 
ed men  both  in  this  country  and  Europe. 
From  May,  1799,  till  his  death,  he  was  pres.  of 
Un.  Coll.  His  complete  works,  with  a  memoir 
by  his  grandson.  Rev.  Tryon  Edwards,  D.D., 
were  pub.  in  2  vols.,  1842.  Besides  a  "  Disser- 
tation on  Libei  ty  and  Necessity,"  and  a  num- 
ber of  occasional  sermons,  he  pub.  "  Observa- 
tions on  the  Language  of  the  Stockbridge  In- 
dians," sinceedited  for  the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc.  Colls, 
by  the  philologist  Pickering;  and  edited  from 
his  father's  MS.,  "  The  History  of  Redemp- 
tion," 2  vols,  of  sermons,  and  2  vols,  of  "  Ob- 
servations on  Theol.  Subjects."  His  only  son, 
Jonathan  W.,  a  disting.  lawyer  of  Hartford, 
b.  N.  Haven,  Ct.,  Jan.  5,  1772,  d.  Hartford, 
April  3,  1831.     Y.  C.  1789. 

Edwards,  Justin,  D.D.  {Y.C.1827),  cler- 
gyman, and  advocate  of  temperance,  b.  West- 
hampton,  Ms.,  April  25,  1787;  d.  Virginia 
Springs,  July  23,  1853.  Wms.  Coll.  1810; 
And.  Sem.  1814.  From  1812  to  1827,  pastor 
of  a  Cong,  church  at  Andover;  in  1828-9  pas- 
tor of  a  new  church  in  Boston,  but  resigned 
from  failing  health,  and  becoming  sec.  of  the 
Amer.  Temperance  Soc,  of  which  he  was  the 
originator,  he  devoted  7  years  to  the  cause  by 
lectures  and  addresses  in  all  parts  of  the  land, 
and  by  preparing  temperance  documents.  In 
1836-42,  he  presided  over  the  theol.  sem,  at 
Andover  ;  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Tract 
Soc.  at  Boston  in  1814;  was  corresp.  sec.  and 
principal  manager,  until  in  1825  it  was  united 
with  that  of  N.Y.,when  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  pub.  committee.  Of  4  of  his  tracts, 
no  less  than  750,000  were  printed  by  the  soc. ; 
of  his  "Sabbath  Manual,"  535,000;  of  his 
"  Temperance  Manual,"  143,000  ;  of  the  "Com- 
ments on  the  NewTestament,"more  than  70,000 
before  his  death,  the  first  vol.  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament, Genesis  to  Job,  being  then  in  press. 


3i:d"w 


298 


EL33 


A  Memoir  of  his  life  and  labors,  by  Rev.  Dr. 
Hallock,  was  pub.  by  the  Tract  Soc.  in  1853. 

Edwards,  Ninian,  lawyer  and  statesman, 
b.  Montgomery  Co.,  Md.,  Mar.  1775;  d.  of 
cholera,  at  Belleville,  III.,  July  20,  1833.  His 
education,  directed  at  one  time  by  Wm.  Wirt, 
was  completed  at  Dick.  Coll.,  Pa. ;  and  at  the 
age  of  19  he  located  himself  in  the  Green  Riv- 
er dist..  Ivy.  Elected  to  the  legisl.  before  he 
was  21  ;  adm.  in  1798  to  the  bar  of  Ky.,  and 
in  1799  to  that  of  Tenn.,  and  rose  rapidly  in 
the  profession.  He  was  app.  in  1803  judge  of 
the  Circuit  Court;  in  1806,  of  Appeals;  in  1808, 
chief-justice  of  the  State,  and  in  1 809,  on  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Terr.  govt,  of  111.,  was  gov. 
until  the  organization  of  the  State  govt,  in  1818. 
In  1816,  with  Gov.  Clark  and  Col.  Chouteau,  he 
treated  with  the  Indian  tribes;  in  1818-24,  he 
was  U.S.  senator,  and  in  1824  he  declined  the 
Mexican  mission.  From  1826  to  1830,  he  was 
gov.  of  the  State.  During  tlie  War  of  1812, 
his  measures  to  prevent  and  counteract  Indian 
hostilities  were  prompt,vigorous,  and  successful. 

Edwards,  Ogden,  jurist,  b.  Ct.  1781  ;  d. 
Staten  Island,  Apr.  1, 1862.  Grand.son  of  Jona- 
than, and  son  of  Pierrepont.  He  went  to  N.Y. 
ab.  1800 ;  practised  law  ;  was  surrogate  for  some 
years  ;  a  member  of  the  State  legisl.,  and  of 
the  conv.  of  1821,  in  which  he  bore  a  disting. 
part.  He  then  became  Circuit  Judge  1st  judi- 
cial dist.,  which  post  he  filled  until  60  years  of 
age. 

Edwards,  Pierrepont,  judge.  Son  of 
the  metaphysician,  b.  Northampton,  Ms.,  Apr, 
8,  1750;  d.  Bridgeport,  Ct.,  Apr.  14,  1826. 
Princeton  Coll.  1768.  His  father  being  a  mis- 
sionary to  the  Stockbridge  Indians,  his  youth 
was  passed  among  them ;  and  he  acquired  their 
language  perfectly.  He  commenced  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  N.  Haven,  1771  ;  took  an  early 
and  efficient  part  in  the  councils  of  Ct.,  in  fa- 
vor of  Independence  ;  served  in  the  Revol. 
army,  and  was  in  two  hard-fought  battles,  in- 
cluding that  of  Danbury.  Member  of  the  Old 
Congress,  1787-8,  and  an  able  advocate  for  the 
Constitution  of  the  U.S.,  in  the  convention 
held  to  ratify  it.  Judge  U.S.  dist.  court  of 
Ct.,  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  "  Toleration  party  "  in  Ct.,  and, 
by  his  ability  and  perseverance,  drew  upon  him- 
selfthe  animosity  of  the  Calvinists.  First  Grand 
Master  of  Masons  in  Ct.  Father  of  H.  W. 
and  Ogden  Edwards. 

Edwards,  Trtox,  D.D.,  clergyman  and 
author.  Grandson  of  the  2d  Pres.  Edwards 
b.  Hartford,  Ct.,  Aug.  7,  1809.  Y.C.  1828. 
He  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Rochester,  N.Y., 
in  1834,  and  in  N.  London  in  1845.  He  has 
pub.  "  Christianity  a  Philosophy  of  Princi- 
ples," a  memoir  of  the  2d  Pres.  Edwards,  pub. 
with  his  complete  works,  1842  ;  "  Self-Cultiva- 
tion,"  1843,  and  a  memoir  of  Dr.  Bellamy, 
pub.  with  his  works,  1850.  He  has  edited  the 
works  of  Pres.  Edwards  (2d) ;  a  vol.  from  the 
MSS.  of  Pres,  Edwards  (1st),  entitled  "  Char- 
ity and  its  Fruits ;""  Select  Poetry  for  Chil- 
dren and  Youth,"  1851 ;  "  Jewels  for  the  House- 
hold," 1852;  "The  World's  Laconics,"  1852, 
and  "  Wonders  of  the  World,"  1853.  Several 
of  these  have  been  repub.  in  Eng.  He  edited 
for  many  years  the  Family  Christian  Almanac. 


Edwin,  David,  engraver,  b.  Bath,  Eng., 
Dec.  1776;  d.  Phila.,  Feb.  22,  1841.  Son  of 
John,  the  celebrated  comic  actor,  who  appren- 
ticed him  to  an  engraver,  but  joining  an  Amer. 
ship,  before  the  mast,  arrived  in  Phila.  in  Dec. 
1797.  He  was  employed  by  Edward  Savage, 
the  painter,  and  soon  became  the  most  eminent 
artist  in  the  country,  his  reputation  securing 
for  him  nearly  all  the  portrait-engraving  of  the 
time.  After  20  years  application  to  his  craft, 
his  sight  failed,  and  he  was  compelled  to  resort 
to  various  methods  for  obtaining  a  livelihood  ; 
being  at  one  time  assist,  to  an  auctioneer,  then 
assist,  treasurer  at  Warren's  Theatre,  and  sub- 
sequently kept  a  grocery.  He  possessed  taste 
and  skill  as  a  musician.  —  Simpson. 

Egede  (5g'-eh-deh),  Hans,  Danish  mission- 
ary, b.  Norway,  Jan.  31,  1686;  d.  Isle  of  Fal- 
ster,  Nov.  5,  1758.  In  May,  1721,  he  went  to 
Greenland  to  convert  the  inhabitants.  He  re- 
sided there  15  years,  laid  a  successful  founda- 
tion for  the  further  propagation  of  Christiani- 
ty, and  successful  and  important  commercial 
relations.  He  pub.  a  book  on  the  topography 
and  natui-al  history  of  Greenland,  in  Danish, 
in  1729,  afterwards  translated  into  French, 
Dutch,  and  English. 

Egede,  Paul,  his  son,  b.  near  Drontheim, 
1703  ;  d.  June  3,  1789.  He  assisted  his  father 
in  the  mission,  from  the  age  of  12,  and  became, 
in  1741,  bishop  of  Greenland.  He  translated 
"The  Imitation  of  Christ,"  and  portions  of 
the  Bible,  into  the  language  of  Greenland,  and, 
at  his  departure,  left  the  colony  in  a  highly 
prosperous  state.  He  was  afterward  active  in 
forwarding  the  exploring  mission  of  Lovenon 
to  the  coasts  of  Greenland,  and,  at  the  time  of 
his  death,  occupied  a  chair  of  theology  in  the 
U.  of  Copenhagen.  He  pub.  a  new  edition  of 
his  father's  work,  and  a  journal  of  his  resi- 
dence in  Greenland,  from  1721  to  1728. 

Eggleston,  Maj.  Joseph,  one  of  the  most 
efficient  cavalry  officers  of  the  Revol.  M.C. 
from  1798  to  1801  ;  b.  Amelia  Co.,  Va.,  Nov. 
24,  1754;  d.  there  Feb.  13,  1811.  Wm.  and 
Mary  Coll.  1776.  He  served  under  Col.  Henry 
Lee  and  Greene ;  was  in  the  battles  of  Guilford 
and  Eutaw,  and  was  some  years  member  of  the 
Va.  assembly, 

Ehninger,  John  Whetton,  artist,  b. 
N.Y.,  July22,  1827.  Col.  Coll.  1847.  He 
studied  his  art  in  Europe;  was  a  pupil  of 
Couture  in  Paris  in  1848-9;  and  in  1851-3 
visited  Dusseldorf  and  the  chief  capitals  of  the 
Continent.  His  first  oil  painting,  "  Peter 
Stuyvesant"  (1850),  was  engraved  by  the 
Amer.  Art  Union.  Among  his  best  works 
since  are  "  Love  me.  Love  my  Horse,"  "  The 
Sword,"  "  The  Foray,"  "  Lady  Jane  Grey," 
and  Ars  Celare  Artem.  He  has  also  produced 
some  excellent  etchings  and  drawings  in 
outline,  pencil,  and  India  ink.  A  series  of 
the  former  illustrated  Hood's  "Bridge  of 
Sighs"  in  1849  and  in  1850,  subjects  from 
Irving's  story  of  "  Dolph  Heyliger."  Among 
his  works  are  "  Christ  Healing  the  Sick,"  a 
pencil-drawing  executed  in  1857,  and  a  set  of 
8  illustrations  of  Longfellow's  "  Miles  Stan- 
dish."  Mr.  E.  has  devoted  much  time  to  per- 
fecting a  system  of  photographic  etching. 

Elbert,  Samuel,  gen.  Revol.  army,  b.  Pr. 


KLI> 


299 


ELI 


Wm.  Parish,  S.C.,  1740;  d.  Savannah,  Ga., 
Nov.  2,  1788.  Left  an  orphan  at  an  early  age, 
he  went  to  Savannah,  and  engaged  in  commerce. 
Capt.  of  a  grenadier  company  there  in  June, 
1774.  Member  of  the  Savannah  com.  of  safety ; 
app.  lieut.-col.  Feb.  4,  1776;  col.  Sept.  16, 
1776  ;  com.,  in  May,  1777,  an  exped.  against 
the  British  in  E.  Fla. ;  captured  Fort  Ogle- 
thorpe at  Frederica,  Apr.  19,  1778,  with  the 
British  vessels  anchored  there;  actively  engaged 
in  that  year  in  the  vicinity  of  Savannah,  and 
behaved  gallantly  at  its  attack  by  Col.  Camp- 
bell, Dec.  29,  1778.  He  disting.  himself  in 
the  action  at  Brier  Creek,  where  he  com.  a 
brigade  under  Ashe,  Mar.  3,  1779,  and  was 
made  prisoner.  After  his  exchange,  he  joined 
the  army  under  Washington ;  was  present  at 
the  surrender  of  Cornwallis,  and  made  brev. 
brig.-gen.  Nov.  3,  1783.  Gov.  of  Ga.  in  1785, 
and  amaj.-gen.  of  militia  at  his  death.  — Hist. 
Mafj.,  Jan.  1868. 

Elder,  William,  M.D.,  of  Phila.,  b. 
Somerset,  Pa.,  1809.  Author  of  "  Periscopics," 
a  vol.  of  miscellanies,  12mo,  1854  ;  a  new  ed. 
entitled  "  The  Enchanted  Beauty,"  12mo, 
N.Y.,  1855;  "Life  of  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane,"  8vo, 
1857. 

Elgin,  James  Bruce,  earl  of,  gov.  of 
Canada,  1846-.54,  b.  1811;  d.  25  Nov.  1863. 
Educated  at  Oxford  ;  M.  P.  1841  ;  succeeded 
to  the  title  on  the  death  of  his  father  in  Nov. 
1841.  Gov.  of  Jamaica,  1842-6.  He  was  one 
of  the  ablest  of  Canadian  govs.  Ambassador 
to  China,  and  afterward  to  Japan,  he  concluded 
treaties  with  both,  the  latter  bearing  date  Aug. 
26,  1858.  Postmaster.-gen.  of  Eng.,  1859-60; 
again  ambassador  to  China  in  1860  ;  gov.-gen. 
of  India,  from  1860  to  his  death.  Created  a 
peer  in  1849. 

Eliot,  Andrew,  D.D.  (U.of  Edinb.  1767), 
minister  of  Boston,  b.  Dec.  28,  1718  ;  d.  Sept. 
13,  1778.  H.  U.  1737.  Descended  from 
Andrew  of  Somersetshire,  who  settled  at 
Beverly,  ab.  1683.  Andrew,  his  father,  was  a 
merchant  of  Boston.  Ord.  pastor  of  the  New 
North  Church  as  coll.  with  Mr.  Webb,  Apr.  14, 
1742;  remained  there  till  his  death.  During  the 
occupancy  of  the  town  by  the  British,  he  al- 
leviated the  sufferings  of  the  inhabitants,  and 
ministered  to  his  sick  and  wounded  country- 
men in  prison.  He  was  a  friend  to  literature 
and  science,  and  a  benefactor  of  H.U.  Author 
of  a  number  of  sermons,  and  in  1768  sent  to  a 
friend  in  Eng.  an  account  of  the  effects  of  the 
dispute  between  Great  Britain  and  America. 
Elected  pres.  of  H.U.,  such  was  his  attachment 
to  his  people,  that  he  declined  the  honor.  An 
Svo  vol.  of  his  sermons  was  pub.  in  1774. 

Eliot,  Jared,  divine,  physician,  and  schol- 
ar, b.  Nov.  7,  1685  ;  d.  Killingworth,  Ct.,  Apr. 
28,  1763.  Y.  C.  1706.  Grandson  of  the 
Apostle  Eliot.  From  Oct.  26,  1709,  to  his 
death,  he  was  minister  to  the  First  Church  in 
Killingworth,  Ct.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
useful  men  of  his  time.  lie  was  a  good 
preacher,  a  physician  of  much  repute,  and  ex- 
celled in  the  natural  sciences;  in  1761  was 
honored  with  a  medal  from  the  Lond.  Society 
for  the  Encouragement  of  Arts,  Manufactures, 
and  Commerce.  Member  of  the  Roy.  Soc.  of 
Lond.    He  was  the  first  to  introduce  the  white 


mulberry-tree  into  Ct.,  and  with  it  the   silk- 
worm, and  pub.  a  treatise   upon  the  subject. 
Such  was  his  success  in  the  treatment  of  in- 
sanity  and  chronic  complaints,   that  he  was 
sometimes  sent  for  to   Newport  and  Boston, 
and  was  more  extensively  consulted  than  any 
other  physician  in  N.E.  He  also  pub.  "  Religion 
supported  by  Reason  and   Revelation,"  1735  ; 
**  Sermon  on  the  Taking  of  Louisburg,"  1745. 
Eliot,  John,  minister  of    Roxbury,   Ms., 
"  the  Apostle  to  the  Indians,"  b.  Nasing,  Essex, 
Eng.,  1603  ;  d.  May  20,  1690.    Educated  at  the 
U.  of  Camb.     After  pursuing  the  occupation 
of  a  teacher,  came  to  Boston   2   Nov.   1631. 
He  became  minister  of  the  church  in  Roxbury, 
Nov.  5,    1632,  and    soon   conceived   a  strong 
passion  for  Christianizing  and  improving  the 
condition  of  the  Indians,  of  whom  there  were 
nearly  20  tribes,  within  the  limits  of  the  English 
plantations.     Having  acquired  their  language, 
he  [)ub.  a  grammar,  and  a  transl.  of  the  Bible 
in  it  (1663) ;  and  the  merit  is  claimed  for  him 
of  having  (Oct.  28,  1646)  been  the  first  Prot- 
estant clergyman  who  preached  the  gospel  to 
the  N.  A.  savages.     In  1651,  an  Indian  town 
was  built  on  Charles  River,  called  Natick,  and 
the   first   Indian  church  established   there  in 
1660.      His   humane   efforts  in    behalf  of  the 
praying    Indians,    menaced   with    destruction 
during  Philip's  war  in  1675  by  the  exasperated 
settlers,  are  worthy  of  especial  praise.     He  left 
four  sons,  educated  at  H.U.,  classed  with  "  the 
best  preachers  of  their  generation."     He  pub. 
several    letters    in    a    work     entitled    "  The 
Glorious   Progress  of  the   Gospel  among  the 
Indians,"   1649  ;  "  Tears   of  Repentance,"  in 
conjunction  with     Mr.    Mayhew,   1653;    "A 
Late  and  Further  Manifestation  of  the  Progress 
of  the  Gospel  among  the  Indians,"  in   1G58; 
"  Of  the  Gospel  among  the  Indians,"  in  1659 ; 
"  A  Brief  Narrative   of  the  Progress   of  the 
Gospel,"  1670;  "The  Logic  Primer  for  the 
Use  of  Indians,"  1672;  "  The  Psalms,"  trans- 
lated into  Indian  metre,  and  a  "  Catechism," 
annexed  to  the  edition  of  the  New  Testament, 
in  1680;    a  translation  of  "  The  Practice  of 
Piety,"  of  "  Baxter's  Call  to  the  Unconverted," 
and  of  several  of  Shepard's  works ;  "  The  Har- 
mony of  the  Gospels  in  English,"  1678;  and 
"  The  Divine  Management  of  Gospel  Churches 
by  the  Ordinance  of  Councils,    designed  for 
the   Reconciliation   of  the   Presbyterians    and 
Congregationalists."      Nine  of   his  letters  to 
Sir  Robert  Boyle  are  included  in  the  third,  and 
his   account  of  Indian  churches  in  the  tenth 
volume  of  the  Hist.  Colls.     In  1639,  he  assisted 
in  compilinganew  version  of  the  Psalms,  known 
as  "The   Old   Bay  Psalm    Book."     In   1660, 
he  issued   a  tract  essaying  to  prove  that  the 
Indians  are  descendants  of  the  Jews.     Hutch- 
inson, in   his  "  Hist,  of  Ms.,"  relates,  that,  in 
1660,  the  gov.  and  council  of  Ms.  pronounced 
the   "  Christian    Commonwealth,"   of  which 
Eliot  was  the  author,  to  be  seditious.     He  ac- 
knowledged this  by  a  public  recantation. 

Eliot,  John,  D.D.  (Edinb.  1797),  minister 
of  Boston,  b.  Boston,  May  31,  1754  ;  d.  there 
Feb.  14,  1813.  H.U.  1772.  Ord.  pastor  of  the 
New  North  Church,  as  successor  of  his  father, 
Nov.  3,  1779,  and  remained  there  till  his  death. 
With  his  friend  Jeremy  Belknap,  he  founded 


EIU 


300 


ELL 


the  Hist.  Soc.  of  Ms.,  contributing  more  than 
any  other  person  to  its  colls.,  and  to  its  library 
of  rare  books.  He  devoted  much  time  and 
labor  to  biog.  and  hist,  researches.  Member 
of  the  Am.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  "  New-England  Biograph- 
ical Dictionary,"  8vo,  1809;  "An  Account 
of  Burials  in  Boston,"  "  Description  of  New 
Bedford,"  "  Notice  of  W.  Whittingham,  and 
Narrative  of  Newspapers  ;  "  "  Sketch  of  Dr. 
Belknap,"  "Ecclesiastical  Hist,  of  Ms.  and 
Plymouth,"  "  Account  of  John  Eliot," 
"  Account  of  Marblehead,"  "  Memoirs  of  Dr. 
Thatcher,"  and  "  Memoirs  of  A.  Eliot,  and 
T.  Pemberton,"  in  the  Hist.  Colls. 

Eliot,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1863), 
author,  b.  Boston,  Dec.  22,  1821.  H.U.  1839, 
with  the  highest  honors.  Grandson  of  Samuel, 
who  founded  the  Eliot  professorship  at  H.U. 
He  spent  2  years  in  a  counting-room  in  Boston, 
and  4  years  in  foreign  travel.  In  1845,  at 
Kome,  he  formed  the  plan  of  his  "  History  of 
Liberty,"  two  parts  of  which  have  appeared, 
Boston,  1 853.  Part  i.,  "  The  Ancien t  Romans," 
and  two  vols,  relating  to  "  The  Early  Chris- 
tians," 1858.  Engaging  in  the  business  of 
practical  teaching,  besides  private  pupils,  he 
gave  gratuitous  instruction  to  classes  of  young 
working-men,  and  organized  a  charity  school 
for  vagrant  children.  He  pub.  in  1856  "A 
Manual  of  U.  S.  History,  1492-1856  ;  "  "  Life 
and  Times  of  Savonarola."  He  is  engaged  upon 
a  third  part  of  his"  History  of  Liberty,"  treat- 
ing the  papal  ages.  Mr.  Eliot  has  contrib. 
to  periodical  literature.  Prof,  of  history  and 
political  science  in  Trinity  Coll.,  Hartford, 
and  pres.  1860-4. 

Eliot,  Samuel  Atkins,  merchant,  b. 
Boston,  Mar.  5,  1798  ;  d.  Cambridge,  Jan.  29, 
1862.  H.  U.  1817.  Samuel,  his  father,  a 
wealth);  merchant,  and  benefactor  of  H.U.,  d. 
Jan.  18,  1820,  a.  81.  Mayor  of  Boston,  1837- 
9  ;  rep.  and  senator  in  the  State  legisl.  for 
three  or  four  years,  and  M.C.  1850-1.  Father 
of  Chas.  Wm.  pres.  of  H.  U.  since  1869. 

Eliot,  Thomas  D.,  lawyer  and  M.C.  ( 1 854- 
5,  and  1859-70),  b.  Boston,  20  Mar.  1808;  d. 
N.  Bedford,  12  June,  1870.  Col.  Coll.  (D.C), 
1 825.  He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  his  uncle. 
Judge  Wm.  Cranch,  and  became  eminent  in 
the  profession  in  N.  Bedford.  Member  of  the 
house  and  senate  of  Ms.,  and  prominent  in  the 
Freesoil  con  v.  at  Worcester  in  1855.  In  Con- 
gress, he  took  an  active  part  in  the  legislation 
for  the  protection  and  welfare  of  the  colored 
race. 

Ellery,  Frank,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  R.I. 
Midshipm.  Jan.  1,  1812;  lieut.  Mar.  28,  1820; 
commo.  July  16,  1862  ;  retired  1840.  Served  in 
frigate  "President"  in  all  her  cruises,  and 
wounded  in  the  action  with  "  The  Belvidere  ;  " 
received  a  sword  for  his  services  on  Lake 
Champlain ;  in  "  The  Constellation  "  in  Medit. 
1815,  at  capture  of  an  Algerine  frigate  and  a 
Turkish  flagship;  operated  against  the  patriots 
at  Amelia  Island,  Fla.,  capturing  a  patriot 
privateer  and  her  prize  ;  com.  steamer  "  Enter- 
prise" in  1840.  —  Hamersly. 

EUery,  William,  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  and  also  of  the  Articles  of 
Confederation,  b.  Newport,  R.L,  Dec.  22, 1727  ; 


d.  there  Feb.  15,  1820.  H.U.  1747.  Son  of 
Lieut.-Gov.  E.  For  some  years  after  his  mar- 
riage in  1750,  he  was  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits  in  Newport ;  was  some  time  naval 
officer  of  R.  I.,  and  in  1770,  after  2  years'  ser- 
vice as  clerk  of  a  court,  commenced  the  practice 
of  law  at  Newport,  attaining  high  reputation 
for  ability  and  integrity.  He  took  an  early  and 
active  part  in  assertmg  and  explaining  the 
political  rights  of  the  colonies.  From  May, 
1776,  to  1785,  with  the  exception  of  1780  and 
1782,  he  was  a  deleg.  to  Congress,  acting  on 
many  important  committees  relating  to  the 
finances  and  to  diplomacy.  As  a  member  of  the 
marine  committee,  and  subsequently  of  the  board 
of  admiralty,  he  was  eminently  serviceable; 
and  the  plan  of  5  ships  to  be  fitted  out  at 
Newport  has  been  attributed  to  him.  He  suf- 
fered great  loss  of  property  during  the  British 
occupancy  of  R.I.  in  1777-8.  App.  commiss. 
of  loans  in  Apr.  1786.  Chosen  chief-justice 
of  the  Sup.  Court  of  R.I.,  he  made  strenuous 
efforts,  in  conjunction  with  RufusKingof  N.Y., 
for  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  U.S.  He 
was  coll.  of  the  revenue  at  Newport  from  1790 
till  his  death.  An  interesting  memoir,  by  his 
grandson.  Prof.  Channing,  is  in  Sparks's 
"  Am.  Biography,"  vol.  vi. 

Ellet,  Charles,  Jun.,  engineer,  b.  Pa. 
Manor,  on  the  Delaware,  Pa.,  Jan.  1,  1810  ;  d. 
Cairo,  111.,  June  21,  1862.  He  planned  and 
built  the  first  wire  suspension-bridge  in  the 
U.S.,  —  that  across  the  Schuylkill  atFairmount. 
Designed  and  built  that  across  the  Niagara 
River,  below  the  Falls,  and  also  the  first  one 
at  Wheeling,  Va.  For  the  Va.  Central  Rail- 
road, he  constructed  a  remarkable  temporary 
track,  leading  over  the  Blue  Ridge  ;  and  he  im- 
proved the  navigation  of  the  Kanawha  River. 
He  was  employed  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio, 
the  Reading  and  other  Railroads,  and  was  pres. 
of  the  Schuylkill  Navigation  Co.  in  1846-7. 
On  the  breaking-out  of  the  civil  war,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  the  use  of  steam-vessels  as 
rams.  Having  projected  a  plan  for  cutting  off 
the  confed.  army  at  Manassas,  and  communi- 
cated it  to  Gen.  McClellan,  by  whom  it  was 
rejected,  he  subsequently  wrote  two  pamphlets, 
severely  censuring  that  general's  mode  of  con- 
ducting the  war.  The  navy  dept.  having  de- 
clined to  construct  rams  for  service  on  the 
Mpi.,  according  to  his  plan,  he  applied  to  Mr. 
Stanton,  sec.  of  war,  by  whom  it  was  adopted. 
Made  col.  of  engineers,  he  soon  converted  into 
rams  10  or  12  powerful  steamers,  with  which 
he  rendered  great  assistance  in  the  naval  battle 
of  Memphis,  June  4,  where  he  sunk  and  dis- 
abled several  of  the  eneiny's  vessels,  and  was 
struck  by  a  musket-ball  above  the  knee,  from 
the  effects  of  which  he  d.  He  wrote  "  An  Es- 
say on  the  Laws  of  Trade,"  1839  ;  a  paper  on 
the  "  Physical  Geography  of  the  Mpi.  Valley, 
with  Suggestions  as  to  the  Improvement  of  the 
Navigation  of  the  Ohio,  and  other  Rivers,"  in 
"Smithsonian  Transactions,"  1851;  "The  Mis- 
sissippi and  Ohio  Rivers,  containing  Plans  for 
the  Protection  of  the  Delta  from  Inundation," 
8vo,  Phila.,  1853  ;  a  pamphlet  on  "Coast  and 
Harbor  Defences,  or  the  Substitution  of  Steam 
Batterintj-Rams  for  Ships  of  War,"  Phila., 
1855,  and  many  other  scientific  papers.  His  bro. 


E2L.L 


301 


JELH, 


Alfred  W.  Ellet,  who  held  a  commission 
under  him  as  lieut.-col.  in  the  same  fleet,  was 
app.  brig.-gen.  of  vols.,  Nov.  1,  1862. 

Elllet,  Col.  Charles  Rivers,  son  of  Col. 
Charles,  b.  Phila.,  1841  ;  d.  Bunker's  Hill,  111., 
Oct.  29,  1863.  He  received  a  thorough  educa- 
tion. When  the  war  broke  out,  he  became  as- 
sist, surgeon  in  a  military  hospital.  He  accomp. 
his  father  westward  in  the  spring  of  1862,  and 
com.  one  of  the  rams  in  the  action  at  Memphis, 
in  which  the  father  received  a  fatal  wound. 
After  his  death,  he  became  col.  in  the  marine 
brigade  of  his  uncle,  Gen.  Alfred  W.  Ellet,  and 
soon  after  com.  the  brigade.  With  the  ram 
"  Queen  of  the  West "  as  his  headquarters,  he 
made  many  daring  expeds.  on  the  Mpi.  Feb. 
10,  1863,  in  an  exped.  up  the  Red  River,  he 
captured  the  confederate  steamer  "Era,"  No.  5, 
and  other  vessels ;  but,  getting  aground,  his 
vessel  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  Ellet 
making  his  escape  upon  a  bale  of  cotton. 
During  and  after  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  he 
rendered  valuable  assistance  to  Gen.  Grant  in 
keeping  open  his  communications;  but,  in  the 
course  of  this  duty,  he  contracted  the  disease 
which  proved  fatal  to  him  shortly  after. 

Sllet,  Elizabeth  Fries,  authoress,  wife  of 
Wm.  H.,  b.  Sodus  Point  on  Lake  Ontario, 
N.Y.,  Oct.  1818.  The  dau.  of  Dr.  Wm.  N. 
Lummis.  She  was  educated  at  the  female 
sem.  at  Aurora,  Cayuga  Co.,  N.Y. ;  m.  Wm. 
H.  Ellet  at  an  early  age,  accomp.  her  hus- 
band to  S.  C,  and  returned  to  N.  Y.  in  1848. 
She  pub.  a  vol.  of  poems  in  183.5  ;  "  Scenes  in 
the  Life  of  Joanna  of  Sicily,"  1840  ;  "  Char- 
acters of  Schiller,"  1841,  and  "  Country  Ram- 
bles," and  contrib.  articles  on  French  and  Ital- 
ian poetry  and  literature  to  several  quarterly 
reviews.  In  1848,  she  pub.  in  3  vols.,  12mo, 
'*  Women  of  the  Amer.  Revolution,"  one  of 
her  most  popular  works,  the  materials  for 
which  were  derived  from  original  sources.  She 
has  also  pub.  "  Evenings  at  Woodlawn," 
"  Family  Pictures  from  the  Bible,"  1840  ; 
"Domestic  History  of  the  Amer.  Revolution," 
1850;  "Watching  Spirits,"  1851;  "Pioneer 
Women  of  the  West,"  1852  ;  "  Novellettes  of 
the  Musicians,"  1852  ;  "  Summer  Rambles  in 
the  West,"  1 853  ;  "  Queens  of  Amer.  Society," 
1865:  she  also  edited  "The  Practical  House- 
keeper." She  is  preparing  a  dictionary  of  fe- 
male painters  and  sculptors. 

Ellet,  William  Henry,  M.D.,  chemist, 
b.  N.Y,  City,  ab.  1804  ;  d.  there  Jan.  26,  1859. 
Col.  Coll.  1824.  While  studying  medicine,  he 
gained  a  gold  medal  for  a  dissertation  on  the 
compounds  of  cyanogen.  He  was  prof,  of 
experim.  chemistry  in  Col.  Coll.  from  1832  to 
1835,  and  of  chemistry,  mineralogy,  and  geol- 
ogy, in  the  S.C.  Coll.,  in  1835-48.  The  legisl. 
of  S.C.  presented  him  with  a  service  of  silver 
plate  for  the  discovery  of  a  new  and  cheap 
method  of  preparing  gun-cotton.  During  the 
last  5  years  of  his  life,  he  was  consulting 
chemist  of  the  Manhattan  Gas  Co.  of  N.Y. 
Elizabeth  F.  was  his  wife. 

Ellicott,  Andrew,  astronomer  and  civil 
engineer,  b.  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  Jan.  24,  1754  ;  d. 
West  Point,  N.Y.,  Aug.  29,  1820.  His  fother 
and  uncle  united  in  purchasing  a  large  tract 
of  wild  land  on  the  Patapsco  River,  in  1770, 


and  in  1774  founded  the  town  of  Ellicotts 
Mills,  Md.  His  scientific  attainments  early 
attracted  attention;  and  he  enjoyed  the  friend- 
ship of  Washington,  Franklin, and  Rittenhouse. 
He  was  at  various  times  commis.  for  marking 
parts  of  the  boundaries  of  Va.,  Pa.,  and  N.Y. 
Ab.  1785,  he  removed  to  Baltimore,  which  he 
represented  in  the  State  legisl.  In  1789,  he  was 
selected  by  Washington  to  survey  the  land  ly- 
ing between  Pa.  and  Lake  Erie,  and  during  that 
year  made  the  first  accurate  measurement  of 
the  Niagara  River,  from  Lake  to  Lake.  In 
1790,  he  was  employed  by  the  govt,  to  survey 
and  lay  out  the  city  of  Washington.  He  was 
made  surv.-gen.  of  the  U.S.  in  1792,  supt.  the 
construction  of  Fort  Erie  at   Presque  Isle  in 

1795,  and  was  employed  in  laying  out  the 
towns  of    Erie,    Warren,   and   Franklin.     In 

1796,  he  was  app.  by  Washington  commission, 
on  behalf  of  the  U.S.,  under  the  treaty  of  San 
Lorenzo,  to  determine  the  southern  boundary 
separating  the  U.  S.  Territory  from  that  of 
Spain.  The  results  of  this  service  of  nearly 
5  years  appear  in  his  "  Journal,"  4to,  Phila., 
1803.  Until  1808,  he  was  sec.  of  the  Pa.  land- 
office,  and  from  1  Sept.  1813,  till  his  death,  he 
was  prof,  of  math,  and  civil  engineering  at 
West  Point.  In  1817,  by  order  of  govt ,  he 
went  to  Montreal  to  make  astron.  obs.  for  car- 
rying out  some  of  the  articles  of  the  treaty  of 
Ghent.  He  was  an  active  member  and  useful 
officer  of  the  Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  to  whose 
"  Transactions  "  he  was  a  contrib.  Joseph 
his  bro.,  also  a  math,  and  surveyor,  d.  Batavia, 
N.Y.  \82Q.—Appleton. 

Elliott,  Charles,  D.  D.  (Wesl.  U. 
1840),  LL.D.  (All.  Coll.  1858).  Methodist 
divine,  b.  Killybegs,  Ireland,  May  6,  1792; 
d.  Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa,  Jan.  6,  1869.  He 
studied  at  Dublin;  emig.  to  Amer.  in  1814, 
and  was  received  into  the  travelling  connec- 
tion of  the  Ohio  conference  in  1818.  In 
1822,  he  was  supt.  of  the  Wyandotte  Mis- 
sion, Upper  Sandusky ;  was  subsequently,  for 
5  years,  pres.  elder  of  the  Ohio  district,  and 
was  in  1827-31  prof,  of  languages  in  Madison 
Coll.,  Uniontown,  Pa.  Stationed  at  Pittsburg 
in  1831,  he  was  subsequently  pres.  elder  of  that 
dist. ;  edited  the  Pittsburg  Conference  Journal, 
and  afterwards  edited  the  Western  Christian 
Advocate  at  Cincinnati,  where  he  remained  un- 
til 1848.  Resuming  his  regular  clerical  labor, 
he  was  in  1852  re-elected  editor  of  the  Advocate 
for  4  years.  Pres.  la.  Wesl.  U.,  1856-60  and 
1864-7.  His  publications  are,  "  A  Treatise  on 
Baptism,"  1834;  "Life  of  Bishop  Roberts," 
1853;  "Delineation  of  Roman  Catholicism," 
1851  ;  "  Historv  of  the  Great  Secession  from 
the  M.  E.  Chufch,"  8vo,  1855  ;  "  Political  Ro- 
manism," "  Reminiscences  of  the  Wyandotte 
Mission,"  and  a"  History  of  the  M.E.  Church 
in  the  Souih  and  West,  from  1844  to  1866," 
1868. 

Elliott,  Charles  Loring,  portrait  paint- 
er, b.  Scipio,  N.Y.,  Dec.  1812;  d.  Albany, 
Aug.  25,  1868.  Placed  in  a  country-store  at 
Syracuse,  he  devoted  all  his  leisure-time  to  his 
favorite  pursuits  of  drawing  and  painting; 
went  to  New  York  ab.  1834,  and  became  a  pu- 
pil of  Trumbull  and  then  of  Quidor.  He  first 
attempted  portraits  without  success  ;  but  some 


ELL. 


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KLL 


oil-paintings  by  him,  representing  scenes  from 
Irving'sand  Paulding's  works,  attracted  notice. 
After  practising  portrait-painting  for  10  years 
in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  he  returned  to 
N.Y.City,  and  established  himself  there.  Many 
of  his  works  are  remarkable  for  the  fidelity  of 
the  likeness  and  vigorous  coloring.  In  1846,  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Nat.  Acad,  of  Design. 
Among  his  best  portraits  are  those  of  Fletcher 
Harper,  J.  F.  Cooper,  Church  and  Durand, 
the  artists.  Gov.  Morgan,  and  Col.  Colt. 

Elliott,  Charles  Wyllts,  author,  b. 
Guilford,  Ct.,  May  27,  1817  ;  5th  in  lineal  de- 
scent from  the  "  Apostle  "  Eliot.  After  some 
years  of  mercantile  life  in  N.Y.  City,  he  in 
1838-9  studied  horticulture  and  landscape- 
gardening  with  A.  J.  Downing,  at  Newburgh, 
and  from  1840  to  1848  practised  these  pursuits 
at  Cincinnati.  Since  1850,  he  has  resided  in 
N.Y.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  and  first 
trustees  of  the  "  Children's  Aid  Society"  in 
1853.  In  1857,  he  was  app.  one  of  the  com- 
mis.  for  laying  out  the  N.Y.  Central  Park. 
He  has  pub.  "  Mysteries,  or  Glimpses  of  the 
Supernatural,"  an  attempt  to  refute  Spiritual- 
ism, 12mo,  1854  ;  "St.  Domingo,  its  Revolution 
and  its  Hero,  Toussaint  L'Ouverture,"  12mo, 
1855  ;  "  The  New-England  History,  from  the 
Discovery  of  the  Continent  by  the  Northmen, 
A.D.  986  to  1776,"  2  vols.,  8vo,  1857  ;  "Cot- 
tages and  Cottage  Life,"  8vo,  1848. 

Elliott,  James,  M.C.  from  Vt.,  1803-9,  b. 
1775;  d.  Newtane,  Vt.,  10  Nov.  1839.  He 
was  self-taught ;  served  under  Gen.  Wayne  in 
the  North-western  campaigns  of  1793-6,  as  a 
non-commissioned  officer;  was  a  clerk  in  a 
country-store  at  Guilford,  Vt.,  and,  while  pre- 
paring for  the  bar,  wrote  in  verse  and  prose  for 
the  Greenfield  Gazette,  Dennie's  Farmer's  Mu- 
seum, and  other  papers.  He  resided  a  short 
time  in  Phila.,  where  he  edited  the  Freeman's 
Journal.  Returning  to  Brattleboro',  Vt.,  he 
established  himself  in  the  practice  of  law,  and 
held  several  important  State  offices.  He  pub; 
at  Greenfield,  Ms.,  in  1796,  a  vol.  of  poetry 
and  prose.  Samuel,  a  younger  bro.,  was  also 
a  writer,  and  a  practitioner  at  the  Brattleboro' 
bar.  —  See  Buckingham's  Reminiscences,  ii. 

Elliott,  Jesse  Duncan,  commodore  U.  S. 
N.,  b.  Md.,  July  14,  1782;  d.  Phila.,  Dec.  10, 
1845.  Educated  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  and  studied 
law.  Midshipm.  Apr.  1804;  lieut.  Apr.  23, 
1810;  master,  July  24,  1813;  capt.  March  27, 
1818.  He  served  m  "  The  Essex,"  Capt.  Bar- 
ron, during  the  Tripolitan  war,  and  in  that 
of  1812-15,  served  on  the  lakes,  under  Chaun- 
cey  and  Perry.  Oct,  8,  1812,  a  boat  exped. 
was  organized  under  his  com.  on  Lake  Erie, 
for  the  capture  of  the  British  brigs  "Detroit" 
and  "  Caledonia."  They  were  boarded  and 
captured  with  slight  loss.  For  this  exploit,  he 
was  presented  by  Congress  with  a  sword.  In 
the  attack  upon  York,  U.C  ,  July  24,  1813,  he 
com.  "  The  Madison,"  and  was  highly  com- 
mended. In  Perry's  famous  victory  on  Lake 
Erie,Sept.  10,1813,  Elliott  com."  The  Niagara," 
20  guns,  and  for  his  conduct  received  a  gold 
medal  from  Congress.  A  court-martial,  app. 
at  his  request  in  consequence  of  insinuations  to 
his  dispanigement,  pronounced  him  "  a  brave 
and  skilful  officer."     He  succeeded  Perry  in 


the  com.  on  Lake  Erie,  in  Oct.  1813  ;  joined 
Decatur's  Mediterranean  squadron,  in  the  sloop 
"Ontario,"  early  in  1815;  from  1817  to  1824 
was  a  commiss.  to  select  sites  for  dockyards, 
light-houses,  and  fortifications  for  the  coast  of 
N.C. ;  com.  the  W.  India  squad.,  in  1829-32  ; 
in  1833  took  charge  of  the  Charlestown  Navy- 
Yard,  and  afterward,  in  "  The  Constitution," 
cruised  several  years  in  the  Mediterranean.  On 
his  return,  he  was  court-martialled,  and  sus- 
pended four  years.  A  part  of  this  sentence  was 
remitted,  and  in  1844  he  was  app.  to  the  Phila. 
Navy- Yard.  He  was,  though  a  man  of  kind 
feelings.a  rigid  disciplinarian.  A  "  biographical 
notice  "  of  him,  "  by  a  citizen  of  New  York," 
was  pub.  Phila.,  12mo,  1835. 

Elliott,  Jonathan,  publicist,  b.  near  Car- 
lisle, Eng.,  1784;  d.  Washington,  March  12, 
1846.  Emig.  to  N.Y.  ab.  1802.  He  was  a 
printer,  when  in  1810  he  vol.  to  assist  in 
the  establishment  of  the  independence  of  New 
Granada,  and  was  in  several  engagements  un- 
der Bolivar,  in  one  of  which  he  was  severely 
wounded.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  sur- 
render of  Gen.  Miranda,  in  1812,  and  suffered 
many  hardships,  but  returned  to  the  U.S.  in 
1813,  and  served  in  the  Amer.  army  in  the  War 
of  1812-15.  In  1814,  he  located  himself  in 
Washington,  and  edited  with  ability,  during  13 
years,  the  Washington  Gazette,  Author  of  "The 
American  Diplomatic  Code,"  1827  ;  "  Debates 
on  the  Adoption  of  the  Constitution,"  1827-30; 
"  Funding  System  of  the  U.S.,"  "  Statistics  of 
the  U.  S.,"  &c. ;  "  The  Comparative  Tar- 
iffs," "  Sketches  of  the  District  of  Columbia,'* 
1830.  He  also  edited  the  "Madison  Papers,'* 
8vo,  1845. 

EUiott,  Stephen,  LL.D.(Y.C.  1819),  bot- 
anist, b.  Beaufort,  S.C,  Nov.  11,  1771;  d. 
Charleston,  March  28,  1830.  Y.  C.  1791.  He 
applied  himself  to  the  improvement  of  his  es- 
tate and  the  cultivation  of  letters  ;  was  chosen 
to  the  legisl.  at  22,  continuing  to  serve  until  he 
became  pres.  of  the  State  Bank,  established  in 
1812.  In  1813,  he  founded  the  Literary  and 
Philosoph.  Soc.  of  S.C,  delivering  in  1814  the 
first  annual  address,  and  subsequently  a  course 
of  lectures  on  botany.  Chief  editor  of  the 
Southern  Review.  He  pub.  "Botany  of  S.C. 
and  Georgia,"  2  vols.,  1821-4;  was  pres.  of 
several  literary  and  scientific  societies,  and 
prof,  of  natural  history  and  botany  in  the  State 
Med.  Coll.,  which  he  was  instrumental  in  es- 
tablishing in  1825. 

Elliott,  Stephen,  D.D.,  Pr.-Ep.  bishop  of 
Ga.,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Beaufort,  S.C, 
Nov.  13,  1805;  d.  Savannah,  Dec.  21,1866. 
Col.  Coll.,  S.C,  1825  ;  H.U.  1824.  He  prac- 
tised law  in  Charleston  and  Beaufort  until 
1833  ;  was  ord.  deacon  in  1835  ;  priest,  July  22, 
1838;  andconsec.  bishop,  Feb.  28,  1841.  Soon 
after  he  became  a  priest,  he  was  made  prof,  of 
sacred  literature  in  the  S.  C  Coll. 

EUiott,  Stephen,  Jun.,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A., 
b.  Beaufort,  S.C,  1832;  d.  Aiken,  S.C,  21 
Mar.  1866.  In  1861,  he  raised  and  equipped 
the  Beaufort  Artillery ;  at  Pinckney  Island, 
Aug.  1862,  he  com.  3  batteries,  and  was  pro- 
moted for  gallantry  ;  com.  Fort  Sumter  during 
its  long  bomb.,  and  in  July,  1864,  was  wounded 
by  the  explosion  of  a  mine  under  his  quarters. 


TTTiTi 


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E3LX. 


Elliot,  Washington  L.,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Pa. ;  app.  2d  lieut.  mounted  rifles, 
May  27,  1846  ;  1st  lieut.  July,  1847  ;  capt.  July, 
1854  ;  maj.  1st  cav.  Feb.  1862  ;  lieut.-col.  Aug. 
31,  1866.  He  disting.  himself  in  conflicts  with 
the  Navajoes  in  New  Mexico,  Sept.  1858; 
brig.-gen.  vols.  June  11,  1862;  engaged  at 
Springfield  and  Wilson's  Creek ;  col.  2d  Iowa 
cav.  Sept.  1861  ;  com.  cav.  brigade  at  New  Ma- 
drid, Island  No.  10,  Corinth,  and  raid  on  Ohio 
and  Miss.  R.  R. ;  chief  of  cav.,  Army  of  Va.,  and 
wounded  at  second  battle  of  Bull  Run  ;  chief 
of  cav.,  Army  of  the  Cumberland  ;  in  the  At- 
lanta campaign,  and  pursuit  of  Hood;  com. 
division  4th  corps,  Dec.  1864  to  Apr.  1865;  en- 
gaged in  battles  around  Nashville,  Tenn.,  for 
which  he  was  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., and  brev. 
maj.-gen  for  gallant  services  in  the  war.  Au- 
thor of  "  Manual  for  Cavalry."  —  Henry. 

Elliott,  William,  author  and  politician, 
b.  Beaufort,  S.C,  April  27,  1788;  d.  there 
Feb.  1863.  H.  U.  1809.  His  father,  William, 
(b.  1761,  d.  1808),  joined  in  the  patriotic  strug- 
gle against  the  mother-country,  along  with  his 
uncles  John,  Edward,  and  Robert  Barnwell. 
At  the  surprise  on  John's  Island,  he  was  dan- 
gerously wounded,  taken  prisr.,  and  immured 
in  a  prison-ship.  He  served  in  both  branches 
of  the  legisl.  The  son  devoted  himself  for 
many  years  to  the  management  of  his  estates, 
and  served  with  credit  in  both  branches  of  the 
State  legisl.  During  the  nullification  crisis  of 
1832,  he  resigned  his  State  senatorship  upon 
being  instructed  by  his  constituents  to  vote  to 
nullify  the  tariff-law.  He  pub.  in  1851  letters 
against  secession,  signed  "  Agricola."  Con- 
trib.  largely  to  the  periodical  press  of  the 
South ;  pub.  an  "Address  before  the  St.  Paul's 
Agricultural  Society,"  1850;  "  Carolina  Sports 
by  Land  ^nd  Water,"  1856;  "  Fiesco,"  a  trage- 
dy, printed  for  the  author  in  1850,  and  a 
number  of  occasional  poems  of  merit. 

Elliot,  William,  lawver,  b.  Marblehead, 
Ms.,  Aug.  17,  1803.     Dartm.  Coll.  1826.     He 

Practised  law  in  Marblehead,  Boston,  and  at 
icwiston.  111.,  in  1832  ;  postmaster  there  in 
1832-7;  master  in  chancery,  1835-50;  State's 
atty.,  5th  judicial  district,  1838-48;  has  pub. 
"  Visions  of  Quevedo,"  translated  from  the 
Spanish.  —  Alumni  D.  C. 

Ellis,  George  Edward,  D.D.  (H.  U. 
1857),  Unitarian  clergyman  and  author,  b. 
Boston,  Aug.  8,  1814.  H.U.  1833;  Camb. 
Div.  School,  1836.     Mar.  11, 1840,  he  was  ord. 

gastor  of  the  Harvard  Church,  Charlestown, 
Is. ;  resigned  22  Feb.  1869.  He  wrote  for 
"  Sparks's  Anier.  Biog."  Lives  of  John  Mason, 
Anne  Hutchinson,  and  Wm.  Penn  ;  in  1857 
pub.  "  The  Half-Century  of  the  Unitarian  Con- 
troversy ; "  was  some  time  editor  of  the  Christian 
Register,  and  for  some  years  conducted,  with 
Rev.  Georgtf  Putnam,  the  Christian  Examiner, 
He  has  contrib.  to  various  periodicals,  includ- 
ing the  N.  Y.  Review,  the  North  American,  and 
the  Atlantic  Monthly,  chiefly  upon  topics  of 
American  history.  Prof,  of  doctrinal  theolo- 
gy in  the  Camb.'Divinity  School,  1857-63.  A 
prominent  member  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc.and  ac- 
tive in  antiquarian  researches.  He  is  also  a  zeal- 
ous friend  of  popular  education,  having  spoken 
and  written  much  for  common  schools,  and  has 


published  many  sermons,  addresses,  and  pam- 
phlets. In  1864,  he  gave  a  course  of  Lowell 
Lectures  on  the  Evidences  of  Christianity. 
Author  of  "  The  Aims  and  Purposes  of  the 
Founders  of  Ms.,"  1869.  In  1871,  he  wrote 
the  Life  of  Count  Ruinford  to  accompany  a 
complete  edition  of  the  works  of  that  distin- 
guished philosopher,  pub.  in  4  vols.,  by  the 
Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  of  which  he 
is  a  fellow. 

Ellis,  Henry,  F.R.S.,  explorer,  b.  Eng., 
1721 ;  d.  21  Jan.  1806.  Educated  to  the  law 
at  the  Temple,  Lond.  In  May,  1746,  he  went 
out  as  agent  of  a  company  for  the  discovery  of 
a  north-west  passage.  After  extinguishing  with 
difficulty  a  fire  in  his  ship,  he  proceeded  to 
Greenland  ;  exchanged  commodities  with  the 
Esquimaux,  July  8  ;  proceeded  to  Fort  Nelson ; 
wintered  in  Hayes  River ;  renewed  his  efforts 
in  June,  1747,  without  success,  and  returning 
Oct.  14,  pub.  in  1748  the  "  Voyage  made  to 
Hudson's  Bay  in  1746-7,  by  the  'Dobbs  Gal- 
ley '  and  '  The  California,'  to  discover  a 
North-west  Passage,"  &c.  Ellis  was  rewarded 
for  his  services  by  being  made  lieut.-gov.  of 
Georgia,  15  Aug.  1756;  arrived  at  Savannah, 
16  Feb.  1757,  and  May  17,  1758,  was  made 
gov. -in-chief.  His  services  to  the  Colony  were 
great,  and  he  was  highly  esteemed  :  but  the 
climate  was  injurious  to  his  health  ;  and  he  left 
the  Province,  Nov.  2,  1760.  He  was  gov.  of 
Nova  Scotia  in  1761-4.  He  afterward  resided 
in  Italy,  principally  occupied  in  scientific  re- 
searches. His  "  Voyage "  contains  much 
valuable  information.  John  Ellis,  F.R.S., 
agent  for  West  Florida  and  Dominican,  d. 
Oct.  18,  1776. 

Ellis,  John  Willis,  politician,  b.  Rowan, 
N.C.,  Nov.  25,  1820  ;  d.  Raleigh,  1861.  U.  of 
N.C.  1841.  He  studied  law;  was  a  member 
of  the  House  of  Commons  in  1844-8;  then 
became  judge- of  the  Superior  Courts  of  Law 
and  Equity,  and  was  gov.  of  N.C.  from  1859 
till  his  death.  Active  in  promoting  the  seces- 
sion of  his  State. 

Ellis,  Powhatan,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Va.  Wm.  andM.  Coll.  1813.  He  removed 
to  Mpi.,  where  he  practised  law  ;  became  a 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court ;  U.S.  senator  in 
1825  and  in  1827-33  ;  charg€  d'affaires  to 
Mexico  in  1836-9,  and  minister  to  Mexico  in 
1839. 

Ellsworth,  Ephraim  Elmer,  col.  U.S. 
vols.,  b.  Mechanicsville,  N.Y.,  Apr.  23,  1837  ; 
killed  at  Alexandria,  Va.,  May  24,  1861.  He 
found  mercantile  employment  in  Troy,  in  N.Y., 
and  finally  in  Chicago,  where,  as  a  patent-soli- 
citor, he  acquired  a  good  income.  Engaging 
in  the  study  of  law,  he  gratified  also  his  mili- 
tary predilections,  and  formed  a  Zouave  corps 
in  Chicago.  They  visited  the  Eastern  cities  in 
July,  1860,  and  excited  universal  admiration. 
He  organized  a  Zouave  regt.  on  his  return  to 
Chicago,  where  he  was  a  zealous  advocate  also 
for  the  election  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  whom  he  ac- 
comp.  to  Washington.  In  April,  1861,  he 
organized  a  Zouave  regt.  from  the  N.Y.  firc- 
dept.,  and  in  3  weeks  led  them  into  Wash- 
ington. Ordered  to  Alexandria,  they  entered 
that  city  early  in  the  morning  of  the  24th  of 
May.     Seeing  a  secession  flag  flying  over  the 


ELU. 


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ELI> 


Marshall  House,  he  with  two  companions  en- 
tered the  house,  and  took  it  down.  As  he 
descended  from  the  roof,  the  proprietor,  Jackson, 
shot  him,  falling  himself  the  next  instant  hy  a 
ball  from  Brownell,  one  of  Ellsworth's  com- 
panions. 

Ellsworth,  Henry  Leavitt,  agricul- 
turist, son  of  Chief-Justice  E.,  b.  Windsor,  Ct., 
Nov.  10,  1791  ;  d.  Fairhaven,  Ct.,  Dee.  27, 
1858.  Y.C.  1810.  After  studying  law  with 
Judge  Gould  at  Litchfield,  he  settled  at  Wind- 
sor, but  in  a  few  years  removed  to  Hartford, 
where  he  remained  8  or  10  years,  when  he  was 
app.  resident  commiss.  among  the  Indian  tribes 
to  the  south  and  west  of  Ark.  U.S.  commiss. 
of  patents,  4  July,  1836-May,  1845.  In  this 
post,  his  labors  were  of  great  importance;  and 
his  series  of  reports  to  Congress  on  the  agricul- 
ture of  the  country  led  to  great  improvements 
in  that  science.  He  then  established  himself 
at  Lafayette,  Ind.,  in  the  purchase  and  settle- 
ment of  U.S.  land.  In  1857,  he  returned  to 
Ct.  Author  of  "  Digest  of  Patents,  from  1770 
to  1839,"  8vo,  1840. —  Flist,  Magazine,  iii., 
94. 

Ellsworth,  Henry  William,  lawyer, 
author,  and  charge  d'affaires  to  Sweden,  1845- 
50,  b.  Windsor,  Ct.,  1814;  d.  N.  Haven,  Aug. 
1864.  Y.C.  1834.  Son  of  Henry  L.  He 
studied  in  the  N.  Haven  Law  School ;  removed 
to  Ind.  in  1835,  and  after  1850  was  counsel  for 
S.  B.  F.  Morse  in  suits  connected  with  his 
tcleg.  patents.  Author  of  "  Sketches  of  the 
Upper  Wabash  Valley,  Ind.,"  8vo,  N.Y.,  1838. 
Contrib.  to  the  Knickerbocker  Mag.,  &c.  — See 
Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West. 

Ellsworth,  Mrs.  Mary  W.,  author,  d. 
Newton,  Ms.,  15  Aug.  1870.  —  See  Janvrin. 

Ellsworth,  Oliver,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1790), 
chief-justice  of  the  U.S.,  b.  Windsor,  Ct.,  Apr. 
29,  1745;  d.  Nov.  26,  1807.  N.J.  Coll.  1766. 
His  father  was  a  farmer.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1771,  he  commenced  practice  at  Hartford,  and 
ac-quired  in  a  few  years  a  high  professional  rep- 
utation, and  was  app.  State-atty.  As  a  mem- 
ber of  the  gen.  assembly  of  Ct.,  he  took  a  large 
share  in  all  the  Revol.  political  discussions  and 
measures.  In  1777-80,  he  was  a  delegate  to 
Congress.  In  1780,  he  became  a  member  of 
the  council  of  Ct.,  and  in  1784  was  app.  a 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court.  In  1787,  he  was 
a  delegate  to  the  convention  for  framing  the 
Federal  Constitution.  It  is  believed  that 
the  present  organization  and  mode  of  app.  of  the 
senate  were  suggested  by  him.  Other  duties 
calling  him  away,  his  name  is  not  among  the 
signers  of  the  Constitution,  which  was  adopted, 
but  he  approved  the  work,  and  warmly  sup- 
ported it  in  the  State  convention.  U.S.  senator, 
1789-95.  He  drew  up  the  bill  organizing  the 
judiciary,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  most  of 
the  great  questions  of  politics  or  public  economy. 
In  March,  1796,  Washington  app.  him  chief- 
justice  of  the  U.  S.  Sup.  Court.  At  the  close 
of  the  year  1799,  Davie,  Wm.  Van  Murray, 
and  himself  were  sent  envoys  to  France  to 
adjust  those  differences  which  had  assumed  the 
character  of  war.  The  convention  which  they 
concluded  with  the  French  Govt,  obtained  the 
assent  of  the  pres.  and  senate.  In  1802,  he 
entered  again  into  the  council  of  the  State,  and 


in  1807  was  elected  its  chief-justice,  but  declined 
the  station. 

Ellsworth,  William  Wolcott,  LL.D. 
(U.  of  N.Y.  1838),  jurist,  twin  bro.  of  Henry 
L.,  and  son  of  Chiet-Justice  Oliver,  b.  Wind- 
sor, Ct.,Nov.  10,  1791 ;  d.  Hartford,  Ct.,  Jan. 
15,  1868.  Y.  C.  1810.  Studied  law;  practised 
with  success  from  1813  to  1829  ;  was  a  prof,  of 
that  science  in  Trinity  College  from  1827  till 
his  death  ;  M.  C.  1829-33;  gov.  1838-42,  and 
was  a  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  of  the  State 
from  1847  to  1861.  He  twice  declined  an  elec- 
tion to  the  U  S.  senate  from  unwillingness  to 
be  drawn  farther  away  from  his  cherished  pro- 
fession. —  Y.  C.  Obit.  Record. 

Elmer,  Ebenezer,  the  last  surviving 
Revol.  officer  of  N.J.,  b.  Cedarville,  N.J.,  1752; 
d.  Bridgeton,  Oct.  18,  1843.  Grandson  of 
Rev.  Daniel  Elmer.  After  receiving  a  classi- 
cal education,  he  studied  medicine  with  his 
brother  Dr.  Jonathan,  but  in  1775  entered  the 
army  as  an  ensign,  which  in  1777  he  resigned  for 
the  appointment  of  surgeon  2d  N.J.  regt.  He 
practised  physic  at  Bridgeton  after  the  war ;  in 
1789  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Assembly, 
in  which  he  served  several  years ;  speaker  in 
1791  and  5;  was  M.  C.  180'l-7  ;  many  years 
brig.-gen.  of  militia  ;  vice-president  Burlington 
Coll.  1808-17  and  1822-32. 

Elmer,  Jonathan,  physician,  magistrate, 
and  senator,  b.  Cumberland  Co.,  N.J.,  1745; 
d.  Burlington,  1817.  U.  of  Pa.  Brother  of 
Ebenezer.  He  practised  physic  with  reputa- 
tion in  his  native  county  ;  was  a  sheriff,  a  sur- 
rogate, and  a  judge  during  the  Revol.;  was  a 
member  of  the  Cont.  Congress  in  1776-8, 1781- 
4,  and  1787,  and  a  U.S.  senator  in  1789-91. 
Member  of  the  Philos.  Society. 

Elmer,  Lucius  Q.  C,  LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1865),  jurist,  b.  Bridgeton,  N.J.,  1793.  N.J. 
Coll.  1824.  Educated  a  lawyer,  and  practised 
in  his  native  town.  For  many  years,  he 
was  State  prosecutor;  was  in  the  Assembly  in 
1820-3,  in  the  latter  year  its  speaker;  U.S. 
atty.  for  N.J.  in  1821-9  ;  M.C.  1843-5  ;  atty.- 
gen.  in  1850,  and  in  1852-9  was  one  of  the 
justices  of  the  Sup.  Court  of  the  State.  He 
pub.  "  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  N.J,"  Bridgeton, 
8vo,  1838. 

Elmore,  Franklin  Harper,  senator,  b. 
Laurens  Dist.,  SC,  1799;  d.  Washington, 
May  29,  18.50.  S.C.  Coll.  1819.  Adm.  to  the 
bar'in  1821  ;  in  1822-36  was  solicitor  of  the 
Southern  Circuit;  M.C.  1837-9  ;  U.S.  senator 
to  fill  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  the  d.  of  Cal- 
houn. Selected  in  1838  by  the  S.  C.  Cong, 
delegation  to  obtain  authentic  information  con- 
cerning the  antislavery  movement,  the  letters 
which  passed  between  him  and  James  G.  Bir- 
ney  were  printed,  and  went  through  many  edi- 
tions under  the  title  of  the  "  Elmore  Corresp." 
Pres.  State  Bank  of  S.C.  1839-.50. 

Elmsley,  John,  chief-justice  of  Canada, 
b.  Eng.,  1763;  d.  Montreal,  April  29,1805. 
Nephew  of  the  celebrated  Lond.  bookseller  of 
the  same  name.  He  had  been  speaker  of  the 
legisl.  and  a  member  of  the  exec,  council;  app. 
chief-justice,  Oct.  13,  1802,  having  previously 
served  as  a  puisne  judge  in  U.  Canada.  — 
Morgan. 

lllphinstone,  George  Keith,  Viscount, 


ELT 


805 


ElVIEJ 


a  British  adra.,  b.  1747  ;  d.  March,  1823.  He 
was  made  coin,  in  1772;  post-captain  in  1775  ; 
adm.  of  the  white,  1805.  During  the  Amer. 
war,  he  com.  the  "  Pearl,"  frigate,  32  guns  ; 
was  in  the  attaclt  on  Mud  Island  ;  and  at  the 
capture  of  Charleston  com.  a  detachment  of 
seamen,  and  for  his  effective  services  obtained 
the  warm  commendation  of  Gen.  Clinton.  In 
1782,hecaptured  the  French  frigate  "L'Aigle," 
of  40  guns.  In  1795,  he  was  made  vice-adm., 
and  captured  Cape  Town.  In  1802,  he  was 
com. -in-chief  in  the  Mediterranean,  where  he 
took  Malta  and  (Jenoa.  For  his  services  in 
Egypt,  he  was,  in  18U1,  made  Baron  Keith; 
Viscount,  1814. 

Elton,  Romeo,  D.D.,  LL.T).,  clergyman 
and  scliolar,  b.  Bristol, Ct.,  1 790 ;  d.  Boston,  Feb. 
5,1870.  Brown  U.  1813.  He  was  ord.  June  11, 
1817,  as  a  Baptist  minister  in  Newport,  R.I., 
and  in  1824  at  Windsor,  Vt. ;  in  1825  became 
prof,  of  ancient  languages  and  literature  in 
Brown  U.  Before  entering  upon  this  duty,  he 
spent  two  years  in  Europe,  principally  in  Ger- 
many and  Italy.  Resigning  in  1843,  he  in 
1845-G7  resided  in  Exeter,  Eng.,  returning  to 
the  U.S.  in  1869.  Besides  sermons,  he  pub. 
"Callender's  CcTitnry  Sermon  ;  "  edited, with  co- 
pious notes  and  biog.  sketches,  "  The  Works 
of  President  Muxcy,"  with  an  introd.  memoir; 
and  a  "  Biog.  Sketch  of  Roger  Williams." 
D.D.  of  Nashville  U.,  1S42.  Some  years  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  Eclectic  Review.  He  be- 
queathed S20,000  to  Brown  U.,  and  the  same 
sum  to  Columbia  Coll.,  D.C.,  to  found  pro- 
fessorships. 

Ely,  Ezra  Stiles,  D.D.  (Wash.  Coll. 
Tenn.),  Presb.  clergyman,  b.  Lebanon,  Ct., 
June  13,  1786  ;  d.  Phila.,  June  17,  1861.  Y.C. 
1804.  Son  of  Zebulon,  minister  of  Lebanon 
from  1783  to  his  d.,  Nov.  18,  1824,  a.  65  (Y.C. 
1779;  tutor  there,  1781-2.)  In  Oct.  1806, 
he  became  pastor  in  Colchester,  Ct. ;  was 
afterward  city  missionary  in  N.Y.  ;  was  sub- 
sequently, for  20  years,  pastor  of  the  Pine-st. 
Church,  Phila.,  and  in  1834  undertook  to 
establish  a  coll.  and  theol.  sem.  in  Mo.,  but, 
owing  to  the  financial  reverses  of  1837,  was 
unsuccessful.  Pastor  of  the  First  Church  in 
the  Northern  Liberties,  Phila.,  from  1844 
until  the  failure  of  his  health  in  1851.  Author 
of  "  Ely's  Journal;"  a  "Collateral  Bible," 
1828;  a  memoir  of  his  father;  "Endless 
Punishment,"  1835;  "  Conversations  on  the 
Science  of  the  Human  Mmd,"  1819  ;  "  Visits 
of  Mercy  ;  "  "  Sermons  on  Faith  ;  "  "  Contrast 
between  Calvinism  and  Hopkinsianism,"  1811. 
For  several  years,  he  edited  gratuitously  a  re- 
ligious paper  called  the  P^//ac?e//;A/aH. —  Ob. 
Rec.  Yalf,  1861. 

Embury,  Emma  Catharine,  poetess,  b. 
N.  Y.,  1806  ;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Feb.  10, 1863. 
Dau  of  Dr.  James  R.  Manly  of  N.Y. ;  m.  in 
1828  to  Daniel  Embury  of  Brooklyn.  She 
early  became  known  as  a  writer  of  verses  in 
the  iV.  Y.  Mirror  and  other  journals,  under  the 
signature  of  "  lanthe."  She  pub.  "  Guido  and 
other  Poems,  by  lanthe,"  1828;  on  "Female 
Educ  ition  ;  "  "  The  Blind  Girl  and  other 
Talcs  ;  "  "  Pictures  of  Early  Life  ; "  "  Glimpses 
of  Home-Life,  or  Causes  and  Consequences  ;  " 
"  Nature's  Gems,  or  American  Wild  Flowers," 


1845;  "Love's  Token-Flowers,"  a  vol.  of 
poems,  and  in  1848  "  The  Waldorf  Family." 
—  Dnyckinck. 

Emerson,  George  Barrell,  LL.D. 
(H.U.  1859),  teacher,  b.  Kennebunk,  Me.,  Sept. 
12,  1797.  H.U.  1817.  Son  of  Dr.  Samuel,  a 
surgeon  in  the  Revol.  war  (b.  Hollis,  N  H., 
Sept.  6,  1765;  d.  Aug.  8,  1851.  H.U.  1785). 
taught  dist.  schools  in  Me.  and  Ms. ;  then 
took  charge  of  an  acad.  at  Lancaster,  Ms. ; 
was  tutor  in  math,  and  nat.  philos.  in  H.U. 
from  1819  to  1821  ;  in  1821-3  was  principal 
of  the  English  High  School  for  boys  in  Boston, 
and  from  1823,  till  his  retirement  from  prof, 
life  in  1855,  kept  a  private  school  for  girls 
there.  Author  of  the  second  part  of  "  The 
School  and  the  Schoolmaster,"  and  of  a  num- 
ber of  lectures  on  education,  and  of  contribs.  to 
the  periodical  press.  Many  years  pres.  of  the 
Boston  Soc.  of  Natural  History,  and,  as  chair- 
man of  the  commiss.  for  the  zool.  and  bot. 
survey  of  Ms.,  pub.  a  "  Report  on  the  Trees  and 
Shrubs  growing  naturally  in  the  Forests  of 
Ms.,"  1846. 

Emerson,  Ralph,  D.D  (Y.C.  1830),  b. 
Hollis,  N.H.,  18  Aug.  1787  ;  d.  Rockford,  111., 
26  May,  1863.  Y.  C.  1811  ;  And.  Sem.  1814. 
Tutor  'at  Yale,  1814-16;  pastor  of  a  Cong. 
Church  at  Norfolk,  Ct.,  1816-29;  prof.  eccl. 
hist,  and  past,  theol.,  And.  Sem.,  1829-54; 
resided  in  Ncwburyport  5  years,  and  then  re- 
moved to  Rockford,  111.  Author  of  a  Life  of 
his  bro.  Rev.  Joseph  Emerson,  a  transl.,  with 
notes,  of  Wig<;ins's  "Angustinism  and  Pela- 
gianism,"  and  a  contrib.  to  Biblioth.  Sacra, 
Christian  Spectator,  and  other  religious  peri- 
odicals.— Y.  C.  Obit.  Rec. 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1866),  essayist,  b.  Boston,  May  25,  1803. 
H.  U.  1821.'  Son  of  Rev.  Wm.  Emerson,  and 
is  the  8th  in  succession  of  a  consecutive  line 
of  ministers.  For  5  years  after  leaving  coll., 
he  was  engaged  in  teaching  school.  In  1826, 
he  was  app.  to  preach  by  the  Middlesex  Assoc. 
From  Mar.  11,  1829,  to  28  Oct.  1832,  he  was 
coll.  of  Henry  Ware  at  the  2d  Unit.  Church, 
Boston.  Returning  in  the  winter  of  1833-4 
from  a  year's  visit  to  Europe,  he  began  the 
career  of  a  lecturer,  in  which  he  has  gained 
great  distinction.  In  1834,  he  delivered  in 
Boston  a  scries  of  biographical  lectures  on 
Michael  Angclo,  Milton,  Luther,  George  Fox, 
and  Edmund  Burke.  The  first  two  afterwards 
appeared  in  the  N.A.  Review.  In  Sept.  1835, 
he  m.  Lydia,  dau.  of  Charles  Jackson  of  Ply- 
mouth, and  fixed  his  residence  at  Concord,  Ms. 
In  1840,  he  was  a  contrib.  toaquarterly  period- 
ical, The  Dial,  the  organ  of  the  N.E.  Tran- 
scendentalists,  and,  for  the  last  two  years  of  its 
existence,  its  editor.  He  again  visited  Eng.  in 
1847.  In  1852,  he  contrib.  some  admirable 
interpretative  criticisms  to  the  "  Memoirs  of 
Margaret  Fuller."  Mr.  Emerson  has  delivered 
many  unpublished  addresses  on  slavery,  wo- 
man's rights,  and  other  topics  of  public  interest. 
"As  a  writer,  Mr.  Emerson  is  distinguished  for 
a  singular  union  of  poetic  imagination  with 
practical  acuteness.  His  style  is  condensed, 
almost  to  abruptness,  occasionally  purchasing 
compression  at  the  expense  of  clearness."  Ho 
has    pub.   "  Essays,"     1st    series,   1841  ;    2d 


EMIE 


806 


JE]MO 


series,  1844;  " Poems,"  1846  ;  "Miscellanies," 
(including  "Nature,"  and  9  lectures  and  ad- 
dresses), 1849;  "Representative  Men,"  1850; 
"  English  Traits,"  1856  ;  "  Conduct  of  Life," 
1860  ;  "  May-Day  and  other  Poems,"  "  Society 
and  Solitude,"  1869.  An  edition  of  his  works 
was  pub.  in  2  vols.,  1870,  by  Fields,  Osgood, 
&Co. 

Emerson,  William,  Unit,  minister, 
father  of  Ralph  Waldo,  b.  Concord,  Ms.,  May 
6,  1769;  d.  May  12,  1811.  H.U.  1789. 
Grandson  of  Rev.  Joseph  of  Maiden,  and  son 
of  Rev.  Wm.  of  Concord,  who  d.  a  chaplain 
in  the  array  in  1776.  He  became  the  first 
minister  of  Harvard,  May  20,  1792,  and  from 
Oct.  16,  1799,  to  his  death,  was  pastor  of  the 
First  Church  in  Boston.  He  was  one  of  the 
best  writers,  and  most  accomplished  pulpit 
orators,  of  his  time.  In  1804  he  conducted 
the  Monthli)  Aniholofji/.  His  numerous  addresses 
on  public  occasions  rank  among  the  most  cor- 
rect and  finished  compositions  of  the  period. 
His  "  History  of  the  First  Church  of  Boston" 
was  pub.,  with  two  of  his  sermons  annexed, 
8vo,  1812,  a  "  Selection  of  Psalms  and 
Hymns,"  1808. 

Eminet,  Thomas  Addis,  LL.D.  (Col. 
Coll.,  N.Y.,  1824),  Politician  and  lawyer, 
brother  of  the  celebrated  Robert  Emmet,  b. 
Cork,  1765;  d.  N.  Y.,  Nov.  14,  1827.  Trin. 
Coll.,  Dub.  Son  of  an  eminent  Dublin  physi- 
cian. Studied  medicine  at  theU.  of  Edinburgh; 
then  studied  law  at  the-Temple,  London,  two 
years,  and  was  adm.  to  the  Dublin  bar  in  1791, 
soon  rising  to  distinction.  He  soon  became  a 
leader  of  the  "  United  Irishmen,"  and  was  one 
of  its  gen.  committee.  Arrested  withothers  in 
1798,  he  was  imprisoned  in  Fort  George,  Scot- 
land, 2  1-2  years,  and,  after  the  treaty  of 
Amiens,  was  permitted  to  withdraw  to  France, 
where  liis  wife  joined  him.  He  arrived  in 
Amer.  Nov.  11,  1804,  rose  to  eminence  in  his 
prof,  in  New  York,  and  was  atty  -gen.  of  that 
State  in  1812.  While  in  prison  in  Scotland, 
he  wrote  "  Pieces  of  Irish  Hisijry,  illustrative 
of  the  Condition  of  the  Catholics'  of  Ireland," 
pub.  in  connection  with  Dr.  MacNevin,  in 
1807.  He  was  a  laborious,  able,  and  success- 
ful pleader,  and  an  energetic  and  florid  orator. 
See  his  Memoirs,  by  Charles  G.  Haijnes,  12 mo, 
1829. 

Emmons,  Ebenezer,  M.D.,  geologist,  b. 
Middlefield,  Ms.,  May  16, 1799  ;  d.  Brunswick, 
N.C.,  Oct.  1,  1863.  Wms.  Coll.  1818.  He 
studied  and  practised  medicine  successfully, 
and  in  1833  became  prof,  of  nat.  hist,  in 
Wms.  Coll.  Here  he  made  important  additions 
to  the  knowledge  of  the  botany,  geology,  and 
mineralogy  of  the  Northern  States,  and  made 
a  Report  on  the  Quadrupeds  of  Ms.  In 
1836,  while  engaged  upon  the  geol.  survey  of 
N.  Y.,  as  one  of  the  geologists  in  chief,  he 
formed  what  he  called  his  "  Taconic  "  theory  in 
opposition  to  the  received  theory  of  the  Siluri- 
ans. Opposed  at  first  by  all  scientific  men,  his 
views  came  at  length  to  be  universally  adopt- 
ed. App.  in  1838  prof,  of  chemistry  in  the 
Albany  Med.  Coll.,  and  removed  to  that  city. 
He  pub.  valuable  reports  on  the  "  Natural 
History  of  New  York,"  "  Manual  of  Mineral- 
ogy and  Geology,"  1826.     In  1858-9,  he  was 


app.  by  thelegisl.  of  N.C  to  conduct  the  geol. 
survey  of  that  State.     He  was  prevented  from 
leaving  the  State  when  the  Rebellion  began,         i 
and  was  not  permitted  to  correspond  with  his 
Northern  friends.     It  is  supposed  that  he  was         i 
detained  a  prisoner  on  parole  by  the  Confcd.         I 
Govt.     He  pub.  3  reports  on  the  Geology  and         ' 
Agriculture  of  N.C,  in  1856,  1858,  and  1860;         ; 
also  text-books  of  geology  in  1854  and   1860. 

Emmons,  George  F.,  commo.  U.  S.  N., 
b.  Vt.,  Aug.  23,  1811.     Midshipman,  April  1, 
1828  ;  lieut.  Feb.  25,  1841  ;  com.  Jan.  28,1856;         i 
capt.   Feb.    7,   1863;  commo.  Sept.  20,1868.         \ 
Attached  to  Wilkes's  Expl.  Exped.,  1838-42  ; 
actively  employed  in  Cal.,  and  in  several  en-         i 
gagements    there  during   the   Mexican   war ;         ; 
com.  steamer  "  Hatteras,"  West  Gulf  squadron, 
1862,  steamer  "  R.  B.  Cuyler,"  same  squad, 
1863  ;  captured  Cedar  Keys',  Florida,  1862,  and 
Pass  Christian,    Mpi.,  taking  some  20  prizes, 
among  them  the  rebel  ram  "Webb;  "com.  steam-         i 
sloop  Lackawana,  1864-5,  and  prevented   de-         ^ 
struction  of  the  city  and  shipping  of  N.  Or-         \ 
leans   by   the  rebels ;  took  charge  of  the    by-         | 
drographic  office  in  1870.     Author  of  "  Navy         ■ 
of  the  U.S.,"  4to,  18.53. —  Himershi's   Records         i 
U.  S.  N.  '  \ 

Emmons,    Nathaniel,    D.D.    (Dartm.         I 
Coll.  1798),  theologian,  b.  East  Haddam,  Ct., 
April  12,  1745,  O.S.;  d.  Franklin,  Ms.,  Sept.         1 
23.1840.     Y.  Coll.  1767.     Pastor  of  the  second         | 
church  of  Wrentham,  now  Franklin,  from  Apr.         i 
1773  to  1827.     His  ability  made  him    promi- 
nent for  half  a  century;  and  his  opinions  were 
extensively  sought  and  quoted  by  persons  en-         ; 
gaged  in  religious  controversy.     Six  vols,  of  ; 

his  works  were  pub.  in  1842,  edited  by  his  son-  j 
in-law.  Dr.  James  Ide,  with  a  memoir  prefixed,  ! 
and  a  list  of  150  of  his  productions.  Dr.  E.  ; 
belonged  to  the  Hopkinsian  school  of  divines,  ; 
long  held  among  them  the  fii'st  rank,  and  was  J 
one  of  the  founders  and  first  pres.  of  the  Ms. 
Missionary  Society. 

Emory,  John,  D.D.,  bishop  of  the  M.E. 
Church,  b.  Queen  Anne's  Co.,  Md.,  April  11, 
1789;  d.  Baltimore   Co.,  Md.,  Dec.  16,  1835. 
Wash.  Coll.,  Md.      Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1808. 
After  practising  a  short  time  with  success,  he 
entered  the  Phila.  M.E.  Conf.,  in   1810,  filled 
important  stations  in  the  church  from  1813  to         \ 
1820,  and  was  a  delegate  to  every  general  conf.         j 
but  one  during  his  life.     In  1820,  he  was  a  del-         \ 
egate  to  the  British  conf.     In  1824,  he  became 
connected    with   the  N.Y.    Pub.  Society,  and 
pub.  a  "  Defence  of  the  Original  Organization 
of  the  M.  E.  Church,"  defending  the  policy  of 
Wesley  and  his  associates.     Chosen  bishop  in          < 
1832.     His  death  was  caused  by  being  thrown 
from  his  carriage.     He  assisted  in  the  organ i-         \ 
zation  of  the  U  of  N.  Y.,  the  Wesleyan  U.,  and         ! 
Dick.  College,  and  prepared  for  them  a  benefi-         ] 
cial  course  of  study.     His  writings,  with  a  Life,  | 

by  his  son,  app.  in  1  vol.,  8vo,  1841.  i 

Emory,  Robert,  clergyman,  son  of  Bishop  \ 
John,  b.  Phila.,  July  29,  1814;  d.  Baltimore,  j 
May  18,  1848.  Col.  Coll.  1831.  After  study-  '■ 
ing  law,  he  was  from  1834  to  1839  prof,  of  an-  i 
cient  languages  at  Dick.  College;  then  entered  j 
the  Baltimore  Annual  Conf.  of  the  Methodist-  j 
Episcopal  Church,  but  was  recalled  in  1842 
as  pres.  pro  tern.,  and,  on  the  resignation  of  Dr.         ; 


ElVXO 


307 


F.isra- 


Durbin,  was  chosen  pros,  of  Dickinson  Coll. 
Besides  a  life  of  his  father,  he  left  a  "  History 
of  the  Discipline  of  the  M.  E.  Church,"  1843, 
and  an  unfinished  "  Analysis  of  Butler's  Anal- 
ogy," completed  by  Rev.  Georj^e  Crooks  in 
1856,  and  introduced  as  a  text-book  into  many 
institutions  of  learning. 

Emory,  Wii.liam  Helmsley,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Queen  Anne's  Co.,  Md.,  ab. 
1812.  WestPoint,  1831.  Entering  the 4th  Art., 
he  resigned  Sept.  30,  1836  ;  app.  1st.  lieut. 
topog.  engineers,  7  July,  1838  ;  acted  as  aide- 
de-camp  to  Gen.  Kearney  in  Cal.  in  1846-7; 
was  brev.  capt.  for  gallantry  at  San  Pasqual, 
Dec.  6, 1846,  and  maj.  for  gallantry  at  San  Ga- 
briel and  the  plains  of  Mesa,  Cal.,  Jan.  9,  1847; 
app.  maj.  3d.  Dragoons,  9  Apr.  1847,  but  de- 
clined ;  lieut.-col.  vols,  in  the  Mexican  war, 
Sept.  30,  1847  ;  astronomer  to  the  commiss.  to 
survey  the  boundary  between  the  U.S.  and 
Mexico,  in  1848-50;  became  capt.  24  April, 
1851 ;  again  astronomerto  the  samecommiss.  in 
Sept.  1851  ;  member  of  the  commiss.  1854-7  ; 
maj.  2d  Cav.  March  3,  1855,  and  in  May  was 
transferred  to  1st  Cavalry.  When  the  civil 
war  broke  out,  he  was  serving  in  New  Mexico, 
brought  his  command  in  good  order  to  Kansas, 
and  wasapp..  May  14,  1861,  lieut.-col.  6th  Cav. 
He  served  in  the  Peninsular  campaign  in  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac;  became  brig.-gen.  of 
vols.'March  17,  1862,  and  Dec.  5,  sailed  from 
Fortress  Monroe  in  com.  of  a  division  of  a 
Southern  exped.  He  com.  a  division  of  Banks's 
army  at  Port  Hudson,  Sabine  Cross-Roads, 
and  Pleasant  Hill ;  and  in  Sheridan's  campaign 
against  Early  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  com. 
the  19th  corps;  brev.  col.  27  May,  1862,  for 
Hanover  C.  H.,  Va. ;  col.  5th  Cav.  Oct.  27, 
1863;  br-ev.  brig,  and  maj.  gen.  U.  S.  A.  13 
Mar.  1865,  for  Fisher's  Hill  and  campaign 
of  Shenandonh  Valley,  and  for  Cedar  Creek  ; 
maj.-gen.  vols  25  Sept.  1865.  Author  of 
"  Notes  of  a  Militarv  Reconnoissance  in  Mo. 
and  Cal.,"  N.Y.,  Svo",  1848  ;  "  Notes  of  Travel 
in  California,"  Svo,  N.Y.  ;  "  Report  of  the 
U.S.  and  Mexican  Boundary  Commission," 
Washington,  4to. 

Emott,  James,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1833), 
judge,  b.  Poughkeepsie,  N.Y.,  March  14, 1771; 
d.  there  April  10,  1850.  Un.  Coll.  1800.  He 
began  to  practise  law  at  Ballston  Centre  ;  re- 
moved to  Albany  ab.  1800  ;  was  a  commission- 
er to  settle  disputes  concerning  titles  to  lands 
in  the  military  tract  of  Onondaga  Co.  in  1797  ; 
represented  Albany  Co.  in  the  logisl.  in  1804  ; 
practised  law  a  while  in  N.Y.City,  but  returned 
to  Poughkeepsie;  from  1809  to  1813,  he  was  a 
leader  of  tlie  Federalist  party  in  Congress ; 
speaker  of  the  N.Y.  legisl.  in  1814  ;  member 
of  that  body  until  1817  ;  first  judge  of  Duch- 
ess Co.  in  1817-23,  and  judge  of  the  Second 
Circuit  in  1827-31. 

Endecott,  John,  gov.  of  Ms.  Colony,  b. 
Dorchester,  Eng.,  1588;  d.  Boston,  March 
15,  1665.  He  m.  acousin  of  Mathew  Cradock, 
gov.  of  the  Ms.  comp.  in  Eng.,  and  was  bro.- 
in-law  to  Roger  Ludlow,  dep.-gov.  Sent  to 
this  country  as  their  agent  to  carry  on  the  set- 
tlement at  Naumkeag,  or  Salem  :  he  arrived 
Sept.  6,  1628,  and  there  laid  the  foundation  of 
the  first  permanent  town  in   Ms.     In  April, 


1629,  the  comp.  chose  him  gov.  of  Loudon's 
Plantation,  but  in  Aug.  the  charter  and  the 
govt,  of  the  Colony  was  transferred  to  N.E.  ; 
and  Winthrop,  who  arrived  in  1630,  was  app. 
gov.  In  1636,  he  was  sent  on  an  exped.  against 
the  Indians  on  Block  Island  and  in  the  Pe- 
quot  country.  During  this  year,  the  military 
commissioners  adopted  his  views  relative  to 
the  cross  in  the  king's  colors,  namely,  that  it 
savored  of  Popery,  and  ordered  it  to  be  left 
out.  He  was  dep.-gov.  in  1641-3,  gov,  in 
1644,  when  he  removed  from  Salem  to  Boston, 
and  from  1649  until  his  death  in  1665,  except- 
ing in  1650  and  1654,  when  he  was  dep.-gov. 
In  1645,  he  was  made  sergeant  major-genT  of 
Ms.,  the  highest  military  office  in  the  Colony. 
In  1652,  he  established  a  mint,  which,  though 
unlawful,  continued  to  coin  money  more  than 
30  years.  In  1658,  he  was  made  pres.  of  the 
colonial  commissioners.  He  was  a  man  of 
good  education,  talented,  brave,  and  patriotic, 
but  deeply  imbued  with  the  intolerance  of  his 
times.  Under  his  administration,  the  Colony 
flourished  greatly. 

England,  John,  D.D,,  R.C.  bishop,  b. 
Cork,  Ireland,  Sept.  23,  1786  ;  d.  Charleston, 
S.C,  April  11,  1842.  He  entered  Carlow  Coll. 
in  1803,  and  while  there  founded  a  female  peni- 
tentiary, and  poor  schools  for  both  sexes. 
Adm.  to  orders  at  Cork,  Oct.  9,  1808,  he  was 
soon  after  app.  lecturer  at  the  North  Chapel, 
and  chaplain  of  the  prisons  ;  began  in  1809  to 
pub.  the  Religious  liepertory,  a  monthly  ;  and 
in  1812  distinguished  himself  in  the  cause  of 
Catholic  emancipation.  The  freedom  of  his 
language  more  than  once  brought  him  before 
the  courts ;  and  on  one  occasion  he  was  fined 
£500.  He  was  app.  pres.  of  the  Coll.  of  St. 
Mary  ;  also  filled  the  office  of  bishop's  sec;  per- 
formed the  ordinary  duties  of  the  ministry, 
and  in  1817  was  made  parish  priest  of  Bran- 
don, Raised  to  the  episcopate  Sept.  21,  1820, 
he  came  in  Dec.  to  Charleston,  S.C  ,  where  he, 
established  a  theol.  sem.,  and  a  journal,  The 
Catholic  Miscellany,  the  first  Catholic  paper 
pub,  in  America.  In  1826,  at  the  request  of 
Congress,  he  preached  before  the  senate  at 
Washington.  In  1832,  he  travelled  in  Europe, 
and  spent  some  time  in  Rome,  when  the  pope 
app.  him  apostolic  legate  to  Hayti.  His  works 
were  pub.  in  1849,  in  5  vols.,  8vo,  edited  by 
Bishop  Reynolds. 

England,  Sir  Richard,  a  British  lieut.- 
gen.  of  Litford,  Co,  Clare,  Ireland  ;  d.  Nov. 
1812,  Capt  of  the47th  regt.,  and  wounded  at 
Bunker's  Hill.  He  served  with  distinction 
through  the  war,  and  at  one  time  was  com- 
mandant of  Detroit,  He  was  efficient  in  aid- 
ing the  colonization  of  the  extreme  western 
portion  of  Upper  Canada. 

Engle,  Frederick,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Delaware  Co.,  Pa.,  1799:  d.  Phila.,  Feb.  12, 
1868.  Midshipman,  Nov.  30, 1814 ;  lieut.  Jan. 
13,  1825  ;  com.  Sept.  8,  1841  ;  capt.  Sept.  14, 
1855  ;  rear-adm.,  retired  list,  25  July,  1866. 
Com,  "The  Princeton,"  during  the  Mexican 
war,  and  rendered  disting.  service  in  the  blockad- 
ing squadron.  During  the  Rebellion,  he  com. 
"The  Hartford,"  but,  from  advanced  age,  was 
assigned  to  the  command  of  the  Phila.  N.-Y,, 
and  was  subsequently  gov.  of  the  nav.  asylum. 


'J^' 


ENG- 


308 


KRI 


Engles,  William  Morrison,  D  .D.,Presb. 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  Phila  ,  12  Oct.  1797  ; 
d.  there  27  Nov.  1867.  U.  of  Pa.  1815  Li- 
censed to  preach  Oct.  1818.  Pastor  7  th  Presb. 
Church,  Phila.,  1820-34.  Edited  the  Presbyte- 
rian from  1834  till  his  death.  Book  editor 
of  the  Presb.  Board  of  Pub.  1838-63  ;  pres.  of 
the  board,  1863-7.  lie  pub.  "  Eecords  of  the 
Presb.  Church,"  "Bible  Dictionary,"  "Book 
of  Poetry,"  "  Sailor's  Companion,"  "  Sick- 
Room  Devotions,"  "  Soldier's  Pocket-Book." 

English,  George  Bethune,  author  and 
adventurer,  b.  Cambridge,  Mar.  7,  1787;  d. 
Washington,  Sept.  20,  1828.  H.U.  1807.  Stud- 
ied law  and  subsequently  divinity.  He  pub.  in 
1813  "Grounds  of  Christianity  examined,"  a 
work  in  favor  of  Judaism,  which  was  answered 
by  Edward  Everett  and  by  S.  Cary.  He  edited, 
for  a  time,  a  Western  paper,  then  sailed  to  the 
Mediterranean  as  a  licut.  of  marines,  but  re- 
signed his  commission,  professed  Mohammed- 
anism, and  accepted  a  com.  under  Ibrahim 
Pacha  in  the  Egyptian  army,  then  organizing 
for  the  conquest  of  Abyssinia,  performing  im- 
portant service  as  an  officer  of  artillery.  He 
was  afterward  U.S.  agentin  the  Mediterranean, 
and  in  1827  returned  to  Washington,  where  he 
sought  an  app.,  but  without  success.  He  pub., 
beside  the  above.  Letter  to  Mr.  Cary,  on  the 
Review  of  his  work  ;  "  Five  Smooth  Stones  out 
of  the  Brook,"  a  reply  to  Everett ;  Letter  to 
Mr.  Cbanning  regarding  his  two  sermons  on 
infidelity;  and  "Expedition  to  Dongola  and 
Sennaar,"  8vo,  1823.  He  had  a  versatile  genius, 
and  especially  excelled  in  acquiring  languages. 
At  Marseilles,  he  passed  for  a  Turk,  with  a 
Turkish  ambassador ;  and  at  Washington,  he 
surprised  a  delegation  of  Clierokees,  by  disput- 
ing with  them  in  iheir  own  tongue. — See  S. 
L.  Knapp's  Aiuer.  Biofj. 

English,  James  E.,  politician,  b.  N. Haven, 
Ct.,  March,  1812.  He  was  a  merchant  until 
185"),  when  he  became  extensively  engaged  in 
manufacturing.  Member  of  the  State  legisl. 
in  1855,  and  of  the  senate  in  1856  ;  M.  C. 
1861-5  ;  gov.  of  Ct.  1867,  and  70-1. 

English,  Thomas  Dunn,  author,  b.  Phila., 
June  29,  1819.  He  received  the  degree  of 
M.D.  from  the  U.  of  Pa.,  in  1839,  and,  having 
subsequently  studied  law,  was  in  1842  adm. 
to  the  bar.  He  has  written  a  novel  entitled 
"Walter  Woolfe,"  1844,  and  has  edited  and 
contrib.  to  a  variety  of  journals  and  magazines. 
Ab.  1842,  he  wrote  for  the  N.  Y.  Mirror  the 
song  of  "  Ben  Bolt."  In  1848,  he  edited  a  hu- 
morous periodical  entitled  the  John  Donkei/, 
and,  in  conjunction  with  G.  G.  Foster,  a  work 
on  the  French  Revol.  of  thai  date.  He  has 
written  a  series  of  national  ballads  for  Harper's 
Ma;juzine,  and  is  the  author  of  numerous  dra- 
mas, one  of  which,  "  The  Mormons,"  has  been 
y)rinted.  In  1855,  he  pub.  a  collection  of  his 
miscellaneous  pofems.  He  resides  near  N.Y., 
and  is  connected  with  the  press  of  that  city. 

Enos,  Gen.  Roger;  d.  Colchester,  Vt., 
Oct.  6,  1808,  a.  72.  He  was  a  col.  in  the 
Revol.  army  in  1775,  and  com.  the  rear  division 
of  Arnold's  exped.  to  Quebec,  through  the 
wilderness  of  Me.,  but  abandoned  it,  and  re- 
turned to  Cambridge  to  avoid  starvation.  In 
1781,  he  com.  the  Vt.  troops  at  Ca.stlcton.     He 


was  a  maj.-gen.  of  militia,  and  a  founder  of 
the  State  of  Vt.  Ira  Allen  m.  his  dau. — 
Vt.  Quarterli/  Gazetteer,  764. 

Eppes,  John  W.,  M.  C.  1803-11  and 
1813-15;  U.  S.  senator,  1817-19;  d.  near 
Richmond,  Va.,  Sept.  1823,  a.  50.  His  wife, 
Maria,  dau.  of  Jefferson,  d.  Apr.  1804.  —  Ran- 
dall's Jefferson. 

Ercilla  Y  Zuniga  {6r-ther-ya,  e  thoon- 
yee'-ga),  Don  Alonzo  de,  Spanish  soldier 
and  poet,  1533-95.  Brought  up  at  the  court 
of  Charles  V.,  he  joined  the  exped.  sent  to 
Chili  in  1554,  and  celebrated  the  dangerous 
contest  with  the  Araucanians,  a  native  tribe,  in 
an  admirable  epic  entitled  "  La  Araucana," 
v.'ritten  at  brief  intervals  from  active  duty,  on 
scraps  of  paper,  and  bits  of  leather,  and  first 
printed  in  1577. 

Eric  the  Red,  a  Scandinavian  navigator, 
the  reputed  discoverer  of  N.  America.  He 
emigrated  to  Iceland,  ab.  982  A.D.,  after  which 
he  discovered  Greenland,  where  he  planted  a 
colony.  He  sent  out,  ab.  1000  A.D.,  an  ex- 
ploring party,  under  his  son  Lief,  who  discov- 
ered a  continent,  part  of  which  they  called 
Markland,  and  another  part  Vinland  (supposed 
to  correspond  to  the  southern  portion  of  New 
England).  Tradition  adds,  that  he  or  his  son 
formed  a  settlement  in  Vinland. 

Ericsson,  John,  LL.D.  (Wesl.  U.  1862), 
inventor,  b.  province  of  Vermeland,  Sweden, 
1803;  d.  Richland,  N.Y.,  March  5,  1869.  At 
the  age  of  11,  Count  Platen  gave  him  a  cadet- 
ship  in  a  corps  of  engineers ;  and  in  1816  he 
was  employed  on  the  grand  ship-canal  between 
the  Baltic  and  the  North  Sea.  He  entered  the 
Swedish  army  as  ensign,  rose  to  the  grade  of 
lieut.,  and  was  for  some  time  employed  in  the 
survey  of  Northern  Sweden.  One  of  the  ear- 
liest of  his  inventions  was  the  Jlame  engine, 
intended  to  work  independently  of  steam,  by 
con<lcnsing  flame.  Visiting  Eng.  in  1826,  he 
discovered  that  this  engine,  when  worked  l)y 
mineral  fuel,  was  a  total  failure.  Devoting 
himself  to  mechanical  pursuits,  he  invented 
the  steam-boiler  on  the  principle  of  artificial 
draft.  In  1829,  he  competed  for  the  prize 
offered  by  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Rail- 
way for  the  best  locomotive,  and  produced  an 
engine  that  attained  the  then  incredible 
speed  of  fifty  miles  an  hour.  This  led  him  to 
construct  a  steam  fire-engine  with  entire  suc- 
cess. Directing  his  attention  to  navigation,  he 
invented  thepropeller,  and  that  new  arrangement 
of  the  steam-machinery  in  ships-of-war  which 
has  revolutionized  the  navies  of  the  world. 
Not  succeeding  in  making  the  British  admi- 
ralty believe  what  they  saw,  he  came  in  1839 
to  N.Y.,  and  in  1841  was  employed  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  U.S.  ship-of-war  "  Princeton  '* 
on  the  very  plan  which  had  been  received  with 
such  indifference  by  the  British  admiralty. 
She  was  the  first  steamship  ever  built  with  tlie 
propelling  machinery  under  the  water-line,  and 
out  of  the  reach  of  shot ;  and  she  was  disting. 
for  numerous  other  mechanical  novelties.  In 
1852,  he  was  made  Knight  of  the  Order  of 
Vasa,  by  King  Oscar  of  Sweden.  The 
same  year,  he  brought  out  a  new  form  of 
caloric-engine  in  the  ship  "  Erics.son."  During 
his   residence   in  the  U.S.,  he  invented  semi- 


ERS 


309 


EST 


cylindrical  engine,  centrifugal  blowers,  besides 
some  improvements  in  managing  guns,  applied 
to  the  steamer  "Princeton"  with  success.  In  the 
American  dcpt.  of  the  Great  Exhibition  of 
1851,  he  exhibited  an  instrument  for  measuring 
distances  at  sea ;  the  hydrostatic  gauge,  for 
measuring  the  volume  of  fluids  under  pres- 
sure ,  the  reciprocating  fluid-meter,  the  alarm 
barometer,  the  pyrometer,  the  rotary  fluid- 
meter,  and  the  sea-lead,  of  all  of  which  instru- 
ments he  has  given  a  brief  explanation  in  a 
pamphlet  pub.  in  1851.  For  these  he  re- 
ceived the  prize  medal  of  the  Exhibition. 
Ericsson's  caloric-engine  was  first  placed 
before  the  scientific  world  in  London,  1833. 
Its  advantages  over  steam  are  economy  of 
space,  economy  of  first  cost,  economy  of  fuel, 
of  repairs  and  running-expenses,  simplicity, 
safety,  and  power.  His  last  great  invention, 
the  iron-clad  "Monitor,"  had  just  been  com- 
pleted, and  arrived  at  Fortress  Monroe  most 
opportunely,  Mar.  9, 1862,  to  stay  the  devastat- 
ing progress  of  the  reliel  iron-clad,  "Merri- 
mack." The  result  of  this  contest  settled  the 
question  of  *'  wooden"  navies.  Capt.  Ericsson 
was  the  first  to  bring  the  system  of  iron  turret 
ships  into  operation. 

iErskine,  David  Moxtague,  Baron,  en- 
voy and  minister  to  the  U.S.,  1806-10;  d. 
March  19,  1855,  aged  78.  Son  of  the  cele- 
brated Lord  Thomas.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1802,  and  in  i-'eb.  1806  was  returned  to  par- 
liament for  Portsmouth.  He  m.  in  1800  a 
dau.  of  Gen.  John  Cadwalladcr  of  Phila.  He 
succeeded  to  the  peerage  on  the  d.  of  his 
father  in  1823.  He  had  been  minister-pleni- 
potentiary to  Bavaria. 

Erskine,  Robert,  F.R.S.,  geographer 
and  surveyor-gen.  to  the  army  of  the  U.S. 
Son  of  Uev.  Ralph  of  Dunfermfine,  Scotland, 
b.  7  Sept.  1735  ;  d.  2  Oct.  1780.  —  /ns.  on  tomb- 
stom  at  Rinywood,  Passaic  Co.,  N.J. 

Erskine,  Sir  William,  a  British  gen., 
bart.  of  Torrie,  b.  1728;  d.  March  9,  1795. 
Entered  the  Scots  Greys  in  1743 ;  was  a  cornet 
in  his  fiither's  regt.  at  Fontenoy  ;  maj.  15th 
Light  Dragoons  in  March,  1759,  and  served 
with  credit  in  Germany;  lieut.-col.  March  29, 
1762;  app.  brig.-gcn.  in  Amer.  in  1776;  com. 
the  7th  brigade  in  the  battle  of  Brooklyn 
Heights;  second  in  com.  of  Tryon's  marauding 
exped.  to  Danbury,  Ct.,  in  April,  1777  ;  app. 
quartermaster-gen.  in  Dec  1777;»col.  80th 
regt.,  and  aide-de-camp  to  the  king;  com.  the 
eastern  dist.  of  L.I.  in  the  winter  of  1778-9; 
became  maj. -gen.  in  1779;  lieut.-gcn.  Sept. 
1787;  bart.  June,  1791  ;  second  in  com.  to  the 
Duke  of  York,  in  Flanders,  in  1793-5.  Es- 
teemed for  his  social  and  military  qualities, 
and  in  Germany  approved  himself  a  brilliant 
caviilry  officer. 

Erving,  George  W.,  diplomatist,  b. 
Boston,  1771;  d.  N.Y.,  July,  18.50.  George, 
his  father,  a  loyalist  merchant  of  Boston,  went 
to  Eng.  with  his  family  in  1776.  The  son 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  Eng.,  and,  returning 
to  his  native  country,  was  made  consul  to  Lond. 
by  Jefferson ;  was  sec.  of  legation  to  Spain  in 
1804;  si)ecial  minister  to  Denmark  in  1811  ; 
and  minister  to  ."^pain  in  1814. 

Escalante  d'  (d6s-ka-lan'-ta),  Juan,  one 


of  Cortes'  principal  officers  in  the  conquest  of 
Mexico  in  1518.  He  com.  the  colony  founded 
by  Cortes  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  was  killed  in  a 
battle  against  a  Mexican  chief  in  1519. 

Escobar,  Maria  de,  b.  Truxillo;  living 
in  1547.  She  was  the  wife  of  Diego  de 
Chaves,  one  of  the  first  conquerors  of  Peru. 
She  followed  her  husband  to  Amer.,  shared  the 
fatigues  and  dangers  of  the  adventurous  Span- 
iards, and  introduced  the  cultivation  of  corn  and 
barley  into  the  conquered  country.  Gonzalo 
Pizarro  recompensed  Donna  Maria  de  Chaves 
by  giving  her  a  fine  territory  in  the  vicinity  of 
Lima,  together  with  the  Indians  upon  it. 
—  Nouv.  Biog.  Gen. 

Espy,  James  P.,  meteorologist,  b.  Wash- 
ington Co.,  Pa.,  May  9, 1785  ;  d.  Cincinnati,  O., 
Jan.  24,  1860.  After  some  years'  study,  he 
pub.  in  1841  '*  Philosophy  of  Storms."  He 
had  before  communicated  to  the  British  Assoc. 
a  paper  on  "  Storms,"  and  anotheron  the  "Four 
Daily  Fluctuations  of  the  Barometer."  In 
1843,  he  was  employed  by  the  war  dept.  in  the 
Washington  Observatory  to  prosecute  his  in- 
vestigations, and  collate  the  reports  from  the 
different  observers  throughout  the  country. 
Several  quarto  vols,  of  this  matter  were  pub. 
by  the  dept. 

Esquemeling,  John,  a  buccaneer.  Wrote 
in  Dutch  an  account  of  the  buccaneers  of  Amer., 
translated  into  English,  and  pub.  Lond.,  1684, 
4to.  Sir  Henry  Morgan  obtained  a  verdict  of 
£200  against  the  publisher  for  libel. — Alii- 
bone. 

Estaing  (des-tan[g']),  Charles  Henry 
Theodat,  Count  d',  a  French  adm.,  b.  Ruvel, 
in  Auvergne,  1729;  guillotined  at  Paris,  28 
Apr.  1794.  Entering  the  Mousquetaires  in 
1745,  he  was  col.  of  the  regt.  Rouergite  in  1748, 
and  brigadier  in  1756.  In  1757,  he  served  in 
the  fleet  of  Count  d'Ache,  and  in  1758  took 
Gondeleur  and  Fort  St.  David.  Joining  the 
E.  India  squadron,  under  Count  Lally,  he  was 
taken  prisoner  at  Madras  in  1759,  and,  violat- 
ing his  parole,  was  captured  a  second  time,  and 
imprisoned  at  Portsmouth.  In  1763,  he  was 
made  lieut.-gcn.,  and  in  1778  vicc-adm.  Em- 
ployed in  the  Amer.  war,  he  arrived  in  Dela- 
ware Bay  in  July,  1778,  made  a  demonstration 
against  Newport  in  Aug.,  which  obliged  the 
British  to  destroy  6  of  their  frigates  lying  there ; 
but  his  fleet  was  so  shattered  by  a  storm  as  to 
be  obliged  to  refit  at  Boston.  In  1779,  he 
sailed  to  the  W.  Indies,  when  he  took  St.  Vincent 
and  Granada,  and  had  an  indecisive  engage- 
ment with  Adm.  Byron.  He  invested  Savan- 
nah, 9  Oct.  1779,  but  lost  the  favorable  op- 
portunity for  attack  by  giving  the  British  time 
to  complete  their  defences,  under  cover  of  a 
truce  :  he  next  ruined  the  enterprise  by  a  pre- 
cipitate attack,  when  he  should  have  besieged 
in  form.  In  this  action,  Pulaski  was  killed,  and 
D'Estaing  wounded.  He  returned  to  France 
in  1780.  In  1783,  he  com.  the  combined  fleets 
of  France  and  Spain,  and  was  made  a  grandee 
of  Spain  of  the  first  class.  He  favored  the 
French  Revol.,  was  a  member  of  the  Notables 
in  1787,  com.  the  National  Guards  at  Versailles 
in  1789,  and  was  made  adm.,  and  put  on  the 
retired  list,  in  1792,  but,  falling  under  suspi- 
cion of  the  Terrorists,  was  finally  guillotined. 


KTJS 


310 


EVA. 


Eustace,  John  Skey,  gen.,  b.  Flushing, 
L.I.,  Aug.  10,  1760  ;  d.  Newburgh,  N.Y.,  Aug. 
25,  1805.  Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  1776.  App.  aide  to 
Gen.  Charles  Lee  in  1776  ;  was  afterwards  aide 
to  Sullivan  and  Greene;  and  having,  by  his 
spirit  and  address,  made  prisoner  Col.  Burton, 
Congress,  Nov.  1777,  resolved  that  John  Skey 
Eustace  be  commissioned  major  for  his  bravery 
and  faithfiil  services.  After  the  war,  he  re- 
signed, and  went  to  Ga,  where  he  practised  law, 
was  adjutant-gen.,  and  received  other  civil  and 
military  appointments.  In  1794,  he  entered 
the  French  service;  was  made  aide-de-camp  to 
Luckner,  afterwards  to  Dumourier,  attaining 
the  grade  of  maj.-gen.  and  mar€ch.(tl-de-camp. 
He  com.  in  1797  a  division  of  the  French  army 
in  Flanders.  In  1800,  he  returned  to  his  na- 
tive country,  and  led  a  studious  and  retired 
life  in  Orange  Co.,  N.Y.,  till  his  death.  Author 
of  manv  pamphlets,  and  an  account  of  his 
"Exile  from  Great  Britain,"  Lond.,  8vo,  1797. 

Eustis,  Abraham,  brig.-gen.  IJ.  S.  A.,  b. 
Boston,  Mar.  28,  1786  ;  d.  Portland,  June  27, 
1843.  H.  U.  1804.  Nephew  of  Gov.  Eustis. 
He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  his  relative  Chief- 
Justice  Parker;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1807, 
and  opened  an  office  in  Boston.  Capt.  light 
art.  May  3,  1808;  major,  March  15,1810; 
com.  his  regt.  in  capture  of  York,  U.C.,  Apr. 
27,  1813;  brev.  lieut.-col.,  for  meritorious  ser- 
vice, Sept.  10,  1813  ;  lieut.-col.  4th  Art.  May  8, 
1822  ;  brevet  brig.-gen.  June  30,  1834  ;  col.  1st 
Art.  Nov.  17,  1834.  His  son  Henry  Law- 
rence, prof  of  engineering  in  the  sci.  school 
of  H.  U.,  and  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  civil  war. 
H  U.  1838,  and  West  Point  (1st  in  class), 
1842. 

Eustis,  George,  LL.D.  (  H.U.  1849),  ju- 
rist, b.  Boston,  Oct.  20,  1796;  d.  N.Orleans, 
Dec.  23,  1858.  H.  U.  1815.  Private  sec.  to  his 
uncle,  Gov.  Eustis,  then  minister  to  the  Hague, 
where  he  commenced  his  legal  studies,  and  laid 
the  foundation  of  his  remarkable  proficiency  in 
the  civil  law.  In  1817,  he  went  to  N.  Orleans; 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1822;  was  several  times 
elected  to  the  State  legisl.;  was  sec.  of  State, 
and,  as  a  leading  commissioner  of  the  Board  of 
Currency,  instituted  reforms  which  added  sta- 
bility to  the  currency  of  the  State.  He  was  also 
atty.-gcn.  of  La.  and  a  justice,  and  afterwards 
chief-justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  until  1852  ; 
member  of  the  Const.  Conv.  of  1845. 

Eustis,  Wm.,  LL.D.  (H.  U.  1823),  physi- 
cian  and  politician,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  June 
10, 1753  ;  d.  Boston,  Feb.  6,  1825.  H.  U.  1772. 
Having  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Warren, 
he  entered  the  Revol.  army  as  a  regimental  sur- 
geon, serving  throughout  the  war  in  that  capa- 
city, or  as  a  hospital  surgeon,  being  for  some 
years  stationed  at  the  house  of  Col.  Beverly 
Robinson,  opposite  West  Point,  in  which  Ar- 
nold had  his  headquarters.  After  the  war,  he 
practised  his  prof,  in  Boston.  He  was  a  sur- 
geon in  the  exped.  against  the  insurgents  un- 
der Shays,  in  1786-7;  member  of  the  State 
legisl.  from  1788  to  1794;  was  two  years  a 
councillor  under  Gov.  Sullivan;  M.  C.  1800- 
5  and  1820-3;  sec.  of  war  from  1809  until 
Hull's  surrender,  in  1812,  when  he  resigned; 
app.  minister  to  Holland  in  1815,  and  gov.  of 
Ms.  in  1824,  dying  while  in  office.    He  m.  Ca- 


roline, dau.  of  Woodbury  Langdon  of  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H. 

Evans,  Auousta  J.,  novelist,  b.  near  Co- 
lumbus, Ga.,  1836.  When  a  child,  her  father 
removed  to  Texas,  residing  in  San  Antonio 
from  1847  till  1849,  when  the  family  settled  in 
Mobile.  In  her  17th  year,  she  wrote  "  Inez,  a 
Tale  of  the  Alamo ; "  but  her  fame  was  estab- 
lished by  her  "  Beulah,"  in  1859,  a  novel  of 
great  power  and  vivid  interest.  Also  author  of 
"  St.  Elmo,"  1866  ;  "  Macaria,"  1864  ;  "  Vash- 
ti,"  1869.  In  1868,  she  m.  L.  M.  Wilson,  pres. 
of  Mobile  and  Montgomery  Railroad. 

Evans,  Caleb,  D.D.,  Baptist  minister,  b. 
Bristol,  Eng.,  1737  ;  d.  1791.  An  advocate  for 
the  freedom  of  America;  pub.  a  "Letter  to 
Wesley,"  on  his  "  Calm  Address  to  the  Amer. 
Colonies,"  l2mo,  1775,  pub.  under  the  .sig. 
Americanus ;  "Reply  to  Rev.  Mr.Fletcher's  Vin- 
dication of  Wesley,"  12mo,  1776. 

Evans,  George,  lawyer  and  senator,  b. 
Hallowell,  Me.,  Jan.  12,  1797;  d.  Portland, 
Me.,  Apr.  5,  1867.  Bowd.  Coll.  1815.  Adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1818.  Speaker  of  the  house  of 
representatives  of  Me.  in  1829;  M.C.  1829- 
41,  and  U.S.  senator,  1841-7.  In  1849-50,  he 
was  a  commiss.  of  the  board  of  claims  against 
Mexico,  and  atty.-gen.  of  Me.  in  1803,'4,'6. — 
Lanman. 

Evans,  Sir  George  De  Lacy,  a  British 
gen.,  b.  Moig,  Ireland,  1787  ;  d.  London,  Jan. 
9,  1870.  Entering  the  army  in  1807,  he 
served  in  India  and  Spain  ;  and  early  in  1814, 
having  become  brev.  lieut.-col.  of  the  5th  W.I. 
regt.,  he  was  ordered  to  Amer.  At  the  battle 
of  Bladensburg,  Aug.  24,  1814,  he  had  2 
horses  killed  under  him.  It  was  he,  who,  at 
the  head  of  100  men,  acting  under  orders 
from  Gen.  Ross,  forced  the  Capitol  at  Wash- 
ington. He  also  took  part  in  the  attack  on 
Baltimore.  Dec.  23,  1814,  and  again  Jan. 
8,  1815,  he  was  wounded  before  N.  Orleans, 
and  was  sent  home.  He  recovered  just  in  time 
to  join  Wellington  at  Quatre  Bras,  where  again 
he  had  2  horses  killed  under  him.  He  com.  in 
Spain,  in  183.5-7,  the  "British  Auxiliary  Le- 
gion," and  since  1846  had  been  M.  P.  from 
Westminster.  He  served  as  a  lieut.-gen.  in 
the  Crimean  war,  and  was  disting.  at  the  Alma 
and  at  Inkerman.  Author  of  "Facts  relating 
to  the  Capture  of  Washington,"  &c.,  Lond., 
8vo,  1829. 

Evang,  Hugh  Davy,  LL.D.,  b.  Baltimore, 
1792  ;  d.  there  16  July,  1868.  He  ranked  with 
the  best  lawyers  of  his  day.  Author  of  "  Es- 
say on  Pleading,"  Bait.,  8vo,  1827;  "Mary- 
laud  Common  Law  Practice,"  8vo,  1839  ;  "Es- 
says to  prove  the  Validity  of  Anglican  Ordina- 
tions," 12mo,  1844  ;  second  series,  2  vols., 
1851;  "Essay  on  the  Episcopate,"  12mo, 
1855.  Ed.  and  contrib.  to  .several  Episc.  jour- 
nals.—  Allibone. 

Evans,  John,  M.D.  (St.  L.  Med.  Coll.), 
geologist,  b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  Feb.  14, 1812; 
d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Apr.  13,  1861.  Son  of 
Judge  Richard.  He  assisted  in  the  geol.  sur- 
veys of  Wis.,  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  Neb  ,  and  at- 
tracted notice  by  his  discovery  and  description 
of  a  large  deposit  of  fossil  bones  of  extinct 
species  of  mammalia  in  the  mauvaises  ten-es  of 
Neb.     The   U.S.  Govt,  soon  after  employed 


-ETVJ^ 


311 


EVEJ 


him  upon  the  geol.  survey  of  Washington  and 
Oregon  Territories.  After  years  of  severe  la- 
bor, he  completed  this  work  ;  was  for  a  short 
time  geologist  to  the  Chiriqui  commiss.,  and 
was  preparing  at  Washington  the  pub.  of  his 
report  of  the  surveys  of  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton, when  he  died.  —  Appkton. 

!Evans,  Josiah  J.,  lawyer  and  senator,  b. 
Marlborough  Dist.,  S.C.,'Nov.  27,  1786;  d. 
Washington,  D.C,  May  6,  1858.  S.C.  Coll. 
1808.  He  was  for  a  time  a  merehant's  clerk; 
taught  school  for  1  year;  studied  law,  attained 
a  high  legal  position  ;  in  1812,  '13,  and  '16,  he 
was  sent  to  the  legisl.;  was  State  solicitor  for 
13  years  ;  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  from  1830 
to  18.o2,  and  U.S.  senator  from  1852  until  his 
death.  —  Lanman. 

Evans,  Louis,  geographer  and  engineer, 
b.  ab.  1 700 ;  d.  June,  1756.  He  pub.  at  Phila., 
in  1749,  a  chart  of  the  interior  of  the  British 
Colonies  in  N.  A.,  and  of  the  Indian  countries 
adjacent  on  the  north  and  west.  A  second 
cd.  appeared  in  1755.  In  1756,  he  pub.  in 
London  a  pamphlet  in  reply  to  some  strictures 
on  a  statement  questioning  the  English  title 
to  Fort  Frontenac,  which  had  been  appended 
to  the  lastcditionof  his  map.  Both  appeared 
under  the  title  of  "  Geographical,  Historical, 
Political,  Philosophical,  and  Mechanical  Es- 
says." In  1776,  his  map  was  repub.  with 
large  additions  by  Gov.  Pownall. 

Evans,  Nathan  George^  m:ij.-gen. 
C.S.A.,  b.  Darlington  Dist.  S.C,  ab.  1829  ;  d. 
Midway,  Ala.,  Nov.  30, 1868.  West  Point,  1848. 
Entering  the  1st  Dragoons,  he  became  1st  lieut. 
2d  Cav.,  3  Mar.  1855;  capt.  May  1,  1856; 
disting.  himself  in  battle  with  the  Camanches, 
in  Texas,  Oct.  1, 1858  ;  resigned  Feb.  27, 1861 ; 
entered  the  confed.  service;  was  made  a  col., 
and  com.  a  brigade  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  ; 
promoted  to  brig  -gen.,  and  com.  the  confeder- 
ates at  the  battle  of  Ball's  Bluff,  Oct.  19,  1861  ; 
Feb.  6,  1865,  he  com.  a  divisiou  in  Gordon's 
corps  at  Hatcher's  Run.  Surrendered  with 
Lee,  Apr.  9,  1865.  At  the  time  of  his  death, 
he  was  engajxed  in  teaching. 

Evans,  Nathaniel,  poet  and  clergyman, 
b.  Phila  ,  June  8,  1742;  d.  Gloucester  Co. 
N.  J.,  Oct.  29,  1767.  Phila.  Coll.  1765.  Edu- 
cated for  a  merchant  by  his  parents,  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  Muses.  Was  adm.  to  orders  by 
the  Bishopof  London.  Returned  to  Phila,,  Dec. 
26,  1765,  and  entered  upon  his  mission,  but  d. 
soon  after.  He  pub.  an  edition  of  Godfrey's 
poems,  prefixing  a  memoir  and  an  elegy  to  his 
memory.  A  selection  from  Evans's  writings, 
entitled  •*  Poems  on  Several  Occasions,  with 
some  other  Pieces,"  was  pub.  in  1772,  in  Phila. 
—  Hardie ;  Allen. 

Evans,  Oliver,  inventor,  b.  Newport, 
Del.,  1755;  d.  N.Y.,Apr.  21,  1819.  Descended 
from  Evan  Evans,  D.D.,  first  Epis.  minister 
of  Phila.,  who  d.  1728.  While  apprentice  to  a 
wheelwright,  he  displayed  his  inventive  talent, 
and,  at  the  age  of  22,  invented  a  machine  for 
making  card-teeth,  which  superseded  the  old 
method  of  manuf.  them  by  hand.  Two  years 
later,  he  went  into  business  with  his  bros.,  who 
were  millers.  In  1786-7,  he  obtained  from  the 
legisls.  of  Md.  and  Pa.  the  exclusive  right  to 
use  his  improvements  in  flour-mills.     In  1799, 


he  set  about  the  construction  of  a  steam-car- 
riage; but,  finding  that  his  steam-engine  dif- 
fered materially  from  those  in  use,  he  patented, 
and  successfully  applied  it  to  mills.  This  was 
the  first  steam-engine  constructed  on  the  high 
pressure  principle.  In  1803-4,  he  constructed 
the  first  steam-dredging  machine  used  in 
Amer.  "The  machine,  which  he  named  the 
*  Oractor  Amphibolis,'  having  been  placed 
upon  wheels,  propelled  itself  to  the  Schuylkill, 
1^  miles,  and,  upon  being  fitted  with  a  paddle- 
w^heel  in  the  stern,  navigated  the  river  to  its 
junction  with  the  Delaware.  This  is  believed 
to  have  been  the  first  instance  in  Amer.  of  the 
application  of  steam-power  to  the  propelling 
of  land-carriages.  He  predicted  their  employ- 
ment on  railways  of  wood  or  iron,  and  urged 
the  construction  of  a  railroad  between  Phila. 
and  N.Y.,  but  was  always  prevented,  by  his 
limited  means,  from  prosecuting  his  mechanical 
experiments  to  the  extent  he  desired."  Author 
of  "  Young  Millwright's  Guide,"  and  the 
"Young  Steam  Engineer's  Guide." — Ap- 
pleton. 

Evans,  Thomas,  Quaker  controversialist, 
b.  Phila.,  1798  ;  d.  25  May,  1868.  In  1827-8, 
he  opposed  the  Unitarian  views  of  Elias  Hicks 
in  a  series  of  able  papers  in  the  Friend.  la 
1328,  he  pub.  "  An  Exposition  of  the  Faith 
of  the  Religious  Society  of  the  Friends,"  &c. 
In  1837,  he  narrowly  escaped  shipwreck  on  a 
voyage  to  Charleston,  S.C,  and,  from  over- 
exertion at  the  pumps,  his  health  was  irrepara- 
bly injured.  From  1837  to  1854,  he  edited, 
in  conjunction  with  his  bro.  William,  "  The 
Friends'  Library,"  a  coll.  of  the  standard  re- 
ligious writings  of  the  society,  in  14  vols. — 
Thomas. 

EvartS,  Jeremiah,  sec.  of  the  Board  of 
Foreign  Missions,  b.  Sunderland,  Vt.,  Feb.  3, 
1781;  d.  Charleston,  S.C,  May  10, 1831.  Y.C. 
1802.  After  some  time  spent  in  teaching,  he 
studied  law;  was  adm.  to  the  N.  Haven  bar 
in  1806  ;  practised  his  profession  ab.  4  years; 
then  edited  the  Panoplist  at  Boston,  and  in 
1820  the  M/ssionarij  Herald.  He  was  treas. 
of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  from  1812  to 
1820,  and  corresp.  sec.  from  1821  till  his  death. 
He  wrote  24  essays  on  the  rights  of  the  Indians, 
under  the  signature  of  "  Wm.  Penn,"  1829.  — 
See  Memoirs  of  Ecaiis,  by  E.  C.  Tracy  (8vo, 
Boston,  1845). 

Evarts,  William  Maxwell,  LL.D. 
(Un.  Coll.  1857),  an  eminent  lawyer,  son  of 
the  preceding,  b.  Boston,  Feb.  1818.  Y.C. 
1837.  He  studied  law  at  the  Camb.  Law 
School,  and  began  practice  in  N.Y.  City,  ab. 
1840.  He  was  active  in  the  Repub.  party  ; 
was  the  principal  counsel  for  Pres.  Johnson  at 
his  trial  in  the  spring  of  1868,  and  was  atty.- 
gen.  of  the  U.S.  in  1868. 

Everard,  Sir  Richard,  gov.  of  N.C 
1725-9;  d.  London,  Feb.  17,  1733.  His  ad- 
ministration was  disturbed  by  frequent  alter- 
cations with  the  council.  He  succeeded  to  the 
baronetcy  in  Jan.  1706,  on  the  death  of  his 
father,  Sir  Hui^h.  His  dau.  Susannah  ra. 
David  Meade  of  Va.,  the  ancestor  of  Bishop  M. 

Everest,  Rev.  Charles  W.,  poet.  Wash. 
Coll.  1838.  Formerly  of  Meriden,  latterly  in 
charge  of  the  Rectory  School,  Hamden,  Ct. 


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312 


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Has  puh.  "  Babylon,"  a  poetn  ;  "  Hare  Bell ;  " 
"  Moss  Rose;"  ''  The  Memento  ;"  "  Th3  Snow 
Drop  ;  "  "  The  Poets  of  Connecticut,"  1843  ; 
"  Virion  of  Death,  and  other  Poems."  His 
poem  entitled  "  A<;riculture "  is  a  beautiful 
picture  of  country-life.  —  AlUl)one. 

Everett,  Alexander  Hill,  LL.D  (U. 
of  Vt.  1826),  scholar  and  diplomatist,  b. 
Boston,  Mar.  19,  1790;  d.  Canton,  China, 
Juno  29,  1847.  H.U.  1806.  Son  of  Rev. 
Oliver.  He  was  an  usher  in  Phillips  Exeter 
Acad, ;  be^an  to  study  law  in  the  office  of  J. 
Q.  Adams,  Boston,  in  1807  ;  and  was  a  member 
of  the  literary  club  that  founded  the  Monthly 
Anfholofji/.  In  1809,  he  accomp.  J.  Q.  Adams 
to  St.  Petersburg,  as  attache  to  the  legation, 
to  which  he  became  sec.  in  181.5.  He  visited 
Eng.  in  1811,  and,  after  a  short  trip  to  Paris, 
returned  home  in  1812,  and  wrotesome political 
pieces  in  favor  of  the  war,  and  against  the  Hart- 
ford Convention.  He  became  charge  d'a^ aires 
at  Brussels  in  1818;  in  1825-9  was  minister 
to  Spain,  and  from  1845  till  his  death  was 
commiss.  to  China.  In  1840,  he  was  sent  on 
a  confidential  mission  to  Cuba.  In  1829,  he 
became  editor  and  principal  prop,  of  the  N. 
Ainer.  Review,  to  which  he  had  long  been  a 
contrib.  He  invited  Irving  to  Madrid  ;  made 
him  an  attache  lo  his  legation,  and  encouraged 
him  in  the  preparation  of  his  Spanish  histories. 
He  also  aided  Mr.  Prescott  in  similar  pursuits. 
Member  of  the  Ms.  legisl.  1830-5,  taking  an 
active  part  as  a  Democ.  politician.  He  was 
skilled  in  the  languages  and  literature  of 
modern  Europe,  as  well  as  philosophy,  di- 
plomacy, and  the  laws  of  nations.  He  pub. 
"Europe,"  1821;  "America,"  1827;  "New 
Views  on  Population,"  1822  ;  a  vol.  of  essays 
in  1845,  and  a  small  vol  of  poems,  1845.  To 
Sparks's  "  Am.  Biography,"  he  contrib.  Lives 
of  Warren  and  Patrick  Henry.  Also  contrib. 
to  the  Democratic  and  Boston  Quarterly  Re- 
views. 

Everett,  David,  journalist,  b.  Princeton, 
Ms.,  March  29,  1770;  d.  Marietta,  0.,  Dec. 
21,  1813.  Dartm.  Coll.  1795.  While  teach- 
ing a  grammar  school  at  N.  Ipswich,  he  wrote 
the  famous  juvenile  recitation  commencing, — 

"  You'd  scarce  expect  one  of  my  age 
To  speak  in  public  on  the  stage." 

He  studied  law  in  Boston,  and  wrote  for 
Russell's  Gazette  and  Dennie's  Farmer's  Muse- 
um. His  prose  papers,  "  Common  Sense  in 
Dishabille,"  were  collected  in  1799,  in  a  small 
vol.,  as  was  also  his  "  Farmer's  Monitor."  He 
contrib.  to  a  literary  paper,  the  Nightingale,  in 
1796.  In  1800,  he  produced  a  tragedy,  "  Da- 
ranzel,  or  the  Persian  Patriot,"  acted  and  pub. 
at  Boston  in  1800.  He  removed  to  Amherst 
in  1802,  where  he  practised  law.  Returning  to 
Boston  in  1807,  in  1809  he  edited  the  Boston 
Patriot,  and  in  1812  the  Pilot.  Author  of  an 
essay  on  "  The  Rights  and  Duties  of  Nations," 
and  "  Junius  Americanus,"  in  the  Boston  Ga- 
zette, in  defence  of  John  Adams.  —  Duyckinck; 
D.  C.  Alumni. 

Everett,  Edward,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  scholar 
and  orator,  b.  Dorchester,  Ms.,  11  Apr.  1794  ; 
d.  Boston,  15  Jan.  1865.  H.U.  1811.  Son  of 
Rev.  Oliver.  Tutor  at  H.U.  in  1812,  and  deliv- 


ered the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  poem  on  American 
Poets.  Ord.  pastor  of  the  Brattle-st.  (Boston) 
Unitarian  Church,  9  Feb.  1814  ;  accepted  the 
chair  of  Greek  literature  at  H.  IJ.  5  Mar.  1815; 
visited  Europe,  where  he  studied  2  years  at  the 
U.  of  Gottingen,  and  travelled  extensively,  re- 
turning in  the  spring  of  1819,  and  entering 
upon  the  duties  of  his  professorship.  May  8, 
1822,  he  m.  Charlotte  Gray,  dau.  of  Hon.  Peter 
C.  Brooks.  In  1824,  he  delivered  at  Cam- 
bridge an  oration  on  Amcr.  Literature,  at 
which  Lafayette  was  present.  M.C.  1825-35; 
gov.  of  Ms.  1836-40;  minister  to  Eng.  in  1841- 
5;  pres.  H.U.  1846-9;  sec.  of  State,  as  succes- 
sor of  Daniel  Webster,  Nov.  1852-Mar.  1853, 
and  U.S.  senator  from  that  time  until  his  re- 
tirement to  private  life  on  account  of  ill  health, 
in  May,  1854.  He  subsequently  wrote  and  lec- 
tured with  great  success  in  behalf  of  the  Mt. 
Vernon  Fund,  for  the  purchase  of  the  home 
and  burial-place  of  Washington,  that  it  might 
thenceforth  belong  to  the  American  people. 
He  was  the  candidate,  in  1860,  of  the  party  of 
conciliation  and  compromise,  for  the  vice-pres- 
idency. The  Bell  and  Everett  ticket,  however, 
had  but  39  electoral  votes.  After  the  Rebellion 
began,  he  gave  all  his  influence  and  energies  to 
the  support  of  the  Federal  Govt.  Thotigh  a 
remarkable  example  of  varied  culture,  Mr. 
Everett  is  best  known  by  his  orations  and  ad- 
dresses, which  are  models  of  grace  and  elegance 
of  style.  His  historical  efforts  are  of  great 
value.  During  his  term  as  gov.  of  Ms.,  the 
Board  of  Education  was  organized,  normal 
schools  founded,  and  scientific  and  agricultural 
surveys  of  the  State  were  established.  He 
visited  Europe  a  second  time  in  1840-1,  and 
was  in  1843  app.  minister  to  China,  but  de- 
clined. As  minister  to  Eng.,  his  management 
of  affairs  of  great  delicacy  and  importance, 
such  as  the  settlement  of  the  north-eastern 
boundary,and  the  McLeod  and  the  Creole  cases, 
reflected'  the  highest  credit  upon  his  abilities. 
In  Congress,  he  opposed  the  policy  of  removing 
the  Indians  without  their  consent,  and  advocat- 
ed free  trade.  He  was  one  of  the  early  editors 
of  the  N.  A.  Review,  to  which  he  contrib., 
among  other  important  articles,  that  on  Nullifi- 
cation, in  Oct.  1830.  In  this  periodical  he  suc- 
cessfully vindicated  American  principles  and 
institutions  against  a  crowd  of  British  travel- 
lers and  authors,  who  were  endeavoring  to 
bring  them  into  contempt.  His  contribs.  to 
the  N.Y.  Ledger  in  1858  were  afterward  coll., 
and  pub.  as  "The  Mount  Vernon  Papers." 
His  speeches  and  addresses  were  coll.  and  pub. 
in  4  vols.,  8vo.  He  received  the  degree  of 
D.C.L.  from  the  Universities  of  Oxford  and 
Cambridge.  He  was  the  intimate  friend  of 
"Webster,  and  wrote  the  best  Life  extant  of 
that  distinguished  man,  whose  collected  writ- 
ings he  edited.  —  See  Memoir  of  Everett,  Bost., 
1865;  Golden  Age  of  Amer.  Oratory,  1857; 
Character  and  Characteristic  Men,  E.  P.  Whip- 
ple. 

Everett,  Horace,  LL.D.,  lawyer  and  pol- 
itician, b.  1780;  d.  Windsor,  Vt.,  Jan.  30, 
1851.  Brown  U.  1797.  He  was  successful  in 
his  practice  at  Windsor;  was  in  the  State 
legisl.  in  1819-20,  1822-4,  and  1834;  State- 
atty.  for  Windsor  Co.,  1813-17  ;  a  prominent 


E5T^B 


313 


ETV^I 


member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  of  1828, 
and  M.C.  18i'9-43.  He  distin<^.  himself  in 
Con<rress  by  his  zeal  in  behalf  of  the  Indians. 

Ewbank,  Thomas,  writer  on  practical  me- 
chanics, b.  Barnard  Castle,  Durham,  Enfj., 
March  11,  1792  ;  d.  New  York,  Sept.  16,  1870. 
At  13,  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  tin  and  copper 
smith  ;  enii<:jratod  to  New  York  ab.  1819,  and 
in  1820  commenced  the  manuf.  of  metallic  tub- 
ing there,  from  which  business  he  retired  in 
1836  to  devote  himself  to  literary  and  scien- 
tific pursuits.  In  1842,  he  pub.  "  Descriptive 
and  Historical  Account  of  Hydraulic  and  other 
Machines."  In  1845-6,  he  visited  Brazil,  of 
which  lie  pub.  an  account  in  1856,  entitled 
"Life  in  Brazil."  Commiss.  of  patents  from 
1849  to  1852.  He  pub.  3  annual  reports,  also  a 
work  entitled  "The  World  a  Workshop,"  1855; 
" Tliou^'hts  on  Matter  and  Force,"  1858 ;  "Re- 
miniscences in  the  Patent-Office,"  1859,  and  a 
variety  of  essays  on  the  philosophy  and  his- 
tory of  inventions  in  the  "Transactions  of  the 
Franklin  Institute."  His  "  Experiments  on 
Marine  Propulsion,  or  the  Virtue  of  Form  in 
Propelling  Blades,"  was  reprinted  in  Europe. 
As  a  member  of  the  commission  to  examine 
and  report  upon  the  strength  of  the  marbles 
offered  for  the  extension  of  the  National  Capi- 
tol, he  discovered  the  method  of  greatly  in- 
creasing the  resisting  power  of  building  stones. 
Founder  of  the  Ethnological  Spciety. 

Ewell,  Benjamin  S.,  instructor,  b.  D.C., 
ab.  1810.  West  Point,  1832.  Entering  the 
4th  Art.,  he  was  assist,  prof,  of  math,  at  West 
Point,  1832-5;  of  nat.  philos.  1835-6,  and  re- 
signed 30  Sept.  1836  ;  assist,  engr.  Bait,  and 
Susq.  Railroad,  1836-9;  prof,  math.,  Hamp. 
Sid.  Coll.,  Va.,  1839-42;  prof.  math,  and 
milit.  science,  Wash.  Coll.,  Lexington,  Va., 
1846-8;  prof,  math.,  and  acting  president,  Wm. 
and  Mary  Coll.,  Va.,  1848-9;  prof.  math,  and 
nat.  science  since  1849,  and  pros,  since  1854.  — 
CiiJlam. 

Ewell,  Richard  Stoddard,  lieut.-gen. 
C.S.A.,  b.  D.C.  ab.  1820.  West  Point,  1840. 
Entering  1st  Dragoons,  he  was  brev.  capt.  for 
gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churubusco,  Aug. 
20,  1847;  capt.  Aug.  4,  1849;  disting.  in  bat- 
tle with  Apaches,  in  N.  Mexico,  June  27,  1857  ; 
resigned  May  7, 1861 ;  entered  Confcd.  service; 
made  brig.-gen. ;  took  part  in  the  action  at 
Blackburn's  Ford,  July  18,  1861  ;  and  at  Bull 
Run,  com.  the  extreme  right;  afterward  maj.- 
gen.,  and  led  a  corps  in  the  army  of  Va.,  and 
was  at  the  battles  of  White-oak  Swamp  and 
Cedar  Mountain.  He  accomp.  Lee  in  his 
movement  against  Pope,  Aug.  1862,  and  Aug. 
27  was  defeated  by  Hooker  at  Kettle  Run,  near 
Manassas  Junction.  He  was  in  the  battles  near 
Bull  Run,  Aug.  28-30,  and  also  in  the  suc- 
ceeding Md.  campaign,  in  which  he  was  severe- 
ly wounded.  On  the  death  of  Stonewall  Jack- 
son, he  was,  at  his  request,  made  a  lieut.-gen. 
May  20,  1863,  and  assitrned  to  the  2d  corps; 
with  it  he  fought  at  Winchester,  Gettysburg, 
and  during  the  first  day  of  the  battle  of  the 
Wilderness,  May,  1864,  and  in  the  subsequent 
operations  of  the  campaign,  at  one  timecomg. 
the  dcpt.  of  Henrico  ;  captured  by  Gen.  Sheri- 
dan, April  6,  1865,  near  the  Appomattox 
River. 


Ewen,  William,  Revol.  patriot,  b.  Eng. 
ab.  1 720  ;  d,  Ga.  soon  after  the  Revol.  He 
came  to  Ga.  about  1734  as  an  apprentice  to 
the  Trustees;  was  one  of  the  earliest  and  most 
active  of  the  Revol.  leaders  of  Ga. ;  a  member 
of  the  council  of  safety  ;  and,  as  first  pres.  of 
the  exec,  council,  performed  the  duties  of  gov. 
in  1775.—  Ga.  Hist.  Colls.,  199. 

Ewing,  Charles,  LL.D.  (Jeff.  Coll.), 
jurist,  b.  Burlington  Co.,  N.J.,  July  8,  1780; 
d.  Trenton,  Aug.  5,  1832.  N.J.  Coll.  1798. 
Son  of  James  Ewing,  commiss.  of  loans  for 
N.J. ;  a  Revol.  patriot.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1802,  he  practised  at  Trenton  with  success; 
became  a  counsellor  in  1812,  and  from  1824  to 
his  d.  was  chief-justice  of  N.  J.  —  See  Nat. 
Port.  Gall.,  vol.  ii. 

Ewing,  James,  general,  b.  Lancaster  Co., 
Pa.,  1736  ;  d.  at  his  seat  in  Hellam  township  in 
March,  1806.  He  accomp.  Braddock's  exped. 
in  1755  ;  July  4,  1776,  he  was  elected  a  brig.- 
gen.  of  Pa.  militia,  and  had  a  part  assigned 
him  in  the  surprise  of  Trenton,  but  was  pre- 
vented, by  the  ice  and  a  high  wind,  from  cross- 
ing the  Delaware  as  previously  arranged.  Vice- 
pros,  of  Pa.  under  Pres.  Dickinson  in  1782-5, 
and  was  several  times  member  of  the  State 
legisl.  His  name  has  been  variously  given  as 
Irvine,  Irwin,  and  Erwing.  —  Lossing. 

Ewing,  John,  D.D.  (Edinb.'U.  1773), 
scholar  and  divine,  b.  E.  Nottingham,  Md., 
June  22,  1732 ;  d.  Phila.,  Sept.  8,  1802.  N.J. 
Coll.  1754.  His  emig.  ancestors  came  from 
Ireland,  and  settled  on  the  banks  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna. Tutor  in  N.  J.  Coll.,  then  instructor 
in  philos.  in  the  Phila.  Coll.,  and  on  its  being 
made  the  U.  of  Pa.,  in  1779,  became  provost, 
holding  the  position  until  his  death.  He  be- 
came pastor  of  the  1st  Presb.  Church,  Phila., 
in  1759  ;  visited  Eng.  in  1773-5  to  collect  funds 
for  the  acad.  at  Newark,  Del. ;  vice-pres.  of 
the  Philos.  Society,  to  whose  "Transactions" 
he  made  several  contribs.  He  was  a  commiss. 
to  run  the  boundary-line  of  Del.,  and  to  settle 
the  boundaries  between  Ms.  and  Ct.,  and  be- 
tween Pa.  and  Va.  His  learning  was  various 
and  profound,  and  as  a  preacher  he  was  highly 
popular.  His  collegiate  lectures  on  nat.  phi- 
losophy, with  a  biog.  by  Rev.  R.  Patterson, 
(2  vols.,  1809),  and  a  vol.  of  his  sermons  with 
a  memoir,  were  pub.  in  1812.  —  Sprague. 

Ewing,  Thomas,  LL.D.,  lawyer  and  states- 
man, b.  near  West  Liberty,  Ohio  Co.,Va.,Dec. 
28,  1789.  Ohio  U.  1815.  George,  his  father, 
a  Revol.  officer,  one  of  the  founders  of  Ames- 
town,  O.,  d.  Ind.  ab.  1830.  He  received  his 
early  education  chiefiy  from  an  elder  sister,  and, 
with  his  father's  family,  settled  in  the  wilds 
of  Ohio,  ab.  1792.  In'l814,  he  was  a  school- 
teaclier.  He  studied  law,  and  was  adm.  to 
the  bar  in  1816  ;  was  a  U.S.  senator  from  O. 
from  1831  to  1837  ;  sec.  of  the  treasury  under 
Harrison  in  1841  ;  sec.  of  the  interior  under 
Pres.  Taylor  in  1849,  and  U.  S.  senator  in 
1850-1,  since  residing  in  Lancaster,  O.  In  the 
U.S.  senate,  he  supported  the  protective  system 
of  Clay  ;  reported  a  bill  from  the  com.  on  post- 
offices,  which  in  1835  resulted  in  the  re-organ- 
ization of  the  dept.  He  actively  defended  Tay- 
lor's administration,  did  not  vote  for  the  fugi- 
tive-slave law,   helped    to  defeat  Clay's  com- 


KWI 


814 


FJ^ 


promise  bill,  advocated  river  and  harbor  appro- 
priations, a  reduction  of  postage,  and  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 
While  sec.  of  the  interior,  he  organized  the 
dept.  Differing  with  his  party  on  the  slavery 
question,  he  left  the  cabinet  in  July, 1850,  Mr. 
Ewing's  celebi  ity  as  a  lawyer  and  public  speaker 
equals  his  reputation  as  a  statesman.  Dele- 
gate to  the  peace  convention,  1861.  — Applcton. 

Ewing,  Thomas,  Jun.,  lawyer,  son  of  the 
preceding,  b.  Lancaster,  O.,  7  Aug.  1829.  Ed- 
ucated at  Brown  U.  and  at  Cin.  Law  School, 
1855  ;  private  sec.  to  Pres.  Taylor,  1849-50. 
He  began  practice  in  Cinein.,  but  in  1856  re- 
moved to  Leavenworth,  Ks,  ;  member  Leav. 
Const.  Conv. ;  chief-justice  of  Ks.  1861-2  ;  col. 
11th  Ks.  Lif.  15  Sept.  1862  ;  brig.-gen.  12  Mar. 
1863.  Joining  Gen.  Blunt,  he  took  part  in  the 
battlesof  Fort  Wayne,  Cane  Hill,  Prairie  Grove, 
and  Van  Buren  ;  com.  the  dist.  of  the  Border, 
June,  1863-Feb.  1864,  then  took  command  of 
S.  E.  Mo.,  and  made  a  gallant  fight  at  Pilot 
Knob,  Mo.,  against  the  attack  of  Gen.  Price, 
27  Sept.  1864,  making  good  his  retreat  to  Rolla, 
and  receiving  the  brcv.  of  maj.-gen.  He  has 
practised  law  in  Washington,  D.C.,  since  the 
war. 

Exmouth,  Edward  Pellew,  Viscount, 
an  eminent  British  adm.,  b.  Dover,  19  April, 
1757  ;  d.  Teignmouth,  23  Jan.  1833.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  in  1770;  joined  "  The  Blonde," 
frigate,  which  sailed  to  the  relief  of  Quebec, 
and  in  the  schooner  "  Carleton  "  disting.  him- 
self in  the  battle,  11  Oct.  1776,  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  with  the  flotilla  of  Arnold,  whom  he 
came  near  making  his  prisoner.  In  com.  of  a 
party  of  seamen,  he  rendered  great  assistance 
to  the  army  of  Burgoyne  in  its  difficult  advance 
to  Saratoga,  and  was  sent  home  with  despatch- 
es, and  promoted.  His  brother  John  was  aide- 
de-camp  to  Gen.  Phillips,  and  was  killed  in  this 
campaign.  Made  post-capt.  May  31,  1782; 
knighted  5  Mar.  1796,  for  services  in  the  war 
against  France;  made  rear-adm.  1804;  anni- 
hilated the  Dutch  naval  force  in  the  E.  Indies 
in  1806;  made  Baron  Exmouth  and  adm.  of 
the  Blue  in  1814,  and  26  Aug.,  1816,  attacked 
Algiers,  destroying  the  entire  Algerine  navy, 
compelling  the  su!)mission  of  the  dey,  the  lib- 
eration of  1,200  captives,  and  the  payment  of  a 
large  sum  of  money.  For  this  service  he  was 
made  a  viscount;  vice-adm.  of  Eng.,  15  Feb. 
1832. 

Fairbanks,  Erastus,  manufacturer,  and 
gov.  of  Vt.  1852-3  and  1860-1,  b.  Brimfield, 
Ms.,  Oct.  28,  1792;  d.  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt., 
Nov.  20, 1864.  He  had  a  common-school  edu- 
cation ;  taught  school  in  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt. ; 
engaged  in  business  with  moderate  success,  and 
in  1825  formed  a  partnership  with  his  younger 
bro.  for  the  manuf.  of  platform  scales.  The 
enterprise  proved  extraordinarily  successful ; 
and  their  scales  attained  a  world-wide  reputa- 
tion. Member  of  the  legisl.  in  1836-8;  pres. 
of  the  Passumpsic  and  Ct.  River  li.R.  Co.  in 
1849. 

Fairchild,  Lucius,  gov.  Wis.  1866-7, 
sec.  of  State,  1864-5,  b.  Franklin  Mills,  Por- 
tage Co.,  O.,  27  Dec.  1831.  Lieut.-col.  2d  Iowa 
Inf.  June,  1861  ;  capt.  16th  U.  S.  Inf.  5  Aug. 
1861  ;  com.  an  Iowa  regt.  in  McClellan's  and 


Pope's  campaigns,  and  became  brig.-gen.  vols. 
5  Aug.  1861. 

Fairfax,  Bryan,  8th  and  last  baron  of  the 
name,  b.  ab.  1730  ;  d.  Mount  Eagle,  near  Cam- 
eron, Aug.  7,  1802.  Third  son  of  the  Hon. 
Col.  William  Fairfax,  pres.  of  tlie  Council  of 
Va.,  and  resided  at  Tovvlston  Hall,  Fairfax  Co., 
though,  for  some  time  during  the  latter  part  of 
his  life,  he  was  an  Epis.  clergyman  at  Alexan- 
dria. An  affectionate  intercourse  existed  be- 
tween him  and  Washington  throughout  life, 
notwithstanding  his  being  a  Loyalist.  Ho 
succeeded  to  the  title  on  the  deaih  of  Rob- 
ert, 7th  Lord  Fairfax,  in  1791.  George  Wil- 
liam, his  bro.,  the  early  companion  and  as- 
sociate of  Washington,  d.  Bath,   Eng.,  1787, 

a.  63.  On  the  death  of  his  father  in  1757,  he 
succeeded  to  his  estate,  m.  a  dau.  of  Col.  Carey 
of  Hampton,  became  a  member  of  the  council, 
and  lived  at  Belvoir.  In  1773,  he  went  to  Eng. 
—  Sabine. 

Fairfax,  Donald   McN.,  capt.   U.S.N., 

b.  Va.,  Aug.  10,  1822.  Midshipm.  Aug.  12, 
1837;  lieut.  Feb.  26,  1851;  com.  July  16, 
1862;  capt.  July  25,  1866.  During  the  Mex- 
ican war  served  under  Dupont  on  the  west 
coast  of  Mexico  and  Cal.,  and  was  at  the 
capture  of  several  towns.  Com.  steam  gun- 
boat "  Cayuga,"  West  Gulf  squad.,  1862-3  ;  on 
the  Lower  Mpi.  from  June,  1862,  to  Feb.  1863, 
under  Farragut ;  S.A.  block,  squad.,  1863, 
com.  steamers  "Nantucket"  and  "Montauk" 
in  several  attacks  on  defences  of  Charleston 
harbor,  under  Dupont  and  Dahlgren ;  com. 
naval  acad.  1864-5  ;  com.  flagship  "  Rhode 
Island,"  N.A.  squad.,  1866-7,  and  steam-sloop 
"  Suf-qnchanna,"  1867-8.  —  Hamerslij. 

Fairfax,  Thomas,  6th  lord  and  baron  of 
Cameron,  the  friend  and  patron  of  Washing- 
ton's early  life,  b.  Eng.,  1691  ;  d.  at  his  seat 
at  Greenway  Court,  Frederick  Co.,  Va.,  Dec. 
12,  1781  ;  son  of  Thomas,  Lord  Fairfax, 
and  of  Catharine,  dau.  of  Lord  Culpeper. 
Educated  at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  held  a 
commission  in  the  Blues.  A  contributor  to 
Addison's  "Spectator."  Succeeding  to  the 
title  and  to  the  family  estates  in  Va.,  inherited 
from  his  mother,  between  the  Rappahannock 
and  Potomac  Rivers,  and  a  great  portion  of  the 
Shenandoah  Valley,  he  settled  in  Va.  in  1745, 
fixing  his  residence  a  few  miles  from  Win- 
chester. Here  he  lived  in  a  style  of  liberal 
hospitality,  frequently  indulging  in  the  diver- 
sion of  the  chase.  In  1748,  he  made  the 
acquaintance  of  Washington,  then  a  youth  of 
16,  and,  impressed  with  his  energy  and  talents, 
employed  him  to  survey  his  lands  lying  west 
of  the  Blue  Ridge.  Though  a  frank  and 
avowed  Loyalist,  he  was  never  insulted  or 
molested  by  the  Whigs.  His  barony  and 
immense  domain,  consisting  of  5,282,000 
acres,  descended  to  his  only  surviving  bro., 
Robert,  7th  lord,  who  d.  at  Leeds  Castle, 
Eng.,  in  1791  ;  but,  as  the  domain  was  in 
possession  of  Lord  Thomas  during  the  Revol., 
it  was  confiscated. 

Fairfield,  Genevieve  Genevra,  dau. 
of  Sumner  L.,  b.  N.  Y.,  1832.  Author  of 
"  Genevra,  or  the  History  of  a  Portrait,"  "  The 
Vice  President's  Daughter,"  "The  Wife  of  Two 
Husbands,"  "  The  Innkeeper's  Daughter." 


y.Aj: 


315 


B^-AJS" 


Fairfield,  John,  lawyer  and  statesman, 
b.  Saco,  Me.,  Jan.  30,  1797;  d.  Washington, 
33ec.  24,  1847.  He  received  a  common  school 
education  ;  practised  law  in  his  native  town  ; 
became  distini?. ;  was  in  1832  app.  reporter  of 
decisions  of  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court ;  was 
M.C.  in  1835-9;  gov.  of  Me.  in  1839-40, 
1842-3;  and  U.S.  sen,  from  1843  to  his  d. 
Author  of  "  Supreme  Court  Reports,"  1833-7, 
3  vols.,  8vo. 

Fairfield,  Sumner  Lincoln,  poet,  b. 
Warwick,  Ms.,  June  25,  1803  ;  d.  N.  Orleans, 
March  6,  1844.  He  studied  at  Brown  U. 
Was  two  years  a  tutor  at  the  South,  and, 
determining  to  lead  a  literary  life,  sailed  for 
Lond.  in  Dec.  1825.  His  poem,  "  The  Cities 
of  the  Plain,"  appeared  in  the  Oriental  Herald, 
and  at  Versailles  he  wrote  *' Pere  la  Chaise" 
and  "  Westminster  Abbey."  Returning  in 
July,  1826,  he  soon  after  pub.  "  The  Sisters  of 
St.  Clara,"  followed  in  1830  by  "  Abaddon  " 
and  other  poems.  Having  m.  Miss  Jane 
Frazec  of  Rahway,  N.J.,  lie  gained  a  pre- 
carious subsistence  by  writing  for  the  press, 
until  placed  by  some  friends  at  the  head  of 
Newtown  Acad.,  ab.  30  miles  from  Phila. 
The  accidental  drowning  of  one  of  his  pupils 
threw  such  a  gloom  over  him,  that  he  gave 
up  his  situation,  and  removed  to  N.Y.  By 
the  exertions  of  his  wife  in  soliciting  sub- 
scriptions, principally  in  Boston,  1829-32,  he 
was  enabled  to  pub.  in  1832  a  new  poem, 
"  The  Last  Night  of  Pompeii."  He  also  pub. 
"  Lays  of  Melpomene,"  1824;  and  "  The  Heir 
of  the  World,"  &c.,  1829.  From  1833  to 
1838,  he  pub.  the  N.  Amer.  Macjazine.  In  1846, 
Mrs.  Fairfield  issued  a  small  vol.  containing  a 
life  of  her  husband,  from  her  pen,  and  a  few 
of  his  poems.  He  excelled  as  an  instructor  in 
history  and  belles-lettres.  A  vol.  of  his  poems 
was  published  in  1841.  —  Dw/ckinck. 

Fairman,  David,  Richard,  and  Gideon, 
engravers  of  Phila.;  d.  respectively,  Aug.  19, 
1815,  a.  33  ;  Dec.  1821,  a.  34;  and  March  18, 
1827,  a.  51. 

Falcon,  Gen.  Juan  Christomo,  Pres. 
of  Venezuela  in  1863  and  1865,  b.  Caracas; 
d.  Martinque,  May,  1870.  He  had  been  a 
successful  soldier,  and  was  elected  vice-pres.  in 
1861.  In  Aug.  1868,  he  was  compelled  to 
resign  by  the  revolutionists  under  Mona- 
gas. 

Fales,  Mrs.  Almira  L.,  philanthropist,  b. 
N.Y.;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Nov.  8,  1868.  In 
mature  life,  she  removed  to  la.,  whence  she 
went  with  her  husband,  Joseph  T.  Fales,  to 
Washington,  where  he  had  a  situation  as  ex- 
aminer in  the  patent-office.  When  the  civil 
war  broke  out,  she  entered  upon  the  care  of 
sick  and  wounded  soldiers.  At  Pittsburg  Land- 
ing and  other  Western  battle-fields,  Mrs.  Fales 
actively  ministered  to  the  wounded  and  dying 
soldiers.  The  govt,  placed  an  ambulance  at 
her  command,  and  with  this,  laden  with  stores, 
she  visited  the  hospitals  and  the  fields  of  battle. 
Wherever  she  appeared,  the  brightness  of  her 
smile,  and  the  ciieerful  tone  of  her  voice,  at 
once  dispelled  gloom  and  despondency.  For 
some  time,  Mrs.  Fales  was  charged  by  the  govt, 
with  the  superintendence  of  the  sick  and 
wounded  sent  from  the  hospitals  in  and  around 


Washington  to  the  hospitals  in  N.Y.  and  else- 
where. 

Faneuil  (formerly  prop.  pron.  Fun'-el), 
Peter,  a  liberal  Boston  merchant,  b.  of  a 
French  Huguenot  familv,  NewRochelle,  N.Y., 
1700;  d.  Boston,  March  3,  1743.  In  1740,  at 
a  public  meeting,  he  offered  to  build  a  suitable 
edifice  for  a  public  market-house,  at  his  own 
cost,  as  a  gift  to  the  town.  The  building,  com- 
menced in  Dock  Square  in  Sept.  1740,  and  fin- 
ished in  1742,  comprised  a  market-house  on  the 
ground-floor,  and  a  town-hall, with  other  rooms 
over  it.  In  1761,  it  was  destroyed  by  fire  ;  in 
1763,  it  was  rebuilt  by  the  town ;  and  in  1775, 
during  the  British  occupation  of  Boston,  it  was 
used  for  a  theatre.  In  1805,  it  was  altered  and 
enlarged.  During  the  Revol.  period,  it  was  the 
usual  place  of  meeting  of  the  patriots;  and, 
from  the  stirring  debates  and  important  resolu- 
tions which  were  often  heard  within  its  walls, 
it  gained  the  name  of  "  the  cradle  of  American 
liberty."  —  Drake's  Hist,  of  Boston. 

Fannin,  Col.  James  W.,  Texan  revolu- 
tionist, b.  N.  C. ;  killed  at  Goliad,  March  27, 
1836.  Oct.  28,  1835,  he  defeated  a  greatly  su- 
perior Mexican  force  near  Bexar,  and  was  soon 
after  promoted  by  Gen.  Houston,  col.  of  artillery 
and  insp.-gen.  Attacked,  March  19,  at  the  Co- 
leta  River,  by  a  large  Mexican  force  under 
Gen.  Urrea,  the  Texans  defended  themselves 
with  spirit  until  night,  and  renewed  the  battle 
on  the  20th ;  but,  the  Mexicans  having  been 
re-enforced,  a  capitulation  was  signed,  by  which 
it  was  agreed  that  the  Texans  should  be  treated 
as  prisoners  of  war,  and,  as  soon  as  possible,  sent 
to  the  U.  S.  Having  surrendered  their  arms, 
6n  the  26th  an  order  was  received  from  Santa 
Aila,  requiring  them  to  be  shot.  At  daybreak 
the  following  morning,  the  prisoners,  357  in 
number,  were  accordingly  shot.  Fannin  was 
the  last  to  suffer. 

Fanning,  Alex.  C.W.,lieut.-col.U.  S.A., 
b.  Ms.,  1788  ;  d.  Cincinnati.  0.,  Aug.  18, 1846. 
West  Point,  1812.  Lieut.  3d  Art.  March,  1812; 
capt.  March  13,  1813;  severely  wounded  at 
capture  of  York,  U.  C,  April  27,  1813;  dis- 
ting.  in  repulse  of  British  naval  forces,  St. 
Lawrence,  Nov.  2,  1813  ;  brev.  maj.  for  gallant 
conduct  in  defence  of  Fort  Erie,  Aiig.  15, 1814; 
acting  insp.-gen.  in  Jackson's  div.,  April  1, 
1818;  maj.  4th  Art.  Nov.  3,  1832;  brev.  col. 
for  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  in  battle, 
near  the  Onithlacoochie,  and  in  defence  of  Fort 
Mellon,  Fla.,  Feb.  8,  1837 ;  lieut-col.  4th  Art. 
Sept.  16,  1838. 

Fanning,  David,  a  Tory  desperado  of 
N.  C.  during  the  Revol.,  b.Wake  Co.,  N.C.,  ab. 
1756;  d.  Digby,  N.S.,  1825.  A  carpenter  by 
trade,  he  led  a  vagabond  life,  trading  with  the 
Indians.  In  1781,  Fanning,  having  been  robbed 
by  a  party  of  men  who  called  themselves  Whigd, 
joined  the  Tories,  collected  a  small  band  of  des- 
peradoes, laid  waste  the  settlements,  and  com- 
mitted frightful  atrocities,  for  which  he  was 
rewarded  by  Major  Craig,  the  British  com.  at 
Wilmington,  with  a  commission  of  lieut.-col. 
of  militia.  By  the  rapidity  and  secrecy  of  his 
movements,  he  succeeded  in  capturing  many 
prominent  Whigs,  hanging  those  who  had  in- 
cured  his  personal  resentment.  At  one  time, 
he  dashed  into  the  village  of  Pittsborough, 


wAJsr 


816 


F-AJi 


where  a  court  was  then  in  session,  and  carried 
off  the  judges,  lawyers,  officers,  and  some  of  the 
citizens;  3  weeks  later,  he  captured  Col.  Al- 
ston and  30  men  in  his  own  house,  and  soon 
afterward,  at  Hillsborough,  took  Gov.  Burke 
with  his  whole  suite,  and  a  number  of  the  prin- 
cipal inhabitants.  His  name  was  a  terror  to 
the  whole  country,  and  he  was  exempted  from 
all  acts  of  pardon.  When  the  Whigs  gained 
the  ascendency  in  N.  C,  he  went  to  Fla.,  and 
afterward  to  St.  John,  N.  B.,  where  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Assembly.  Sentenced  to  be 
hanged  for  rape  ab.  1800,  he  escaped  from  pris- 
on, and  was  afterward  pardoned. 

Fanning,  Edmund,  LL.D.  (  Y.  C.  1803), 
loyalist,  b.  Long  Island,  1737  ;  d.  Lond.,  Feb. 
28,  1818.  Y.  C.  1757.  Son  of  Col.  Phineas. 
Settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Hillsborough,  N.C. ;  soon 
became  popular.  App.  col.  of  Orange  Co.  in 
1763,  and  in  1765  clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
and  member  of  the  legisl.  He  married  the  dau. 
of  Gov.  Try  on,  and  soon  after  became  very 
obnoxious  to  the  people  by  his  exorbitant 
charges  for  legal  services,  and  by  his  zeal  in 
quelling  a  rebellion  against  the  severe  exac- 
tions of  the  govt.,  and  in  bringing  its  leaders  to 
the  scaffold.  To  escape  popular  indignation, 
he  accomp.  Gov.  Tryon  to  N.  Y.,  as  sec,  in 
1771.  Having  subsequently  applied  to  the  N.C. 
legisl.  for  reparation  for  losses  from  destruction 
of  his  property,  tliey  unanimously  rejected  the 
petition,  and  rebuked  the  gov.  for  presenting 
it,  thus  "  trifling  with  the  dignity  of  the  house." 
In  1774,  he  received  from  the  British  Govt,  the 
lucrative  office  of  surveyor-gen.,  as  a  reward 
for  his  services  and  losses  in  N.  C.  In  1776,  he 
raised  and  com.  "The  King's  American  Regt. 
of  Foot ;  "  was  celebrated  for  talent,  activity, 
and  severity  towards  his  countrymen,  and  was 
twice  wounded.  After  the  war,  he  went  to 
Nova  Scotia,  of  which  he  became  councillor 
and  lieut.-gov.  Sept.  23,  1783;  and  from  1786 
until  he  went  to  Eng.,  in  1805,  was  gov,  of 
Prince  Edward  Island.  Maj.-gen.  in  the  Brit- 
ish army  in  1793,  lieut.-gen.  1799,  gen.  1808. 
His  indiscretion  in  N.  C.  was  ever  after  a  sub- 
ject of  regret  to  him.  He  was  an  able  jurist 
and  legislator. 

Fanning,  Colbert,  d.  Tenn.  1810.  Pub. 
"  Correct  Method  of  Searching  the  Scriptures." 
Editor  of  the  Afjricultarist,  5  vols.,  8vo.  Con- 
trib.  to  various  agric.  journals. — AUibone. 

Fargues,  Thomas,  M.D.,  a  Canadian 
physician  and  scholar,  b.  Quebec,  1 780 ;  d. 
there  Dec.  11, 1847.  H.U.  1797.  M.D.  of  the 
U.  of  Edinb.,  where  he  gave  his  valuable  thesis 
on  "  Chorea."  He  resided  some  years  in 
London,  but  in  1811  settled  in  Quebec,  where 
he  was  long  a  leading  practitioner.  —  Morfjan. 

Farley,  Harriet,  b.  Claremont,  N.H. 
Many  years  editor  of  and  conrrib.  to  the 
Lowell  Offerinq,  a  monthly  sustained  by  the 
pens  of  the  factorv-girls  there.  Author  of 
"Shells  from  the  Strand,"  1847,  and  "Mind 
among  the  Spindles,"  a  selection  from  the 
Lowell  Offarin(]y  with  an  In  trod,  by  Charles 
Knight,  pub.  Lond.,  1849.  —  AUibone. 

Farley,  Michael,  an  active  Revol.  leader, 
b.  Ipswich,  Ms.,  1719  ;  d.  there  June  20,  1789. 
Several  years  a  leading  member  of  the  General 
Court ;  delegate  to  the  Prov.  Congress  in  1774- 


5  ;  member  of  the  exec,  council ;  several  years 
maj.-gen.  of  militia,  and  a  delegate  to  the  con- 
vention for  adopting  the  U.S.  Constitution. 

Farmer,  Henry  T.,  physician  and  poet, 
b.  Eng. ;  d.  Charleston,  S.C.,  ab.  1840,  a.  46. 
Emigrating  in  early  life  to  Charleston,  he  en- 
gaged in  commercial  pursuits ;  afterward  re- 
moved to  N.Y.,  where  he  studied  medicine 
under  Drs.  Francis  and  Hosack;  was  grad.  at 
the  Coll.  of  Phys.  and  Surgeons  in  1821,  and 
practised  at  Charleston  until  his  death.  In 
1819,  he  pub.  "Imagination,  the  Mariner's 
Dream,  and  other  Poems."  —  Duyck'mck. 

Farmer,  John,  a  celebrated  genealogist 
and  antiquary,  b.  Chelmsford,  Ms.,  June  12, 
1789;  d.  Concord,  N.H.,  Aug.  13,  1838.  In- 
heriting a  feeble  constitution,  he  in  early  life 
devoted  himself  to  study.  He  taught  school 
10  years,  and  was  subsequently  engaged  for  a 
few  years  in  business,  but  finally  relinquished 
active  pursuits,  and  devoted  him.self  to  literary 
and  antiquarian  researches  with  Zealand  success. 
Member  of  various  hist,  and  lit.  bodies,  and,  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  was  corresp.  sec.  of  the 
N.H.  Hist.  Society,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
founders.  His  publications  were  numerous : 
among  the  most  important  of  them  are  his 
edition  of  Belknap's  "Hist,  of  N.  H.,"  and 
his  "  Genealogical  Register  of  the  F'irst  Set- 
tlers of  New  Eng.,"  1829,  a  work  of  vast  labor 
and  research.  He  pub.  also  a  Hi.story  of 
Billerica,  1806;  of  Amherst,  1820;  and 
"  Gazetteer  of  N.  H.,"  1823,  besides  his  com- 
munications to  the  "  Hist.  Colls."  of  the  Hist. 
Societies  of  Ms.  and  N.H.,  and  to  the  Auier. 
Quarterhj  Register ;  and  he  was  also  the  com- 
piler of  the"  "N.H.  Register."  In  1822,  in 
connection  with  J.  B.  Moore,  Esq.,  he  com- 
menced the  Colls.  Hist.,Biog.,  Topog.,  &c.,  of 
N.  H.,  of  which  3  vols,  were  pub. 

Farnham,  Eliza  W.  (Burhaus), philan- 
thropist and  author,  b.  Rensselaerville,  N.Y., 
Nov.  17,  1815;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Dec.  15,  1864. 
In  1835,  she  went  to  111.,  and  in  1836  was  m. 
there  to  Thomas  J.  Farnham.  In  1841,  she 
returned  to  N.Y.,  and  was  employed  in  visiting 
prisons,  and  in  lecturing  to  women,  till  the 
spring  of  1844,  when  she  accepted  an  appt.  as 
matron  of  the  female  dept.  of  the  State  Prison 
at  Sing  Sing.  She  pub.  "Life  in  Prairie 
Land,"  and  edited  Sampson's  "  Criminal  Juris- 
prudence," while  there.  In  1848,  she  was  con- 
nected with  the  Inst,  for  the  Blind  in  Boston. 
She  was  in  Cal.  from  1849  to  1856,  when  she 
returned  to  N.Y.,  and  pub.  "  California  in  Doors 
and  out."  She  then  studied  medicine  2  years. 
In  1859,  she  organized  a  .society  to  aid  and 
protect  destitute  women  in  emigrating  to  the 
West,  and  went  thither  at  different  times  with 
large  numbers  of  them.  She  pub.  in  1859 
"  My  Early  Days,"  and  subsequently  returned 
to  Cal.  The  "  Era  of  Women,"  also  pub.  by 
her  (1864),  treated  of  social  reforms  in  the 
position  and  rights  of  woman. — Dui/ckinck. 

Farnham,  Rev.  Luther,  b.  Concord, 
N.H.,  Feb.  5,  1816.  D.C.  1837;  And.  Sem. 
1841.  Pastor  of  the  Cong.  Church,  Northfield, 
Ms.,  1844-5;  and  for  some  years  had  charge 
of  the  church  at  Marshfield.  Sec.  of  the  South. 
Aid  Soc,  1855-61  ;  and,  since  1862,  sec.  of  the 
General   Theol.   Library  at   Boston.     Besides 


>^R 


317 


fj^:r 


ministerial,  editorial,  and  other  labors,  he  has 
pub.  a  "  Glance  at  Private  Libraries,"  1855; 
and  has  prep,  a  *'  Hist,  of  the  Ms.  Hort.  Soc." 

Farnham,  Ralph,  a  soldier  of  the  Revol., 
b.  Lebanon,  Me.,  July  7,  1756  ;  d.  Acton,  Me., 
Dec.  26,  1861,  a  104  yrs.  5  ms.  19  days.  In 
1780,  he  settled  at  Acton,  Me.,  of  which  town- 
ship he  was  the  first  inhabitant.  He  was  in- 
vited to  Boston  in  Oct.  1860;  and  a  concert 
was  given  him  at  Tremont  Temple. 

Farnham,  Thomas  J.,  traveller,  husband 
of  Eliza  VV.,  b.  Vt.,  1804  ;  d.  Cal.,  Sept.  1848. 
A  lawyer  by  profession.  In  1839,  he  organized 
and  led  a  small  exped.  across  the  continent  to 
Oregon.  He  went  to  Cal.  the  same  year,  and 
procured  the  release  of  a  large  number  of 
American  and  English  prisoners  of  the  Mexi- 
can Govt.  In  1842,  he  pub.  "  Travels  in 
Oregon  Territory  ;  "  in  1845,  "  Travels  in 
California,  and  Scenes  in  the  Pacific;"  "A 
Memoir  of  the  North-west  Boundary-Line," 
and  "  Mexico,  its  Geography,  People,  and  In- 
stitutions," 8vo,  1846. 

Farnsworth,  Benjamin  Franklin,D.D. 
(Georgetown  Coll.),  educator,  b.  Bridgeton, 
Me.,  Dec.  17,  1793  ;  d.  Louisville,  Ky.,  June  4, 
1851.  Dartm.  Coll.  1813.  Pastor  of  the  Bap- 
tist Church  at  Edenton,  N.C,  two  years  ;  prin- 
cipal of  the  Bri-lgewater  (Ms.)  Acad.,  Sept. 
1821  to  1823;  then  of  a  female  high  school, 
Worcester,  Ms.;  next  edited  the  Christian 
Watchman,  Boston  ;  prof,  of  theology  at  the 
New  Hampton  (N.H.)  Theol.  Inst,  from  May, 
1826,  to  1833;  taught  two  schools  in  Provi- 
dence, R.I. ;  pres.  of  Georgetown  Coll.,  Ky., 
1836,  and  of  Louisville  U.  from  1837  to  his 
death. 

Farnsworth,  Elon  J.,  brig.-gen.  vols., 
b.  Livingston  Co.,  Mich.,  1835  ;  killed  at  Get- 
tysburg, July  3,  1863.  U.  of  Mich.  He  went 
to  N.  Mexico  in  1857,  and  was  connected  with 
the  U.S.  commissary  dept.  there  and  in  Utah. 
Returning  home  in  the  summer  of  1861,  he 
was  made  batt.  quartermaster  8th  III.  Cav., 
and  subsequently  capt.  He  was  in  all  the  en- 
gagements on  the  peninsula  and  the  campaign 
of  Gen.  Pope  ;  became  aide  to  Gen.  Pleasanton 
in  May,  1863,  and  brig.-gen.  June  29,  1863. 

FarragUt,  David  Glascoe,  admiral, 
U.S.N.,  b.near  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  July  5, 1801  ; 
d.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  Aug.  14,  1870.'  George, 
his  father,  a  native  of  Minorca,  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  1776;  served  through  the  Revol.  war; 
fought  at  the  Cowpens  ;  attained  the  rank  of 
major;  afterwards  settled  in  Tenn.,  and  was  a 
master  in  the  U.S.N.,  serving  under  Patterson 
in  the  defence  of  New  Orleans.  David  was 
app.  midshipman,  Dec.  17, 1810;  first  served  on 
"  The  Essex,"  Capt.  David  Porter,  in  which, 
while  still  a  boy,  he  witnessed  her  engagement 
with  two  British  ships-of-war.  Before  the  cap- 
ture of  "  The  Essex,"  he  had  served  as  acting- 
lieut.  of  "  The  Atlantic,"  an  armed  prize.  Lieut. 
Jan.  13, 1825.  He  went  in  1833  to  the  Brazil- 
ian coast  as  executive  officer  of  the  sloop-of-war 
"Natchez."  Commander,  Sept.  8,  1841,  and 
ordered  to  the  sloop-of-war  "  Decatur,"  off  Bra- 
zil. In  1847,  he  took  coin,  of  the  sloop  of-war 
"  Saratoga."  He  became  assist,  insp.  of  ord- 
nance in  1851  ;  com.  of  the  Mare  Island  (Cal.) 
navy-yard.   18.54;    capt.   Sept.    14,  1855;  and 


from  1858  to  May,  1860,  com.  the  steam  sloop- 
of-war  "  Brooklyn."  He  com.  the  naval 
forces  of  the  exped.  against  N.  Orleans,  sailing 
in  "  The  Hartford  "  from  Phila.  in  Jan.  1862. 
Arriving  at  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  he  organized 
the  "  Western  Gulf  blockade  squad.,"  entered 
theMpi.  in  Mar.,  and,  after  a  terrific  bombard- 
ment, passed  forts  Jackson  and  Philip,  Apr.  24, 
destroyed  a  fleet  of  rebel  gunboats,  silenced 
two  heavy  batteries  on  the  25ih ;  and  at  noon 
of  that  day  the  city  lay  at  his  mercy.  Farra- 
gut  then  proceeded  to  Vicksburg,  which,  in  con- 
junction with  Flag-Officer  Davis,  he  attempted 
to  reduce;  but  the  attack  failed  for  want  of  a 
sufficient  land-force  to  co-operate.  July  11,  he 
received  tlie  thanks  of  both  houses  of  Congress, 
and  on  the  re-organization  of  the  navy,  July 
16,  1862,  was  placed  first  on  the  list  of  rear- 
admirals.  While  in  com.  of  the  Gulf  squad, 
in  the  following  autumn,  he  captured  Corpus 
Christi,  Sabine  Pass,  and  Galveston.  Mar. 
14,  1863,  in  his  flag-ship  "Hartford,"  he  passed 
the  batteries  at  Port  Hudson,  and,  having  com- 
mand of  the  river  between  Vicksburg  and 
Poi't  H.,  was  enabled  to  blockade  Red  River, 
and  thus  intercept  supplies  from  Texas  for  the 
rebel  armies.  He  co-operated  in  the  capture 
of  Vicksburg  and  Port  Hudson,  in  July,  1863. 
Aug.  5,  1864,  he  defeated  the  rebel  fleet  in  Mo- 
bile Bay,  which  was  followed  in  a  few  days  by 
the  fall  of  the  forts,  and  the  capture  of  the 
place.  This  exploit  raised  his  fame  to  the  high- 
est point.  Dec.  21, 1864,  he  received  the  thanks 
of  Congress,  and  the  rank  of  vice-admiral, 
created  expressly  for  him.  Made  admiral,  July 
25,  1866.  In  1867-8,  in  the  U.S.  steam-frigate 
"Franklin,"  he  visited  Europe,  Africa,  and 
Asia,  and  was  everywhere  received  with  the 
highest  honors. 

Farrar,  Eliza  Ware,  authoress,  b.  1792 ; 
d.  Springfield,  Ms.,  Apr.  22,  1870.  Dan.  of 
Bcnj.  Rotch  of  N.  Bedford ;  m.  in  1828  to  Prof. 
John  Farrar  of  H.U.  Author  of  "  Children's 
Robinson  Crusoe,"  "Life  of  Lafayette," 
"  Howard,"  "  Youth's  Letter-Writer,"  "Young 
Lady's  Friend,"  1837,  "Recollections  of  70 
Years,"  1866. 

Farrar,  John,  LL.D.  (Bowd.  Coll.  1833), 
prof,  of  mathematics  and  nat.  philos.  at  H.U., 
1807-31,  b.  Lincoln,  Ms.,  July  1,  1779;  d. 
Caml)ridge,  May  8,  1853.  H.U.  1803.  App. 
Greek  tutor  at  Harvard  in  1805.  In  1818,  he 
pub.  "  Elements  of  Algebra,"  translated  ♦rom 
the  French  of  Lacroix,  which  was  succeeded  in 
the  9  following  years  by  11  other  works,  trans- 
lated from  Legendre,  Biot,  Bezout,  and  others, 
on  different  subjects  of  mathematics  and  phys- 
ics, adapted  for  the  course  of  instruction  in 
the  principal  institutions  of  learning  through- 
out the  country.  Contrib.  to  the  N.  A.  Review, 
and  to  the  memoirs  of  the  Amer.  Acad.,  of 
which  he  was  recording  sec.  1811-24,  aiul  vice- 
pres.  1829-30.  In  1820,  he  m.  Lucy  M.  Buck- 
minster,  who  d.  in  1824.  He  was  again  m.  in 
1828,  to  Eliza  Rotch. 

Farrar,  Timothy,  LL.D,  judge,  b.  Con- 
cord, Ms.,  July  11,  1747;  d.  Hollis,  N.H.,  Feb. 
21,1849.  H.U.  1767.  He  taught  school,  and 
settled  in  New  Ipswich,  N.H.,  in  1770.  He 
participated  in  the  early  Revol.  movements  of 
the  time,  and  was  made  a  major,  and  a  justice 


WJLTl 


318 


wmjk. 


of  the  C.C.P.  He  filled  the  office  of  judge 
more  than  40  years.  App.  chief  justice  Feb. 
22,  1802.  Besides  his  judicial  duties,  he  was, 
in  1782,  a  member  of  the  N.H.  Const.  Couv., 
also  one  of  the  committee  which  drafted  the 
State  constitution. 

Farrar,  Timothy,  LL.D.,  b.  New  Ips- 
wich, Mar.  17,  1788.  Son  of  the  preceding. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1807.  Law-partner  of  Daniel 
Webster  from  1813  to  1816  ;  judge  of  the  N.H. 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  1 824-33 ;  vice-pres. 
of  the  N.E.  Hist,  and  Geneal.  Soc.  1853-8. 
In  1867,  he  pub.  'Manual  of  the  U.S.  Consti- 
tution," 8vo.  He  pub.  in  1819  the  Dartm. 
Coll.  Case  ;  a  Review  of  the  Dred  Scott  Case 
in  1857;  trial  of  the  Constitution,  1863,  in  the 
N.  A.  Review,  and  several  articles  in  the  JVew- 
Englander,  1862. 

FasqueUe,  (fas-kel),  Jean  Louis,  F.B., 
LL.D.,  b.  France,  1808;  d.  Mich.,  1862.  Set- 
tled in  the  U.S.  in  1834.  Prof,  of  languages, 
&c.,  U.  of  Michigan,  1846-62.  Author  of  a 
"  New  Method  of  Learning  the  French  Lan- 
guage," N.Y.,  1854,  and  of  several  other 
French  text-books  for  schools. 

Fauchet  (fo'-sha'),  Jean  Antoinb  Jo- 
seph, Baron,  diplomatist  and  author,  b.  St. 
Quentin,  France,  1763.  A  law-student  at  Paris 
when  the  revol.  commenced,  he  pub.  a  pam- 
phlet in  defence  of  its  principles;  was  app. 
sec.  of  the  Exec.  Council,  and  was  ambassador 
to  the  U.S.  in  1794-6.  Having  subsequently 
produced  an  excellent  work  on  the  U.S.,  and 
on  the  connection  of  France  with  them  (trans, 
by  W.  Duane,  Phila.,  1797),  the  Directory 
nominated  him  a  commissioner  to  St.  Do- 
mingo, which  he  declined.  Under  Bonaparte, 
he  was  prefect  of  the  Var,  and  in  1805  of 
the  Arno ;  was  made  a  baron  and  a  com.  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor,  but  left  Italy  when  the 
French  evacuated  it  in  1814.  On  Napoleon's 
return,  he  was  made  prefect  of  the  Gironde. 
—  Pantheon  of  the  Age. 

Faugeres  (fo'-z beers'),  Margaretta  V., 
poetess,  b.  Tomhanick,  near  Albany,  1771  ;  d. 
N.Y.  City,  Jan.  9,  1801.  Dau.  ot' Ann  Eliza 
Bleecker.  In  1792,  in  opposition  to  the  wishes 
of  her  father  and  friends,  she  m.  Peter  Faugeres, 
a  physician  of  N.Y.,  whose  dissipation,  in  a 
few  years,  brought  her  to  poverty  and  wretched- 
ness. Her  mother  died  in  1783,  and  her  father 
in  1795.  Her  contribs.  to  the  N.Y.  Magazine 
and  the  Museum  were  much  admired.  In  1793, 
she  pub.,  prefixed  to  the  works  of  her  mother, 
a  memoir  and  some  of  her  own  poetry.  In 
1795,  she  pub.  "  Belisarius,"  a  tragedy.  Soon 
after  the  death  of  her  husband,  in  1798,  she  be- 
came an  assist,  in  a  young  ladies'  acad.  in  New 
Brunswick,  and  afterwards  taught  in  Brook- 
lyn, — •  Uardie. 

Fauquier,  Francis,  lieut.-gov.  of  Va. 
from  1758  to  his  d.,  March  3,  1768.  The 
successor  of  Dinwiddle,  his  administration  was 
eminently  popular  and  useful.  Jefferson  con- 
sidered him  the  ablest  of  the  govs,  of  Va.  He 
pub.,  Lond.,  8vo,  1757,  "Raising  Money  for 
Support  of  the  War,"  &c. 

Fay,  Heman  a.,  son  of  Dr.  Jonas,  b, 
Bennington,  Vt.,  1778;  d.  there  20  Aug. 
186.5.  West  Point,  1808.  U.S.  milit.  store- 
keeper   at    Albany,     1818-42.       Author    of 


"Official  Account  of    Battles   of   1812-15," 
1815. 

Fay,  Dr.  Jonas,  statesman,  b.  Hardwick, 
Ms.,  Jan.  17,  1737;  d.  Bennington,  Vt.,  Mar. 
6,  1818.  He  received  a  good  education.  Was 
clerk  of  a  Ms.  company  at  Fort  Edward  in 
1756,  removed  to  Bennington  in  1766,  and  soon 
became  prominent  among  the  settlers  on  the 
N.H.  grants,  in  their  contest  with  N.Y.  and 
with  the  mother-country,  and  also  in  the  or- 
ganization of  the  State  govt.  He  was  their 
agent  to  N.Y.  in  1772  to  inform  Gov.  Tryon  of 
the  grounds  of  their  complaint ;  clerk  to  the 
convention  of  Mar.  1774,  that  resolved  to  de- 
fend by  force  Allen  and  others  outlawed  by 
the  N.Y.  Assembly;  surgeon  under  Allen  at 
the  capture  of  Ticonderoga,  and  subsequently 
in  Col.  Warner's  regt.  ;  member  of  the  con- 
vention of  Jan.  1777,  which  declared  Vt.  an 
independent  State,  and  author  of  the  declara- 
tion and  petition  announcing  the  fact,  and  their 
reasons  for  it,  to  Congress ;  sec.  to  the  con- 
vention to  form  the  State  constitution  in 
July,  1777,  and  one  of  the  Council  of  Safety  to 
administer  the  govt. ;  member  of  the  State 
Council,  1778-85 ;  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  in  1782  ;  of  Probate,  1782-7  ;  agent  of 
the  State  to  Congress  in  Jan.  1777,  Oct.  1779, 
June,  1781,  and  Feb.  1782.  In  1780,  in  con- 
junction with  Ethan  Allen,  he  pub.  a  pamphlet 
on  the  N.H.  and  N.Y.  Controversy,  printed  in 
Hartford.  — F^  Hist.  Gaz.,  171. 

Fay,  Theodore  Sedge  wick,  author  and 
diplomatist,  b.  New  York,  Feb.  10,  1807. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1828.  Preferring  a 
literary  life,  he  became  a  contrib.  to  and  sub- 
sequently edited  the  N.Y.  Mirror.  In  1832, 
he  pub.  "  Dreams  and  Reveries  of  a  Quiet 
Man."  Hem.  in  1833;  spent  3  years  travel- 
ling in  Europe,  and  wrote  the  "  Minute-Book," 
a  journal  of  travels.  His  first  novel,  "  Normaa 
Leslie,"  appeared  in  1835.  He  was  U.S.  sec. 
of  legation  at  Berlin  from  1837  to  1853; 
resident  minister  at  Berne,  Switzerland, 
1853-60.  He  pub.  in  1840  "The  Countess 
Ida  ;  "  in  1843,  "  Hoboken,"  a  romance  of  New 
York;  in  1851,  "  Ulric,  or  the  Voices,"  a 
poem  in  19  cantos  (to  which  a  20th  was  added 
in  "The  Knickerbocker  Gallery"  in  1855); 
"Sidney  Clifton,"  1839;  "Robert  Rueful," 
1844  ;  "  Views  of  Christianity,"  1856  ;  a 
series  of  papers  on  Shakspeare,  a  variety  of 
fugitive  pieces  in  prose  and  verse,  and  a 
"  History  of  Switzerland." 

Fearon,  Henry  Bradshaw,  a  London 
surgeon,  author  of  "  A  Narrative  of  a  Journey 
of  5,000  Miles  through  the  Eastern  and  Western 
States  of  America,"  Lond.,  8vo,  1818. 

Featherstone,  W.  S.,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A., 
b.  Tenn.  ;  killed  near  Atlanta,  Ga.,  July  20, 
1864.  Emigrating  to  Mpi.,  he  rep.  that  State 
in  Congress  in  1847-51. 

Feather stonhaugh,  George  William, 
F.R.S.,  author;  d.  Havre,  France,  28  Sept. 
1866.  Author  of  translation  of  the  "Republic" 
of  Cicero,  1828 ;  "  Excursion  through  the  Slave 
States,"  8vo,  1844;  "Geology  of  Green  Bay 
and  Wisconsin,"  1836;  "  Geological  Report," 
1834,  of  the  country  between  the  Mo.  and 
Red  Rivers  ;  "  Observations  on  the  Ashburton 
Treaty,"  1842 ;  "  Canoe  Voyage  to  the  Min- 


FEB 


319 


IHEIj 


nesota,"  1847,  2  vols. ;  "  Geol.  Reconnoissance 
in  1835  to  Coteau  de  Prairie,"  1836.  Having 
residod  many  years  in  the  West,  which  he  had 
extensively  explored,  he  was  made  by  the 
British  Govt,  a  commissioner  to  settle  the 
northern  l^oundary  of  the  U.S.  under  the  Ash- 
burton  Treaty,  and  was  afterward  British  con- 
sul to  Calvados  and  Seine,  France. 

Febiger,  Christian,  col.  Revol.  army,  b. 
Denmark,  1747;  d.  Phila.,  Sept.  20,  1796. 
He  had  seen  service  before  enlistin<^,  Apr.  28, 
1775,  and  at  Bunker's  Hill  led  a  portion  of  Gcr- 
rish's  rcgt.,  of  which  he  was  adj.,  to  the  scene 
of  battle  in  season  to  do  good  service.  He 
served  with  marked  ability  throughout  the  war ; 
accomp.  Arnold  to  Quebec,  and  was  made  pris- 
oner in  the  attack  on  that  citadel ;  was  con- 
spicuous at  the  capture  of  Stony  Point,  where 
he  led  a  column  of  attack,  and  at  Yorktown, 
where  he  com.  the  2d  Va.  regt.  From  1789 
until  his  death,  he  was  treas.  of  Pa. 

Fechter  (fek'-ter),  Charles,  actor,  b. 
London,  1823.  His  father  was  a  German,  his 
mother  English.  He  was  educated  in  France, 
and  became  a  sculptor ;  but,  being  drawn  to  the 
stage,  made  his  debut  at  the  Salle  Moliere  ;  ap- 
peared at  Berlin  in  1846,  and  Oct.  27,  1860,  at 
the  Princess  Theatre,  London,  as  Ruy  Bias ; 
Mar.  19,  1861,  he  appeared  as  Hamlet;  Jan. 
1,  1863,  he  leased  the  Lyceum,  London,  and 
opened  as  Lagadere,  in  "TheUuke's  Motto." 
He  made  his  American  de'but  in  Ruy  Bias  at 
Niblo's,  N.Y.,  Jan.  10,  1870.  In  Oct.  1870,  he 
opened  at  the  Globe  Theatre,  Boston. 

Feke,  Robert,  one  of  the  earliest  Ameri- 
can artists.  Descended  from  Henry,  who  emi- 
grated to  Lynn,  Ms.,  in  1630,  a  branch  of 
whose  family  settled  at  Oyster  Bay,  L.  I., 
whence,  it  is  said,  Robert  came  to  R.  I.  He  left 
home  when  young,  and,  according  to  a  writer 
in  the  Hist.  Mag.  (1859-60),  was  taken  prison- 
er, and  carried  to  Spain,  where  he  beguiled 
his  captivity  by  making  rude  paintings,  with 
the  proceeds  of  which  he  returned  home.  Set- 
tied  at  Newport,  and  made  professional  visits 
to  N.  Y.,  Phila.,  and  other  cities.  He  d.  in  Bar- 
badoes,  a.  ab.  44.  His  first  portraits  are  dated 
1746.  —  Tuckerman. 

Felch,  Alpheus,  jurist  and  statesman,  b. 
Limerick,  York  Co.,  Me.,  Sept.  28,  1806. 
Bowd.  Coll.  1827.  He  emigrated  to  Mich, 
when  quite  young  ;  was  a  member  of  the  State 
legisl.  in  1836-7  ;  was  bank  commissioner  in 
1838-9;  auditor-gen.  of  the  State  in  1842; 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  from  1842  to 
1845  ;  gov.  of  Mich,  in  1846-7,  and  U.S.  sen- 
ator, 1847-53.  One  of  the  commissioners  to 
settle  land-claims  in  Cal.,  under  the  treaty  of 
Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  in  1853-6.  Delegate  to 
the  Chicago  Convention  in  1864. — Lanman. 

Fell,  J-  Weldon,  M.D.,  b.  U.S. ;  removed 
to  London,  where  he  was  allowed  to  treat  the 
patients  of  Middlesex  Hospital  for  cancerous 
diseases  upon  a  new  plan.  He  pub.  in  1857 
"  A  Treatise  on  Cancer,"  Lond.,  8vo.  —  AUi- 
bone. 

Fellows,  Gen.  John,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Pomfret,  Ct.,  1733;  d.  Sheffield,  Ms.,  Aug.  1, 
1808.  He  saw  service  in  the  French  war;  was 
a  member  of  the  Prov.  Congress  in  1775  ;  led 
a  regt.  of  minute-men  to  Boston  immediately 


after  the  battle  of  Lexington,  and,  as  a  brig., 
gen.  of  militia  (app.  June  25,  1776),  com.  a 
brigade  at  Long  Island,  at  White  Plains,  and 
at  Bemis's  Heights,  where  he  was  instrumental 
in  the  capture  of  Burgoyne.  After  the  war, 
he  was  high  sheriff  of  Berkshire. 

Fellows,  Col.  John,  author,  b.  Sheffield, 
Ms.,  1760;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Jan.  3,  1844.  Y.O. 
1783.  He  pub.  a  work  on  the  authorship  of 
Junius,  a  "Life  of  Gen.  Putnam,"  12mo, 
1843,  and  "  Exposition  of  the  Mysteries  or  Re- 
ligious Dogmas  and  Customs  o^f  the  Ancient 
Egyptians,  Pythagoreans,  and  Druids,"  also  an 
"  Inquiry  into  Freemasonry,"  8vo. 

Felt,  Rev.  Joseph  Barlow,  LL.D., 
(Dartm.  Coll.  1857),  antiquarian  scholar  and 
author,  b.  Salem,  Dec.  22,  1789  ;  d.  there  Sept. 
8,  1869.  Dartm.  Coll.  1813.  Licensed  to 
preach  in  1815;  pastor  at  Sharon,  Ms.,  in 
1821-4,  and  at  Hamilton,  Ms.,  1824-34.  Com- 
missioned by  Gov.  Everett,  in  Apr.  1836,  to 
arrange  the  Ms.  State  papers,  he  had  them  clas- 
sified and  bound.  In  1845,  he  procured  from 
the  English  archives  duplicates  of  records 
which  had  been  lost,  completing  his  labors  on 
the  State  archives  in  1846.  Pres.  of  the  N.E. 
Hist.  Geneal.  Society,  1850-3  ;  librarian  of 
the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc,  Boston,  from  Apr.  28,  1842, 
to  1858;  recording  sec.  Amer.  Statist.  Assoc. 
1839-59,  and  member  of  many  hist,  societies. 
He  pub.  "Annals  of  Salem,"  1827;  "Hist, 
of  Ipswich,  Essex,  and  Hamilton,"  1834; 
"  Ecclesiastical  History  of  N.  England,"  2 
vols.,  1855-62  ;  "  Class  of  Alumni  of  Dartm. 
Coll.,  1813;"  "Hist,  of  Ms.  Currencv,"  1839; 
"Notice  of  Roger  Conant,"  8vo,  1848  ;  "  The 
Customs  of  New  Eng.,"  8vo,  1853  ;  "  Genealo- 
gical Items  for  Gloucester  and  Lynn,"  1850-1  ; 
"  Memoir  of  Hugh  Peters,"  1851  ;  "  Memori- 
als of  Wm.  S.  Shaw,"  1852,  and  occasional 
addresses. 

Felton,  Cornelius  Conwat,  LL.  D., 
(Amh.  Coll.  1848),  scholar  and  writer,  b.  W. 
Newbury,  Ms.,  Nov.  6,  1807;  d.  Chester,  Pa., 
Feb.  26,  1862.  H.U.  1827.  During  a  portion 
of  his  junior  year,  he  taught  mathematics  in 
the  Round  Hill  School  at  Northampton,  Ms. 
After  leaving  coll.,  he  taught  in  the  Livings- 
ton High  School,  Genesee,  N.Y.  App.  Latin 
tutor  in  H.U.  in  1829,  Greek  tutor  in  1830, 
prof,  of  Greek  in  1832,  Eliot  prof,  of  Greek 
literature  in  1834,  and  was  inaug.  pres.  19  July, 
1860.  In  1833  he  pnb.  an  edition  of  Homer, 
with  English  notes,  and  Flaxman's  illustrations ; 
in  1840  a  translation  of  Menzel's  "German 
Literature,"  3  vols. ;  a  Greek  Reader  with  Eng- 
lish notes  and  a  vocabulary ;  and  in  1841  the 
"  Clouds  "  of  Aristophanes.  In  connection 
with  Profs.  Sears  and  Edwards,  he  pub.  in  1843 
"Ancient  Literature  and  Art."  lie  assisted 
Prof.  Longfellow  in  "  The  Poets  and  Poetry  of 
Europe,"  in  1845;  edited  the  Panecjyricus  of 
Isocrates  and  the  Agamemnon  of  ^schylus ; 
translated  from  the  French  Guyot's  "Earth  and 
Man,"  1849;  and  edited  the  "Birds  of  Aris- 
tophanes," a  selection  from  the  writings  of  Prof. 
Popkin,  in  1852;  and  pub.  a  vol.  of  selections 
from  the  Greek  historians.  In  1853-4  he 
made  a  European  tour  ;  in  1855  he  revised  for 
publication  Smith's  "History  of  Greece,"  and 
an  edition  of  Lord  Carlisle's  "Diary  in  Turk- 


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F-ER 


ish  and  Greek  Waters."  In  1856  a  selection 
by  him  from  modem  Greek  writers  was  pub. 
He  also  compiled  a  work  on  Greek  and  Eoman 
metres ;  was  the  author  of  a  life  of  Gen.  Eaton, 
in  Sparks's  "  Amcr.  Biog.,"  various  occasional 
addresses,  and  of  numerous  contributions  to  the 
N.  Amer.  Review,  Christian  Examiner,  and  oth- 
er periodicals.  A  scries  of  vigorous  articles 
on  Spiritualism,  in  the  Boston  Courier  in  1857- 
8,  proceeded  from  his  pen.  He  delivered  3 
courses  of  lectures  before  the  Lowell  Institute, 
Boston,  on  the  history  and  literature  of  Greece, 
and  Avas  a  contrib.  to  the  New  Amer.  Cyclop. 
Member  of  the  Board  of  Education,  a  regent 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  member 
of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

Fendall,  Josias,  gov.  of  Md.  165G-60. 
Ordered  in  1655,  by  Gov.  Stone,  to  seize  the 
public  stores  at  Patuxent,  Capt.  Fendall  was 
made  a  prisoner,  Mar.  29,  in  the  fight  which 
ensued,  and,  having  afterward  raised  another 
insurrection,  was,  as  a  reward  for  his  supposed 
services  to  the  Proprietary  Govt.,  app.  gov. 
July  1 0, 1 656.  Having  turned  against  his  pa- 
tron, he  was  superseded  Dec.  1660,  was  tried 
in  Feb.  1661,  and  sentenced  to  be  banished, 
but,  on  his  humble  petition  to  the  gov.  and 
council,  was  pardoned,  and  moderately  fined. 
In  July,  1681,  he  was  fined  heavily,  and  ban- 
ished, for  seditious  practices.  —  Chalmers ; 
Bozman. 

Fennell,  James,  actor  and  author,  b. 
London,  1766;  d.  Phila.  June  14,1816.  He 
quitted  the  study  of  law  for  the  stage,  appear- 
ing in  1787  at  the  Edinb.  Theatre  as  Othello, 
always  his  favorite  part.  lie  afterward  played 
at  York,  and  in  1789  at  Covent  Garden; 
next  wrote  for  the  Theatrical  Guardian,  and 
in  1791  pub.  "Lindel  and  Clara,  or  a  Trip  to 
Gibraltar,"  a  comedy.  He  live<i  a  while  in 
Paris,  ostentatiously,  but  in  1792  engaged  with 
Wignell  of  Phila.  Performed  in  many  thea- 
tres, and,  possessing  a  handsome  figure  and 
considerable  talent,  was  the  idol  of  the  play- 
goers, but  ruined  himself  by  dissipation,  and 
in  1802  was  imprisoned  for  debt.  About  1804 
he  retired  from  the  stage,  and  estal)lished  salt- 
works on  an  original  plan,  near  New  London, 
Ct.,  —  a  ruinous  enterprise.  In  1806  he  com- 
menced a  starring  tour.  At  one  time,  he  kept 
an  acad.  in  Charlestown,  Ms.  His  other  works 
are  "The  Wheel  of  Truth,''  "Picture  of 
Paris,"  and  "An  Apology  for  My  Life,"  2 
vols.  1814.  "His  Othello,  Zanga,  and  Glen- 
alvon,  were  fine  pieces  of  acting,  and  generally 
his  villains  appeared  very  natural."  His  fea- 
tures Avere  very  expressive,  and  wonderfully 
under  his  command.  —  Rees ;  Clapp. 

Fenner,  Arthur,  gov.  of  R.I.  1789- 
1805,  b.  Providence,  1745;  d.  there  Oct.  15, 
1805.  His  ancestors  were  among  the  earliest 
inhabitants  of  Providence.  Previously  to  his 
election  as  gov.,  he  was  clerk  of  the  Superior 
Court. 

Fenner,  James,  LL.D.  (B.U.),  politician, 
b.  Providence,  1771  ;  d.  there  April  17,  1846. 
Brown  U.  1789.  Son  of  the  preceding.  U.S. 
senator  1805-7;  gov.  1807-11,  1824-31,  and 
again  in  1844-5. 

FenouiUet  (feh-noo'-y&'),  Emilb  db, 
journalist,  b.  Hyeres,  France ;  d.  Quebec,  June 


30,  1859.  He  studied  law;  was  a  writer  for 
the  Paris  press ;  came  to  Quebec  in  Oct.  1854, 
and  edited  the  Journal  de  Quebec,  and  was  prof, 
of  history  and  literature  at  the  Laval  Normal 
School,  He  was  the  contrib.  of  able  articles  to 
the  Journal  de  I' Instruction  Puhliquc. — Morgan. 

Fenton,  Reuben  E.,  politician,  b.  Carroll, 
Chautauque  Co.,  N.Y.,  July  1, 1819.  Educated 
at  Pleasant  Hill  and  Fredonia  Academies,  and 
studied  law,  but  became  a  merchant.  Super- 
visor of  the  town  of  CaiToll  in  1843;  M.C. 
1853-5  and  1857-65;  gov.  of  N.Y.  1865-9; 
and  was  chosen  U.S.  senator  in  1869. 

Fenwiek,  Benedict  J.,  R.  C.  bishop  of 
Boston,  b.  St.  Mary's  Co.,  Md.,  1782;  d.  Bos- 
ton, Aug.  11,  1846.  Joining  the  Jesuits,  he 
became  pres.  of  Georgetown  Coll.,  and  was 
consecrated,  Nov.  1,  1825,  bishop  of  Boston. 
His  administrative  abilities  were  of  the  highest 
order.  He  found  two  churches  and  two  priests 
in  his  diocese,  which,  at  his  death,  had  in- 
creased to  fifty  of  the  former,  and  sixty  of  the 
latter. 

Fenwiek,  Edward,  D.D.,  R.  C.  bishop 
of  Ohio,  b.  Md.;  d.  Wayne  Co.,  O.,  Oct.  6, 
1832.     Consecrated  1822. 

Fenwiek,  George,  proprietor  of  part  of 
Ct. ;  d.  1 657,  in  Eng.  Came  to  America  m  1 636 
to  take  charge  of  the  plantation  of  Say  brook. 
Returning  to  England,  he  came  back  again  in 
1639,  and  from  that  time,  as  one  of  the  paten- 
tees, and  agent  for  others,  superintended  and 
governed  Say  brook  till  Dec.  5,  1644,  when  he 
sold  its  jurisdiction  and  territory  to  the  Ct. 
Colony.  After  his  return  to  Eng.  he  was  app. 
one  of  the  judges  for  the  trial  of  Charles  I. 

Fenwieke,  John,  Quaker,  and  founder 
of  a  colony  in  N.  J.,  b.  Eng.  1618 ;  d.  poor,  in 
1683,  after  he  had  conveyed  his  claim  to  Wm. 
Penn.  He  obtained  in  1673  a  grant  of  land 
in  West  Jersey;  cmig.  in  1675,  and  settled  in 
Salem.  His  claim  to  the  proprietorship  was 
disputed  by  Gov.  Andros,  who  an-ested  him  in 
1678,  and  confined  him  in  prison  for  two  years. 
—  See  L.  Q.  C.  Elmer,  Early  Settlement  of 
Cumberland  Co.,  N.  J. 

Fenwiek,  John  R.,  brig.-gcn.  U.S.A.,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C,  1780,  d.  Marseilles,  France, 
March  19,  1842.  He  was  early  in  life  disting. 
for  his  literary  acquirements,  having  received 
an  excellent  education  in  Eng.  App.  licut.  of 
marines,  Nov.  10,  1799;  capt.  Aug.  1809; 
licut.-co^  light  art.  Dec.  2,  1811;  severely 
wounded  in  assault  on  Quecnstown  Heights, 
Oct.  13,  1812,  and  made  prisoner;  brev.  col. 
for  gallant  conduct  on  Niagara  frontier.  Mar. 
18,  1813;  adj.-gen.  March  18,  1813;  col.  4th 
Art.  May  8,  1822;  brev.  brig.-gen.  March  18, 
1823. —  Gardiner. 

Fereira  (fBr-ra'-e-ra),  Alexandre  Rod- 
rigues,  Brazilian  naturalist  and  traveller,  b. 
Bahia,  i756;  d.  1815.  From  1784  to  1793, 
he  explored  Brazil. 

Ferguson,  Elizabeth  ;  d.  on  her  farm 
in  Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.,  Feb.  23,  1801,  a.  61. 
Dau.  of  Dr.  Thomas  Graham  of  Phila.,  by 
Anne,  grand-dau.  of  Gov.  Keith.  She  was 
well  educated,  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  many 
eminent  men,  and  translated  "Telcmachus  * 
into  verse.  Her  husband  joined  the  British 
in  the  Revel.,  and  never  returned  to  her.    His 


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estate  was  confiscated ;  but  a  part  of  it  was 
restored  to  her  by  the  legisl.  in  1781. 

Ferguson,  Major  Patrick,  a  British 
officer;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Kinfj's  Mountain, 
Oct.  7,  1780.  Son  of  James  Fer{2:uson,  an 
eminent  jurist,  and  a  nephew  of  Lord  Eli- 
bank.  At  the  age  of  18,  he  entered  the  army 
in  Flanders ;  came  to  Amer.  in  the  spring  of 
1777  ;  was  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Brandy- 
wine ;  was  active  on  the  Hudson  in  1779,  and 
so  disting.  himself  at  the  siege  of  Charleston 
in  1780,  that  he  was  particularly  mentioned 
by  Sir  H.  Clinton,  and  app.  major  71st  regt. 
J)etached  by  Cornwallis  in  the  Sept.  following 
to  the  upper  part  of  S.  C,  he  soon  found 
himself  surrounded  by  the  hardy  mountaineers 
of  that  region  ;  and,  after  a  gallant  defence, 
he  was  defeated  and  slain.  He  was  a  brave 
and  enterprising  soldier,  and  reputed  to  be 
the  best  marksman  in  the  army.  —  Lossimj. 

Ferland,  L'Abbe,  M.  J.  B.  A.,  author, 
b.  Montreal,  Dec.  25,  1805;  d.  Quebec,  Jan. 
8,  1864.  Educated  at  Kingston  and  the  Coll. 
of  Nicollet;  adin.  to  holy  orders  in  1823; 
served  one  year  as  under  sec.  to  Cardinal 
Plessis  ;  afterwards  prof,  of  arts,  rhetoric,  and 
philosophy,  at  Nicollet ;  priest,  1828;  vicar  at 
Rivier  de  Loup  and  St.  Roch,  Quebec;  first 
chaplain  of  the  marine  hospital  during  the 
cholera  of  18-34;  successively  cure  of  St. 
Isidore,  St.  Foix,  and,  in  1837,  of  St.  Anne  of 
Beaupre  ;  supt.  at  Nicollet,  1841,  and  superior 
in  1847.  In  1848,  he  became  a  resident  of  the 
archiepiscopal  palace,  Quebec.  In  1855,  he 
went  to  France  to  collect  materials  for  the  early 
hist,  of  Canada.  Prof,  at  the  Laval  U.,  June 
10, 1855  ;  and  afterwards  deacon  of  the  faculty. 
He  pub.  "Observations  on  the  History  of 
Canada,"  1851  ;  "Notes  on  the  Registers  of 
Notre  Dame  de  Quebec ; "  "A  Voyage  to 
Labrador ; "  "  Courses  of  History  of  Canada, 
from  1534  to  1633;"  "Journal  of  a  Voyage 
to  the  Coast  of  Gaspe,"  with  other  narratives, 
and  "  Life  of  Bi.shop  Plessis,"  1863. 

Fernandez  (fer-nan'-d6th),  Diego,  Span- 
ish historian  and  soldier,  b.  Palencia  ;  embarked 
for  Peru  in  1545,  and  became,  in  1555,  histori- 
ographer of  the  viceroy,  Hurtado  de  Mendoza. 
liis  "Hist,  of  Peru,"  1571,  is  said  to  be  the 
best  contemporary  work  on  that  subject. 

Fernandez,  Juan,  a  Spanish  pilot  and 
navigator.  Discovered  in  1563  the  two 
islands  which  bear  his  name,  and  planted  a 
colony  on  the  larger  one;  d.  1576.  The 
adventures  of  Alexander  Selkirk  on  this 
island  are  the  basis  of  Defoe's  "  Robinson 
Crusoe." 

Ferry,  Orris  Sanford,  lawyer  and  sen., 
b.  Bethel,  Ct.,  Aug.  15,  1823.  Y.  C.  1844. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1846  ;  began  practice  at 
Norwalk,  Ct. ;  app.  judge  of  probate  in  1849  ; 
State  senator  in  1855-6  ;  in  1856-9,  dist.  attv. 
for  Fairfield  Co.;  and  in  1860-61,  M.C  In 
July,  1861,  as  col.  of  the  5th  Ct.  vols.,  he  joined 
Gen.  Banks's  corps  in  Md. ;  brig.-gen.Mar.  17, 
1862,  and  assigned  a  brigade  in  Shields's  divis- 
ion, from  which  he  was  transferred  to  Peck's 
division  of  the  4th  army  corps  under  Gen. 
Keyes.     U.S.  senator,  1867-73. 

t'ersen.  Axel,  Count,  Swedish  soldier,  b. 
Stockholm,  1755;  d.  there  June  20,  1810. 
21 


Educated  at  the  military  acad.  of  Turin ; 
accomp.  his  friend  Stedingk  to  Versailles,  and 
entered  the  "  Royal  Swedes."  He  came  to 
Amcr.  as  an  aide-de-camp  on  the  staff  of 
Rochambeau,  fought  under  Lafayette,  and 
received  from  Washington  the  badge  of  Cin- 
cinnatus.  Returning  to  France,  he  became 
col.  of  his  old  regt.,  and  a  favorite  at  court. 
In  the  memorable  flight  of  the  royal  family  to 
Varennes,  he  was  the  disguised  coachman  of 
the  royal  fugitives.  On  his  return  to  Sweden, 
he  was  elevated  to  high  trust  and  dignity. 
Ab.  1801,  was  made  grand  marshal  of  Sweden. 
He  and  his  sister  were  favorites  with  the 
king  and  queen,  but  on  that  account  were 
unpopular  with  the  people.  While  marshal- 
ling the  funeral  pageant  of  the  deceased  Prince 
Christian,  he  was  seized  by  the  mob,  and 
deliberately  tortured  to  death,  on  suspicion  of 
complicity  in  his  death. 

Fessenden,  Francis,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Portland,  Me.,  18  Mar.  1839. 
Bowd.  Coll.  1858.  Lawyer  by  profession. 
Son  of  Senator  F.  App.  capt.  ikh  U.S..  Inf. 
May  14,  1861  ;  wounded  at  Shiloh  ;  col.  25th 
Me.  vols.  Oct.  1862  to  Jan.  1863  ;  com.  1st 
brigade,  Abercombie's  division,  in  the  battle 
of  Chantilly,  Va. ;  col.  30th  Me.  vols,  in 
battle  Sabine  Cross  Roads  ;  com.  brigade  in 
battles  of  Pleasant  Hill  and  Monett's  Bluff, 
La.,  and  lost  his  leg ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  May, 
1864;  brev.  maj.-gen.  vols.,  and  brev.  maj., 
lieut  -col.,  col.,  and  brig,,  and  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
for  gallant  and  merit,  services  in  the  civil 
war.;  lieut.-col.  28th  U.S.  Inf. ;  retired  1  Nov. 
1866.  — //e»?7/. 

Fessenden,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (Bowd.  Coll. 
1846),  lawyer,  b.  Fryeburg,  Me.,  July  16,  1784  ; 
d.  near  Portland,  Me.,  Mar.  13,  1869.  Dartra. 
Coll.  1806.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1809,  he  began 
practice  at  New  Gloucester,  and  soon  took  high 
rank  as  a  lawyer.  Member  of  the  Ms.  Gen. 
Court,  1814-16,  and  of  the  senate  in  1818-19; 
maj.-gen.  of  militia,  1818-32.  Removing  to 
Portland  in  1822,  he  was  its  representative  in 
the  Me.  legisl.  in  1825-6,  and  was  some  years 
Grand  Master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Masons 
of  Maine.  One  of  the  original  members  of  the 
antislavery  party  in  Me.,  and  from  1845  to  1847 
was  the  candidate  of  the  Liberal  party  for  gov. 
Senator  Fessenden  was  his  son.  He  pub.  two 
orations,  and  a  treatise  on  the  institution, 
duties,  and  importance  of  juries. — Alwmni  of 
D.  C. 

Fessenden,  Thomas  Green,  poet  and 
agric.  writer,  b.  Walpole,  N.H.,  Apr.  22, 1771  ; 
d.  Boston,  Nov.  11,  1837.  Dartm.  Coll.  1796. 
He  studied  law;  but  the  popularity  of  a  little 
poem,  "Jonathan's  Courtship,"  led  him  to  the 
pursuit  of  literature.  While  in  Lond,  in  1803, 
and  in  want  of  money,  he  produced  "  Terri- 
ble Tractoration/'  a  popular  poem  in  Hudi- 
brastic  verse,  advertising  Perkins's  metallic 
tractors,  and  satirizing  the  medical  profession. 
In  1804,  he  settled  in  Boston,  and  pub.  there,  in 
1806,  "  Democracy  Unveiled,"  a  political  satire 
in  verse,  and  other  pieces  of  a  similar  character ; 
then  edited  the  Weekly  Inspector  at  New  York 
City  two  years.  In  1812,  he  practised  law  at 
Bellows  Falls,  Vt. ;  removed  to  Brattleboro'  in 
1815,  where  he  pub.  the  Reporter,  a   political 


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paper;  and  from  1816  to  1822  edited  at  Bellows 
Falls  the  Intelligencer.  From  1822  till  his 
death,  he  pub.  at  Boston  the  N.  E.  Farmer,  a 
weekly  agric.  journal  of  great  value,  also  pub- 
lishing from  time  to  time  various  treatises  on 
agric.  subjects,  and  editing  the  Horticidt.  Regis- 
ter. His  other  writings  are,  "  Original  Poems ;  " 
"The  Ladies'  Monitor,"  1818;  "American 
Clerk's  Companion,"  1815 ;  "Laws  of  Patents," 
1822. 

Fessenden,  William  Pitt,  LL.D.(Bowd. 
Coll.  1858),  lawyer  and  senator,  b.  Boscawen, 
N.H.,  6  Oct.  18U6;  d.  Portland,  Me.,  8  Sept. 
1869.  Bowd.  Coll.  1823.  Son  of  Gen. 
Samuel.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1827  ;  from  1829 
he  practised  in  Portland,  attaining  the  first 
rank  ;  member  of  the  legisl.  in  1832  and  1840; 
M.  C.  1841-3;  again  in  the  State  legisl.  in 
1845-7  and  1853-5,  and  U.S.  senator  from  23 
Feb.  1854,  to  his  death,  excepting  his  term  of 
office  as  sec.  U.S.  treas.,  July,  1864-Mar,  1865. 
Member  of  the  conventions  that  nominated 
Clay,  Taylor,  and  Scott  for  the  presidency. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Repub.  party 
in  Me.  Mar.  3,  1854,  he  made  a  most  effective 
speech  against  the  Nebraska  Bill,  and  was  prom- 
inent in  debate,  and  a  leading  member  of  the 
finance  committee.  Throughout  the  Rebellion, 
as  chairman  of  this  committee,  and  as  sec.  of 
the  treasury,  he  aided  in  maintaining  the 
national  credit.  He  was  one  of  the  few  Repub. 
senators  who  voted  for  the  acquittal  of  Pres. 
Johnson  on  his  impeachment  trial.  He  was 
one  of  the  foremost  senators  of  his  time,  and  as 
a  speaker  excelled  in  clear  and  compact  state- 
ment. 

Feuillet  (fuh'-ya'),  Louis,  French  botanist 
and  astronomer,  b.  near  Forcnlquier,  Provence, 
1660;  d.  Marseilles,  1732.  Companion  of  J. 
Cassini  in  a  scientific  tour  to  the  Levant.  In 
1703-12,  he  travelled  in  S.  America.  Author 
of  a  "  History  of  the  Medicinal  Plants  of  Peru 
and  Chili,"  3  vols.,  1714;  and  "Journal  of 
Observations  made  on  the  Eastern  Coasts  of  S. 
America  and  the  W.  Indies,"  2  vols.,  1714. 

Few,  Col.  William,  Revol.  patriot,  b.  Bal- 
timore Co.,  Md.,  June  8,  1748;  d.  Fishkill, 
N.Y.,  July  16,  1828.  His  ancestor,  Wm.  Ffew, 
came  with  Wm.  Penn  to  Amer.  In  1758,  the 
family  removed  to  Orange  Co.,  N.C.,  where 
Wm.  received  a  good  education.  Removing 
to  Ga.  in  1776,  he  was  chosen  to  the  conven- 
tion for  framing  a  State  constitution,  and  to 
the  assembly,  and  app.  one  of  the  council.  As 
a  col.,  he  disting.  himself  in  several  actions 
with  the  British  and  Indians;  became  in  1778 
surveyor-gen.,  and  pres.  judge  of  the  Richmond 
Co.  Court;  delegate  to  the  Old  Congress 
from  Jan.  1780,  until  1783,  and  in  1786; 
assisted  in  framing  the  National  Constitution 
in  1787,  and  in  its  adoption  by  his  State.  En- 
gaging in  1784  in  the  practice  of  law,  he  soon 
became  eminent  in  the  profession.  Member 
of  the  const,  convs.  of  Ga.  in  1796-and  1798; 
U.S.  senator,  1789-93,  and  3  years  on  the  Ga. 
bench.  Removing  to  N.Y.  in  the  summer  of 
1799,  he  became  a  member  of  the  legisl.,  U.S. 
commissioner  of  loans,  and  mayor  of  the 
city.  He  rendered  much  service  to  the  State  in 
adjusting  difficulties  with  the  Indians. 

Field}  Cyrus    West,  merchant,   son  of 


Rev.  Dr.  Field  of  Stockbridge,  b.  Stockbridge, 
Ms.,  Nov.  30,  1819.  He  went  to  N.Y.  in  18.J5, 
and  from  a  clerkship  rose  to  the  head  of  a 
prosperous  mercantile  house.  In  1853,  he 
spent  6  months  in  S.  Amer.  travel.  On  his 
return,  he  became  deeply  interested  in  the  pro- 
ject of  a  telegraph  across  the  ocean.  Early  in 
1854,  he  was  instrumental  in  procuring  a 
charter  from  the  legisl.  of  Newfoundland,  grant- 
ing an  exclusive  right,  for  50  years,  to  establish 
a  telegraph  from  the  continent  of  America  to 
Newfoundland,  and  thence  to  Europe,  associat- 
ing himself  with  Peter  Cooper,  Moses  Taylor, 
and  other  citizens  of  N.Y.,  under  the  title  of 
the  "N.Y.,  Newfoundland,  and  London  Tele- 
graph Company."  In  1856,  he  organized  the 
"Atlantic  Telegraph  Company,"  to  continue 
the  line  from  Newfoundland  to  Ireland ;  sub- 
sequently procured  from  the  British  and  Amer. 
Govts,  aid  in  money  and  ships,  and  accom- 
panied the  expcds.  in  1857  and  1858,  for  the 
purpose  of  laying  the  cable  across  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  After  two  failures,  Mr.  Field  and  his 
coadjutors  succeeded,  and  began  to  operate 
with  the  Atlantic  Telegraph,  in  Aug.  1866. 

Field,  David  Dudley,  D.D.  { Wms.  Coll. 
1837),  Cong,  clergyman,  b.  E.  Guilford,  Ct., 
May  20,  1781 ;  d.  Stockbridge,  Ms.,  April  1.5, 
1867.  Y.C.  1802.  Son  of  Capt.  Timo.  Field, 
a  Revol.  officer.  Minister  of  Haddam,  Ct., 
from  Apr.  11,  1804,  to  1818;  of  Stockbridge, 
Ms.,  from  Aug.  25,  1819,  to  1837  ;  and  again 
over  the  same  church  at  Haddam  from  April 
11,  1837,  until  1851,  when  he  returned  to 
Stockbridge.  He  pub.  a  "  History  of  Middle- 
sex County,"  8vo,  1839  ;  a  "  History  of  Berk- 
shire County,"  1829  ;  an  "  Historicaf  Address  " 
at  Middletown;  "Hist,  of  Pittsfield,"  1844; 
and  a  "Genealogy  of  the  Brainerd  Family," 
1857  ;  also  some  occasional  sermons.  Of  his 
sons,  David  Dudley  is  a  leading  lawyer  of 
N.Y. ;  Stephen  J.  is  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
U.S.  Supreme  Court ;  Cyrus  W.  is  the 
originator  of  the  Atlantic  Telegraph ;  and 
Henry  M.  is  editor  of  the  N.  Y.  Evangelist. 

Field,  David  Dudley,  jurist,  b.  Haddam, 
Ct.,  Feb.  13,  1805.  Wms.  Coll.  1824.  Adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1828,  he  commenced  practice  in 
N.Y.,  where  he  has  been  conspicuous  for  more 
than  40  years.  In  1839,  he  pub.  his  first  essay 
on  law  reform,  followed  by  others  in  1842, 
'44,  '46,  and  '47.  App.  by  the  legisl.  a 
commissioner  on  practice  and  pleadings,  he 
took  a  leading  part  in  preparing  the  code  of 
procedure.  In  1857,  Mr.  Field  was  app.  by 
the  legisl.  of  N.Y.  at  the  head  of  a  new  com- 
mission to  prepare  a  political  code,  a  penal 
code,  and  a  civil  code,  designed  to  contain  the 
whole  body  of  the  law.  Author  of  many 
political  pamphlets,  and  took  a  deep  interest 
in  the  great  questions  of  the  day,  and,  in  the 
late  war,  was  active  with  voice,  pen,  and  purse 
in  aid  of  his  country. 

Field,  Henry'  Martyn,  D.D.  (Wms. 
Coll.  1862),  clergyman  and  journalist,  bro.  of 
the  preceding,  b.  Stockbridge,  Ms.,  Apr.  3, 
1822.  Wms.  Coll.  1838.  He  became  pastor 
of  a  church,  Apr.  11,  1843,  at  St.  Louis;  re- 
signed in  1847,  and  travelled  in  Europe.  Re- 
turning to  America  in  the  autumn  of  1848,  he 
pub.  an  historical  sketch  of  the  Italian  revol  u- 


et:k 


323 


JFTlSr 


tions,  and  a  letter  from  Rome  on  the  "  Good 
and  the  Bad  in  the  Roman-Catholic  Church." 
He  pub.  a  book  on  the  Irish  rebellion  of  1798, 
entitled  "  The  Irish  Confederates,"  12 mo, 
1851.  In  Jan.  1851,  he  settled  at  West  Spring- 
field, Ms.,  whence,  in  Nov.  1854,  he  removed 
to  New  York  to  become  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  Evangelist.  In  1858,  he  again  visited 
Europe,  and  pub.  "  Summer  Pictures  from 
Copenhagen  to  Venice,"  N.Y.,  1859  ;  "Hist, 
of  the  Atlantic  Telegraph." 

•  Field,  Joseph  M.,  actor  and  dramatist,  b. 
JEng. ;  d.  Mobile,  Ala.,  Jan.  30,  1856.  Possess- 
ing line  literary  taste  and  acquisitions,  he  was 
an  ornament  to  his  profession,  beingoneof  the 
best  comedians  of  his  time.  As  a  dramatist, 
he  signalized  himself  in  the  production  of 
several  excellent  local  pieces,  the  best  of  which 
is  "  The  Tourist."  As  "  Straws  "  of  the  New- 
Odeans  Picai/une,  he  acquired  great  celebrity, 
contributing  for  some  years  fugitive  pieces  of 
poetry  to  its  columns,  of  great  merit.  Lat- 
terly he  had  been  editor  and  proprietor  of  the 
St.  Louis  Reveille,  and  at  his  decease  was  lessee 
and  manager  of  the  Mobile  Theatre.  He  pub. 
"  The  Drama  in  Pokerville,  and  other  Stories, 
bv  Everpoint,"  8vo,  Phila.,  1847.  Married 
Eliza  Riddle  in  1836." 

Field,  Richard  Stockton,  LL.D.  (N.J. 
Coll.  1859),  jurist,  b.  Whitchill,  N.J.,  31  Dec. 
1803  ;  d.  Princeton,  N.J.,  May  25,  1870.  N.  J. 
Coll.  1821.  Nephew  of  Richard,  signer  of  the 
Decl.  of  Indcp.  Son  of  Robert  C.  Prof.  N.J. 
Law  School,  1847-55;  atty.-gen.  of  N.J.  some 
years;  U.S.  senator,  1862-3,  and  U.S.  dist. 
judge  for  N.J.  from  18^3  to  his  d.  Delegate  to 
the  Phila.  Convent,  of  1866,  and  an  unflinching 
advocate  of  the  Union  cause  during  the  Rebel- 
lion. Author  of  "  The  Provincial  Courts  of 
N.J.,"  8vo,  1849;  addresses,  and  contribs.  to 
the  Colls.  N.J.  Hist.  Society. 

Field,  Stephen  Johnson,  jurist,  b.  Had- 
dam,  Ct.,  Nov.  4,  1816.  Wms.  Coll.  1837. 
Son  of  David  Dudley.  In  his  youth,  he  trav- 
elled in  Europe  and  the  East;  studied  law  with 
hisbro.  David  D.  in  N.Y.,  and  was  his  partner ; 
went  to  Cal.  in  1849 ;  was  in  1850  elected  first 
alcalde  of  Marysville ;  was  in  Oct.  elected 
to  the  legisl. ;  judge  of  the  State  Supreme 
Court,  1857-63,  and  chief  justice  ;  app.  judge 
of  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court,  Mar.  10,  1863. 

Fields,  James  Thomas,  poet  and  publish- 
er, b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  31  Dec.  1817.  A.M. 
of  H.U.  1858.  In  his  18th  year,  he  delivered 
an  anniversary  poem  before  the  Mercantile 
Library  Association  of  Boston.  In  1848  he 
read  a  poem,  entitled  "  The  Post  of  Honor," 
before  the  same  society.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Boston  publishing-house  of  Ticknor 
&  Fields,  afterwards  Fields,  Osgood,  &  Co. 
He  collected  and  pub.  De  Quincey's  writings 
in  20  vols.  l6mo.  Editor  Atlantic  Montldy, 
1862-July,  1870.  He  pub.  a  volume  of  poems 
soon  after  his  return  from  Europe  in  1849; 
a  similar  vol.,  for  private  distribution,  in 
1854;  and  another  in  1858,  entitled  "  A  Few- 
Verses  for  a  Few  Friends." 

Fillmore,  Millard,  13th  pres.  of  the 
U.S.,  b.  Summer  Hill,  Cayuga  Co.,  N.Y.,  Jan. 
7,  1800.  At  an  early  age,  he  was  sent  to  Liv- 
ingston Co.  to  learn  the  clothier's  trade,  and 


about  four  months  later  he  was  apprenticed  to 
a  wool-carder  in  the  town  in  which  his  father 
lived.  During  the  four  years  that  he  worked 
at  his  trade,  he  did  what  he  could  to  supply 
the  defects  of  his  early  education.  At  the  age 
of  19,  he  commenced  the  study  of  law,  and 
devoted  a  portion  of  his  time  to  teaching  school. 
In  1821,  he  removed  to  Erie  Co.,  and  pursued 
his  legal  studies  in  Buffalo.  Two  years  later, 
he  commenced  practice  at  Aurora;  in  1827 
was  adm.  as  an  attorney,  and  in  1829  as  a 
counsellor,  in  the  Supreme  Court ;  and  in  1830 
he  removed  to  Buffalo.  Here  he  associated 
with  himself  in  business  Nathan  K.  Hall,  after- 
ward U.S.  postmaster-general.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  assembly  in  1829-32  ;  M.C. 
1833-5  and  in  1837-41,  and  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  business  of  the  house.  He  disting. 
himself  in  the  N.Y.  legisl.  by  his  advocacy  of 
the  act  to  abolish  imprisonment  for  debt,  passed 
in  1831.  In  Congress,  he  supported  the  inter- 
nal improvement  and  protective  tariff  policy 
of  the  Whig  party.  He  supported  Mr.  Adams 
in  the  struggle  upon  the  question  of  the  recep- 
tion of  petitions  for  the  abolition  of  slavery; 
opposed  the  annexation  of  Texas  with  slavery  ; 
favored  the  abolition  of  the  slave-trade  between 
the  States,  and  of  slavery  in  the  Dist.  of  Col. 
As  chairman  of  the  committee  of  ways  and 
means  in  the  27th  Congress,  Mr.  Fillmore  was 
the  author  of  the  tariff  of  1842.  He  then  re- 
sumed his  profession  in  Buffalo  ;  was  in  1847 
elected  State  comptroller;  in  1848  was  nom. 
and  elected  by  the  Whigs  as  vice-pres.,  and  re- 
mained in  that  position  until  the  death  of  Pres. 
Taylor,  July  9,  1850,  by  which  he  was  elevated 
to  the  presidential  chair.  As  vice-pres.,  he  pre- 
sided during  the  controversy  on  the  "  omnibus 
bill  "  with  his  usual  impartiality.  During  his 
presidency,  the  compromise  measures,  embra- 
cing substantially  the  provisions  of  Mr.  Clay's 
bill,  were  passed.  His  administration  is  disting. 
by  the  exped.  of  Com.  Perry  to  Japan,  vv^hich 
sailed  in  the  autumn  of  1852,  and  which 
resulted  in  a  favorable  treaty  with  that  country. 
He  visited  Europe  in  1855-6.  In  1856,  he  was 
the  candidate  of  the  American  party  for  the 
presidency.     Pres.  Buffalo  Hist.  Soc. 

Findlay,  Gen.  James,  soldier  and  poli- 
tician, b.  Franklin  Co.,  Pa.,  ab.  1775  ;  d.  Cin- 
cinnati, O.,  Dec.  28,  1835.  He  emigrated  to 
Cin.  in  1793;  was  one  of  the  legislative  council 
of  the  Territory  in  1798  ;  a  prominent  Democ. 
leader;  often  a  member  of  the  legisl.  ;  and  was 
receiver  of  public  moneys  in  Cin.  Dist.  from  the 
first  establishment  of  land-offices  until  1824; 
col.  2d  O.  vols,  in  1812,  serving  under  Gen. 
Hull  at  Detroit.  M.C.  182.5-33  ;  candidate  for 
gov.  1834. 

Findlay,  William,  bro.  of  James,  gov. 
of  Pa.  1817-20;  U.S.  senator,  1821-7;  b. 
Mercersburg,  Pa.,  1768;  d.  Harrisburg,  Nov. 
15,  1846.  Another  bro.,  John,  was  M.C. 
1823-7. 

Findley,  William,  politician,  b.  in  north 
of  Ireland,  ab.  1750;  d.  Unity  Township, 
Westmoreland  Co.,  Pa.,  April  5,  1821.  He 
came  to  Pa.  in  early  life  ;  served  in  the  Revol. 
war,  and  at  its  close  moved  to  Western  Pa. 
Intelligent,  and  a  fluent  speaker,  he  soon  be- 
came a  politician  ;  was  a  member  of  the  legisl., 


ITTN" 


324 


FIR 


and  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.,  and  M.C.  1791- 
9,  and  1803-17.  With  Gallatin  he  opposed 
the  adoption  of  the  U.S.  Constitution,  and  in 
politics  was  a  supporter  of  Jefferson.  He  pub. 
ti  "  Revijivv  of  the  Funding  System  in  1794," 
a  "  History  of  the  Insurrection  in  Western  Pa. 
in  1796,"  and  "Observations,"  vindicating 
reliirious  liberty  against  S.  B.  Wylie. 

Fink,  Frederick,  artist,  grandson  of 
Maj.  F.  of  the  Revol.  army.  b.  Little  Falls, 
N.Y.,  Dec.  18,  1817;  d.  1849.  Educated  for 
a  physician  under  Dr.  Beck  of  Albany,  he 
joined  his  bro.  in  mercantile  pursuits,  and  later 
studied  painting  with  Morse.  At  18,  he  became 
known  by  his  portrait  of  W.  S.  Parker,  ob- 
tained commissions,  and  went  to  Europe. 
Among  his  excellent  genre  pictures  are  "  An 
Artist's  Studio,"  "  Shipwrecked  Mariner," 
"  Young  Thieves,"  "  Negro  Wood-Sawyer," 
&c.  —  Tackerman. 

Finley,  James  Bradley,  clergyman  and 
author,  b.  N.C  ,  July  1,  1781;  d.  Eaton,  O., 
Sept.  6,  1857.  His  father  was  a  Presb.  minis- 
ter, and  removed  to  Ky.,  where  he  opened  an 
academy.  The  son  entered  the  Ohio  M.  E. 
conference  in  1809;  was  a  missionary  to  the 
Wyandot  Indians  from  1821  to  1827;  was 
chaplain  of  the  Ohio  Penitentiary  in  1845-9, 
and  was  subsequently  connected  with  a  church 
in  Cincinnati.  Author  of  "Wyandot  Mis- 
sion," 1840  ;  "  Prison-Life,"  "Autobiogra- 
phy," "  Sketches  of  Western  Methodism,"  and 
"  Life  among  the  Indians,"  1860. 

Finley,  Robert,  D.D.,  Presb.  divine  and 
phihinthropist,  b.  Princeton,  N.  J.,  1772;  d. 
Athens,  Ga.,  Oct.  3,  1817.  N.J.  Coll.  1787. 
D.D.  1817.  James,  his  father,  came  from  Scot- 
land in  1769.  From  1793  to  1817,  he  was 
connected  with  N.  J.  Coll.  as  tutor  or  trustee, 
and  16  June,  1795,  was  ord.  pastor  of  Basking- 
ridge.  He  originated  the  plan  of  colonizing 
emancipated  blacks  in  Africa,  and  was  instru- 
mental in  forming  the  Constitution,  and  in  or- 
ganizing the  Colonization  Society.  In  July, 
1817,  he  was  installed  pros,  of  Franklin  Coll., 
Athens,  Ga.  He  pub.  sermons,  and  papers  on 
colonization.  —  Sprague. 

Finley,  Samuel,  D.D.  (U.  of  Glasgow, 
1763),  scholar  and  Presb.  divine,  b.  Armagh, 
Ireland,  1715;  d.  Phila.,  July  17,  1766.  He 
arrived  in  Phila.,  28  Sept.  1734,  and  was  li- 
censed to  preach,  Aug.  5,  1740.  Ord.  at  N. 
Brunswick,  13  Oct.  1742.  He  at  once  occupied 
himself  in  itinerant  labors  during  the  remark- 
able revival  of  that  day.  His  zeal  brought 
him  into  trouble;  for  preaching  in  N.  Haven, 
Ct.,  contrary  to  a  law  of  the  Colony  forbidding 
itinerants  to  enter  parishes  of  settled  ministers 
without  their  consent,  he  was  seized  by  the 
authorities,  and  carried  as  a  vagrant  beyond 
its  limits,  in  Sept.  1743.  From  July  14,  1744, 
to  1761,  he  was  settled  at  Nottingham,  Pa.,  at 
the  same  time  carrying  on  an  acad.,  wliich  ac- 
quired a  high  reputation.  On  the  death  of 
Pres.  Davies,  he  was  chosen  his  successor,  re- 
moved to  Princeton  in  July,  1761,  and  left  the 
coll.,  at  his  decease,  in  a  flourishing  condition. 
He  edited  the  sermons  of  Pres.Davies,  and  pub. 
some  sermons  and  di-jcussions.  Wm.  Perro- 
NEAU  FiVLEY,  LL.D.  1849,  pres.  of  Charleston 
Coll.,  is  his  grandson.     N.J.  Coll.  1820. 


Finn,  Hekry  J.,  comedian  and  humorist, 
b.  Sydney,  Cape  Breton,  ab.  1785  ;  d.  Jan.  13, 
1840.  In  179'.»,  he  came  to  N.Y. ;  studied  law 
2  years,  then  sailed  for  Eng.  on  the  invitation 
of  a  rich  uncle  residing  there ;  was  shipwrecked, 
and,  after  many  days'  exposure  in  an  open  boat, 
was  picked  up,  and  taken  into  Falmouth.  The 
death  of  his  relative,  who  made  no  provision 
for  him,  obliged  him  to  resort  to  the  stage  for 
support.  He  played  at  the  Hay  market  Theatre 
with  success,  and,  returning  to  Amcr.  in  1811, 
made  his  first  appearance  at  Montreal.  He 
next  performed  in  N.Y.  In  1818,  he  visited 
Savannah,  where  he  played  Mercutio ;  and 
iu  Jan.  1819,  the  Stranger,  for  his  benefit,  to 
a  crowded  house.  In  1820,  he  was  assoe.  ed. 
and  pub.  of  the  Savannah  Georgian.  In  1821, 
he  was  again  in  London,  where  he  lived  by 
miniature-painting.  He  then  attached  himself 
to  the  Surrey  Theatre  as  leading  melodramat- 
ic tragedian  ;  but  the  manager  failed,  and  Finn 
returned  to  America.  Oct.  22,  1822,  he  first 
appeared  at  the  Federal-st.  Theatre,  Boston, 
which  he  at  one  time  managed,  and  where  he 
long  continued  a  fivorite.  The  bills  for  his 
benefit-nights  were  usually  made  up  of  the 
most  extraordinary  puns.  His  forte  was  broad 
comedy.  Besides  being  a  great  wit  and  pun- 
ster, he  excelled  in  the  more  serious  walks  of 
the  drama,  and  early  in  life  played  Richard, 
Othello,  Mark  Antony,  &c.,  with  success. 
In  1829,  he  gave  entertainments  similar  to 
Mathews's  "  At  Home,"  in  Portland,  and  was 
very  successful.  He  was  on  his  way  to  his  res- 
idence in  Newport,  when  lost  on  the  burning 
steamer  "  Lexington  "  in  Long  Island  Sound. 
He  pub.  a  "  Comic  Annual,"  a  number  of  arti- 
cles in  the  periodicals,  a  successful  drama, 
*'  Montgomery,  or  the  Falls  of  Montmorenci," 
was  a  frequent  versifier,  and  turned  off  a  sotig 
with  great  readiness.  He  m.  Elizabeth,  dan. 
of  Snelling  Powell,  a  well-known  actor  and 
manager  of  Boston. 

Finney,  Rev.  Charles  G.,  a  celebrated 
preacher,  b.  Warren,  Ct.,  Aug.  29,  1792.  The 
son  of  a  farmer,  on  reaching  manhood  he  left 
the  paternal  estate,  and  commenced  the  study 
of  law  in  Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.,  which  he  quitted 
for  the  ministry,  and  was  ord.  in  1822.  Great 
revivals  followed  his  labors  wherever  he  went. 
In  1835,  he  accepted  a  professorship  in  Oberlin 
Coll.,  O.,  of  which  he  was  pres.  in  1852-66; 
since  1837,  pastor  1st  Cong.  Ciiurch,  Oberlin. 
Between  1848  and  1851,  he  resided  in  Eng., 
where  his  fervid  eloquence  created  a  powerful 
effect  wherever  he  preached.  He  has  pub. 
"  Sermons  on  Important  Subjects,"  8vo,  1836  ; 
"  Lectures  on  Revivals,"  12mo,  1835  ;  "  On 
Sanctification,"  16mo,  1840;  "Systematic 
Theology,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1847,  and  Lond.,  1851 ; 
"Guide  to  the  Savimr,"  16mo,  and  several 
smaller  works  ;  "  Lectures  to  Professing  Chris- 
tians," 8vo,  1836. 

Firmin,  Giles,  divine  and  author,  b. 
Suffolk  Co.,  Eng,,  1615;  d.  Ridgwell,  Essex, 
Eng,  Apr.  1697.  He  entered  Cambridge  U. 
in  1629,  but  left  before  graduating,  and  came 
to  N.E.  with  Rev.  John  Wilson  in  1632.  He 
returned  to  Eng.  before  Oct.  1633,  and  came 
again  to  N.E.  in  1637.  He  and  Rev.  John 
Higginson,  afterwards  of  Salem,  Mass.,  were 


FIS 


325 


mis 


employed  by  the  synod  of  1637  to  take  notes 
of  its  proceedings.  lie  settled  at  Ipswich, 
where,  Jan.  4,  1638-9,  he  was  granted  100 
acres  of  land,  and  practised  medicine  there  ; 
adm.  a  freeman  of  Ms.,  May  22, 1639 ;  m.  Su- 
san, dau.  of  Rev.  Nathaniel  Ward,  before  Dec. 
26,  1639;  clerk  of  the  writs  for  Ipswich, 
from  Dec.  1641  to  June,  1642.  Returning  to 
Europe  in  the  fall  of  1644,  he  was  wrecked 
near  Cadiz,  but  arrived  in  Eng.  in  the  follow- 
ing summer.  He  was  at  Colchester  in  1646, 
and  in  1651  was  settled  at  Shalford,  whence 
he  was  ejected  in  1662.  Hesub^equcntly  pruc- 
tise<l  medicine,  and  preached  at  Ridgwell.  His 
most  famous  work,  "  The  Real  Christian,"  4  to, 
1670.  was  several  times  reprinted,  —  once  in 
Boston.  Author,  also,  of  many  theol.  trea- 
tises.—  See  Memoir,  by  John  Ward  Dean. 

Fish,  Ha.miltov,  LL.D.,  lawyer  and 
statesman,  son  of  Col.  Nicholas,  b.  N.Y.  City 
in  1809.  Columb.  Coll.  1827.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1830;  in  1837  was  elected  to  the  State 
legisl.  ;  M.C.  from  1843  to  1845;  lieut-gov. 
N.Y.  1847-9;  gov.  in  1849-51;  U.S.  sena- 
tor from  1851  to  1857;  sec.  of  State  since  4 
Mar.  1869. 

Fish,  Henry  Clay,  D.D.,  b.  Halifox,  Vt., 
1820.  Pastor  of  the  1st  Baptist  Church,  New- 
ark, N.J.  Author  of  "  Primitive  Piety  Re- 
vived," a  prize  essay,  Bost.  1855  ;  "  History  and 
Repository  of  Pulpit  Eloquence,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
1856;    "Pulpit    Eloquence  of  the  19th  Cen- 


tury, 


8vo,    1857 


Select  Discourses   from 


the  German  and  French,"  12mo,  1858. 

Fish,  Col.  Nicholas,  Rcvol.  officer,  b. 
New  York,  Aug.  28,  1758;  d.  there  June  20, 
1833.  At  the  age  of  16,  he  entered  N.J.  Coll., 
which  he  soon  left,  and  commenced  the  study 
of  law  in  the  office  of  John  Morin  Scott.  In 
the  spring  of  1 776,  he  was  app.  aide-de-camp  to 
Gen.  Scott;  June  21,  major  of  brigade  under 
the  same  officer;  Nov.  21,  major  of  the  2d 
N.Y.  regt. ;  and,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  was  a 
lieut.-col.  He  was  in  both  battles  of  Saratoga  ; 
in  1778  was  a  division  inspector,  under  Steu- 
ben ;  com.  a  corps  of  light  inf.  at  the  battle 
of  Monmouth;  served  in  Sullivan's  exped. 
against  the  Indians  in  1779  ;  was  attached  to 
the  light  inf.,  under  Lafayette  in  1780;  and 
in  1781  took  an  active  part  with  his  regt.  in 
the  oi)erations  which  resulted  in  the  surrender 
of  Cornwallis.  He  was  major  of  the  detach- 
ment, under  Hamilton,  which  so  gallantly 
stormed  a  British  redoubt  at  Yorktown.  Col. 
Fish  was  an  excellent  disciplinarian,  and  pos- 
sessed in  a  high  degree  the  confidence  of 
Washington.  He  was  app.  adj. -gen.  of  the 
State  in  Apr.  1786,  an  office  which  he  held 
many  years.  He  was  a  supervisor  of  the  reve- 
nue, under  Washington  in  1794,  and  an  alder- 
man of  N.Y.  City  from  1806  to  1817.  He  was 
an  active  member  of  many  of  the  benevolent, 
literary,  and  religious  institutions  of  his 
native  city.  He  became  pi-es.  of  the  N.Y.  So- 
ciety'of  the  Cincinnati  in  1797.  —  Am.  Ann. 
Rerj.  viii. 

Fishburn,  Maj.-Gek.  William,  Revol. 
soldier,  d.  Walterborough,  S C,  Nov.  3,  1819, 
a.  59.  He  was  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Wayne,  to 
whom  he  was  aide-de-camp  at  the  capture  of 
Stony    Point.     Member  of    the    convention 


which  framed  the  constitution  of  S.C.,  and 
subsequently  a  member  of  the  State  legisl. 

Fisher,  Alexander  Metcalf,  prof,  of 
mathematics  and  nat.  philos.  in  Y.C.,  b.  Frank- 
lin, Ms.,  1794;  d.  Apr.  22,  1822.  Y.C.  1813. 
Tutor  in  1815,  and  professor  from  1817  till 
his  death.  Silliman's  Journal  of  Science  and 
the  Arts  contains  some  of  his  scientific  papers. 

Fisher,  Alvan,  painter,  b.  Needham,  Ms., 
Aug.  9,  1792  ;  d.  Dedham,  Ms.,  Feb.  14,  1863. 
He  was  intended  for  a  mercantile  life ;  but  at 
18  his  tastes  led  him  to  study  his  art  with  an 
ornamental  painter  named  Pennyman.  In 
1814,  he  began  portrait-painting;  afterward  he 
produced  cattle-pieces  and  landscapes,  but  re- 
sumed portrait-painting,  which  he  carried  on 
many  years  with  success  in  Boston.  His  por- 
trait of  Spurzheira  was  much  admired. 

Fisher,  Charles,  D.C.L.,  lawyer  and 
statesman  of  N.  B.,  b.  York  County,  U.C. 
Grad.  at  King's  Coll.,  N.  B.  Studied  law, 
and  was  adm.  to  the  bar.  Elected  to  parlia- 
ment in  1837  ;  in  Mar.  1865,  he  was  rejected 
for  advocating  a  union  of  the  British  Prov- 
inces, but  was  elected  again  soon  after. 
Member  exec,  council,  1848-51  ;  app.  in 
1852  a  commissioner  to  codify  the  prov. 
statutes;  atty.-gen.  Oct.  1854-May,  1856,  and 
again  in  1856-61,  and  since  Apr.  1866;  a 
delegate  on    the   question   of  union   in    Oct. 

1864,  and  again  in  July,  1866,  to  London, 
where  its  terms  were  arranged  ;  and  in  July, 

1865,  was  a  delegate  to  the  great  trade  con- 
vention at  Detroit. 

Fisher,  Elwood,  editor  and  statistical 
writer,  b.  Oct.  1,  1808;  d.  Atlanta,  Ga., 
Oct.  1,  1862.  Though  of  Quaker  descent,  he 
was  long  known  as  an  ardent  and  extreme 
defender  of  slavery,  and  for  years  advocated 
with  his  pen  the  secession  of  the  Southern 
States.  In  1850,  he  established,  with  this 
avowed  object,  the  Southern  Press,  in  Wash- 
ington. —  Appleton. 

Fisher,  John  Charlton,  LL.D.,  Cana- 
dian journalist;  d.  Sept.  1849,  on  board  the 
steamer  "  Sarah  Sands,"  whilst  returning 
from  Eng.  After  founding  and  editing  the 
N.Y.  Albion,  he  went  to  Quel)ec  in  1823  to 
conduct  the  Official  Gazette,  but  in  1831  was 
directed  to  suspend  his  political  articles,  as 
they  were  not  in  accordance  with  the  views  of 
the  dominant  party  in  Eng. ;  and  his  paper  was 
reduced  to  a  mere  official  sheet.  He  then 
edited  the  Quebec  Mercurij  some  years,  and  in 
1841  started  the  Consm-ative,  a  weekly  jour- 
nal. Pres.  of  the  Quebec  Literary  and  Hist. 
Society,  and  a  man  of  high  literary  attain- 
ments. —  Morqan. 

Fisher,  John  Dix,  M.D.  (H.U.  1825), 
eminent  as  an  instructor  of  the  blind  ;  d.  Mar. 
3,  18.50,  a.  53.  Brown  U.  1820.  He  visited 
Europe,  informed  himself  concerning  the 
methods  of  instructing  the  blind,  rendered 
efficient  assistance  in  the  organization  and 
sul)sequent  management  of  the  Perkins  Insti- 
tution for  the  Blind  at  Boston,  and  was  also  a 
visiting  physician  to  the  Ms.  Gen.  Hospital. 
Author  of  "  Description  of  the  Small  Pox, 
Varioloid,"  &c.,  4to,  Boston,  1834,  13  col. 
plates. 

Fisher,  Jonathan,  minister  of  Blue  Hill, 


BTS 


826 


F-IS 


Me.,  from  July  13,  1796,  to  his  d.,  Sept.  22, 
1847;  b.  New  Braintree,  Ms.,  Oct.  17,  1768. 
H.U.  1792.  Licensed  to  preach,  Oct.  1,  1793. 
A  severe  Calvinist.  His  whole  life  was  a  '*  pre- 
constructed,  fore-ordained  system,"  orderly, 
methodical,  and  precise.  His  own  industry 
and  thrift  were  emulated  by  his  people,  who 
were  remarkable  also  for  morality  and  good 
principles.  He  was  a  good  farmer,  labored 
in  the  building  of  his  own  house,  made  his 
own  clock,  painted  portraits,  was  a  prolific 
poet,  and  engraved  on  wood,  with  his  pen- 
knife, most  of  the  animals  mentioned  in 
Scripture,  and  pub.  them,  with  a  description, 
in  a  book.  He  sometimes  walked  to  Bangor, 
70  miles,  and  home  again.  He  was  a  good 
linguist,  and  compiled  a  Hebrew  lexicon. 

Fisher,  Joshua,  M.D.,  physician,  b. 
Dedham,  Ms.,  May,  1749;  d,  Beverly,  Ms., 
Mar.  21,  1833.  H.U.  1766.  Surgeon  of  a 
private  armed  ship  in  1775  ;  was  captured, 
escaped  to  France,  and  afterwards  settled  in 
practice  at  Beverly.  A  zealous  student  of 
natural  history,  he  bequeathed  $20,000  to 
H.U.  to  found  a  professorship  of  that  science. 
Pres.  Ms.  Med.  Soc>  He  pub.  a  "  Discourse 
on  Narcotics,"  1806.  Dr.  Walter  Channing 
pub.  a  brief  memoir  of  him.  —  Williams's  Med. 
Bioq. 

Fisher,  Myles,  lawyer  of  Phila. ;  d.  1819, 

a.  71.  Member  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  A 
man  of  science,  and  an  eloquent  6rator.  He 
pub.  an  "  Answer  to  Paine's  Age  of  Reason." 

Fisher,  Redwood,  statistician,  b.  Phila., 
1783;  d.  there  May  17,  1856.  Some  years  a 
merchant  of  Phila.,  but  removed  to  N.Y., 
edited  a  daily  newspaper,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  public  affairs.  He  pub.  several  vols. 
on  "  Political  Economy,"  and  possessed  great 
information  on  statistical  subjects. 

Fisher,  Thomas,  poet  and  scientific  writer, 

b.  Phila.,  Jan.  21, 1801 ;  d.  there  Feb.  12, 1856. 
He  entered  upon  commercial  pursuits ;  was  an 
active  member  of  the  Acad,  of  Nat.  Sciences; 
pub.  a  "  Dial  of  the  Seasons,"  1835  ;  "  Mathe- 
matics Simplified  and  Made  Attractive,"  1853; 
and,  in  1850,  "  Song  of  the  Sea-Shells,  and 
other  Poems."  —  Simpson. 

Fisher,  William  Mark,  painter,  b.  Bos- 
ton, 15  Dec.  1841.  Studied  first  with  George 
Innes ;  in  1864  at  Paris,  in  the  Life  School 
and  in  the  atelier  of  Gleyre ;  again,  in  1867, 
studied  from  Nature  in  the  environs  of  Paris, 
painting  many  genre  pictures,  also  landscape 
and  cattle.  Is  a  conscientious  student,  and 
wields  a  vigorous  pencil. 

Fisk,  Fidelia,  missionary  to  Persia, 
1843-58;  d.  Shelburne,  Ms.,  9  Aug.  1864. 
She  had  been  a  teacher,  and  pub.  "  Memorial 
of  Mount  Holyoke  Seminary,"  "  Woman  and 
her  Saviour  in  Persia,"  and  at  the  time  of  her 
d.  was  engaged  upon  "  Reminiscences  of  Mary 
Lyon." 

Fisk,  James,  a  Democ.  politician,  b.  ab. 
1762;  d.  Swanton,  Vt.,  Dec.  1,  1844.  Self 
educated.  He  studied  law,  rose  to  eminence 
in  the  profession  ;  was  M.C.  from  1805  to 
1809,  and  from  1811  to  1815;  was  app.  judge 
of  the  Territory  of  Ind.  in  1812,  but  declined 
the  office;  in  1815  and  1816  was  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Vt. ;   U.S. 


senator  in  1817  and  1818;  and  subsequently, 
during  8  years,  was  collector  of  customs  in 
the  Dist.  of  Vt. 

Fisk,  James,  Jun.,  financier,  Opera-BoufFe 
and  Erie  manager,  b.  Pownal,  Vt.,  April  1, 
1835.  At  the  age  of  18  he  "  managed  "  a  ped- 
dler's wagon  in  the  New-Eng.  towns,  and 
was  afterwards  a  clerk,  and  then  partner,  in 
the  Boston  dry-goods  house  of  Jordan,  Marsh, 
&  Co.  In  N.Y.  his  rise  has  been  rapid  and 
brilliant.  In  1863,  he  purchased  the  old  Ston- 
ington  line  of  steamers,  and  in  Aug.  1868 
placed  on  the  route  between  Boston  and  N.Y. 
the  magnificent  Bristol  line.  In  Oct.  1867, 
he  was  re-elected  director  of  the  Erie  Railroad 
Co.  In  1868,  he  bought  Pike's  Opera  House, 
N.Y. ;  purchased  Bateman's  interest  in  Opera 
Bouffe;  and  erected  a  thea  re  on  24th  St.,  near 
5th  Av.  Col.  9th  N.Y.S.M.  Assass.  Jan.  6, 1872. 

Fiske,  John,  capt.  in  the  Revol.  marine, 
b.  Salem,  Ms.,  Apr.  10,  1744;  d.  there  Sept. 
28,  1797.  Son  of  Rev.  Samuel  of  the  First 
Church,  Salem.  He  was  in  1775  a  master 
mariner,  and  was  capt.  of  "  The  Tyrannicide," 
tlie  first  war-vessel  commis.  by  tlie  State  of 
Ms.,  July  8,  1776.  In  her  he  made  many 
successful  cruises,  and  fought  many  sangui- 
nary conflicts.  Dec.  10,  1777,  he  took  com. 
of  the  State  ship  "  Massachusetts,"  a  larger 
and  better  vessel.  He  acquired  fame  and  for- 
tune; after  the  war,  engaged  in  commerce, 
and  was  made  maj.-gen.  of  militia  in  1792. 

Fisk,  Nathan,  D.D.  (H.U.  1792),  divine, 
b.  Weston,  Ms.,  Sept.  20,  1733  ;  d.  Nov.  24, 
1799.  H.U.  1754.  Ord.  pastor  3d  Church  in 
Brookfield,  May  28,  1758.  He  was  a  critical 
and  learned  scholar,  though  not  a  popular 
preacher.  He  wrote  a  number  of  essays  for 
the  Ms.  Sp!i,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Worces- 
ter Speculator,"  also  of  "  A  Neighbor,"  and 
in  the  Ms.  Magazine  under  that  of  "  The 
General  Observer,"  also  for  the  Philanthropist 
in  20  Nos.  His  other  works  are  "  Sermon  on 
the  Settlement  and  Growth  of  Brookfield," 
1775;  "Oration  on  the  Capture  of  Corn- 
wallis,"  1781;  "  Dudleian  Lecture,"  1796; 
"A  Volume  of  Sermons,"  8vo,  1794;  and  tho 
"  Moral  Monitor,"  1801.  — Eliot. 

Fiske,  Nathan  AVilby,  prof,  of  intel- 
lectual and  moral  philos.  in  Amh.  Coll.,  Ms., 
b.  Weston,  Ms.,  Apr.  17,  1798;  d.  Jerusalem, 
May  27,  1847.  D.C.  1817.  He  had  charge  of 
an  acad.  at  New  Castle  for  one  year ;  served 
as  tutor  in  D.C.  for  two  years;  studied 
at  the  And.  Theol.  Sem.,  and  in  1823-4 
spent  a  winter  in  Savannah  in  missionary 
labors.  Popular  as  a  preacher.  He  was  offered 
the  professorship  of  mathematics  and  natural 
philosophy  in  Mid.  Coll.,  Vt.,  which  he  de- 
clined, but  in  1824  accepted  the  professorship 
of  languages  in  Amh.  Coll.,  from  which  he 
was  in  1836  transferred  to  the  chair  of  philos. 
He  pub.  a  "  Manual  of  Classical  Literature," 
from  the  German  of  Eschenburg,  with  addi- 
tions, 3d  edition,  1841;  "Young  Peter's 
Tour  around  the  World,"  16mo,  N.  Y. ; 
"  Story  of  Aleck,"  &c.,  18mo,  Boston. 

Fisk,  Pliny,  missionary,,  b.  Shelburne, 
Ms.,  June  24,  1792  ;  d.  Beirodt,  Syria,  Oct.  23, 
1825.  Mid.  Coll.  1814.  He  studied  tlieolo 
at  Andover,  and  sailed  as  a  missionary  to  P 


JZ 


FIS 


327 


FIT 


estine,  Nov.  3,  1819.  At  Smyrna,  he  studied 
the  Eastern  hmguages  ;  and  in  1821  he  went 
to  E<;ypt,  and  thence  across  the  deserts  to 
Judsea,  studying  and  preaching  till  he  died. 
During  his  last  illness,  he  was  engaged  in  com- 
pleting an  English  and  Arabic  dictionary.  — 
SeeA/vin  Bond's  Life  of  P.  Fis/c,  12mo,  1828. 

Fisk,  Rev.  Samuel,  clergyman,  author, 
and  soldier  ;  d.  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  of  wounds 
at  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness,  May  22,  1864. 
Amh.  Coll.  1848.  iVuthor  of  "Letters  from 
Europe,"  written  for  the  Springfield  Republican, 
signed  "Dunn  Browne."  In  1861,  he  was 
pastor  of  a  church  at  Madison,  Ct.,  but  entered 
the  army ;  fought  bravely  in  several  battles  ; 
was  for  some  time  a  prisoner  at  Richmond,  and 
at  his  death  held  the  rank  of  capt. 

Fisk,  Wilbur,  D.I).  (Aug.  Coll.  1829), 
Methodist  minister  and  educator,  b.  Brattle- 
boro',  Vt.,  Aug.  31,  1792;  d.  Middletown, 
Ct.,  Feb.  22, 1 839.  Brown  U.  1 8 1 5.  To  enable 
himself  to  defray  the  cost  of  his  coll.  course, 
he  became  private  tutor  in  Col.  Ridgeley's 
family,  near  I3alt.  He  studied  law,  but  entered 
the  ministry  in  1818,  and  became  eminent,  not- 
withstanding ill  health.  He  labored  2  years 
in  Craftsbury,  Vt.  In  1819,  he  was  app.  to 
Charlestown,Ms.  Deleg.  to  the  gen.  conference 
in  1824,  and  chosen  to  write  the  address  to  the 
British  conference.  Principal  of  the  Wesleyan 
Acad,  at  Wilbraham,  Ms.,  1826-31.  Deleg.  to 
the  gen.  conference  of  1828,  and  elected  bishop 
of  the  Canada  conf.,  but  declined.  At  the  gen. 
conf.  of  1832,  his  appeals  in  behalf  of  Indian 
missions  resulted  in  the  organization  of  the 
Oregon  mission.  He  was  instrumental  in 
founding  Williamstown  Acad.,  and  from  1830 
until  his  death  was  pres.  of  the  U.  of  Middle- 
town,  Ct.  In  search  of  health,  he  passed  the 
winter  of  1835  in  Italy,  and  the  summer  of 
1836  in  Eng.  Elected  bishop  in  1836,  but 
declined.  He  pub.  "  Notes  of  Travels  in  Eu- 
rope," 1  vol.Svo,  illustrated,  and  some  sermons 
and  addresses.  His  Life  and  Writings  have 
been  pub.  by  Rev.  Dr.  Holdich,  8vo,  1842, 
N.Y. 

Fitch,  Ebenezer,  D.D.  (H.U.  1800), 
pres.  Wms.  Coll.  Aug.  1793-May,  1815.  De- 
scended irom  James,  minister  of  Saybrook  and 
of  Norwich,  Ct. ;  b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  26  Sept. 
1756;  d.  W.  Bloomfield,  N.Y.,  21  Mar.  1833. 
Y.C.  1777.  Tutor  there,  1780-3  and  1786-91, 
and  principal  of  the  Williamstown  school  from 
Oct.  1791  until  its  erection  as  a  coll.  Ord.  17 
June,  1795  ;  pastor  of  the  Presb.  Church  of 
Bloomfield,  N.Y.,  Nov.  29, 1815-Nov.  25,  1827. 

Fitch,  Elijah,  clergyman  and  poet,  b. 
1745  ;  d.  Hopkinton,  Ms.,  Dec.  16,  1788.  Y.C. 
1 765.  He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M. 
from  H.U.  in  1770,  and  from  1771  to  1788  was 
minister  of  Hopkinton.  He  wrote  "  The 
Beauties  of  Religion,  a  Poem  addressed  to 
Youth,"  in  5  books,  and  a  short  poem  entitled 
"  The  Choice,"  Providence,  1789. 

Fitch,  James,  first  minister  of  Norwich, 
Ct.,  b.  Bocking,  Essex,  Eng.,  Dec.  24,  1622; 
d.  Lebanon,  Nov.  18,  1702.  After  receiving 
an  excellent  classical  education,  he  came  to 
N.E.  at  the  age  of  16  ;  spent  seven  years  under 
the  instruction  of  Hooker  and  Stone;  was 
pastor  at  Saybrook  in  1646-60;   and  subse- 


quently of  Norwich.  He  preached  to  the 
Mohegans  in  their  own  language,  and  gave 
them  some  of  his  land  to  induce  them  to  culti- 
vate. He  wrote  "  The  First  Principles  of  the 
Doctrine  of  Christ,"  Boston,  1679,  and  some 
sermons.  —  Hist.  Mag.,  v.,  217. 

Fitch,  John,  inventor,  builder  of  the  first 
steamboat  in  America,  b.  E.  Windsor,  Ct., 
Jan.  21,1743;  d.  Bardstown,  Ky.,  July  2, 
1798.  He  had  a  common  school  education; 
followed  various  pursuits  in  his  youth,  and, 
having  married  unhappily,  left  what  property 
he  had  to  his  wife  and  children,  and  sought  a 
separate  fortune.  During  the  Revol.,  he  was 
an  armorer  in  the  service,  afterward  a  sutler, 
and  as  a  silversmith,  and  manufacturer  of  silver 
and  brass  sleeve-buttons  at  Trenton,  N.J., 
had  amassed  considerable  Continental  money. 
He  was  next  a  surveyor  in  Va.,  and,  while 
exploring  Ohio  early  in  1782,  was  taken  by 
Indians,  but  returned  to  his  home  in  Bucks 
Co.,  Pa.,  at  the  close  of  the  year.  During 
his  Western  explorations,  in  which  he  prepared, 
engraved  on  copper,  and  printed  on  a  press  of 
his  own  manufacture,  a  map  of  the  N.  W.  coun- 
try, he  conceived  the  idea  that  the  great  West- 
ern rivers  might  be  navigated  by  steam.  In 
1788,  he  applied  fora  patentforthe  application 
of  steam  to  navigation,  he  having  constructed 
a  boat  that  could  be  propelled  8  miles  an  hour. 
July  27,  1786,  his  successful  experiment  led  to 
the  formation  of  a  company  in  Phila.,  and  the 
building  of  a  small  steam-packet,  which  con- 
veyed passengers  until  1790,  when  the  company 
failed.  In  1793,  he  tried  his  steamboat  projects 
in  France  without  success,  the  times  being  un- 
propitious.  He  afterward  went  to  Ky.  to  as- 
certain the  condition  of  his  Western  property, 
which  he  found  overrun  with  squatters,  and  no 
encouragement  for  his  steam-projects.  He  left 
in  a  sealed  envelope,  opened  in  1823,  a  detailed 
history  of  his  adventures  in  the  steamboat  en- 
terprise, inscribed  "  To  my  children  and  to 
future  generations,"  with  a  journal  and  other 
papers,  from  which  an  interesting  biography 
was  prepared  by  Thompson  Westcott,  and  pub, 
in  Phila.  in  1867.  A  Memoir,  by  C.  Whittlesey, 
is  in  Sparks's  "Am.  Biog." 

Fitch,  Thomas,  gov.  of  Ct.  from  1754  to 
1766,  b.  Ct.,  1699;  d.  July  18,  1774.  Y.  Coll. 
1721.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  law,  and 
filled  successively,  with  unsurpassed  integrity 
and  wisdom,  the  offices  of  counsellor,  judge  of 
the  Superior  Court,  chf.  justice,  1750-4,  lieut.- 
gov.,  and  gov.  In  1 765,  he  took  the  oath  of  office 
prescribed  in  the  Stamp  Act,  and  was  driven 
into  retirement,  in  consequence,  the  next  year. 

Fitz,  Henry,  telescope-maker,  b.  Newbury- 
port,  Ms.,  1808;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Nov.  6,  1863. 
At  first  a  printer ;  afterward,  for  many  years,  a 
locksmith.  In  1835,  he  made  a  reflecting  tele- 
scope, and,  in  the  winter  of  1844,  invented  a 
method  of  perfecting  object-glasses  for  i-efract- 
ing  telescopes,  making  the  first  one  of  the 
bottom  of  an  ordinary  tumbler.  The  fair  of 
the  Amer.  Institute  in  1845  brought  his  in- 
struments into  notice  ;  and  he  afterward  devot- 
ed himself  exclusively  and  successfully  to  their 
manuf.,  succeeding  in  making  an  instrument  of 
16-inch  aperture.  The  delicacy  of  his  inven- 
tion was  such  as  to  detect  the  change  in  form 


FTT 


328 


F1L.A. 


by  expansion  of  an  ohjcct-glass,  effected  by 
passini^  the  finger  over  it  on  a  frosty  night.  He 
died  just  as  he  was  about  to  go  to  Europe  to 
select  a  glass  for  a  24-inch  telescope,  and  to 
procure  ])utents  for  a  camera,  involving  a  new 
form  of  lenses. 

Fitzgerald,  Lord  Edward,  b.  Oct.  15, 
1 763 ;  d.  June  4, 1 798.  Entering  the  army,  he 
became,  in  1779,  aide-de-camp  to  Lord  Raw- 
don  ;  greatly  disting.  himself  on  several  occa- 
sions, and  was  severely  wounded  at  Eutaw 
Springs.  In  1788,  he  was  at  Halifax  with  the 
54th  regt.,  and  travelled  through  the  U.S.  to 
N.  Orleans.  In  1792,  he  m.  the  beautiful  and 
accomplished  Pamela,  the prot^[/^e  and  supposed 
dau.  of  Madame  de  Genlis.  While  in  Ameri- 
ca, he  had  imbibed  republican  ideas,  and,  being 
in  Paris  during  the  French  Revol.,  publicly  re- 
nounced his  title  in  1792,  and  was  dismissed 
the  army.  Returning  to  Dublin,  he  connect- 
ed himself  in  1796  with  the  revol.  organ- 
ization known  as  the  United  Irishmen,  and 
was  killed  while  resisting  the  officers  sent  to 
take  him. 

Pitzhugh,  Andrew,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Va., 
1795  ;  d.  Fairfax  Co.,  Va.,  Oct.  2, 1850.  Mid- 
shipman, June  8,  1811  ;  lieut.  April  21,  1816; 
master,  Feb.  9,  1837  ;  capt.  Feb.  14,  1843. 

Fitzhugh,  William,  member  Old  Con- 
gress from  Va.,  1779-80  ;   d.  1809,  a.  83. 

Fitzpatrick,  Benjamin,  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician, b.  Green  Co.,  Gu.,  June  30,  1802;  d. 
Antauga  Co.,  Ala.,  Nov.  25,  1869.  Loft  an 
orphan,  he  emig.  in  1815  to  the  valley  of  the 
Ala.  River,  near  Montgomery,  where  he  after- 
ward resided.  He  received  as  good  an  educa- 
tion as  new  countries  generally  afford  ;  studied 
law,  and  was  adm.  to  practice  in  1821  ;  was 
solicitor  of  the  judicial  (list,  in  which  he  lived, 
until,  in  1829,  his  health  compelled  him  to  re- 
linquish his  profession,  and  settle  upon  a  farm. 
Gov.  of  Ala.  from  1841  to  1845  ;  U.S.  senator 
in  1848-9  and  1853-61,  and  took  an  active  part 
in  the  Rebellion.  He  seldom  engaged  in  de- 
bate, was  a  man  of  cool  judgment  and  agree- 
able manners,  and  was  often  called  to  the  chair 
of  the  senate  as  president  pro  tern. 

Fitzpatrick,  John  Bernard,  D.D. 
(H.  U.  1861),  R.C.  bishop  of  Boston,  b.  there 
Nov.  1812;  d.  Feb.  13,  1866.  He  was  educat- 
ed at  the  Boston  schools,  a  coll.  at  Montreal, 
and  the  Sulpician  Coll.,  Paris.  Ord.  priest,  he 
returned  to  Boston  in  1840,  was  then  pastor  of 
St.  John's  Church,  East  Cambridge,  became 
co-adjutor  to  Bishop  Fen  wick,  March  24,  1844, 
and  in  1846  succeeded  him  as  bishop.  He  vis- 
ited Europe  in  1854,  and  again  in  1862,  He 
ranked  high  as  a  scholar,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

Fitzsimmons,  Thoma8,  statesman,  b. 
Ireland,  1741  ;  d.  Phila.,  Aug.  1811.  During 
the  Revol.,  he  com.  a  vol.  company,  and  was  an 
eminent  merchant  of  Phila.  His  house  (Geo. 
Meade  &Co.)  subscribed  to  supply  the  army,  in 
1780,  £5,000.  Many  years  a  member  of  the 
State  Asseml)ly ;  a  delegate  to  the  Old  Con- 
gress in  1782-3,  and  to  the  Federal  Const. 
Conv.  in  1787;  M.C.  1789-95;  pres.  of  the 
Phila.  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  of  the  N.A. 
Insurance  Co. 

Flaget,  Benedict  Joseph,  D.D.,  R.C. 


bishop  of  Louisville,  Ky. ;  consec.  Nov.  4, 1810  ; 
d.  18.50. 

Flagg,  Edmund,  journalist  and  author,  b. 
Wi-scasset,  Me.,  Nov.  24,  1815.  Bowd.  Coll. 
1835.  After  teaching  at  Louisville,  where  he 
was  a  contrib.  to  Prentice's  Louisville  Journal, 
he  travelled  in  1836  over  the  prairies  of  111. 
and  Mo.,  the  results  of  which  were  pub.  in 
1838,  entitled  "  The  Far  West."  He  was  adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1837,  and  commenced  practice  in 
Mo. ;  edited  the  St.  Louis  Daili/  Commercial 
Bulletin,  1838;  nextassoc.  himself  with  Pren- 
tice in  the  Louisville  Literary  News-Letter,  and 
in  the  spring  of  1840  began  to  practise  law 
with  S.  S.  Prentiss  at  Vicksburg,  Mpi.  la 
1842,  he  conducted  the  Gazette,  at  Marietta,  O., 
and  wrote  two  novels,  "  Carrero  "  and  "  Fran- 
cis of  Valois.""  In  1844-5,  he  conducted  the 
St.  Louis  Evening  Gazette,  and  for  several  years 
was  reporter  of  the  county  courts,  publishing, 
in  the  mean  time,  the  novels,  "  The  Howard 
Queen,"  "  Blanche  of  Artois,"  and  several 
dramas.  In  1848,  he  accomp.  E.  A.  Hannegan; 
minister  to  Berlin,  as  sec,  and  travelled  over 
Eng.,  Germany,  and  France.  In  1850-1,  he 
was  consul  at  Venice,  and,  returning  in  Nov. 
1851,  took  charge  of  a  Democ.  paper  at  N.  Or- 
leans. In  1852,  he  pub.  "  Venice,  the  City  of 
the  Sea," and  a  tliird  vol., entitled  "North  Italy 
since  1849."  In  1854,  he  contrib.  sketches  on 
the  West  to  "  The  U.S.  Illustrated,"  by  Mayer,^ 
N.Y.  He  has  since  been  chief  clerk  of  a  com- 
mercial bureau  in  the  dept.  of  State,  Wash- 
ington. In  1856-7,  as  chief  of  statistics,  he 
prepared  "A  Report  on  the  Commercial  Rela- 
tions of  the  U.S.  with  Foreign  Nations."  He 
has  prepared  for  publication  an  historical  novel, 
"The  Last  of  the  Military  Templars." 

Flagg,  George  W.,  artist,  b.  N.  Haven, 
Ct.,  June  26.  1816.  Passing  his  boyhood  in 
Charleston,  S.C.,  he  had  the  instruction  of  his 
uncle,  Allston,  and  excited  admiration  by  his 
juvenile  portrait  of  Bishop  England.  A 
picture  of  the  "  Murder  of  the  Princes,"  from 
Richard  III.,  procured  him  the  support  of  Lu- 
man  Read,  through  whose  aid  he  made  a  three- 
years'  visit  to  Europe,  since  which  he  has  passed 
many  years  in  Lond.  Among  his  pictures  are 
the  "  Mouse-Boy,"  "  Match-Girl,"  "  Young 
Greek,"  "  Jacob  and  Rachel  at  tbe  Well," 
"Landing  of  the  Pilgrims,"  "Landing  of  the 
Atlantic  Cable,"  "  Good  Samaritan,"  "  Scarlet 
Letter,"  and  "  Columbus  and  the  Egg."  — 
Tuckerman. 

Flanders,  Benjamin  Franklin,  b.  Bris- 
tol, N.H.,  Jan.  26,  1816.  Dartm.  Coll.  1842. 
He  went  to  N.  Orleans  in  Jan.  1843,  read  law, 
and  taught  there  ;  editod  the  Tropic  ab.  a  year  ; 
sec.  and  treas.  of  the  N.O.  and  Opclousas  R.R. 
Co.  from  1852  to  Jan.  1862,  when  forced  to 
flee  North  on  account  of  his  Unionism  ;  re- 
turned on  its  capture;  city  treas.  in  1862; 
M.C.  1863-7,  and  gov.  of  La.  X^l-^.  — Alum- 
ni Dartm.  Coll. 

Flanders,  Henry,  author,  b.  Plainfield, 
N.H. ;  has  pub.  "  Treatise  on  Maritime  Law," 
8vo,  1852;  "Treatise  of  the  Law  of  Ship- 
ping," 8vo,  1853;  "Lives  and  Times  of  the 
('hief  Justices  of  the  U.S.,"  2  vols.  8vo,  185.5-8 ; 
"  Memoirs  of  Cumberland,"  8vo,  1856  ;  "  The 
Principles  of  Insurance,"  &c.  (in  press  1871). 


WTjTPt 


329 


WUL 


Fleet,  Thomas,  printer,  b.  Shropshire, 
Eng.,  8  Sept.  1685  ;  d.  Boston,  July  21,  1758. 
He  was  a  printer  in  Bristol,  came  to  Boston 
in  1712,  and  soon  after  established  himself  in 
"  Pudding  Lane,"  now  Devonshire  Street. 
He  was  the  putative  father  of  the  celebrated 
"Mother  Goose's  Melodies."  In  1733,  he  be- 
came proprietor  and  pub.  of  the  Weeldi/  Z?e- 
Aearsa/,  newspaper ;  which  name  was  in  1735 
changed  to  the  Boston  Evening  Post.  It  was 
conducted  by  him  and  his  two  sons,  Thomas 
and  John,  who  succeeded  him  till  Apr.  24, 
1775,  when  it  was  discontinued.  Ann  Fleet, 
dau.  of  John,  d.  Boston,  July  30,  1860,  a.  89. 
Thomas  d.  Boston,  Mar.  6,  1797,  a.  65.  ;  John 
d.  Boston,  Mar.  18,  1806,  a.  71.  The  first  ed. 
of  Hutchinson's  "  Hist,  of  Ms."  was  pub.  at 
their  press.  From  1779  to  1801,  they  pub. 
Fleet's  "  Annual  Register." 

Fleming,  Col.  Thomas,  Revol.  soldier ; 
d.  Aug.  1776.  He  com.  the  troops  from 
Botetourt  Co.,  Va.,  in  the  battle  of  Point  Pleas- 
ant with  the  Indians,  and  was  thrice  wounded. 
Col.  9th  Va.  regt.  in  the  Revol.,  app.  March  2, 
1776. 

Fleming,  William,  of  Cumberland,  Va., 
statesman,  b.  1734;  d.  Feb.  1824.  Wm.  and 
Mary  Coll.  Member  of  the  House  of  Burgesses, 
and  of  the  Va.  conventions,  in  1775-6;  mem- 
ber of  the  committee  on  Independence  in  that 
of  May,  1770;  judge  of  the  General  Court, 
and  presiding  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  ; 
member  of  the  Old  Congress,  1779-81. 

Fletchor,  Richard,  LL.D.  (Dartm.  Coll. 
1846),  lawyer,  b.  Cavendish,  Vt.,  Jan.  8, 
1788;  d.  Boston,  June  21,  1869.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1805.  He  studied  law  with  Daniel 
Webster;  was  adra.  to  the  bar  in  1809,  and 
was  settled  at  Salisbury  until  1825,  when  he 
removed  to  Boston,  taking  high  rank  at  the 
bar.  He  was  leading  counsel  for  the  War- 
ren Biid_'C  proprietors  in  their  famous  case 
with  tlic  Charles  River  Bridge  Co.  He  was 
often  opposed  by  Webster  and  Mason,  of  whom 
he  was  a  wortliy  antagonist,  and  was  emi- 
nent in  all  branches  of  legal  practice.  Mem- 
ber of  the  Ms.  legisl. ;  M.C.  1837-9;  judge 
of  the  Ms.  Supreme  Court,  1848-.')3.  He  be- 
queathed $100,000  to  Dartm.  Coll. 

Fletcher,  William  A.,  jurist,  b.  Ms. ;  d. 
Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  ab.  1855.  He  settled  in 
Mich.  ab.  1820;  was  many  years  a  successful 
hiwyer  in  Detroit;  was  at  one  time  atty.-gen. 
of  the  territory  ;  in  1835,  on  the  adoption  of 
the  first  State  Constitution,  was  app.  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  Sup.  Court,  and,  retiring  from  the 
bencli  in  1842,  resumed  practice.  Ho  prepared 
the  "  Revised  Statutes  "  of  Mich.,  pub.  in  1 838. 

Fleury,  Louis,  Chevalierand  Viscount  dc, 
a  lieut.-col.  in  the  Revol.  army;  d.  a  field- 
marshal  in  France.  A  descendant  of  the  emi- 
nent cardinal,  and  educated  as  an  engineer; 
became  a  maj.in  the  regt.  Rouergue,  and, coming 
to  Amer.,  offered  his  services  to  Washington, 
who  gave  him  a  captain's  commission.  For 
his  gallantry  at  Fort  Mifflin,  on  the  Del.,  and 
at  the  battle  of  Brandywine,  he  received  from 
Congress  the  present  of  a  horse,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  lieut.-col.  Nov.  26,  1777.  In  the  win- 
ter of  1777-8,  he  was  sub-inspector  under  Steu- 
ben.    Adj.-gen.  of  Lee's  division,  June  4,  1778. 


In  July,  1778,  he  was  second  in  com.  of  a  light 
inf.  corps  in  the  R.  I.  exped.,  and  afterward 
com.  a  batt.  of  light  inf.  under  Washington. 
At  the  storm  of  Stony  Point,  in  July,  1779,  he 
com.  the  van  of  the  right  column,  was  the  first 
to  enter  the  British  works,  and  struck  the 
British  standard  with  his  own  hand.  For  his 
share  in  this  brilliant  exploit,  Fleury  received 
the  thanks  of  Congress  and  a  silver  medal. 
When  Rochambeau  arrived  in  1780,  Fleury 
left  the  Amer.  service,  and  became  an  officer 
under  him,  soon  afterward  returning  to  France. 

Flint,  Abel,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll.  1818),  min- 
ister of  the  second  church  in  Hartford,  b. 
Windham,  Aug.  6,  1765;  d.  Mar.  7,1825. 
Y.C.  1785.  Tutor  B.  U.  1786-90.  Ord.  Apr. 
20,  1791.  He  pub.  "  Geometry  and  Trigo- 
nometry, with  a  treatise  on  Surveying,"  1806, 
and  a  translation  of  some  of  the  sermons  of 
Massillon  and  Bourdaloue. 

Flint,  Austin,  M.D.  (HU.  1833),  physi- 
cian, b.  Petersham,  Ms.,  1812.  Educated  at 
Amh.  and  Harv.  Colleges.  After  practising 
successively  in  Boston  and  Northampton,  he 
removed  in  1836  to  Buffalo;  in  1844  became 
prof,  of  the  institutes  and  practice  of  medicine 
in  the  Rush  Med.  Coll.  at  Chicago ;  resigned 
1845,  and  from  1846  to  1856  edited  the  Buf- 
falo  Med.  Journal.  In  1847,  he  was  one  of  the 
Ibunders  of  the  Buffalo  Med.  Coll.,  and  was  6 
years  prof,  of  the  principles  and  practice  of  med- 
icine and  of  clinical  medicine.     From   1852  to 

1856,  he  filled  the  chair  of  the  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  medicine  in  the  U.  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  and 
then  took  the  chair  of  pathology  and  clinical 
medicine  at  Buffalo.  From  1858  to  1861,  he 
spent  the  winters  in  N.  Orleans  as  prof,  of 
clinical  medicine  in  the  med.  school,  and  visit- 
ing physician  to  the  charity  hospital.  Remov- 
ing to  N.Y.  in  1859,  he  was  in  186L  made  prof, 
of  the  principles  and  practice  of  meilicine  in 
the  Bellevue  Coll.  hospital,  and  of  pathology 
and  practical  medicine  in  the  L.  I.  Coll.  hos- 
pital, and  visiting  physician  to  Bellevue.  He 
has  pub.  clinical  reports  on  "  Continued  Fe- 
ver," 1852  ;  "  Chronic  Pleurisy,"  1853  ;  "  Dys- 
entery," 1853;  "Physical  Exploration  and 
Diagnosis  of  Diseases  affecting  the  Respiratory 
Organs,"  1856;  and  "Practical  Treatise  on 
Diseases  of  the  Heart,"  1859.  His  essays  on 
"  The  Variation  of  Pitch  and  Percussion  and 
Respiratory  Sounds,"  and  on  the  "  Clinical 
Study  of  the  Heart-Sounds  in  Health  and 
Disease,"  received  the  first  prizes  of  the  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc,  in  1852  and  1859. 

Flint,  Austin,  son  of  the  preceding,  b. 
Northampton,    Ms,,  1836.      Jeff.    Med.    Coll. 

1857.  Became  prof,  of  physiology,  U.  of 
Buffalo,  1858,  and  afterward  "in  the  L.  L  Coll. 
hospital.  His  essay  on  "  The  Excretory  Func- 
tion of  the  Liver"  received  from  the  French  in- 
stitute a  prize  of  1,500  francs.  Contrib.  to  the 
Amer.  Jour,  of  Med.  Science,  &c.  Author  of 
"  Physiology  of  Man,"  4  vols.  8vo. 

Flint,  Charlks  Lewis,  sec.  of  the  Ms. 
Board  of  Agriculture  since  its  organization  in 
1852,  b.  Middleton,  Ms.,  8  May,  1824.  H.U. 
1849.  Thomas,  his  ancestor,  probably  from 
Wales,  came  over  ab.  1640,  and  settled  in 
Salem  Village.  Charles  L.  was  brought  upon 
his  father's  farm,  and  by  his  own  exertions 


B^JLI 


330 


FLO 


acquired  a  collegiate  education.  He  then 
studied  law,  but,  having  become  known  by  his 
contiibs.  to  nitric,  papers,  was  induced  to 
accept  the  position  he  has  so  long  filled  with 
disting.  ability.  Besides  agric.  reports,  he  is 
author  of  "  The  Agriculture  of  Massachusetts," 
2  vols.  8vo,  1853-4;  "Grasses  and  Forage 
Plants,"  1857;  "Milch  Cows  and  Dairy 
Farming,"  1859;  a  new  ed.  of  Harris's  "Insects 
Injurious  to  Vegetation;"  and,  with  Geo.  B. 
Emerson,  "  Manual  of  A.;T;riculture,"  a  text- 
book for  scliouls.  —  See  Flint  Gtnealoji/. 

Flint,  Henuy,  tutorof  Harv.  Coll."  1705-54, 
b.  Dorchester,  1675;  d.  Feb.  1.3,  1760.  H.U. 
1693.  Son  of  Josiah  of  D.  App.  Fellow  of 
H.U.  1700.  A  vol.  of  20  sermons  by  him  was 
pub.  8vo,  1739.— Allen. 

Flint,  Henry  M.,  writer,  d.  Camden, 
N.J.,  Dec.  12,  1868.  He  wrote  for  the  N.Y. 
World,  over  the  signature  of  "  Druid  ; "  also  a 
"Life  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas,"  "Mexico 
under  Maximilian,"  and  "  The  History  and 
Statisrics  of  the  Railroads  of  the  U.S." 

Flint,  Jacob,  minister  of  Cohasset,  b. 
Reading,  Ms.,  Aug.  7,  1768;  d.  Oct.  11, 1835. 
H.U.  1794.  Ord.  June  10,  1798.  He  pub.  a 
history  of  Cohasset  in  Ms.  Hist.  Colls.,  2  dis- 
courses on  the  history  of  Cohasset,  1821. 

Flint,  Joshua  Barker, M.D.  (HU.  1825), 
an  eminent  surgeon,  prof.,  and  author,  b.  Co- 
hasset, Ms.,  Oct.  13,  1801  ;  d.  Louisville,  Ky., 
Mar.  19,  1864.  H.U.  1820.  Son  of  Rev. 
Jacob.  He  practised  in  Boston  in  1825-37  ; 
was  prof,  of  surgery  in  the  Louisville  Med. 
Inst.  1837-49  ;  and  from  1849  to  his  d.  filled 
the  same  chair  in  the  Ky.  School  of  Medicine 
at  Louisville.  Several  years  a  member  of  the 
Ms.  legisl.  Author  of  ""Practice  of  Medicine," 
8vo,  2ded.,  1868. 

Flint,  MiCAU  P.,  poet,  son  of  Timothy,  b. 
Lunenburg,  Ms.,  ab.  1807;  d.  1830.  He 
studied  law,  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  at  Alex- 
andria, Mpi.  In  1 826,  he  pub.  at  Boston  "  The 
Hunter  and  other  Poems."  He  was  a  frequent 
contrib.  to  the  Western  Review. 

Flint,  Rev.  Timothy,  author,  b.  Reading, 
Ms..  July  11,  1780;  d.  Salem,  Aug.  16,  1840. 
H.U.  1800.  From  Nov.  30,  1802,  to  June  19, 
1814,  he  was  a  Cong,  minister  at  Lunenburg, 
Ms. ;  went  as  a  missionary  to  the  Mpi.  Valley 
in  Sept.  1815,  and  was  subsequently  employed 
as  a  farmer  and  teacher  at  Cincinnati,  and  on 
the  banks  of  the  Red  River,  in  La.  In  1825, 
he  returned  to  Ms.,  broken  in  health  and  for- 
tune ;  but  the  change  of  climate  soon  restored 
the  former,  and  he  turned  to  literature  to 
repair  the  latter.  In  1833,  he  went  to  N.Y., 
and  edited  a  few  numbers  of  the  Knickerbocker 
magazine.  In  1834,  he  removed  to  Cincinnati, 
where,  in  1827-30,  he  edited  the  Western  Re- 
view. He  afterward  resided  in  Alexandria, 
Va.,  and  in  La.,  but  returned  to  N.E.  May  1, 
1840,  in  ill  health.  He  pub.  "History  and 
Geography  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  2  vols., 
1828;  "Francis  Berrian,"  1826;  "George 
Mason,  or  the  Young  Backwoodsman,"  1829  ; 
"Arthur  Clenning,"  1828;  "  Shoshonee  Val- 
ley," 2  vols.,  1830;  "Indian  Wars  in  the 
West,"  1833;  "Lectures  on  Nat.  History, 
Geology,  Chemistry,  and  the  Arts,"  1833; 
"Memoir  of  Daniel  Boone,"  1834;  "Recol- 


lections of  the  last  10  Years  in  the  Valley  of 
the  Mississippi,"  1826.  He  contrib.  to  the 
Lond.  Athenceum,  in  1835,  a  scries  of  papers  on 
American  literature.  He  translated  Droz's 
"  L'Art  d'Etre  Heureux,"  and  "  Celibacy  Van- 
quished." 

Flores,  Gen.  Venancio,  pres.  of  Uruguay, 
assassinated  in  Montevideo,  Feb.  22,  1868.  A 
prominent  military  officer.  In  1866,  he  headed 
a  revol.  which  overthrew  the  govt,  of  Vidal, 
and  became  provis.  pres.  of  the  republic.  Feb. 
15,  he  resigned  the  office,  and  refused  to  become 
a  candidate  for  re-election.  His  son,  and  other 
ambitious  young  men,  in-itated  at  his  persistent 
refusal,  conspired  for  his  assassination. 

Flournoy,  Thomas  S.,  b.  Va. ;  M.  C. 
1847-9.  Killed  in  battle  in  Va.  in  June,  1864, 
fighting  for  the  Rebellion. 

Floy,  James,  D.D.  (Wesl.  U.  1847), 
clergyman  and  scholar,  b.  N.Y.  City,  Aug.  20, 
1806;  d.  there  Oct.  14,  1863.  Dick  Coll. 
1841.  He  spent  3  years  in  Europe,  im- 
proving his  education,  especially  in  botanical 
science,  at  the  royal  garden  at  Kew ;  was  adm. 
to  the  N.Y.  Methodist  Conf.  in  1835,  and  filled 
several  important  offices  in  the  church,  beside 
conducting  the  National  Magazine,  and  a 
paper  called  Good  News.  He  edited  the  works 
of  Dr.  Olin  ;  was  one  of  the  committee  of  the 
Bible  Society  which  prepared  its  standard 
edition  of  the  Bible,  and  was  a  leader  of  the 
antislavery  party  of  his  church.  Author  of 
"  Guide  to  the  Orchard  and  Fruit  Garden," 
12mo. 

Floyd,  John,  statesman,  b.  Jefferson  Co., 
Va. ;  d.  Sweet  Springs,  Va.,  Aug.  16,  1837. 
Many  years  in  the  Va.  legisl.  ;  M.C  1817-29; 
gov.  of  Va.  1830-4. 

Floyd,  JoHv,  gen.,  b.  Beaufort,  S.C.,  Oct. 
3,  1769;  d.  Camden  Co.,  Ga.,  June  24,  1839. 
Son  of  Col.  Charles,  who  was  ruined  pecunia- 
rily by  the  Tories  of  the  Revol.  They  moved 
to  Ga.  in  1791,  and  by  boat-building,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  Ilia  River,  acquired  wealth. 
Brig.-gen.  of  Ga.  militia,  Aug.  1813  to  Mar. 
1814 ;  com.  at  the  battle  with  the  Creek  Indians 
at  Autossee,  Ala.,  Nov.  29,  1813,  in  which  he 
was  severely  wounded,  and  in  battle  with  the 
Creeks  at  Camp  Defiance,  Ala.,  Jan.  27,  1814. 
Often  a  member  of  the  State  legisl.,  and  M.C. 
in  1827-9;  maj.-gen.  State  militia. 

Floyd,  John  Buchanan,  politician,  b. 
Montgomery  Co.,Va.,  1805 ;  d.  Abingdon,  Va., 
Aug.  26,  1863.  S.  C.  Coll.  1826.  Son  of 
Gov.  John.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1828;  prac- 
tised law  in  Helena,  Ark.,  in  1836-9;  then 
settled  in  Washington  Co.,  Va.  ;  member  of 
the  legisl.  in  1847,  '49,  and  '55  ;  gov.  of  Va. 
1850-3;  exerted  himself  in  the  Cincinnati 
convention  in  support  of  James  Buchanan  for 
the  presidency,  and  was  his  sec.  of  war  from 
1857  to  1861.  During  the  latter  part  of  his 
administration,  he  secretly  prepared  the  means, 
in  munitions  of  war,  to  aid  the  plans  of  the  se- 
cession leaders ;  dispersed  the  army  in  the  re- 
motest parts  of  the  country,  whence  they  could 
not  be  readily  conveyed  to  the  Atlantic  coast, 
and  transferred  from  Northern  to  Southern  ar- 
senals 1 13,000  muskets.  Indicted  by  the  grand 
jury  of  the  Dist.  of  Columbia,  as  being  privy  to 
the  abstraction  of  $870,000  in  bonds  from  the 


:ptl.o 


331 


B^OL 


dept.  of  the  interior,  in  the  latter  part  of  1860, 
he  left  Washington  before  beinj;^  brought  to  tri- 
al. In  reward  of  his  services  to  the  Confederates, 
he  was  made  a  gen.  in  their  army.  He  was  driv- 
en from  Western  Va.  by  Gen.  Rosecrans  in  the 
autumn  of  1861,  and  defeated  at  Carnifex  Ferry, 
Sept.  10.  He  escaped  from  Fort  Donelson  the 
night  before  its  surrender,  Feb.  16,  1862,  and 
was  officially  censured  by  the  Confed.  Govt., 
and  never  again  employed. 

Floyd,  Gen.  William,  signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  b.  Suffolk  Co., 
L.I.,Dec.  17,1734;  d.  Oneida  Co.,  N.Y.,  Aug. 
4,  1821.  His  father,  Nicholi,  left  him  a  large 
estate.  His  education  was  slight;  but  he  was 
naturally  intelligent,  and  of  an  elevated  char- 
acter. He  took  an  early  part  in  the  Revol.; 
was  a  member  of  the  N.Y.  committee  of  corres. ; 
a  member  of  Congress  in  1774-7,  and  from 
Oct.  1778  till  its  dissolution,  serving  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  boards  of  admiralty  and  the  treasury, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  State  senate  in  1777- 
88.  His  family  fled  to  Ct.  while  Long  Island 
was  in  the  hands  of  the  British  ;  his  house  was 
occu))ied  by  them;  and  he  was  nearly  7  years 
an  exile.  He  com.  the  Long  Island  militia, 
and  displayed  energy  and  daring  in  repelling 
the  incursions  of  the  enemy,  M.C.  1789-91; 
member  of  the  State  Const.  Convs.  of  1801 
and  1820.  He  purchased  in  1784  a  farm  at 
Western,  Oneida  Co.,  N.Y.,  and  moved  his 
family  thither  in  1803. 

Flusser,  Charles  W.,  lieut.-commander, 
U.S.N.,  b.  Annapolis,  Md.,  1833;  killed  near 
Plymouth,  N.C.,  in  a  naval  engagement,  Apr. 
18, 1864.  In  his  childhood,  his  parents  removed 
toKy.  Midshipra.  July  19,  1847  ;  lieut.  Sept. 
16,  18.5.5;  lieut.-com.  July  16,  1862;  assist, 
prof,  in  the  Naval  Acad,  in  1857-9,  and,  at  the 
breaking-out  of  the  Rebellion,  took  com.  of  the 
gunboat  "  Com.  Perry,"  in  which  he  took  part 
in  the  engagement  at  Roanoke  Island,  Feb.  7, 
1862.  Oct.  3,  1862,  he  aided  in  the  shelling 
of  Franklin,  Va.,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 
com.  "  The  Miami  "  in  Albemarle  Sound.  Two 
of  his  bros.,  officers  in  the  rebel  army,  were 
killed  in  battle  during  the  war. 

Fobes,  Peres,  LL.D.,  clergyman,  and  prof 
of  nat.  philos.  in  the  Coll.  of  R.I. ,  now  Brown 
U.,  b.  Bridgewater,  Sept.  21, 1752  ;  d.  Feb.  23, 
1812.  H.U.  1762.  Ord.  at  Raynham,  Nov. 
19,  1766.  In  1786,  he  was  elected  to  the  pro- 
fessorship. He  pub.  a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
President  Manning,  1791;  "  Election  Sermon," 
1795;  and  "  Topog.  Descript.  of  Raynham," 
1794  (Ms.  Hist.  Colls.,  iii.). 

Fogg,  George  Oilman,  b.  Meredith, 
N.H.,  May  26,  1815.  Dartm,  Coll.  1839. 
Began  to  practise  law  at  Gilmanton,  N.H.,  in 
1842;  edited  the  Lidep.  Democrat  at  Concord, 
1846-61  ;  sec.  of  State  of  N.H.  in  1846;  U.S. 
minister  to  Switzerland,  1861-5  ;  U.S.  senator, 
1866-7.  —  D.  C.  Alumni, 

Folger,  Peleg,  of  Nantucket,  b.  Oct.  13, 
1733  ;  d.  May  26,  1789.  Was  many  years  em- 
ployed in  the  fisheries.  Some  of  his  verses  are 
in  Macy's  "  History  of  Nantucket,"  and  are 
very  creditable  to  his  taste  and  ability.  After- 
ward a  farmer. 

Folger,  Peter,  "  a  pious  and  learned " 
man,  b,  Eng.,  1617;  d.  Nantucket,  1690.    At 


the  age  of  18,  he  came  with  his  father  John 
from  Norwich,  and  settled  at  Martha's  Vine- 
jard,  where  John  d.  1 660.  He  was  among  the 
first  settlers  of  Nantucket  in  1663,  and  was  one 
of  the  5  commissioners  to  lay  out  land,  being 
well  qualified  by  his  knowledge  of  surveying. 
From  1673,  he  was  clerk  of  the  courts.  His  dau. 
Abiah  was  the  mother  of  Benjamin  Franklin. 
He  wrote  a  variety  of  small  pieces,  one  of  which, 
pub.  in  1675,  is  entitled  "A  Looking-Glass  for 
the  Times,  or  the  Former  Spirit  of  N  E.  re- 
vived in  this  Generation,"  reprinted  in  1763.  — 
Duci/kinc/c. 

Follen,  Chas.  Theo.  Christian,  LL.D., 
scholar,  b.  Romrod,  Hesse  Darmstadt,  Sept. 
4,  1796;  d.  Jan.  13,  1840.  U.  of  Geisscn, 
1818.  While  at  the  university,  he  was  noted 
for  his  liberal  sentiments,  and  attached  himself 
to  a  union,  or  Burschenschajl,  of  ^yhich  he  wrote 
a  defence.  He  also  wrote  patriotic  songs,  which, 
with  others  by  his  brother  August,  were  pub. 
at  Jena  in  1819;  and  was  one  of  the  authors 
of  "  The  Great  Song,"  which  was  considered 
seditious.  In  the  winter  of  1818-19,  he  deliv- 
ered at  Jena  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  Pan- 
dects of  Justinian.  Suspected  by  the  Prussian 
Govt,  of  privity  to  the  assassination  of  Kotzebue, 
he  was  arrested,  examined,  and  liberated,  but 
quitted  Germany.  Political  surveillance  fol- 
lowing him  to  France,  Strasbourg,  and  Basle, 
where  he  was  for  some  time  prof  of  civil  and 
eccles.  law,  he  came  to  N.Y.,  Dec.  19,  1824. 
He  soon  mastered  the  English  language,  and, 
by  the  instrumentality  of  Mr.  Duponceau  and 
Prof  Ticknor  of  Harvard  U.,  was  app.  German 
teacher  in  that  institution  in  Dee.  1825,  and,  in 
1830,  prof.  He  lectured  on  civil  law  in  Boston, 
where,  in  Sept.  1826,  he  opened  a  gymnasium. 
He  m.  Eliza  Lee  Cabot  in  1828,  and  in  that 
year  was  app.  teacher  of  eccles.  hist,  and  ethics 
in  the  Divinity  School,  and  admitted  to  the 
ministry.  He  resigned  this  position  in  1830, 
lectured  in  Boston  on  moral  philos.  in  1830, 
and  on  Schiller  in  1832.  Quitting  his  profes- 
sorship at  Cambridge  in  1835,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  literary,  educational,  and  clerical  laboi'S, 
and  in  May,  1839,  became  pastor  of  a  Unitarian 
church  in  E.  Lexington,  Ms.  In  Dec.  1839, 
he  lectured  on  German  literature  in  N.Y.,  and, 
returning  in  "  The  Lexington,"  lost  his  life  by 
the  burning  of  that  steamer  on  L.  I.  Sound. 
Dr.  F.  was  an  earnest  adherent  of  the  anti- 
slavery  movement.  He  pub.  "Psychology," 
an  "  Essay  on  Religion  and  the  Church,"  1836  ; 
"  German  Reader,"  and  a  German  versification 
of  the  Gospel  of  St.  John,  12mo  ;  "  German 
Grammar,"  1828,  and  was  a  frequent  contrib. 
to  the  reviews.  An  edition  of  his  works,  Avith 
a  Memoir  by  his  widow,  was  pub.  in  1842  in 
5  vols. 

Follen,  Eliza  Lee,  wife  of  the  preced- 
ing;  b,  Boston,  Aug.  15,  1787  ;  d.  Brookline, 
Ms.,  Jan.  26,  1860,  Dau.  of  Samuel  Cabot 
of  Boston  ;  and  m.  Dr,  Follen  in  1828.  After 
the  death  of  her  husband,  she  educated  their 
only  son,  whom,  with  other  pupils,  she  fitted 
for  H.U,  She  edited  from  1843  to  1850  the 
"Child's  Friend,"  pub.  "  Selections  from  Fene- 
lon,"  and  an  entertaining  book  for  children, 
"  The  Well-spent  Hour."  She  was  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  W.  E.  Channing,  and  a  zealous 


won, 


332 


FOO 


antislavery  woman.  In  1829,  she  edited  the 
"Christian  Teacher's  Manual."  In  1835,  she 
wrote  the  "  Sceptic,"  for  the  "  Sunday  Li- 
brary." In  the  winter  of  1838-9,  she  pub. 
"  Married  Life,"  "  Little  Songs,"  and  a  vol.  of 

{jocms,  and  in  1841  her  Memoir  of  Dr.  Fol- 
en,  as  the  first  vol.  of  his  collected  works.  In 
1857  she  pub.  "  Twilight  Stories,"  and  in  1859 
"  Second  Scries  of  Little  Songs,"  and  a  com- 
pilation of  "  Home  Dramas." 

Polsom,  George,  LL.D.  (Vt.  U.  1860), 
historian,  b.  Kenncbunk,  Me.,  Mav  23,  1802; 
d.  Rome,  Italy,  Mar.  27,  1869.  H.U.  1822. 
He  studied  law,  but,  devoting  himself  to  his- 
torical studies,  pub.  in  1830  a  hist,  of  Saco 
and  Biddeford,  Me.,  and  about  1837  removed 
to  N.Y.  City,  and  became  an  active  member 
and  librarian  of  the  Hist.  Society.  In  1841, 
he  edited  a  vol.  of  its  colls. ;  afterward  trans- 
lated the  Despatches  of  Hernando  Cortez ; 
in  1843  pub.  "The  Political  Condition  of 
Mexico;"  and,  in  1858,  "Documents  re),  to 
Early  Hist,  of  Maine."  Meml)cr  of  the  State 
senate  in  1844-8  ;  charg^-d' affaires  to  the  Neth- 
erlands, 1850-4.  His  lecture,  on  the  Discovery 
of  Maine,  to  the  N.Y.  Hist.  Soc,  was  pub.  in 
the  2d  vol.  of  its  colls.  Before  this  soc.  he 
also  delivered  lectures  on  the  Northmen,  1838; 
on  the  Life  and  Voyages  of  Vespucius,  in  1839  ; 
and  afterward  on  the  Life  and  Services  of  Col. 
Barre.     Pres.  of  the  Amer.  Ethnol.  Society. 

Folsom,  Nathaniel,  gen.,  b.  Exeter, 
N.H.,  1726;  d.  there  May  26,  1790.  He  was 
son  of  Jonathan  Folsom.  Com.  a  company  at 
Fort  Edward,  1755;  disting.  himself  in  the 
action  with  Dieskau  ;  com.  a  regt.  of  mili- 
tia before  theRcvol. ;  as  brig.-gen.  of  the  N.H. 
forces,  he  served  during  the  siege  of  Boston, 
until  relieved  by  Sullivan  in  July,  1775. 
Member  of  the  Cont.  Congress,  1774-5  and 
1777-80;  councillor,  1778;  and  pres.  of  the 
convention  which  framed  the  Constitution  of 
N.H.  in  1783. —Hist.  Gilmanton. 

Folsom,  Nathaniel  Smith,  clergvman, 
b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  Mar.  12,  1806.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1828;  And.  Scm.  1831.  Ord.  at  Brad- 
ford, Ms.,  Sept.  26,  1831 ;  missionary  to  Lib- 
erty Co.,  Ga.,  in  1831-2;  preached  in  Cleve- 
land, 0.,  in  1832-3;  prof,  of  Lane  Sem.  1833; 
prof,  of  biblical  lit..  West.  Reserve  Coll.,  Ohio, 
Sept.  1833  to  1836;  pastor  of  the  Cong, 
church,  Franccstovvn,  N.H. ,  from  Oct.  12,  1836, 
to  Aug.  21,  1838;  of  a  church  at  Providence, 
RI.,  from  Sept.  6,  1838,  to  1840;  and  of  a 
Unit.  Cong,  church  at  Haverhill,  Ms.,  from 
Nov.  7,  1840,  to  1847;  resided  at  Charlesrown, 
and  edited  the  Christian  Register  from  1847  to 
1849;  prof,  of  literature  and  biblical  interpre- 
tation at  Mcadville  Coll.,  Pa.,  from  Sept.  1849 
to  1861.  He  pub.  an  address  on  Temperance 
in  1839;  "A  Critical  and  Hist.  Interpretation 
of  the  Prophecies  of  Daniel,"  1842  ;  and  con- 
trihs.  to  reviews  and  magazines. 

Foote,  Andrew  Hull,  rear-adm.  U.SN. 
Son  of  Gov.  S.  A.  Foote ;  b.  N.  Haven,  Ct., 
Sept.  12,1806;  d.  N.Y.  City,  June  26,  1863. 
Acting  midshipman  in  1822,  he  made  his  first 
cruise  in  the  schooner  "  Grampus,"  sent  in 
1823  to  chastise  the  W.  Indian  pirates.  Lieut. 
May  27,  1830;  commander,  Dec.  19,  1852. 
He  was  flag-licut.  in  1833  of  the  Medit.  squad. ; 


and  in  1838,  as  1st  lieut.  of  the  "John  Ad- 
ams," Com.  Read,  circumnavigated  the  globe, 
and  took  part  in  an  attack  on  the  pirates  of 
Sumatra.  While  stationed  at  the  naval  asy- 
lum in  1841-3,  he  prevailed  upon  many  of  the 
inmates  to  give  up  their  spirit-rations,  being 
one  of  the  first  to  introduce  the  principle  of  to- 
tal abstinence  from  intoxicating  drinks  in  the 
navy,  and  continued  this  effort  in  "  The  Cum- 
berland "  in  1843-5,  besides  delivering  every 
Sunday  an  extemporaneous  sermon  to  the  crew. 
In  1849-52,  in  com.  of  the  brig  "Perry,"  he 
was  on  the  African  coast,  successfully  engaged 
in  suppressing  the  slave-trade.  He  pub.  in 
1854  "Africa  and  the  American  Flag."  He 
com.  in  1856  the  sloop  "Portsmouth,"  on  the 
China  station.  Arriving  at  Canton  just  before 
the  commencement  of  hostilities  between  the 
English  and  Chinese,  he  exerted  himself  in 
protecting  American  property,  and  having 
been,  while  thus  engaged,  fired  upon  by  the 
barrier  forts,  received  permission  from  Com. 
Armstrong  to  demand  an  apology  for  this  in- 
dignity. This  being  refused,  he  attacked  the 
forts,  4  in  number,  with  the  "  Portsmouth " 
and  "  Levant ;  "  breached  the  largest,  and,  with 
280  sailors,  landed,  and  carried  it  by  storm.  The 
remaining  forts  were  successively  carried,  with 
a  total  loss  of  40  to  the  attacking  party.  The 
works  were  of  granite,  with  walls  7  feet  thick, 
mounting  176  guns,  and  garrisoned  by  5,000 
men,  of  whom  400  were  killed  and  wounded. 
In  July,  1861,  he  became  capt.,  and  in  Sept. 
flag-officer,  of  the  flotilla  fitting  out  in  the  West- 
ern waters.  Feb.  4, 1862,  he  sailed  from  Cairo 
with  7  gunboats,  4  of  them  iron-clads,  to  at- 
tack Fort  Henry  on  the  Tenn.  River.  With- 
out awaiting  the  co-operation  of  Gen.  Grant, 
he  attacked  the  fort  at  noon  of  the  6th,  and  in 
2  hours  compelled  its  surrender.  On  the  14th, 
he  attacked  Fort  Donelson  ;  but  the  fleet  was 
obliged  to  haul  off  just  as  the  enemy's  water 
batteries  had  been  silenced,  two  of  the  gun- 
boats having  become  unmanageable.  Foote 
was  severely  wounded  in  the  ankle  by  a  frag- 
ment of  a  64-lb.  shot.  Though  on  crutches, 
he  proceeded  down  the  Mpi.  with  his  fleet,  and 
a  number  of  mortar-boats,  to  besiege  Island  No. 
10.  After  its  reduction,  Apr.  7,  he  returned  to 
N.  Haven.  Regaining  his  health,  he  was  made 
chief  of  the  bureau  of  equipment  and  recruit- 
ing. July  31,  1862,  he  was  app.  rear-adm.  on 
the  active  list  On  Admiral  Dupont's  being 
relieved  from  his  com.  of  the  S.  A.  blockade 
squad.,  May,  1863,  Adm.  Foote  was  app.  to 
succeed  him. 

Foote,  Henry  Stuart,  statesman,  b. 
Fauquier  Co.,  Va.,  Sept.  20,  1800.  Washing- 
ton Coll.  1819.  Licensed  to  practise  law  in 
1822;  removed  in  1824  to  Tuscumbia,  Ala., 
where  he  edited  a  Democ.  newspaper,  and  in 
1826  established  himself  at  Jackson,  Mpi.  He 
was  a  U.S.  senator  in  1847-52,  taking  an  active 
part  in  favor  of  the  compromise  measures ;  was 
elected  gov.  over  JcfF.  Davis  in  1852;  removed 
to  Cal.  in  1854  ;  settled  at  Vicksburg,  Mpi.,  in 
1858 ;  and  in  May,  1859,  at  the  Southern  conv. 
at  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  spoke  against  disunion. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  rebel  Congress,  and 
in  1866  pub.  a  "  History  of  the  Secession 
Struggle."    Author  of  "  Texas  and  the  Tex- 


FOO 


333 


FOR 


ans,"  2  vols.  12mo,  1841.  He  has  been  en- 
paged  in  3  duels,  in  2  of  which  he  was  slightly 
wounded. 

Foote,  Joseph  Ives,  D.D.  (Wash.  Coll. 
1840),  b.  VVatcrtown,  Ct.,  Nov.  17,  1796;  d. 
April  21,  1840.  Un.  Coll.  1821  ;  And.  Scm. 
1824.  From  Oct.  1826  to  1832,  he  was  pastor 
of  a  Cong,  society  in  West  Brookfield ;  in 
Salina  in  1833-5; 'and  Cortland,  N.Y.,  1835- 

7,  and  in  May,  1839,  of  the  church  in  Knox- 
ville,  Tenn. ;  cliosen  pres.  of  Wash.  Coll.  early 
in  1840.  Contrib.  to  the  N.Y.  Lit.  and  Theol. 
Review:  a  vol.  of  his  sermons  was  pub.  with  a 
Memoir,  8vo,  N.Y.,  1841.  He  pub.  also  an 
historical  discourse  on  the  history  of  Brook- 
field,  1828. 

Foote,  Samuel  Augustus,  LL.D.  (Y.  C. 
1834),  Uemoc.  politician,  b.  Cheshire,  Ct.,  Nov. 

8,  1780;  d.  there  Sept.  15,  1846.  Y.C.  1797. 
Son  of  Rev.  John.  He  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits  at  New  Haven  ;  was  often  a  member, 
and  twice  speaker,  of  the  house;  M.C.  1819- 
21,  and  again  in  1823-5;  U.S.  senator  from 
1827  to  1833,  and  in  1834-5  was  gov.  of  the 
State.  He  it  was,  who  on  the  floor  of  Con- 
gress, in  1830,  oflFered  the  resolutions  "  on  the 
public  lands  "  which  occasioned  the  great  de- 
bate between  Hayne  and  Webster.  Father  of 
Admiral  And.  H.  Foote. 

Foot,  SoLOMOX,  lawyer  and  senator,  b. 
Cornwall,  Vt.,  Nov.  19,  1802;  d,  Washington, 
March  28,  1866.  Mid.  Coll.  1826.  Principal 
of  Castleton  Sem.  in  1826  and  1828;  tutor  in 
Vt.  U.  in  1827;  prof,  of  nat.  philos.  in  the 
Vt.  Acad,  of  Medicine,  at  Castleton,  1828-31 ; 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1831,  and  settled  at  Hut- 
land  ;  member  of  the  Vt.  legisl.  in  1833, 1836- 
8,  and  1847;  speaker  in  1837-8  and  1847; 
member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  in  1836; 
State  atty.  for  Rutland,  1836-42  ;  M.C.  1843- 
7,  and  U.S.  senator  from  1850  to  his  death. 
President  pro  tern,  of  the  senate  during  a  part 
of  the  36th  and  the  whole  of  the  37th  Congress. 
He  made  many  elaborate  speeches  in  the  sen- 
ate, and  was  conspicuous  in  the  great  Lecomp- 
ton  debate  of  1858.  In  1854-5,  as  pres.  of  the 
Brunswick  and  Florida  R.  R.  Co.,  he  visited 
Eng.,  negotiated  its  bonds,  and  purchased  the 
iron  for  the  road. 

Foote,  William  Henry,  D.D.  (Ham.  Sid. 
Coll.  1847),  clergyman  and  historian,  b.  Col- 
chester, Ct.,  Dec.  20,  1794;  d.  Romney,  Va., 
Nov.  28,  1869.  Y.  C.  1816.  He  was  tutor  in 
a  family  in  Falmouth,  Va.,  until  July,  1818; 
afterward  taught  one  year  in  Winchester,  Va., 
and  f?tudied  a  year  in  Princeton  Sem.  Licensed 
by  the  presbytery  of  Winchester  in  Oct.  1819, 
he  preached  in  various  places  in  Va.,  and  was 
pastor  at  Woodstock  from  June,  1822,  to  Nov. 
1824;  and  of  Mount  Bethel,  Springfield,  and 
Romney,  from  1824  to  1838,  and  from  1845  to 
1861.  In  the  interval,  he  was  agent  of  the 
"  Central  Board  of  Missions,"  and  prepared 
"Sketches,  Historical  and  Biographical,  of  the 
Presl).  Church  in  Va."  (2  vols.,  1850-5),  and 
in  "  N.  Carolina,"  1  vol.,  1846.  He  also  conduct- 
ed an  acad.  while  at  Woodstock  and  at  Rom- 
ney. During  the  war,  he  was  agent  for  Hamp. 
Sid.  Coll.  in  Lower  Va.,  supplied  vacant  pul- 
pits, and  was  chaplain  at  Petersburg  during 
the  siege.—  Ob.  Record,  Yale  Coll.,  1870. 


Forbes,  Gordon,  a  British  gen.,  b.  1738  ; 
d.  Ham,  Middlesex  Co.,  Jan.  17,1828.  En- 
sign 33d  Foot,  1756  ;  capt.  72d,  1762  ;  served 
at  Havana  and  in  La.;  major,  9  Nov.  1776; 
served  in  Burgoyne's  exped.,  in  which  he  was 
twice  wounded;  lieut.-col.  Sept.  1781  ;  served 
in  the  E.  Indies;  col.  1785;  maj.-gen.  1794; 
com.  of  the  forces  at  St.  Domingo,  1798-1800; 
lieut.-gen.  1801  ;  gen.  1812. 

Forbes,  John,  a  British  general,  b.  Pe- 
tincrief,  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  1710;  d.  Phila., 
March  11,  1759.  Having  exchanged  the  med- 
ical for  the  military  profession,  he  was  advanced 
to  the  rank  of  lieut.-col.  of  the  Scotch  Greys 
in  1745.  In  the  German  war,  he  was  on  the 
staff  of  Lord  Stair,  Gens.  Ligonier  and  Camp- 
bell;  was  app.  col.  71st  Foot;  acted  as 
quartermaster-gen.  of  the  army  under  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland;  and  Dec.  28,  1757, 
was  app.  brig.-gen.  in  America.  Nov.  25, 1758, 
with  an  army  of  8,000  men,  he  took  possession 
of  the  abandoned  works  of  Fort  Du  Quesne, 
which  he  called  Pittsburg,  in  compliment  to  the 
prime-minister;  and  subsequently  concluded 
treaties  with  the  Indian  tribes  on  the  Ohio.  — 
Stuart's  Sketches. 

Force,  Peter,  historian,  b.  Passaic  Falls, 
N.J.,  26  Nov.  1790  ;  d.  Washington,  23  Jan. 
1868.  Wm.  his  father,  a  Revol.  soldier,  re- 
moved in  1793  to  N.Y.City,where  Peter  learned 
the  printer's  trade,  and  was  in  1812  pres.  of 
the  Typog.  Soc.  In  Nov.  1815,  he  removed  to 
Washington,  where  he  pub  the  National  Calen- 
dar in  1820-36 ;  estab.  in  1823  the  National. Jour- 
nal in  support  of  Mr.  Adams  ;  was  some  years 
city  councilman  and  alderman  ;  mayor  in  1836- 
40,  and  rose  by  successive  steps  to  maj.-gen.  of 
militia  in  1860;  first  vice-pres.,  afterwards  pres., 
of  the  National  Institute  at  W.  His  great 
work,  "  American  Archives,"  9  vols,  of  wliich 
only  were  pub.,  covering  the  period  from  Mar. 
1774  to  the  end  of  1776,  embodies  original 
documents  illustrating  the  hist,  of  the  Rcvol. 
He  prepared  a  10th  vol.,  still  unpub.  Ho  also 
pub.  "Grinnell  Land,"  18.52;  "Record  of 
Auroral  Phenomena,"  1856,  and  4  vols,  of 
rare  Amcr.  Tracts.  His  large  and  valuable 
coll.  of  books,  MSS.,  &c.,  relating  to  Amer. 
hist.,  now  forms  a  part  of  the  Congressional 
Library.  His  son.  Manning  Ferguson 
(H.U.  1845),  was  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  war  for 
the  Union,  app.  11  Aug.  1863  ;  brev.  maj.-gen. 
13  Mar.  1865,  for  disting.  services. 

Ford,  Gabriel  H.,  jurist,  b.  Morristown, 
N.J.,  1 764  ;  d.  there  Aug.  27, 1849.  N.J.  Coll. 
1784.  He  studied  law  ;  was  adm.  to  practise  in 
May,  1789  ;  was  app.  pres.  judge  of  the  C.C.P. 
for  the  Eastern  Dist.  of  the  State,  and  from 
Nov.  1820  to  1840  was  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  His  fivmily  residence  was  the  head- 
quarters of  Washington  in  1777. 

Ford,  Seabuhy,  lawyer  and  politician,  b. 
Pomfret,  Ct.,  Oct  15,  1801  ;  d.  Burton,  O., 
May  8,  1855.  Y.C.  1825.  He  practised  law 
in  JBurton  ;  was  often  a  member,  and  once 
speaker,  of  each  branch  of  the  State  Icgisl. 
Gov.  of  Ohio  1848-50,  and  maj.-gen.  of  militia. 

Ford,  Thomas,  gov.  of  III.  1842-6;  d. 
Peoria,  III.,  Jan.  1851.  In  1804,  while  a  child, 
his  parents  emig.  to  111.  He  practised  law 
successfully,  and  was  a  judge  of  the  Supreme 


moR 


334 


inOR 


Court.  Author  of  a  "  Hist,  of  HI.  from  1818 
to  1847,"  12mo,  1854. 

Foresti,  E.  Felice,  LL.D.  (U.  of  Bo- 
logna), Italian  patriot  and  scholar;  d.  Genoa, 
14  Sept.  1858.  A  lawyer  at  Ferrara.  App., 
in  1816,  praetor  of  Crespino ;  arrested  7  Jan. 
1819,  being  one  of  the  Carbonari ;  imprisoned 
at  Spielberg  till  Aug.  1836,  when  he  was  per- 
mitted to  come  to  Anier.  Prof  of  Italian  in 
Col.  Coll.,  N.Y.,  and  a  popular  teacher  more 
than  20  years.  App.  in  1858  U.S.  consul  at 
Geneva.  Ab.  1856,  he  pub.  in  the  Watchman 
and  Crusader  an  autobiog.  sketch,  entitled  "20 
Years  in  the  Dungeons  of  Austria." 

Forman,  Gex.  David,  Revol.  patriot, 
b.  near  Englishtown,  N. J. ;  d.  ab.  1812.  He 
com.  the  N.J.  militia  at  Germantown ;  after- 
ward judge  of  a  county  court,  and  member  of 
the  council  of  State. 

Forney,  John  Weiss,  journalist,  b.  Lan- 
caster, Pa.,  Sept.  30,  1817.  In  1833,  he  was 
apprenticed  in  the  office  of  the  Lancaster  Jour- 
nal, in  1837  became  editor  and  joint  proprietor 
of  the  Intellif/encer,  and  in  1840  united  the 
two  papers.  In  1845,  he  went  to  Phila.,  where 
he  long  edited  the  Pennsylvanian,  a  leading 
Deraoc.  journal.  In  1851-5,  he  was  clerk  of 
the  U.  S.  house  of  representatives  ;  meantime 
editing  the  Union,  a  Democ.  paper  at  Wash- 
ington, which  he  resigned  in  1856.  Aug.  1, 
1857,  he  began  the  Pi-ess,  an  independent  jour- 
nal ;  ardently  espoused  the  opinions  of  Mr. 
Douglas,  and,  on  the  Lecompton  Constitution 
of  Kansas,  took  an  attitude  of  determined  op- 
position to  the  administration  of  Buchanan, 
and  was  again  made  clerk  to  the  36th  Congress. 
During  the  civil  war,  he  powerfully  supported 
the  Federal  Govt.  Since  1861,  he  has  pub.,  in 
addition  to  the  Press,  a  weekly  paper  in  Wash- 
ington, the  Chronicle :  it  began  to  appear  daily 
in  Oct.  1862.     Sec.  U.S.  senate,  1861-8. 

Forrest,  Edwin,  tragedian,  b.  Phila., 
Mar.  9,  1808.  In  his  12  th  year,  he  performed 
female  parts  in  the  Old  South-st.  Theatre, 
Phila.  He  made  his  d^mt  at  the  Walnut-st. 
Theatre,  Nov.  20, 1820,  as  Young  Norval.  Af- 
ter a  long  professional  tour  in  the  West,  he 
played  successful  engagements  at  Albany  and 
Phila. ;  played  Othello  at  N.Y.  in  July,  1826, 
and  at  once  became  popular.  He  has  appeared 
in  the  principal  theatres  of  the  Union  as  Othel- 
lo, Macbeth,  Hamlet,  Richard  III.,  and  other 
prominent  Shakspearian  parts,  and  also  in  many 
American  plays,  the  most  successful  of  which 
were  "  Metamora,"  "  The  Gladiator,"  and 
"  Brutus."  He  played  a  successful  engage- 
ment in  Eng.  in  1836.  During  a  second  visit 
to  Eng.,  in  1837,  he  was  m.  to  Miss  Sinclair, 
dau.  of  the  well-known  singer,  and  returned 
to  the  U.S.  in  1838.  In  1844-6  he  was  a  third 
time  in  Eng.  A  quarrel  with  Macready,  es- 
poused by  Forrest's  friends,  led  to  the  serious 
riot  which  occurred  at  the  Astor-place  Opera 
House,  May  10, 1849,  during  the  engagement  of 
Macready.  In  that  year,  Mr.  Forrest  separated 
from  his  wife  for  alleged  misconduct  on  her  part. 
She  subsequently  brought  an  action  against 
him  on  the  ground  of  infidelity,  and  in  Jan. 
1852  obtained  a  verdict  in  her  favor,  with  an 
annual  allowance  of  $3,000  as  alimony.  He  has 
accumulated  a  fortune  by  his  professional  la- 


bors. His  fame  rests  chiefly  upon  his  persona- 
tion of  Jack  Cade,  Spartacus,  and  Metamora. 
He  has  given  much  encouragement  to  dramatic 
authors,  offering  liberal  rewards  to  successful 
playwrights. 

Forrest,  French,  naval  officer,  b.  Md., 
1796;  d.  Georgetown,  D.C.,  Dec.  22,  1866. 
Midshipm.  June  9,  1811  ;  lieut.  Mar.  5,  1817  ; 
com.  Feb.  9,  1837;  capt.  Mar.  30,  1844;  dis- 
missed Apr.  19,  1861.  He  fought  bravely  in  the 
war  of  1812,  distinguishing  himself  in  the 
battle  on  Lake  Erie  and  in  the  action  between 
"  The  Hornet "  and  "  Peacock,"  Feb.  24, 1813 ; 
and  in  the  Mexican  war  was  adj. -gen.  of  the 
land  and  naval  forces.  When  Va.  seceded,  he 
was  put  at  the  head  of  the  navy  of  Va. ;  com. 
at  the  Norfolk  navy-yard,  was  afterward  com. 
of  the  James  River  squad.,  and  then  acting  as- 
sist, sec.  of  the  Con  fed.  navy. 

Forrest,  Gen.  Uriah,  Revol.  officer,  b.  St. 
Mary's  Co.,  Md.,  1756;  d.  near  Georgetown, 
D.C.,  July,  1805.  He  attained  the  rank  of 
lieut.-col.  in  the  Md.  line,  and  received  a  wound 
at  Germantown,  from  the  effects  of  which  he 
never  recovered.  App.  auditor  of  Md.,  mem- 
ber of  the  Old  Congress,  1786-7  ;  often  a 
member  of  both  branches  of  the  State  legisl. ; 
a  maj.-gen.  of  militia;  M.C.  1793-5,  and  at  his 
death  was  clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  D.C. 

Forry,  Samuel,  M.D.,  a  physician  and 
medical  writer,  b.  Berlin,  Pa.,  June  23,  1811  ; 
d.  Nov.  8,  1844.  U.  of  Pa.  1835.  He  was 
1 0  years  in  the  U.  S.  army  as  assi.>^t.  surgeon 
and  surgeon,  and  was  engaged  in  the  Florida 
war ;  afterward  practised  in  N.Y.  City.  He  con- 
trib.  many  articles  to  med.  journals,  originated 
and  conducted  for  two  years  the  N.  Y.  Journal 
of  Medicine,  and  in  1844  received  from  H.U. 
the  Boylston  prize  for  the  best  essay  on  the 
protecting  power  of  vaccine.  He  pub.  "  Cli- 
mate of  the  U.S.,  and  its  Endemic  Influences," 
&c.,  8vo,  N.Y.,  1842;  "Meteorology,"  N.Y., 
1843. 

Forsyth,  Benjamin,  col.  U.S.A. ;  killed 
June  28,  1814,  in  an  affair  at  Odeltown,  N.Y., 
with  a  superior  force  of  British  and  Indians. 
App.  for  N.C.,  Apr.  24,  lieut.  of  inf ,  he  be- 
came capt.  of  riflemen,  July  1,  1808;  com.  in 
victorious  assault  on  Gananoque,  U.C.,  Sept. 
21,  1812;  maj.  Jan.  20,  1813;  com.  in  capture 
of  a  British  guard,  at  Elizabethtown,  U.C.,Feb. 
7,1813,  for  which  brev.  lieut.-col.  Feb.  6,  1813  ; 
disting.  in  the  capture  of  Fort  George,  U.C., 
May  27,  1813.  —  Gardner. 

Forsyth,  John,  statesman,  b.  Fredericks- 
burg, Va.,  Oct.  22, 1780;  d.  Washington,  D.C, 
Oct.  21,  1841.  N.J.  Coll.  1799.  While  he 
was  quite  young,  his  father,  a  native  of  Eng., 
but  a  soldier  of  the  Revol.,  removed  his  family 
to  S.C.,  and  afterward  to  Augusta,  Ga.  John 
studied  law,  and  from  1802  to  1808  disting. 
himself  at  the  Ga.  bar ;  app.  atty.-gen.  of  the 
State  in  1808;  M.  C.  1813-18  and  1823-7; 
U.S.  senator,  1818-19,  and  1829-37;  gov. 
1827-9  ;  minister  to  Spain,  1819-22  ;  U.  S. 
sec.  of  State,  1835-41.  While  Spanish  min- 
ister, he  conducted  the  negotiations  which  gave 
Florida  to  the  U.S.  Delegate  to  the  anti-tar- 
iff convention  at  Milledgeville  in  1832,  but 
withdrew  from  it  on  the  ground  that  it  did  not 
fairly  represent  the  people  of  Ga.     He  opposed 


ir-OR 


B^OS 


nullification  in  S.C.  from  its  beginning ;  voted 
in  favor  of  Clay's  compromise  act  of  1833  ; 
supported  Pres.  Jackson  in  the  debate  in  1834, 
on  the  removal  of  the  deposits  from  the  U.S. 
Bank  ;  was  a  disting.  orator,  and  possessed 
great  elegance  and  dignity  of  manner. 

Forward,  Walter,  lawyer  and  statesman, 
b.  Ct.,  1786  ;  d.  Pittsburg,  Nov.  24,  1852.  In 
1803,  he  removed  to  Pittsburg,  where  he 
studied  law,  and  in  1805  became  the  editor  of 
a  Democ.  newspaper,  the  Tree  of  LibeHy.  He 
commenced  the  practice  of  law  in  1806  ;  was 
M.  C.  in  1822-5.  In  the  jtresidential  elections 
of  1824  and  1828,  he  supported  J.  Q.  Adams, 
and  was  thenceforward  identified  with  the 
Whig  party.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
convention  to  revise  the  constitution  of  Pa.  in 
1837  ;  in  Mar.  1841,  he  was  app.  first  compt. 
of  the  treasury  ;  was  sec.  of  that  dept.  in 
1841-3;  was  in  1849-52  charg^-d" affaires  to 
Denmark,  and  was  afterwards  pres.  judge  of 
the  Dist.  Court  of  Alleghany  Co.  His  report 
on  the  Tariff,  in  1842,  was  pronounced  an  able 
document. 

Fosdick,  William  Whiteman,  poet,  b. 
Cincinnati,  Jan.  28,  1825;  d.  there,  March  8, 
1862.  Transylvania  U.  1845.  His  mother, 
Julia  Drake,  was  an  actress  of  merit.  After 
studying  law,  he  began  practice  in  Covington, 
Ky.,  and  shortly  after  settled  in  Cincinnati. 
His  first  dramatic  effort  was  "  Tecumseh." 
He  travelled  in  Mexico  in  1847-9,  and  there 
wrote  the  novel  "  Malmiztic  the  Toltec,  and  the 
Cavaliers  of  the  Cross,"  pub.  1851.  From 
1851  to  1858,  he  practised  in  N.Y.,  where,  in 
1855,  he  pub.  "  Ariel  and  other  Poems."  He 
was  a  frequent  contrib.  of  verse  npon  festive 
occasions,  and  tedited  the  Sketch  Club,  an 
illustrated  paper,  supported  by  the  artists  of 
Cincinnati.  — Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West. 

Foster,  Abiel,  b.  Andover,  Ms.,  Aug.  8, 
1 735  ;  d.  Canterbury,  N.  H.,  Feb.  6, 1 806.  II.U. 
1756.  Pastor  of  the  Cong,  church  in  Canter- 
bury from  Jan.  21,  1761,  to  1779.  He  was  in 
1780  a  representative  in  the  State  legisl. ;  in 
1783  and  '84,  a  delegate  to  the  Cont.  Congress  ; 
was  app.,  under  the  new  constitution  of  the 
State,  in  1784,  a  judge  of  the  CC.P.  for  Rock- 
ingham Co.,  of  which  court  he  became  chief- 
justice;  was  M.C.  1789-91;  in  1791  was  a 
delegate  to  revise  the  State  constitution,  as 
well  as  a  representative  to  the  Gen.  Court, 
to  which  he  was  re-elected  in  1792;  in  1793 
and  '94  was  pres.  of  the  State  senate ;  and  was 
again  M.C.  in  1795-1803. 

Foster,  Benjamin,  D.  D.  (B.  U.  1792), 
Baptist  clergyman,  b.  Danvers,  Ms.,  June  12, 
1750;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  Aug.  26,  1798.  Y.  C. 
1774.  Ord.  minister  of  the  Baptist  church  at 
Leicester,  Ms.,  Oct.  23,  1776;  was  dismissed 
in  1782  ;  preached  two  years  in  Danvers  ;  was 
in  Jan.  1785  called  to  the  First  Church  in 
Newport;  and  from  the  autumn  of  1788,  till 
his  death,  was  minister  of  the  First  Baptist 
Church  in  New  York.  During  the  prevalence 
of  yellow-fever,  in  1798,  he  was  active  in  the 
discharge  of  his  duties,  and  fell  a  victim  to 
the  disease.  He  pub.  "  The  Washing  of  Re- 
generation," "Primitive  Baptism  Defended," 
and  "A  Dissertation  on  the  70  Weeks  of 
Daniel." 


Foster, D wight,  jurist,  b.  Brookfield,  Ms., 
Dec.  7,  1757  ;  d.  there  Apr.  29,  1823.  Brown 
U.  1774.  Son  of  Judge  Jedediah.  Practised 
law  at  Brookfield ;  was  county  sheriff  and 
judge  of  Common  Pleas  ;  was  some  time  a 
member  of  the  house  and  senate  of  Ms. ;  M.C. 
1793-9;  U.S.  senator,  1800-3;  chief  justice 
C.C.P.,  and  a  member  of  the  exec,  council. 
On  the  death  of  his  father,  he  was  chosen  to 
supply  his  place  in  the  convention  for  framing 
the  State  constitution  in  1779. 

Foster,  Hannah,  d.  Montreal,  Can.,  1840. 
Dau.  of  Grant  Webster  of  Boston  ;  m.  John 
Foster,  D.  D.  (H.  U.  1815),  minister  of 
Brighton,  Ms.,  from  Nov.  1,  1784,  to  Oct.  31, 
1827.  D.C.  1783;  b.  Warren,  Ms.,  Apr.  19, 
1763;  d.  Brighton,  Sept.  15,  1829.  She  was 
author  of  "Eliza  Wharton,  the  Coquette,"  — 
a  story  founded  on  fact.  An  edition,  with  a 
Preface  by  Mrs.  Jane  E.  Locke,  was  pub.  in 
1855.  Author  also  of  "Lessons  of  a  Pre- 
ceptress," Boston,  1798. 

Foster,  Jedediah,  judge,  b.  Andover, 
Oct.  10,  1726;  d.  Oct.  17,  1779.  H.U.  1744. 
He  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  in  Brook- 
field ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Worcester  Co. 
convention,  Aug.  1774,  and  to  the  Pro  v.  Con- 
gress, 1774-5,  where  he  Avas  active  and 
influential,  his  name  appearing  on  most  of  the 
important  committees.  Elected  a  councillor 
in  1774,  he  was  negatived  by  Gov.  Gage,  but 
was  re-elected  in  1775.  App.  a  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  in  1776  ;  he  was  also  some  time 
a  judge  of  probate,  and  a  justice  of  the  C.C.P., 
Worcester  Co.;  member  of  the  conv.  which 
framed  the  const,  of  Ms. 

Foster,  John  G.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  N.H.,  1823.  West  Point,  1846.  He  in- 
herited military  tastes  from  his  father,  who 
commanded  the  Nashua  artillery.  Entering 
the  engineer  corps,  he  was  brev.  1st  Heut. 
for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churuhusco, 
Aug.  20,  and  capt.  for  Molino  del  Rey,  Sept. 
8,  1847,  where  he  was  one  of  the  party  that 
stormed  the  Mexican  works,  and  was  seriously 
wounded;  was  assist,  prof,  of  engineering  at 
West  Point,  1855-7  ;  became  capt.  July  1, 
1860  ;  major.  Mar.  13,  1863  ;  lieut.-col.  7  Mar. 
1867.  April  28,  1858,  he  took  charge  of  the 
fortifications  in  N.  and  S.  Carolina,  where  he 
remained  till  1861.  One  of  the  garrison  of 
Fort  Sumter ;  after  its  surrender,  he  was  era- 
ployed  on  the  fortifications  of  N.Y.  Made 
brig. -gen.  of  vols.  Oct.  23,  1861,  he  com.  a 
brigade  in  the  exped.  to  N.C.  under  Gen.  Burn- 
side,  and  took  a  leading  part  in  the  capture  of 
Roanoke  Island,  Feb.  8,  1862,  and  of  Newbern, 
March  14,  of  which  place  he  was  made  gov. 
July  18 :  he  was  promoted  to  be  a  maj.-gen.  of 
vols.,  and  when,  in  July,  Gen.  Burnside  joined 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  Gen.  Foster  became 
com.  of  that  dept.  and  of  the  18th  corps.  He 
was  disting.  at  South-west  Creek,  Kinston, 
White  Hall,  and  Goldsborough.  In  Dec.  1862, 
he  was  besieged  in  Newbern  by  a  large  rebel 
force  under  Gen.  Hill,  but  held  the  post  suc- 
cessfully. July  16,  1863,  he  was  app.  to  com. 
the  dept.  of  Va.  and  N.C,  with  headquarters 
at  Fortress  Monroe.  He  subsequently  com. 
the  dept.  of  the  Ohio,  from  which  he  was 
relieved  Jan.  28,  1864,  at  his  own  request,  on 


mos 


336 


FO^VV 


account  of  wounds  ;  the  dept.  of  the  South,  26 
May,  1864,  to  11  Feb.  1865,  and  that  of 
Florida,  7  An.<?.  1865,  to  5  Dec.  1866.  Brev. 
lieut.-col.  for  capture  of  Roanoke  Island  ;  col. 
for  capture  of  Newbern  ;  brij^.-gen.  for  services 
in  capture  of  Savannah,  and  maj.-gen.  for  ser- 
vices in  the  field  during  the  Rebellion.  — 
Culliim. 

Poster,  Lafayette  Sabine,  LL.D.,  law- 
yer and  senator,  b.  Franklin,  Ct.,  Nov.  22, 
1806.  Brown  U.  1828.  A  lineal  descendant 
of  Miles  Standish.  Came  to  the  bar  in  1831  ; 
member  Ct.  assemb.  1839-40,  '46-8,  and  '54; 
speaker,  1847-8  and  '54;  mayor  of  Norwich, 
1854-5  ;  U.S.  senator,  1855-67  ;  pres.  pro  fern. 
of  that  body,  1866-7,  and  acting  vice-pres.  U.S. 

Poster,  Randolph  S.,  D.D.,  Methodist 
clergyman,  b.  Williamsbury,  O.,  Feb.  22,  1820. 
Educated  at  Augusta  Coll'.,  Ky.  Entered  the 
ministry  at  the  age  of  17  ;  was  received  into  the 
Ohio  conference,  and  app.  to  the  mountain  re- 
gion of  Western  Va.  While  stationed  at  Cin- 
cinnati in  1848,  he  wrote  a  series  of  letters,  en- 
titled "Objections  to  Calvinism."  In  1853, 
he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  D.D.  from 
the  Ohio  Wesl.  U.  In  1854,  he  pub.  a  work, 
"  Christian  Purity,"  and  in  1855  "  Ministry  for 
the  Times."  In  1856,  he  was  elected  pres.  of 
the  North-western  U.  at  Evanston,  III. 

Poster,  Stephen,  pres.  of  the  Coll.  of  E. 
Tenn.,  b.  Andover,  Ms.,  Feb.  15,  1798;  d. 
Knoxville,  Tenn.,  June  11,  1835.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1821;  And.  Sem.  1824.  Ord.  Oct.  1824;  set- 
tied  in  Greenville,  Tenn.,  and  afterward  in 
Knoxville,  and  was  first  prof,  of  Latin  and 
Greek,  then  pres.  of  the  coll.  there. 

Poster,  Stephen  C,  song-writer  and  m\i^i- 
cal  composer,  b.  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  July  4,  1826; 
d.  N.Y.  City,  Jan.  13, 1864.  Possessing  a  nat- 
ural talent  for  music,  he  mastered  most  kinds 
of  instruments,  and  studied  the  art  thoroughly. 
He  early  gained  reputation  by  his  compositions 
for  the  negro  melodists;  and  his  "  Old  Uncle 
Ned,"  "  O  Susannah  !"  "  Nelly  was  a  Lady," 
"  Camptown  Races,"  &c.,  are  world-renowned. 
He  received  S15,000  for  his  "Old  Folks  at 
Home."  His  later  compositions  were  of  a  more 
refined  and  sentimental  cast.  Among  them 
are  "  Willie,  we  have  Missed  You,"  "  Come 
where  my  Love  lies  Dreaming,"  "  Old  Dog 
Tray,"  "  Ella  is  an  Angel,"  &c.  His  ballads 
have  been  translated  into  many  languages,  and 
pub.  with  his  music.  His  best  compositions 
have  been  collected  into  a  vol.  since  his  death. 

Poster,  Stephen  Symonds,  a  noted  advo- 
cate of  the  abolition  of  slavery,  b.  Canterburv, 
N.H.,  Nov.  17,  1809.  Dartm.  Coll.  1838.  He 
studied  theology,  but  devoted  himself  wholly 
for  years  to  the  antislavery  cause.  He  m.  Abby 
Kelly,  a  kindred  spirit,  Dec.  21,  1845,  and  lives 
on  a  farm  at  Worcester,  Ms.  Author  of  "  The 
Brotherhood  of  Thieves,  a  True  Picture  of  the 
American  Church  and  Clergy,"  and  some  arti- 
cles for  periodicals. 

Poster,  William  S.,  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  N.H.  ; 
d.  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  Nov.  26,  1839.  App. 
lieut.  of  inf.  March,  1812  ;  capt.  March,  1813  ; 
brev.  major  "  for  gallant  conduct  in  the  de- 
fence of  Fort  Erie,"  Aug.  15, 1814  ;  major  4th 
Inf.  July  7,  1826;  lieut.-col.  June  8,  1836; 
brev.  col.  "  for  disting.  service  in  Florida,  and 


particularly  in  the  battle  of  Okeechobee,"  Dec. 
25,  1837.-^  Gardner. 

Powle,  Daniel,  printer,  b.  Charlestown, 
Ms.  ;  d.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  June,  1787,  a.  72. 
He  was  an  apprentice  with  Samuel  Kneeland ; 
commenced  business  in  Boston  in  1740.  From 
1742  to  '50,  he  was  partner  with  Gamaliel  Rog- 
ers, and,  in  1748-50,  joint  publisher  of  the  In- 
dependent Advertiser.  In  1743-6,  they  pub. 
the  American  Magazine,  and  were  the  first  in 
America  to  print  the  New  Testament.  In 
1755,  he  was  arrested,  by  order  of  the  house  of 
representatives,  on  suspicion  of  having  print- 
ed a  pamphlet,  entitled  "  The  Monster  of 
Monsters,"  severely  animadverting  on  some  of 
the  members.  Released  in  a  few  days,  he  left 
Boston  in  disgust,  went  to  Portsmouth,  N.H., 
and  Oct.  7,  1756,  commenced  the  publication 
of  the  N.  H.  Gazette. 

Powle,  William  Bentley,  teacher,  and 
author  of  school  text-books,  b.  Boston,  Oct.  17, 
1795;  d.  Feb.  6,  1865.  His  mother  was  the 
sister  of  Dr.  Wm.  Bentley,  the  eminent  schol- 
ar of  Salem.  He  was  apprenticed  to  the  book- 
seller Caleb  Bingham,  and  after  his  death  car- 
ried on  the  business  until  1821,  when  he  com- 
menced teaching.  In  1842,  he  began  to  pub. 
the  Common  SchoolJournal,  and  was  its  editor 
in  1848-52  ;  member  of  the  Ms.  legisl.  1843. 
For  list  of  his  pubs,  and  memoir,  see  N.  E. 
Hist,  and  Gen.  Reg.,  Apr.  1869. 

Powler,  Orin,  clergyman  and  M.C.,  b. 
Lebanon,  Ct.,  July  29,  1791  ;  d.  Washington, 
D.C.,  Sept.  3,  1852.  Y.  Coll.  1815.  Son  of 
Capt.  Amos  F.,  a  Revol.  soldier.  He  studied 
theology  under  Dr.  D wight,  performed  an  ex- 
tensive missionary  tour  in  the  valley  of  the 
Mpi.,  and  in  1819  settled  as  pastor  in  Plain- 
field,  Ct.  He  was  twenty  years  a  pastor  in 
Fall  River,  which  he  represented  in  both  branch- 
es of  the  State  legisl.  for  several  years,  and  was 
M.C.  from  1848  until  his  death.  He  replied 
ably  to  Mr.  VVebster's  speech  of  March  7, 1850, 
and  was  a  decided  opponent  of  intemperance 
and  slavery.  He  pub.  "  A  Treatise  on  Bap- 
tism," 1835  ;  "  Hist.  Sketch  of  Fall  River," 
1841.  —iV.  E.  Hist,  and  Gen.  Reg.,  vii.,  131. 

Powler,  Orson  Squire,  phrenologist,  b. 
Cohoeton,  N.Y.,  Oct.  11,  1809.  Amh.  Coll. 
1834.  He  supported  himself  at  college  by  saw- 
ing wood  for  his  fellow-students,  and  by  teach- 
ing during  vacations.  Turning  his  attention 
to  phrenology,  he  soon  began  to  lecture  upon 
it,  and  established  at  Phila.  in  1838,  in  connec- 
tion with  his  bro.  Lorenzo,  the  Amer.  Phrenol. 
Journal.  Among  his  publications  are  "Memory 
and  Intellectual  Improvement,"  1841 ;  "Phys- 
iology, Animal  and  Mental,"  1842;  "Matri- 
mony, or  Phrenology  applied  to  the  Selection 
of  Companions,"  1842  ;  "  Self-Culture  and  Per- 
fection of  Character,"  1843;  "Hereditary  De- 
scent," 1843;  "Love and  Parentage,"  1844;  "A 
Home  for  All,  or  the  Gravel- Wall  and  Octagon 
Mode  of  Building,"  1849.  In  connection  with 
his  bro.  Lorenzo,  he  has  written  "  Phrenology 
Proved,  Illustrated,  and  Applied,"  1836;  and 
the  "  Self-Instructor  in  Phrenology  and  Phys- 
iology," 1849.  He  has  lectured  in  almost  every 
part  of  the  U.S.  and  in  Canada. —  Appleton. 

Powler,  WilliamChauncey,LL.D.  (Laf. 
Coll.  1861),  b.  Clinton,  Ct.,  1  Sept.  1793.    Y.C. 


FO^W 


337 


FRA 


1816.  Tutor  in  Y.C.  1819-23  ;  prof,  of  rheto- 
ric and  oratory  in  Mid.  Coll.  11  years;  prof, 
of  rhetoric,  Amh.  Coll.,  5  years ;  pastor  at 
Greenfield,  Ms.,  31  Au<?.  1825  to  1827.  De- 
scended from  William  of  Milford,  and  mater- 
nally from  Pres.  Chas.  Chauncey.  Member  Ms. 
legisl.  1851,  and  of  the  Senate  of  Ct.  in  1864. 
Author  of  "  The  Sectional  Controversy,"  8vo, 
1863;  "Chauncey  Memorial,"  1858;  "History 
of  Durham,"  1866,  and  of  a  scries  of  jjrammars. 
Contrib.  to  periodicals;  editor,  in  1845,  of  the 
University  edition  of  "  Webster's  Dictionary." 
—  Biog.  Sketches,  C/ass  o/"  181 6,  Y.C. 

Fowles,  Rev.  James  H,  b.  Nassau,  New 
Providence,  1812;  d.  1854.  Y.C.  1831.  Son 
of  Lieut.  Henry  F.  of  the  British  army.  Li- 
censed by  the  N.Y.  presbytery  in  1833;  sub- 
sequently ordained  by  Bishop  Bowen  of  S.C., 
and,  after  officiatinj^  in  several  parishes  in  that 
State,  settled  in  1845  over  the  Church  of  the 
Epiphany,  Phila.  Author  of  "  Prot.  Epis. 
Views  of  Baptism,"  &c.,  1846;  "30  Sermons," 
with  a  Memoir  of  the  author,  8vo,  1855. 

Fox,  Charles  James,  lawver  and  author,  b. 
Antrim,  N.IL,  Oct.  1 1, 1811  ;'d.  Nashua,  N.H., 
Feb.  17, 1846.  Dartm.  Coll.  1831.  Becamelaw- 
partner  with  Hon.  Daniel  Abbot  of  Nashua  in 
1834;  member  of  the  N.H.  legisl.  in  1837; 
county  solicitor,  1835-44;  one  of  a  commis- 
sion to  revise  the  N.H.  statutes  in  1841-2  ; 
went  to  Egypt  in  1843,  and  to  the  W.  Indies 
in  1844  ;  compiled,  with  Rev.  Samuel  Osgood, 
"  The  N.  H.  Book  of  Prose  and  Poetry,"  1842  ; 
pub.  "  The  Historv  of  Dunstable,"  1846,  and 
"The  Town-Officer,"  12mo,  1843. 

Fox,  Rt.  Hon.  Henry  Stephen,  a  British 
diplomatist;  d.  Oct.  13,  1846,  at  Washington, 
D.C.  Son  of  Gen.  Henry  Fox,  and  nephew  to 
the  disting.  Charles  James.  The  first  minister- 
plenipo.  of  Great  Britain  to  Buenos  Ayres,  he 
was  transferred  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  thence  to 
the  U.S.  in  1836.  He  conducted  the  difficult 
negotiations  growing  out  of  the  burning  of  the 
steamer  "  Caroline,"  the  case  of  McLeod,  &c., 
which  he  broiiglit  to  a  happy  conclusion,  pre- 
serving the  friendly  relations  of  the  two  coun- 
tries. 

Fox,  LuKE;  an  English  navigator,  b.  ab. 
1585  ;  d.  after  1635.  A  seaman  from  his 
youth,  his  thoughts  were  early  turned  towards 
the  discovery  of  a  north-west  passage,  which 
to  the  day  of  his  death,  and  notwithstanding  his 
ill  success,  he  believed  practicable.  Having 
procured  from  Charles  I.  a  vessel,  furnished 
with  whatever  was  necessary  to  the  enterprise, 
he  left  Deptford,  May  5,  1631  ;  arriving  at 
Hudson's  Bay  June  22.  During  the  explo- 
ration of  this  bay,  he  discovered,  July  27,  an 
island,  which  he  named  "  Sir  Thomas  Rowc's 
Welcome,"  and  named  the  cape  which  bounded 
its  northern  extremity  "  "Wostenholme's  Ulti- 
ma Vale."  Proceeding  northward,  he  discov- 
ered and  named  various  points  situated  in  the 
large  island  since  known  as  "  Cumberland  Is- 
land ;  "  but,  despairing  of  penetrating  the  Polar 
Sea  by  ILidson's  Bay,  he  determined  to  return, 
and  arrived  in  the  Downs  Oct.  21.  He  pub. 
the  relation  of  his  voyage,  Lond.,  1635,  4to, 
with  mnp, 

Foxcroft,  Thomas,  pastor  of  the  First 
Church,  Boston,  from  Nov.  20,  1717,  to  his  d., 
Z3 


June  18,  1769;  b.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  Feb.  26, 
1697.  H.U.  1714.  Son  of  Hon.  Francis  of 
Cambridge.  He  was  learned,  devout,  a  strong 
reasoner,  polite  and  elegant  in  manner,  and 
universally  admired.  His  writings,  32  in  num- 
ber, evince  clear  perception,  lively  imagination, 
and  sound  judgment.  Among  them  are  "Ob- 
servations, Hist,  and  Practical,  on  the  Rise  and 
Primitive  State  of  N.E.,  a  Century  Sermon," 
Aug.  23,  1730.  His  son  Samuel,  28  years 
minister  of  New  Gloucester,  Me.,  d.  Mar.  2, 
1807.     H.U.  1754. 

Frailey,  James  Madison,  commodore 
U.S.N.,  b.  Md.,  May  6,  1809.  Midshipman, 
May  1,  1828;  lieut.  Sept.  8,  1841;  command- 
er, 1861  ;  capt.  Feb.  6,  1866.  Lieut.  F.  served 
in  the  naval  battery  before  Vera  Cruz ;  com.  the 
steamer  "  Quaker  City,"  So.  Atlantic  block, 
squad.,  1862-4,  which  was  struck  by  a  shell, 
and  partly  disabled,  in  attack  by  rebel  rams 
oflT  Charleston,  Jan.  31,  1863;  com.  "  Tusca- 
rora "  in  both  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher,  and 
com.  steam-sloop  "Saranac,"N.  Pacific  squad., 
1867-8;  commo.  March  2,  1870;  app.  to  com- 
mand League  Island  naval  station,  Apr.  30, 
1870.     Retired  6  May,  1871. 

Franchere,  Gabriel,  b.  Montreal,  1786. 
Author  of  "  Travels  in  Oregon,"  1st  edition  in 
French,  1819-20;  translation,  N.Y.,  1854. — 
AUibone. 

Franeia,  Jose  Caspar  Rodriguez,  dic- 
tator of  Paraguay,  b.  Asuncion,  1757  ;  d.  there 
20  Sept.  1840.  His  fother  was  a  French  propri- 
etor, his  mother  a  Creole.  He  studied  at  the  U. 
of  Cordova,  obtained  the  degree  of  LL.D.,  and 
acquired  an  extensive  law-practice.  App.  in 
1811  sec.  to  the  patriot  junta,  in  1813  consul 
with  Yegros  as  his  colleague,  and  in  1814  dic- 
tator :  the  improved  state  of  affairs  under  his 
management  led  the  people,  in  1817,  to  confer 
upon  him  despotic  authority.  His  measures, 
though  arbitrary  and  severe,  were  adapted  to 
the  condition  and  wants  of  the  country.  His 
most  extrao'dinary  measure  was  to  close  the 
country  against  all  foreign  intercourse.  —  See 
Carh/le  in  Ed'inh.  Review,  1843;  Francis's  Reign 
of  Terror,  1839,  and  Letters  on  S.  Anier.  1843, 
by  Robertson. 

Francis,   Convers,  D.D.  (H.U.  1837), 

clergyman  and  author,  b.  W.  Cambridge,  Ms., 
Nov.  9,  1795;  d.  Camb.  April  7,  1863.  H.U. 
1815.  He  studied  at  the  Camb.  Div.  School; 
was  pastor  of  the  Unitarian  church,  Water- 
town,  from  June  23,  1819,  to  1842  ;  and  from 
]  842,  to  his  death,  was  "  Parkmnn  Prof,  of 
Pulpit  Eloquence  and  the  Pastoral  Care  in 
H.U."  Brother  of  Mrs.  Lydia  Maria  Child. 
He  pub.  "Errors  of  Education,"  a  discourse, 
May,  1828;  hist,  sketch  of  AVatertown,  1830; 
a  discourse  at  Plymouth,  Dec.  22,  1832;  a 
Dudleian  Lecture  at  Cambridge,  1833  ;  Lives 
of  Rev.  John  Eliot  and  Sebastian  Rale  in 
Sparks's  "  Am.  Biography ;  "  Memoir  of  Rev. 
John  Allyn,  1836,  of  Dr.  Gamaliel  Bradford, 
1846,  and  of  Judge  Davis,  1849,  pub.  in  Ms. 
Hist.  Colls.,  besides  articles  in  religious  peri- 
odicals. 

Francis,  Ebenezer,  col.  llth  Ms.  rcgt. 
Rcvol.  army  ;  killed  in  battle  of  Hubbard  ton, 
7  July,  1777. 

Francis,    John    Brown,    politician,    b. 


FRA. 


338 


f:ra. 


Phila.,  May  31,  1794  ;  d.  Warwick,  R.I.,  Auj?. 
9,  1864.  Brown  U.  1808.  LosinjL,'  his  father  in 
infancy,  he  was  reared  by  his  maternal  grand- 
father, Nicholas  Brown,  one  of  the  founders 
of  Brown  U.  He  acquired  a  mercantile  edu- 
cation in  the  house  of  Brown  &  Ives  of  Provi- 
dence, and  attended  the  Litchfield  Law  School. 
In  1821,  he  settled  at  Spring  Green  as  an  ag- 
riculturist. Member  of  the  State  legisl.  in 
1821-9;  State  senator  in  183 1;  gov.  in  1833-8; 
State  senator  in  1842;  U.S.  senator,  1844-5; 
State  senator  again  in  1849-56;  trustee  in 
Brown  U.  1828  to  1857,  and  chancellor  from 
1841  to  1854. 

Francis,  John  Wakefield,  M.  D., 
LL.l).  (Trin.  Coll.  1850),  physician  and  au- 
thor, b.  New  York,  Nov.  17, 1789  ;  d.  there  Feb. 
8,  1861.  Col.  Coll.  1811.  M.D.  of  Col.  of 
Phys.  and  Surgs.  In  his  youth,  he  was  em- 
ploye^l  as  a  printer  ;  but  in  1807  began  to  study 
medicine  under  Dr.  Hosack,  and  was  his 
partner  till  1820.  From  1810  to  1814,  they 
pub.  tlie  Amer.  Med.  and  Philos.  Register,  a 
quarterly.  In  1813,  he  was  lecturer  on  the 
institutes  of  med.  and  materia  medica  at  the 
Coll.  of  Phys.  and  Surgs. ;  soon  after  received 
the  chair  of  materia  medica  from  Col.  Coll. ; 
visited  Europe,  where  he  was  a  pupil  of  Aber- 
nethy  ;  became  prof,  of  the  institutes  of  med. 
on  his  return  ;  prof,  of  med.  jurisprudence  in 
1817,  also  of  obstetrics  from  1819  to  1826, 
and  for  4  years  filled  the  chair  of  obstet- 
rics in  the  Rutgers  Med.  School.  He  after- 
ward devoted  himself  to  practice  and  to  lite- 
rary pursuits.  In  1822-4,  he  was  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Med.  and  Physical  Journal.  He 
actively  promoted  the  objects  of  the  N.Y.  Hist. 
Society,  the  Woman's  Hospital,  the  State  Ine- 
briate Asylum,  and  the  typographical  guild. 
Author  of  biog.  sketches  of  many  of  the  dis- 
ting.  men  of  his  time,  articles  in  medical  peri- 
odicals, and  pub.  "  tFse  of  Mercury,"  1811  ; 
"  Cases  of  Morbid  Anatomy,"  1814  ;  "  Febrile 
Contagion,"  1816;  "Notice  of  Thomas  Ed- 
dy," 1823  ;  "Denman's  Practice  of  Midwifery," 
1825  ;  "  Letter  on  Cholera  Asphyxia  of  1832  ;  " 
^'  Observations  on  the  Mineral  Waters  of 
Avon,"  1834;  "The  Anatomy  of  Drunken- 
ness ;  "  "  Old  N.Y.,  or  Reminiscences  of  the 
ipast  60  Years,"  1857  ;  Memoir  of  Christopher 
Colles,  in  the  Knickerbocker  Gallery,  1855;  and 
numerous  discourses  before  literary  societies. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  N.Y.  Hist. 
Society ;  was  first  pres.  of  the  N.Y.  Acad,  of 
M«d.  in  1847,  and  a  member  of  many  scientific 
bodies  at  home  and  abroad.  Of  his  son,  John 
W.,  jun.,  who  d.  Jan.  20,  1855,  a  "Memorial  " 
was  written  by  H.  T.  Tuckerman,  N.Y.,  1855. 

Francisco,  Henry,  b.  France;  d.  near 
Whitehall,  N.Y.,  Nov.  1820,  a.  134.  He  came 
to  the  U.S.  about  1740,  and  served  through 
the  Old  French  and  Revol.  wars.  Present  at 
the  coronation  of  Queen  Anne. 

Francisco,  Peter,  Revol.  hero,  sergeant- 
at-arms,  Va.  H.  of  Delegates  ;  d.  Richmond, 
Va.,  Jan.  17,  1831. — See  Garden^ s  Anecdotes. 

Frankland,  Sir  Charles  Henry,  bart., 
b  Bengal,  May  10,  1716;  d.  Bath,  Eng.,  Jan. 
11,1 768.  His  father  was  gov.  of  the  E.I.  Co.'s 
factory  at  Bengal.  App.  collector  of  the  port 
of  Boston  in  1741.     He  was  at  Lisbon,  Nov.  1, 


1755,  the  day  of  the  great  earthquake,  and  is 
said  to  have  been  rescued  from  the  ruins  which 
had  buried  him  by  Agnes  Surriage,  to  whom 
he  was  shortly  afterward  married.  In  1 757, 
he  was  app.  consul.-gen.  at  Lisbon,  and  re- 
signed his  Boston  office.  He  had  bought  a 
fine  estate  at  Hopkinton,  Ms.,  upon  which 
Lady  F.  resided  until  the  breaking-out  of  the 
Revol.,  when  she  went  to  Eng,,  where  she  d. 
Apr.  23,  1783.  Holmes  has  versified  the  story 
of  Lady  F.  —  See  Memoir  by  Elias  Nason. 

Franklin,  *  Benjamin,  philosopher  and 
statesman,  b.  Boston,  17  Jan.  1706  ;  d.  Phila., 
17  Apr.  1790.  Josiah,  his  father,  a  tallow- 
chandler  and  soa])-boiler,  came  from  Eng.  in 
1682.  Mary,  his  mother,  was  dau.  of  Peter 
Folger,  the  Quaker  poet  of  Nantucket.  Ap- 
prenticed to  his  brother  James,  a  printer,  he 
made  occasional  contribs.  to  a  newspaper  pub. 
by  him,  but,  not  agreeing  with  him,  clandes- 
tinely left  home  at  17,  and  established  himself 
as  a  printer  in  Phila.  Deceived  by  the  repre- 
sentations of  Gov.  Keith,  he  went  to  Eng., 
where  he  worked  as  a  journeyman  more  than  a 
year;  returned  in  1726,  and  in  1729  estab- 
lished himself  in  business  in  Phila. ;  became 
editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Pa.  Gazette;  m. 
Deborah  Reed  in  1730;  commenced  publish- 
ing, as  "  Richard  Saunders,"  an  almanac,  com- 
monly called  "  Poor  Richard's  Almanac," 
which  acquired  a  wide  celebrity;  and  soon 
established  for  himself  a  high  reputation  for 
public  spirit,  as  well  as  for  wisdom  and  fore- 
sight. He  founded  the  Phila.  Library  in 
1731,  became  clerk  of  the  Gen.  Assembly,  173G, 
postmaster  of  Phila.  1737,  dep.  postmaster- 
gen,  of  the  British  Colonies,  1753,  agent  of  the 
people  in  opposing  the  claim  of  the  proprietary 
govs.,  of  exemption  from  taxation  in  Eng., 
1757-62,  and  received  the  thanks  of  the  As- 
sembly for  the  able  and  successful  performance 
of  his  mission.  In  1752,  he  made,  by  means 
of  a  kite,  the  great  discovery  of  the  identity  of 
lightning  with  the  electric  fluid.  This  pro- 
cured him  the  membership  of  the  Royal 
Society,  the  Copley  gold  medal,  and  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  in  1762  from  Oxford  and  Edinburgh. 
In  1755,  he  furnished  transportation  for  Brad- 
dock's  exped.  Commissipiiier  in  1754  to  the 
Albany  Congress,  he  drew  up  the  plan  of 
union  for  the  common  defence  adopted  by  that 
body.  He  had  been  many  years  a  member  of 
the  Assembly,  by  whom  he  was,  in  1764,  sent 
to  England  as  agent,  in  which  capacity  he 
afterward  acted  for  several  other  colonies.  In 
the  examination  before  the  house  of  com- 
mons, in  1766,  his  information,  sense,  and 
wisdom  were  shown  conspicuously ;  and  the 
obnoxious  Stamp  Act  was  soon  repealed.  He 
earnestly  endeavored  to  prevent  the  rupture 
with  the  mother-country,  and  did  not  leave  his 
post  until  war  was  inevitable.  Arriving  in 
Phila.  5  May,  1775,  he  was  immediately 
elected  to  Congress  ;  was  one  of  the  committee 
to  prepare,  and  a  signer  of,  the  Declaration  of 
Independence;  and  from  the  close  of  1776, 
until  his  return  in  Sept.  1785,  was  ambassador 
to  France.  To  him  is  due  the  principal  credit 
of  procuring  the  treaty  of  alliance  with  France, 
signed  at  Paris,  6  Feb.  1778,  which  secured  the 
independence  of  the  American  Colonies.     He 


IPRA. 


339 


WRA. 


also  took  an  important  part  in  the  negotiations 
with  Kng.,  and  signed  the  preliminary  articles 
of  peace  at  Paris,  30  Nov.  1782.  The  definitive 
treaty  was  signed  3  Sept.  1783  by  Franklin, 
Adams,  and  Jay.  Ho  afterwards  negotiated 
with  Prussia  a  treaty,  in  which  he  inserted  an 
article  against  privateering.  Gov.  of  Pa. 
1786-8;  delegate  to  the  convention  to  form  a 
Constitution  for  the  U.S.  in  May,  1787.  His 
last  public  act  was  the  signature  of  a  memorial 
to  Congress  by  the  Abolition  Society,  of 
which  he  was  the  founder  and  pres.  His 
philanthropic  and  useful  labors  were  extraor- 
dinary. He  founded  the  first  fire-company  in 
1738,  organized  a  voluntary  assoc.  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  province  in  1744,  was  col.  of  a 
regt.,  and  built  forts  for  the  protection  of  the 
frontier  in  175.5;  invented  the  harmonica,  a 
musical  instrument,  and  the  Franklin  stove. 
In  1773,  he  forwarded  the  letters  of  Hutchin- 
son, Oliver,  and  others,  to  the  legisl.  of  Ms.,  a 
disclosure  which  had  important  results.  In 
1776,  he  was  pres.  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  constitution  of  Pa.  He  left  one 
son,  William,  who  was  gov.  of  N.J. ,  and  a  dan., 
Sarah  Bache.  Franklin  left  an  interesting 
autobiography,  which  is  prefixed  to  the  edition 
of  his  entire  work's  by  Jared  Sparks,  10  vols. 
8vo,  1850.  —  See  John  Bitjeloiv's  corrected 
edition  of  Franklin's  Autobiog.,  1868;  Partons 
Life  of  Franklin,  2  vols.,  1864;  Historic  Amer- 
icans, 1)1/  Theodore  Parker,  1870. 

Franklin,  Jesse,  statesman,  b.  Surry 
Co.,  N.C.,  1758;  d.  there  Sept.  1823.  A 
major  in  the  llevol.  war;  member  of  the  H.  of 
delegates  in  1794;  M.C.  1795-7;  H.  of  dele- 
gates, 1799  to  1805;  State  senator,  180.5-6; 
U.S.  senator,  1807-13;  gov.  of  N.C.  1820-1; 
a  commissioner  to  treat  with  the  Chickasaws 
in  1816. 

Franklin,  Sir  John,  an  Eng.  navigator 
and  arctic  explorer,  b.  Spilsby,  Lincolnshire, 
Apr,  1786;  d.  11  June,  1847.  Entering  the 
navy  ab.  1800,  he  served  with  distinction  at 
Trafalgar,  and  was  slightly  wounded  in  the 
attack  on  N.  Orleans,  Jan.  1815.  As  alieut.  he 
com.  "  The  Trent  "  in  the  arctic  exped.  of  1818, 
under  Capt.  Buchan.  In  1819,  he  led  an  over- 
land exped.  to  trace  the  coast  line  of  N.  Amer., 
an  account  of  which  he  pub.  on  his  return,  and 
was  made  a  capt.  In  1825  he  renewed  this 
enterprise,  tracing  the  coast  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Coppermine  River  to  the  150th  meridian, 
for  which  service  he  was  knighted.  Gov.  of 
Van  Dieman's  Land  in  1836-42.  In  May, 
1845,  he  sailed  with  "  The  Erebus  "  and  "  Ter- 
ror" to  discover  a  north-west  passage,  and  never 
returned.  Several  expeds.  were  sent  in  search 
of  him  from  Eng.  and  Amer.,  without  success ; 
but  Dr.  Rae  found  in  1854  some  relics  of  the 
party.  In  the  summer  of  1859,  Capt.  McClin- 
tock  discovered  on  the  shore  of  King  William's 
Land  a  record,  deposited  in  a  cairn  by  the  sur- 
vivors of  Franklin's  company,  dated  25  Apr. 
1848,  stating  that  Sir  John  d.  11  June,  1847  ; 
that  the  ships  were  abandoned  22  Apr.  1848, 
when  the  survivors,  105  in  number,  started  for 
the  Great  Fish  River.  Many  relics  were  found 
of  this  party,  who  perished  on  their  journey, 
probably  soon  after  leaving  their  vessels. 

Franklin,  William,  only  son  of  Dr.  F., 


and  the  last  roy.  gov.  of  N  J.,  b.  Phila.  1730 ; 
d.  Eng.  Nov.  17,  1813.  He  served  as  post- 
master of  Phila.,  as  clerk  of  the  Pa.  Assem- 
bly, and,  as  capt.  in  the  French  war,  gained 
praise  for  his  conduct  at  Ticonderoga.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  went  to  Eng.  with  his 
father,  studied  law  in  Lond.,  and  was  adm.  to 
the  bar  in  1758,  and,  visiting  Scotland,  became 
acquainted  with  the  Earl  of  Bute,  who  recom- 
mended him  to  Lord  Fairfax.  The  latter  gave 
him,  unsolicited,  the  app.  of  gov.  of  N.J.  in 
1762.  For  a  time,  he  enjoyed  considerable 
popularity,  but  was  deposed  by  the  first  Prov. 
Cong.,  in  July,  1776,  declared  an  enemy  to  his 
country,  and  was  confined  at  E.  Windsor,  Ct. 
Released  in  Nov.  1778,  he  served  for  a  short 
period  as  pres.  of  the  Board  of  Loyalists  in 
N.J.,  but  in  Aug.  1782  went  to  Eng.,  where 
he  obtained  a  pension.  In  1784,  the  father 
and  son,  after  an  estrangement  of  10 years,  be- 
came- reconciled.  His  son,  William  Temple 
Franklin,  editor  of  the  works  of  Dr.  F.,  b,  ab. 
1760,  died  at  Paris,  May  25,  1823.  He 
accomp.  his  grandfather  to  JParis,  acting  as  his 
secretary.  (^.       ^ 

Franklin,  William  BEN^ofrif,  brev. 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  York,  Pa.,  Feb.  27,  1823. 
West  Point  (1st  in  his  class),  1843.  Entering 
the  topog.  engs.  in  the  summer  of  1845,  he 
accomp.  Kearney's  exped.  to  the  South  Pass 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  He  served  on  Gen. 
Taylor's  statF  at  Buena  Vista ;  was  brev.  1st 
lieut.  for  that  battle,  and  from  June,  1848,  to 
Jan.  1852,  was  assist,  prof,  of  nat.  philos.  at 
West  Point.  Feb.-June,  1852,  he  was  prof, 
of  nat.  philos.  and  civil  engineering  at  the 
N.Y.  City  Free  Acad.  Capt.  July  1,  1857. 
In  1859,  he  became  supt.  of  the  Capitol  and 
post-office  extensions  at  Washington  ;  and  in 
March,  1861,  of  the  extension  of  the  national 
treasury  building;  col.  12th  U.S.  Inf.  May 
14,  1861;  brig.-gcn.  of  vols.  May  17,  1861,  and 
assigned  in  July  a  brigade  in  Heintzelman's 
division.  At  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  he  was 
"  in  the  hottest  of  the  fight."  On  the  re- 
organization of  the  army  in  Sept.,  he  received 
a  division  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  He 
re-enforced  McClellan  after  the  evacuation  of 
Yorktown,  transporting  his  division  by  water 
to  West  Point,  on  York  River,  and  repulsed 
the  enemy  under  Gens.  Whiting  and  G.  W. 
Smith,  who  attempted  to  prevent  his  landing, 
May  8,  1862.  May  15,  he  was  app.  to  com. 
the  6th  Army  Corps.  He  participated  in  the 
operations  before  Richmond,  repulsing  the 
enemy  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Chickahominy, 
June  27  and  28,  and  again,  in  conjunction 
with  Sumner's  corps,  at  Savage's  Station, 
June  29.  He  com.  at  the  battle  of  White-oak 
Bridge,  June  30 ;  made  maj.-gen.  of  vols. 
July  4,  and  brev.  brig. -gen.  U.S.A.  June  30, 
1862.  At  South  Mountain,  Sept.  14,  he 
disting.  himself  by  storming  Crampton's  Gap. 
He  was  in  the  battle  of  Antietam,  Sept.  17, 
and  in  Dec.  was  placed  in  com.  of  the  left 
grand  division,  and  was  in  the  battle  of 
Fredericksburg.  He  com.  at  Baton  Rouge, 
La.,  July- Aug.  1863  ;  exped.  to  Sabine  Pass, 
Tex.,  Sept.  1863;  and  from  15  Aug.  1863,  to 
29  Apr.  1864,  com.  the  19th  Army  Corps, 
dept.  of  the  Gulf;  took  part  in  the  Red  River 


FRA 


340 


FRE 


campaign  under  Banks,  and  engaged  at  Sabine 
Cross  lioads,  where  he  was  wounded,  8  Apr. 
1864;  Ple.isant  Hill,  Apr.  9,  1864,  and  Cane 
River,  23  Apr.  1864.  Brev.  maj.-gen.  13  Mar. 
1865  ;  resigned  15  Mar.  1866.  Vice-pres.  and 
gen.  agent  Colt's  Fire  Arm  Co.,  Hartford,  Ct., 
since  15  Nov.  1865. —  CuUum. 

Fraser,  Charles,  artist,  b.  Charleston, 
S.C,  Aug.  20,  1782;  d.  there  Oct.  5,  1860. 
At  the  age  of  12  or  14,  he  made  sketches  of 
the  scenery  of  Charleston  and  vicinity.  He 
studied  law,  however;  was  adin.  to  practice  in 
1807;  at  the  end  of  11  years  retired  with  a  com- 
petency, and  thenceforth  devoted  himself  to  art. 
He  attained  eminent  success  in  miniature-paint- 
ing. In  1825,  he  painted  the  portrait  of  La- 
fayette, and  during  50  years  had  painted  nearly 
every  disting.  citizen  of  S.C.  Pie  also  pro- 
duced many  landscapes,  interiors,  jjistorical 
pieces,  and  pictures  of  genre  and  still  life.  Mr. 
Eraser  was  also  a  writer  of  periodical  litera- 
ture, poetry,  and  occasional  addresses.  In 
Jan.  1857,  an  exhibition  of  his  collected  works 
was  opened  in  Charleston,  numbering  313  min- 
iatures, and  139  landscapes  and  other  pieces  in 
oils.  He  was  for  a  short  time  a  resident  of 
Boston.  Author  of  "  Reminiscences  of  Charles- 
ton." 

Frazee,  John,  sculptor  and  architect,  b. 
Rahway,  N.J.,  July  18,  1790;  d.  N.  Bedford, 
Ms.,  March  3,  1852.  \x\  early  life  he  was  a 
farmer  and  stone-cutter,  and,  removing  to  N.Y., 
was  long  unsurpassed  in  the  beauty  and  finish 
of  his  monuments,  ta!)lets,  ornamental  mantles, 
and  the  delicacy  of  his  lettering.  Turning  his 
attention  to  sculpture,  he  produced  a  mural  tab- 
let and  bust  of  John  Welles  for  St.  Paul's 
Church,  a  most  elaborate  and  highly-finished 
piece.  At  the  request  of  the  trustees  of  the 
Boston  Athenaeum,  in  1834  he  modelled  a 
series  of  busts  of  eminent  men  in  that  city, 
which  now  adorn  its  library  :  they  were  of 
Webster,  Bowditch,  Prescott,"Story,  J.  Lowell, 
and  T.  H.  Perkins.  He  also  produced  heads 
of  John  Marshall,  Jackson,  Lafayette,  DeWitt 
Clinton,  Jay,  Bishop  Hobart,  Dr.  Milnor,  Dr. 
Stearns.  Architect  of  the  N.  Y.  custom-house, 
in  which  he  was  some  time  an  officer. 

Frazer,  Simon,  a  Brit.  gen. ;  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Bemis  Heights,  Oct.  7,  1777.  Said 
to  be  the  youngest  son  of  Hugh  of  Balnain, 
and  to  have  served  in  one  of  the  Scotch  regts. 
in  the  pay  of  Holland.  Capt.  2d  Highland 
Batt.  Jan.  11,  1757  ;  served  with  <listinction  in 
Germany;  major  24th  Foot,  March,  1761; 
lieut.-col.  July,  1768;  col.  Sept.  6,  1777,  and 
app.  brig.-gcn.  by  Carleton,  June  22,  1776,  in 
which  capacity  he  accomp.  Burgoyne's  exped. 
He  pursued  the  Americans  in  their  retreat  from 
Ticonderoga,  and,  overtaking  them,  gained  the 
victory  of  Hubhardton,  July  7,  1777.  He  took 
part  in  the  first  battle  of  Stillwater,  Sept.  19, 
1777  ;  and  in  the  second  battle,  fought  on  the 
same  ground,  was  shot  by  a  rifleman.  He  was 
a  brave  and  skilful  soldier. 

Freeman,  George  Washington,  D.D  , 
missionary  bishop  of  Ark.  and  the  Indian  Terr, 
south,  with  supervision  of  the  church  in  Texas. 
Consec.  Oct.  26,  1844;  d.  Apr.  29,  1858,  a.  69. 

Freeman,   James,   D.D.    (ii.u.  isii), 

clergyman,  b.  Charlestown,  Ms.,  Apr.  22, 1759  ; 


d.  Newton,  Ms.,  Nov.  14,  1835.  H.U.  1777. 
In  1782  he  was  lay-reader,  and  Oct.  18,  1782, 
was  chosen  pastor,  of  the  Episc.  society  wor- 
shipping at  the  Stone  Chapel,  Boston.  Dis- 
carding the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  while  lay- 
reader,  his  sentiments  were  adopted  by  the 
greater  part  of  his  hearers,  who  resolved  to 
alter  their  liturgy,  and  ordained  him  as  their 
minister,  18  Nov.  1787.  Dr.  Freeman  was  the 
first  minister  in  the  U.S.  who  openly  assumed 
the  name  of  Unitarian.  A  vol.  of  his  sermons 
was  pub.  1832.  One  of  the  founders  of  the 
Ms.  Hist.  Society. 

Freeman,  James  E.,  artist,  b.  Nova  Sco- 
tia ;  was  at  a  very  early  age  brought  by  his  par- 
ents to  Otsego,  N.  I.  Through  difficulties 
and  hardships  he  made  his  way  to  N.Y.,  stud- 
ied at  the  National  Acad.,  soon  became  a  mem- 
ber, and  m.  the  sister  of  Latilla,  an  artist  of 
merit,  who  devoted  himself  to  rural  architect- 
ure, and  d.  a  few  years  since  at  Chautauqua, 
N.Y.  Freeman  has  resided  many  years  iu 
Italy,  and  has  a  decided  genius  for  expression. 
Among  his  pictures  are  "  The  Beggars,"  "  The 
Bad  Shoe,"  "  The  Crusader's  Return,"  "  Flow- 
er-Girl,"  "  Savoyard  Boy,"  "  Young  Ital}'," 
and  "  Study  of  an  Angel."  His  wife  is  a 
sculptor  of  promise.  —  TuckSrman. 

Freeman,  Nathaniel,  jurist  and  physi- 
cian, b.  Deimis,  Ms.,  Apr.  8,  1741  ;  d.  Sand- 
wich, Ms.,  Sept.  20,  1827.  He  studied  medi- 
cine, and  in  1765  settled  in  Sandwich,  where 
he  studied  law  under  his  relative,  Col.  James 
Otis.  An  early  patriot  of  the  Rcvol.,  he  head- 
ed a  regt.  of  militia  in  the  exped.  to  R.  I.  He 
performed  important  services  in  the  legisl. ;  was 
a  brig. -gen.  of  militia  in  1781-93;  register 
of  Probate,  1775-1822  j  judge  of  C.C.P.,  177.5- 
1811;  distinguished  as  a  physician  and  sur- 
geon. He  was  one  of  the  best  extempore  speak- 
ers of  his  day,  was  twice  m.,  and  had  20  chil- 
dren. 

Freeman,  Samuel,  judge,  b.  Portland, 
Me.,  June  15,  1743;  d.  there  June  15,  1831. 
Son  of  Judge  Enoch,  who  d.  Sept.  2,  1788,  a. 
81.  Active  and  zealous  in  the  early  Revol. 
struggles.  Sec.  of  the  Cumberland  Co.  Con- 
vention in  1774;  an  industrious  and  useful 
member  of  the  Prov.  Congress  in  1775,  and  of 
the  house  of  representatives  in  1776  and 
1778.  In  1775,  on  the  re-organization  of  the 
courts,  he  was  app.  clerk,  continuing  45  years. 
Register  of  probate  also,  until  commissioned 
judge  in  1804,  continuing  until  1820.  Post- 
master of  P.  1776-1805.  An  active  and  effi- 
cient friend  of  Bowd.  Coll.  Pub.  "  Town  Of- 
ficer," "American  Clerk's  Magazine,"  "The 
Massachusetts  Justice,"  8vo,  1803;  "Pro- 
bate Directory,"  12mo,  1803.  He  edited  the 
Journal  of  Rev.  Thos.  Smith,  pub.  1821. 

Frelinghuysen  (fre-ling-hi'-zen).  Gen. 
Frederick,  Rcvol.  soldier,  and  an  eminent 
lawyer,  b.  N.  J.,  Apr.  13,  1753;  d.  Apr.  13, 
1804.  N.  J.  Coll.  1770.  vSon  of  Rev.  John 
of  Raritan,  N.  J.  Member  of  the  Cont.  Con- 
gress in  1775,  1778-9,  and  1782-3.  Served  as 
a  capt.  and  col.  in  the  army,  was  at  Trenton 
and  Monmouth,  and  was  said  to  have  shot  the 
Hessian  commander  Rahl.  He  served  through 
the  war,  afterward  filled  various  State  and 
county  offices,    and    in    1790    was    app.    b/ 


KRE 


341 


FRE 


Washin;:^ton  a  mnj.-gen.  in  an  exped.  ajjainst 
the  Western  Indians.     U.S.  senator,  1793-6. 

Frelinghuysen,  Theodore,  LL.D.  (N. 
J.  Coll.  180.3),  statesman  and  scholar,  son  of 
Frederick,  b.  Millston,  N.  J.,  Mar.  28,  1787; 
d.  N.  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Apr.  12,  1862.  N.  J. 
Coll.  1804.  Adra.  to  the  bar  in  1808,  he  soon 
attained  high  repute  as  a  lawyer.  He  was  a 
capt.  of  vols,  in  the  war  of  1812;  was  in  1817 
chosen  atty.-gen.  of  the  State  by  a  Icgisl.  op- 
posed to  him  in  politics,  and  in  1829-35  was  a 
U.  S.  senator.  In  this  body  he  heartily  sup- 
ported all  acts  tending  to  ameliorate  the  con- 
dition of  the  poor  and  oppressed,  or  to  elevate 
their  moral  or  religious  character.  He  advocat- 
ed bills  for  the  improvement  of  the  condition 
of  the  Indian  tribes,  the  suppression  of  Sun- 
day mails,  and  supported  Mr.  Clay  in  the  tar- 
iff and  compromise  acts  of  1832.  Mayor  of 
Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1837  and  1838.  Chancellor 
of  the  U.  of  N.  Y.  from  1 838  to  1 850.  In  1 844, 
he  was  nominated  by  the  Whig  party  for  Vice- 
Pres.  on  the  ticket  with  Henry  Clay.  From 
1850  until  his  death,  he  was  pres.  of  Rutgers 
Coll.  N.  J.  He  filled  many  places  of  honor 
and  of  trust.  Pi-es.  of  the  Board  of  Missions 
and  of  the  Bible  Society.  — See  T.  W.  Cham- 
bera's  Memoir  of  Frelinffhui/se7i,  1863. 

Fremont,  John  Ch.\rles,  explorer  and 
soldier,  b.  Savannah,  Ga.,  21  Jan.  1813. 
Charles.  Coll.  1830.  His  father  was  a  French- 
man, his  mother  a  Virginian.  Instr.  in  math- 
ematics in  the  navy  in  1833-5.  He  accomp. 
Capt.  Williams,  U.S.A.,  in  a  survey  of  the 
Cherokee  country,  in  the  winter  of  1837-8, 
and  in  1838-9  assisted  Nicollet  in  exploring  the 
country  between  the  Missouri  and  the  British 
line.  App.  2d  lieut.  topog.  engs.  7  July, 
1838;  and  19  Oct.  1841  he  m.  Jessie,  dau.  of 
Thomas  H.  Benton.  In  May,  1842,  he  began, 
under  the  authority  of  govt.,  the  exploration 
of  an  overland  route  to  the  Pacific  ;  examined 
the  South  Pass  of  the  Rocky  Mts. ;  a.scendcd 
in  Aug.  the  highest  peak  of  the  Wind  River 
Mts.,  now  called  Fremont's  Peak,  and,  return- 
ing in  the  autumn  of  1842,  pub.  a  report  com- 
mended by  Humboldt  in  his  "  Aspects  of  Na- 
ture." In  the  summer  of  1843,  in  another 
txped.,  he  explored  the  Great  Salt  Lake  ; 
leaching  Fort  Vancouver,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  River,  in  Nov.  Attempting  to  re- 
turn by  a  mofe  southern  route,  his  progress 
was  impeded  by  deep  snows,  and  his  party  suf- 
fered .severely  from  hunger  and  cold.  Chan- 
ging his  course,  he  returned  through  the  Great 
Basin  and  the  South  Pass,  having  exhibited 
a  fortitude  and  daring  rarely  surpassed,  and 
was  brev.  capt.  31  July,  1844.  In  a  third  ex- 
^  ed.  in  1845,  he  explored  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
California,  &c.  In  Mar.  1846,  he  successfully 
repelled  an  attack  by  Mexicans,  near  Monte- 
rey ;  was  maj.  comg.  batt.  of  Cal.  vols.  July- 
Nov.  1846;  app.  lieut.-col.  mounted  rifles,  27 
May,  1846,  and  was  app.  gov.  of  Cal.  by  Com. 
Stockton,  whose  authority  was  disputed  by 
Gen.  Kearney.  Arrested  by  the  latter,  he  was 
tried  by  a  court-martial,  and  found  guilty  of 
mutiny  and  disobedience.  Pardoned  by  the 
Pres.,  but  declined  the  pardon,  and  resigned  his 
commission.  In  1848,  he  undertook  a  new  ex- 
ped. across  the  continent.     His  guide  lost  his 


way;  and,  after  encountering  incredible  hard- 
ship, he  returned,  with  the  loss  of  one-third  of 
his  party,  to  Santa  Fe.  Renewing  his  efforts, 
he  successfully  encountered  the  hostile  Apaches, 
and  in  100  days  reached  the  Sacramento.  In 
1849  he  settled  in  Cal.,  where  he  had  purchased 
the  auriferous  Mariposa  tract,  the  title  to  which, 
after  much  litigation,  was  confirmed  by  the  U.S. 
Sup.  Court  in  1855.  Commissioner  in  1849 
to  run  the  boundary -line  between  the  U.  S. 
and  Mexico.  He  used  his  influence  to  make 
California  a  free  State,  and  was  her  U.S.  sen- 
ator in  1850-51.  In  1850,  he  received  for  his 
scientific  services  a  gold  medal  from  the  King 
of  Prussia,  and  another  from  the  Roy.  Geog. 
Soc,  Lond.  In  1853,  he  led,  at  his  own  ex- 
pense, a  5th  exped.,  and  succeeded  in  finding 
a  new  route  to  the  Pacific,  ab.  hit.  38°  north. 
Repub.  nominee  for  the  presidency  in  1856,  he 
received  114  votes  against  174  for  his  successful 
competitor,  Buchanan.  In  the  fall  of  1860,  he 
visited  Europe.  App.  mnj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  14 
May,  1861,  and  assigned  to  com.  the  Western 
dist.  In  Aug.  he  issued  an  order  emancipating 
the  slaves  of  those  who  should  take  arms  against 
the  U.S.,  which  was  annulled  by  the  Pres.  as 
premature.  He  was  in  pursuit  of  the  insur- 
gents, whom  he  had  just  overtaken  at  Spring- 
field, Mo.,  when  he  was  removed  from  the 
com.,  2  Nov.  1861.  App.  to  com.  the  moun- 
tain dept.,  including  parts  of  Va.,  Ky.,  and 
Tenn.,  in  Feb.  1862,  and  June  8  fought  an 
indecisive  battle  at  Cross  Keys.  Recalled 
from  the  pursuit  of  Jackson,  he  resigned  his 
com.,  and  was  nom.  to  the  pres.  by  the  Cleve- 
land Conv.  in  1864.  — See  Lives,  hi/  John  Biqe- 
low,  1856,  and  C.  W.  Upham,  1856,  Fremont's 
Explorations,  2  vols.,  1859. 

French,  Aug.  C,  lawyer,  gov.  of  Illinois, 
1846-53.  Law  prof  in  McKendree  Coll.,  HI.; 
b.  N.H. ;  d.  Lebanon,  111.,  Sept.  4,  1864. 

French,  Benjamin  F.,  hist,  writer,  b. 
Richmond,  Va.,  June  8,  1799.  He  received  a 
classical  education,  and  studied  law,  but  aban- 
doned it  on  account  of  ill  health.  In  1825,  hav- 
ing previously  contrib.  essays  and  poems  to  va- 
rious periodicals,  he  pub.  "  Biographia  Ameri- 
cana," and  soon  after  '*  Memoirs  of  Eminent 
Female  Writers."  Though  actively  engaged  in 
planting  and  commercial  pursuits,  he  has  pub. 
5  vols.  8vo  of  "  Historical  Colls,  of  Louisi- 
ana," 1846-53.  He  has  also  in  preparation 
2  vols,  of  "  Hist.  Annals,"  relating  to  the 
litst.  of  N.  America  from  its  discovery  to 
1850.  Before  taking  up  his  residence  in  N. 
York,  he  gave  most  of  his  extensive  private 
library  to  the  Fisk  Free  Library  of  N.  Or- 
leans. Author,  also,  of  "  Historv  and  Prog- 
ress of  the  Iron  Trade  of  the  U.S.,"  1821-57, 
8vo,  1858;  "Beauties  of  Byron,  Scott,  and 
Moore,"  2  vols.,  1828,  Phila.  —  Dui/ckinck. 

French,  L.  Virginia,  poetess,  b.  on  the 
Eastern  Shore  of  Va.,  at  the  country-seat  of  her 
maternal  grandfather,  Capt.  Thos.  Parker,  a 
Revol.  officer,  ab.  1830.  With  her  sister,  she 
was  educated  at  the  Washington  Female  Sem., 
Pa.;  and  in  1848  they  established  themselves 
as  teachers  in  Memphis,  Tenn.  Under  the 
signature  of  "L'Inconnue,"  Virginia  contrib. 
articles  to  the  journals  and  magazines  of  that 
region,  and  in  1852  was  assoc.  with  others  in 


ir-RE 


342 


^KE 


the  pub.  of  the  "  Southern  Ladies'  Book." 
Jan.  12,  18.53,  she  m.  John  H.  French  of  Mc- 
Minnville,  Tcnn.,  where  she  has  since  resided. 
She  pub.  in  1856  "  Wind  Whispers,"  a  collec- 
tion of  her  poems ;  and  has  since  written  a 
series  of  historical  "  Legends  of  the  South," 
also  a  five-act  tragedy,  "Iztalilxo,  the  Lady  of 
Tala."  She  succeeded  Mrs.  Bryan  as  editress 
of  the  Crusader,  of  Atlanta,  Ga. 

French,  William  Hekry,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Md.  ab.  1818.  West  Point,  1837. 
Entering  the  1st  Art.,  he  served  in  the  Florida 
war  in  1837-8 ;  was  assist,  adj.-gen.  to  Gen. 
Patterson,  and  aide  to  Gen.  Pierce  in  1847  ; 
was  brev.  capt.  for  gallantry  at  Cerro  Gordo, 
and  major  for  Contreras  and  Churubusco. 
Capt.  1st  Art.  22  Sept.  1848;  engaged  against 
the  Seminoles  in  Fla.  1850-3  ;  app.  brig.-gen. 
of  vols.  Sept.  28,  1861,  and,  Oct.  26,  major  2d 
Art. ;  engay:ed  in  the  Peninsular  campaign  in 
Va.,  —  at  Yorktovvn,  Fair  Oaks,  Oak  Grove, 
Gaines's  Mill,  Peach  Orchard,  Savage  Sta- 
tion, Glendale,  and  Malvern  Hill.  In  the 
battles  of  Antiotam  and  of  Fredericksburg,  he 
com.  a  division  of  Sumner's  army  corps ; 
maj.-gen.  Nov.  29,  1862;  engaged  at  Chancel- 
lorsville;  com.  3d  army  corps  from  7  July, 
1863  ;  engaged  at  Manassas  Gap,  23  July ;  in 
the  Rapidan  campaign,  Oct.-Dec.  1863;  en- 
gaged at  Auburn,  7  Oct. ;  com.  2d  and  3d 
corps  in  forced  passage  of  the  Rappahannock  at 
Kelly's  Ford,  7  Nov. ;  of  3d  corps  in  opera- 
tions at  Mine  Run,  Nov.  1863;  in  com.  at 
Havre  de  Grace  in  July,  1864;  lieut.-col.  2d 
Art.  8  Feb.  1864;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  Fair 
Oaks,  col.  for  Antietara,  brig.-gen.  for  Chan- 
cellorsville,  and  maj.-gen.  for  gallant  and 
merit,  services  in  the  Rebellion.  —  Cullum. 

Preneau,  Philip,  poet  of  the  Amer. 
Revol.,  b.  N.Y.  City,  Jan.  2,  1752;  d.  Mon- 
mouth, N.J.,  Dec.  18,1832.  N.J.  Coll.  1771.  Of 
Huguenot  descent.  His  grandfather  Andrew 
was  a  merchant  of  N.Y. ;  and  Peter,  his  fa- 
ther, a  winc-scller.  At  17,  Philip  wrote  "  The 
Poetical  History  of  the  Prophet  Jonah."  In 
1776,  he  went  in  a  mercantile  capacity  to  the 
W.  Indies,  remaining  some  time.  In  1779,  he 
was  a  leading  contrib.  to  the  U.  S.  Muf/azine, 
edited  by  H.  II.  Brackenridj^^e  at  Phila.  In 
1780,  while  on  a  voyage  to  the  W.  Indies,  he 
was  captured  by  the  British,  and  experienced 
the  horrors  of  a  prison-ship  in  N.Y.,  after- 
ward the  subject  of  one  of  his  poems.  On  his 
release,  he  became  a  frequent  contrib.  of  patri- 
otic verses  to  the  Freeman's  Journal  of  Phila. 
From  this  unprofitable  employment  he  turned 
to  mercantile  aff\iirs,  and  made  frequent  voy- 
ages to  the  W.  Indies,  In  1791,  he  edited  the 
Dailii  Advertiser  in  N.Y.,  which  in  Oct.  he 
left  for  the  National  Gazette  of  Phila.,  being 
at  the  same  time  employed  by  Jefferson  as 
translating  clerk  in  the  State  dept.,  and  un- 
sparingly assailing  in  his  journal  the  policy  of 
Washington.  Freneau  was  a  zealous  Democrat. 
He  retired  to  N.J.  in  1793,  and  May  2,  1795, 
began  at  Mount  Pleasatit  the  Jersey  Chronicle, 
discontinued  at  the  end  of  the  year.  In  1797, 
he  edited  at  N.Y.  the  Timepiece  and  Literary 
Companion.  He  m.-,  ab.  1782,  Elinor,  dau.  of 
Samuel  Forroan  of  N.J.,  by  whom  he  had  4 
daughters.    Freueau's  productions  "  animated 


his  countrymen  in  the  darkest  days  of  '76,  and 
cheered  the  desponding  soldier  as  he  fought 
the  battles  of  freedom.  Campbell  and  Scott 
borrowed  from  him  ;  and  Jeffrey  predicted  that 
the  time  would  come  when  his  poetry,  like  Hu- 
dibras,  would  command  a  commentator  like 
Gray."  He  pub.  "  A  Translation  of  the  Travels 
of  the  Abbe  Robin  "  in  N.Y.  1783  ;  "  Poems," 
Phila.  1786;  "  Miscellaneous  Works,"  1788; 
"Poems  written  between  1768  and  1794," 
Mount  Pleasant,  N.J.,  1795  ;  "  Letters  on  Vari- 
ous Subjects,"  &c.,  by  Robert  Slender,  Phila. 
1799;  a  new  edition  of  his  Poems,  1809; 
"  Poems  written  between  1 797  and  1 8 1 5,"  2  vols., 
N.Y.  1815.  An  edition  of  his  Revol.  Poems, 
with  a  Memoir  and  Notes,  by  E.  A.  Duyckinck, 
was  pub.  in  N.Y.  in  1865.  Peter,  his  bro., 
edited  and  pub.  at  Charleston,  S.C.  (1795- 
1810),  the  City  Gazette,  a  Democ.  print.  Comr. 
of  loans  for  S.C. ;  had  been  sec.  of  State  of 
S.C. ;  d.  Oct.  1814,  a.  bl.  — Duyckinck. 

"FreYf  Rev.  Joseph  Samuel  C.  F.,  b. 
Germany,  of  Jewish  parentage,  1772  ;  d.  Pon- 
tiac,  Mich.,  1850.  He  became  a  Christian  at 
25,  came  to  the  US.  in  1816,  was  some  time  a 
Presb.  preacher  in  N. Y.,  and  subsequently,  as  a 
Baptist,  labored  botli  in  Eng.  and  the  U.S.  as 
a  missionary  for  the  conversion  of  the  Jews. 
Author  of  "Narrative,"  Lond.,  1809;  "  Van- 
derbooght's  Heb.  Bible,"  8vo,  1811  ;  "Bib- 
lia  Hebraica,  a  Hebrew  Grammar  in  the  Eng. 
Lang.,"  1812;  "Joseph  and  Benjamin,"  2 
vols.  12mo;  "Judah  and  Israel,"  1837; 
Jewish  Intelligencer,  vol.  1 ;  "  Lectures  on  the 
Scripture  Types,"  2  vols.,  1841. 

Frezier  (fra'-zea'),  Amedee  FRANgois, 
French  military  engineer,  b.  Chambery,  1682; 
d.  1773.  In  1706,  he  pub.  a  "  Treatise  on  Firc- 
Works;"  and  in  1716,  "Voyage  to  the  South 
Sea  and  the  Coasts  of  Chili  and  Peru  in 
1712,"  which  was  often  reprinted.  Chief  en- 
gineer of  the  fortifications  constructed  in  Brit- 
tany after  1740. 

Friek,  Charles,  M.D..  b.  Baltimore, 
Aug.  8,  1823  ;  d.  there  Mar.  25,  1860.  M.D. 
U.  of  Md.  1845.  His  father,  Wm.  Frick, 
judge  of  the  Bait.  Sup.  Court,  d.  1855.  He 
received  a  classical  education  at  Bait.  Coll., 
studied  engineering,  but  adopted  the  medical 
profession,  and  opened  an  office  in  Baltimore 
in  1845.  In  the  fall  of  1847,  he  organized  the 
Md.  Med.  Institute,  in  which  he  taught  practi- 
cal medicine;  was  physician  to  the  Md.  Peni- 
tentiary in  1849-56;  was  prominent  in  the 
Bait.  Pathol.  Society  in  1855-6;. was  prof,  of 
mat.  med.  in  the  Md.  Coll.  of  Pharmacy  in 
1856-8;  and  prof,  of  mat.  nied.  and  therapeu- 
tics in  the  U.  of  Md.  in  1858-60,  also  hav- 
ing charge  of  the  Bait.  Infirmary.  He  pub.  a 
vol.  on  "  Renal  Diseases"  in  1850,  and  contrib. 
to  the  Journal  of  Med  Science,  and  other  sci- 
entific periodicals. —  Gross's  Med.  Biofj. 

Frisbie,  Levi,  scholar,  b.  Ipswich,  Ms., 
Sept.  15,  1783  ;  d.  Cambridge,  July  9,  1822. 
H.  U.  1802.  Son  of  Levi,  minister  of  Ips- 
wich, missionary  to  the  Delaware  Indians 
west  of  the  Ohio  ;  d.  Feb.  25,  1806,  a.  56. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1771.  The  son  was  a  teacher  in 
Concord,  Ms.,  and  commenced  the  study  of 
law,  but  became  Latin  tutor  in  H.  U.  in  1*805  ; 
prof,  of  Latin  in  1816,  and  Nov.  5,  1817,  Alford 


WRO 


343 


FRO 


Prof,  of  moral  philosophy  and  political  econo- 
my. A  coll.  of  his  writings,  with  some  notices 
of  his  life,  was  pub.  Boston,  1823,  8vo,  by 
Andrews  Norton.  One  of  his  poems,  a  gener- 
al favorite,  "  A  Castle  in  the  Air,"  first  ap- 
peared in  the  Monthly  Anthology. 

Frobisher,  Sir  Martin,  an  eminent 
navigator,  b.  near  Doncaster,  in  Yorkshire,  ab. 
1536  ;  d.  Plymouth,  7  Nov.  1594.  Brought  up 
to  the  sea,  and  acquiring  great  skill  in  navi- 
gation, the  idea  of  the  discovery  of  a  north- 
west passiige  to  the  Indies  excited  his  ambition  ; 
and,  after  many  fruitless  attempts  to  induce 
merchants  to  favor  his  project,  he  was  enabled 
by  the  ministers  and  courtiers  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth to  fit  out  a  private  adventure,  consisting 
only  of  two  barks  of  25  tons  each,  and  a  pin- 
nace of  10,  with  which  he  sailed  from  Deptford 
in  June,  1596.  In  this  enterprise  he  entered 
the  strait  ever  since  called  by  his  name,  and 
returned  to  Eng.  with  some  black  ore,  which, 
being  supposed  to  contain  gold,  induced  the 
queen  to  patronize  a  second  voyage,  and  lend 
a  sloop  of  200  tons  from  the  royal  navy  for  the 
purpose.  The  delusion  was  kept  up  to  a  third 
exped. ;  but  they  all  proved  fruitless.  In  1585, 
Frobisher  accomp.  Sir  Francis  Drake  to  the  W. 
Indies ;  and,  at  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  Arma- 
da, he  com.  one  of  the  largest  ships  of  the  fleet, 
and  was  honored  with  knitrhthood  for  his  ser- 
vices. In  the  years  1590,  '92,  he  com.  a  squad- 
ron against  the  Spaniards,  and  took  many  rich 
prizes.  In  1594,  he  was  sent  with  four  ships- 
of-war  to  the  assistance  of  Henry  IV.  of  France 
against  the  Spanish  and  Leaguers,  when,  in  an 
attack  on  a  fort  near  Brest,  Nov.  7,  he  received 
a  wound,  of  which  he  died  on  his  return  home. 
An  account  of  his  voyages  is  in  Pinkerton's 
Coll.,  vol.  12. 

Fromentin,  Eligius,  judge  ;  d.  New  Or- 
leans, of  the  yellow-fever,  Oct.  6,  1822.  U.S. 
senator  from  La.  in  1813-19  ;  he  was  in  1821 
judge  of  the  Criminal  Court  of  N.  Orleans, 
and  was  app.  judge  of  the  western  dist.  of  Fla. 
He  subsequently  resumed  the  practice  of  law 
at  N.  Orleans.  "He  pub.  "  Observations  on  a 
Bill  respecting  Land-Titles  in  Oi'leans." — Al- 
len ;  Luniuan. 

Frontenac  (fron'-teh-nak'),  Louis  DB 
BuADK,  Count  de,  gov.  of  Canada,  b.  France, 
1620;  d.  Quebec,  Nov.  28, 1698.  Entering  the 
military  service,  he  was  a  col.  at  17,  and  a 
lieut.-gen.  at  29,  having  been  greatly  disting., 
and  covered  with  scars  and  honors.  He  learned 
the  science  of  war  under  Maurice  of  Nassau, 
serving  in  Italy,  Flanders,  and  Germany,  and 
was  selected  by  Tureune  to  head  the  troops 
sent  to  relieve  Canada.  He  succeeded  Cour- 
celles  as  gov,  in  1672,  built  Fort  Frontenac 
(Kingston)  in  1673,  but,  on  account  of  some 
arbitrary  acts,  was  recalled  in  1682.  He  en- 
couraged and  aided  La  Salle  in  colonizing  the 
Mpi.  Valley,  and  by  posts  at  Niagara,  Macki- 
nac, and  in  Illinois,  assailed  the  English  settle- 
ments, and  controlled  the  Indians.  Re-appoint- 
ed in  1688,  when  her  insufficient  resources  had 
led  the  Colony  to  the  brink  of  ruin,  he  carried 
on  a  vigorous  war  against  the  English  settle- 
ments in  N.Y.,  and  their  Indian  allies  the 
Iroquois,  who  made  several  successful  inroads 
to   Canada.     In   1690,  he  defeated  Admiral 


Phips  and  the  English  fleet  before  Quebec,  in 
commemoration  of  which  Louis  XIV.  caused 
a  medal  to  be  struck.  Frontenac  followed  up 
his  success  by  invading  the  Mohawk  country, 
and  leading  an  exped.  in  person  against  Onon- 
daira  and  Oneida ;  while  on  the  coast  he  men- 
aced Me.  and  N.Y.  He  had  all  the  qualities 
of  a  great  man.  He  was  the  terror  of  the  Iro- 
quois ;  and  his  activity  w^as  only  cqunlled  by 
his  courage.  His  wife,  who  survived  him,  had 
been  one  of  the  beauties  of  the  French  court, 
and  was  a  friend  of  Mme.  de  Maintenon,  the 
relative  of  her  husband. 

Frost,  Major  Charles,  b.  Tiverton,  Eng., 
1632;  d.  July  4,  1697.  Ab.  1636,  he  accomp. 
his  father,  Nicholas,  to  the  Pascataqua  River, 
and  settled  at  the  head  of  Sturgeon  Creek. 
Member  of  the  Gen.  Court,  1658,  '69;  an  assist, 
in  1680,  and  in  1693-7  a  councillor  ;  col.  of  the 
Me.  regt.,  and  participated  in  the  Ind.  wars. 
Ambushed  and  killed  by  them  in  consequence 
of  his  having  treacherously  seized  some  of 
them,  who  were  either  hung,  or  sold  into 
slavery,  in  a  time  of  peace.  —  N.  E.  H.  and  G. 
liefj.,  iii.,  249. 

Frost,  George,  jurist,  b.  Apr.  26,  1720; 
d.  June  21,  1796.  Son  of  Hon.  John  Frost,  a 
com.  in  the  R.  N.,  who  d.  1732.  Broujrht  up 
in  the  counting-house  of  his  uncle,  Sir  William 
Pepperell,  ab.  1740  he  entered  one  of  his  vessels 
as  supercargo,  followed  the  sea  about  20  years, 
and,  becoming  a  partner  with  Geo.  Richards 
of  Lond.,  sailed  to  and  from  that  port.  Ab. 
1760,  he  returned  to  his  old  home  in  Newcastle, 
and  resided  there  until  his  m.,  in  1764,  to 
Mrs.  Margaret  Smitli  of  Durham,  where  he 
in  1769  fixed  his  permanent  residence.  Judge 
of  the  C.C.P.  of  Stafford  Co.  1773-91.  He 
was  many  years  chief  justice  ;  was  a  delegate 
to  Congress  in  1776-7  and  1779,  and  councillor 
from  1781  to  1784.  —A".  E.  H.  and  G.  Reg.,  v., 
167. 

Frost,  3:oHN,  LL.D.  (Mar.  Coll.  1843),  a 
prolific  bookmaker,  b.  Kennebunk,  Me.,  Jan. 
26,  1800 ;  d.  Phila.  Dec.  28,  1859.  H.U. 
1822.  He  taught  school  at  Cambridgeport, 
Boston,  and  Phila.,  until  1845.  He  pub. 
"  Pictorial  History  of  the  World, "3  vols.  8vo; 
"  Lives  of  American  Generals,"  1848  ;  "  Naval 
Commanders,"  "  Book  of  the  Army,"  "  Book 
of  the  Navy,"  "  Pict.  Hist,  of  the  U.S."  &c. 

Frothingham,  Nathaniel  Langdon, 
D.D.,  clergyman  and  poet,  b.  Boston,  Julv  23, 
1793;  d.  there  Apr.  3,  1870.  H.U.  fsil. 
After  teaching  in  the  Boston  Latin  School,  he 
became  in  1812  instructor  in  rhetoric  and 
oratory  at  H.U.,  an  office  he  was  the  first  to 
hold.  Mar.  15,  1815,  he  was  ord.  pastor  of 
the  First  Cong.  (Unit.)  Ch.,  Boston.  Ill  health 
compelled  his  resignation  in  1850.  Author  of 
more  than  50  occasional  sermons,  also  of  a  vol., 
"Sermons  in  the  Order  of  a  Twelvemonth," 
1852.  He  contrib.  many  articles  to  religious 
periodicals,  chiefly  to  the  Christian  Examiner. 
While  a  student  at  Cambridge,  he  delivered  a 

Eoem  at  the  installation  of  Pres.  Kirkland,  and 
e  subsequently  contrib.  several  versions  from 
the  German,  and  original  poems,  to  magazines. 
In  1855,  these  were  collected  and  pub.  under 
the  title  of  "  Metrical  Pieces,  Translated  and 
Original." 


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Prothingham,  Octavius  Brooks,  son 
of  the  preceding?,  a  cler^^yman  of  independent 
views  in  N.Y.  City,  b.  Nov.  26,  1822.  H.U. 
1843.  Ord.Nonh  Church,  Salem,  Mar.  10, 1847. 
He  removed  to  N.Y.  in  1859,  and  since  Feb. 
1860  has  been  pastor  of  the  Third  Unitarian 
Society,  representing  the  most  radical  phase 
of  rationalistic  Unitarianism  in  the  U.S.,  and, 
thou<,Mi  differing  widely  from  Theodore  Parker, 
may  be  regarded  as  his  successor.  Author  of 
occasional  sermons. 

Frothingham,  Kichard,  Jun.,  historian 
and  journalist,  b.  Charlestown,  Ms.,  Jan.  31, 
1812.  Many  years  connected  with  the  Boston 
Post,  of  which  he  is  still  a  proprietor,  and  in 
1852-65  was  managing  editor,  and  the  chief 
contributor  to  its  columns.  A  prominent 
member  of  the  Ms.  legisl.  in  1839,  '40,  '42,  '49, 
and  '50.  In  1851,  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Democ.  National  Convention.  In  1853,  he 
was  a  delegate  to  the  convention  to  revise  the 
State  constitution  ;  in  1851-3,  mayor  of 
Charlestown.  He  pub.  the  "  History  of 
Charlestown,"  1848;  "History  of  the  Siege 
of  Boston,"  1849  ;  "  Life  of  Gen.  Joseph  War- 
ren," 8vo,  1865,  and  "  Rise  of  the  Republic," 
1871 ;  "  Tribute  to  Thomas  Starr  King,"  1865  ; 
"  The  Com.  in  the  Battle  of  Bunker's  Hill, 
&c.,"  1850;  Member  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Society, 
and  for  several  years  has  been  its  treasurer; 
author  of  a  paper  on  municipalities,  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Amer.  Antiq.  Soc,  No.  55, 
1870, 

Frye,  Col.  James,  Revol.  officer,  b.  An- 
dover,  Ms.,  1709;  d.  Jan.  8,  1776.  He  sus- 
tained several  municipal  offices  ;  served  at  the 
capture  of  Louisburg  in  1755  ;  com.  the  Essex 
rcgt.  at  the  opening  of  the  Revol.,  taking  an 
active  part  at  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill,  and 
afterward  com.  the  6th  brigade  of  the  army  in- 
vesting Boston. 

Frye,  Gen.  Joseph,  b.  Andover,  April, 
1711 ;  d.  Fryeburg,  Me.,  1794.  Justice  of  the 
peace,  and  representative  to  the  Gen.  Court  of 
Ms. ;  ensign  in  Hale's  regt.  at  the  capture 
of  Louisburg  in  1745;  a  col.  at  the  taking  of 
Fort  William  Henry  by  Montcalm  in  1757, 
and  escaped  by  killing  the  Indian  who  had 
charge  of  him,  and  reached  Foit  Edward  in 
safety;  app.  maj.-gen.  by  the  Prov.  Congress 
of  Mass.  June  21,  1775,  and  brig.-gen.  by  the 
Cont.  Congress,  Jan.  10, 1776,  but  resigned  on 
account  of  infirmity,  April  23,  1776.  He  was 
an  early  settler  of  Fryeburg. 

Fry,  Joseph  Reese,  banker,  and  music 
and  art  connoisseur,  bro.  of  William  H.;  d. 
Phila.  June,  1865.  Son  of  William,  pub.  of 
the  National  Gazette.  He  translated  and 
adapted  the  opera  of  "  Norma,"  from  the  Italian, 
for  the  Wood  English  Opera  Troupe,  wrote  the 
libretto  of  his  brother's  opera  "  Leonora,"  and 
also  of  the  opera  of"  Notre  Dame."  An  accom- 
plished scholar  and  linguist,  he  was  well  versed 
in  the  history  and  literature  of  music,  and 
wrote  with  ease  and  taste.  He  was  largely  in- 
strumental in  raising  the  Union  League  Bri- 
gade at  a  gloomy  period  of  the  civil  war. 
Author  of"  Life  of  Zachary  Taylor,"  1848. 

Fry,  Col.  Joshua,  b.  Somersetshire,  Eng. ; 
d.  at  the  mouth  of  Wills  Creek,  Md.,  31  May, 
1754.    Educated  at  Oxford,  he  was  some  time 


prof,  of  math,  at  William  and  Mary  Coll.,  and 
subsequently  a  member  of  the  H.  of  Burgesses, 
and  a  commissioner  on  the  boundary-line 
between  Va.  and  N.C.  With  Peter  Jefferson, 
he  made  a  map  of  Va.,  and  was  in  1752  a 
commissioner  to  treat  with  the  Indians  at 
Logstown.  Intrusted  with  the  com.  of  the 
exped.  against  the  French  in  1754,  he  died 
while  conducting  it  to  the  Ohio,  at  the  place 
afterward  known  as  Fort  Cumberland.  Col. 
of  militia  in  1750,  and  a  member  of  the  govern- 
or's council. 

Fry,  William  Hekry,  composer  and 
journalist,  b.  Phila.  Aug.  1815  ;  d.  Santa 
Cruz,  W.  L,  Dec.  21,  1864.  His  father, 
William  Fry,  was  proprietor  of  the  National 
Gazette  of  Phila.  The  son  was  educated  in 
his  native  city,  and  at  Mount  St.  Mary's  Coll., 
Emmetsburg,  Md.  His  musical  talent  was 
very  early  manifested,  and  in  1835  he  received 
from  the  Philharmonic  Society  of  Phila.  an 
honorary  medal  for  4  overtures  performed  by 
them.  He  became  connected  with  the  National 
Gazette  in  1839;  was  editor  of  the  Phila.  Ledger 
in  1844,  and  afterward  wrote  for  the  Sun. 
His  opera  of  "  Leonora  "  was  produced  at  the 
Chestnut-street  Theatre  in  June,  1845,  and  an 
Italian  version  at  the  Acad,  of  Music,  N.Y.,  in 
the  spring  of  1858.  P>om  1846  to  1852,  Mr. 
Fry  was  in  Europe,  chiefly  residing  in  Paris, 
and   corresponding   with    the   N.  Y.    Tribune 

iwith  which  he  wassubsequently  connected),  the 
-'/jiVa.  Z^(/i(7e?-,  and  other  newspapers.  In  1852,  he 
delivered  in  N.Y.  a  series  of  10  lectures  on  the 
history  of  music,  illustrating  them  by  two  new 
symphonies,  "  The  Breaking  Heart,"  and  a 
"Day  in  the  Country."  These,  with  two 
others,  "  Santa  Claus  "  and  "  Childe  Harold," 
were  also  soon  after  played  by  Jullien's 
orchestra  in  various  parts  ofthe  U.S.  He  also 
wrote  the  music  to  an  ode  for  the  opening  of 
the  great  industrial  exhibition  at  N.Y.  in  18.53, 
and  a  stabat  mater,  composed  in  1855.  He  was 
also  a  political  orator,  and  a  popular  lecturer 
on  miscellaneous  subjects.  He  pub.  "Artificial 
Fish-Breeding,"  12mo,  N.Y.,  1854. 

Fuca  (foo'-ka),  Juan  de,  a  navigator, 
whose  real  name  was  Apostolos  Valerianos,  b. 
Ccphalonia;  d.  Zante,  1632.  For  upwards  of 
40  years,  he  acted  as  a  pilot  in  the  Spanish- 
Amcr.  possessions,  and  in  1592  he  was  sent  by 
the  viceroy  of  Mexico  to  explore  the  west  coast 
of  N.A.  The  account  of  his  discoveries  was 
mingled  with  such  romantic  tales,  that  it  re- 
mained disbelieved  until  the  trading-vessels 
which  frequent  this  coast  in  the  fur-trade  dis- 
covered the  inlet  mentioned  by  De  Fuca,  be- 
tween the  48th  and  49th  parallel.  This  strait 
was  thoroughly  explored  by  Vancouver  in 
1792.  His  name  has  been  given  to  the  strait 
which  connects  the  Pacific  with  the  Gulf  of 
Georgia. 

Fulford,  Francis,  D.D.,  Pr.  Ep.  bishop 
of  Canada,  b.  Sidmouth,  Eng.,  1803;  d.  Mon- 
treal, Sept.  9,  1868.  Educated  at  Tiverton 
grammar-school,  and  Exeter  Coll.,  Oxford, 
where  he  grad.  B.A.  1824,  and  was  elected  a 
Fellow  in  June,  1825;  received  the  degree  of 
D.D.  in  1850  ;  was  rector  of  Trowbridge  Wilts 
from  1 832  to  1 842  ;  rector  of  Croydon  from  1 842 
to  1845;  minister  of  Curzon  Chapel,  Loudon, 


mux. 


345 


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from  1845  till  his  consecration  in  1850;  was 
also  chapKiin  to  the  Duchess  of  Gloucester, 
and  in  1859  was  app.  metropolitan  bishop  of 
Canada.  He  pub.  Sermons,  and  a  work  on 
"  The  Progress  of  the  Reformation,"  and  was 
an  eloquent  preacher.  —  Morgan. 

Fuller,  Arthur  Buckminster,  Unitarian 
clergyman,  b.  Cambridgeport,  Ms.,  Aug.  10, 
1822;  killed  at  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  Dec.  11, 
1862.  H.  U.  1843.  Son  of  Hon.  Tirao.,  and 
bro.  of  Margaret,  who  fitted  him  for  coll.  In 
his  boyhood  he  lost  an  eye.  After  studying 
theology  at  Cambridge,  he  was  for  some  years 
a  teacher  and  missionary  in  Illinois.  From 
1848  to  1853  was  pastor  of  a  Unit,  church  in 
Manchester,  N.  H. ;  from  1853  to  1859  was 
settled  over  the  New  North  Church,  Boston, 
and  then  settled  as  pastor  at  Watertown. 
Chaplain  16th  Ms.  vols.  Aug.  1,  1861.  He 
volunteered  to  join  a  forlorn  hope  in  crossing 
the  Rappahannock,  and  fell  while  driving  the 
rebel  sharpshooters  out  of  Fredericksburg. 
He  edited  his  sister's  works,  and  pub.  "  Hist. 
Discourse  del.  in  the  New  N.  Church,  Boston, 
Oct.  1 ,  1854."  — See  Memoir  of  Chaplain  Fuller, 
by  his  bio.  R.  F.  Fuller,  1864. 

Fuller,  Hiram,  b.  Plymouth  Co.,  Ms. 
Pub.  and  editor  of  the  N.  Y.  Mirror  for  14 
years;  pub.  "The  Groton  Letters"  in  1845, 
and  in  1858  "  Belle  Brittan,"  a  series  of  lively 
letters.  Now  (1870)  ed.  of  a  Lond.  weekly 
gazette,  the  Cosmopolite.  Before  his  removal  to 
N.Y.  City,  he  was  principal  of  a  young  ladies' 
sem.  and  a  bookseller  at  Providence. 

Fuller,  John  W.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  vols.,  b. 
Cambridge,  Eng.,  July,  1827.  His  fiither,  a 
Baptist  minister,  came  to  N.Y.  in  1833.  The 
son  was  a  bookseller  at  Utica,  and  afterward 
at  Toledo,  0.  Col.  27th  O.  regt.  Aug.  1861  ; 
served  under  Pope  at  New  Madrid  and  Island 
No.  10  ;  com.  a  brigade  at  luka,  and  with  spe- 
cial distinction  at  Corinth,  in  Oct.  1862;  cap- 
tured Decatur,  Ala.,  in  Mar.  1864;  com.  1st 
brig.  4th  div.  1 6th  corps  in  the  Atlanta  cam- 
paign, and  for  his  brilliant  services  at  the  Chat- 
tahoochee River,  July  21,  1864,  was  made  brig.- 
gen.  In  Oct.  he  fought  Hood  at  Snake  Creek 
Gap;  com.  the  first  division  17th  corps  in 
Sherman's  march  to  the  sea ;  was  present  at 
Johnston's  surrender,  and  was  brev.  maj.-gen. 
—  Reid's  Ohio  in  the  War. 

Fuller,  Richard,  D.D.,  Baptist  clergy- 
man, b.  Beaufort,  S.C,  Apr.  22,  1804.  H.U. 
1824.  At  the  age  of  20,  he  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  of  S.C.  His  enjoyment  of  a  lucrative 
practice  was  interrupted  by  ill  health.  On  re- 
covering, he  studied  for  the  ministry.  Ord.  in 
1833.  He  exchanged,  in  1847,  his  charge  at 
Beaufort  for  that  of  the  7th  Baptist  Church  in 
Baltimore,  where  he  still  remains.  He  has 
pub.  "  Corresp.  with  Bishop  England  concern- 
.ing  the  Roman  Chancery,"  "  Corresp.  with  Dr. 
Wayland  on  Domestic  Slavery,"  "  Sermons," 
and  "Letters,"  "Argument  on  Baptist  and 
Close  Communion,"  1849,  and  "  The  Psalm- 
ist," a  hymn-book  in  general  use  among  Bap- 
tists. 

Fuller,  Richard  Frederic,  lawyer  and 
scholar,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  May  15,  1821  ;  d. 
Wayland,  Ms.,  May  30,  1869.  H.  U.  1844. 
Bro.  of  Margaret.     He  pub.  a  biography  of 


his   bro.  Rev.  A.  B.  Fuller,  and   "  Visions   in 
Verse." 

Fuller,  Sarah  Margaret,  Countess 
D'Ossoii,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  23  May,  1810; 
d.  16  July,  1850.  Her  father,  Hon.. Timothy 
Fuller,  M.C.,  gave  her  the  education  of  a  boy, 
and  at  17  she  read  fluently  French,  Italian, 
Spanish,  and  German.  The  death  of  her  father 
in  1835  compelled  her  to  rely  upon  herself; 
and  she  became  a  teacher  in  Boston.  In  1837, 
she  was  principal  in  the  Green-st.  School,  Prov- 
idence. In  1839,  she  formed,  in  Boston,  classes 
of  young  ladies  for  conversation,  in  which  she 
took  the  lead,  and  for  which  she  possessed  re- 
markable capacity.  In  1840-2,  she  edited  the 
Died,  to  which  she  contrib.  papers  upon  the 
social  condition  of  woman,  subsequently  pub. 
as  "Woman  in  the  19th  Century."  In  1843, 
after  a  Western  trip,  she  pub.  "  A  Summer  on 
the  Lakes.  In  1844,  she  was  literary  editor  of 
the  N.  Y.  Tribune,  some  of  her  contribs.  to 
which  were  pub.  as  "  Papers  on  Art  and  Lit- 
erature," 1846.  In  1846-7,  she  travelled  in 
England  and  France,  and,  visiting  Italy,  m.  the 
Marquis  d'Ossoli,  and  sympathized  deeply  with 
the  revol.  then  in  progress.  In  the  summer  of 
1850,  with  her  husband  and  child,  she  took 
passage  for  N.Y.  and  was  wrecked  on  the  coast 
of  N.  J.  —  See  Memoirs  bij  her  brother  Arthur, 
also  bi/  R.  W.  Emerson  and  Wm.  H.  Channing,  2 
vols.,  1851. 

Fuller,  Timothy,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Chilmark,  Ms.,  11  July,  1778;  d.  Groton, 
1  Oct.  1835.  H.U.  1801.  Son  of  Timo.,  min- 
ister of  Princeton,  Ms.  He  studied  law  in  the 
office  of  Levi  Lincoln;  practised  with  success 
in  Boston;  was  a  State  senator  in  1813-16; 
M.  C.  1817-25;  speaker  of  the  Ms.  legisl. 
1825,  and  member  of  the  exec,  council  in  1828  ; 
eminent  as  a  Democ.  politician  and  orator.  He 
was  the  instructor  of  his  celebrated  dau.  Mar- 
garet. He  pub.  Oration  4  July,  1809,  speeches 
on  the  Seminole  war.  Mo.  Compromise,  &c. 

Fulton,  Robert,  inventor  and  successful 
introducer  of  steam-navigation  ;  b.  Little  Brit- 
ain, Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  1765;  d.  New  York, 
Feb.  21, 181.5.  Of  Irish  descent.  His  father  d. 
when  he  was  but  3  years  old.  He  received  a 
com.  school  education,  went  to  Pliila.  in  1782, 
and  in  1785  was  a  miniature-painter  there, 
making  money  enough  to  buy  a  small  farm  in 
Washington  Co.,  upon  which  he  placed  his 
mother.  He  then  went  to  Eng.,  studied  sever- 
al years  under  Benj.  West,  adopted  the  profes- 
sion of  a  civil  engineer,  and,  while  at  Birming- 
ham, familiarized  himself  with  the  steam-en- 
gine, then  just  improved  by  Watt.  Here  he 
devised  an  improved  mill  for  sawing  marble,  a 
machine  for  spinning  flax  and  making  ropes, 
and  an  excavator  for  scooping  out  the  channels 
of  canals  and  aqueducts.  In  1795,  he  furnished 
to  the  Lond.  Morning  Star  essays  on  canals, 
and,  early  in  1796,  pub.  in  Lond.  a  work  on  the 
improvement  of  canal-navigation.  He  went  to 
Paris  in  1797,  resided  7  years  with  Joel  Barlow, 
and  studied  languages  and  the  sciences  connect- 
ed with  his  profession.  He  offered  his  inven- 
tion of  the  submarine  torpedo  to  the  French 
and  Eng.  Govts,  without  success,  and  in  Dec. 
1806  arrived  in  New  York.  He  had,  in  Sept. 
1793,  addressed  a  letter  to  Earl  Stanhope  "  re- 


T^XJX. 


846 


a-j^jy 


spectinfj  the  movinj^  of  ships  by  the  means  of 
steam,"  and  had  been  aided  in  Fiance  in  his 
experiments  by  Chancellor  Livingston,  who 
had  procured  an  act  of  the  N.Y.  legisl.  giving 
to  Fulton  and  himself  the  exclusive  privilege 
of  navigating  the  waters  of  the  State  by  steam. 
In  1807,  "  The  Clermont"  was  built,  and  trav- 
ersed the  Hudson  at  the  rate  of  5  miles  an 
hour,  completely  establishing  the  utility  of  the 
invention.  His  second  large  boat  on  the  Hud- 
son was  "The  Car  of  Neptune,"  also  built  in 
1807.  In  1809,  Fulton  obtained  his  first  pat- 
ent from  the  U.S.,  and  in  1811  took  out  a  sec- 
ond for  some  improvements  in  his  boats  and 
machinery.  They  were  limited  to  the  simple 
means  of  adapting  paddle-wheels  to  the  axle 
of  the  crank  of  Watt's  engine.  Fulton  con- 
structed ferry-boats  to  run  between  N.Y.  and 
N.J.,  a  boat  for  Long  Island  Sound,  5  for  the 
Hudson  River,  and  several  for  different  parts 
of  the  U.S.,  some  of  them  for  the  Ohio  and 
Mpi.  Rivers.  In  1811,  he  was  commissioned 
by  the  legisl.  to  explore  the  route  of  an  inland 
navigation  from  the  Hudson  to  the  Lakes,  and 
reported  in  favor  of  the  proposed  canal.  Hav- 
ing taken  out  a  patent  for  improvements  in 
maritime  warfare,  he  was  in  1814  app.  engi- 
neer for  building  floating  batteries  for  coast  de- 
fence. The  first  U.S.  war-steamer,  called  "  The 
Demologos,"  afterward  "  Fulton  the  First," 
was  unwieldy,  and  attained  a  speed  against 
the  current  of  only  2  1-2  miles  an  hour;  but,  as 
the  pioneer  of  the  steam-navies  of  the  world, 
it  was  regarded  as  a  marvel,  and  as  a  most  po- 
tent engine  of  defence.  Fulton  m.  in  1806 
Harriet  Livingston,  a  relative  of  the  chancellor. 
He  possessed  uncommon  tact,  energy,  patience, 
and  enthusiasm,  and  was  eminently  popular. 
Congress,  in  1846,  paid  $76,300,  in  full,  of  the 
claims  of  Fulton  against  the  U.S.  for  inven- 
tions and  improvements  in  the  application  of 
steam  to  navigation.  Lives  of  Fulton  have 
been  pub.  by  C.  D.  Colden  in  1817,  and  in 
Sparks's  "  Am.  Biog.,"  by  Renwick. 

Fulton,  William  S.,  statesman,  b.  Cecil 
Co.,  Md.,  June  2,  1795;  d.  Rosewood,  near 
Black  Rock,  Ark.,  Aug.  15,  1844.  Bait.  Coll. 
181.3.  During  the  war  of  1812,  he  was  a  vol- 
unteer, and  was  in  Fort  McHenry  during  its 
bombardment.  Removing  to  Tenn.,  he  be- 
came sec.  to  Gen.  Jackson,  studied  law,  and 
then  settled  in  Ark.  When  the  territorial 
govt,  was  organized  in  1829,  he  was  first  sec; 
was  gov.  in  1835-6,  and  from  its  admission  in 
1836,  until  his  death,  U.S.  senator. 

Purness,  William  Henry,  D.D.,  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  Boston,  April  20,  1802. 
H.  U.  1820.  Ord.  pastor  of  the  First  Cong. 
Unit.  Church  in  Phila.  Jan.  12,  1825.  He 
has  pub.  "  Remarks  on  the  Four  Gospels," 
1836;  "Jesus  and  his  Biographers,"  Phila. 
1 838 ;  a  "  History  of  Jesus,"  1 850 ;  "  Thoughts 
on  the  Life  and  Character  of  Jesus  of  Naza- 
reth," Boston,  1859;  a  vol.  of  prayers,  entitled 
"  Domestic  Worship ;  "  a  vol.  of"  Discourses," 
1855,  besides  hymns  and  other  devotional 
pieces  in  verse  ;  translations  from  the  German ; 
a  vol.  of  "  Gems  of  German  Verse,"  and  a 
vol.  entitled  "  Julius,  and  Other  Tales  from  the 
German,"  1856.  He  edited  for  3  years  "  The 
Diadem,"  a  Phila.  annual ;  has  been  a  contiib. 


to  the  Christian  Examiner,  and  is  the  author  of 
a  number  of  published  sermons,  many  of  which 
are  in  support  of  the  antislavery  cause,  in 
which  he  took  great  interest. 

Furness,  William  Henry,  son  of  the 
above,  portrait-painter,  b.  Phila.  1827;  d. 
Cambridge,  Ms.,  March  4, 1867.  After  study- 
ing his  art  at  Dusseldorf,  Munich,  Dre»den,and 
Venice,  he  established  himself  in  Phila.  as  a 
portrait-painter,  married,  and  removed  to  Bos- 
ton, where  he  attained  a  high  rank  in  his  pro- 
fession. He  first  gained  reputation  by  his  cray- 
on-drawing. Among  his  portraits  are  Mrs. 
Lathrop  of  Boston,  Miss  Emerson  of  Concord, 
Wilde  the  artist,  Dr.  Furness  his  father,  Lucre- 
tia  Mott,  Chas.  Sumner,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Barnes. 

Gadsden,  Christopher,  Revol.  states- 
man, b.  Charleston,  S.  C,  1724;  d.  there 
Aug.  28,  1805.  Educated  in  Eng.  under  the 
care  of  relatives ;  clerk  in  a  counting-house  in 
Phila.  until  21,  and  after  a  second  visit  to  Eng. 
became  a  merchant  in  Charleston,  and  his  suc- 
cess enabled  him  to  repurchase  the  large  estate 
which  his  father  had  lost  in  play  with  Adm. 
Anson  in  1733.  A  delegate  to  the  Stamp-act 
Congress  at  N.Y.  in  1765,  he  was  one  of  the 
first  in  S.C.  to  foresee  the  improbability  of  a 
reconciliation  to  Great  Britain,  and  who  openly 
advocated  republican  principles,  and  desired 
the  independence  of  America.  He  was  a  cor- 
resp.  of  Samuel  Adams,  and,  like  him,  was  one 
of  the  boldest  and  most  resolute  of  the  patriot 
leaders.  A  member  of  the  Congress  of  1774- 
5,  he  was  thanked  for  his  services  by  the  S.C. 
legisl.  on  his  return.  Chosen  a  col.  in  1775,  he 
was  actively  engaged  in  the  defence  of  Charles- 
ton in  1776;  was  made  a  brig.-gen.  Sept.  16, 
1776,  and  resigned  in  1779;  was  one  of  the 
framers  of  the  State  constitution  in  1778,  and, 
as  lieut.-gov.  of  the  State,  signed  the  capitula- 
tion when  Charleston  was  taken  by  Sir  Henry 
Clinton  in  1780.  Carried  to  St.  Augustine, 
he  suffered  a  rigorous  confinement  of  42  weeks 
in  the  dungeon  of  the  castle ;  was  exchanged 
in  June,  1781,  and  sailed  to  Phila.  Elected 
gov.  in  1782,  but  declined  on  account  of  age 
and  infirmity.  Although  himself  a  large  loser 
in  property  by  the  Revol.,  he  strenuously  op- 
posed in  the  assembly  and  council  the  law  con- 
fiscating the  estates  of  the  Tories. 

Gadsden,  Christopher  Edwards, 
D.D.  (S.C.  Coll.  1815),  Prot.  Epis.  bishop  of 
S.C,  b.  Charleston,  Nov.  25,  1785;  d.  there 
June  24,  1852.  Y.  C.  1804.  Grandson  of  the 
preceding.  Deacon  in  1807;  priest  in  1810; 
rector  of  St.  John's,  Berkeley,  1808  ;  after- 
ward assist,  minister  of  St.  Philip's  Church, 
Charleston,  of  which  he  was  rector  from  July, 
1814,  until  his  death,  and  was  consec.  bishop 
June  21,  1840.  Bishop  Gadsden  pub.  a  num- 
ber of  sermons  and  charges,  and  an  essay  on 
the  life  of  Bishop  Dehon  (1833) ;  and  edited- 
the  Gospel  Messenger,  which  contained  many 
contributions  from  his  pen. 

Gadsden,  Gen.  James,  statesman,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C,  May  15,  1788;  d,  there  Dec. 
26,  1858.  Y.C  1806.  Grandson  of  Christo- 
pher. Engaged  in  commerce  till  the  war  of 
1812,  when  he  was  made  a  lieut.  of  engineers  ; 
served  in  Canada,  and,  at  its  close,  was  confi- 
dential aide  to  Gen.  Jackson.     He  accomp.  him 


G-^G- 


347 


G.AJ 


in  the  Seminole  campaign  in  1818,  in  which 
he  distinj;.  Iiimself,  and  was  made  a  capt.,  and 
charged  with  the  construction  of  works  for  the 
defence  of  the  Gulf  frontier.  App.  insp.-gen., 
rank  of  col.,  Oct.  19,  1820.  On  the  reduction 
of  the  army  in  1822,  he  was  relieved,  and  for 
some  montlis  assisted  Mr.  Calhoun,  sec.  of 
war.  He  then  l)ecamo  a  planter  in  Fla. ;  was 
a  member  of  the  territorial  council,  and,  as  a 
commissioner,  effected  a  treaty  for  the  removal 
of  the  Seminoles  from  northern  to  southern 
Fla.,  and  was  afterward  occupied  in  commerce 
and  in  rice-culture  near  Charleston.  App- 
mini«ter  to  Mexico  in  185-3,  he  negotiated  the 
*'  Gadsden  Purchase,"  now  known  as  Arizona, 
for  $10,000,000. 

Gage,  Frances  Dana,  philanthropist  and 
reformer,  b.  Marietta,  O.,  Oct.  12,  1808.  Her 
father,  Joseph  Barker  of  N.  H.,  was  an  early 
pioneer  to  the  West,  and  she  assisted  him  in 
his  trade  of  a  cooper,  having  few  opportunities 
of  education.  At  21,  she  m.  James  L.  Gage, 
a  lawyer  of  McConneilsvillo,  O.  She  was  an 
early  advocate  with  pen  and  voice  for  temper- 
ance, antislavery,  and  woman's  rights.  Pre- 
sided over  a  woman's  rights  convention  in 
Akron,  O.,  in  1851  ;  and  her  opening  speech 
was  remarkable  for  its  sense  and  pathos.  In 
1853,  she  moved  to  St.  Louis,  but  was  branded 
as  an  abolitionist,  was  often  threatened  with 
violence,  and  was  thrice  a  sufferer  from  incen- 
diarism. She  next  edited  an  agric.  paper  in 
O. ;  but  on  the  breaking-out  of  the  war,  in 
which  4  of  her  sons  were  engaged,  she  went 
South,  and  ministered  to  the  soldiers  and  taught 
the  frecdnien,  working  without  pay,  and  was 
an  unsalaiicd  agent  of  the  Sanit.try  Commis- 
sion at  Memphis,  Vicksburg,  and  Natchez. 
She  was  afterward  seriously  crippled  by  the 
overturning  of  a  carriage  at  Galesburg,  111. 
She  subsequently  lectured  on  temperance,  but 
was  stopped  in  her  career  of  usefulness  by  a 
stroke  of  paralysis,  in  Aug.  1867.  Under  the 
nomme  de  plume  of  "  Aunt  Fanny,"  she  has 
written  many  beautiful  stories  for  children, 
stanzas  and  sketches.  She  was  an  early  con- 
trib.  to  the  Saturday/  Visitor,  and  has  written 
for  the  A'^.  Y.  Independent.  A  vol.  of  "  Poems," 
and  a  temperance  tale,  "  Elsie  Magoon,"  are 
her  latest  works. 

Gage,  Thomas,  or  Friar  Thomas  of  St. 
Mary,  missionary  and  author,  was  an  Irishman, 
educated  at  St.  Omer's,  and  joined  the  Domin- 
icans ;  b.  1597  ;  d.  1655.  In  1625,  he  set  out 
with  some  missionaries  from  Spain,  destined 
for  the  Philippine  Islands,  but,  not  relishing  so 
distant  a  mission,  went  to  Guatimala,  where, 
and  in  other  neighboring  places,  he  was  a  mis- 
sionary to  the  Indians.  In  1637,  he  settled  as 
a  Protestant  minister  at  Deal,  Eng.  He  pub. 
"  A  New  Survey  of  the  W.  Indies,"  giving  an 
account  of  his  mission  to  New  Spain,  and  of 
his  travels,  1648,  4th  ed.,  1699.  Author  of 
"Hist,  of  Mexico,"  Paris,  1696. 

Gage,  Thomas,  a  British  gen.,  b.  ab.  1720; 
d.  2  Apr.  1787.  Second  son  of  the  first  Vis- 
count Gage.  Entering  the  army  young,  he 
became  licut-col.  44th  Foot,  2  Mar.*1750.  At 
Braddock's  defeat  at  the  battle  of  Mononga- 
hela,  9  July,  1755,  he  led  the  advance,  and 
was  wounded.     Dec.  8,  1758,  he  m.  Margaret, 


dau.  of  Peter  Kemble,  pres.  of  the  council  of 
N.J.  She  d.  Lond.  9  Feb.  1824,  a.  90.  He 
was  in  the  exped.  under  Amherst  against 
Ticonderoga;  was  made  maj.-gcn.  in  May, 
1761,  and  gov.  of  Montreal;  succeeded  Am- 
herst in  com.  of  the  British  forces  in  Amer.  in 
1763;  lieut.-gen.  1770;  and  in  Apr.  1774  suc- 
ceeded Hutchinson  as  gov.  of  Ms.  Bay.  He 
occupied  Boston  with  4  regiments  soon  after 
its  port  had  been  closed  by  the  British  minis- 
try;  issued  a  proclamation  against  the  Solemn 
League  and  Covenant,  June  24,  and  forbade 
the  holding  of  town-meetings.  19  Apr.  1775, 
he  sent  a  detachment  to  destroy  the  cannon 
and  ammunition  at  Concord,  which  caused  the 
Lexingtooi  battle  and  the  opening  of  the  Revol. 
war.  June  12,  Gage  proclaimed  martial  law, 
offering  pardon  to  all  except  Samuel  Adams 
and  John  Hancock.  June  17,  the  battle  of 
Bunker's  Hill  was  fought,  and  the  royal  army 
was  shut  up  in  Boston  by  the  American 
militia.  Oct.  10,  1775,  Gage  resigned,  and  re- 
turned to  Eng.,  where  he  became  a  gen.  and 
col.  2d  Foot.  He  was  an  amiable  and  benevolent 
man,  and  possessed  respectable  military  talent. 

GaiUard,  John,  U.S.  senator  in' 1804-26, 
and  1 1  years  its  pres.  officer,  b.  St.  Stephen's 
dist.,  S.C.  ;  d.  Washington,  26  Feb.  1826. 

Galne,  Hugh,  printer  and  bookseller,  b. 
Ireland;  d.  N.  Y.  April  25,  1807,  a.  81.  He 
commenced  business  in  New  York  in  1750.  In 
1752,  he  started  the  N.Y.  Mercunj,  wliich  ap- 
peared every  Monday.  He  soon  after  opened 
a  bookstore',  with  the  sign  of  the  Bible  and 
Crown,  in  Hanover  Square,  which  remained  in 
his  hands  40  years.  Gaine  was  compositor, 
pressman,  folder,  and  distributer  of  his  paper, 
which  had  a  circulation  of  300-400.  A  Whig 
at  first,  he  subsequently  devoted  the  Mercury 
to  the  support  of  the  royal  cause.  At  the 
close  of  the  war,  his  petition  to  remain  in 
the  city  was  granted;  but  he  gave  up  his 
paper,  and  continued  bookselling,  acquiring  a 
handsome  estate. 

Gaines,  Edmund  Pendleton,  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A..  b.  Culpeper  Co.,  Va.,  March  20, 
1777;  d.  N.  Orleans,  June  6,  1849.  James, 
his  father,  led  a  company  in  the  Revol.  war ; 
was  in  the  N.C.  legisl.  and  the  convention 
which  ratified  the  Federal  Constitution. 
Nephew  of  Edm.  Pendleton.  The  family 
raoveil  in  1790  to  Tenn.  Entering  the  army 
as  ensign,  Jan.  10,  1799,  he  became  capt.  Feb. 
1807  ;  maj.  8th  Inf.  March  24, 1812 ;  lieut.-col. 
24th  Inf.  July  6, 1812  ;  col.  25th  Inf.  March  12, 
1813;  adj.-gen.,  rank  col.,  Sept.  1813;  brig.- 
gen.  March  9,  1814;  brev.  maj.-gen.  for  gal- 
lantry at  Fort  Erie,  Aug.  15,  1814,  where  he 
was  severely  wounded  Aug.  28,  and  for  which 
he  received  the  thanks  of  Congress  Nov.  3, 
1814,  and  a  gold  medal.  He  was  in  the  battle 
of  Chrystler's  Field,  Nov.  11,  1813;  served 
under  Jackson  in  the  Creek  war,  and  was 
wounded  in  an  action  with  Seminole  Indians 
on  the  Ouithlacoochie,  Feb.  29,  1836.  For 
calling  out  a  large  number  of  the  Southern 
militia  without  orders,  at  the  breaking-out  of 
the  Mexican  war,  he  was  tried  by  court-mar- 
tial, but  not  censured.  He  was  a  man  of 
extreme  simplicity  of  character,  and  unques- 
tioned integrity. 


a-Ai. 


848 


gj^jl. 


Gaines,  Major  John  P.,  soldier  and 
politician  of  Ky. ;  d.  Oreijon,  18.')8.  Major  in 
Marshall's  Ky.  vol.  cav.  in  the  Mexican  war; 
made  prisoner  at  Incarnacion,  Jan.  1847;  vol. 
aide  to  Gen.  Scott,  and  distin;,'.  at  El  Molino  ; 
M.C.  from  Ky.  1847-9;  gov.  of  Oregon  Terr. 
1850-3. 

Gaither,  Henry,  lieut.-col.  U.S.A.,  b.  Md. 
1751 ;  d.  Georgetown,  D.C,  June  22,  1811.  A 
capt.  Revol.  array,  and  engaged  in  nearly  every 
battle  of  the  war  ;  app.  maj.  in  the  "  Levies  of 
1791;"  served  under  St.  Clair  against  the 
Miami  Indians,  Nov.  1791 ;  lieut.-col.  3d  sub- 
legion,  Oct.,  1793,  to  June  1. 1802.  He  was  an 
excellent  disciplinarian.  His  son,  Gen.  Wil- 
liam LiNGAN,  a  prominent  politician  of  Md., 
frequently  member  of  the  legisl.,  and  president 
of  the  senate,  d.  Montgomery  Co.,  Md.,  Aug. 
2,  1858. 

Gale,  Benjamin,  physician,  b.  L.I.  1715; 
d.  Kiliingworth,  Ct.,  May  21,  1790.  Y.C. 
1733.  Ho  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Jared 
Elliot,  whose  dau.  he  m.,  and,  like  hiin,  was  a 
scientific  and  practical  agriculturist,  having 
received  a  medal  from  a  society  in.  Eng.  for 
the  invention  of  an  improved  drill  plough. 
He  took  great  interest  in  politics,  writing  many 
political  essays  for  the  newspapers.  Ab.  1750, 
he  pub.  "A  Dissertation  on  Inoculation."  He 
also  pub.  some  essays  in  the  Trans,  of  the  N. 
Haven  Mod.  Society,  and  wrote  "  A  Dissertation 
on  the  Prophecies."  —  Thacher. 

Gales,  Joseph,  journalist,  b.  Eckington, 
near  Sheffield,  Eng.,  10  Apr.  1786;  d.  Wash- 
ington, 21  July,  1860.  U.  of  N.C.  Joseph, 
his  father,  came  to  the  U.S.  in  1794,  pub.  the 
Indep.  Gazptta  in  Phila.  (Aug.  179.5-99),  the 
Raleigh  (N.C.)  Reijister  (1799-1839);  d.  24 
Aug.  1841.  The  son  settled  in  Washington 
in  1807,  connected  iiimself  with  the  National 
IiileH'Kjmcer,  became  sole  proprietor  in  1810, 
took  as  a  ]jartner  his  bro.-in-law,  W.  W. 
Seaton,  in  1812,  and  in  Jan.  1813  began  to 
issue  the  Intelligencer  daily.  He  wrote  with 
great  force  and  clearness. 

Galitzin,  Demetrius  Augustine,  a 
Russian  noble,  afterward  a  missionary,  b.  at 
the  Ilairne,  Dec.  22,  1770;  d.  Loretto,  Pa., 
May  6,  1840.  His  father,  while  ambassador  in 
Palis,  eminaced  the  principles  of  Voltaire  and 
Diderot;  but  the  son,  in  1787,  joined  the  R.C. 
Church.  In  1792,  he  was  aide  to  Gen.  Van 
Lilien  in  Brabant.  Dismissed  from  the  Aus- 
trian service  as  a  foreigner,  he  resolved  to 
travel  in  America.  Soon  after  landing  in 
1792,  he  entered  the  theol.  seminary  in  Balti- 
more, and  March  18,  1795,  was  ord.  prie.st  by 
Bi.shop  Carrol.  He  first  officiated  at  Cone- 
wango.  Pa.,  also  in  Pa.,  Md.,  and  Va.,  until 
1798,  when  he  founded  a  Catholic  colony  in 
Cambria  Co.,  Pa.  Here  lie  purchased  a  large 
tract  of  land,  erected  saw  and  grist  mills,  and 
founded  the  town  of  Loretto,  expending 
$150,000.  His  rank  was  concealed  under  the 
assumed  name  of  "  Father  Smith."  His 
charge  extended  over  a  wild  and  extensive 
region,  through  which  he  made  incessant 
journeys.  He  also  composed  several  contro- 
versial works,  and  was  several  times  proposed 
for  the  episcopacy,  but  would  not  accept  the 
honor.     His  name  has  been  given  to  a  village 


nf^ar  Loretto  ;  and  a  monument  was  erected  be- 
fore the  church  in  1848. 

Gallagher,  Capt.  John,  U.S.N.,  b.  Md. ; 
d.  Wilmington,  Del.,  Nov.  1, 1842,  a.  58.  App. 
lieut.  July  24,  1813;  master  Mar.  2,1825; 
capt.  Dec.  22,  1835.  He  was  a  lieut.  of  tlie 
frigate  "  United  States  "  in  the  action  with 
the  British  frigate  "  Macedonian,"  Oct.  25, 
1812. 

Gallagher,  William  D.,  poet  and  jour- 
nalist, b.  Phila.  Aug.  1808.  His  father,  an 
Irish  rebel  of  1798,  soon  after  emigrated  to 
Phila.  The  son  removed  to  Cincinnati  in 
1816,  where,  in  1821,  he  entered  the  printing- 
office  of  a  newspaper;  and  in  1824,  while  an 
apprentice,  edited  and  pub.  a  small  literary 
paper.  He  became  known  as  a  writer  in  1828 
by  the  publication,  in  the  Cincinnati  Chronicle, 
of  a  "Journey  through  Ky.  and  Mpi."  He 
successively  edited  the  Backwoodsman  at  Xenia, 
O.,  1830;  the  Cincinnati  Mirror,  1831;  the 
Western  Literary  Journal  and  Monthli/  Review, 
1836  ;  the  Hesperian,  1838  ;  from  1839  to  18.50 
was  assoc.  editor  of  the  Cincinnati  Gazette;  and 
in  1853  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Louis- 
ville Dailt/  Courier,  but  has  since  resided  on  a 
farm  near  that  city.  He  pub.  3  small  vols,  of 
poetry,  entitled  "  Erato,"  1835-7;  "  Selections 
from  the  Poetical  Literature  of  the  West," 
1841.  In  1849  he  was  pres.  of  the  Ohio  Hist, 
and  Philos.  Society,  and  delivered  a  valualile 
address  on  the  "  Progress  and  Resources  of  the 
North-west."  In  1850  he  accompanied  Sec. 
Corwin  to  Washington  as  his  confidential 
clerk.  He  has  written  much  on  airriculture, 
and  has  collected  materials  for  "  A  Social  and 
Statistical  View  of  the  Mpi.  Valley."  —  Poets 
and  Poetri/  of  the   West. 

Gallatin,  Albert,  LL.D.,  statesman,  b. 
Geneva,  Switzerland,  Jan.  29,  1761  ;  d.  As- 
toria, L.I.,  Aug.  12,  1849.  U.  of  Geneva, 
1779.  His  parents,  l)Oth  of  whom  were  ofdis- 
ting.  families,  d.  while  he  was  an  infant. 
Sympathizing  with  the  Americans  in  the 
struggle  for  liberty,  early  in  1780  he  came  to 
Ms.,  and  for  a  few  months  com.  the  fort  of  Pas- 
samaquoddy.  In  1783  he  taiiyht  French  at 
H.U. ;  and  in  1784,  having  received  his  patri- 
monial property,  invested  it  in  land  in  Western 
Va.  In  1786  he  bought  some  land  on  the 
banks  of  the  Monongahela,  Fayette  Co.,  Penn. ; 
settled  there;  was  in  1789  a  meml)er  of  the 
State  Const.  Conv. ;  member  of  the  legisl.  in 
1790-2,  giving  strong  indications,  while  in  that 
body,  of  the  financial  ability  he  po.>sessed ; 
sent  to  the  U.S.  senate  in  1793,  he  was  declared 
ineligible.  He  took  part  in  the  "  Whiskey  In- 
surrection "  in  1794,  and  by  his  tact,  courage, 
and  firmness,  aided  in  briniring  about  a  peace- 
ful settlement  of  the  difficulty.  M.C.  1795- 
1801  ;  sec.  U.S.  treasury.  May  15,  1801-13: 
sent  in  1813  as  one  of  the  commissioners  to 
St.  Petersburg,  the  Russian  Govt,  having  of- 
fered to  mediate  between  the  U.S.  and  Great 
Britain  ;  commissioner  to  Ghent,  where  the 
treaty  of  peace  was  made  Dec.  24,  1S14  ;  and 
took  part  in  the  commercial  convention  with 
Great  Britain  soon  afterward  ;  minister  to 
France,  181.5-23;  and  deputed  on  special 
missions  to  the  Netherlands  in  1817,  and  to  Eng. 
in  1818.     On  his  return,  he  declined  the  nom- 


G-AJLi 


349 


GAJJL, 


illation  of  vice-pres.  from  the  Dcmoc.  party. 
Envoy -ex  tr.  to  Great  Britain  from  1826  to 
Dec.  1827,  wlien  he  took  up  his  residence  in 
New  York.  He  prepared  the  argument  in  be- 
lialf  of  the  U.S.,  to  be  hiid  before  the  king  of  the 
Netherhmds,  as  an  umpire  on  the  Me.  boun- 
dary question.  In  1830  he  was  chosen  pros,  of 
the  council  of  the  U.  of  N.Y.  In  1831  he 
pub.  "  Considerations  on  the  Currency  and 
Banking-System  of  the  U.S.,"  advocating  a 
reguhited  bank  of  the  U.S.  A  member  of  the 
free-trade  convention  at  Phila.  in  1831,  and 
prepared  for  it  the  memorial  to  Congress. 
Tres.  of  the  N.Y.  National  Bank  1831-9,  and 
of  the  N.Y.  Hist.  Society  in  1843-9.  A  found- 
er, and  first  pres.,  of  the  Ethnological  Society 
in  1848.  During  the  Oregon  difficulties  in 
1846,  he  pub.  letters  on  the  "  Oregon  Ques- 
tion," and  in  1843  a  pamphlet,  strongly  op- 
posing the  Mexican  war,  which  had  a  large 
circulation  and  great  influence.  In  Congress, 
where  he  was  a  recognized  leader  of  the  Dem- 
oc.  party,  he  opposed  the  British  treaty  in  an 
able  speech,  April  26,  1796  ;  and  it  was  on  his 
motion  that  the  committee  of  ways  and 
means  was  first  organized  as  a  standing  com- 
mittee in  1795.  His  other  important  speeches 
were  on  •' Foreign  Intercourse,"  Mar.  1,  1798; 
on  the  "Alien  Law,"  Mar.  1,  1799;  and  on 
the  "Navy  Establishment,"  Feb.  9  and  11, 
1799.  He  gave  his  financial  views  in  two 
pamphlets,  "A  Sketch  of  Finances,"  1796, 
and  "  Views  of  Public  Debt,"  «Sbc.,  1800.  He 
was  eminently  successful  in  the  treasury  dept., 
and  was  one  of  the  first  financiers  of  the  time. 
He  opposed  the  increase  of  the  national  debt, 
systematized  the  mode  of  disposing  of  the 
public  lands,  and  was  a  zealous  advocate  of  in- 
ternal improvements.  Offered  the  State  dept. 
in  1809,  but  declined.  Opposed  to  the  war  of 
1812,  and,  as  a  member  of  the  cabinet,  exerted 
himself'strenuously  to  restore  peace.  He  was 
an  early  student  of  the  etiinology  and  philolo- 
gy of  the  American  Indians,  and  at  Hum- 
boldt's request  wrote  an  essay  on  the  subject 
in  1823.  He  afterward  pub.  "  Synopsis  of  the 
Indian  Tribes,"  &c.,  in  vol.  2,  Archceoloyia  Amer- 
icana, Worcester,  1836,  and  "  Semi-civilized 
Nations  of  Mexico,  Yucatan,  and  Central 
America,"  N.Y.  1 845 ;  also  author  of  "  Reports 
and  Letters  on  the  U.S.  Bank,"  1810-11; 
"  Reminiscences  "  of  Mr.  Gallatin  were  pub. 
by  John  Russell  Birtlett,  N.Y.  1841. 

Gallaudet,  Thomas  Hopkins,  LL.D. 
(VV.  Res.  Coll.  1851),  a  pioneer  in  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  (leaf  and  dumb,  b.  Phila.  Dec.  10, 
1787;  d.  Hartford,  Sept.  9,  1851.  Y.C.  1805; 
And.  Theol.  Sem.  1814.  Tutor  at  Y.C. 
1808-10.  Of  Huguenot  descent.  His  mother, 
who  was  a  Hopkins,  descended  from  one  of 
the  first  settlers  of  Hartford,  Ct.  Ill  health 
compelled  him  to  relinquish  the  study  of  law, 
after  devoting  a  year  to  its  acquisition.  Li- 
censed to  preach  in  1814.  Becoming  inter- 
ested in  the  education  of  deaf-mutes,  he  visited 
Europe  in  1815-16;  and  Apr.  15,  1817,  com- 
menced his  labors  with  a  class  of  seven  pu- 
pils. He  was  one  of  the  most  disting.  and  use- 
ful men  of  his  time,  and  lived  to  see,  as  the  re- 
sult of  his  labors,  more  than  1,000  individuals 
receive  the  benefits  of  instruction  in  his  own 


private  asylum,  as  well  as  to  witness  the  estab- 
lishment of  similar  institutions  in  different  parts 
of  the  country.  Resigning  the  office  of  principal 
in  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  in  1830,  he  was 
chaplain  to  the  Retreat  for  tiie  Insane  at  Hart- 
ford from  Jan.  1838  to  the  time  of  his  death. 
He  pub.  many  public  addresses  andcontribs.  to 
periodici,ils ;  a  vol.  of  "  Discourses,"  Lond. 
1818,  preached  to  an  English  congregation  in 
Paris  ;  a  series  of  "  Bible-Stories  for  the 
Young,"  "  The  Child's  Book  of  the  Soul," 
"  The  Youth's  Book  of  Natural  Theology," 
and  other  similar  works;  and  edited  6  vols,  of 
the  Annals  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  Hartford. 
A  discourse  in  commemoration  of  him,  deliv- 
ered at  Hartford,  by  Hon,  Henry  Barnard,  in 
Jan.  1852,  was  pub.  N.Y.  1857.  —  See  Life  of 
Gallaudet  by  H.  Humphrey,  and  Barnard's  Dis- 
course. 

Gallison,  John,  lawyer  and  philanthro- 
pist, b.  Marblehead,  Oct.  1788;  d.  Dec.  25, 
1820.  H.U.  1807.  Nephew  of  Chief  Justice 
Sewall.  After  practising  law  a  short  time  at 
Marblehead,  he  came  to  IJoston,  where  he  was 
esteemed  for  his  ability  and  integrity,  and 
where  he  had  a  good  share  of  business.  He  ed- 
ited the  Weekly  Messenger  for  a  year  or  two; 
and  pub.  2  vols,  of  reports  in*  the  Circuit 
Court,  1807;  2d  ed.  with  addit.  notes  and 
references,  2  vols.  8vo,  1 845.  —  See  a  Memoir  in 
the  Christian  Disciple,  Boston,  iii.  15. 

Gallissoniere  (ga'-le'-so'-neair'),  RoL- 
LAND  Michael  Bekrin,  Marquis,  a  French  ad- 
miral, b.  Rochefort,  Nov.  11, 1693 ;  d  Nemours, 
Oct.  26,  1756.  Entering  the  navy  in  1710,  he 
served  with  distinction ;  became  capt.  in  1738 ; 
com.-gen.  of  artillery  at  Rochefort  in  1745; 
gov.  of  Canada  1747-9;  and  in  175G,  while 
commanding  a  squadron  designed  to  capture 
Martinique,  had  a  severe  engagement  near  that 
island  with  Admiral  Byng,  whom  he  defeated. 
His  administration  was  marked  by  severe  dis- 
putes with  the  English  relative  to  their  right 
of  way  in  Nova  Scotia  and  the  Ohio  region. 
In  1749  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
settling  the  boundaries  of  Acadia.  In  1751  he 
pub.  a  memoir  of  the  French  colonies  in  Amer- 
ica. He  was  a  devoted  student  of  natural 
science,  had  a  great  heart  and  mind,  but  was 
low  in  stature,  and  deformed  in  person.  He 
was  a  strenuous  supporter  of  the  Abbe  De  La 
Loutre,  and,  after  his  return  to  France,  is  said 
to  have  furnished  him  with  money  and  supplies 
for  his  work  in  Acadia. 

Galloway,  Joseph,  LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1769),  loyalist,  b.  Md.  ab.  1730;  d.  Eng.  Aug. 
29,  1803.'  t^on  of  Peter.  He  was  well  educated, 
had  a  good  estate,  practised  law  in  Phila.,  be- 
came eminent  in  the  ])rofession,  and  held 
many  important  trusts.  In  the  Pa.  legisl,,  of 
which  he  was  a  member  in  1764,  and  at  one 
time  speaker,  he  made  an  able  speech  in  favor 
of  changing  the  govt,  from  the  proprietary  to 
the  royal  form,  in  opposition  to  that  of  John 
Dickinson.  Member  of  the  Congress  of 
1774,  he  actively  participated  in  its  leading 
measures,  and  proposed  to  it  a  plan  of  settle- 
ment, which  was  rejected.  He  abandoned  his 
countrymen  on  the  question  of  Independence, 
joined  the  British  army  in  N.  Y.  in  Dec.  1776, 
and  in  June,  1778,  went  to  Eng.  with  an  only 


G--AX. 


350 


O.AJN' 


daughter.  Franklin,  who  confided  in  his 
patriotism,  had,  on  going  abroad,  left  in  his 
charge  his  valuable  letter-books  and  papers, 
which  were  lost.  He  was  the  most  violent  and 
proscriptive,  and  perhaps  the  most  abie,  of  the 
loyalists ;  and  the  evil  effects  of  his  powerful 
influence  were  often  felt  both  in  America  and 
Eng.  His  evidence  before  the  British  house 
of  commons  in  1779  was  very  damaging  to 
Sir  Wm.  Howe.  He  pub.  "  Observations  on 
the  Conduct  of  Sir  Wm.  Howe,"  "A  Letter  to 
Howe  on  his  Naval  Conduct,"  "  Letters  to  a 
Nobleman  on  the  Conduct  of  the  War  in  the 
Middle  Colonies  in  1779,"  "  Reply  to  the  Ob- 
servations of  Gen.  Howe,"  "  Cool  Thoughts  on 
the  Consequences  of  American  Independence," 
"  Candid  Examination  of  the  Claims  of  Great 
Britain  and  her  Colonies,"  "  Reflections  on  the 
American  Rebellion,"  a  work  on  Revelations, 
Lond.  1802;  "  Speech  in  Answer  to  John  Dick- 
inson," 8vo,  1764;  "  Trophetic  and  Anticipat- 
ed History  of  Rome,"  Svo,  1803.  A  new  edi- 
tion of  his  "  Examination  by  a  Com.  of  the 
House  of  Commons"  was  pub.  Phila.,  Svo, 
1855,  by  the  Seventy-six  Society. 

Gallup,  Joseph  Adam,  physician  and 
author,  b.  Stonington,  Ct.,  Mar.  30,  1769  ;  d. 
Woodstock, Vt.,  Oct.  12, 1849.  D.C.1798.  He 
practised  in  Hurtland  and  Bethel, Vt.,  whence  he 
removed  to  Woodstock  in  Jan.  1800.  He  first 
became  known  as  a  writer  in  the  Vt.  Gazette  ; 
from  1820  to  1823  was  pres.  of  and  prof,  in 
the  Castleton  Med.  Acad.,  and  was  several 
years  a  lecturer  in  the  medical  dcpt.  of  the  U. 
of  Vt.  He  established  at  Woodstock  in  1827 
the  institution  subsequently  known  as  the  Vt. 
Med.  Coll.,  incorporated  in  1835.  He  pnb. 
"Sketches  of  Epidemic  Diseases  in  Vt."(18l5), 
to  which  are  added  "  Remarks  on  Pulmonary 
Consumption,"  which  was  repub.  in  Eng ; 
"  Pathological  Reflections  on  the  Supertonic 
State  of  Disease,"  1822,  and  in  1839  "Outlines 
of  the  Institutes  of  Medicine,"  2  vols. 

Gait,  Alexander  Tilloch,  Canadian 
statesman  and  financier,  son  of  John  the  au- 
thor, b.  Chelsea,  Eng.,  6  Sept.  1817;  elected  to 
the  Canadian  parliament  in  1849;  minister 
of  finance  under  Cartier  in  1858-Mav,  1862, 
Mar.  1864-Aug.  1866,  and  under  the' Domin- 
ion govt.  1867-8;  a  delegate  to  confer  with 
the  Imperial  govt,  on  the  subject  of  confedera- 
tion, and  was  prominent  in  all  measures  tend- 
ing to  unite  and  consolidate  Brit.  Amer.  Au- 
thor of  "Canada,  1849-59,"  Lond.  I860.  — il/en 
of  the  Time. 

Galusha,  Jonas,  gov.  Vt.  1809-13  and 
1815-20;  d.  Shaftsbury,  Vt.,  Oct.  8,  1834,  a. 
83.  He  was  a  Revol.  soldier,  having  served  at 
Bennington ;  member  of  the  General  Assembly 
in  1800;  was  a  mem.  of  the  council  in  1793-8 
and  1801-5,  and  was  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  1795-7  and  1800-6. 

Galvez  (gal'-vSth),  Don  Bkrnardo  de, 
gov.  of  La.  1777-83,  b.  Malaga,  1756  ;  d.  Mexi- 
co, Aug.  1794.  His  father,  Don  Mathias,  was 
viceroy  of  Mexico  ;  and  his  uncle,  Don  Joseph, 
was  sec.  of  State,  and  pres.  of  the  council  of 
the  Indies.  Bernardo  was  made  col.  of  the  regt. 
of  La.  in  1776,  and  succeeded  to  the  govt. 
Feb.  1,  1777.  In  Sept.  1779  he  com.  an  exped. 
which  captured  from  the  English  Baton  Rouge 


and  Natchez ;  another,  which  captured  Mobile, 
Mar.  14,1780;  and  a  third,  which  captured  Pen- 
sacola.  May  9,  1781 ;  and  received  the  grade  of 
lieut.-gen. ;  was  made  a  count,  and  capt.-gen. 
of  La.  and  Fla.  Early  in  1785  he  was  made 
capt.-gen.  of  Cuba,  but,  on  the  death  of  his 
father  in  the  summer  of  that  year,  succeeded 
him  as  viceroy  of  Mexico.  —  Uaijarre. 

Gambler,  James,  a  Brit,  adm.,  b.  in  the 
Bahamas  1756  ;  d.  Apr.  19,  1833.  His  father, 
an  adm.  on  the  American  station  during  the 
Revol.  war,  d.  1790.  In  1778  he  com.  "  The 
Thunder,"  bomb,  which  was  captured  by 
D'Estaing's  fleet.  Oct.  9,  he  was  made  post- 
capt.,  and  com. "  The  Raleigh," 32.  At  Charles- 
ton, S.C.,  he  served  with  the  brigade  of  seamen 
until  its  reduction.  In  1781  he  captured  "  The 
Mitflin,"  an  American  20-gun  ship.  Disting. 
in  Lord  Howe's  victory,  June  1, 1794  ;  became 
full  adm.  in  1805 ;  com.  the  fleet  against  Copen- 
hagen in  1807,  and  was  rewarded  with  a  peer- 
age. In  1814,  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  commissioners  for  concluding  a  peace  with 
the  U.  S.,  which  was  settled  at  Ghent,  and  rat- 
ified at  Washington  Jan.  17,  1815.  Made 
adm.  of  the  fleet  in  1830. 

Gamble,  Thomas,  capt.  U.S.N. ,  son  of 
Maj.  Wm.,  a  Revol.  ofiicer ;  d.  Oct.  10,  1818, 
while  in  com.  of  "  The  Erie,"  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean. Midshipman  Apr.  2,  1804  ;  lieut.  Apr. 
27,  1810  ;  com.  Apr.  27,  1816.  His  bro.  John 
M.,  col.  U.S.  marines,  served  nmler  Porter  in 
"The  Essex,"  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  11  Sept. 
1836,  a.  45.  Peter,  a  3d  bro.,  was  killed  in 
the  battle  on  Lake  Champlain,  Avhile  acting 
first  licut.  of  the  flagship.  Lieut.  Francis  G., 
U.S.N.,  another  bro.,  d.  in  the  W.  Indies,  Sept. 
29,  1824. 

Gammell,  William,  LL.D.  (Roch.  1859), 
author,  b.  Mcdfield,  Ms.,  10  Feb.  1812.  B.U. 
1 83 1 .  Son  of  Rev.  Wm.  of  Newport.  Tutor  at 
Brown  U.  in  1835,  assist.  ])rof.  of  rhetoric,  and 
in  1836  prof. ;  from  which  post  he  was  trans- 
ferred, in  1850,  to  that  of  history  and  political 
economy.  He  has  pub.  various  orations  and 
discourses  on  literary  and  historical  subjects, 
also  numerous  articles  for  reviews  and  maga- 
zines, especially  the  Christian  Review,  of  which 
he  was  several  years  one  of  the  editors.  To 
Sparks's  "  Amer.  Biog."  he  has  contrib.  Lives 
of  lioger  Williams  and  Gov.  Saml.  Ward. 
He  is  also  the  author  of  "A  History  of  Ameri- 
can Baptist  Missions,"  8vo,  1850. 

Gannett,  Ezra  Stiles,  D.D.  (H.U.  1843), 
clergyman,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  May  4,  1801 ; 
d.  26  Aug.  1871  by  a  railroad  accident  at  Re- 
vere, Ms.  H.  U.  1820.  Son  of  Rev.  Caleb 
of  Cambridge  (1745-1818).  Ord.  colleague 
with  Dr.  Channing  June  30,  1824;  and,  with 
the  exception  of  2  years'  absence  in  Europe 
from  ill  health,  continued  pastor  of  the  church, 
formerly  in  Federal  St.,  now  in  Arlington  St., 
until  his  death.  Besides  publishing  many  oc- 
casional discourses,  and  editing  the  Monthly 
Miscellany  from  1844  to  1849,  he  was  assoc. 
with  Dr.  A.  Lamson  in  the  care  of  the  Christian 
Examiner,  the  leading  Unitarian  ])erio(lical  in 
the  U.S.  Dr.  Gannett  held  a  high  rank  in  his 
denomination,  in  wliich  he  was  prominent  in 
all  religious  and  benevolent  enterprises. 

Gano,  John,  Baptist  minister,  b.  Hopewell, 


G-^AJNT 


351 


G-^AJR 


N.  J. ;  d.  Frankfort,  Ky.,  Aug.  10,  1804,  a.  77. 
His  ancestors,  who  were  French,  settled  at  New 
Rochelle,  N.Y.  He  began  to  preach  in  Va., 
and  labored  also  in  N.  J.  and  the  Carolinas. 
In  Dec.  17G0  he  was  settled  over  the  Baptist 
church  in  Phila. ;  and  in  1761  collected  the 
first  Baptist  church  in  N.Y.  City,  over  which 
he  was  ord.  The  Revol.  broke  up  his  church ; 
and  he  became  a  chaplain  in  the  army,  officiat- 
ing in  the  brigade  of  Gen.  Clinton  through- 
out the  war.  He  afterward  collected  his  scat- 
tered tiock,  but  in  1788  removed  to  Ky.  In 
1790  he  wrote  a  sketch  of  his  life,  pub.  N.Y., 
1806,  12mo,  by  his  son.  Rev.  Stephen. 

Gansevoort,  Gdert  C,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  N.Y.  1812;  d.  Schenectady,  July  15,  1868. 
Educated  at  the  Naval  Acad.  Midshipm.  Mar. 
4,  1823;  lieut.  Mar.  8,  1837;  com.  Sept.  14, 
1855  ;  capt.  July  16,  1862  ;  commo.  1866;  re- 
tired 1867.  He  com.  "  The  John  Adams"  dur- 
ing the  Mexican  war,  and  subsequently  com. 
the  ironclad  "  Roanoke." 

Gansevoort,  Peter,  Jun.,  brig.-gen.  Rev- 
ol. army,  b.  Albany,  July  17,  1749  ;  d.  July  2, 
1812.  *App.  by  Congress,  July  19,  1775,  a 
maj.  in  the  2d  N.Y.  regt. ;  and  in  Aug.  joined 
the  army  under  Montgomery  which  invaded 
Canada.  Mar.  19,  1776,  he  was  made  lieut.- 
col. ;  Nov.  21,  col.  of  the  3d  regt.  In  Apr.  1777 
he  took  com.  of  Fort  Schuyler,  and  gallantly  de- 
fended it  against  the  British  under  St.  Leger, 
who,  after  beseiging  it  from  the  2d  to  the  22d 
of  Aug. ,  retreated.  By  preventing  the  co-opera- 
tion of  tliat  officer  with  Bnrgoyne,  he  contrib. 
essentially  to  the  embarrassment  and  defeat  of 
the  latter,  and  obtained  the  thanks  of  Congress. 
In  the  springof  1779  he  was  ordered  to  join  Sul- 
livan in  the  Western  expcd.  At  the  head  of  a 
chosen  party  from  the  whole  army,  he  disting. 
himself  by  surprising  the  lower  Mohawk  castle, 
capturing  all  the  Indian  inhabitants  by  the 
celerity  of  his  movements.  In  1781  the  State 
of  N.Y.  app.  him  a  brig.-gen.  He  afterwards 
filled  a  number  of  important  offices,  among 
which  were  commissioner  of  Indian  affairs, 
and  for  fortifying  the  frontiers.  Military  agent 
and  brig.-gen.  in  the  U.S.A.  in  1809. 

Garay  {<:a-ri'),  John  de,  a  brave  Spanish 
officer,  b.  Badajos,  1541  ;  killed  on  the  banks 
of  the  Paraiia  ab.  1592.  He  was  sec.  to  the 
gov.  of  Paraguay,  where  he  displayed  so  much 
enterprise  and  talent,  that  he  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  lieut.-gen.  and  gov.  of  Assumption. 
He  founded  Santa  Fe,  rebuilt  and  fortified  Bue- 
nos Ayres  in  1580,  and  endeavored  by  kind- 
ness to  civilize  the  Indians. 

Garay,  Jose  DE,b.  Mexico,  Sept.  21, 1801 ; 
d.  N.Y.  City,  Sept.  21,  1858.  Projector  of 
the  Tehuantepec  transit  route,  for  which  he 
obtained  the  grant  from  Santa  Ana  in  1841. 
Author  of  an  "  Account  of  the  Isthmus  of 
Tehaunteper-,"  8vo,  Lond.  1846. 

Garcilaso  de  la  Vega  (gar-the-la'-so  da 

lava'-ga),  surnamed  the  Inca,  because,  by  his 
mother's  side,  ho  was  descended  from  the  roy- 
al family  of  Peru;  b.  Cuzco  1540;  d.  Cordo- 
va, Spain,  1616.  His  father,  one  of  the  con- 
querors of  Peru,  d.  Cuzco  1559.  Philip  II., 
dreading  the  influence  of  Garcilaso  among  the 
natives,  summoned  him  to  Spain  in  1560.  He 
wrote  an  interesting  and  faithful  history  of 


Peru,  1609-16  (an  English  translation,  by  Ry- 
cant,  was  pub.  Lond.  1688),  and  also  a  histo- 
ry of  Fla.  1605, 

Garden,  Alexander,  M.D,,  F.R.S.,  nat- 
uralist, b.  Scotland,  1728;  d.  Lond.  Apr.  15, 
1791.  U.  of  Aberdeen  1748.  He  studied 
medicine  under  Dr.  John  Gregory;  settled  as  a 
physician  in  Charleston,  S.C.,  in  1752,  and  ac- 
quired a  fortune,  which  was  confiscated,  when 
he  went  to  Eng.,  a  loyalist,  in  1783.  He  ac- 
quired distinction  by  his  botanical  knowledge, 
and  became  a  corresp.  of  Linnasus  in  1755,  who 
gave  the  name  of  Gardenia  to  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  fragrant  of  the  flowering-shrubs. 
He  introduced  into  medical  use  the  pink-root 
as  a  vermifuge,  and  in  1764  pub.  an  account 
of  its  properties,  together  with  a  botanical  de- 
scription. He  also  pub.  accounts  of  the  helesia; 
of  the  male  and  female  cochineal  insects  ;  of 
the  mud  iguana,  or  siren  of  S.C.,  an  amphibi- 
ous animal ;  of  2  new  species  of  tortoises ;  and 
of  the  Gijnoiotiis  dectricus.  To  extend  his 
knowledge  of  natural  history,  he  accomp.  Gov. 
Glen  into  the  Indian  country,  and  discovered 
an  earth  which  was  deemed  in  Eng.  equal  to 
the  finest  porcelain.  The  knowledge  of  the 
spot  has,  however,  been  lost.  Elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Roy.  Society  in  1773,  afterward  vice- 
pres.  of  that  body. 

Garden,  Major  Alexander,  Revol. 
soldier  and  author,  b.  Charleston,  S.C.,  Dec.  4, 
1757;  d.  there  Feb.  29,  1829.  Son  of  Dr. 
Alexander.  Educated  at  Westminster  and 
the  U.  of  Glasgow  ;  then  travelled  on  the  Con- 
tinent, returning  in  July,  1780.  His  father 
being  a  loyalist,  he  left  home  in  Nov.  1780; 
joined  Col.  John  Laurens;  was  at  one  time 
aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Greene;  was  a  lieut.  iti 
Lee's  Legion  in  Feb.  1782,  and  was  in  many 
skirmishes.  The  State  of  S.C.  returned  to 
him  his  father's  confiscated  property.  He  pub. 
"  Anecdotes  of  the  Revol.  War,"  1st  scries, 
1822,  and  a  second  series,  1828;  repub.  in  4to, 
1865.  These  are  authorities  for  the  history 
of  the  period,  containing  much  original  infor- 
mation. 

Gardiner,  John,  lawyer,  son  of  Sylvester, 
b.  Boston,  1731  ;  drowned  off  Cape  Ann,  Oct. 
15,  1793,  by  the  loss  of  a  packet  in  which  he 
took  passage  to  Boston.  He  studied  law  at 
the  Inner  Temple,  Lond. ;  was  adm.  to  prac- 
tice in  the  courts  of  Westminster  Hall,  and 
was  intimate  with  Churchiil  and  with  Wilkes, 
in  whose  cause  he  appearctl  as  junior  counsel. 
He  practised  a  short  time  with  success  in  the 
Welbh  circuit,  and  then  procured  the  app.  of 
atty.-gen.  at  the  Island  of  St.  Christopher  in 
the  W.  Indies,  whither  he  removed  with  his 
family  ab.  1766,  and  was  very  successful. 
After  the  peace  of  1783,  he  removed  to  Boston; 
practised  law  there  with  much  celebrity  ;  re- 
moved in  1786  to  an  estate  left  by  his  father  at 
Pownalboro',  in  the  then  Dist.  of  Me.,  where  he 
also  practised  law,  and  was  its  representative 
to  the  Ms.  legisl.  from  1 789  to  his  death.  In 
the  legisl.  he  obtained  the  name  of  the  law- 
reformer,  having  succeeded  in  procuring  the 
repeal  of  the  law  of  primogeniture,  and  the  re- 
peal of  the  law  against  theatrical  representa- 
tions. His  speech  on  the  latter  subject  he 
afterwards  pub.  in  a  small  8vo  vol.     la  con- 


a-AR 


352 


G^^R 


nection  with  the  latter  subject,  he  pub.  "  A 
Dissertation  on  the  Ancient  Poetry  of  tlie 
Romans,"  and  an  accompanyin*^  speech.  He 
delivered  the  oration  in  Boston,  July  4,  1785. 
He  was  a  thorough  republican;  was  a  violent 
Whig  in  politics ;  possessed  an  astonishing 
memory  ;  was  an  admirable  belles-lettres 
scholar,  learned  in  his  profession,  and  par- 
ticularly disting,  for  wit  and  eloquence. 

Gardiner,  Joiix  Sylvester  John,  D.D. 
(U.  of  Pa.  1813),  clergyman  and  scholar,  b. 
Haverford  West,  South  Wales,  June,  176.5;  d. 
Harrowgate,  Eng.  July  29,  1830.  At  the  age 
of  5  he  was  sent  to  his  grandfather,  Dr. 
Sylvester  Gardiner,  in  Boston,  for  education, 
who  placed  him  under  the  charge  of  Master 
Lovell ;  but,  shortly  before  the  commencement 
of  the  llevol ,  he  was  removed  to  Eng.,  and 
placed  under  the  care  of  the  celebrated  Dr. 
Parr.  In  1787  he  was  ord.  deacon,  and 
assigned  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  parish  of 
St.  Helena,  near  Beaufort,  S.C.  He  removed 
thence  in  1791;  took  priest's  orders  ;  was  settled 
as  assist,  minister  of  Trinity  Church,  Boston^ 
Apr.  22,  1792  ;  and  in  1804-5  succeeded 
Bishop  Parker  as  rector  of  that  church,  in 
which  station  he  remained  until  his  death. 
While  assist,  minister,  he  kept  a  classical 
school,  which  was  celebrated.  He  was  disting. 
for  pulpit  eloquence,  was  in  the  first  rank  of 
classical  and  belles-lettres  scholars,  and  was 
pres.  of  the  literary  club  which  for  a  number 
of  years  conducted  the  Anlhohgij  and  Monthly 
Review,  the  precursor  of  the  N.  A.  Review,  to 
which  he  was  a  liberal  contributor. 

Gardiner,  Sylvester,  physician,  b. 
Kingston,  R.I.,  in  1707;  d.  Newport,  Aug.  8, 
1786.  Having  studied  medicine  in  London 
and  Paris,  he  engaged  in  practice  at  Boston, 
where  he  also  lectured  on  anatomy.  Acquiring 
a  large  estate  by  the  sale  of  drugs,  he  invested 
in  the  Kennebec  purchase,  and  purchased  for 
himself,  and  settlcfl,  the  tract  now  occupied  by 
the  city  of  Gardiner.  He  procured  emigrants 
from  Germany  to  cultivate  the  soil,  furnishing 
them  annually  with  the  needed  supplies.  He 
contributed  liberally  to  the  erection  of  King's 
Chapel,  Boston,  of  which  he  was  a  warden ; 
promoted  the  introduction  of  inoculation  for 
the  small-pox ;  printed  and  distributed  an 
edition  of  an  excellent  book  of  prayers  prepared 
by  himself;  built  and  endowed  a  church  at 
Gardiner,  and  presented  that  town  with  a 
valuable  library,  which  was  afterwards  scat- 
tered. Notwithstanding  his  advanced  age,  he 
left  Boston  when  it  was  evacuated  bv  the 
British  army  during  the  Revolution,  taking 
with  him,  of  all  his  great  estate,  but  about 
£400.  His  lands,  about  100,000  acres,  were 
confiscated  and  sold;  but  his  heirs,  through 
some  informality,  were  re-invested  with  the 
property.  He  returned  to  Newport  in  1785. 
One  of  his  daughters  was  m.  to  Col.  Browne, 
bro.  of  the  first  Marquis  of  Sligo ;  a  younger 
one  was  the  wife  of  Robert  Hallowell,  and  the 
estates  of  Dr.  Gai*diner  in  Me.  were  entailed 
on  her  infant  son,  Robert,  who  took  the  sur- 
name of  his  maternal  grandfather. 

Gardner,  Charles  K.,  col.  U.S.A.,  b. 
Morris  Co  ,  N.J.,  1787;  d.  Washinirton,  D.C., 
Nov.  1,  1869.     Ensign  6th  luf.  May  3,  1808  ; 


capt.  3d  Art.  July,  1812  ;  brig.-major  to  Gen 
Armstrong,  Aug.  4,  1812 ;  assist,  adj.-gcn. 
Mar.  18,  1813  ;  major  25th  Inf.  June  26,  1813  . 
adj.-gen.  Apr.  12,  1814;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for 
disting.  service,  Feb.  5,  1815;  maj.  3d  Inf.. 
and  adj.-gen.  div.  of  the  North  ;  resigned  Mar, 
17,  1818.  He  was  in  the  battles  of  Chrystler'* 
Fields,  Chippewa,  and  Niagara,  and  at  the 
siege  and  defence  of  Fort  Erie.  In  1822-3  he 
edited  the  New  York  Patriot.  Author  of  a 
"Compendof  Inf.  Tactics,"  N.Y.  1819;  "Dic- 
tionary of  the  Army  of  the  U.S.,"  N.  Y.  18.53, 2d 
ed.  1860.  Senior  assist,  postmaster-gen.  Sept. 
11,  1829;  auditor  of  the  treasury,  July,  1836, 
to  March,  1841  ;  postmaster  at  Washington 
City,  March,  1845,  to  July,  1849;  surveyor- 
gen,  of  Oregon  1849-53,  and  afterward  in  the 
treas.  department  at  Washington  until  1867. 
Father  of  the  rebel  Gen.  Franklin  Gardner, 
who  surrendered  Port  Hudson  9  July,  1863. 

Gardner,  John  Lane,  brev. '  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Ms.;  d.  Wilmington,  Del.,  Feb.  19, 
1869.  Son  of  Col.  Robert.  App.  lieut.  of  inf. 
May  20,  1813  ;  wounded  in  attack  on  La  Cole 
Mill,  Mar.  30,  1814;  aide-de-camp  to  Gen. 
Smith,  1814;  capt.  Nov.  1,  1823;  disting.  in 
battle  of  Wahoo  Swamp,  Nov.  21,  1836;  maj. 
4th  Art.  Oct.  13,  1845  ;  com.  his  regt.  in  Mexi- 
co in  1847;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  the  battle  of 
Cerro  Gordo,  Apr.  18, 1847  ;  brev.  col.  for  bat- 
tle of  Contreras,  Aug.  20,  1847;  lieut.-col.  1st 
Art.  Aug.  3,  1852 ;  col.  2d  Art.  July  23,  1861 ; 
retired  Nov.  1,  1861  ;  brev.  brig.-gen.  for  long 
and  faithful  service  in  the  army,  13  Mar.  1865. 
—  Gardner. 

Gardner,  Samuel  Jackson,  editor  and 
author,  b.  Ms.  1788;  d.  at  the  White  Moun- 
tains, N.H.,  14  July,  1864.  H.U.  1807.  He 
practised  law  in  Roxbury,  Ms.,  many  years ; 
some  time  dep.  grand  master  of  Masons  in  Ms.; 
removed  to  Newark,  N.J.,  in  1838,  and  edited 
the  Daili/  Advertiser  in  1850-61.  Author  of 
"  Autumn  Leaves,"  a  vol.  of  essays. 

Gardner,  Col.  Thomas  of  Cambridge,  b. 
1724;  d.  July  3,  1775.  He  ranked  among  the 
most  zealous  sons  of  liberty  in  1774-5  ;  amem- 
bcf  of  the  Prov.  Congress  and  of  the  committee 
of  safety  ;  raised  a  regt.  in  May,  1775;  was 
commissioned  col.,  and  was  mortally  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill. 

Gardner,  William  II.,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  1800;  d.  Phila.  18  Dec.  1870.  Midship- 
man 1814  ;  lieut.  1825  ;  com.  1841  ;  capt.  1855; 
commo.  1863.  He  com.  the  frigate  "  Colora- 
do "  in  1855,  the  Mare  Island  station  in  1861, 
and  was  an  officer  of  much  merit. 

Garesehe  (gar'-I-sha'),  Julius  P.,  col.  and 
chief  of  staff  of  Gen.  Rosccrans,  b.  Cuba,  of 
Amer.  parents,  1821  ;  killed  at  Stone  River, 
Dec.  31,  1862.  West  Point,  1841;  A.  M.  of 
Georget.  Coll.,  D.C.,  1842.  2d  lieut.  4th  Art. 
July,  1841 ;  1st  lieut.  June,  1846  ;  A.A.G.,  rank 
capt.,  Nov.  9, 1855;  major  3  Aug.  1861  ;  lieut.- 
col.  17  July,  1862.  He  served  in  the  Mexican 
war,  and,  previously  to  joining  Rosecrans,  de- 
clined a  commission  of  brig.-gen.  One  of  the 
founders  of  the  Society  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul 
in  Washington. 

Garfield,  James  Abram,  soldier  and  M.C., 
b.  Orange,  Cuyahoga  Co.,  O.,  Nov.  19,  1831. 
Wras.  Coll.   1856.     At  first  a  day -laborer,  he 


GA.R 


353 


GrJLR 


was  afterward  a  driver,  and  then  boatman,  on 
the  Pa.  and  O.  Canal.  In  1849  he  attended  an 
acad.,  and  taught  a  district  school  in  the  fol- 
lowing winter.  He  was  in  1856  made  teacher 
of  languages  in  the  Eclectic  Institute  at  Hi- 
ram, O.  The  next  year  he  became  pres.  of  that 
institution,  which  office  he  held  until  1861.    In 

1859  he  was  elected  to  the  senate  of  O.,  and  in 

1860  was  adm.  to  the  bar.     In  the  autumn  of 

1861  he  was  made  col.  42d  Ohio  vols.,  and 
was  sent  to  Eastern  Ky.,  where,  with  his  own 
and  the  40th  Ohio  regt.,  he  defeated  Hnmplirey 
Marshall;  made  brig.-gen.  vols.  Jan.  11,  1862, 
the  date  of  his  victory  at  Pres  ton  burg.  In 
March,  1862,  he  attacked  the  enemy  at  Pound 
Gap,  destroying  their  camp,  and  inflicting  se- 
vere loss  upon  them.  He  com.  the  20th  brigade 
at  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  and  soon  after  made  chief 
of  staff  to  Gen.  Rosecrans;  app.  maj.-gen.  "  for 
gallant  and  meritorious  services  in  the  battle 
of  Chickamauga,  Ga.,"  from  Sept.  19,  1863; 
resigned  Dec.  5,  1863.  In  Oct.  1862,  he  was 
elected  to  Congress  from  the  19th  district,  which 
he  still  represents. 

Garland,  Hugh  A.,  lawyer,  b.  Nelson  Co., 
Va.,  June  1,  1805  ;  d.  St.  Louis,  Oct.  14,  1854. 
Hamp.  Sid. Coll.  1825.  Grandson  of  Gen.  John 
Garland.  He  was  prof,  of  Greek  in  H.  S.  Coll. 
in  182.5-30.  In  1831  he  commenced  the  prac- 
tice of  law  at  the  county  seat  of  Mecklenburg, 
where  he  soon  became  a  noted  lawyer  and  pol- 
itician, lie  was  5  years  a  member  of  the  Va. 
legisl. ;  was  clerk  of  the  H.  of  representatives  at 
Washington  ;  and  in  1841,  having  acquired  a 
competence  by  his  profession,  retire(l  to  his  farm 
near  Petersl)urg,  engaged  in  business,  w^as  un- 
successful, and  was  reduced  to  poverty.  At  the 
age  of  40,  he  removed  to  St.  Louis  and  recom- 
menced practice,  attaining  eminence.  Author 
of  "  Life  of  John  Randolph,"  N.Y.  1850;  "Life 
of  Jefferson."  His  son,  Hugh  A.,  Jan.,  a  law- 
yer of  St.  Louis,  col.  of  a  rebel  regt.,  was 
killed  in  one  of  the  battles  between  Hood  and 
Thomas  in  Tenn.  in  1864. 

Garland,  Gen.  John,  b.  Va.  1792;  d. 
N.Y.  City,  June  5,  1861.  Lieut,  of  inf.  Mar. 
31, 1813;  capt.  May,  1817  ;  major  1st  Inf.  Oct. 
30,  1836;  lieut.-col.  4th  Inf.  Nov.  27,  1839; 
col.  8th  Inf.  May  7,  1849  ;  disting.  under  Col. 
"Worth  in  Florida  war;  brev.  lieut.-col.  "for 
gallant  conduct  in  battles  of  Palo  Alto  and 
Resaca  de  la  Palma,"  May  9,  1846;  com.  a 
brigade  at  Monterey,  and  through  Scott's  cam- 
paign in  Mexico,  from  May,  1846,  to  Oct.  1847; 
brev.  brig.-gen.  "  for  battles  of  Contreras  and 
Churubusco,"  Aug.  20, 1847  ;  disting.  in  storm- 
ing El  Molino  del  Rey  ;  disting.  and  severely 
wounded  in  capture  of  Mexico  City.  —  Gard- 
ner. 

Garland,  Robert  R.,  gen.  C.S.A. ;  killed 
at  the  battle  of  South  Mountain,  Md.,  Sept.  14, 
1862.  App.  from  Mo.  2d  lieut.  7th  inf.  Dec. 
30,  1847  ;  became  1st  lieut.  March,  1855,  and 
capt.  in  1860;  dropped  from  the  army-rolls 
May  23,  1861,  and  was  app.  a  brig.-gen.  in  the 
Confed.  army. 

Garneaux,  Francis  Xavier,  b.  Quebec, 
1809.  Author  of  "  Histoire  du  Canada,"  3 
vols.  1852;  "Voyage  en  Angleterre  et  en 
France  dans  les  anne^s  1831-3."  D.  5  Feb.  1866. 

Garnett,  James   Mercer,  educator  and 


agriculturist,  b.  EImwood,Va.,  June  8, 1770  ;  d. 
there  May,  1843.  He  received  excellent  train- 
ing from  his  parents  ;  served  at  various  periods 
in  the  legisl.  of  his  State ;  was  M.  C.  in  1805- 
9;  and  was  also  a  member  of  the  convention 
of  1829  to  revise  the  State  constitution.  Ho 
acted  with  the  Democ.  party,  and  engaged  in 
a  controversy  with  Matthew  Carey,  the  protec- 
tionist. For  more  than  20  years,  he  presided 
over  the  Agric.  Society  of  Fredericksburg,  de- 
livered many  addresses,  and  contrib.  liberally 
to  agric.  journals. 

Garnett,  Richard  Brooke,  brig.-gen. 
C.S.A.,  b.  Va.  1819  ;  killed  at  Gettysburg, 
July  3,  1863.  West  Point,  1841.  2d  lieut.  6th 
Inf  1841;  served  in  the  Florida  war  in  1841-2; 
aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Brooke  from  1846  to 
1851;  capt.  May  9,  1855;  resigned  17  May, 
1861.  Entering  the  Confed.  service  in  1861, 
he  participated  in  most  of  the  battles  in  Va. ; 
was  a  col.  under  Pegram  and  Floyd  in  West- 
ern Va.,  but  soon  after  joined  Lee's  army,  and 
was  made  brig.-gen. 

Garnett,  Robert  Selden,  gen.  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Va.,  b.  Elmwood,  Va.,  1820;  killed  in 
the  battle  of  Carrick's  Ford,  July  14.  1861. 
West  Point,  1841.  Entering  the  4th  Art.,  he 
was  assist,  instructor  in  inf  tactics  at  West 
Point,  1 843-4  ;  disting.  himself  in  the  battles  of 
Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma;  became 
1st  lieut.  in  Aug.  1846 ;  was  aide  to  Gen.  Tay- 
lor from  June,  1846,  to  Jan.  1849;  was  brev. 
capt.  for  gallantry  at  Monterey,  and  maj.  for 
gallantry  at  Buena  Vista  ;  capt.  March,  1851  ; 
com.  of  cadets,  and  instructor  in  inf  tactics  at 
West  Point,  from  Nov.  1852  to  July,  1854  ; 
maj.  9th  Inf.  March  27, 1855  ;  disting.  himself 
in  operations  against  the  Indians  in  Washing- 
ton Terr,  in  1856-8  ;  visited  Europe  on  ac- 
count of  ill  health  in  1860,  but  returned,  and 
resigned  his  commission,  April  30,  1861.  He 
was  app.  adj. -gen.  of  the  Army  of  Va.,  and 
com.  of  the  Confed.  forces  in  the  western  part 
of  the  State.  Having  been  defeated  at  Rich 
Mountain,  and  a  part  of  his  force  under  Col. 
Pegram  surrounded,  he  was  attempting  to  es- 
cape with  the  remainder,  when  his  forces  wore 
routed,  and  he  was  killed. 

Garrard,  Col.  James,  gov.  of  Ky.  1796- 
1804,  b.  Stafford  Co.,  Va.,  Jan.  14,  1749;  d. 
Mt.  Lebanon,  Bourbon  Co.,  Ky.,  Jan.  19, 
1822.  He  was  an  officer  of  the  Revol.,  after- 
wards a  member  of  the  legisl.  of  Va.,  where  he 
contrib.  to  procure  the  passage  of  the  religious 
freedom  bill,  and  was  one  of  the  first  settlers 
of  Ky.  In  1782  he  settled  near  Paris,  Bour- 
bon Co.,  and  was  often  in  the  Ky.  legisl.  Col. 
Theophilus  T.  Garrard,  his  son,  was  the 
hero  of  the  battld  of  "Wild  Cat,"  in  1802. 
Another  son,  Gen.  James,  d.  Bourbon  Co., 
Ky.,  Sept.  1,  1838,  a.  ab.  64;  many  years  a 
member  of  the  Ky.  legisl.  ;  an  officer  in  the 
militia  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  a  disting.  agri- 
culturist. 

Garrard,  Kenner,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Ky.  1830.  West  Point,  1851.  Capt.  2d 
cav.  27  Feb.  1861,  and  made  prisoner  by  the 
rebels  at  San  Antonio,  Texas,  when  the  war 
broke  out;  exchanged  27  Aug.  1862;  com.  the 
146th  N.Y.  regt.  at  Fredericksburg  and  Chan- 
cellorsville,  and,  for  gallantry  at  Gcttysliurg, 


GAJEl 


354 


G^^T 


was  made  brig. -gen.  July  23,  1863  ;  in  the  bat- 
tles of  Rappahannock  Station  and  Mine  River; 
com.  the  2d  cav.  division,  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland, in  the  Atlanta  campaign  ;  was  in  Nov. 
1864  assigned  to  the  2d  div.  16th  corps,  which 
he  com.  in  the  battle  of  Nashville,  and  for  his 
efficiency  and  gallantry  in  that  battle,  Dec.  15- 
16,  was'brev.  maj.-gen. ;  engaged  in  the  Mobile 
campaign,  and  specially  disting.  in  assault  on 
Fort  Blakely,  9  Apr.  1865;  maj.  3d  cav.  2 
Nov.  1863  ;  hrev.  col.  U.S.A.  22  July,  1864,  for 
exped.  to  Covington,  Ga.  ;  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865,  for  services  in  the  Rebel- 
lion ;  resigned  9  Nov.  1866. —  Cu/lum. 

Garrett,  Thomas,  philanthropist,  of  Qua- 
ker parentaije,  b.  Darby,  Del.  Co.,  Pa.,  21  Aug. 
1783  ;  d.  Wilmington*  Del.,  ab.  20  Jan.  1871. 
Bred  a  scythe  and  edge-tool  maker,  he  acquired 
a  competency,  and  in  1820  settled  in  Wilming- 
ton. He  became  an  abolitionist  ab.  1807, 
through  tiie  kidnapping  of  a  colored  woman 
from  his  father's  family  ;  and  thenceforward  as- 
sisted all  fugitives  who  applied  to  him  on  their 
way  to  freedom.  May,  1848,  in  a  suit  brought 
against  him  by  the  owners  of  some  slaves  whom 
he  had  aided  to  escape,  he  was  convicted  ;  and 
the  damages  awarded  swept  away  every  dollar 
of  his  property.  Commencing  business  anew 
in  his  65th  year,  he  amassed  a  competence.  He 
lived  to  be  honored  in  the  community  by  which 
he  had  formerly  been  execrated,  and  to  see  his 
hopes  for  universal  freedom  realized. 

Garrison,  William  Lloyd,  leader  of  the 
emancipationist  movement  in  the  U.S.,  b. 
Newbury  port,  Ms.,  12  Dec.  1804.  Appren- 
ticed to  a  shoemaker,  and  afterward  to  a  cabi- 
net-maker :  he  preferred  the  printer's  trade, 
which  he  learned  in  the  office  of  the  Newbury- 
port  Herald.  He  also  contrib.  to  its  columns 
and  to  those  of  the  Salem  Gazette,  in  which  he 
manifested  his  sympathy  in  the  struggle  of  the 
Greeks  for  freedom.  In  1826  he  established 
the  Free  Press  at  Newburyport,  soon  discon- 
tinued. In  1827  he  edited  the  National  Phi- 
lanthropist in  Boston,  the  first  journal  to  advo- 
cate total  abstinence.  In  1828  he  started 
at  Bennington,  Vt.,  the  Spirit  of  the  Times, 
advocating  temperance,  peace,  abolition,  and 
the  election  of  J.  Q.  Adams  to  the  presidency. 
Towards  the  close  of  1829,  he  became  assistant 
editor  of  Lundy's  Genius  of  Universal  Emanci- 
pation at  Baltimore :  previously  the  advocate 
of  gradual  abolition,  Garrison  made  it  at  once 
the  organ  of  the  doctrine  of  immediate  eman- 
cipation. For  denouncing  as  "  domestic  pira- 
cy "  the  taking  of  a  cargo  of  slaves  from  Bal- 
timore to  La.,  he  was  fined,  and  imprisoned  49 
days,  and  until  Arthur  Tappan  paid  the  fine. 
After  delivering  a  series  of  lectures  on  slavery 
in  the  principal  cities,  he  established  in  Boston, 
1  Jan.  1831,  the  Liberator,  a  weekly,  of  the 
most  decided  and  uncompromising  antislavery 
views,  discontinued  in  Dec.  1865,  the  object 
for  which  it  was  established  having  been  fully 
accomplished.  His  denunciations  of  slavery 
and  slaveholders  excited  intense  exasperation 
at  the  South.  The  Ga.  legisl.  offijred  a  reward 
of  $5,000  for  his  arrest  and  conviction  under 
the  laws  of  that  State,  which  greatly  increased 
his  notoriety  and  the  number  of  his  followers. 
In  the  spring  of  1832  he  pub.  "  Thoughts  on 


African  Colonization,"  in  opposition  to  that 
scheme.  He  soon  after  visited  Eng.,  where  he 
was  warmly  received  by  Wilberfbrce,  Broug- 
ham, and  their  associates.  While  attending 
an  antislavery  meeting  in  Boston,  21  Oct. 
1835,  he  was  seized  by  a  mob  of  "gentlemen 
of  property  and  standing,"  from  whose  violence 
he  was  only  saved  by  being  locked  up  in  jail, 
and  on  the  following  day  was  conveyed  by  the 
city  authorities  to  a  place  of  safety  in  the  coun- 
try. Founder  of  the  Amer.  Antislavery  Society 
1  Jan.  1832,  and  its  pres.  1843-65.  Founder 
in  1838  of  the  N.  E.  Nonresistance  Society.  In 
1840  he  attended  the  World's  Antislavery  Con- 
vention in  Lond.,  but  refused  to  take  his  seat 
because  the  female  delegates  from  the  U.  S. 
were  excluded.  After  long  and  arduous  labor, 
Mr.  Garrison  has  lived  to  see  his  hope  of  eman- 
cipation realized,  though  not,  as  he  hoped,  by 
moral  suasion  alone,  and  without  bloodshed. 
His  friends  raised  and  presented  to  him  in  Mar. 
1868,  as  a  national  testimonial  for  his  arduous 
labors  in  the  cause  of  antislavery,  ab.  $30,000. 
A  vol.  of  his  "  Sonnets  and  other  Poems  "  was 
pub.  in  1843;  "Selections  from  his  Writings 
and  Speeches,"  12mo,  1852.  —  See  Mrs.  Stowe's 
Men  of  Our  Times,  1868. 

Garth,  George,  a  Brit,  gen.;  d.  1819. 
Son  of  John,  M.  P.  for  Devizes,  and  bro.  of 
Gen.  Thomas.  He  entered  the  first  Foot 
Guards  in  Sept.  1758;  was  made  brev.  col. 
Feb.  19,  1779;  maj.-gen.  Nov.  20,  1782;  gen. 
1801  ;  afterwards  gov.  of  Placentia;  a  brig.- 
gen.  in  Amer.  during  the  Revol.  war.  In  July, 
1779,  he  was  second  in  com.  of  Tryon's  exped. 
which  plundered  and  destroyed  Fairfield  and 
Norwalk,  Ct.,  and  served  under  Clinton  in  the 
exped.  against  Charleston  in  1780. 

Gartland,  Francis  X.,  first  R.C.  bishop 
of  Savannah;  consec. Nov.  10,  1850;  d.  Sept. 
20,  1854. 

Gaston,  William,  LL.D.  (U.  of  Pa. 
1819),  statesman  and  jurist,  b.  Newbern,  N.C., 
Sept.  19,  1778;  d.  Raleigh,  Jan.  23,  1844. 
N.J.  Coll.  1796.  His  father.  Dr.  Alexander, 
of  Huguenot  ancestry,  and  an  ardent  Whig, 
having  been  shot  by  Tories  Aug,  20,  1781, 
his  early  education  was  conducted  by  his  moth- 
er. Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1798,  he  attained  the 
head  of  his  profession  in  the  State.  In  1799 
he  was  elected  to  the  State  senate  from  Craven 
Co. ;  in  1808  to  the  H.  of  delegates,  over  which 
he  was  chosen  to  preside ;  and  M.C.  from  1813 
to  1817,  where  he  ranked  with  Lowndes,  Ran- 
dolph, Calhoun,  Clay,  and  Webster.  His 
speeches  upon  the  Loan  Bill  and  the  previous 
question  present  some  of  the  finest  displays  of 
reasoning  and  eloquence  which  our  country 
has  furnished.  Some  of  the  best  statutes  of 
N.C.,  as  well  as  its  judicial  organization,  are 
the  result  of  his  wisdom.  Judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  N.C.  from  1834  to  his  d.  He 
assisted  the  convention  in  1835  in  amending 
the  State  constitution,  nearly  all  the  reforms 
in  which  he  is  said  to  have  suggested  and  elab- 
orated ;  spoke  and  voted  against  the  propo- 
sition to  deprive  free  colored  men  of  the  right 
of  suffrage,  which  at  that  time  they  possessed  ; 
and  was  tendered,  but  declined,  the  U.S.  sena- 
torship  in  1840. 

Gates,  Horatio,  maj.-gen.,  b.  at  Maiden 


G-^T 


355 


G^AY 


in  Essex,  Eng.,  in  1728;  d.  N.Y.  Apr.  10, 
1806.  Son  of  a  clergyman,  and  godson  of 
H.  Walpole.  At  an  early  age  he  entered  the 
army ;  rose  rapidly  to  the  rank  of  maj. ;  and  in 
1755  was  stationed  at  Halifax;  but,  joining 
Braddock's  unfortunate  exped.  in  the  latter 
year,  he  was  shot  through  the  body,  and  for  a 
long  time  disabled.  He  recovered,  however,  in 
season  to  join  his  regt.  in  the  exped.  against 
Martinico  in  Jan.  1762,  in  which  he  was  aide 
to  the  com.-in-chief  Monckton,  and  rendered  ef- 
ficient service,  establishing  his  reputation  as  a 
brave  and  prudent  officer.  Maj.  60th  Royal 
Americans,  Oct.  27,  1764.  After  the  peace, 
he  purchased  a  fine  estate  in  Berkeley  Co.,  Va., 
and  devoted  himself  successfully  to  agricultu- 
ral pursuits.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
Revo),  war,  he  tendered  his  services  to  Con- 
gress, who  in  July,  1775,  app.  him  adj.-gen. 
with  the  rank  of  brigadier ;  and  in  the  following 
June,  having  in  May  been  made  maj.-gen.,  re- 
ceived the  chief  com.  of  the  army,  which  had 
just  retreated  from  Canada.  His  first  step, 
the  withdrawal  of  the  entire  American  force 
from  Crown  Point,  was  severely  censured  by 
many,  and  considered  highly  injudicious  by- 
Washington,  as  it  opened  to  the  enemy  the  un- 
disputed navigation  of  Lake  Champlain.  A 
few  months  after,  Gates  again  joined  the  com.- 
in-chief;  and  the  northern  army  was  assigned 
to  Schuyler.  He  continued  with  Washington 
until  Mar.  1 777,  when  he  resumed  his  command 
on  the  northern  frontier,  where  he  was  super- 
seded by  Schuyler  in  May,  but  was  reinstated 
Aug.  4.  It  was  fortunate  for  Gen.  Gates  that 
the  retreat  from  Ticonderoga  had  been  con- 
ducted under  other  auspices  than  his,  and  that 
he  took  the  command  when  the  indefatigable 
but  unrequited  labors  of  Schuyler,  and  the 
courage  of  Stark  and  his  mountaineers,  had 
already  insured  the  ultimate  defeat  of  Bur- 
goyne^  who,  notwithstanding  his  unfavorable 
prospects,  would  not  think  of  retreat.  The 
severe  conflict  of  Sept.  19,  and  the  defeat  of 
Oct.  7  at  Saratoga,  were  followed  by  the  sur- 
render of  Burgoyne,  with  his  whole  force,  on 
the  16th,  perhaps,  in  its  consequences,  the  most 
important  achievement  of  the  whole  war.  Con- 
gress passed  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Gen.  Gates  and 
his  army,  and  also  voted  a  gold  medal  for  him, 
with  suitable  inscriptions.  His  glory  was  soon 
obscured  by  the  intrigues  then  progressing  for 
elevating  him  to  the  station  occupied  by  Wash- 
ington. Nov.  27,  1777,  he  was  made  pres.  of 
the  new  board  of  war  and  ordnance,  and  Oct. 
22,  1778,  com.  of  Eastern  Dept.  In  June, 
1780,  he  received  the  chief  com.  of  the  south- 
ern districts.  After  collecting  3,600  troops, 
principally  militia,  he  advanced  against  Corn- 
wallis,  whom  he  met  Aug.  16  at  Camden,  and 
was  totally  defeated.  This  battle  terminated 
the  military  career  of  Gen.  Gates,  whose  sin- 
gular fortune  it  w^as  to  conduct  the  most  pros- 
perous and  the  most  disastrous  of  the  military 
enterprises  in  this  war.  He  was  removed 
from  com.  and  suspended  from  service  until 
inquiry  should  be  had  as  to  his  conduct.  He 
retired  to  his  farm  in  Berkeley  Co.,  and, 
after  a  long  and  tedious  inquiry,  he  was  finally 
acquitted,  and  reinstated  in  his  com.  in  1782. 
When  peace  was  made,  he  retired  to  his  Va. 


estate,  and  in  1790  removed  to  N.Y.,  having 
first  emancipated  all  his  slaves,  and  provided 
for  such  of  them  as  could  not  provide  for  them- 
selves. He  was  then  presented  with  the  free- 
dom of  the  city,  and  in  1800  was  elected  to  the 
State  legisl.,  but  did  not  serve. 

Gates,  William,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Ms.  1788;  d.  N.Y.  Oct.  7,  1868.  West 
Point,  1806.  Son  of  Capt.  Lemuel,  Revol.  of- 
ficer of  Ms.,  who  d.  Oct.  1,  1806.  Capt.  1st 
Art.  3  Mar.  1813 ;  maj.  1st  Art.  May  30, 
1832;  lieut.-col.  3d  Art.  Dec.  17,  1836;  col. 
Oct.  13,1845;  military  gov.  of  Tampico,  Mex., 
Oct.  1846  to  June,  1848 ;  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S. 
A.  13  Mar.  1865.  He  was  at  the  capture  of 
York,  Canada,  and  in  the  bombardment  of 
Fort  George ;  was  stationed  at  Fort  Moultrie 
during  the  nullification  troubles  in  1832;  took 
an  active  part  in  all  the  Indian  wars ;  personal- 
ly took  Osceola  prisoner ;  escorted  the  Chero- 
kees  to  the  Indian  country ;  com.  the  3d  Art. 
in  the  Mexican  war ;  and  had  been  62  years  in 
service.  His  son  Collinson  Reed,  disting. 
in  the  Florida  and  Mexican  wars,  d.  Fredericks- 
burg, Texas,  June  28,  1849,  a.  33.  West 
Point,  1836. 

Gay,  Ebenezer,  D.D.,  clergyman,  b. 
Dedham,  Ms.,  Aug.  26,  1696  ;  d.  March  18, 
1787.  H.U.  1714.  He  was  settled  over  the 
church  at  Hinghara,  Ms.,  June  11,  1718,  to 
which  he  ministered  69  years  and  9  months. 
On  his  85th  birthday  he  preached  a  sermon 
from  the  text,  "  Lo,  I  am  this  day  fourscore 
and  five  years  old,"  which,  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Old  Man's  Calendar,"  has  been  frequent- 
ly repub.  in  America,  went  through  several 
editions  in  Eng.,  and  was  translated  into  one 
or  two  of  the  languages  of  Continental  Eu- 
rope. Many  of  his  sermons  were  pub.,  and 
had,  in  their  day,  a  high  repute.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  learning  and  wit.  Liberal  in 
theology.  He  was  a  Tory  in  politics,  and  suf- 
fered persecutions  from  his  own  parishioners 
during  the  Revol. 

Gay,  Martin,  M.D.  (H.U.  1826),  a  dis- 
ting. chemist  and  physician.  Great-grandson 
of  Rev.  El)enezer.  B.  Boston,  1 6  Feb.  1803  ;  d. 
there  12  Jan.  18.50.     H.U.  1823. 

Gay,  WiNCKWORTii  Allan,  landscape- 
painter,  bro.  of  Martin,  b.  Hingham,  Ms.,  Aug. 
18,  1821.  While  young,  he  became  a  pupil  of 
Weir,  prof,  of  drawing  of  West  Point  Acad., 
and  subsequently  studied  5  years  in  Europe, 
part  of  the  time  under  Troyon  in  Paris.  His 
style  is  that  known  as  the  modern  French. 
**  A  scene  in  the  White  Mountains,"  painted 
for  the  Boston  Athenaeum,  and  another,  called 
"  Near  Fontainebleau,"  well  exemplify  his 
style.  His  views  of  Nantasket  Beach  and 
rocks  have  attracted  much  attention;  and  he 
excels  in  coast-scenery. 

Gayarre  (gi'  a'-ra'),  Charles  E.Arthur, 
lawyer  and  historian,  b.  N.  Orleans,  Jan.  3, 
1805.  Educated  at  the  Coll.  of  N.  Orleans. 
In  1826  he  went  to  Phila.  and  studied  law  ; 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1829;  in  1830  was 
elected  to  the  legisl.  ;  in  1831  was  app.  dep. 
atty.-gen. ;  in  1833  pres.  judge  of  the  City 
Court  of  N.  Orleans  ;  and  in  1835  he  was  elect- 
ed a  U.S.  senator;  but  ill  health  prevented  him 
from  taking  his  seat.     After  visiting  Europe, 


G^AJY 


356 


G-EN- 


on  his  return  in  1843,  he  was  aj^ain  sent  to  the 
State  legisl.,  and  from  1846  to  1853  was  sec.  of 
Siateji  Author  of  a  "  History  of  La.,"  1847; 
"Romance  of  the  History  of  La.,"  1848; 
"  Spanish  Domination  in  La.,"  1854  ;  "  Hist,  of 
La,  (French  domination),  2  vols.  1854 ;  "  La., 
its  History  as  a  French  Colony,"  1851-2;  a 
dramatic  novel  called  "  The  School  of  Poli- 
tics," 1854  ;  a  work  on  "The  Influence  of  Me- 
chanic Arts ;  "  and  an  address  to  the  people 
of  the  State  on  the  late  frauds  perpetrated  at 
the  election,  Nov.  7,  1853.  In  1830  he  pub.  in 
French  **  An  Historical  Essay  on  La." 

Gayle,  John,  judge  and  statesman,  b. 
Sumter  Dist.,  S.C,  Sept.  11,  1792;  d.  Mo- 
bile, Ala.,  July  20,  1859.  S.C.  Coll.  He  em- 
igrated to  Ala.  1813.  In  1817  he  was  app.  a 
member  of  the  Terr,  legisl. ;  was  solicitor  of  the 
first  judicial  dist.  on  organization  of  the  State 
govt.;  in  1823  was  elected  judge  of  the  Su- 

Ereme  Court ;  in  1829  was  speaker  of  the 
ouse;  gov.  from  1831  to  1835;  M.C.  from 
1847  to  1849,  when  he  was  app.  a  judge  of  the 
U.S.  Dist.  Court  of  Ala.  —  Lanman. 

Gayler,  Charles,  dramatist,  b.  New 
York,  1820.  He  l)egan  writing  for  the  stage 
while  editing  a  newspaper  in  Cincinnati,  and 
since  1850  has  been  connected  with  the  press 
of  New  York.  Ho  has  written  upwards  of  40 
successful  pieces.  Among  them  are  "  The 
Gold-Hunters,"  a  drama  ;  the  operetta  of  tlie 
"  Frightened  Fiend  ;  "  "  Taking  the  Chances," 
a  comedy  ;  *•  Galieno  Faliero,"  a  tragedy  ;  and 
"  Isms,    a  comedy. 

Geary,  John  W.,  soldier  and  politician, 
b.  Wcstm.  Co.,  Pa.,  ab.  1820.  He  taught 
school;  became  a  merchant's  clerk  in  Pittsburg; 
afterward  studied  at  Jeff.  Coll. ;  finally  became  a 
civil  eng.,  and  was  several  years  connected  with 
the  Alleghany  Portage  Railroad.  He  was 
lieut.-col.  of  Roberts's  rcgt.  of  Pa.  vols,  in  the 
Mexican  war,  and  commanded  his  regt.  at 
Chapultepec,  where  he  was  wounded,  but  re- 
sumed his  com.  the  same  day  at  the  attack  on 
the  Belen  Gate,  previous  to  the  capture  of  the 
city  of  Mexico.  For  gallant  and  meritorious 
conduct  on  that  occasion,  he  was  made  first 
commander  of  the  city  of  Mexico  after  its  cap- 
ture, and  col.  of  his  regt.  Removing  to  San 
Francisco  after  the  war,  he  was  made  post- 
master there  in  Jan.  1849 ;  was  soon  after 
first  alcalde  of  that  city,  and  its  first  mayor. 
In  1852  he  returned  to  Pa.,  and  settled  on  his 
farm  in  Westmoreland  Co.  From  July,  1856, 
to  March,  1857,  he  was  gov.  of  Kansas.  He 
then  returned  to  Pa.,  and  early  in  1861  raised 
and  equipped  the  28th  Pa.  Vols. ;  com.  in 
several  successful  engagements  in  the  fall  of 
1861;  occupied  Leesburg,  Va., in  March,1862; 
became  brig.-gen.  of  vols.  April  25,  1862;  was 
severely  wounded  in  the  arm  at  the  battle  of 
Cedar  Mountain ;  led  the  2d  division  of  the 
12th  corps  at  Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville, 
and  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  July  2,  1863;  com.  the 
2d  division  20th  corps  in  Sherman's  Georgia 
and  S.C.  campaigns;  app.  military  gov.  of 
Savannah  on  its  capture,  22  Dec.  1864  ;  gov. 
of  Pa.  since  1867. 

Geddes,  John,  gov.  of  S.C.  1818-20; 
speaker  of  S.C.  house  of  rep.;  d.  Charleston, 
S.C,  Mar.  5,  1828,  a.  ab.  55. 


Gee,  Joshua,  minister  of  the  "  Old  North  " 
Church,  Boston,  from  Dec.  18,  1723,  to  his  d.. 
May  22,  1748;  b.  Boston,  June  29,  1698. 
H.U.  1717.  He  had  a  penetrating  mind,  strong 
reasoning  powers,  and  considerable  learning. 
His  wife,  the  accomp.  dau.  of  Rev.  Mr.  Rogers  of 
Portsmouth,  d.  1730,  a.  29.  He  was  one  of  the 
assembly  of  ministers  who  met  in  Boston,  July 
7,  1743,  and  gave  their  attestation  to  the  pro- 
gress of  religion  in  this  country.  He  pub.  in 
1743  a  letter  to  Nathl.  Eells,  moderator  of 
this  assembly,  containing  some  remarks  on 
their  printed  testimony  against  disorders  in 
the  land. 

Gefifrard,  Fabre,  pres.  of  the  Republic  of 
Hayti,  b.  L'Anse-a-Veau,  Hayti,  19  Sept. 
1806.  His  father  was  one  of  Dessaline's 
generals,  and  aided  Petion  in  framing  the 
Haytien  Constitution.  Entering  the  army  at 
the  age  of  15,  young  Getfrard  became  lieut.- 
gen.  in  1845,  and  disting.  himself  by  military 
tact  and  humanity.  In  the  contest  between 
the  blacks  and  mulattoes  of  Hayti,  he  took 
the  part  of  the  latter,  though  himself  a  griffe. 
In  the  campaign  of  1856  he  particularly  disting. 
himself  in  the  retreat  from  San  Juan.  Created 
a  duke  by  Soulouqne,  and  placed  in  com.  of 
the  army,  he  gained  some  important  victories 
over  the  Dominicans,  but  aroused  Soulouque's 
jealousy,  and  was  obliged  to  fly.  Proclaiming 
himself  pres.  21  Dec.  1858,  he  joined  a  party 
of  revolutionists,  landed  at  Gonaives  Jan.  1, 
1859,  and  soon  became  master  of  the  northern 
part  of  the  island.  Entering  the  capital,  Jan. 
15,  he  made  prisoners  of  Soulouque  and  his 
family,  whom  he  protected,  and  sent  to  King- 
ston, Jamaica.  The  republic  was  restored, 
and  GefFrard  made  pres.  He  at  once  instituted 
important  reforms,  some  of  which  met  with 
great  opposition.  His  life  was  attempted  ;  and 
in  Mar.  1867  he  abdicated. 

Geisinger,  David,  commo.  U.SN.,  b. 
Md.  1790;  d.  Phila.  March  5,  1860.  Mid- 
shipman 1809  ;  lieut.  Dec.  9,  1814  ;  com- 
mander, March  11,  1829;  and  capt.  May  24, 
1838.  During  the  war  of  1812,  he  saw  much 
active  service,  and  was  in  "  The  Wasp"  during 
her  brilliant  crui.se  on  tiie  English  coast  in 
1814,  in  which  she  captured  the  sloop  "  Rein- 
deer," June  28.  Sent  to  Charleston  in  com- 
mand of  the  prize  brig  "  Atalanta,"  he  escaped 
from  the  fate  allotted  to  "  The  Wasp,"  which 
was  never  after  heard  of. 

Genest,  or  Genet  (zheh-na'),  Edmond 
Charles,  a  French  diplomatist,  b.  Versailles, 
Jan.  8,  1763  ;  d.  Jamaica,  L.I.,  July  14,  1834. 
At  the  age  of  12  he  received  a  gold  medal  and 
a  flattering  letter  from  Gustavus  III.  for  a 
translation  of  the  history  of  Eric  XIV.  into 
Swedish,  with  notes  by  himself.  Though 
brought  up  at  the  French  court,  and  the  bro. 
of  Mme.  Campan,  he  was  a  republican,  and, 
on  his  return  from  a  Russian  mission,  was  in 
Dec.  1792  sent  as  ambassador  to  the  U.S.  He 
endeavored  to  excite  a  war  with  Eng.,  and 
even  went  so  far  as  to  fit  out  privateers  from 
Charleston  to  cruise  against  the  vessels  of 
nations  then  at  peace  with  the  U.S.,  and  to 
project  hostile  expeditions  against  Fla.  and  La. 
Washington  was  constrained  to  ask  his  recall, 
which  took  place  in  1 794.     Genest  remained  in 


OEsnsr 


357 


G-IGT 


the  U.S.,  was  naturalized,  and  in  1794  m.  Cor- 
nelia, dau.  of  Gov.  George  Clinton.  She  dying 
in  Mar.  1810,  he  m.  a  dau.  of  Samuel  Osgood. 
He  took  a  great  interest  in  promoting  im- 
provements in  agrieulture  and  the  arts  and 
sciences. 

GGntry,  Richard,  maj.-gen.  Mo.  militia; 
col.  of  Mo.  vols,  in  Florida  war,  Oct.  6,  1837  ; 
disting.  and  killed  in  battle  of  Okeechobee, 
Dec.  25,  1837. 

George,  Enos,  a  Methodist  bishop,  b,  Va. 
1768;  d.  Aug.  23,  1828.  His  father's  family 
removed  to  N.C.,  where  he  entered  the  min- 
istry of  the  Mcth.  church  ;  was  in  1791  app.  to 
a  circuit;  in  1796  received  the  app.  of  presid- 
ing elder,  which  office  he  filled  in  various  locali- 
ties utitil  1816,  when  he  was  made  bishop. 

Gerard,  Conrad  Alexander,  LL.D. 
(Y.C.  1779),  chevalier,  a  French  diplomatist; 
d.  Strasburg,  April,  1790.  One  of  the  French 
secretaries  of  State  in  1777;  as  such,  arranging 
and  signing  the  treaty  between  France  and  the 
U.S.,  Feb.  6,  1778;  app,  ambassador  to  the 
U.S.,  he  arrived  at  Phila.  early  in  July,  1778, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Luzerne  in  Sept.  1779. 

Gerhard,  W.  W.,  M.D.,  b.  Phila.  1809. 
Lecturer  on  clinical  mcd.  in  the  U.  of  Pa.  Bro. 
of  Benjamin,  a  lawyer  of  Phila.  Author  of 
"Clinical  Guide,"  Phila.  8vo  ;  "Diseases  of 
the  Chest,"  1842,  new  ed.  8vo,  1854.  Edited 
"  Graves's  Clinical  Medicine,"  with  notes  and 
additions,  8vo,  Phila.  Also  contrib.  many 
articles  to  the  medical  journals.  —  AUibone. 

Germaine,  Lord  George,  Viscount  Sack- 
ville,  an  English  statesman,  b.  26  Jan.  1716; 
d,  26  Aug.  1785.  Third  son  of  the  1st  Duke 
of  Dorset.  Educated  at  Westminster  and  at 
Trin.  Coll.,  Dublin,  his  father  being  lord-lieut. 
of  Ireland.  He  served  with  reputation  in  the 
army  in  Germany,  attaining  the  rank  of  Heut- 
gen.,  but  was  dismissed  the  service  for  disob. 
of  orders  at  the  battle  of  Minden.  Entering 
parliament  in  1761,  he  became,  in  Nov.  1775, 
colonial  sec.  of  State,  which  post  he  filled 
throughout  the  Amer.  revol.  war.  He  zealously 
supported  all  the  rigorous  measures  against 
the  Americans,  sternly  opposed  every  attempt 
to  effect  a  termination  of  hostilities,  and  be- 
came so  unpopular,  that,  during  the  London 
riots  in  1780,  he  was  obliged  to  barricade  his 
liouse.  His  conduct  was  rash  and  impolitic, 
but  so  consonant  to  the  views  of  the  king,  that 
he  was  a  great  favorite  at  court.  One  of  the 
supposed  authors  of  Junius  Letters.  Made  vis- 
count in  1783. 

Gerry,  Elbridgb,  a  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  and  vice-pres.  U.S.,  b. 
Marblehead,  Ms.,  July  17,  1744;  d.  Washing- 
ton, Nov.  23,  1814.  H.  U.  1762.  Having 
acquired  by  mercantile  pursuits  a  competency, 
he  took  an  early  and  active  part  in  the  Revol. 
struggle;  in  1772  represented  his  native  town 
in  the  State  legisl.,  and,  although  one  of  the 
youngest  members  of  that  body,  took  a  prin- 
cipal part  in  the  debates ;  was  placed  on  the 
important  committee  of  corresp. ;  and  was  an 
efficient  member  of  the  committee  of  safety. 
Placed  at  the  head  of  a  committee  for  procur- 
ing supplies,  he  was  the  first  to  propose  in  the 
Prov.  Congress  a  law  for  encouraging  the 
fitting-out  of  armed  vessels,  and  establishing  a 


Court  of  Admiralty  ;  and  was  chairman  of  the 
com.  app.  for  its  preparation.  On  the  estab- 
lishment of  courts  by  the  province  in  Nov. 
1775,  the  lucrative  post  of  maritime  judge  was 
offered  to  Gerry,  who  declined  it.  P'eb.  9, 1776, 
he  took  his  seat  in  the  Continental  Congress, 
in  which  he  continued,  with  few  intermissions, 
until  Sept.  1785.  In  1777  he  was  app.  one  of 
a  com.  to  visit  Washington  at  Valley  Forge. 
The  report  of  that  com.  had  a  great  effect  upon 
Congress,  and  caused  more  efficient  measures 
to  be  taken  for  the  relief  and  support  of  the 
army.  Up  to  the  time  of  the  organization  of 
the  treasury  board,  in  1780,  of  which  he  was 
made  presiding  officer,  he  was  generally  chair- 
man of  the  com.  of  the  treasury;  and  in  the 
latter  part  of  1779  was  one  of  the  delegates  to 
Phila.  for  the  purpose  of  devising  some  cor- 
rective for  the  sad  condition  of  the  currency. 
Displeased  with  the  action  of  Congress  in  assess- 
ing supplies  from  the  several  States,  Gerry  left 
his  seat  in  Feb.  1780,  and  returned  home,  but 
resumed  his  post  in  1783,  and  was  one  of  the 
committee  to  whom  was  referred  the  definitive 
treaty  of  peace.  Chosen  a  delegate  to  the 
convention  which  met  at  Phila.  in  1787  to 
frame  the  Constitution  of  the  U.S.,  Gerry  was 
one  of  those  who  refused  to  affix  their  signa- 
tures to  the  instrument  adopted.  M.C.  1789- 
93.  In  1797  he  was  sent  on  a  special  mission 
to  France,  accorap.  by  Gen.  Pinckney  and  Mr. 
Marshall,  with  the  object  of  preserving  peace. 
In  Oct.  1798  Gerry  returned  home,  and  be- 
came the  Dcmoc.  candidate  for  gov.,  and  again 
in  1801,  but  was  not  successful  until  in  1810, 
after  a  violent  contest.  The  following  year  he 
was  re-elected,  but  in  1812  was  defeated.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  chosen  vice-pres.  of  the 
U.  S.  Member  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and 
Sciences.  He  married  Ann,  dau.  of  Charles 
Thomson,  sec.  of  Congress,  who  d.  New  Haven, 
March  1 7,  1 849,  a.  86.  —  See  Memoirs,  hij  James 
T.  Austin,  Boston,  8vo,  1828. 

Gesner,  Abraham,  M.D.,  geologist,  b. 
Cornwaliis,  N.S.,  1797  ;  d.  Halifax,  N.S.,  Apr. 
29, 1864.  He  studied  medicine  in  Lond.,  grad- 
uating M.D.  in  1827.  His  father,  Col.  C. 
Gesner,  was  a  loyalist  and  a  refugee.  The 
son  early  acquired  considerable  reputation  as  a 
naturalist,  and  was  app.  by  the  Icgisls.  of  the 
Lower  Provinces  of  Brit.  N.A.  to  explore  and 
report  on  their  geological  resources.  His  chief 
works  are  "On  the  Mineralogy  and  Geology 
of  Nova  Scotia;"  "On  the  Industrial  Resources 
of  Nova  Scotia ;  "  "  New  Brunswick,  with 
Notes  for  Emigrants,"  1847;  "  Geology  of 
New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  and  P.  E. 
Island ; "  "  Fisheries  of  the  Provinces,"  com- 
pleted just  before  his  death ;  and  "  A  Prac- 
tical Treatise  on  Coal,  Petroleum,  and  other 
Distilled  Oils."  Dr.  G.  was  also  a  disting. 
chemist,  and  patented  the  discovery  of  kerosene 
oil,  obtained  from  a  species  of  bituminous 
asphaltum,  which  he  was  the  first  to  introduce 
into  use  in  the  U  S. 

Getty,  George  W.,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  D.C.  West  Point,  1840.  Entering 
the  4th  Art.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  31  Oct.  1845; 
capt.  4  Nov.  18.53;  lieut.-col.  and  A.D  C. 
28  Sept.  1861  ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  25  Sept.  1862  ; 
maj.  5th  Art.  1  Aug.  1863;  col.  37th  Inf.  28 


GS-EY 


868 


GTB 


July,  1866 ;  brev.  capt.  20  Aug.  1847,  for  Con- 
treras  and  Churubusco,  Mex. ;  engaged  at 
Molino  del  Rev,  Chapultepec,  and  capture  of 
Mexico,  14  Sept.  1847,  and  in  Seminole  hos- 
tilities in  Fla.  1849-50  and  1856-7;  com.  4 
batteries  at  Yorktown,  Gaines's  Mill,  and  Mal- 
vern Hill,  1  July,  1862 ;  engaged  at  South 
Mountain,  Antietam,  and  Fredericksburg; 
brev.  lieut.-col.  19  Apr.  1863,  for  services  at 
siege  of  Suffolk,  Va. ;  severely  wounded  and 
brev.  col.  5  May,  1864,  for  battle  of  Wilder- 
ness; engaged  in  the  siege  of  Petersburg; 
action  at  Ream's  Station  ;  Shenandoah  cam- 
paign, Aug.-Dec.  1864;  engaged  at  Opequan, 
Fisher's  Hill,  and  Cedar  Creek,  and  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  vols.  1  Aug.  1864;  engaged  in  the  siege 
of  Petersburg,  and  brev.  brig. -gen.  U.S.A.  13 
Mar.  1865,,  for  its  capture;  and  was  in  the 
battle  of  Sailor's  Creek,  and  at  surrender  of 
Lee  at  Appomattox,  9  Apr.  1865  ;  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865,  for  merit,  services 
during  the  Rebellion. —  Cullum. 

GrQYQVj  Henrt  Sheffie,  jurist,  b.  Fred- 
ericktown,  Md.,  Dec.  9,  1790;  d.  St.  Louis, 
March  5,  1859.  He  began  the  practice  of  law 
in  his  native  town  in  1811  ;  was  an  officer  in 
the  war  of  1812,  after  which  he  settled  in  S.t. 
Louis,  then  a  frontier  village.  Member  of  the 
terr.  legisl.  of  Mo.  in  1818 ;  was  5  times  elected 
to  the  legisl.  of  the  State,  and  was  speaker  of 
the  house  in  the  first  three  gen.  assemblies  of 
the  State.  As  one  of  the  revisers  of  the  statutes 
in  1825,  he  contrib.  largely  to  the  adoption 
of  a  code  in  Mo.  superior  to  that  of  any  other 
Western  State  of  that  time.  In  1850  the  post 
of  sec.  of  war  was  tendered  him  by  Pres.  Fill- 
more; but  he  declined  it.  In  18.51-7  he  was 
U.S.  senator.  Author  of  "  Statutes  of  Mis- 
souri," 1818. 

Gholson,  William  Y.,  jurist,  d.  Cincin- 
nati, O.,  21  Sept.  1870.  Formerly  a  resident 
of  Mpi. ;  many  years  a  successful  lawyer  in  O., 
having  few  equals  in  the  State ;  and  was  an 
effective  political  speaker.  Judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  1854-9,  and  of  the  Supreme 
Court  in  1860-5.  Author  of  "  Ohio  Digest." 
Gibbes,  Robert  Wilson,  M.D.,  physi- 
cian and  author,  b.  Columbia,  S.C,  July  8, 
1809;  d.  there  Nov.  15,  1866.  S.C.  Coll. 
1827.  He  studied  and  practised  medicine;  was 
at  one  time  assist,  prof  of  chemistry  at  S.C. 
Coll.;  was  twice  mayor  of  Columbia;  and  was 
pres.  of  the  S.C.  Medical  Association.  He 
contrib.  largely  to  medical  and  scientific  jour- 
nals; received  honorable  mention  both  from 
Humboldt  and  Audubon  ;  and  his  plates  on 
paleontology  and  fossil  remains  were  pub.  at 
its  own  cost  by  the  Smithsonian  Institute.  He 
wrote  and  com'piled  3  vols,  of  "  The  Document- 
ary Hist,  of  S.  C."  (1764-81),  and  for  several 
years  edited  the  Columbia  South-Carolinian.  At 
the  burning  of  Columbia  in  1865,  his  fine  man- 
sion, with  its  valuable  coll.  of  paintings,  fossil 
remains,  and  geol.  specimens,  fell  a  prey  to  the 
flames.  He  pub.  "  Memoir  of  Jas.  DeVeaux," 
1845  ;  "  Sketch  of  Chas.  Fraser  the  Artist ; "  a 
"Memoir  on  Mososaurus,"  &c.,4to,  1850.  In 
1842  he  pub.  in  Amer.  Journal  of  Med.  Science 
an  article  on  Pneumonia,  which  revolutionized 
its  treatment  by  opposing  the  use  of  the  lancet. 
Gibbon,  John,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b. 


Pa.  1826.  West  Point,  1847.  Entering  the  3d 
Art.,  he  served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  became  1st 
lieut.  12  Sept.  1850;  assist,  instr.  in  art.  at 
West  Point  in  1854-6;  capt.  Nov.  2,  1859; 
brig.-gen.  of  vols.  May  2,  1862,  and  com.  a 
brigade  in  King's  division  of  McDowell's  army 
corps.  He  was  highly  commended  for  good 
conduct  in  the  engagement  at  Gainesville,  Aug. 
28;  took  part  in  the  battles  of  South  Moun- 
tain, Antietam,  Chancellorsville;  and  at  Fred- 
ericksburg led  a  division  in  Sedgcwick's  corps, 
and  was  wounded.  He  com.  the  2d  corps,  and 
was  severely  wounded  at  Gettysburg,  for  which 
he  was  brevetted  col.  4  July,  1863.  In  the 
Richmond  campaign,  he  com.  a  division  2d 
corps  till  Jan.  15,  1865,  and  subsequently  of 
the  24th  corps,  being  engaged  in  battles  of  the 
Wilderness,  Spottsylvania,  North  Anna,  To- 
lopotomy,  and  Cold  Harbor,  and  operations 
about  Petersburg,  June,  1864,  to  Apr.  1865; 
maj-gen.  vols.  7  June,  1864;  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.  12  Mar.  1865,  for  Spottsylvania,  and 
maj.-gen.  for  the  capture  of  Petersburg,  Va. ; 
col.  36th  Inf.  28  July,  1866.  He  pub.  "The 
Artillerist's  Manual,"  N.Y.  1859. 

Gibbons,  Gen.  Edward,  b.  Eng.;  d.  Bos- 
ton, Dec.  9, 1 654.  He  came  to  Amer.  bef.  1 629, 
was  a  merchant  of  Boston,  a  representative  in 
1638-47,  maj.-gen.  1649-51,  assist.  1650-51, 
and  capt.  of  the  A.  and  H.  Art.  company.  He 
advanced  more  than  2,500  pounds  to  La'  Tour, 
secured  by  mortgage  of  his  fort  and  lands  in 
Acadia,  which  he  lost  on  its  capture  by  D'Au- 
bray.  In  1643  he  was  one  of  the  N*.  E.  com- 
missioners who  formed  a  confederation,  which 
met  annually  for  many  years  to  consult  for  the 
common  peace  and  prosperity. 

Gibbs,  Alfred,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  N.Y.  April  23,  1823 ;  d.  Fort  Leavenworth, 
Ks.,  Dec.  26,  1868.  West  Point,  1846.  En- 
tering the  mounted  rifles,  he  earned  the  brevets 
of  lieut.  and  captain  for  gallantry  at  Cerro 
Gordo,  Contreras,  and  Belen  Gate;  next  served 
in  Cal.  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  P.  F.  Smith,  and, 
in  com.  of  a  detachment,  greatly  distinguished 
himself  in  conflict  with  the  Mimbres  Apaches, 
in  which  he  was  severely  wounded  March  9, 
1857.  Capt.  3d  cav.  May  13,  1861 ;  maj.  7th 
cav.  28  July,  1866;  brig.-gen.  vols.  19  Oct. 
1864.  When  the  Rebellion  broke  out,  he  was 
serving  in  Texas,  and  was  taken  prisoner. 
Exchanged  in  Aug.  1862,  he  took  com.  of  the 
130th  N.Y.  vols.,  and  served  under  Sheridan  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  war,  participating  in  all 
the  battles  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  Com. 
cav.  reserve  brigade ;  brev.  major  for  battle  of 
Trevillian  Station,  11  June,  1864  ;  lieut.-col.  for 
Winchester,  19  Sept.  1864  ;  col.  for  Five  Forks, 
13  Mar.  1865;  maj.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865. — 
Cullum. 

Gibbs,  George,  grandson  of  Oliver  Wol- 
cott,  b.  Newtown,  L.I.,  8  July,  1817.  Has 
pub.  "  Memoirs  of  the  Administration  of  Wash* 
ington  and  John  Adams,"  edited  from  the 
papers  of  Wolcott,  2  vols.  8vo,  1846;  "The 
Judicial  Chronicle,"  Camb.,  8vo,  1834. — Al- 
libone. 

Gibbs,  JOSIAII  WiLLARD,  LL.D.  (N.  J. 
Coll.  18.53),  philologist,  b.  Salem,  Ms.,  Apr.  30, 
1790;  d.  N.  Haven,  March  25,1861.  Y.  Coll. 
1809.     Tutor  there  from  1811  to  1815,  and, 


G^IB 


359 


GrlB 


from  1824  to  his  d.,  prof,  of  sacred  literature. 
Librarian  of  Y.  Coll.  1824-43.  He  pub.  a 
translation  of  Stons's  "  Essay  on  the  Hist. 
Sense  of  the  New  Test.,"  1817,  and  of  Gese- 
nius'  "  Hebrew  Lexicon  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment," 1824;  "Manual  Hebrew  and  En;j;Iish 
Lexicon,"  abridged  from  Gesenius,  1828; 
"Philological Studies,"  1857;  "Latin  Analyst," 
1858;  "  Teutonic  Etymology,"  1860.  Author 
of  .several  sections  of  Prof.  W.  C.  Fowler's 
work  on  the  English  language,  and  contrib.  to 
periodicals  numerous  important  papers  on  top- 
ics of  philology  and  criticism.  —  Ob.  Rec.  Yale, 
1861. 

Gibbs,  Sir  Samuel,  K.C.B.,  a  Brit,  maj.- 
gen. ;  killed  at  the  battle  of  N.  Orleans,  Jan.  8, 
1815.  App.  ensign  102d  Foot,  Oct.  1783; 
lieut.-col.  10th  W.  I.  regt.  1802;  brev.  col. 
July,  1810;  maj.-gen.  June,  1813.  He  was 
made  prisoner  at  Ostend  in  1 798 ;  com.  the  1 1  th 
regt.  at  the  attack  of  St.  Martin's  in  the  exped. 
against  the  Danish  and  Swedish  islands ; 
served  at  the  capture  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
1796  ;  com.  a  brigade  in  Travancore  and  in 
the  cxpcd.  to  Java,  and,  as  second  in  com.,  ac- 
comp.  Sir  E.  I'ackenham  to  N.  Orleans  in 
Dec.  \9>\A:.  —  PhiUpart. 

Gibbs,  William  Channing,  gov.  R.L 
1821-4;  d.  Newport,  R.L,  21  Feb.  1871,  a.  84. 

Gibson,  Col.  George,  b.  Lancaster,  Pa., 
Oct.  1747;  d.  Fort  Jefferson,  Dec.  14,  1791. 
After  receiving  an  academical  education,  he 
entered  a  mercantile  house  in  Phila.,  and  made 
several  voyages  to  the  W.  Indies  as  super- 
cargo. On  the  breaking-out  of  the  Revol.,  he 
raised  a  company  of  100  men  at  Fort  Pitt,  and 
was  app.  a  captain  in  one  of  the  State  regts. 
His  men,  known  in  the  army  as  "  Gibson's 
lambs,"  were  disting.  for  individual  bravery 
and  independence,  and,  being  all  sharpshooters, 
did  good  service  in  repelling  Lord  jiuumorc's 
attack  on  Hampton,  Oct.  25,  1775.  In  order 
to  obtain  a  supply  of  gunpowder,  then  alarm- 
ingly scarce,  he  undertook  a  journey  to  N. 
Orleans  ;  descended  the  river  with  25  picked 
men  of  his  corps,  with  a  cargo  of  flour,  osten- 
sibly as  a  trader,  and,  after  various  encounters 
with  hostile  Indians,  succeeded  in  accomplish- 
ing his  mission.  App.  to  the  com.  of  a  Va. 
regt.,  he  joined  Washington  shortly  before  the 
evacuation  of  York  Island  ;  was  at  the  battle 
of  Trenton,  and  in  nearly  all  the  principal 
battles  until  the  close  of  the  campaign  of  1778. 
After  the  war,  he  retired  to  his  farm  in  Cum- 
berland Co.,  and  held  the  office  of  county 
lieut.  until,  in  1791,  he  was  offered  by  Wash- 
ington the  com.  of  one  of  the  regts.  then  rais- 
ing for  St.  Clair's  exped.  In  tlie  disastrous 
battle  of  the  Miami,  Nov.  4,  1791,  he  received 
a  mortal  wound  at  the  close  of  the  action.  — 
Roriers. 

Gibson,  Gen.  George,  son  of  Col. 
George,  b.  Pa. ;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Sept. 
21,  1861.  App.  capt.  5th  Inf.  May  3,  1808; 
major  7th  Inf.  Nov.  9, 1811  ;  lieut.-col,  5th  Inf. 
Aug.  15,  1813,  and  served  through  the  war  of 
1812-15;  quartermaster-gen.  April  29,  1816; 
assigned  to  Jackson's  division ;  commissary- 
gen.  April  18,  1818;  brev.  brig.-gen.  Apr.  29, 
1826;  brev.  maj.-gen.  for  meritorious  conduct 
in  the  Mex.  war,  May  30,  1848.     He  admin- 


istered the   commissary   department   over   40 
years,  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  the  army. 

Gibson,  Col.  James,  merchant  of  Boston, 
b.  Lond.  ab.  1700  ;  d.  ab.  1752,  Entering  the 
British  army,  he  served  at  Barbadoes,  where, 
Oct.  30, 1730,  he  became  possessed,  by  marriage, 
of  a  large  plantation  in  Jamaica;  soon  after 
retired  from  the  service,  and  settled  as  a  mer- 
chant in  Boston.  He  accomp.  the  Louisburg 
exped.  in  1745  as  a  "gentleman  volunteer," 
and  superintended  the  removal  of  the  prisoners 
to  France.  In  1748  parliament  voted  him  £547 
15s.  to  re-imburse  him  for  expense  incurred 
by  him  ;  but  it  was  never  paid.  Returning  to 
Boston,  he  embarked  in  the  W.  India  trade, 
and  d.  while  on  a  visit  there.  He  pub.  "An 
Account  of  the  Louisburg  Exped.,"  Lond. 
1745,  which  was  repub.  in  Boston  in  1847  by 
a  descendant,  L.  D.  Johnson,  under  the  title 
of  "  A  Boston  Merchant  of  1745." 

Gibson,  Col.  James,  b.  S.  Milford,  Sus- 
sex Co.,  Del.;  d,  Sept.  18,  1814,  of  a  wound 
received  in  Brown's  sortie  from  Fort  Erie 
Sept.  17.  West  Point,  1808.  Capt.  2  May, 
1810;  assist,  inspect.-gen.  April  2,  1813; 
inspector-gen.  (rank  of  col.)  July  13, 1813 ;  and 
col.  4th  Rifles,  Feb.  21,  1814.  Participated  in 
the  attack  on  Queenstown  Heights,  UC,  13 
Oct.  1812  ;  and  in  the  campaign  on  the  Niagara 
frontier  of  1814. 

Gibson,  Gen.  John,  bro.  of  Col.  George,  a 
Revol.  officer,  b.  Lancaster,  Pa.,  May  23,  1740  ; 
d.  Braddock's  Field,  near  Vinccnnes,  Apr.  10, 
1822.  After  receiving  a  classical  education,  he 
joined,  at  the  age  of  18,  Gen.  Forbes's  exped., 
which  took  Fort  Du  Quesne  (Pittsburg). 
Settling  at  Fort  Pitt  as  an  Indian  trader  at 
the  peace,  he  was  soon  after  taken  prisoner  by 
the  Indians,  and  was  preserved  from  the  flames 
in  which  his  unfortunate  companions  perished, 
by  an  aged  squaw,  who  adopted  him  in  place 
of  her  son,  who  had  been  killed  in  battle. 
Remaining  several  years  with  the  Indians,  he 
became  familiar  with  their  language,  manners, 
customs,  and  traditions.  At  the  close  of  hos- 
tilities, he  again  settled  at  Fort  Pitt.  In  1774 
he  acted  a  conspicuous  part  in  Dunmore's 
exped.  against  the  Shawnee  towns,  particularly 
in  negotiating  the  peace  which  followed,  and 
restored  many  captives  to  their  friends.  On 
the  breaking-out  of  the  Revol.,  he  was  app.  to 
the  com.  of  a  continental  regt. ;  served  with  the 
army  at  New  York,  and  in  the  retreat  through 
Jersey ;  but  for  the  rest  of  the  war  com,  on  the 
western  frontier,  a  post  for  which  he  was 
peculiarly  qualified.  In  1788  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Pa.  Const.  Conv. ;  was  subsequently 
a  judge  of  the  C.C.P.  of  Alleghany  Co.,  and 
also  a  major-gen.  of  militia.  In  1800  he  re- 
ceived from  Pres.  Jefferson  the  app.  of  sec.  of 
the  Territory  of  Ind.,  which  office  he  held 
until  it  became  a  State,  and  was  acting  gov.  in 
1811-13.  — Z^or/ers. 

Gibson,  John  Bannister,  LL.D.,  jurist, 
b.  Carlisle,  Pa.,  Nov.  8.  1780;  d.  Phila.  May 
3,  1853.  Dick.  Coll.  1800.  Son  of  Col. 
George.  He  studied  law;  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  of  Cumberland  Co.  in  1803  ;  practised  suo 
cessively  in  Carlisle  and  Beaver,  Pa.,  and  in 
Hagerstown,  Md. ;  was  in  the  legisl.  in  1810- 
11  ;  was  in  July,  1813,  app.  judge  of  the  11th 


GIB 


360 


G-IXi 


Dist. ;  was  promoted  to  the  Supreme  Court  in 
1816;  and  held  the  office  of  chief  justice  from 
1827  to  1851,  when  the  amendment  to  the 
Constitution  made  the  judiciary  elective;  and 
he  was  immediately  elected  to  the  Supreme 
Bench  by  a  larjre  majority. 

Gibson,  William,  M.D.  (U.  of  Edinb. 
1809),  LL.D.,  surgeon  and  author,  b.  Balti- 
more, 1788;  d.  Savannah,  Ga.,  March  2,  1868. 
He  settled  in  practice  in  Baltimore,  and  was  a 
professor  of  surg.  in  the  U.  of  Md.  He  ren- 
dered essential  service  in  the  riots  in  Baltimore. 
Fond  of  military  surgery,  he  was  present  at 
the  battles  of  Corunna  and  of  Waterloo,  where 
he  was  slightly  wounded.  For  more  than  30 
years  he  filled*  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  U. 
of  Pa.,  and  performed  repeatedly  all,  or  nearly 
all,  of  the  great  operations  of  the  profession  ; 
having,  in  1812,  taken  up  the  com.  iliac  artery. 
He  twice  successfully  performed  the  Cesarean 
section  upon  t'.ie  same  woman.  At  the  age  of 
70  he  retired  from  practice,  and  removed  to 
Newport,  R.I.  Author  of  "  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Surgery,"  1824-5;  "Rambles  in 
Europe  in  1839,"  being  sketches  of  prominent 
surgeons;  and,  in  1841,  "A  Lecture  on  the 
Eminent  Belgian  Surgeons  and  Physicians." 
Forever  CO  years  he  kept  a  daily  journal. 

GiddingS,  Joshua  Reed,  statesman,  b. 
Athens,  Pa..  Oct.  6,  1795;  d.  Montreal,  May 
27,  1864.  His  parents  were  among  the  first 
settlers  of  Ashtabula  Co.,  0.  In  1812  he  en- 
listed as  a  substitute  for  an  elder  bro.,  and  was 
in  two  severe  engagements  with  the  Indians 
near  Sandusky  Bay.  He  afterward  taught 
school;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1820;  was  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  in  1826;  and  M.C.  from 
1838  to  1861.  An  active  abolitionist,  lie  sup- 
ported John  Quincy  Adams  upon  the  right  of 
petition,  and  became  a  prominent  champion 
of  the  abolition  of  slavery  and  the  slave-trade 
in  the  District  of  Columbia  and  the  Ter- 
ritories. Feb.  9,  1841,  he  delivered  his  first 
antislavcry  speech  upon  the  Indian  war  in 
Fla.,  which  he  contended  was  a  proslavery 
contest.  His  resolutions  of  March  21,  1842, 
in  reference  to  "  The  Creole,"  a  vessel,  which, 
while  engaged  in  transporting  slaves  from  Va. 
to  New  Orleans,  was  captured  by  them,  and 
taken  into  Nassau,  created  intense  excitement. 
A  resolution  censuring  the  conduct  of  Mr. 
GiddingS  having  been  adopted  by  125  to  69, 
he  instantly  resigned  his  seat,  but  was  re- 
elected by  a  large  majority.  He  opposed  the 
annexation  of  Texas.  In  1850  he  took  a 
prominent  part  in  opposing  the  "  Compromise 
Measures,"  especially  the  fugitive-slave  law; 
was  conspicuous  also  in  the  debates  upon  the 
repeal  of  the  Mo.  Compromise,  and  in  those 
upon  the  subsequent  troubles  in  Kansas.  May 
8,  1856,  while  addressing  the  house,  he  sud- 
denly fell  to  the  floor  in  a  state  of  unconscious- 
ness, from  which,  however,  he  soon  revived. 
Jan.  17,  1858,  he  fell  again  in  the  same  way, 
and  was  compelled,  for  a  time,  to  be  absent 
from  his  post.  Consul-gen.  to  Canada  from 
1861  to  his  death.  In  1843  he  wrote  a  series 
of  political  essays  signed  "Pacificus."  A  vol. 
of  his  speeches  was  pub.  in  1853;  in  1858 
"The  Exiles  of  Florida;"  and  in  1864  "A 
History  of  the  Rebellion,  1861-3." 


Gignoux,  FRANgois  Regis,  landscape- 
painter,  b.  Lyons,  France,  1816  ;  studied  under 
Delaroche  and  Vernet.  Came  to  the  U.S.  in 
1840,  settled  in  N.Y.,and  was  first  pres.  of  the 
Brooklyn  Art  Acad.  Among  his  noted  pic- 
tures are  "  Niagara  in  Winter,"  "  Virginia  in 
Indian  Summer,"  "  Four  Seasons  in  America," 
"  First  Snow,"  "  Dismal  Swamp,"  "  A  Win- 
ter in  Vermont,"  "  Niagara  by  Moonlight," 
and  "First  Snow  in  the  Adirondacks."  — 
Tackerman. 

Giffbrd,  Sanfoed  R.,  landscape-painter, 
b.  Saratoga  Co.,  N.Y.  His  father  is  proprietor 
of  extensive  ironworks  at  Hudson.  He  stud- 
ied the  elements  of  his  art  with  John  R.  Smith 
in  N.Y.,  and  continued  his  studies  in  Europe. 
He  did  duty  with  the  N.Y.  7th  regt.  in  1861. 
His  best  works  are  "  The  Wilderness,"  "  Tbe 
Coming  Rain,"  "  Coming  Storm,"  "  Quebec," 
"  Camp  of  the  7th  Regiment,"  "  On  the  Hud- 
son," "  First  Skating  of  the  Season,"  "  Mount 
Washington,"  and  *'  Morning  in  the  Moun- 
tains." —  Tuchei-man. 

Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,  a  disting.  Eng- 
lish navigator,  b.  Dartmouth,  Dcvonsliire,  in 
1539  ;  d.  at  sea,  Sept.  9,  1583.  After  studying 
at  Eton  and  Oxford,  he  embraced  the  military 
profession.  For  his  services  in  Ireland  in  sup- 
pressing a  rebellion,  he  was  made  cora.-in-chief 
and  gov.  of  Munster,  and  knighted  by  the  lord- 
deputy  in  1570.  He  soon  afterwards  returned 
to  Eiig.,  where  he  m.  a  rich  heiress.  In  1572 
he  sailed  with  a  re-enforcement  of  9  ships  for 
Col.  Morgan,  who  at  that  time  meditated  the 
recovery  of  Flushing ;  and,  on  his  return,  pub. 
his  "  Discourse  to  prove  a  Passage  by  the 
North- West  to  Cathaia  and  the  E.  Indies." 
June  11,  1578,  Gilbert  obtained  from  Queen 
Elizabeth  letters-patent,  empowering  him  to 
discover  and  possess  any  lands  in  N.A.  then 
unsettled.  This  was  the  first  colonial  charter 
granted  by  Eng.  He  accordingly  sailed  to 
Newfoundland  in  1579;  but  a  violent  storm 
compelled  him  to  return.  June  11,  1583,  he 
sailed  a  second  time  with  5  ships,  and,  landing 
at  Newfoundland,  took  possession  of  the  har- 
bor of  St  John's.  By  virtue  of  his  patent,  he 
granted  leases  to  several  families  ;  but,  though 
none  of  them  remained  there  at  that  time,  they 
afterwards  settled  in  consequence  of  these 
leases:  so  thai;  Sir  Humphrey  deserves  remem- 
brance as  the  real  founder  of  England's  Amer- 
ican possessions.  In  this  exped.  his  half-bro. 
Raleigh  was  a  joint  adventurer.  Aug.  20, 
1583,  Gilbert  put  to  sea  again  in  a  small  sloop 
to  explore  thecoast :  he  then  steered  homeward ; 
but  his  small  bark  foundered  at  sea,  and  all  on 
board  perished. 

Gilbert,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Gibbs. 
Mr.  G.  was  b.  Boston,  1809.  Made  his  debut 
at  the  Tremont,  Nov.  28,  1828,  as  Jafficr  in 
"  Venice  Preserved  ;  "  and  became  highly  popu- 
lar in  his  native  city,  particularly  in  old  men 
and  in  the  higher  walks  of  comedy.  In  1847  he 
played  at  the  Princess's  Theatre,  Lond.  At 
present  (1870),  he  is  acting-manager  of  Wal- 
lack's  Theatre,  N.Y.  Mrs.  G.,  b.  Phila.  1801  ; 
d.  N.Y.  Apr.  27, 1866.  Made  her  first  appear- 
ance at  the  Tromont  as  Sophie  in  "Of  Ago 
To-morrow."  She  accomp.  her  husband  to 
Eng.  in  1847.  —  Brown's  Amer.  Stage. 


GUu 


361 


G-ir. 


Gilbert,  Raleigh,  a  patentee  of  N.  Eng., 
nephew  of  Sir  Walter  R. ;  com.  a  vessel  in 
the  exped.  to  settle  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ken- 
nebec in  1607.  Arriving  at  Monhegan  Island, 
Aug.  11,  they  built  fort  St.  George  at  Cape 
Small  Point,  now  in  Phipsburg.  George  Pop- 
ham  was  pres.,  and  Gilbert  adm.  In  the  fol- 
lowing spring,  having  become  by  the  death  of 
his  bro..  Sir  John  Gilbert,  heir  to  his  property, 
he  returned  to  Eng. ;  and  Mr.  Popham  having 
died,  and  the  storehouse  being  burnt,  the  whole 
Colony  went  back  with  him. 

Gilchrist,  John  James,  jurist,  b.  Medford, 
Ms.,  Feb.  16,  1809;  d.  Washington,  Apr.  29, 
1858.  H.U.  1828.  Son  of  Capt.  James.  He 
settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Charlestown,  N.II. ;  be- 
came disting. ;  was  in  the  N.  H.  legisl. ;  was 
register  of  probate  for  Sullivan  Co. ;  m.  a  dau. 
of  Gov.  Hubbard;  became  assoc.  in  1840,  and 
in  1848  cliief  justice  of  the  N.H.  Supreme 
Court,  and  in  1855  of  the  U.S.  Court  of 
Claims.  He  was  pre-eminent  as  a.  nisi pn'us 
judge.  In  1846  he  pub.  a  digest,  of  N.H. 
Reports. 

Giles,  Henry,  lecturer  and  author,  b. 
Craanlbrd,  Wexford,  Ireland,  Nov.  1,  1809. 
Educated  at  the  Acad,  of  Belfast.  Though 
bred  in  the  R.  C.  Church,  he  l)ecame  a  Unita- 
rian, and  was  pastor  in  Greenock  for  2  years, 
and  in  Liverpool  for  3  years.  In  1840  he 
came  to  Amer.,  where  he  has  lectured  and  oc- 
casionally preached.  He  delivered  4  of  the  13 
lectures  in  the  celebrated  Liverpool  controver- 
sy between  the  Episcopalians  and  the  Unitari- 
ans in  1839.  He  pub.  "  Lectures  and  Essays," 
2  vols.,  Boston,  1845;  "Christian  Thoughts 
on  Life,"  1850;  and  "Illustrations  of  Genius 
in  some  of  its  Applications  to  Society  and 
Culture,"  1854.  He  has  addressed  many  lite- 
rary societies  and  library  associations,  and  gave 
one  course  of  lectures  before  the  Lowell  Insti- 
tu'e  in  Boston  on  "  The  Genius  and  Writings 
of  Shakspeare."  He  has  resided  for  several 
years  in  Quincy,  Ms. 

Giles,  William  Branch,  statesman,  b. 
Amelia  Co.,  Va.,  Aug.  12, 1762  ;  d.  Richmond, 
Dec.  4,  1830.  N.J.  Coll.  1781.  Adm.  to  the 
bar,  and  practised  at  Petersburg,  but  ab.  1790 
embarked  in  politics,  first  as  a  Federalist,  af- 
terward as  a  Democrat;  M.  C.  in  1790-8  and 
1801-2;  U.S.  senator  from  Aug.  1804  to  1815; 
gov.  of  Va.  1827-30,  and  member  of  the  legisl. 
1829-30.  He  separated  from  the  Federalists 
on  the  question  of  establishing  a  U.S.  bank  in 
Dec.  1790.  Jan.  23,  1793,  he  charged  Hamil- 
ton with  corruption  and  peculation.  In  1796  he 
opposed  the  creation  of  a  navy  and  the  ratifi- 
cation of  Jay's  treaty,  and  the  proposed  war 
with  France  in  1798.  In  that  year  he  declined 
a  seat  in  Congress  that  he  might  aid  Madison  in 
passing  the  celebrated  resolutions  of  '98  in  the 
Va.  legisl.  He  was  an  able  debater,  supported 
the  administration  during  the  war  of  1812-15, 
and  was  disting.  in  the  deliberations  of  the 
State  Const.  Con  v.  of  1829.  As  a  parliament- 
ary tactician  he  was  unrivalled.  He  pub.  "A 
Speech  on  the  Embargo  "  in  1808  ;  "  Political 
Letters  to  the  People  of  Va."  in  1813  ;  an  in- 
vective letter  against  President  Monroe,  and 
others  to  John  Marshall  and  J.  Q.  Adams. 

Gillem,  Alvan  C,  brev.  raaj.-gen.  U.S.A., 


b.  Tenn.  West  Point,  1851.  Entering  the 
1st  Art.,  he  served  against  the  Seminoles  in  Fla. 
in  1851-2;  capt.  19th  Inf.  14  May,  1861,  de- 
clined; capt.  and  asst.  quarterm.  12*JuIy,  1861; 
col.  10th  Tenn.  vols.  13  May,  1862  ;  brig.-gen. 
vols.  17  Aug.  1863;  col.  1st.  Cav.  28  July, 
1866;  brev.  maj.l9  Jan.  1862,  for  Mill  Springs, 
Ky. ;  engaged  at  Shiloh  and  Corinth  ;  com. 
brigade  in  Tenn.  24  Dec.  1862  to  1  June  1863; 
adj. -gen.  State  of  Tenn.  1863-5;  com.  exped. 
to  E.  Tenn.  Aug.  1864  to  Mar.  1865,  and  en- 
gaged in  various  affairs  there  ;  brev.  lieut.-col. 
16  Dec.  1864,  for  action  at  Marion,  Va.  ;  vice- 
pres.  of  the  convention  to  re-organize  Txjnn.  9 
Jan.  1865;  com.  cav.  division  18  Mar.  to  July 
3,  1865,  and  in  exped.  to  N.C.,  participating 
in  action  at  and  capture  of  Salisbury,  N.C., 
and  action  near  Asheville,  22  Apr.  1865  ;  com. 
dist.  of  Mpi.  1867  ;  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  13 
Mar.  1865,  for  merit,  services  in  the  Rebellion, 
and  brev.  maj.-gen.  for  battle  of  Salisbury, 
N.C.— C«//»m. 

Gillespie,  William  Mitchell,  LL.D., 
author  and  civil  engineer,  b.  New  York,  1816  ; 
d.  there  Jan.  1, 1868.  Col.  Coll.  1834.  After 
having  spent  about  10  years  in  Europe,  partly 
in  prosecuting  his  studies,  and  partly  in  travel 
and  observation,  he  was  prof,  of  civil  engineer- 
ing in  Un.  Coll.  1845-68.  He  pub.  in  1845  an 
entertaining  volume,  "  Rome  as  seen  by  a  New- 
Yorker  in  1843-4;"  "Roads  and  Railroads,  a 
Manual  for  Road-Making;  "  "The  Philo.sophy 
of  Mathematics,"  from  the  French  of  Comte, 
1857  ;  and  in  1855  a  work  on  "  The  Principles 
and  Practice  of  Land-Survey ing." 

Gillette,  Abraham  Dunn,  pastor  of  Cal- 
vary Church,  N.Y.  City,  b.  Cambridge,  N.Y., 
1809.  Has  pub.  "  History  of  the  1 1  th  Baptist 
Church,  Phila.;  "  "  Memoir  of  Rev.  Daniel  H. 
Gillette ;  "  "  Pastor's  Last  Gift."  Edited  "  So- 
cial Hymns"  and  "Minutes  of  Phila.  Bapt. 
As.soc.'from  1707  to  1807."  —  Allibom. 

Gilliss,  James  Melvin,  capt.  U.  S.  N., 
astronomer,  b.  D.C.  1810;  d.  Washington, 
D.C.,  Feb.  9,  1865.  Midshipman  March  1, 
1827;  becamecapt.  July  16, 1862.  In  1838  he 
organized  the  first  working  observatory  in  the 
U.S.,  and  in  1843  pub.  the  first  vol.  of  "  Amer- 
ican Astronomical  Observations."  In  Sept. 
1842  Lieut.  Gilliss  began  the  construction  of  a 
naval  observatory,  finished  in  1845.  Author 
of  "The  U.S.  Astron.  Exped.  to  the  Southern 
Hemisphere  in  1 849-52,"  4to,  2  vols.  185.5.  He 
visited  Peru  in  1858,  and  Washington  Territo- 
ry in  1860.  April  22,  1861,  he  was  put  in 
charge  of  the  National  Observatory  in  place 
of  Maury,  which,  under  his  charge,  became  a 
first-class  institution.  Shortly  before  his  death, 
he  made  a  report  upon  the  parallax  of  the  plan- 
et Mars.  He  made  valuable  improvements  in 
the  instruments  of  astronomical  science. 

Gillis,  John  P.,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  Wil- 
mington, Del.  A  resident  of  Illinois.  Mid- 
shipman Dec.  12,  1825;  lieut.  Feb.  9,  1837; 
com.  Sept.  14,  1855;  capt.  July  16,  1862; 
commo.  Sept.  1867;  light-house  insp.  fourth 
dist.  1870;  had  charge  of  "The  Decatur's  " 
boats  at  the  capture  of  Tuspan ;  com.  schoon- 
er "  Tampico  "  and  the  flotilla  on  Alvarado 
River,  and  was  acting  gov.  during  the  Mexi- 
can war;    in  Perry's  Japan  exped.    1853-4; 


QIXj 


862 


GrL. 


com.  steamer  "  Monticello  "  in  the  Hatteras 
Inlet  fij^ht ;  com.  "  The  Seminole,"  and  ren- 
dered efficient  service  at  capture  of  Port  Royal ; 
in  "  The  Fernandina  "  exped. ;  in  attack  on 
Sewell's  Point,  May,  1862;  joined  West  Gulf 
squad,  in  "  The  Ossipee  ;  "  com.  a  division  off 
Mobile,  and  in  1864  was  retired  on  account  of 
sickness  contracted  in  the  service.  —  Havierslj/. 
Gillmore,  Quincy  Adams,  brev.  ma j.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Black  River,  Lorain  Co.,  O.,  Feb.  28, 
1825.  West  Point  (1st  in  his  class),  1849. 
He  entered  the  engr.  corps,  became  1st  lieut. 
in  1856,  capt.  Aug.  6,  1861,  and  ratij.  June  1, 

1863.  From  1849  to  1852,  he  was  employed 
on  the  fortifications  of  Hampton  Roads,  Va., 
and  was  then  for  4  years  assist,  instructor  of 
engineering  at  West  Point.  In  Oct.  1861  he 
was  app.  chief  engr.  of  the  exped.  against  the 
Southern  coast  under  Gen.  T.  W.  Sherman. 
He  superintended  the  construction  of  the  forti- 
fications at  Hilton  Head,  and  planned  and  ex- 
ecuted the  operations  resulting  in  the  capture 
of  Fort  Pulaski,  Apr.  11,  1862,  an  account  of 
which  he  pub.  in  1863,  8vo,  N.Y.  April  28, 
1862,  he  was  made  brig.-gen.  of  vols.  In 
Sept.  1862  he  was  assigned  to  the  com.  of  the 
dist.  of  Western  Va. ;  com.  at  the  battle  of 
Somerset,  Ky.,  30  Mar.  1863,  and  brev.  col. 
U.S.A.  for  that  exploit.  June,  1863,  he  suc- 
ceeded Gen.  Hunter  in  the  command  of  the 
dept.  of  S.C.,  and  was  promoted  to  maj.-gen. 
10  July,  1863.  He  operated  against  the  de- 
fences of  Charleston  harbor,  silencing  Forts 
Sumter  and  Wagner ;  but  the  navy  failed  to 
take    advantage    of   his    successes.     In  May, 

1864,  he  joined  Butler  in  his  disastrous  opera- 
tions up  the  James  River,  in  com.  10th  army 
corps ;  com.  the  19th  corps,  in  pursuit  of  Early, 
in  July,  and  subsequently  com.  the  dept.  of 
S.C. ;  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  for  capture  of 
Forts  Wagner  and  Gregg.  Author  of  "  Limes, 
Cements,  and  Mortars,"  1863  ;  "  Engineer  and 
Art.  Operations  against  Charleston,"  1863. — 
CuUum. 

Gillon,  CoMMODOBB  Alexander,  a  naval 
officer  of  the  Revol.,  b.  Rotterdam,  1741;  d. 
Oct.  1794.  He  belonged  to  a  wealthy  com- 
mercial family  ;  was  some  time  a  resident  of 
Lond. ;  came  to  Charleston,  S.C,  in  1766,  and 
became  a  prosperous  mercliant.  In  May,  1777, 
in  an  armed  ship,  he  captured  3  British  cruisers, 
boarding  them  one  after  the  other.  App.  com- 
mo.  in  the  navy  of  S.C.  in  1778,  he  sailed  for 
France,  where  he  hired  a  frigate,  which  he 
named  the  "  South  Carolina,"  in  which  he 
took  many  valuable  prizes.  With  a  large  fleet, 
partly  Spanish,  he  com.  the  exped.  which  in 
May,  1782,  captured  the  Bahama  Islands.  He 
was  a  man  of  engaging  person,  and  great  en- 
terprise. M.C.  1793-4;  often  in  State  legisl., 
and  member  Const.  Conv.  of  S.C.  — Johnson's 
Becolls. 

Gilman,  Caroline,  authoress,  wife  of 
Rev.  Samuel,  b.  Boston,  Oct.  8,  1794;  dau. 
of  Samuel  Howard  of  Boston,  and  was  ed- 
ucated at  various  schools  in  Concord,  Cam- 
bridge, and  other  towns  of  Ms.  At  the  age  of 
16  she  wrote  a  poem,  "  Jephthah's  Rash  Vow," 
and  soon  after  "  Jairus's  Daughter,"  which 
was  pub.  in  the  iV.^'l.  Review.  In  1819  shem. 
^nd  removed  to  Charleston,  S.C,  where  she 


has  since  resided.  In  1832  she  began  to  edit 
the  Rosebud,  a  juvenile  weekly,  afterward 
named  the  Southern  Rose,  containing  articles 
of  much  literary  merit.  From  this  she  re- 
printed her  "  Recollections  of  a  New-England 
Housekeeper,"  "  Recollections  of  a  Southern 
Matron ;"  Ruth  Raymond,  or  Love's  Progress ; " 
"Poetry  of  Travelling  in  the  U.S.,"  1838; 
"  Verses  of  a  Lifetime;  "  "  Mrs.  Oilman's  Gift- 
Book,"  and  other  vols.  She  has  also  pub.  "  Or- 
acles from  the  Poets,"  1847  ;  and  "  The  Sibyl, 
or  New  Oracles  from  the  Poets,"  1848.  Mrs. 
Oilman  has  edited  the  "Letters  of  Eliza  Wil- 
kinson during  the  Invasion  of  Charleston,"  in 
Mrs.  Ellett's  "  Women  of  the  Revol."  In  1 860 
she  pub.  a  memorial  of  her  husband,  entitled 
"  Records  of  Inscriptions  in  the  Cemetery  and 
Building  of  the  Unitarian  Church,  Archdale 
Street,  Charleston,  S.C,  from  1777  to  1860." 
Her  dau.,  Mrs.  Caroline  Howard  Glover,  b. 
1823,  and  educated  in  Charleston,  m.  in  1840. 
Besides  contrib.  poems  and  tales  to  the  maga- 
zines of  the  South,  she  pub.  in  1858  "  Ver- 
non Grove,"  a  novel,  contrib.  to  the  Southern 
Literary  Messenger. 

Gilman,  Chandler  Robbins,  M.D.,  phy- 
sician and  author,  b.  Marietta,  O.,  Sept.  6, 
1802  ;  d.  Middletown,  Ct.,  Sept.  26,  1865.  U. 
of  Pa.  1824.  His  father  and  grandfather 
(Judge  Oilman)  were  among  the  earliest  set- 
tlers of  O.  He  studied  medicine,  and  practised 
many  years  in  N.Y.  From  1841  till  his  d.,  he 
was  prof,  of  obstetrics  in  the  Coll.  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  N.Y.,  and,  after  the  death 
of  Dr.  Beck,  prof,  of  med.  jurisprudence. 
Early  in  life,  he,  with  his  relative,  C.  F.  Hoff- 
man, had  charge  of  the  Amer.  Monthli/.  In 
1835  he  pub.  "  Legends  of  a  Log-Cabin,"  rem- 
iniscences of  his  Western  life,  and  "  Life  on 
the  Lakes.'*  He  prepared  for  the  press  Dr. 
Beck's  "  Lectures  on  Materia  Medica;"  edited 
his  "  Medical  Jurisprudence ; "  wrote  "  A  Sketch 
of  the  Life  and  Character  of  Dr.  J.  B.  Beck," 
1851 ;  "  The  Relations  of  the  Medical  to  the 
Legal  Profession,"  1856;  a  "Medico  Legal 
Examination  of  the  Case  of  Charles  B.  Hun- 


tmgton; 


Tracts    on     Generation 


and 


numerous  contributions  to  medical  maga- 
zines. 

Gilman,  John  Taylor,  statesman.  Son 
of  Nicholas,  b.  Exeter,  N.H.,  Dec.  19,  17.53  ; 
d.  Sept.  1,  1828.  On  the  morning  after  the 
news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  he  with  100 
others  marched  to  Cambridge.  He  was  sub- 
sequently assist,  to  his  father,  the  treasurer  of 
the  State;  in  Oct.  1780  was  a  delegate  from 
N.H.  to  the  convention  at  Hartford  to  provide 
for  the  common  defence  ;  a  delegate  to  the 
Cont.  Congress  in  1782-3  ;  State  treasurer, 
1783-92  ;  gov.  1794  to  1805  and  1813-16,  and 
a  State  representative  in  1810-11.  In  politics 
he  was  a  decided  Federalist.  Under  the  confed- 
eration, he,  with  Irvine  and  Kean,  was  a  com- 
missioner to  settle  the  accounts  of  the  different 
States. 

Gilman,  Nicholas,  statesman,  son  of 
Nicholas,  treas.  of  N.H. ;  d.  Phila.  May  2, 
1814,  a.  52.  He  was  a  delegate  from  N.H.  to 
the  Cont.  Congress  from  1786  to  1788;  and  after 
the  adoption  of  the  U.S.  Constitution,  of  which 
he  was  one  of  the  framers,  was  M.C  from 


GIJL, 


363 


GMR 


1789  to  1797,  and  was  a  U.S.  senator  from 
1805  to  1814.  —  Lanman. 

Gilman,  Samuel,  D.D.  (H.U.  1837),  Uni- 
tarian clerpfvman  and  scholar,  b.  Gloucester, 
Ms.,  Feb.  16,  1791 ;  d.  Kingston,  Ms.,  Feb.  9, 
1858.  H.U.  1811.  He  was  tutor  in  mathe- 
matics at  Cambridge  from  1817  to  1819,  and 
was  pastor  of  the  church  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
from  Dec.  1819  until  his  death.  He  contrib. 
largely  to  the  N.  A.  Review  and  other  periodi- 
cals on  a  wide  range  of  subjects,  a  vol.  of 
which  was  pub.  in  1856  under  the  title  of 
**  Contributions  to  Amer,  Literature."  One 
of  his  well-known  productions  is  the  "  Me- 
moirs of  a  N.  E.  Village  Choir,"  1829  ;  another 
is  "  Pleasures  and  Pains  of  a  Student's  Life," 
1852.  He  translated  the  Satires  of  Boileau, 
and  pub.  some  original  poems,  among  them 
the  "  History  of  a  Ray  of  Light,"  and  a  poem 
read  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society  of 
H.U.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  Charleston 
in  promoting  the  temperance  cause,  as  well  as 
the  interests  of  literature.  Husband  of  Caro- 
line (Howard)  Gilman.  An  interesting  biog. 
sketch  of  Dr.  Gilman  is  in  the  Monthly  Reli- 
gious Magazine,  Boston,  Apr.  1858. 

Gilmer,  George  R.,  lawverand  legislator, 
b.  Wilkes  Co.,  Ga.,  Apr.  11,  'l790;  d.  Lexing- 
ton, Ga.,  Nov.  22,  1859.  He  received  an  aca- 
demical education,  studied  law,  and  settled  in 
Lexington,  Oglethorpe  Co.,  Ga.  In  1813  he 
served  as  a  lieut.  in  the  Creek  war.  He  was 
in  the  State  legisl.  in  1818-19  and  1824;  was 
gov.  in  1829-31  and  1837-9,  and,  during  the 
latter  term,  removed  the  Cherokees  from  Ga. 
M.C.  from  1821  to  1823,  from  1827  to  1829, 
and  from  1833  to  1835,  and  was  for  30  years 
trustee  of  the  Ga.  Coll.  Author  of  a  book 
pub.  in  1855  entitled  "  Georgians,"  which  con- 
tains much  useful  and  interesting  information 
touching  the  early  settlement  of  his  native 
State.  —  Lanman. 

Gilmer,  Thomas  W.  of  Charlottesville, 
Va.,  sec.  of  the  U.S.  navy  ;  killed  ly  the  ac- 
cident on  board  the  U.S.  steamer  "  Prmceton," 
Feb.  28,  1844;  gov.  of  Va.  1840-41;  M.C. 
from  1841  to  1843. 

Gilmore,  Joseph  Atherton,  statesman, 
b.  Weston,  Vt.,  June  10,  1811;  d.  Concord, 
N.H.,  April  17,  1867.  He  was  brought  up  on 
a  farm;  at  15  went  to  Boston,  and  entered  a 
store  ;  became  interested  in  railroads,  both  as  a 
builder  and  manager;  and,  through  these  and 
his  mining-interests,  eventually  acquired  a 
large  fortune.  He  returned  to  N.H.  in  1843; 
supt.  of  the  Manchester  and  Lawrence  R.R. 
from  Aug.  1853  to  Dec.  1856,  and  also  of  the 
Concord  and  other  connecting  lines  until  Aug. 
1866.  State  senator  in  1858-9  ;  pres.  of  that 
body  in  1859  ;  and  was  gov.  of  N.H.  in  1863- 
June,  1865. 

Gilpin,  Henrt  D.,  lawyer  and  author,  b. 
Phila.  1801;  d.  there  Dec.  29,  1859.  U.  of 
Pa.  1819.  He  studied  law,  and  began  practice 
in  Phila.  in  1822;  was  U.S.  atty.  for  his  State 
in  1832 ;  solicitor  of  the  U.S.  treasury  in 
1837  ;  and  U.S.  atty.-gen.  in  1840-1.  In  1837 
he  pub.  a  vol.  of  reports  of  cases  in  the  east- 
ern dist.  of  Pa.,  and  in  1840  "  Opinions  of  the 
Attorney-Generals."  From  1826  to  1832  he 
edited  "  The  Atlantic  Souvenir,"  said   to   be 


the  first  American  literary  annual.  He  was 
pres.  of  the  Pa,  Acad,  of  Fine  Arts,  and  vice- 
pres.  of  the  Hist.  Society  ;  contrib.  to  the  lead- 
ing periodicals  of  the  day ;  wrote  several  of  the 
biographies  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  beside  other  biographies,  dis- 
courses, and  addresses  on  various  pul)lic  occa- 
sions ;  and  also  supervised  the  publication  by 
Congress  of  the  Madison  Papers.  —  See  Me- 
morial of  H.  D.  Gilpin,  1860. 

Girnbrede,  Thomas,  miniature-painter 
and  engraver,  and  teacher  of  drawing  at  West 
Point  from  5  Jan.  1819  to  his  d.  25  Dec.  1832, 
b.  France,  1781. 

Girard,  Charles,  naturalist,  b.  Mulhouse, 
France,  1822.  In  1809  he  was  a  pupil  of 
Agassiz  at  Neuchatel ;  became  one  of  his  as- 
sistants, and  came  with  him  to  America,  re- 
maining his  assist,  until  18.50,  when  he  went 
to  reside  in  Washington.  He  has  pub.  in  the 
Smithsonian  Contributions  "Contributions  to 
the  Natural  History  of  the  Fresh-water  Fishes 
of  North  America,; "  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phila.,  a 
memoir  on  "  The  Embryonic  Development  of 
Planocera  Elliptica ; "  "  Herpetology  of  the 
U.S.  Expl.  Exped.  1838-42,"  with  a  fol.  atlas; 
and  has  contrib.  articles  on  fishes  and  reptiles 
to  the  reports  of  Stansbury,  Sitgreaves,  Maury, 
Gillis  of  the  Mex.  boundary  and  Pacific  R.  R. 
surveys,  and  to  the  proceedings  of  various  scien- 
tific bodies.  One  of  his  latest  works  is  his 
"  Ichthyological  Notices."  — Appleton. 

Girard,  Stephen,  merchant  and  banker, 
b.  near  Bordeaux,  France,  May  21,  1750;  d. 
Phila.  Dec.  26,  1831.  He  sailed  as  cabin-boy 
to  the  W.  Indies  and  N.Y.  ab.  1760;  rose  to  be 
master  and  part  owner  of  a  coasting-vessel ;  and 
earned  enough  to  establish  himself  in  business 
in  Phila.  in  1769.  He  traded  to  the  W.  Indies 
until  the  war,  when  he  opened  a  grocery  and 
liquor  shop,  at  first  in  Phila.  and  afterward  at 
Mount  Holly,  where  he  made  money  oi;t  of  the 
American  soldiers.  In  1780  he  resumed  his 
dealings  with  the  W.  Indies  and  N.  Orleans ; 
was  for  a  time  in  partnership  with  his  brother 
John,  but  laid  the  foundation  of  his  wealth  by 
a  profitable  lease  of  a  range  of  stores,  and  by 
the  negro  insurrection  in  St.  Domingo.  Two 
of  his  vessels  were  then  in  one  of  the  ports  of 
the  island  ;  and  many  of  the  planters  placed 
their  treasures  in  them  for  safety,  but  were 
afterward  cut  off  with  their  entire  families. 
About  $50,000  worth  of  property,  whose  own- 
ers could  not  be  found,  thus  remained  in  Mr. 
Girard 's  hands.  By  his  remarkable  capacity 
for  business  and  his  strictness  in  money-matters 
he  became  one  of  the  richest  merchants  in  the 
country.  During  the  prevalence  of  the  yellow- 
fever  in  Phila.  he  not  only  made  liberal  dona- 
tions of  money,  but  performed  in  person  the 
duties  of  physician  and  nurse.  Having  in 
1812  purchased  the  building  and  much  of  the 
stock  of  the  old  U.S.  Baiik,  he  commenced 
business  as  a  private  banker.  During  the  war 
of  1812,  he  took  the  whole  of  a  govt,  loan  of 
$5,000,000.  He  contrib.  liberally  to  all  public 
improvements,  and  adorned  the  city  of  Phila. 
with  many  handsome  buildings.  Of  his  prop- 
erty, amounting  at  his  death  to  nearly  9  millions, 
comparatively  little  was  bequeathed  to  his  rela- 


GTU 


36^ 


G^lLJ 


tives  Besides  large  bequests  to  various  public 
institutions,  he  gave  to  thecity  of  Phila.,  forira- 
proveineiit  of  its  streets,  buildings,  &c,,  $500,- 
000;  for  the  improvement  of  canal-navigation 
in  Pa.,  $300,000.  His  principal  bequest  was 
the  sum  of  $2,000,000,  besides  the  residue  of  a 
certain  portion  of  his  estate,  togetiier  with  a 
plot  of  ground  in  Phila.,  for  the  erection  and 
support  of  a  coll.  for  orphans.  It  was  opened 
Jan.  1,  1848.  The  main  building  is  the  finest 
specimen  of  Grecian  architecture  in  America. 
By  a  provision  of  his  will,  no  ecclesiastic,  mis- 
sionary, or  minister,  of  any  sect  whatever,  is  to 
hold  any  connection  with  the  coll.,  or  be  adm. 
to  the  premises  even  as  a  visitor ;  but  the  offi- 
cers of  the  institution  are  required  to  instruct 
the  pupils  in  the  purest  principles  of  morality, 
and  leave  them  to  adopt  their  own  religious 
opinions.  —  See  Life  by  S.  Simpson,  12mo, 
Phila.  1832. 

Girardin,  L.  H.,  app.  prof,  of  mod.  lan- 
guages of  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  in  1803  ;  wrote 
a  continuation  of  Burke's  "Hist,  of  Virginia." 
He  afterward  pub.  in  the  Gleaner,  a  Richmond 
periodical,  a  long  Latin  poem,  "Maiomachia 
—  Sive  Duello." 

Gird,  Henry  H.,  scholar,  b.  N.Y.  1801  ; 
d.  N.  Orleans,  June  1,  1845.  West  Point, 
1822.  Assist,  instructor  inf.  tactics  at  West 
Point,  1822-4;  adj.  there  1824-7;  resigned 
Nov.  1829  ;  prof,  mathematics  and  nat.  philos. 
La.  Coll.  1829-43  ;  prcs.  of  the  coll.  1831-42; 
in  the  U.S.  mint,  N.  Orleans,  1843-5. 

Gist,  MoRDECAi,  brig.-gen.  Revol.  armv, 
b.  Baltimore,  Md.,  1743;  d.  Charleston,  S.C., 
Sept.  2,  1792.  His  ancestors  were  early  emi- 
grants to  Md.  He  was  a  merchant  at  the 
breaking-out  of  the  Revol.  ;  was  capt.  of  the 
first  corps  raised  in  Md. ;  major,  Jan.  1776,  of 
Smallwood's  batt. ;  he  com.  the  regt.  at  the 
battle  of  Long  Island,  Aug.  1776,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  its  col.  and  lieut.-col.;  promoted  to 
dol,  in  1777;  he  was  in  the  battle  of  German- 
town  in  Sept.  of  that  year  ;  was  made  brig.- 
gen.  in  Jan.  1779,  and  with  his  brave  Mary- 
landers  bore  the  brunt  of  the  disastrous  battle 
of  Camden  in  1780.  Present  at  the  surrender 
of  CornwalHs.  After  the  war,  he  resided  on 
his  plantation  near  Charleston.  His  tall 
and  graceful  figure,  symmetrical  proportions, 
great  streni-th,  and  expressive  features,  lighted 
by  eyes  of  singular  brightness,  indicated  the 
chivalry  of  his  character. 

Gla'dden,  Adley  H.,  gen.  C.S. A.,  b.  S.C. ; 
mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh, 
April  6,  1862.  Major  in  Col.  Butler's  Pal- 
metto regt.  of  S.  C.  vols,  in  the  Mexican  war, 
and  became  lieut.-col.  and  commander  of  the 
regt.  at  Churubusco,  where  both  his  superior 
officers  were  killed.  He  was  severely  wounded 
in  the  confl:ct  at  the  Belen  Gate.  App.  in 
1861  brig.-gen.  in  the  Southern  army;  he  was 
assigned  a  brigade  in  Withers's  division  of 
Bragg's  corps;  was  wounded  on  the  first  day  of 
the  battle  of  Shiloh,  and  died  soon  afterward. 

Gladwin,  Henry,  a  Brit,  maj.-gen. ;  d. 
Stu biting,  near  Chesterfield,  Derby,  Eng., 
June  22,  1791.  He  became  a  lieut.  in  the  48th 
Foot,  Aug.  28, 1753;  was  wounded  in  the  exped. 
of  Braddock,  1755  ;  capt.  in  the  80th,  Dec.  25, 
1757 ;  major  of  that  regt.  June  20,  1759  ;  was 


next  dep.  adj.-gen.  in  Atner.  (which  post  he 
filled  until  1780),  and  served  with  great  dis- 
tinction during  the  war.  His  gallant  defence 
of  Detroit  against  Pontiac  was  rewarded  by- 
promotion  to  lieut.-col.  Sept.  17,  1763;  col. 
Aug.  29, 1777;  and  maj.-gen.  Sept.  26,  1782.— 
O'Callaijhan. 

Glasson,  John  J.,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b. 
N.Y.  City.  Midshipra.  Feb.  1, 1823;  lieut.  Feb. 
9,  1837;  com.  Sept.  14,  1855;  commo.  Sept. 
28,  1866.  Served  under  Com.  Porter  in  the 
suppression  of  piracy  in  the  W.  Indies  in 
1823;  com.  schooner  "Falcon"  at  capture  of 
Vera  Cruz;  relieved  a  French  vessel, "  L'Asie," 
from  peril  off^  the  coast  of  Yucatan  ;  com.  store- 
ship  "  Lexington "  in  Perry's  Japan  exped. 
1853-4;  com.  Norfolk  Navy-Yard,  1864-6. 
Ret.  1  Oct.  1864. — Hamersly. 

Gleig,  George  Robert,  author  and 
clergyman,  b.  Stirling,  Scotland,  20  Apr.  1796. 
Son  of  Bishop  G.,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  entered  the  British  army  in  1812;  served 
under  Wellington  in  the  Peninsular  war,  and 
in  America  at  Baltimore,  Washington,  andN. 
Orleans,  and  was  wounded  in  the  battle  of 
Bladensburg.  He  pub.  "Life  of  the  Duke 
of  Wellington,"  "  The  Subaltern  in  America," 
and  "  Campaigns  of  Washington  and  New  Or- 
leans." Pie  afterward  took  orders ;  was  chap- 
lain of  Chelsea  Hospital  for  some  time,  and 
was  made  chaplain-gen.  to  the  forces  in  1846. 
One  of  the  most  voluminous  authors  of  the 
day. 

Glenn,  James,  gov.  of  S.C.  from  Jan. 
1744  to  1755.  Near  the  close  of  his  admin- 
istration, he  concluded  a  treaty  with  the 
Cherokees  in  their  own  country,  by  which  a 
large  extent  of  territory  was  ceded  to  the  king, 
contributing  greatly  to  the  interest  and  safety 
of  the  colony.  He  pub.  "  A  Description  of 
S.C,"  8vo,  Lond.  1761. 

Glentworth,  George,  physician  and 
surgeon,  b.  Phila.  July  22,  1735;  d.  there 
Nov.  4,  1792.  U.  of  Edinburgh,  1758.  Ho 
was  a  surgeon  in  the  Brit,  army  during  the  last 
French  war  in  America.  In  1777  he  relin- 
quished his  extensive  practice,  and  became 
surgeon  of  a  regt. ;  afterward  senior  surgeon 
in  the  Amer.  army;  and  subsequently  di- 
rector-gen. of  hospitals  for  the  middle  division. 

Gliddon,  George  Robins,  archjeologist, 
b.  Devonshire,  Eng.,  1809  ;  d.  Panama,  N.G., 
Nov.  16,  1857.  He  passed  a  large  part  of  his 
life  in  Egypt,  where  he  succeeded  his  father  as 
U.S.  consul,  exploring  the  ruins  of  the  country, 
and  made  valuable  contribs.  to  learning,  both 
by  lectures  and  publications.  After  leaving 
Egypt,  he  came  to  the  U.S.,  and  lectured  at 
Boston,  New  York,  and  Phila.  on  Egyptian 
antiquities.  He  pub.  "  An  Essay  on  the  Pro- 
duction of  Cotton  in  the  Valley  of  the  Nile  ;  " 
"  An  Appeal  to  Europe  against  the  Destruction 
of  Egyptian  Monuments  by  Mehemet  Ali," 
1841 ;  "  Discourses  on  Egyptian  Arclueology," 
1841;  "Otia  ^gypiiaca,"  1849;  "Ancient 
Egypt,"  1850;  "Indigenous  Races  of  the 
Earth,"  also  partly  written  by  Dr.  Nott  and 
others,  1857;  "Review  of  the  American  in 
Egypt,"  from  theiV.F.  World,  Aug.  6,  1842. 
One  of  his  latest  works  was  "The  Types  of 
Mankind,"  1854,  which  he  prepared  in  con- 


G-LI 


365 


GOJD 


nection  with  Dr.  Nott  of  Mobile.  At  the  time 
of  his  death,  he  was  connected  with  the  Hon- 
duras Inter-oceanic  Railroad  Co. 

Glisson,  Oliver  S.,  rcar-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Ohio,  Jan.  18,  1809.  Midshipman  Nov.  1, 
1826;  lieut.  Feb.  9,  1837;  command.  Sept. 
14,  IS'jS;  capt.  July  16,  1862;  commo.  July 
25,  1866;  rear-adm.  6  July,  1870.  Com. 
schooner  "  Reefer,"  home  squadron,  during 
the  Mexican  war,  1847;  steam-frigate  **  Pow- 
hatan," E.I.  squadron,  Japan  exped.,  1853-5; 
com.  steamer  "  Mount  Vernon,"  N.  Atl. 
block,  squad.,  1861  ;  steam-sloop  "Iroquois," 
West  Gulf  squad.,  1862  ;  steam-sloop  "  Mohi- 
can," 1 863-4;  steamer  "Santiago  de  Cuba," 
1864-5  ;  and  in  the  two  attacks  on  Fort 
Fisher,  Dec.  1864  and  Jan,  1865;  com.  naval 
station,  League  Island,  Penn.,  1867-70.  Ret. 
18  Jan.  187 1 .  —  Hamersly. 

Glover,  John,  brig.-gen.  Revol.  army,  b. 
Salem,  Nov.  5,  1732  ;  d.  Marblehead,  Jan.  30, 
1797.  Diminutive  in  person,  he  was  active 
and  energetic,  and  possessed  considerable 
military  ability.  At  the  outset  of  the  war  he 
raised  1,000  men  of  Marblehead,  and  joined 
the  army  at  Cambridge,  where  he  was  of  great 
service  in  organizing  and  disciplining  the 
troops.  The  regt.  he  com.  first  numbered  the 
21st,  afterward  the  14th,  was  one  of  the  first 
raised,  as  well  as  one  of  the  best  in  the  Con- 
tinental army.  At  the  retreat  from  Long 
Island,  this  *'  amphibious  "  regt.  manned  the 
boats,  and  brought  the  entire  army  ofFin  safety. 
It  also  led  the  advance  in  crossing  the  Del.  on 
the  memorable  night  before  the  victory  of 
Trenton.  Made  brig.-gen.  Feb.  21,  1777; 
joined  Schuyler  in  July  ;  did  good  service  in 
the  campaign  against  Burgoyne,  and  conducted 
the  captive  army  to  Cambridge,  lie  joined 
Greene's  divi.sion  in  N.J.  in  1778,  and  was  de- 
tached to  R.I.  under  Sullivan.  Ordered  to 
Ms.  in  1780  to  superintend  the  drafts  from 
that  State.  —  See  Memoir  by  William  P.  Up- 
ham,  Salem,  1863. 

Goddard,  Calvin,  judge,  b.  Shrewsbury, 
Ms.,  July  17,  1768;  d.  Norwich,  May  2,  1842. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1786.  He  passed  two  years  as  a 
teacher  in  the  Plainfield  Acad ;  commenced 
the  practice  of  law  there  in  Nov.  1790,  arid, 
aided  by  a  commanding  person  and  a  graceful 
elocution,  became  disting.  in  his  profession. 
He  was  often  a  member  of  the  State  legisl.; 
was  in  1799  and  1800  speaker  of  the  lower 
house;  M.C.  1801-5;  member  of  the  State 
council  from  1808  to  1815;  was  States  atty. 
for  New  London  Co.  for  5  years ;  17  years 
mayor  of  Norwich,  whither  he  removed  in 
1807 ;  member  of  the  Hartford  Convention  in 
1814;  and  in  1815-18  was  judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Ct. 

Goddard,  Paul  B.,  M.D.,  b.  Baltimore, 
Jan.  26, 1811.  Wash.  Coll.  1828.  Authorof 
"  Anatomy,  &c.,  of  the  Teeth,"  4to,  1 844  ;  "  On 
the  Arteries  ;  "  "  On  the  Nerves  ;  "  editor 
of  "Wilson's  Anatomy;"  "Wilson's  Dis- 
sector;" "  Moreau's  Midwifery,"  8vo,  1844; 
"  Ricord  on  Syphilis,"  8vo,  1851 ;  "  The  Icono- 
graphie  Portion  of  Rayer  on  the  Skin,"  1845  ; 
"Ashwell  on  Diseases  of  Females,"  Svo,  1850. — 
AUihone. 

Goddard,  William,  printer,  son  of  Giles 


G.,  physician  and  postmaster  at  N.  London, 
Ct.,  b.  1740;  d.  Providence,  R.  I.,  Dec.  23, 
1817.  Oct.  20,  1762,  he  established  the  first 
printing-press  at  Providence,  where  he  com- 
menced the  Gazette ;  was  soon  afterwards  one 
of  the  publishers  of  the  iV.y.  Gazette  and  Post- 
Boy;  removed  to  Phila.  in  1766,  where,  with 
Galloway  and  Wharton,  he  pub.  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Chronicle,  and  in  1773  went  to  Baltimore, 
and  started  the  Maryland  Journal.  He  was  ac- 
tive in  organizing  the  post-office,  and  was  app. 
by  Franklin,  in  1775,  surveyor  of  uoads,  and 
comptroller.  In  1792  he  sold  his  press,  and 
retired  to  a  farm  in  Johnston,  R.I.,  l)ut  subse- 
quently resided  in  Providence.  His  friend. 
Gen.  Charles  Lee,  bequeathed  him  a  portion  of 
his  extensive  landed  estate  in  Va.  He  pub.  a 
Hist,  of  the  Pa.  Chronicle,  1770.  —  Thomas's 
Hist,  of  Printing. 

Goddard,  William  Giles,  prof,  of  mor- 
al philos.  and  metaphys.  at  Brown  U.  1825- 
34,  and  of  rhetoric  and  belles-lettres  1834-42. 
Editor  and  prop.  R.  I.  American,  1814-25  ;  b. 
Johnston,  R.  I.,  Jan.  2,  1794;  d.  Providence, 
Feb.  16,  1846.  Brown  U.  1812.  Son  of  Wm.,' 
editor.  He  had  been  a  member  of  the  R.  I. 
legisl.  His  miscellaneous  writings  were  edited 
and  pub.  by  his  son,  F.  W.  Goddard,  2  vols. 
Svo,  1870. 

Godfrey,  Thomas,  inventor  of  the  quad- 
rant commonly  called  Hadley's,  b.  Phila. ;  d. 
Dec.  1749.  He  was  by  trade  a  glazier.  By 
his  own  unaided  efforts,  he  mastered  such  math- 
ematical treatises  as  came  in  his  way,  and  after- 
wards learned  Latin  that  he  might  acquaint 
himself  with  the  mathematical  works  in  that 
language.  He  borrowed  Newton's  "  Priiici- 
pia"  of  Sec.  James  Logan,  to  whom,  ab.  the 
year  1730,  Godfrey  communicated  the  improve- 
ment he  had  made  in  Davis's  quadrant,  by 
which  he  was  so  much  struck,  that  in  May, 
1732,  he  addressed  a  letter  to  Dr.  Edmund 
Halley  in  Eng.,  describing  fully  the  construc- 
tion and  uses  of  Godfrey's  instrument.  No 
notice,  however,  was  taken  of  it  by  Halley ; 
and,  after  an  interval  of  a  year  and  a  half,  Lo- 
gan transmitted  a  copy  of  the  letter,  together 
with  Godfrey's  account  of  his  invention,  to 
Peter  Collinson,  engaging  him  to  place  them 
before  the  Royal  Society.  This  was  according- 
ly done  ;  but  Mr.  Hadley,  the  vice-pres.  of  the 
society,  had  already  presented  there  a  paper, 
dated  May  13,  1731,  and  inserted  in  "  The  Phil- 
os. Transactions  "  for  that  year,  describing  a 
reflecting  quadrant  of  the  same  character, 
which  he  claimed  as  his  invention.  It  was 
decided  that  both  were  entitled  to  the  hon- 
or of  the  invention ;  and  the  society  sent  to 
Godfrey,  as  a  reward,  household  furniture  to 
the  value  of  £200,  instead  of  money,  on  ac- 
count of  his  habits  of  intemperance. 

Godfrey,  Thomas,  poet,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  Phila.  1736;  d.  26  July,  1763,  near 
Wilmington,  N.C.  Abandoning  the  trade  of 
his  father,  as  well  as  that  of  watchmaking,  to 
which  he  had  been  apprenticed,  he  obtained  a 
lieutenancy  in  the  provincial  troops  raised  in 
1758  for  an  exped.  against  Fort  Duquesne,  and 
afterward  established  himself  as  a  factor  in 
N.C.  His  early  productions  in  the  American 
Magazine,  pub.  at  Phila.,  manifested  considera- 


oor> 


366 


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hie  poetic  talent.  His  principal  poem  is  the 
"  Court  of  Fancy  ;  "  and,  among  his  minor 
pieces,  his  "  Epistle  from  Fort  Henry,"  and 
several  of  his  pastorals  and  elegies,  evince  taste 
and  culture  :  but  his  principal  claim  to  distinc- 
tion is  the  fact  that  he  was  the  author  of  the 
first  American  drama,  "  The  Prince  of  Par- 
thia,"  a  tragedy.  His  poetical  writings  were 
pub.  in  Phila.  in  1767,  with  a  biog.  preface  by 
N.  Evans ;  also  an  anonymous  critical  analysis 
of  the  poems,  written  by  Dr.  Wm.  Smith,  4to, 
224  pp. 

Godman,  John  D.,  anatomist  and  natu- 
ralist, b.  Annapolis,  Md.,  Dec.  2,  1794 ;  d. 
Germantown,  Pa.,  Apr.  17,  1830.  Losing 
his  parents  at  an  early  age,  he  was  apprenticed 
to  a  printer  in  Baltimore.  In  the  autumn  of 
1814,  he  entered  as  a  sailor  on  board  the  flotil- 
la stationed  in  Chesapeake  Bay.  At  the  close 
of  the  war,  he  studied  medicine  in  Baltimore 
with  Dr.  Davidge,  and  was  chosen  to  fill  the 
place  of  his  preceptor,  who  was  prof,  of  anat- 
omy in  the  U.  of  Md.  while  the  latter  was 
disabled  by  sickness.  After  obtaining  his  de- 
gree in  Feb,  1818,  he  practised  successively  in 
New  Holland,  Pa.,  Anne  Arundel  Co.,  Md., 
in  Baltimore,  and  Phila.  In  Oct.  1821,  he  re- 
moved to  Cincinnati,  where  he  commenced  a 
medical  periodical,  projected  by  Dr.  Drake, 
entitled  the  Western  Quaiierli/  Reporter,  of 
which  6  numbers  were  issued.  In  1822  he 
settled  in  Phila.  as  a  physician,  and  private 
teacher  of  anatomy,  and  was  some  time  assist, 
editor  of  Dr.  Chapman's  MedicalJournd..  He 
pub.  in  1826  his  popular  "  Natural  History  of 
American  Quadrupeds,"  in  3  vols.  8vo.  In 
1826  he  became  prof,  of  anatomy  in  Rutgers 
Med.  Coll.,  N.Y.  His  practice  as  a  surgeon 
was  extensive,  and  the  coll.  flourished  ;  but, 
during  his  second  course  of  lectures,  a  severe 
illness  obliged  him  to  relinquish  his  pursuits, 
and  he  removed  in  1829  to  Germantown,  Pa., 
where  he  d.  He  wrote  the  articles  on  natu- 
ral history  for  the  Amer.  Enq/dopcedia  to  the 
end  of  the  letter  C.  Contrib.  to  the  ximer. 
Quartprli/  Revieiv,  besides  numerous  papers  in 
the  periodical  journals  of  the  day.  He  pub. 
"  Rambles  of  a  Naturalist,"  "  Account  of  Ir- 
regularities of  Structure  and  Morbid  Anato- 
my ;  "  "  Contributions  to  Physiological  and 
Pathological  Anatomy  ;  "  "  Bell's  Anatomy," 
with  notes ;  a  translation  of  Levasseur's 
"  Account  of  Lafayette's  Progress  through  the 
U.S.;"  "Anatomical  Investigations,"  1824; 
addresses  on  various  public  occasions.  —  T.  G. 
Richardson,  in  Gross's  Med.  Biog. 

Godon,  Sylvands  W.,rear-adm.  U.S.N,, 
b.  Pa.  June  18,  1809.  Midshipm.  Mar.  1, 
1819;  licut.  Dec.  17,  1836;  com.  Sept.  14, 
185.5;  capt.  July  16,  1862;  commo.  Jan.  2, 
1863;  rear-adm.  July  25,  1866.  He  was  at- 
tached to  the  bomb  brig  "  Vesuvius  "  at  the 
siege  of  Vera  Cruz  in  1847;  was  executive 
oflUccr  of  steamer  "  Susquehanna/'  E,  I,  squad., 
1851-3;  com.  sloop-of-war  "Powhatan"  in 
Dupont's  exped.  to  Port  Royal  ;  and  com. 
"The  Susquehanna  "and  the  fourth  division  of 
Porter's  fleet  at  the  two  battles  of  Fort  Fisher 
in  Dec.  1864  and  Jan,  1865  ;  com.  S.A.  squad,, 
coast  of  Brazil,  1866-7  ;  N.Y.  navy-yard, 
1868-70;  retired  18  June,  19,11.  — Hamer sly. 


Godwin,  Parke,  journalist  and  author, 
b.  Paterson,  N.J.,  Feb.  2.5,  1816,  N.J.  Coll. 
1834,  His  father  was  an  officer  in  the  war  of 
1812,  and  his  grandfather  a  soldier  of  the 
Revol,  He  studied  law,  and  was  adm,  to  the 
bar  of  Ky.,  but  did  not  practise.  From  1837 
to  1853,  excepting  one  year,  he  was  the  co-ad- 
jutor  of  his  father-in-law,  William  C,  Bryant, 
on  the  Evening  Post.  In  1843  he  issued  the 
Pathfinder,  a  weekly  periodical,  discontinued 
at  the  end  of  3  months.  He  contrib.  many 
articles  to  the  Dernoc.  Review,  in  which  he  first 
advocated  the  important  reforms  afterward 
carried  out  in  the  constitution  and  code  of 
N.Y.  He  has  translated  from  the  German 
Zschokke's  Tales,  and  the  first  part  of  Goethe's 
Autobiography.  Author  of  "  A  Popular  View 
of  the  Doctrines  of  Charles  Fourier,"  1844; 
"  Constructive  Democracy  ;  "  "  Vala,  a  My- 
thological Tale,"  founded  on  incidents  in  the 
life  of  Jenny  Lind,  1851;  and  "A  Handbook 
of  Universal  Biog.,"  1851.  Editor  of  Putnam's 
Monthlij,  to  which  he  contrib.  many  literary 
and  political  articles.  The  latter  were  pub.  in 
1858  in  a  separate  vol.  In  1860  he  pub,  the 
first  vol,  of  "  A  History  of  France,"  embracing 
"Ancient  Gaul,"  terminating  with  the  era  of 
Charlemagne,  In  1865  he  was  again  assoc. 
with  Mr.  Bryant  in  the  editorship  of  the  N.Y. 
Evening  Post.  He  is  undftrstood  to  be  engaged 
on  a  book  to  be  entitled  "  The  History  and 
Organization  of  Labor ; "  and  another,  "  The 
Nineteenth  Century,  with  its  Leading  Men  and 
Movements."  He  has  also  promised  a  book 
of  travels,  "  A  Winter  Harvest,"  the  result  of 
a  visit  to  Europe.  Under  Mr,  Polk's  presi- 
dency he  was  dep,  coll,  of  New  York,  but,  was 
subsequently  a  Republican,  serving  the  party 
with  tongue  and  pen.  As  a  political  essayist 
he  has  attained  a  high  reputation.  —  Duyc- 
kinck. 

Goflfe,  William,  mnj.-gen.  under  Crom- 
well, and  a  regicide,  b.  ab,  1605  ;  d,  Hadley, 
Ms,,  1679,  He  was  a  fervent  Puritan,  a  de- 
voted adherent  of  Cromwell,  and  one  of  the 
best  officers  of  the  Parliamentary  army.  He 
left  London  before  the  Restoracion,  and  with 
his  father-in-law,  Gen.  Whaliey,  arrived  in 
Boston,  July,  1660.  Well  received  by  Gov. 
Endecott,  tli'ey  resided  at  Cambridge  till  Feb. 
1661,  when,  learning  that  they  were  not  in- 
cluded in  the  act  of  indemnity,  they  removed 
to  N.  Haven,  and  were  secreted  by  Dep.- 
Governor  Leet  and  Mr.  Davenport.  They 
afterwards  lived  in  a  cave  at  West  Rock, 
and  in  the  neighboring  towns,  eluding  their 
pursuers  by  removing  from  house  to  house, 
living  in  mills,  in  the  clefts  of  rocks  on  the  sea- 
shore, and  in  forest-caves;  but  in  Oct.  1664 
removed  to  Hadley,  and  were  concealed  15 
years  in  the  house  of  Rev.  Mr.  Russel.  When 
the  Indians  attacked  that  town,  Sept.  1,  1675, 
Goffe,  placing  himself  at  the  head  of  the  towns- 
people, attacked  and  repulsed  them.  He  im- 
mediately disappeared  ;  and  the  astonished  in- 
habitants, to  whom  he  was  unknown,  regarded 
him  as  an  angel  sent  for  their  deliverance. 

Goicouria,  Gen.  Domingo  de,  a  Cuban 
revolutionist,  b.  Cuba,  1799;  garroted  at  Ha^ 
vana,  7  May,  1870.  Driven  from  Cuba  nearly 
thirty  years  before  for  his  liberal  views,   he 


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367 


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made  his  home  in  Mpi.,  whence  he  co-operated 
in  the  fillibustering  expeds.  of  Lopez  in  1849- 
52  ;  that  of  Quitman,  which  was  abandoned  ; 
and  that  of  Walker  against  Nicaragua.  Prom- 
inent in  the  late  Cuban  revol.,  and  manager  of 
expeds.  from  the  U.S.,  in  an  evil  hour  he 
visited  the  insurgent  camp,  was  made  prisoner, 
cruelly  treated,  and  executed  the  next  day. 

Goldsborough,  Charles  W.,  gov.  of 
Md.  in  1818-19,  and  M.C.  1805-17;  d.  Shoal 
Creek,  Md.,  Dec.  13,  1834. — Lanman. 

Goldsborough,  Charles  W.,  chief  of 
the  bureau  of  provisions  and  clothing  of  the 
navy  dept.,  b.  Cambridge,  Md.,  April  18, 1779  ; 
d.  Wasbington,  D.C.,  Dec.  14,  1843.  Chief 
clerk  of  the  navy  dept.  under  Stoddert, 
Smith,  and  Hamilton  ;  succeeded  Paulding  as 
sec.  of  the  naval  board  until  separate  bureaus 
were  established.  Author  of  "U.S.  Naval 
Chronicle,"  8vo,  1824. 

Goldsborough,  John  R.,commo.  U.S. N., 
b.  Washington,  D.C,  July  2,  1808.  Midshipm. 
Nov.  6,  1824;  licut.  Sept.  6,  1837  ;  com.  Sept. 
14,  186.5;  capt.  Julv  16,  1862;  commo.  April 
13,  1867;  ret.  2  July,  1870.  While  in  the 
sloop  "  Warren,"  Mediterranean  squad.,  1824- 
30,  was  engaged  against  the  Greek  pirates, 
capturing,  in  a  launch  with  18  men,  the  pirate 
schooner  "  Helene,"  of  4  guns  and  58  men  ;  at- 
tached to  coast-survey,  1844-.'>0;  sloop  •'  Sarato- 
ga," E.I.  squad.  1 851-4 ;  com.  steamer  *'  Union," 
1861 ;  blockading  off  Charleston,  Savannah, 
and  Cape  Hatteras,  and  in  Potomac  flotilla; 
captured  and  sunk  the  rebel  piratical  schooner 
"  York,"  and  bombarded  a  rebel  fort  off 
Mathias  Point,  Potomac  River ;  com.  steamer 
"  Florida,"  S.  Atl.  block,  squad.,  1862  ;  steam- 
frigate  **  Colorado,"  W.  Gulf  block,  squad., 
1863  ;  steam-sloop  "  Shenandoah,"  E.I.  squad., 
1866-8. —  //amers/y. 

Goldsborough,  Louis  Malesherbes, 
rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b.  Washington,  D.C,  Feb. 
18,  1805.  Son  of  Charles  W.,  gov.  of  Md. 
Midshipm.  June  18,  1812;  lieut.  Jan.  13, 
1825.  Obtaining  leave  of  absence,  he  passed 
some  time  in  study  at  Paris,  and  in  1827  joined 
the  "  North  Carolina,"  Capt.  Rodgers,  in  the 
Mediterranean.  While  cruising  in  the  schoon- 
er "  Porpoise "  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
Lieut.  G.,  with  35  officers  and  men,  in  the 
schooner's  boats,  captured  a  pirate  vessel,  after 
killing  90  of  the  pirate  crew.  In  1833  he  re- 
moved to  Fla.,  taking  with  him  a  colony  of 
Germans  to  cultivate  lands  belonging  to  his 
father-in-law,  William  Wirt.  During  the 
Seminole  war  he  com.  a  company  of  mounted 
vols,  and  also  an  armed  steamer.  Sept.  8, 
1841,  he  was  promoted  to  be  commander.  He 
was  second  in  command  of  the  "  Ohio  "  at 
the  bombardment  of  Vera  Cruz  ;  com.  a  body 
of  the  "  Ohio's  "  crew  detailed  for  shore  ser- 
vice at  the  taking  of  Tuspan  ;  and,  after  the 
Mexican  war,  was  senior  naval  member  of 
the  joint  commission  of  army  and  navy  officers 
to  explore  California  and  Oregon,  and  report 
on  various  military  matters.  Sept,  14,  1855, 
he  became  capt. ;  supt.  U.S.  Naval  Acad,  at 
Annapolis,  1853-7;  in  Aug.  1861  he  was 
app.  flag-officer,  and  placed  in  com.  of  the 
N.  A.  block,  squad,  m  "  The  Minnesota." 
With  Gen.  Bumside,  he  com.  the  joint  exped. 


to  the  sounds  of  N.C.,  and,  for  his  services  in 
the  capture  of  Roanoke  Island,  received  the 
thanks  of  Congress.  He  dispersed  and  de- 
stroyed the  Confederate  fleet  under  Com. 
Lynch  in  the  N.C.  waters.  Rear-adm.  July  16, 
1862;  com.  European  squadron,  1865-7.  In 
1862  he  prepared  a  code  of  regulations  for  the 
naval  service.  — Hamershf. 

Goldsborough,  Robert,  atty.-gen.  of 
Md.  until  1768;  a  delegate  to  the  first  Cont. 
Congress  in  1774-5;  d.  Cambridge,  Md.,  Dec. 
31,  1788.     Phila.  Coll.  1760. 

Gomara  (go-ma'-ia),  Francisco  Lopez 
de,  b.  Seville,  1510;  d.  ab.  1560.  Author  of 
"  Cronica  de  la  Nueva  Espana,"  1553,  written 
in  concise  and  elegant  language. 

Gooch,  Sir  William,  gov.  of  Va.  1727- 
49,  b.  Yarmouth,  Eng.,  Oct.  21,  1681 ;  d.  Dec. 
17,  1751.  He  was  an  officer  of  superior  mili- 
tary talents ;  served  under  Marlborough  and  in 
the  rebellion  of  1715  ;  and  in  1740  com.  in  the 
unsuccessful  attack  on  Carthagena,  where  his 
wounds  and  the  climate  greatly  impaired  his 
health.  He  was  app.  a  brig.-gen.  in  1746  in 
the  army  raised  for  the  invasion  of  Canada, 
but  declined  the  office ;  was  the  same  year 
created  a  bart.  ;  in  1747  a  maj.-gen. ;  and  re- 
turned to  Eng.  in  Aug.  1749.  It  was  said  of 
him  that  he  was  the  only  gov.  abroad  against 
whom  inhabitant  or  merchant  never  com- 
plained. —  Bet/mm. 

Goodell,  William,  D.  D.  (Ham.  Coll. 
1854),  missionary,  b.  Templeton,Ms.,  Feb.  14, 
1792;  d.  Phila.  Feb.  18,  1867.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1817  ;  And.  Theol.  Sem.  1820.  He  labored  as 
a  missionary  among  the  Cherokees  and  Choc- 
taws  ;  was  ord.  Sept.  12,  1822;  was  stationed 
at  Beirout  5  years,  passing  through  great  perils ; 
removed  to  Constantinople  in  1831,  narrowly 
escaping  with  life  from  a  great  conflagration 
there;  and  was  obliged,  from  pestilence,  perse- 
cutions, &c.,  to  pack  up  and  move  his  residence 
33  times  in  29  years.  In  Nov.  1841,  he  fin- 
ished translating  the  Old  Testament  into  the 
Armeno-Turkish  language,  and  the  New  two 
years  later.  He  revised  this  labor,  completing 
It  in  Feb.  1863,  and  returned  to  the  U.S.  in 
1865.  His  "Reminiscences  of  the  Missiona- 
ry's Early  Life  "  was  pub.  in  the  N.Y.  Observer. 

Goodenow,  John  M.,  b.  Ms. ;  d.  Steuben- 
ville,  0.  An  early  settler  in  Jefferson  Co.,  O.; 
served  in  the  legisl.,  and  held  other  offices; 
M.C.  1829-31  ;  judge  Supreme  Court  1831-2. 
He  had  a  large  practice  at  the  bar.  He  pub. 
in  1819  "American  Jurisprudence  in  Contrast 
with  the  Doctrine  of  Eng.  Common  Law."  — 
A.  T.  Goodman. 

Goodhue,  Benjamin,  merchant  and  poli- 
tician, b.  Salem,  Ms.,  Oct.  1,  1748 ;  d.  there  Ju- 
ly 28,  1814.  H.  U.  1766.  State  senator  from 
1784  to  1789  ;  M.C.  1789-91,  and,  assisted  by 
Mr.  Fitzsimmons  of  Phila.,  formed  a  code  of 
revenue  laws,  the  majority  of  which  have  never 
been  abrogated;  U.S.  senator  1796-1800. 

Goodrich,  Rev.  Charles  Augustus,  au- 
thor, b.  Ridgefield,  Ct.,  1790;  d.  Hartford,  Ct., 
Jan.  4,  1862.  Yale  Coll.  1812.  Son  of  Rev. 
Samuel,  and  elder  brother  of  Samuel  G.,  with 
whom  he  was  associated  in  preparing  his  books 
for  the  young.  Ord.  in  1816,  he  was  pastor  of 
the  1st  Cong.  Church,  Worceaxer,  in  1816-20, 


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368 


GOO 


then  settled  in  Berlin,  and  in  1848  at  Hartford. 
He  was  once  a  member  of  the  State  senate. 
He  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits,  wrote 
"  The  Lives  of  the  Signers,"  a  school  "  History 
of  the  U.  S.,"  "  Universal  Traveller,"  and 
"Bible  History  of  Prayer;"  "Family  Tour- 
ist," 1848;  "  Great  Events  of  American  His- 
tory;" "View  of  all  Religions,"  8vo,  1829; 
"  Family  Encyclopaedia  ;  "  "  Outlines  of  Ge- 
ography," and"^  "  Family  Sabbath  Day  Miscel- 
lany," "Svo,  1855. 

Goodrich,  Charles  Eush,  of  Flushing, 
L.I. ;  d.  1855.  Y.  Coll.  1849.  A  chemist  and 
tiatnraiist  of  great  attainments  ;  pub.  "  The 
World  of  Science,  Art,  and  Industry,  edited  by 
B.  Silliman  and  C.  R.  G. ;  "  "  Practical  Science 
and  Mechanism  Iflustrated,"  4to,  1854. — Alli- 
bone. 

Goodrich,  Chauncey  Allen,  D.D. 
(Brown  U.  1835),  theologian  and  lexicogra- 
pher. Son  of  Elizur;  b.  N.  Haven,  Oct.  23, 
1790;  d.  there  Feb.  25,  18G0.  Y.  Coll.  1810. 
Tutor  there  1812-14;  studied  theology;  was 
settled  at  Middletown  1816-17,  but  left  from 
ill  health.  Prof,  of  rhetoric  at  Y.C.  1817-39, 
afterward  prof,  of  the  pastoral  charge.  While 
tutor,  he  pub.  a  Greek  grammar,  which  went 
through  many  editions;  in  1832  his  "Latin 
and  Greek  Lessons;"  in  1829  he  established 
the  Christian  Quarterly  Spectator,  of  which  he 
was  sole  editor  until  about  1836.  In  1852  he 
pub.  a  compilation  entitled  "  Select  British 
Eloquence."  In  1828  Dr.  Noah  Webster  (his 
father-in-law)  intrusted  to  him  the  superintend- 
ence of  the  abridgment  of  his  large  diction- 
ary by  J.  E.  Worcester,  with  discretionary 
power  to  conform  the  orthography  more  nearly 
to  the  common  standard.  His  revised  editions 
of  Webster's  Dictionaries  were  issued  in  1847, 
the  University  edition  in  1856,  and  in  1859  the 
supplement  enriched  with  an  elaborate  collec- 
tion of  synonymes.  At  the  time  of  his  death, 
he  was  engaged  on  a  radical  revision  of  Web- 
ster's Dictionary,  which  was  pub.  in  1864.  He 
was  one  of  the  largest  pecuniary  benefactors 
of  the  theol.  dept.  of  Y.  C.  In  1 820  he  was 
chosen  pres.  of  Wms.  Coll.,  but  declined.  A 
commemorative  discourse,  by  Pres.  Woolsey, 
has  been  pub.  in  pamphlet" form,  N.  Haven, 
1860.  —  Duy  chinch. 

Goodrich,  Elizur,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1783),  clergyman  and  scholar,  b.  Wethersfield, 
Ct.,  Oct.  26,  1734;  d.  Norfolk,  Ct.,  Nov.  21, 
1797.  Y.C.  1752,  and  tutor  there  in  1755.  A 
descendant  of  Wm.,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Wether-sfield,  who  came  from  Watertown  about 
1636.  and  d.  in  1676.  From  his  ord.  in  Nov. 
1 756,  till  his  death,  he  was  minister  of  the  Cong. 
church  in  Durham.  Fond  of  mathematics 
and  astronomy,  he  calculated  the  eclipses  of 
each  successive  year ;  and,  when  the  aurora  bo- 
realis  of  1780  appeared,  he  drew  up  a  full  and 
accurate  account  of  it.  He  pub.  several  ser- 
mons. 

Goodrich,  Elizur,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1830), 
jurist,  b.  Durham,  March  24,  1761  ;  d.  New 
Haven,  Nov.  1, 1849.  Y.C.  1779.  Son  of  the 
preceding.  Was  tutor  at  Yale  2  years ;  en- 
tered on  the  practice  of  law  in  New  Haven  in 
1783;  was  M.C.  1799-1801;  judge  of  the 
County  Court  12  years  ;  was  a  judge  of  probate 


17  years;  was  9  years  prof,  of  law  in  Y.C, 
and  mayor  of  New  Haven  1803-22.  Prof. 
Chauncey  Allen  Goodrich  was  his  son. 

Goodrich,  Fkank  Boot,  author,  son  of 
S.G.,b.  Boston,  Dec.  14, 1826.  H.U.  1845.  He 
corresponded  from  Paris  with  the  N.Y.  Times, 
under  the  name  of  "  Dick  Tinto,"  for  some 
years  ;  and  his  letters,  entitled  "  Tricolorcd 
Sketchesof  Paris,"  were  pub.  N.Y.  1854.  He 
has  since  pub.  the  "  Court  Napoleon,  with 
Portraits  of  its  Beauties, Wits,  and  Heroines," 
N.Y.  1857;  "Man  upon  the  Sea,  or  a  His- 
tory of  Maritime  Adventure,  Exploration,  and 
Discovery,"  Phila.  1858;  and  an  illustrated 
vol.  entitled  "  Women  of  Beauty  and  Hero- 
ism," N.Y.  1859. 

Goodrich,  Samuel  Griswold  ("Peter 
Parley  "),  author,  bro.  of  Charles  Augustus, 
b.  Ridgefield,  Ct.,  Aug.  19,  1793;  d.  N.Y. 
City,  May  9,  1860.  He  established  himself  in 
business  as  a  publisher,  in  Hartford,  in  1824, 
but  soon  removed  to  Boston  ;  from  1828  to 
1842  he  edited  "The  Token;"  from  1827  to 
1857  he  pub.  tales  under  the  name  of  "  Peter 
Parley."  He  pub.  many  vols,  of  historical 
and  geographical  school-books;  volumes  of 
poems  in  1836  and  '51 ;  in  1857  "  Recollections 
of  a  Lifetime,  or  Men  and  Things  that  I  have 
seen;"  in  1838  a  vol.  of  counsels  to  parents, 
entitled  "  Fireside  Education  ; "  in  1841  a  selec- 
tion from  his  contribs.  to  annuals  and  maga- 
zines, entitled  "  Sketches  from  a  Student's  Win- 
dow ;  "  "  History  of  all  Nations,"  2  vols.  8vo. 
He  established  Merri/s  Museum  and  Parley's 
Mag.,  and  edited  it  from  1841  to  1854.  Of 
170  volumes  written  or  edited  by  him,  116 
of  which  bear  the  name  of  Peter  Parley,  ab. 
7,000,000  copies  have  been  sold.  He  was  at  one 
time  in  the  senate  of  Ms.,  and  was  consul  at 
Paris  during  Fillmore's  administration.  While 
at  Paris,  he  pub.  in  French  a  treatise  on  Amer. 
geography  and  history.  On  his  return,  he  pre- 
pared an  elaborate  illustrated  "  History  of  the 
Animal  Kingdom,"  2  vols.  1859.  He  had 
crossed  the  Atlantic  16  times. 

Goodwin,  Ichabod,  b.  S.  Berwick,  Me., 
May  25,  1743  ;  d.  there  May  25,  1829.  Thos., 
his  grandfather,  came  over  in  1660,  and  settled 
in  Berwick.  His  father,  Ichabod,  b.  1700, 
was  a  member  of  the  Gen.  Court  in  1754,  was 
a  capt.,  and  was  wounded  at  Ticonderoga  in 
1758.  His  son,  who  accomp.  him  in  this  exped., 
became  an  active  Whig  ;  was  a  member  of 
the  Prov.  Congress  in  1775-7;  lieut.-col.  of 
Gerrish's  York  Co.  regt.,  having  charge  of  the 
Saratoga  prisoners ;  maj.-gen.  of  militia,  1 783- 
1815;  member  of  the  Gen.  Court  in  1792, 
and  sheriff  of  York  Co.  1793-1820.  Gov.  Ich- 
abod of  N.H.  (18G0-1)  is  a  nephew. 

Goodwin,  Isaac,  lawyer,  b.  Plymouth, 
Ms.,  1786;  d.  Worcester,  Sept.  16,  1832.  He 
studied  law  in  the  office  of  Judge  Thomas  of 
Plymouth  ;  settled  first  in  Sterling,  and  in  1826 
in  Worcester.  He  pub.  "  The  Town  Officer," 
a  work  on  the  duties  of  sheriffs,  coroners, 
and  constables;  was  a  councillor  of  the  Amer. 
Antiquarian  Society,  and  was  well  informed  in 
the  antiquities  of  N.  England.  Author  of 
"  History  of  the  Town  of  Sterling."  — iV.£;. 
Mag.  iii.,  349. 

Goodwin,  John  Noble,  b.  S,  Berwick, 


G^OO 


869 


G^OE. 


Me.,  Oct.  18,  1824.  Dartm.  Coll.  1844.  Be- 
gan  practice  of  law  at  S.  Berwick  in  1848; 
was  a  State  senator  in  1854;  M.C.  1861-3; 
chief  justice  of  Arizona  Territory  1863;  gov. 
from  Aug.  1863  to  Sept.  1865  ;  its  delegate  to 
Congress  1865-7. 

Goodwin,  Nathaniel,  genealogist,  b. 
Harttbrd,  Mar.  5,  1782  ;  d.  there  May  29,  1855. 
Descended  from  Ozias,  one  of  the  first  settlers 
of  H.,  who  d.  1683,  a.  87.  He  was  apprenticed 
to  a  printer  in  Albany,  and  was  a  teacher  and 
a  land-surveyor.  At  Hartford  he  was  many 
years  treasurer,  judge  of  probate,  and  clerk;  was 
much  employed  in  the  settlement  of  intestate 
estates ;  and  was  a  man  of  great  probity.  He 
pub.  an  account  of  the  "  Descendants  of  Thos. 
Olcott,"  "  The  Foote  Family,"  and  "  Genea- 
logical Notes  of  Some  of  the  First  Settlers  of 
Ct.  and  Ms.,"  1856,  to  which  a  Memoir  is  pre- 
fixed. 

Goodyear,  Charles,  inventor,  b.  New 
Haven,  Ct.,  Dec.  29,  1800  ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  July 
1,  1860.  He  attended  a  public  school,  and  as- 
sisted his  father  in  the  manufacture  of  hard- 
ware. His  early  experiments  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  india-rubber  were  carried  on  at  New 
Haven,  Roxbury.Lynn,  Boston,  and  Woburn, 
Ms.,  and  N.Y.  City'  His  first  important  dis- 
covery was  in  1836,  being  a  method  of  treating 
the  surface  of  native  rubber  by  dipping  it  into 
a  preparation  of  nitric  acid.  This  process 
was  used  extensively  in  the  manufacture  of 
shoes,  until  it  was  superseded  by  his  discovery 
of  the  superior  method  of  vulcanization,  ab. 
Jan.  1839.  This  process  soon  occupied  his 
whole  attention.  His  patents  were  more  than 
60  in  number.  His  first  vulcanization  patent 
was  issued  in  France,  Apr.  1 6, 1 844.  He  had  bef. 
his  death,  in  an  advanced  stage  of  preparation, 
a  vol.  upon  India-Rubber  and  Vulcanization. 
Goodyear  obtained  the  great  council  medal  of 
the  Exhibition  of  all  Nations  at  Lond.  in  1851; 
the  grand  medal  of  the  World's  Exhibition  at 
Paris,  and  the  ribbon  of  the  Legion  of  Honor, 
presented  by  Napoleon  III.  in  1855,  returning 
to  the  U.S.  in  1858.  "  He  lived  to  see  his  ma- 
terial applied  to  nearly  500  uses,  and  to  give 
employment  in  Eng.,  France,  Germany,  and 
the  U.S.,  to  60,000  persons."—  See  B.  K.  Pierce, 
Trials  of  an  Inventor,  N.Y.  1866;  Parton's 
Famous  Americans,  1867. 

Gookiu,  Daniel,  soldier  and  author,  b. 
Kent,  Eng.,  ab.  1612;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms., 
Mar.  19,  1687.  He  came  with  his  father  to 
Va.  in  1621.  During  the  terrible  Indian 
massacre  of  Mar.  1622,  Gookin,  with  35  men, 
held  his  plantation,  now  Newport  News, 
against  the  savages.  In  May,  1644,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  sympathy  with  the  Puritans,  he 
settled  in  Ms. ;  was  soon  after  app.  a  capt.  of 
militia;  member  from  Cambridge  of  the  house 
of  deputies;  speaker  in  1651 ;  and  in  1652  was 
chosen  assist,  or  magistrate.  In  1656  he  be- 
came supt.  of  all  the  Indians  who  had  submit- 
ted to  the  govt,  of  Ms.,  and  became  unpopular 
for  the  protection,  which,  as  a  magistrate,  he 
extended  to  the  Indians.  He  visited  Eng.  in 
1656,  and  was  authorized  by  Cromwell  to  invite 
the  people  of  N.  Eng.  to  colonize  Jamaica. 
He  went  there  again  in  1657.  Returning 
in  1660  with  the  fugitive  regicides  GofFo  and 


Whalley,  he  protected  them  in  1661  ;  was  one 
of  the  licensers  of  the  Cambridge  printing- 
press  in  1662;  and  in  1681  was  made  maj.- 
gen.  of  the  Colony.  He  took  an  active  part 
on  the  side  of  the  people  against  the  meas- 
ures which  terminated  in  the  withdrawal 
of  the  Colonial  charter  in  1686.  He  d.  so 
poor,  that  John  Eliot  solicited  from  Robert 
Boyle  a  gift  of  £10  for  his  widow.  His 
"  Historical  Collections  of  the  Indians  of  Ms.," 
written  in  1674,  was  pub.  by  the  Ms.  Hist.  So- 
ciety in  1 792  ;  also  author  of  a  "  Hist,  of  New 
England,"  never  pub.,  the  fate  of  which  is  un- 
known. 

Gordon,  George  Henry,  lawyer  and  sol- 
dier, b.  Chariest.,  Ms.,  1 9  July,  1 825.  West  Pt. 
1846.  Entering  the  mounted  riSes,  he  served 
under  Gen.  Scott  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  was 
brev.  1st  lieut.  for  gallantry  at  Cerro  Gordo, 
where  he  was  severely  wounded.  Made  1st  lieut. 
in  1853,  he  resigned  in  1854;  entered  the  Cam- 
bridge Law  School ;  was adm.  to  the  bar;  prac- 
tised in  Boston  until  1861,  when  he  raised  the 
2d  Ms.  vols.,  was  made  col.,  and  was  made  mil- 
itary gov.  of  Harper's  Ferry.  In  1862  he 
com.  a  brigade  under  Gen.  Banks,  and,  for  his 
conduct  in  the  retreat  from  Stiasburg  to  Wil- 
liamsport,  was  made  i)rig.-gen.  of  vols.  June  9, 
1862.  He  was  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  and  at  Antietam  fought  with  his  brigade 
in  Gen.  A.  S.  Williams's  division  of  Mansfield's 
corps;  engaged  in  operations  ab.  Charleston 
harbor,  Aug.  1863  to  Apr.  1864;  against  Mo- 
bile in  Aug.  1864;  and  brev.  maj.-gen.  vols. 
9  Apr.  1 865  for  merit,  services.  Counsellor  at 
law  in  Boston  since  1865;  now  U.S.  collector 
7th  dist.  —  Callum. 

Gordon,  Sir  James  Alexander,  a  Brit, 
adm.;  d.  gov.  of  Greenwich  Hospital,  8  Jan. 
1869,  a.  87.  Entering  the  navy  in  1798,  he 
became  fleet-adin.  in  1868;  gov.  of  Gr.  Hosp. 
1853.  He  was  in  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  the 
battle  of  Lissa,  for  which  he  received  a  gold 
medal  and  a  pension  ;  lost  a  leg  in  the  capture 
of  the  French  frigate  "  La  Pomone  ;  "  in  Aug. 
1814  com.  the  squad,  which  entered  the  Poto- 
mac, and  captured  Alexandria,  D.C.;  and  was 
in  the  operations  against  N.  Orleans  1814-15. 

Gordon,  Rev.  James  Bentley,  author 
of  "  An  Hist,  and  Geog.  Memoir  of  the  N. 
Amer.  Continent,  its  Nations  and  Tribes,  with 
an  Accl.  of  his  Life,  by  Thomas  Jones,"  Dub- 
lin, 4to,  1820. 

Gordon,  Patrick,  gov.  of  Pa.  from  June, 
1726,  to  his  d.  Phila.  Aug.  5,  1736,  a.  72.  He 
was  bred  to  arms,  and  served  from  his  youth 
to  near  the  close  of  Queen  Anne's  reign  with 
a  high  reputation,  and  was  a  popular  gov.  He 
pub.  "  Two  Indian  Treaties  at  Conestogoe, 
1728,"  Phila.  fol.  1728. 

Gordon,  Thomas,  b.  Pitlochie,  Scotland  ; 
d.  Amboy,  N.  J.,  1722.  He  came  to  N.J,  in 
1684,  and  settled  at  Scotch  Plains.  Atty.-gen. 
of  E.  Jersey,  1698;  chief  sec.  and  register 
1702;  licensed  as  an  attorney  in  1704;  rep- 
resentative and  speaker  of  the  assembly  ;  app. 
chief  justice  in  1709  ;  and  was  afterward  receiv- 
er-gen. and  treasurer  of  the  Province.  — Fields' s 
Prov.  Courts  in  N. ./. 

Gordon,  Thomas  F.,  historical  and  Iciral 
writer,  b.  Phila.  1787;  d.  Beverly,  N.J.,  Jan  17, 


G-OR 


370 


OOR 


1860.  Member  of  the  Phila.  bar,  and  author 
of  "  A  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  the  U.S. ; "  "  His- 
tory of  Pa.  to  1776,"  1829  ;  "  History  of  N.J. 
to  1789,"  1834  ;  "  History  of  America,"  1831  ; 
"  Cabinet  of  American  History  ;"  "  Historvof 
Ancient  Mexico,"  1832  ;  "  Gaz.  of  N.J.,"  1834 ; 
"  Gaz.  of  N.Y.,"  8vo,  1836  ;  and  of  Pa.  1839. 

Gordon,  William,  D.D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1778),  clergyman  and  historian,  b.  Hitchin, 
Eng.,  1730;  d.  Ipswich,  Eng.,  Oct.  19,  1807. 
He  was  settled  over  a  large  Independent  socie- 
ty at  Ipswich ;  afterward  at  Old  Gravel  Lane, 
Wapping  ;  and  came  to  Amer.  in  1770.     After 

E reaching  a  year  to  the  3d  Church  in  Rox- 
ury,  he  was  ord.  there  July  6,  1772.  During 
the  Revol.  he  took  an  active  part  in  public 
measures,  and,  while  chaplain  to  the  Prov. 
Congress  of  Ms.,  preached  a  Fast  sermon, 
strongly  expressing  his  political  sentiments. 
He  was  dismissed  from  this  post,  as  the  legisl. 
regarded  his  prayers  as  intended  rather  to 
dictate  their  measures  than  to  implore  the 
divine  direction  on  them.  Returning  to  Eng. 
in  1786,  he  in  1788  pub.  his  "History  of  the 
Rise,  Progress,  and  Establishment  of  the  In- 
dependence of  the  U.  S.,"  in  4  vols.  8vo,  a 
minute  and  generally  faithful  narrative  of 
facts.  This  work  produced  him  300  pounds. 
Its  value,  however,  was  impaired  by  the  expur- 
gation of  such  passages  as  might  endanger 
prosecution.  Subsequently  settled  ai  St.  Neot's, 
Huntingdonshire.  The  failure  of  his  mental 
powers  caused  his  resignation,  and  removal  to 
his  connections  at  Ipswich.  He  pub.  a  plan  of 
a  society  for  making  provision  for  widows  by 
life-annuities,  1772;  the  first  anniversary  ser- 
mon after  the  Decl.  of  Indep.  July  4,  1777  ;  an 
abridgment  of  Edwards  on  "The  Affections;" 
and  a  number  of  sermons.  —  See  IVaterhouse's 
Junius. 

Gore,  Christopher,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1809), 
gov.  of  Ms.  in  1809,  b.  Boston,  Sept.  21,  1758 ; 
d.Waltham,  Mar.  1,1827.  H.U.  1776.  Son  of 
Capt.  John  Gore.  He  studied  law  with  Judge 
Lowell,  and  soon  acquired  a  lucrative  practice. 
In  1789  he  was  app.  by  Washington  the  first 
U.S.  atty.  for  the  dist.  of  Ms.;  which  post  he 
held  until  1796,  when  he,  with  Wm.  Pinckney, 
was  app.  commissioner  under  Jay's  treaty  to 
settle  the  Amer.  claims  upon  Eng.  for  spolia- 
tions. Left  by  Rufus  King  in  1803  charge 
d'affaires,  he  in  1804  returned  home.  Was 
a  member  of  both  branches  of  the  legisl.,  and 
U.S.  senator  in  1814-17.  He  made  valuable 
bequests  to  the  Amer.  Acad,  and  the  Hist.  Soc, 
of  which  he  was  a  member ;  and  he  made  Harv. 
Coll.,  of  which  institution  he  had  been  a 
fellow  and  trustee,  his  resid.  legatee.  He  was 
for  a  time  the  legal  tutor  and  adviser  of 
Daniel  Webster.  He  pub.  a  Masonic  oration 
1783. 

Gorges  (gor'-jSz),  Sir  Ferdinando,  of 
Ashton  Phillips,  Somerset  Co.,  Eng.,  lord-pro- 
prietary of  the  Province  of  Me. ;  d.  at  an  ad- 
vanced age  in  1647.  He  participated  in  the 
conspiracy  of  Essex,  against  whom  he  tes- 
tified on  his  trial  in  1601  ;  served  in  the  navy 
during  the  war  with  Spain ;  and  after  the 
peace,  in  1604,  was  app.  gov.  of  Plymouth. 
In  1606  the  London  and  the  Plymouth  Com- 
panies were  incorporated,  between  which  was 


divided  the  territory  extending  50  miles  in- 
land, from  the  34th  to  the  45th  parallel  N. 
lat.  His  portion  was  styled  North  Virginia. 
He  sent  several  unsuccessful  expeditions,  un- 
der Capt.  John  Smith  and  others,  to  colonize 
this  territory;  but  in  1616  sent  Richard  Vines 
with  a  party,  which  encamped  on  the  River 
Saco  through  the  winter;  and  in  1619-20 
Capt.  Dermer  made  the  voyage.  The  Lond. 
Company,  from  whom  the  Pilgrims  obtained 
their  original  patent,  having  incurred  the  re- 
sentment of  the  king,  Gorges  and  his  associates 
obtained  in  1620  an  increase  of  territory  ex- 
tending westward  from  sea  to  sea,  between  the 
40th  and  48th  parallels  N.  lat.  With  John 
Mason,  he  took  grants  of  the  district  called 
Laconia,  bounded  by  the  Merrimac,  the  Ken- 
nebec, the  ocean,  and  "  the  r'.ver  of  Canada ;  " 
and  settlements  were  attempted.  His  son, 
Capt.  Robert  Gorges,  was  in  1623  app.  by  the 
council  for  N.E.  "  gen.  gov.  of  the  country." 
This  council  resigned  its  charter  to  the  king  in 
1635.  Sir  F.  obtained  from  the  king  a  charter 
constituting  him  lord-proprietary  of  the  Prov- 
ince of  Maine,  with  extraordinary  govern- 
mental powers;  and  sent  his  nephew  Thomas  to 
be  dep.-gov.  The  province  was  divided  into 
2  counties,  of  which  Agamenticus  (now  York) 
and  Saco  were  respectively  the  principal  set- 
tlements. On  Gorges's  death,  the  people  re- 
peatedly wrote  to  his  heirs;  but,  as  no  answer 
was  received,  they  formed  themselves  into  a 
body  politic,  and  submitted  to  the  jurisdiction 
of  Ms.  The  account  of  his  connection  with 
the  settlement  of  N.E.  is  contained  in  the 
work  of  his  grandson  Ferdinando. 

Gorges,  Ferdinando,  of  Westminster, 
son  of  John,  and  grandson  of  Sir  Ferdinando, 
b.  Loftas,  Essex ;  d.  Jan.  25,  1718,  a.  89.  He 
m.  Mary,  eldest  sister  of  Gov.  John  Archdale 
of  S.  C.  He  pub.  "  America  Painted  to  the 
Life,"  Lond.  1659.  In  1677  he  sold  to  Ms.  for 
1,250  pounds  his  rights  to  the  Prov.  of  Me. 

Gorham,  Benjamin,  lawyer,  b.  Charles- 
town,  Ms.,  Feb.  13,  1775  ;  d.  Boston,  Sept.  27, 
1855.  H.U.  1795.  Son  of  Nathaniel,  pres. 
of  Congress.  He  studied  law  with  Theophilus 
Parsons,  and  rose  to  eminence  at  the  Boston 
bar.  M.C.  1820-3,  1827-31,  and  1833-5.  He 
was  afterwards,  for  a  short  time,  member  of  the 
State  legisl. 

Gorham,  John,  M.D.,  physician,  b.  Bos- 
ton, Feb.  24,  1783;  d.  there  March  29,  1829. 
H.U.  1801.  He  studied  in  Edinburgh;  was 
made  adjunct  prof,  of  chemistry  and  materia 
mcdica  at  H.U.  in  1809;  and  in  1815  prof,  of 
chemistry  and  mineralogy.  He  pub.  "  Ele- 
ments of  Chemical  Science,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1819; 
"Inaug.  Address,"  1817. 

Gorham,  Nathaniel,  statesman,  b. 
Charlestown,  Ms.,  May  27,  1738;  d.  June  11, 
1796.  With  a  com.  school  education,  he  set- 
tled in  business  in  his  native  town ;  was  its 
representative  in  1771-5  ;  delegate  to  the  Prov. 
Congress,  1774-5 ;  again  a  member  of  the 
legisl.,  and  a  member  of  the  board  of  war  from 
1778  until  its  dissolution;  a  delegate  to  the 
State  Const.  Conv.  in  1779;  a  delegate  to 
the  Old  Congress  in  1782-3  and  in  1785-7, 
and  chosen  its  pros.  June  4,  1786;  several 
years  a  judge  of  the  C.C.P.     In  the  convcn- 


GOR 


371 


GOT 


tion  which  framed  the  Federal  Constitution 
he  took  high  rank,  and,  when  in  com.  of  the 
whole,  was  called  by  Washington  to  fill  the 
chair  for  3  months.  He  afterward  exerted  a 
powerful  influence  in  securing  the  adoption  of 
the  Constitution  in  the  State  Convention.  In 
connection  with  Oliver  Phelps,  he  purchased  an 
immense  tract  of  land  on  the  Genesee  River, 
now  comprising  10  or  12  counties  in  the  State 
of  N.  Y.  Of  this  tract,  his  eldest  son  Nathaniel 
was  a  pioneer  settler.  He  d.  at  Canandaigua, 
Oct  22,  1826. 

Gorman,  Willis  Arnold,  lawyer  and 
soldier,  b.  near  Flemingsburg,  Ky.,  Jan.  12, 
1814.  He  studied  law,  and  in  1825  began 
practice  at  Bloomington,  Ind.  In  1837-8  he 
was  clerk  of  the  Ind.  senate ;  was  several  years 
in  the  State  legisl.,  and,  on  the  breaking-out 
of  the  Mexican  war,  became  maj.  3d  Ind.  vols. 
At  Buena  Vista  he  com.  an  independent  batt. 
In  1847  he  raised  the  4th  Ind.  vols.,  which  he 
com.  in  several  battles;  and  in  1848  was  civil 
and  military  gov.  of  Pnebla.  He  was  a  Democ. 
M.C.  in  1849-53  ;  and  was  gov.  of  Minnesota 
Terr,  in  1853-7;  member  of  its  const,  conv,  in 
1857 ;  and  practised  law  at  St.  Paul  until  in 
1861  chosen  col.  1st  Minn,  vols,  App.  brig.- 
gen,  Sept.  7,  1861,  He  was  in  the  battles  of 
Bull's  Bluff  and  West  Point;  led  a  bayonet 
charge  at  Fair  Oaks,  and  had  a  brigade  in 
Howard's  division  of  the  2d  corps  at  Antictam, 
Gorton,  Samuel,  the  first  settler  of  War- 
wick, R.I.,  b.  Gorton,  Eng.,  ab,  1600;  d.  R.I. 
Nov.  or  Dec.  1677.  He  had  some  education, 
and  was  a  clothier  in  Lond.  until  1636,  when 
he  embarked  for  Boston,  where  he  remained 
until  religious  disputes  caused  him  to  remove 
to  Plymouth.  He  there  began  to  preach  such 
peculiar  doctrines,  that  he  was  banished  from 
the  Colony  for  heresy  in  the  winter  of  1637-8. 
He  then  with  a  few  followers  went  to  Aquidneck 
(R.I.),  but  was  publicly  whipped  for  calling 
the  magistrates  "just  asses,"  and  for  other 
contemptuous  acts,  and  ab.  1641  was  forced  to 
take  refuge  with  Roger  Williams  at  Providence. 
Becoming  obnoxious  here  by  involving  him- 
self in  the  disputes  of  the  colonists  on  questions 
of  boundary,  he  removed  in  Sept.  1642  to  Shaw- 
omet,  on  the  west  side  of  Narragansett  Bay, 
where  he  bought  land  of  the  sachem  Mianto- 
nomo.  In  June,  1643,  two  inferior  sachems 
contested  his  claim  to  the  land,  and  applied  to 
Boston  for  assistance.  Forty  soldiers  were 
marched  to  Shawomet ;  and  Gorton  and  10  of 
his  followers  taken  prisoners  to  Boston,  Oct. 
13,  where  they  were  tried  as  "  damnable  here- 
tics," and  sentenced  to  confinement,  and  hard 
labor  in  irons.  In  March,  1644,  they  were  re- 
leased, and  ordered  to  leave  the  colony.  Gor- 
ton went  to  Eng.  for  redress,  and  procured 
from  the  Earl  of  Warwick  an  order  that  his 
people  should  be  allowed  peaceable  possession 
of  their  lands  at  Shawomet.  Returning  to  his 
colony  in  1648,  he  named  it  Warwick.  He 
discharged  many  important  civil  offices ;  and 
on  Sundays  preached  to  the  colonists  and  In- 
dians. Samuel,  one  of  his  sons,  lived  to  the 
age  of  94.  His  sect  survived  him  about  a 
century.  Gorton  pub.  "  Simplicitie's  Defence 
against  Seven-Headed  Policy,"  a  vindication 
of  his  course  in  N.E.  1646  ;  "  An  Incorruptible 


Key  composed  of  the  CX.  Psalm,"  1647 , 
"  Saltmarsh  returned  from  the  Dead,"  1655; 
"An  Antidote  against  the  Common  Plague  of 
the  World,"  1657 ;  "  Certain  Copies  of  Letters," 
&c.  He  also  left  in  MS.  "A  Commentary 
on  a  Part  of  the  Gospel  of  St.  Matthew."  — 
See  his  Life,  by  J.  M.  Mackie,  in  Sparks's 
Amer.  Biog. 

Gosnold,  Bartholomew,  an  English 
voyager  to  Amer.;  d.  Va.  Aug.  22,  1607. 
After  the  failure  of  Raleigh,  in  which  he  was 
concerned,  to  colonize  Va.,  he  com.  an  exped., 
fitted  out  at  the  cost  of  the  Earl  of  South- 
ampton, for  planting  a  colony  in  N.E.  Mar. 
26,  1602,  he  sailed  from  Falmouth  with  one 
small  vessel  and  20  colonists.  Instead  of 
sailing,  as  usual,  by  the  Canaries  and  West  In- 
dies, he  steered  directly  across  the  Atlantic, 
reached  Ms.  Bay  14  May,  and  landed  on  Cape 
Cod,  which  he  named.  Sailing  around  the 
Cape,  and  stopping  at  the  island  now  known 
as  No  Man's  Land,  Gosnold  landed  at  the 
mouth  of  Buzzard's  Bay,  and  planted  his 
colony  on  an  island  which  he  christened  Eliz- 
abeth, and  now  known  by  its  Indian  name  of 
Cuttyhunk,  The  hostility  of  the  Indians, 
scarcity  of  provisions,  and  disputes  ab,  a  divis- 
ion of  profits,  discouraged  them ;  and  they  re- 
turned to  Eng,,  where  they  arrived  23  July, 
taking  a  cargo  of  sassafras-root,  then  highly 
esteemed  as  a  medicine,  cedar,  furs,  and  other 
commodities.  Gosnold  then  organized  a  com- 
pany for  colonization  in  Va,,  led  by  Wing- 
field,  Hunt,  and  Capt,  John  Smith,  A  charter 
was  granted  them  by  James  I.,  Apr.  10,  1606 
the  first  under  which  the  English  were  planted 
in  Amer. ;  and  Dec.  19,  1606,  he  sailed  with  3 
small  vessels  and  105  adventurers,  only  12  of 
whom  were  laborers.  After  a  tedious  voyage, 
they  sailed  up  the  James  River,  which  they 
named  after  the  king ;  landed  ab,  50  miles  above 
its  mouth,  and  founded  Jamestown,  notwith- 
standing the  remonstrances  of  Gosnold  on  ac- 
count of  its  unhealthy  situation  on  low,  marshy 
ground.  Sickness  and  other  causes  destroyed  50 
of  their  number  before  autumn,  among  them 
the  projector  of  the  colony. 

Gosse,  Philip  Henry,  an  Eng.  zoologist, 
b.  Worcester,  Apr.  6,  1810.  He  resided  in 
Newfoundland  in  1827-35,  occupied  in  mer- 
cantile pursuits,  and  collecting  insects,  and 
making  colored  drawings  of  them.  He  re- 
moved to  L.  Canada,  where  he  studied  ento- 
mology 3  years,  and  afterwards  travelled  in 
the  U.S,,  making  in  Alabama  numerous  draw- 
ings of  its  lepidoptera.  Returning  to  Eng,  in 
1 839,  he  pub. "  The  Canadian  Naturalist,"  1 840. 
Visiting  Jamaica  in  1844,  he  pub.  "Birds  of 
Jamaica,"  and  "  Naturalist's  Sojourn  in  Jamai- 
ca; "  in  1849  an  "  Introduction  to  Zoology  ;  " 
"  Rambles  of  a  Naturalist  on  the  Devonshire 
Coast"  in  18.53  ;  the  "  Aquarium,"  1854;  the 
first  part  of  a  "  Manual  of  Mosaic  Zoology  " 
in  1856;  in  1859  "Letters  from  Alabama," 
chiefly  upon  natural  history  ;  and  in  1860 
"HistoryofBritish  Sea-Anemones  and  Corals." 
Chosen  a  fellow  of  the  Roy.  Soc.  in  1850. 

Gottschalk,  Louis  Moreau,  pianist  and 
composer,  b.  N.  Orleans,  8  May,  1829;  d.  near 
Rio  Janeiro,  Dec.  18,  1869.  Sent  to  Paris  for 
instructioii  in  music  in  1841,  he  made  his  first 


G^OTJ 


372 


aoxj 


public  appearance  as  a  pianist  in  Apr.  1845. 
After  several  professional  tours  in  Europe,  he 
returned  to  the  U.S.  Jan.  1853 ;  gave  his  first 
concert  in  N.Y.  in  Feb.  1853;  and  afterward 
appeared  periodically  there  and  in  other  Amer. 
cities.  He  composed  the  Bamhoula,  Banannier, 
Banjo,  and  other  pianoforte  pieces  representing 
Southern  life,  also  the  Apoth€ose,  Marche  de 
Nuit,  Chant  de  Soldat,  &c.  His  style  of  playing 
was  brilliant  in  the  extreme.  He  contrib.  to 
the  Atlantic  Monthly  "  Notes  of  a  Pianist." 

Gouge,  William  M.,  editor  P/i//a.  Gazette, 
author,  and  for  30  years  connected  with  the 
treasury  dept.  Washington,  b.  Phila.  Nov. 
10,  1796;  d.  Trenton,  N.  J.,  July  14,1863. 
He  pub.  "A  Fiscal  History  of  Texas,"  8vo, 
1852;  "History  of  the  Amer.  Banking  Sys- 
tem," 1835  ;  "Expediency  of  dispensing  with 
Bank  Agency  and  with  Bank  Paper,"  1837. 
He  edited  several  journals,  and  for  30  years 
contrib.  articles  on  banking  to  various  journals. 

Gough,  John  B.,  lecturer  on  temperance, 
b.  Sandgate,  Kent,  Eng.,  Aug.  22,  1817.  His 
parents  were  poor,  and  he  contrib.,  by  exercis- 
ing his  talent  as  a  reader,  to  their  scanty  re- 
sources. At  12  he  came  to  Amer.  as  appren- 
tice to  a  tradesman,  with  whom  be  settled 
on  a  farm  in  Oneida  Co.,  N.Y.  In  Dec.  1831 
he  obtained  employment  in  N.Y.  City  as  a 
bookbinder.  He  soon  fell  into  habits  of  dissi- 
pation, and  was  frequently  thrown  out  of  em- 
ployment. To  such  degradation  did  he  sink, 
that,  night  after  night,  he  sang  comic  songs, 
and  pla^ved  the  buffoon,  to  the  habitues  of  the 
lowest  grog-shops,  who  in  return  supplied  him 
with  drink.  He  m.  in  1839,  and  became  a 
bookbinder  on  his  own  account;  but  intemper- 
ance prevented  his  success.  He  had  suffered 
from  delirium  tremens,  had  lost  his  wife  and 
child,  and  was  reduced  to  the  utmost  misery, 
when  a  Quaker  invited  him  in  the  street  to  take 
the  temperance  pledge.  Havin.;;  told  his  story 
at  a  temperance-meeting,  he  at  once  became  a 
leading  orator  in   the   temperance  cause.     In 

1842  some  of  his  former  companions  induced 
him  to  violate  his  pledge ;  and  he  confessed  the 
fact  at  a  public  meeting  at  Worcester.     Since 

1843  he  has  labored  incessantly  in  behalf  of 
temperance,  with  ability  and  success.  In  18.^)3 
he  went  to  Eng.,  spoke  and  lectured  in  London 
and  in  the  principal  towns,  creating  a  remark- 
able impression.  His  Autobiography  and  a 
vol.  of  his  orations  were  pub.  in  1845.  A 
sketch  of  his  life,  by  Rev.  W.  Reid,  was  pub. 
in  1854. 

Gould,  Augustus  Addison,  M.D.  (H.U. 
1830),  naturalist  and  physician,  b.  New  Ips- 
wich, N.H.,  Apr.  23,  1805;  d.  Boston,  Sept. 
15, 1866.    H.U.  1825.    He  practised  in  Boston, 

Lectured  frequently  on  scientific  subjects,  and 
or  2  years  taught  botany  and  zoology  at 
H.U.  In  1855  he  delivered  the  annual  dis- 
course before  the  Ms.  Medical  Society,  entitled 
*•  Search  out  the  Secrets  of  Nature^"  and  in 
1856  became  a  visiting  physician  to  the  Ms. 
Gen.  Hospital.  Member  of  many  learned  so- 
cieties, and  pre-eminent  as  a  conchologist. 
He  pub.  a  translation  of  De  Lamarc's  "  Genera 
of  Shi'lls,"  18.33;  "System  of  Nat.  Hist.," 
1833;  translation  of  Gail's  works;  the  "In- 
vertebrate Animals  of  Ms.,"  1841;  "  Principles 


of  Zoology,"  1848  ;  "Mollusca  and  Shells  of 
the  U.S.  Explor.  Exped.  under  Capt.  Wilkes," 
1852  ;  the  completion  of  Dr.  A.  Birney's 
"  Land  Mollusks  of  the  U.S.,"  1851-5  ;  "  The 
Mollusca  of  the  N.  Pacific  Exped.  under  Capts. 
Ringgold  and  Rogers  ;"and  numerous  articles 
in  medical  magazines,  the  Boston  Journal  of 
Nat.  Hist.,  the  Amer.  Journal  of  Science,  and 
the  Christian  Review.  In  1863  he  pub.,  under 
the  title  Otia  Conchologica,  all  the  original  de- 
scriptions of  new  species  of  shells  pub.  in  his 
various  works.  He  pub.  in  1852,  in  connection  i 
with  F.  Kidder,  "  A  Hist,  of  N.  Ipswich,  N.H."         ; 

Gould,  Bexjamin  Apthorp,  Jun.,  astron-        j 
omer,  b.  Boston,  Sept.  27,   1824.     H.U.   1844.         i 
Gottingen,  1848  ;     Assoc.  Roy.    Astron.    Soc. 
1854.  App.  director  of  the  Dudley  Observatory         ' 
1856.     In  1849  he  established  the  Astronomical        i 
Journal,  which  he  has  since  edited.     He  pub.         ' 
"  The  Solar  Parallax  ;  "  "  U.S.  Naval  Astron. 
Exp.,"  4to,  1857;  "  History  of  the  Discovery  of 
the  Planet  Neptune,"  8vo,  1850  ;  and  has  con-        | 
trib.  to  scientific  journals.  j 

Gould,  Edward  S.,  merchant  and  writer,        j 
b.  Litchfield,  Ct.,  May  11,1808.     Son  of  Judge 
Jas.  Gould.    Was  an  early  contrib.  of  tales  and         j 
sketches  to  the  Knickerbocker  Mag.,  to  the  Ntw        , 
World,    the  Mirror,    the   Literary  World,  and         ; 
other  journals,  and  is  the  translator  of  several         ; 
French  works.     In  1836  he  lectured  before  the 
N.Y.    Mercantile  Lib.  Assoc,   on  "  American 
Criticism  in  American  Literature."     In  1843         i 
he   pub.  "  The  Sleep  Rider,"  also  an  abridg-         i 
ment  of  Alison's  "  History  of  Europe,"  and  in 
18.50   a   comedy,  entitled    "The  Very   Age."         I 
John  W.  Gould,  bro.  of  Edward  S.,  b.  Nov. 
14,  1814,  d.  at  sea  Oct.  1,  1838,  was  also  a 
successful    writer  of  tales  and   sketches,  some        l 
of  which,  entitled  "  Forecastle  Yarns,"   were 
pub.  in  1843.     A  volume  also  containing  these,         \ 
a  biog.  sketch,  and  his  private  journal  of  the 
voyage   on  which  he  died,  was  issued   by  his 
brothers  for    private    circulation    in    1839. —        i 
Dui/ckinck.  \ 

Gould,  Hannah  Flagg,  poetess,  b.  Lan-        ' 
caster,   Ms.,    1789;   d.  Ncwimryport,  Sept.  5,        • 
1865.     Dau.  of  a  Revol.  soldier,  and  sister  of 
Benjamin   A.    Gould,   a  merchant  of  Boston,        ! 
who  d.  Oct.  25,  1860.     She  removed   in  early 
life  to  Newburyport.     Volumes  of  her  poems 
were  pub.   in   1832,  1836,  and  1841,  and  were        i 
much  admired.     She  was  afterward  a  constant        ^ 
contributor  to  the  periodical  literature  of  the        I 
day.      In  1846  she  pub.  "  Gathered  Leaves,"  a 
collection  of  prose   articles.     "The  Diosma"        j 
appeared  in  1850,  "The  Youth's  Coronal"  in        I 
1851,  and  "  Ilvmns  and  Poems  for  Children"        { 
in  1854.  '  ] 

Gould,  James,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  18T9),  jurist,        ! 
b.  Branford,  Ct.,  1770;  d.  Litchfield,  May  11,        ! 
1838.     Y.C.    1791.      He   became   di.sting.    in        i 
early  life  as  a  lawyer;  was  raised  to  the  office        I 
of  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Connecticut, 
from  which  office  he  was  displaced  by  theadop-        - 
,  tion  in  1818  of  the  new  Constitution  ;  was  for 
49  years  assoc.  with  Judge  Tapping  Reeve  as  a        ' 
prof,  in  the  Litchfield  Law  School ;  and,  after        i 
the  death  of  Judge  Reeve,  continued  to  conduct        ; 
the  school  till  within  a  few  years  of  his  death.        j 
He  pub.  "  Principles  of  Pleading  in  Civil  Ac- 
tions," 1832.  ! 


CB^OTJ 


073 


GTtJL 


Gould,  Nathaniel  D.,  of  Boston,  b.  Bed- 
ford, Ms.  His  name  was  originally  Duren. 
He  took  that  of  his  uncle  Gould  in  1806. 
Father  of  Dr.  A.  A.  Gould.  Has  pub.  "  Com- 
panion to  the  Psalmist,"  "  National  Church 
Harmony,"  "  Sab.  School  Harmony,"  "  Social 
Harmony,"  "  Sacred  Minstrel,"  "  Beauties  of 
Writing,"  "  Writing-Master's  Assistant,"  "  Pro- 
gressive Penmanship,"  "  History  of  Church 
Music  in  America,"  12mo,  1853. 

Goxirgues  de  (deh-goorg),  Dominique, 
a  celebrated  French  seaman,  b.  Mont  de  Mar- 
san  ab.  1530;  d.  1593,  while  on  a  journey  to 
Lond.,  whither  he  was  invited  by  Queen  Eliza- 
beth to  take  com.  of  an  English  fleet.  Hear- 
ing of  the  atrocious  massacre  by  the  Spaniards 
of  the  French  colonists  in  Florida,  he  with 
some  assistance  equipped  a  small  fleet,  and  with 
upwards-  of  200  followers  sailed  in  1567  for 
that  country.  In  conjunction  with  his  Indian 
allies,  he  totally  defeated  the  Spaniards,  and 
took  a  number  of  prisoners,  whom  he  hanged. 
The  head  of  Gourgues  was  demanded  by  the 
Spanish  king,  and  he  was  for  a  long  time  con- 
cealed in  France. 

Gourlay,  Robert,  Canadian  statistician, 
b.  Scotland,  1778  ;  d.  Edinburgh,  1  Aug.  1863. 
He  came  to  Canada  in  July,  1817.  In  1822  he 
pub.  "  A  General  Introduction  to  a  Statistical 
Account  of  Upper  Canada,  &c."  His  political 
principles  being  obnoxious  to  the  ruling  powers 
of  Canada,  he  was  arrested  and  imprisoned, 
and  finally  compelled  to  retire  to  the  U.S.,  and 
afterward  to  Eng.  He  played  a  prominent 
part  in  defence  of  the  right  of  free  speech  and 
printing,  in  opposition  to  a  tyrannical  faction 
in  Canada. 

Gouvion,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  French  gen., 
b.  Toul,  Jan.  8,  1747  ,•  killed  June  11,  1792, 
near  Grisnelle,  before  Maubenge.  Son  of  a 
lieut.  of  police  at  Toul.  Was  a  lieut.  at  the 
military  school  of  Mezieres  in  1769,  and  engi- 
neerinl771.  He  came  to  Amer.  in  1777;  served 
on  the  staff  of  Lafayette,  whose  "  military 
tutor  "  he  was  called  ;  was  app.  major  and  af- 
terwards lieut.-col.  of  engineers  for  valuable  ser- 
vices; and  received  a  pension  for  his  conduct  at 
Yorktown.  On  his  return  to  France  in  1783, 
he  was  made  maitre-de-camp,  and  in  1787  adj.- 
gen.  Selected  in  1789  by  Lafoyctte  for  maj.- 
gen.  of  the  national  guard,  of  which  he  was 
commander.  He  was  a  dep.  in  the  Nat.  As- 
sembly in  1791-2,  and  was  serving  as  lieut.- 
gen.  under  Lafayette  in  the  Army  of  the  Cen- 
tre at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Graham,  David,  lawyer  of  New  York  ; 
d.  Nice,  Italy,  May  27,  1852,  a.  46.  He  was 
skilful  in  criminal  cases,  and  was  a  commis- 
sioner for  framing  the  new  code  of  procedure 
of  N.Y.  Author  of  "  Courts  of  Law  and 
Equity  in  N.  Y.,"  8vo,  18.39;  "New  Trials," 
8vo,  1834  ;  new  ed.  by  Graham  and  Waterman, 
3  vols.  1856  ;  "Practice  of  the  N  Y,  Supreme 
Court,"  8vo,  1836,  3ded.,  8vo,  1847. 

Graham,  Isarblla,  philanthropist,  b.  Lan- 
arkshire, Scotland,  July  29,  1742;  d.  N.Y. 
July  27,  1814.  Miss  Marshall  received  an  ex- 
cellent education,  married  Dr.  John  Graham 
in  1765,  and  accompanied  him  with  his  regt,, 
first  to  Fort  Niagara,  and  afterwards  to  Anti- 
gua, where  he  d.  in   1774.     She  returned   to 


Scotland,  but  in  1789  came  to  N.Y.  and  estab- 
lished a  school  for  the  instruction  of  young 
ladies,  which  she  continued  many  years  with 
success.  She  disting.  herself  during  the  latter 
years  of  her  life  by  her  charities,  by  encoura- 
ging the  founding  of  charitable  societies,  and 
the  establishment  of  benevolent  institutions. 
The  most  important  of  them  was  the  Widow's 
Soc,  the  Orphan  Asylum  Soc,  and  the  Soc. 
for  the  Promotion  of  Industry,  and  the  first 
Sunday  school  for  ignorant  adults.  She  aided 
also  in  organizing  the  first  missionary  society 
and  the  first  monthly  missionary  prayer-meet- 
ing in  the  city ;  was  the  first  pres.  of  the  Mag- 
dalen Society ;  systematically  visited  the  in- 
mates of  the  hospital  and  the  sick  female 
convicts  in  the  State  Prison  ;  and  distributed 
Bibles  and  tracts  long  before  there  was  a  Bible 
or  tract  society  in  N.Y.  Memoirs  of  her  life 
were  pub.  by  Dr.  Mason. 

Graham,  James  Duncan,  col.  U.S.A., 
b.  Prince  Wm.  Co.,  Va.,  April  4,  1799;  d. 
Boston,  Dec.  28,  1865.  West  Point,  1817. 
His  elder  bro..  Col.  Wm.  M.  Graham,  fell  at 
Molino  del  Key,  Mexico.  Lieut,  of  art.  July, 
1817;  asisst.  topog.  engineer,  with  rank  of 
capt.,  Jan.  15,  1829;  topog.  engineer,  rank 
of  major,  Sept.  14,  1834;  major,  July  7,  1838; 
lieut.-col.  6  Aug.  1861  ;  col.  eng.  corps,  1 
June,  1863.  U.S.  astronomer  in  the  joint 
boundary  demarcation  between  the  U.S.  and 
Texas,  1 839-40  ;  U.S.  commiss.  for  the  ex- 
ploration and  survey  of  the  N.E.  boundarv 
of  the  U.S.  Aug.  1840  to  March,  1843;  U.S. 
astronomer  in  the  joint  boundary  demarcation 
between  the  U.S.  and  Brit.  Provinces,  April, 
'43,  to  Dec.  '47  ;  for  which  brev.  lieut.-col.  Jan. 
1,  1847  ;  U  S.  astronomer  in  the  joint  bound, 
com.  of  U.S.  and  Mexico,  1851.  Author  of 
"Report  to  Joint  Commissions  of  Md.,  Pa., 
and  Del.,  relating  to  Intersection  of  Boundary- 
Lines  of  those  States,"  1850.  Member  of  nu- 
merous historical  societies,  of  the  Am.  Philos. 
Soc,  the  Acad,  of  Natural  Sciences,  and  fellow 
of  the  Am.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

Graham,  John  Andrew,  LL.D.,  advo- 
cate and  author;  b.  Southbury,  Ct.,  June  10, 
1764;  d.  N.Y.  Aug.  29,  1841.  Son  of  Dr. 
Andrew,  Revol.  patriot,  who  d.  1785.  He  re- 
moved to  Rutland,  Vt.,  immediately  on  his 
admission  to  the  Ct.  bar  in  1785.  Sent  to 
England  as  agent  of  the  diocese  to  obtain  the 
consecration  of  Bishop  Peters  from  the  English 
bishops,  he  was  unsuccessful.  Returning  to 
Eng.  in  1796,  he  pub.  there  in  1797  "A  De- 
scriptive Sketch  of  the  Present  State  of  Vt.," 
and  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Aber- 
deen. From  1805  he  resided  in  N.Y.,  where 
he  became  disting.  for  his  ability  in  the  defence 
of  criminals.  A  small  volume  of  his  ablest 
speeches  was  pub.  in  1812. 

Graham,  John  H.,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  Vt. 
Midshipm.  June  18,  1812  ;  lieut.  Mar.  5,  1817  ; 
command.  Feb.  28,  1838;  capt.  Mar.  7,  1849  ; 
commodore  (retired  list)  July  16,  1862.  Served 
under  Macdonough  in  his  victory  on  Lake 
Champlain,  Sept.  11,  1814. 

Graham,  Gen.  Joseph,  Revol.  soldier,  b. 
Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  Oct.  13,  1759;  d.  Lincoln 
Co.,  N.C.,  Nov.  12,  1836.  At  the  age  of  7  he 
accomp.  his  widowed  mother  to  N.C.     Was 


G-RA. 


374 


G-TIA. 


..educated  at  Charlotte ;  enlisted  in  the  4th 
N.C.  regt,  in  May,  1778 ;  was  in  the  battle  of 
Stono  in  1779;  app.  adj.  of  the  Mecklenburg 
regt.  in  1780;  and  in  an  action  at  Charlotte 
in  the  autumn  of  1780  received  6  sabre  and 
3  bullet  wounds.  Recovering,  2  months  after 
he  raised  a  company  of  mounted  riflemen, 
with  whom  he  defended  the  passage  of  Cowans 
Ford,  and  performed  a  series  of  heroic  deeds, 
commanding  in  15  engagements,  attaining  the 
rank  of  major.  Elected  sheriffof  Mecklenburg 
after  the  war ;  frequently  represented  that  county 
in  the  State  senate  ;  and  subsequently  engaged 
in  the  manuf.  of  iron  in  Lincoln  County.  He 
com.  against  the  Creek  Indians  in  1814  with 
the  rank  of  maj.-gen.  His  youngest  son,  Wm. 
A.,  was  sec.  of  the  navy. 

Graham,  Lawrence  Pike,  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Va.  Entered  2d  dragoons 
Oct.  13,  1837;  became  1st  lieut.  Jan.  1839; 
engaged  in  battle  of  Lockahatchee,  Fla.,  in 
1842;  capt.  Aug.  1843;  brev.  maj.  for  gallantry 
at  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Pal  ma,  May  9, 
1846;  major,  June  4, 1858;  lieut.-col.  5th  cav. 
Oct.  1,  1861;  brig.-gen.  vols.  Aug.  31,  1862; 
brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  for  gallantry  and  good 
conduct  during  the  war ;  col.  4th  U.S.  cav. 
May,  1864;  and  retired  9  May,  1864. 

Graham,  Sylvester,  vegetarian,  b.  Suf- 
field,  Ct.,  1794;  d.  Northampton,  Ms.,  Sept. 
11,  1851.  Son  of  Rev.  John;  and  in  child- 
hood was  extremely  feeble.  At  19  he  became 
a  teacher,  continuing  until  disabled  by  illness. 
In  1823  he  entered  Amh.  Coll.,  intending  to 
enter  the  ministry ;  but,  having  exhibited  great 
powers  of  elocution,  he  was  denounced  as  a 
stage-actor  and  mad  enthusiast.  In  1826  he 
m. ;  soon  after  became  a  preacher  in  the  Presb. 
church  ;  was  engaged  in  1830  as  a  temperance 
lecturer;  and  studied  physiology  and  anatomy. 
He  pub.  in  1832  his  "  Essay  on  the  Cholera  ;'" 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures,  pub.  in  1839, 
entitled  "  Graham  Lectures  of  the  Science  of 
Human  Life."  He  also  wrote  "  Bread  and 
Breadmaking ;  "  "  A  Lecture  to  Young  Men  on 
Chastity  ; "  and  "  The  Philosophy  of  Sacred 
History,"  12mo,  only  one  vol.  of  which  he  lived 
to  complete. 

Graham,  William  Alexander,  states- 
man. Son  of  Gen.  Joseph,  b.  Lincoln  Co., 
N.C,  Sept.  5,  1804.  He  was  trained  to  the 
law;  entered  public  life  in  1833  as  a  member 
of  the  State  legisl.,  of  which  he  was  several 
times  elected  speaker;  was  a  U.S.  senator  in 
1841-3 ;  gov.  in  1845-9 ;  sec.  of  the  navy  under 
Pres.  Fillmore  until  June,  1852;  and  subse- 
quently candidate  for  the  vice-presidency  on  the 
ticket  with  Gen.  Scott. 

Graham,  William  Montrose,  lieut.-col. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Prince  Wm.  Co.,  Va. ;  killed  at 
Molino  del  Rey,  8  Sept.  1847.  West  Point, 
1817.  Maj.  2d  Inf.  16  Feb.;  lieut.-col.  11th 
Inf.  3  Mar.  1847  ;  disting.  at  Fort  King  and  at 
the  battle  of  Onithlacoochie  in  the  Seminole 
war,   and   severely  wounded ;   and  in   all  the 

f»rincipal  battles  of  Mexico;  and  brev.  maj.  and 
ieiit.-col. 

Grahame,  James,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1839),  his- 
torian,  b.  Glasgow,  Dec.  21,  1790;  d.  Lond. 
July  3,  1842.  St.  John's  Coll.,  Cambridge. 
In    1812  was  admitted  an   advocate  at  the 


Scottish  bar.  After  14  years'  practice,  he 
sought  from  ill  health  a  milder  climate;  settled 
in  the  south  of  Eng.,  and  commenced  a  History 
of  the  U.S.  The  first  two  vols,  appeared  in 
1827 ;  a  new  edition,  4  vols.  8vo,  in  1836,  bring- 
ing the  History  to  the  year  1776  ;  but  its  thor- 
oughly American  spirit  interfered  with  its  suc- 
cess in  Eng.,  and  for  several  years  it  was  little 
known  in  the  U.S.  In  1841  a  genial  notice 
of  his  History,  by  W.  H.  Prescott,  appeared  in 
the  N.  A.  Review.  A  Phila.  edition  of  his 
work,  in  4  vols.  8vo,  appeared  in  1845 ;  one  in 
2  vols,  in  1846  and  1848;  the  former  containing 
a  memoir  of  Grahame  by  Josiah  Quincy.  Mr. 
Quincy  also  pub.  a  work  entitled  *'  The  Mem- 
ory of  the  Late  James  Grahame,  the  Historian 
of  the  U.S.,  vindicated  from  the  Charges  of  Mr. 
Bancroft,"  8vo,  Boston,  1846.  In  1837  Mr. 
Grahame  undertook  to  continue  the  History  to 
the  close  of  the  Revol.,  but  was  compelled  by 
ill  health,  toward  the  close  of  the  year,  to  ab- 
stain from  literary  labor  of  all  kinds.  His  last 
work  was  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  Who  is  to 
Blame  ?  or  Cursory  Review  of  the  American 
Apology  for  American  Accession  to  Negro 
Slavery,"  8vo,  Lond.,  1842. 

Granger,  Francis,  politician,  b.  Suffield, 
Ct.,  Dec.  1, 1792  ;  d.  Canandaigua,  N.Y.,  Aug. 
28,  1868.  Y.  C.  1811.  Son  of  Gideon,  post- 
mr.-gen.  Removing  to  Canandaigua,  where  he 
practised  law,  he  was  prominent  in  the  anti-Ma- 
sonic movement ;  and  was  in  1826-31  a  member 
of  the  Gen.  Assembly  of  that  State;  M.C.  in 
1835-7, 1839-40,  from  N.Y. ;  app.  in  Mar.  1841 
U.S.  postmaster-general.  This  position  he  re- 
signed in  July,  1841,  on  Mr.  Tyler's  action  re- 
specting the  U.S.  Bank;  deleg.  to  the  Peace 
Convention  in  Feb.  1861  ;  and  took  an  active 
part  in  the  efibrt  to  avert  the  Rebellion. 

Granger,  Gideon,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Suffield,  Ct.,  July  19,  17*'67;  d.  Canandai- 
gua, N.Y.,  Dec.  31,  1822.  Y.C.  1787.  Adm. 
to  the  bar  of  the  Sup.  Court  of  Ct.  in  1788, 
where  he  acquired  celebrity;  was  from  1793 
several  years  a  member  of  the  legisl. ;  disting. 
himself  by  his  exertions  to  create  its  school- 
fund;  U.S.  postmaster-gen.  from  1801  to  1814, 
when  he  removed  to  N.Y. ;  State  senator  from 
1819  to  1821 ;  and  a  promoter  of  internal  im- 
provements. He  gave  1,000  acres  of  land  for 
the  benefit  of  the  Erie  Canal.  He  was  an  able 
speaker  and  political  writer. 

Granger,  Gordon,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  N.Y.  ab.  1825.  West  Point,  1845.  Enter- 
ing 2d  Inf.,  he  was  transferred  to  the  mounted 
rifles,  July  17,  1846;  was  brev.  1st  lieut.  for 
gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churubusco,  Aug. 
20,  and  capt.  for  gallantry  at  Chapultepec,  Sept. 
12, 1847 ;  disting.  himself  in  conflict  with  the  In- 
dians on  the  Nueces  River,  April  13, 1856;  capt. 
3d  Cav.  May  5, 1861 ;  col.2d  Mich.  Cav.  2  Sep. 
1861;  brig.-gen.vols.  Mar.26, 1862.  He  served 
in  the  West  under  Gens.  Halleck  and  Grant; 
took  part  in  the  battles  of  Wilson's  Creek,  luka, 
and  Corinth;  was  made  maj.-gen.  Sept.  17, 
1862;  commanded  the  dist.  of  Central  Ky., 
where  he  did  good  service  ;  was  especially 
disting.  at  Chiokamauga,  after  which  battle  he 
received  the  com.  of  the  4th  army  corps  ;  en- 
gaged in  the  operations  about  Chattanooga  ; 
battle  of  Missionary  Ridge,  Nov.  23-25,  1863  ; 


&RA. 


876 


GTIA. 


brcv.  col,  for  Chattanooga,  24  Nov.  1863  ;  com. 
division  and  engaged  at  Fort  Gaines,  Ala., 
Aug.  1864,  and  Fort  Morgan  ;  com.  dist.  of  W. 
Fla;  and  Dept.  of  Gulf,  1864-5,  and  13th  army 
corps  in  operations  ending  in  capture  of  Mobile, 
12  Apr.  1865,  for  which  he  was  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865;  col.  15th  Inf.  July  28, 
1866.  —  Cullum. 

Granger,  Robert  S.,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Ohio,  ab.  1817.  West  Point,  1838. 
Entering  the  1st  Inf.,  was  assist,  instructor  in 
inf  tactics  at  West  Point  from  July,  1843,  to 
Aug.  1844  ;  capt.  8  Sept.  1847  ;  major  Sept.  9, 
1861,  and  brig.-gen.  vols.  Oct.  20,  1862.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  Ky. ;  was  brev.  col. 
9  Oct.  1862,  for  the  battle  of  Lawrenceburg, 
Ky. ;  joined  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  in 
Jan.  1863  ;  was  assigned  to  Northern  Ala. 
June  1, 1864  ;  defeated  Hood  at  Decatur,  Oct. 
27,  and  earned  the  brevet  of  maj.-gen.  13  Mar. 
1865.  He  captured  Gen.  Roddy's  camp  near 
Courtland,  July,  1864,  and  expelled  the  rebel 
Wheeler  from  Middle  Tenn.,  Aug.-Sept.  1864; 
lieut.-col.  16th  Inf.  12  June,  1865.  —  Cullum. 

Grant,  Anne,  of  Laggan,  authoress,  b. 
Glasgow,  Scotland,  21  Feb.  1755;  d.  Edin- 
burgh, 7  Nov.  1838.  Capt.  Mc Vicar,  her  father, 
took  her  while  an  infant  to  America,  where 
she  remained  till  1768,  and,  by  her  intelli- 
gence and  conversational  powers,  obtained  the 
friendship  of  Madam  Schuyler  and  other  emi- 
nent inhabitants  of  New  York.  In  1779  she 
m.  Rev.  Mr.  Grant  of  Laggan,  by  whose  d.  in 
1801  she  was  left  with  the  care  of  a  nu- 
merous family.  Taking  up  her  pen  as  a  sup- 
port, she  pub.  "  Memoirs  of  an  American 
Lady,"  2  vols.  1808,  a  faithful  picture  of  Colo- 
nial manners  and  scenery;  "Letters  from  the 
Mountains,"  3  vols.  1808  ;  and  "  Essays  on  the 
Superstitions  of  the  Highlands  of  Scotland," 
2  vols.  1811. 

Grant,  James,  of  Ballendalloch,  a  British 
gen.,  b.  1720;  d.  Apr.  13,  1806.  App.  raaj. 
of  the  Montgomerie  Highlanders  in  1757.  In 
Sept.  1758,  Maj.  Grant  marched  with  800  men 
to  reconnoitre  Fort  Duquesne  ;  was  surprised 
and  defeated,  and  with  19  other  officers  made 
prisoner.  App.  gov.  of  East  Florida  in  1760, 
and  lieut.-col.  40th  Foot;  col.  May  25,  1772; 
maj.-gen.  1777;  lieut.-gen. Nov.  1782;  gen.  May, 
1796.  In  May,  1761,  he  led  the  exped.  against 
the  Cherokees,  defeating  them  in  a  severe  bat- 
tle at  Etchoe.  At  the  battle  of  Long  Island, 
Aug.  1776,  he  com.  the  4th  and  6th  brigades  of 
the  British  army.  In  Dec.  1776  Howe  gave 
him  the  com.  in  N.J.  at  a  most  critical  period  : 
the  American  victories  at  Trenton  and  Prince- 
ton immediately  followed.  In  1777  he  com. 
the  2d  brigade  of  Howe's  army ;  led  the  1st 
and  2d  at  the  Brandy  wine ;  and  at  German  town, 
Oct.  4,  forced  the  left  of  the  American  army  to 
give  way.  In  May,  1778,  he  was  detached  with 
a  strong  force  to  cut  off  Lafayette  on  the 
Sfhuylkill,  but  was  unsuccessful.  He  defeated 
Lee  at  Monmouth,  and  Nov.  4  sailed  in  com- 
mand of  the  troops  sent  against  the  French 
W.  Indies.  In  Dec.  he  took  St.  Lucia;  and  in 
1791  was  made  gov.  of  Stirling  Castle.  Many 
years  a  member  of  parliament,  where,  before  the 
Kevol.,  he  made  the  boast  that  he  would  lead  a 
British  regt.  from  one  end  of  the  Colonies  to  the 


other,  the  Americans  were  such  cowards.  Late 
in  life  he  was  a  notorious  gourmand,  requiring 
his  cook  to  sleep  in  the  same  room  with  him. 

Grant,  Ulysses  Simpson,  Pres.  of  the 
U.S.,  b.  Point  Pleasant,  Ohio,  Apr.  27,  1822. 
West  Point,  1843.  Son  of  Jesse  R.  and  Han- 
nah Simpson  Grant  of  Pa.  Entering  the  4ih 
Inf,  he  joined  Taylor  on  the  Rio  Grande  in 
1846,  and  was  in  the  battles  of  Palo  Alto,Resaca 
dela  Palma,  and  Monterey.  Subsequently  join- 
ing Scott  before  Vera  Cruz,  Grant  took  part 
in  every  engagement  fought  between  that  city 
and  Mexico,  receiving  brevets  of  1st  lieut.  and 
capt.  for  meritorious  conduct  at  Molino  del 
Rey  and  Chapultej)ec.  Made  capt.  5  Aug. 
1853,  while  serving  in  Oregon;  he  resigned 31 
July,  1854,  and  settled  in  St.  Louis.  In  1859 
he  removed  to  Galena,  111.,  where  he  was  en- 
gaged in  commercial  pursuits  when  the  civil 
war  began.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  offer 
his  services  to  his  country,  and  as  col.  of  th&- 
21st  111.  vols,  served  actively  in  Mo.'  Made 
brig.-gen.  May  17,  1861,  he  was  in  Aug.  as- 
signed to  the  com.  at  Cairo.  He  at  once  oc- 
cupied Paducah,  Ky. ;  and  at  Belmont  broke 
up  the  enemy's  camp,  opposite  his  stronghold 
at  Columbus.  In  Feb.  1862  he  received  com. 
of  the  land-force  destined  to  attack  Fort  Hen- 
ry on  the  Tenn.  River.  Too  late  to  participate 
in  its  reduction,  he  immediately  moved  upon 
Fort  Donelson.  For  his  conduct  at  the  siege 
and  capture  of  this  post,  he  was  promoted  to 
maj.-gen.  Feb.  16.  He  advanced  to  Pittsburg 
Landing,  where,  while  awaiting  the  arrival  of 
Buell  with  re-enforcements,  he  was  attacked  on 
the  morning  of  Apr.  6  by  Gens.  A.  S.  John- 
ston and  Beauregard.  After  an  obstinately- 
contested  battle.  Grant  was  driven  b'ack  toward 
the  river,  whei-e,  by  massing  his  artillery,  and 
with  the  aid  of  the  gunboats,  he  made  a  success- 
ful stand.  Re-enforcements  arrived  during  the 
night,  the  battle  was  renewed  next  day,  and 
the  confederate's  repulsed  with  great  slaughter. 
He  was  afterward  second  in  com.  to  Gen.  Hal- 
leck.  In  Sept.  1862  he  was  app.  to  the  com. 
of  West  Tenn.,  and  fixed  his  headquarters  at 
Jackson.  His  force  there  constituted  the  13th 
army  corps.  He  com.  at  luka,  19  Sept.  1862; 
in  the  Vicksburg  campaign,  Nov.  4,  1862,  to 
July  18,  1863;  and  made  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  4 
July,  1863,  the  date  of  the  capture  of  Vicks- 
burg with  its  garrison  of  31,500 ;  com.  the 
division  of  the  Mpi.  16  Oct.  to  2  Mar.  1864, 
when  made  lieut.-gen.  for  the  Chattanooga 
campaign;  gen.-in-chief,  Mar.  17, 1864  ;  in  the 
Richmond  campaign,  May  4,  1864,  to  Apr.  9, 
1865,  the  date  of  Lee's  surrender;  gen.  U.S.A. 
25  July,  1866  ;  sec.  of  war  ad  interim  12  Aug. 
1867  to  Feb.  1868;  inaug.  President  4  Mar. 
1869.  Grant's  most  brilliant  campaign  was 
that  in  which,  throwing  himself  upon  the  rear 
of  Vicksburg,  he  defeated  in  detail  the  armies 
of  Johnston  and  Pemberton,  and,  cooping  up 
the  latter  in  Vicksburg,  caused  its  speedy  sur- 
render. At  Mission.  Ridge,  25  Nov.  1863,  he 
won  a  splendid  victory  over  Bragg's  army,  re- 
ceiving therefor  the  thanks  of  Congress,  17 
Dec,  also  a  gold  medal.  —  See  Badeau's  Milit. 
Hist,  of  Gen.  Grant;  Lives  of  Grant,  by  C.  A. 
Phelps,  A.  D.  Richardson,  and  II.  Coppie;  and 
Men  of  Our  Times,  by  Mrs.  H.  B.  Starve. 


>t'<^=>' 


CS^TIA. 


376 


G-R-A. 


Grasse,  Tilly  (de  gras),  FRANgois  Jo- 
seph Paul,  Comte  de,  a  French  adm.,  b.  Pro- 
vence, 1723;  d.  Jan.  11,  1788.  At  15  he  en- 
tered the  navy.  In  1742,  while  lieut.  of  a 
frigate,  he  was  captured  by  a  British  ship,  and 
confined  in  Eng.  until  exchanged.  He  served 
under  La  Galissoniere  during  the  7-years'  war, 
and  assisted  at  the  taking  of  Minorca ;  was  en- 
gaged under  D'Ache  in  the  three  actions  with 
Pococke  in  the  E.  Indies  ;  and  towards  the 
end  of  the  war  he  was  made  a  capt.  When 
France  came  to  the  assistance  of  America  in 
her  struggle  for  liberty,  De  Grasse  was  made  a 
rear-adm.,  and  com.  the  second  division  under 
D'Orvilliers  in  the  action  of  July  27,  1778. 
He  subsequently  served  with  La  Motte  Picquet 
and  De  Guichen  ;  and  in  the  engagement  of 
May  18,  1780,  displayed  great  skill  and  enter- 
prise. Raised  at  length  to  the  chief  com.,  he 
assisted  at  the  capture  of  Tobago,  Sept.  1781, 
and  sailed  immediately  to  Amer.,  the  great  ob- 
ject of  his  exped.  His  conduct  off  the  Chesa- 
peake, in  the  action  with  Adm.  Graves,  and  in 
the  capture  of  Yorktown,  procured  for  him  the 
thanks  of  Congress  (28  Oct.),  and  a  present 
of  4  pieces  of  cannon  taken  at  Yorktown, 
and  gained  him  laurels  at  home.  His  subse- 
quent services  were  great ;  his  action  with  Sir 
Samuel  Hood  evinced  the  greatest  address 
and  skill ;  and  the  assistance  rendered  by  him 
to  the  enterprising  Bouille  deprived  Britain 
of  many  of  her  valuable  possessions  in  the  W. 
Indies.  The  action  of  the  12th  of  Apr.  1782, 
in  which  he  suffered  a  complete  defeat  by  the 
superior  force  of  Rodney,  finished  his  naval 
career.     Chef  d'escadre,  1779. 

Gratiot,  Charles,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Mo.  1783;  d.  St.  Louis,  18  May,  1855. 
West  Point,  1806.  Entering  the  engineer 
corps,  he  was  app.  capt.  2-3  Feb.  1808  ;  chief 
engineer  of  Harrison's  army  in  1813  and  1814; 
brev.  col,  Mich,  militia,  Oct.  5,  1814  ;  engaged 
in  the  defence  of  Fort  Meigs,  Apr.-May,  1813  ; 
and  attack  on  Fort  Mackinac,  4  Aug.  1814; 
maj.  Feb.  9,  1815;  lieut.-col.  Mar.  3i,  1819; 
col.  and  principal  engr.  May  24,  1828  ;  brevet 
brig.-gen.  May  24,  1828  ;  'dismissed  Dec.  6, 
1838 ;  inspector  Military  Academy,  May,  1828, 
to  Dec.  1838. 

Grattan,  Thomas  Collet,  novelist,  b. 
Dublin,  1796;  d.  Lond.  4  July,  1864.  He 
studied  law.  Commenced  authorship  in  1819 
with  "  Philibert,"  a  poetical  romance ;  removed 
to  Paris  ;  contrib.  to  the  Edinb.  Review  and  to 
the  N.  Monthly  Mag.;  was  consul  to  Ms.  in 
1839-53;  and  besides  novels,  and  histories  of 
Switzerland  and  the  Netherlands,  wrote  "  Civ- 
ilized America,"  2  vols.  1859,  a  bitterly  abusive 
book  ;  "  England  and  the  Disrupted  States  of 
Amer."  1861 ;  and  a  drama,  "  The  Woman  of 
Color." 

Graves,  Thomas,  rear-adm.,  b.  RatclifF, 
Eng.,  6  June,  1605  ;  d.  Charlestown,  Ms.,  31 
July,  1653.  He  was  in  1632-5  master  of  sev- 
eral ships  sailing  between  Eng.  and  this  coun- 
try, and  with  his  wife,  Catharine  Coytmore, 
was  adm.  to  the  church  at  Charlestown  7 
Oct.  1639.  In  1643  he  was  master  of  "The 
Tryal,"  the  first  ship  built  in  Boston  ;  and 
for  the  capture  of  a  Dutch  privateer  in  the 
English  Channel,  during  CromweH's  protec- 


torate, was  given  the  com.  of  a  ship-of-war, 
and  made  a  rear-adm.,  the  owners  of  his 
ship  presenting  him  with  a  silver  cup.  — Sew- 
all's  iVoburn. 

Graves,  Thomas,  Lord,  a  Brit,  adm.,  b. 
1725;  d.  Jan.  31,  1802.  After  having  succes- 
sively served  on  various  important  occasions  un- 
der Hawke,  Anson,  and  other  disting.  admirals, 
he  obtained  in  1759  the  com.  of  "The  Uni- 
corn" frigate,  from  which  in  1761  he  was  re- 
moved to  "  The  Antelope"  on  the  N.  Amer. sta- 
tion, and  app.  gov.  of  Newfoundland,  in  which 
capacity  he  acted  with  such  promptitude,  pru- 
dence, and  energy,  on  the  capture  of  St.  John's 
by  a  French  squad,  in  1762,  that  the  place  was 
speedily  retaken.  In  1779  he  became  rear- 
admiral  of  the  Blue;  in  1780  he  sailed  to 
Amer.  with  a  re-enforcement  of  6  ships-of-the- 
line  for  Adm.  Arbuthnot ;  Sept.  26  he  was 
made  rear-adm.  of  the  Red  ;  and  in  July,  1781, 
on  Arbuthnot's  return  to  Eng.,  he  took  the 
chief  com.  on  the  Amer.  station.  Sept.  5,  he 
came  to  a  partial  engagement  with  De  Grasse, 
which  resulted  in  disabling  many  of  the  Eng. 
ships.  He  became  second  in  com.  under  Lord 
Howe  in  the  engagement,  June  1,  1795;  and 
as  a  reward  for  his  conduct  in  this  battle,  dur- 
ing which  he  received  a  wound,  he  was  raised 
to  an  Irish  peerage ;  adm.  of  the  White,  June 
1,  1795. 

Gray,  Alonzo,  LL.D.,  chemist,  b.  Town- 
send,  Vt.,  1808;  d.  Brooklvn,  N.Y.,  Mar.  10, 
1860.  Amh.  Coll.  1834.  Prof,  of  chem.  and 
nat.  philos.  And.  Acad.  1837-43 ;  prof  chem. 
Mar.  Coll. ;  prin.  Brooklyn  Heights  Fem.  Sem. 
Author  of"  Elements  of  Chemistry,"  40th  ed. 
12mo,  1853;  "Elements  of  Scientific  and 
Practical  Agriculture,"  12mo,  1842;  "Ele- 
ments of  Natural  Philos.,"  12mo,  1851.  In 
conjunction  with  C.  B,  Adams,  "Elements of 
Geology,"  12mo,  1852. 

Gray,  Asa,  botanist,  b.  Paris,  N.Y.,  Nov. 
18,  1810.  Grad.  M.D.  at  the  Fairfield  Med. 
Coll.  in  1831.  Since  1842  he  has  been  Fisher 
Prof  of  nat.  hist,  in  H.U.  His  elementary 
works,  "  Elements  of  Botany,"  1836,  and 
especially  his  later  series,  "  How  Plants  Grow," 
"  Botany  for  Young  People,"  "  Lessons  in 
Botany,"  and  "Structural  and  Systematic  Bot- 
any," 1858,  "  are  unsurpassed  in  the  language 
for  precision,  simplicity,  perspicuity,  and  com- 
prehensiveness." He  has  contrib.  much  to  the 
principal  scientific  journals  and  academical 
memoirs  of  the  day.  Dr.  Gray,  with  Dr.  John 
Torrey,  commenced  in  1838  the  pub.  of  "A 
Flora  of  N.  America,"  but  discontinued  it. 
They  described  in  the  govt,  reports  the  botani- 
cal treasures  of  the  govt,  expeds.  to  the  Pacific 
coast.  In  1848  Dr.  Gray  began  his  "  Genera 
of  the  Plants  of  the  U.S."  and  the  "Manual 
of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States," 
and  in  1854  pub.  the  first  vol.  of  "  The  Botany 
of  the  U.S.  Pacific  Exploring  Expcd.  under 
Capt.  Wilkes."  Prof  Gray  has  delivered 
three  courses  of  Lowell  Institute  Lectures  in 
Boston.     LL.D.  (Ham.  Coll.  1860). 

Gray,  Francis  Calley,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1841),  b.  Salem,  Ms.,  Sept.  19,  1790  ;  d.  Bos- 
ton, Dec.  29,  1856.  H.  U.  1809.  Son  of 
Lieut.-Gov.  William.  He  was  educated  to  the 
law;  was  private  sec.  to  J.  Q.  Adams  while 


G-R-A. 


377 


GUi-A. 


minister  to  Russia ;  was  frequently  in  the 
legisl.,  and  a  member  of  the  exec,  council  in 
1839;  corres;p.  sec.  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and 
Sciences ;  and  a  member  of  many  literary 
bodies.  An  elegant  and  accomplished  writer, 
he  was  an  early  contrib.  to  the  N.  A.  Review; 
edited  several  vols,  of  the  Colls,  of  the  Ms.  Hist. 
Soc. ;  pub.  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  Remarks  on 
the  Early  Laws  of  Ms.  Bay,"  and  in  1848  one 
on  "  Prison  Discipline,"  taking  strong  ground 
against  the  separate  or  solitary  system  of  impris- 
onment. He  bequeathed  $50,000  for  the  estab- 
lishment and  maintenance  of  a  museum  of  com- 
parative zoology  in  connection  with  H.U.  The 
building  was  dedicated  Nov.  1859.  He  deliv- 
ered, besides  other  addresses,  an  Oration  before 
the  town-authorities  of  Boston,  July  4,  1818; 
a  Discourse  at  Plymouth,  Ms.,  on  the  199th 
anniv.  of  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims,  Dec.  22, 
1819;  Oration  before  the  Ms.  legisl.  on  the 
100th  anniv.  of  the  birth  of  Washington,  Feb. 
22,  1832. 

Gray,  Henry  Peters,  painter,  b.  New 
York,  June  23,  1819.  He  entered  the  studio 
of  Daniel  Pluntington  in  1838;  went  to  Eu- 
rope in  1839,  returning  in  1843;  and,  after 
another  absence  abroad  in  1845-6,  established 
himself  in  N.Y.  Among  his  pictures  are, 
"Roman  Girl,"  "Billct-Doux,"  "Teaching  a 
Child  to  Pray,"  "  Proserpine  and  Bacchus," 
"  Cupid  begging  his  Arrows,"  "  Wages  of 
War,"  "  Apple  of  Discord,"  "  Blessed  are  the 
Pure  in  Heart,"  an  illustration  of  Irving's 
"  Pride  of  the  Village,"  "  Hagar  and  the 
Angel,"  "  Susannah,"  "  Truth,"  "  Greek 
Lovers,"  and  "  Twilight-Musings."  Hehasalso 
painted  more  than  250  portraits.  —  Tackerman. 

Gray,  Capt.  Robert,  discoverer  of  the 
Columbia  River,  b.  Tiverton,  R.I.,  1755;  d, 
Charleston,  S.O.,  1806.  Sept.  30,  1787,  the 
ship  "  Columbia,"  Capt.  John  Kendrick,  and 
the  sloop  "  Washington,"  Capt.  Gray,  sailed 
from  Boston  to  trade  with  the  natives  of  the 
N,  W.  coast.  They  were  fitted  out  by  Joseph 
Barrell,  Samuel  Brown,  Charles  Bulfinch, 
John  Derby,  Crowel  Hatch,  and  J.  M.  Pin- 
tard,  Boston  merchants ;  and  took  for  dis- 
tribution among  the  natives  coins  struck  for 
the  purpose,  bearing  on  one  side  a  ship  and  a 
sloop  under  sail,  with  the  words  "  Columbia  " 
and  "  Washington,  com.  by  John  Kendrick ;  " 
and  on  the  reverse,  "  fitted  out  at  Boston,  N. 
America,  for  the  Pacific  Ocean,  by,"  encircling 
the  names  of  the  proprietors.  Returning  in 
1790  in  the  "Columbia,"  via  Canton,  Gray 
was  the  first  to  carry  the  Amer.  flag  round  the 
globe.  Gray  made  a  second  voyage,  and  May 
11,  1791,  in  kt.  46°  10',  discoveVed  the  mouth 
of  the  great  river,  to  which  was  given  the  name 
of  his  ship.  He  afterward  com.  trading-ves- 
sels from  Boston  until  his  death. 

Gray,  William,  an  eminent  merchant,  b. 
Lynn,  Ms.,  June  27,  1750  ;  d.  Boston,  Nov.  4, 
1825.  Apprenticed  in  youth  to  a  merchant  at 
Salem,  he  was  afterward  in  the  employ  of 
Richard  Derby.  Beginning  business  for  him- 
self, he  amassed  great  wealth,  having  at  one 
time  more  than  60  sail  of  square-rigged  vessels 
on  the  ocean.  A  Democrat  in  politics,  he 
evinced  his  sincerity  by  taking  side  with  Jef- 
fersoa  during  the  embargo,  notwithstanding 


its  unpopularity  in  N.  England,  and  its  pecu- 
niary injury  to  his  business.  Removing  to 
Boston,  he  was  lieut.-gov.  of  Ms.  in  1810,  hav- 
ing previously  been  a  State  senator. 

Graydon,  Alexander,  author,  b.  Bristol, 
Pa.,  April  10,  1752;  d.  Phila.  May  2,  1818. 
Educated  at  Phila.  He  began  to  study  law,  but 
in  1775  entered  the  patriot  army  as  capt.; 
joined  the  army  at  N.  Y.,  and  was  made  prisoner 
in  the  action  on  Harlem  Heights.  He  was  con- 
fined in  New  York  and  at  Flatbush,  and  was 
exchanged  in  1778;  prothonotary  of  Dauphin 
Co.,  and  lived  at  Harrisburg  from  1785  to  1799, 
when  he  removed  to  a  farm  near  that  city, 
from  which  he  returned  to  Phila.  in  1816.  In 
1811  he  pub.  his  Memoirs,  an  entertaining  and 
well-written  work  illustrative  of  Revol.  man- 
ners and  history;  it  was  repub.  in  Phila.  in 
1846,  with  annotations  by  J.  S.  Littell.  Gray- 
don contrib.  to  the  Portfolio  in  1813  and  '14 
a  series  of  papers  entitled  "  Notes  of  a  Desul- 
tory Reader." 

Grayson,  John  Breckenridge,  gen. 
C.S.A.,  b.  Ky.  1807;  d.  1862.  West  Point, 
1826.  Entered  the  artillery,  but  was  app. 
assist,  commis.  Aug.  1834;  in  Seminole  Indian 
war  of  1835-6;  commis.  (rank  capt.)  7  July, 
1838;  capt.  11  Dec.  1838;  chief  of  commis- 
sariat of  Scott's  army  in  Mexico,  1847-8 ;  brev. 
major  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churu- 
busco,  Aug.  20,  1847;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for 
Chapultepec,  Sept.  13,  1847  ;  commis.  (rank 
of  major)  Oct.  21,  1852;  resigned  July  1, 
1861,  and  app.  a  brig  .-gen.  in  Confed.  army. 

Grayson,  William,  soldier  and  states- 
man, b.  Prince  William  Co.,  Va.;  d.  at  Dum- 
fries, Mar.  12,  1790.  U.  of  Oxford.  Studied 
law  at  the  Temple,  Lond.,  and  settled  in  Dum- 
fries ;  app.  aide-de-camp  to  Washington,  Aug. 
24,  1776;  col.  of  a  Va.  regt.  Jan.  1,  1777  ;  com- 
missioner on  the  board  of  war  in  1780-81  ;  a 
commissioner  to  treat  with  Sir  William  Howe 
respecting  prisoners  while  the  army  was  at 
Valley  Forge ;  und  at  Monmouth  com.  his 
regt.,  behaving  with  valor;  M.C.  in  1784-7; 
member  Va.  convention  of  1788,  called  to  con- 
sider the  Federal  Constitution ;  was,  like  Pat- 
rick Henry,  its  zealous  opponent ;  and  was  in 
1789  one  of  the  first  U.S.  senators  from  Va.  — 
Lossing. 

Grayson,  William,  Democ.  politician  of 
Md.,  gov.  in  1838-41,  b.  Md.  1786;  d.  Queen 
Anne's  Co.  July  9,  1868.  He  was  a  planter; 
served  with  distinction  in  both  houses  of  the 
Md.  assembly,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  successful  struggle  to  obtain  a  new  and 
more  liberal  constitution  for  the  State  in  1838. 

Grayson,  William  J.,  son  of  William, 
lawyer  and  author,  b.  Beaufort,  S.C.,  Nov. 
1788;  d.  Newbern,  Oct.  4,  1863.  S.C.  Coll. 
1809.  He  was  bred  to  the  legal  profession; 
was  a  commissioner  in  equity  of  S.C.  ;  and  a 
member  of  the  State  legisl.  1813.  In  1831  he 
was  a  State  senator,  and,  while  opposing  the 
tariff'  act,  was  not  disposed  to  push  the  collision 
to  the  extreme  of  civil  war.  M.C.  in  1833-7, 
and  in  1841  was  app.  by  President  Taylor  col- 
lector of  customs  at  Charleston.  Afterward 
a  planter.  During  the  secession  agitation  of 
1850,  he  pub.  a  "  Letter  to  Gov.  Seabrook," 
deprecating  disunion,  and   pointing  out   the 


GJ-RE 


378 


ORE 


evils  which  would  follow  it.  "W^as  a  contrib. 
to  the  Southern  Review.  He  pub.  "  The  Hire- 
ling and  the  Slave,"  1856 ;  "  Chicora  and  other 
Poems;"  a  poem  entitled  "The  Country;" 
and  is  supposed  to  be  the  author  of  a  narrative 
poem  entitled  "  Marion." 

GreathOUSe,  Lucien,  brig.-gen.  U.  S. 
vols.,  b.  Carlinsville,  HI.,  1843 ;  d.  of  wounds 
in  battle  near  Atlanta,  Ga.,  July  21,  1864. 
Bloomington  Coll.  He  practised  law ;  entered 
the  army  a  private  ;  passed  through  every  in- 
term.  grade  to  that  of  col.  48th  Ills,  regt.,  and 
bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  achievements  of 
the  Army  of  the  Tenn. ;  brig.-gen.  July,  1864. 

Greaton,  John,  brig.-gen.  Revol.  army, 
b.  Roxbury,  Ms.,  Mar.  10, 1741 ;  d.  there  Feb. 
1784,  Before  the  war,  he  was  an  innkeeper 
and  an  officer  of  militia  in  Roxbury  ;  col.  24th 
regt.July  12, 1775;  col.  36th,  Oct.  1775;  after- 
ward col.  3d  Ms.  on  the  Continental  establish- 
ment. During  the  siege  of  Boston,  he  led  an 
exped.  which  destroyed  the  buildings  on  Long 
Island  in  Boston  harbor.  Apr.  15, 1776,  he 
was  ordered  to  Canada ;  Dec.  7, 1776,  he  joined 
Washington  in  N.J.  ;  and  was  afterward  in 
Heath's  division  at  West  Point ;  app.  by  Con- 
gress brig.-gen.  Jan.  7,  1783. 

Greeley,  Horace,  a  leading  journalist, 
b.  Amherst,  N.H.,  3  Feb.  1811.  Son  of  a  poor 
farmer,  who  in  1821  moved  to  Vt.  He  at- 
tended a  com.  school ;  evinced  great  fondness 
for  reading  ;  and  learned  the  printer's  trade  at 
Poultney,  Vt.,  in  1826-30.  After  working  a 
few  months  as  a  printer  in  Erie,  Pa.,  he  went 
in  Aug.  1831  to  N.Y.  City,  where  he  worked 
at  his  trade.  1  Jan.  1833,  in  partnership  with 
Francis  Story,  he  began  the  Morning  Post,  the 
first  penny  daily  ever  published,  soon  discon- 
tinued. In  Mar.  1834,  with  Jonas  Winchester, 
he  founded  the  New-Yurker,  a  literary  weekly, 
neutral  in  politics,  of  which  he  was  editor.  It 
lived  7  years,  but  was  not  profitable  pecuniarily. 
In  1838-9  he  edited  the  Jeffersonian,  and  in 
1840  the  Log- Cabin  ( Whig  campaign  papers), 
which  gave  him  a  reputation  as  an  able  polit- 
ical writer.  Apr.  10,  1841,  he  founded  the 
N.  Y.  Tribune,  of  which  Henry  J.  Raymond 
was  assist,  editor,  which  soon  took  the  stand  it 
has  since  maintained  as  a  thoroughly-appointed 
independent  and  spirited  journal.  He  advo- 
cated Clay's  election  in  1844;  afterward  as- 
sumed a  more  decidedly  hostile  attitude  to 
slavery;  and  as  a  member  of  Congress  in  1848- 
9  opposed  the  abuses  of  the  mileage  system. 
He  supported  in  successive  presidential  cam- 
paigns Gen.  Scott  in  1852,  J.  C.  Fremont  in 
1856,  and  Abraham  Lincoln  in  1860  ;  having 
exerted  his  influence  against  the  nomination 
of  W.  H.  Seward  in  the  Chicago  convention 
of  that  year.  He  favored  universal  amnesty 
and  universal  suffrage  at  the  end  of  the  civil 
war,  and  offered  himself  as  bail  for  Jeffbrson 
Davis  in  May,  1867.  In  1851  he  visited  Eu- 
rope, and  was  chairman  of  one  of  the  juries  at 
the  World's  Fair.  His  letters  to  the  Tribune, 
describing  his  travels,  were  pub.  with  the  title, 
"Glances  at  Europe."  In  18.'J9  he  went  to 
California  by  way  of  Kansas  and  Utah.  He 
has  gained  special  distinction  by  his  efforts 
toward  the  emancipation  of  labor,  endeavor- 
ing to  free  it  from  ignorance,  vice,  servitude. 


and  poverty.  He  is  a  zealous  champion  of 
protection,  and  is  always  found  in  the  front 
rank  of  social,  industrial,  and  political  reform- 
ers. He  pub,  in  1850  "  Hints  toward  Reforms," 
including  many  of  his  lectures  on  temper- 
ance, labor,  education,  &c. ;  "  Association  Dis- 
cussed," by  Greeley  and  Raymond,  1 847 ;  "  Art 
and  Industry  as  represented  in  the  Exhibition 
at  the  Crystal  Palace,"  N.Y.  18.53;  "History 
of  the  Struggle  for  Slavery-Extension  from 
1787  to  1856;"  "History  of  the  American 
Conflict,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1864-6  ;  "  Recollections 
of  a  Busy  Life,"  1868;  "Overland  Journey 
from  N.Y.  to  San  Francisco  in  1859,"  12mo, 
1860 ;  "  Essays  on  Polit.  Econ."  —  See  Parton's 
Life  of  Greeky,  1855;  D.  W.  Bartleit's  Modern 
Agitators;  Bungay's  Offhand  Takings,  1854. 

Greene,  Albert  Collins,  lawyer,  b.  E. 
Greenwich,  R.I.,  1792;  d.  Providence,  Jan.  8, 
1863.  Son  of  Perry,  bro.  of  Gen.  Nathl. 
Greene.  Member  of  the  R.I.  Assembly  in 
1815;  member  of  the  State  senate;  speaker 
of  the  house;  maj.-gen.  of  militia  two  years; 
atty.-gen.  1825-43,  and  U.S.  senator  in  1845- 
51. 

Greene,  Albert  Gorton,  lawyer  and 
poet,  b.  Providence,  R.I. ,  Feb.  10,  1802;  d. 
Cleveland,  O.,  Jan.  3,  1868.  Brown  U.  1820. 
Many  years  clerk  of  the  Municipal  Court  of 
Providence;  clerk  of  the  common  council;  and 
judge  of  probate.  Author  of  the  popular  bal- 
lad of"  Old  Grimes;  "  "  The  Militia  Muster;" 
a  ballad  entitled  "  Canonchet,"  pub.  in  Up- 
dike's "  Hist,  of  the  Narragansett  Church ; "  and 
"  The  Baron's  Last  Banquet,"  one  of  the  finest 
poems  in  our  language.  In  1833  he  pub.  the 
Literary  Journal,  quarterly,  but  discontinued 
it  after  one  year.  Pres.  of  the  R.I.  Hist.  Soc. 
from  1854  until  his  death. 

Green,  Alexander,  L.P.,  D.D.  (U.  of 
Tenn.  1846),  a  minister  of  the  M.E.  Church 
South,  b.  Sevier  Co.,  Tenn.,  June  26,  1807. 
He  connected  himself  with  the  Tenn.  conf. ; 
was  ord.  elder  in  1828,  and  since  1832  has 
been  a  delegate  to  the  general  conf  Promi- 
nent in  the  discussions  of  1844  which  resulted 
in  a  division  of  the  church.  Author  of  "  The 
Church  in  the  Wilderness." 

Greene,  Dr.  Asa,  phvsician  and  author, 
b.  Ashburnham,  Ms.,  1788 ;'  d.  N.Y.  Citv,  1837. 
Wms.  Coll.  1813.  He  went  to  N.Y.  ab.  1830, 
and  established  himself  as  a  bookseller.  Author 
of  "  The  Travels  of  Ex-Barber  Fribbleton," 
a  satire  on  Fidler  and  other  scribbling  English 
tourists ;  "  The  Life  and  Adventures  of  Dr. 
Dodimus  Duckworth,"  1833;  "  The  Perils 
of  Pearl  Street,"  1834  ;  "A  Glance  at  New 
York,"  1837;  "A  Yankee  among  the  Nul- 
lifiers,"  1835;  "  Debtor's  Prison,"  18mo,  1837; 
and  was  some  time  editor  of  the  Evening  Tran- 
script, a  New- York  daily. 

Green,  Ashbel,  D.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1792), 
LL.U.  (U.  of  N.C.  1812),  scholar  and  divine, 
b.  Hanover,  N.  J.,  July  6,  1762  ;  d.  Phila.  May 
19,  1848.  N.J.  Coll.  1783.  In  early  life  he 
performed  military  duty,  and  was  in  imminent 
danger  at  the  attack  on  Elizabethtown  Point. 
Tutor  in  N.J.  Coll.  1783-5;  prof  of  math, 
and  nat.  philos.  from  1785  to  May,  1787,  when 
he  became  assoc.  pastor  of  the  Second  Presb. 
Church  of  Phila.;  in  1790  he  was  a  member 


G-RE 


379 


GRE 


of  the  Gen.  Assembly  ;  in  the  summer  of  1791 
he  made  a  tour  in  N.  England ;  from  1 792 
to  1800  he  was  chaplain  to  Congress  ;  in  1809 
he  was  one  of  the  foundei's  of  the  Phiia.  Bible 
Society,  the  first  society  of  the  kind  formed  in 
the  U.S.  During  the  2.5  years  of  his  ministry, 
he  was  regarded  as  the  first  pulpit  orator  con- 
nected with  the  Presb.  church  in  the  U.S.  In 
1812-22  he  was  pres.  of  N.J.  Coll.  He  sub- 
sequently resided  in  Phila.,  conducting  for  12 
years  the  Christian  Advocate,  and  also,  for  2^ 
years,  preaching  to  an  African  congregation. 
For  a  number  of  years  he  exercised  a  control- 
ling influence  over  the  affairs  of  the  Presb. 
church  ;  was  influential  in  the  organization  of 
the  Home  Missionary  and  other  boards  of  the 
church ;  and  took  an  active  and  decided  part  in 
the  measures  which  led  to  the  division  of  the 
church  in  1836-7.  While  pres.  of  the  coll.,  he 
originated,  with  a  few  others,  the  Theol.  Sem. 
at  Princeton,  and,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was 
pres.  of  its  board  of  directors.  Pres.  of  the 
trusteesof  the  Jefferson  Med.  School  of  Phila. ; 
member  of  the  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  He  pub. 
a  "Discourse  delivered  in  the  Coll.  of  N. J., 
with  a  History  of  the  Coll.,"  1822  ;  "  A  Histo- 
ry of  Presbyterian  Missions ;  "  "  Lectures  on 
the  Shorter  Catechism,"  2  vols. ;  11  original 
discourses,  besides  addresses,  reports,  &c.  ;  an 
Autobiography,  commenced  at  the  age  of  82, 
pub.  by  Joseph  H.  Jones,  N.  Y.,  1849.  — 
Sprague. 

Green,  Bartholomew,  the  first  newspa- 
per printer  in  Amer.,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  12 
Oct.  1666;  d.  Boston,  Dec.  28,  1732.  He  was 
a  son  of  Samuel  Green,  printer,  and  succeeded 
to  his  business.  He  first  set  up  his  press  in 
Cambridge,  afterward  at  Boston,  where  it  was 
destroyed  by  fire,  16  Sept.  1690.  In  the  win- 
ter of  1692-3  he  resumed  business  in  Boston. 
Apr.  24,  1704,  he  issued  the  first  number  of 
the  Boston  Neivs-Letter,  a  publication  continued 
by  him  during  his  life.  He  also  pub.  the 
neeldy  Neuys- Letter,  which  was  afterwards  com- 
bined with  the  other ;  and  it  was  then  styled  the 
Boston  Weekly  News-Letter.  His  descendants 
were  printers  in  Boston  till  the  Revol.,  and  in 
Ct.  long  afterwards. 

Greene,  Chakles  Gordon,  journalist,  b. 
Boscawen,N.H.,July  1,1804.  His  father  dying 
in  1812,  he  was  placed  under  the  care  of  his  bro. 
Nathaniel,  subsequently  postmaster  of  Boston, 
who  sent  him  ti  Bradford  Acad.  He  entered 
his  bro.'s  printing-ofhce  in  Haverhill ;  followed 
him  to  Boston  in  1822,  and  was  engaged  in 
the  office  of  the  Statesman ;  settled  at  Taunton 
in  1825  as  pub.,  and  afterward  editor,  of  the 
Free  Press;  in  1826  pub.  in  Boston  a  literary 
journal,  the  Boston  Spectator ;  soon  after  re- 
sumed an  engagement  with  the  Statesman;  re- 
moved to  Phila.  in  1827 ;  in  1828  became  con- 
nected with  DufF  Green's  paper,  the  U.  S.  Tel- 
egraph ;  in  1829  succeeded  his  bro.  as  proprie- 
tor and  pub.  of  the  Statesman;  and  Nov.  9, 
1831,  commenced  the  publication  of  the  Boston 
Morning  Post,  which  has  long  been  a  leading 
Democ.  organ,  and  noted  for  its  wit.  Naval 
officer  for  Boston  1853-7  ;  and  has  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legisl. 

Greene,  Christopher,  lieut.-col.,  a  Rev- 
ol. officer,  b.  Warwick,  R.  I.,  1737  j  killed  May 


13,1781.  Son  of  Judge  Philip  Greene.  He 
received  a  good  education,  and  was  several 
years  a  member  of  the  R.  I.  legisl. ;  lieut.  in 
the  "  Kentish  Guards  ; "  in  May,  1775,  was 
chosen  by  the  legisl.  maj.  in  the  "  Army  of  Ob- 
servation ;  "  com.  a  company  under  Montgom- 
ery after  accompanying  Arnold  through  the 
wilderness ;  and  in  the  attack  upon  Quebec  was 
made  a  prisoner.  Promoted  in  June  to  the 
majority  of  Varnum's  regt.,  in  Oct.  1776  he 
succeeded  to  the  com.,  and  was  selected  by 
Wasliington  to  take  charge  of  Fort  Mercer  on 
the  River  Delaware  (Red  Bank),  which  was 
assaulted  by  the  Hessians  under  Count  Donop, 
Oct.  21,  1777,  who  were  repulsed  with  heavy 
loss,  and  their  commander  slain.  Congress 
voted  him  a  sword,  which  in  1786  was  pre- 
sented by  Knox,  then  sec.  of  war,  to  Job  Greene, 
his  eldest  son.  He  took  part  in  Sullivan's  at- 
tempt on  R.  I.  in  1778.  In  the  spring  of  1781 
his  quarters  on  the  Croton  River  were  sur* 
prised  by  a  party  of  refugees,  and  he  was  slain. 
—  Rogers. 

Green,  Ezra,  physician,  b.  Maiden,  Ms., 
June  17,  1746;  d.  Dover,  N.H.,  July  25,  1847. 
H.U.  1765.  He  began  practice  in  Dover  ab. 
1768;  joined  the  army  as  a  surgeon  in  June, 
1775;  was  in  the  exped.  to  Canada;  was  sur- 
geon in  the  sloop-of-war  "  Ranger,"  under  Paul 
Jones ;  continued  in  the  Revol.  navy  until 
1781,  when  he  engaged  in  trade.  A  delegate 
to  the  State  Const.  Conv.  of  1820,  and  a  firm 
Federalist. 

Green,  Francis,  merchant  of  Boston,  b. 
Sept.  1,  1742  ;  d.  Medford,  Ms.,  Apr.  21,  1809. 
H.U.  1760.  Son  of  Benjamin  of  Halifax. 
He  lived  in  Eng.  from  1776  to  1799.  He  pub. 
a  dissertation  on  the  art  of  imparting  speech 
to  the  deaf  and  dumb,  Lond.  1783.  He  after- 
ward pub.  essays  on  the  same  subject  in  the 
papers,  and  translated  the  letters  of  the  Abbe 
L'Epee.  He  was  an  officer  in  the  British 
forces  at  the  taking  of  Havana  in  1762. 

Green,  Frances  Harriet,  author,  n^e 
Whipple,  b.  Smithfield,  R.  I.  ;  contrib.  of  poe- 
try to  the  periodicals  of  the  day,  1830-5.  Au- 
thor of  "  Memoirs  of  Eleanor  Elbridge,  a  Col- 
ored Woman;"  "The  Mechanic,"  1841; 
"  Might  and  Right,"  an  account  of  the  Dorr 
Insurrection,  1844;  "Nanuntenoo,  a  Legend 
of  theNarragansetts,"  1848;  "  Analytical  Class- 
Book  of  Botany,"  1855.  She  has  contrib. 
largely  to  reform  periodicals  ;  in  1842  edited 
the  Wampanoag,  and  in  1849  the  Young  Peo- 
ple's Journal.  —  Allibone. 

Greene,  George  Sears,  soldier  and  en- 
gineer, b.  Warwick,  R.  I.,  May  6,  1801. 
West  Point,  1823.  Entering  the  3d  Art.,  he 
was  assist,  prof,  of  math,  in  the  military  acad. 
from  1823  to  1826;  assist,  prof,  of  engineering 
1826-7  ;  became  1st  lieut.  in  1829;  and  resigned 
in  1836.  He  then  became  a  civil  engineer,  and 
was  employed  on  railroad  and  other  works  in 
various  parts  of  the  country,  and  on  the  High 
Bridge  and  new  Croton  Reservoir  in  N.Y., 
until  Jan.  18,  1862,  when  he  was  app.  col.  60th 
N.Y.  vols. ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  Apr.  28,  1862,  and 
assigned  a  com.  in  Gen.  Augur's  division  of 
Banks's  army  corps.  On  Gen.  Angur's  promo- 
tion, he  took  com.  of  the  division,  and  fought 
with  great  gallantry  under  Gen.  Mansfield  at 


GJ-RB3 


380 


GJ-RE 


Antietam ;  was  engaged  at  Chancellorsville 
and  Gettysburg  ;  in  com.  of  Murfreesborough 
Oct.  1863;  combatofWanhatchic,  and  severely 
wounded,  28  Oct.  1863  ;  in  operations  in  N.C. 
in  1865 ;  actions  of  Kinston  and  Goldsborough, 
and  since  1  May,  1866,  a  civil  engineer  in  N.Y. 
—  Cullum. 

Greene,  George  Washington,  author, 
grandson  of  Gen.  Natlil.  Greene,  b.  E.  Green- 
wich, R.  I.,  Apr.  8,  1811.  Compelled  by  ill 
health  to  leave  Brown  U.  in  1827,  he  resided 
in  Europe  until  1847.  From  1837  to  1845  he 
was  U.S.  consul  at  Rome;  between  1835  and 
1850  he  pub.  a  series  of  essays  in  the  N.  A.  Re- 
view, chiefly  on  Italian  literature  and  history, 
which  were  coll.  in  a  vol.  entitled  "  Historical 
Studies,"  N.Y.,  1850.  On  his  return  to  the 
U.S.  he  became  prof,  of  modern  languages  in 
Brown  U.,  and  edited  Putz  and  Arnold's  "An- 
cient Geography  and  History,"  N.Y.,  1849,  and 
a  "  History  and  Geography  of  the  Middle 
Ages,"  1851.  In  1852  he  removed  to  N.Y., 
where  he  has  contrib.  many  papers  to  maga- 
zines, and  edited  in  1854  a  complete  edition  of 
Addison's  works,  in  6  vols.  He  wrote  the  Life 
of  Gen.  Gre6ne  in  Sparks's  "  Amer*Biog.," 
and  has  pub.  his  Official  Papers  and  Public  and 
Private  Letters,  with  a  new  and  elaborate 
Biog.  of  him,  1 867-7 1 ,  3  vols.  8vo.  In  1 866  he 
pub.  an  Exam,  of  some  statements  concerning 
Gen.  Greene  in  Bancroft's  U.S.,  vol.  9. 

Green,  Henry  Woodhull,  LL.D.  (N.J. 
Coll.  1850),  chief  justice  of  N.J.  ;  has  pub. 
"  Reports  of  Cases  in  Court  of  Chancery  of 
N.  J.,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1842-6.     N.  J.  Coll.  1820. 

Green,  Horace,  M.D.,  LL.D.  (U.  of  Vt.), 
physician,  b.  Chittenden,  Vt.,  Dec.  24,  1802  ; 
d.  Greenmount,  Sing  Sing,  N.Y.,  Nov.  29, 
1866.  Mid.  Coll.  1824.  He  studied  medicine  in 
Rutland,  Vt. ;  practised  there  6  years  ;  attend- 
ed lectures  at  the  U.  of  Pa.  in  1830-1  ;  and 
subsequently  practised  5  years  more  in  Rutland, 
afterward  settling  in  N.Y.  He  completed  his 
medical  education  at  Paris  in  1838.  From 
1840  to  1843  he  was  a  prof,  in  the  med.  coll. 
in  Castleton,  Vt. ;  and  in  1850  assisted  in 
founding  the  N.Y.  Med.  Coll.,  in  which  he  was 
pres.  of  the  faculty  and  trustees,  and  emeritus 
prof,  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  med.  until 
1860.  Author  of  "  Treatise  on  tlie  Diseases 
of  the  Air-Passages,"  1846  ;  "Pathology  and 
Treatment  of  the  Croup,"  1849;  "Surgical 
Treatment  of  the  Polypi  of  the  Larynx,  and 
the  CEdema  of  the  Glottis,"  1 852 ;  "  Report  of 
106  Cases  of  Pulmonary  Diseases  treated  by 
Injections  into  the  Bronchial  Tubes  with  a  So- 
lution of  Nitrate  of  Silver,"  1856  ;  and  "  Selec- 
tions from  the  Favorite  Prescriptions  of  Living 
American  Physicians,"  1858;  also  of  many 
papers  in  medical  journals. 

Green,  Jacob,  minister  of  Hanover,  N.J., 
b.  Maiden,  Ms.,  Jan.  22,  1722;  d.  Hanover, 
May  24,  1790.  H.U.  1744;  N.J.  Coll.  1749. 
Licensed  Sept.  1745  by  the  N.Y.  presbytery, 
and  ord.  at  Hanover  Nov.  1746.  He  was  in 
1757  made  vice-pres.  of  N.J.  Coll.,  and  was 
for  some  months  at  its  head.  He  also  engaged 
in  the  practice  of  medicine.  A  zealous  patriot, 
he  was  sent  to  the  Prov.  Congress  in  1775,  and 
was  chairman  of  the  com.  which  drafted  the 
State  constitution.    Besides  sermons,  he  pub. 


"  A  View  of  the  Constitution  of  the  Jewish 
Church,"  and  "A  View  of  a  Christian  Church 
and  Church  Govt."  A  MS.  Autobiography, 
extending  to  1777,  was  pub.  by  his  son  Rev. 
Ashbel  Green,  in  the  Christian  Advocate,  vol. 
X.  —  Sprague. 

Green,  Jacob,  M.D.,  physicist,  b.  Phila. 
July  26,  1790;  d.  there  Feb.'l,  1841.  U.  of 
Pa.  1806.  In  his  boyhood  he  made  a  large 
collection  of  plants.  He  pub.  soon  after  leav- 
ing the  university,  in  connection  with  a  young 
friend,  a  treatise  on  electricity,  which  gave 
him  a  reputation.  He  also  studied  law,  and 
was  licensed  to  practise,  but  in  1818  accepted  a 
professorship  in  N.J.  Coll.  of  chemistry,  phi- 
losophy, and  nat.  history.  Prof,  of  chemistry 
in  the  Jeff.  Med.  Coll.  from  1 822  to  the  close 
of  his  life.  He  pub.  "  Chemical  Diagrams  ;  " 
"Chemical  Philosophy,"  1829;  "Treatise  on 
Electro-Magnetism  ;  "  "  Astronomical  Recrea- 
tions ;"  "A  Syllabus  of  a  Course  on  Chemis- 
try ;  "  two  works  on  "  Trilobites,"  with  wax 
illustrations;  a  work  on  the  "  Botany  of  the 
U.S.,  with  a  List  of  the  Botanical  Productions 
of  N.Y. ;  "  "  Notes  of  a  Traveller,"  giving  an 
account  of  a  visit  to  Europe  in  1828,  3  vols. 
1831;  "Diseases  of  the  Skin,"  8vo,  Phil^. 
1841 ;  and  contribs.  to  Silliman's  Journal. 

Green,  Joseph,  wit  and  poet,  b.  Boston, 
1706;  d.  London,  Dec.  11,  1780.  H.U.  1726. 
Though  in  1775  proscribed  and  exiled  for  ad- 
herence to  the  crown,  in  1764  he  was  a  member 
of  the  com.,  with  Samuel  Adams,  to  report  in- 
structions to  the  Boston  representatives,  and, 
when  app.  by  Gage  a  mandamus  counsellor,  de- 
clined the  honor.  One  of  a  club  of  wits  who 
watched  every  passing  event,  neither  Gov. 
Belcher  nor  thelegisl.  was  spared  by  those  keen 
satirists,  who  turned  every  thing  to  merriment 
that  was  susceptible  of  it.  Of  his  humorous 
publications  may  be  mentioned  the  burlesque 
on  a  Psalm  of  his  fellow-wit.  Dr.  Byles  ;  Ridi- 
cule of  Freemasons  in  "  The  Entertainment  for 
a  Winter's  Evening,"  in  1750  ;  and  "  Lamenta- 
tion on  the  Death  of  Mr.  Old  Tenor,"  paper- 
money.  —  Sabine. 

Green,  James  Stephen,  lawyer  and  Dem- 
ocratic politician,  b.  Fauquier  Co., Va.,  Feb.  28, 
1817  ;  d.  St.  Louis,  Jan.  18,  1870.  With  an 
ordinary  education,  he  in  1836  went  to  Ala. ; 
thence  to  Canton,  Mo.,  in  1837,  where  in  1840 
he  was  adm.  to  the  bar,  and  rapidly  acquired 
reputation.  Member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv. 
in  1845;  M.C.  1846-50;  charge  d'affaires  to 
New  Granada  1853-4,  returning  home  on  ac- 
count of  ill  health;  again  chosen  to  Congress 
in  1856,  and  U.S.  senator  in  1856-61,  where 
he  was  chairman  of  the  com.  on  territories. 
He  was  conspicuous  in  the  debate  on  the  ad- 
mission of  Kansas  under  the  Lecompton  Con- 
stitution, which  he  favored,  and,  during  the  last 
session  of  the  36th  Congress,  was  on  all  occa- 
sions the  advocate  of  the  cause  of  the  seceding 
States,  and  resisted  in  their  interest  all  at- 
tempts to  settle  the  existing  difficulties.  He 
was  afterward  a  constant  promoter  of  civil  war 
in  Missouri. 

Green,  Joseph  F.,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  Me. 
Nov.  24,  1810.  Midshipman  Nov.  I,  1827; 
lieut.  Feb.  28,  1838;  com.  Sept.  14,  1855; 
capt.  July  16, 1862  ;  commo.  July  24,  1867  ;  at- 


O-RE 


381 


G-RK 


tached  to  "  The  Ohio ; "  served  through  the  Mex- 
ican war,  talcing  part  in  the  important  actions 
on  the  Pacific  coast;  com.  steam-sloop  "  Ca- 
nandaigua,"  S.  Atl.  block,  squad.,  1862-4,  and 
participated  in  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Wag- 
ner; com.  Southern  squadron  with  Atlantic 
fleet  1870.  — Uamersly. 

Green,  Rev.  L.  W.,  D.D.,  Presb.  clergy- 
man, b.  ab.  1802;  d.  Danville,  Ky.,  26  May, 
1863.  Transylv.  LF.  Entered  the  ministry  ab. 
1825 ;  prof,  successively  of  Centre  Coll.  and 
of  Hanover  and  Allegh.  Seminaries ;  pres.  of 
Washington  Coll.,  Transylv.  Coll.,  and  of  Cen- 
tre Coll  ,  Danville,  from  1857  to  his  death. 

Green,  Martin  E.,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A.,  of 
Lewis  Co.,  Mo. ;  killed  at  Vicksburg,  Mpi.,  June 
27,  1863.  He  was  a  class-leader  in  the  Mcth. 
Church.  He  organized  a  rcgt.  near  Paris, 
Mo.,  jijined  Price's  army,  and  contrib.  largely 
to  the  capture  of  Lexington,  Mo.,  and  the  gar- 
rison under  Col.  Mulligan.  His  men  rolled 
hemp-bales  up  the  steep  bank  of  the  river,  and 
converted  them  into  movable  breastworks. 
He  was  conspicuous  in  all  Price's  battles  in 
Mo. ;  was  in  the  battles  of  Farmington,  luka, 
Corinth,  Big  Black,  and  Baker's  Creek.  At 
Vicksbui-g  he  had  a  presentiment  he  would  be 
kUled. 

Greene,  Nathaniel,  maj.-gen.,  one  of  the 
most  disting.  officers  in  the  Revol.  war,  b. 
Warwick,  R.I.,  May  27,  1742;  d.  June  19, 
1786.  Fourth  in  descent  from  one  of  the  early 
settlers  of  N.E.  He  was  educated  a  member  of 
the  Society  of  Friends,  among  whom  his  father 
was  a  preacher ;  received  the  mere  rudiments 
of  an  English  education,  and  was  variously  em- 
ployed in  the  field,  the  mill,  or  at  the  anvil. 
He  early  manifested  a  love  for  books,  and  made 
himself  master  of  Euclid.  At  the  age  of  20 
he  began  to  study  law.  He  was  the  first  to  es- 
tablish a  public  school  in  Coventry.  Elected  to 
the  R.L  Icgisl.  in  1770  and  each  succeeding  year 
until  he  took  com.  of  the  Southern  army,  and 
a  leading  and  popular  member.  On  the  ap- 
proach of  the  Revol.  he  studied  tactics;  was 
dismissed  from  the  Society  of  Friends,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  "  Kentish  Guards." 
After  the  battle  of  Lexington,  the  Colony  of 
R.I.  embodied  3  regts.  of  militia,  which,  as 
brig.-gen.,  he  led  to  Cambridge,  where  their  su- 
periority of  equipment  and  discipline  made  them 
conspicuous.  Here  he  gained  the  confidence  and 
friendship  of  Washington,  which  he  retained 
through  life.  Made  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  Continen- 
tal army,  June  22,  1775,  and  maj.-gen.  Aug.  9, 
1776.  At  Trenton  he  commanded  the  left  wing, 
seized  the  artillery  of  the  enemy,  and  cut  off 
their  retreat  to  Princeton ;  was  at  the  battles 
of  Brandywine  (where,  by  a  rapid  march  and 
successful  stand,  he  preserved  the  army  from 
utter  destruction)  and  Germantown  ;  and  in 
March,  1778,  accepted,  though  with  great  reluc- 
tance, the  app.  of  quarterm.-gen.,  stipulating 
that  he  should  not  lose  his  right  to  command  in 
action.  Of  this  he  availed  himself  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Monmouth  and  in  the  retreat  from  R.I. 
In  Aug.  1780  he  resigned  the  office,  a  poorer 
man  than  when  he  assumed  it.  June  23, 1780, 
he  checked,  with  2  brigades  and  a  small 
body  of  militia,  the  advance  of  a  corps  of 
5,000  of  the  enemy  in  the  battle  of  Springfield. 


He  was  in  com.  of  the  army  during  Washing- 
ton's visit  to  Hartford  in  Sept.  1780,  and  sat  as 
pres.  of  the  Court  of  Inquiry  upon  Mnj.  Andre. 
App.  to  succeed  Gates,  Oct.  14, 1780,  he  found, 
on  arriving  at  Charlotte  Dec.  2,  the  Southern 
army  a  mere  skeleton,  without  artillery,  bag- 
gage, or  stores.  In  his  front  was  an  enenTy 
flushed  with  victory,  and  well  provided ;  around 
him  an  exhausted  country,  whose  inhabitants 
were  divided  into  hostile  parties.  Adapting 
his  operations  to  his  means,  he  detached  Mor- 
gan, who,  after  defeating  Tarleton  at  the  Cow- 
pens,  marched  to  rejoin  Greene,  and  was  pur- 
sued by  Cornvvallis,  but  without  success.  Foiled 
in  the  attempt,  he  vigorously  pursued  Greene, 
who  was  moving  in  a  direction  to  unite  with 
Morgan.  It  is  tliis  celebrated  retreat  from 
S.C.  across  N.C.  into  Va.  which  has  won  for 
the  American  commander  a  high  rank  in  the 
estimation  of  military  men.  Assuming  the  of- 
fensive, Greene  attacked  Cornwallis  at  Guilford 
Court  House,  Maich  15,  1781.  The  British 
remained  masters  of  the  field,  but  lost  600  men, 
and  were  obliged  to  retire,  leaving  their  wound- 
ed. Greene  then  marched  into  S.C,  and,  mov- 
ing towards  Camden,  took  post  at  HobUirk's 
Hill,  April  20.  Here  he  was  attacked  on  the 
morning  of  the  25th  by  Lord  Rawdon,  and, 
after  a  sanguinary  conflict,  was  obliged  to  aban- 
don the  field.  He  next  undertook,  unsuccess- 
fully, the  siege  of  Ninety-Six,  and  then  with- 
drew to  the  high  hills  of  Santee  to  indulge  his 
army  in  a  short  repose  during  the  heat  of  the 
summer.  Sept.  8  he  fought  the  battle  of  Eu- 
taw  Springs,  described  by  him  as  the  most  ob- 
stinate and  bloody  he  had  ever  seen.  In  this 
battle,  which  prostrated  their  power  in  S.C, 
the  British  lost  upwards  of  1,000  men,  and 
abandoned  the  entire  State  except  Charleston 
and  vicinity.  When  peace  was  restored,  Greene 
returned  to  his  native  State.  He  everywhere 
met  with  enthusiasm  and  expressions  of 
gratitude  and  admiration.  On  his  arrival  at 
Princeton,  where  the  Congress  was  then  in  ses- 
sion, they  presented  him  with  two  pieces  of 
ordnance  taken  from  the  British  army,  "  as  a 
public  testimony  of  the  wisdom,  fortitude,  and 
military  skill  which  disting.  his  com.  in  the 
Southern  dcpt."  They  had  previously  voted 
him  a  British  standard  and  a  gold  medal  com- 
memorative of  the  battle  of  Eutaw.  The  State 
of  Ga.  presented  him  with  a  fine  plantation  a 
few  miles  from  Savannah,  to  which  he  removed 
with  his  family  in  the  fall  of  1785  ;  and  S.  C 
conveyed  to  him  a  valuable  tract  of  land.  A 
monument  was  voted  by  Congress,  but  was 
never  erected.  His  son  Nath.  Ray,  b.  Morris- 
town,  N.J.,  Jan.  11,  1780,  d.  Greensdale,  R.L, 
June  11,1 859.  —  See  Life,  Letters,  and  Papers 
of,  hif  G.  W.  Greene,  3  vols.  8vo,  1867-71. 

Greene,  Nathaniel,  editor,  b.  Boscawen, 
N.Il ,  May  20, 1797.  In  July,  1809,  he  entered 
an  apprentice  to  Isaac  Hill  of  the  N.H.  Patriot  ; 
at  the  age  of  15  became  editor  of  the  Concord 
Gazette;  removed  to  Portsmouth  in  Jan.  1814, 
having  charge  of  the  N.H.  Gazette;  removed 
to  Haverhill  in  April,  1815,  where  for  two 
years  he  had  charge  of  the  Gazette;  and  in 
May,  1817,  edited  and  pub.  a  new  Democ. 
paper,  the  Essex  Patriot.  He  established,  Feb 
6,  1821,  the  Boston  Statesman,  which  soon  be- 


GUiE 


382 


G-R.E 


came  the  leading  Democ.  journal  of  the  State. 
Postmaster  of  Boston  1829-40  and  1845-9.  In 
1833  he  pub.  an  address  before  the  Ms.  Char- 
itable Society ;  a  compendious  "  History  of 
Italy,"  translated  from  the  Italian,  1836; 
"Tales  from  the  German,"  2  vols.  1837; 
"  Tales  and  Sketches  from  the  German,  Ital- 
ian, and  French,"  1843  ;  "  Improvisations  and 
Translations,"  12mo,  Boston,  1852.  He  has 
been  a  contrib.  to  several  annuals. 

Green,  Samuel,  one  of  the  first  printers 
of  N.E.,  b.  Eng.  1615;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms., 
Jan.  1,  1702.  He  succeeded  Day  in  the  print- 
ing-house at  Cambridge  ab.  1648.  He  printed 
the  Cambridge  Platform  in  1649;  the  Laws  in 
1660;  and,  in  the  Indian  language,  the  Psal- 
ter, Eliot's  Catechism,  Baxter's  "  Call  to  the 
Unconverted,"  the  New  Testament,  and  1,000 
copies  of  the  Bible  in  1683. 

Greene,  Samuel  Stillman,  b.  Belcher- 
town,  Ms.,  May  3,  1810.  B.U.  1837.  Some 
time  teacher  in  the  Worcester,  Springfield, 
and  Boston  schools ;  several  years  supt.  of  the 
Providence  schools ;  prof,  of  math,  and  civil 
engineering  B.U.  in  1855  ;  transferred  in  1864 
to  the  chair  of  nat.  philos.  and  astron.  Author 
of  "  Analysis  of  Sentences,"  "  Eng.  Gram- 
mar," "First  Lessons,"  and  "Introduction" 
to  Eng.  grammar,  "  Descendants  of  Thomas 
Greene  of  Maiden,"  1858.  —  Dni/ckinck. 

Greene,  Theodore  P.,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  Montreal,  Canada,  Nov.  1,  1809.  Midshipm. 
Nov.  1, 1826  ;  lieut.  Dec.  20,  1837;  com.  Sept. 
14,  1855;  capt.  July  16,  1862;  commo.  July 
24,  1867.  Attached  to  frigate  "  Congress," 
Pacific  squad.,  during  the  Mexican  war,  1846- 
8;  sloop  "  Cyane,"  home  squad.,  1852-3; 
lighthouse  insp.  1858-60;  com.  steam-sloop 
"Richmond,"  W.  Gulf  squad.,  1865;  steam- 
sloop  "Powhatan,"  Pacific  squad.,  1867. — 
Ilamersh/. 

Green,  Thomas,  maj.-gen.  C.S.A.,  b.  Va. 
1816  ;  killed  at  Blair's  Plantation,  La.,  Apr.  14, 
1 864.  Son  of  Chief  Justice  G.,  pres.  of  the  Leba- 
non Tenn.  Law  School.  He  was  in  the  Texan 
rangers  in  the  war  of  Independence  and  the 
Mexican  war,  and  was  afterward  clerk  of  the 
Sup.  Court  of  Texas.  He  com.  the  5th  Texan 
cavalry ;  was  in  the  battle  of  Valverde  ;  in  the 
attack  on  Galveston,  and  capture  of  "  The 
Harriet  Lane ;  "  in  the  battle  of  Bisland  ; 
commanded  the  cavalry  of  Dick  Taylor's  army  ; 
defeated  Gens.  Grover  and  Weitzell  at  Bayou 
La  Fourche  ;  and  was  made  a  maj.-gen.  for  his 
brilliant  services,  and  put  in  command  of  the 
cavalry  of  the  Trans-Mississippi  dept.  He  had 
a  real  genius  for  war. 

Green,  Gex.  Thomas  J.,  C.S.A.,  b.  1801 ; 
d.  at  his  residence  in  Warren  Co.,  N.C.,  Dec. 
13,  1863.  He  was  a  gen.  in  the  Texan  war 
of  independence,  a  member  of  the  Texan  Con- 
gress, the  leader  of  the  "  Mier  exped.,"  and 
one  of  the  band  of  "  Mier  prisoners."  He  was 
subsequently  a  State  senator  in  Cal.,  and  maj.- 
gen.  of  its  militia.  Author  of  "  Journal  of  the 
Texan  Expedition  against  Mier,"  &c.,  8vo, 
N.Y.,  1845. 

Greene,  William,  gov.  of  R.I.  from  1743 
to  his  death,  Feb.  23,  1758,  a.  62 ;  many  years 
clerk  of  the  County  Court  of  Providence,  and 
dep.-gov.  in  1740. 


Greene,  William,  gov.  of  R.I.  1778  to 

1786,  b.  1732;  d.  Warwick,  R.  L,  Nov.  30, 
1809.  He  had  been  speaker  of  the  assembly, 
and  chief  justice. 

Green,  Right  Rev.  William  Merceb, 
D.D.,  first  Prot.-Epis.  bishop  of  Mpi.,  b.  Wil- 
mington, N.C.,  May  2,  1798.  U.  of  N.C. 
1818.  Ord.  deacon,  1821  ;  priest,  1822;  app. 
prof,  of  rhetoric  in  the  U.  of  N.C.  in  1837  ; 
consec.  bishop  at  Jackson,  Feb.  24,  1850. 

Greene,  Zachariah,  Revol.  soldier  and 
clergyman,  b.  Stafford,  Ct.,  11  Jan.  1760;  d. 
Hempstead,  L.I.,  June  20, 1858.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1781.  He  served  in  the  army,  and  was  en- 
gaged on  several  occasions,  until  by  a  bullet- 
wound  in  his  shoulder,  at  the  battle  of  White 
Marsh,  in  Dec.  1777,  he  was  compelled  to  re- 
tire from  the  service.  He  then  studied  for  the 
ministry;  was  pastor  of  the  Presb.  ch.  at 
Cutchogue,    Southold,   L.I.,    from   June   28, 

1787,  to  1797,  and  at  Setauket,  Hempstead, 
L.I.,  from  Sept.  27,  1797,  until  his  death.  He 
was  a  chaplain  in  the  army  in  the  war  of  1812. 

Greenhow,  Robert,  M.D.  (1821),  schol- 
ar, b.  Richmond,  Va.,  1800  ;  d.  San  Francisco 
in  the  spring  of  1854.  Wm.  &  M.  Coll.  1816. 
His  father  Robert  was  mayor  of  Richmond ; 
and  his  mother  perished  at  the  burning  of  its 
theatre,  Dec.  26,  1811.  In  1815  he  went  to 
N.Y.,  where  he  studied  medicine.  He  sub- 
sequently visited  Europe,  and  on  returning  to 
N.Y.  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  before  the 
Literary  and  Philos.  Society.  He  was  in  1828 
app.  translator  of  languages  in  the  dept.  of 
State  ;  in  1837  he  prepared  by  order  of  Con- 
gress a  report  upon  the  discovery  of  the  N.W. 
coast  of  N.A.  ;  in  1848  he  presented  to  the 
N.Y.  Hist.  Soc.  a  paper  in  relation  to  the  sup- 
posed missionary  labors  of  Archbp.  Fenelon 
(since  found  to  have  been  thoseof  abro.)among 
the  Iroquois  Indians  of  N.Y. ;  in  1850  he  re- 
moved to  Cal.;  in  1853  he  was  app.  assoc. 
law-agent  to  the  U.S.  Land  Com.  He  was  a 
man  of  talent,  and  possessed  an  extraordinary 
memory.  He  pub.  a  "  History  of  Oregon  and 
California,"  1844;  "Hist,  of  Tripoli,  &c.," 
1835.  His  widow,  Rosa  O.  H.  Greenhow, 
became  a  spy  for  the  rebels ;  was  for  a  time  in 
the  Old  Capitol  Prison,  but  finally  lost  her  life 
in  attempting  to  land  from  a  blockade-runner 
in  Wilmington  harbor,  N.C,  Sept.  20,  1864. 

Greenleaf,  Benjamin,  teacher,  and  author 
of  a  series  of  math,  text-books,  b.  Haverhill, 
Sept.  25,  1786;  d.  Bradford,  Ms.,  Oct.  29, 
1 864.  Dartm.  Coll.  1 81 3.  Principal  of  Brad- 
ford Acad.  1814-36,  and  of  the  Bradford  Teach- 
ers' Seminary  from  1839  to  1848;  represented 
Bradford  in  the  legisl.  in  1837-9. 

Greenleaf,  Jonathan,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1863),  b.  Newburyport,  Sept.  4,  1785;  d. 
Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Apr.  24,  1865.  Edward, 
his  ancestor,  settled  in  N.  in  1635.  Moses, 
his  father,  was  a  capt.  in  the  Revol.  army. 
Jonathan  was  licensed  to  preach  in  Sept.  1814  ; 
was  ord.  over  the  church  in  Wells,  Mar.  8, 
1815  ;  dism.  Sept.  1828  ;  then  took  charge  of 
the  Mariners'  Church,  Boston  ;  and  was  sec. 
of  the  Seamen's  Friend  Society.  In  Dec. 
1833  he  removed  to  N.Y.,  where  he  edited  the 
Sailor's  Magazine ;  and  was  sec.  of  the  same 
society  until  Nov.  1841.     He  organized  and 


G-REJ 


383 


G-RK 


was  pastor  of  the  Wallabout  Presb.  Church, 
Brooklyn,  from  Mar.  8,  1843,  until  his  death. 
Author  of  "  Sketches  of  the  Eccles.  Hist,  of 
Maine,"  1 821 ;  "  Hist,  of  New- York  Churches," 
1846;  "Geneal.  of  the  Greenleaf  Family," 
N.Y.,  8vo,  1854.  —  N.  E.  H.  Sr  G.  Req.  1867. 

Greenleaf,  Moses,  LL.D.,  bro.  of  the 
precedin;r,  author  of  "  Statistical  View  of  Me.," 
1816;  "Survey  of  Me.,"  1829;  and  the  best 
map  of  that  State;  b.  Newburyport,  1778  ;  d. 
Williamsburg,  Me.,  Mar.  20,  18.34. 

Greenleaf,  Simon,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1834), 
an  eminent  jurist,  bro.  of  the  preceding^,  b, 
Newburyport,  Dec.  5,  1783;  d.  Cambridge, 
Oct.  6,  1853.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  June,  1806, 
he  commenced  practice  in  Standish,  whence  he 
soon  removed  to  Gray,  where  he  lived  11  years, 
during  which  period,  by  unwearied  industry, 
he  laid  the  foundations  of  his  great  legal  learn- 
ing. In  1818  he  removed  to  Portland,  and 
entered  upon  a  more  extended  practice.  Upon 
the  separation  of  Me.  from  Ms.  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Sup.  Court,  he  was  app.  its  re- 
porter. Traversing  the  circuit  with  the  judges, 
his  services  were  in  demand  in  all  parts  of  the 
State  ;  and  his  practice  became  very  extensive. 
His  Reports,  in  9  vols.,  contain  the  decisions 
of  the  court  from  1820  to  1832,  and  exhibit  full 
proof  of  his  industry  and  accuracy.  In  the 
summer  of  1833  he  was  app.  Royall  Prof,  of 
law  at  Cambridge  at  the  suggestion  of  Judge 
Story,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1 846  as  Dane  Prof 
In  1848  he  resigned,  and  was  made  emeritus 
prof  Many  years  pres.  of  the  Ms.  Bible  So- 
ciety. The  beauty  of  his  style  and  his  correct 
expositions  of  law  have  placed  him  as  an  author 
by  the  side  of  Blackstone  and  Kent.  Author 
of  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Evidence,"  3 
vols. ;  "  Remarks  on  the  Exclusion  of  Atheists 
as  Witnesses;  "  "  An  Examination  of  the  Tes- 
timony of  the  Four  Evangelists  by  the  Rules 
of  Evidence  administered  in  the  Courts  of 
Justice,  with  an  Account  of  the  Trial  of  Jesus," 
and  "  Testamentary  Counsels  and  Hints  to 
Christians  on  the  Right  Distribution  of  their 
Property  by  Will ;  "  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Origin 
and  Principles  of  Freemasonry,"  1820;  "  Over- 
ruled, Denied,  and  Doubted  Decisions  and 
Dicta,"  1  vol.  1840,  afterward  expanded  to  3 
vols. ;  Grimes's  "  Digest  of  the  Law  of  Real 
Property,"  1849. 

Greenough,  Horatio,  sculptor,  b.  Bos- 
ton, Sept.  6,  1805;  d.  Somerville,  Ms.,  Dec. 
18,  1852.  H.U.  1825.  Son  of  a  Boston 
merchant.  His  ideas  of  form  were  strongly 
marked  in  his  youth  ;  and  he  had  a  mechani- 
cal aptitude  at  imitating  the  objects  which 
impressed  themselves  on  his  mind.  At 
Harvard  he  became  acquainted  with  Wash- 
ington Allston  and  others,  who  encouraged 
him  in  his  design  of  becoming  an  artist;  and 
he  went  to  Italy  in  the  autumn  of  1825.  He 
returned  to  Boston  in  1826,  and,  after  model- 
ling several  busts,  returned  to  Italy,  fixing  his 
residence  in  Florence.  His  industry  was  great ; 
and  the  following  comprise  but  a  part  of  the 
works  upon  which  his  fame  rests  :  a  statue 
of  "Abel,"  statue  of  Byron's  "  Medora,"  the 
"Chanting  Cherubs,"  "Ascension  of  the 
Inftint  Spirit,"  "  Genius  of  America,"  statue 
of  "  Washington  upon  the  Public  Grounds  of 


the  National  Capitol,"  the  "  Angel  Abdiel," 
two  ideal  busts  of  "Heloise,"  ideal  bust  of 
the  "  Graces,"  bas  relief  of  "  Castor  and 
Pollux,"  monument  to  "  Guisti  the  Italian 
Poet,"  "  The  Genius  of  Love,"  ideal  bust  of 
"  Lucifer,"  of  our  "  Saviour  Crucified," 
monument  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gibbs,  portrait 
statue  of  Miss  Grinnel,  statuette  of  "  Venus 
Victrix,"  and  of  "  Venus  contending  for  the 
Golden  Apple."  He  also  executed  busts  of 
John  Adams,  John  Quincy  Adams,  Henry 
Clay,  Josiah  Quincy,  Samuel  Appleton,  Jona- 
than Mason,  Thomas  Cole,  John  Jacob  Astor, 
Judge  Marshall,  and  many  others.  The  ori- 
ginal design  for  the  Bunker's  Hill  Monument 
was  by  him.  Congress  appropriated  $20,000 
for  the  monument  to  Washington,  much  com- 
mended for  its  purity  of  taste,  loftiness  of  con- 
ception, accuracy  of  anatomical  study,  and 
mechanical  skill.  The  colossal  group,  "  The 
Rescue,"  for  the  National  Capitol,  occupied  the 
artist  8  years,  and  consists  of  four  figures. 
He  was  a  noble,  kindly,  and  generous  man. 
His  Life  and  Essays  were  pub.  in  1853  by  H. 
T.  Tuckerman.  Richard  S.  Greenough,  a 
younger  brother,  is  a  successful  sculptor, 

Greenup,  Col.  Christopher,  gov.  of 
Ky.  (1804-8),  b.  Va.  17.50;  d.  Frankfort,  Ky., 
April  27,  1818.  He  served  through  theRevol. 
as  a  private  and  as  an  officer;  at  its  close  re- 
moved to  Ky.,  where  he  was  clerk  of  the  Dist. 
Court;  member  of  the  legisl. ;  M.C.  1793-7; 
clerk  of  the  State  senate,  and  had  the  reputa- 
tion of  a  sound  lawyer. 

Greenville,  Sir  Richard,  navigator,  b. 
Cornwall,  Eng.,  1540  ;  d.  1591.  In  his  youth 
he  served  in  the  imperial  army  against  the 
Turks,  and  was  knighted  in  1.571.  Joining 
Raleigh,  his  relative,  in  his  colonization 
schemes,  he  sailed  in  1585  for  America,  with  7 
vessels  carrying  108  colonists.  June  20  he  made 
the  mainland  of  Carolina;  narrowly  escaped 
wreck  on  the  cape,  to  which,  in  consequence, 
he  gave  the  name  Cape  Fear ;  explored  the 
country  for  8  daN's  ;  and  Aug.  23,  after  landing 
the  colonists  under  Ralph  Lane,  sailod  for 
Eng.  The  next  year  he  recrossed  the  Atlantic 
with  3  ships  laden  with  supplies,  and  found 
the  colony  broken  up  and  the  settlers  gone, 
having  been  taken  off  by  Sir  Francis  Drake. 
To  keep  possession  of  the  country,  he  left  15 
men  on  Roanoke  Island  ;  returned  to  Eng., 
and  was  made  vice-admiral.  In  1591,  in  con- 
junction with  Lord  Howard,  he  was  commis- 
sioned to  intercept  a  rich  Spanish  fleet.  With 
only  5  ships,  he  attacked  the  enemy's  fleet  of 
62  sail  off  the  Azores.  He  sunk  4  of  them, 
and  killed  1,000  of  the  Spaniards  ;  but,  when 
his  own  ship  was  about  to  sink,  he  was  carried 
on  board  the  Spanish  fleet,  where  he  died,  three 
days  after,  of  his  wounds. 

(Greenwood,  Francis  William  Pitt, 
D.D.,  Unitarian  clergvman  and  scholar,  b. 
Boston,  Feb.  5,  1797  ;  d.  Aug.  2,  1843.  H.U. 
1814.  He  studied  theology  under  Dr.  Ware; 
became,  Oct.  21,  1818,  pastorof  the  New  South 
Church,  Boston,  withdrawing  on  account  of 
ill  health  the  next  year ;  then  resided  a  year 
in  Europe,  and,  after  his  return  in  1821,  lived 
2  years  in  Baltimore,  where  he  edited  the 
Unitarian  Miscellany.    His  health  being  partial- 


G-JRE 


384 


GUiE 


]y  restored,  he  became,  Aug.  29,  1824,  assoc. 
minister  with  the  Rev.  Dr.  Freeman  of  King's 
Chapel,  Boston,  of  wliich  in  1827  he  became 
sole  pastor.  In  1837-8  he  was  assoc.  editor  of 
the  Christian  Examiner,  and  also  contrib.  to  the 
N.  Amer.  Review  and  to  the  Christian  Disciple. 
In  1837  he  visited  Cuba  for  his  health,  and  re- 
turned somewhat  restored.  He  was  learned  in 
the  natural  sciences,  especially  conchology  and 
botany  ;  and  was  an  early  member  of  the  Bos- 
ton Society  of  Natural  History,  to  whose  Jour- 
nal he  was  a  contrib.  In  1827  he  pub.  "  Lives 
of  the  Apostles ;  "  in  1830  a  Coll.  of  Hymns; 
in  1833  "  Discourses  on  the  History  of  King's 
Chapel;"  "  Sermons  for  Children  ;  "  and  "  Ser- 
mons of  Consolation,"  1842.  Hon.  S.  A. 
Eliot  edited  2  vols,  of  his  sermons,  prefacing 
them  with  a  Memoir;  and  a  vol.  of  his  miscel- 
laneous writings  was  pub.  by  his  son,  12mo, 
Boston,  1846. 

Greenwood,  Isaac,  the  first  prof,  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  in  Amer- 
ica, b.  May  7,  1702;  d.  Charlestown,  Ms., 
Oct.  22,  1745.  H.U.  1721.  Hollis  Prof,  at 
H.U.  13  Feb.  1728-13  July,  1738.  He  pub. 
an  arithmetic,  1729;  and  a  philos.  discourse 
occasioned  by  the  death  of  Tliomas  Hollis, 
the  founder  of  the  professorship,  in  Apr.  1731. 
—  Eliot. 

Greenwood,  Miles,  manufacturer,  b. 
Jersey  City,  N.J.,  March  19,  1807.  He  re- 
moved to  tlie  West  with  his  father  in  1817,  and 
settled  near  Cincinnati.  In  1832  he  com- 
menced, on  the  Miami  Canal,  the  Eagle  Iron 
Works,  which  speedily  became  the  largest 
manufactory  of  the  West.  It  was  destroyed 
by  fire  in  1846,  but  was  soon  rebuilt.  He  was 
one  of  the  originators  of  the  Ohio  Mechanics' 
Institute  ;  contrib.  largely  to  the  erection  of 
their  present  building;  and  was  mainly  in- 
strumental in  introducing  steam  fire-engines. 

Gregg,  Andrew^  U.S.  senator,  b.  Carlisle, 
Pa.,  June  10,  1755;  d.Bellefonte,May  20,  1835. 
He  received  a  classical  education,  and  for 
several  years  was  tutor  in  the  U.  of  Pa.  In 
1789  he  removed  to  the  then  wilderness  of 
Penn's  Valley,  where  he  engaged  in  agricul- 
tural operations.  M.  C.  1791-1807;  'U.  S. 
senator,  1807-13;  president  p-o  fern.  1809.  In 
1814  he  removed  to  Bellefbnte;  and  in  1820 
was  app.  sec.  of  the  State  of  Pa. 

Gregg,  David  McM.,  brev.  maj.-gcn.  U.S. 
vols.,  b.  Pa.  1834.  West  Point,  1855.  En- 
tering the  1st  Dragoons,  he  served  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1858-60  against  the  Indians  of 
Washington  and  Oregon;  capt.  6th  Cav.  14 
May,  1861  ;  col.  8th  Pa.  Cav.  24  Jan.  1862; 
brig.-gen.  vols.  29  Nov.  1862.  He  was  in  the 
battles  of  the  Peninsular  campaign,  Mar.-Aug. 
1862  ;  com.  division  of  cav  in  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  Dec.  1862,  to  June,  1863;  and  en- 
gaged at  Beverley  Ford,  Aldie,  Gettysburg, 
Rapidan  Station,  and  New  Hope  Church,  27 
Nov.  1863;  com.  2d  cav.  division,  6  April, 
1864,  to  3  Feb.  1865,  in  the  Richmond  cam- 
paign, and  in  all  the  principal  actions  of  that 
period,  in  Army  of  the  Potomac ;  com.  the 
cav.  of  that  army  from  Aug.  1,  1864,  till  his 
resignation,  3  Feb.  1865,  and  engaged  at 
Todd's  Tavern,  Hawes  Shop,  Trevillian  Sta- 
tion,    Darby  town,     Deep    Bottom,    Reams's 


Station,  Boydton  Plank-Road,  &c. ;  bi^v. 
maj.-gen.  vols.  1  Aug.  1864,  for  dist.  conduct, 
particularly  in  reconnoissance  Charles  City 
Road.  Farmer  near  Milford,  Del.,  since  1865. 
—  Cullum. 

Gregg,  John,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A.,  b.  ab. 
1828;  killed  near  Petersburg,  Va.,  Oct.  7, 
1864.     Com.  a  Texas  brigade. 

Gregg,  John  I.,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Pa.  Capt.  11th  U.S.  Inf.  Mexican  war; 
capt.  6th  U.S.  Cav.  May,  1861  ;  col.  16th  Pa. 
Cav.  Oct.  1862;  com.  cav.  brigade.  Army  of 
the  Potomac,  Apr.  1863  to  Apr.  1865*,  in 
nearly  all  the  principal  battles  in  Va.,  includ- 
ing Kelly's  Ford,  Aldie,  Gettysburg,  Sulphur 
Springs,  Cold  Harbor,  Deep  Bottom  (severely 
wounded).  Five  Forks,  Amelia  C.H.  (wound- 
ed), Sailor's  Creek,  and  Farraville;  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.  for  gallant  and  merit,  service 
during  the  war  ;  col.  8th  U.  S.  Cav.  July  28, 
1866. 

Gregg,  Maxcy,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b.  Columbia, 
S.C,  1814;  killed  in  battle  Dec.  13,  1862. 
S.C.  Coll.  1836.  Son  of  James  Gregg,  an 
eminent  lawyer  of  Columbia.  He  studied 
law,  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1839;  app. 
major  12th  Inf.  March  24,  1847,  and  served 
until  the  close  of  the  Mexican  war.  Many 
years  col.  of  a  regt.  of  S.C.  militia,  and  was  a 
prominent  member  of  the  State  convention  in 
Dec.  1860,  in  which  he  was  one  of  the  com.  to 
prepare  the  ordinance  of  secession.  He  sub 
sequently  entered  the  Confed.  service  as  col 
1st  S.C.  regt. ;  was  made  a  brig.-gen.  soon 
afterward  ;  was  disting.  in  several  engagements 
in  Va. ;  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Freder- 
icksburg. —  Tenneij,  Hist,  of  the  Rebellion. 

Gregory,  Francis  H.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N., 
b.  Norwalk,  Ct.,  Oct.  9,  1789;  d.  Brooklyn, 
N.Y.,  Oct.  4,  1866.  He  first  entered  the  mer- 
chant-service; became  a  midshipman,  Jan.  16, 
1809;  lieut.  June  28,  1814;  com.  Apr.  28, 
1828;  capt.  Jan.  18,  1838;  rear-adm.  (retired 
list)  July  16,  1862.  His  first  services  were 
near  the  Balize,  where  he  captured  an  English 
brig  having  1 20  slaves  on  board,  also  a  schoon- 
er fitting  for  piratical  purposes  ;  had  a  night- 
action  with  a  privateer,  which  he  disabled  and 
drove  off  the  coast ;  and  took  a  Spanish  pirate 
of  14  guns.  While  serving  on  Lake  Ontario 
under  Chauncey,  in  the  war  of  1812,  he  was 
captured  in  Aug.  1814  ;  sent  to  Eng.,  and  con- 
finefl  18  months.  He  next  served  3  years  in 
the  Mediterranean  under  Com.  Shaw,  whose 
dau.  he  married.  From  1821  to  1823  he  com. 
"  The  Grampus  "  in  the  W.  Indies.  Near  St. 
Croix  he  captured  the. notorious  pirate  brig 
"  Panchita,"  a  vessel  far  superior  to  his  own 
in  weight  of  metal  and  number  of  men.  He 
com.  the  frigate  "  Raritan  "  in  the  Mexican 
war.  His  last  sea-service  was  in  com.  of  the 
African  squadron.  During  the  Rebellion  he 
superintended  the  construction  of  iron-clads. 

Greive,  George,  b.  Eng.  1750;  d.  France 
after  1 793.  Translatorof  Chastellux'  Memoirs; 
sec.  of  the  Bill  of  Rights  Club ;  was  in  Amer. 
in  1781-2;  lived  afterward  in  France,  engaged 
in  lit.  pursuits.  —  Hist.  Mag.  1870. 

Grellet,  Stephen,  a  Quaker  preacher,  b. 
France,  1773;  d.  Burlington,  N.J.,  Nov.  16, 
1855.     His  parents  being  of  the  household  of 


G-RE 


385 


G-RI 


Louis  XVI.,  he  was  brought  up  in  the  Catholic 
faith,  and  educated  at  the  Military  Coll.  of 
Lyons.  At  the  age  of  17  he  became  one  of 
the  body-guard  of  the  king ;  made  his  escape 
from  the  horrors  of  the  Revol. ;  and  in  1795 
came  to  N.  Y.  He  shortly  after  joined  the 
Quakers;  removed  to  Phila. ;  and,  during  the 
prevalence  of  the  yellow-fever  in  1798,  was  in- 
defatigable in  ministering  to  the  sick,  the  dying, 
and  the  afflicted.  During  this  trying  season 
he  became  impressed  with  the  idea  that  it  was 
his  duty  to  go  abroad,  and  publish  the  gospel ; 
for  which  purpose,  in  1800  he  made  an  exten- 
sive tour  through  the  Southern  States  as  far  as 
Ga.,  and  in  1801  through  N.E.  and  Canada. 
In  1799  he  returned  to  N.Y.,  where  he  estab- 
lished himself  in  business;  and  in  1804  m.  Re- 
becca, dau.  of  Isaac  Collins,  publisher.  Con- 
tinuing his  ministrations,  Grellet,  in  1807, 
went  to  the  south  of  France,  in  1812  to  Eng. 
and  Germany,  in  1816  to  Hay ti, and  in  1818  on 
a  tour  through  Europe.  At  Rome  he  stood, 
together  with  his  companion  Wm.  Allen,  before 
Pius  VII.,  who  listened  to  the  exhortations  of 
Grellet  with  the  greatest  respect  and  courtesy. 
He  returned  home  in  Aug.  1820.  In  1831-4 
he  made  another  missionary  excursion  through 
Europe.  His  Memoirs,  by  Bcnj.  Seebohm,  were 
pub.,  2  vols.  8vo,  1860. 

Grenier,  John,  author  of  the  famous 
"  Log-cabin  Songs"  of  the  polit.  campaign  of 
1840,  b.  1810;  d.  Toledo,  O.,  13  May,  1871. 
Went  when  a  boy  to  Ohio  ;  was  at  one  time 
editor  of  the  State  Journal,  and  afterward  of  the 
Gazette  at  Columbus,  and  of  tlieZanesville  City 
Times.     App.  Indian  agent  by  Prcs.  Taylor. 

Grenville,  George,  an  Eng.  statesman, 
reputed  author  of  the  famous  Stamp  Act, 
b.  Oct.  14,  1712  ;  d.  Nov.  13,  1770.  Educated 
at  Cambridge  U.,  where  he  acquired  great  pro- 
ficiency in  mathematics.  He  studied  law,  and 
represented  Buckingham  County  in  parliament 
from  1741  till  his  death.  After  filling  several 
subordinate  offices,  he  was  made  sec.  of  state 
in  1762,  and  was  chancellor  of  the  exche- 
quer and  first  lord  of  the  treasury  in  1763-.5. 
He  was  far  the  ablest  man  of  business  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  disting.  for  knowledge 
and  eloquence.  His  son  Thomas  (175.5-1846) 
was  one  of  the  agents  employed  in  negotiating 
the  treatv  of  peace  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  U.S.*^in  1782-3. 

Grevyle,  Lord  Charles  Montague, 
gov.  of  S.C.  1766-73,  b.  May  29,  1741;  d. 
Jan.  1784.  Second  son  of  Robert,  3d  Duke  of 
Manchester.  He  was  a  knight  of  the  shire  for 
Huntington,  and  was  at  one  time  gov.  of  Ja- 
maica. 

Grey,  Charles,  Earl,  a  British  gen.,  b. 
Oct.  23,  1729;  d.  Nov.  14,  1807.  Aide  de- 
camp to  Prince  Ferdinand  in  Germany  and  to 
Wolfe  at  Quebec ;  app.  lieut.-col.  June  27, 
1761;  com.  the  98th  regt.  at  the  capture  of 
Belle  Isle  in  1763  ;  col.  Dec  20,  1772  ;  and  ac- 
companied Ho^ve  to  Boston  in  1775,  who  gave 
him  the  local  rank  of  maj.-gen.  On  the  night 
of  Sept.  21,  1777,  he  surprised  Gen.  Wayne 
near  Paoli,  and  defeated  him  with  great  slaugh- 
ter, using  only  the  bayonet.  He  took  an  active 
pait  in  the  battle  of  Germantown,  Oct.  4, 1777; 
destroyed  the  shipping  and  stores  at  New  Bed- 
26 


ford  and  Martha's  Vineyard  in  the  autumn 
of  1778;  and  Sept.  7,  1778,  surprised  and  cut 
to  pieces  Baylor's  dragoons  at  Tappan.  For 
these  and  other  important  services  in  this  war, 
he  was  made  a  lieut-gen.  and  app.  com.-in- 
chief  in  N.A.  in  Jan.  1783.  He  was  employed 
in  Flanders  in  1793  ;  captured  Martinique  and 
St.  Lucie  in  1794;  made  gen.  in  1795;  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  in  1801;  and  in  1806  be- 
came an  earl.  His  eldest  son  was  the  celebrat- 
ed statesman  of  the  same  name. 

Gridley,  Jeremy,  a  disting.  law.  of  Bost., 
b.  ab.  1705  ;  d.  Brookline,  Ms.,  Sept.  10,  1767. 
H.U.  1725.  He  was  some  years  an  assist,  in 
the  grammar-school  in  Boston  ;  studied  theolo- 
gy; and  occasionally  preached.  He  then  de- 
voted himself  to  the  law,  and,  soon  after  his 
admission  to  the  bar,  instituted  a  weekly  news- 
paper called  the  Rehearsal,  the  first  number  of 
which  appeared  Sept.  29,  1731.  At  the  end  of 
a  year  he  was  compelled  to  relinquish  this  un- 
dertaking by  the  increase  of  his  professional 
business.  Having  been  elected  a  member  of 
the  General  Court  from  Brookline,  he  became 
a  decided  opponent  of  the  measures  of  the 
British  ministry;  notwithstanding  which  he 
was  app.  atty.-gen.  of  the  Province  of  Ms.  Bay, 
in  which  capacity  he  was  obliged  to  defend  the 
obnoxious  "  writs  of  assistance,"  and  encoun- 
tered the  powerful  opposition  of  his  former 
pupil,  James  Otis.  Besides  his  high  legal  sta- 
tion, he  was  col.  of  militia,  grand  master  of 
Freemasons,  and  pres.  of  the  Marine  Soc.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  legal  attainments,  of  fine 
talents,  of  disting.  learning  and  virtue. 

Gridley,  Maj.-Gen.  Richard,  a  disting. 
soldier,  bro.  of  Jeremy,  b.  Canton,  Ms.,  1711 ; 
d.  there  June  20,  1796.  He  had  great  reputa- 
tion as  an  artillerist ;  was  chief  engr.  in  the 
reduction  of  Louisburg  in  1745;  again  entered 
the  army  as  chief  engr.  and  col.  of  inf  in 
1755;  was  engaged  in  the  expcd.  to  Crown 
Point  in  1756,  under  Gen.  Winslow  ;  and 
planned  the  fortifications  around  Lake  George. 
He  served  under  Amherst  in  1758,  and,  with 
Wolfe,  ascended  to  the  Plains  of  Abraham,  and 
fought  the  French  at  the  capture  of  Quebec. 
For  his  services  the  British  Govt,  gave  him 
Magdalen  Island,  with  half-pay,  which  was 
continued  to  him  during  his  life.  He  es- 
poused the  patriot  cause  with  ardor  in  1775, 
and  was  app.  chief  engineer  and  com.  of  the 
artillery  of  the  Colonial  army.  He  it  was 
that  laid  out  so  skilfully  the  works  on  Bun- 
ker's Hill  the  night  before  the  battle  of 
June  17,  1775.  Though  then  65  years  old,  he 
was  exposed  to  the  severest  fire  of  the  enemy 
during  the  whole  engagement.  Late  in  the 
day  he  was  wounded  by  a  musket-ball  in  the 
thigh.  He  was  active  in  planning  the  fortifica- 
tions around  Boston  ;  commissioned  maj.-gen. 
by  the  Prov.  Congress,  Sept.  20,  1775";  and 
com.  of  the  Continental  art.,  but  was  in  Nov. 
superseded  by  Knox.  He  was  active  on  the 
memorable  night  when  Dorchester  Heights 
were  fortified.  —  iVo//t^/^  Dem.  Aug.  27,  1841. 

Grier  (greer),  Robert  Cooper,  jurist,  b. 
Cumberland  Co.,  Pa.,  March  5,  1794;  d. 
Phila.  Sept.  26, 1870.  Dick.  Coll.  1812.  His 
father,  a  Presb.  clergyman,  removed  to  Lyco- 
ming Co.  in   the  fall  of  1794,  and,  being  a 


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superior  scholar,  taught  his  son  Latin  and 
Greek.  He  taught  the  grammar-school  of  the 
coll.  till  1813,  when  he  returned  to  Northum- 
berland, Pa.,  to  aid  his  father  in  his  college 
duties.  After  his  father's  death  in  1815,  he 
succeeded  him  as  principal ;  studied  law  at  the 
same  time  ;  and  in  1817  commenced  practice  in 
Bloomsburg,  Columbia  Co.,  Pa.  Settling  in 
Danville  in  1818,  his  practice  rapidly  inci-eased ; 
and  May  4,  1838,  he  was  app.  pres.  judge  of 
the  Dist*  Court  of  Alleghany  Co.  He  removed 
to  Pittsburg  in  Oct.  of  the  same  year,  and  re- 
sided in  Alleghany  City  till  Sept.  1 848,  when 
he  removed  to  Phila.  Aug.  4,  1846,  he  was 
nominated  by  Pres.  Polk  one  of  the  justices  of 
the  U.S.  Supreme  Court.  He  possessed  sound 
judgment,  great  legal  knowledge,  and  thorough 
integrity.  He  resigned  his  seat  in  1869,  on 
account  of  infirm  health. 

Grier,  Wilmam  Nicholson,  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Pa.  West  Point,  1835.  Enter- 
ing the  1st  Dragoons,  he  became  capt.  23  Aug. 
1846;  maj.  2d  Drags.  20  Apr.  1861;  lieut.- 
col.  1st  Cav.  15  Feb.  1862  ;  col.  3d  Cav.,  and 
ret.  31  Aug.  1866  ;  brev.  br.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865. 
He  saw  much  frontier  service ;  won  the  brev. 
of  maj.  16  Mar.  1848  for  gallantry  at  Santa 
Cruz  de  Rosales,  Mexico ;  in  the  Apache  exped. 
1849-50,  and  wounded  ;  in  exped.  against  the 
Indians  in  Wash.  Terr.  1857-8  ;  and  com.  his 
regt.  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  Mar.-Ang. 
1862;  and  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Williamsburg,  Va.,  5  May,  1862.  —  Cullum. 

Grierson,  Benjamin  H.,  brev.  maj. -gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  July,  1837.  Emig. 
at  an  early  age  to  Trumb.  Co.,  0. ;  afterward 
in  the  produce-business  at  Jacksonville,  III. 
When  the  civil  war  broke  out  he  went  on  the 
staff  of  Gen.  Prentiss  ;  was  made  maj.  6th 
111.  cav. ;  col.  28  Mar.  1862  ;  and  in  Dec.  took 
com.  of  a  cav.  brigade.  He  was  engaged  in 
nearly  all  the  cav.  skirmishes  and  raids  in  W. 
Tenn.  and  N.  Mpi.,  and  made  a  successful 
cavalry  raid  from  La  Grange  (17  Apr.-2  May, 
1863)  to  Baton  Rouge  to  facilitate  Gen. 
Grant's  operations  on  Vicksbnrg,  destroying 
1  railroad-bridges,  depots,  and  rolling-stock  ; 
brig.-gen.  vols.  3  June,  1863;  maj.-gen.  27 
May,  1865;  brev.  brig,  and  maj.  gen.  U.S.A. 
•2  Mar.  1867  for  his  raid  of  Dec.  1864  in  Ark.; 
col.  10th  U.S.  Cav.  28  July,  1866. 

iS-riffin,  Charles,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Licking  Co.,  O.,  1826  ;  d.  Galveston,  Sept. 
15,  1867.  West  Point,  1847.  Entering  the 
4th  Art.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  June  30,  1849  ; 
capt.  5th  Art.  Apr.  25,  1861  ;  and  brig.-gen. 
vols.  July  9, 1 862.  With  his  battery,  he  fought 
with  heroic  bravery  at  the  first  Bull  Run ; 
served  in  Morell's  division  of  Fitzjohn  Por- 
ter's corps  in  the  campaign  of  the  Chickahom- 
iny,  winning  especial  distinction  at  Gaines's 
Mill  and  at  Malvern  Hill ;  was  present  at  the 
second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  Aug.  28,  1862,  and 
was  charged  by  Gen.  Pope  in  his  report  with 
having  refrained  from  taking  part  in  the  action, 
while  he  "spent  the  day  in  making  ill-natured 
strictures  upon  the  com.  gen."  He  was  ar- 
rested for  trial  on  this  charge,  but  was  released 
that  he  might  take  part  in  McClellan's  cam- 
paign in  Md.  in  Sept.,  and  took  a  distinguished 
part  at  Antietam.     In  Dec.  he  took  com.  of  a 


division  ;  fought  under  Bumside  at  Freder- 
icksburg ;  bore  himself  gallantly  through 
Hooker's  brief  campaign  in  Va. ;  was  present 
at  Gettysburg;  and  was  conspicuous  in  all  the 
engagements  from  the  Wilderness  to  the  Five 
Forks,  where  he  so  disting.  himself  as  to  be 
assigned  to  the  command  of  the  5th  corps,  in 
which  capacity  he  received  the  arms  and  colors 
of  the  Army  of  Northern  Va.  July  28,  1 866, 
he  was  made  col.  35th  Inf. ;  maj.-gen.  U.S. 
vols.  2  Apr.  1865.  In  the  following  winter  he 
was  ordered  to  Galveston  to  take  com.  of  the 
depart,  of  Texas.  He  was  brev.  maj.  U.S.A. 
for  Bull  Run  ;  lieut.-col.  for  the  battles  of  the 
Wilderness  ;  col.  for  battle  of  Weldpn  Rail- 
road ;  brig.-gcn.  for  Five  Forks;  and  maj.-gen. 
13  Mar.  1865  for  merit,  services  during  the 
Rebellion. 

GriflS.n,  Cyrus,  jurist,  b.  Va.  1749;  d. 
Yorktown,  Va.,  Dec.  14,  1810.  Educated  in 
Eng.,  and  connected  by  marriage  with  a  noble 
family  there,  he  yet  gave  early  adhesion  to  the 
patriot  cause ;  was  a  member  of  the  Va.  legis.; 
member  of  the  Old  Congress  in  1778-81  and 
in  1787-8,  and  its  pres.  in  1788;  pres.  of  the 
Sup.  Court  of  Admiralty  until  its  abolition ; 
commis.  in  1789  to  the  Creek  Nation  ;  judge  of 
the  U.S.  Dist.  Court  for  Va.  from  Dec.  1789 
until  his  death.  —  Portfolio,  Dec.  1811. 

Griffin,  Edmund  Dorr,  scholar,  b.  Wy- 
oming, Pa.,  Sept  10,  1804;  d.  New  York, 
Sept.  1,  1830.  Col.  Coll.  1823,  with  the  first 
honors.  Son  of  George,  a  leading  member 
of  the  N.Y.  bar,  by  a  dau.  of  Col.  Zebulon 
Butler.  He  studied  law  a  short  time;  then 
studied  divinity;  and  in  Aug.  1826  was  adm. 
to  deacon's  orders;  assist,  minister  of  St. 
James's  Church,  Hamilton  Square,  near  N.Y. 
City,  and  of  Christ  Church  in  the  city,  when 
he  was  compelled  by  a  threatened  affection  of 
the  lungs  to  abandon  the  labors  of  the  church 
and  the  study;  and  in  Oct.  1828  sailed  for 
Europe,  and  returned  to  N.Y.  in  April,  1830. 
In  the  following  May  and  June  he  delivered 
lectures  upon  Roman,  Italian,  and  English 
literature.  His  bro.  Francis  pub.  two  vols,  of 
his  "  Remains,"  with  a  Memoir  by  Rev.  John 
Mac  Vicar,  1831. 

Griffin,  Edward  Dorr,  D.  D.  (Un. 
Coll.  1808),  divine,  b.  E.  Haddam,  Ct.,  6  Jan. 
1770;  d.  Newark,  N.J.,  8  Nov.  1837.  Y.C. 
1790.  He  studied  theol.  under  the  second 
Pres.  Edwards  at  N.  Haven  ;  was  pastor  of  the 
Cong,  church  of  N.  Hartford,  4  June,  1795- 
1800;  of  the  Presb.  church,  Newark,  N.  J.,  20 
Oct.  1801-1809  ;  of  the  Park-street  Church, 
Boston,  31  July,  1811-1815;  of  the  2d  Presb. 
Church,  Newark,  1815-21;  prof,  of  rhetoric 
And.  Theol.  Sem.  21  June,  1809-11;  pres. 
Wras.  Coll.  1821-36.  Author  of  "  Lectures 
del.  in  Park-street  Church,  Boston,"  8vo, 
1813  ;  and  a  vol.  of  Sermons,  1844.  A  selec- 
tion from  his  works,  with  a  Memoir  of  his  Life 
by  Rev.  Dr.  Sprague,  was  pub.  2  vols.  1839  ; 
"  Recollections  of  Rev.  E.  D.  Griffin,"  by  Par- 
sons Cooke,  8vo,  1856. 

Griffin,  George,  lawyer  and  author,  b.  E. 
Haddam,  Ct ,  14  Jan.  1778;  d.  N.Y.  Citv,  6 
May,  1860.  Y.C.  1797.  Bro.  of  Edw.  Dorr 
Griffin.  Litchf.  Law  School.  Adm.  to  the  bar 
1 799 ;  practised  in  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  6  years, 


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a-Ri 


and  subsequently  in  N.  Y.  City.  He  pub. 
"  Suffering's  of  Our  Saviour,"  "  Eividences  of 
Christianity,"  and  "  The  Gospel  its  own  Ad- 
vocate," 1850. —  Necrol.  YiUe  Coll. 

GrifQ-th,  John,  preacher  of  the  Society 
of  Friends ;  came  to  Amer.  in  1726,  and  trav- 
elled through  N.J.,  Pa.,  &c. ;  author  of  "  Brief 
Remarks,"  Lond.  8vo,  1764;  "Journal  of 
Life,  Travels,  and  Labors,"  Svo,  1779. — 
Allihone. 

Griflaths,  John  Willis,  b.  N.  Y.  City, 
Oct.  6,  1809.  Senior  editor  of  the  Nautical 
Magazine.  Author  of  "  Treatise  on  Naval  and 
Marine  Architecture," N.Y.,  4to,  1850;  "Ship- 
Builder's  Manual  and  Nautical  Referee,"  N.Y., 
4to.  —  Allibone. 

Grif3.tts,  Samuel  Powell,  M.D.,  phy- 
sician and  philanthropist,  b.  Phila.  July  21, 
1759;  d.  there  May  12,  1826.  He  received  a 
classical  education  at  the  Coll.  of  Phila. ;  stud- 
died  medicine  in  the  schools  of  Paris,  Mont- 
pellier,  London,  and  Edinburgh,  during  three 
years,  returning  to  Phila.  in  the  fall  of  1784, 
and  establishing  himself  in  practice  there.  In 
1786  he  founded  the  Phila.  Dispensary;  was 
vice-pres.  of  the  Coll.  of  Physicians  from  1817 
till  his  death ;  prof,  of  materia  medica  in  the 
U.  of  Pa.  from  1792  to  1796  ;  physician  to  the 
dispensary  7  years,  and  was  an  active  member 
of  the  Humane  Society,  the  Philos.  Society, 
and  the  Pa.  Society  for  the  Abolition  of  Sla- 
very. At  a  general  convention  for  the  formation 
of  a  Pharmacopoeia,  held  at  Washington,  June 
1,  1820,  he  laid  before  that  body  an  "  Essay  of 
a  Pharmacopoeia,"  of  which  he  was  the  prin- 
cipal author.  In  the  great  pestilence  of  1793, 
and  the  epidemics  of  1797-9,  1802,  and  1805, 
he  remained  at  his  post  regardless  of  personal 
danger,  and  performed  the  most  laborious  and 
hazardous  services.  He  displayed  great  zeal 
and  activity  in  relieving  the  suffering  and 
destitution  of  the  French  emigrants  from  St. 
Domingo  in  1793-4,  and  collected  $12,000  for 
their  aid.  He  was  also  active  in  establishing, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Phila.  Yearly  Meet- 
ing of  Friends,  an  institution  for  the  relief  of 
persons  mentally  deranged.  One  of  the  editors 
of  the  Eclectic  Repertory,  and  was  a  man 
of  great  indusr.ry,  humanity,  and  piety.  — 
T/iocIm: 

Griggs,  John,  an  eminent  publisher,  b. 
Cornwall,  Eng.,  1792  ;  d.  Phila.  2  Aug.  1864. 
Left  an  orphan,  he  followed  the  sea;  came  to 
Richmond,  Va. ;  became  a  bookseller's  clerk 
in  Phila.  in  1816  ;  commenced  the  business  on 
his  own  account  in  1823;  was  highly  success- 
ful, and  withdrew  with  a  large  fortune  in  1850. 
The  business  of  this  house,  now  one  of  the 
largest  in  the  U.S.,  is  carried  on  by  Messrs.  J. 
B.  Lippincott  &  Co.  His  son,  John  Warner, 
d.  Aug.  1869,  leaving  to  various  charities  in 
Phila.  $117,000. 

Grigsby,  Hugh  Blair,  LL.D.  (Wm.  & 
M.  Coll.  1855),  historical  writer,  b.  Norfolk, 
Va.,  1806.  Chancellor  of  Wm.  &  M.  Coll. 
1871.  Son  of  Rev.  Benj .  Member  of  the  Va. 
convention  of  1829-30,  respecting  which  he 
delivered  an  address  in  1853  before  the  Va. 
Hist.  So«.  He  also  del.  a  discourse  on  the 
Va.  convention  of  1776  before  the  Coll.  of 
Wm.  and  Mary,  July  3,  1855,  pub.  8vo,  1855; 


and  on  L.  W.  Tazewell  before  the  bar  of  Nor- 
folk, 29  June,  1860.  Among  hife  contribs.  to 
the  Southern  Lit.  Messenrjer  is  a  paper  on  the 
Randolph  Library.  —  Allibone. 

Grijalva  (gre-hal'-va),  Juan  de,  the  first 
Spanish  navigator  who  landed  on  the  coast 
of  Mexico,  b.  Cuellar ;  slain  by  the  Indians 
in  Nicaragua,  Jan.  21, 1527.  Velasquez,  gov. 
of  Cuba,  his  uncle,  gave  him  the  com.  of  a 
fleet  of  4  vessels,  which.  May  1,  1518,  sailed 
from  St.  Jago  de  Cuba  to  complete  the  dis- 
coveries made  by  Fernandez  de  Cordova  in 
Yucatan  in  1517.  He  coasted  the  Peninsula 
of  Yucatan;  explored  as  far  as  the  Province 
of  Panuco,  giving  his  name,  and  that  of  his 
companion  Alvarado,  to  two  rivers  on  the 
coast.  On  his  return,  he  was  reproached  by 
Velasquez  for  having  neglected  to  plant  colo- 
nies on  the  coast.  Grijalva,  a  man  of  integrity 
and  prudence,  had  acted  strictly  in  accordance 
with  his  instructions,  and  against  his  own 
judgment. 

Grimes,  James  Wilson,  LL.D.  (Dartm. 
Coll.),  statesman,  b.  Deering,  N.H.,  Oct.  20, 
1816.  Dartm.  Coll.  1836.  -  Emigrating  to  the 
West,  he  began  to  practise  law  at  Burlington, 
Iowa,  in  1836  ;  was  in  1839,  and  often  after- 
ward, a  member  of  the  Iowa  Terr.  Assembly ; 
gov.  of  Iowa,  1854-8  ;  U.S.  senator,  1859-71 ; 
delegate  to  the  Peace  Congress  in  1861. 

Grimke,  Frederic,  jurist,  bro.  of  T.  S., 
b.  Charleston,  S.C,  Sept.  1,  1791;  d.  Chil- 
licothe,  0.,  Mar.  8,  1863.  Y.C.  1810.  Some 
years  pres.  judge  of  the  C.C.P.  of  Ohio.  In 
1836-41  he  was  a  judge  of  the  O.  Supreme 
Court.  Author  of  a  work  on  the  "  Nature  and 
Tendencies  of  Free  Institutions,"  1848,  and 
of  an  essay  on  "  Ancient  and  Modern  Lite- 
rature." 

Grimke,  John  Faucheraud,  LL.D. 
{N.J.  Coll.  1789),  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  of 
S.C;  d,  Aug.  1819.  A  col.  in  the  Revol. 
army.  He  pub.  a  "Revised  Edition  of  the 
Laws  of  S.C.  to  1789,"  "On  the  Duty  of 
Justices  of  the  Peace,"  "  A  Probate  Directory/* 
"Public  Law  of  S.C,"  Phila.  1790,  4to. 

Grimke,  Thomas  Smith,  LL.D.  (Y.C 
1830),  scholar  and  philanthropist,  son  of 
Col.  John  F.,  b.  Charleston,  S.C,  Sept.  26, 
1786;  d.  of  cholera  near  Columbus,  Ohio, 
Oct.  11,  1834,  Y.C  1807.  He  studied  law  at 
Charleston  under  Langdon  Cheves,  and  rose 
to  eminence  at  the  bar  and  in  the  politics  of 
his  State.  Among  his  more  noted  efforts  were 
a  speech  in  the  State  senate  on  the  tariff  ques- 
tion in  1828  in  support  of  the  Gen.  Govt.,  and 
an  argument  on  the  constitutionality  of  the 
S.C.  test  act  of  1834.  He  became  one  of  the 
first  classical  scholars  in  the  country.  He 
contrib.  both  by  purse  and  pen  to  the  Amer. 
Peace  Society,  of  which  he  was  an  able  and 
disting.  advocate,  holding  the  opinion  that 
even  defensive  warfare  is  wicked.  He  pub. 
several  addresses  and  orations  on  various  sub- 
jects, a  volume  of  which  was  pub.  at  N.  Haven 
in  1831. 

GrimsJiaw,  William,  author  of  school 
histories  and  grammar,  b.  1782,  Greencastle, 
Ireland;  d.  Phila.  18.52.  Emig.  to  Amer.  in 
1815,  and  lived  many  years  in  Phila.  He  pub. 
"Life    of   Napoleon;"  "Etymological   Die- 


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tionary,"  1821  ;  "  Gentlemen's  and  Ladies* 
Lexicons,"  1829  ;  "  Merchant's  Law-Book  ;  " 
"  Form  Book,"  "  American  Chesterfield,"  &c. 
Grinnell,  Moses  H.,  merchant,  b.  New 
Bedford,  Ms.,  Mar.  3,  1803;  was  educated  at 
private  schools  and  at  Friends*  Acad. ;  was 
bred  a  merchant,  and  frequently  went  abroad 
as  supercargo.  The  distinir.  firm  of  Grinnell, 
Minturn,  &  Co.,  took  that  title  in  1829,  though 
founded  many  years  before  by  Joseph  Grinnell 
and  Preserved  Fish.  He  was  one  of  the  pro- 
moters of  Dr.  Kane's  arctic  exped.  1853-5  ; 
collector  of  the  port  of  N.Y.  1869-71  ;  M.C. 
1839-41.  Joseph,  his  bro.,  also  a  disting. 
merchant,  and  M  C.  from  Ms.  1844-52  ;  b.  17 
Nov.  1788. 

Griseom,  John,  LL.D.,  educator,  b.  Han- 
cock's Bridge,  Salem  Co.,  N.J.,  Sept.  27, 1774; 
d.  Burlington,  N.J.,  Feb.  26,  1852.  He  be- 
longed to  a  family  of  Friends.  Began  to  teach 
at  the  age  of  17,  at  the  same  time  laboring  on 
a  farm ;  studied  at  the  Friends'  Acad,  at  Phila. ; 
had  charge  of  the  Friends'  monthly  meeting 
school  in  Burlington  13  years;  delivered  a 
course  of  public  lectures  on  chemistry  in  his 
schoolroom  in  1806  ;  removed  to  N.Y.  in  1807, 
and  taught  there  25  years.  In  1818-19  he 
travelled  extensively  in  Europe,  publishing,  on 
his  return,  "  A  Year  in  Europe,"  2  vols.  1823. 
He  was  instrumental  in  founding  the  Society 
for  the  prevention  of  Pauperism  in  1817;  was 
6  years  its  sec,  and  the  author  of  many  of  its 
reports  and  appeals.  He  also  projected  the 
N.Y.  high  school,  which  was  under  his  super- 
vision. He  was  a  short  time  prof,  of  chemistry 
in  Rutgers  Med.  Coll,  and  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  on  nat.  philos.  before  the 
Mercantile  Library  Assoc,  in  the  winter  of 
1829-30.  In  1832  he  taught  a  Friends'  board- 
ing-school at  Providence,  R  I. ;  also  lecturing 
on  chemistry  and  nat.  philos.  The  latter  part 
of  his  life  was  spent  in  Burlington,  N.  J.,  dis- 
charging the  duties  of  town  superintendent, 
and  trustee  of  the  public  schools,  and  re-organ- 
izing the  common-school  system  of  N.  J.  His 
Memoir,  by  his  son,  was  pub.  in  N.Y.  1859.  — 
piii/cki)wk. 

Griseom,  John  Hoskins,  physician,  son 
of  the  preceding,  b.  N.Y.  Aug.  14,  1809.  U. 
of  Pa.  1832.  lie  studied  medicine  under  Profs. 
Godman  and  Valentine  Mott;  became  res. 
physician  of  the  N.Y.  Hospital ;  was  prof,  of 
chemistry  in  the  N.Y.  Coll.  of  Pharmacy  from 
1836  to  1840,  and  has  been  visiting  physician 
of  the  N.  Y.  Hospital  since  1843.  From  1848 
to  1851,  he  was  gen.  agent  of  the  commission- 
ers of  emigration.  He  has  pub.  "  Animal 
Mechanism  and  Physiology,"  1839  ;  "  Sanitary 
Condition  of  the  Laboring  Classes  of  N.Y. ;" 
"  Uses  and  Abuses  of  Air,  and  the  Means  for 
the  Ventilation  of  Buildings,"  18.50;  an  Ora- 
tion before  the  Acad,  of  Medicine,  1854  ;  and  a 
Memoir  of  his  father,  1859. 

Griswold,  Alexander  Vietts,  D.D. 
(B.U.  and  N.  J.  Colls.  1811),  Pr.  Ep.  Bishop 
of  the  Eastern  Diocese,  b.  Simsbury,  Ct ,  Apr. 
22,  1766;  d.  Boston,  Feb.  1.5,  1843.  He  fol- 
lowed the  occupation  of  his  fiither,  who  was  a 
farmer,  for  many  years,  devoting  all  his  leisure 
time  to  study,  until  the  age  of  29,  when  he  was 
adm.  to  holy  orders.     He  officiated  in  his  na- 


tive State  ;  and  in  May,  1804,  removed  to  Bris- 
tol, R.  I.,  where  he  became  rector  of  St.  Mi- 
chael's Church,  also  teaching  school.  In  1810 
the  Eastern  Diocese  was  organized  ;  and  May 
29,  1811,  Dr.  Griswold  was  consec.  its  first 
bishop.  Though  a  man  of  great  simplicity  of 
manners,  he  soon  became  known  as  one  of  the 
most  sagacious  as  well  as  learned  ecclesiastics 
of  the  country,  and  was  for  10  years  chancellor 
of  Brown  U.  In  1829  he  removed  to  Salem, 
Ms.,  and  became  rector  of  St.  Peter's  Church 
in  that  city,  and,  a  few  years  subsequently,  to 
Boston,  where  he  resided  until  his  death.  On 
the  death  of  Bishop  White,  in  1836,  he  became 
presiding  bishop.  He  pub.  "  On  the  Reforma- 
tion and  the  Apostolic  Office,"  1843;  "Ser- 
mons," 8vo,  Phila.  1830;  "Prayers,"  N.Y. ; 
"  Remarks  on  Social  Pmyer-Meetings."  A 
Life  of  Bishop  Griswold  has  been  pub.  by  Rev. 
J.  S.  Stone,  D.D.,  Phila.,  8vo. 

Griswold,  C.  C,  landscape-painter,  b. 
Delaware,  O.,  1834.  His  grandfather  was  a 
bro.  of  Bishop  G.  Ezra,  his  father,  assisted  in 
editing  and  publishing  the  first  newspaper  in 
Columbus,  0.  C.  C,  the  youngest  of  5  bros., 
Aventat  17  to  Cincinnati  to  learn  wood-engrav- 
ing; came  to  N.Y.  in  1850;  exhibited  at  the 
Nat.  Acad,  of  Design  in  1857  ;  and  became  an 
academician  in  1867.  His  only  instruction 
was  from  an  elder  bro.,  a  painter.  Among  his 
best  efforts  are  "December,"  "  Winter  Morn- 
ing," "  Last  of  the  Ice,"  and  an  "  August  Day, 
Newport."  —  Tuckerman. 

Griswold,  John  A.,  merchant,  and  M.C. 
from  N.Y.  1863-9,  b.  Rensselaer  Co.,N.Y.,ab. 
1822.  Iron-merchant  and  banker.  One  year 
mayor  of  Troy.  An  energetic  supporter  of  the 
Union  during  the  civil  war.  To  his  efforts  it 
was  pi-incipally  due  that  Ericsson's  famous 
monitor  was  built. 

Griswold,  Matthew,  LL.D.  (Y.  C. 
1779),  gov.  Ct.  1784-5,  b.  Lyme,  Ct.,  1716;  d. 
there  April,  1799.  His  patriotism  and  love  of 
civil  liberty  were  fully  evinced  by  his  public 
services  from  1770  to  the  close  of  the  Revol. 
He  was  several  years  lieut.-gov.  of  the  State, 
and  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court ;  and  was 
pres.  of  the  convention  which  ratified  and 
adopted  the  Federal  Constitution  in  1788. 

Griswold,  Roger,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1812), 
gov.  of  Ct.  (1811-13),  b.  Lyme,  May  21, 1762  ; 
d.  Norwich,  Oct.  25,  1812.  Y.C.  1780.  Son 
of  Gov.  Matthew.  Adm.  to  practise  law  in 
1783;  M.C.  from  1795  to  1805;  warmly  at- 
tached to  the  principles  of  the  Federal  party, 
and  a  powerful  advocate  of  its  measures.  In 
1801  he  declined  the  office  of  sec.  of  war;  in 
1807  was  app.  a  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  of 
Ct.  ;  was  lieut-gov.  1809-11,  and  was  regarded 
as  one  of  the  first  men  in  the  nation  in  talents, 
political  knowledge,  force  of  eloquence,  and 
profound  legal  ability. 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot,  D.  D.,  au- 
thor, b.  Benson,  Rutland  Co.,  Vt.,  Feb.  15, 
1815;  d.N.York,  Aug.  27,1857.  Much  of  his 
early  life  was  spent  in  voyaging  about  the 
world  ;  and  before  he  was  20  he  had  seen  the 
most  interesting  portions  of  his  own  country, 
and  of  Southern  and  Central  Europe.  He  was 
at  first  a  printer's  apprentice,  but  studied  divin- 
ity, and  became  a  I3aptist  preacher.     He  soon 


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389 


a-RTT 


became  associated  in  the  editorship  of  periodi- 
cals in  Boston,  N.Y.,  and  Phila,,  such  as  the 
New-Yorker,  Brother  Jonat/ian,  and  the  New 
World.  In  1841  he  pub.  an  anonymous  vol. 
of  poems  and  a  vol.  of  sermons  ;  in  1842-.3 
he  edited  Graham's  Magazine,  and  from  1850  to 
1852  the  International  Magazine  in  New  York. 
Author  of  "  Poets  and  Poetry  of  America," 
1842;  "  Prose- Writers  of  America,"  1846; 
"  The  Biographical  Annual,"  1842;  "Christian 
Ballads  and  other  Poems,"  8vo,  1844;  and 
"  Scenes  in  the  Life  of  the  Saviour,"  8vo ; 
"Female  Poets  of  America,"  1849;  "  Sacred 
Poets  of  England  and  America,"  1849  ;  "  Po- 
ets and  Poetry  of  England  in  the  19th  Centu- 
ry," 1854  ;  "  Curiosities  of  American  Litera- 
ture," appended  to  Disraeli;  "Washington 
and  the  Generals  of  the  Revolution,"  in  con- 
junction with  Simms,  Ingraham,  and  others, 
2  vols.  1847  ;  "  Napoleon  and  the  Marshals  of 
the  Empire,"  with  H.  B.  Wallace,  1847 ;  and  an 
illustrated  vol.  entitled  "  The  Republican  Court, 
or  American  Society  in  the  Days  of  Washing- 
ton," 1854.  He  edited  the  first  American  edi- 
tion of  the  prose-works  of  Milton,  and  was  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  works  of  Edgar  A.  Poe. 
He  was  engaged  upon  an  illustrated  Life  of 
Washington  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Griswold,  Stanley,  jurist,  b.  Torring- 
ford,  Ct.,  Nov.  14,  1763;  d.  Shawneetown,  111., 
Aug.  21,  1815.  Y.C.  1786.  He  was  pastoral 
New  Milford  from  1790  to  1802,  when  he  re- 
signed on  account  of  political  animosity  occa- 
sioned by  his  Democratic  views.  He  afterward 
preached  a  short  time  in  Greenfield;  edited  in 
1804  a  Democratic  paper  at  Walpole,  N.H., 
with  spirit  and  ability  ;  and  in  1805  was  app. 
by  Jefferson  sec.  of  Michigan  Terr.  Remov- 
ing to  Ohio,  he  was  U.S.  senator  in  1809,  and 
was  afterward,  for  a  short  time,  U.S.  judge  for 
the  North-west  Territory.  He  pub.  some  politi- 
cal sermons  in  1800-2. 

Gross,  John  Daniel,  D.D.,  prof,  of  moral 
philos.  at  Col.  Coll.  1787-95,  of  German,  1784- 
95,  and  minister  in  New  York,  b.  Germany, 
1737  ;  d.  Canajoharie,  May  25,  1812.  He  had 
been  a  pupil  of  Kern,  and  became  the  instruct- 
or of  the  accomplished  Milledoler.  During 
the  Revol.  he  was  pastor  of  a  D.  R.  church 
on  the  frontier,  and  exposed  to  many  perils. 
At  its  close  he  removed  to  New  York.  He 
pub.  "  Natural  Principles  of  Rectitude,"  a  sys- 
tematic treatise  on  moral  philos.,  8vo,  1795. 

Gross,  Samuel  D.,  M.D.  (1828),  physician 
and  surgeon,  b.  near  Easton,  Northampton  Co., 
Pa.,  July,  1805.  He  began  practice  in  Phila., 
translating  Holland's  "  General  Anatomy," 
Hatin's  "Manual  of  Obstetrics,"  Hilden- 
brand  on  "  Typhus-Fever,"  and  Tavernier's 
"  Operative  Surgery."  His  first  original  work 
was  "  Diseases  and  Injuries  of  the  Bones  and 
Joints,"  1830.  He  moved  to  Easton  in  1830, 
but  in  the  fall  of  1833  went  to  Cincinnati  as 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  Med.  Coll.  of 
Ohio.  He  became  prof,  of  pathological  anat- 
omy there  in  1835,  delivering  the  first  systemat- 
ic course  of  lectures  on  morbid  anatomy  ever 
given  in  this  country  ;  and  pub.  "  Elements  of 
Pathological  Anatomy,"  2  vols.  1839.  Prof, 
of  surgery  in  the  Louisville  U.  1840-50.  Prof. 
of  surgery  in  the  U.  of  N.Y.,  but  resumed  his 


chair  in  Louisville  shortly  after.  Since  1856 
he  has  filled  the  chair  of  surgery  in  Jeff. 
Coll.  Phila.  His  other  works  are  "  Wounds 
of  the  Intestines,"  1843;  "Diseases,  Injuries, 
and  Malformations  of  the  Urinary  Organs," 
1851  ;  "  Foreign  Bodies  in  the  Air-Passages," 
1854;  "Report  on  the  Causes  which  retard 
the  Progress  of  American  Medical  Literature," 
1856;  "  System  of  Surgery,  Pathological,  Di- 
agnostic, Therapeutic,  and  Operative,"  2  vols. 
1859.  He  pub.  in  1861  "  Amer.  Medical  Biog- 
raphy." In  conjunction  with  Dr.  Richardson, 
he  founded  and  edits  the  N.  A.  Medico- Chirur- 
gical  Review,  and  has  contrib.  numerous  papers 
to  various  medical  periodicals. 

Grover,  Cuvier,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Bethel,  Me.,  July  24,  1829.  West  Point, 
1850.  Entering  the  1st  Art.,  he  became  in  1855 
Istlieut.  10th  Inf. ;  Sept.  17, 1858,  capt.;  brig.- 
gen.  of  vols.  April  14,  1862;  maj.  3d  Inf.  31 
Aug.  1863  ;  lieut.-col.  38th  Inf.  28  July,  1866. 
He  was  assigned  a  brigade  in  Heintzelman's 
corps  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  At  the 
second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  his  brigade  fought 
under  Gen.  Hooker,  and  disting.  itself  by  a 
bayonet-charge.  When  Hooker  took  command 
of  the  troops  at  Fairfax,  Grover  took  Hooker's 
division.  He  com.  a  division  19ih  corps  Dcpt. 
of  the  Gulf,  30  Dec.  1862,  to  July,  1864;  and  in 
the  Shenandoah  campaign,  Aug.-Dec.  1864, 
being  engaged  at  Opequan,  Fisher's  Hill,  and 
at  Cedar  Creek,  where  he  was  wounded  ;  and 
com.  dist.  of  Savannah,  Ga.,  Jan. -June,  1865; 
brev.  lieut.-col.  for  Williamsburg,  col.  for  Fair 
Oaks,  brig.-gcn.  for  Cedar  Creek,  and  maj.- 
gen.  for  merit,  services  during  the  Rebellion. 
—  Cidlum. 

Groves,  Webber,  author  of  a  work  on 
"  Commercial  Intercourse  between  Great  Brit- 
ain and  America  ;  "d.  N.H.,  Mar.  1793,  a.  97. 

Grow,  Galusha  a.,  politician,  b.  Ashford, 
Ct.,  Aug.  31,  1823.  Amh.  Coll.  1844.  Adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1847  ;  settled  among  the  moun-. 
tains  of  Pa.  for  his  health,  and  was  in  1850 
a  surveyor  of  wild  lands;  M.C.  1851-3,  '55- 
7,  and  1859-63  ;  chairman  of-the  com.  on  Ter- 
ritories, 1859-61  ;  delegate  to  the  Bait,  con- 
vention 1864  ;  speaker  of  37th  Congress. 

Grund,  Francis  J.,  author,  b.  Germany 
ab.  1803;  d.  Phila.  Sept.  29,  1863,  from  apo- 
plexy induced  by  alarm  at  an  apprehended  as- 
sault by  a  mob.  He  had  been  long  a  resident 
of  Phila.,  and  was  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the 
public  prints.  Under  Pres.  Buchanan  he  held 
a  foreign  app. ;  and  in  1861  was  consul  at 
Havre.  Returning  to  Phila.  soon  after,  he  es- 
tab.  there  a  new  paper.  The  Age.  The  even- 
ing before  his  death,  he  made  an  able  speech 
at  the  Union  League  in  Phila.  Author  of 
"  The  Americans  in  their  Moral,  Social,  and 
Political  Relations,"  1837  ;  "  Aristocracy  in 
America,"  1839  ;  "  Algebraic  Problems ;  "  ele- 
ments of  "  Chemistry,"  and  of  "Nat.  Philos- 
ophy ;  "  and  "  Plane  and  Solid  Geometry." 

Grundy,  Felix,  jurist  and  statesman,  b. 
Berkeley  Co.,  Va.,  Sept.  11,  1777;  d.  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  Dec.  19,  1840.  His  father,  an 
Englishman,  settled  in  Ky.in  1780.  Felix  was 
educated  at  the  Bardstown  Acad,  by  the  cele- 
brated Priestley  ;  studied  law,  and  became  emi- 
nent, especially  in  criminal  cases.     Member  of 


GUiY 


390 


OTJM 


the  Ky.  Const.  Conv.  in  1799  ;  member  of  the 
legisl.  1800-5  ;  chosen  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court 
in  1806  ;  and  soon  afterward  chief  justice.  Re- 
moving to  Nashville  in  the  winter  of  1807-8, 
he  held  there  the  first  rank  in  his  profession ; 
M.C.  1811-14,  and  a  firm  supporter  of  the  ad- 
ministration during  the  war  with  Great  Brit- 
ain ;  several  years  in  the  Tenn  legisl. ;  U.S. 
senator  1829-38,  and  again  in  1840  ;  and  U.S. 
atty.-gen.  1838-40.  He  was  a  zealous  support- 
er of  Gen.  Jackson.  —  Nat.  PoH.  Gallery. 

Grymes,  John  R.,  an  eminent  lawyer,  b. 
Orange  Co.,  Va.,  1786;  d.  N.  Orleans,  Dec. 
4,  1854.  Removing  to  La.  in  1808,  he  took  a 
prominent  part  in  all  public  transactions;  was 
a  vol.  aide  to  Gen.  Jackson  at  the  battle  of  N.- 
Orleans; was  his  counsellor  in  the  subsequent 
legal  proceedings  which  obtained  such  histori- 
cal notoriety  ;  held  at  times  the  office  of  U.S. 
dist.-atty.  and  of  atty.-gen.;  and  served  in  the 
State  legisl.  and  in  the  State  Const.  Conv.  He 
was  engaged,  directly  or  indirectly,  in  nearly 
every  case  of  magnitude  in  the  courts  where 
he  practised ;  was  a  man  of  acknowledged 
learning  and  eloquence;  and  was  counsel  for 
Mrs.  Gaines,  in  opposition  to  Mr.  Webster. 

Guardiola,  Santos,  pres.  of  Honduras, 
b.  Tegucigalpa,  1812.  Entering  the  army  at 
an  early  age,  his  daring  and  cruelty  in  the 
civil  wars  of  Central  America  earned  him  the 
name  of  the  "  Tiger  of  Honduras."  In  an  ef- 
fort to  overthrow  the  govt,  of  his  native  State 
in  1850,  he  was  defeated  and  banished.  In 
1856  he  joined  the  Nicaraguan  forces  as  gen. 
of  division.  Defeated,  first  by  Walker,  then 
by  Munoz,  and  returned  to  Honduras,  where, 
by  a  revol.  movement,  aided  from  Guatimala, 
he  was  raised  to  the  presidency. 

Guatimozln  (gwa-te-mo'-zin),  last  king 
of  Mexico;  d.  1522.  Nephew  of  Montezuma, 
on  the  death  of  whose  bro.  Qiietlevaca,  in  1520, 
he  was  unanimously  raised  to  the  throne.  He 
exerted  himself  with  vigor  in  the  defence  of 
his  capital,  and  repulsed  an  attempt  by  Cortes 
to  take  it  by  storm.  Attempting  to  retreat 
across  the  lake,  he  was  intercepted  by  the  brig- 
antines  posted  for  that  purpose,  and  made  pris- 
oner. When  brought  before  Cortes,  he  con- 
ducted himself  with  the  calm  dignity  of  a 
prince^who  was  conscious  of  having  done  all 
in  his^ower  to  save  his  country,  and  was  will- 
ing to  fall  along  with  it.  Irritated  by  the 
smallness  of  the  treasures  found  in  the  cap- 
tured city,  Cortes  inhumanly  ordered  Guati- 
mozin  to  be  put  to  the  torture  in  order  to  force 
a  discovery  of  more.  He,  with  his  chief  favor- 
ite, was  stretched  upon  burning  coals.  He  en- 
dured the  pain  in  silence,  and  observing  his 
companion  to  cast  a  piteous  look,  as  if  desirous 
to  relieve  himself  by  a  disclosure,  he  darted  an 
indignant  glance  upon  him,  exclaiming,  "  Do  I 
lie  upon  a  bed  of  flowers?  "  Ashamed  of  his 
cruelty,  Cortes  rescued  the  king,  and  remanded 
him  to  prison.  Some  time  after,  upon  an  in- 
surrection of  the  Mexicans,  the  Spaniard,  upon 
a  bare  suspicion  that  Guatimozin  was  concerned 
in  the  plot,  caused  him  to  be  hanged  without 
trial. 

Guerard,  Benjamin,  gov.  of  S.C.  1783- 
5  ;  speaker  of  the  house,  1783  ;  d,  Charleston, 
S.C,  Jan.  1789. 


Guerrero  (g5r-ra'-ro),  Vicente,  pres.  of 
Mexico  1829;  d.  Feb.  14, 1831.  By  birth  a  Cre- 
ole. At  the  commencement  of  the  revol.  he  took 
arms  against  the  royalists.  From  1819  to  1828, 
Gen.  Guerrero  repeatedly  became  the  rallying- 
point  of  the  liberal  or  popular  party,  the  Yor- 
kinos,  and  was  repeatedly  called  into  active 
service  in  his  military  capacity.  Having  been 
successful  in  various  contests,  he  at  length  in 
1829  was  elected  to  the  presidency.  The  ex- 
ped.  of  Barradas  soon  gave  employment  to  the 
new  govt.,  and,  the  better  to  enable  the  pres.  to 
meet  the  exigency,  he  was  invested  with  extraor- 
dinary powers  ;  but  after  the  victory  over  the 
Spanish  troops,  and  when  the  invading  expedi- 
tion was  destroyed,  Guerrero  evinced  an  unwill- 
ingness to  relinquish  the  dictatorship,  which 
became  the  pretext  of  another  revol.  ;  and 
Bustamente,  the  vice-pres.,  assumed  the  reins 
of  government.  Guerrero,  having  been  desert- 
ed by  his  troops,  resigned  his  office  to  Busta- 
mente. In  Sept.  1830,  Guerrero  collected  a 
large  force  at  Valladolid,  and  established  a  form 
of  govt,  in  opposition  to  that  of  Bustamente ; 
but  he  was  soon  after  defeated  by  Gen.  Bravo, 
taken,  and  shot  at  Cailapa. 

Guess,  George,  or  Sequoyah,  a  Chero- 
kee half-breed,  inventor  of  the  Cherokee  alpha- 
bet, b,  ab.  1770;  d.  San  Fernando,  Northern 
Mexico,  in  Aug.  1843.  He  cultivated  a  small 
farm  in  the  Cherokee  country  of  Ga.,  and  was 
known  as  an  ingenious  silversmith,  when  in 
1826  he  invented  a  syllabic  alphabet  of  the 
language  of  his  nation,  of  85  characters,  which 
was  applied  to  writing  and  printing  with  com- 
plete success.  Cherokee  children  were  able  to 
master  the  alphabet  in  a  short  time,  and  to 
write  letters  to  their  friends  ;  and  a  newspaper 
called  the  Phoenix  was  established  in  1828.  He 
accomp.  his  tribe  in  their  emigration  beyond 
the  Mpi.,  and  resided  for  some  time  in  Brain- 
erd. 

Guest,  John,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Mo.  March 
7,1821.  Midshipman  Dec.  16,  1837;  lieut. 
Dec.  24,  1850;  com.  July  16,  1862;  capt.  July 
25,  1866.  Attached  to  steamer  "Poinsett," 
survey  of  Tampa  Bay,  1844-5 ;  to  frigate 
"  Congress,"  Pacific  squad,  in  Mexican  war, 
1845-8;  boarded  at  Shanghai  in  1854  a  Chi- 
nese man-of-war,  and  liberated  a  pilot-boat's 
crew  who  were  under  the  protection  of  the 
Amer.  flag ;  second  in  com.  of  "  The  Plym- 
outh "  in  a  severe  action  with  the  Chinese  at 
Shanghai,  April,  1854  ;  in  com.  of  the  boats 
of  "  The  Niagara,"  cut  out  rebel  schooner 
"  Aid,"  under  the  guns  of  Fort  Morgan,  Aug. 
1861  ;  com.  steamer  "  Owasco  "  at  capture  of 
N.  Orleans  and  battles  on  the  Mississippi,  in- 
cluding Vicksburg,  1862  ;  com.  iron-clad  "  Le- 
high "  1863,  and  steamer  "  Iosco"  at  both  at- 
tacks on  Fort  Fisher. 

Guild,  Reuben  A.,  librarian  of  Brown  U. 
since  1848,  b.  West  Dedham,  Ms.,  1822.  B.U. 
1847.  Has  pub.  "Life  of  James  Manning," 
1864;  "Librarian's  Manual,"  1858;  "Hist. 
Sketch  of  Brown  Univ.,"  and  "  Account  of 
the  Writings  of  Roger  Williams,"  1862. 

Gummere,  John,  teacher,  b.  Willow 
Grove,  Pa.,  1784;  d.  1845.  He  taught  school 
over  40  years  successively  at  Horsham,  Ranco- 
cus,  West  Town,  Burlington,  and  Haverford. 


Guns' 


391 


g-wt: 


Upon  his  retirement  from  the  Friends'  Coll.  at 
Haverford,  he  resumed  his  boarding-school  at 
Burlington  (previously  conducted  by  him  in 
1814-33)  in  connection  with  his  eldest  son 
Samuel  J.  His  celebrated  Treatise  on  Survey- 
ing passed  through  many  editions.  His  As- 
tronomy was  pub.  1822.  A  Memorial  of  his 
Life  was  privately  printed  by  W.  J.  Allinson 
of  Burlington,  1845.  A.M.  of  N.J.  Coll.  1825  ; 
U.  of  Pa.  \  826.  — AUibone. 

Gunnison,  John  W.,  captain  U.S.  engi- 
neers, b.  N.H.  1811 ;  killed  by  the  Utah  Indians 
Oct.  26,  1853,  on  the  Sevier  River,  while  su- 
perintending a  govt,  survey.  West  Point, 
1837.  He  served  in  the  Seminole  war,  and  for 
about  10  years  was  employed  in  the  survey  of 
the  North-western  Lakes  and  in  the  improve- 
ment of  the  harbors  ;  in  1849-51  he  was  asso- 
ciated with  Capt.  Stansbury  in  the  survey  of 
the  Great  Salt  Lake  Region,  and  made  an  able 
report  thereon.  Author  of  a  work  on  the 
Mormons,  Phila.  8vo,  1852. 

Gurney,  Gen.  Francis,  b.  Bucks  Co., 
Pa.,  about  1738  ;  d.  May  25,  1815.  After  re- 
ceiving a  country-school  education,  he  vol.  in 
the  Provincial  army  ;  participated  in  the  ex- 
ploits and  dangers  of  Putnam  and  other  parti- 
san officers  ;  and  took  part  in  the  capture  of 
Cape  Breton  and  the  W.  India  islands.  After 
the  war,  he  settled  as  a  merchant  in  Phila.; 
was  among  the  first  to  raise  his  voice  in  behalf 
of  the  liberties  of  his  country  ;  was  highly  in- 
strumental in  forming  and  disciplining  military 
corps.  App.  a  capt.  May  25,  1775,  he  became 
in  1776  lieut.-col.  in  the  11  th  Pa.  regt.,  and 
was  at  the  battles  of  Iron  Hill,  Brandywine, 
and  Germantown.  He  resumed  mercantile 
pursuits  at  the  peace.  Was  warden  of  the  port 
of  Phila.,  alderman,  pres.  of  the  select  council, 
representative  and  senator  in  the  State  legisl., 
a  trustee  of  Dick.  Coll.,  and  brig.-gen  of  mili- 
tia. He  com.  a  regt.  employed  in  quelling  the 
"  Whiskey  Insurrection  "  in  1794.  — Portfolio, 
1815. 

Gurowski,  Count  Adam  db,  b.  Palati- 
nate of  Kaleig,  Poland,  Sept.  10, 1805 ;  d.  Wash- 
ington, May  4,  1866.  Son  of  Count  Ladislas 
G.,  who  lost  most  of  his  estates  in  consequence 
of  the  insurrection  of  1794.  Adam  was  in 
1818,  and  again  in  1819,  expelled  from  school 
for  patriotic  ebullitions.  From  1820  to  1825 
he  studied  in  various  German  universities.  He 
was  several  times  imprisoned  by  Constantine 
for  opposition  to  Russian  influence.  From 
1836  to  1844  he  was  employed  in  Ru,ssia  by  the 
emperor,  first  in  his  private  chancery,  and  after- 
ward in  the  department  of  public  instruction  ; 
and  lectured  2  years  at  the  U.  of  Berne  on 
Polit.  Economy.  He  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  1849, 
and  wrote  for  the  N.  Y.  Tribune.  He  pub.  "La 
Verity  siir  la  Russie,"  1835  ;  "  La  Civilisation 
et  la  Russie,"  1840;  "  Pensees  sur  I'Avenir  des 
Polonais,"  1841  ;  "Impressions  et  Souvenirs," 
1846  ;  "  Panslavism."  1848  ;  "  Russia  as  it  Is," 
1 8.54  ;  "  A  Year  of  the  War,"  8vo,  N. Y.,  1 855 ; 
"America  and  Europe,"  1857;  and  a  "  Diary," 
1862-4.     Count  G.  spoke  8  languages  fluently. 

Guthrie,  James,  LL.D.,  lawyer  and  states- 
man, b.  near  Bardstown,  Nelson  Co.,  Ky., 
Dec.  5,  1792  ;  d.  Louisville,  Ky.,'  March  13, 
1869.     Of  Scotch  descent.     His  father,  Gen. 


Adam  Guthrie,  was  an  early  pioneer  to  the 
West  from  Va. ;  bore  a  disting.  part  in  the 
struggles  with  the  Indians,  and  represented  his 
county  in  the  Ky.  legisl.  for  8  or  10  years. 
James,  after  completing  his  academical  course 
at  Bardstown,  became  a  trader  on  the  Mpi., 
but  afterwards  studied  law,  and  acquired  a 
lucrative  practice  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  where  he 
settled  in  1820.  Mr.  Guthrie  for  15  years 
represented  that  city  in  the  legisl.  with  great 
ability,  integrity,  and  zeal.  He  was  disting. 
as  a  debater  and  business-man,  and  pres.  over 
the  convention  which  formed  the  new  con- 
stitution of  Ky.  in  1850;  sec.  of  the  treasury 
under  Pierce  in  1853-7.  He  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Chicago  Democ.  Convention  in  1864;  was 
elected  to  the  U.S.  senate  in  1865,  but  resigned 
from  ill  health  in  Feb.  1866.  He  was  stead- 
fastly loyal  during  the  war,  and  was  active  in 
preventing  Ky.  from  joining  the  Confederacy. 
Though  strongly  opposed  to  antislavery  agi- 
tation, he  did  not  believe  in  secession  as  a 
remedy. 

Guthrie,  Dr.  Samuel,  chemist,  d.  Sack- 
ett's  Harbor,  N.Y,,  Oct.  19,  1848.  He  is  said 
to  have  invented  and  first  manufactured  per- 
cussion-pills, which,  with  "caps,"  have  en- 
tirely superseded  the  old  flint-lock  fire-arm.  In 
his  experiments  he  nearly  lost  his  life  from 
accidental  explosions.  He  is  noted  for  being 
one  of  the  three  independent  discoverers  of 
chloroform,  which  was  simultaneously  obtained 
by  Soubeirauin  France,  and  Liebig in  Germany, 
although  its  anaesthetic  properties  were  unknown 
for  a  long  time  after. 

Guyot  (^e'-o'),  Arnold  Henry,  Ph.  D., 
LL.D.,  naturalist,  b.  near  Neuchatel,  Switzer- 
land, Sept.  8,  1807.  Berlin  U.  1835.  He  was 
early  acquainted  with  Agassiz,  with  whom  he 
studied;  and  quitted  theol.  for  scientific  pur- 
suits. His  thorough  investigations  into  the  ge- 
ology of  the  Alps,  particularly  upon  the  trans- 
portation of  bowlders,  were  pub.  Paris,  1848. 
From  1839  to  1848  he  was  prof,  of  history  and 
physical  geography  at  th^  Acad,  of  Neuchatel. 
The  political  disturbances  of  the  times  caused 
him  to  emigrate  to  the  U.S.  A  course  of  lec- 
tures delivered  at  Boston  in  the  winter  of 
1848-9,  on  the  Relations  between  Physical 
Geography  and  History,  were  pub.  with  the  title 
"Earth  and  Man,"  1849.  He  subsequently 
made  scientific  tours  in  the  U.S.,  and  delivered 
lectures  in  the  Ms.  normal  schools.  In  1855 
he  became  prof  of  physical  geography  in  N.J. 
Coll.  Also  author  of  "  Directions  for  Meteoro- 
logical Observations,"  8vo,  1 850 ;  "  Meteorolo- 
gical Tables,"  8vo,  1852;  and  of  a  series  of 
maps  and  of  school  geographies  in  general  use, 
—  Dnyckinck. 

Gwin,  William  McKendry,  politician, 
b.  Sumner  Co.,  Tenn.,  Oct.  9,  1805.  Transylv. 
U.  Ky.  He  studied  medicine;  settled  at  Vicks- 
burg,  Mpi. ;  was  app.  U.S.  marshal  for  Mpi.  in 
1833;  and  was  M.C.  from  1841  to  1843.  He 
was  commis.  of  public  buildings  to  superintend 
the  erection  of  the  N.  Orleans  custom-house 
in  1847;  removed  to  Cal.  in  1848;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  convention  for  framing  the  constitu- 
tion of  Cal.  in  1849;  and  was  one  of  the  first 
U.S.  senators  from  that  State,  having  been 
elected  in  1850,  and  re-elected  in  1856.     Earlj 


GrTVT 


392 


jaj^c 


in  1861  he  was  arrested  for  disloyalty,  but  was 
released  in  1863.  In  Jan.  1865  he  was  at  the 
head  of  an  emigration  scheme  for  the  settle- 
ment of  secessionists  in  Sonora,  under  the  aus- 
pices of  Maximilian. 

Gwin,  William,  commander  U.S.N.,  b. 
Columbus,  Ind.,  1831;  d.  Jan.  3,  1863,  from 
wounds  received  at  Haines  Bluff.  Midshipm. 
1847;  lieut.  Sept.  15,  1856;  July  16,  1862, 
lieut.  commander.  He  com.  the  "  Cambridge  " 
blockader  on  the  Atlantic  coast ;  in  the  "  Ty- 
ler ;  "  served  at  Fort  Henry,  Fort  Donelson, 
Shiloh,  the  Yazoo  exped.,  and  the  attack  on 
Haines  Bluff. 

Gwinnett,  BnixoN,  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  b.  Eng.  ab.  1732;  d. 
May  27,  1777.  After  receiving  a  good  educa- 
tion, and  engaging  in  mercantile  pursuits  at 
Bristol,  in  1770  he  emig.  to  Charleston,  S.C. 
In  1772  he  purchased  a  plantation  with  a 
number  of  negroes  on  St.  Catherine's  Island, 
Ga.,  and  gave  his  attention  to  agriculture. 
Though  an  opponent  of  British  oppression, 
yet  he  was  one  of  those  cautious,  doubting 
men,  who  viewed  the  success  of  the  Colonies 
in  an  open  rupture  with  Eng.  as  highly  prob- 
lematical. Shortly  after  the  commencement 
of  the  Revol.,  he  took  an  active  part  in  politi- 
cal affairs  ;  and  in  1776  the  Gen.  Assembly  of 
the  Province  elected  him  a  representative  to 
the  Gen.  Congress.  In  Feb.  1777  he  was  app. 
a  member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv. ;  and  is 
said  to  have  furnished  the  basis  of  the  instru- 
ment afterwards  adopted.  He  was  soon  chosen 
pres.  of  the  prov.  council,  and  in  this  station 
displayed  personal  enmity  in  thwarting  the 
operations  of  Gen.  Mcintosh,  by  whom  he  was 
mortally  wounded  in  a  duel,  May  15.  In  May, 
1777,  Gwinnett  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  the  office  of  gov.  of  the  State. 

Gwyn,  Francis  Edward,  a  British  gen. ; 
d.  Jan.  1822.  App.  ensign  1 7th  Dragoons, 
Feb.  1760;  capt.  16th  Drags.  July,  1769;  maj. 
Aug.  1775  ;  lieut.-col.  20th  Drags,  May,  1779; 
col.  March,  1794;  m^. -gen.  Dec.  1793;  lieut.- 
gcn.  June,  1799;  gen.  Apr.  1808;  gov.  of 
Sheerness,  1815.  He  served  in  three  cam- 
paigns in  America  under  Howe,  Clinton,  and 
Cornwallis,  in  com.  of  the  British  cavalry.  — 
Philipaii. 

Gwyn,  John,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Md. ;  d. 
Palermo,  Sicily,  Sept.  4,  1849.  Midshipm. 
May  18,  1809  ;  lieut.  Apr.  27,  1816;  com.  Feb. 
9,  1837  ;  capt.  Apr.  17,  1842. 

Habersham,  James,  statesman,  b.  Bever- 
ly, Yorkshire,  Eng.,  1712;  d.  N.  Brunswick, 
N.  J.,  Aug.  28,  1775.  He  accomp.  his  friend 
Geo.  Whitefield  to  Savannah,  where  they  ar- 
rived May  7,  1738.  There  he  opened  a  school 
for  orphans  and  destitute  children  ;  but  in  1744 
became  a  merchant.  In  1750  he  was  app.  with 
Pickering  Robinson  a  commissioner  to  advance 
the  culture  of  silk  in  the  colony;  in  1754  he 
was  app.  sec.  of  the  province,  and  one  of  the 
councillors;  in  1767  he  was  pres.  of  the  upper 
house  of  assembly  ;  in  1769-72  the  duties  of 
gov.  devolved  upon  him  in  the  absence  of  Sir 
James  Wright.  Three  of  his  sons,  James,  Jo- 
seph, and  John,  were  zealous  patriots.  —  Ga. 
Colh.  197. 

Habersham,  Major  John,  d.  Chatham 


Co.,  Ga.,  Nov.  19,  1799,  a.  45.  Maj.  1st  Ga. 
cont.  regt. ;  member  Cont.  Cong.  1785-6  ;  col- 
lector of  the  port  of  Savannah  1789-99. 

Habersham,  Col.  Joseph,  statesman, 
son  of  James,  b.  Savannah,  Ga.,  July  28, 1751 ; 
d.  there  Nov.  17,  1815.  In  July,  1774,  he  was 
a  member  of  the  first  com.  app.  by  the  friends 
of  liberty  in  Ga. ;  was  one  of  those  who  in 
1775  seized  the  powder  in  the  arsenal  for  the 
use  of  the  patriots  ;  in  June  was  app.  to  the 
council  of  safety;  and  in  July  com.  a  party 
which  captured  a  govt,  ship  with  munitions  of 
war,  including  15,000  pounds  of  powder.  Jan. 
18,  1776,  while  a  member  of  the  Assembly,  he 
raised  a  party  of  vols.,  who  took  Gov.  Wright 
prisoner,  and  confined  him  to  his  house  under 
a  guard.  App.  Feb.  4,  1776,  maj.  of  the  1st 
Ga.  batt.,  he  defended  Savannah  from  a  Brit- 
ish naval  attack  early  in  March.  When  Sa- 
vannah was  taken  in  the  winter  of  1778,  he  re- 
moved his  family  to  Va.,  but,  oa  the  landing 
of  D'Estaing,  engaged  in  the  disastrous  at- 
tack in  Sept.  1779.  At  the  close  of  the  war, 
he  held  the  rank  of  lieut.-col.  In  1785  and 
again  in  1790  he  was  speaker  of  the  Assembly. 
App.  by  Washington  postmaster-gen.  in  1795; 
resigned  1801.  Pres.  of  the  US.  Branch  Bank 
at  Savannah  from  1802  until  the  expiration 
of  its  charter.  A  county  of  his  native  State 
bears  his  name.  —  Nat.  Port.  Gallery. 

Hackett,  Horatio  Balch,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
(Amh.  1862),  biblical  scholar,  b.  Salisbury, 
Ms.,  Dec.  27,  1808.  Amh.  Coll.  1830.  He 
studied  theol.  at  Andover  until  1834,  and  then 
at  Halle  and  Berlin  in  Germany  ;  was  a  tutor 
one  year  at  Amh.  Coll.;  4  years  prof  of  an- 
cient languages  at  Brown  U. ;  and  from  1839 
to  1868  occupied  the  chair  of  biblical  litera- 
ture in  the  Newton  Theol.  Inst.  He  travelled 
in  Europe  in  1851-2;  and  in  1858-9  studied 
modern  Greek  at  Athens  to  aid  him  in  inter- 
preting the  New  Testament,  besides  visiting 
Grecian  cities  of  biblical  interest.  He  has  pub. 
Plutarch,  with  notes,  1844  ;  a  translation 
of  Winer's  Chaldee  Grammar,  with  additions, 
1845;  "Hebrew  Grammar,"  "  Hebrew  Reader," 
1847  ;  "  Commentary  on  the  Acts,"  1851  and 
1858;  "Illustrations  of  Scripture,  suggested 
by  a  Tour  through  the  Holy  Land,"  1855,  re- 
printed in  Eng.  and  Scotland  ;  and  "  Christian 
Memorials  of  the  War,"  12mo,  1864.  He  has 
contrib.  much  to  the  Christian  Review  and  the 
Bibliot/ieca  Sacra. 

Hackett,  James  Henry,  comedian,  b. 
N.Y.  Mar.  15,  1800.  At  first  engaged  in 
trade,  and  in  1819  m.  Catharine  Leesugg,  a 
popular  actress  at  the  Park  Theatre,  who  d. 
Dec.  4,  1845,  a.  47.  He  first  appeared  at  the 
Park  Theatre  in  Mar.  1826  as  Justice  Wood- 
cock, in  "  Love  in  a  Village,"  and  soon  became 
a  favorite  in  broad  comedy.  In  1828,  again 
in  1832,  and  1845,  he  played  in  Eng.  with  suc- 
cess ;  and  in  the  intervals  performed  in  most 
of  the  Amer.  cities.  In  1849  he  was  a  joint 
manager,  with  Win.  Niblo,  of  the  Astor-place 
Opera  House  during  the  engagement  of  Mac- 
ready,  which  resulted  in  the  Astor-place  riots. 
He  was  in  Lond.  again  in  1851.  He  was  one 
of  the  first  to  introduce  the  Yankee  type  of 
our  character  upon  the  stage,  and  was  popular 
in  such  parts  as  Nirnrod  Wildfire  in  "  The  Ken- 


HLA.C 


393 


HLAJK 


tackian,"  Falstaff,  and  other  humorous  Shak- 
spearian  characters,  and  is  a  great  mimic. 
Author  of  "  Notes,  Criticisms,"  &c..  on  Shak- 
speare,  1863.    D.  Jamaica,  L.I.,  27  Dec.  1871. 

Hackleman,  Pleasant  Adam,  brig.-gen. 
vols.,  b.  Franklin  Co.,  Ind.,  1817  ;  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Corinth,  Oct.  4,  1862.  He  was  a 
prominent  lawyer,  and  edited  the  Rushville  Re- 
publican from  1840  to  1861.  In  1841  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Ind.  legisl.,  and  for  several 
years  after  clerk  of  Rush  Co.;  in  1860  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Repub.  Nat.  Conv.  at 
Chicago ;  member  of  the  peace  conference  at 
Washington,  Feb.  4,  1861  ;  entered  the  ser- 
vice in  May  as  col.  10th  Ind.  vols.,  and,  after 
the  first  batde  of  Bull  Run,  served  under  Gen. 
Banks  in  Va.  Made  brig.-gen.  Apr.  28,  18G2, 
he  was  in  June  ordered  to  report  to  Gen. 
Grant  in  the  S.W.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
the  battle  of  luka ;  and  at  Corinth  fell  in  the 
second  day's  fight. 

Hackiey,  Charles  W.,  clergyman  and 
teacher,  b.  Herkimer  Co.,  N.Y.,  Mar.  9,  1809  ; 
d.  N.Y.  Jan.  10,  1861.  West  Point,  1829. 
Acting  assist,  prof,  of  math,  at  West  Point  to 
Sept.  1833.  Prot.-Epis.  clergyman  from  1834  ; 
prof.  math,  in  Univ.  of  NY.  1833-9  ;  pres.  of 
Jeff".  Coll.  Mpi.  1839  ;  prof.  math,  and  astron. 
Col.  Coll.  1843-61.  Author  of  "  Treatise  on 
Algebra,"  1846  ;  "  Elementary  Course  of  Ge- 
ometry," 1847  ;  and  "  Elements  of  Trigonom- 
etry." He  was  a  contrib.  to  many  scientific 
periodicals  as  well  as  to  the  journals  of  the  day, 
and  was  active  in  the  establishment  of  an  as- 
tron. observatory  in  N.Y.  City. 

Hadden,  James  M.,  a  Brit.  gen. ;  d.  Eng. 
Oct.  28,  1817.  He  was  a  loyalist;  served  un- 
der Burgoyne  and  Cornwallis;  app.  lieut.  art. 
July  7,  1779;  capt.  Mar.  1784;  col.  1804; 
maj.-gen.  181 1;  sec.  to  the  Duke  of  Richmond 
in  1793  ;  adj.-gen.  under  Sir  Charles  Stuart 
in  Portugal. 

Haddock,  Charles  Brickett,  D.  D., 
belles-lettres  scholar,  b.  Franklin,  N.H.,  June 
20,  1796  ;  d.  W.  Lebanon,  N.H.,  Jan.  15, 1861. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1816;  And.  Sem.  1819.  His  moth- 
er was  a  sister  of  Daniel  Webster.  He  occu- 
pied the  chair  of  rhetoric  and  belles-lettres  at 
Dartm.  Coll.  from  1819  to  1838,  and  that  of 
intell  philos.  and  polit.  econ.  from  1838  to 
1854.  He  was  charge  d'affaires  from  the  U.S. 
to  Portugal  from  1851  to  1855.  He  was  4 
years  in  the  N.H.  legisl.,  where  he  introduced 
and  carried  through  the  present  common-school 
system  of  the  State,  and  was  the  first  school 
commiss.  under  it.  He  was  the  father  of  the 
railroad  system  in  N.H.,  had  written  with  abil- 
ity on  almost  every  subject,  and  was  thorough- 
ly versed  in  public  law.  His  anniv.  orations, 
lectures,  reports  for  15  years  on  education,  ser- 
mons, writings  on  agriculture,  rhetoric,  &c., 
are  quite  numerous.  He  pub.  a  vol.  of  address- 
es and  other  writings,  including  occasional 
sermons,  8vo,  1846 ;  and  was  a  contrib.  to  the 
Bild.  Repertori/,  the  Bibliotheca  Sacra,  and  other 
periodicals. 

Hadley,  James,  LL.D.  (Wesl.  U.  1866), 
scholar,  son  of  James,  prof,  of  chero.  of  Geneva 
Coll.  (1840-53),  b.  Fairfield,  Herkimer  Co., 
N.Y.,  30  Mar.  1821.  Y.C.  1842.  Assist. 
prof,  of  Greek  at  Yale,  1848-51 ;  since  which 


he  has  been  full  prof.  Married  in  Aug.  1851  a 
dau.  of  Stephen  Twining  of  N.  Haven.  Author 
of  a  Greek  grammar,  1860,  founded  on  the 
German  work  of  G.  Curtius,  and  "  Elements 
of  the  Greek  Language,"  1869.  Contrib.  to 
various  lit.  and  scient.  periodicals,  especially 
the  New-Englander.  —  Thomas. 

Hagner,  Peter  v.,  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  D.C  West  Point,  1836.  Enter- 
ing the  1st  Art.,  he  was  trans,  to  the  ordnance 
corps  in  1838;  became  capt.  10  July,  1851  ; 
maj.  3  Aug.  1861  ;  lieut.-col.  1  June,  1863; 
col.  7  Mar.  1867;  brev.  capt.  18  Apr.  1847 
for  Cerro  Gordo;  brev.  maj.  13  Sept.  1847 
for  Chapultepec;  and  brev.  brig.-gen.  13  Mar. 
1865  ;  wounded  at  the  San  Cosme  Gate  in 
assault  on  and  capture  of  City  of  Mexico,  14 
Sept.  1847.—  Cull  urn. 

Hague,  William,  D.D.  (B.U.  1849), 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  N.Y.  ab.  1805.  Ham. 
Coll.,  N.Y.,  1826.  He  has  been  pastor  of 
Baptist  churches  in  Boston,  Providence,  New- 
ark (N.J.),  Albany,  N.Y.  City,  Chicago,  (III.) ; 
and  is  now  (1870)  at  Orange,  N.J.  Besides 
many  occasional  addresses  and  minor  works,  he 
has  pub.  the  "  Baptist  Church  Transplanted 
from  the  Old  World  to  the  New,"  1846; 
"  Christianity  and  Statesmanship,"  1855 ; 
"  Home  Life,"  1855  ;  "  Guide  to  Conv.  on  the 
Gospel  of  St.  John;  "  "  Review  of  Drs.  Way- 
land  and  Fuller  on  Slavery ; "  Hist.  Dis- 
course, 200th  anniv.  1st  Bapt.  Ch.,  Prov.,  7 
Nov.  1839. 

Hahn,  Michael,  gov.  of  La.  1864-8,  b. 
Bavaria,  Nov.  1830.  Brought  to  La.  when  a 
child,  and  educated  in  New  Orleans  ;  became 
a  lawyer;  and  was  M.C.  in  1862-4.  LL.B. 
U.  of  La. 

Haight,  Henry  Hdntly,  gov.  Cal.  1867- 
71,  b.  Rochester,  N.Y.,  20  May,  1825.  Y.C. 
1844.  Son  of  Fletcher  M.  Adm.  to  the  bar 
of  St.  Louis  in  Oct.  1846  ;  settled  in  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  San  Francisco  in  1850 ;  U.S. 
district  judge  of  Cal.  under  Pros.  Lincoln. 
Gov.  H.  practised  law  successfully  in  St.  Louis, 
and  afterward  in  San  Francisco ;  and  early  in 
the  war  was  a  Repub.,  but  was  elected  gov.  by 
the  Democ.  party. 

Haines,  Charles  Glidden,  lawyer  and 
politician,  b.  Canterbury,  N.  H.,  1793;  d. 
Bloomingdale,  N.  Y.,  July  3,  1852.  Midd. 
Coll.  1816.  He  began  to  practise  in  N.Y.  in 
1818 ;  and  was  a  political  supporter  of  DeWitt 
Clinton,  and  adj.-gen.  of  the  State.  He  pub. 
"  Considerations  on  the  Canal,"  1818  ;  "  Me- 
moir of  T.  A.  Emmet,"  1829.  —iV.  Y.  States- 
man, July  8. 

Hakluyt  (hak'-loot),  Richard,  one  of  the 
Corp.  of  adventurers  for  the  prosecution  of 
discoveries  in  N.  A.,  b.  1555;  d.  Eaton, 
Herefordshire,  Nov.  23,  1616,  a.  61.  He  com- 
menced his  education  at  Westminster  School. 
Removing  in  1575  to  Christ  Church  Coll.,  Ox- 
ford, he  became  so  eminent  for  his  acquaintance 
with  cosmography,  that  he  was  app.  public 
lecturer  on  that  science.  He  pub.  in  1582  a 
"  Collection  of  Voyages  and  Discoveries," 
which  was  the  basis  of  a  subsequent  work  on 
a  larger  scale.  In  1587  he  translated  into 
English  a  French  account  of  Florida  by  Capt 
Laudonnier,   which  he  dedicated  to  Sir  W. 


H^SlIj 


894 


JELAJL, 


Raleigh,  After  his  return  from  Paris  in  1 589, 
where  he  had  been  five  years  chaplain  to  the 
English  ambassador,  and  during  which  absence 
he  had  been  nominated  to  a  prebend  in  Bristol 
Cathedral,  he  was  chosen  by  Raleigh  a  member 
of  the  corporation,  to  whom  he  assigned  his 
patent  for  the  prosecution  of  discoveries  in 
Amer.  In  consequence  of  this,  he  prepared 
his  grand  work,  "  The  Principal  Navigations, 
Voyages,  and  Discoveiiesof  the  English  Nation, 
made  by  Sea  or  Overland  within  the  Compass 
of  these  1500  Years."  The  first  vol.  in  folio 
was  pub.  in  1589,  the  third  and  last  in  1600. 
In  1605  Hakluyt  was  promoted  to  a  prebend  at 
Westminster,  which,  with  the  rectory  of  Weth- 
eringset,  Suffolk,  was  his  only  ecclesiastical 
preferment.  He  pub.  several  geographical 
works  besides  those  above  mentioned  ;  among 
them  "  Virginia  richly  valued  by  the  Descrip- 
tion of  Florida,"  London,  1609,  4to,  which 
is  both  scarce  and  curious  ;  a  "  Historic  of  the 
West  Indies,"  translated  from  Peter  Martyr  ; 
a  translation  of  Leo's  "Descrifjtion  of  Africa," 
and  Antonio  Galvano's  "  History  of  Dis- 
coveries "  from  the  Portuguese.  The  manu- 
script papers  of  Hakluyt  were  used  by  Purchas, 
another  geographical  collector.  The  name  of 
this  author  has  been  perpetuated  by  a  contem- 
porary navigator,  Henry  Hudson,  who  gave 
the  name  of  Hakluyt's  headland  to  a  promon- 
tory on  the  coast  of  Greenland  in  1608.  —  Biog. 
Brit. 

Haldeman,  S.  S.,  naturalist  and  philol- 
ogist, b.  near  Columbia,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa., 
1812.  He  studied  at  Dick  Coll.  until  1830; 
was  app.  an  assist,  in  the  N.J.  geol.  survey  in 
1836,  and  in  that  of  Pa.  in  1837.  While  thus 
engaged,  he  discovered  the  oldest  fossil  then 
known,  the  "  ScoUthus  Linearis."  He  held  the 
chair  of  natural  history  in  the  U.  of  Pa.  from 
1851  to  1855,  and  since  then  in  Del.  Coll., 
Newark.  He  is  also  prof,  of  geol.  and  chem. 
to  the  Agric.  Society  of  Pa.  at  Harrisburg,  and 
is  a  disting.  entomologist.  In  the  "  Biblio- 
graphia  "  of  Agassiz  is  a  list  of  73  memoirs,  by 
Haldeman,  of  subjects  in  conchology,  entomol- 
ogy, and  paleontology,  pub.  in  various  scientific 
journals.  His  recent  investigations  have  been 
into  the  philos.  of  language.  They  are  em- 
bodied in  an  essay,  "  Analytic  Orthography," 
which  obtained  in  Eng.  in  1858  the  highest 
Trevellyan  prize  over  18  European  competitors. 
His  memoir  on  the  relations  of  the  Chinese 
and  English  languages  appeared  in  the  "  Pro- 
ceedings "  of  the  Amer.  Assoc,  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science  in  1856.  He  has  also 
pub.  "  Zoological  Contributions,"  Phila.  1842- 
3  ;  "  Report  on  Linguistic  Ethnology,"  8vo, 
Camb.  1856. 

Haldimand,  Sm  Fredekick,  K,B.,  a 
British  gen.,  b.  in  canton  of  Neuchatel,  Oct. 
1718;  d.  at  Yeverden,  Switzerland,  June  5, 
1791.  He  early  entered  the  Prussian  service, 
but  in  1754,  with  his  friend  Bouquet,  entered 
the  British  army  ;  and  he  was  app.  lieut.-col.  of 
the  60th  Roy.  Amer.  Regt.  Jan.  4,  1756,  and 
came  to  Amer.  in  1757.  He  disting.  himself 
signally  in  the  attack  on  Ticonderoga,  July  8, 
1758  ;  and,  by  his  defence  of  Oswego  in  1759 
against  the  attack  of  4,000  French  and  Indians 
under  La  Corne,  won  high  renown.    He  ac- 


comp.  the  army  under  Amherst  from  Oswego 
to  Montreal  in  1760;  and  in  1762  was  pro- 
moted to  be  col.  Employed  in  Fla.  in  1767, 
immediately  on  his  arrival  at  Pensacola  he 
caused  the  fort  to  be  considerably  extended, 
widened  the  streets,  and  otherwise  improved 
the  place.  May  25,  1772,  he  became  maj.-gen. 
in  America,  and,  in  Oct.  following,  col.  of 
the  60th  Foot.  He  returned  to  England  in  Aug. 
1775  for  the  purpose  of  giving  information  to 
the  ministry  on  the  state  of  the  Colonies,  and 
was  commissioned  a  gen.  in  America,  Jan.  1, 
1776;  in  1777  lieut.-gcn.  in  the  army,  and 
lieut.-gov.  of  Quebec,  where  he  succeeded 
Carleton  as  gov.  in  1778,  and  administered  its 
affairs  in  an  oppressive  and  arbitrary  manner 
until  the  close  of  1784,  when  he  returned  to 
England. 

Hale,  Benjamin,  D.D.,  educator,  b.  New- 
bury, Ms.,  Nov.  23,  1797;  d.  July  15,  1863. 
Bowd.  Coll.  1818.  On  leaving  college,  he  be- 
came principal  of  the  Saco  Acad. ;  then  studied 
theology  at  Andover ;  was  licensed  to  preach 
as  a  Congregationalist  in  Jan.  1822;  became 
tutor  in  Bowd.  Coll.  in  1823,  and  principal  of 
the  Gardiner  Lyceum  1822-7  ;  prof  of  chem- 
istry and  mineralogy  in  Dartm.  Coll.  from 
1827  to  1835;  spent  the  winter  of  1835-6  in 
St.  Croix,  W.I. ;  and  was  pres.  of  Geneva 
Coll.,  N.Y.,  from  1836  until  from  ill  health 
compelled  to  resign,  Jan.  19,  1858.  While  at 
Dartm.  Coll,  he  took  orders  in  the  Prot.-Epis. 
Church  ;  delivered  lectures  on  chemistry, 
pharmacy,  med.  jurisprudence,  and  nat.  philos., 
and  founded  its  valuable  geol.  and  mineral, 
cabinet.  He  pub.  "  Introduction  to  the  Me- 
chanical Principles  of  Carpentry,"  1827;  and 
"  Scriptural  Illustrations  of  the  Liturgy," 
1835 ;  besides  sermons,  addresses,  and  educa- 
tional pamphlets. 

Hale,  Charles,  journalist,  b.  Boston, 
June  7,  1831.  H.U.  1850.  Son  of  Nathan. 
In  1852  he  established  and  edited  To- Day,  a 
literary  journal  ;  was  subsequently  editor  of 
the  Boston  Daily  Advertiser;  and  was  U.S. 
consul  to  Egypt  1864-70.  Author  of  several 
pamphlets ;  contrib.  to  the  N.  Amer.  Rev.  and 
the  Amer.  Almanac. 

Hale,  David,  journalist,  b.  Lisbon,  Ct., 
Apr.  25,  1791  ;  d.  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  Jan. 
20,  1849.  Son  of  Rev.  David  of  South  Cov- 
entry. After  teaching  school  for  a  time,  he 
removed  to  Boston  in  1809,  and  in  1815  com- 
menced business  there,  but  was  unsuccessful.  He 
was  a  vigorous  writer,  and  a  frequent  contrib.  to 
periodicals.  In  1827  he  removed  to  N.Y.,  and 
became  the  assoc.  editor  of  the  Journal  of  Com- 
merce, and  afterwards  a  joint  proprietor  in  it. 
He  was  a  prominent  advocate  of  free-trade,  the 
sub-treasury,  and  other  financial  measures  of 
the  Democratic  party.  In  1840  he  purchased 
the  Broadway  Tabernacle,  a  large  public  hall, 
where  an  Orthodox  Cong,  church  on  the  N. 
England  plan  of  individual  freedom  was  estab- 
lished. He  gave  liberally  to  other  churches, 
and  maintained  missionaries  in  several  of  the 
thinly-settled  portions  of  the  country.  A 
Memoir,  with  some  of  his  writings,  was  pub.  by 
Rev.  Joseph  P.  Thompson,  8vo,  1845. 

Hale*  Edward  Everett,  clergvman  and 
author,  b.  Boston,  Apr.  3,  1822.     H.U.  1839. 


HCAX. 


395 


HAH. 


Pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Unity,  Worcester, 
from  Apr.  29,  1846,  to  1856  ;  and  of  the  South 
Cong.  Church,  Boston,  since  that  time.  Son 
of  Hon.  Nathan  Hale.  Has  pub.  "  The  Ro- 
sary," 12mo,  1848;  "Margaret  Perceval  in 
America,"  l2mo,  1850  ;  "  Sketches  of  Christian 
History,"  12ino,  1850;  "  Kansas  and  Nebraska," 
12mo,  1854;  "Letters  on  Irish  Emigration," 
1852;  "Man  without  a  Country;"  "  If,  Yes, 
and  Perhaps,"  1868;  "Ingham  Papers;" 
"Ten  Times  One  are  Ten,"  1870;  "Life  of 
Sir  Ralph  Lane,"  in  Trans.  Antiq.  Soc.  v. ; 
"  Sybaris  and  Other  Homes."  Editor  and 
contrib.  to  the  Christian  Examiner,  Old  and 
New,  and  many  other  periodicals. 

Hale,  Enoch,  M.D.  (II. U.  1813),  physician, 
b.  VVesthampron,  Ms.,  Jan.  19,  1790;  d.  Bos- 
ton, Nov.  12,  1848.  Son  of  Rev.  Enoch,  first 
minister  of  Westhampton  (1779-1837).  Heat- 
tended  Prof  Silliman's  lectures  on  chemistry  ; 
studied  med.  under  Drs.  Bigelow  and  Warren ; 
and  afrer  practising  until  1816  at  Gardiner, 
Me.,  removed  to  Boston,  where  he  continued 
to  practise  extensively  until  the  close  of  his 
life.  He  was  long  an  active  member  and 
officer  of  the  Ms.  Med.  Soc. ;  one  of  the 
■physicians  of  the  Gen.  Hospital,  Boston;  a 
member  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sci- 
ences, and  of  other  scientific,  religious,  and 
benev.  associations.  He  pub.  a  dissertation 
on  Animal  Heat  and  Respiration  ;  Hist,  and 
Descrip.  of  the  Spotted  Fever,  which  prevailed 
at  Gardiner,  Me.,  in  1814;  two  Boylston 
Prize  questions  in  1819  and  1821 ;  on  the  Com- 
munication between  the  Stomach  and  the 
Urinary  Organs ;  a  work  on  the  Typhoid 
Fever;  and  also  various  contribs.  to  the  med. 
and  scientific  journals  of  the  day. — See  Me- 
moir in  Bost.  Med.  and  Surg.  .Jour. 

Hale,  John,  first  minister  of  Beverly,  Ms., 
from  Sept.  20,  1667,  to  his  d..  May  15,  1700,  b. 
Charlestown,  Ms.,  June  3,  1636.  H.U.  1657. 
Chaplain  in  the  Canada  exped.  in  1690;  one 
of  the  approvers  of  the  judicial  murders  during 
the  witchcraft  troubles  in  1692;  but  in  1702 
pub.  "  A  Modest  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  of 
Witchcraft,"  indicating  a  change  of  opinion. 
A  memoir  of  him  is  in  Ms.  Hist.  Coll.  iii.  7. 

Hale,  John  Parker,  senator,  b.  Rochester, 
N.H.,  31  Mar.  1806.  Bowd.  Coll.  1827.  Adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1830  ;  member  of  the  N.H.  legisl. 
1832;  dist.  atty.  for  N.H.  1834-42;  M.C. 
1843-5  ;  again  member  of  the  N.II.  legisl.,  and 
speaker,  1846;  U.S.  senator  (elected  by  acom- 
bination  of  Whigs  and  antislavery  Democrats) 
1847-53  and  185.5-65  ;  minister  to  Spain  in 
1865-9.  In  Congress  Mr.  Hale  sided  with  the 
opponents  of  slavery.  In  a  pub.  letter  in  Jan. 
1845,  he  strongly  denounced,  on  antislavery 
grounds,  the  annexation  of  Texas,  and  was  de- 
clared a  traitor  to  the  Democratic  party.  This 
defiance  of  party  dictation  gave  him  a  strong 
hold  on  the  favor  of  the  people.  On  taking  his 
seat  in  the  U.S.  senate  he  was  almost  the  only 
man  elected  on  antislavery  grounds,  and  dis- 
connected with  either  of  the  great  parties.  He 
stood  almost  alone  on  the  slavery  question  ; 
was  a  ready  speaker,  and  by  his  wit  and 
humor  often  succeeded  in  turning  aside  the  at- 
tacks of  proslavery  senators,  and  in  mitigating 
party  animosity.     Counsel  for  the  defendants 


in  the  important  trials  growing  cat  of  the 
rescue  of  the  slave  Shadrach  at  Boston  in  1851. 
Candidate  of  the  Liberty  party  for  the  presi- 
dency in  1852,  and  received  157,680  votes.  On 
leaving  the  senate  in  1853,  he  established  him- 
self in  his  profession  in  New  York. 

Hale,  Nathan,  capt.  Re  vol.  army,  b.  Cov- 
entry, Ct.,  June  6,  1755  ;  executed  as  a  spy  in 
New  York,  Sept.  22,  1776.  Y.  C.  1773.  He 
engaged  in  teaching,  first  at  E.  Haddam,  and 
afterward  at  N.  London,  but,  soon  after  the 
Lexington  alarm,  entered  the  army  as  a  lieut., 
and  became  a  capt.  in  Knowlton's  rcgt.  While 
with  the  troops  near  Boston,  he  was  vigilant 
and  faithful  in  every  point  of  duty.  In  Sept. 
1776,  when  in  New  York,  he,  with  an  associate, 
planned  and  effected  the  capture  of  a  British 
sloop  laden  with  provisions,  taking  her  at  mid- 
night from  under  the  guns  of  a  frigate.  After 
the  retreat  from  Long  Island,  Washington  ap- 
plied to  Knowlton  to  furnish  him  with  informa- 
tion of  the  strength,  situation,  and  future 
movements,  of  the  enemy.  Capt.  Hale  offered 
himself  a  vol.  for  this  hazardous  service, 
passed  in  disguise  to  L.I.,  examined  every  part 
of  the  British  army,  and  obtained  the  best  pos- 
sible information  respecting  its  situation  and 
future  operations.  While  on  his  return,  he  was 
apprehended,  carried  before  Sir  Wm.  Howe, 
and  ordered  for  execution  the  next  morning. 
This  order  was  carried  out  in  the  most  unfeel- 
ing manner.  He  was  denied  the  attendance  of 
a  clergyman  ;  was  not  permitted  the  use  of  a 
Bible ;  and  his  letters  to  his  mother  and  other 
friends,  written  on  the  morning  of  his  execu- 
tion, were  destroyed  by  the  provost-marshal, 
"  that  the  rebels  should  not  know  they  had  a 
man  in  their  army  who  could  die  with  so  much 
firmness."  His  dying  observation  was,  that 
"  he  only  lamented  that  he  had  but  one  life  to 
lose  for  his  country."  Dwight  has  celebrated 
his  virtues  both  in  prose  and  verse.  —  See  Stu- 
art, Life  of  Nathan  Hale,  1856. 

Hale,  Nathan,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1853),  jour- 
nalist, nephew  of  the  preceding,  son  of  Rev. 
Enoch,  b.  Westhampton,  Ms.,  Aug.  16,  1784; 
d.  Brookline,  Ms.,  Feb.  9,  1863.  Wms.  Coll. 
1804.  He  studied  law ;  served  two  years  as  in- 
structor in  Exeter  Acad.,  then  removed  to 
Boston  ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1810,  and  prac- 
tised law  4  years.  He  then,  with  Henry  D. 
Sedgwick,  edited  the  Weekhj  Messenger,  devot- 
ed to  politics  and  literature.  March  1,  1814, 
he  purchased  the  Boston  Daily  Advertiser,  the 
first  daily  in  N.  England,  and  for  many  years 
the  only  one,  and  established  the  principle  of 
editorial  responsibility  distinct  from  that  of  in- 
dividual contributors.  Its  influence  was  great, 
at  first  as  a  Whig  print,  and  latterly  as  a  Repub- 
lican organ.  Its  influence  was  given  in  1820 
against  the  Mo.  bill,  and  in  1854  to  oppose  the 
Nebraska  bill.  It  was  the  first  journal  to  sug- 
gest the  immediate  free  colonization  of  Kansas, 
in  1825  he  pub.  a  map  of  N.  E.,  which  is  still 
a  standard  authority.  In  1828  he  pub.  a  work 
on  the  protective  policy.  He  was  an  early  ad- 
vocate of  railroads  in  N.E. ;  and  in  1828  was  the 
acting  chairman  of  the  Ms.  Board  of  Internal 
Improvements.  First  pres.  of  the  Boston  and 
Worcester  R.  R.  Co.,  and  continued  19  years. 
In  1846  he  was  app.  chairman  of  the  commiss. 


I3LAXi 


396 


ELAJL. 


for  introducing  water  into  the  city  of  Boston. 
Editor  and  pub.  of  the  Monthly  Chronicle  1840- 
2.  He  was  one  of  the  club  which  founded 
the  A^.  A.  Review  and  the  Christian  Examiner ; 
often  served  in  both  branches  of  the  Ms.  legisl. ; 
was  a  member  of  both  the  later  Const.  Convs. ; 
and  was  an  active  member  of  the  Hist.  Soc. 
and  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  bcienccs.  In 
1816  he  m.  Sarah  Preston,  sister  of  Edward 
Everett.  His  son,  Nathan,  Jun.,  b.  Boston, 
12  Nov.  1818,  d.  9  Jan.  1871.  H.  U.  1838. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  1841.  Editor  of  the  Boston 
Miscellany  1842,  co-editor  Boston  Daily  Adver- 
tiser 1842-53;  latterly  connected  with  Old  and 
New,  a  monthly  periodical. 

Hale,  Col.  Robert,  b.  Beverly,  Ms.,  Feb. 
12,  1703;  d.  March  20,  1767.  H.  U.  1721. 
Grandson  of  Rev.  John  Hale  of  Beverly  ;  edu- 
cated a  physician,  and  practised  extensively  in 
his  native  town.  He  com.  a  regt.  under  Fep- 
perell  at  the  capture  of  Louisburg  in  1745. 
App.  in  1747  by  the  legisl.  of  Ms.  commiss.  to 
N.Y.  to  adopt  measures  for  the  gen.  defence, 
and  in  1755  commiss.  to  N.H.  to  concert  an 
exped.  against  the  French.  App.  sheriff  of 
Essex  Co.  in  1761.  He  was  a  leading  man  in 
the  Province,  and  13  years  a  member  of  the 
legisl.  — Stone's  Beverly. 

Hale,  Salma,  politician,  b.  Alstead,  N.H., 
March  7,  1787;  d.  Keene,  Nov.  19,  1866.  A 
printer  at  Walpole,  N.H. ;  at  18  lie  edited  the 
Political  Observatory  there  ;  subsequently  stud- 
ied law.  From  1812  to  1834,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  years,  was  clerk  of  the  Superior 
and  County  Courts  of  Cheshire;  M.C  1817- 
19  ;  afterward  practised  at  the  bar;  and  wa^  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  in  1823-5;  sec.  of  the 
Board  of  Commiss.  under  the  treaty  of  Ghent. 
He  pub.  "  History  of  the  U.S.,"  for  schools,  in 
1825;  "Annals  of  Keene,"  8vo,  1826;  "His- 
tory of  the  U.S.,"  Lond.,  Svo,  1826;  and  fre- 
quently wrote  for  periodicals.  His  son  George 
S.  Hale  (H.U.  1844)  is  an  eminent  lawyer  of 
Boston. 

Hale,  Sakah  Josepha  (Buel),  authoress, 
b.  Newport,  N.H.,  24  Oct.  1790.  Ab.  1814  she 
m.  David  Hale,  an  eminent  lawyer,  who  d.  in 
1822,  leaving  her  5  children,  the  oldest  of  whom 
was  but  seven,  to  support  by  her  pen.  She 
pub.  "  The  Genius  of  Oblivion  and  other  Origi- 
nal Poems,"  1823;  "  North  wood,  a  Tale  of 
N.  England,"  1827  ;  removed  to  Boston  in 
1828,  and  edited  the  Lady's  Magazine,  till  in 
1837  it  was  united  with  the  Lady's  Book  of 
Phila.,  of  which  she  was  many  years  the  litera- 
ry editor,  residing  in  Phila.  since  1841.  While 
in  Boston  she  originated  the  Seaman's  Aid  Soci- 
ety, the  parent  of  many  similar  organizations 
in  various  ports.  Her  other  works  are,  — 
"Sketches  of  American  Character,"  1830; 
"Traits  of  American  Life,"  1835;  "Flora's 
Interpreter  ;  "  "  Good  Housekeeper,"  a  manual 
of  cookery ;  "  Grosvenor,  a  Tragedy,"  1838, 
founded  on  the  martyrdom  of  Col.  Isaac  Hayne; 
metrical  romances,  entitled  "  Alice  Rav," 
1846;  "Three  -Hours,  or  the  Vigil  of  Love," 
1848  ;  and  "  Harry  Gray,"  1848;  a  "  Complete 
Dictionary  of  Poetical  Quotations,"  1852 ; 
"  The  Judge,  a  Drama  of  American  Life ;  "  and 
"  Woman's  Record,  from  the  Creation  to  A.D. 
1854,"  N.Y.  1855.     She  has  also  edited  several 


annuals,  and  the  letters  of  Mme.  Sevign^  and 
of  Lady  Montague. 

Haliburton,  Thomas  Chandler,  D.C.L. 
(Oxf.  U.  1858),  an  English  humorous  writer, 
b.  Windsor,  N.S.,  1 797 ;  d.  Isleworth,  Aug.  27, 
1865.  Educated  at  King's  Coll.,  and  adm.  to 
the  bar  in  1 820.  He  practised  law  in  N.S.  many 
years ;  was  member  of  the  Assembly  ;  and  be- 
came a  judge  of  Common  Pleas  in  1829,  and 
from  1840  to  1842  of  the  Supreme  Court; 
M.P.  for  Launceston,  Eng.,  1859-65.  In  1835 
he  contrib.  to  a  newspaper  in  Nova  Scotia  a 
series  of  articles  satirizing  the  Yankees,  which 
became  popular  in  the  U.S.  and  in  Eng.,  and 
were  pub.  in  1837,  with  additions  and  altera- 
tions, as  "  The  Clock-Maker;  or,  Savings  and 
Doings  of  Samuel  Slick  of  SlickviUe."  He 
went  to  Eng.  in  1842  ;  and  in  1843  pub.  "  The 
Attache,  or  Sam  Slick  in  Eng."  His  other 
works  are,  "An  Historical  and  Statistical  Ac- 
count of  Nova  Scotia,"  2  vols.,  1828;  "  The 
Clock-Maker,"  2d  series,  1838,  and  3d  series, 
1840;  "Bubbles  of  Canada,"  1839;  "The 
Old  Judge,  or  Life  in  a  Colony,"  1839  ;  "  Let- 
ter-Bag of  the  Great  Western,"  1839  ;  "  Yan- 
kee Stories,"  1852  ;  "  Traits  of  American  Hu- 
mor," 1852;  "Nature  and  Human  Nature," 
1855;  "Rule  and  Misrule  of  the  English  in 
America,"  1851 ;  "  Letters  to  Lord  Duiham," 
and  "  Wise  Saws." 

Halkett,  John,  author,  b.  Lond.  1768;  d. 
Brighton,  Eng.,  Nov.  1852.  Nephew  of  Sir 
Peter.  App.  gov.  of  the  Bahamas,  Dec.  5, 
1801,  and  of  Tobago,  Oct.  27,  1803;  and  was 
chairman  of  the  board  of  commiss,  of  W.  India 
accounts  from  1814  to  1819.  Being  the  son-in- 
law  of  the  Earl  of  Selkirk,  he  pub.  in  Lond,, 
1817,  a  "  Statement  respecting  his  Settlement 
upon  the  Red  River."  He  visited  Amer.  in 
1821  or  2  ;  and  in  1823  pub.  in  Eng.  "  Histor- 
ical Notes  respecting  the  Indians  of  North 
Amer."  —  Hist.  Mag.  iii.  50. 

Halkett,  Sir  Peter,  of  Pitferran,  Fife- 
shire,  bart.  of  Nova  Scotia,  son  of  Sir  P.  Wcd- 
derburne  of  Gosford,  who  assumed  his  wife's 
name.  M.P.  for  Dunfiermline,  1734  ;  lieut.- 
col.  of  the  44th  at  Sir  John  Cope's  defeat  in 
1745.  Being  released  on  parole,  and  ordered 
by  Cumberland  to  serve  again  against  the  Jac- 
obites, he  refused,  saying  that  "  his  royal  High- 
ness was  master  of  his  commission,  but  not  of 
his  honor."  He  became  col.  of  his  regt.  Feb. 
26,  1751,  and  was  killed  at  its  head  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Monongahela,  July  9,  1755.  —  Sargent's 
Exp.  against  Fort  Duquesne. 

Hail,  Allen  A,,  journalist  and  diplomat, 
b.N.C. ;  d.  Cochabamba,  Bolivia, May  18, 1867. 
He  practised  law  at  Nashville,  and  was  for  30 
years  connected  with  the  leading  papers  there; 
charge  d'affaires  to  Venezuela  1841-5  ;  assist.- 
sec.  of  the  U.S.  treas.  1849-50;  edited  the  lie- 
public  at  Washington ;  afterward  edited  the 
Daily  News,  1857-9,  at  Nashville,  and  was  min- 
ister* to  Bolivia  1863-7. 

Hall,  Capt.  Basil,  traveller,  b.  Edinburgh, 
1788;  d.  Portsmouth,  Eng.,  Sept.  11,  1844. 
Entering  the  roy.  navy  in  1802,  he  became  a 
post  capt.  in  1817.  He  com.  the  brig  "  Lyra," 
which  accomp.  Lord  Amherst  in  his  mission 
to  China,  and  wrote  his  first  work,  entitled  "  A 
Voyage  of  Discovery  to  the  Western  Coast  of 


ILJSJL, 


397 


IL^^JLi 


Corea,  and  the  Great  Loo  Choo  Island  in  the 
Japan  Sea,"  pub.  in  1818.  He  was  stationed 
off  the  Pacific  coast  of  Amer.  during  the  rev- 
el, of  the  Spanish  Colonies,  and  on  his  return 
to  Eng.  pub.  "Extracts  from  a  Journal  writ- 
ten on  the  Coasts  of  Chili,  Peru,  and  Mexico, 
in  1 820-22,"  2  vols.  1 824.  He  also  pub.  "  Trav- 
els in  N.  Araer.  in  1827  and  1828"  (3  vols. 
1829),  severely  commented  upon  by  the  Amer. 
press,  and  "  Travels  in  So.  Amer.,"  8vo,  1841. 
In  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  his  intellect  be- 
came impaired,  and  he  d.  insane. 

Hall,  Baynard  Rust,  D.D.,  educator,  b. 
Phila.  1798  ;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Jan.  23, 1863. 
Uii.  Coll.  1820.  Princeton  Theol.  Sem.  Son 
of  Dr.  John  Hall,  who  was  at  one  time  on  the 
staff  of  Washington.  Some  years  pastor  of 
a  church,  and  pres.  of  a  coll.  in  Bloomington, 
Ind. ;  afterward  pastor  of  a  congregation,  and 
principal  of  a  large  acad.  in  Bedford,  Pa.  At 
various  times  he  was  connected  with  education- 
al institutions  in  Bordentown  and  Trenton, 
N.  J.,  and  Poughkeepsie  and  Newburgh,  N.Y. 
Ab.  1852  he  removed  to  Brooklyn  ;  was  prin- 
cipal of  the  Park  Institute ;  and  for  the  last 
few  years  of  his  life  preached  to  the  poor. 
He  pub.  a  "Latin  Grammar,"  1828;  "The 
New  Purchase,"  1843  ;  "  Something  for  Every- 
body ;  "  "  Teaching  a  Science ; "  "  Frank  Free- 
man's Barber  Shop/'  1852.  — N.  Y.  TimeSf  Jan. 
27,  1863. 

Hall,  DoMiNiCK  Augustine,  jurist,  b. 
S.C.  1765  ;  d.  N.  Orleans,  Dec.  19,  1820.  He 
commenced  the  practice  of  law  in  Charleston, 
S.C,  and  Avas  dist.  judge  of  Orleans  Terr, 
from  1809  till  it  became  the  State  of  La.  in 
1812,  when  he  was  app.  U.S.  judge  of  the 
State,  in  which  position  he  continued  during 
his  life.  Dec.  15,  1814,  his  court  was  ordered 
to  be  adjourned  for  2  months,  "  owing  to  the 
military  operations  of  the  British  forces  against 
New  Orleans."  In  Mar.  1815,  while  the  city 
was  under  martial  law,  Judge  Hall  was  arrested 
by  Gen.  Jackson  for  having  granted  a  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  to  a  person  arrested  by  his  au- 
thority. Judge  Hall  was  released  Mar.  14, 
and  immediately  summoned  Gen.  Jackson  to 
answer  for  a  contempt  of  court,  resulting  in  a 
judgment  against  him,  and  a  fine  of  $1,000, 
which  he  paid.  It  was,  however,  refunded  to 
him,  with  interest,  in  1844,  by  act  of  Congress. 

HalljEDWAKD  Brooks,  D.D.  (H.U.  1848), 
Unitarian  clergyman,  b.  Medford,  Ms.,  Sept. 
2,  1800;  d.  Providence,  Mar.  3,  1866.  H.U. 
1820.  Camb.  Theol.  School,  1824.  He  had 
charge  of  the  Garrison  Forest  Academy,  near 
Baltimore,  1  year  ;  preached  at  Northampton, 
Ms.,  where  he  was  oi'd.  Aug.  16, 1826 ;  resigned 
Dec.  3,  1829;  and  was  settled  at  Providence, 
Nov.  14,  1832,  until  his  d.  He  pub.  Memoir 
of  Mary  L.  Ware,  Bost.  12mo,  1852  ;  Centu- 
ry Discourse,  1st  Cong.  Ch.,  Prov.,  19  June, 
1836. 

Hall,  Fkederick,  M.  D.  (Castlet.  Med. 
School  1827),  LL.D.  (Dartm.  Coll.  1842),  ed- 
ucator, b.  Grafton,  Vt.,  1780;  d.  Peru,  111., 
July  27,  1843.  Dartm.  Coll.  1803.  Tutor 
there  1804-5,  and  at  Mid.  Coll.  1805-6  ;  prof, 
of  nat.  philos.  and  math,  in  Mid.  Coll.  1806- 
24  ;  prof,  of  chemistry  and  mineralogy  at 
Trin.  Coll.,  Hartford  ;  pres.  of  Mt.  Hope  Coll., 


near  Baltimore,  Md. ;  prof,  of  chemistry  in 
Col.  Coll.,  Washington,  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  gave  to  Dartm.  Coll.  a  cabinet 
of  minerals,  and  some  thousands  of  dollars. 
He  pub.  a  eulogy  on  Solomon  M.  Allen, 
1818;  statistics  of  Middlebury,  in  Ms.  Hist. 
Colls.,  2d  series,  vol.  ix. ;  "Letters  from  the 
East  and  from  the  West,"  Bait.,  8vo,  1840. 

Hall,  Gordon,  the  first  Amer.  missionary 
to  Bombay,  b.  Tolland,  Ms.,  Apr.  8,  1784;  d. 
of  cholera  in  India,  Mar.  20,  1826.  Wms. 
Coll.  1808.  He  studied  theology,  and  having 
been  ord.  at  Salem,  Feb.  6,  1812,  sailed  for 
Calcutta,  arriving  at  Bombay  Feb.  11,  1813; 
he  spent  13  years  in  missionary  labors  there. 
He  possessed  great  force  of  mind,  and  decision 
of  character,  and  was  devoted  to  his  work,  for 
which  he  was  eminently  qualified.  He  pub.  3 
or  4  sermons  and  tracts,  and,  with  S.  Newell, 
"The  Conversion  of  the  World,"  8 vo,  1818. 
His  "  Appeal  in  Behalf  of  the  Heathen  "  is  a 
masterpiece  of  argument  and  eloquence.  A 
Memoir  of  him  was  pub.  12rao. 

Hall,  Harrison,  editor  of  the  Portfolio, 
1815-27,  bro.  of  Judge  James,  b.  1787;  d. 
Cincinnati,  Mar.  9,  1866.  He  pub.  a  work  on 
"  Distilling,"  1815.  Ed.  a  vol.  of  the  writings 
of  his  mother,  Sarah  Hall,  in  1833. 

Hall,  HiLAND,  LL.D.  (U.  of  Vt.  1859), 
lawyer,  b.  Bennington,  Vt.,  July  20,  1795. 
He  spent  his  boyhood  on  his  father's  farm; 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1819;  was  in  1827 
elected  to  the  State  legisl.,  and  afterwards  for 
several  years  was  State  atty. ;  M.C.  from  Vt. 
in  1833-43  ;  bankcommiss.  in  1843-6  ;  4  years 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court;  in  1850  second 
compt.  of  the  treas.  ;  from  1851  to  1854  land 
commis.  for  California;  gov.  of  Vt.  1858-60, 
and  delegate  to  the  Pence  Congress,  Mar. 
1861 ;  author  of  "  Hist,  of  Vt.,"  8vo,  1868. 

Hall,  James,  judge  and  author,  b.  Phila. 
Aug.  19,  1793;  d.  near  Cincinnati,  July  5, 
1868.  His  mother,  Mrs.  Sarah  Hall  (b.  Oct. 
30,  1760  ;  d.  Apr.  3,  1830),  dau.  of  Dr.  John 
Ewing,  wrote  "  Conversations  on  the  Bible," 
and  was  a  contrib.  to  the  PwtfoUo  from  the 
commencement,  and  during  the  editorship  of 
her  son.  A  vol.  of  her  writings  Avas  edited 
and  pub.  by  Harrison  Hall  in  1833,  with  a 
memoir  by  Judge  Hall.  He  began  the  study 
of  law,  but  left  it  to  join  the  army  in  the  war 
of  1812,  and  was  disting.  at  Lundy's  Lane, 
Niagara,  and  the  siege  of  Fort  Erie.  At  the 
close  of  the  war,  he  was  app.  an  officer  in  the 
bomb  vessel  which  accomp.  Decatur's  squad, 
against  the  Algerines,  but  resigned  in  1818, 
and  resumed  the  study  of  law  at  Pittsburg, 
Pa.  In  1820  he  removed  to  Shawneetown, 
111. ;  practised  at  the  bar,  and  edited  a  Aveekly 
newspaper,  the  Illinois  Gazette,  He  was  a))p. 
attv.  of  a  circuit  of  10  counties,  and  wrote 
interesting  sketches  of  his  mode  of  life  and 
adventures.  4  years  after,  he  was  elected  judge 
of  the  circuit  court,  over  which  he  presided  3 
years.  He  was  also  4  years  State  treasurer ; 
had  a  large  legal  practice,  and  edited  the  Il- 
linois Jntelligencer,  weekly,  with  other  literary 
labors.  Removing  from  Vandalia  in  1833  to 
Cincinnati,  he  became  in  1836  cashier,  and  in 
185.3-65  was  pres.,  of  the  Commercial  Bank. 
Ill  1 820  he  began  for  the  Portfolio  a  series  of 


ILAJL. 


398 


H^AXi 


"Letters  from  the  West,"  which  in  1828  were 
coll.  and  pub.  in  Lond.  without  his  concur- 
rence. He  edited  and  contrib.  largely  to  the 
Western  Souvenir,  1829,  the  first  annual  pub. 
in  the  West.  In  1830  he  established  at  Van- 
dalia  the  Illinois  Monthly  Magazine,  which  was 
continued  at  Cincinnati  from  1833  to  1837, 
under  the  title  of  the  Western  Monthly  Magazine. 
He  pub,  also  "Legends  of  the  West,"  1832; 
"Soldier's  Bride  and  other  Tales,"  1832; 
"The  Harpe's  Head,  a  legend  of  Ky,"  1833; 
"Sketches  of  the  West,"  2  vols.  1835; 
"  Tales  of  the  Border,"  1835  ;  "  Statistics  of 
the  West,"  1836,  and  a  new  edition  entitled 
"  Notes  on  the  Western  States,"  1838;  "  Life 
of  Harrison,"  1836;  "History  of  the  Indian 
Tribes "  (with  T.  L.  McKenney),  3  vols. 
1 838-44,  a  costly  and  elegant  work ;  "  Wilder- 
ness and  the  War-Path,"  1845;  an  address 
before  the  Mercantile  Library  Assoc,  of  Cin- 
cinnati, 1846  ;  a  "Life  of  Thomas  Posey"  in 
"Sparks's  Biography"  (2d  series,  vol.  ix.) ; 
and  "Romance  of  Western  History,"  1857. 
A  uniform  edition  of  his  writings  appeared  in 
4  vols.  1853.  — Duyckiiick. 

Hall,  James,  State  geologist  of  N.Y.,  b. 
Hinghara,  Ms.,  of  English  parents,  in  1811. 
He  studied  the  natural  sciences  at  the  Rens- 
selaer school  in  Troy,  N.Y.,  from  1831  to  1836. 
App.  one  of  the  N.Y.  State  geologists,  he  in 
1837  began  to  survey  the  western  dist.  of  the 
State.  His  report  was  pub.  in  1843.  Direct- 
ing his  attention  to  the  several  paleozoic  for- 
mations of  the  Western  States,  he  pub.  in 
1847-59  3  vols,  of  "  The  Paleontology  of 
N.Y.,"  describing  ab.  1,000  species  of  fossils 
from  the  lower  and  middle  silurian  rocks.  In 
1855  he  was  invited  to  take  this  dept.  of  the 
Canadian  survey  under  the  direction  of  Sir 
Wm.  E.  Logan.  App.  State  surveyor  of 
Iowa  in  1855,  and  of  Wis.  in  1857,  his  Cana- 
dian investigations  were  chiefly  limited  to  the 
study  of  the  graptolites,  of  which  he  has  de- 
scribed 25  new  species.  Of  the  Iowa  report, 
2  vols,  have  been  pub.  In  1850  Mr,  Hall  was 
elected  a  foreign  member  of  the  Geol.  Society 
of  Lond.,  which  society  in  1 858  conferred  upon 
him  the  distinction  of  the  Wolhiston  medal. 
He  is  a  member  of  many  European  and  Amer. 
scientific  societies,  and  has  contrib.  to  their 
"  Transactions."  The  description  of  fossils 
in  the  govt,  reports  of  many  of  the  Western 
surveys  are  by  Prof.  Hall. 

Hall,  John,  jurist,  b.  Staunton  Co.,  Va., 
1769;  d.  Wanenton,  N.C.,  Jan.  29,  1833. 
Wm.  &  Mary  Coll.  He  settled  in  Warrenton 
in  1792  ;  became  eminent  as  a  lawyer  ;  was  a 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  N.C.  from 
1801  to  1818,  and  judge  of  its  Supreme  Court 
from  1818  to  1832.  His  son  Edward,  a 
disting.  lawyer,  was  raised  to  the  bench  in 
1840. 

Hall,  John  E  ,  bro.  of  Judge  James, 
author,  b.  Dec.  1783  ;  d.  June  II,  1829.  Edu- 
cated at  N.J.  Coll ,  he  studied  law,  and  com- 
menced practice  in  Baltimore  in  1805.  He 
soon  became  prof,  of  rhetoric  and  belles-lettres 
in  the  U.  of  Md. ;  wrote  a  Biography  of  Dr. 
John  Shaw  prefixed  to  an  edition  of  his  poems 
(1810),  and  prepared  an  edition  of  Wirt's 
"  British  Spy,"  to  which  he  contrib.  several 


letters.  He  acted  with  the  Federalists,  and 
was  severely  wounded  in  the  Baltimore  riot 
of  1811,  being  one  of  the  nine  thrown  on  a 
heap  as  killed.  From  1808  to  1817  he  pub. 
the  American  Law  Journal  (6  vols.  Phila.). 
Removing  to  Phila.,  from  1816  to  1827  he 
edited  the  Portfolio,  to  which  he  contrib.  the 
"  Memoirs  of  Anacreon,"  which  attracted 
much  attention.  In  1827  he  edited  the  Phila. 
Souvenir,  and  pub.  "  Memoirs  of  Eminent 
Persons."  He  also  edited  "  Practice  and  Juris- 
diction of  the  Court  of  Admiralty,"  8vo,  1809. 
Dr.  Thomas  Mifflin  Hall,  a  younger  bro. 
of  Harrison,  James,  and  John  E.,  contrib. 
poetry  and  some  scientific  articles  to  the  Port- 
folio. In  1828  he  embarked  on  board  of  a 
S.  Amer.  ship-of-war  to  which  he  was  surgeon. 
The  vessel  was  never  heard  of  after.  —  Duyc- 
kinck. 

Hall,  Louisa  Jane,  poetess,  b.  Newbury- 
port,  Feb.  7,  1802 ;  m.  Rev.  E.  B.  Hall  of  Prov. 
in  1840.  Her  father.  Dr.  John  Park,  in  1811 
opened  a  school  for  young  ladies  in  Boston,  at 
which  she  received  a  good  education.  She 
commenced  writing  at  an  early  age.  In  1825 
she  wrote  "  Miriam,"  a  dramatic  poem,  pub. 
in  1837.  In  1831  she  removed  with  her  father 
to  Worcester,  where,  though  almost  totally 
blind  for  4  or  5  years,  she  wrote  "Joanna  of 
Naples,"  a  tale,  and  a  Life  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
Carter.  —  Duyckinck. 

Hall,  Lyman,  signer  of  the  Decl.  of  Indep., 
b.  Ct.  1725  ;  d.  Burke  Co.,  Ga.,  Oct.  19,  1790. 
Y.C.  1747.  His  father  possessed  a  competent 
fortune,  and  gave  him  a  good  education.  He 
studied  medicine ;  m.  and  establis  ed  himself 
at  Sunbury,  Ga.,  where  he  was  a  very  success- 
ful practitioner.  Member  of  the  Ga.  Repub. 
conventions  of  1774-5,  he  was  influential  in 
causing  Ga.  to  join  the  Confederacy.  Sent  as 
a  delegate  to  Congress  in  March,  1775,  by  the 
parish  of  St.  John's,  he  was  in  July  elected  by 
the  whole  Province.  He  remained  in  Congress 
until  1780,  when  the  invasion  of  the  State  by 
the  British  called  him  home.  Gov.  of  Ga.  in 
1783.  His  property  was  confiscated  by  the 
British  while  in  temporary  possession  of  the 
Province. 

Hall,  Nathan  K.,  U.S.  postmaster-gen. 
(1850-4),  b.  Marcellus,  Onondaga  Co.,  N.Y., 
March  28,  1810.  He  read  law  in  the  office  of 
Mr.  Fillmore,  and  became  his  partner  at  Buf- 
falo, Erie  Co.,  N.Y.,  in  1832.  He  has  held 
different  administrative  and  judicial  offices  in 
his  native  State  ;  served  as  a  member  of  the 
legisl.  ?  was  M.C.  from  1847  to  1849;  after- 
ward judge  Dist.  Court  of  Western  N.Y. 

Hall,  Robert  Pleasants,  poet  and  law- 
yer, b.  Chester  District,  S.C,  Dec.  23,  1825; 
d.  Macon,  Ga.,  Dec.  4,  1854.  Removing  with 
his  parents  to  Ga.  in  1837,  he  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1848,  and  in  1849  removed  to  Macon, 
where  he  held  a  high  legal  reputation  till  his 
death.  In  1848  he  pub.  in  Charleston 
"  Poems  by  a  South-Carolinian."  His  numer- 
ous unpub.  writings  in  prose  and  verse  include 
a  contemplative  poem  on  Andre  Chenier;  a 
legend  of  the  Dacotahs,  entitled  "  Winona ;  " 
and  "  The  Cherokee,"  describing  the  scenery 
of  Upper  Georgia.  —  See  Millers  Bench  and 
Bar  of  Georgia. 


1E3LAJJ 


I3LA.il 


Hall,  Samuel,  printer,  b.  Medford,  Ms., 
Nov.  2,  1740;  d.  Boston,  Oct.  30,  1807.  He 
served  his  apprenticeship  with  his  uncle, 
Daniel  Fowie  of  Portsmouth,  N.H.  In  1761-8 
he  was  in  partnership  with  Ann,  widow  of 
James  Franklin,  at  Newport,  R.I.  In  1768  he 
pub.  the  Essex  Gazette  at  Salem  ;  removed  in 
1775  to  Cambridge,  where  he  pub.  the  N.  E. 
Chronicle;  removed  to  Boston  in  1776;  pub. 
the  Sa/eni  Gazette  again  in  1781,  and  in  1785 
the  Ms.  Gazette;  in  1789  he  opened  a  book- 
store in  Boston,  which  in  1 805  he  sold  to  Lin- 
coln &  Edmands.  His  patriotic  journal  was 
of  great  service  to  the  cause  of  liberty.  — 
Brooks's  Medford. 

Hall,  Samuel  Read,  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, b.  Croydon,  N.H.,  Oct.  27,  1795.  He 
commenced  teaching  in  Rumford,  Me.,  in  1814, 
and  in  1822  taught  an  acad.  atFitchburg,  Ms., 
being  also  licensed  as  a  Cong,  preacher.  Re- 
moving as  a  missionary  to  Concord,  Vt.,  in 
1823,  he  organized  the  tirst  school  in  the  U.S. 
for  the  training  of  teachers,  which  he  kept  till 
1830,  when  he  was  chosen  principal  of  the 
English  dept.  of  Phillips  Acad.,  Andover.  In 
1829  he  aided  in  founding  the  Amer.  Institute 
of  Instruction.  In  1837  he  removed  to  Plym- 
outh, N.H. ;  kept  a  teachers'  sem.  there  til^ 
1840,  when  he  removed  to  Craftsbury,  Vt., 
and  established  there  a  teacher's  dept.  in  con- 
nection with  the  acad.,  where  he  taught  till 
1846.  Author  of  "Instructor's  Manual,  or 
Lectures  on  School-keeping,"  1829  ;  "Lectures 
on  Education,"  12mo  ;  "  Geography  for  Chil- 
dren."    Ho  now  resides  at  Bennington,  Vt. 

Hall,  WiLLARD,  jurist,  b.  Westford,  Ms., 
Dec.  24,  1780.  H.U.  1799.  He  studied  law 
in  the  office  of  Samuel  Dana  of  Groton,  and 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  of  Hillsborough  Co., 
N.H.,  in  Mar.  1803.  In  May,  1803,  he  settled 
in  Dover,  Del.,  and  practised  there  20  years. 
From  1811  to  1814  he  was  sec.  of  State;  M.C. 
from  1817  to  1821;  again  sec.  of  State  in  1821; 
in  1822  a  member  of  the  State  senate  ;  and 
May  6,  1823,  he  was  app.  by  Pres.  Monroe 
U.S.  dist.  judge  for  Del.  Upon  the  applica- 
tion of  the  Gen.  Assembly  of  Del.  he  revised 
the  statutory  laws  of  the  State,  completing  the 
work,  in  6  vols.  8vo,  in  1829.  In  1831  he  was 
a  member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  While 
sec.  of  State  he  advocated  the  establishment 
of  public  schools,  and  suggested  a  plan  which 
in  1829  was  adopted  with  slight  variation. 

Hall,  Gen.  William,  b.  1774;  d.  Sumner 
Co.,  Tenn.,  Oct.  1 856.  He  was  a  col.  of  Tenn. 
militia  in  the  U.S.  service,  Dec.  1812-Feb. 
1813;  brig.-gen.  Tenn.  vols.  Sept.  26,  1813; 
and  M.C.  from  Tenn.  in  1831-3. 

Hall,  William  W.,  b.  Paris,  Ky.,  1810. 
Centre  Coll.  1830.  M.D.  of  Transylv.  Coll. 
1836.  Author  of  Treatises  on  Cholera,  Bron- 
chitis, and  Kindred  Diseases  (8vo,  1853), 
Consumption,  Health  by  Good  Living,  Sleep, 
Health  and  Disease,  Coughs  and  Colds. 
Editor  of  Hall's  .Journal  of  Health. 

Hallam  Family,  pioneers  on  the  Ameri- 
can stage.  William,  called  the  father  of  the 
American  stage,  was  an  actor  of  great  repute 
at  Goodman's  Fields  Theatre,  Eng.,  and  succes- 
sor of  Garrick.  Came  with  his  family  to  Amer. 
in  1750;  sold  out  his  interests  here  to  his  bro. 


Lewis  ;  and  d.  in  Eng.  Lewis,  his  bro.,  also 
a  favorite  at  Goodman's  Fields,  made  his  d^ut 
at  New  York,  26  Feb.  1750,  in  the  play  of 
"  Richard  III.,"  and  Sept.  5, 1752,  at  Williams- 
burg, Va.,  as  Launcelot  Gobbo  and  Tubal 
in  the  "  Merchant  of  Venice  ;  "  went  to  the 
Island  of  Jamaica  in  1756,  where  he  soon  after 
died.  His  wife,  afterward  well  known  as  Mrs. 
Douglas,  app.  Sept.  5,  1752,  as  Portia;  re- 
tired from  the  stage  in  1769,  andd.  Phila.  Aug. 
1773.  Lewis,  son  of  the  preceding,  and  one 
of  the  best  actors  of  his  time,  b.  Lond.  1740  ; 
d.  Phila.  Nov.  1, 1808.  He  appeared  in  Lord 
Ogleby  in  1768,  a  part  he  performed  for  40 
years,  his  last  app.  in  it  being  at  the  Park, 
N.Y.,  in  1807.  Master  Adam  Hallam  made 
his  detut  in  New  York,  Sept.  17,  1753,  at  the 
New  Nassau-street  Theatre,  as  Daniel  in 
"  The  Conscious  Lovers."  The  Hallam  Com- 
pany opened  at  Phila.  15  Apr.  1754,  with 
"  The  Fair  Penitent." 

Halleek,  Fitzgreene,  poet,  b.  Guilford, 
Ct.,  July  8, 1790 ;  d.  there  Nov.  19, 1867.  His 
mother,  Mary  Eliot,  was  a  descendant  of  John, 
the  "Apostle  to  the  Indians."  He  acquired  a 
good  academical  education  in  his  native  town. 
At  the  age  of  18  he  became  a  clerk  in  the  bank- 
ing-house of  Jacob  Barker,  New  York,  where 
he  remained  many  years.  He  was  also  "  in  the 
cotton-trade  and  sugar-line."  He  was  long  en- 
gaged in  the  business-alFairs  of  John  Jacob 
Astor  (1824-49),  who  made  him  a  trustee  of 
the  Astor  Library.  He  wrote  verses  from  boy- 
hood. His  lines  to  "Twilight"  appeared  in 
the  Evening  Post  in  1818;  and  in  the  follow- 
ing March  he  assisted  Joseph  Rodman  Drake 
in  contributing,  under  the  signature  of  "  Croak- 
er, jun.,"  to  the  humorous  series  of  "  Croaker 
Papers,"  also  for  the  Fast.  The  death  of 
Drake  in  1820  was  commemorated  by  Halleek 
in  one  of  his  most  touching  poems.  In  the 
latter  part  of  1819  he  wrote  his  longest  poem, 
"  Fanny,"  a  satire  in  the  measure  of  Byron's 
"  Don  Juan."  It  was  completed  and  printed 
within  three  weeks  of  its  commencement,  and 
was  highly  popular.  In  1822-3  he  visited  Eu- 
rope ;  and  in  1827  pub.  an  edition  of  his  po- 
ems, including  "Alnwick  Castle"  and  "Burns." 
It  also  included  the  spirited  lyric  "  Marco  Boz- 
zaris,"  originally  pub.  in  the  N.  Y.  Review. 
In  1864  he  pub.  "  Young  America,"  a  poem  of 
some  300  lines.  A  remarkable  characteristic 
of  his  poetic  genius  was  its  versatility.  Late 
in  life  he  became  a  Roman  Catholic.  — See  Life 
and  Letters  of  Halleek,  by  James  Grant  Wilson, 
1869. 

Halleek,  Henry  Wager,  maj.-gen.  U. 
S.A.,  b.  Waterville,  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.,  1814. 
West  Point,  1 839.  Son  of  Hon.  Joseph  H.,  and 
grandson  of  Peter  of  Long  Island  Revol.  mem- 
ory. Receiving  an  academical  education,  he 
studied  a  short  time  at  Un.  Col.  before  enter- 
ing West  Point.  Entering  the  engineer  ser- 
vice, he  was,  until  June,  1840,  assist,  prof,  at 
West  Point.  From  1841  to  1844  he  was  em- 
ployed on  the  fortiticarions  in  N. Y.  harbor ;  and 
in  1845  visited  the  military  establishments  of 
Europe.  In  the  winter  of  1845-6  he  delivered 
at  the  Lowell  Institute  of  Boston  a  series  of 
lectines  on  the  Science  of  War,  since  pub.  as 
"  Elements  of  Military  Art  and  Science."  Dur- 


HLAJL. 


400 


J3LAJM: 


ing  the  war  with  Mexico,  he  served  in  Califor- 
nia and  on  the  Pacific  coast.  1st  lieut.  in 
1845,  he  was  brev.  capt.  for  gallantry  at  Palas 
Prietas  and  Urias,  Nov.  18  and  19,  1847  ;  and 
afterward  greatly  disting.  himself  at  San  An- 
tonio and  Todos  Santos,  March,  1848.  He 
also  acted  on  the  staff  of  Com.  Shubrick,  par- 
ticipating in  the  capture  of  Mazatlan,  of  which 
he  was  made  lieut.-governor.  Sec.  of  state  of 
the  province  of  California  from  Aug.  13,  1847, 
to  Dec.  20,  1849,  acting  also  as  auditor  of  the 
revenue;  member  of  the  convention  in  1849, 
as  one  of  the  drafting  committee,  he  had  a 
large  share  in  preparing  the  State  constitution ; 
afterward  judge  advocate  and  insp.  of  light- 
houses ;  capt.  of  engineers,  1  July,  1853  ;  he  re- 
signed Aug.  1, 1854,  and  began  to  practise  law 
in  San  Francisco.  For  many  years  he  was  the 
senior  partner  of  one  of  the  largest  law-firms 
in  Cal.,  and  director-gen.  of  the  N.  Almadcn 
quicksilver  mines.  In  1855  he  was  pres.  of  the 
Pacific  and  Atlantic  Road,  from  San  Francisco 
to  San  Jose'.     App.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  Aug,  19, 

1861,  he  succeeded  Fremont  in  command  of 
the  Western  dept.  in  Nov.      Early  in  April, 

1862,  he  took  com.  of  the  army  before  Corinth, 
the  investment  of  which  was  soon  followed  by 
its  capture.  After  the  disastrous  campaign  of 
the  Chickahominy,  ho  was  app.  (July  11)  gen.- 
in-chief.  He  ordered  the  advance  of  Gen. 
Pope,  under  cover  of  which  McClcllan  was 
enabled  to  retire  unmolested  to  Yorhtown. 
Chief  of  staff  U.S.A.  12  Mar.  1864,  to  Apr.  19, 
1865  ;  com.  milit.  div.  of  the  Pacific  since  Aug. 
1865.  Gen.  H.  has  also  pub.  a  "Practical 
Treatise  on  Bitumen  and  its  Uses,"  1841;  a 
report  on  Military  Defences ;  translations  of 
the  "Mining  Laws  of  Spain  and  Mexico;" 
De  Fooz  on  the  Law  of  Mines,"  a  treatise  en- 
titled "  International  Law  and  the  Laws  of 
War;  "  and  Jomini's  "Life  of  Napoleon." 

Sallett,  Benjamin  F.,  politician  and  law- 
yer, b.  Barnstable,  Ms.,  Dec.  2, 1 797 ;  d.  Boston, 
Sept.  30,  1862.  Brown  U.  1816.  Adtn.  to  the 
Boston  bar,  he  was  afterward  an  editor  in  Prov- 
idence and  in  Boston,  where  he  edited  the  anti- 
Masonic  Boston  Advocate.  After  the  decline  of 
the  anti-Masonic  party,  he  joined  the  Democ. 
party,  over  which  he  exerted  a  powerful  influ- 
ence, being  a  delegate  at  most  of  its  national 
conventions,  and  many  years  chairman  of  its 
national  committee.  He  aided  in  the  nomina- 
tion of  Franklin  Pierce  (who  made  him  U.S. 
dist.  atty.  for  Ms.)  and  James  Buchanan;  and 
was  the  author  of  the  Cincinnati  platform  of 
18.56. 

Hallock,  Gerard,  journalist,  son  of  Rev. 
Moses,  b.  Plainfield,  Ms.,  March  18,  1800; 
d.  New  York,  Jan.  4,  1866.  Amh.  Coll.  1819. 
In  early  life  he  taught  Hebrew  and  German. 
In  1824  he  established  the  Boston  Telerji-aph, 
which  he  united  with  the  Boston  Recorder  in 
1825.  He  became  half-proprietor  of  the  NY. 
Observer  in  1827,  and,  in  partnership  with  David 
Hale,  became  proprietor  of  the  N.  Y,  Journal 
of  Commerce  in  1828,  which  he  continued  to 
conduct  until  1861.  In  1828  Messrs.  Hale  and 
liallock  fitted  out  a  schooner  to  cruise  off 
Sandy  Hook,  and  intercept  European  vessels 
for  news.  In  1833  they  established  a  horse  ex- 
press from  Phila.  to  N.Y.,  by  which  they  were 


enabled  to  publish  congressional  news  one  day 
in  advance  of  their  contemporaries.  He  ex- 
pended over  $50,000  in  the  erection  and  support 
of  a  church  in  N.  Haven,  and  by  personal  ex- 
ertions he  founded  the  Southern  Aid  Society. 

Hallock,  Jeremiah,  clergyman,  b.  Brook- 
haven,  L.I. ,  March  13,1758;  d.  West  Simsbury, 
Ct.,  June  23,  1826.  When  8  years  old,  his  fa- 
ther removed  to  Goshen,  Ms. ;  and  before  he  was 
21  he  was  twice  called  to  enter  the  Revol.  army. 
He  entered  the  school  of  Dr.  Dwight ;  and  in 
April,  1784,  was  licensed  to  preach,  and  was 
installed  pastor  of  the  congregation  in  West 
Simsbury,  Oct.  26,  1785,  where  he  remained 
till  his  death.  —  See  Life,  by  Rev.  Cyrus  Yale, 
Hartford,  Svo,  1838. 

Hallock,  Moses,  clergyman,  bro.  of  Jere- 
miah, b.  Brookhaven,  L.I.,'Fcb.  16,  1760;  d. 
July  17,  1837.  Y.C.  1788.  He  was  first  pas- 
tor of  the  church  in  Plainfield  from  July  11, 
1792,  until  his  death.  He  was  a  man  of  patri- 
archal simplicity,  and  devoted  himself  to  the 
education  of  young  men  for  the  ministry.  A 
sketch  of  his  life  has  been  pub.  by  the  Tract 
Society. 

Hallowell,  Benjamin,  loyalist,  commis- 
sioner of  the  revenue  in  Boston  before  the 
Jlevol. ;  d.  1799.  His  estate  was  confiscated. 
One  of  his  sons,  B.  Carew,  was  a  distinguished 
British  admiral ;  another,  Ward  Nicholas 
(Boylston),  was  a  benefactor  of  Harvard  Coll. 
His  hro.  Robert,  a  considerable  landholder  in 
Maine,  d.  Gardiner,  Me.,  April  23,  1818,  a.  80. 

Halpine,  Charles  G.  ("Miles  O'Reil- 
ly,"), author  and  politician,  b.  Oldcastle,  Co. 
Meath,  Ireland,  Nov.  1829  ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Aug. 
3,  1868.  Trinity  Coll.,  Dublin,  1846.  His  fa- 
ther, a  clergyman  and  scholar,  edited  the  Dub- 
lin Evening  Mail,  the  leading  paper  in  the  Prot- 
estant interest.  Upon  his  father's  death  he 
connected  himself  with  the  press,  but  in  1847 
came  to  New  York,  where  he  wrote  for  the 
Herald;  afterward  aided  Shillabcr  in  editing 
the  Carpet  Bag  in  Boston  ;  and  was  connected 
with  the  press  of  New  York  and  Boston  until 
April,  1861,  when  he  volunteered  in  the  Union 
army,  and  rose  to  the  grade'  of  brig.-gen.  of 
vols.,  and  maj.  in  the  regular  service.  He  re- 
signed in  1864.  He  became  editor  of  The 
Citizen ;  supported  Mr.  Lincoln's  re-election  ; 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  was  occa- 
sioned by  an  overdose  of  chloroform,  was  regis- 
ter of  the  Co.  of  N.  York.  He  wrote  "  Poems 
by  the  Letter  H ;  "  two  volumes  of  humorous 
writings  under  the  nom  de  plume  of  "  Private 
Miles  O'Reilly,"  while  serving  at  the  South  ; 
and  a  volume  of  war-songs  and  humorous 
verses.  These  songs  became  favorites  with  the 
army.  One  of  his  most  famous  pieces,  entitled 
"  Tear  down  the  Flaunting  Lie,"  has,  since  his 
death,  been  claimed  by  another.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  versatility  and  of  convivial  habits. 

Hamblin,  Ihomas  Sowerby,  actor,  b. 
Lond.  May  14,  1800;  d.  New  York,  Jan.  8, 
1853.  First  appeared  in  1819  at  Sadler's 
Wells,  Lond.,  and,  Dec.  26,  as  Truman  in 
"  George  Barnwell,"  at  Drury  Lane.  His  first 
American  performance  was  Hamlet,  at  the 
Park  Theatre,  in  Oct.  1825.  He  then  starred 
through  the  States  until  Aug.  1830,  when  he 
became  manager  of  the  Bowery  Theatre,  and 


J3LAJM. 


401 


h^m: 


f3 


continued  in  that  capacity  in  various  N.Y. 
theatres  until  his  death.  His  third  wife,  Miss 
Medina,  wrote  the  dramas  of  "  Last  Days  of 
Pompeii,"  "  Kienzi," &e. — Broivn'sAwer.  ^tage. 

Hamer,  Thomas  L.,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Pa.;  d.  Monterey,  Mex.,  2  Dec.  1846. 
Emig.  in  early  life  to  O.  He  practised  law  with 
success;  served  in  several  sessions  of  the  legisl., 
and  was  speaker  during  one  term  ;  M.C.  1833- 
9;  app.  brig.-gen.  1  July,  1846;  disting.  in  the 
battle  of  Monterey,  and"^com.  the  division  after 
Gen.  Butler  was  wounded.  Congress,  in  testi- 
mony of  his  gallantry,  presented  a  sword  to  his 
nearest  male  relative. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  statesman,  ora- 
tor, and  soldier,  b.  in  Nevis,  one  of  the  W.I. 
Islands,  11  Jan.  1757;  killed  in  a  duel  with 
Aaron  Burr,  12  July,  1804.  His  father,  James, 
was  a  Scotch  merchant;  his  mother,  whoso 
name  was  Faucette,  was  of  Huguenot  descent. 
In  1769  he  entered  a  counting-house  in  St. 
Croix;  in  1772  attended  the  school  of  Francis 
Barber,  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J. ;  and  in  1773 
entered  King's  Coll.  In  July,  1774,  he  made 
a  speech  to  the  people  of  N.Y.,  and  was  highly 
applauded,  also  aiJing  the  popular  cause  by  his 
writings.  Applying  himself  to  the  study  of 
tactics,  he  was  in  Mar.  1776  made  a  capt.  of 
art.,  and  served  with  credit  at  L.  I.,  White 
Plains,  Trenton,  and  Princeton  ;  became  aide- 
de-camp  to  Washington  in  Mar.  1777,  gaining 
his  special  f  ivor  and  confidence;  and  was  em- 
ployed as  his  sec,  also  assisting  in  planning 
campaigns.  He  was  highly  praised  for  his 
conduct  at  Monmouth,  and  was  second  to  Col. 
Laurens  in  the  duel  with  Lee  which  grew  out 
of  it.  In  Dec.  1780  he  m.  I^tliza^  dan.  of  Gen. 
Schuyler,  and  in  Feb.  1781  retn-ed  from  Wash- 
ington's staff"  in  consequence  of  a  rebuke  which 
he  thought  unmerited.  He  declined  to  with- 
draw his  resignation,  though  Washington  sent 
him  an  apology.  In  July,  1781,  he  obtained 
the  com.  of  a  N.Y.  batt.,  with  which  he  cap- 
tured by  assault,  Oct.  14,  1781,  a  redoubt  at 
Yorktown.  Upon  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis 
he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  law;  was 
a  member  of  Congress  in  1782-3,  and  often 
chairman  of  important  committees  ;  began  to 
practise  law  in  N.Y.  City  ab.  Aug.  1783,  and 
soon  took  the  lead  in  his  profession.  He  ex- 
erted himself  to  protect  the  Tories  from  perse- 
cution; was  active  in  establishing  the  N.  York 
bank  ;  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  an  anti- 
slavery  society;  member  of  the  N.Y.  legisl.  in 
Jan.  1787,  and  a  delegate  to  the  Phila.  conv. 
in  May,  1787,  to  form  a  Federal  Constitution, 
an  instrument  which  he  had  a  principal  share 
in  devising,,  supporting,  and  causing  to  be 
adopted.  With  the  aid  of  the  able  pens  of 
Madison  and  Jay,  he  advocated  its  adoption  in 
a  series  of  essays  under  the  signature  of  *'  Pub- 
lius,"  afterwards  collected  in  a  vol.  called  "  The 
Federalist,"  of  which  he  wrote  the  larger  half. 
App.  in  Sept.  1789  first  sec.  of  the  U.S.  treas- 
ury, he  presented  to  Congress  in  Jan.  1790  a 
report  on  public  credit  and  a  plan  for  its  sup- 
port, which  became  the  basis  of  the  financial 
system.  He  proposed  plans  for  funding  the 
national  debt,  for  assuming  those  of  the  re- 
spective States,  for  establishing  a  U.  S.  bank 
and  a  mint,  and  for  obtaining  a  revenue.  He 
26 


advocated  the  encouragement  of  domestic 
manufactures  by  a  protective  tariff".  Having 
restored  public  credit,  and  witnessed  the  revival 
of  trade  and  industry,  he  resigned  31  Jan. 
1795,  and  resumed  practice  at  the  bar.  He 
advocated  strict  neutrality  in  the  French 
revol.  struggle  in  his  papers  signed  "  Paeifi- 
cus,"  and,  under  the  signature  of  "  Camillus," 
powerfully  supported  Jay's  treaty.  He  assist- 
ed Washington  in  the  preparation  of  his 
"  Farewell  Address.'*  He  declined  the  position 
ofchiefjusticeof  theU.S.  In  1798,  the  French 
Directory  having  provoked  the  American  peo- 
ple by  acts  of  hostility,  the  army  was  re-organ- 
ized, Washington  taking  the  chief  command, 
and  Hamilton  second  as  inspec.-gen.,  with  the 
rank  of  maj.-gen.  On  the  death  of  Washing- 
ton in  Dec.  1799,  Hamilton  succeeded  him  as 
com-in-chief ;  but  the  army  was  soon  disbanded. 
When  the  house  of  representatives  were  to  de- 
cide between  Jeff*erson  and  Burr,  which  should 
be  pres.,  he  advised  his  friends  to  prefer  the 
former.  Burr  being  in  1804  a  candidate  for 
gov.  of  N.Y.,  Hamilton  opposed  his  election, 
expressing  his  opinion  that  Burr  was  a  danger- 
ous man,  and  unfit  to  be  trusted  with  power. 
Defeated  in  his  ambitious  projects.  Burr  chal- 
lenged Hamilton,  who,  though  utterly  condemn- 
ing the  practice  of  duelling,  accepted  the  chal- 
lenge, was  mortally  wounded  atHoboken,  11 
July,  1804,  and  died  the  next  day.  His  death 
was  deeply  and  generally  lamented.  His 
widow  Elizabeth,  b.  9  Aug.  1757,  d.  Wash- 
ington, D.'b.,'  9  JN'ov.  1854.  His  youngest  son, 
Col.  Wm.  Steven,  U.S.  surveyor  of  public 
lands  in  111.,  subsequently  engaged  in  mining 
in  Cal.,  d.  Sacramento,  Cal.,  7  Aug.  1850,  a. 
50.  Hamilton's  works,  edited  by  his  son  John 
C,  were  pub.  7  vols.  8vo,  1851. — See  Life  by 
Renwkk,  1841;  hij  J.  C.IIamilton,2  vols.  1834- 
40  ;  J.  C.  Hamilton's  History  of  the  Republic  of 
the  U.S.,  Sfc.y  6  vols.  1858-60;  Reminiscences 
ofJas.  A.  Hamilton,  1869. 

Hamilton,  Andrew,  gov.  of  N.J.  1692- 
8,  1699-1701,  dep.gov.  of  Pa.  Nov.  1,  1701, 
to  his  d.  in  Phila.  Jan.  1709.  Originally  a 
merchant  of  Edinburgh,  he  emig.  to  N.J.  ab. 
1685;  was  one  of  tlie  council  of  Lord  Neil 
Campbell,  whom  he  succeeded  as  dep.  gov.  in 
1686 ;  and  in  1689,  while  on  a  voyage  to  Eng., 
was  made  prisoner,  and  detained  some  time  by 
the  French.  He  devised  the  scheme  for  the 
establishment  of  post-offices  in  the  Colonies  ; 
and  was  app.  Apr.  4,  1692,  dep.  postmaster  for 
all  the  plantations.  —  Whitehead's  E.  Jersey. 

Hamilton,  Andrew,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
d.  Phila.  Aug.  4,  1741.  He  acquired  distinc- 
tion at  Zenger's  trial  in  N.Y.,  and  filled  many 
public  stations,  including  that  of  speaker  of 
the  Assembly,  which  he  resigned  in  1739  from 
age  and  infirmity. 

Hamilton,  Andrew  J.,  politician,  b. 
Madison  Co.,  Ala.,  Jan.  28,  1815.  He  had  a 
common  school  education  ;  worked  on  his  fa- 
ther's farm  ;  was  some  years  clerk  of  the  Circuit 
Court  of  the  Co.,  and  a  merchant,  but  was  sub- 
sequently adm.  to  the  bar;  and  in  1846  settled 
in  Texas.  He  was  atty.-gen.  of  the  State ; 
frequently  a  member  of  the  legisl. ;  M.C.  1859- 
61;  military  gov.  of  Texas  1862-5;  and  pro- 
vis,  gov.  1865-6,     He  opposed  the  secession  of 


ham: 


402 


IS^AJM. 


Texas,  and  was  an  active  friend  of  the  U.S. 
Govt,  duiinf;  the  RebcUion. 

Hamilton,  Gen.  Charles  S.,  b.  N.Y.  ab. 
1824.  West  I'oint,  1843.  Entering  the  2d 
Inf.  he  became  1st  licut.  Juno  30,  1845;  was 
brev.  capt.  for  galhintry  at  Contreras  and 
Churubusco,  Aug,  20,  and  severely  wounded  at 
Molino  del  Key,  Sept.  8,  1847  ;  resigned  Apr. 
30,  1853,  and  settled  in  Fond  du  Lac,  He 
com.  the  3d  vol.  regt.  from  Wisconsin  in  May, 
1861,  and  became  brig.-gen.  of  vols.  May  17, 
1861;  ordered  to  the  army  of  the  Mpi.,  and  dis- 
ting.  at  the  battle  of  Corinth,  and  took  com.  of 
the  dist.  of  W.  Tenn.  Oct.  20,  1862,  and  16th 
army  corps,  Jan.-Apr.  13,  1863,  when  he  re- 
signed ;  maj.-gen.  Sept.  19,  1862.  Since  then 
manuf  of  Colza  oil  at  Fond  du  Lac,  and  re- 
gent Wise.  State  University.  —  Cullum. 

Hamilton,  Col.  Henry,  an  English  co- 
lonial officer;  d.  Antigua,  Sept.  29, 1796.  He 
was  an  officer  in  the  Brit,  army  ;  and  during 
the  war  of  the  Revol.  was  lieut.-gov.  of  De- 
troit. In  1778  he  was  actively  engaged  in  in- 
citing the  Western  Indians  to  join  the  Britisli. 
Early  in  Jan.  1779  he  recaptured  Vincennes, 
but  in  tiie  following  month  was,  with  the  en- 
tire garrison,  surprised  by  Col.  Clarke,  and 
carried  prisoner  to  Williamsburg,  Va.,  where 
he  underwent  a  rigorous  confinement.  He  re- 
tired from  the  army  in  1783.  In  1785  he  be- 
came lieut.-gov.  of  Quebec,  but  was  succeeded 
in  1786  by  Lord  Dorchester,  and  was  subse- 
quently gov.  of  Dominica. 

Hamilton,  James,  gov.  of  Pa.  1748-Oct. 
1754,  1759-GS,  and  1771;  b.  Pliila. ;  d.  N.Y. 
Aug.  14,  1783.  Son  of  Andrew,  an  eminent 
lawyer.  He  held  several  other  offices  of  distinc- 
tion in  the  Province,  and  enjoyed  the  esteem 
and  confidence  of  the  people,  but  was  a  loyal- 
ist, and  removed  to  N.Y. 

Hamilton,  Gen.  James,  politician,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C,  May  8,  1786;  d.  Oct.  15, 
1857,  by  a  steamboat  collision,  near  the  coast 
of  Texas.  His  father,  Maj.  James,  a  favorite 
aide  of  Washington,  d.  Nov.  26,  1833,  a.  82. 
Liberally  educated,  he  adopted  the  law  as  a 
profession  ;  served  in  the  war  of  1812  on  the 
Canadian  frontier  as  a  maj.,  and  practised  law 
in  Charleston,  where  he  was  some  years  mayor. 
By  his  vigilance  the  formidable  negro  conspir- 
acy in  1822,  led  by  Denmark  Vesey,  was  de- 
tected. Often  a  member  of  the  State  legisl., 
and  M.C.  1822-9,  and  the  ultra  advocate  of 
free-trade  and  Southern  riglits,  and  of  direct 
taxation.  An  active  partisan  of  Gen.  Jackson, 
who  in  1828  offered  him  the  post  of  sec.  of 
war,  and  minister  to  Mexico,  both  of  which  lie 
declined.  He  urged  armed  resistance  to  the 
tariff  act  of  1828,  and,  while  gov.  of  S.C. 
(1830-2),  recommended  to  the  legisl.  the  pas- 
sage of  the  nullification  act,  which  placed  the 
State  in  collision  with  the  Federal  Govt. ;  app. 
by  Gov.  Hayne  his  successor,  com.  of  the 
State  troops.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
affairs  of  Texas ;  })rocured  the  recognition  of 
her  independence  from  Eng.  and  Franco  in 
1841;  subsequently  aided  in  procuring  her  ad- 
mission into  the  Union,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  was  U.S.  senator  elect.  With  his  usual 
courtesy  and  generosity,  he  yielded  his  own 
chance  of  safety  to  a  lady  among  the  passen- 


gers, to  whom  he  was  an  entire  stranger.  Ho 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Sout/iern  Quar- 
terly Review  and  of  the  Bank  of  Charleston, 
and  took  an  active  part  in  railroad  enterprises, 
and  in  the  extension  and  elevation  of  Southern 
commerce. 

Hamilton,  James,  artist,  b.  Ireland  ab. 
1820;  came  to  the  U.S.  in  infancy;  established 
himself  as  a  marine  painter  in  Phila.,  and  ex- 
celled in  sea-fights.  He  is  well  known  as  the 
spirited  illustrator  of  Dr.  Kane's  Arctic  Exped. 
Among  his  pictures  are  "  Capture  of  the  Ser- 
apis,"  "  Old  Ironsides,'*  "An  Egyptian  Sun- 
set," "  Wrecked  Hopes,"  Coleridge's  "  Ancient 
Mariner,"  and  many  subjects  from  the  Arabian 
Nights.  —  Tuckerman. 

Hamilton,  James  Inglis,  a  British  gen. ; 
d.  Murdostown,  July  27,  1803.  He  entered 
the  army  iif  1755;  served  at  Fort  St.  Philip 
in  the  exped.  to  St.  Malo  in  1758,  and 
against  Belle  Isle  in  1760;  major  1761; 
Mar.  1774,  lient.-col.  21st;  and  proceeded  to 
Canada  in  1776  ;  com.  the  2d  brigade  in  Bur- 
goyne's  exped.  ;  made  prisoner  at  Saratoga ; 
became  maj. -gen.  1787;  jieut.-gen.  1797  ;  gen. 
1802.  —  Bxirtjoijne' s  Ord.  Book. 

Hamilton,  John,  member  of  the  council 
of  N.J.  1713-46;  com.-in-chiefof  the  Province 
1736-8;  gov.  1746;  d.  1746.  Son  of  Gov. 
Andrew. 

Hamilton,  John  Church,  son  of  Gen. 
Alexander,  b.  Phila.  1792.  Col.  Coll.  1809. 
Counsellor  at  law  ;  aide  to  Gen.  Harrison ; 
resigned  June,  1814,  Author  of  "  Memoirs  of 
Alexander  Hamilton,"  2  vols.  8vo,  N.Y.  1834- 
40;  "Works  of  A.  Hamilton,"  7  vols.  8vo, 
1851;  "  History  of  the  Republic,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
1858. 

Hamilton,  Paul,  sec.  U.S.N.  1809-1813, 
b.  S.C. ;  d.  Beaufort,  June  30,  1816.  He  ren- 
dered important  services  during  the  Revol. ; 
was  compt.  of  S.C.  from  1799  to  1804,  im- 
proving the  financial  system  of  the  State;  and 
was  gov.  of  S.C.  in  1804-6. 

Hamilton,  Gen.  Schuyler,  son  of  John 
C,  and  grandson  of  Alexander,  b.  N.Y.  Julv 
25,  1822.  West  Point,  1841.  Entering  the 
1st  Inf ,  he  was  severely  wounded  at  Monterey ; 
was  brev.  1st  lieut. ;  and  early  in  1847,  joining 
Scott  in  the  Valley  of  Mexico,  was  app.  act- 
ing aide  to  the  com.-in-chief.  Aug.  13,  while 
on  a  haiiurdous  reconnoissance,  he  was  attacked 
near  Milflores  by  a  su[)erior  force  of  Mexican 
lancers,  and  in  a  desperate  hand-to-hand  en- 
counter was  severely  wounded.  He  was  brev. 
capt.  for  gallantry  in  this  affair,  and  remained 
on  Scott's  staff  until  1854;  resigned  in  1855, 
and  took  up  his  residence  at  Branford,  Ct. 
After  the  fall  of  Sumter,  he  joined  the  7th 
N.Y.  regt.  as  a  private ;  was  aide  to  Col.  Lef- 
fcrts,  and  also  to  Gen.  Butler  at  Aimapolis. 
On  reaching  "Washington,  he  entered  the  mili- 
tary family  of  Scott,  with  the  rank  of  col. ; 
became  brig.-gen.  Nov.  12, 1861;  accomp.  Gen. 
Halleck  to  Mo.  in  Oct.,  and  com.  the  dist.  of 
St.  Louis;  in  Feb.  1862  he  com.  a  division 
in  Pope's  army,  and  was  greatly  instrumental 
in  the  capture  of  New  Madrid.  Gen.  Hamilton 
corn,  the  reserve  at  the  action  of  Farmitigton. 
Made  maj, -gen.  Sept.  17,  1862,  for  "merito- 
rious services  at  New  Madrid  and  Island  No. 


I3LA.1VI: 


40S 


hajm: 


Ten  ;  "  resigned  Feb.  27,  1863.  Author  of  a 
"  History  of  the  National  Flag  of  the  U.S.," 
N.Y.  1852. 

Hamilton,  Capt.  Thomas,  author  of 
"Men  and  Manners  in  Anier.,"  b.  1789;  d. 
Pisa,  Italy,  Dec.  7, 1842.  Author  of  "  Cyril 
Thornton,"  "  Annals  of  the  Peninsular  Cam- 
paigns," and  a  noted  contrib.  to  Blackwood. 
He  served  in  the  Peninsular  war  and  that  of 
1812  with  the  U.S. 

Hamlin,  Hannibal,  statesman,  b.  Paris, 
Oxtbid  Co.,  Me.,  Aug.  27,  1809.  He  prepared 
himself  for  coll. ;  but  the  death  of  his  father 
compelled  him  to  take  charge  of  his  farm.  At 
21  he  became  a  printer;  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1833,  and  continued  to  practise  until 
1848;  was  a  member  of  the  Me.  legisl.  from 
1836  to  1840;  speaker  in  '37,  '39,  and  '40; 
M.C.  in  1843-7  ;  State  representative  in  1847  ; 
U.S.  senator  from  1848  to  1857,  and  uov.  of 
Me.  from  Jan.  7  until  his  resignation,  Feb.  20, 
1857,  having  been  re-elected  to  the  U.S.  senate; 
vice-pres.  1861-5;  coll.  of  customs  for  the  port 
of  Boston  1865-9  ;  U.S.  senator  since  1869. 

Hamline,  Leonidas  Lent,  D.D.,  M.  Ep. 
bishop  1844-52;  b.  Burlington,  Ct..  10  May, 
1797;  d.  Mt.  Pleasant,  Iowa,  23  Mar.  1865. 
Of  Huguenot  descent.  His  fathei-,  Mark,  was 
a  farmer,  and  designed  him  for  the  ministry. 
He  entered  that  of  the  M.  E.  Church  in  1828, 
officiating  in  Ohio  ;  and  was  co-editor  of  the 
Weatcrn  Christian  Advocate,  and  editor  of  the 
Lndif.s'  Repository  8  years.  He  devoted  his 
ample  fortune  to  the  interests  of  his  church, 
giving  in  one  month  $60,000  to  two  colleges. 

Hammond,  Charles,  lawyer  and  jour- 
nalist, b.  Baltimore  Co.,  Md.,  Sept.  1779;  d. 
Cincinnati,  3  Apr.  1840.  His  father  moved 
to  Ohio  Co.,  Va.,  in  1785.  He  worked  on  a 
farm,  but  studied  law  ;  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1801,  and  opened  an  office  in  Wellsburg  ; 
frequently  contributed  political  articles  to  the 
newspapers.  He  first  obtained  notice  by  a 
series  of  able  articles  in  the  Scioto  Gazette  in 
defence  of  Gov.  St.  Clair.  He  was  a  resident 
of  Belmont  Co.,  0.,  in  1813;  pub.  the  Ohio 
Federalist  at  St.  Clairsville  from  Aug.  1813  to 
1817;  and  from  1825  to  his  death  was  editor 
of  the  Cincinnati  Gazette  ;  member  Ohio  legisl. 
1816-18  and  1820  ;  removed  to  Cincinnati 
in  1822;  reporter  Ohio  Sup.  Court  1823-38, 
and  pub.  its  Reports  1821-39  in  9  vols.  8vo 
(1833-40).  He  was  an  earnest  advocate  of  a 
system  of  internal  improvements,  and  of  a 
thorough  common  school  system.  A  specimen 
of  his  verse  is  in  "  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the 
West." 

Hammond,  Jabez  D.,  LL.l).  (Ham.  Coll. 
1845),  author  and  politician,  b.  N,  Bedford, 
Ms.,  Aug.  2,  1778;  d.  Cherry  Valley,  N.Y., 
Aug.  18,  1855.  With  a  limited  education,  he 
taught  school  at  15  ;  .studied  and  practised 
medicine  in  Heading,  Vt.,  in  1799  ;  and  in  1805 
settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Cherry  Valley.  M.C. 
1815-17;  State  senator  1817-21;  practised  in 
Albany  in  1822-30  ;  commiss.  to  settle  the 
claims  of  N.Y.  on  the  Gen.  Govt,  in  1825-6; 
visited  Europe  in  1831;  re-established  himself 
at  Cherry  Valley  on  his  return  ;  chosen  county 
judge  in  1 838.  He  pub.  "  Political  History 
of  N.Y.,"  2  vols.  Svo;   "Julius  Melbourn," 


1851;  and  "Life  and  Times  of  Silas  Wright." 
Though  a  Democ,  he  sustained  J.  Q.  Adams 
for  the  presidency. 

Hammond,  James  Hamilton,  politi- 
cian, b.  Newbury  dist.,  S.C.,  Nov.  15, 1807  ;  d. 
Beach's  Island,  S.  C,  Nov.  13,  1864.  S.  C. 
College  1825.  His  father  Elisha,  a  native  of 
Ms.,  grad.  at  Dartm.  Coll.  in  1802,  and  became 
prof,  of  languages,  and  afterward  pres.  in  that 
of  S.C.  James  practised  law  from  1828 
to  1830,  and  edited  the  Southern  J'/mes,  which 
maintained  the  doctrine  of  State  rights,  and  ad- 
vocated the  tariff  nullification.  Becoming  a 
member  of  the  gov.'s  staff,  he  aided  in  organiz- 
ing the  force  which  S.C.  raised  in  1833  to  re- 
sist the  Federal  Govt.;  M.C.  1835-7;  app. 
gen.  of  militia  1841  ;  gov.  of  S.C.  1842-4; 
and  U.S.  senator  1857-61.  In  a  speech  in  the 
U.S.  senate  in  March,  1858,  he  spoke  contempt- 
uously of  the  laboring-classes  of  the  country. 
Sept.  15,  1858,  in  an  elaborate  speech  at  Co- 
lumbia on  public  affairs,  he  abandoned  extreme 
nullification  opinions,  and  opposed  re-opening 
the  slave-trade.  On  the  secession  of  S.C,  he 
left  the  senate,  and  quietly  superintended  his 
large  estates.  His  letters  to  Clarkson  and 
others  on  slavery,  with  other  essays  on  the 
same  suliject,  were  pub.  at  Charleston  in  1853, 
and  entitled  "  The  Proslavery  Argument."  He 
also  pub.  several  discourses  on  agriculture, 
manufactures,  railroads,  banks,  and  literary 
topics;  and  wrote  an  elaborate  review  of  the 
life,  character,  and  public  services  of  Calhoun. 
Pres.  of  S.C.  Coll.  1861. 

Hammond,  Le  Roy,  a  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Richmond  Co.,  Va.,  ab.  1740;  died  ab.  1800. 
In  1765  he  removed  to  Ga.,  and  thence  to  S-C, 
where  he  became  a  tobacco-merchant.  He 
took  up  arms  against  the  loyalists  early  in  the 
war,  acting  as  a  col. ;  engaged  in  the  famous 
"  Snowcampaign,"and  in  the  campaign  of  1776 
against  the  Cherokees,  in  which  he  was  especial- 
ly distlng.  He  was  afterward  often  employed, 
both  by  Cong,  and  the  State  of  S.C,  as  Indian 
agent.  In  1779  he  took  the  field  with  his  regt. ; 
was  conspicuous  in  the  battle  of  Stono  Ferry; 
and,  after  the  fall  of  Charleston,  adopted,  like 
Marion  and  others,  a  desultory  warfare,  and 
was  constantly  engaged  with  the  loyalists,  Brit- 
ish, and  Indians;  in  1780  he  operated  in  con- 
cert with  Col.  Clarke  of  Ga.  ;  in  1781  was  at 
the  siege  of  Augusta;  thence  he  proceeded 
to  that  of  Ninety-six,  under  Greene,  after 
whose  failure  he  served  with  his  regt.  under 
Pickens.  After  the  battle  of  Eutaw,  he  was 
active  in  guerilla  warfare.  Col.  Hammond  ac- 
quired high  reputation  as  a  partisan  leader. 

Hammond,  Samuel,  Kevol.  officer,  b. 
Richmond  Co.,  Va.,  Sept.  21,  1757;  d.  near 
Augusta,  Ga.,  Sept.  11,  1842.  He  received  a 
good  education  ;  served  with  distinction  in  the 
battle  of  Kenawha  and  in  that  of  Lontr  Bridge ; 
raised  a  company  in  1779,  and,  joining  Gen. 
Lincoln,  was  in  the  battle  of  Stono.  He  was 
assist.-quarterm.  at  the  siege  of  Savannah  ;  and 
after  the  fall  of  Charleston,  in  May,  1780,  kept 
the  field  with  a  small  cav.  force,  keeping  up  an 
active  partisan  warfare.  He  was  in  the  actions 
of  Cedar  Springs,  Musgrove's  Mills,  Ramsay's 
Mills,  King's  Mountain,  Guilford,  Blackstocks 
(where  he  had  3  horses  shot  under  him),  the 


HiklVt 


404 


HLAJSr 


Cowpens,  and  was  wonnded  at  the  siege  of  Au- 
gusta and  at  Eutaw  Springs.  Sept.  17,  1781, 
he  was  made  col.  of  cav.,  and  served  under 
Greene  till  the  end  of  the  war.  He  then  moved 
to  Ga.,  where  he  was  surveyor-gen.  ;  led  a  vol. 
corps  in  the  Creek  Country  in  1793;  M.  C. 
1803-5;  and  from  1805  to  1824  was  civil  and 
milit.  com.  of  Upper  La. ;  returning  to  S.C. 
in  1824,  he  was  a  member  of  the  legisl.  ;  was 
app.  surveyor-gen.  in  1827,  and  in  1831  sec. 
of  state. 

Hammond,  William  A.,  M.D.,  surgeon, 
b.  Annapolis,  Md.,  28  Aug.  1828.  M.D.  of 
U.  of  N.  Y.  1848.  Assist,  surgeon  U.  S.  A. 
June,  1849-1860;  app.  prof,  of  anatomy  and 
physiol.  U.  of  Md.  Oct.  1860;  assist,  surgeon 
U.S.  A.  28  May,  1861  ;  surgeon-gen.  April, 
1862-Aug.  1864.  Among  his  publications  are 
"Military  Hygiene,"  1863  ;  *' Sleep  and  itsDe- 
ransrements,"  1869;  and  "  Venereal  Diseases." 

Hamond,  Sir  Andrew  Sxape,  a  Brit- 
ish naval  officer,  b.  Blackheath,  Dec.  17,  1738; 
d.  near  Lynn,  Norfolk,  Oct.  12,  1828.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  in  1753;  served  under  Lord 
Howe,  and  became  a  post-captain  in  1770;  at 
the  commencement  of  the  Hevol.  war  he  joined 
"  The  Roebuck,"  44;  was  present  at  the  reduc- 
tion of  N.  Y. ;  destroyed  "  The  Delaware,"  frig- 
ate, with  other  vessels  engaged  in  obstructing 
the  Del.  River;  was  in  the  unsuccessful  attack 
on  Mud  Island,  Oct.  1777;  in  that  which  proved 
successful  in  Nov. ;  and  at  the  close  of  1778 
received  the  honor  of  knighthood  for  his  "  very 
disting.  conduct."  He  acted  as  capt.  of  the 
fleet  at  the  reduction  of  Charleston,  S.C,  in 
1780;  and  late  in  the  year  was  app.  lieut.-gov. 
and  com.-in-chief  of  Nova  Scotia.  He  re- 
turned to  Eng.  in  1783,  and  was  made  a  bar- 
onet; and  was  in  1794  a  comptroller  in  the 
navy,  retiring  in  1806  with  a  pension. 

Hampton,  Wade,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  h. 
S.C.  1754;  d.  Columbia,  S.C,  Feb.  4,  1835. 
During  the  Revol.  war  he  disting.  himself  as  a 
partisan  under  Marion  and  Sumter  ;  was  M.C 
m  1795-7  and  1803-5;  app.  col.  U.  S.  A.  in 
Oct.  1808  ;  brig.-gen.  Feb.  1809  ;  and  maj.-gen. 
March  2,  1813;  resigned  April  6,  1814.  Sta- 
tioned in  1809  at  N.  Orleans,  he  was  almost 
constantly  quarrelling  with  his  subordinates, 
and  was,  in  consequence,  superseded  by  Wilkin- 
son in  1812.  During  the  war  of  1812,  he  com. 
a  force  on  the  northern  frontier,  with  which, 
Oct.  26,  1813,  he  attacked  Gen.  Prevost,  com. 
a  much  inferior  force  at  Chateauguay,  and 
was  repulsed.  The  attempt  on  Montreal  was 
frustrated  by  Hampton's  unwillingness  to  co- 
operate with  Wilkinson,  with  whom  he  had 
long  been  at  enmity.  He  owned  3,000  slaves, 
and  had  amassed  a  large  fortune.  His  son. 
Col.  Wade,  app.  lieut.  of  drags.  1813,  acting 
insp.-gen.  and  aide-de-camp  of  Jackson  at  N. 
Or.eans,  Jan.  1815,  d.  at  a  plantation  on  the 
Mpi.  Feb.  10,  1858. 

Hampton,  Gen.  Wade,  soldier  and  poli- 
tician, b.  Columbia,  S.C,  1818.  S.C  Coll. 
Grandson  of  the  preceding.  He  had  served 
in  both  branches  of  the  State  legisl.  He  com. 
a  regt.  known  as  the  Hampton  Legion  in  the 
first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  where  he  was  wound- 
ed ;  was  promoted  to  brig.-gen. ;  fought  in  the 
Peninsular  campaign,  and  was  again  wounded 


at  Seven  Pines  ;  was  in  the  army  which  invad- 
ed Md.  under  Gen.  Lee  in  Aug.  1862;  fought 
at  Antietam  ;  was  in  the  com.  of  Stuart  when 
Md.  and  Pa.  were  invaded  by  him  in  Oct. 
Severely  wounded  at  Gettysburg ;  afterward 
made  lieut.-gen. ;  and  com.  the  cavalry  of  Lee's 
army  in  Va.  in  the  summer  of  1864  ;'at  Boyd- 
ton  Plank  Road,  27  Oct.  1864,  attacked  the 
Union  forces  in  the  rear,  and  afterward  served 
in  S.C  His  bro..  Col.  Frank  Hampton, 
succeeded  to  the  com.  of  the  Legion,  and  was 
killed  in  May,  1863. 

Hamtramck,  John  Francis,  col.  U.S. 
A.,  b.  Canada,  1757;  d.  Detroit,  Apr.  11, 1803. 
A  capt.  in  Dubois's  N.Y.  regt.  in  the  Revol. 
war;  maj.  of  inf.  Sept.  29,  1789;  lieut.-col. 
com.  1st  sub  legion,  Feb.  18,  1793;  com.  the 
left  wing  under  Gen.  Wayne,  and  disting.  in 
his  victory  on  the  Miami,  Aug.  20,  1794  ;  col. 
Apr.  1,  1802.  He  was  an  exemplary  discipli- 
narian. John  F.,  son  of  the  above,  b.  Fort 
Wayne,  Ind.,  1797,  d.  Shepherdstown,  Va., 
Apr.  21,  1858.  West  Point,  1819.  He  served 
with  Taylor,  then  a  capt.  on  the  Indian  fron- 
tier; was  U.S.  Indian  agent  for  Osage  tribe 
1826-31;  col.  1st  Va.  regt.  in  Me\ican  war; 
com.  a  brigade  in  1847  ;  mayor  of  Shepherds- 
town  1850-4;  and  justice  of  JefF.  Co.  Court 
18.53-8. 

Hancock,  John,  minister  of  Brain  tree 
from  Nov.  2,  1728,  to  his  death.  May  7, 1744  ; 
b.  Lexington,  Ms.,  June  1,  1702.  H.U.  1719. 
(Son  of  Rev.  John,  minister  of  Lexington 
from  Nov.  2,  1698,  to  his  death,  Dec.  6,  1752.) 
He  pub.  a  century  discourse,  Sept.  16,  1739, 
and  some  sermons.     Father  of  Gov.  John. 

Hancock,  John,  Revol.  patriot,  b.  Quin- 
cy,  Ms.,  12  Jan.  1737;  d.  there  8  Oct.  1793. 
A.  M.  of  H.  U.  17.54  ;  LL.D.  1792.  Son  of 
Rev.  John  of  Braintree,  after  whose  death  he 
was  educated  by  his  uncle  Thomas,  a  wealthy 
merchant  of  Boston,  in  whose  counting-room 
he  was  placed  ;  and  at  his  death  (Aug.  1, 1764) 
inherited  his  large  fortune  and  extensive  busi- 
ness. Visiting  Eng.  in  1760,  he  witnessed  the 
coronation  of  George  III.  The  seizure  of  liis 
sloop  "Liberty  "  in  1768,  for  evading  the  laws 
of  trade,  occasioned  a  riot ;  several  officers  of 
the  customs  narrowly  escaping  with  their  lives. 
Member  of  the  Prov.  legisl.  from  1766,  he 
warmly  opposed  the  measures  of  the  British 
ministry,  and.  together  with  Samuel  Adams, 
was  exempted  from  pardon  in  Gov.  Gage's 
proclamation,  12  June,  1775.  He  delivered 
the  oration,  5  Mar.  1774,  commemorating  the 
Boston  Massacre,  fearlessly  and  powerfully 
reprobating  the  conduct  of  the  soldiery,  ex- 
ceeding in  its  eloquence  the  expectations  of 
everyone;  and  gave  additional  umbrage  to  the 
gov.  by  declining  the  app.  of  councillor.  Cho- 
sen prcs.  of  the  Prov.  Cong,  in  Oct.  1774,  he 
was  sent  to  the  Gen.  Cong,  at  Phila.  in  1775, 
of  which  body  he  was  pres.  24  May,  1 775-Oct. 
1777,  being  the  first  to  sign  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  Prcs.  of  the  Ms.  Com.  of  Safety 
in  1774-5.  He  possessed  a  fine  address  and 
great  impartiality,  and  by  his  experience  in 
public  business  made  a  good  presiding  officer. 
Feb.  6,  1778,  he  was  app.  first  maj.-gen.  of  the 
Ms.  militia;  and  in  Aug.  took  part  in  Sullivan's 
exped.  against  R.  I.      Member  of  the   State 


ELA.N- 


405 


KLAJR 


Const.  Conv.  of  1 780  ;  gov.  of  Ms.  from  1 780 
to  1785,  and  from  1787  to  his  deiith.  Pres.  of 
the  conv.  which  adopted  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion. He  gave  £500  towards  furnishing  a  new 
library  and  philos.  apparatus  when  Harvard 
Hall  was  burned  in  1764.  In  1775  he  ra. 
Dorothy,  cousin  of  Josiah  Quincy  the  patriot. 

Hancock,  Winfield  Scott,  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.,  Feb.  14,  1824. 
West  Point,  1844.  Entering  the  6th  Inf.,  he 
was  brev,  1st  lieut.  for  good  conduct  at  Churu- 
bu«co,  leaving  Mexico  quartermaster  of  his 
regt.  7  Nov.  1855,  he  was  app.  capt.  in  the 
quartcrm.  dept.,  and  ordered  to  Florida  during 
the  campaign  against  the  Scminoles.  Sept. 
23,  1861,  be  was  made  brig. -gen. ;  served  un- 
der Gen.  Franklin  during  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign ;  disiing.  himself  especially  by  a  bayo- 
net charge  at  the  battle  of  'Williamsburg.  He 
disting.  himself  at  South  Mountain  and  Antie- 
tam ;  and  on  the  fall  of  Gen.  Richardson  was 
placed  in  com.  of  his  division  of  Sumner's 
army-corps,  which  he  led  in  the  battles  of 
Fredericksburg  and  Chancellorsville.  June 
29,  1863,  he  received  the  com.  of  the  2d  army 
corps  ;  and  in  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  Pa., 
July  3,  was  severely  wounded.  Maj.-gen.  vols. 
Nov.  29, 1862  ;  com.  2d  corps  Army  of  the  Po- 
tomac in  battles  of  the  Wilderness,  Spottsyl- 
vania,  North  Anna,  Tolopotomy,  Cold  Har- 
bor, operations  around  Petersburg  ;  com.  in 
battles  of  Deep  Bottom,  Reams's  Station,  and 
Bo3'dton  Plank  Road,  and  engaged  in  siege  of 
Petersburg;  com.  middle  dept.  186.5-6;  dept. 
of  Mo.  1866-8;  brig-gen.  U.  S.  A.  12  Aug. 
1864;  brev.  maj.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865  for  battle 
of  Spottsylvania;  and  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  26  July, 
1866.  —  Cull  urn. 

Hand,  Edward,  brig.-gen.,  b.  ClvdufF, 
King's  Co.,  Ireland,  Dec.  31,  1744;  d.  Rock- 
ford,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  Sept.  3,  1802.  In 
Oct.  1774  he  accomp.  the  18th  (Royal  Irish) 
regt.  to  Amer.  as  surgeon's  mate;  resigned  this 
post  on  his  arrival ;  settled  in  Pa.  for  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  ;  and  at  the  outset  of  the 
Revol.  joined  Thompson's  rifle  regt.  as  lieut.- 
col.,  and  served  at  the  siege  of  Boston.  March 
1,  1776,  he  was  promoted  to  be  col.,  and  led  his 
regt.  in  the  battle  of  L.  I.  and  at  Trenton  ; 
app.  brig.-gen.  Apr.  1,  1777,  he  succeeded  Gen. 
Stark  in  the  com.  at  Albany  in  Oct.  1778;  and 
soon  after  was  engaged  in  Sullivan's  cxped. 
against  the  Indians  of  Central  N.Y.  On  the 
formation  of  the  light  inf.  corps  in  Aug. 
1780,  the  com.  of  one  of  the  two  brigades  of 
which  it  was  composed  was  assigned  to  Gen. 
Hand.  Near  the  close  of  the  year  he  succeeded 
Scammell  as  adj. -gen.  After  the  war  he  held 
offices  of  civil  trust;  member  of  Old  Congress 
1784-5 ;  and  his  name  is  affixed  to  the  Pa.  con- 
stitution of  1790.  In  1798,  when  Washington 
accepted  the  com.  of  the  army  raised  in  anti- 
cipation of  a  war  with  France,  he  recommended 
the  app.  of  Hand  as  adjt.-gen.  He  was  re- 
marked in  the  army  for  his  noble  horsemanship. 
Handley,  Georgk,  gov.  Ga.  1788,  b.  near 
Sheffield,  Eng., Feb.  9,1 752  ;  d.  Rae's  Hall,  Ga., 
Sept.  17,  1793.  He  arrived  in  Savannah  in 
May,  1775  ;  and  in  1776  joined  the  Ga.  Cont. 
Bat.  as  capt.,  and  rose  to  be  lieut.-col.  During 
the  whole  war  he  was  actively  engaged  in  S.C. 


and  Ga. ;  captured  at  Augusta,  he  was  sent  to 
Charleston  as  a  prisoner  of  war.  He  was 
sheriff  of  Richmond  Co. ;  repeatedly  a  member 
of  thelegisl.;  insp.-gen.  1787;  and  also  com- 
miss.  to  the  state  of  Franklin  ;  coll.  of  the  port 
of  Brunswick  from  Aug.  1789  till  his  death.  — 
Ga.  Colls.  21S. 

Hanger,  George,  Lord  Colcraine,  noted 
for  eccentricity,  b.  1750;  d.  Lond.  March  21, 
1824.  Younger  son  of  a  noble  family,  he  was 
educated  for  the  army,  and  served  through  the 
American  war,  attaining  the  rank  of  major  in 
Tarleton's  famous  legion.  In  a  fight  with  Maj. 
Davie's  dragoons  at  Charlotte,  Sept.  25,  1780, 
his  corps  was  roughly  handled,  and  himself 
wounded.  His  reputation  in  America  was  that 
of  a  sensualist.  He  pub.  in  1789  a  reply  to 
Mackenzie's  "  Strictures  on  Tarleton's  History 
of  the  Campaigns  of  1780  and  1781,"  8vo.  He 
was  a  boon-companion  of  George  IV. ;  and,  on 
succeeding  to  his  title  in  1814,  refused  to  as- 
sume it.  He  pub.  his  "  Life,  Adventures,  and 
Opinions  "  iu  1801,  with  a  portrait  of  himself 
hangiug  by  the  neck. 

Hannegan,  Edward  A.,  lawyer  and  sen- 
ator, b.Ohio;  d.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Feb.  25,  1859. 
He  received  a  good  education  ;  studied  law, 
and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  his  23d  year, 
settling  in  Ind.  He  was  frequently  a  member 
of  the  State  legisl. ;  M.C.  18-33-7;  U.S.  senator 
in  1843-9;  minister  to  Prussia  in  1849-53. 
While  under  the  influence  of  liquor,  he  killed 
his  bro.-in-law,  Capt.  Duncan,  in  1852. 

Hanson,  Alexander  Contee,  lawyer 
and  politician;  d.  Belmont,  April  23,  1819, 
a.  33.  Grandson  of  John,  and  son  of  Alex.  F. 
(15  years  chancellor  of  Md. ;  sec.  in  Washing- 
ton's milit.  family  in  the  Revol.  war ;  d.  Annap- 
olis, Jan.  1806).  He  edited  at  Baltimore  the 
Federal  Republican,  bitterly  opposing  the  ad- 
ministration, and  in  1812  pub.  an  article  which 
so  irritated  the  populace,  that  his  printing-of- 
fice was  destroyed.  The  attempt  to  re-issue  the 
paper  next  day  brought  on  another  attack. 
Mr.  Hanson  and  his  friends  were,  for  security, 
placed  by  the  civil  authorities  in  jail,  which 
was  also  attacked  :  he  and  others  left  by  the 
mob  were  supposed  to  be  dead,  and  his  friends. 
Gens.  Lingan  and  Lee,  were  wounded.  M.C. 
1813-16;  U.S.  senator  1816-19.  A  person  of 
this  name  pub.  Laws  of  Maryland  (1765-84) 
fol.  Annap.  1787.  Report  Case  Bapt.  Irvine, 
Bait.  8vo,  1808. 

Hanson,  John,  delegate  to  the  Old  Con- 
gress 1781-3,  and  its  pres.  1781-2,  b.  Md. ;  d. 
Prince  George  Co.,  Md.,  Nov.  13,  1783. 

Hanson,  Roger,  of  Ky.,  brig.-gen.  C.SA. ; 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Stone  River  31  Dec. 
1862. 

Haraden,  Jonathan,  a  naval  officer  of 
the  Revol.,  b.  Gloucester,  Ms.,  1745  ;  d.  Salem, 
Nov.  26,  1803.  He  was  at  first  employed  by 
Mr.  Cabot  of  Salem,  but,  on  the  breaking-out 
of  the  war,  joined  "The  T}rannicide  "  of  14 
guns  as  1  St  lieut.  He  soon  became  capt.,  and  took 
com.  of  "  The  Pickering,"  in  which  he  made 
many  captures.  In  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  he  cap- 
tured in  the  night  a  British  privateer  of  22  guns 
and  60  men.  He  soon  after  beat  oflf  "  The 
Achilles,"aLondonprivateerof42gunsandl40 
men,  after  a  severe  battle.    On  one  occasion,  he 


J3^AJR 


406 


II.AJR 


came  up  with  3  armed  vessels,  which  formed  in 
line,  —  a  sloop  of  12,  a  brig  of  14,  and  a  ship  of 
16  guns.  He  captured  them  one  after  the  other 
with  ease.  Off  the  capes  of  Del.  he  fell  in  with 
an  English  brig-of-war  of  equal  force,  which 
struck  to  him  almost  immediately.  He  is  said 
to  have  taken  1,000  cannon  from  the  English 
during  the  war.  Toward  its  close,  he,  with  his 
prizes,  was  captured  by  Rodney  at  St.  Eusta- 
tia.  He  afterward  com.  "  The  Julius  Ctesar." 
—  Hunt's  Merchants. 

Harbaugh,  Henry,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll. 
1860),  divine  and  author,  b.  near  Waynes- 
borough,  Pa.,  Oct.  28,  1817;  d.  Mercersburg, 
Pa.,  Dec.  28, 1 867.  His  great-grandf tther  came 
from  Switzerland  ab.  1736.  He  worked  on  his 
father's  farm  until  19,  when  he  went  to  the 
West,  where  he  worked  at  the  trade  of  a  car- 
penter. He  taught  school  winters,  and  attended 
an  acad.  in  the  summer;  and  in  1840  entered 
Marshall  Coll.  at  Mercersburg,  Pa.  He  be- 
came a  zealous  supporter  of  what  is  now  known 
as  the  "  Mercersburg  Philosophy,"  originated 
by  Dr.  Ncvin.  In  1843  he  was  ord.  pastor  of 
the  German  Ref  Church  in  Lewishurg,  Pa. ; 
in  April,  1850,  was  called  to  the  First  Ger- 
man Ref  Church  in  Lancaster;  and  in  1860 
to  St.  John's  Church,  Lebanon,  Pa.  Jan.  1, 
1864,  he  was  made  prof  of  theol.  in  the 
sem.  at  Mercersburg.  He  pub.  "  Heaven,  or 
an  Earnest  and  Scriptural  Inquiry  into  the 
Abode  of  the  Sainted  Dead,"  1848;  "The 
Heavenly  Recognition,"  1851;  "  The  Heavenly 
Home,"  1853;  "Union  with  the  Church," 
1853 ;  "  The  Birds  of  the  Bible,"  1854  ;  "  Life 
of  Rev.  Michael  Schlatter,"  1857;  "The  Fa- 
thers of  the  German  Ref  Church  in  Europe 
and  America,"  3  vols.,  1857-8;  "The  True 
Glory  of  Woman;"  and  the  "Plea  for  the 
Lord's  Portion  of  a  Christian's  Wealth,  in  Life 
by  Gift,  in  Death  by  Will,"  1858;  "Poems," 
1860;  "The  Golden  Censer,"  1860;  "Hymns 
and  Chants,"  1861;  "  Christological  Theol- 
ogy," 1864.  He  edited  the  Mercersburg  Review 
the  year  before  his  death,  al!«o  contributing  the 
lives  of  German  Reformed  ministers  to  the 
Theol.  Cyclopaedia  of  Dr.  M'Clintock.  His 
poem  called  "  Das  Alt  Schulhaus  on  Der 
Krick,"  an  attempt  to  preserve  the  vernacular 
of  the  Pa.  Germans,  enjoyed  a  wide  popularity. 
From  Jan.  1850  he  edited  the  Guardian,  a 
monthly  magazine. 

Harby,  Isaac,  man  of  letters,  b.  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  1788;  d.  New  York,  Nov.  14,  1828. 
He  was  the  grandson  of  a  lapidary  of  the  Em- 
peror of  Morocco,  who  fled  to  Eng  ,  and  whose 
son  enn'grated  to  S.C.  After  studying  law,  he 
taught  a  school  on  Edisto  Island ;  and  at  differ- 
ent times  edited  the  Quiver,  Investigator,  South- 
ern Patriot,  and  other  newspapers,  and  became 
favorably  known  as  an  essayist  and  dramatic 
critic.  He  was  the  author  of  several  orations, 
and  of  plays,  entitled  "  Alexander  Severus," 
"  The  Gordian  Knot,  or  Causes  and  Effects  " 
(1807),  and  "  Alberti,"  1819.  In  1828  he  re- 
moved to  N.Y.,  where  he  contrib.  to  the  Evening 
Post  and  to  periodicals.  A  selection  from  his 
writings,  with  a  Memoir,  was  pub.  at  Charles- 
ton in  1829. — Dut/ckinck. 

Harcourt,  VVilliam,  Earl,  a  British  gen., 
b.  March  20,  1743;  d.  June  18,  1830.     He  en- 


tered the  army  in  1759,  and  served  in  Amer., 
where,  in  1779,  he  was  made  col.  of  the  16th 
Dragoons,  at  the  head  of  which  he  disting.  him- 
self in  several  actions,  and,  with  a  patrol  of  30 
men,  took  prisoner  Gen.  Charles  Lee.  This 
brilliant  exploit  procured  Col.  Harcourt  the 
appoint,  of  aide-de-camp  to  the  king.  Maj.- 
gen.  1782;  lieut.-gen.  1793;  com.  of  the  Brit. 
forces  in  Holland,  1794;  gen.  1798;  in  1809 
succeeded  to  his  title,  and  took  his  seat  in  the 
house  of  peers ;  and  became  a  field-marshal. 

Hardee,  William  J.,  lieut.-gen.  C.S.A.,b. 
Savannah,  Ga.,  ab.  1818.  West  Point,  1838. 
Entering  the  2d  Drags.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  3 
Dec.  1839;  capt.  13  Sept.  1844;  maj.  3  Mar. 
1855;  lieut.-col.  1st  Cav.  28  Jan.  1860;  res. 
31  Jan.  1861.  Brev.  maj.  for  gallantry  at  Mc- 
dellin,  Mex.,  25  March;  and  lieut.-col.  for  San 
Augustine,  20  Aug.  1847,  and  disting.  also  at 
Molino  del  Rey.  Com.  of  cadets  and  instr.  in 
tactics  at  West  Point,  July,  1856-8  Sept.  1860. 
In  June,  1861,  he  was  app.  brig.-gen.  Confed. 
army ;  com.  some  time  in  Northern  Ark;  com. 
a  division,  and  promoted  maj. -gen.  for  bravery 
at  Shiloh,  6  Apr.  1 862 ;  com.  a  division  of  Polk's 
corps,  and  promoted  to  lieut.-gen.  for  services 
at  Perryville,  8-9  Oct.  1862;  com.  the  3d 
corps  at  Stone  River,  Dec.  29,  1862-3  Jan. 
1863.  After  Chickamauga,  Gen.  Hardee,  who 
com.  the  second  corps,  re-organized  the  Confed. 
army,  and  threatened  Chattanooga.  He  com. 
the  right  at  the  defeat  of  Mission.  Ridge  in  Nov. 
1863,  and  succeeded  Bragg  in  the  chief  com. 
until  relieved  by  Joe  Johnston,  under  whom 
he  served  until  the  fall  of  Atlanta.  He  com. 
at  Savannah  and  at  Charleston  at  the  time  of 
their  capture  by  Gen.  Sherman,  whom  he  fought 
at  Averysborough  and  Bentonville,  N.C.,  and 
to  whom  he  surrendered  with  Johnston's  army, 
27  Apr.  1 865.    Retired  to  his  plantation  in  Ala. 

Hardenbergh,  Jacobus  Rutsen,  D.D., 
clergyman ;  d.  N.  Brunswick,  N. J.,  Oct.  30,1 790, 
a.  52.  N.J.  Coll.,  1770.  His  early  education 
was  limited ;  but  perseverance  enabled  him 
to  acquire  extensive  learning.  Ord.  by  that 
party  in  the  Dutch  Church  denominated  the 
Coetus;  was  a  zealous  preacher,  and,  with  Dr. 
Livingston,exerted  himself  successfully  in  unit- 
ing the  Dutch  churches  in  1772.  During  the 
Revol.  he  was  a  firm  patriot;  and  at  its  close, 
while  minister  of  the  D.R.  church  in  N.  Bruns- 
wick, was  made  pres.  of  Queen's  College,  N.J. ; 
whicli  post  he  filled  till  his  death,  at  the  same 
time  discharging  his  pastoral  relation. 

Hardie,  James,  teather,  a  graduate  of 
Marischal  Coll.,  Aberdeen  ;  died  of  cholera, 
N.Y.,  1832.  Tutor  in  Col.  Coll.  1787-90.  In 
Mar.  1814  he  issued  a  prospectus  of  a  mag., 
of  which  he  was  proprietor  and  editor.  He  had 
been  an  inmate  of  Dr.  Beattie's  family,  at  whoso 
suggestion  he  came  to  N.Y.  He  finally  ob- 
tained a  livelihood  as  a  supernumerary  of  the 
Board  of  Health,  but  died  in  jrreat  indigence. 
He  pub.  "  Corderii  Colloquia,"  2il  ed.,  N.  Y., 
12mo,  1805;  "Epistolary  Guide  "for  the  use 
of  schools,  1817;  "Freemason's  Monitor," 
1818;  "  Ace.  of  Malignant  Fever  in  N.Y.,"  1799; 
Do.  of  1805;  "  Viris  lllustribus  Urbis  Romce," 
1818;  "Dictionary  of  Wonders  of  Art  and 
Nature,  especially  those  in  America,"  12mo, 
1819;  "  Account'of  the  Yellow  Fever  in  N.Y. 


JSiAJR 


407 


ISJ^-R 


in  1822,"  &c.,  1822;  "Description  of  the  City 
of  N.Y.,"  12mo,  1827;  "Biographical  Diction- 
ary," 4  vols.  8vo. 

Hardie,  James  A.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  N.Y.  West  Point,  1843.  Entering  the  1st 
Art.,  he  was  assist,  prof,  at  West  Point  in  1844- 
6;  maj.  1st  N.Y.  vols,  in  Mex.  war;  capt.  3d 
Art.  5  Oct.  1857  ;  transferred  to  5th  Art.  14 
May,  1861  ;  lieut.-col.  and  A.D.C.  28  Sept. 
18G1  ;  and  served  on  McClellan's  staff  during 
the  Peninsular  and  Md.  campaigns  ;  on  that  of 
Burnside  in  the  Fredericksburg  campaign  ;  as- 
sist, adj. -gen.  (rank  of  maj.)  19  Feb.  1863;  col. 
and  insp.-gen.  24  Mar.  1864;  brev.  brig,  and 
maj.  gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865  for  services  in 
the  Rebellion,  and  in  the  insp.  dept.  —  CuUum. 

Hardin,  Col.  John,  b.  Fauquier  Co  ,  Va., 
Oct.  1,  1753;  d.  1792.  He  enrly  became  an  ex- 
cellent marksman  ;  served  witii  distinction  in 
the  Indian  wars  of  Va.,  and  as  a  lieut.  in  Mor- 
gan's rifle  corps  in  thc-llevol. ;  settled  in  Wash- 
in<;ton  C'o.,  Ky.,  in  1786.  He  com.  a  detach- 
ment of  Ky.  militia  under  Gen.  Harmar  at  his 
defeat  in  Oct.  1 790 ;  com.  Gen.  Scott's  advance ; 
and  disting.  in  his  successful  exped.  against  ihe 
Indians  on  the  Wabash,  in  May,  1791.  Mur- 
dered by  Indians,  while  bearing  a  flag  of  truce 
near  Shawneetown,  O.,  for  his  horse  and  equip- 
ments, which  were  very  fine. 

Hardin,  Joiix  J.,  col.  1st  III.  vols.,  b. 
Frankfort,  Ky.,  1810;  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Buena  Vista,  Mex.,  Feb.  23, 1847.  Transylv. 
U.  Son  of  Maj.  M.  D.  Hardin.  Practised  law 
at  Jacksonville,  111.,  and  was  prosec.-atty. ; 
member  III.  legisl.  1836-42;  M.C.  1843-5. 

Hardin,  Martin  D.,  lawyer,  son  of  Col. 
John,  b.  on  the  Monongahela  lliver.  Pa.,  June 
21,  1780;  d.  Franklin  Co.,  Ky.,  Oct.  8,  1823. 
Educated  at  Transylv.  Acad.;  studied  law; 
several  years  a  member  of  the  Ky.  legisl. ;  sec. 
of  state  in  1812;  a  maj.  under  Harrison  in  the 
north-western  army  in  1812;  U.  S.  senator 
1816-17.  He  pub.  Rep.  of  Cases  in  Ky.  Court 
of  Appeals,  18U5-8,  Frankfort,  8vo,  1810. 

Harding,  Chester,  portrait-painter,  b. 
Conway,  Ms.,  Sept.  1,  1792  ;  d.  Boston,  Ajn*.  1, 
1866.  His  family,  who  were  poor,  removed  to 
Hatfield,  and  suhsequently  to  Western  N.Y., 
where  he  worked  on  a  farm  and  at  chair-mak- 
ing. He  served  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  sub- 
sequently engaged  in  cabinet-making  and  oth- 
er pursuits  in  Caledonia,  N.Y.,  and  at  house 
and  sign  painting  at  Pittsburg.  While  thus 
occupied,  he  sat  for  his  portrait  to  a  Mr.  Nel- 
son, who  refused  to  give  him  any  information 
as  to  his  art.  With  such  coarse  paints  as  he 
had,  Harding  attempted  his  wife's  picture. 
This  Nelson  pronounced  a  dead  failure  ;  but 
other  Clitics  declared  it  an  excel  lent  likeness,  and 
satfor  their  own  portraits.  He  went  soon  after 
to  Paris,  Ky.,  where  he  painted  100  portraits  in 
6  months,  and  then  went  to  Phila.  for  instruc- 
tion in  his  art.  Ab.  2  years  later  he  returned 
to  Caledonia,  paid  oflf  his  old  debts,  and  bought 
a  farm  for  his  ftimily.  He  went  to  Eng.  in 
Aug.  1823,  remained  3  years  abroad;  next  re- 
sided in  Boston;  again  went  to  Eng.  in  1843, 
and  afterward  lived  in  Springfield,  Ms.  Among 
his  sitters  were  Presidents  Madison,  Monroe, 
and  J.  Q.  Adams,  John  Marshall,  Charles  Car- 
roll,  Wni.   Wirt,   Clay,   Webster,     Calhoun, 


Washington  AUston,  David  Ricardo,  Samuel 
Rogers,  Lord  Aberdeen,  the  Dukes  of  Norfolk, 
Hamilton,  and  Sussex,  and  Daniel  Boone;  at 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  engaged  upon  a 
likeness  of  Gen.  Sherman.  He  left  a  MS.  en- 
titled "  My  Egotistography." 

Hardy,  Sir  Charles,  a  Brit,  adm.,  gov. 
of  N.Y.  1755-7;  d.  Spithead,  Eng.,  May  18, 
1780.  Capt.  R.  N.  10  Aug.  1741  ;  gov.  and 
com. -in-chief  at  Newfoundland  in  1744;  rear- 
adm.  of  the  White,  and  second  in  com.  at  the 
taking  of  Louisburg  in  1758  ;  vice-adm.  of 
the  VVhite  in  Hawke's  victory  of  Belle  Isle, 
1759  ;  gov.  of  Greenwich  Hospital  1771-80. 
His  bro.  Josiah,  an  eminent  merchant  of  Lon- 
don, was  gov.  of  N.  Jersey  in  1761-3. 

Hare,  J.  I.  Clark,  jurist,  b.  Phila.  1816. 
U.  of  Pa.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1841.  Judge 
of  the  Phila.  Dist.  Court  1851-69  ;  pres.  judge 
since  1869.  Editor  of  Smith's  Leading  Cases 
with  H.  B.  and  J.  W,  Wallace  ;  of  Amer. 
Leading  Cases,  2  vols.  8vo;  and  of  White  and 
Tudor's  Leading  Cases  in  Equity,  3  vols.  8vo. 

Hare,  Robert,  M.D.  (Y.C  1806  and 
H.U.  1816),  chemist,  b.  Phila.  Jan.  17,  1781  ; 
d.  there  May  15,  1858.  U.  of  Pa.,  w^here  ho 
filled  the  chairof  chemistry  from  1818  to  1847. 
Prof,  of  nat.  philosophy  and  chemistry  in 
Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  1818.  In  early  life  he 
managed  the  extensive  brewery  of  his  father; 
but  his  tastes  led  him  to  scientific  pursuits.  In 
1802  heinvcnted  the  compound  or  oxy  hydrogen 
blow-pipe,  for  which  he  received  the  Rumford 
Medal  from  the  Amer.  Acad,  at  Boston.  His 
subsequent  achievements  in  the  fusing  of  met- 
als, and  kindred  successful  experiments,  gave 
him  a  high  rank  in  chemical  science.  He  con- 
trib.  to  the  materia  medica  his  process  of  denar- 
cotizing  laudanum,  and  to  toxicology  his  meth- 
od of  detecting  minute  quantities  of  opium  in 
solution.  His  course  of  instruction  was  marked 
by  originality  and  simplicity.  One  of  the 
most  useful  of  his  inventions  is  the  valve  cock, 
or  gallows  screw,  by  means  of  which  perfectly 
air-tight  communication  is  made  between  cavi- 
ties in  separate  pieces  of  apparatus.  He  also 
constructed  improved  forms  of  the  voltaic  pile. 
In  1816  he  invented  the  calorimeter,  with  which 
the  first  application  of  voltaic  electricity  to 
blasting  underwater  was  made  in  1831,  under 
his  direction.  He  became  a  convert  to  Spiritu- 
alism a  few  years  before  his  death,  and  lectured 
and  published  in  its  advocacy.  He  also  pub. 
"  Brief  Views  of  the  Policy  and  Revenues  of 
the  U.S.,"  1811;  "Chemical  Apparatus  and 
Manipulations,"  1836  ;  "Hauy's  Elements  of 
Experimental  Chemistry,"  2  vols.;  "Experi- 
mental Investigations  of  the  Spirit  Manifesta- 
tions," &c.,  8vo,  1856  ;  besides  moral  essays  in 
the  Portfolio,  eind  communications  to  the  scien- 
tific periodicals.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  of  the  Philos.  Soc., 
and  of  the  Smithsonian  Inst. 

Harker,  Charles  G.,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b. 
Swedesborough,  N.  J.,  Dec.  2,  1837  ;  killed  at 
Kenesaw  Mountain,  June  27,  1864.  West 
Point,  1858.  He  entered  the  2d  Inf.,  and  became 
1st  lieut.  15th  Inf.  May  14,  1861  ;  capt.  Oct. 
24,  1861;  lieut.-col.  65th  Ohio  vols.,  and  col. 
Nov.  1 1,  1861 ;  brig.-gen.  Sept.  20,  1863.  Join- 
ing Buell's  Army  of  the  Ohio,  he  participated 


•HJ^JR 


408 


HAR 


in  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  siege  of  Corinth;  led 
a  brigude  in  chase  of  Buell ;  fought  bravely  at 
Stone  River,  and  was  rcconi.  for  prom.,  but 
did  not  receive  it  until  after  Cliickamauga 
and  Chattanooga,  in  both  of  which  battles  he 
was  h\<rh]y  disting.  He  com.  a  brigade  under 
Gen.  Howard  in  the  Ga.  campaign,  and  held 
the  Peak  of  Rocky  Face  Ridge  on  May  7, 
1864,  in  spite  of  determined  efforts  to  dislodge 
him;  distinguishing  himself  also  at  Mission. 
Ridge  and  at  Rcsaca,  where  he  was  wounded. 

Harker,  Samuel,  pastor  of  a  church  at 
Blackriver,  E.  Jersey,  settled  Oct.  31,  1752. 
He  pub.  in  1761  "Predestination  Consistent 
with  General  Liberty,"  for  which  he  was  ex- 
cluded, and  disqualified  to  preach  by  the  synods 
of  N.Y.  and  Phila.  In  1763  he  pub.  an  "  Ap- 
peal from  the  Synod  to  the  Christian  World." 
—  Sprafjue. 

Harlan,  James,  statesman,  b.  Clarke  Co., 
111.,  Aug.  25,  1820.  Ind.  Asbury  U.  1845.  He 
became  a  lawyer  ;  was  supt.  of  public  instruc- 
tion in  la.  in 'l 847  ;  prcs.  of  the  la.  Wesleyan 
U.  in  1853;  U.  S.  senator  in  1855-65  and 
1867-73;  sec.  of  the  interior  from  Mar.  1865 
to  Sept.  1866;  delegate  to  the  Phila.  Loyal- 
ist Conv.  of  1866. 

Harlan,  Richard,  M.D.,  a  physician,  and 
writer  on  natural  history,  b.  Phila.  Sept.  19, 
1796;  d.  New  Orleans,  Sept.  30,  1843.  Pre- 
vious to  receiving  his  mcd.  deg.  in  1817,  he 
made  a  voyage  to  Calcutta  as  surgeon  of  an 
E.  India  ship.  Beside  his  private  practice  in 
Phila.,  he  was  in  1822  elected  prof,  of  com  p. 
anatomy  in  the  Phila.  Museum,  where  he  de- 
livered lectures  on  that  science.  In  1825  Dr. 
Harlan  pub.  his  "Fauna  Americana;"  in 
1835  "Medical  and  Physical  Researches;" 
"Observations  on  the  Genus  Salamandra," 
8vo,  1824;  "American  Ilcrpetology,"  8vo, 
Phila.  1827.  In  1838  he  visited  Europe  a 
second  time  ;  and  on  his  return,  near  the  close 
of  1839,  he  established  himself  in  N.  Orleans. 

Harmar,  Gex.  Josiah,  b.  Phila.  1753; 
d.  there  Aug.  20,  1813.  Educated  chiefly  at 
Robert  Proud's  Quaker  school,  Phila.  Made 
capt.  1st  Pa.  regt.  in  Oct.  1776 ;  was  its  lieut.- 
col.  in  1777,  and  until  the  close  of  the  Revol. 
He  was  in  Washington's  army  in  the  campaigns 
of  1778-80;  served  under  Greene  in  the  South 
in  1781-2;  and  was  made  brev.  col.  1st  U.S. 
regt.  Sept.  30, 1783.  In  1784  he  took  to  France 
the  ratification  of  the  definitive  treaty.  As  In- 
dian agent  for  the  North-west  Territory,  he 
was  present,  Jan.  20,  1785,  at  the  treaty  at'Fort 
Mcintosh.  Lieut.-col.  of  inf.  under  the  con- 
federation, Aug.  12,  1784  ;  brev.  brig.-gen.  (by 
resolve  of  Congress,  July  31,  1787),  and  gen.- 
in-chief  of  the  army  (29  Sept.  1789)  ;  com.  an 
exped.  against  the  Miami  Indians,  Sept.  30, 
1790,  and  partially  defeated  Oct.  22,  1790  ;  re- 
signed Jan.  1,  179*2  ;  adj. -gen.  of  Pa.  1793-9; 
and  active  in  preparing  and  furnishing  the  Pa. 
troops  for  Wayne's  Indian  campaign,  1793-4. 
—  A.  7\  Goodman's  Memoir . 

Harnett,  Cornelius,  a  Revol.  patriot, 
b.  Eng.  Apr.  20,  1723  ;  d.  Wilmington,  N.C., 
Apr.  20,  1781.  He  was  a  man  of  wealth  and 
consideration  ;  lived  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Wilmington,  where  he  owned  a  large  landed 
estate;  and  was  among  the  first  in  N.C.  to 


denounce  the  Stamp  Act  and  other  kindred 
measures;  from  which  period,  to  the  close  of 
his  life,  he  took  a  deep  interest  in  public  affairs. 
Member  of  the  Provincial  Assembly  in  1770-1, 
and  was  chairman  of  the  most  important  com- 
mittee of  that  body.  As  early  as  1773,  Josiah 
Quincy  of  Boston  pronounced  Mr.  Harnett, 
to  whom  he  had  paid  a  visit  at  Wilmington, 
the  Samuel  Adams  of  N.C.  In  Dec.  1773  he 
was  placed  on  the  com.  of  corresp. ;  was  a 
member  of  the  Prov.  Congress,  1775;  was  pres. 
of  the  Prov.  Council  in  1775  ;  and,  on  the 
abdication  of  Martin,  he  became  the  acting  gov. 
of  the  State ;  was  a  member  of  the  Prov. 
Congress  at  Halifax  in  the  spring  of  1776; 
and  Avas  chairman  of  the  com.  whose  report 
on  the  usurpations  of  the  British  Govt,  con- 
tained a  resolution  empowei-ing  the  delegates 
of  N.C.  in  Congress  to  use  their  influence  in 
favor  of  a  deck  of  indep.  Shortly  after  this 
occurrence.  Sir  H.  Clinton,  commanding  a 
British  force  lying  in  Cape  Fear  River,  issued 
a  proclamation  offering  pardon  to  the  inhabit- 
ants of  N.C.  on  condition  of  returning  to  their 
allegiance,  excepting  only  Cornelius  Harnett 
and  Robert  Howe.  In  the  autumn  of  1776  he 
was  a  member  of  a  com.  app.  to  draft  a  State 
const,  as  well  as  a  bill  of  rights;  and  to  his 
liberal  spirit  the  people  are  indebted  for  the 
clause  concerning  religious  liberty.  Under 
the  new  constitution,  Harnett  became  one  of 
the  council;  was  in  1778  elected  to  fill  Gov. 
Caswell's  place  in  Congress ;  and  his  name 
is  attached  to  the  articles  of  confederation. 
When  the  British  subsequently  held  possession 
of  the  country  adjacent  to  Cape  Fear  River, 
Mr.  Harnett  was  made  prisoner,  and  died  while 
a  captive. 

Harney,  John  II.,  editor,  and  author  of 
an  excellent  treatise  on  algebra;  d.  Louisville, 
Ky.,  26  Jan.  1868.  Many  years  connected 
with  the  press,  and  latterly  editor  of  the  Louis- 
ville Democrat.  Previous  to  his  removal  to 
Louisville  in  1837,  he  was  prof,  of  math,  in 
Indiana  U.  His  son  Wm.  Wallace,  b.  20 
June,  1832,  is  a  poet  and  editor  at  Louisville. 
—  See  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West. 

Harney,  John  M.,  M.D.,  poet,  b.  Sussex 
Co.,  Del.,  Mar.  9,  1789;  d.  Bardstown,  Ky., 
Jan.  15,  1825.  Second  son  of  Thomas,  a 
Revol.  officer.  In  1791  the  family  emigrated 
to  Tenn.,  afterward  to  La.  John  studied 
medicine,  and  settled  at  Bardstown,  Ky.  The 
death  of  his  wife  in  1818  weighed  so  seriously 
upon  him,  that  he  abandoned  his  practice,  and 
travelled  in  Europe.  Receiving  a  naval  app., 
he  spent  several  years  at  Buenos  Ayres.  He 
next  conducted  a  political  paper  at  Savannah, 
Ga.,  a  few  months.  "  Crystallina,  a  Fairy 
Tale,"  appeared  in  1816.  Others  of  his  poems 
were  contrib.  to  the  WeMern  Litn-ari/  Journal. 
Among  them  "  Echo  and  the  Lover  ^'  attained 
a   wide   celebrity.  —  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the 

Harney,  William  Selby,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  La.  1798.  Bro.  of  John  M. 
2d  lieut.  in  1818;  1st  lieut.  in  1819;  capt.  in 
1825,  and  participated  in  the  Black  Hawk  war 
in  1833.  He  was  made  lieut.-col.  2d  Drags.  Aug. 
15,  1836  ;  col.  June  30,  1846.  In  the  Florida 
war  he  was  disting.  in  action  at  Fort  Mellon, 


HAJR 


409 


13LAJR 


and  in  defence  of  a  trading-house  at  Carloosa- 
hatchie,  July  23,  1839  ;  com.  an  exped.  into 
the  Everglades  in  Dec.  1840 ;  and  in  1841  was 
brev.  col.  "  for  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct 
in  Florida."  He  also  disting.  himself  at  Medel- 
lin,  Mexico,  Mar.  25,  1847,  and  was  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  in  18+8  for  Cerro  Gordo,  Apr.  18,  1847. 
Sept.  3,  1855,  he  completely  defeated  the  Sioux 
Indians  at  Sand  Hills  on  north  fork  of  the 
Platte  River.  June  14,  1858,  he  was  made 
brig.-gen.  and  com.  of  the  dept.  of  Oregon  ; 
and  July  9,  1859,  took  possession  of  the  Island 
of  San  Juan,  near  Vancouver,  which  was 
claimed  by  the  English  as  included  within  the 
boundaries  of  British  Columbia.  A  dispute 
with  Great  Britain  and  the  recall  of  Harney 
followed.  He  then  com.  the  dept.  of  the  West ; 
and  in  Apr.  1861,  while  on  his  way  from  St. 
Louis  to  Washington,  was  arrested  at  Harper's 
Ferry  by  the  secession  authorities  of  Va.,  and 
taken  to  Richmond,  where,  however,  he  was 
promptly  released.  On  his  return  to  St.  Louis, 
he  issued  several  proclamations,  warning  the 
people  of  Mo.  of  the  danger  of  secession,  and 
of  the  evil  effects  of  the  dissolution  of  the 
Union.  May  21  he  entered  into  an  agreement 
with  Gen.  Sterling  Price, commandingthe  State 
militia,  to  make  no  military  movement  so  long 
as  the  peace  of  the  State  was  preserved  by 
its  authorities  ;  and  was  soon  after  relieved  of 
his  com.  Retired  Aug.  1,  1863;  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  Mar.  13,  1865;  member  of  the  Indian 
commission  in  Aug.  1867. 

Harper,  Jamks,  John,  Joseph  Wesley, 
and  Fletcher,  founders  of  the  publishing- 
house  of  Harper  and  Brothers,  b.  Newtown, 
L.I.,  respectively  in  1795, 1797,  1801,  and  1804; 
were  sons  of  a  substantial  farmer.  At  the 
age  of  16,  James  and  John  were  apprenticed  to 
printers  in  New  York  ;  afterwards  established 
themselves  in  business,  at  first  performing 
the  greater  part  of  the  composition  and  press- 
work  with  their  own  hands,  and  soon  became 
the  leading  publishing-house  in  America.  Wes- 
ley and  Fletcher  had  been,  in  the  mean  time, 
apprenticed  to  their  elder  brothers,  and  in 
1825  were  adm.  as  partners;  and  the  style  of 
the  firm  was  changed  from  J.  &  J.  Harper 
to  Harper  &  Brothers.  In  1853  their  estab- 
lishment occupied  9  contiguous  buildings,  the 
whole  of  which  were  (Dec.  10)  burned  to  the 
ground.  The  loss  amounted  to  $1,000,000, 
upon  which  there  was  only  $250,000  insur- 
ance. Their  present  building  covers  about 
half  an  acre  of  ground,  extending  from  Cliff 
Street  to  Franklin  Square  in  Pearl  Street.  In 
1850  they  commenced  the  publication  of  Har- 
per's New  Monthly  Ma^jazine.  In  1857  they 
commenced  the  issue  of  Harper's  Weeklij,  an 
illustrated  newspaper.  Their  catalogue  of 
publications  embraces  about  2,000.  James, 
the  senior  partner,  was  elected  mavor  of  N.Y. 
in  1844;  d.  March  27,  1869.  J.*W.  d.  Feb. 
14,  1870. 

Harper,  Robert  Goodloe,  LL.D.,  sena- 
tor and  lawyer,  b.  near  Fredericksburg,  Va., 
1765;  d.  Baltimore,  Jan.  15,  1825.  N.J.CoU. 
1785.  His  parents,  who  were  poor,  emig. 
while  he  was  voung  to  Granville,  N.C.  He 
displayed  in  liis  boyhood  great  vivacity  and 
versatility  of  talent,  and  at  the  age  of  15  joined 


a  troop  of  horse,  with  which  he  participated  in 
Greene's  campaign,  acting  as  quartermaster. 
He  procured  admission  into  N.J.  Coll.,  where 
he  taught  the  inferior  classes  while  gaining 
instruction  and  distinction  in  the  upper.  He 
studied  law  in  Charleston,  S.C.  Removing 
into  the  interior,  he  soon  acquired  political 
consideration  as  a  writer;  was  the  following 
year  elected  to  the  legisl. ;  and  in  1794-1801 
was  a  member  of  Congress.  Here  he  sided 
with  the  Federalists,  zealously  supporting  the 
policy  and  measures  of  Washington.  Soon 
after  the  defeat  of  his  party,  he  m.  the  dau.  of 
Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton  ;  resumed  the 
practice  of  the  law  in  Baltimore,  where  he  soon 
became  eminent  in  his  profession.  His  defence 
of  Judge  Chase,  when  impeached  by  the  house 
of  representatives,  was  a  masterpiece.  Mr. 
Harper  was  subsequently  elected  by  the  legisl. 
of  Md.  to  the  U.S.  senate  (1815-16')  ;  and  was 
made  a  mnj.-gen.  in  the  State  militia.  In 
1819-20  he  with  his  family  visited  England, 
France,  and  Italy.  After  his  return,  and  until 
his  death,  he  employed  himself  chiefly  in  plans 
of  a  public  character,  such  as  the  promotion  of 
internal  improvements  and  the  colonization 
of  the  blacks.  One  of  the  reports  of  the 
Colonization  Society  contains  a  long  and  able 
dissertation  which  he  wrote.  A  vol.  of  Mr. 
Harper's  addresses  and  speeches  was  pub.  Bal- 
timore, 1814.  His  pamphlet,  pub.  in  1797, 
entitled  "  Observations  on  the  Dispute  between 
the  U.S.  and  France,'*  acquired  great  celebrity. 
He  also  pub.  an  address  on  the  British  Treaty, 
1796;  Letters  on  the  Proceedings  of  Congress  ; 
Letters  to  his  Constituents,  1801  ;  Corresp. 
with  Robert  Walsh  respecting  Germany  ;  Ad- 
dress on  the  Russian  Victories,  and  on  the 
Triumphs  in  Germany  in  1814.  His  son, 
Charles  Carroll  Harper,  sec.  of  legation 
at  Paris,  d.  near  Paris,  France,  June  23,  1837, 
a.  35.     His  widow  d.  Feb.  1861. 

Harper,  William,  jurist,  b.  Island  of  An- 
tigua, Jan.  17,  1790;  d.  S.C.  Oct.  10,  1847. 
S.C.  Coll.  1808.  He  went  to  school  in  Balti- 
more;  and  in  1802  moved  with  his  father  to 
Columbia,  S.C,  wheie  he  afterward  practised 
law;  moved  to  Mo.  in  1818,  and  was  made 
chancellor  in  1819  ;  member  of  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  in  1821.  Returning  to  Columbia  in 
1823,  he  was  State  reporter  2  years,  and  pub. 
a  vol.  of  Reports.  U.S.  senator  in  1826; 
afterwards  a  member  of  the  legisl.,  and  speaker 
of  the  house  in  1828;  and  chancellor  of  the 
State  from  1834  till  his  death.  App.  in  1831 
a  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals.  He  prac- 
tised law  in  Charleston  in  1826-8.  His  literary 
performances  were  an  article  on  Colonization 
in  the  Southern  Review,  a  speech  in  Congress 
on  the  "  Panama  Mission,"  a  eulogy  on  Chan- 
cellor De  Saussure,  and  several  speeches  in 
favor  of  nullification,  which  doctrine  he  warmly- 
espoused. 

Harriman,  Walter,  gov.  N.H.  1867-9,  b. 
Warner,  N.H.,  ab.  1817.  He  was  a  school- 
teacher, subsequently  a  trader,  and  an  active 
politician,  having  held  important  offices  in  the 
gift  of  the  Democ.  party.  In  Aug.  1862  he  be- 
came col.  1 1  th  N. H.  regt.,  which  he  led  through 
the  war  with  reputation  ;  sec.  of  state  of  N.H. 
1865-7.     He  is  a  popular  public  speaker. 


EC^R 


410 


H^^R 


Harrington,  Charles  Stanhope,  2d 
Earl,  a  British  gen.,  b.  1753;  d.  Brighton, 
Sept.  15,  1829.  In  1769,  being  then  Lord 
Petersham,  he  entered  the  Foot  Guards  ;  in 
Feb.  1776,  as  a  capt.  in  the  29th,  he  arrived  at 
Quebec,  and  served  in  all  the  operations  of 
Burgoyne  until  the  surrender  at  Saratoga; 
was  his  aide  at  the  close  of  the  campaign,  and 
carried  his  despatches  to  Eng.  He  succeeded 
to  the  earldom  in  April,  1779.  He  afterward 
served  in  the  W.  Indies,  and  became  a  gen.  in 
1803. 

Harrington,  Samuel  Maxwell,  LL.D. 
(1854),  jurist,  b.  Dover,  Del.,  Feb.  5,  1803;  d. 
Phila.  Nov.  28, 1865.  Wash.  Coll.,  Md.,  1823. 
Having  studied  law,  he  became  in  1829  sec.  of 
state;  and  in  1831,  at  the  age  of  28,  chief 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Del.  When 
this  court  was  merged  into  the  Superior  Court, 
he  became  an  assoc.  justice  on  its  bench,  con- 
tinuing until  1855,  when  again  app.  chief  jus- 
tice ;  and  from  1857  till  his  death  he  was 
chancellor  of  tlie  State.  In  1849  he  was  the 
head  of  the  commis.  to  codify  the  laws  of  the 
State,  receiving  the  thanks  of  the  legisl.  for 
the  able  manner  in  which  he  fulfilled  the  im- 
portant task.  He  pub.  "Reports  of  the  Sup. 
Ct.  of  Delaware,"  3  vols.  8vo,  Dover,  1837-44. 

Harriot,  Thomas,  an  English  mathema- 
tician and  astronomer,  b.  Oxford,  1560;  d. 
July  21,  1621,  at  Sion  College,  where  he  re- 
sided several  years.  Educated  at  Oxford, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1579; 
afterward  became  intimate  in  the  family  of  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  and  his  tutor  in  mathematics. 
In  1585  he  was  sent  by  him  to  Va.  with  the 
colony  under  Sir  Richard  Grenville;  remained 
about  a  year;  and  on  his  return  pub.  as  the  re- 
sult of  his  observations,  "  A  Brief  and  True 
Report  of  the  New  Found  Land  of  Va.,"  4to, 
1588.  He  received  a  pension  from  the  Earl 
of  Northumberland,  who  received  him  into  his 
family,  and  with  whom,  as  well  as  Raleigh,  he 
passed  much  of  his  time  while  they  were  in  the 
Tower.  Harriot  invented  the  present  improved 
method  of  algebraical  calcuhition,  first  made 
public  in  a  posthumous  work  pub.  in  1631. 
A  tract  of  his,  entitled  "  Ephemeris  Chyromet- 
rica,"  said  to  be  preserved  in  the  library  of 
Sion  College,  indicates  his  merit  as  an  astrono- 
mer. —  Diog.  Brit. 

Harris^  Chapin  A.,  M.  D.,  b.  Pompey, 
Onondaga  Co.,  N.Y.,  1806.  Prof,  of  dental 
surgery  in  Baltimore  Coll.,  founded  by  him- 
self, and  chartered  1839.  Author  of  "Diseases 
of  the  Maxillary  Sinus,"  8vo,  1842  ;  "Charac- 
teristics of  the  Human  Teeth,"  8vo,  1841  ; 
"Dictionary  of  Dental  Science,"  8vo,  1849,  2d 
ed.  enlarged,  1854;  "Dental  Surgery,"  8vo, 
1839;  "Fox's  Diseases  of  the  Teeth,"  8vo, 
1846;  and  some  transls.  from  the  French. 
Editor  of  the  .Journal  of  Dental  Science  since  its 
commencement  in  1839;  contrib.  to  the  Md. 
Jour,  of  Med.  and  Chir.,  Jour,  of  Med.  Science, 
N.  Y.  Dental  Recorder,  &c.  —  Allihone. 

Hdrris,  George,  Lord,  a  disting.  English 
gen.,  b.  March  18,  1746;  d.  Belmont,  Kent, 
May  19,  1829.  He  was  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster ;  entered  the  army  in  1759  ;  became 
capt.  in  1771 ;  came  to  America  with  his  regt. 
ithe  5th  Foot),  where  he  was  engaged  in  the 


action  of  Lexington  and  in  the  battle  of  Bun- 
ker's Hill.  In  the  latter  he  was  severely 
wounded  in  the  head,  and  in  consequence  was 
trepanned,  and  went  home,  but  returned  in 
time  to  take  the  field  previously  to  the  landing 
of  the  army  on  L.I.  in  July,  1776.  Capt. 
Harris  was  present  at  the  affair  of  Flatbush  ; 
in  the  skirmishes  on  the  Island  of  New  York ; 
in  the  engagement  at  White  Plains ;  at  Iron 
Hill  (where  he  was  shot  through  the  leg;  but, 
notwithstanding  the  severity  of  his  wound,  he 
mounted  a  horse,  and  went  in  pursuit  of  the 
enemy) ;  and  in  every  action  up  to  the  3d  Nov. 
1778,  except  that  of  Germantown.  In  the  lat- 
ter year  he  was  aop.  to  a  majority  in  his  regt., 
and  in  that  rank  served  under  Brig.-Gen. 
Meadows  at  St.  Lucie.  In  1779  he  embarked 
with  his  regt.  as  marines,  and  was  present  in 
the  engagement  off  Grenada,  under  Admiral 
Byron.  He  afterward  served  in  India;  and  in 
Feb.  1798  was  made  gov.  of  Madras.  In  Dec. 
1798  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  army 
against  Tippoo  Sultaun,  and  captured  Seringa- 
patam,  for  which  service  he  received  the  thanks 
of  both  houses  of  parliament;  was  promoted  to 
the  colonelcy  of  the  73d  Foot,  Feb.  14,  1800; 
lieut. -gen.  Jan.  1,  1801 ;  gen.  Jan.  1, 1812;  and 
was  raised  to  the  peerage  by  the  title  of  Lord 
Harris,  Aug.  11,  1815. 

Harris,  George  W.  ("SutLovingood"), 
jurist  and  humorist,  b.  Tenn.  1805;  d.  near 
Knoxville,  Tenn.,  Dec.  11,  1869.  Author  of 
a  number  of  works  written  in  a  witty  and  hu- 
morous style.  A  George  W.  Harris  pub.  "  Re- 
ports of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Pa.,"  1849-56, 
Phila.  12  vols. 

Harris,  Ira,  jurist,  b.  Charleston,  Mont- 
gom.  Co.,  N.Y.,  31  May,  1802.  Un.  Coll.  1824. 
Traces  his  lineage  to  the  colony  of  Roger  Wil- 
liams. Settled  in  the  practice  of  law  in  Al- 
bany; member  legisl.  1844-6;  of  the  Const. 
Coiivs.  of  1845  and  1867  ;  judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  N.Y.  1847-60,  and  U.S.  sena- 
tor 1862-8. 

Harris,  Isham  G.,  gov.  of  Tenn.  1857-62; 
M.C.  1849-.53.  He  took  part  in  the  Rebellion, 
after  which  he  settled  as  a  merchant  in  Liver- 
pool. 

Harris,  Samuel,  Baptist  minister,  called 
the  "  Apostle  of  Virginia,"  b.  Hanover  Co. 
Jan.  12,  1724.  Removing  to  Pittsylvania  Co., 
he  was  col.  of  militia,  captain  of  May's  Fort, 
and  commiss.  for  the  fort  and  army.  He  was 
baptized  about  1758,  and  preached  diligently, 
but  was  not  oid.  until  1769.  His  pious  zeal 
caused  him  to  be  persecuted,  knocked  down, 
pulled  from  the  stand  while  preaching,  and 
dragged  by  the  hair.  He  devoted  much  of  his 
property  to  charity,  resigning  his  worldly  of- 
fices, as  he  ascribed  to  them  the  diminution  of 
his  religious  enjoyments.  He  exercised  great 
power  over  his  hearers.  In  1774  the  gen.  assoc. 
of  separate  Baptists  chose  Mr.  Harris  apostle, 
and  ord.  him  by  the  hands  of  every  minister  in 
that  body. 

Harris,  Samuel,  D.D.,  pres.  Bowd.  Coll. 
1867-71.  Bowd.  Coll.  1833  ;  Wms.  Coll.  1855. 
Teacher  Machias  Acad.  1838-41 ;  ord.  Dec.  22, 
1841  ;  settled  at  Conway,  Me.,  1841-51  ;  at 
Pittsfield,  1851-5;  prof,  theol.  Bangor  Thcol. 
Sem.  1855-67. 


:elasei 


411 


HLAJR 


Harris,  Thaddeus  Mason,  D.D.,  clergy- 
man and  author,  b,  Charlestown,  Ms.,  July  17, 
1768;  d.  Dorchester,  Ms.,  Apr.  3,  1842.  H.U. 
1787.  After  graduating,  he  taught  school  at 
Worcester,  and  was  invited  to  become  the  pri- 
vate sec.  of  Washington,  but  was  prevented  by 
illness.  He  then  studied  theol.  at  Cambridge, 
where  he  delivered  in  1790  a  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
Oration  on  "Learned  Associations."  Librari- 
an of  H.U.  from  1791  to  1793;  pastor  of  the 
First  Church  at  Dorchester  from  Oct.  23,  1793, 
to  1839.  In  1790  he  pub.  an  elegy,  "The 
Triumphs  of  Superstition  ;"  in  1803  a  "Jour- 
nal of  a  Tour  into  the  North-west  Territory 
in  1803  ;  "  "  The  Minor  Encyclopaedia,"  4  vols. 
1803;  "Natural  History  of  the  Bible,"  1820; 
"  Memoirs  of  Oglethorpe,"  1841  ;  "  Hymns  for 
the  Lord's  Supper,"  1820;  numerous  Sermons 
and  Addresses  ;  "  Discourses  in  Favor  of  Free- 
masonry," 8vo,  1801  ;  "Memorials  of  the  First 
Church  in  Dorchester,"  8vo,  1830.  —  See  Blog. 
Notice  by  Dr.  Frolhingham  in  Ms.  Hist.  Coll.,  4th 
series,  vol.  ii. 

Harris,  Thaddeus  William,  M.D.,  ento- 
mologist, b.  Dorchester,  Ms.,  Nov.  12,  1795 ;  d. 
Cambridge,  Ms.,  Jan.  16,  1856.  H.  U.  1815. 
Son  of  the  preceding.  He  studied  medicine,  and 
began  to  practise  in  Milton.  Librarian  of  H.  U. 
from  1831  to  his  d.  For  several  years  he  gave 
instruction  in  botany  and  natural  history  in  the 
coll. ;  and  he  originated  the  Harv.  Natural  His- 
tory Society  for  the  students.  He  was  a  learned 
botanist;  but  it  is  as  an  entomologist,  to  which 
science  he  was  especially  devoted,  that  his  Eu- 
ropean fame  is  owing.  In  1837  he  was  app.  one 
of  the  commiss.  for  a  zoological  and  botanical 
survey  of  Ms.,  the  result  of  which  was  his 
"  Systematic  Catalogue  of  the  Insects  of  Ms." 
{8vo,  1832),  enumerating  2,350  species.  His 
extensive  collection  of  N.  Amer.  insects,  to- 
gether with  the  catalogues  and  drawings  relat- 
ing to  them,  were  purchased  by  subscription 
for  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History.  His 
"  Treatise  on  Some  of  the  Insects  of  N.  Eng. 
Injurious  to  Vegetation,"  1841,  is  a  permanent 
contrib.  to  science  of  the  highest  value.  A 
new  and  enlarged  ed.  was  pub.  in  1852.  He 
took  a  deep  interest  in  antiquarian  researches. 
More  than  50  of  his  papers  have  been  pub. 
in  the  A''.  E.  Farmer,  Horticultural  Magazine, 
Mi.  Ploughman,  "  Encyclopaedia  Americana," 
"  Trans."  of  the  Phila.  Acad,  and  of  the  Hart- 
ford Natural  History  Society  ;  the  "  Journal  " 
of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  Historv ; 
"  The  N.  E.  Hist,  and  Gencal.  Reg.,"  "  The 
Cambridge  Chronicle,"  &c.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Ms.  Hortic.  Society. 

Harris,  Thomas  L.,  lawyer,  and  M.  C. 
1849-55,  b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  Oct.  29,  1816;  d. 
Petersburg,  111.,  Nov.  24, 1858.  Trinity  Coll., 
Hartford,  1841.  He  studied  law  in  Ct. ;  com- 
menced practice  in  1842  at  Petersburg,  111.; 
State  senator  1846;  maj.  4th  111.  regt.in  the 
Mex.  war,  and  disting.  at  Cerro  Gordo. 

Harris,  Thomas  L.,  author  of  "  Arcana 
of  Christianity,"  and  founder  of  a  community 
of  Spiritualists  at  Brocton,  Lake  Erie,  N.  Y., 
b.  Stony  Stratford,  Eng.,  1824_.  Emig.  to  the 
U.S.  in  early  life.  Among  his  works  is  an 
"  Epic  of  the  Starry  Heavens,"  1854  ;  "  Mod- 
ern Spiritualism,  its  Truths  and  its  Errors  ;  " 


"  Truth  and  Life  in  Jesus,  12  Sermons  ;  "  and 
"The  Millennial  Age,  12  Sermons."  Editor 
and  chief  contrib.  to  the  Herald  of  Light,  a 
monthly  Spiritual  journal. 

Harris,  William,  D.D.,  pres.  of  Col. 
Coll.  (1811-29),  b.  Springfield,  Ms.,  April  29, 
1765;  d.  N.  Y.  Oct.  18,  1829.  H.  U.  1786. 
Ord.  in  1791,  and  took  charge  of  St.  Michael's 
Church,  Marblehead,  as  well  as  of  the  acad.  in 
that  place.  From  1802  to  1816,  he  was  rector 
of  St.  Mark's,  N.  Y.,  and  established  in  its 
neighborhood  a  classical  school  of  the  highest 
order.  The  establishment  and  complete  suc- 
cess of  the  Col.  Coll.  grammar  school  was  the 
realization  of  one  of  his  favorite  plans. 

Harris,  William  Thaddeus,  hist,  schol- 
ar, b.  Milton,  Ms.,  Jan.  25,  1826;  d.  Cam- 
bridge, Oct.  19,  1854.  H.  U.  1846.  Son  of 
Dr.  T.  W.  Harris.  He  early  evinced  a  fond- 
ness for  books,  which,  in  consequence  of  physi- 
cal infirmity,  became  in  process  of  time  his  on- 
ly solace  and  amusement.  He  studied  law  ;  but 
physical  debility  debarred  him  from  practice. 
In  1845  he  pub.  "Epitaphs  from  the  Old  Bu- 
rying-Ground  at  Cambridfj:e;"  edited  for  the 
Ms.  Hist.  Society  a  new  edition  of  "Hubbard's 
Hist,  of  N.  E.,"  to  which  he  added  many  im- 
portant notes,  1848;  and  in  1849  edited  the  3d 
vol.  of  the  N.  E.  Hist,  and  Gen.  Reg.  He  was 
a  member  of  many  literary  societies.  Edward 
D.  Harris,  his  bro.,  has  pub.  geneals.  of  the  Vas- 
sal, Bascom,  and  Brattle  fams.,  and  Watertown 
Epitaphs.  —  iV.  E.  H.  and  Gen.  Reg.,  ix.,  100. 

Harrison,  Benjamix,  statesman,  b.  City 
Point,  on  the  James  River,  ab.  1740  ;  d.  there 
Apr.  1791.  A  student,  but  not  agrad.,  of  Win. 
and  M.  Coll.  In  1764  he  was  a  member  of 
the  State  legisl.,  of  which  he  was  soon  chosen 
speaker;  member  of  the  com.  in  1764  which 
prepared  the  memorials  to  the  king,  lords,  and 
commons ;  an  opponent  of  the  Stamp-Act  reso- 
lutions of  Henry;  a  member  of  the  Mercantile 
Assoc,  of  1770,  of  the  com.  of  corrcsp.,  and  of 
all  the  conventions  held  until  the  govt,  under 
the  Constitution  was  established.  He  was  of- 
fered a  seat  in  the  exec,  council;  but  his  attach- 
ment to  the  patriot  cause  prevented  his  accept- 
ance of  it.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  first  gen. 
Congress  of  1774,  and  immortalized  his  name 
by  affixing  it  to  the  great  charter  of  American 
liberty.  Mr.  Harrison  rendered  valuable  ser- 
vices as  chairman  of  the  board  of  war,  and  on 
other  important  committees.  Resigning  his  seat 
in  1777,  he  was  elected  to  the  H.  of  burgesses 
ofVa.,and  was  chosen  speaker.  This  position 
he  retained  until  1782,  when  he  was  made  gov. 
of  the  State,  and  was  twice  re-elected.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  first  council  of  state  in 
1776.  In  1788  he  became  a  member  of  the 
convention  of  Va.  that  ratified  the  Constitution 
of  the  U.S.  He  advocated  its  adoption  with 
certain  amendments,  but  voted  against  it.  Ho 
m.  Eliz.,  dau.  of  Col.  Wm.  Bassett;  and  was 
the  father  of  Pres.  Wm.  H.  Harrison.  His 
bro.  Charles  (Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  1760)  was 
a  gen.  of  the  Revol.  Commiss.  col.  of  art.  Nov. 
30,  1776,  and  served  to  the  end  of  the  war. 

Harrison,  Napoleon  B.,capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Va.  Feb.  19,  1823;  d.  Key  West,  Fla.,  Nov.  1, 
1870.  Midshipm.  Feb.  26,  1838;  lieut.  Jan.  6, 
1853;  comm.  July  16,  1862;  capt.  Apr.  28, 


ELAJR 


412 


H^R 


1868.  Served  in  Cal.  during-  the  Mexican  war; 
com.  **  Ciiyuga,"  flag-ship  of  Capt.  Bailey,  and 
led  the  line  in  passage  of  Forts  Jackson  and  St. 
Philip  to  the  city  of  N.  Orleans;  and  specially 
commended  for  gallantry  and  skill  in  official 
reports.  Com.  steamer  "Mahaska"  in  James- 
River  flotilla;  steam-frigate  "Minnesota,"  N. 
Atl.  block,  squad.,  1862-3;  attached  to  So.  Atl. 
block,  squad.  1863-5  ;  and  took  part  in  the  op- 
erations on  the  S.C.  coast  up  to  the  fall  of 
Charleston;  commandt.  of  Midshipmen  Naval 
Acad.,  Annapolis,  1868-9.  —  Hnmersly. 

Harrison,  R-  A.,  a  Canadian  lawyer,  b. 
Montreal,  Aug.  3,  1833.  Lawyer  of  Toronto. 
Called  to  the  bar  in  18.5.5.  Author  of  "  Digest 
of  Cases  in  the  Queen's  Bench,  U.C,"  1823- 
51;  "Common  Law  Procedure  Act,"  1856; 
"Statutes  of  U.C.  to  1856;  "  "  Sketch  of  the 
Legal  Profession  in  U.C,"  1857;  "  Rules  of 
Practice  and  Pleading  in  the  Courts  of  U.C," 
1858;  "Municipal  Manual  of  U.C,"  1859. 
Connected  with  the  Law  Journal  since  July, 
\^h^.— Morgan. 

Harrison,  Richard,  55  years  auditor  of 
the  U.S.,  5  years  consul  to  Cadiz,  b.  1750;  d. 
Washington,  July  10,  1841. 

Harrison,  Robert  Hansox,  jurist,  b. 
Md.  1745  ;  d.  at  residence  on  the  Potomac, 
Charles  Co.,  Md.,  Apr.  2,  1790.  Educated  to 
the  law.  He  succeeded  Joseph  Reed  as  sec.  to 
Washington,  Nov  6,  1775,  with  the  rank  of 
lieut.-col.,  and  continued  in  the  family  of  Wash- 
ington until  the  spring  of  1781.  In  Nov.  1777 
he  was  app.  by  Congress  a  member  of  the  board 
of  war,  but  declined.  He  became  chief  justice 
of  the  Gen.  Court  of  Md.  Mar.  10,  1781;  and 
in  1789  declined  the  app.  of  judge  of  the  Sup. 
Court  of  the  U.S. 

Harrison,  William  Henry,  9th  Pres.  of 
the  U.S.,  b.  Berkeley,  Charles  Co.,  Va.,  Feb.  9, 
1773;  d.  Washington,  DC,  April  4,  1841. 
Son  of  Gov.  Benjamin.  Educated  at%  Hamp. 
Sid.  Coll.,  and  studied  medicine.  In  April, 
1791,  he  received  from  Washington  the  com- 
mission of  ensign  ;  was  in  1792  promoted  to  a 
lieutenancy,  and  fought  under  Wayne,  who 
made  him  one  of  his  aides.  After  the  desperate 
battle  at  the  Miami  Rapids  and  the  treaty  of 
Greenville,  in  1795,  he  was  made  capt.,  and  was 
placed  in  com.  of  Fort  Washington,  the  site  of 
the  city  of  Cincinnati.  In  1797  he  resigned, 
and  was  app.  sec.  of  the  North-west  Territory  ; 
became  its  delegate  to  Congress  in  1799;  first 
gov.  of  the  Territory  of  Ind.  1801-13  ;  and  was 
also  supt.  of  Indian  affairs,  concluding  in  the 
course  of  his  administration  13  important  trea- 
ties with  the  different  tribes.  Nov.  7,  1811,  he 
pained  over  the  Indians,  led  by  Tecumseh,  the 
celebrated  battle  of  Tippecanoe;  com.  as  maj.- 
gcn.  of  Ky.  militia  the  north-western  army 
during  the  war  of  1812;  and  bore  a  disting. 
part  in  the  campaign  of  1812-13,  the  defence 
of  Fort  Meigs,  and  the  victory  of  the  Thames, 
Oct.  5,  1813;  brig.-gen.  Aug.  22,  1812;  maj.- 
gen.  Mar.  2,  1813.  Resigning  in  1814,  he,  in 
conjunction  with  Shelby  and  Cass,  treated  with 
the  North-western  Indians  at  Greenville ;  and  in 
1815  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  a  commission 
to  treat  with  various  other  important  tribes; 
M.  C  in  1816-19  from  Ohio;  member  of  the 
Ohio  senate  1819-21;   U.S.  senator   1825-8: 


and  in  1828  he  was  minister  to  the  Republic 
of  Colombia.  On  his  return,  he  took  up  his 
residence  at  North  Bend,  on  the  Ohio.  Nomi- 
nated by  the  Harrisburg  Convention  in  Dec. 
1839  for  the  presidency,  mass  meetings  and 
processions  were  first  brought  into  vogue ;  and 
the  slur  which  had  been  cast  upon  Gen.  Harri- 
son, that  he  lived  in  a  log-cahin,  with  nothing 
to  drink  but  "  hard  cider,"  was  seized  upon  as 
an  electioneering  appeal.  He  was  triumphantly 
elected,  receiving  234  out  of  294  votes.  He 
entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  office  with  an  un- 
common degree  of  popularity;  and  his  death, 
which  took  place  just  a  month  after  his  inau- 
guration, caused  a  deep  sensation  throughout 
the  country.  Author  of  a  "Discourse  on  the 
Aborigines  of  the  Valley  of  the  Ohio,"  Cin., 
8vo,  1838.  His  wife,  dau.  of  John  Cleves 
Symmes,  d.  North  Bend,  0.,  Feb.  26,  1864. 
His  dau.  Lucy  D.,  wife  of  Hon.  I).  K.  Este, 
noted  for  piety  and  benevolence,  b.  Richmond, 
Va.,  d.  Cincinnati,  7  Apr.  1826.  A  Memoir 
of  Harrison,  by  Moses  Dawson,  was  pub.  in 
8vo,  Cincinnati,  1824  ;  and  another,  by  James 
Hall,  18mo,  1836. 

Harrod,  Col.  James,  a  Kentucky  pioneer, 
b.  Va.  Emig.  to  Ky.  in  1774.  Built  the  first 
log-cabin  upon  the  present  site  of  Harrodsburg. 
One  of  the  most  efficient  of  the  early  military 
leaders  of  Ky.  Expert  in  the  use  of  the  rifle, 
he  was  a  successful  hunter,  and  a  dangerous  an- 
tagonist of  the  Indian.  He  was  at  the  battle 
of  Point  Pleasant  in  1774.  He  survived  the 
stormy  scenes  of  his  youth,  and  late  in  life  ab- 
sented himself  from  home  on  hunting-excur- 
sions, from  one  of  which  he  never  returned. — 
Collins. 

Harsha,  David  Addison,  author,  b.  Ar- 
gyle,  N.Y.,  Sept.  15,  1827.  He  received  a  clas- 
sical and  theol.  education,  but,  owing  to  a  bron- 
chial aflfection,  never  entered  the  ministry.  He 
has  pub. "  The  Heavenly  Token,"  1 856 ;  "  Lives 
of  Orators  and  Statesmen,"  1854;  "  Star  of 
Bethlehem,"  &c.,  1864;  "Manual  of  English 
Sacred  Literature,"  and  Lives  of  Charles 
Sumner,  Doddridge,  Baxter,  Addison,  and 
Bunyan;  and  Lives  and  Select  Works  of  Isaac 
Watts,  George  Whitefield,  James  Hervey,  and 
Abraham  Booth ;  "  Devotional  Thoughts  of 
Eminent  Divines,"  1869. — Dui/clclnclc. 

Harte,  Francis  Bret,  poet  and  humorist, 
b  Albany,  N.Y.,  1837.  He  lo.st  his  father,  a 
prof,  in  the  Albany  Female  Seminary,  when  a 
child.  At  17  he  went  to  California,  where  he 
taught  school,  became  a  miner,  and  then  a 
compositor  in  a  newspaper  office  at  Eureka. 
Returning  to  San  Francisco,  he  was  a  composi- 
tor, and  afterwards  editor  of  the  Golden  Era. 
He  held  positions  successively  in  the  surv.- 
general's  office,  the  U.S.  marjihal's  office,  and 
the  branch  mint;  and  was  concerned  in  the 
management  of  the  Califomian.  He  became 
known  to  the  public  by  his  poems  and  character- 
istic pictures  of  California  life  in  the  Overland 
Monthlji,  founded  and  edited  by  him  in  July, 
1868.  Author  of  "Luck  of  Roaring  Camp, 
and  Other  Tales,"  1869 ;  a  vol.  of  Poems,  1870, 
and  "  Condensed  Novels." 

Hart,  James  M.,  landscape-painter,  b.  Kil- 
marnock, Scotland,  1828;  came  to  Albany 
with  his  family  in  1831,  where  he  was  a  coach- 


JLAJR 


413 


HLA.R 


maker's  apprentice,  and  afterward  an  artist 
under  the  instruction  of  his  hro.  Wm.  In  1851 
he  went  to  Dusseldorf;  returned  to  Albany  in 
1852,  and  in  1856settled  inN.Y.  City.  Among 
his  pictures  are  "  Autumn  in  the  Woods," 
*'  Moonrise  in  the  Adirondacks,"  "  Peaceful 
Homes,"  and  "  Sunday  Afternoon  in  Berk- 
shire." Became  an  academician  in  1859. — 
Tuckerman. 

Hart,  Joel  T.,  sculptor,  b.  Clark  Co.,  Ky., 
1810.  In  his  boyhood  he  worked  as  a  mason, 
and  had  but  one  quarter's  schooling,  but  was 
an  indefatigable  reader.  In  1830  he  worked  at 
stone-cutting  in  Lexington ;  soon  began  model- 
ling busts  in  clay,  and  succeeded  in  obtaining 
good  likenesses  of  many  persons  at  the  West ; 
among  others.  Gen.  Jackson  and  Cassius  M. 
Clay,  who  gave  him  his  first  commission  for  a 
bust  in  marble.  His  statue  of  Henry  Clay 
was  shipped  from  Florence  to  the  U.S.  Aug. 
29,  1859.  He  has  executed  many  busts  of  em- 
inent men,  some  ideal  works,  and  was  long  en- 
gaged upon  a  colossal  bronze  statue  of  Henry 
Clay  for  the  city  of  N.  Orleans.  Among  his 
works  is  "Angelina,"  "  Woman  Triumphant," 
and  "  II  Penseroso." 

Hart,  John,  signer  of  the  Decl.  of  Indep., 
b.  Hopewell,  N.  J.,  1708;  d.  there  1780.  A 
respectable  farmer  with  an  ordinary  education. 
He  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  colo- 
nial legisl.  of  N.  J.,  and  was  disting.  for  good 
sense,  patriotism,  integrity,  and  moral  excel- 
lence. He  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  from 
1774  to  1777,  and  suffered  much  at  the  hands 
of  the  loyalists,  who  used  special  exertions 
to  take  him  prisoner.  He  fled  from  his  family, 
and  wandered  through  the  woods  from  cot- 
tage to  cottage,  and  from  cave  to  cave,  con- 
stantly hunted  by  his  enemies  ;  so  that  he  never 
ventured  to  sleep  twice  in  the  same  house.  The 
capture  of  the  Hessians  by  Washington  al- 
lowed him  to  return  to  his  estate,  where  he 
passed  the  rest  of  his  life.  Great  confidence 
was  reposed  in  the  wisdom  and  judgment  of 
"  honest  John  Hart." 

Hart,  JohjtSeely,  LL.T).,  b.  Stockbridge, 
Ms.,  Jan.  28,  1810.  N.  J.  Coll.  18-30.  Prof, 
of  ancient  languages  there  since  1864.  Prin- 
cipal of  Phila.  High  School  1842-58.  Author 
of  essay  on  "  Spenser  and  the  Fairy  Queen," 
8vo,  1847  ;  "  Female  Prose  Writers  of  Ameri- 
ca," 8vo,  1851;  "  Class-Bookof  Poetry,"  12mo, 
1844;  "Class-Book  of  Prose,"  1844;  "Ex- 
position of  the  U.S.  Constitution  for  Schools," 
1845;  "Greek  and  Roman  Mythol.,"  1853; 
editor  of  Pa.  Comm.  Sch.  Jour.,  1 844  ;  Sartain's 
Mag.,  1849-50  to  July,  1851  ;  "The  Iris,"  an 
annual  for  1850,  '51,  and  '52  ;  "  White's  Uni- 
versal Hist. ; "  and  other  works.  He  has  also 
contrib.  to  the  periodicals. — AlUhone. 

Hart  (or  Heart),  Major  Jonathan, 
U.S.A.,  b.  Kensington,  Ct.,  1748;  killed  in  bat- 
tle witii  the  Indians,  Nov.  4,  1791.  Y.C.  17G8. 
Son  of  Ebenezer  Heart.  His  bro..  Dr.  Josiah 
of  Marietta,  0.  (Y.C.  1762),  d.  Aug.  1812, 
a.  74.  Jona.  taught  school  in  N.  J. ;  settled  in 
Farmington  in  1773  as  a  merchant ;  was  a  pri- 
vate soldier  at  Bunker's  Hill;  and  served 
through  the  Revol.  in  the  1st  Ct.  rcgt.,  attain- 
ing the  rank  of  capt.  and  brig.-quarterm.  En- 
gaging in  surveying,  he  was  in  1785  app.  capt. 


1st  U.S.  regt.,  and  served  at  various  Western 
posts,  and  in  the  Indian  campaigns  of  Scott  and 
Harmar.  App.  major  2d  U.S.  Inf.  Mar.  4, 
1791,  and  accomp.  St.  Clair's  exped.  Near  the 
sources  of  the  Miami  of  the  Lakes,  in  what  is 
now  Darke  Co.,  O.,  St.  Clair's  army  was  sur- 
prised, and  totally  defeated.  Hart  commanded 
the  regulars  in  this  battle.  While  covering  the 
retreat  of  the  shattered  remnant  of  the  army,  he 
was  ordered  to  charge  with  the  bayonet ;  and, 
in  gallantly  performing  this  perilous  duty,  he, 
with  nearly  all  his  com.,  were  killed.  He  con- 
trib. "  Observations  on  the  Ancient  Works  of 
Art,"  "  The  Native  Inhabitants  of  the  Western 
Country,"  to  the  Trans.  Amer.  Soc.,  iii.  214. 

Hart,  Col.  Joseph  C,  author  of  "  Miriam 
Coffin,"  and  "  Romance  of  Yachting,"  N.Y. 
8vo,  1848;  consul  at  Santa  Cruz;  d.  there 
Julv  23,  1855. 

Hart,  Levi,  D.D.  (N.J.CoU.  1800),  minis- 
ter of  Preston,  Ct.,  from  Nov.  4,  1762,  to  his 
d.,  Oct.  27,  1808,  a.  69.  Y.C.  1760.  Son  of 
Thos.  of  Southington.  He  studied  with  Dr. 
Bellamy,  whose  dau.  Rebecca  he  afterward  m., 
and  trained  many  young  men  for  the  ministry. 
He  pub.  occasional  sermons,  1771-1803. — 
Sprarjue's  Annals. 

Hart,  Oliver,  Baptist  minister  of  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  from  1749  to  Feb.  1780,  b.  War- 
minster, Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  Julv  5,  1723;  d. 
Hopewell,  N.  J.,  Dec.  31, 1795.  "'Ord.  at  South- 
ampton, Oct.  18,  1749.  He  was  a  patriot,  and 
was  sent  with  Wm.  Tennent  by  the  Council  of 
Safety  to  reconcile  some  of  the  disaffected  fron- 
tier settlers  to  tiie  change  in  public  affairs  con- 
sequent upon  the  Revol.  In  Dec.  1780  he 
settled  at  Hopewell.  He  had  strong  powers 
of  mind,  and  sound  judgment ;  was  something 
of  a  poet,  and  pub.  a  number  of  sermons  and 
tracts. 

Hart,  William,  painter,  b.  Paisley,  Scot- 
land, 1823.  Emigrating  with  his  parents  to 
the  U.S.  in  1831,  he  settled  in  Albany;  and 
in  a  few  years  was  apprenticed  to  Eaton  and 
Gilbert,  coachmakers  in  Troy,  by  whom  he 
was  employed  to  paint  coach-panels.  He  sub- 
sequently ])ainte(l  landscapes,  portraits,  and 
even  window-shades ;  and  paid  a  visit  to  his 
native  country.  Since  1848,  he  has  been  an 
associate  and  a  regular  exhibiter  at  the  National 
Acad,  of  Design,  of  which  in  1 858  he  was  elected 
an  academician.  Aresident  of  N.Y.  City  ;  pres. 
of  the  Brooklyn  Acad,  of  Design.  Among 
his  pictures  is  "  Coming  from  the  Mill," 
" Little  Spring,"  "Gloaming,"  "Up  among 
the  Hills,"  "Peace  and  Plentv,"  "October 
Golden  Hours,"  "  Close  of  Day  on  Mt.  Desert," 
"  Autumn  in  the  Valley,"  "  Storm  Clearing 
Off,"  "Melrose  Abbey,"  "Lake  among  the 
Hills,"  and  "  The  Joy  of  Autumn."  His 
latest  work  is  a  scries  representing  the  seasons. 

Hartley,  David,  an  English  politician 
and  inventor,  b.  1729  ;  d.  Bath,  Dec.  19,  1813. 
He  was  the  son  of  the  celebrated  writer  on 
metaphysics;  was  educated  at  Oxford  ;  some 
time  M.  P.  for  the  town  of  Kingston-upon- 
IIull  ;  and  uniformly  displayed  as  a  senator 
liberal  and  enlightened  views.  His  steady 
opposition  to  the  war  with  the  Amer.  Colonies 
led  to  his  being  app.  one  of  the  plenipoten- 
tiaries to  treat  with  Dr.  Franklin  at  Paris; 


J3LAJEI 


414 


JJLAJR 


and  some  of  his  letters  on  that  occasion 
were  pub.  in  the  corresp,  of  that  statesman  in 
1817.  It  has  been  conjectured  that  Hartley 
procured  for  Dr.  Franklin  the  letters  of  Hutch- 
inson and  others.  In  the  House  of  Commons, 
Hartley  was  one  of  the  first  promoters  of  the 
abolition  of  the  slave-trade.  His  scientific 
knowledge  was  exhibited  in  many  useful  in- 
ventions. He  pub.  "  Letters  on  the  American 
War,"  1776,  and  other  polit.  tracts.  —  Aikin, 
Gen.  Biog.  Diet. 

Hartley,  Thomas,  M.C.  from  1789  to 
1800,  I).  Reading,  Pa.,  Sept.  7,  1748;  d.  at 
York,  Pa.,  Dec.  21,  1800.  He  studied  and 
practised  law  in  York;  was  commis.lieut.-col. 
of  Irvine's  regt.  Jan.  9,  1776;  col.  6th  Pa. 
1 776-9.  He  com.  an  exped.  in  Oct.  1778  against 
the  savages  who  were  concerned  in  the  Wyo- 
ming massacre.  He  destroyed  their  settlements, 
killed  some  of  the  Indians,  and  recovered  con- 
siderable of  the  spoil  they  had  carried  off.  He 
was  in  the  Pa.  Assembly  in  1778;  one  of  the 
council  of  censors,  1783;  delegate  to  the  Pa. 
convention  in  1787  to  adopt  the  U.S.  Consti- 
tution.—  Lanman. 

Hartrauft,  John  Frederick,  brev.maj.- 
gen.  vols.,  b.  Morristown,  Monrgom.  Co.,  Pa., 
Dec.  16,  1830.  Un.  Coll.  18.53.  He  practised 
law  until  1861;  com.  the  51st  Pa.  rcgt.  in  Burn- 
side's  exped.  and  capture  of  Newborn  in  Mar. 
1862;  was  in  all  the  engagements  of  the  9th 
corps,  including  Vicksburg;  was  made  brig.- 
gen.  12  May,  1864;  led  the  famous  charge 
that  carried  Antietam  Bridge  ;  and  in  com. 
of  the  3d  div.  9th  corp.s,  Mar.  25,  1865,  gal- 
lantly recaptured  Fort  Steadman  in  the  lines 
before  liichmond,  for  which  hewasbrev.  raaj.- 
gen. 

Hartshorne,  Edward,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa. 
184U),  b.  Phila.  1818.  N.J.  Coll.  1837.  Son 
of  Dr.  Joseph  H.  Author  of  "  Notes,"  &c.,  to 
Taylor's  "  Med.  Jurisprudence,"  8vo,  1854  ;  to 
Jones's  "  Ophthalmic  Medicine  and  Surgery," 
12mo,  1856.  Contribs.  to  many  medical  jour- 
nals. 

Hartshorne,  Henry,  M.D.,  son  of  Dr. 
Joseph,  and  bro.  of  Edward,  b.  Phila.  1823. 
Author  of  "  Water  vs.  Hydropathy,"  Phila. 
1 847;  prize  essay  on  "  The  Arterial  Circulation," 
1856;  "Essentials  of  Practical  Med."  1869. 
Contrib.  to  Jour.  Med.  Sci.,  and  Phila.  Med. 
Exam.  — Allibone. 

Hartshorne,  Joseph,  M.D.,  physician  and 
surgeon,  b.  Alexandria,  Va.,  Dec.  12,  1779;  d. 
near  Wilmington,  Del.,  Aug.  20,  1850.  M.D. 
U.  of  Pa.  1808.  Richard,  the  pioneer  of  the 
family,  settled  on  the  Highlands  of  Neversink  in 
1 669,  and  became  one  of  the  largest  landholders 
in  E.  Jersey.  Joseph  became,  at  the  age  of  5,  a 
cripple  for  life.  He  began  his  medical  studies 
with  Dr.  Craik,  the  physician  of  Washington  ; 
became  res.  apprentice  and  apothecary  to  the  Pa. 
Hospital,  Phila.,  July  27, 1 801 ;  went  as  surgeon 
and  supercargo  of  an  East-Indiaman  in  1806  ; 
and  on  his  return  to  Phila.  established  himself 
in  practice,  soon  attaining  eminence  in  his  pro- 
fession. Surgeon  of  the  Pa.  Hospital  in  1815-21 ; 
member  of  the  Phila.  Medical,  and  the  Amer. 
Philos.  Societies,  and  of  the  Coll.  of  Physicians. 
He  prepared  and  pub.  in  1803  Boyer  on  the 
Boaes,  with  Appendix  and  Notes.  Drs.  Edward 


and  Henry  Hartshorne  are  sons.  —  Gross's  Med. 
Biog. 

Hartstene,  Henry  J.,  naval  officer,  b. 
S.C;  d.  Paris,  March  31,  1868.  Midshipm. 
April  1,1828;  lieut.  Feb.  23,  1 840.  He  was  in 
1851  attached  to  the  coast  survey,  and  afterward 
com.  the  mail  steamer  "  Illinois."  Li  1855  he 
was  made  com.,  and  sent  to  the  arctic  regions 
in  search  of  Dr.  Kane  and  his  party,  whom  he 
rescued,  and  brought  to  N.Y.  In  1856  he  was 
ordered  to  convey  to  Eng.  the  British  exploring 
bark  "  Resolute,"  which,  after  having  been  aban- 
doned in  the  arctic  ice,  had  been  rescued  by  a 
New-London  whaler,  and  purchased  of  her  sal- 
vors by  Congress  as  a  present  to  the  British  Govt. 
He  was  afterwards  employed  in  taking  sound- 
ings for  the  Atlantic  Telegraph  cable.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  resigned ;  entered 
the  Confed.  navy;  and  in  the  summer  of  1862 
became  insane. 

Hartsuff,  George  L.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S. 
A.,  b.  Tyne,  N.  Y.,  May  28, 1 830.  West  Point, 
1852.  App.  to  the  4th  Art.  ;  served  in  Texas 
and  in  Florida,  where  he  was  wounded ;  was 
assist,  instr.  in  art.  and  inf.  tactics  at  West 
Point  in  1856;  assist,  adj. -gen.  (rank  ofcapt.) 
Mar.  22, 1861 ;  andmaj.  July  17, 1862  ;  served 
at  Fort  Pickens,  Fla.,  from  Apr.  to  July  16, 

1861,  and  then  in  Western  Va.  under  Gen. 
Rosecrans ;   became  brig.-gen.  vols.  April  15, 

1 862,  and  soon  after  took  Abercrombie's  brigade, 
which  he  com.  at  the  battles  of  Cedar  Mountain, 
Manassas,  and  at  Antietam,  where  he  was  se- 
verely wounded;  maj.-gen.  Nov.  29, 1862;  Apr. 
27,  1863,  ordered  to  Ky.,  where  he  was  assigned 
to  com.  the  23d  coi'ps ;  lieut.-col.  a,nd  assist, 
adj. -gen.  1  June,  1864;  in  com.  of  Avorks  at 
Bermuda  in  siege  of  Petersburg,  Mar.-Apr. 
1865  ;  brev.  brig.-gen.  and  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  13 
Mar.  1865;  retired  June,  1871.  —  Cullum. 

Hartwell,  Aloxzo,  port.-painter,  b.  Lit- 
tleton, Ms.,  19  Feb.  1805.  At  17  he  went  to 
Boston,  and  was  from  18  until  21  an  apprentice 
to  a  wood-engraver,  which  business  ho  carried 
on  for  himself  from  that  time  until  1851,  receiv- 
ing in  1850  the  silver  raedal  of  the  Ms.  Char. 
Mechanics'  Assoc  for  best  specimen  of  the  art. 
Ho  had  meantime  painted  portraits  in  oil ;  and 
since  1851  has  had  a  successful  career  as  a  port.- 
painter  in  Boston. 

Harvard,  John,  founder  of  Harv.  Coll.,  b. 
Eng.,  probably  in  Middlesex,  about  1608;  d. 
Charlestown,  Ms.,  Sept.  14, 1638.  He  was  en- 
tered as  a  pensioner  at  Eman.  Coll.  1628;  was 
grad.  B.A.  in  1631-2  and  M.A.  in  1635,  and, 
having  emig.  to  Ms.,  was  made  a  freeman  Nov. 
2,  1637.  In  1638  a  portion  of  land  was  set  off 
for  him  in  Charlestown,  where  he  exercised  the 
ministerial  function  he  had  formerly  done  in  Eng. 
In  April,  1638,  he  was  app.  one  of  a  com.  "to 
consider  of  some  tilings  tending  toward  a  body 
of  laws."  Half  his  estate,  £779.  1 7s.  2d.,  as  he 
left  for  the  erection  of  the  college  which  bears  his 
name ;  a  part  of  which  bequest  is  said  to  have 
been  diverted  from  its  original  purpose.  He 
also  left  to  the  coll.  a  library  of  over  300  vols., 
indicating  in  their  selection  the  taste  and  skill 
of  a  scholar.  A  monument  to  his  memoiy  was 
erected  in  the  Charlestown  burial-ground  by  the 
alumni  of  H.U.,  and  inaug.,  with  an  address  by 
Edward  Everett,  Sept.  26,  1828. 


l^AJEL 


415 


J=LA.S 


Harvey,  Sir  Johx,  gov.  of  Va.  1629-35  ; 
was  in  1635  suspended  as  well  as  impeached  by 
the  Assembly,  but  was  restored  by  the  king  the 
next  year,  and  continued  in  office  until  1639. 
He  was  sent  as  a  comrais.  to  that  Colony  in 
1623,  and  became  a  member  of  the  prov.  govt. 
in  1625,  He  was  one  of  the  most  rapacious, 
tyrannical,  and  unpopular  of  the  royal  govs. 

Harvey,  Gex.  Sir  Johx,  a  Brit,  officer,  b. 
1778  ;  d.  Halifax,  N.S.,  Mar.  22,  1 852.  Enter- 
ing the  army  in  1794,  he  sei'vcd  in  Holland, 
France,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Egypt,  and  India ; 
was  made  dcp.  adj.-gen.  in  Canada,  June,  1812; 
led  the  attack  at  Stony  Creek  on  the  night  of 
June  5,  1813,  capturing  Gens.  Chandler  and 
Winder ;  received  a  medal  for  gallantry  at 
Chrystlcr's  Farm ;  also  served  at  Lundy's  Lane ; 
was  severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Fort  Eric ; 
was  aide-de-camp  to  Wellington  at  Waterloo  ; 
lieut.-gen.  Nov.  9,  1846;  gov.  N.  Brunswick 
some  years  previous  to  1841,  when  he  was  made 
gov.  of  Newfoundland ;  and  in  June,  1 846,  be- 
came gov.  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Harvey,  Louis  P.,  gov„  of  Wis.  1862,  b. 
E.  Haddam,  Ct.,  22  July,  1820;  drowned  at 
Savannah,  Tenn.,  19  Apr.  1862.  West.  Res. 
Coll.  1840.  In  1828  he  removed  to  Ohio;  in 
1840  to  Kenosha,  Wis.,  where  he  was  a  teacher, 
and  afterward  editor  of  a  Whig  newspaper. 
In  1850  he  removed  to  Shopiere,  Rock  Co. ; 
engaged  in  manuf  ;  was  a  member  of  the 
State  senate  185,5-7;  sec.  of  state  1857-61. 

Harvey,  Matthew,  LL.D.  (Dartm.  Coll. 
1855),  statesman  and  jurist,  b.  Sutton,  N.H., 
June  21,  1781;  d.  Concord,  April  7,  1866. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1806.  He  studied  law;  com- 
menced practice  in  1809;  was  a  representative 
from  Hopkinton  8  years,  and  speaker  of  the 
house  in  1818-20;  pres.  of  the  State  senate  in 
1825-8;  councillor  1828-30;  M.C.  in  1821-5; 
gov.  in  1830-1  ;  U.S.  dist.  judge  from  1831 
till  his  death;  pres.  N.H.  Hist.  Society. 

HarWOOd,  Andrew  Allen,  rear-admiral 
TJ.S.N.,  b.  Pa.  His  mother,  Elizabeth  F. 
Bache,  was  a  grand-daughter  of  Franklin.  His 
father  was  J.  E.  Harwood,  comedian.  Mid- 
shipm.  Jan.  21,  1818;  lieut.  Mar.  3,  1827; 
com.  Oct.  2,  1848;  capt.  Sept.  14,  1855; 
commo.  July  16,  1862;  rear-adm.  (retired  list) 
Feb.  16,  1869;  chief  of  bureau  of  ordnance, 
1861  ;  commandant  Washington  Navy  Yard 
1862-3;  sec.  light-house  board  1865-^9.  In 
1819-23  he  was  engaged  in  the  suppression  of 
the  slave-trade  in  Africa,  and  of  piracy  in  the 
W.  Indies.  Member  of  a  commis.  to  visit 
dockyards  and  foundries  in  Eng.  and  France, 
and  report  on  ordnance  improvements  in  1844. 

HarWOOd,  John  Edmund,  comedian  and 
poet,  b.  Eng.  1771;  d.  Germantown,  Pa.,  Aug. 
21,  1809.  He  was  endowed  by  nature  with 
brilliant  talents,  and  had  received  an  excellent 
education.  He  came  to  Amer.  with  Wignell's 
Comp.  in  1793;  and  at  Phila.  and  N.Y.  per- 
formed with  great  success  many  leading  parts. 
Dunlap  says,  "  He  was  more  like  John  Bannis- 
ter than  any  other  actor  of  the  English  stage." 
He  m.  Miss  Bache,  a  grand  daughter  of  Benj. 
Franklin ;  retired  from  the  stage,  and  kept  a 
bookstore  and  circulating-library,  but  read  his 
books,  and  neglected  his  business.  Harwood 
was  a  poet,  and  pub.  in  1809  a  vol,  of  verses 


in  N.Y.  He  was  a  man  of  wit,  and  a  social 
favorite.  He  afterward  returned  to  the  stage, 
where  his  increased  corpulence  spoiled  his  ap- 
pearance and  action  for  high  or  genteel  comedy. 
Father  of  Admiral  A.  A.  Harwood.  —  See  Dun- 
lap,  Amer.  St-ar/e. 

Hascall,  Gen.  Mild  S.,  b.  N.Y.  ab.  1833. 
West  Point,  1852.  He  entered  the  3d  Art., 
but  resigned  Sept.  30,  1853,  and  settled  in 
Ind.,  where  he  was  clerk  of  the  courts  of 
Elkhart  Co.  June  12,  1861,  he  became  col. 
17th  Ind.  vols.  ;  brig.-gen.  April  25,  1862,  and 
served  in  the  West.  He  evinced  skill  and 
bravery  at  the  battle  of  Stone  River,  where  he 
com.  a  division,  and  was  wounded  ;  partici- 
pated in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  and  Mis- 
sion, Ridge,  and  was  active  as  a  division  com. 
in  defence  of  Knoxville  and  during  the  Atlanta 
campiugn  ;  com.  2d  div.  23d  corps;  resigned 
27  Oct.  1864,  Since  1865,  banker  at  Goshen, 
Ind,  —  Cti/Ium. 

Haskell,  Daniel,  pres.  of  the  U.  of  Vt. 
1821-4,  b.  Preston,  Ct,,  1784;  d,  Brooklyn, 
N,Y.,  Aug.  9,  1848.  Y.C.  1802.  He  taught 
at  Norwich,  and  was  successively  pastor  at 
Middletown,  Litchfield,  St.  Alban's,  and  Bur- 
lington, Vt.  He  edited  McCuUoch's  Geo- 
graphical Dictionary,  and  pub.  "  A  Gazetteer 
of  the  U.S.,"  with  j".  C.  Smith,  1843;  "  Chro- 
noloiry  of  the  World,"  1845. 

Haskell,  William  T.,  lawyer,  b.  Tenn. ; 
d.  Hopkinsville,  Tenn.,  March  20,  1859.  M.C. 
1847-9.  He  was  liberally  educated;  practised 
law ;  and  in  the  Mexican  war  was  col.  2d  Tenn. 
vols. ;  disting.  himself  at  Medellin  and  at  Cerro 
Gordo.  —  Lanman. 

Haslett,  Col.  John,  of  Sussex  Co.,  Del., 
b.  Ireland  ;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Princeton, 
Jan.  3,  1777,  Educated  for  the  ministry,  but 
studied  and  practised  medicine  successfully  in 
Kent  Co.,  and  was  often  in  the  Assembly.  In 
Oct.  1776,  near  White  Plains,  he  surprised  a 
picket  of  Rogers's  rangers,  took  36  prisoners, 
a  pair  of  colors,  and  60  muskets  ;  in  the  action 
at  White  Plams,  Oct.  28,  1776.  His  son 
Joseph  was  gov.  of  Del.  1811-14  and  1823-4. 

Hassler,  Ferdinand  Rudolph,  director 
of  the  U.S.  coast  survev,  b.  Aerneii,  Switzer- 
land, 6  Oct.  1770;  d.  Phila.  Nov.  20,  1843. 
He  was  introduced  by  his  countryman  Albert 
Gallatin  ;  was  prof.  math,  at  West  Point  from 
Feb.  14,  1807,  to  Feb,  14,  1810;  was  scientific 
ambassador  to  London  and  ParisJ,  with  the 
outfit  and  salary  of  a  foreign  minister;  com- 
menced the  coast  survey,  July,  1816;  left  it 
Apr.  1818;  and  resumed  it  Aug.  1832.  He 
made  valuable  contributions  to  the  Am,  Philos, 
Trims,  relating  to  the  coast  survey.  Author 
of  "  System  of  the  Universe,"  2  vols,  8vo ; 
several  elementary  works  on  mathematics ;  and 
"  Report  to  the  U.S.  Senate  on  Weights  and 
Measures,"  183^.  —  Ar mi/  Diet. 

Hastings,  Thomas,  music  doc,  b.  Wash- 
ington, Ct,,  1784.  At  12  he  with  his  father 
removed  to  Clinton,  N.Y.  He  early  gave  much 
attention  to  church  psalmody.  From  1824  to 
1832  he  conducted  a  religious  journal  in  Utica, 
and  has  since  resided  in  N,Y.,  where  he  was 
invited  by  a  number  of  churches  to  improve 
their  psalmody.  He  pub.  "  Spiritual  Songs," 
1832;    "Christian    Psalmist,*'  1836;    "The 


HLA.T 


416 


£LA.V 


Mother's  Hyran-Book,"  1849;  "Devotional 
H^'inns  and  Religious  Poems,"  1850 ;  "  Disser- 
tations on  Musical  Taste,"  8vo,  1853  ;  "  His- 
tory of  40  Clioirs,"  8vo,  1854;  "Manhattan 
and  N.Y.  Academy  Colls."  and  "  Elements  of 
Vocal  Music."  His  poetical  and  musical  pub- 
lications number  about  20. 

Hatch^  Edward,  brev.  raaj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Me.  Lieut.-col.  2d  Iowa  Cav.  Dec.  1861 ; 
com.  regt.  at  New  Madrid,  Island  No.  10,  battle 
of  Corinth,  Grant's  Tenn. -river  campaign;  and 
com.  cav.  brigade  at  the  battle  of  luka ;  col. 
Sept.  1862;  com.  brigade  at  Thompson's  Sta- 
tion, Hatchie,  and  Grant's  Mpi.  campaign  ; 
com.  cav.  division  Army  of  the  Tenn.  at  Salis- 
bury, CoUiersville,  La  Grange,  Palo  Alto, 
Birmingham,  Jackson,  Ingraham's  Mills,  &c. ; 
brig.-gen.  vols.  Apr.  1864  ;  com.  cav.  division  at 
Florence,  Lawrenceburg,  Campbellville,  Spring 
Hill,  Franklin,  Nashville,  and  pursuit  of  Gen. 
Hood  ;  col.  9th  U.S.  Cav.  July  28, 1866 ;  brev. 
brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  for  battle  of  Franklin:  and 
brev.  maj.-gen.  for  battle  of  Nashville,  Tenn. 
—  Henrtf. 

Hatch,  John  P.,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  N.Y.  West  Point,  1845.  Entering  the  3d 
Inf.,  he  was  transferred  to  the  mounted  rifles ; 
was  twice  brev.  for  gallantry  at  Contreras, 
Churubusco,  and  Chapultepec ;  became  1st 
lieut.  1851;  capt.  13  Oct.  1860;  brig.-gen.  vols. 
Sept.  28,  1861;  and  assigned  a  cav.  brigade 
under  Gon.  King,  with  which  he  disting.  him- 
self by  several  daring  reconnoissances  ab.  Gor- 
donsville,  theRapidan,and  the  Rappahannock; 
com.  cav.  of  the  5th  corps  in  Shenandoah  Val- 
ley Mar.-July,  1862,  and  engaged  at  Winches- 
ter 26  June.  In  July,  1862,  he  was  transferred 
to  the  inf.  brigade  (formerly  Augur's) ;  and  in 
Aug.  took  the  division  of  Gen.  King,  who  was 
disabled  by  sickness.  At  the  second  battle 
of  Bull  Run  he  was  wounded  ;  also  at  South 
Mountain,  where  his  com.  formed  the  right  of 
Hooker's  corps;  maj.  4th  Cav.  27  Oct.  1863. 
He  com.  the  forces  operating  on  John's  Island, 
S.C,  July  1-10,  1864;  com.  coast  division, 
dept.  of  the  South,  29  Nov.  1864  to  26  Feb. 
1865  ;  com.  at  attack  at  Honey  Hill,  S.C,  30 
Nov.,  and  Tullafuiny  River  9  Dec,  1864 ;  after- 
wards co-operated  with  Sherman  while  moving 
up  the  coast,  and  in  several  skirmishes.  Brev. 
maj.  for  Manassas,  lieut. -col.  foi:  So.  Mountain, 
col.  and  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  for  services  during 
the  Rebellion.  —  Cullum. 

Hathorne,  John,  one  of  the  chief  judges 
of  Ms.  1702-15.  Son  of  William,  bapt.  27 
Aug.  1641,  Salem  ;  d.  Boston,  May  10,  1717. 
Rep.  1683;  assist,  or  counc.  1684-1712,  except- 
ing during  Andros's  govt. ;  active  in  the  witch- 
craft perscc. ;  served  in  the  Indian  and  Eastern 
war  as  col.  and  com.  of  the  forces  in  exped. 
of  1696. 

Hathorne,  Major  Wiluam,  an  eminent 
citizen  of  Ms. ;  d.  Salem,  1681,  a.  73.  He 
removed  from  Dorchester  to  Salem  in  1636. 
In  1645,  with  Gov.  Dudley  and  Gen.  Denison, 
he  was  an  agent  to  treat'with  D'Aulnay,  the 
French  agent  at  St.  Croix.  He  was  dep.  from 
Salem  to  the  Gen.  Court  several  years  ;  the  first 
speaker  (1644),  and  held  that  station  6  years; 
served  in  Philip's  war,  and  the  following  war 
with  the  eastern  Indians.     He  was  also  one 


of  the  board  of  assistants  (1662-79),  and  com. 
a  regt.  of  militia.  A  zealous  friend  of  liberty 
and  the  charter  rights  of  his  time,  he  was  one 
of  the  five  principal  citizens  whom  Charles  II. 
in  1666  ordered  to  be  sent  to  Eng.  to  answer 
for  refusing  to  submit  to  the  authority  of  the 
commissioners. 

Hatton,  Robert,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b.  Sumner 
Co.,  Tenn.,  1827;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Fair 
Oaks,  Va.,  31  May,  1862.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1849;  member  Tenn.  legisl.  1856  ;  M.C.  1859- 
61. 

Hauck,  Minnie,  vocalist,  b.  N.  Y.  City, 
where,  at  the  age  of  18,  she  first  app.  in  pubfic 
as  soprano  at  Christ  Church.  At  20  she  sang 
at  the  Acad,  of  Music  in  the  opera  of  "  Cris- 
pino,"  and  achieved  distinction  ;  Oct.  26,  1868, 
she  made  her  debut  at  the  Opera  PIousc,  Lond., 
as  Amina  in  "La  Sonnambula." — Brown's 
Amer.  Stage. 

Haupt  (howpt),  Hermann,  engineer,  b. 
Phiia.  1817.  West  Point,  1835.  Entered  3d 
Inf.,  but  resigned  Sept.  30,  1835;  was  assist, 
engineer  on  the  public  works  of  Pa.  until  1839  ; 
prof,  of  math,  in  Pa.  Coll.  till  1847,  when  he 
became  principal  eng.  of  thePhila.  and  Colum- 
bia Railroad,  of  which  he  was  made  supt.  in 
1849.  He  was  from  1856  to  June,  1861,  the 
principal  engineer  of  the  railway  tunnel  through 
the  Hoosac  Mountain,  Berkshire  Co.,  Ms. ; 
app.  brig.-gen.  5  Sept.  1862,  and  charged  with 
the  gen.  supervision  of  the  transportation  ser- 
vice ;  col.  and  aide-de-camp,  27  Apr.  1862; 
inventor  of  a  drilling  engine,  which  took  the 
highest  prize  of  the  Roy.  Polytechnic  Soc.  of 
Great  Britain.  Author  of  "  Hints  on  Bridge- 
Building,"  1840 ;  "  General  Theory  of  Bridge- 
Construction,"  8vo,  1853  ;  "Plan  for  Improve- 
ment of  the  Ohio  River,"  8vo,  1855  ;  "Mili- 
tary Bridges,"  1864. 

Haven,  Alice  Bradley,  authoress,  b. 
Hudson,  N.Y.  1828  ;  d.  Aug.  23,  1863.  Her 
maiden  name  was  Emily  Bradley.  While  a 
school-girl,  she  sent,  under  the  pseudonyme  of 
Alice  G.  Lee,  many  attractive  sketches  to  the 
Saturday  Gazette,  pub.  by  Joseph  C.  Neal  in 
Phila.  In  1846  she  m.  him,  and  at  his  request 
assumed  and  retained  the  name  of  Alice.  On 
her  husband's  death  in  1847,  she  conducted  the 
Gazette  for  several  years ;  contrib.  poems, 
sketches,  and  tales  to  the  leading  magazines. 
She  pub.  in  1850  a  vol.  entitled  "Gossips  of 
Rivertown,  with  Sketches  in  Prose  andVerse." 
Well  known  by  her  series  of  juvenile  stories, 
which  attained  great  popularity.  In  1853  she 
was  m.  to  Mr.  Joshua  L.  Haven.  Portions  of 
her  private  diary  have  been  pub.  since  her  death 
in  a  biography,  entitled  "Cousin  Alice,  a 
Memoir  of  Alice  B.  Haven." 

Haven,  Erastus  Otis,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll. 
18.54),  LL.D.  (0.  Wes.  U.  1863),  clergyman, 
b.  Boston,  Nov.  1,  1820.  Middletown  U.,  Ct., 
1842.  He  soon  after  entered  the  ministry  of 
the  M.E.  Church ;  was  app.  in  1843  teacher  of 
natural  science  in  the  Amenia  Seminary, 
N.Y. ;  and  in  1846  was  elected  principal  of  that 
institution.  He  was  in  1853  elected  prof,  of 
Latin  and  Greek  in  the  U.  of  Mich. ;  prof,  of 
Eng.  literature  in  1854-6;  and  was  in  1863-9 
its  pres. ;  member  of  the  Ms.  Board  of  Edu- 
cation 1858-63;  member  Ms.  Senate  1862-3: 


H^V 


417 


ELA^TSr 


pres.  of  the  North-western  U.,  Chicago,  since 
1869.  In  1856  he  became  editor  of  Zloh's  Her- 
ald, the  oldest  Methodist  paper  in  the  world. 
Author  of  "  The  Young  Man  Advised,"  1855; 
"Pillars  of  Truth,"  1866;  "  Khetoric,"  1869; 
besides  reviews,  sermons,  &c. 

Haven,  Nathaniel  Appleton,  lawyer 
and  writer,  b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  Jan.  14,  1790; 
d.  there  June  3,  1826.  H.U.  1807.  Grandson 
of  J^r.  Samuel  11.,  minister  of  Portsmouth 
(1752-1806),  He  studied  law  ;  settled  in  Ports- 
mouth. In  1814  he  deliverd  a  Fourth-of-July 
oration  at  Portsmouth;  visited  Europe  in  1815; 
delivered  a  Phi  Beta  Kappa  oration  at  Dartm. 
Coll.  in  1816  ;  and  edited  the  Portsmouth  Jour- 
nal  from  1821  to  1825.  He  wrote  also  for  the 
N.A.  Revietv.  May  21,  1823,  he  was  the  ora- 
tor at  Portsmouth  at  the  Second  Cent.  Cele- 
bration of  the  Landing  of  the  First  Settlers. 
A  selection  of  his  writings,  and  a  Memoir,  by 
Gecjrge  Ticknor,  was  pub.  in  1827. 

Haven,  Samuel  Foster,  archaeologist,  b. 
Dedham,  Ms.,  28  May,  1806.  Amh.  Coll.  1826. 
Lawyer,  and  many  years  librarian  Amer.  Antiq. 
Soc,  Worcester,  Ms.  Son  of  Judge  Saml.,  de- 
scended from  Richard  of  Lynn,  1645.  He  has 
pub.  "  Hist.  Address  at  Dedham,"  21  Sept. 
1836  ;  "  Remarks  on  the  Popham  Celeb.," 
1865  ;  "  Archaeology  of  the  U.S."  (pub.  by  the 
Smiths.  Inst.),  4to,  1855. 

Haviland,  John,  architect  and  engineer, 
b.  Eng,  Dec.  15,  1792;  d.  Phila.  March  28, 
1852.  After  studying  his  profession  with  Elmes 
the  architect,  he  went  to  Russia  in  1815  to  enter 
the  Iniperial  Corps  of  Engineers  ;  but  in  1816 
emigrated  to  America.  He  was  the  first  to  in- 
troduce the  radiating  form  in  the  construction 
of  prisons,  as  in  the  penitentiaries  at  Pittsburg 
and  at  Cherry  Hill,  which  he  built.  Among 
the  other  editices  built  after  the  plans  of  Mr. 
Haviland  may  be  named  the  Hall  of  Justice  at 
New  York;  the  U.S.  Naval  Asylum  at  Nor- 
folk ;  the  N.  J.,  Missouri,  and  Rhode  Island 
State  Penitentiaries;  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asy- 
lum, Phila. ;  the  State  Insane  Asylum,  Harris- 
burg;  and  the  U.S.  Mint,  Phila.  Author  of 
"  Builder's  Assist.,"  3  vols.  8vo,  Bait. 

Haviland,  William,  a  Brit,  gen.,  b.  Ire- 
land, 1718;  d.  16  Sept.  1784.  He  served  at  Car- 
thagena  and  Portobello  ;  was  aide  to  Gen. 
Blakeney  in  the  rebellion  of  1745;  licut.-col. 
27th  regt.  under  Loudon  in  Amer.  1757  ;  served 
under  Abercrombie  at  Ticonderoga  in  1758; 
under  Amherst  in  1759-60;  and  as  brig.-gen. 
com.  the  exped.  which  reduced  Isle  Aux  Noix, 
St.  John's,  and  Chambly,  entering  Montreal 
with  Amherst  in  Sept.  His  mechanical  genius 
enabled  him  to  concert  measures  for  passing 
the  rapids  with  success ;  and  he  contrib. 
eflSciently  to  the  success  of  the  English  arms  in 
Amer.  Sen.  brig.-gen.  and  second  in  com.  at 
the  reduction  of  Martinique  in  Feb.  1762;  com. 
the  4th  brig,  at  the  siege  of  Havana ;  lieut.-gen. 
25  May,  1772  ;  gen.  19  Feb.  1783. 

Hawes,  Joel,  D.D.,  clergyman,  b.  Med- 
way,Ms.,Dec.  22,  1789;  d.  Gilead,  Ct.,  June  5, 
1867.  Brown  U.  1813.  Of  humble  parentage, 
his  early  life  presented  few  opportunities  for 
education.  He  studied  theol.  at  Andover; 
was  settled  in  the  First  Cong.  Church  in  Hart- 
ford, Ct.,  March  4,  1818,  and  soon  became 
27 


known  as  an  able  preacher  and  writer  ;  and  re- 
tained the  pastorate  until  his  death.  He  has 
pub.  "Lectures  to  Young  Men,"  1828,  of 
which  100,000  have  been  circulated  in  the  U.S. ; 
"  Tribute  to  the  Memory  of  the  Pilgrims," 
1830;  "Memoir  of  Normand  Smith,"  1839; 
"  Character  Every  Thing  to  the  Young,"  1843 ; 
"  The  Religion  of  the  East,"  1845  ;  "  Looking- 
Glass  for  the  Ladies,"  1845;  "Washington 
and  Jay,"  1850;  and  in  1865  "An  Offering 
to  Home  Missionaries ; "  a  vol.  of  discourses 
on  "  Home  Missions  ;  "  "  Letters  on  Univer- 
salism,"  18mo;  "  Century  Address,"  Hartford, 
9  Nov.  1835;  beside  numerous  occasional  ser- 
mons in  the  National  Preacher  and  elsewhere, 
and  articles  in  the  various  quarterly  reviews. 

Hawes,  William  Post,  author,  b.  N.Y. 
City,  Feb.  4,  1803  ;  d.  1842.  Col.  Coll.,  N.Y., 
1821.  He  studied  law,  and  practised  success- 
fully at  the  bar  of  his  native  city.  A  fertile 
and  original  essayist,  he  furnished  a  great  va- 
riety of  articles  for  periodicals,  especially  to  the 
N.  Y.  Mirror  and  the  American  Monlhli/  Mag- 
azine. He  also  mixed  in  political  strife.  The 
best  of  his  writings  were  pub.  in  1842,  under 
the  title  of  "  Sporting  Scenes,"  signed  with 
the  pseudonyme  of  "  Cypress,  Jun.,"  edited, 
with  Memoir,  by  II.  W.  Herbert. 

Hawkins,  Benjamin,  statesman,  son  of 
Col.  Philemon,  b.  Yates  Co.,  N.C.,  Aug.  15, 
1754;  d.at  the  Creek  Agency,  June  6,  1816. 
He  left  N.  J.  Coll.  at  the  outset  of  the  Revol. 
war,  and  became  a  member  of  the  family  of 
Washington,  where  he  acted  as  interpreter  in 
the  intercourse  of  the  gen.  with  the  French  of- 
cers  of  his  army.  He  was  present  at  the  battle 
of  Monmouth,  and  upon  several  other  occasions ; 
and  in  1780  was  commissioned  agent  of  N.C. 
to  procure  arms  and  amumnition.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  Congress  from  1781  to  1784  from 
N.C;  was  app.  a  commissioner  to  treat  with  the 
Cherokees  and  other  southern  Indians  in  1785, 
and  again  from  1786  to  1787  ;  was  a  U.S.  sen- 
ator from  1789  to  1795,  after  which  Washing- 
ton app.  him  supt.  of  Indian  affairs  south.  Al- 
though a  man  of  wealth,  he  took  up  his  residence 
among  the  Creeks,  and  devoted  all  his  energies 
to  their  improvement.  He  established  a  largo 
farm,  built  mills,  houses,  wagons,  and  made  im- 
plements of  all  sorts  suited  to  the  demands  of 
the  country.  Some  of  his  manuscripts  are  in 
the  possession  of  the  Ga.  Hist.  Soc. ;  and  those 
on  "  Topography "  and  "Indian  Character" 
have  been  published. 

Hawkins,  Rev.  Ernest,  preb.  of  St. 
Paul's  (1845-65),  and  sec.  to  the  Soc.  for  Prop- 
agation of  the  Gospel ;  b.  ab.  1802.  Baliol  Coll., 
Oxf ,  1824.  Author  of  "History  of  Missions  to 
the  N.A-  Colonies,"  Lond.  1845  ;  "  Annals  of 
the  Colonial  Church,"  8vo,  1847;  "Annals 
of  the  Diocese  of  Quebec,"  8vo,  1849.  A  can- 
on at  Westminster  Abbey  since  1865.  —  Men 
of  the  Time. 

Hawkins,  Sir  John,  an  English  naviga- 
tor, b.  Plymouth,  1520;  died  at  sea  Nov.  21, 
1595.  He  made  several  voyages  in  his  youth, 
and  acquired  much  maritime  experience.  In 
1562-8  he  made  3  voyages,  with  cargoes  of  ne- 
groes, from  Africa  to  the  W.  Indies,  in  the 
last  of  which  he  was  severely  handled  by  the 
Spaniards  for  engaging  in   contraband  trade. 


ELA.TV 


418 


ELA.^W 


He  was  in  1573  treas.  of  the  navy,  which  he 
held  till  his  death;  and  in  1588  vice-adm.  of 
the  squad,  sent  a^^ainst  the  Spanish  Armada, 
and  was  kni«2:hted  for  his  conduct  on  that  occa- 
sion. In  1595  he  was  sent  with  his  kinsman, 
Drake,  against  the  Spanish  W.  Indian  settle- 
ments ;  but  difference  of  opinion  and  consequent 
ill  success  occasioned  him  so  much  chagrin, 
that  it  is  supposed  to  have  hastened  his  death. 
Author  of  a  "  True  Declaration  of  the  Trouble- 
some Voyage  of  Mr.  John  Hawkins  to  the 
Partes  of'Guynea  and  the  W.  Indies,  1567-8," 
Lond.  8vo,  1569.  His  son,  Sir  Richard  Haw- 
kins, was  adm,  of  N.  Eng. 

Hawkins,  John  H.  W.,  temperance  re- 
former, b.  Baltimore,  1797;  d.  Parkersburg, 
Pa.,  Aug.  26,  1858.  He  became  a  confirmed 
drunkard,  sinking  to  the  lowest  depths  of  intox- 
ication, but,  through  the  interposition  of  his 
little  dan.,  was  restored  to  himself,  to  his  fami- 
ly, and  to  usefulness.  This  was  in  June,  1840  ; 
and  from  that  time  he  labored  and  lectured  in 
every  State  in  the  Union,  save  California,  with 
wonderful  success.  —  See  Life,  by  Wm.  Geo, 
Haickins,  12mo,  1859. 

Hawkins,  Col.  Philemon,  Revol.  states- 
man, b.  N.C.  Dec.  3,  1752;  d.  Pleasant  Hill, 
Warren  Co.,  N.C,  Jan.  28,  1833.  Member  of 
a  troop  of  cav.  at  the  battle  of  Allamance, 
May  16,  1771.  Before  he  was  of  age,  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Gen.  Assembly  for  Bute  Co. 
He  represented  the  counties  of  Bute  and  Gran- 
ville 13  years,  with  but  two  years'  intermission. 
His  lastterm  was  at  Fayetteville  in  1789.  He 
raised  the  first  vol.  co.  in  the  county  of  Bute 
for  the  War  of  Independence.  In  1776  he  was 
elected  col.  of  a  regt.  ;  and  in  that  com.  per- 
formed many  services.  He  was  the  last  sur- 
viving signer  of  the  State  constitution  of 
N.C. ;  in  1776  was  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion which  ratified  the  U.S.  Constitution;  and 
frequent! V  a  member  of  the  Exec.  Council. — 
N.E.  Mag.,  iv.  264. 

Hawkins,  William,  gov.  of  N.C.  1811- 
14;  d.  Sparta,  Ga.,  May  17,  1819.  Nephew 
of  Benjamin,  U.S.  senator. 

Hawks,  Cicero  Stephen,  D.D.  (U.  of 
Mo.  1847),  LL.D.,  Prot.-Epis.  bishop  of  Mo., 
b.  Newbern,  N.C,  May  26,  1812;  d.  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  Apr.  19,  1868.  U.  of  N.C.  1830.  His 
grandfather  came  over  with  Gov.  Tryon,  and 
was  employed  as  an  architect.  He  was  brought 
up  by  his  brother.  Rev.  Francis  L.  Hawks,  and 
studied  law,  but  never  practised.  Ord.  priest 
in  1834;  and  was  rector  of  Trinity  Church, 
Buffalo,  in  1837-43  ;  rector  of  Christ  Church, 
St.  Louis,  1843-4  ;  and  consec.  bishop  of  Mo. 
Oct.  20,  1844.  In  1849,  when  the  cholera 
made  such  fearful  ravages  in  St.  Louis,  he  was 
untiring  in  his  devotion  to  the  suffering,  re- 
gardless of  personal  exposure ;  and  attended  to 
the  physical  as  well  as  spiritual  wants  of  the 
victims.  Contrib.  to  various  journals,  and  edi- 
tor of  "  The  Boy's  and  Girl's  Library,"  and 
"  Library  for  My  Young  Countrymen."  Au- 
thor of  "  Friday  Christian,  or  the  Firstborn 
of  Pitcairn  Island." 

Hawks,  Francis  Lister,  D.D.  (Col. 
Coll.  1832;,  LL.D.,  clergvman  and  author,  b. 
Newbern,  N.C,  June  10,^1798  ;  d.  N.Y.  Sept. 
27,  186b.     U.  of  N.C  1815.    He  studied  law  : 


was  adra.  to  the  bar  at  the  age  of  21 ;  and  prac- 
tised some  years  in  N.C  At  23  he  was  elected 
to  the  legisl.,  but,  resolving  to  devote  himself  to 
the  Epis.  ministry,  was  ord.  in  1827  ;  was  fora 
short  time  assistant  to  Dr.  Harry  Croswell  in 
N.  Haven,  Ct. ;  in  1829  became  assist,  minister 
of  St.  James's  Church,  Phila. ;  was  rector  of  St. 
Stephen's  in  1831;  and  from  1832  to  1843  was 
rector  of  St.  Thomas's  Church,  N.Y.  As  his- 
toriographer of  the  Amer.  Epis.  Church,  Dr. 
Hawks,  under  the  authority  of  the  gen.  conven- 
tion, went  to  Eng.,  and  obtained  copies  of  im- 
portant papers  relating  to  its  early  history.  In 
1837,  with  Dr.  Henry,  he  founded  the  N.Y. 
Review,  of  which  he  was  for  some  time  editor 
and  a  principal  contrib.  He  also  founded  at 
Flushing,  L.I.,  St.  Thomas's  Hall,  a  school  for 
boys;  but  it  was  closed  in  a  few  years,  leaving 
Dr.  Hawks  deeply  in  debt.  From  Nov.  1840  to 
Oct.  1842,  he  conducted  the  Church  Record,  a 
weekly  paper  devoted  to  the  cause  of  Christian- 
ity and  education,  in  which  he  printed  much 
of  the  historical  matter  collected  by  him  in 
Europe.  He  removed  to  Mpi.  in  1843,  and 
was  elected  bishop  of  the  diocese,  which,  how- 
ever, he  declined.  At  the  close  of  1844  he 
removed  to  N.  Orleans,  where  he  became  rec- 
tor of  Christ  Church.  He  remained  there  5 
years,  and  was  meanwhile  elected  pres.  of  the 
'U.  of  La.  Returning  to  N.Y.  in  1849,  a  sub- 
scription of  $15,000  relieved  him  from  pecuni- 
ary embarrassment.  He  became  rector  of  the 
Church  of  the  Mediator,  afterward  merged  into 
Calvary  Church,  which  he  resigned  in  1861, 
from  sympathy  with  the  South  ;  and,  during  the 
war,  had  charge  of  a  parish  in  Baltimore,  In 
1865  he  was  recalled  to  N.Y.  to  become  rector 
of  the  Chapel  of  the  Holy  Saviour.  He  was 
elected  bishop  of  R.I.  in  1854,  but  declined. 
Among  his  most  important  works  are  "Re- 
ports of  the  Supreme  Court  of  N.C,"  1820- 
6,  4  vols,  1823-8;  "Digest  of  all  the  Cases 
Decided  and  Reported  in  N.C  ; "  "  Contribu- 
tions to  the  Ecclesiastical  Hist,  of  the  U.S.,"  2 
vols,  (embracing  Va.,  Md.,  and  N.Y.) ;  "  Egvpt 
and  its  Monuments,"  1849  ;  "  Auricular  Con- 
fession in  the  Protestant-Episcopal  Church," 
1850  ;  "  History  of  N.C,"  2  vols.  1857-8.  He 
translated  Rovero  and  Tschudi's  "  Antiquities 
of  Peru,"  18.54,  and  edited  the  "Official  and 
other  State  Papers  of  Alex.  Hamilton,"  1842; 
"  Romance  of  Biography,"  in  a  series  of  12mo 
vols. ;  "  Appleton's  Cyclopasdia  of  Biogra- 
phy," 1856;  with  Rev.  Wm.  S.  Perry,  "Jour- 
nals of  the  Gen.  Convs.  of  the  Pr.-Ep.  Church 
in  the  U.S.  1785-1853,"  1861;  and  "  Doc.  Hist, 
of  the  Pr.-Ep.  Church  in  the  U.S."  1863  ;  and, 
under  the  pseudonyme  of  "  Uncle  Philip," 
several  vols,  of  juvenile  works  for  Harper's 
"  Boys'  and  Girls'  Library."  He  compiled 
from  Perry's  original  notes  and  journal  the 
"  Narrative  of  Com.  Perry's  Exped.  to  the  Chi- 
na Seas  and  Japan  in  1852-4,"  1856  ;  and  has 
contrib.  to  various  periodicals.  He  was  at  the 
time  of  his  death  preparing  a  work  on  the  An- 
cient Monuments  of  Central  and  Western  Amer. 
and  a  physical  geography.  He  was  eminent 
for  learning,  piety,  and  eloquence ;  member 
of  the  N.Y.  Hist.  Soc. ;  vice-pres.  of  the  Amer. 
Ethnol.  Soc.  1855-9  ;  vice-pres.,  and  from  1855 
to  1861  pres.,  Amer.  Geog.  and  Statist.  Soc  — 


IIA.-W 


419 


ELA.Y 


See  the  Hawks  Memorial,  by  E.  A.  Dxiyckinck, 
1871. 

Hawley,  Gideon,  missionary  to  the  In- 
dians, b.  Bridgeport,  Ct.,  Nov.  5,  1727;  d. 
Marshpee,  Oct.  3,  1807.  Y.C.  1749.  Ord. 
July  31,  1754.  He  began  his  mission  at 
Stockbridge  in  Feb.  1752,  and  opened  a  school 
for  Indian  children.  His  next  field  of  useful- 
ness was  Oughquauga  on  the  Susquehanna, 
whither  he  went  in  June,  1753,  remaining  un- 
til the  French  war  began  in  May,  1 756  ;  when 
he  went  to  Boston,  and  was  chaplain  in  Grid- 
ley's  regt.  in  the  exped.  against  Crown  Point. 
From  Apr.  10,  1758,  to  his  d.,  he  labored  in  the 
Marshpee  Mission.  He  was  well  qualified  for 
his  work  ;  the  dignity  of  his  manner,  and  a 
voice  of  authority,  giving  him  great  influence 
with  the  Indians.  He  pub.  in  Hist.  Colls,  of 
Ms.  Biog.  and  Topog.  Anecdotes  respecting 
Sandwich  and  Marshpee,  and  an  interesting 
letter  narrating  his  journey  to  Oughquauga. 

Hawley,  Gideon,  scholar,  b.  Huntington, 
Ct.,  1785;  d.  Albany,  20  Aug.  1870.  Un. 
Coll.  1809.  Removed  to  Saratoga  Co.,  N.Y., 
1794.  Adm.  to  the  Albany  bar  in  1813;  sec. 
of  the  regents  of  the  U.  181*4-41 ;  and  a  regent 
of  the  Smithsonian  Inst.  1846-70.  Thoroughly 
versed  in  literature  and  science.  He  printed 
for  private  distribution  among  his  friends  "  Es- 
says in  Truth  and  Knowledge." 

Hawley,  Major  Joseph,  an  eminent 
statesman,  b.  Northampton,  Ms.,  1724  ;  d. 
March  10, 1788.  Y.C.  1742.  He  began  public 
life  as  a  preacher,  but  devoted  himself  to  the 
law,  and  practised  in  Hampshire  Co.  many 
years  with  great  reputation.  Disting.  for  his 
legal  attainments  and  political  knowledge,  as 
well  as  for  integrity.  He  was  regarded  as  one 
of  the  ablest  advocates  of  American  liberty. 
Repeatedly  elected  to  the  council,  he  steadily 
refused  the  office,  preferring  a  seat  in  the  H. 
of  representatives,  where,  from  1764  to  1776,  his 
patriotism  and  his  bold  and  manly  eloquence 
gave  him  a  commanding  position.  He  was  a 
member  of  all  the  important  committees  of  the 
time ;  was  often  chairman,  sometimes  prepar- 
ing the  resolves  offered ;  and  in  1770  was  one 
of  the  com.  of  corresp.  He  was  chairman  of 
the  com.  of  the  Prov.  Congress  in  Oct.  1774 
to  consider  the  state  of  the  country,  &c. ;  and 
was  also  a  member  of  that  body  in  1775.  He 
continued  in  the  Gen.  Court  till  infirm  health 
necessitated  his  retirement.  From  a  violent 
opposer  of  the  ecclesiastical  measures  of  Jona- 
than Edwards,  whose  removal  from  Northamp- 
ton he  had  been  active  in  effecting,  he  became 
his  warm  advocate;  and  in  1760  wrote  a 
remarkable  letter  deploring  his  part  in  the 
affair. 

Hawley,  Joseph  Roswell,  journalist  and 
politician,  b.  Richmond  Co.,  N.C.,  31  Oct. 
1826.  Ham.  Coll.  1847.  At  the  age  of  1 1  he 
went  to  Ct. ;  established  himself  at  Hartford 
in  the  practice  of  law  in  1850;  and  in  1857 
connected  himself  with  the  Eveninc]  Press,  a 
Repub.  organ.  Entering  the  1st  Ct.  regt.  in 
Apr.  1861,  he  was  a  capt.  at  Bull  Run  ;  lieut.- 
col.  7th  Ct.  regt.  Sept.  1861,  comg.  after  the 
promo,  of  Col.  Terry ;  at  siege  of  Pulaski, 
Pocotaligo  ;  siege  of  Forts  Wagner  and  Sum- 
ter ;  com.  a  brigade  at  Olustee,  Fla.,  in  Feb. 


1864,  and  Army  of  the  James  in  Va. ;  at 
siege  of  Petersburg,  Drury's  Bluff,  Deep  Bot- 
tom, Deep  Run,  and  Darbytown  Road  ;  brig.- 
gen,  17  Sept.  1864;  com.  2d  brig.  Terry's  div. 
10th  corps;  afterward  Terry's  chief  of  staff  in 
Va. ;  brev.  maj.-gen.  Sept.  1865;  gov.  of  Ct. 
1866-7 ;  pres.  Chicago  Nat.  Repub.  Conv. 
June,  1868.  Now  (1871)  edits  Hartford 
Courant. 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel,  author,  b.  July 
4,  1804,  at  Salem,  where  his  English  ancestors 
settled  early  in  the  17th  century ;  d.  Plymouth, 
N.  H.,  May  19,  1864.  Bowd.  Coll.  1825. 
Feeble  in  health,  he  lived  on  a  farm  from  his 
10th  year.  After  quitting  coll.,  he  resided 
many  years  in  Salem.  In  1832  he  pub.  in 
Boston  an  anonymous  romance.  In  1837  he 
coll.  a  number  of  his  tales  and  sketches,  and 
pub.  them  under  the  title  of  "  Twice-told 
Tales,"  of  which  a  second  series  appeared  in 

1842.  From  1838  until  1841  he  was  a  weigher 
and  gauger  in  the  Boston  Custom  House.  He 
afterward  lived  with  the  association  at  Brook 
Farm  in  West  Roxbury,  Ms.,  —  a  community 
of  literati  and  philosophers,  who  supported  the 
freedom  of  a  rural  life  by  the  independent 
labor  of  their  hands,  —  of  which  he  was  one  of 
the  founders.  Before  the  expiration  of  a  year, 
he  returned  to  Boston,  where   he  resided  till 

1843,  when  he  m.,  and  took  up  his  abode  in  the 
old  manse  at  Concord,  which  adjoins  the  first 
battle-field  of  the  Revol.  In  the  Introd.  to  the 
"Mosses  from  an  Old  Manse,"  1846,  he  has 
given  an  account  of  his  life  there.  From  1846 
to  1850  he  was  surveyor  of  the  port  of  Salem. 
Of  this  decayed  old  custom-house  and  its  ven- 
erable inmates  he  gave  a  graphic  and  satirical 
sketch  in  the  Introd.  to  "  The  Scarlet  Letter," 
1850,  a  powerful  romance  of  early  New-Eng- 
land life,  which  greatly  enhanced  his  reputa- 
tion. He  then  settled  in  Lenox,  and  wrote 
"The  House  of  the  Seven  Gables,"  1851. 
This  was  followed  in  1852  by  "  The  Blithedale 
Romance,"  in  which,  as  he  says,  he  has  ven- 
tured to  make  free  with  his  old  and  affection- 
tionately-remembcred  home  at  Brook  Farm,  as 
being  certainly  the  most  romantic  episode  of 
his  own  life.  In  1852  he  removed  from  Lenox 
to  Concord.  Having,  during  the  presidential 
canvass  of  1852,  pub.  a  Life  of  his  coll.  friend 
Franklin  Pierce,  the  latter  in  1853  app.  him 
to  one  of  the  most  lucrative  posts  in  his  gift,  — 
the  U.S.  consulate  at  Liverpool.  This  he  re- 
signed in  1857,  and  travelled  in  Europe  two 
years.  His  other  writings  are,  "  True  Stories 
from  History  and  Biography,"  1851;  "The 
Wonder-Book  for  Girls  and  Boys,"  1851  ; 
"  The  Snow  Image  and  other  Twice-told 
Tales,"  1852 ;  and  ''  Tanglewood  Tales,"  1853. 
In  1845  he  edited  "  The  Journal  of  an  African 
Cruiser,"  from  the  MSS.  of  Lieut.  Horatio 
Bridge.  In  1860  he  pub.  "  The  Marble  Faun." 
His  last  work,  "  Our  Old  Home,"  1863,  was  a 
collection  of  sketches  of  English  scenery  and 
life,  first  pub.  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly.  Since 
his  death,  "  Passages  from  his  Amer.  and  Eng- 
lish Note-Books"  have  been  pub.  in  4  vols., 
and  a  complete  edition  of  his  works  in  18  vols., 
by  Ticknor  &  Fields,  Boston. 

Hay,  George,  jurist,  d.  Richmond,  Sept. 
1830.     Disting.  in  the  Va.  legisl. ;  many  years 


ELA.Y 


420 


H^Y 


U.S.  atty.,  in  which  capacity  he  was  the  prose- 
cutor of  Aaron  Burr,  and  afterward  judge  of 
the  U.S.  Court  for  the  Eastern  Dist.  of  Va.  His 
wife  was  the  dau.  of  Pres.  Monroe.  His  polit- 
ical writings,  signed  "  Hortensius,"  gave  him 
some  celebrity.  He  wrote  a  treatise  against 
the  Usury  Laws,  "  Life  of  John  Thompson," 
and  a  treatise  on  Emigration,  1814. 

Hay,  John,  poet  and  journalist,  b.  Salem, 
Ind.,  8  Oct.  1839.  B.  U.  1858.  Son  of  Dr. 
Charles,  who  comes  of  a  family  of  Ky.  pioneers, 
and  of  Helen  Leonard  of  Bristol,  R.I.  Studied 
law  in  Springfield,  111.,  with  Logan  &  Hay ;  im- 
mediately on  being  adm.  to  the  bar,  accomp. 
Pres.  Lincoln  to  Washington  (1861),  remain- 
ing with  him  almost  constantly  until  his  d.,  first 
as  assist,  sec,  and  afterwards  as  adj.  and  aide-de- 
camp ;  served  some  months  under  Gens.  Hunter 
and  Gillmore,  attaining  the_  rank  of  col.  and 
assist,  adj.-gen. ;  sec.  of  legation  at  Paris  18(55- 
7;  c/i arg^ d'affaires  at  Yienna  1867-8;  sec.  of 
legation  at  Madrid  1869-70;  and  since  Nov. 
1870  has  been  assoc.  editorially  with  the  N.Y. 
Tribune.  His  parents  have  resided  in  Warsaw, 
111,,  since  1841.  Three  bros.  and  two  bros.-in- 
law  were  officers  in  the  war  for  the  Union.  He 
has  pub.  (J.  11.  Osgood  &  Co.)  "Pike  County 
Ballads,"  and  "Castilian  Days,"  studies  of 
Spanish  life  and  character. 

Hayes,  Augustus  Allen,  M.D.,  chemist, 
b.  Windsor,  Vt.,  Feb.  28,  1806.  Milit.  Acad., 
Norwich,  Vt.,  1823.  He  studied  chemistry  un- 
der Dr.  J.  F.  Dana.  In  1825  he  discovered  the 
organic  alkaloid  sanguinaria,  remarkable  for 
the  brilliant  colors  of  its  salts.  In  1 827,  while 
assist,  prof,  of  chemistry  in  the  N.H.  Med.  Coll., 
he  investigated  the  compounds  of  chromium ; 
and  his  paper  on  this  subject,  repub.  in  Europe 
in  1828,  attracted  much  attention.  Since  1828 
Dr.  Hayes  has  resided  in  Boston  and  vicinity, 
sustaining  successively  the  posts  of  director  of 
an  extensive  manuf.  of  colors  and  chemical  prod- 
ucts at  Roxbury,  Ms. ;  of  consulting  chemist  or 
director  of  some  of  the  most  important  dyeing, 
bleaching,  gas,  iron  and  copper  smelting  estab- 
liihments  in  N.  England ;  and  State  assayer  of 
Ms.  In  1837  his  investigations  upon  the  econom- 
ical generation  of  steam,  and  the  relative  value  of 
fuels,  led  in  1838  to  a  new  arrangement  of  steam 
boilers,  now  in  general  use.  He  has  also  made 
important  improvements  in  refining  iron  and 
copper.  Among  his  important  researches  are 
those  in  relation  to  the  chemical  decomposition 
of  alcohol,  upon  the  action  of  alcohol  upon  the 
human  system,  and  a  memoir  on  the  chemical 
action  of  sea-waters,  undertaken  under  a  com- 
mission from  the  navy  dept.  to  examine  and  re- 
port on  the  subject  of  copper  and  copper  sheath- 
ing as  applied  in  the  construction  of  national 
vessels.  He  has  contrib.  to  the  Proceed- 
ings of  several  scientific  bodies,  the  Journal 
of  Science,  and  the  Annual  of  Scientific  Dis- 
cover!/. 

Hayes,  Isaac  I.,  explorer,  b.  Chester  Co., 
Pa.,  1832.  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa  )  1853.  In  this 
year  he  jiccomp.  Dr.  Kane's  exped.,  which, 
after  great  suffering,  returned  in  the  fall  of 
1855.  His  "Arctic  Boat  Journey"  (Boston, 
1860)  narrates  this  exped.  In  1860  holed  a 
second  exped.  to  the  arctic  regions,  and  re- 
turned in   the  autumn  of  1861.      His  story, 


"  Cast  away  in  the  Cold,"  first  appeared  in 
Our  Young  Folks.  —  Thomas. 

Hayes,  Rutherford  Birchard,  b.  Dela- 
ware, O.,  Oct.  4, 1 822.  Ken.  Coll.  1 842 ;  Camb. 
Law  School,  1845.  He  practised  law  at  Cincin- 
nati, where  he  was  city  solic.  1 858-61 ;  was  maj. 
and  afterwards  col.  23d  Ohio  regt.,  serving  in 
W.  Va. ;  was  wounded  at  South  Mountain ; 
25  Dec.  1862  to  Sept.  1864  com.  the  1st  brig. 
Kenawha  division ;  led  this  div.,  and  was  made 
brig.-gen.  Oct.  19, 1864,  for  Winchester,  Fisher's 
Hill,  and  Cedar  Creek ;  and,  1 3  Mar.  1 865,  brcv. 
maj-gen.;  M.C.  1865-8;  gov.  of  Ohio  since  1868. 

Hayne,  Arthur  P.,  soldier  and  statesman, 
b.  Charleston,  S.C.,  March  12,  1790;  d.  there 
7  Jan.  1 867.  Grand-nephew  of  Col.  Isaac,  bro. 
of  Robert  Y.  He  received  a  good  education, 
and  entered  a  counting-house,  but  joined  the 
army  in  the  war  of  1812;  was  1st  lieut.  at 
Sackett's  Harbor;  maj.  of  cavalry  on  the  St. 
Lawrence ;  insp.-gen.  in  the  Creek  Nation ; 
and  was  at  the  storming  of  Pensacola  and  the 
battle  of  N.  Orleans.  He  was  in  com.  of  the 
Tcnn.  vols,  in  the  Fla.  war,  but  retired  from 
the  army  in  1 820.  He  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
Pa ;  subsequently  served  in  the  S.C.  legisl, ;  and 
in  1858  was  app.  U.S.  senator. 

Hayne,  Col.  Isaac,  Revol.  patriot,  b.  S.C. 
1745;  d.  Charleston,  S.C,  4  Aug.  1781.  He 
m.  in  1765,  and  became  a  planter  of  large  pos- 
sessions in  the  dist.  of  Beaufort  and  Colleton, 
and  a  proprietor  of  extensive  ironworks  in  York 
dist.,  afterward  destroyed  by  the  British.  Capt, 
of  art.  in  1 780,  and  State  senator.  Made  prison- 
er at  the  capture  of  Charleston  1 2  May,  1 780,  he 
returned  home,  engaging  not  to  bear  arms. 
Ordered  early  in  1781  to  take  arms  as  a  Brit- 
ish subject,  or  repair  to  Charleston  as  a  prisoner, 
his  wife  and  children  being  at  the  time  danger- 
ously sick  with  small-pox,  he  went  to  Charleston, 
where,  in  violation  of  his  capitulation,  he  was 
required  to  take  arms  in  support  of  the  Royal 
Govt. ,  or  be  subjected  to  close  confinement.  On 
being  assured  that  he  would  not  be  required 
to  bear  arms  against  his  country,  he  signed  a 
decl.  of  allegiance  to  the  king.  He  hastened 
home  only  to  find  his  wifeexpii-ing,  and  one  of 
his  children  dead.  After  the  successes  of  Greene 
had  left  to  the  British  nothing  but  Charleston, 
Hayne  was  summoned  to  repair  immediately 
to  the  British  standard.  This  being  in  viola- 
tion of  his  agreement,  and  consequently  releas- 
ing him  from  all  obligation  of  Tts  observance  on 
his  part,  he  hastened  to  the  Amer.  camp ;  was 
commissioned  a  col.  of  militia,  and  in  July,  1 78 1 , 
captured  Gen.  Williamson,  a  Scotchman  who 
had  gone  over  to  the  British.  Hayne  was  soon 
after  captured,  and  confined  in  Charleston  until 
the  arrival  of  Lord  Rawdon,  the  British  com- 
mander. Condemned  by  a  court  of  inquiry 
to  be  hanged,  the  citizens  and  ladies  of  Charles- 
ton united  in  petitioning  for  his  pardon :  but 
Rawdon  and  Balfour  were  inexorable;  and  a 
respite  of  48  hours  only  was  allowed  him  in 
Avhich  to  see  and  take  leave  of  his  children. 
This  unjust  and  merciless  execution  greatly  ex- 
asperated the  Americans.  The  conduct  of  Raw- 
don and  Balfour  excited  the  greatest  indig- 
nation; and  Gen.  Greene  issued  a  proclamation, 
Aug.  26,  announcing  his  determination  to  make 
reprisals.     The  subject  was  discussed  in  the 


I3LA.Y 


421 


HLA.Y 


British  Parliament.  — See  Lord  Rawrlon's  pam- 
phlet injustijication  of  his  conduct,  and  a  criticism 
upon  it  in  the  Southern  Review  for  Feb.  1828; 
also  Lee's  Memoirs,  ii.  252-74;  Ramsay,  i. 
453-60. 

Hayne,  Paul  IT,,  poet,  nephew  of  Gov.  R. 
Y.  Hayne,  b.  Charleston,  S.C.,  Jan  1,  1831. 
Son  of  Lieut.  H.  of  the  navy.  He  was  educat- 
ed in  Charleston,  and  has  been  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  the  South,  Lit.  Messenger  and  other 
periodicals.  He  was  editor  of  the  Charleston 
Lit.  Gazette,  was  connected  with  the  Evening 
News,  and,  since  the  beginning  of  1857,  princi- 
pal editor  of  Russell's  Magazine.  A  vol.  of 
his  poems  was  issued  in  Boston  in  1854,  a  2d 
in  N.Y.  1857,  and  a  3d,  entitled  "  Avolio  and 
other  Poems,"  in  Dec.  1 859.  His  longest  poem 
is  entitled  "  The  Temptation  of  Venus,  a 
Monkish  Legend." 

Hayne,  Hobert  Young,  statesman,  b. 
near  Charleston,  Nov.  10,  1791  ;  d.  Asheville, 
N.C.,  Sept.  24,  1839.  Grand-nephew  of  Col. 
Isaac  Hayne.  With  bnt  a  limited  education, 
at  the  age  of  17  he  entered  the  law-office  of 
Langdon  Cheves,  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1812.  Upon  the  election  of  Mr.  Cheves  to 
Congress,  he  succeeded  to  his  large  practice. 
He  was  in  Oct.  1814  chosen  a  member  of  the 
legisl.,  where hcdisting. himself asan  abledebat- 
er;  became  speaker  in  1818,  and,  a  few  months 
later,  atty.-gen.  of  S.C. ;  U.S.  senator  in  1823- 
32,  disting.  himself  by  his  speeches  on  numer- 
ous occasions,  particularly  in  the  tariff  dis- 
cussions, as  the  uncompromising  opponent  of 
the  protective  system  ;  and,  as  chairman  of  the 
com.  on  naval  affairs,  displayed  administrative 
abilities  of  a  high  order.  In  a  powerful  speech 
on  the  tariff  in  1824,  he  first  took  the  ground 
that  Congress  had  not  the  constitutional  right 
to  impose  duties  on  imports  for  the  purpose 
of  protecting  domestic  manufactures.  In  a 
speech  on  Mr.  Clay's  resolution,  he  was  the  first 
to  declare  and  defend  in  Congress  the  right  of 
a  State  under  the  federal  compact  to  arrest  the 
operation  of  a  law  which  she  considered  un- 
constitutional. This  doctrine  led  to  the  cele- 
brated debate  between  Mr.  Webster  and  him- 
self, in  which  the  eloquence  and  argumenta- 
tive powers  of  both  statesmen  were  displayed 
to  their  fullest  extent.  His  course  in  the 
senate  rendered  him  exceedingly  popular  at 
home;  and  he  was  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion convoked  by  the  legisl.  (Nov,  24,  1832) 
for  the  purpose  of  reviewing  the  obnoxious 
tariff  acts  of  Congress.  The  celebrated  ordi- 
ance  of  nullification,  the  result  of  their  labors, 
was  reported  to  that  body  by  Mr.  Hayne  as 
chairman  of  the  com.  to  which  the  subject  bad 
been  referred.  In  Dec.  he  was  elected  gov,  of 
the  State,  and  resigned  his  seat  in  the  senate. 
Pres.  Jackson  issued  a  proclamation,  denoun- 
cing these  proceedings  of  SC. :  but  Gov.  Hayne 
stood  firm  ;  and  S.C,  prepared  for  armed  re- 
sistance. The  threatened  danger  was  arrested 
by  the  passage  in  Congress  of  a  compromise 
act.  In  1834  he  was  elected  mayor  of  Charles- 
ton ;  in  1837  pres,  of  the  Charleston,  Louis- 
ville, and  Cincinnati  Railroad  Co.  Besides 
his  able  and  eloquent  speeches  in  the  senate, 
he  was  the  author  of  the  papers  in  the  old  South- 
ern Review  on  improvement  of  the  navy,  and 


the  vindication  of  his  relative,  Col.  Hayne,  — 
See  Life  and  Speeches  of  R.  Y.  Hayne,  1845. 

Haynes,  John,  statesman,  b.  Copford 
Hall,  Essex,  Eng.;  d.  Mar.  1,  1654,  He  ar- 
rived, 3  Sept,,  1633,  in  Boston  with  Rev.  Mr. 
Hooker;  was  in  1634  and  1636  an  assist.,  and 
in  1635  gov.  of  Ms.  In  1637  he  was  prominent 
among  the  founders  of  Ct, ;  was  chosen  its 
first  gov.  in  1639,  and  every  alternate  year 
afterward  till  his  death.  He  was  one  of  the 
five  who  in  1638  drew  up  a  written  constitution 
for  the  Colony,  the  first  ever  formed  in  Amer,, 
and  which  embodies  the  main  points  of  all  our 
subsequent  State  constitutions  and  of  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution,  Bancroft  speaks  of  him  as  a 
man  "  of  large  estate,  and  larger  affections ;  of 
heavenly  mind,  and  spotless  life;  of  rare  saga- 
city, and  accurate  but  unassuming  judgment; 
by  nature  tolerant,  and  a  friend  to  freedom  ;  an 
able  legislator ;  and  dear  to  the  people  by  his 
benevolent  virtues  and  his  disinterested  con- 
duct." Few,  if  any,  did  as  much  as  he  for  the 
true  interests  of  the  Colony  of  Ct.  He  was 
one  of  the  best  educated  of  the  early  settlers 
of  this  country.  His  son  Joseph  was  the 
minister  of  ihe  First  Church  in  Hartford  from 
1664  to  his  d.,  May  24,  1679,  a.  38.  H.U. 
1658. 

Haynes,  Lemuel,  a  colored  preacher,  b. 
W,  Hartford,  Ct,,  July  18, 1753  ;  d.  Granville, 
N.Y.,28Sept.  1833.  His  father  was  black,  and 
his  mother  was  white.  He  was  well  treated, 
and  carefully  instructed  by  his  master  in  re- 
ligion;  was  a  faithful  servant;  and  superin- 
tended most  of  his  master's  business.  In  1774 
he  enlisted  as  a  minute-man;  in  1775  joined 
the  army  at  Roxbury;  in  1776  was  a  vol,  in 
the  exped.  to  Ticonderoga,  after  which  he  re- 
turned to  Granville,  where  he  labored  on  a 
farm.  Evening  after  evening  he  plied  his 
studies  by  firelight,  having  laid  in  a  store  of 
pine-knots  for  that  purpose.  In  1780  he  was 
licensed,  and  preached  5  years  in  Granville; 
was  ord.  in  1785  ;  preached  2  years  in  Torring- 
ford  ;  was  then  called  to  a  parish  in  Rutland, 
where  he  continued  30  years  ;  and  afterward 
labored  in  Manchester  and  in  Granville,  N.Y., 
from  1822  till  his  death.  A  Memoir  of  hira 
has  l)een  published  by  Rev,  Dr.  Cooley. 

Hays,  Alexander,  brev.  maj.-gen.  vols., 
b.  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  1820;  killed  in  battle  of 
Wilderness,  Va.,  May  5,  1864,  West  Point, 
1844,  Entering  the  4th  Inf,,  he  was  brev,  1st 
lieut.  for  gallantry  at  Palo  Alto  and  Resacade 
la  Palma;  was  acting  assist,  a{lj,-gen,  to  Gen, 
Lane,  and  disting,  under  him ;  resigned  Apr,  1 2, 
1848,  and  became  an  iron  manuf,  at  Venango, 
Pa,  May  14,  1861,  he  was  app  capt.  16th 
Inf, ;  became  col.  63d  Pa,  vols.,  and  brig. -gen,, 
Sept.  29,  1862,  He  gallantly  participated  in 
the  battles  of  Seven  Pines  and  Fair  Oaks; 
brev,  maj.  May  31,  1862;  disting.  himself  in 
the  seven-days'  contests  :  and  June  30  was  brev. 
lieut.-col.  for  gallantry  at  Glendale  and  Mal- 
vern Hill;  severely  wounded  at  Manasass 
Aug.  30 ;  wounded  and  made  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Chancellorsville,  May  2,  1863  ;  at  the 
battle  of  Gettysburg,  he  com.  the  3d  divis- 
ion of  his  corps ;  and,  when  Hancock  was 
wounded,  was  temporarily  its  com.  He  led  his 
division   at   Auburn,   Bristow's  Station,   and 


I3LA.Y 


422 


TTAZ 


Mine  Run.  His  last  com.  was  the  2d  brigade, 
3d  division,  of  Hancock's  {2d)  corps ;  brev.  col. 
for  Gettysburg  ;  brev.  maj.-gen.  vols.  5  May, 
1864,  for  battle  of  Wilderness. 

Hays,  Isaac,  M.D.,  b.  Phila.  1 796.  U.  of 
Pa.  1816.  M.D.  1820.  Editor  of  Wilson's 
"Amer.  Ornithology,"  8vo,  1828;  Hoblyn's 
"  Med.  Diet."  1846 ;  "  Lawrence  on  the  Eye," 
8vo,  1847;  Arnott's  "Physics,"  8vo,  1848; 
the  Amer.  Jour,  of  Med.  Science  from  its  com- 
mencement in  1827  to  the  present  time ;  Phi/a. 
Jour,  of  Med.  and  Phys.,  vol.  4  ;  and  contribs. 
to  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  — AUibone. 

Hays,  Jacob,  high  constable  of  N.Y.  for 
nearly  .50  years,  and  one  of  the  most  eflSclent 
police-oflBcers  ever  known  ;  b.  New  Rochelle, 
N.Y.,  in  1772;  d.  N.Y.  June  21,  18.50.  He 
received  an  appt.  in  the  city  police  in  1801, 
and  was  several  years  sergeant-at-arms  of  the 
board  of  aldermen,  and  crier  of  the  Court  of 
Sessions.  It  is  said  that  he  never  forgot  the 
countenance  of  any  one  to  whom  his  attention 
had  been  directed. 

Hays,  William  Jacob,  painter,  grandson 
of  Jacob  Hays,  b.  N.Y.  in  1 830.  He  studied 
drawing  with  John  Rubens  Smith,  and  in  1 850 
exhibited  his  first  picture,  "  Dogs  in  a  Field," 
at  the  Nat.  Acad,  of  Design.  His  "  Head  of 
a  Bulldog,"  painted  in  1852,  attracted  consider- 
able attention  ;  and  in  the  same  year  he  was 
elected  an  associate  of  the  acad.  Some  of  his 
pictures  of  dogs  and  game-birds  have  been 
engraved.  His  "  Setters  and  Game,"  "  Herd 
on  the  Move,"  "  The  St^impede,"  "  Strawber- 
ries," and  "  Flowers,"  and  "  Noah's  Head," 
are  among  his  best  pieces.  With  the  exception 
of  a  few  fruit-pieees,  he  has  painted  almost  ex- 
clusively animals.  His  pieces  are  carefully 
elaborated. 

Hayward,  George,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa. 
1812),  phvsician  and  surgeon  of  Boston,  b. 
Mar.  9,  1791  ;  d.  Oct.  7,  1863.  H.U.  1809. 
Son  of  Dr.  Lemuel ;  prof,  clinical  surgery, 
H.U.,  1835-49;  pres.  Ms.  Med.  Society ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  Author 
of  "  Outlines  of  Physiology,"  1834  ;  "  Surgical 
Reports  and  Misc.  Papers',"  12mo,  1855. 

Hayward,  John,  b.  Jan.  1781 ;  d.  Boston, 
Oct.  13,  1869.  Has  pub.  "  View  of  the  U  S.," 
8vo,  1833;  "Religious  Creeds,"  12mo,  1837; 
"  N.  p:ng.  Gazetteer,"  8vo,  1839;  "Book  of 
Religion.s,"  12mo,  1842;  "U.  S.  Gazetteer," 
8vo,  1843;  "Gazetteers  of  Ms.,  N.  H.,  and 
Vt.,"  1849. 

Hayward,  Lemuel,  M.D.,  physician,  b. 
Brain  tree,  Ms.,  Mar.  22,  1749;  d.  Mar.  20, 
1821.  H.U.1768.  In  1769  he  came  to  Boston, 
and  studied  under  Dr.  Joseph  Warren.  Estab- 
lishing himself  at  Jamaica  Plain,  he  soon  ac- 
quired a  lucrative  practice.  In  June,  1775,  he 
was  app.  a  surgeon  in  the  army.  He  removed 
to' Boston  in  1783,  and,  until  his  withdrawal 
to  the  country  in  1798,  had  a  very  considerable 
practice.  —  Thacher. 

Hayward,  Nathaniel,  inventor  and 
manuf.,  b.  Easton,  Ct.,  1808;  d.  Colchester, 
Ct.,  July  18,  1865.  In  1837  he  discovered  the 
process  of  combining  rubber-gum  with  sulphur, 
the  beginning  of  the  successful  manuf.  of  rubber- 
cloth.  He  sold  this  discovery  to  Charles  Good- 
year in  1838,  who  patented  it.    In  1843  he  in- 


vented the  process  of  vulcanizing  rubber,  and 
in  that  year  made  the  first  shoes  made  from 
sheet-rubber  at  Woburn.  He  soon  after  dis- 
covered a  method  forgiving  them  a  high  polish ; 
and  in  1847  established  the  Hayward  Rubber 
Co.  at  Colchester.  He  was  active  in  works  of 
benevolence  and  utility. 

Hayward,  Thomas,  Jun.,  a  signer  of  the 
Decl.  of  Indep.,  b.  St.  Luke's  Parish,  S.C, 
1746;  d.  March,  1809.  Son  of  Col.  Daniel, 
a  wealthy  planter.  Studied  law  at  the  Temple 
in  London;  spent  some  years  in  a  tour  of 
Europe;  and  on  his  return  m.  a  Miss  Mat' 
thews,  and  commenced  practice.  He  was  an 
early  opponent  of  British  oppression,  a  leader 
of  the  Revol.  movements  in  South  Carolina, 
and  a  member  of  the  first  Gen.  Assemldy 
organized  after  the  abdication  of  the  colonial 
gov.,  as  well  as  of  the  first  com.  of  safety 
there;  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  from  1775 
to  1778,  when  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
Criminal  and  Civil  Court  of  S.C.  He  also  held 
a  military  com. ;  was  in  active  service,  and  in  a 
skirmish  at  Beaufort  in  1780  received  a  gun- 
shot wound,  the  mark  of  which  he  bore  for 
life.  He  was  captured  at  Charleston,  May  12, 
1780;  was  one  year  a  prisoner  at  St.  Augus- 
tine. He  resumed  his  judicial  duties  in  1781 ; 
was  elected  to  the  convention  which  framed  the 
constitution  of  the  State  in  1790;  and  in  1799 
retired  from  public  life. 

Haywood,  John,  jurist,  of  Halifax  Co., 
N.C.  State  atty.-gen.  1791-4;  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court,  1794-1800;  earliest  reporter 
of  the  decisions  of  the  N.  C.  Court.  He  re- 
moved to  Tenn.  ah.  1810.  Author  of  "  A 
Manual  of  the  Laws  of  N.C,"  8vo,  Raleigh, 
1801 ;  "  Haywood's  Justice  ;  "  "  N.  Carol.  Re- 
ports," 1789-1806  ;  "  Public  Acts  of  N.C.  and 
Tenn.,"  Nashville,  4to,  1810;  "Tenn.  Reports, 
1816-18,"  3  vols.  8vo,  1818 ;  "  Statute  Laws  of 
Tenn."  (with  R.  L.  Cobbs),  8vo,  1831 ;  "Nat- 
ural Hist,  of  Tenn.,"  8vo,  1823;  and  "Civil 
Hist,  of  Tenn.,"  8vo,  IS23. —  Wheeler. 

Hazard,  Ebenezer,  U.S.  postmaster-gen. 
1782-9,  b.  Phila.  1745  ;  d.  there  June  13, 1817. 
N.  J.  Coll.  1762.  He  pub.  "  Historical  Collec- 
tions," 2  vols.  4to,  1792-4;  and  "  Remarks  on 
a  Report  Concerning  Western  Indians." 

Hazard,  Rowland  Gibson,  b.  So.  Kings- 
ton, R.I.,  1801.  A.M.  of  B.U.  184.5.  An 
extensive  manuf.  at  Peacedale,  R.I.  Author 
of  "Language,  its  Connection  with  the  Con- 
stitution and  Prospects  of  Man,"  Prov.  1836  ; 
"Two  Letters  on  Causation,"  &c.,  1869.  He 
has  also  pub.  several  pamphlets  (1841-8)  upon 
Public  Schools,  Railroads,  &c. 

Hazard,  Samuel,  archaeologist,  b.  Phila. 
May  26,  1784;  d.  there  22  May,  1870.  Son 
of  Ebenezer.  His  early  life  was  spent  in  mer- 
cantile and  commercial  pursuits ;  and  he  had 
made  several  voyages  to  the  Indies  before  he 
began  his  literary  career.  Author  of  "  Register 
of  Pennsylv.,"  1828-36,  16  vols.  8vo  ;  "  U.  S. 
Commercial  and  Statistical  Register,"  1839-42, 
6  vols.  8vo;  "  Annals  of  Pa  ,  1609-82,"  8vo, 
1850;  "Pennsylv.  Archives,"  1682-1790,  12 
vols,  and  index,  1853. 

Hazard,  Samuel  F.capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  New- 
port, R.I.,  1811;  d.  there  16  Jan.  1867.  Son  of 
Nathl.  (M.C.  1819-21 ;  d.  Washington  17  Dec. 


TLAJZ 


423 


HEA 


1829).  Midshipm.  1  Jan.  1823;  lieut.  9  Feb. 
1837  ;  com.  14  Sept.  1855  ;  capt.  16  July,  1862. 
Assisted  at  the  capture  of  Tabasco  in  the  Mex. 
war;  com.  W.  Gulf  block,  squad.  1862;  steam- 
sloop  "Oneida,"  1863. 

Hazard,  Thomas  R.,  of  Vaucluse,  R.I., 
b.  South  Kingston,  1784;  bro.  of  R.  G.  H. 
Autlior  of  "  Facts  for  the  Laborinj?  Man,"  1840 ; 
essay  on  "  Capital  Punishment,"  1850  ;  "  Re- 
port on  the  Poor  and  Insane  of  the  State,"  1 850 ; 
"Handbook  of  the  American  Party,"  1856; 
"Appeal  to  the  People  of  R.I.,"  8vo,  1857.— 
Allihoae. 

Hazelius,  Ernest  Lewis,  D.D.  (Col.  Coll. 
1824),  Lutheran  pastor;  d.  1853.  Prof.  Theol. 
Sem.,  Lexington,  S.C.  Author  of  "Life  of 
Luther,"  N.Y.  1813  ;  "  Life  of  StilUng,''  1831 ; 
"Augsburg  Confession,  with  Annotations  ;  " 
Evanifdhches  Maqazin,  1 83 1  ;  "  Materials  for 
Catechisation,"  1*823;  "Church  History,"  4 
vols. ;  "  History  of  the  Lutheran  Church  in 
America,"  1846. 

Hazen,  Moses,  brig.-gen.  Revol.  armv,  b. 
Haverhill,  Ms.,  1 733 ;  d.  Troy,  N. Y.,  3  Feb.  1803. 
A  lieut.  in  the  expeds.  against  Crown  Point 
in  1 756,  and  Louisburg  in  1 758 ;  accomp.  Wolfe 
to  Quebec  in  1759,  and  disting.  himself  near 
that  city  in  an  affair  with  the  French,  and  in 
the  battle  of  Sillery,  28  April,  1760.  He  was 
rewarded  for  his  services  with  a  lieutenancy 
(44th  Foot)  in  Feb.  1761.  He  was  on  half-pay 
in  the  British  army,  and  was  a  man  of  wealth, 
residing  near  St.  John  when  the  Revol.  war 
broke  out,  and  furnished  supplies,  and  rendered 
other  aid,  to  the  army  of  Montgomery  in  his 
exped.  against  Quebec.  His  property  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  British ;  and,  besides  indemnity 
therefor,  Congress,  in  Jan.  1776,  app.  him  col. 
of  the  2d  Canadian  regt.  known  as  "  Congress's 
Ov/n."  He  was  in  the  battles  of  Brandywine 
and  GermantOAvn,  and  performed  efficient  ser- 
vice during  the  whole  war.  Made  brig.-gen.  29 
June,  1781.  After  the  war.  Gen.  Hazen  and  his 
two  bros.,  both  of  whom  held  commands  in  the 
army,  cmig.  to  Vt.,  and  located  there ;  the  land 
granted  for  valuable  services.  He  afterward 
settled  at  Albany. 

Hazen,  William  Babcock,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  West  Hartford,  Vt.,  Sept.  27, 
1830.  West  Point,  1855.  A  descendant  of  Gen. 
Moses  Hazen.  His  parents  removed  to  Huron, 
Portage  Co.,  0.,  in  1833.  The  sons  and  a 
grandson  were  officers  in  the  Union  army.  En- 
tering the  8th  Inf.,  he  served  with  the  4th 
against  Indians  in  California  and  Oregon 
in  1856-7.  In  April,  1857,  he  joined  the  8th  in 
Texas ;  com.  successfully  in  five  fights,  until,  in 
Dec.  1 859,  in  a  hand-to-hand  contest  with  the  Co- 
manchcs,  he  was  severely  wounded,  and  was 
upon  four  occasions  complimented  in  General 
Orders.  In  Feb.  1861  he  was  app.  assist,  prof, 
inf.  tactics  at  W.  Point ;  1st  lieut.  Apr.  6, 1861 ; 
May  14,  1861,  he  was  made  capt.  Taking  com. 
of  the  41st  Ohio  regt.,  he  joined,  in  Dec.  1861, 
the  force  at  Louisville  under  Gen.  Buell;  Jan. 
6,  1862,  he  took  com.  of  the  19th  Brigade.  At 
the  battle  of  Shiloh  he  acted  a  conspicuous  part ; 
was  with  Halleck  in  the  operations  at  Corinth ; 
in  Bucll's  campaign  in  Northern  Mpi.  and  Ala. ; 
drove  the  rebels  from  Danville,  Ky.,  Oct.  12, 
1 862 ;  and  took  an  important  part  in  the  battle 


of  Stone  River,  protecting  the  left  of  the  army 
from  being  turned  under  simultaneous  attacks 
in  front  and  flank;  brig.-gen.  Nov.  29,  1862; 
com.  a  brigade  in  the  operations  which  resulted 
in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga ;  and  "  by  an  ad- 
mirably-executed coup,"  on  the  morning  of  Oct. 
27,  at  Bi-own's  Ferry,  deprived  the  rebels  of  the 
fruits  of  that  battle,  and  enabled  the  army  at 
Chattanooga  to  receive  its  supplies  at  Bridge- 
port. At  Mission.  Ridge  he  took  18  pieces  of 
art.  He  served  through  the  Atlanta  campaign ; 
and,  in  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea,  com.  the 
2d  div.  1 5th  corps,  with  which  he  assaulted  and 
captured  Fort  McAllister,  Dec.  13,  1864,  for 
which  he  was  promoted;  and  May  19,  1865, 
was  app.  to  com.  the  15th  corps;  maj -gen. 
vols.  13  Dec.  1864;  engaged  at  Bentonville  21 
Mar.  1865,  and  in  the  operations  ending  with 
Johnston's  surrender.  Brev.  maj.  for  Chicka- 
mauga, lieut.-col.  for  Chattanooga,  col.  for  cap- 
ture of  Atlanta,  brig.-gen.  for  capture  of  Ft.  Mc- 
Allister, and  maj. -gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865. 
Col.  6th  Inf.  28  July,  1866.  —  i?eifl?'s  Ohio  in  the 
War. 

Head,  Sir  Edmund  Walker,  gov.-gen. 
of  Canada  1854-61,  b.  Maidstone,  Kent,  Eng., 
1805;  d.  Lond.  Jan.  28,  1868.  Son  of  Rev. 
Sir  John  Head,  whom  he  succeeded  in  the  bar- 
onetcy in  1838.  Educated  at  Winchester  and 
Oxford,  becoming  a  fellow  of  Merton  Coll.  in 
1 830 ;  and  was  5  years  a  tutor  there.  He  was 
a  poor-law  commissioner ;  in  1847-54  was  gov. 
of  New  Brunswick ;  was  in  1 863  made  a  civil- 
service  commissioner;  and  in  1857  was  made 
a  privy  councillor.  His  writings  are  "  Shall 
and  Will,"  a  discussion  of  the  controversy  in 
grammar;  "A  Handbook  of  Spanish  Paint- 
ing ; "  and  "  The  Temple  of  Serapis  at  Poz- 
zuoli." 

Head,  Sir  Francis  Bond,  an  English  au- 
thor, b.  near  Rochester,  Kent,  1  Jan.  1793. 
While  an  officer  of  engineers,  he  received  from 
a  mining-company  an  invitation  to  explore  the 
gold  and  silver  mines  of  S.  America  between 
Buenos  Ayres  and  the  Andes.  He  arrived  in 
Buenos  Ayres  in  1825,  and  accomplished  the 
work  in  a  short  time.  His  "  Rough  Notes," 
pub.  after  his  return  to  Eng.,  give  a  graphic 
description  of  his  exped.  In  Nov.  1835,  he 
was  app.  gov.  of  Upper  Canada.  His  inju- 
dicious measures  resulted  in  an  insurrection, 
which  he  kept  in  check  until  his  resignation  in 
March,  1 838,  but  which  was  not  quelled  until 
the  arrival  of  his  successor.  Sir  George  Arthur. 
Created  a  baronet  in  1838.  After  liis  return 
home,  he  pub.  a  narrative  in  justification  of  the 
measures  he  had  taken  against  the  insurgents. 
He  is  widely  known  as  an  author  by  his  "Bubbles 
from  the  Brunnen  of  Nassau,"  "  Life  of  Bruce," 
"Fagot  of  French  Sticks,"  and  "Fortnight  in 
Ireland."  His  bro..  Sir  George  Head  (1782- 
May  2,  1855),  an  officer  of  the  Peninsular  war, 
is  best  known  as  an  author  by  his  "Forest 
Scenes  and  Incidents  in  the  Wilds  of  North 
America,"  1829.  He  was  sent  to  Lake  Huron 
in  1814  to  superintend  the  commissariat  duties 
of  a  proposed  naval  establishment  on  the  Cana- 
dian lakes. 

Headley,  Joel  Tyler,  author,  b.  Wal- 
ton, Del.  Co.,  N.Y.,  Dec.  30,  1814.  Un.  Col. 
1839.    He  studied  at  Auburn  Theol.  Sem ;  was 


ITE^ 


424 


TTTTiC 


licensed  tx)  preach  in  N.Y. ;  and  was  two  years 
a  pastor  at  Stockbridge,  Ms.  Compelled  by  ill 
health  to  abandon  his  profession,  he  travelled  m 
Europe  in  1 842-3,  and  on  his  return  pub.  "  Let- 
ters from  Italy"  and  "The  Alps  and  the 
Khine"  (N.Y.  1845).  He  has  pub.  "  Napoleon 
and  his  Marshals,"  N.Y.,  1846;  "Sacred  Moun- 
tains ; "  "  Washington  and  his  Generals,"  1 847 ; 
Lives  of  Cromwell,  Winfield  Scott,  Jackson, 
and  Washington ;  "Adirondack,  or  Life  in  the 
Woods,"  1849  ;  "  The  Imperial  Guard  of  Na- 
poleon from  Marengo  to  Waterloo,"  1852, 
founded  on  the  work  of  E.  M.  de  St.  Hilaire ; 
"  A  History  of  the  Second  War  between  Eng. 
and  the  U.  S.,"  1853;  "Sacred  Scenes  and 
Characters  ; "  "Life  of  Gen.  Havelock,"  1859 ; 
"The  Chaplains  and  Clergy  of  the  Revolu- 
tion," 1861.  A  uniform  edition  of  his  works 
was  pub.  in  12  vols.  Mr.  H.  resides  near  New- 
burg,  on  the  Hudson.  In  1854  he  was  a  repre- 
sentative in  the  N. Y.' legisl.,  and  in  1856-7  was 
sec.  of  that  State. 

Headley,  Rev.  Phineas  Camp,  bro.  of 
J.  T.,  b.  Walton,  N.Y.,  June  24,  1819.  Author 
of  "Women  of  the  Bible,"  18.50;  "Life  of  Jo- 
sephine," 1850;  "Life  of  Lafayette,"  1855; 
"Life  of  Kossuth,"  1852;  "Life  of  Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots,"  1856 ;  and  a  "  Series  of  Boys' 
Lives  of  Heroes  of  the  War."  Contrib.  to  pe- 
riodicals. —  Allihone. 

Healy,  George  Peter  Alexander, 
painter,  b.  Boston,  15  July,  1813.  He  began 
painting  in  Boston  in  1 83 1 ;  went  to  Paris  in 
1834;  remained  there  several  years;  and  has 
since  1853  resided  in  Chicago.      Among  the 

?)rtraits  executed  by  him  abroad  are  Louis 
hilippe,  Marshal  Soult,  Gen.  Cass,  &c.  At 
home  he  has  painted,  among  others,  Calhoun, 
Webster,  Pierce,  and  Buchanan.  His  histori- 
cal picture,  "  Webster's  Reply  to  Hayne,"  com- 
pleted in  1851,  adorns  Faneuil  Hall  "in  Boston. 
At  the  Great  Paris  Exhibition  in  1 855,  he  ex- 
hibited a  series  of  1 3  portraits,  and  a  large  pic- 
ture representing  Franklin  urging  the  claims 
of  the  American  Colonies  before  Louis  XVI., 
for  which  he  received  a  medal  of  the  2d  class. 

Hearne,  Samuel,  an  English  traveller, 
b.  London,  1745;  d.  1792.  A  midshipman  in 
the  navy  in  1756-63;  he  afterward  entered  the 
service  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Co.,  for  whom  in 
1768-70  he  made  three  voyages  of  exploration 
in  the  north-west.  July  15,  1771,  he  began  his 
survey  of  the  Coppermine  River,  which  he 
reached  after  a  journey  on  foot  of  nearly  1,300 
miles  ;  proceeded  as  far  as  the  Slave  Lake,  en- 
countering jrreat  hardships,  and  June  30, 1772, 
arrived  at  Prince  of  Wales  Fort,  after  suffer- 
ing severely  from  famine.  He  supposed  that 
in  this  journey  he  had  reached  the  northern 
shore  of  N.  America,  and  stood  on  the  borders 
of  the  "  Hyperborean  Sea."  He  received  the 
thanks  of  the  H.  B.  Co.,  and  a  handsome 
gratuity  ;  established  Cumberland  Factory  in 
the  interior  in  1774 ;  became  gov.  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales  Fort  in  1775,  and  was  made  prisoner 
upon  irs  capture  by  La  Perouse  in  1782;  re- 
turning to  Eng,  in  1787.  After  his  death,  his 
"Journey  from  the  Prince  of  Wales  Fort  in 
Hudson's  Bay  to  the  Northern  Ocean,"  with  a 
preface  refuting  the  charges  of  Dalrymple  as 
to  the  correctness  of  his  latitudes,  was  pub., 


4to,  1795.  Hearne  was  a  man  of  profound 
observation,  of  a  benevolent  and  enlightened 
mind,  and  of  great  courage  and  perseverance. 

Heath,  Lyman,  vocalist  and  ballad-com- 
poser, b.  Bow,  N.H.,  24  Aug.  1804  ;  d.  Nashua, 
N.H.,  30  June,  1870.  He  taught  music  and 
gave  concerts  for  45  years,  and  was  the  author 
of  "  The  Grave  of  J3onaparte,"  "  Burial  of 
Mrs.  Judson,"  and  other  popular  pieces. 

Heath,  William,  maj.-gen.  Revol.  army, 
b.  Roxbury,  Mar.  2,  1737  ;  d.  there  Jan.  24, 
1814.  His  father  William,  a  farmer,  occupied 
the  estate  settled  by  his  ancestor  in  1636. 
Though  bred  a  farmer,  he  was  fond  of  military 
exercises,  and,  joining  the  Ancient  and  Hon. 
Art.  Company,  was  made  com.  in  1770.  He 
had  been  previously  made  a  capt.  in  the  Suf- 
folk regt,,  of  which  he  was  afterwards  elected 
col.  In  1770  he  wrote  sundry  essays  in  a  Bos- 
ton newspaper,  signed  "  A  Military  Country- 
man," on  the  importance  of  military  discipline, 
and  skill  in  the  use  of  arms.  He  was  a  repre- 
sentative in  1761  and  1771-4;  was  a  member 
of  the  committees  of  corresp.  and  of  safety  ; 
and  a  delegate  to  the  Prov.  Congress  in  1774- 
5.  He  was  app.  a  prov.  brig,  early  in  1775  ; 
maj.-gen.  June  20;  brig.-gen.  on  the  continen- 
tal establishment  June  22, 1775  ;  and  mnj.-gen. 
Aug.  9,  1776.  He  rendered  great  service  in 
the  pursuit  of  the  British  troops  from  Con- 
cord, April  19, 1775,  and  in  organizing  the  rude 
and  undisciplined  army  around  Boston  ;  and 
was  stationed  with  his  brigade  at  Roxbury. 
He  was  ordered  to  N.Y.  in  Mar.  1776  ;  opposed 
the  evacuation  of  that  city;  and,  near  the  close 
of  the  year,  was  ordered  to  take  com.  of  the 
posts  in  the  Highlands.  In  June,  1779,  he 
was  ordered  to  the  com.  on  the  Hudson.  In 
July,  1780,  he  repaired  to  R.I.  on  the  arrival 
of  the  French  forces,  subsequently  retiring  to 
the  Highlands ;  and  at  the  close  of  the  war 
returned  to  his  farm.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  which  ratified  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution ;  State  senator  1791-2.  He  was  app. 
judge  of  probate  for  Norfolk  Co.  in  1793; 
and  in  1806  was  chosen  lieut.-gov.,  but  declined 
the  office.  He  pub.  in  1798  "Memoirs" 
written  bv  himself. 

Hebert,  Paul  0.,  gen  C.S.A.,  b.  La. 
West  Point  (first  in  his  class),  1840.  I'ntcr- 
ing  the  engineers,  he  was  acting  prof,  of 
engineering  at  West  Point  in  1841-2  ;  resigned 
in  Mar.  1845  ;  was  chief  engineer  of  the  State 
of  La.  from  1845  to  1847  ;  re-entered  the  ser- 
vice as  lieut.-ool.  14th  Inf. ;  was  brev.  col.  for 
gallantry  at  Molino  del  Rey ;  and  com.  his 
regt.,  after  his  col.  was  killed,  at  Chapultepec. 
Gov.  of  La.  1853-8.  In  1 861  he  was  made  brig.- 
gen.  in  the  Southern  army.  He  com.  the  La. 
forces,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
PeaRidue,  Mar.  9,  1862. 

Hecker,  Friedrich  Karl  Franz,  a  Re- 
pub,  politician,  b.  Eichtersheim,  Baden,  Sept. 
28,  1811.  He  jDractised  law  in  Manheim  from 
1838  until  elected  to  the  second  chaml)er  of 
Baden  in  1842.  In  the  diet  of  1846-7  Hecker 
opposed  the  liberal  ministry  of  Bckk  ;  joined 
the  socialist  Struve ;  and  in  the  chamber  was 
the  leader  of  the  extreme  left;  member  of  the 
Prov.  Frankfort  Parliament;  took  part  wiih 
Struve  in   the  insurrection  of  April  in   the 


HEJO 


425 


HEI 


south  of  Baden ;  and  after  their  defeat  at  Kau- 
dern  flod  to  Switzerland,  where  he  established 
a  radical  journal,  the  Volksfreund.  He  came 
to  America  in  Sept.  1848,  and  settled  as  a  farm- 
er in  Belleville,  111.  In  1856  he  took  an 
active  part  in  politics  by  delivering  public 
speeches  in  various  parts  of  the  Union  in  favor 
of  Fremont,  and  in  the  contest  of  1860  was  an 
ardent  supporter  of  Mr.  Lincoln.  Col.  1st 
German  III.  rej^t.  in  1861. 

Heeker,  Isaac  Thomas,  clergyman,  b. 
New  York,  Dec.  18,  1819.  He  was  connected 
in  business  there  with  his  brothers,  who  were 
engaged  in  milling  and  baking.  He  spent  the 
summer  of  1843  with  the  Association  at  Brook 
Farm  in  West  Roxbury,  Ms.,  and  afterward 
joined  the  community  known  as  the  "  Con- 
sociate  Family,"  at  Fruitlands,  in  Worcester 
Co.,  Ms.  lieiurning  to  N.Y.  in  184.5,  he  be- 
came a  Rom.  Cath.,  and  after  a  novitiate  at 
St.  Froud,  Belgium,  was  adin.  to  the  order  of 
the  Most  Holy  Redeemer  in  1847.  Ord.  priest 
in  Lond.  by  Cardinal  Wiseman,  he  passed  2 
years  in  Eng.  engaged  in  missions ;  returned 
to  N.Y.  in  1851,  and  during  7  years  was  em- 
ployed in  missionary  labors  in  various  parts 
of  the  U.S.  Visiting  Rome  in  1857  he  was 
released  by  the  pope  from  his  connection  with 
the  Redemptorists,  and  in  1858  founded  the 
new  missionary  society  of  St.  Paul  the  Apostle. 
Author  of  "Questions  of  the  Soul,"  1855; 
and  "  As|)irations  of  Nature,"  1857.  While 
in  Rome  he  pub.  in  the  Clvilta  Catolica  two 
papers  on  "  Catholicity  in  the  U.S.,"  which 
were  translated  into  several  languages,  and 
reprinted  in  America  and  Enrope.  — Appleton. 

Heekwelder,  Jonx,  Moravian  mission- 
ary, b.  Bedtbrd,  Eng.,  Mar.  12,  1743  ;  d.  Beth- 
lehem, Jan.  21,  1823.  He  became  a  preacher 
in  his  youth;  came  to  Amer.  in  1754;  began  his 
benevolent  labors  in  1771  ;  and  remained  over 
40  years  among  the  Indians  of  Pa.  He  stud- 
ied carefully  their  language,  manners,  and  cus- 
toms, and,  after  an  adventurous  career,  estab- 
lished himself  at  Bethlehem,  one  of  the  princi- 
pal Moravian  establishments  in  N.  Amer.  His 
knowledge  of  the  Delaware  tongue  caused  his 
frequent  employment  to  accompany  pacific 
missions  among  the'^Indians.  In  1762  he  ac- 
comp.  Mr.  Post  in  his  exped.  to  the  Indian 
tribes  on  the  Ohio.  In  1797  he  was  sent  to 
superintend  the  Indians  on  the  Muskinjrum. 
Becoming  a  member  of  the  Philos.  Soc.  of  Pa., 
they  pub.  in  their  "  Transactions  "  a  "  Hist. 
of  the  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Indian  Na- 
tions who  formerly  inhabited  Pa.  and  the  Neigh- 
boring States,"  Phila.  1819,  rcpul).  in  France  in 
1826  by  Du  Ponceau,  with  the  correspondence 
between  them,  and  a  vocabulary  of  Indian  lan- 
guages. Author  also  of  "  A  Narrative  of  the 
Mission  of  the  United  Brethren  among  the 
Delaware  and  Mohegan  Indians,"  Phila.  8vo, 
1 820.  —  See  Life  of  Heekwelder,  by  Rondlhaler, 
Phila.,  l2mo,  1847. 

Hedding,  Elijah,  D.D.  (Augusta  Coll. 
1829),  bishop  M.  E.  Church,  b.  Poughkeepsie, 
N.Y.,  June  7,  1780;  d.  there  Apr.  9,  1852. 
He  labored  on  a  farm  in  early  life ;  was  licensed 
to  preach  in  Mar.  1800  ;  ord.  deacon  in  1803, 
and  bishop  in  1824.  His  first  app.  was  to  Es- 
sex circuit.     He  extended  his  travels  to  Cana- 


da; became  a  memberof  the  N.Y.  Annual  Con f. 
in  1801  ;  and  was  app.  to  the  Plattsburg  circuit. 
He  was  many  years  presiding  elder  of  a  dis- 
trict, and  was  elected  delegate  to  the  first  dele- 
gated gen.  conf.  of  the  church  held  in  N.Y.  in 
1812,  He  was  mainly  instrumental  in  the  es- 
tablishment of  Zion's  Herald,  at  Boston,  the 
first  Meth.  journal  in  the  U.S. ;  and  he  was 
a  zealous  laborer  in  the  cause  of  education.  In 
1848  he  represented  his  church  in  the  British 
conference.  He  wrote  a  manual  on  the  disci- 
pline of  the  church.  —  Life  bi/  D.  W.  Clark,  1 854. 

Hedge,  P'reueric  Henry,  D.D.  (H.U. 
1852),  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Cambridge, 
Ms.,  Dec.  1 2,  1 805.  H  U.  1 825.  Son  of  Prof. 
Levi.  In  1818  the  son  accomp.  George  Ban- 
croft to  Germany,  and  there  studied  at  llfeld 
and  Schulpforte,  returning  home  in  1823.  Af- 
ter 3  years'  study  in  the  theol.  school,  he  en- 
tered the  ministry;  was  in  1828  settled  in  the 
Cong,  church  at  W.  Cambridge;  and  in  Sept. 
1830  m.  a  dau.  of  Rev.  John  Pierce  of  Brook- 
line.  From  1835  to  1850  he  was  pastor  of 
a  Unitarian  church  in  Bangor,  Me.  From 
1850  to  1856  he  was  pastor  of  the  Westminster 
Church,  Providence,  R.I. ;  since  when  he  has 
had  cliarge  of  the  First  Cong.  Church,  Brook- 
line,  Ms.  In  1857  he  was  chosen  prof,  of  cccl. 
history  in  the  thcol.  school  in  Cambridge.  In 
the  same  year  he  took  charge  of  the  Christian 
Examiner.  His  largest  work  is  the  "  Prose 
Writers  of  Germany  : "  he  has  also  pub.  versions 
of  many  of  the  minor  poems  of  eminent  Ger- 
man writers,  especially  Schiller  and  Goethe. 
In  1853,  in  connection  with  DV.  Huntington, 
he  pub.  a  vol.  of  hymns,  many  of  the  best  of 
which  are  his  own  composition  and  transla- 
tions ;  also  "  Liturgy  for  the  Use  of  the 
Churcli."  He  has  also  pub.  "  The  Primeval 
World,"  1869;  and  "Reason  in  Religion;" 
sermons,  orations,  reviews,  and  magazine  es- 
says. In  the  winter  of  1853-4  Dr.  Hedge  deliv- 
ered a  course  of  lectures  on  Mediceval  History 
before  the  Lowell  Institute,  Boston. 

Hedge,  Levi,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1823),  teacher, 
b.  Warwick,  Ms.,  Apr.  19,1766;  d. Cambridge, 
Jan.  3,  1844.  H.U.  1792.  He  was  the  son  of 
Rev.  Lemuel.  Was  a  tutor  in  H.U.  in  1805-1 1; 
prof,  of  Latin  from  1811  to  1817;  of  nat.  theol., 
moral  philos.,  and  political  economy,  from  1817 
to  1822,  and  from  1827  to  1832  ;  and  prof,  of 
logic  and  metaphysics  from  1810  to  1827. 
Dr.  Hedge  prepared  a  good  abridgment  of 
Brown's  Mental  Philos.,  1827  ;  and  pub.  a  trea- 
tise on  Logic,  1816  ;  also  a  eulogy  on  Joseph 
McKean,  1818.  He  received  honorary  degrees 
from  B.U.  and  Y.C,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

Heintzelman  (hint'-sel-man'),  Samuel 
P.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Pa.  30  Sept.  1805. 
West  Point,  1826.  1st  lieut.  2d  Inf.  Mar.  4, 
1833.  During  the  Mexican  war,  he  organized 
a  batt.  of  recruits  and  convalescent  .soldiers  at 
Vera  Cruz,  and  marched  to  the  city  of  Mexico. 
He  had  several  engagements  with  the  enemy  ; 
and  for  that  at  Huamatla,  where  Maj.  Walker 
was  killed,  was  brev.  maj. ;  maj.  1st  Inf.  3 
Mar.  1855.  After  the  war  he  com.  in  the 
southern  district  of  Cal.,  where  he  established 
Fort  Yuma,  and  successfully  suppressed  Indian 
hostilities.     In  1859  he  com.  an  exped.  to  pro- 


HE! 


426 


HEN" 


tect  the  southern  border  of  Texas  from  ma- 
rauding parties  under  the  guerilhi  Cortinas,  in 
Avhich  he  was  also  disting.  He  left  Texas  soon 
after  the  treachery  of  Twiggs,  and  went  on 
duty  at  Washington  as  insp.-gen.  May  14, 
1861,  he  was  brev.  lieut.-coi. ;  app.  col.  17th 
Inf  ;  brig.  gen.  vols.  17  May;  and  ordered  to 
the  com.  of  a  brigade  at  Alexandria.  He  was 
subsequently  app.  to  com.  the  3d  division  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  under  McDowell ; 
and  at  Bull  Run  disting.  himself,  and  was  se- 
verely wounded.  Placed  in  com.  of  the  .3d  ar- 
my corps,  he  led  it  with  McClellan  toward 
Richmond.  Tliis  corps  suffered  most  at  Fair 
Oaks.  He  com.  the  right  wing  of  Pope's  army 
in  the  second  Bull  Run  battle,  and  sul)sequently 
took  com.  of  the  fortifications  ab.  Washington 
Citv.  Maj.-gen.  vols.  5May,  1862;  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.  31  May,  1862,  for  Fair  Oaks,  and 
maj.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865,  for  Williamsburg;  re- 
tired Feb.  22,  1869,  and  made  maj.-gen. 

Heister  (his'-ter),  Daniel,  b.  Berks  Co., 
Pa.,  1747;  d.  Washington,  March  8, 1804.  He 
settled  in  Montgomery  Co.,  where  he  was  a 
thorough  business-man,  and  active  in  the  Revol., 
being  col.  and  brig.-gen.  of  the  militia  in  ser- 
vice. Member  supreme  exec,  council  of  Pa.  in 
1784;  and  in  1787  a  commiss.  of  the  Ct.  land 
claims;  member  of  the  1st,  2d,  3d,  and  4th  Con- 
gresses from  Pa. ;  and  having  moved  to  Ha- 
gerstown,  Md.,  represented  that  State  in  the 
7th  and  8th  Congresses.  His  son  Daxiel  was 
a  member  Uth  Cong.  John,  his  bro.  (b.  9 
Apr.  1746,  d.  15  Oct.  1821),  was  in  the  10th 
Congress. 

Heister,  Gen.  Joseph,  gov,  of  Pa.  1821-3, 
b.  Reading,  Nov.  18,  1752  ;  d.  June  10,  1832. 
In  1775  he  raised  a  company,  which,  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Long  Island,  was  cut  to  pieces.  Capt. 
Heister,  severely  wounded,  was  taken  prisoner, 
and  suffered  a  year's  confinement  in  the  Jersey 
prison-ship.  After  his  exchange,  he  again 
joined  the  army,  and  was  wounded  at  Ger- 
mantown.  After  the  war,  he  was  many  years 
a  member  of  the  Pa.  legisl. ;  was  also  in  the 
convention  which  formed  the  State  constitu- 
tion ;  and  was  M.C.  1797-1805  and  1815-21. 

Heister,  Leopold  Philip  de,  lieut.-gen. 
(July,  1776),  com.-in-chief  of  the  Hessians  in 
the  Revol.  war;  d.  Cassel,  Nov.  19,1777,  a.  60. 

Helm,  Ben.  Hardin,  brig.-gen.  C.S.  A.,  b. 
Elizabethtown,  Ky.,  ab.  1830  ;  killed  at  Chick- 
amauga,  Sept.  30,  1863.  West  Point,  1851. 
Grandson  of  Ben.  Hardin  of  Ky. ;  son  of  John 
L.  Helm,  gov.  of  Ky.  (1850-1  and  1867).  Of 
this  family  were  also  Maj.  Benj,  (d.  24  Feb. 
1858,  a.  90)  and  Capt.  Leonard  of  Fauq.  Co., 
Va.,  early  pioneers  to  Ky.,  and  disting.  in  the 
Indian  warfare  of  the  day.  B.  H.  entered  the 
2d  Drags.,  but  resigned  in  Oct.  1852;  lawyer 
at  Elizabethtown,  Ky.,  1854-8,  and  Louisville, 
1858-61;  member  Ky.  legisl.  1855-6;  com- 
monwealth atty.  3d  dist.,  Ky.,  1856-8  ;  col.  1st 
Kv.  Cav.  in  1861;  served  in  Bragg's  army  at 
Sli'iloh  ;  made  brig.-gen.  March,  1862;  was  in 
the  battles  of  Perry  ville  and  Stone  River,  where 
he  com.  a  division  ;  led  a  Ky.  brigade  at 
Vicksburg  in  the  summer  of  1863.  He  com. 
a  division  at  Chickamauga. 

Hembel,  William,  physician,  pres.  of  the 
Acad,  of  Nat.  Sciences  of  Pliila.  (1840-50),  b. 


Phila.  Sept.  24,  1764;  d.  June  12,  1851.  He 
studied  medicine,  and  was  a  vol.  in  the  medical 
dept.  of  the  Revol.  army  in  Va.  —  Dw/ckinck. 

Hemmen  way,  Moses,  D.D.  (H.U.  1785), 

minister  of  Wells,  Me.,  from  Aug.  8,  1759,  to 
his  death,  Apr.  5,  1811 ;  b.  Framingham,  1736. 
H.U.  1 755.  Descendant  of  Ralph  of  Roxbury, 
1634.  Author  of  Sermons  and  Controversial 
Tracts;  "  Vindication  of  the  Power,  &c.,  of 
the  Unregenerate,  against  the  Exceptions  of 
Rev.  Saml.  Hopkins,"  8vo,  1772.  —  Sprague. 

HenipeI,Cu  arles  Julius,  M.D.,hoinoeop. 
physician  and  writer,  b.  Solingen,  Prussia, 
Sept.  5,  1811.  U.  of  N.Y.  He  studied  medi- 
cine in  Paris,  and  came  to  the  U.S.  in  1835. 
He  subsequently  practised  homoeop.  in  N.Y. 
City,  and  translated  and  edited  the  works  of 
Hahnemann  and  others  of  that  school.  In  1 857 
he  was  app.  prof,  of  materia  mcd.  in  the 
Homoeop.  Med.  Coll.  at  Phila.  He  has  pub. 
"  A  Grammar  of  the  German  Language,"  1 842 ; 
"  True  Organization  of  the  New  Church," 
1848;  translations  of  Hahnemann's  "Materia 
Mcdica  Pura,"1846;  of  Johr  and  Possart's 
"New  Manual  of  the  Homceop.  Materia  Medi- 
ca,"  1849,  to  which  he  added  a  third  vol., 
entitled  "  Complete  Repertory  of  Homceop. 
Materia  Medica,"  18.53,  &c. ;  and  "A  Com- 
prehensive System  of  Homoeop.  Materia  Medica 
and  Therapeutics,"  1859. 

Hemphill,  Joseph,  judge,  b.  Del.  Co., 
Pa.,  1770;  d.  Phila.  May  29,  1842.  M.C 
1801-3,  1819-27,  and  1829-31  ;  a  leading 
Federalist ;  disting.  himself  particularly  by  a 
speech  on  the  judiciary  bill  in  1801  ;  member 
of  the  State  legisl.  in  1831;  some  time  judge 
of  the  Dist.  Court,  Phila. 

Henck,  John  Benjamin,  A.  A.  S.,  civil 
engineer,  b.  Phila.  181 5.  H.U.  1840.  Author 
of  "Field-Book  for  Railroad  Engineers." 

Henderson,  Archibald,  brig.-gen.,  b. 
Va.  1785;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Jan.  6,  1859; 
app.  lieut.  marines,  June  4,  1806;  capt.  Apr. 
1811;  brev.  maj.  1814  ;  lieut.-col.com.  Oct.  17, 
1820;  col.  July  1, 1834  ;  com.  batt.  of  marines 
in  the  Fla.  war;  com.  in  an  affair  with  the 
Indians  on  the  Hatcheluskee,  Jan.  27,  1837  ; 
brevet  brig.-gen.  for  gallant  and  meritorious 
service  while  in  command  of  the  marines  in 
Ala.,  Flor.,  and  Tenn.,  during  the  campaigns 
against  the  hostile  Indians,  Jan.  27,  1837. — 
Gardner. 

Henderson,  James  Pincknet,  soldier 
and  statesman,  b.  Lincoln  Co.,  N.C.,  Mar.  31, 
1808;  d.  Washington,  June  4,  1858.  He  re- 
ceived a  liberal  education  ;  practised  law  in 
Mpi. ;  was  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  army  of  Texas 
in  1836;  atty  .-gen.  of  Texas  when  its  army 
was  disbanded  in  that  year;  sec.  of  state  in 
1837-9;  and  afterward  minister  to  Eng.  and 
France  to  procure  the  recognition  of  Texan 
independence.  Returning  in  1840,  he  resumed 
his  profession  at  San  Augustine  in  partnership 
with  Gen.  Rusk  until  1843.  Special  minister 
to  the  U.S.  in  1844  to  procure  the  annexation 
of  Texas  ;  member  of  the  Const.  Conv.  in 
1845  ;  gov.  of  the  State  in  1846-7  ;  maj.-gen. 
of  Texas  vols,  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  and 
disting.  at  Monterey,  receiving  from  Congress 
its  thanks  and  a  sword  ;  U.S.  senator  1857-8. 

Henderson,  Leonard,  jurist,  b.  1772; 


HEJ^" 


427 


HEN" 


d.  Granville  Co.,  N.C.,  Aug.  1833.  Son  of 
Judge  Richard.  He  studied  law,  and  attained 
distinction  at  the  bar  of  N.C,  and  was  a  judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  in  1808-16.  On  the 
formation  of  a  new  Supreme  Court  of  the  State, 
he  was  elected  one  of  the  judges;  and  in  1829 
was  app.  chief  justice. 

Henderson,  Pleasant,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Hanover  Co.,  Va.,  Jan.  9,  1756;  d.  Hunting- 
don, Tenn.,  Dec.  10,  1842.  He  studied  law 
with  his  bro.  Judge  Richard  ;  entered  the  army 
in  1775 ;  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  was  raaj. 
of  Col.  Malmcdy's  mounted  corps;  app.  clerk 
of  the  Sup.  Court  of  Orange  in  1782  ;  was  sec. 
to  Gov.  Martin  in  1782-5;  and  from  1789  to 
1830  was  reading  clerk  to  the  H,  of  Commons. 
He  moved  to  Tenn.  in  1831.  He  was  a  friend 
of  Daniel  Boone,  and  in  1776-8  resided  at 
Boonsbo  rough. 

Henderson,  Thomas,  statesman,  of  N.J. 
Princeton  Coll.  1761.  Judge  of  the  CCP.  ; 
delegate  to  the  Old  Congress  1779-80;  M.C. 
1795-7;  licut.-gov.  of  N.J. 

Hendrick,  a  Mohawk  chief,  killed  near 
Fort  George,  N.Y.,  Sept.  8,  1755.  He  was  the 
son  of  a  Mohcgan  chief  called  the  Wolf,  and 
m.  Hunnis,  dau.  of  a  Mohawk  chief.  In  1751 
he  was  consulted  by  the  Ms.  commissioners  for 
removing  the  Mohawks  to  Stockbridgc  to  be 
instructed  by  Jonathan  Edwards.  In  June, 
1754,  he  attended  the  Congress  at  Albany  for 
a  treaty  with  the  Six  Nations.  In  1755  he 
joined  Sir  Wm.  Johnson  with  200  Mohawks, 
and  marched  to  meet  Dieskau.  At  a  council 
of  war,  Sept.  8,  it  was  proposed  to  send  a 
detachment  to  meet  the  enemy  :  when  the 
number  was  mentioned  to  Hendrick,  he  re- 
plied, "  If  they  are  to  fight,  they  are  too  few ; 
if  they  are  to  be  killed,  they  are  too  many." 
Accompanying  Col.  Williams's  detachment,  it 
was  ambushed  at  Rocky  Brook,  4  miles  from 
Fort  George  ;  and  this  valiant  old  warrior  and 
faithful  friend  of  the  English  was  mortally 
wounded. 

Hendricks,  William,  an  early  settler 
in  and  gov.  of  Ind.  (1822-5),  b.  Westmore- 
land Co.,  Pa.,  in  1783  ;  d.  Madison,  May  16, 
1850.  He  settled  in  that  town  in  1814,  and 
filled  many  important  offices.  He  was  sec.  of 
the  convention  which  ibrmed  the  present  con- 
stitution of  Ind.  ;  M.C.  1816-22  ;  U.  S.  senator 
1825-37. 

Hening,  William  Waller,  clerk  of 
Chancery  Court,  Richmond;  d.  there  Apr.  1, 
1828.  Author  of  "Justice,"  1821  ;  13  vols,  of 
"  Statutes  at  Large,"  1822  ;  "  Arner.  Pleader," 
2  vols.  8vo,  1811  ;  editor  of  Francis's  "Max- 
ims of  Equity,"  and,  with  Wm.  Mumford, 
pub.  4  vols.  "  Reports  Sup.  Court  of  Ap- 
peals," 1809-11. 

Henkle,  Moses  Montgomery,  D.D., 
clergyman,  b.  Pendleton  Co.,  Va.,  Mar.  23, 
1798.  In  1819  he  entered  the  ministry,  and 
became  a  missionary  to  the  Wyandotte  Indians. 
In  1822  he  edited  a  religious  magazine;  was 
joint  editor  of  the  church  paper  at  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  in  1845;  and  in  1847  established  the 
Southern  Ladies'  Coowanion,  editing  it  8  years. 
He  pub.  a  vol.  of  Masonic  Addresses,  1848; 
"  Pnmary  Platform  of  Methodism,"  1851; 
"  Analysis  of  Church  Govt.,"  1852 ;  "  Life  of 


Bishop  Bascom,"  1853;   "Primitive  Episco- 
pacy," 1856. 

Henley,  Col.  David,  Eevol.  officer,  b. 
Charlestown,  Ms.,  Feb.  12,  1748;  d.  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  Jan.  1, 1823.  Brig.-maj.  to  Gen. 
Heath,  Aug.  15,  1775;  dep.  adj.-gen.  Sept.  6, 
1776  ;  disting.  at  the  siege  of  Boston;  lieut.- 
col.  R.  Putnam's  regt.  Dec.  1776  ;  app.  col.  of 
a  Ms.  regt.  Jan.  1,1777;  resigned  Mar.  31, 
1779.  He  was  in  com.  at  Cambridge  while 
the  troops  captured  at  Saratoga  were  there; 
was  called  to  account  for  alleged  severities  to- 
ward them  by  Gen.  Burgoyne;  was  tried  by 
court-martial,  and  was  acquitted.  He  was  an 
officer  of  merit ;  held  important  stations  in  the 
govt. ;  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  a  clerk 
in  the  war  dept.  His  bro.  Maj.  Thomas,  a 
brave  and  enterprising  officer,  was;  killed  in  a 
skirmish  at  Montressors  Island,  N.Y.,  Sept. 
22,  1776. 

Henley,  John  D.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.'  Va. ; 
d.  Havana,  May  23, 1835,  while  com.  the  U.S. 
squad,  in  the  W.  Indies.  Midshipm.  Oct.  14, 
1799;  lieut.  Jan.3,  1807;  com.  July  24,  1813  ; 
capt.  Mar.  5,  1817. 

Henley,  Robert,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  James 
City  Co  ,  Va.,  Jan.  5,  1783  ;  d.  Sullivan's  Is- 
land, S.C,  Oct.  7,  18;>8.  Midshipm.  Apr.  8, 
1799;  lieut.  Jan.  29,  1807;  com.  Aug.  12, 
1814;  capt.  Mar.  3,  1825.  He  served  under 
Truxton  in  the  action  with  the  French  ship 
"La  Vengeance,"  Feb.  1,  1800;  and  in  Mac- 
donough's  victory  on  Lake  Champlain,  Sept. 
11,  1814,  com.  the  brig  "Eagle,"  and  received 
a  gold  medal  from  Congress. 

Hennepin  (h6n'-neh-pan'),  Louis,  mis- 
sionary, b.  Ath,  Belgium,  ab.  1640;  d.  Hol- 
land, after  1699.  He  travelled  and  preached 
in  various  places ;  was  a  regimental  chaplain 
in  the  battle  of  Senef  between  the  Prince  of 
Conde  and  Williaraof  Orange  in  1674  ;  landed 
at  Quebec  in  1675  ;  in  1676  visited  the  Indian 
mission  at  FortFrontenac ;  and  in  1678  accomp. 
La  Salle's  cxped.,  constructing  at  Niagara  a 
vessel  for  navigating  the  Lakes  above  the  falls. 
Aug.  7,  1679,  they  began  their  voyage,  and, 
reaching  the  Illinois  River,  built  Fort  Creve- 
Cceur,  near  the  present  site  of  Peoria.  29  Feb. 
1680,  he  ])roceeded  in  a  canoe  to  the  Upper 
Mpi.  as  far  as  the  falls,  which  he  named  Saint 
Anthony's,  and  which  no  European  had  yet 
seen.  Arriving  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Francis 
River,  in  what  is  now  Minnesota,  he  named  it 
for  the  founder  of  his  order ;  travelled  about 
180  miles  along  its  banks;  visited  the  Sioux 
Indians  ;  and  meeting  a  party  of  Frenclnnen, 
who  had  come  by  way  of  Lake  Suj)erior,  re- 
turned with  them  to  Canada.  Returning  to 
Europe,  he  pub.  at  Paris,  in  1683-4,  an  account 
of  his  travels,  entitled  "  A  Description  of  Loui- 
siana," —  a  work  of  great  value,  notwithstand- 
ing the  vanity,  and  proneness  to  exaggeration, 
of  its  author.  In  1697  he  pub.  his  "  New  Dis- 
covery of  a  Vast  Country  situated  in  America," 
containing  the  matter  in  his  History,  with  the 
addition  of  an  acconnt  of  his  voyage  down  the 
Lower  Mpi.,  which,  according  to  Jared  Sparks, 
is  a  fabrication  copied  from  Le  Clerq's  "  Nar- 
rative." Hennepin's  descriptions  of  Indian 
life  are  generally  accurate ;  and  he  was  a  cour- 
ageous   and    daring    explorer.     Though    he 


HEIO' 


428 


HKN- 


adopted  the  secular  habit  among  the  Dutch, 
he  docs  not  appear  to  have  relinquished  his 
profession,  as  he  continued  to  sign  himself 
missionary  rccollet  and  apostolic  notary.  — 
Michaud,  Nouv.  Biorj.  G^n. 

Hexmiugsen,  Charles  Frederic,  an 
English  author  and  soldier,  of  Scandanavian 
extraction,  b.  1815.  In  1834  he  entered  as  a 
vol.  the  service  of  Don  Carlos,  tiie  claimant 
of  the  Spanish  throne  ;  soon  rose  to  be  capt. 
of  Zumalacarrcgui's  body-guard  ;  and  subse- 
quently, with  the  rank  of  lieut.-col.,  served 
with  the  Carlists  in  many  enga;,fements.  Af- 
ter the  battle  of  Villas  de  los  Navarros,  he  was 
made  col.,  and  placed  in  com.  of  the  cavalry. 
Taken  prisoner,  he  was  released,  on  parole  not 
to  serve  again  during  the  war.  He  next  served 
in  the  Rus»-ian  army  in  Circassia.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Eng.,  he  wrote  his  "  Revelations  of 
Russia  "  (Paris,  1845).  He  proposed  apian  of 
campaign  to  the  insurrectionary  leaders  of  Hun- 
gary, so  highly  approved  of,  that  he  was  to  be 
app*.  military  and  civil  com.  of  the  fortress  of 
Comorn.  When  the  struggle  was  over,  he  vis- 
ited Kossutli  at  Kutaiah,  and  came  to  the 
U.S.,  remaining  here  as  a  representative  of 
Hungarian  interests.  He  joined  the  forces  of 
Gen.  Walker  in  Nicaragua  as  maj.-gen.,  and 
remained  from  Oct.  1856  until  their  surrender 
to  Com.  Davis,  U.S. N., in  May,  1857.  Hem. 
a  niece  of  the  late  Senator  Berrien,  and  was  a 
brig.-gen;  in  the  C.S.A.,  serving  in  Va.  His 
speciality  in  arms  is  artillery  ;  but  he  has  also 
given  great  attention  to  the  improvement  of 
small-arms,  superintending  the  construction  of 
the  first  Minie-rifles  ever  made  in  the  U  S. 
Author  of  "Twelve  Months'  Campaign  with 
Zumalacarregui;  "  "  The  White  Slave,"  a  nov- 
el ;  "Eastern  Europe ; "  "  Sixty  Years  Hence," 
a  novel  of  Russian  life  ;  "  Past  and  Future  of 
Hungary ;""  Analogies  and  Contrasts,"  and 
various  other  works,  all  pub.  in  London.  — 
Appleton. 

Henry,  Alexander,  traveller,  b.  N,  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.,  1739  ;  d.  Montreal,  Apr.  4,  1824. 
He  was  in  the  exped.  of  Amherst,  and  at  the 
reduction  of  Fort  de  Levi  and  the  surrender 
of  Montreal.  He  then  embarked  in  the  fur- 
trade,  and  followed  it  13  years,  from  Montreal 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  He  pub.  "  Travels 
in  Canada  and  the  Indian  Territories  between 
1760-76,"  8vo,  N.Y.,  1809. 

Henry,  Alexander,  merchant,  b.  Scot- 
land, 1766;  d.  Phila.  Aug.  13,  1847.  He 
came  to  Phila.  in  1783,  and  acquired  a  large 
estate,  in  the  use  of  which  he  was  charitable 
and  generous.  Pres,  of  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion and  of  other  societies.  A  notice  of  him 
is  in  the  Merchants'  Mag.,  Jan.  1856. 

Henry,  Caleb  Sprague,  D.D.,  clergyman 
and  autlior,  b.  Rutland,  Ms.,  Aug.  2,1804. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1825.  He  studied  theology  at 
Andover  and  N.  Haven;  and  in  1828-31  was 
settled  as  a  Cong,  minister  at  Greenfield,  Ms.  ; 
in  1833  he  was  settled  in  Hartford,  Ct ;  in 
1834  lie  pub.  a  pamphlet  dn  the  "Principles 
and  Prospects  of  the  Friends  of  Peace,"  and 
established  the  Amer.  Advocate  of  Peace,  which, 
after  the  first  year,  became  the  organ  of  the 
Amer.  Peace  Soc ;  in  1835  he  took  orders  in 
the  Pr.-Ep.  Church ;  was  soon  after  app.  prof. 


of  intellectual  and  moral  philos.  in  Bristol 
Coll.,  Pa. ;  in  1837  returned  to  N.Y.,  and  with 
Dr.  Havvks  founded  the  N.  Y.  Review ;  in 
1839-52  he  was  prof,  of  philos.  and  hist,  in 
the  U.  of  N.Y. ;  in  1847  he  became  rector  of 
St.  Clement's  Church,  N.Y.  His  health  failing, 
he  resigned  this  charge  in  1850,  but  retained 
his  ])rofessorship,  and,  in  addition  to  its  duties, 
performed  for  some  part  of  the  time  the  labors 
of  the  chancellorship  of  the  university  also. 
In  1857  he  removed  to  Poughkeepsie,  and  was 
afterward  rector  of  an  Ep.  church  at  Newhurg 
on  the  Hudson.  He  pub.  in  1 845  an  "  Epitome 
of  the  Hist,  of  Philosophy  "  by  the  Abbe  Ban- 
tain,  translating  and  continuing  it  down  to  the 
date  of  publication.  He  has  also  pub.  a  trans- 
lation of  Cousin's  lectures  on  Locke's  "  Essay 
on  the  Human  Understanding,"  with  notes  and 
additional  pieces,  under  the  title  of  "  Cousin's 
Psycliology,"  1834;  "Compendium  of  Chris- 
tian Antiquities,"  1837;  "Moral  and  Philo- 
sophical Essays,"  1839;  Guizot's  "General 
History  of  Civilization,"  with  notes  ;  "  House- 
hold Liturgy  ;  "  Taylor's  "Manual  of  Ancient 
and  Modern  History"  revised,  with  a  chapter 
on  the  history  of  the  U.S.,  1845  ;  "  Dr.  Old- 
ham at  Graystones,  and  his  Talk  there,"  pub. 
anonymously,  1860;  a  vol.  of  essays  entitled 
"  Considerations  on  Some  of  the  Elements  and 
Conditions  of  Social  Welfare;"  numerous  ad- 
dresses, &c. 

Henry,  James,  judge,  and  member  Old 
Congress  from  Va.,  1780-2  ;  d.  Va.,  Jan.  1805. 
Henry,  John,  statesman,  b.  Md. ;  d.  Eas- 
ton,  Md.,  Dec.  1798.  N.J.  Coll.  1769.  De- 
scended from  Rev.  John,  a  Presb.  minister  of 
Md.,  who  d.  1717,  leaving  two  sons,  —  Robert 
Jenkins,  judge  of  the  Prov.  Court  1754,  resid- 
ing in  Somerset;  and  Col.  Joh.v,  member  of 
the  house  of  delegates  from  Worcester  Co. 
John  was  a  delegate  to  the  Old  Congress  in 
1778-81  and  1784-7,  U.S.  senator  1789-97, 
and  gov.  of  Md.  in  1797-8. 

Henry,  John,  comedian,  manager  of  the 
Old  Amer.  Comp.  of  Comedians,  b.  Eng.;  d. 
on  the  passage  from  N.Y,  to  Newport,  Oct. 
1794.  Educated  at  Trinity  Coll.,  Dublin  ; 
served  under  Burgoyne  in  Portugal  ;  and  was 
a  member  of  the  family  of  the  Duke  of  North- 
umberland while  lord.-licut.  of  Ireland;  made 
his  d^bui  at  Drury  Lane  in  1762;  at  the  John- 
street  Theatre,  N.Y.,  Dee.  7,  1767,  as  Aimwell 
in  "  The  Beaux'  Stratagem ;  "  and  was  the 
original  Sir  Peter  Teazlein  America.  Author 
of  "  A  School  for  Soldiers,"  a  dramatic  piece, 
Kiuirston,  Jamaica,  8vo,  1783. 

Henry,  John,  a  political  adventurer,  noted 
for  divulging  a  pretended  British  plot  to  sepa- 
rate the  N.E  States  from  the  Union  early  in 
1812,  for  which  service  he  received  $.)0,000 
from  Pres.  Madison  ;  b.  Ireland;  came  to  Phila. 
ab.  1793;  edited  Brown's  Phila.  Gazette;  af- 
terwards held  a  commiss.  as  an  officer  of  artil- 
lery, but  finally  settled  on  a  farm  in  Northern 
Vt.,  where  he  resided  in  1812.  —  Lossiiuj. 

Henry,  John,  British  admiral,  b.  Sept. 
28,  1731;  d.  Rolvenden,  Kent,  Aug.  6,  1829. 
He  entered  the  service  ab.  1744;  was  a  1st 
lieut.  at  the  reduction  of  Havana ;  and  in 
Nov.  1777  was  made  a  post-captain  by  Lord 
Howe  for  his  conduct  at  the  capture  of  Mud 


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ECKINr 


Island  in  the  Del.  River.  In  May,  1778,  he 
co-operated  with  a  detachment  under  Lieut.- 
Col.  Muitland  in  destroying  a  number  of 
American  vessels  in  the  Chesapeake,  among 
which  were  "  The  Washington  "  and  "  The 
Effingham  "  (frigates),  9  large  merchant-ships, 
and  23  brigs;  in  1779  in  "  The  Fowey,"  of  20 
guns,  he  (listing,  himself  greatly  in  the  com. 
of  the  naval  force  stationed  at  Savannah  when 
attacked  by  the  French  under  D'Estaing.  He 
was  made  an  admiral  in  1804. 

Henry,  John  Joseph,  a  Revol.  soldier, 
b.  Lancaster,  Fa.,  Nov.  4,  1758;  d.  ab.  1810. 
Author  of  '•  An  Accurate  and  Interesting  Ac- 
count of  the  Hardships  and  Sufferings  of  that 
Band  of  Heroes  who  traversed  the  Wilderness 
in  the  Campaign  against  Quebec  in  1775," 
pub.  Lancaster,  Fa.,  1812.  He  was  a  private 
in  Smith's  riflemen  during  that  campaign,  in 
which  he  was  wounded  and  made  prisoner. 
Oil  his  retura  studied  and  practised  law,  and 
was  afterward  pres.  of  the  2d  judicial  dist. 
of  Fa. 

Henry,  Joseph,  LL.D.  (H.  U.  1851), 
physicist,  b.  Albany,  N.Y.,  Dec.  17,  1797.  He 
received  a  common-school  education,  and  for 
some  years  was  a  watchmaker.  In  1826  he 
was  app.  prof,  of  mathematics  in  the  Albany 
Acad.;  in  1827  he  began  a  series  of  experi- 
ments in  electricity;  and  in  1828  pub.  an 
account  of  various  modifications  of  electro- 
magnetic apparatus.  He  was  the  first  to  prove 
by  actual  experiment,  that,  in  order  to  develop 
magnetic  power  at  a  distance,  a  galvanic  bat- 
tery of  intensity  must  be  employed  to  project 
the  current;  and  that  a  magnet  surrounded  by 
many  turns  of  one  long  wire  must  be  used  to 
receive  this  current.  In  1831,  in  some  experi- 
ments at  the  Albany  Acad.,  he  transmitted 
signals  by  means  of  the  electro-magnet  through 
a  wire  more  than  a  mile  in  length.  An  ac- 
count of  these  experiments,  and  of  his  electro- 
magnetic machine,  was  pub.  in  Silliman's  Am. 
Journal  of  Science  in  1831,  in  which  he  pointed 
out  the  applicability  of  the  facts  demonstrated 
by  his  experiments  to  the  instantaneous  con- 
veyance of  intelligence  between  distant  points 
by  means  of  a  magnetic-telegraph,  which  was 
several  years  subsequently  brought  into  prac- 
tib-al  operation  by  Frof.  Morse.  In  1832  he 
was  called  to  the  chair  of  natural  philos.  in 
N.  J.  Coll.  ;  in  Feb.  1837  he  went  to  Europe, 
visiting  Frof.  Wiieatstone  of  King's  Coll.,  Lon- 
don, to  whom  he  explained  his  discoveries, 
and  his  method  of  producing  great  mechanical 
effects  at  a  distance  —  such  as  the  ringing  of 
church-bells  100  miles  off —  by  means  of  the 
electro-magnet.  In  1846,  on  the  organization 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washington, 
Frof.  Henry  was  app.  sec,  a  post  he  still  holds, 
and  which  gives  him  its  principal  direction. 
He  has  pub.  "  Contributions  to  Electricity  and 
Magnetism,"  1839  ;  and  many  scientitic  papers 
in  the  Philos.  Transactions,  Silliman's  Journal, 
and  the  Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute.  — 
Appleion. 

Henry,  Fatrick,  orator  and  statesman, 
b.  Studley,  Hanover  €o.,  Va.,  May  29,  1736; 
d.  June  6,  1799.  His  father.  Col.  John  Henry, 
a  native  of  Al)erdcen,  was  county  surveyor, 
presiding  magistrate,   and  a  man  of  liberal 


education.     At  the  age  of  10  his  father  took 
him   from  school,    and  taught  him  at   home, 
where  he  had  opened  a  grainmar  school.     He 
acquired  some  proficiency  in  mathematics;  but 
his  taste  for  hunting  and  fishing  predominated. 
The  embarrassed  circumstances  of  his  father 
led  him  to  embark  at  the  age  of  15  in  mercan- 
tile business,  in  which   he  was  unsuccessful. 
He  m.  Miss  Shelton  when  he  was  18;  and  at 
the  age  of  24,  after  6  weeks'  study  of  the  law, 
was  adm.  to  practice.     For  a  long  time  he  had 
no  practice,  and  was  extremely   poor,  living 
with    his   father-in-law,    a    tavern-keeper,  and 
assisting  him  in  his  business.     At  the  age  of 
27  he  was  retained  in  the  celebrated  "  Farsons 
Cause,"   and   at  once  became   famous  as   an 
orator.   Removing  to  Louisa  Co.  in  1 764,  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  house  of  burgesses.  May, 
1765.     Into  this  assembly,  violently  hostile  to 
extreme  measures,  he  introduced  those  mem- 
orable resolutions  against  the  Stamp  Act,  one 
of  which  declared  that  that  body  had  the  ex- 
clusive  right  and   power   to   levy   taxes   and 
impositions  upon  the  inhabitants  of  the  Colony. 
In    the   stormy  debate   which  ensued,   Henry 
vehemently  exclaimed,  "  Tarquin  and  Caesar 
had  each  his  Brutus;   Charles  the  First,  his 
Cromwell ;     and     George     the     Third  "  — 
"  Treason  ! "  cried  the  speaker ;    the  cry  was 
echoed  from  every  part  of  the  house  —  ''may 
protit  by  their  example!     If  this  be  treason, 
make  the  most  of  it!"     The  resolutions  were 
carried,  —  thelastby  a  majority  of  one.   In  1769 
he  was   adm.  to  the  bar  of  the  Gen.  Court, 
where,  in  jury-trials,  in  which  his  wonderful 
powers  of  oratory  could  be  brought  to  bear, 
he  far  exceeded  all  his  contemporaries.     Early 
in  the  session  of  1773,  Henry,  the  Lees,  Jeffer- 
son, and  Dabney  Carr,  originated  the  "  Com- 
mittee of  Corresp.  for  the  Dissemination  of 
Intelligence  between  the  Colonies."     In  Sept. 
1774  Henry  was  a  delegate  to  the  Gun.  Con- 
gress at  Fliila.,  where  he  was  the  first  si)eaker. 
His   extraordinary   eloquence    astonished    all 
listeners ;  and   he    took   rank  as  the  greatest 
orator  of  America.      In  March,   1775,  at  the 
Second  State  Convention,  he   moved  the  or- 
ganization of  the  militia,  and  that  the  "Colony 
be   immediately   put   in   a  state  of  defence." 
Lord  Dunmore  having  clandestinely  removed 
on  the  night  of  April  20  all  the  powder  of  the 
Colony,  Henry,  placing  himself  at  the  head  of 
the  militia  of  Hanover,  marched  upon  Williams- 
burg, and  obliged  the  agent   of  Dunmore  to 
pay  for  it.     In  June,  Henry  was  elected  col.  of 
the  1st  Va.  regt.,  but  shortly  alter  resigned. 
A  delegate  to  the  convention  of  May,  1776; 
he  was  the  first  Republican  gov.  of  the  State, 
serving  from  1776  to  1779,     Returning  to  the 
legisl.,  where  he  served  to  the  end  of  the  war, 
he  was  again  gov.  until  the  autumn  of  1786. 
In   1788  he  was  a  member  of  the  convention 
which  ratified  the  Federal  Constituiion,  which 
he  opposed  with  all  his  eloquence  and  strength. 
He  feared  that   the  final  result  would  be  the 
destruction   of  the   rights    of    the    sovereign 
Stares.     In  1794  he  retired  from  the  bar,  and 
removed  to  his  estate  of  Red  Hill  in  Charlotte. 
App.  by  Washington  in  1795  sec.  of  state,  he 
declined  the  office,  as  he  afterward  did  that  of 
envoy  to  France,  offered  by  Adams,  and  that 


HKN- 


430 


HEN 


of  gov.  in  1796.  In  March,  1799,  he  was 
elected  to  the  State  senate,  but  never  took  his 
seat.  His  Life  has  been  written  by  William 
Wirt,  and  by  A.  H.  Everett  in  Sparks's 
"  American  Biography." 

Henry,  Robert,  D.D.,LL.D.,  scholar,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C,  Dec.  6,  1792;  d.  Columbia, 
Feb.  6,  18.56.  U.  of  Edinb.  1814.  He  travelled 
a  short  time  on  the  Continent,  and  after  his 
return  to  his  native  State  ministered  to  a 
French  congregation  of  Huguenots  in  Charles- 
ton for  2  years.  In  Nov.  1818  he  was  app.  to 
the  chair  of  logic  and  moral  philos.  in  the  S.C. 
Coll.  ;  subsequently  to  that  of  metaphysics 
and  political  philos. ;  and  in  1834-5  was  pres. ; 
in  1836  he  accepted  the  chair  of  metaphysics 
and  belles-lettres  ;  and  in  1840-3  was  a  second 
time  pres.,  performing  the  duties  of  prof,  of 
Greek  during  a  portion  of  the  time.  He  wrote 
for  the  Southern  reviews  articles  of  a  high 
order ;  delivered  and  pub.  occasional  sermons 
and  eulogies  on  Prof.  E.  D.  Smith,  on  Jona- 
than Maxcy,  and  on  J.  C.  Calhoun. 

Henry,  Thomas  Charlton,  D.D.  (Y.C. 
1824),  Fresb.  clergyman,  b.  Phila.  Sept.  22, 
1790;  d.  Oct.  4,  1827.  Midd.  Coll.  1814; 
Princ.  Theol.  Sem.  1818.  Son  of  Alex.  Henry. 
Pres.  of  the  Amer.  S.  S.  Union.  Pastor  of  the 
Presb.  church,  Columbia,  S.C,  from  Nov. 
1818  until  Jan.  1824,  when  he  became  pastor 
of  a  cong.  in  Charleston,  S.  C.  He  pub. 
"  Letters  to  an  Anxious  Inquirer,"  1827;  "  On 
Popular  Amusements,"  1825  ;  Moral  Etchings, 
and  Occasional  Sermons.  —  Sprac/ue. 

Henry,  Gen.  William,  a  Kevol.  soldier, 
b.  Charlotte  Co.,  Va.,  1761  ;  d.  Christian  Co., 
Ky.,  Nov.  23,  1824.  He  entered  the  army  at 
an  early  age  ;  fought  at  Guilford,  the  Cowpens, 
and  at  Yorktown  ;  removed  to  Ky. ;  and  was 
engaged  in  many  conflicts  with  Indians  in 
the  border  wars  of  that  State.  App.  mnj.- 
gen.  Ky.  vols.  Aug.  31,  1813;  he  com.  a  divi- 
sion of  3  brigades  in  the  battle  of  the  Thames, 
Oct.  5,  1813;  and  also  served  in  Scott's  and 
Wilkinson's  campaigns.  He  was  in  the  State 
Const.  Convs.,  also  in  both  branches  of  the  Ky. 
legisl.  Father  of  John  P.  and  Robert  P., 
members  of  Congress  1825-7. 

Henry,  Hon.  William  Alexander,  law- 
yer and  statesman,  of  Nova  Scotia,  b.  Halifax, 
30  Dec.  1816.  Called  to  the  bar  in  Nov.  1840, 
and  soon  after  elected  to  the  legisl.  assembly. 
At  the  election  of  1847  the  friends  of  a  respon- 
sible govt,  were  successful;  and  Mr.  Henry  has 
since  been  returned  on  that  principle.  App. 
a  Q.  C.  in  1849.  He  has  introduced  various 
reforms  in  the  Court  of  Chancery  and  Equity  ; 
was  solicitor-gen.  in  1 854,  '59,  and  '63,  and  prov. 
sec.  1856-7.  Prominent  in  the  question  of  a 
union  of  the  Brit.  Provinces,  and  a  delegate  to 
London  on  that  question  in  July,  1866,  and, 
in  the  winter  of  that  year,  an  unsuccessful  ne- 
gotiator with  the  U.S.  Govt,  for  the  continu- 
ance of  the  reciprocity  treaty.  —  Men  of  the 
Time. 

Henry,  William  Seaton,  maj.  U.S.A., 
b.  N.  Y.  1816;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Mar.  5,  1851. 
West  Point,  1835.  Author  of  "  Campaign 
Sketches  of  the  War  with  Mexico."  Entering 
the  3d  Inf.,  he  became  capt.  18  May,  1846,  and 
was  brev.  maj.  "for  gallant  conduct  at  Monte- 


rey, Mexico,"  Sept.  23,  1846.  His  son  Gut 
v.,  capt.  1st  U.S.  Art.,  and  disting.  in  the  Re- 
bellion, has  pub.  a  "  Milit.  Record  of  Civil 
Appointments  in  the  U.S.A.,"  vol.  i.  1869. 

Henshaw,  David,  merchant  and  leading 
Democ.  politician  of  Boston,  b.  Leicester,  Ms., 
Apr.  2,  1791;  d.  there  Nov.  11.  1852.  His 
ancestors  were  among  the  original  proprietors 
of  the  town ;  and  his  father  David  was  a  pa- 
triot of  the  Revol.  The  son  spent  his  boyhood 
laboring  on  his  father's  farm,  and  attending  the 
schools  and  acad.  of  the  town.  At  16  he  be- 
came an  apprentice  in  the  drug-business  in  Bos- 
ton ;  commenced  the  business  on  his  own  ac- 
count in  1814,  and  gave  it  up  in  1829.  Devot- 
ing all  his  leisure  to  study,  he  became  a  prom- 
inent political  writer,  and  was  an  able  advocate 
of  free  trade.  He  also  contrib.  to  the  periodi- 
ical  press,  and  pub.  essays,  in  a  pamphlet  form, 
on  subjects  of  political  economy ;  among  them 
"  Letters  on  the  Intern.  Imp.  and  Commerce  of 
the  West,"  Boston,  1839.  He  was.  a  State  sen- 
ator in  1826;  member  of  the  State  Board  of 
Internal  Improvements,  1828-51 ;  and  in  1839 
a  representative ;  in  1830-9  he  was  coll.  of  cus- 
toms at  Boston ;  and  was  sec.  of  the  navy  in 
1843.  He  was  active  in  promoting  railroad 
enterprises,  among  them  the  Boston  and  Wor- 
cester, the  Boston  and  Providence,  and  the 
Boston  and  Albany  Roads. 

Henshaw,  John  Prentiss  Kewly,  D.D. 
(Mid.  Coll.  1830),  Pr.-Ep.  bishop  of  R.  L,  b. 
Middletown,  Ct.,  June  13,  1792;  d.  Frederick, 
Md.,  July  20,  1852.  Mid.  Coll.  1808.  His 
father  removed  to  Middlebury,  Vt.,  in  1800. 
Ord.  deacon  at  the  age  of  21 ;  he  officiated  in 
St.  Ann's  Church,  Brooklyn,  until  1817,  when 
he  accepted  the  rectorship  of  St.  Peter's,  Balti- 
more ;  ord.  priest  June  13,  1816  ;  consec. 
bishop  of  R.  I.  Aug.  11,  1843  ;  also  becoming 
rector  of  Grace  Church,  Providence.  Dr. 
Henshaw  pub.  a  treatise  on  "  Didactic  Theolo- 
gy," "  On  Confirmation  ;  "  "A  Selection  of 
Hymns  ;"  "  Theology  for  the  People  of  Bait.," 
8vo,  1840;  "  Lectures  on  the  Second  Advent;" 
"Communicant's  Guide;"  and  "A  Memoir 
of  Bishop  Moore  of  Va." 

Henshaw,  Joshua  Sidney,  author,  b.  Bos- 
ton, Oct.  16,  1811  ;  d.  Utica,  Apr.  29,  1859.  A 
descendant  of  Gov.  Belcher.  His  name,  which 
was  originally  Joshua  H.  Belcher,  was  changed 
by  the  Pa.  legisl.  in  1845.  In  1833  he  became 
a  teacher  in  the  Chauncey  Hall  Inst.,  Boston. 
App.  Sept.  1837  prof  of  math,  in  the  navy, 
he  made  in  the  frigate  "  Columbia"  a  voyage, 
of  which  he  pub.  a  narrative  entitled  "  Around 
the  World."  He  resigned  his  post  in  1841  ; 
studied  law  ;  was  adm.  to  the  Phila.  bar  ;  and 
in  1843  was  re-instated  in  his  professorship. 
From  1848  until  his  death,  he  practised  law  in 
Utica.  He  pub.  "  Philosophy  of  Human  Prog- 
ress," 1835;  "Incitement  to  Moral  and  In- 
tellectual Weil-Doing,"  1836 ;  "  Life  of  Father 
Mathew,"  1847  ;  "  U.S.  Manual  for  Consuls," 
1849.  He  left  nearly  completed  a  work  enti- 
tled "  Bible  Ethics."  — iV:  E.  H.  ^  Gen.  Reg., 
xiii.  277. 

Henshaw,  Col.  William,  Revol.  officer,       :\-^ 
b.  Boston,  1735;  d.  Leicester,  Ms.,  Feb.  1820. 
He  removed  to  L.  in  1748  ;  was  a  lieut.  of  pro- 
vincials under  Amherst  in  1759  ;  was  lieut.-col. 


HBIQ' 


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HER 


of  Little's  regt.  at  the  siege  of  Boston ;  and 
served  at  L.  Island,  White  Plains,  Trenton, 
and  Princeton,  but  left  the  service  early  in  1777. 
His  grandson  Daniel,  lawyer,  and  editor  of 
the  Lynn  Record,  d.  Boston,  July  9,  1863,  a.  81. 
H.U.'l806. 

HentZy  Caroline  Lee,  authoress,  b.  Lan- 
caster, Ms.,  1800;  d.  Marianna,  Fla.,  Feb.  11, 
1856.  Dau.  of  Gen.  John  Whiting  of  the 
Revol.  army,  and  sister  of  Gen.  Henry.  Be- 
fore she  was  13  she  was  the  author  of  a  poem, 
a  novel,  and  a  tragedy  in  5  acts.  Married  in 
1825  to  Prof.  Hcntz,  while  he  was  associated 
with  Geo.  Bancroftinthemanagementof  a  sem- 
inary at  Northampton.  They  resided  for  some 
years  at  Chapel  Hill,  N.C. ;  whence  they  re- 
moved to  Covington,  Ky.,  where  Mrs.  Hentz 
wrote  for  a  prize  of  $500  her  successful  trage- 
dy of  "  De  Lara."  They  next  resided  in  Cin- 
cinnati, but  in  1833  established  a  flourishing 
female  sem.  at  Florence,  Ala.,  which  in  1843 
they  transferred  to  Tuscaloosa,  Fla.;  in  1848 
fixed  their  residence  in  Columbus,  Ga.,  and  in 
1852  at  Marianna.  Besides  contrib.  to  various 
periodicals,  Mrs.  H.  wrote  "  Lamorah,"  a  trag- 
edy ;  the  "  Countess  of  Wurtemberg,"  a  play  ; 
and  many  elegant  and  beautiful  prize  poems 
and  fugitive  pieces.  Her  prose  writings,  upon 
which  her  reputation  chiefly  depends,  place  her 
in  the  first  rank  of  female  writers.  In  1846 
she  pub,  "  Aunt  Patty's  Scrap-Bag  ;  "  in  1848 
"  The  Mob-Cap  ;  "  "  Linda,"  1850  ;  "  Rcna,  or 
the  Snow-Bird,"  1851;  "Marcus  Warland " 
and  "  Eoline."  1 852 ;  "  Wild  Jack  "  and  "  Helen 
and  Arthur,"  1853  ;  "The  Planter's  Northern 
Bride,"  1854;  "Love  after  Marriage,"  "  The 
Banished  Son,"  "  The  Victim  of  Excitement," 
"  The  Parlor  Serpent,"  and  "  The  Flowers  of 
Elocution,"  1856.  Her  last  novel,  "  Ernest 
Linwood,"  appeared  in  1855.  Prof,  N.  M. 
Hentz,  who  was  a  successful  teacher  of  modern 
languages,  and  writer  on  natural  history,  b. 
France,  d.  Nov,  4,  1856,  in  Marianna,  Fla,'  He 
was  prof,  of  belles-lettres  at  Chapel  Hill,  N,C. 
Pub.  "  Tadeuskund,  the  last  King  of  the  Le- 
nape,"  12mo,  1825. 

Hepworth,  George  Hughes,  Unitarian 
divine,  b.  Boston,  Feb,  4,  1833.  Camb.  Theol, 
School,  1855,  Pastor  of  the  church  in  Nan- 
tucket from  Sept.  1855  to  1857  ;  of  the  Church 
of  the  Unity,  Boston,  Oct,  1858-70;  now  pas- 
tor of  the  Church  of  the  Messiah,  New- York 
City.  Chaplain  of  the  47th  Ms.  regt.  Dec. 
1862;  and  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Banks  in  La. 
in  1863.  Besides  sermons,  he  has  pub.  "  Whip, 
Hoe,  and  Sword,"  a  sketch  of  his  army  expe- 
riences. 

Herbert,  Henry  William,  scholar, 
sportsman,  and  novelist,  b.  London,  April  7, 
1807  ;  d.  New  York,  May  17, 1858,  by  suicide. 
Son  of  Hon.  and  Rev.  Wm.  Herbert,  Dean  of 
Manchester,  author  of  the  poem  "Attila,"  and 
second  son  of  the  Earl  of  Carnarvon.  Educated 
at  Eton  and  Caius  Coll.,  Cambridge,  where  he 
grad.  1828.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1830, 
after  experiencing  a  sudden  reverse  of  fortune, 
and  occupied  a  country-seat,  "  The  Cedars," 
near  Newark,  N,  J,  Until  1839  he  was  a  teach- 
er of  Greek  in  the  classical  school  of  R.  T, 
Huddart,  New  York,  He  commenced  with 
A.  D.  Patterson,  in  1833,  the  American  Monthly 


Magazine.  His  "Brothers,  a  Tale  of  the 
Fronde,"  a  successful  historical  novel,  appeared 
in  1834  ;  followed  by  "  Cromwell  "  in  1837; 
"Marraaduke  Wyvil,"  1843;  "The  Roman 
Traitor,"  1848  ;  and  "  Wager  of  Battle,"  1855. 
An  extensive  series  of  sporting-volumes  were 
pub.  by  him,  under  the  nam  de  plume  of 
"  Frank  Forrester,"  with  the  titles  of  "  My 
Shooting-Box,"  "The  Warwick  Woodlands," 
"Field-Sports  of  the  U.S.,"  "Frank  Forrester 
and  his  Friends,"  1840,  "The  Fish  and  Fish- 
ing of  the  U.S.,"  1850,  "  Young  Sportsman's 
Complete  Manual,"  Another  series  of  vol- 
umes covers  many  of  his  historical  essays ;  as 
"The  Cavaliers  of  England,  or  the  Times 
of  the  Revolutions  of  1642  and  1688  ;  "  "  The 
Knights  of  England,  France,  and  Scotland  ;  " 
"  The  Chevaliers  of  France,  from  the  Crusad- 
ers to  the  Marechals  of  Louis  XIV.;"  and 
"  The  Captains  of  the  Old  World,  and  the 
Captains  of  the  Roman  Republic."  He  was 
also  the  author  of  a  metrical  translation  of  the 
"Agamemnon"  and  "Prometheus"  of  ^s- 
chylus,  and  of  numerous  critical  papers  in  the 
Literarij  World  and  elsewhere.  His  latest  work 
was  the  "  Horse  and  Horsemanship  of  Amer- 
ica," 1857,  A  man  of  fine  talent  and  accom- 
plishments, but  of  dissipated  habits, 

Heriot,  George,  postmaster  of  British 
N. A.  Author  of  "  Descriptive  Poem  written  in 
the  W,  Indies,"  4to,  1781;  "  Hist,  of  Canada," 
8vo,  1804;  "Travels  through  the  Canadas," 
4to,  1807, 

Herkimer,  John,  judge,  b.  Herkimer  Co,, 
N,Y,,  1773;  d.  Danube,  N.Y.,  June  8,  1845. 
Nephew  of  Gen.  Nicholas  H.  He  was  major 
com.  a  batt,  of  N.Y.  vols,  in  defence  of  Sackett's 
Harbor,  May  29,  1813  ;  many  years  judge  of 
the  Circuit  Court;  and  M,  C,  in  1817-19  and 
1823-5, 

Herkimer,  Nicholas,  brig.-gen.,  d.  Dan- 
ube, N.Y.,  Aug.  16,  1777,  a.  ab.  ,50.  He  was 
eldest  son  of  J.  J.  Herkimer,  a  Palatine,  and 
one  of  the  original  patentees  of  Burnet's  Field, 
Herkimer  Co.,  N.Y.  He  was  made  lieut.  of 
militia  Jan.  5,  1758,  and  com.  Fort  Herkimer 
during  the  attack  of  the  French  and  Indians  on 
the  German  Flats  in  that  year.  In  1760  he 
lived  in  the  Canajoharie  dist.  ;  in  1775  he  was 
app.  col.  1st  batt.  Tryon  Co.  militia,  and  was 
chairman  of  the  county  com.  of  safety;  Sept.  5, 
1776,  he  was  made  brig.-gen.  by  the  convention 
of  the  State ;  and  Aug.  6,  1777,  com.  the  forces 
at  the  battle  of  Oriskany,  where  he  received  a 
ball  which  fractured  his  leg,  and  occasioned  his 
death.  Congress  voted  him  a  monument. — 
Benton's  Flerfc.  Counti/. 

Hernandez  (er-nan'-d^th),  Francisco, 
Spanish  physician  and  naturalist,  b.  Toledo. 
Commiss.  by  Philip  II.  to  visitN,  America,  The 
result  of  his  labors  was  a  "  Natural  History  of 
Trees,  Plants,  and  Animals  of  New  Spain," 
&c.,  1651.  He  was  the  first  European  natu- 
ralist to  explore  this  rei^ion  for  the  benefit  of 
science. 

Hernandez,  Joseph,  maj.-gen.,  d.  near 
Matanzas,  Cuba,  June  8,  1857.  He  was  a  prom- 
inent Spanish  citizen  in  the  Terr,  of  Fla.  at  the 
time  of  its  transfer  to  the  U.S. ;  its  first  dele- 
gate to  Congress,  1823;  brig.-gen.  militia, 
1823  ;  and  subsequently  a  leading  member  and 


HER 


482 


HET 


presiding  officer  of  the  Terr,  legisl.  He  was  in 
the  U.S.  service  from  Nov.  183.5  to  May,  1837; 
brig.-gen.  Fla.  mounted  vols.  1837-8  ;  'disting. 
under  Gen.  Jesup,  and  com.  in  affair  with  Fla. 
Indians  near  Mosquito  Inlet,  Sept.  10,  1837. 
He  resided  at  St.  Augustine. 

Herndon,  William  Lewis,  a  naval  offi- 
cer, b.  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  Oct.  2.'>,  1813; 
drowned  by  the  sinking  of  steamer  "  Central 
America,"  Sept.  12,  1857.  He  entered  the  na- 
vy at  the  age  of  15  ;  served  in  tbe  Mexican 
war ;  and  was  3  years  engaged  with  his  bro.- 
in-lavv,  Lieut.  Maury,  in  the  Observatory  at 
Washington.  In  1851-2  he  explored  the  Ama- 
zon River  under  the  direction  of  the  U.S.  Govt. 
A  narrative  of  the  exped.  is  contained  in  Ilern- 
don's  "Exploration  of  the  Valley  of  the  River 
Amazon  "  (1853),  and  in  Part  II.  of  the  same 
work,  by  Lieut,  Gibbon,  who  accompanied  him 
during  a  part  of  the  journey,  1854.  In  1857  he 
was  com.  of  the  steamer  "Central  America," 
which  left  Havana  for  N.  York,  Sept.  8.  Sept. 
1 1 ,  during  a  violenigale,  she  sprang  a  leak,  and 
sank  on  the  evening  of  Sept.  12  near  the  outer 
edge  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  in  lat.  31°  44'  N. 

Heron,  Matilda,  actress,  b,  Londonderry, 
Ireland.  Came  to  the  U.S.  very  young;  be- 
came the  pupil  of  P.  Richings;  and  made  her 
first  appearance  at  the  Walnut-st.  Theatre, 
Phila.,  Feb.  17,  1851,  as  Bianca  in  "Fazio." 
After  playing  in  San  Francisco,  she  began  a 
starring-tour  in  the  summer  of  1854  ;  and  was 
highly  successful.  Dec.  24,  1857,  she  m.  Rob- 
ert Stoepel,  from  whom  she  afterward  separat- 
ed. Apr.  1,  1861,  she  made  her  debut  at  the 
Lyceum  Theatre,  London,  as  Rosalie  Lee  in 
"New  Year's  Eve."  Camille  has  been  her 
favorite  part.  —  Brown's  Amer.  Stage. 

Herrera,  Jose  Joaquin  de,"  a  Mexican 
pres. ;  d.  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  May  15,  1851. 
He  participated  in  many  of  the  Rcvol.  scenes 
in  Mexico.  Was  elected  prov.  pres.  Dec.  6, 
1844,  and  soon  afterward  constitutional  pres- 
ident. He  was  in  favor  of  the  recognition  of 
Texan  independence,  and  opposed  to  the  war 
with  the  U.S.,  and  was  charged  by  Paredes 
with  seeking  to  dismember  Mexico,  The  army 
pronounced  against  him;  and  he  was  deposed 
Dec.  30,  1845,  and  succeeded  by  Paredes.  Her- 
rera was  excluded  from  military  com.  until  the 
battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  (Apr.  18,  1847),  in  which 
he  took  part.  He  was  again  elected  pres. 
(June  3,  1848),  and  endeavored  to  restore  or- 
der in  the  finances,  but  without  success.  He 
was  succeeded  by  Arista,  Jan,  15,  1851.  He 
was  a  man  of  high  personal  character,  and  was 
very  friendly  to  the  U.S. 

Herrera,  Tordesillas  Antoxy,  histo- 
rian, b.  Cuellar,  Spain,  1549  ;  d.  Madrid,  Mar. 
29,  1625,  He  was  first  sec.  to  Vespasian  de 
Gonzaga,  viceroy  of  Valencia  and  of  Navarre ; 
after  whose  death  Philip  IL  app,  him  roy.  his- 
toriographer for  the  Indies.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  "  Historia  General  de  los  Hechos  de  los 
Castellanos  en  los  Islas  y  Terra  Firma  de  Mar 
Oceano,"  4  vols,  folio.  This  work  relates  all 
the  transactions  of  the  Spaniards  in  the  W.  In- 
dies from  1492  to  1554,  He  also  pub.  a  "  Gen- 
eral History  of  his  Time,  from  1554  to  1598," 
3  vols.  fol.  At  the  time  of  his  death,  he  had 
obtained  from  Philip  IV.  the  brevet  of  the  first 


vacant  post  of  sec.  of  state.  His  History,  trans- 
lated by  J.  Stevens,  was  pub,  Lond.'s  vols. 
1740, 

Herrick,  Edward  Claudius,  scholar,  b. 
N,  Haven,  Ct.,  Feb.  24,  1811  ;  d.  there  June 
11,  1862,  Son  of  Rev.  Claudius,  He  received 
a  good  academical  education,  then  engaged  in 
book-selling;  was  librarian  of  Y,C.  from  1843 
to  1858,  and  treasurer  from  1852  until  his  death. 
Since  1852  he  had  had  charge  of  the  triennial 
catalogue,  supervised  the  college  property,  and 
held  many  important  trusts  in  connection  with 
municipal  affairs.  He  paid  great  attention  to 
entomology,  meteorology,  and  astronomy.  The 
Amer.  Jour,  of  Science  contains  many  valuable 
articles  from  him.  He  was  learned  also  in 
bibliography,  local  history,  and  general  litera- 
ture.—Ya/e  Coll.  Obit.  Rec. 

Herring,  James,  port.-painter,  27  years 
grand  sec,  of  the  grand  lodge  of  Masons;  d. 
Paris,  France,  8  Oct.  1867,  He  excelled  in  his 
art,  and  in  his  thorough  knowledge  of  masonic 
laws  and  usages.  With  Longacrc,  lie  illustrated 
Amer,  Biography  in  the  "National  Portrait 
Gallery,"  1834-9,  4  vols,  8vo,  Phila, 

Herron,  Gen.  Francis  J,,  b.  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Removing  to  Dubuque  ab.  1856,  he  engaged 
in  business  there;  org,  and  com.  "  The  Govern- 
or's Grays,"  with  which  he  served  in  the  1st  la. 
regt.,  and  was  disting.at  Wilson's  Creek;  raised 
the  9th  la.  regt.,  and  was  commis.  lieut.-col. ; 
com.  it  in  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  and  was  wounded 
and  captured  in  the  second  day's  fight,  but  was 
soon  exchanged ;  and  was  made  brig.-gen. 
July  16,  1862.  He  especially  disting.  liimself 
in  com.  at  the  battle  of  Prairie  Grove,  Ark,, 
Doc.  7, 1862,  soon  after  which  he  captured  Van 
Buren,  Ark.  Maj.-gen.  Nov.  29,  1862.  He 
took  part  in  the  capture  of  Vicksburg,  and  after- 
ward in  Gen.  Banks's  operations  in  La.  After 
the  war,  practised  law  in  N.  Orleans,  and  held 
the  office  of  U.S.  marshal  for  La. 

Hersey,  Ezekiel,  phvsician.b.  Hinghara, 
Ms.,  Sept.  21,  1709;  d.  diere  Dec.  9,  1770, 
H,  U.  1728.  After  studying  under  Dr.  Dal- 
houde  of  Boston,  he  established  himself  in  his 
native  town,  and  soon  became  famous.  At  his 
death,  he  bequeathed  £1,000,  and  a  like  sum  at 
the  decease  of  his  widow,  for  the  support  of  a 
prof,  of  anatomy  and  surgery  at  H.  U. ;  and, 
l)y  his  influence,  his  bro.,  Dr.  Abner,  added 
£500  to  the  same  fund.  He  also  left  funds  for 
the  establishment  of  an  acad  at  Hingham.  Dr. 
Hersey  was  eminently  humane  and  benevolent. 
—  Thachei'. 

Heth,  Henry,  maj.-gen.  C.  S.  A.,  b.  Va. 
ab.  1825,  West  Point,  1847.  Entering  the 
6th  Inf.,  he  became  1st  lieut,  in  June,  1853; 
adj.  in  Nov,  1854;  and  capt.  10th  Inf.  3  March, 
1855;  he  resigned  April  25,  1861;  entered 
the  service  of  Va.  as  a  brig.-gen. ;  maj.-gen. 
May  24,  1863 ;  com,  a  division  in  A.  P.  Hill's 
corps  in  Va. ;  engaged  at  Gettysburg,  and  in 
the  campaigns  of  1864-5;  surrendered  with 
Lee, 

Hethe,  Col.  William,  Revol.  officer ;  d. 
Richmond,  Va,,  April  15,  1807.  Wounded  at 
Quebec,  under  Montgomery;  made  lieut.-col, 
3d  Va.  regt.  April  1,  1777;  afterward  com.  that 
regt,  to  the  close  of  the  war,  serving  with  Lin- 
coln at  the  siege  of  Charleston,    Received  after 


HETV 


433 


HIC 


the  war  a  lucrative  office  from  Washing- 
ton. 

Hewes,  George  Robert  Twelve,  one 
of  the  Boston  Tea  Party,  b.  Boston,  Sept.  5, 
1742  ;  d.  Richfield,  Otsego  Co.,  N.Y.,  Nov.  5, 
1840.  His  education  was  scanty;  farming, 
fishing,  and  shoemaking  being  his  chief  em- 
ployments. He  was  excitable  and  ])atriotic  ; 
took  part  in  the  various  ante-revolutionary 
disturbances  in  Boston  ;  and  engaged  in  the 
naval,  and  afterwards  in  the  military  service 
of  his  country  during  the  Revolution.  "  Traits 
of  the  Tea  Partv,"  with  a  Memoir  of  Hewes, 
was  pub.  N.Y.  TSSS. 

Hewes,  Joseph,  signer  of  the  Decl.  of 
Indep.,  b.  Kingston,  N.J.,  1730;  d.  Phila. 
Nov.  10, 1779.  Of  Quaker  parentage.  He  was 
educated  at  N.J.  Coll. ;  engaged  in  mercantile 
business  in  Phila.,  and  ah.  1760  in  Eden  ton, 
N.C.  Having  been  a  member  of  the  colonial 
legisl.  in  1763,  he  was  in  1774  sent  as  a  dele- 
gate to  Congress.  He  was  soon  app.  on  a 
com.  to  "  state  the  rights  of  the  Colonies ; " 
aided  in  the  preparation  of  its  report ;  and, 
though  a  merchant,  entered  heartily  into  the 
plan  of  non-importation.  Mr.  Hewes  served 
with  reputation  on  many  of  the  most  im- 
portant committees  during  1775-6.  He  was 
at  the  head  of  the  naval  committee,  and  in 
effect  the  first  sec.  of  the  U.S.  navy;  declined 
a  re-election  in  1777  ;  resumed  his  seat  in  July, 
1779;  but,  his  health  failing  rapidly,  he  re- 
signed Oct.  29. 

Hewit,  Nathaniel,  D.D.  (Amh.  Coll. 
1830),  Cong,  clergyman  and  author,  b.  N. 
Lond.,  Ct.,  28  Aug.'l788;  d.  Bridiireport,  Ct., 
3  Feb.  1867.  Y.C.  1808.  Teacher  in  the 
Plainfield  Acad. ;  licensed  to  preach  24  Sept. 
1811  ;  pastor  at  Plattsburg.  N.Y.,  1815-17;  of 
the  First  Cong.  Ch.,  Fairfield,  Ct., 1818-27  ; 
was  engaged  the  next  3  years  in  the  temper- 
ance reform,  earning  the  title  of  '■  the  Luther  " 
of  the  early  temperance  reformation ;  pastor 
2d  Cong.  Ch.,  Bridgeport,  Ct.,  1 830-53  ;  one  of 
the  founders  in  1833  of  the  Hartford  Theol. 
Institute ;  pastor  of  the  Old  School  Church, 
Bridgeport,  1853-62.  —  Y.  C.  Obit.  Record. 

Hewitt,  Alexander,  D.D.,  pub.  an  "  His- 
torical Account  of  S.C.  and  Ga.,"  2  vols., 
Lond.  1779;  Sermons,  Lond.  1803-5,  2  vols. 
8vo. 

Hewitt  (Stebbins),  Mary  Elizabeth, 
authoress,  b.  Maiden,  Ms.  Her  father,  a  farm- 
er named  Moore,  died  when  she  was  but  3 
years  old.  Her  mother  removed  with  her  to 
Boston,  where  Mary  was  m.  to  Jas.  L.  Hewitt, 
and  established  her  residence  in  N.Y.  In  18.54 
she  m.  R.  Stebbins  of  N.Y.  She  is  chiefly 
known  by  her  poetry,  which  has  appeared  in 
various  periodicals,  and  in  a  collection  entitled 
"Songs  of  Our  Land,"  1845.  In  18.50  she 
edited  "  The  Gem  of  the  Western  World  "  and 
the  "Memorial,"  the  latter  a  tribute  to  her 
friend  Mrs.  Frances  S.  Osgood.  Also  author 
qf  "  The  Heroines  of  History,"  1856. 

Hewson,  Thomas  Tickell,  M.D.,  an 
eminent  physician,  b.  Lond.  Apr.  9,  1773  ;  d. 
Phila.  Feb.  17,  1848.  Phila.  Coll.  1789.  His 
father,  Dr.  William  Hewson,  d.  when  he  was  a 
year  old  ;  and  in  1786  he  came  with  his  mother 
to  Phila.     He  studied  medicine  there,  and  as 


house-surgeon  at  St.  Bartholomew's,  Lond., 
also  in  Edinburgh  ;  returned  to  Phila.  in  July, 
1796;  began  practice;  was  physician  to  the 
Walnut-st.  Prison  from  1806  to  1818;  rendered 
valuable  service  during  a  malignant  epidemic 
in  1817-18;  became  prof,  of  comp.  anatomy 
in  the  U.  of  Pa.  in  Dec.  1816  ;  was  its  sec.  and 
censor  from  1802  to  1835  ;  and  pres.  from  July, 
1835,  to  his  death.  Many  years  a  surgeon 
in  the  Phila.  Almshouse;  pliysician  to  the 
Orphan  Asylum  1817-1837;  surgeon  of  the 
Pa.  Hospital  1818-35;  and  took  a  principal 
part  in  the  formation  and  revision  of  the  nat. 
pharmacopoeia.  In  1822  he  established  a  pri- 
vate med.  school,  in  which  he  taught  anatomy 
and  the  practice  several  years.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber or  officer  of  many  medical  and  philos. 
societies.  He  transl.  Swediaur's  "  Treatise  on 
Syphilis,"  Phila.,  8vo,  1815.  — See  Obit.  Notice, 
by  F.  Bache,  Phila.,  8vo,  1850. 

Hiaeooires,  the  first  Indian  convert  to 
Christianity  in  N.E. ;  d.  ab.  1690,  a.  80.  Ho 
was  at  Martha's  Vineyard  when  first  settled 
by  the  whiles  in  1642,  and  was  converted  by 
Thomas  Mayhew.  He  learned  to  read,  and  in 
1645  began  to  preach  to  his  countrymen  with 
success.  Aug.  22,  1670,  an  Indian  church  was 
formed  there  ;  and  Hiacoomes  and  Tackanash 
were  ord.  pastor  and  teacher  by  Eliot  and 
Cotton.  He  was  faithful  and  successful,  and 
was  courageous  in  reprehending  the  Indians 
for  worshipping  their  false  gods  and  adhering 
to  their  powwows. 

Hibbard,  Freeborn  Garretson,  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  New  Rochelle,  N.Y.,  Feb. 
22,  1811.  At  the  age  of  18  he  entered  the 
ministry  of  the  M.E.  church,  in  which  he  has 
held  several  important  stations;  and  at  a  <2;en. 
conf  was  chosen  editor  of  the  Northern  Chris- 
tian Advocate.  Author  of  "  Baptism,  its  Import, 
Mode,  Efficacy,  and  Relative  Order ;  "  "  Ge- 
ography and  History  of  Palestine ; "  and  the 
"Psalms  Chronologically  arranged,  with  Hist. 
Introductions,  and  a  Gen.  Introd.,"  8vo,  1856. 

Hiekok,  Laurens  Perseus,  D.D.,LL.I)., 
metaphysician,  b.  Danliury,  Ct.,  Dec.  22,  1798. 
Un.  Coll.  1820.  He  studied  theology;  was  li- 
censed to  preach  in  1822;  and  was  pastor  suc- 
cessively at  Newtown  and  Litchfield.  Prof  of 
theol.  in  the  W.  Reserve  Coll.,  0.,  1836-44. 
In  1844  he  became  prof  in  the  Aul)urn  Theol. 
Scm.;  and  in  1852  removed  to  Schenectady, 
N.Y.,  as  prof  of  mental  and  moral  science; 
also  vice-pres,  of  Un.  Coll.;  and  pres.  since 
Mar.  5,  1866.  Besides  occasional  sermons,  ad- 
dresses, and  contribs.  to  religious  periodicals,  he 
has  pub.  "Rational  Psychology,"  1848;  "  Mor- 
al Science,"  1853;  "  Empirical  Psychology,  or 
the  Human  Mind  as  Given  in  Consciousness," 
1854;  and  "Rational  Cosmology,"  1858. 

Hickox,  John  Howard,  b.  Albany,  N.Y., 
1832.  Assist,  lib.  N.Y.  State  Library.  Author 
of  "  Hist.  Acct.  of  American  Coinage,"  Svo, 
1858. 

Hicks,  Elias,  a  disting.  Qjiakcr  preacher, 
b.  Hempstead,  L.L,  Mar.  19,  1748;  d.  Jeri- 
cho, L.I.,  Feb.  27, 1830.  He  early  evinced  un- 
usual ability  for  public  speaking;  at  the  age 
of  27  was  a  formally-recognized  preacher ;  soon 
became  a  leader,  and  was  eminently  successful. 
After  many  years'  preaching,  and  study  of  the 


:hjlc 


434 


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Scriptures,  he  created  a  schism  in  the  body, 
which  resulted  finally  in  a  permanent  separa- 
tion. The  seceders,  takini^  the  name  of  their 
leader,  were  denoniinated  Hicksites.  Friend 
Hicks  travelled  extensively  to  advance  his 
views,  preaching  wherever  he  went  with  jrreat 
eloquence.  He  preserved  his  intellectual  vigor 
till  late  in  life,  visiting,  when  80  years  of  age, 
N.  J.,  Pa.,  Md.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  and  the  northern 
and  western  part  of  N.Y.  Author  of  "Elias 
Hicks's  Journal  of  his  Life  and  Lahors,"  Phila. 
1828;  ••Sermons,"  1828;  "Observations  on 
Slavery,"  8vo,  N.Y.,  1811  ;  "  Doctrinal  Epis- 
tle," written  in  1820,  pub.  8vo,  1824;  and 
"Letters  "  on  his  doctrines,  12mo,  1824. 

Hicks,  Thomas,  painter,  b.  Newtown, 
Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  Oct.  1 8,  1 823.  A  descendant  of 
the  preceding.  He  was  educated  a  Quaker.  In 
1838,  after  copying  the  casts  in  the  Pa.  Acad, 
of  Fine  Arts,  he  entered  the  Life  and  Antique 
Schools  of  the  Nat.  Acad,  in  N.  Y.,  to  whose  ex- 
hibition in  1841  he  contrib.  a  picture  of  "The 
Death  of  Abel."  For  several  years  he  painted 
portraits  and  compositions,  residing  in  Europe 
in  1845-9.  Estal)lishing  himself  in  Rome  in 
the  autumn  of  1845,  he  painted,  among  other 
works,  a  half-length  figure  called  "  Italia."  In 
the  succeeding  spring,  on  the  last  night  of  the 
Carnival,  he  was  stabbed  in  the  back  with  a 
stiletto  while  crossing  the  Piazza  Colonna,  and 
lay  for  many  weeks  in  a  critical  condition.  In 
June,  1848,  he  went  to  Paris;  studied  under 
Couture  ab.  a  year ;  and,  after  a  brief  residence 
in  Eng.,  settled  in  N.Y.  City.  He  has  since 
devoted  himself  principally  to  portrait-painting, 
but  has  occasionally  produced  landscapes  and 
figure-pieces.  Among  his  portraits  is  that  of 
"  Dr.  Kane  in  the  Cabin  of  '  The  Advance,'  " 
and  a  large  picture  of"  The  Contemporaneous 
Authors  of  America,"  in  which  the  figures  are 
of  life-size.  He  pub.  a  Eulogy  on  Thos.  Ci'aw- 
ford  in  1865. 

Hicks,  Thomas  Hollyday,  statesman,  b. 
Dorchester  Co.,  Md.,  Sept.  2,1798;  d.  Washing- 
ton, Feb.  13,  1865.  He  worked  on  his  father's 
farm,  and  received  a  plain  education ;  was 
member  of  the  Const.  Con  v.  of  1849  ;  served 
often  in  the  State  legisl.  ;  gov.  1858-62  ;  and 
was  elected  U.S.  senator  on  tlie  death  of  J.  A. 
Pearce,  and  re-elected  for  the  term  ending  in 
1867.  His  firmness  and  patriotism  helped  to 
save  Md.  to  the  Union.  VVhen  the  6th  Ms. 
regt.  was  attacked,  Gov.  Hicks  issued  a  procla- 
mation, declaring  that  all  his  authority  would 
be  exercised  in  favor  of  the  govt. 

Hicks,  Whitehead,  lawver,  b.  Flushing, 
L.I.,  Aug.  24,  1728  ;  d.  there  Oct.  1780.  Son 
of  Thomas  and  Margaret.  Studied  law  in  the 
office  of  Hon.  Wm.  Smith  ;  adm.  to  the  bar 
Oct.  22,  1750,  and  became  one  of  the  first  in 
the  prof. ;  clerk  of  Queen's  Co.  Mar.  12,  1752- 
Feb.  28, 1 757  ;  mayor  of  N.Y.  City,  Oct.  1 766- 
Feb.  14, 1776  ;  and  from  that  time  to  his  death 
a  judge  of  the  N.Y.  Supreme  Court.  —  O'Cal- 
laghan. 

Hidalgo  y  Costilla  (ht-dai'-go  e  kos-tel- 

ya),  Don  Miguel,  a  Spanish  priest,  the  first 
leader  in  the  Mexican  war  of  independence,  b. 
S.  America  in  the  latter  part  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury; shot  at  Chihuahua,  Mex.,  27  July,  1811. 
In  1809  he  held  a  valuable  benefice  at  Dolores 


in  Guanaxoato,  and  was  superior  in  talent  and 
education  to  the  clergy  in  general  in  New  Spain. 
He  is  said  to  have  introduced  the  silk-worm, 
and  to  have  promoted  rice-culture  in  Mexico, 
contrary  to  the  Spanish  system  of  discouraging 
all  manufactures  or  agriculture  which  could 
interfere  with  the  revenue.  He  po.ssessed  great 
influence  with  the  Indians,  whom  he  had  en- 
deavored to  educate,  and,  having  formed  a  plan 
for  a  gen.  insurrection,  produced  by  his  elo- 
quent exhortations  a  general  revolt  against  the 
Spanish  Govt.  Joined  liy  Allende  with  a  few 
Spanish  soldiers,  10  Sept.  1810,  on  the  29th 
they  took  Guanaxoato;  and, entering Vallado- 
lid  Oct.  20,  Hidalgo  was  proclaimed  generalis- 
simo of  the  Mexican  army.  He  advanced  upon 
the  city  of  Mexico  with  a  large  force;  and  Vil- 
legas,  the  Spanish  viceroy,  having  but  a  hand- 
ful of  troop>,  had  recourse  to  the  powerful  aid 
of  superstition,  and  procured  from  the  arch- 
bishop a  sentence  of  excommunication  against 
Hidalgo  and  his  adherents.  The  awe  thus  in- 
spired, together  with  the  lack  of  ammunition, 
occasioned  a  retreat.  Nov.  7  he  was  attacked 
and  defeated  at  Aculco  by  Calleja,  who  fol- 
lowed him  to  Guanaxoato,  which  he  took, 
inflicting  great  slaughter  on  the  insurgents, 
and  Jan,  17,  1811,  totally  defeated  him  at  the 
Bridge  of  Calderon.  Become  a  fugitive,  he  was 
taken  prisoner  by  Bustamente,  one  of  his  own 
officers.  Mar.  21 ;  was  degraded  from  the  priest- 
hood, and  put  to  death,  persisting  to  the  last  in 
the  belief  that  "  the  knell  of  the  Spanish  rule 
had  been  sounded."  The  people  after  his  death 
regarded  him  as  a  saint. 

Higginson,FRANCis,  divine,  h.  Eng.  1588; 
d.  Salem,  Aug.  6,  1630.  He  received  his  deg. 
from  St.  John's  Coll.  Cambridge,  and  settled 
at  Leicester,  whore  he  soon  acquired  a  high 
reputation  for  pulpit  eloquence ;  but  he  subse- 
quently became  a  Puritan.  He  refused  offers 
of  many  excellent  livings  on  account  of  his 
opinions,  and  gained  a  support  by  teaching 
school.  When  the  company  of  Ms.  Bay  be- 
gan to  form  a  plantation  there  in  1628,  they 
engaged  Mr.  Higginson  to  go  thither  and  pros- 
ecute his  labors.  Apprehending  a  summons  to 
appear  before  the  High  Commission  Court,  he 
promptly  acquiesced,  and  June  29, 1629,  arrived 
in  Salem  harbor,  entering  upon  the  performance 
of  his  duties  (July  20)  as  teacher  of  the  cong. 
established  there.  In  the  succeeding  year,  in  the 
general  sickness  which  ravaged  the  Colony,  he 
was  attacked  by  a  hectic  fever,  of  which  he  ul- 
timately died.  He  wrote  an  account  of  New 
Eng.  entitled  "  A  Short  and  True  Description 
of  the  Discommodities  and  Commodities  of  the 
Country,"  reprint,  in  vol.  i.  of  the  Colls,  of  the 
Hist.  Soc.  of  Ms. ;  and  an  account  of  his  voy- 
age, which  is  preserved  in  Hutchinson's  collec- 
tion of  papers.  —  See  Mem.  by  Rev.  J.  B.  Felt 
in  Geneal.  Reg.,  vi.  105. 

Higginson,  John,  minister  of  Salem, 
Ms.,  b.  Clay  brook,  Eng.,  Aug.  6, 1616  ;  d.  Sa- 
lem, Dec.  9,  1708.  He  came  over  with  hi? 
father,  Rev.  Francis  ;  after  whose  death  he  be- 
came a  teacher  at  Hartford,  by  which  means  he 
was  able  to  assist  his  mother  in  the  maintenance 
of  her  six  children.  He  was  employed  by  the 
magistrates  and  ministers  of  the  Ms.  Col.  to 
take  down  in  short-hand  the  proceedings  of 


mo- 


435 


HIL 


the  synod  of  1637.  In  this  he  was  assisted  by- 
Giles  Firmin.  The  record  of  these  proceed- 
ings has  never  been  printed;  but  the  MS.  is 
known  to  have  been  in  existence  in  1743 
{fice  Hist.  Mag.  2d  ser.  vol.  iii.  p.  26).  He  was 
afterwards  chaplain  of  the  fort  at  Saybrook ; 
in  16-H  went  to  Guilford  as  assist,  to  Rev. 
Henry  Whitfield, whose dau.  hem.;  and  in  1643 
was  one  of  the  "  seven  pillars  "  of  the  church 
there.  In  16.59  he  sailed  with  his  family  for 
Eng.,  but,  having  put  into  Salem  harbor  on  ac- 
count of  the  weather,  became  pastor  of  the 
church  which  his  father  had  planted  ;  was  ord. 
in  Aug.  1660,  and  continued  there  till  his  d. 
He  was  a  zealous  opponent  of  the  Quakers, 
although  he  subsequently  regretted  the  warmth 
of  his  zeal ;  bu  the  took  no  part  in  the  witch- 
craft delusion  in  1692,  and  was  a  very  popular 
preacher.  He  preached  the  Election  Sermon 
1663.  He  pub.  other  occasional  discourses, 
also  the  attestation  to  the  "  Magnalia  Ameri- 
cana," with  a  narrative  of  the  Mathers,  and 
"  Testimony  to  the  Order  of  the  Gospel  in  the 
Churches  of  N.E.,"  &c. 

Higginson,  Stephen,  merchant,  b.  Salem, 
Nov.  28,  1743;  d.  Boston,  Nov.  22,  1828.  De- 
scended from  Rev.  Francis.  He  was  bred  to 
mercantile  pursuits;  and  from  176.5  to  1775 
was  an  active  and  successful  shipmaster.  On 
a  visit  to  Great  Britain  in  1 774-5  he  was  called 
to  the  bar  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  ques- 
tioned as  to  the  state  of  feeling  in  Ms.  Mem- 
ber Cont.  Cong.  1 782-3 ;  a  firm  supporter  of 
Washington  and  Adams  ;  was  navy  agent  for 
Ms.  ill  1797-1801  ;  was  one  of  Gov.  Bowdoln's 
most  active  and  resolute  advisers  in  the  sup- 
pression of  Shays's  Rebellion;  and  was  lieut.- 
col.  of  the  regt.  sent  from  Boston  at  that  time. 
One  of  the  most  successful  of  the  merchants 
of  Boston  for  nearly  a  third  of  a  century.  In 
the  war  of  1812  he  suffered  disasters,  and  lost 
a  large  portion  of  his  ample  fortune.  He  m. 
Susan,  dau.  of  Aaron  and  Susanna  (Porter) 
Cleveland.  The  remarkable  essays  of  "  Laco," 
attackiuLT  John  Hancock,  were  generally  attrib- 
uted to  him.  He  wrote  also  a  pamphlet  entitled 
"  An  Examination  of  Jay's  Treaty,  by  Cato  " 
(Boston,  1795).  Stepiien^,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, b.  Nov.  20,  1770,  d.  Feb.  20,  1834.  A 
Boston  merchant  and  philanthropist ;  steward 
of  H.U.  1818-34.  Habitually  spoken  of  as  the 
"  Man  of  Ross  "  of  his  day,  from  his  profuse 
charities.  He  was  twice  m. ;  first  to  Martha 
Salisbury,  and,  after  her  death,  to  Louisa,  dau. 
of  Capt.  Thomas  Storrowof  the  British  army. 

Higginson,  Thomas  Wentworth,  au- 
thor, son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms., 
Dec.  22,  1823.  H.  U.  1841.  Harv.  Theol. 
School,  1847.  Minister  1st  Cong.  Church,  New- 
buryport,  1847-50,  and  of  a  free  church  at 
Worcester  in  1852-8.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  the  antislavery  agitation  of  this  period  ;  was 
wounded  in  the  Anthony  Burns  affair;  and 
was  indicted  with  Parker,  Phillips,  and  others, 
but  was  discharged,  from  a  flaw  in  the  indict- 
ment. He  aided  in  the  organization  of  parties 
of  free  State  emigrants  to  Kansas  in  1856  ; 
was  a  brig.-gen.  on  "Jim"  Lane's  staff  in  the 
free  State  forces,  and  was  cognizant  of  Capt. 
John  Brown's  movements.  He  has  long  been 
a  leading  contrib.  to  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  and 


has  pub.  "Out  door  Papers,"  1863  ;  "Malbone, 
an  Oldport  Romance,"  1869;  "Army-Life  in 
a  Black  Regiment,"  1870  ;  and  has  edited 
Harvard  Memorial  Biographies,  2  vols.  8vo  ; 
a  new  translation  of  Epictetus,  1865.  He  has 
contrib.  to  the  N.  Y.  Independent,  N.  Y.  Trib- 
une, Boston  Woman's  .Journal,  and  Macmillan's 
Mag.,  London.  A  French  translation  of  his 
essay  on  the  "  Greek  Goddesses  "  appeared  in 
the  Paris  R^nue  Britannique,  Oct.  1869.  In 
the  slaveholder's  rebellion,  he  was  col.  of  the 
first  S.C.  Vols.,  —  the  first  regt.  of  slaves  en- 
listed in  the  U.S.  service,  except  those  raised 
by  Gen.  Butler  at  New  Orleans.  He  took  and 
held  the  town  of  Jacksonville,  Fla  ;  was  sub- 
sequently wounded  in  an  engagement  on  the 
Edisto  River,  and  compelled  to  resign  from  dis- 
ability in  Oct.  1864.  He  has  since  resided  at 
Newport,  R.  L,  engaged  in  literary  pursuits. 
In  1847  he  m.  his  second  cousin  Mary,  dau, 
of  Walter  Channing,  M.D.,  and  niece  of  the 
celebrated  divine. 

Hildreth,  Ezekiel,  teacher  and  author, 
b.  Wcstford,  Ms.,  July  18, 1784  ;  d.  Wheeling, 
Va.,  Mar.  15,  1856.  H.U.  1814.  He  was  42 
years  a  teacher  in  Ohio,  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  Ky, 
He  pub.  a  grammatical  work,  "  Logopolis,  or 
City  of  Words,"  a  "  Key  to  Knowledge,"  an 
"  Essay  on  the  Mortality  of  the  Soul,"  and 
an  "Address  on  Education,"  delivered  before 
an  Educational  Conv.  in  Clarksburg,  Va.,  in 
1836. 

Hildreth,  Richard,  author  and  journal- 
ist, b.  Deerfieid,  Ms.,  June  28,  1807  ;  d.  Flor- 
ence, July  11,  1865.  H.U.  1826.  His  father, 
Hosea,  was  a  Cong,  clergyman.  While  study- 
ing law  in  Newburyport,  he  contrib.  to  maga- 
zines in  Boston,  where  he  practised  until  he 
began  in  1832  to  edit  the  Boston  Atlas.  In 
•1834-5  Mr.  Hildreth  resided  on  a  plantation  in 
the  South.  Here  he  wrote  his  antislavery 
novel  "  Archy  Moore,*'  repub.  and  favorably 
received  in  Eng.  In  1852  an  enlarged  edition 
appeared  under  the  title  of"  The  White  Slave." 
In  1836  he  translated,  from  the  French  of  Du- 
mont,  Bentharn's  "  Theory  of  Legislation," 
1840.  His  next  work  was  "A  History  of 
Banks."  After  passing  the  winter  of  1837-8 
in  Washington  as  corresp,  of  the  Atlas,  Mr. 
H.  resumed  his  editorial  post,  advocated  Har- 
rison's election  to  the  presidency,  and  wrote  a 
pamphlet  biography  of  his  candidate.  Aban- 
doning journalism,  he  pub.  in  1840,  with  the 
title  of  "  Despotism  in  America,"  a  vol,  on 
slavery,  to  which,  in  the  edition  of  1854,  was 
appended  a  chapter  on  "  The  Legal  Basis  of 
Slavery."  He  resided  in  Demarara,  British 
Guiana,  in  1840-3;  and  as  the  editor  succes- 
sively of  two  newspapers  in  Georgetown,  the 
capital  of  the  country,  he  earnestly  advocated 
the  system  of  free  labor.  His  "Theory  of 
Morals,"  Boston,  1844,  and  his  "Theory  of  Pol- 
itics," N.  Y.  1853,  were  written  in  Guiana. 
Mr.  Hildreth's  principal  work  is  his  "  History 
of  the  U.S.,"  6  vols.  8vo,  N.Y,,  1849-56.  He 
also  pub.  "Japan  as  it  Was  and  Is,"  1855. 
He  was  a  liberal  contrib,  to  various  newspapers 
and  periodicals,  and  to  cyclopaedias  and  works 
of  a  similar  character.  For  several  years  Mr, 
H,  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  N.  Y.  Trihnne. 
Among  other   controversial   pamphlets  from 


HIL 


436 


TTTTi 


his  pen  is  a  Letter  to  Prof.  Andrews  Norton  of 
Cambridge  on  "  Miracles."  In  18.56  he  com- 
piled from  Lord  Campbell's  work  "  Lives  of 
Atrocious  Judges."  U.S.  consul  at  Trieste 
from  1861  till  compelled  by  ill  health  to  relin- 
quish the  post.  —  Appleton. 

Hildreth,  Samuel  Prescott,  M.  D. 
(1805),  historian  and  physicist,  b.  Methuen, 
Ms.,  Sept  30,  1783;  d.  Marietta,  O.,  July  24, 

1863.  Descended  from  Richard  of  Cambridge, 
who  d.  Chelmsford,  Ms.,  1 688,  a.  76.  lie  labored 
on  a  farm ;  received  an  academic  education  ; 
and  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Kittredge  of 
Andover.  He  began  practice  in  N.II.,  butemig. 
to  Ohio  in  1806  ;  located  himself  first  at  Belpre', 
and  finally,  in  1808,  at  Marietta,  where  he  was 
a  successful  practitioner.  He  was  in  the  legisl. 
in  1810-11;  was  near  40  years  a  contrib.  to 
Si/limun's  Journal,  on  meteorology,  geology, 
and  paleontology;  and  was  in  1837  a  member 
of  the  geological  survey.  His  "  History  of  the 
Diseases  and  Climate  of  South-eastern  Ohio" 
was  pub.  in  1837  by  the  Cleveland  Medical 
Societ;',  of  which  he  was  pres.  He  pub.  in 
the  Hesperian,  at  Cincinnati,  "  A  History  of 
the  Settlement  of  Belleville,  Western  Va.,"  in 
1837  ;  in  1848,  "  Pioneer  History ; "  "  Lives  of 
the  Early  Settlers  of  Ohio,"  1832;  and  con- 
tribs.  to  the  Early  Hist,  of  the  N.  West,  12mo, 

1864.  His  valuable  scientific  library,  and  cabi- 
nets of  natural  history  and  conchology,  he  gave 
to  Marietta  Coll.  He  contrib.  much  valuable 
biog.  matter  to  the  N.  E.  H.  and  Gen.  Reg. — 
See  Gmeal.  Reg.,  xviii.  100. 

Hill,  Ambrose  Powell,  lient.-gen.  C.S.  A., 
b.  Culpeper  Co.,  Va.,,1824;  killed  in  the  as- 
sault on  Petersburg,  Va.,  April  2,  1865.  West 
Point,  1847.  His  father  was  for  many  years 
a  leading  politician  and  merchant  in  Culpeper 
Co.  Entering  the  1st  Art.,  he  became  1st 
lieut.  Sept.  1851;  resigned  March  1,  1861. 
Engaged  during  the  Mexican  war  at  Hua- 
mantla,  9  Oct.,  and  Atlixco,  12  Oct.,  1847  ; 
and  in  Fla.  against  the  Seminoles  in  1849-50. 
From  Nov.  1855  until  his  resignation,  he  had 
assisted  in  the  U.S.  coast  survey.  Made  col. 
13th  Va.  Vols.,  and  attached  to  Johnston's 
army,  he  participated  in  the  battle  of  Manassas. 
At  the  battle  of  Williamsburg,  May,  1862,  he 
was  a  brig.-gen.;  disting.  himself,  and  was 
made  a  maj.-gen.  He  was  prominent  in  the 
7-days' battles  before  Richmond;  and  gained  a 
brilliant  reputation  for  bravery,  and  skill  in 
the  handling  of  his  troops.  He  was  active 
ill  the  succeeding  campaign  against  Gen.  Pope ; 
captured  Harper's  Ferry,  Sept.  14,  1862;  and, 
making  a  forced  march,  arrived  at  Antietam 
in  seast)n  to  take  part  in  that  severe  battle. 
At  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg  his  division 
formed  the  right  of  Jackson's  force,  at  Chan- 
cellorsville  the  centre,  and  participated  in  that 
flank  movement  which  crushed  Hooker's  right. 
The  death  of  Stonewall  Jackson  gave  Hill  the 
com.,  and  he  was  soon  after  severely  wounded, 
and  for  gallantry  in  this  battle  was  promoted 
to  lient.-gen.  (May  20,  1863),  and  placed  at 
the  head  of  one  of  the  3  corps  of  the  Army  of 
Va.  He  led  his  corps  at  Gettysburg;  and  in 
the  affair  at  Bristow  Station  was  repulsed  with 
severe  loss.  In  the  great  battles  of  the  spring 
of  1864,  next  to  Gen.  Lee,  he  was  the  most 


prominent  Confed.  eneral.  June  22,  his  corps, 
with  Longstreet's,  repulsed  the  attempt  on  the 
Wcldon  Railroad.  At  the  final  attack  on  the 
South-side  Railroad  and  the  defences  of  Peters- 
burg (March  29-April  2),  Hill  was  active  and 
indefatigable  in  his  excisions  to  repel  the  Fed- 
eral attack.  In  the  struggle  for  the  possession 
of  the  works  in  front  of  Petersburg,  he  was 
instantly  killed  by  a  rifle-shot. 

Hill,  Gex.  Daniel  Harvey,  b.  S.C.  ab. 
1824.  West  Point,  1842.  Entering  the  art., 
he  became  1st  lieut.  March  3,  1847  ;  was  brev. 
capt.  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churu- 
busco,  and  major  for  Chapultepec  ;  resigned 
Feb.  28,  1849  ;  was  prof,  ol"  mathematics  suc- 
cessively in  Wash.  Coll.,  Lexington,  Va.,  and 
Dav.  Coll.,  N.C. ;  and  in  1 859  became  principal 
of  the  Milit.  Inst,  at  Charlotte,  N.C.  Chosen 
May  8,  1861,  col.  1st  N.  C.  Vols.,  he  com.  at 
Great  Bethel ;  remained  under  Magruder  at 
Yorktown  ;  took  part  in  the  battles  of  the 
Peninsular  campaign ;  and  led  the  attack  on 
Gen.  Casey  at  F'air  Oaks.  He  afterward  com. 
the  dept.  of  the  Appomattox,  having  his  head- 
quarters at  Petersburg,  Va.,  and  held  the  rank 
of  maj.-gen.;  com.  a  division  at  Fredericks- 
burg and  Chancellorsville  ;  attacked  Fort  An- 
derson, opposite  Newbern,  N.C,  14  Mar.  1863, 
and  was  repulsed;  and  com.  at  Augusta,  S.C, 
in  Feb.  1865.  He  has  pub.  "  Elements  of  Al- 
gebra," a  vol.  on  "  The  Sermon  on  the  Mount," 
and  one  entitled  "  The  Crucifixion  of  Christ." 
He  was  a  bro.-in-law  of  Gen.  T.  J.  Jackson, 
having  m.  a  Miss  Morrison  of  N.C. 

Hill,  George,  poet,  b.  Guilford,  Ct.,  29 
Jan.  1796.  Y.C  1816.  Son  of  Judge  Henry. 
He  was  first  employed  in  the  U.S.  land  office 
at  Washington,  and  entered  the  navy  in  1827 
as  a  teacher  of  math.,  in  which  capacity  he 
-made  a  cruise  in  the  Mediterranean.  On  his 
return  he  became  librarian  of  the  state  dept.  at 
Washington  ;  in  1839  was  app.  U.S.  consul 
for  the  southern  portion  of  Asia  Minor,  which 
he  was  soon  obliged  by  ill  health  to  decline. 
Returning  to  Washington,  he  became  a  clerk 
in  the  dept.  of  state,  resigning  in  1855.  He 
pub.  anonymously,  in  1831,  "  The  Ruins  of 
Athens,"  with  a  few  short  poems,  reprinted 
with  his  name  in  1839.  —  Everest's  Poets  of  Ct. 

Hill,  George  H.  (Yankee  Hill),  b." Bos- 
ton, 1799;  d.  Saratoga,  N.Y.,  Sept.  27,  1849. 
He  first  recited  Yankee  stories  at  the  Warren 
Theatre,  Boston ;  and  afterward  played  in  Yan- 
kee characters  at  the  Park,  N.Y.,  at  the  Lond. 
Adelphi  in  1838,  and  in  many  other  theatres 
with  success.  —  Brown's  Ainer.  Stage. 

Hill,  Isaac,  politician  and  journalist  of 
N.H.,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  April  6,  1788;  d. 
Washington,  D.C,  Mar.  22, 1851.  His  parents 
removed  to  Ashburnham,  Ms.  At  the  age  of 
14  he  was  apprenticed  to  the  pub.  of  the  Am- 
herst Cabinet.  In  1809  he  went  to  Concord, 
purchased  the  Amer.  Patriot,  changed  its  name 
to  the  N.H.  Patriot,  and  made  it  the  organ  of  the 
Repub.  party  ;  and  its  columns  were  supported 
by  contribs.  from  the  ablest  men  of  the  party, 
giving  it  for  20  years  an  immense  influence. 
In  1828,  after  filling  several  posts  in  the  State 
legisl.,  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
the  U.S.  senate.  In  1829  he  was  second  compt. 
of  the  treasury;   U.S.  senator  1830-6;    gov. 


TTTTi 


437 


ITTTi 


1836-9;  U.S.  sub.  treas.  at  Boston  1840-1. 
In  1840,  in  connection  with  his  two  oldest 
sons,  he  established  Hill's  N.H.  Patriot,  which 
they  pub.  and  edited  until  1847.  He  also  pub. 
the  I'ariner's  Monthly  Visitor  for  the  last  fifteen 
years  of  his  life.  His  biog.,  speeches,  and 
misc.  writings,  were  pub.  Concord,  1835. 

Hill,  Thomas,  D.D.,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1863), 
clergyman  and  mathematician,  b.  New  Bruns- 
wick," N.  J.,  Jan.  7,  1818.  H.U.  1843.  His 
father,  a  tanner  by  trade,  was  for  many  years 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Common 
Pleas.  Both  of  his  parents  were  English. 
Left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  10 ;  at  12  he  was 
apprenticed  to  a  printer;  at  17,  after  a  year's 
attendance  at  school,  entered  an  apothecary's 
shop,  and  sei  ved  in  it  3|-  years.  He  studied  at 
the  Cambridge  Divinity  School  till  184.5,  when 
he  was  settled  at  Waltham.  He  is  a  Unitarian. 
In  1859  he  succeeded  Horace  Mann  in  the 
presidency  of  Antioch  Coll.,  Yellow  Springs, 
Ohio;  and  in  1862-8  was  pres.  of  H.U. 
Has  been  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  periodical 
and  occasional  literature  of  the  day,  having 
written  poems,  reviews,  translations,  and  essays 
for  the  Christian  Examiner,  Reliyious  Magazine, 
Phonographic  Mag.,  N.  A.  Review,  and  Atlantic 
Monthly,  and  pub.  sermons,  lectures  and  ad- 
dresses, and  papers  in  "  The  Proceedings  of 
the  American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science."  He  has  also  written  most 
of  the  mathematical  articles  for  the  New  Amer. 
Cydopjedia,  an  "  Elementary  Treatise  on 
Arithmetic,"  "  Geometry  and  Faith,"  and 
"  First  Lessons  in  Geometry."  It  is,  however, 
in  his  investigations  in  curves  that  he  has  dis- 
played the  greatest  originality  and  fertility.  — 
Apple  ton. 

Hill,  Thomas,  landscape-painter,  b.  Eng, 
While  very  young,  his  parents  settled  in 
Taunton,  Ms.  Occupied  many  years  as  a 
carriage-painter  and  as  a  decorator  of  cottage 
furniture,  he  attained  such  repute,  that  he  was 
made  a  partner  in  a  furniture-house  in  Phila,, 
in  which  he  remained  12  years  (1845-57) ;  he  in 
1860  established  himself  as  a  portrait-painter 
in  San  Francisco,  subsequently  devoting  him- 
self to  landscapes  witii  brilliant  success.  Afrer 
studying  at  Paris  under  Paul  Myerheim,  he  in 
May,  1868,  established  himself  in  Boston,  and 
now  (1871)  has  a  studio  at  Cambridge.  He  is 
well  known  by  his  California  scenery.  His 
masterpiece  is  a  view  of  the  Yosemite  Valley. 
While  in  Cal.  he  painted  the  Trial-Scene  from 
'•■  The  Merchant  of  Venice." 

Hill,  Whitmell,  b.  Bertie  Co.,N.C.,  Feb. 
12,  1743  ;  d.  Hills  Ferry,  Martin  Co.,  N.C., 
Sept.  26,  1797.  U.  of  Pa.  He  was  a  delegate 
to  the  congresses  at  Hillsborough  and  Halifax, 
177.5-6;  was  lieut.col.  of  the  Coventry  militia, 
and  delegate  to  the  Cont.  Congress  in  1778- 
81.  Previous  to  1785  he  was  frequently  in  the 
house  or  senate  of  N.C. 

Hillard,  Gkorgk  Stillman,  LL.D.  (Trin. 
1857),  lawver,  orator,  and  man  of  letters,  b. 
Machias,  M.e.,  22  Sept.  1808.  H.U.  1828. 
His  mother  was  a  dau.  of  Gen.  Stillman.  He 
was  associated  with  George  Bancroft  in  the 
Round  Hill  Sem.  at  Northampton,  Ms. ;  was 
adm,  to  the  Boston  bar  in  1833,  and  acquired 
aa  extensive  practice;   was  a  member  of  the 


common  council  of  Boston  in  1845-7,  and  six 
months  its  pres.  ;  member  of  the  State  legisl. ; 
State  senator  1849-50;  city  solicitor  in  1854- 
6  ;  U.S.  dist.  atty.  for  Ms.  1867-70.  In  1833 
he  conducted,  with  George  Ripley,  a  weekly 
Unitarian  paper,  the  Christ.  Register.  In  1839 
he  edited  Spencer's  works  in  5  vols.  8vo,  estab- 
lishing his  reputation  as  a  scholar;  in  1840  he 
pub.  a  translation  of  Guizot's  Essay  on  Wash- 
ington ;  in  1843  he  was  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
orator  at  Cambridge;  in  1846  he  delivered  and 
pub.  a  lecture  on  the  Connection  between 
Geography  and  History,  unfolding  the  princi- 
ples of  comparative  physical  geography;  in 
1847  he  delivered  12  lectures  before  the  Lowell 
Institute  on  John  Milton;  in  1852  he  delivered 
the  Eulogy  on  Daniel  Webster  before  the  city 
authorities  of  Boston  ;  and  in  1853  edited  the 
Webster  "Memorial;"  in  1856  he  edited  a 
selection  from  the  works  of  Walter  Savage 
Landor.  He  visited  Europe,  and  in  18.53  pub. 
his  "  Six  Months  in  Italy,"  2  vols.  12mo. 
He  was  some  time  an  associate  editor  of  the 
Jurist,  and  for  several  years  a  principal  editor 
of  the  Boston  Courier.  He  is  also  the  author 
of  "  Life  and  Campaigns  of  George  B.  McClel- 
lan,"  1865,  and  of  an  excellent  series  of  school- 
readers  now  in  general  use.  Besides  the  above, 
he  has  contrib.  a  Memoir  of  Capt.  John  Smith 
to  Sparks's  Amer.  Biog.  ;  articles  on  Everett 
and  Choate  to  the  "  New  Amer.  Cyclopaedia;  " 
and  upon  various  subjects  to  the  Christ.  Exam- 
iner, TV.  American  Review,  &c. 

Hillegas,  Michael,  1st  U.S.  treas.;  d. 
Phila.  29  Sept.  1804,  a.  76. 

Hillhouse,  James,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1823), 
lawyer  and  senator,  b.  Montville,  Ct.,  Oct.  21, 
1754;  d.N.  Haven,  Dec.  29,1832.  Y.C.  1773. 
William,  his  father  (member  of  the  council  of 
safety  during  the  Revol.,  50  years  in  the  State 
legisl.,  40  years  judge  C.C.P.,  member  Cont. 
Congress  1783-6),  d.  Jan.  12,  1816,  a.  87.  A 
bro.,  James  Abraham,  a  disting.  lawyer  of  N. 
Haven,d.July,  1822,a.  87.  Y.C.  1749.  James 
practised  law  ;  took  an  active  part  in  the  Revol. 
struggle  ;  and,  when  N.  Haven  was  invaded 
by  the  British  under  Tryon,  was  com.  of  the 
gov. 's  guards ;  M.C  1791-4;  U.S.  senator 
1794-1810,  and  pres.  p/o  tern,  in  1800;  com- 
raiss.  of  the  school  fund  from  1810  to  1825, 
when  he  undertook  to  conduct  the  construction 
of  the  Farmington  and  Hampshire  Canal. 
Treas.  of  Yale  Coll.  from  1782  till  his  death; 
member  of  the  Hartford  Con  v.  He  m.  a  dau. 
of  Col.  Melancthon  Woolsey.  He  pub.  a  num- 
ber of  speeches. 

Hillhouse,  James  Abraham,  poet,  b.  N. 
Haven,  Sept.  26,  1789  ;  d.  there  Jan.  4,  1841. 
Y.C.  1808.  Son  of  the  preceding.  Hedevoted 
several  years  to  mercantile  pursuits  in  N.Y., 
which  led  him  to  visit  Europe  in  1819.  He 
m,  in  1822,  and  retired  to  the  beautiful  rural 
spot  called  Sachem's  Wood,  where  he  was  born, 
making  literature  rather  an  amusement  than 
an  occupation.  He  united  vigor  of  thought  to 
a  brilliant  fancy,  an  exquisite  taste,  and  a  cor- 
rect and  elegant  diction.  Some  of  his  prin- 
cipal poems  are  "  Percy's  Marque,"  first  pub. 
in  1820;  "Hadad,"  1825;  and  "The  Judg- 
ment," delivered  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
Society  at  New   Haven,    1812.     His  literary 


"Mil  t 


438 


hust 


productions  were  collected  by  himself,  and  pub. 
in  1839  in  two  vols.  12mo,  under  the  title  of 
"Dramas,  Discourses,  and  other  Pieces." 

Hilliard,  D'Aubekteuil,  publicist,  b. 
Paris  ab.  1740  ;  d.  ab.  1789.  After  exercising 
for  ten  years  the  profession  of  an  advocate  at 
St.  Domingo,  he  returned  to  Paris,  where  he 
pub.  "  Consid&ations  sur  I  'J^tat  Pi^sent  de  St. 
Doiningue,"  1776,  2  vols.  8vo,  suppressed  by  a 
decree  of  council  in  1777.  In  1777-8  he  visited 
the  English  Colonies  during  their  struggle  with 
the  mother-country.  His  "  Essais  Historiques 
et  Politiques  sur  les  Aiiglo-Am€ricains  "  appeared 
in  1782,  2  vols.  8vo,  Bruxelles,  and  was  con- 
tinued under  the  title  of"  Essais  Historiques  et 
Politiques  sur  les  Revolutions  de  I  'Am^rique  Sep- 
tentrionale,"  3  yoh.Svo,  1783.  Imprisoned  in 
1784  in  consequence  of  his  first  publication,  he 
soon  recovered  his  liberty,  and  in  1789  re- 
turned to  the  Colonies,  where  some  lyive  sup- 
posed he  was  assassinated. —  Dioij.  Univ.  Suppt. 

Hilliard,  Francis,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms., 
ab.  18U8.  H.U.  1823.  Son  of  William,  book- 
seller of  Boston.  Judge  of  Roxbury  Police 
Court ;  commiss.  and  judge  of  insolv.  for  Norf. 
Co. ;  author  of  "  Digest  of  Pickering's  lie- 
ports  ;  "  "  Sales  of  Personal  Property,"  8vo, 
1841  ;  "  Amer.  Law  of  Real  Property,"  2  vols. 
8vo,  1855;  "Amer.  Jurisprudence,"  8vo, 
1848  ;  "  Law  of  Vendors  and  Purchasers,"  2 
vols.  8vo,  1858  ;  "  Treatise  on  Torts,"  2  vols. ; 
"Remedy  for  Torts;  ""New  Trials,"  1866; 
"  Law  of  Injunctions  ;  "  Hilliard  "  on  Mort- 
gages," 2  vols.,  and  on  "  Bankruptcy." 

Hilliard,  Henry  Washington,  politician 
and  scholar,  b.  Cumberland  Co.,  N.C.,  Aug.  8, 
1808.  S.C.  Coll.  1826.  He  studied  law,  and 
settled  in  Ga.,  but  in  1831  became  a  citizen  of 
Ala.,  and  was  for  3  years  a  prof,  in  the  State  U. 
In  1838  he  was  elected  to  the  State  legisl.; 
in  1842  was  app.  by  Pres.  Tyler  minister  to 
Belgium;  and  was  M.C.  in  1843-51  :  a  vol.  of 
his  speeches  was  pub.  in  1855.  He  opposed 
the  Wilmot  Proviso;  was  a  prominent  advo- 
cate of  the  compromise  measures  of  1850,  and 
a  secessionist  in  1861. 

Hillsborough,  Wills  Hill,  Earl  of, 
principal  secretary  of  state  lor  the  Amer.  dept. 
m  1768-71  and  1779-82,  b.  Fairford,  Glouces- 
tershire, Eng.,  30  May,  1718  ;  d.  7  Oct.  1793. 
He  took  his  seat  in  the  Irish  house  of  peers 
in  1743;  in  the  privy  council  in  1754;  was 
first  lord  of  trade  in  1766;  postmaster-gen.  in 
1766-8;  and  was  made  viscount,  and  earl  of 
Harwich,  in  1772. 

Hillyer,  Asa,  D.D.  (AUegh.  Coll.  1818), 
Presb.  minister  of  Orange,  N.J.  (1801-33), 
b.  Sheffield,  Ms.,  6  April,  1763  ;  d.  in  N.Y.  28 
Aug.  1840.  Y.C.  1786.  Ord.  at  Bottle  Hill, 
N.  J.,  29  Sept.  1789.  In  1837  he  sided  with 
the  New  School.  —  Spraque. 

Hilson,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas,  actors. 
Mr.  H.  was  b,  Lond.,  Eng.,  1784;  d.  Louis- 
ville, Kv.,  July  23, 1834.  First  app.  at  the  Park, 
N.Y.,  as  Waiter  in  "Child,  of  the  Wood;" 
in  Phila.  at  Arch  St.,  Sept.  11,  1832,  as  Dash- 
wood  in  "  Know  Your  Own  Mind."  Mrs.  H., 
formerly  Ellen  Augusta  Johnston,  was  b.  1801 ; 
d.  N.Y.  City,  Apr.  2,  1837.  Made  her  d^but 
at  the  Park  Theatre,  with  which  her  parents 
were  connected,  Jan.  15, 1817,  as  Amanthis  in 


"  The  Child  of  Nature ;  "  remained  there  until 
1830;  opened  as  Lady  Teazle  at  Walnut- 
st.  Theatre,  Phila.,  Sept.  12,  1831  ;  married 
Mr.  Hilson,  Aug.  1825.  The  pair  played  an 
engagement  at  the  Tremont  Theatre,  Boston, 
in  1827. —  Brown's  American  Stage. 

Hinckley,  Isabella.  —  See  Susini. 

Hinckley,  Thomas,  last  gov.  of  Plym- 
outh, b.  Eng.  ab.  1618;  d.  Barnstable,  Apr. 
25,  1706.  Son  of  Samuel  of  Tenterden  in 
Kent,  and  Sarah  Hinckley,  with  whom  he 
came  to  Scituate  in  1635,  and  in  1639  removed 
to  Barnstable.  He  soon  became  prominent  in 
the  affairs  of  the  Colony  ;  was  a  dep.  in  1 045  ;  a 
representative  in  1647  ;  a  magistrate  and  assist, 
from  1058  to  1680;  dep.gov.  1680;  gov.  from 
1681,  except  during  the  interruption  by  Andros, 
until  the  union  with  the  Ms.  Colony  in  1692. 
He  was  also  a  commiss.  on  the  General  Board 
of  the  two  Colonies  from  1673  to  1692,  when  he 
became  a  councillor.  Among  theMSS.  of  the 
N.E.  or  Old  South  Church  Library,  which  in 
1866  were  deposited  in  the  Boston  Public 
Library,  are  3  vols,  folio  of  papers  collected  by 
Gov.  Hinckley. 

Hincks,  Sir  Francis,  C.B.,  a  Canadian 
statesman,  b.  Cork,  Ireland,  1795.  Son  of  Dr. 
Hincks,  a  Presb.  clergyman.  Was  educated  at 
Fermoy  and  Belfast ;  became  a  merchant;  and 
in  1832  settled  in  Toronto,  Canada.  Under 
Lord  Durham's  administration  he  edited  the 
Examiner  with  such  talent  and  vigor,  that  in 
1841  he  was  elected  to  parliament  for  Oxford 
Co.,  and  was  soon  after  app.  insp.-gen.  From 
July,  1851,  until  late  in  1854,  he  was  prime- 
minister  of  Canada.  He  again  entered  par- 
liament in  1855,  when  he  was  app.  gov.  and 
com. -in-chief  of  the  Windward  Islands ;  and  in 
1860-6  he  was  gov.  of  British  Guiana.  He  did 
much  to  promote  the  construction  of  railways, 
especially  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  of  Cana- 
da. Min.  of  finance  for  the  Dom.  of  Canada 
since  1869.  —  Morgan. 

Hind)  Henry  Youle,  geolouist,  b.  Not- 
tingham, Eng.,  June,  1823.  Educated  at 
Leipzig  and  Cambridge.  Came  to  Canada  in 
1847  ;  prof,  of  chemistry  and  geology.  Trinity 
Coll.,  Toronto,  since  1853.  He  accomp.  the 
Red-river  exploring  exped.  in  1857-8,  his  re- 
ports ot  which  have  been  pub.  as  a  "  Narra- 
tive of  the  Canadian  Exped.,"  &c.,  1860.  He 
explored  a  part  of  Labrador  in  1801  ;  edited 
the  Journal  of  Science  and  Art  1852-5  ;  and  in 
1861  bt'gan  the  Journal  of  Arts  and  Manufs. 
In  1854  he  received  the  prize  of  £100  for  the 
best  essay  on  the  Means  of  preserving  the  Har- 
bor of  Toronto. 

Hindman,  Gen.  Thomas  C,  b.  Tenn., 
1818;  killed  in  Helena,  Ark.,  Sept.  27,  1868. 
2d  lieut.  of  Mpi.  vols,  in  the  Mexican  war,  and 
was  a  Democ.  M.C.  in  1859-01.  Member  of 
the  Charleston  Convention  of  1860.  When  the 
Rebellion  broke  out,  he  was  made  a  brig.-gen.  in 
the  Confed.  army,  and  promoted  subsequently 
to  maj.-gen.  He  first  served  under  Buckner  ip 
Ky.,  and  had  command  at  Memi)his.  At  New- 
lonia,  his  force  of  from  1 5,000  to  20,000  was  put 
to  flight  by  Gens.  Schofield  and  Blunt.  Hav- 
ing collected  his  forces  at  Van  Buren,  Ark.,  he 
crossed  the  Arkansas  with  25,000  men,  and  ad- 
vanced in  Dec.  1862  to  Prairie  Grove,  where  he 


HtN- 


439 


HIT 


was  defeated  by  Gens.  Blunt  and  Ilerron.  Af- 
ter the  battle  of  Shiloh,  in  which  he  partici- 
patcU,  and  from  which  his  commission  of  maj.- 
gen.  dated,  he  was  transferred  to  Ark.,  and 
com.  in  that  State  during  its  occupation  by 
Gen.  Curtis.  He  com.  a  division  in  Polk's 
corps  at  Chickamauga.  He  went  to  Mexico 
after  the  peace,  but  returned  to  Helena  in  the 
spring  of  1867,  and  was  assassinated  by  one  of 
his  former  soldiers. 

Hindman,  William,  delegate  from  Md. 
to  the  Old  Congret^s  1784-7,  M.  C.  1792-9, 
U.  S.  senator  1800-1  ;  d.  Jan.  26,  1822. 

Hinds,  Gen.  Thomas  ;  d.  JetF.  Co.,  Mpi., 
Aug.  23,  1840,  a.  ab.  65.  Maj.  com.  Mpi.  cav. 
vols.  1813;  lieut.-col.  com.  1814-15;  disting. 
under  Jackson  at  N.  Orleans;  U.S.  brig.-gen. 
of  militia  for  Mpi.  Terr.  July  7,  1815;  M.C. 
1828-31 .— Gardner. 

Hinks,  Edward  W.,  brevet,  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Bucksport,  Me.,  30  May,  1830.  De- 
scended Irom  Judge  John  Hinckes  of  N.  H. 
He  moved  to  Bangor  in  Dec.  1846,  to  Boston 
in  1849,  and  now  resides  in  Cambridge,  Ms. 
Member  of  the  Boston  city  council,  and  of  the 
Ms.  Icgisl.  in  1855.  A  printer  in  Boston,  and 
adjt.  8th  M.V.M. ;  18th  Dec.  18C0  wrote  to 
Maj.  Anderson,  tendering  a  vol.  force  to  aid 
in  defence  of  Fort  Moultrie;  21  April,  1860, 
while  e?i  route  to  Washington  with  his  regt., 
com.  a  party  wlwch  saved  the  frigate  "  Consti- 
tution "  at  Annapolis,  and  repaired  the  bridge 
and  railroad  at  Annapolis  Junction;  app.  2d 
lieut.  2d  U.S.  Cav.  26  Apr.  1861;  lieut.-col. 
8th  Ms.  Vols.  30  Apr.  1861;  col.  I6th  May, 
1861;  col.  lyth  Ms.  Vols.  3  Aug.  1861  ;  brig.- 
gen.  vols.  29  Nov.  1862;  brev.  maj.-geii.  13 
Mar.  1865;  lieut.-col.  40th  U.S.  Inf.  28  July, 
1866;  brcv;  col.  U.S.A.  2  Mar.  1867  for  An- 
tietam;  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  2  Mar.  1866 
for  Petersburg,  Va. ;  retired  15  Dec.  1870.  He 
participated  in  the  action  of  Ball's  Bluff;  the 
Peninsular  campaign,  until  severely  wounded 
at  Glcndale,  30  June,  1862;  com.  3d  Brigade, 
Sedgwick's  division,  in  Pope's  campaign,  un- 
til severelv  wounded  at  Antietam,  Sept.  17, 
1862;  coni.  3d  div.  18th  corps  (colored)  21 
Apr.-8  July,  1864,  in  battle  of  Baylor's  Farm, 
and  assault  on  Petersburg,  where  he  was  again 
wounded ;  afterwards  f)rov. -marshal-gen.  of 
Southern  N.Y.  and  of  Western  Pa.,  being  in- 
capacitated by  wounds  from  field-duty. 

Hinmau,  Col.  Benjamin,  Ilevol.  officer, 
b.  Woodbury,  Ct.,  1720;  d.  Southbury,  Ct., 
Mar.  22,  1810.  A  quartermaster  of  a  troop  of 
horse  in  the  expcd.  of  Gov.  Wolcott  against  the 
French  in  Canada  in  1751 ;  in  1755  a  capt.  in 
Goodrich's  regt.,  and  in  the  battle  between 
Johnson  and  Dieskau  ;  lieut.-col.  3d  regt.  in 
1758;  lieut.-col.  of  a  regt.  of  horse  and  foot  in 
1767,  and  col.  in  1771;  com.  a  regt.  at  Ticon- 
deroga  in  1775  ;  at  New  York  when  taken  by 
the  British  in  1776;  left  the  army  in  ill  health 
in  Jan.  1777. 

Hiuman,  Elisha,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Sto- 
nington,  Ct.,  Mar.  9,  1734;  d.  there  Aug.  29, 
1 807.  At  14  he  went  to  sea  ;  was  a  capt.  at  1 9 ; 
and  for  many  years  sailed  to  Europe  and  the 
Indies,  He  com.  "  The  Cabot,"  under  Cora. 
Hopkins,  early  in  1776.  One  of  the  first  cap- 
tains  app.  by  Congress  (Aug.   13,  1776),    he 


abandoned  a  lucrative  profession,  and  devoted 
himself  to  his  country.  He  successively  com. 
"  The  Marquis  de  Lafayette,"  20  guns;  "  The 
Deane,"30guns;  the  sloop  "Providence;  "and 
"  The  Alfred,"  32.  Captured  in  the  latter 
(Mar.  9,  1778),  he  was  taken  to  Eng.,  and  im- 
prisoned, escaped,  reached  France,  and  on  his 
return  home  was  honorably  acquitted  for  the 
loss  of  his  ship.  In  1779  he  com.  "  The  Han- 
cock" with  great  success,  and  in  1780  "The 
Deane."  In  1794  Pres.  Adams  tendered  to 
him  the  com.  of  "  The  Constitution ; "  but  from 
his  advanced  age  he  declined.  From  1798  to 
1802  he  was  engaged  in  the  revenue  service. 
By  the  destruction  of  New  London  by  the 
British,  he  lost  all  his  property. 

Hinman,  John,  LL.D.,  jurist,  b.  Fairfield 
Co.,  Ct.,  1802;  d.  Cheshire,  Ct.,  21  Feb.  1870. 
He  was  educated  at  an  academy  ;  was  adm.  to 
the  New  Haven  Co.  bar  ab.  1827;  practised  in 
Waterbury ;  became  a  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  in  1842,  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1850, 
and  in  1861  chief  justice. 

Hinmau,  Royal  Ralph,  politician  and 
genealogist,  b.  Southbury,  Ct.,  June  50,  1785; 
d.  N.  Y.  City,  Oct.  16,  1868.  Y.  C.  1804.  Son 
of  Gen.  Ephraim.  He  studied  law;  practised 
nearly  30  years  in  his  native  county ;  was  sec. 
of  state  in  1835-42  ;  and  subsequently  gave  his 
attention  to  the  history  and  antiquities  of  the 
State.  He  pub.  several  vols,  of  genealogies  of 
the  early  settlers  in  the  Hartford,  Quinnipiac, 
and  Pequod  colonies.  For  the  last  14  years  he 
had  resided  in  N.  Y,  City.  Author  of  "  His- 
torical Collections  of  Ct.  in  the  Amer.  Revol.," 
8vo,  1842;  "Catalogue  of  the  First  Puritan 
Settlers  of  the  Colony  of  Ct.,"  in  6  nns.,  Hart- 
ford, 1852-8;  "Official  Letters  between  the 
Kings  and  Queens  of  Eng.  and  the  Early  Gov- 
ernors of  Ct.  ;  "  also  several  volumes  of  Stat- 
utes and  Public  and  Private  Acts. —  Y.  C. 
Obit.  Record. 

Hinton,  John  Howard,  an  English  cler- 
gyman and  author,  b.  Oxford,  24  Mar.  1791. 
He  was  a  Baptist;  preached  at  Reading,  and  af- 
terward at  Lond.  He  edited  "  The  History  and 
Topography  of  the  U.S.,"  completed  in  1832, 
in  which  he  was  assisted  by  several  European 
and  Amer.  writers.  An  edition  of  this  work, 
under  the  supervision  of  J.  0.  Chonles,  D.D., 
was  pub.,  2  vols.  4to,  1853.  Mr,  Hinton  has 
also  written  "  Memoirs  of  Wm.  Knibb;"  "The- 
ology, or  an  Attempt  toward  a  Consistent  View 
of  the  Whole  Counsel  of  God;"  "Elements 
of  Natural  History,"  &c. 

Hirst,  Henry  B.,  poet,  b.  Phila.  Aug.  23, 
1813,  Adm.  to  the  Phila.  bar  in  1843,  his 
youth  having  been  passed  in  the  study  of  law, 
frequently  interrupted  by  mercantile  occupa- 
tions. Previous  to  his  examination  he  pub. 
in  Graham's  Mag.  several  poems,  which  became 
very  popular.  He  has  pub.  "  The  Coming  of 
the  Mammoth,"  "  The  Funeral  of  Time,  and 
other  Poems,"  1845;  "  Endymion,  a  Tale  of 
Greece,"  1848  ;  and  "  The  Penance  of  Roland, 
and  other  Poems,"  1849. 

Hitchcock,  Col.  Daniel,  Revol.  officer, 
of  R.  I. ;  d.  Jan.  1777,  shortly  after  arriving^ 
at  winter-quarters  at  Morristown.  Y.C.  1761. 
A  lawyer  in  Providence  before  the  Revol.,  and 
lieut.-col.  of  militia :  com.  a  R.  I.  regt.  at  tho 


HIT 


440 


HO^ 


sietre  of  Boston  in  1775 ;  and  com.  a  brigade  at 
Princeton,  though  sufFering  from  the  illness 
which  carried  him  off.  Washington  took  him 
by  the  hand  on  the  battlc-groiuKl,  and  thanked 
him  for  this  service  before  the  whole  army. 

Hitchcock,  Edward,  D.D.  (Mid.  Coll. 
1846),  LL  D.  (U.U.  1840),  clergyman  and  ge- 
ologist, b.  Deerfield,  Ms.,  May  24,  1793  ;  d. 
Amherst,  Feb.  27,  1864.  Principal  of  Deer- 
field  Acad.  1815-18  ;  pastor  of  the  Cong. 
church  in  Conway,  Ms.,  1821-5  ;  prof,  of 
chem.  and  nat.  hfst.  in  Amherst  Coll.  1825- 
45  ;  pres.  of  Amherst  Coll.  and  prof,  of  nat. 
theol.  and  geol.  1845-.54.  He  was  app. 
State  geologist  of  Ms.  in  1830,  of  the  first 
dist.  of  N.Y.  in  1836,  and  of  Vt.  in  1857. 
Several  years  a  member  of  the  Ms.  Board  of 
Agric. ;  and  in  1850  was  commiss.  by  the  State 
Govt,  to  examine  the  agric.  schools  in  Europe. 
He  pub.  an  almanac  4  vears  (1815-18);  a 
tragedy,  "  The  Downfoll  of  Bonaparte,"  1815  ; 
and  suhsequently  pub.  more  than  20  vols.,  be- 
side numerous  sermons,  addresses,  tracts,  and 
articles  in  the  scientific  and  literary  journals. 
He  pub.  "  The  Geology  of  Ct.  Valley,"  1823  ; 
"  A  Catalogue  of  Plants  within  20  Miles  of 
Amherst,"  1829  ;  a  prize  essay  on  the  "  Wine- 
Question  ;  "  "  Lectures  on  Diet,  Regimen,  and 
Employment;"  in  1850  the  "History  of  a 
Zoological  Temperance  Convention  in  Central 
Africa;"  "A  Wreath  for  the  Tomb,"  1839; 
"  Lectures  on  the  Peculiar  Phenomena  of  the 
Four  Seasons,"  1850;  "Memoir  of  Mary 
Lyon,"  1851  ;  "  Reports  on  the  Geology  of 
Ms.,"  1833, '35,  '38,  '41  ;  "  Report  on  the  Geol- 
ogy of  Vt.,"  1860;  illustrations  of  "Surface 
Geology,"  1857  ;  and  the  "  Elementary  Geol- 
ogy," which  has  passed  through  25  editions 
here,  and  several  in  Eng.  His  "  Religion  of 
Geology  and  its  Connected  Sciences,"  1851,  had 
a  wide  circulation  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic. 
He  suggested  as  well  as  executed  the  geological 
survey  of  Ms.,  the  first  survey  of  an  entire 
State  under  the  authority  of  govt,  in  the  world. 
The  Amer.  Geol.  Assoc,  (now  the  Scientific 
Assoc.)  was  originated  at  his  suggestion  ;  and 
he  was  its  first  pres.  Dr.  Hitchcock  was  the 
first  to  fiive  a  scientific  exposition  of  the  fossil 
footprints  of  the  Ct.  Valley.  "  The  Ichnologv 
of  N.E.,"  pub.  by  the  Ms.  legisl.  in  1858,  is 
chiefly  a  description  and  illustration  of  his  own 
numerous  collections.  His  last  literary  labor 
was  his  "  Reminiscences  of  Amherst  College." 

Hitchcock,  Enos,  D.D.  (B.  U.  1788), 
minister  and  author,  b.  Springfield,  Ms.,  Mar. 
7,  1744;  d.  Providence,  Feb.  27,  1803.  H.U. 
1767.  Ord.  May  1,  1771,  colleague  of  Mr. 
Chipman  of  the  Second  Church,  Beverly  ;  dis- 
missed Apr.  6,  1780;  chaplain  in  the  Revol. 
army.  Installed  at  Providence,  Oct.  1,  1783. 
He  was  a  disting.  preacher,  and  a  friend  and 
promoter  of  education.  At  his  death  he  be- 
queathed $2,500  for  the  support  of  the  ministry 
in  his  society.  He  pub.  "  Catechetical  Instruc- 
tions and  Forms  of  Devotion  for  Children  and 
Youth  ;  "  "  Memoirs  of  the  Bloomsgrove  Fam- 
ily ;  "  a  work  on  Education,  2  vols.  12mo,  1790 ; 
discourses  and  sermons ;  and  Essay  on  the 
Lord's  Supper. 

Hitchcock,  Ethan  Allen,  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  and  author,  b.  Vergennes,  Vt.,  18  May, 


1798;  d.  Hancock,  Ga.,  5  Aug.  1870.  West 
Point,  1817.  Son  of  Judge  Samuel  (who  d. 
Burlington,  Dec.  1813,  a.  59)  by  a  dau.  of 
Ethan  Allen.  He  was  an  officer  of  the  milit. 
acad.  in  1824;  com.  the  cadets  in  1829-33; 
capt.  Dec.  1824  ;  maj.  8th  Inf.  7  July,  1838; 
lieut.-col.  3d,  31  Jan.  1842;  col.  2d  Inf.  15  Apr. 
1851;  resigned  18  Oct.  1855;  maj.-gen.  vols. 
10  Feb.  1862;  commis.  for  exch.  of  prisoners 
15  Nov.  1862  ;  commis.  to  revise  the  milit.  laws 
and  regulations  17  Dec.  1862.  He  served  in 
the  Seminole  war;  was  acting  insp.-gen.  on 
the  staff"  of  Gen.  Scott  in  Mexico  ;  brev.  col. 
for  the  battles  of  Contreras  and  Churuhusco, 
and  brig.-gen.  for  Molino  del  Rey,  8  Sept. 
1847.  He  then  travelled  in  Europe,  and  com. 
the  dept.  of  the  Pacific  in  1851-4.  Author  of 
"  Alchemy  and  the  Alchemists,"  1857  ;  "  Swe- 
denborg  a  Hermetic  ]"*hilos.."  1858;  "Christ 
the  Spirit,"  2  vols.  1859  ;  "  Red  Book  of  Ap- 
pin;  ""  Remarks  on  the  Sonnets  of  Shak- 
speare  ; "  "  Notes  on  the  Vita  Nuova  of  Dante," 
1866  ;  and  a  mystical  interpretation  of  "  Colin 
Clout." 

Hitchcock,  Gad,  D.D.,  minister  of  Pem- 
broke, Ms.,  from  1758  to  his  death,  Aug.  8, 
1803,  a.  85.  H.U.  1743.  He  pub.  Dudleian 
Lecture,  1775;  sermons  at  anniv.  of  Plym- 
outh, Dec.  1774,  to  a  milit.  comp.  1757,  &c. 

Hitchcock,  Peter,  LL.D.  (Mar.  Coll. 
1845),  jurist,  b.  Cheshire,  Ct.,  Oct.  19.  1781  ; 
d.  Painesville,  O.,  May  11,  1853.  Y.C.  1801. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1804;  practised  law  in 
Cheshire;  established  himself  at  Burton,  0., 
in  1806;  member  of  the  Ohio  Assembly  in 
1810;  of  the  senate  in  1812-16,  and  pres.  of 
that  body  one  session  ;  M.C.  1817-19;  28  years 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  O.,  and  a  por- 
tion of  the  time  chief  justice  ;  again  a  member 
of  the  Ohio  senate  in  1833-5,  and  a  second 
time  pres.;  and  in  1850  a  delegate  to  the  State 
Const.  Conv.  Patron  and  friend  of  the  lead- 
ing benevolent  enterprises  of  the  day. 

Hitchcock,  Robert  B.,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  Ct.  25  Sept.  1803.  Midshipm.  Jan.  1,  1825  ; 
licut.  Mar.  3,  1835  ;  com.  Sept.  14, 1855  ;  capt. 
1861  ;  commo.  July  16,  1862.  Attached  to 
schooner  *'  Shark,"  W.  I.  squad.,  1827  ;  com. 
steam-lrigate  "  Merrimack,"  Pacific  sqtiad,, 
1858-60;  com.  steam-sloop  "Susquehanna," 
and  senior  officer  of  the  blockading  fleet  off 
Mobile,  1862-3;  com.  Norfolk  Navy  Yard, 
1866;  ret.  25  Sept.  1865.  — //amers///. 

Hoadley,  Loammi  Ives,  b.  Northford, 
Ct,  1790.  Y.C.  1817;  And.  Theol.  Sem.  1820. 
Ord.  15  Oct.  1823;  pastor  of  the  Waldo  Calvin- 
istic  Church,  Worcester,  Ms.,  1823-30;  has 
had  charge  of  several  churches  in  N.E. ;  since 
1866,  pastor  at  N.  Haven.;  assist,  ed.  "  Comp. 
Comment,  of  the  Bil)le  ;  "  edited  vol.  6  "  Spirit 
of  the  Pilgrims,"  and  many  of  the  pubs,  of  the 
Ms.  Sabb.  School  Soc.  Contrib.  to  various 
religious  publications.  — AUibone. 

Hoar,  Ebenezer  Rockwood,  jurist,  b. 
Concord,  Ms.,  21  Feb. 1 81 6.  H.U.  1835.  LL.D. 
1868.  Son  of  Hon.  Samuel.  Adm.  to  the  bar 
1840,  and  practised  with  great  success.  Ap- 
pointed judge  C.C.P.  Aug.  1849;  resii^ned 
1855  ;  judge  Superior  Court  of  Ms.  1859-69  ; 
U.S.  atty.-gen.  Mar.  1869-July,  1870;  joint 
high  commissioner  to  treat  with  the  British 


KOA. 


441 


HOD 


commissioners,  Mar.-May,  1871.  Distin<^.  as 
a  jurist,  and  a  man  of  fine  culture,  great  wit, 
and  eminent  social  qualities.  George  F. 
Hoar,  M.C.  8th  dist.  of  Ms.,  is  his  brother. 

Hoar,  Jonathan,  col.  of  a  prov.  regt.  at 
Nova  Scotia  in  1755.  Son  of  Lieut.  David  H. 
of  Concord,  Ms.,  b.  Jan.  6,  1708;  d.  1771,  on 
his  passage  from  Lond.  to  N.Y.  H.U.  1740. 
Lieut,  in  Waldo's  regt.  at  the  capture  of 
Louisburg,  1745. 

Hoar,  Leonard,  M.D.  ( U.  of  Camb.  1671 ), 
pres.  of  Harv.  Coll.  from  Sept.  10,  1672,  to 
Mar.  15,1675;  d.  Braintree,  Ms.,  Nov.  28, 
1675.  H.U.  1650.  He  m.  a  dau.  of  John 
Lisle,  the  regicide;  was  minister  of  Wenslcad, 
Essex,  until  ejected  for  non-conformity  in  1662 ; 
and,  returning  to  Ms.  in  1672,  was  for  a  time 
assist,  to  Thomas  Thatcher  at  the  South  Church, 
Boston.  He  was  deficient  in  governing  power ; 
and,  some  influential  men  having  arrayed 
themselves  against  him,  the  students  made  his 
situation  so  uncomfortable  for  him,  that  he 
was  obliged  to  resign  ;  and  his  death  soon  fol- 
lowed. 

Hoar,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1838),  law- 
yer,  b.  Lincoln,  Ms.,  May  18,  1778;  d.  Con- 
cord, Ms.,  Nov.  2,  1856.  H.U.  1802.  His 
father,  Capt.  Samuel,  a Revol.  officer,  and  many 
years  in  the  State  legisl.,  as  well  as  a  county 
magistrate,  d.  June,  1832.  The  son  was  two 
years  a  private  tutor  in  Va. ;  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1805  ;  opened  anoflSce  in  Concord  ;  and 
was  for  40  years  one  of  the  most  eminent  and 
successful  practitioners  in  the  State.  Member 
of  tlie  Const.  Con  v.  in  1820;  State  senator  in 
1825  and  1833  ;  of  the  exec,  council  in  1845-6 ; 
State  representative  in  1850;  and  M.C.  in  1835- 
7.  Sent  in  1844  by  the  Ms.  legisl.  to  S.C.  to 
test  the  constitutionality  of  acts  of  that  State 
authorizing  the  imprisonment  of  free  colored 
persons  who  should  enter  it,  his  appearance  in 
Charleston  caused  great  excitement;  and  he 
was  expelled  from  that  city,  Dec.  5,  1 844.  On 
the  same  day,  the  legisl  at  Columbia  passed 
resolutions  authorizing  the  gov.  to  expel  him. 
He  was  an  active  member  of  various  religious 
and  charitable  societies,  — of  the  Amer.  Acad, 
of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Am,  Bible  Society,  and 
of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc.  He  m.  a  dau.  of  Roger 
Sherman. 

Hobart,  Aaron,  jurist,  b.  Abington,  Ms., 
June  26,  1787;  d.  E.  Bridgewater,  Sept.  19, 
1858.  B.U.  1805.  Becoming  a  leading  law- 
yer in  Plymouth  Co.,  he  was  State  senator  in 
1819;  M.C.  1821-7;  member  of  the  exec, 
council  1828-31  ;  judge  of  probate  from  1843 
till  his  death  ;  and  member  of  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  of  1853.  Author  of  "History  of  Ab- 
ington," 1839. 

Hobart,  John  Henry,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll. 
1807),  Prot.-Epis.  bishop  of  N.Y.,  descended 
from  Joshua,  an  early  settler  of  Ms. ;  b.  Pliila. 
Sept.  14,  1775;  d.  Auburn,  N.Y.,  Sept.  12, 
1830.  N.J.  Coll.  1793.  Tutor  there  1796-8. 
Ord.  deacon  1798;  priest  in  1801;  consec. 
assist,  bishop  of  N.Y.  May  29,  1811  ;  bishop 
in  1816.  In  1799  he  was  called  to  Christ 
Church,  N  Brunswick,  N.  J. ;  rector  of  St. 
George's,  Hempstead,  L.I.,  from  May  to  Sept. 
1800;  then  assist,  minister  of  Trinity  Church  ; 
sec.  of  the  h.  of  bishops ;  dep.  to  the  conven- 
tions of  1801-4  and  8,  and,  in  the  last  two, 


sec.  to  the  clerical  and  lay  deputies ;  and  in 
1816  rector  of  Trinity  Church.  He  was  active 
in  forming  a  theol.  sem.  in  N.Y.,  in  which  in 
1821  he  was  prof,  of  pastoral  theol.  and  pulpit 
eloquence.  He  visited  the  Oneida  Indians  in 
1818  and  1826.  Among  his  publications  are 
"Companion  for  the  Altar,"  1804;  "Com- 
panion for  the  Festivals  and  Fasts  ;  "  "  Com- 
panion for  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer ; " 
"  State  of  Departed  Spirits ;  "  "  Communicant's 
Manual ;  "  "  Clergyman's  Companion  ;  " 
"  Essays  on  Episcopacy ;  "  "  Apology  for  Apo.s- 
tolic  Order,"  1807;  "'Christian's  Manual  of 
Faith  and  Devotion  ; "  2  vols,  of  "  Sermons," 
Lond.  1824.  In  1808  he  began  the  Churchman's 
Magazine,  a  monthly.  His  posthumous  works, 
with  Memoir  by  liev.  Wra.  Berrian,  app.  in 
1833,3  vols.  8vo.  "The  Professional  Years 
of  J.  II.  Hobart,"  by  J.  Mc Vicar,  was  pub. 
12mo,  1836. 

Hobart,  John  Sloss,  LL.D.  (1793), 
jurist,  b.  Fairfield,  Ct.,  1738  ;  d.  Feb.  4, 1805. 
Y.C.  1757.  Son  of  Rev.  Noah  Hobart  of 
Fairfield.  Member  of  the  N.Y.  Congress,  and 
Au'^.  1,  1776,  one  of  the  committee  to  draft  a 
State  constitution.  In  July,  1777,  he  became 
a  judge  of  the  N.Y.  Di.st.  Court,  and,  after  the 
war,  one  of  the  three  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  Elected  U.S.  senator  for  the  term  com- 
mencing Jan.  1798,  he  resigned  May  5,  and 
was  app.  judge  of  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court 
of  N.Y. 

Hobart,  Noah,  minister  of  Fairfield,  Ct., 
from  Feb.  7,  1733,  to  his  d.  Dec.  6,  1773,  b. 
Hingham,  Ms.,  Jan.  2,  1705.  H.U.  1724. 
Grandson  of  Rev.  Peter  (Camb.  U.  1629; 
settled  at  H.  1635),  and  son  of  David  of  Hing- 
ham. He  was  many  years  efigaged  in  con- 
troversy with  Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Carver,  and 
other  Episc.  clerygmen.  He  was  a  man  of 
learning,  of  sound  judgment,  retentive  memory. 
He  pub.  several  controversial  tracts  and  ser- 
mons.    Father  of  John  Sloss  Hobart. 

Hobble,  Selah  R.,  first  assist,  postmas- 
ter-gen. 1829-50  and  1853-4,  b.  Newburg, 
N.Y.,  Mar.  10,  1797  ;  d.  Washington,  Mar.  23, 
1854.  He  established  himself  at  Delhi,  Dela- 
ware Co.,  in  the  practice  of  law,  where  he  soon 
attained  distinction,  and  m.  the  dau.  of  Gen. 
Root,  with  whom  he  was  connected  in  business. 
M.C.  1827-9. 

Hobby,  Col.  Sir  Charles  ;  d.  Lond. 
1714.  Son  of  Wm.  Hobby,  merchant  of  Bos- 
ton. He  com.  one  of  the  Ms.  regts.,  and  was 
senior  officer  at  the  capture  of  Port  Royal. 
Knighted  for  his  fortitude  at  the  time  of  the 
earthquake  in  Jamaica  in  1692. 

Hobby,  William,  minister  of  Reading, 
Ms.,  from  1732  to  his  death,  June  18,  1765;  b. 
Boston,  17  Aug.  1707.  H.U.  1725.  Son  of 
John,  and  nephew  of  Sir  Charles.  He  pub. 
"Vindication  of  Whitefield,"  1745;  against 
Jona.  Edwards's  Dismission,  1751  ;  "  Self-Ex- 
amination,"  1746. 

Hodge,  Charles,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  Phila.  Dec.  28,  1797. 
N.  J.  Coll.  1815  ;  Princeton  Theol.  Sem.  1819. 
In  1820  he  was  app.  assist.,  and  in  1822  prof, 
of  Orient,  and  Bib.  literature,  in  the  theol. 
sem.  In  1840  he  was  made  prof,  of  theol.  In 
1825  he  founded  the  Biblical  Repertory  and 
Princetm  Review,  enlarging  its  plan  in  1829, 


HOD 


442 


HOin 


conducting  it  for  more  than  30  years.  The 
most  important  of  these  papers  have  been 
twice  reprinted,  —  in  tiie  "  Princeton  Theol. 
Essavs,"  1846-7;  and  a;,^ain  in  his  "  Reviews 
and 'Essays,"  1857.  His  "  Commentary  on 
Romans  "  appeared  in  1835  ;  his  "  Const. 
History  of  the  Presb.  Church,"  and  his  "  Way 
of  Life,"  1840-1.  He  has  also  pub.-  "Com- 
mentaries on  Ephesians  and  the  Two  Epistles 
to  the  Corinthians."  Moderator  of  the  gen. 
assembly  of  the  Presb.  Church  (O.S.)  in  1846, 
and  one  of  a  committee  to  revise  their  "  Book 
of  Discipline  "  in  1858.  Vol.  I.  of  his  "  Sys- 
tematic Theol.,"  to  be  completed  in  3  vols.,  app. 
in  1871.  — Appleton. 

Hodgkinson,  John,  actor,  b.  Manchester, 
Enjr.,  1767;  d.  Washington,  D.C,  Sept.  12, 
1805.  His  parents  kept  a  public-house  ;  and 
John  very  early  left  home,  and  dropped  his  real 
name,  Meadowcraft,  on  account  of  his  pro- 
pensity for  the  stage.  He  joined  a  strolling 
company,  and,  during  a  provincial  tour  by  Mrs. 
Siddons,  performed  the  principal  characters  in 
every  play.  He  came  to  the  U.S.  in  1792; 
first  appeared  at  the  Souihwark,  Phila.,  in 
Sept.,  as  Bclcour  in  "  The  West-Indian  ;  " 
opened  in  the  John-st.  Theatre,  N.Y.,  Jan. 
28,  1793,  in  "  The  Dramatist."  In  1795  was 
assist,  manager  of  the  Boston  Theatre  ;  re- 
turned to  N.Y.  in  1796;  and  was  afterward 
manager  of  several  other  theatres.  He  wrote 
"  The  Man  of  Fortitude,"  and  some  minor 
pieces,  and  a  narrative  of  the  old  American 
company  of  comedians.  His  wife,  a  Miss  Brett, 
a  disting.  actress,  d.  Phila.  Sept.  1803. 

Hoe,  Robert,  an  ingenious  mechanic,  b. 
Leicestershire,  Eng.,  1784  ;  d.  Westchester 
Co.,  Jan.  4,  1833.  He  landed  in  N.Y.  in  1803, 
when  the  yellow-fever  was  raging  there,  and 
caught  the  epidemic,  but  ultimately  recovered. 
He  first  engaged  in  the  business  of  a  builder, 
which  he  relinquished  for  the  manuf.  of  print- 
ing-materials, and  of  the  hand-press  invented 
by  his  bro.-in-law,  Peter  Smith.  Ab.  1823  he 
took  the  sole  charge  of  the  business,  and  great- 
ly improved  his  presses.  The  business  accord- 
ingly increased ;  but  his  own  health  had  become 
so  much  impaired,  that  in  1832  he  was  obliged 
to  retire  from  all  connection  with  it.  It  was 
then  taken  by  his  eldest  son,  Richard  March 
(b.  N.Y.  Sept.  12,  1812),  Matthew  Smith,  son 
of  his  first  partner,  and  Sereno  Newton.  Ab. 
this  time,  the  manuf.  of  saws,  in  which  Richard 
M.  Hoe  had  nnide  important  improvements, 
was  added  to  the  other  business.  In  1837  he 
went  to  Eng.  to  obtain  a  patent  for  an  im- 
proved mode  of  grinding  saws  ;  and  upon  his 
return  he  was  enabled  by  his  observations  there 
to  improve  materially  upon  the  printing-ma- 
chinery in  use  there,  as  well  as  in  the  U.S.  In 
1846,  "  Hoe's  Lightning  Press,"  so  called  from 
the  rapidity  with  which  it  operates,  was  brought 
into  use,  and  was  patented  July,  1847.  The 
business,  since  1841,  has  been  conducted  by 
the  3  bros.,  R.  M.,  Robert,  and  Peter  Smith 
Hoe. 

Hoey,MR8.  John  (Josephine  Shaw),  ac- 
tress, b.  Liverpool,  Eng.,  June,  1824.  l3au. 
of  John  Shaw,  musician  and  poet,  sister  of 
Mary  and  Rosina  (Mrs.  H.  Watkins),  First 
appeared  at  the  Baltimore  Museum  in  1839, 
and  in  N.Y.  at  the  National,  W.  E.  Burton  man- 


ager. Re-appea?ed  at  Burton's  Chamber-st. 
Theatre  in  1849 ;  and  was  leading  lady  at  Wal- 
lack's  Theatre  in  185.3-65.  Mrs.  H.  is  said  to 
have  originated  the  present  extravagant  style 
of  costuming  ;  her  wardrobe  having  been  more 
gorgeous  and  expensive  than  that  of  any 
preceding  actress.  She  m.  W.  H.  Russell  in 
1839,  by  whom  she  had  two  sons ;  was  divorced 
in  1847;  and  subsequently  m.  John  Hoey 
of  Adams's  Express  Co.  —  Brown's  Ainer. 
Slaqe. 

Hofif,  Henry  K.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Pa.  Midshipm.  Oct.  28,1823;  lieut.  Mar.  3, 
1831  ;  comm.  Nov.  29,  1853  ;  capt.  1861  ;  com- 
mo.  July  16,  1862;  rear-adm.  Apr.  13,  1867  ; 
com.  frigate  "  Independence,"  Pacific  squad., 
1857;  sloop-of-war  "John  Adams,"  1858; 
steam-sloop  "  Lancaster,"  Pacific  squadron, 
1861-2;  ordnance  duty,  Phila.  1864-7;  com. 
N.  Atlantic  squad.  1868-9;  and  gained  much 
credit  by  his  prompt  and  energetic  measures  to 
protect  American  citizens  in  Cuba  from  the 
injustice  of  Spanish  officials.  —  Hamershj. 

Hoffman,  Capt.  Bkekman  V.,  U.S.N., 
b.  Nov.  28,  1789;  d.  Jamaica,  L.  I.,  Dec.  10, 
1834.  Midshipm.July4,  1805;  lieut.May21, 
1812;  com.  Mar.  5,  1817  ;  capt.  Mar.  7,  1829. 
It  was  his  good  fortune  to  serve  as  a  licut.  on 
board  the  frigate  "  Constitution  "  ("  Old  Iron- 
sides") in  all  hercelebrated  battles,  and,  though 
signally  disting.  in  each  by  seamanship  and 
bravery,  coming  out  of  the  fight  unwounded. 
His  first  service  was  in  "  The  Argus,"  Capt. 
Trippe.  He  was  instrumental  in  the  victories 
over  the  "  Guerriere,"  "  Java,"  "  Cyane,"  and 
"  Levant." 

HofTman,  Charles  Fenno,  author,  b. 
N.Y.  1806.  Son  of  Judge  J.  O.  Hofi'man. 
Sent  to  an  acad.  at  Poughkeepsie,  he  ran  away 
to  escape  harsh  treatment.  In  1817  he  was 
obliged  to  submit  to  amputation  of  a  leg. 
This  did  not  prevent  his  becoming  a  proficient 
in  manly  sports,  in  which,  on  entering  Col. 
Coll.,  he  was  more  noted  than  for  scholarship. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  at  the  age  of  21,  he  practised 
3  years,  during  which  time  he  made  contribs. 
to  literature,  and  became  associated  with 
Charles  King  in  the  editorship  of  the  N.Y. 
American.  In  1833  he  went  to  the  West  for 
his  health,  and  pub.  a  series  of  letters  entitled 
"  A  Winter  in  the  West,"  1835  ;  also  "  Wild 
Scenes  in  the  Forest  and  the  Prairie,"  1837  ; 
and  "  Greyslaer,"  1 840.  In  Dec.  1 832  Hoffman 
established  the  Knickerbocker  Mag.,  of  which 
he  edited  several  numbers.  He  afterwards 
edited  the  American Monf hit/ Mafj.  nm]  the  A'.Y". 
Mirror.  In  1842  a  volume  of  his  lyrics  was 
pub.,  entitled  "  The  Vigil  of  Faith  and  other 
Poems  :  "  a  more  complete  edition  appeared 
in  1845,  entitled  •'  Love's  Calendar."  "  The 
Echo,  or  Borrowed  Notes  for  Home  Circula- 
tion," was  the  title  of  a  second  vol.  of  poetry. 
In  1847-8  he  edited  the  Literary  World,  and, 
after  leaving  that  journal,  contril).  to  it  a  num- 
ber of  essays  and  stories,  entitled  "  Sketches 
of  Society.'*  A  mental  disorder  has  since  1850 
kept  him  in  complete  retirement  from  the 
world.  He  possessed  fine  social  qualities,  con- 
versational powers  of  a  high  order,  taste, 
scholarship,  and  a  chivalrous  personal  char, 
acter  which  made  him  a  favorite  with  all. — 
Appleton. 


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443 


HOL 


HofiFman,  David,  LL.D.  {U.  of  Oxf.), 
lawverand  writer,  b.  Baltimore,  Dec.  25,  1784: 
d.  N.  Y.  City,  Nov.  11,  1854.  From  1817 
to  1836  he  was  prof,  of  law  in  the  U.  of  Md., 
during  which  time  he  pub.  many  works  on 
jurisprudence.  After  retiring  from  his  profes- 
sorship, he  travelled  for  two  years  in  Europe ; 
practised  law  in  Phila.  until  1847  ;  when  he 
again  visited  Europe  for  literary  purposes,  re- 
turning to  Amer.  in  Dec.  1853.  His  principal 
work  on  jurisprudence  is  entitled  "  A  Course 
of  Legal  Study,"  1836.  His  "Legal  Out- 
lines," of  which  but  one  vol.  ever  appeared, 
has  also  been  commended  as  a  text-book.  His 
last  publication  is  "Chronicles  selected  from 
the  Originals  of  Cartaphilus,  the  Wandering 
Jew,"  1855.  Among  his  publications  are 
"Miscellaneous  Thoughts  on  Men,  Manners, 
and  Things,"  by  Anthony  Grumbler,"  1837; 
"  Viator,  a  Peep  into  my  Note-Book,"  1841  ; 
"Legal  Hints,"  1846.  He  received  the  degree 
of  Juris  Utri.  Doct.  from  Gottingeii,  besides 
other  hon.  degrees  from  learned  societies.  — 
Dui/ckinJc. 

Hoffman,  John  T.,  gov.  of  N.Y.  1869-72, 
b.  Sing  Sing,  N.Y.,  10  Jan.  1828.  Un.  Coll. 
1846.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  Jan.  1849  ;  acquired 
an  extensive  practice  in  N.Y.  City  ;  connected 
himself  with  Tammany  Hall  in  1854;  was 
elected  recorder  of  the  city  in  1860  and  1863, 
rendering  himself  conspicuous  for  his  severity 
to  the  rioters  of  July,  1863  ;  was  elected  mayor 
in  1865,  and  re-elected  in  1867  ;  Democ.  can- 
didate for  gov,  in  1866,  but  was  defeated  by 
Mr.  Fen  ton. 

Hoffman,  Michael,  financier,  b.  Clifton 
Park,  N.Y.,  1788  ;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Sept.  27, 
1848.  He  was  educated  a  physician,  but  stud- 
ied law,  and  became  a  resident  of  Herkimer 
Co.,  where  his  talents  soon  gave  him  a  prom- 
inent standing.  M.C.  1824-32,  and  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  naval  affairs.  He  was  a 
canal  commissioner  from  1833  to  1835  ;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  House  of  Assembly  in  1841-2  ;  and 
was  a  (Relegate  to  the  Const.  Con  v.  in  1846. 
As  chairman  of  the  com.  of  ways  and  means 
in  the  Assembly,  and  of  the  finance  committee 
of  the  convention,  he  initiated  and  carried 
through  many  important  financial  reforms. 
Mr.  Hoffman  was  a  powerful  and  effective 
debater,  a  statesman  in  the  strongest  sense  of 
the  term.  He  was  some  time  naval  officer  in 
N.Y.  City.  . 

Hoffman,  Ogden,  lawyer,  b.  N.  Y.  City, 
1799  ;  d.  May  1,  1856.  Col.  Coll.  1812.  Son 
of  Josiah  Ogden,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
members  of  the  N.Y.  bar  when  Hamilton, 
Scott,  and  Emmiiji  adorned  it ;  was  recorder 
of  N.Y.  City  during  the  war  of  1812-15  ;  and 
at  his  death,  Jan.  24,  1837,  was  on  the  bench 
of  the  Supreme  Court.  Bro.  of  Charles  Fenno 
Hoffman.  After  three  years' service  as  a  mid- 
shipman, during  which  he  was  captured  in  the. 
"President,"  Com.  Decatur,  he  studied  law; 
commenced  practice  in  Orange  Co.  ;  and  was 
app.  dist.-atty.,  but  removed  to  the  city  in  1826, 
and  became  a  paitner  of  Hugh  Maxwell,  soon 
after  which  he  disting.  himself  as  assist,  in  the 
prosecution  of  the  famous  conspiracy  cases. 
Member  of  the  legisl.  in  1828;  dist.-atty.  in 
1829-35;  was   app.   U.S.  dist.-atty.   by  Gen. 


Harrison;  was  M.C.  in  1837-41,  and  disting. 
by  his  eloquence  ;  in  1848  he  was  again  elected 
a  member  of  Congress;  and  in  1854 atty. -gen. 
of  the  State.  Mr.  Hoffman  was  a  most  power- 
ful pleader  before  a  jury;  and  was  employed 
for  more  than  a  score  of  years  in  all  the  most 
important  criminal  trials  of  the  city  ;  and  was 
a  recognized  leader  of  the  Whig  party. 

Hogan,  John,  b.  Mallow,  Co.  Cork,  Ire- 
land, Jan.  2, 1805  ;  came  to  Baltimore  in  1817; 
was  apprenticed  to  a  shoemaker  ;  emigrated 
West  in  1826;  in  1831  opened  a  store  in 
Madison  Co.,  111.  ;  member  legisl.  1836  ;  regis- 
ter land-office,  Dixon,  111.,  1841-5;  afrer- 
ward  settled  as  a  merchant  in  St.  Louis,  Mo. ; 
postmaster  of  St.  Louis  1857-61;  M.C.  1865- 
7.  Author  of  "  Resources  of  Missouri,"  and 
of  "  Commerce  and  Manufs.  of  St.  Louis." 

Hoge,  Moses,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1810), 
president  of  Hamp.  Sidney  Coll.,  Va.  (1807- 
20),  b.  Cedar  Creek,  Va.,  15  Feb.  1752;  d. 
Phila.  July  5,  1820.  He  completed  his  studies 
at  Liberty  Hall  Acad.  1780;  was  ord.  pastor  of 
Hardy,  Va.,  13  Dec.  1782;  and  in  1787  re- 
moved to  Shepherdstown.  Author  of  "  The 
Christian  Panoply,"  1799,  a  reply  to  Painc's 
"  Age  of  Reason."  A  vol.  of  his  sermons  was 
pub.  in  1821.  His  son,  Rev.  Samuel  Davies 
Hoge,  prof,  of  natural  sciences  in  the  U.  of. 
Ohio,  d.  Athens,  O.,  Dec.  25,  1826,  a.  33. 

Hoit,  Albert  Gallatin,  portrait-painter, 
b.  Sandwich,  N.H.,  Dec.  13,1809;  d.  West 
Roxburv,  Ms.,  Dec.  18,  1856.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1829.  Son  of  Gen.  Daniel  of  Sandwich,  N.H. 
Though  portraits  were  his  specialty,  many  a 
sketch  made  in  his  N.  Hampshire  retreat  at  in- 
tervals of  recreation  attests  the  genuine  com- 
munion he  held  with  universal  nature.  He 
painted  in  Portland,  then  in  Bangor  and  Bel- 
fast, and  at  St.  John,  N.  B.,  but  settled  at 
Boston  in  1839.  From  Oct.  1842  to  July, 
1844,  he  was  in  Europe. 

Holbo-urne,  Francis,  com.-in-chief  in  N. 
Amer.  1756-7;  d.  July,  1771.  Gov.  of  Green- 
wich Hospital.  Capt.  R.N.  15  Feb.  1740; 
commo.  in  the  W.Indies  1750;  adm.  1755; 
rear-adm.  and  lord  of  the  admiralty  in  1770. 

Holbrook,  James,  journalist ;  d.  Brook- 
lyn, Ct.,  Apr.  28,  1864,  a.  52.  Special  agent 
U.S.  post-office  (1845-64);  editor  Norwich  Au- 
rora, Patriot  and  Eagle,  tl.  S.  Mail. ;  and  au- 
thor of  "  Ten  Years  among  the  Mail-Bags," 
1855.  Remarkably  skilful  and  expert  as  a  de- 
tective, he  brought  every  considerable  mail- 
robber  to  justice. 

Holbrook,  John  Edwards,  M.D.,  natu- 
ralist, b.  Beaufort,  S.C,  30Dec.  1794;  d.  Nor- 
folk, Ms.,  8  Sept.  1871.  B.  U.  1815.  Ileearly 
removed  to  Ms.  with  his  parents,  natives  of 
Wrentham,Ms.  Received  his  medical  diploma 
from  the  U.  of  Phila.,  and  continued  his  pro- 
fessional studies  in  London  and  Edinburgh. 
He  spent  two  years  in  Italy,  Germany,  and 
Paris,  where  he  resided  in  the  Jardin  des 
Plantes.  He  established  himself  in  Charleston, 
S.C,  in  1822;  and  in  1824  was  chosen  prof, 
of  anatomy  in  the  Med.  Coll.  of  S.  C.  His 
most  important  work  is  the  "  American  Her- 
petology,  or  a  Description  of  Reptiles  inhab- 
iting the  U.  S.,"  5  vols.  Phila.  1842.  His 
work  on  "  Southern  Ichthyology  "  was  discon- 


Hon. 


444 


HOL 


tinned  after  two  numbers,  the  field  being  too 
extensive  for  his  survey,  as  he  made  all  his 
drawings  from  life.  He  was  subsequently  em- 
ployed on  the  "  Ichthyology  of  S.C*  During 
the* Rebellion,  he  was  forced  to  serve  as  a  sur- 
geon in  a  S.C.  regt.  He  was  the  pupil  of 
Cuvier,  and  the  friend  of  Agassiz. 

Holbrook,  Silas  Pinckney,  writer,  b. 
Beaufort,  S.C,  June  1,  1796;  d.  Pineville, 
S.  C,  Mav  26,  1835.  B.  U.  1815.  Son  of 
Silas,  a  teacher  at  Beaufort,  S.C,  and  bi  o.  of 
John  E.  He  studied  law  in  Bos-ton,  and  prac- 
tised at  Medfield,  Ms.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
popular  contributors  to  the  N.  E.  Galaxy  and 
Boston  Courier,  to  which  he  furnished  sketches 
entitled  "  Letters  from  a  Mariner  and  Travels 
of  a  Tin  Peddler,"  by  Jonathan  Farbrick;  and 
very  amusing  "  Letters  from  a  Boston  Mer- 
chant; "  and  "Recollections  of  Japan  and  Chi- 
na." These,  with  other  pieces,  were  pub.  as 
"Sketches  by  a  Traveller,"  1834.  He  also 
wrote  the  European  portion  of  Peter  Parley's 
"Pictorial  Geography,"  and  for  a  while  con- 
ducted the  Boston  fribune,  and  an  amusing  pa- 
per called  the  Spectacles.  —  Duijclcinck. 

Holcombe,  Amasa,  A.M.  (Wms.  Coll.), 

scientist,  b.  Granby,  Ct.  (now  Southwick,  Ms.), 
June  18,  1787.  His  ancestor  Thomas  came  to 
Dorchester  ab.  1631 ;  d.  Windsor,  Ct.,  Sept.  7, 
1657.  His  father  was  a  farmer,  and  he  received 
only  a  dist. -school  education.  At  19  he  made 
surveyors'  compasses  for  his  own  use ;  and  at20 
began  the  compilation  of  almanacs,  which  he 
pub.  several  years.  At  27  he  taught  surveying, 
civil  engineering,  and  astronomy;  and  in  1826 
became  a  civil  engineer.  He  made  in  1828  his 
first  telescope,  and  until  1842  had  no  Ameri- 
can competitor.  For  his  skill,  he  received  in 
1835  the  "Scott  Legacy"  from  the  city  of 
Phila. ;  a  silver  medal  from  the  Franklin  Inst., 
Phila.,  in  1838;  a  gold  medal  from  the  Amer. 
Inst.,  N.  Y.  City,  1839;  and  a  diploma  from 
the  same  in  1840.  For  3  years  he  represented 
Southwick  in  the  house;  and  in  1852  in  the 
senate  of  Ms. 

Holcombe,  Hbxry,  D.D.  (B.  U.  1800), 

Baptist  clergyman,  b.  Pr.  Edward  Co.,  Va., 
Sept.  22,  1762;  d.  Phila.  May  22,  1824.  Af- 
ter serving  as  a  capt.  in  the  Revol.  war,  he  com- 
menced preaching  ;  Sept.  11, 1785,  became  pas- 
tor of  a  Bap.  church  at  Pipe  Creek,  S.C. ;  and 
was  a  member  of  the  S.C.  Conv.  which  ratified 
the  Const,  of  the  U.  S.  In  1794  he  became 
pastor  of  the  church  at  the  Eutaw,  in  Beaufort 
dist.;  in  1799  he  removed  to  Savannah,  and 
was  pastor  of  the  church  there  in  1800-10. 
He  then  retired  to  Mount  Elon,  where  he 
founded  a  Baptist  academy.  Settled  over  the 
First  Bap.  Church  in  Phila.  from  1811  to  his 
d.  He  pub.  "  Funeral  Discourse  on  the  Death 
of  Washiniitoii,"  "Lectures  on  Primitive 
Theology,"  1822. 

Holcombe,  William  Frederic,  M.D., 
b.  Sterling,  Ms.,  Apr.  2, 1827.  Alb.  Med.  Coll. 
1 850.  Son  of  Augustine  H.,  and  pupil  of  Prof. 
March.  After  several  years'  study  in  Europe, 
he  came  to  New  York,  and  was  app.  to  the 
chair  of  ophthalmic  and  aural  surgery  in  the 
N.Y.  Med.  Coll.  He  is  surgeon  to  the  N.  Y. 
Ophthalmic  Ho.spital.  Sec.  and  librarian  N.Y. 
GeueaJ.  and  Biog.  Society. 


Holden,  Oliver,  composer,  and  teacher 
of  music;  d.  Charlestown,  Ms.,  1831.  A  car- 
penter by  trade.  He  afterward  kept  a  music 
bookstore,  and  composed  many  excellent  tunes, 
among  them  "  Coronation."  Author  of  "  The 
Amer.  Harmony,"  1793;  "Union  Harmony," 
a  coll.  of  sacred  music ;  "  Worcester  Coll.  of 
Sacred  Harmony,"  1797  ;  and,  with  S.  Holyoke 
and  H.  Grame,  "  The  Ms.  Compiler,"  1795. — 
Moore's  Enci/cL  of  Music. 

Holland,  Edwin  Clifford,  poet  and 
essayist,  b.  Charleston,  S.C,  ab.  1793  ;  d.  Sept. 
11,  1824.  Educated  for  the  bar,  he  adopted  a 
literary  career;  pub.  a  vol.  of  poems  in  1813  ; 
afterward  edited  the  Charleston  Times,  and 
wrote  for  magazines;  and  in  1818  dramatized 
"  The  Corsair"  of  Lord  Byron.  Assoc,  with 
William  Crafts  and  Henry  J.  Farmer  in  edit- 
ing "  The  Omnium  Botherum,"  intended  to 
satirize  "  The  Omnium  Gatherum"  edited  by 
Thomas  Bee. 

Holland,  Elihu  G.,  author,  b.  of  N.  Eng. 
parentage,  Solon,  N.Y.,  Apr.  14,  1817.  He 
has  pub.  "  The  Being  of  God  and  the  Immor- 
tal Life,"  1846  ;  "  Reviews  and  Essays,"  1849  ; 
"Essays,"  1852;  a  drama  in  5  acts,  entitled 
"  The 'Highland  Treason  ;  "  and  in  1853  "A 
Memoir  of  Rev.  Joseph  Badger."  —  Dut/c- 
kiuck. 

Holland,  Rev.  Frederic  West,  b.  Bos- 
ton, June  22,  1811.  H.  U.  1831  ;  Camb. 
Theol.  School,  1834.  Has  devoted  himself  to 
missionary  labors.  On  his  return  from  foreign 
travel  in  1850,  he  pub.  a  book  on  Palestine  for 
childien,  and  a  series  of  descriptive  letters  in 
Gleason's  Pictorial.  He  has  also  lectured  ex- 
tensively ;  has  read  several  papers  before  the 
N.  E.  H.  Geneal.  Soc. ;  and  has  contrib.  to  the 
leading  reviews  and  magazines.  —  Dui/ckinck. 

Holland,  George,  comedian,  b.  near  Lon- 
don, Dec.  6,  1791  ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  19  Dec.  1870. 
First  app.  in  Loud,  at  the  Olympic  in  1820;  at 
the  Bowery,  N.Y.,  in  Sept.  1826;  was  in  the 
South  in  1835-43  ;  was  a  long  time  the  princi- 
pal low  comedian  at  Wallack's  old^  theatre, 
N.Y. ;  visited  England  in  1861  ;  resumed  his 
place  in  Wallack's  company,  but  in  1869  went 
to  Daly's  Fifth-av.  Theatre.  He  was  one  of 
the  best  of  the  comic  actors  of  the  old  school, 
and  was  honorable  and  exemplary  in  all  the 
relations  of  life.  A  Memoir  of  him  was  pub. 
in  1871,  8vo,  N.Y. 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert,  M.D.  ("  Tim- 
othy Titcomb"),  author  and  journalist,  b. 
Belchertown,  Ms.,  July  24,  1819.  Having 
practised  medicine  for  a  short  time,  and  after- 
wards ed.  a  literary  journal  for  a  few  months, 
he  passed  a  year  in  Vicksburg  as  supt.  of  its 
public  schools.  In  May,  1849,  he  became 
assoc.  editor  of  the  Spritigjield  Republican,  with 
which  he  was  connected  until  1866;  in  1870 
he  became  editor  of  Scribner's  Monthly.  He 
has  pub.  "History  of  Western  Ms.,"  1855; 
"The  Bay  Path,"  a  novel,  1857;  "Timothy 
Titcomb's' Letters  to  the  Young,"  1858;  "  Bi^ 
ter  Sweet,"  a  dramatic  poem,  1858;  "Gold 
Foil,"  1859;  "Miss  Gilbert's  Career,"  1860; 
"  Letters  to  the  Joneses,"  1863  ;  "  Lessons  in 
Life,"  1861;  "Plain  Talk  on  Familiar  Sul)- 
jects,"  1865;  "Life  of  Pres.  Lincoln,"  1866; 
"Kathrina,"  a  poem,  1867.     He  has  coutrib. 


HOX. 


445 


nor. 


to  various  magazines,  and  is  a  successful  public 
lecturer. 

HoUey,  IIouack,  LL.D.,  an  eloquent 
preacher  and  an  eminent  instructor,  h.  Salisbury, 
Ct.,  Feb.  13,  1781;  d.  J[u!y  31, 1827.  Y.C.1803. 
Abandoning  the  study  of  the  law  for  that  of 
divinity,  he  was  in  Sept.  1805  ord.  at  Green- 
field Hill,  Fairtield.  In  1809-18  he  was  pas- 
tor of  Hollis-st.  Ch.,  Boston.  Educated  under 
Dr.  Dwight  in  the  Calvinistic  faith,  he  after- 
wards became  a  Unitarian.  Pres.  of  Transylv. 
U.,  Ky.,  1818-27.  A  plan  was  formed  of  erect- 
ing a  sem.  in  La.  to  be  placed  under  his  charge ; 
hut  while  at  N.  Orleans  in  the  summer  of  1827 
he  was  taken  sick,  and,  having  embarked  for 
N.Y.,  died  on  the  passage.  lie  pub.  some  ad- 
dresses and  discourses,  and  contrih.  to  periodi- 
cals, liis  widow,  Mary  Austin,  d.  New 
Orleans,  Aug.  2,  1846.  In  1831  she  emig.  to 
Texas  under  the  protection  of  General  S. 
T.  Austin,  and  published  a  History  of 
Texas,  1 2 mo,  1833  ;  also  a  Memoir  of  her  hus- 
band. 

HoUey,  Ouville  Luther,  editor,  bro.  of 
Kcv.  Horace,  b.  Salisbury,  Ct.,  May  19,  1791 ; 
d.  Albany,  N.Y.,  Mar.  2.^),  1861.  H.U.  1813. 
He  studied  law  in  N.Y. ;  practised  successively 
in  Hudson,  Canandaigua,  and  N.Y.  City;  and 
edited  in  succession  the  Anti-Masonic  Mag.  in 
New  York,  the  Troy  Sentinel,  the  Ontario  Re- 
pository,  the  Albany  Daily  Advertiser,  and  for 
some  years  edited  the  State  Register.  In  1853  he 
arranged  and  indexed  23  folio  vols,  containing 
the  papers  of  Gov.  George  Clinton.  He  was 
surveyor-gen.  of  the  State  in  1838 ;  and  during 
the  last  10  years  of  his  life  was  occupied  in  the 
office  of  the  N.Y.  sec.  of  state.  He  wrote  a 
"Life  of  Franklin;"  "Description  of  N.  Y. 
City,"  18mo,  1847. 

HoUins,  George  N.,  naval  officer,  b. 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Sept.  20,  1799.  Midshipm. 
Feb.  1,  1814,  and,  with  the  officers  and  crew 
of  the  sloop-of-war  "Erie,"  assisted  in  the  de- 
fence of  the  capital.  He  was  on  board  "  The 
President,"  Com.  Decatur,  when  she  was  taken 
by  the  British,  and  remained  a  prisoner-of-war 
at  Bermuda  until  the  peace.  He  disting.  him- 
self under  Decatur  in  the  Algerine  war  ;  at  its 
close  took  com.  of  an  E.  India  merchantman. 
Lieut.  Jan.  13, 1825;  com.  Sept.  8,  1845;  capt. 
Sept.  14,  1855,  The  bombardment  and  de- 
struction of  the  town  of  San  Juan  de  Nicaragua 
or  Greytown  in  1852  gave  him  much  notoriety. 
Ill  1861  he  resigned  ;  entered  the  Confed.  navy; 
was  made  commodore;  and  Oct.  11,  with  the 
iron-clad  ram  and  gun-boat  "  Manassas,"  and 
a  fleet  of  vessels,  attacked  the  U.S.  block, 
squad,  at  the  passes  of  the  Mpi.,  doing  slight 
damage,  and  claiming  an  important  victory. 
For  this  achievement  he  received  the  app.  of 
flag-capt.  of  the  N.  Orleans  naval  station^  In 
the  action  with  Farragut's  fleet  in  Apr.  1862, 
most  of  his  vessels  were  destroyed. 

HolIiS,  Thomas,  a  benefactor  of  Harv. 
Coll.,  b.  Eng.  1659;  d.  London,  Feb.  173L 
He  was  a  Baptist ;  was  for  many  years  a  suc- 
cessful merchant  in  London,  and,  after  making 
two  considerable  donations  to  Harv.  Coll., 
gave  in  1721  the  fund  by  which  the  HoIlis  Pro- 
fessorship of  Divinity  was  constituted.  In  1727 
he  established  also  a  professorship  of  mathemat- 


ics and  nat.  philos. ;  and  the  net  produce  of  his 
donations  amounted  at  that  time  to  £4,900. 
He  also  gave  books  for  the  library,  and  a  set 
of  Hebrew  and  Greek  types  for  printing.  Plis 
nephew  and  heir,  Thomas  Hollis  (d.  1735), 
also  gave  money,  books,  and  philosophical  aj)- 
paratus;  and  his  son's  (Thomas)  donations  to 
the  coll.  amounted  to  nearly  £2,000.  Other 
members  of  this  family  were  also  benefactors 
of  H.U. 

Hollister,  Gideon  Hiram,  commis.  to 
Ilayti.  Y.  C.  1840.  Author  of  "Mount 
Hope,"  an  hist,  romance,  N.Y.  1851  ;  "Hist, 
of  Connecticut,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1855  ;  "  Thomas 
a  Becket,"  a  tragedy;  and  other  poems. 

Holman,  Joseph  George,  dramatist  and 
actor,  b.  London,  1764;  d.  Rockaway,  L.  L, 
Aug.  24,  1817.  Descended  from  Sir  John 
Holman,  bart.  He  was  educated  at  Queen's 
Coll.  Oxford,  with  a  view  to  the  church,  but, 
having  a  taste  tor  the  stage,  made  his  debut  at 
Covent  Garden,  as  Romeo,  Oct.  26,  1784. 
He  played  there  successfully  3  years,  and  after- 
wards in  Ireland  and  Scotland.  In  London 
he  was  a  powerful  rival  of  Kemble.  He  came 
to  the  U.S.,  where  he  was  highly  successful, 
and  became  manager  of  thQ  Charleston  Theatre. 
In  1812  he  played  Lord  Townley  at  the  Park, 
N.  Y.,  and  at  the  Chestnut  Street,  Phila.,  —  a 
finished  performance.  Financial  embarrassment 
and  the  unhealthiness  of  the  climate  obliged 
him  to  leave  that  city;  and  he  d.  while  on  his 
way  to  New  York,  of  yellow-fever.  His  last 
wife,  a  Miss  Lattimer,  to  whom  he  was  m.  two 
days  before  his  d.,  was  an  actress  and  singer, 
and  d.  New  York,  Sept.  1, 1859.  His  dramat- 
ic productions  are,  "  Abroad  and  at  Home," 
"  Red-cross  Knights,"  "  Votary  of  Wealth," 
"  What  a  Blunder!"  "  Love  gives  the  Alarm," 
and  "  The  Gazette  Extraordinary." 

Holmes,  Ariel,  D.D.  (Edinb.  U.),  LL.D. 
(All.  Coll.  1822),  divine  and  author,  b.  Wood-' 
stock,  Ct.,  Dec.  24,  1763;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms., 
June  4,  1837.  Y.C.  1783.  Son  of  Dr.  David, 
who  served  as  a  surgeon  in  3  campaigns  in  the 
French  and  4  in  the  Revol.  war,  d  1779. 
Tutor  at  Yale  1786-7;  pastor  of  a  Cong, 
church  at  Midway,  Ga.,  Nov.  1785,  to  June, 
1791;  and  of  the  First  Church,  Cambridge,  Jan. 
25, 1792,  to  Sept.  26, 1832.  Son-in-law  of  Dr. 
Stiles,  who  beq.  to  him  his  rich  colls,  of  Amer. 
history.  He  ed.  (Stiles)  Family  Ta!)lct,  1796  ; 
pub.  his  valuable  "  Annals  of  America,"  2  vols. 
8vo,  1805,  and  an  improved  ed.  1829  ;  "  Life  of 
President  Stiles,"  1798  ;  also  some  30  sermons 
and  historical  disquisitions;  and  cont rib. papers 
to  the  Collects,  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Society, 
among  which  are  "  A  Memoir  of  the  French 
Protestants,"  and  "  A  History  of  Cambridge." 
In  1817  he  gave  a  course  of  lectures  on  the 
Ecci.  History  of  the  Country,  especially  N.E. 
The  poet  Dr.  0.  W.  Holm'es  is  his  son  by 
Sarah,  dan.  of  Hon.  O.  Wendell. 

Holmes,  Andrew  Fernando,  M.D.,  b. 
Cadiz,  1797  ;  d.  Montreal,  Sept.  1860.  His 
parents  went  to  Canada  in  1801.  He  studied 
in  Edinb.  and  Paris;  and  in  1819  began  prac- 
tice in  Montreal;  in  1824  he  was  a  founder 
of  the  Med.  School,  which  was  in  1828  merged 
in  McGill  College,  and  in  which  he  was  prof, 
of  chemistry  and  materia  raedica,  and  dean  of 


HOIL. 


446 


HOIj 


the  fticulty  from  1854  to  his  d.      One  of  the 
founders  of  the  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  —  Morqan. 

Holmes,  David,  jrov.  Mpi.  Terr.  1809-17; 
gov.  of  the  State  1817-19  and  182.5-7  ;  U.S. 
senator  1820-5;  b.  Frederick,  Va. ;  d.  near 
Winchester,  Va.,  Aug.  20,  1832.  Son  of  Col. 
Joseph  of  Frederick. 

Holmes,  Gen.  Gabriel,  statesman  of 
N.C.,  b.  Sampson  Co.  1769;  d.  there  Sept. 
26,  1829.  A  lawyer  by  profession,  he  was  in 
the  State  Icgisl.  and  council;  State  senator  in 
1807;  gov.  1821-4;  M.C.  1825-9. 

Holmes,  Isaac  Edward,  statesman,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C.,  Apr.  6,  1796;  d.  there  24 
Feb.  1867.  Y.C.  1815.  lie  was  adm.  to  the 
Charleston  bar  in  1818,  and  became  a  success- 
ful practitioner;  in  1826  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  legisl.,  and  became  a  leader  of  the  nulli- 
fication party,  being  the  first  to  propose  that 
the  State  should  resist  the  protective  tariff. 
M.C.  1839-50,  and  was  successively  at  the  head 
of  the  committees  on  commerce  and  on  the  na- 
vy. In  1850-61  he  practised  law  in  C'al.  In 
Jan.  1861  he  returned  to  S.  C,  and  endeav- 
ored to  avert  civil  war.  In  conjunction  with 
R.  J.  Turnbull,  he  in  1826  pub.  a  vol.  of  polit- 
ical essays,  entitled  ".Caroliniensis,"  in  favor 
of  State  rights.  He  also  wrote  the  "  Recrea- 
tions of  George  Telltale,"  consisting  of  tales, 
essays,  and  descriptive  narratives.  —  Y.  C.  Ob. 
Record. 

Holmes,  John,  lawyer  and  senator,  b. 
Kingston,  Ms.,  Mar.  1773;  d.  Portland,  Me., 
July  7,  1843.  B.U.  1796.  Removing  to  Me. 
in  1799,  he  became  eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and 
resided  at  Alfred.  Several  years  a  member  of 
the  legisl.  of  Ms.,  he  rapidly  rose  to  distinction 
by  his  eloquence,  his  wit,  and  his  powers  of 
debate.  When  Me.  became  a  State,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  to  form  the  const., 
and  acted  as  chairman  of  the  com.  to  draft  it. 
M.C.  1817-20  ;  was  the  first  U.S.  senator  from 
Me.  1821-33;  was  afterwards  a  member  of  the 
legisl. ;  and  wasapp.  by  Harrison  in  1841  U.S. 
dist.-atty.  for  Me.,  which  office  he  held  at  the 
time  of  his  death.  Author  of  "  The  States- 
man, or  Principles  of  Legislation  and  Law," 
Augusta,  8vo,  1840,  and  of  several  published 
speeches. 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  M.D.  (1836), 
physician,  poet,  and  essayist,  b.  Cambridije, 
Ms.,  Aug.  29,  1809.  H.U.'  1829.  Son  of  Dr. 
Abiel.  He  commenced  the  study  of  law, 
which,  however,  he  soon  abandoned  for  medi- 
cine, and  in  1832  went  to  Europe,  attending 
the  hospitals  of  Paris  and  other  large  cities. 
Prof  of  anat.  and  physiol.  in  Dartm.  Coll. 
in  1838,  and  in  H.U.  since  1847.  He  contrib. 
poetry  to  the  Collegian,  conducted  by  the  un- 
dergraduates of  the  coll.,  also  to  "Illustra- 
tions of  the  Athenajum  Gallery  of  Pain  tin  srs," 
in  1831,  and  to  "  The  Harbinger,  a  May  Gift," 
in  1833.  In  1836  he  read  before  the  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  Society,  "  Poetry,  a  Metrical  Essay," 
pub.  in  the  first  edition  of  his  poems  (1836)  ; 
"  Terpsichore  "  was  read  by  him  at  a  dinner 
of  the  same  society  in  1843  ;  "  Urania"  was 
pub.  in  1846,  and  "  Astrea"  in  1850.  His  po- 
ems have  passed  through  many  editions,  and 
have  been  repub.  in  Eng.  In  the  Atlantic 
Alonlhly  (1857)  appeared  a  series   of  articles 


entitled  "  The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakf^ist  Ta- 
ble," since  pub.  in  a  vol.,  and  followed  by 
"  The  Professor  at  the  Breakfist  Table,"  and 
"  Soundings  from  the  Atlantic  "  Many  of  his 
best  poems  have  been  written  for  social  or  fes- 
tive occasions,  at  which  they  have  been  recited 
or  sung  by  the  poet  himself.  He  is  also  a  pop- 
ular lecturer,  and  has  disting.  himself  by  his 
researches  in  auscultation  and  microscopy.  In 
1838  he  pub.  three  "  Prize  Dissertations  ;  "  in 
1842  "  Lectures  on  Homoeopathy,  and  its 
Kindred  Delusions;"  in  1848  "  AReport  on 
Medical  Literature;  "  "  A  Pamphlet  on  Puer- 
peral Fever;  "and,  in  connection  with  Dr.  Jacob 
Bigelow,  an  edition  of  Hall's  "  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Medicine,"  8vo,  1 839.  He  has  been 
a  frequent  contrib.  to  med.  periodicals,  as  well 
as  to  the  N.  A.  Review,  the  Knickerbocker,  and 
other  literary  magazines.  In  1852  Dr.  Holmes 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  "  English 
Poets  of  the  19th  Century."  He  has  also  pub. 
"  Elsie  Venner,"  a  novel,  1 860  ;  "  Currents  and 
Counter-Currents  in  Medical  Science,"  1861; 
"  Border-Lines  in  some  Provinces  of  Med. 
Science ;  "  "  The  Guardian  Angel,"  1867  ;  and 
"Mechanism  in  Thought  and  Morals,"  1871. 
Dr.  Holmes  m.  a  dau.  of  the  late  Hon.  Charles 
Jackson  of  Boston. 

Holmes,  Theophilus  Hunter,  lieut.- 
gen.  C.S.A.,  b.  N.C.  1805  ;  d.  South-west  Ark. 
Mar.  31,  1864.  West  Point,  1829.  Entering 
the  7th  Inf ,  he  became  1st  lieut.  Mar.  26, 1835  ; 
capt.  Dec.  9,  1838  ;  was  brev.  mnj.  for  gallantry 
at  Monterey,  Sept.  23,  1846  ;  and  became  maj. 
8th  Inf.  Mar.  3,  1855.  In  the  latter  part  of 
1860  he  obtained  leave  of  absence,  and  went 
to  N.C,  where  he  had  large  possessions  both  in 
land  and  negroes  ;  he  resigned  Apr.  28,  1861, 
and  entered  the  Confed.  army.  He  com.  a  brig, 
of  the  reserve  at  Bull  Run.  Nov.  13,  1861,  he 
was  app.  to  com.  the  army  of  Acquia,  which 
co-operated  with  the  army  at  Manassas.  In 
Nov.  1862  he  had  a  com.  in  Ark.,  with  the 
rank  of  lieut. -gen. 

Holstein-Ducoudray,  Gen.  H.  L.  V.,  b 
Germany  ;  d.  Albany,  N.Y.,  Apr.  23,  1839,  a. 
76.  He  received  a  good  education  ;  entered  the 
service  early  ;  became  a  disting,  staff-officer  to 
Napoleon,  after  whose  overthrow  he  came  to 
the  U.S.,  settled  in  Albany,  taught  French  at 
the  female  acad.  there,  and  ed.  the  Zodiac. 
Author  of  "  Recollections  of  an  Officer  of  the 
Empire,"  "  Life  of  Bolivar,"  and  "  Memoirs  of 
Lafnvette,"  12mo,  N.Y.  1824. 

Holt,  John,  printer,  b.  Va.  1721;  d.  N.Y., 
Jan.  30,  1784.  A  merchant,  and  also  mayor 
of  Williamsburg  ;  he  was  unsuccessful,  and  in 
1760  began  in  N.Y.  the  Gazette  and  Postboy, 
and  in  1766  the  N.  Y.  .Toumal,  but  soon  after 
removed  to  Norfolk,  Va.  In  Nov.  1775  his 
printing  establishment  at  Norfolk,  where  he 
was  doing  good  service  to  the  patriot  cause, 
was  destroyed  by  Lord  Dunmore.  Holt  then 
went  to  N.Y.,  and,  while  the  British  had  pos- 
session of  that  city,  pub.  his  journal  at  Esopus 
and  Poughkeepsie. — Lossing. 

Holt,  John  Saunders,  b.  Mobile,  Ala., 
1 826.  Author  of  "  Life  and  Opinions  of  Abra- 
ham Page,"  1868 ;  "  What  I  Know  about  Ben 
Eccles,"  1869. 

Holt,  Joseph,  statesman,  b.  Breckenridge 


* 


HOL 


447 


HOO 


Co.,  Ky.,  Jan.  6,  1807.  Educated  at  St.  Jo- 
sepli's  Coll.,  Burdstown,  and  at  Centre  Coll., 
Danville;  and  in  1828  began  to  practise  law  in 
Elizabcthtown,  Ky. ;  in  1832  he  removed  to 
Louisville,  Ky. ;  in  1833  became  atty.  for  the 
Jefferson  Circuit;  removed  in  1835  to  Port 
Gibson,  Mpi.  ;  practised  with  success,  and  in 
1842  returned  to  Louisville;  in  1857  he  was 
made  commiss.  of  patents  by  Pres.  Buchanan  ; 
in  1859  became  postmaster-gen.  ;  and,  when 
John  B.  Floyd  withdrew  from  the  cabinet  in 
Dec.  1860,  assumed  the  charge  of  tlw;  war  dept. 
To  his  precautions  in  co-operation  with  Gen. 
Scott  has  been  attributed  the  absence  of  any 
revol.  demonstrations  in  Washington  during  the 
inaug.  of  Pres.  Lincoln.  He  actively  advocat- 
ed the  Union  cause  in  Ky.  and  elsewhere,  de- 
nouncing emphatically  the  policy  of  "  neutrali- 
ty." He  was  app.  one  of  a  com.  to  adjust  the 
claims  brought  against  the  dept.  of  the  West 
prior  to  Oct.  14,  1861  ;  and  in  March,  1862,  the 
com.  maile  its  report.  Sept.  13  he  was  app. 
judge-advocate-gen.  of  the  army.  Though  in 
politics  a  Douglas  Democrat,  he  supported  Mr. 
Lincoln's  administration  throughout,  and  ex- 
pressed his  strong  approval  of  the  Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation  of  Sepl.  22,  1862.  In  1864 
he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  bureau  of 
military  justice.  Offered  the  cabinet  app.  of 
atty.-gen.  in  Nov.  1864,  but  declined.  Brev. 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865. 

Holton,  Samuel,  Rcvol.  statesman,  b. 
Danvers,  Ms.,  June  9,  1738;  d.  Jan.  2,  1816. 
Many  years  an  eminent  physician  in  Danvers, 
and  member  of  the  legisl.  before  the  Revol.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  zealous  and  active  patriots 
of  his  day.  Delegate  to  the  Essex  Co.  conven- 
tion Sept.  1774;  to  the  Prov.  Congresses  of 
1774  and  5;  a  member  of  the  com.  of  safety, 
July,  1776;  member  of  the  sup.  exec,  council; 
a  delegate  to  frame  the  Confederation  in  1777  ; 
delegate  to  the  Old  Congress  from  1778  to 
1783,  and  in  1784-7  ;  delegate  to  the  State 
convention  to  adopt  the  Federal  Constitution, 
1789  ;  M.C.  1793-5  ;  judge  of  probate  for  Es- 
sex Co.  1796-1815  ;  also  holding  a  seat  in  the 
council  27  years,  and  on  the  bench  of  the  C.C.P. 
He  was  a  councillor  and  vice-pres.  of  the  Ms. 
Med.  Society. 

Holyok'e,  Edward,  pres.  of  H.U.,  b  Bos- 
ton, June  25,  1689;  d.  June  1,  1769.  H.  U. 
1705.  Tutor  in  1712  ;  ord.  minister  of  a  new 
society  at  Marblehead,  Apr.  25,  1716,  and  of- 
ficiated there  till  July  25,  1737,  when  he  was 
elected  pres.  of  the  coll.,  which  flourished  under 
his  charge.  He  was  especially  disting.  as  a 
mathematician  and  classical  scholar.  He  con- 
trib.  the  first  poem  in  Pietas  et  Gratidatio  of 
H.  U.,  \1^\.— Eliot. 

Holyoke,  Edward  Augustus,  M.D., 
LL.D.,  physician,  b.  Marblehead,  Aug.  1,  1728; 
d.  Salem,Mar.31,1829,a.  lOUyrs.Smos.  H.U. 
1746.  Son  of  the  preceding.  He  began  to  prac- 
tise raedicme  at  Salem  in  1749,  continuing  in 
business  more  than  70  years.  He  was  an  acute 
and  learned  physician,  and  a  goo^  surgeon ;  was 
a  founder  of  the  Ms.  Med.  Society,  and  its  first 
pres.  He  performed  a  surgical  operation  at 
the  age  of  92.  Even  after  he  had  attained  his 
100th  year,  he  was  interested  in  the  investiga- 
tion of   medical  subjects,  and   wrote   letters 


which  show  that  his  understanding  was  still 
clear  and  strong.  On  his  lOOth  birthday,  about 
50  of  his  medical  brethren  of  Boston  and  Sa- 
lem gave  him  a  public  dinner,  when  he  appeared 
at  the  table  with  a  firm  step,  smoked  his  pipe, 
and  gave  an  appropriate  toast.  A  Memoir  of 
his  lifie  was  pub.  by  the  Essex  Med.  Soc.  1829. 

Holyoke,  Samuel,  teacher  of  music,  b. 
Boxtbrd.Ms.,  Oct.  15,  1762;  d.  Concord,  N.H., 
Feb.  7,  1820.  H.  U.1789.  Son  of  Rev.  Elizur. 
He  pub.  "  Columbian  Repository  of  Sacred 
Harmony,"  "  Occasional  Music,"  Exeter,  1802. 

Homans,  John,  M.D.  (1815),  an  eminent 
physician  of  Boston,  b.  there  1793;  d.  17  Apr. 
1868.  H.U.  1812.  He  practised  a  year  or  two 
in  Worcester,  afterward  at  Brookficld,  and  in 
1829  settled  in  Boston.  Some  years  pres.  Ms. 
Med.  Society. 

Home,  Daniel  Douglas,  Spiritualist,  b. 
Mar.  1833.  Author  of  "  Incidents  of  my  Life," 
1863,  in  which  he  says,  "  The  only  good  I  have 
ever  derived  from  'the  gift'  is  the  knowledge 
that  many  who  had  never  believed  in  a  future 
existence  are  now  happy  through  me  in  the 
certitude  of  the  *  life  to  come.'  "  He  has  vis- 
ited nearly  every  country  in  Europe,  where  his 
wonderful  mediumistic  power  has  been  gener- 
ally admitted.  In  1864  he  was  ordered  to  quit 
Rome,  the  authorities  of  that  city  being  afraid 
of  his  powers. 

Homer,  William  Bradford,  minister  of 
So.  Berwick,  Me.,  b.  Boston  ;  d.  Mar.  22,  1841, 

a.  24.  Amh.  Coll.  1836.  Son  of  Geo.  J.  Ho- 
mer. He  had  been  settled  only  4  months.  His 
writings  were  edited  by  Dr.  E.  A.  Park,  who 
also  pub.  a  Memoir  of  him,  2d  ed.  1849. 

Homes,  Willtam,  minister  of  Martha's 
Vineyard,  b.  in  north  of  Ireland,  1663;  d.  Chil- 
mark  (where  he  had  been  settled  since  1715), 
June  20,  1746.  Liberally  educated.  He  came  to 
N.E.  in  1686,  taught  school  3  years  on  the  Vine- 
yard, returned  to  Ireland,  and  was  ord.  minis- 
ter at  Strabane  in  1692,  and  returned  to  Amer. 
in  1714.  He  pub.  sermons  on  "The  Sab- 
bath;" on  "Public  Reading  of  the  Scrip- 
ture ;  "  "  Church  Government,"  1732  ;  "  Secret 
Prayer;"  "Government  of  Christian  Fami- 
lies," 1747.  His  son  Capt.  Robert  m.  Mary, 
a  sister  of  Benj.  Franklin. 

Hone,  Philip,  a  philanthropic  merchant, 

b.  New  York,  1781 ;  d.  there  May  4,  1851.  He 
was  a  popular  and  successful  man  of  business ; 
was  one  of  the  founders  and  a  principal  patron 
of  the  Mercantile  Lib.  Assoc,  of  New  York ; 
was  long  an  alderman  ;  and  in  182.5-6  mayor 
of  the  city.  Pres.  Taylor  app.  him  naval  offi- 
cer of  New  York,  the  duties  of  which  post  he 
discharged  until  his  death. 

HoneyWOOd,  St.  John,  poet,  b.  Leicester, 
Ms.,  Feb.  7, 1763;  d.  Sept.  1,  1798.  Y.C.  1782. 
His  father,  an  English  physician  who  had  set- 
tled in  Leicester,  d.  a  surgeon  in  the  army  at 
Ticonderoga  in  1776,  leaving  his  son  an  or- 
phan and  destitute.  He  was  educated  by  some 
friends;  in  1783-4  taught  in  an  academy  at 
Schenectady,  N.Y. ;  then  studied  law  in  Alba- 
ny; and  practised  in  Salem,  Washington  Co., 
during  the  rest  of  his  life.  A  vol.  of  his  poems 
was  pub.  in  New  York  in  1801. — Diu/ckinck. 

Hood,  George,  author  of  a  "History  of 
Music  in  N.  E.,"  Boston,   18mo,    1846;    d. 


HOO 


448 


HOO 


Phila.   18  May,  1869.     Business-manager  of 
the  Phila.  Acad,  of  Music. 

Hood,  Gen.  Johx  B.,  b.  Bath  Co.,  Ky., 
ab.  1830.  West  Point,  1853.  Entering  the 
4th  Inf.,  he  was  transf.  (3  Mar.  1855)  to  the  2d 
Cav.,  with  a  detachment  of  which  he  had  a 
gallant  conflict  with  a  body  of  Comanche  and 
Lipau  Indians  near  the  head  of  the  Sari  Pedro 
River,  Texas,  20  July,  1857,  and  was  wound- 
ed; Istlieiit.  18  Aug'.  1858;  resigned  16  Apr. 
1861 ;  and  was  app.  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  Confed. 
army.  He  was  one  of  the  officers  who  partici- 
pated in  handing  over  the  U.S.  troops  in  Tex- 
as to  the  secessionists.  He  raised  a  regt.  of 
Kentuckians;  com.  a  brigade  in  Johnston's 
(afterward  Bragg's)  army  in  1862  ;  joined  the 
army  of  Va.  in  the  spring  of  1862  ;  was  pro- 
moted to  com.  the  cav.  corps,  and  made  amaj.- 
gen,;  com.  a  division  at  Antietam,  Sept.  1862; 
at  Gettysburg  he  com.  the  largest  division  in 
Longstreet's  corps,  and  was  severely  wounded, 
llejuining  Longstreet's  corps  in  Georgia,  he 
fought  at  Chickamauga  (losing  a  leg),  and  pro- 
moted to  lieut.-gcn. ;  and  in  July,  1864,  succeed- 
ed Johnston  in  com.  at  Atlanta,  which  he  was 
compelled  by  Gen.  Sherman  to  evacuate  I  Sept. 
He  then  unriucccssfully  endeavored  to  destroy 
Gen.  Sherman's  communications ;  was  defeated 
in  his  attempt  to  capture  Nashville,  17  Dec. 
1864,  by  Gen.  Thomas  ;  and  in  Jan.  1865  was 
relieved  of  his  com.  by  Gen.  Dick  Taylor. 

Hooke,  William,  b.  Southampton,  1601 ; 
minister  at  Taunton,  and  from  1644  to  1656  at 
N.  Haven  ;  returned  to  Eng. ;  was  Cromwell's 
chaplain;  and  d.  Mar.  21, 1678.  Oxf.  U.  1623. 
Bro.-in-law  of  G.  Whalley,  and  m.  Cromwell's 
cousin.  Had  been  minister  of  Exmouth,  Dev- 
on, and  was  in  N.E.  as  early  as  1639.  He 
pub.  "  Discourse  on  the  Witnesses,"  "  New 
England's  Tears  for  Old  England's  Fears," 
July  23,  1640;  also  other  sermons.  Two  of 
his  sermons  are  reprinted  in  "  The  Ministry  of 
Taunton." 

Hooker,  Edward  W.,  D.D.  (Wms.  Coll. 
1840),  b.  Goshen,  Ct,  24  Nov.  1794.  Mid. 
Coll.  1814.  He  began  to  study  music  at  the 
age  of  12,  and  has  pub.  many  important  lec- 
tures, addresses,  &c.,  on  that  subject;  also  "A 
Plea  for  Sacred  Music ; "  "  Memoir  of  Mrs. 
Sarah  L.  Huntington  Smith,"  1845;  and  "  Life 
of  Thomas  Hooker,"  12mo,  1849. 

Hooker,  Herman,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll.  1848), 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  Poultney,  Vt.,  ab. 
1806  ;   d.  Phila.  July   25,  1865.      Mid.   Coll. 
1825.     He  studied  divinity  at  Princeton  ;  sub- 
sequently became  an  Epis.  clergyman,  but,  on 
being  compelled  by  ill  health  to  relinquish  this 
office,  became  a  bookseller  in  Phila.     He  has 
pub.  "  The  Portion  of  the  Soul,"  1835;  "Popu- 
lar Intidelity,"  entitled  in  a  later  edition  "  The 
Philosophy  of  Unbelief  in    Morals  and  Reli- 
;rion  ;  "    "  The   Uses   of   Adversity   and    the 
Provisions  of  Consolation  ;  "  a  vol.  of  "  Max- 
ims ; "  and  "  The  Christian  Life  a  Fight  of 
^aith."  —  Dui/ckinck. 
^  ...  ^^OOker,  Joseph,   maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b. 
BV.,i^|H  Hadtey,  Ms.,  1«».     West  Point,  1837.     En- 
^,x-^      tering  the  1st.  Art.,  he  was  aide  to  Gen.  Hamer 
— -""'^  in  the  Mexican  war ;  was  brev,  capt.  for  gal- 

lantry at  Monterey  ;    became  assist,  adj.-gen. 
(rank  of  capt.)  3  March,  1847;  and  won  the 


brevets  of  maj.  and  lieut.-col.  at  the  National 
Bridge  and  Chapultepec.  He  became  ca])t.  29 
Oct.  1848;  resigned  21  Feb.  1853,  and  settled 
on  a  farm  in  Cal.,  where  he  was  residing  when 
app.  brig.-gen.  of  vols.  May  17,  1861.  During 
this  period  he  assisted  in  constructing  a  na- 
tional road  connecting  Cal.  and  Oregon.  As- 
signed to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  he  was 
afterward  promoted  to  a  division  in  lleintzel- 
man's  corps.  From  July,  1861.  to  Feb.  1862, 
he  was  stationed  in  Southern  Md.  In  the  sub- 
sequent battles  on  the  Peninsula,  especially 
that  of  Williamsburg,  May  5,  where  he  was 
highly  distinguished,  his  troops  were  popularly 
known  as  "  lighting  Joe  Hooker's  division." 
Made  maj.-gen.  vols.  5  May,  1802,  he  was  as- 
signed to  the  1st  Army  Corps  in  Sept. ;,  bore 
a  dieting,  part  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  where  he  com.  the  forces  in  and  around 
Fairfax  ;  and  at  the  battle  of  Antietam  com. 
the  right  wing.  Wounded  in  the  foot,  he  was 
disabled  from  duty  for  several  weeks.  Sept. 
20  he  was  made  brig.-gen.  U.S.A. ;  in  Nov.  he 
superseded  Gen.  Porter  in  command  of  the  5ih 
corps ;  was  shortly  after  assigned  the  centre 
grand  division  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
and  succeeded  Gen.  Burnside  in  the  chief  com. 
in  Jan.  1803.  Crossing  the  Rappahannock, 
April  27,  he  was  attacked  in  his  position  at 
Chancellorsville,  May  2-3,  by  Gen.  Lee,  and  was 
compelled  to  recross  the  river.  June  27,  1803, 
he  resigned  the  com.  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, and  was  succeeded  by  Gen.  Meade.  He 
com.  the  11th  and  12th  Army  Corps  24  Sept. 
1863;  in  operats.  ab.  Chattanooga,  Oct.  1863- 
May,  1864,  being  engaged  in  combat  of  Look- 
out Valley  (Oct.  27-8),  capture  of  Lookout 
Mountain  (24  Nov.),  battle  of  Mission.  Ridge 
(25  Nov.),  and  Ringgold,  Ga.  (27  Nov.),  1863; 
com.  20th  Corps  in  invasion  of  Ga. ;  and  en- 
gaged at  Mill  Creek  Gap  (8  May,  1864), 
Resaca  (14-15  May),  Cassville  (19  May),  Dal- 
las (25  May),  actions  near  Atlanta  (July  18- 
19, 1864),  Peach-tree  Creek  (20  July),  and  siege 
of  Atlanta  (22-30  July,  1864)  ;  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865,  for  battle  of  Chatta- 
nooga; maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  Oct.  15,  1868;  re- 
tired same  date. 

Hooker,  Thomas,  an  eminent  divine,  and 
one  of  the  founders  ol"  the  Colony  of  Ct.,  b. 
Markfield,  Leicestersihire,  Eng.,  1586  ;  d.  Hart- 
ford, July  7,  1647.  Son  of  Thomas.  Became 
a  fellow  of  Em.  Coll.,  Cambridge ;  was  a 
popular  preacher  in  Lond.,  and  a  lecturer  in 
Chelmsford,  Essex,  but  was  silenced  for  non- 
conformity. He  then  kept  a  school,  in  which 
John  Eliot  "the  Apostle"  was  his  assist.; 
but,  being  still  persecuted  by  the  Spiritual 
Court,  he  in  1630  fled  to  Holland,  where  he 
preached  at  Delft  and  Rotterdam,  being  an 
assist,  to  Dr.  Ames,  who  said  of  him,  "  that 
he  never  met  with  his  equal  either  in  preach- 
ing or  disputation."  Sept.  3,  1633,  he  arrived 
at  Boston  ;  was  in  the  following  month  ord. 
pastor  of  the  church  in  Newtown ;  but  in  June, 
1636,  he  with  his  whole  cong.  removed  to  the 
banks  of  the  Ct.  River,  where  they  founded 
Hartford.  Whenever  he  visited  Boston,  which 
he  often  did,  he  attracted  great  crowds  by  his 
fervent,  forcible  preaching ;  and  no  man  had'' 
more  influence  in  the  churches  of  N.E.  'His 


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IIOI> 


death  was  lamented  as  a  public  loss.  John 
Cotton,  Elijah  Corlet,  Peter  Bulkeley,  Edward 
Johnson,  and  Ezekiel  Rogers,  were  among 
those  who  paid  tribute  to  his  memory.  A 
Memoir  of  his  Life,  with  a  selection  from  his 
writings,  lias  been  pub.  by  a  descendant,  Rev. 
E.  W.  Hooker,  D.D.,  Boston,  1849.  He  pub. 
many  vols,  of  sermons  and  polemical  works. 
His  principal  works  are,  "  The  Survey  of 
Church  Discipline,"  1648;  "The  Application 
of  Redemption,"  &c.,  second  cd.,  Lond.  16.59; 
and  "  The  Poor  Doubting  Christian  drawn  to 
Christ,"  7th  ed.,  Boston,  1743.  Samuel,  his 
son,  second  minister  of  Farmington,  Ct.,  b. 
1632,  d.  Nov.  6,  1697.  H.  U.  1653.  Ord. 
July,  1661. 

Hooker,  Worthington,  M.  D.  (H.  U. 
1829),  physician  and  author,  b.  Springfield, 
Ms.,  Mar.  3,  1806;  d.  N.  Haven,  Ct.,  Nov.  6, 
1867.  Y.C.  1825.  Son  of  Judge  John.  He 
established  himself  in  practice  in  Norwich,  Ct., 
and  afterwards  in  N.  Haven.  Prof,  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  med.,  Y.C,  1852-67,  and  ac- 
quired a  good  practice  in  N.  Haven.  Author 
of  "  Human  Physiology  for  Colleges  and 
Academics;"  "Hooker's  Book  of  Nature," 
in  3  parts;  "A  Child's  Book  of  Common 
Things  ;  "  "A  Child's  Eirst  Book  of  Natural 
Philosophy  ;  "  "A  Child's  First  Book  of 
Chemistry  ;  "  "  Natural  History,  Mineralogy," 
&c. ;  "Physician  and  Patient,"  1849;  "Les- 
sons from  the  History  of  Medical  Delusions  ;  " 
"  Homoeopathy,  an  Examination  of  its  Doc- 
trines and  Evidences,  &c.,"  1853  ;  "  The 
Medical  Profession  and  the  Community  ;" 
"  Rational  Therapeutics,"  12mo,  1857. —  Yale 
Coll.  Obit. 

Hooper,  Edward  James,  b.  Eng.  1803. 
Settled  in  the  U.S.  1830.  Author  of  a  "  Dic- 
tionary of  Agriculture,"  8vo,  Cincin.  1842. 
Some  years  editor  of  the  Western  Farmer  and 
Gardener,  and  30  years  a  contrib.  to  agric. 
journals.  —  AUibone. 

Hooper,  Lucy,  poet,  b.  Newburvport, 
Ms.,  Feb.  4,  1816;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,'Aug. 
1,  1841.  She  was  carefully  trained  by  her 
father,  and  at  15  removed  \viih  the  family  to 
Brooklyn.  Her  poems  were  principally  contrib. 
to  the  Loufj  Island  Star.  They  were  coll.  in 
1840  with  the  title,  "  Scenes  from  Real  Life," 
and  a  prize  essay  on  "  Domestic  Happiness." 
In  1845  was  pub.  "  The  Lady's  Book  of  Flow- 
ers and  Poetry."  Her  "  Complete  Poetical 
Works"  were  pub.  in  1848.  In  1842  an  ed., 
with  a  Memoir  by  John  Keese,  was  pub. 

Hooper,  Robert  Lettice,  chief  justice 
of  N.  J.  1725-8,  and  from  Nov.  1722  to  his  d. 
Mar.  IT'iO.  —  Field's  Prov.  Courts  in  N.  J. 

Hooper,  Samuel,  merchant,  and  M.C. 
from  Ms.  1861-71,  b.  Marbleliead,  Ms.,  3  Feb. 
1808,  educated  there,  and  many  years  engaged 
in  the  China  trade  in  Boston.  Member  Ms.  h. 
of  rep.  1851-4,  and  of  the  senate  in  1857. 
M.  A.  of  Howard  U.  in  1866  as  founder  of 
the  "  School  of  Mines  "  in  that  university. 
Author  of  a  treatise  on  Currency,  1855. 

Hooper,  William,  Revol.  statesman,  b. 
Boston,  June  17,  1742;  d.  Hillsborough,  N.C., 
Oct.  1790.  H.U.  1760.  William  his  f\it!ier 
(min.  of  the  West  Cong.  Ch.,  Boston,  18  May, 
1737-19  Nov.  1746  ;  of  Trinity  Ch.  (Epis.),  28 
29 


Aug.  1747,  to  his  d.  14  Apr.  1767),  b.  and 
educ.  in  Scotland,  author  of  "  The  Apostles 
neither  Impostors  nor  Enthusiasts,"  1742. 
The  son  studied  law  under  James  Otis,  and, 
on  being  adm.  to  the  bar,  went  to  N.C.  in  1764, 
and  removed  permanently  to  Wilmington  in 
1767,  where  he  soon  obtained  extensive  prac- 
tice, and  was  noted  for  his  social  qualities  and 
hospitality.  He  represented  Wilmington  in  the 
legisl.  of  1773,  and  signalized  himself  by  his 
opposition  to  the  arbitrary  measures  of  the  govt., 
against  which  he  also  wielded  a  successful  pen 
under  the  signature  of  "  Hampden."  In  1774 
he  was  a  delegate  to  the  Gen.  Congress  at 
Phila. ;  chairman  of  a  com.  app.  to  report  an 
address  to  the  inhabitants  of  Jamaica,  the 
draught  of  which  was  his  work.  Soon  after 
signing  the  Decl.  of  Indep.,  Mr.  Hooper  was 
obliged  to  resign  his  seat  on  account  of  the 
embarrassed  condition  of  his  private  affairs. 
He  filled  various  public  stations  in  his  adopted 
State  until  1787. 

Hope,  Henry,  an  eminent  banker  of  Am- 
sterdam, b.  Boston,  1736;  d.  Lond.  Feb.  25, 
1811.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Scottish  loyalist 
who  had  settled  in  Boston.  Henry  lived  some 
time  at  Quincy.  At  the  age  of  18  he  went  to 
Eng,  ;  soon  after  entered  a  London  counting- 
house  ;  and  in  1760  became  a  partner  with  his 
uncles  in  Amsterdam.  On  the  death  of  his 
uncle  Adrian  in  1780,  tlie  whole  business 
devolved  on  him. 

Hopkins,  Daniel,  D.D.  (Dartm.  Coll. 
1809),  minister  of  Salem,  Ms.,  from  Nov.  1778 
to  his  d.  Dec.  14,  1814;  b.  Waterburv,  Ct., 
Oct.  16,1734.  Y.C.  1758.  Bro.  of  Dr.  Samuel 
of  Newport.  He  taught  school  at  Salem  in 
1766-78.  He  pub.  dedication  sern>on,  1805  ; 
and  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Washington. 
A  vol.  of  his  works,  with  Memoir  by  Prof. 
Park,  was  pub.  1853. — Sprague's  Annals. 

Hopkins,  Edward,  gov.  of  Ct.,b.  Shrews- 
bury, Eng.,  1600;  d.  Lond.  Mar.  1657.  He 
was  an  eminent  merchant  in  Lond.,  and  came 
to  Boston  with  Mr.  Davenport  iu  the  summer 
of  1637.  Removing  to  Hartford,  he  was 
chosen  a  magistrate  in  1639,  and  gov.  of  Ct. 
from  1640  to  1654  alternately  with  Mr.  Haynes. 
Upon  the  death  of  his  elder  bro.  he  returned 
to  Eng.  ;  became  warden  of  the  fleet,  commis- 
sioner of  the  admiralty,  and  member  of  par- 
liament; not  forgetting,  however,  his  friends  in 
N.E.,  who  derived  great  benefit  from  his  services 
in  the  mother-country.  At  his  death,  he  left 
a  large  estate  in  N.E.,  which  has  been  appro- 
priated to  the  support  of  the  grammar-schools 
in  N.  Haven,  Hartford,  and  Hadley.  He  was 
one  of  those  who  formed  the  union  of  the  N.E. 
Colonies,  1643.  He  left  a  donation  of  £500, 
Avhich  was,  by  a  decree  of  chancery,  1710,  paid 
to  Haw.  Coll.  With  this  money,  real  estate, 
was  purehased  in  a  township  named  Ilopkio-^ 
ton  in  honor  of  the  donor.  —  Eliot. 

Hopkins,  Esek,  first  commodore  of  tlie 
Amer.  navy,  b.  Scituate,  R.I.,  1718  ;.d.  North 
Providence,  Feb.  26,  1802.  On  the  brcaldng- 
out  of  the  Revol.  war,  he  was  commissioned 
by  Gov.  Cooke  as  brig.-gen.  Dec.  22,  1775, 
he  received  a  commission  from  Congress  as 
commo.  and  com.-in.-chief  of  the  navy.  He 
put  to  sea  in  Feb.  1776,  with  the  first  squad. 


HOI* 


450 


KOF 


sent  out  by  the  Colonies,  consistinc^  of  4  ships 
and  3  sloops.  The  fleet  sailed  for  the  Bahamas, 
capturing  the  forts  at  New  Providence,  80  can- 
non, and  a  large  quantity  of  ordnance,  stores, 
and  ammunition.  On  his  return,  off  Block 
Island  he  took  the  British  schooner  "Hawke," 
and  the  bomb-brig  "  Bolton,"  for  which  the 
pres.  of  Congress  complimented  him  officially. 
Two  days  afterwards,  with  3  vessels,  he  attacked 
"  The  Glasgow  "  of  29  guns;  but  she  escaped, 
and  for  this  Hopkins  and  Captf  Whipple  were 
censured,  the  latter  particularly.  In  June, 
1776,  Hopkins  was  ordered  by  Congress  to  ap- 
pear before  the  naval  committee  in  Fhila.  to  re- 
ply to  charges  preferred  against  him  for  not  an- 
noying the  enemy's  ships  on  the  southern  coast- 
He  was  defended  by  John  Adams,  and  was 
acquitted,  partly  out  of  regard  for  tbe  feelings 
of  his  bro.  Stephen,  a  member  of  Congress,  but 
was  dismissed  the  service  2  Jan.  1777.  Ban- 
croft styles  him  "  aged  and  incompetent." 
Often  a  member  of  the  R.I.  Assemiily.  His 
son,  John  Burrows,  was  active  in  the  de- 
struction of  "  Tbe  Gaspee  ;  "  was  one  of  the 
first  capts.  of  the  Revol.  navy,  commis.  Dec.  22, 
1775;  com.  "  The  Cabot  "(16  guns)  in  the 
exped.  to  the  Bahamas,  Feb.  1776;  and  in 
April,  1779,  sailed  from  Boston  in  com.  of  a 
squad.,  which  returned  safely  after  a  number 
of  valuable  captures. 

Hopkins,  John  Henry,  D.C.L.,  LL.D., 
Pr.-Kp.  bishop  of  Vt.,  b.  Dublin,  Jan.  30,  1792  ; 
d.  Rock  Point,  Vt.,  Jan.  9,  1868.  He  came  to 
Amer.  with  his  parents  in  Aug.  1800,  and  was 
intended  for  the  law;  but,  after  receiving  a  clas- 
sical education,  spent  a  year  in  a  counting- 
house  in  Phila. ;  assisted  Wilson  the  ornithol- 
ogist to  prepare  the  plates  to  the  first  4  vols, 
of  his  work;  and  ab.  1810  embarked  in  the 
manuf.  of  iron  in  the  western  part  of  Pa.  In 
Oct.  1817  he  quitted  the  business  a  bankrupt; 
was,  after  6  months'  study,  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
Pittsburg,  but  in  Nov.  1823  entered  the  min- 
istry. Ord.  priest  in  May,  1824,  and  rector  of 
Tiiniry  Church,  Pittsburg.  A  new  building 
being  wanted,  he  became  its  architect,  studying 
Gothic  architecture  for  the  purpose.  In  1831 
he  accepted  a  call  to  Trinity  Church,  Boston, 
as  assist,  minister.  A  theol.  sem.  was  at  the 
same  time  established  in  the  diocese  of  Ms., 
in  which  he  became  prof,  of  systematic  divinity. 
Consec.  1st  bishop  of  Vt.  Oct.  31,  1832.  He 
at  the  same  time  accepted  the  rectorship  of  St. 
Paul's,  Burlington.  He  soon  began  a  boys' 
school,  which  involved  him,  pecuniarily,  to  a 
degree  which  resulted  in  the  sacrifice  of  his 
property,  and  a  debt  which  it  took  him  many 
years  to  cancel.  He  resigned  his  rectorship  in 
1856,  that  he  might  devote  himself  more  unre- 
servedly to  the  work  of  his  diocese,  and  the 
building-up  at  Burlington  of  the  "  Vt.  Epis. 
Institute."  Besides  a  number  of  pamphlets, 
sermons,  and  addresses,  he  has  pub.  "  Chris- 
tianity Vindicated,"  1833  ;  "  The  Primitive 
Creed  Examined  and  Explained,"  1834  ;  "  The 
Primitive  Church  compared  with  the  Prot.- 
Epis.  Church  of  the  Present  Day,"  1835; 
"  Essay  on  Gothic  Architecture,"  1836  ;  "  The 
Church  of  Rome  in  her  Primitive  Purity  com- 
pared with  the  Church  of  Rome  at  the  Present 
Day,"  1837  ;  "  Twelve  Canzonets,"  words  and 


music,  1839  ;  "  Causes,  Principles,  and  Results 
of  the  British  Reformation,"  1844;  "History 
of  the  Confessional,"  1850  ;  "  A  Refutation  of 
Milner's  End  of  Controversy,"  1854;  "The 
Amer.  Citizen,  his  Rights  and  Duties,"  1857  ; 
"  Vindication  of  Slavery,"  1863  ;  "Church  His- 
tory in  Verse,"  1 867.  He  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  Pan-Anglican  synod  at  Lambeth,  and 
received  from  Oxford  U.  the  degree  of  D.C.L. 
He  was  a  decided  champion  of  the  High-Church 
party. 

Hopkins,  Lemuel,  physician  and  poet,  b. 
Waterbury,  Ct.,  June  19,  17.50;  d.  Hartford, 
Apr.  14,  1801.  A.M.  of  Y.C.  1784.  He  prac- 
tised medicine  at  Litchfield  from  1776  to  1784, 
when  he  removed  to  Hartford,  where  he  sus- 
tained a  high  reputation,  and  had  an  extensive 
practice.  He  was  peculiar  and  original  in  his 
appearance,  manners,  and  opinions;  bold  in  his 
inquiries;  free  from  the  restraints  of  prejudice 
or  authority  ;  and  severe  and  sarcastic  in  his 
wit.  He  was  benevolent  and  philanthropic; 
was  talented,  learned,  and  poetical ;  in  his  ear- 
lier days  an  adherent  of  the  French  infidel 
philosophy,  but,  later,  a  diligent  student  of  the 
Bible.  With  Trumbull,  Barlow,  Alsop,  The- 
odore Dwight,  and  others  (called  "  The  Hartford 
Wits  "),  he  joined  in  the"  Anarchiad"  (which 
he  projected,  and  had  a  principal  share  in  writ- 
ing, having  for  its  object  the  support  of  an  ef- 
ficient Federal  Constitution,  a  subject  then 
greatly  exercising  the  public  mind),  "  The 
Echo,"  "  Political  Greenhouse,"  "  The  Guillo- 
tine," and  similar  satirical  compositions  ;  and 
he  is  said  to  have  written  for  Barlow  the  beau- 
tiful and  well-known  version  of  the  137th  psalm, 
beginning,  "  Along  the  banks  where  Babel's 
current  flows."  Among  the  best  known  of 
his  verses  are  the  "  Hypocrite's  Hope,"  and  an 
Elegy  on  the  "  Victim  of  a  Cancer  Quack." 
Some  of  his  verses  appear  in  the  Litchfield 
Coll.  of  "  American  Poems,"  1793. 

Hopkins,  Mark,  D.D.  (Dartm.  Coll. 
1837),  LL.D.  (U.  of  N.Y.  1857),  clergyman 
and  author,  b.  Stockbridge,  Ms.,  Feb.  4,'l802. 
Wms.  Coll.  1824.  Grandson  of  Mark,  an  of- 
ficer of  the  Revol.,  and  subsequently  a  lawyer. 
He  was  a  tutor  two  years;  received  in  1*828 
the  degree  of  M.D.,  and  in  1829  commenced 
the  practice  of  medicine  in  N.  Y.  In  Aug. 
1830  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  moral  phi- 
losophy and  rhetoric;  and  Sept.  15,  1836,  be- 
came pres.  of  Wms.  Coll.  Prof,  of  Christian 
theology  since  1858.  He  is  also  pastor  of  the 
Coll.  Church ;  and  has  lectured  before  the  Low- 
ell Inst,  of  Boston,  the  Smithsonian  Inst.,  and 
various  literary  and  scientific  associations.  He 
has  taken  an  active  part  in  the  deliberations  of 
the  A.B.C.F.M.,  of  which,  since  1857,  he  has 
been  pres.  Author  of  "  Lectures  on  the  Evi- 
dences of  Christianity,"  8vo,  1846;  a  new  edi- 
tion 1864;  also  a  series  of  "  Lectures  on  Moral 
Science;  "  "  Law  of  Love,"  &c.,  1869  ;  "  Mis- 
cellaneous Essays  and  Discourses,"  8vo,  1847; 
and  of  many  occasional  sermons  and  addresses. 
Under  his  supervision  the  coll.  has  enlarged 
her  resources  and  the  number  of  her  students. 

Hopkins,  Samuel,  b.  Waterbury,  Ct , 
1693,  minister  of  W.  Springfield,  Ms.,  from 
June  1,  1720,  to  his  d.,  Oct.  6,  1755.  Y.C. 
1718.     Great-grandson  of  John  of  Cambrid<ie, 


HOF 


451 


HOI? 


1634.  He  pub.  "Historical  Memoirs  of  the 
Housatmiuck  Indians,"  &c.,  4to,  1753. 

Hopkins,  Samuel,  D.D.  (B.U.  1790), 
founder  of  the  Hopkinsian  divinity,  b.  Wa- 
terbury,  Ct.,  Sept.  17,  1721 ;  d.  Newport,  R.I., 
Dec.  20,  1803.  Y.C.  1741.  Before  his  15th 
year  he  was  chiefly  occupied  in  farming.  He 
studied  divinity  witii  Jonathan  Edwards ;  was 
ord.  pastor  of  the  church  in  Housatunnuc,  Dec. 
28,  1743;  was  dismissed  Jan.  18,  1769;  and 
was  settled  at  Newport,  Apr.  11, 1770.  During 
the  British  occupancy  of  Newport  in  1776-80, 
he  preached  in  various  places.  Returning  to 
his  parish,  he  found  it  so  much  impoverished, 
that,  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  Dr.  Hopkins 
was  dependent  for  his  maintenance  upon  weekly 
contributions  and  the  vohmtary  aid  of  a  few 
friends.  So  powerfully  did  he  oppose  slavery, 
that  in  1774  a  law  was  passed,  forbidding  the 
importation  of  negroes  into  the  Colony ;  and 
in  1784  it  was  declared  by  the  legisl.  that  all 
children  of  slaves  born  after  the  following  Mar. 
should  be  free.  He  also,  as  early  as  1773, 
formed  a  plan  for  evangelizing  Africa,  and  col- 
onizing it  with  free  negroes  from  America. 
Besides  his  numerous  sermons,  addresses,  and 
pamphlets,  he  pub,  a  Life  of  Pres.  Edwards, 
Lives  of  Susannah  Anthony  and  Mrs.  Osborn, 
and  left  behind  him  sketches  of  his  own  life, 
and  a  Treatise  on  the  Millennium,  pub.  Boston, 
1854.  His  "  System  of  Theology"  is  his  preat 
work.  His  entire  works  were  pub.  by  Dr.  West 
in  1805,  and  again,  with  a  Memoir  of  his  life 
and  character  by  Dr.  Park,  by  the  Doctrinal 
Tract  and  Book  Society  (Boston,  1852).  Dr. 
Hopkins  is  the  hero  of  Mrs.  H.  B.  Stowe's 
"  Minister's  Wooing." 

Hopkins,  Gen.  Samuel  G.,b.  Albemarle 
Co.,  Va.  ;  d.  Henderson,  Ky.,  Oct.  1819.  A 
Rcvol.  officer;  fought  at  Trenton,  Princeton, 
Brandywine,  Monmouth  ;  and  at  (Jerraantown 
com.  a  batt.  of  light  inf ,  and  was  severely 
wounded.  He  was  lieut.-col.  10th  Va.  regt.  at 
the  siege  of  Charleston,  where  he  was  made 
prisoner;  and,  after  Col.  Parker's  death,  com. 
the  regt.  He  settled  on  Greene  River,  Ky.,  in 
1797;  served  several  yeai-s  in  the  Ky.  legisl. ; 
and  was  M.C.  in  1813-15.  In  Oct.  1812  he  led 
2,000  mounted  Ky.  troops  against  the  Kicka- 
poo  villages  on  the  Illinois;  but  was  misled  by 
his  guides,  and  returned.  In  Nov.  he  led  a 
party  up  the  Wabash,  burned  several  Indian 
villages,  and  lost  some  men  in  an  ambuscade, 
and  was  forced  to  retire  to  Vincennes. 

Hopkins,  Stephen,  LL.D.,  signer  of  the 
Decl.  of  Indep.,  b.  Scituate,  R.I.,  7  Mar.  1707; 
d.  Providence,  R.I.,  19  July,  1785.  Self-taught, 
and  bred  a  farmer.  He  removed  to  Providence 
in  1731  ;  engaged  in  mercantile  business  and 
in  land-surveying;  became  a  justice  of  the 
peace ;  a  member  and  speaker  of  the  Assembly 
in  1732-41;  chiefjusticeof  CCP.  in  1739,  and 
of  the  Superior  Court  in  1751-4  ;  a  delegate  to 
the  Albany  Congress  in  1754,  and  one  of  the 
com.  which  drew  up  a  plan  of  union  for  the 
Colonies ;  gov.  of  R.I.  in  1754-68,  excepting  4 
years ;  was  a  member  of  the  Cont.  Congress  in 
1774-8;  and  was  subsequently  a  member  of 
the  R.I.  legisl.  In  1765  he  was  chairman  of  a 
com.  to  draught  instructions  to  the  Gen.  Assem- 
bly on  the  Stamp  Act,  the  resolutions  which 


were  reported  and  passed  being  substantially 
the  samp  as  those  carried  by  Patrick  Henry  in 
the  Va.  H.  of  Burgesses.  In  1773  he  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Assembly,  and  a  member  of  the  com. 
of  corresp.  A  clear  and  convincing  speaker,  he 
used  his  influence  in  Congress  in  favor  of  de- 
cisive measures ;  was  active  as  a  member  of  the 
naval  com.  in  the  formation  of  our  navy,  and 
was  one  of  the  com.  that  drafted  the  articles 
of  confederation  for  the  govt,  of  the  States. 
'Many  years  chanc.  of  Brown  U.  Notwithstand- 
ing his  limited  education,  he  was  a  good  mathe- 
matician ;  and  his  knowledge  of  literature,  sci- 
ence, and  political  economy,  was  varied  and 
extensive.  He  pub.  an  account  of  Providence 
in  the  Ms.  Hist.  Colls.  2,  ix.,  and,  by  order  of 
the  R.  I.  Assembly,  "  Rights  of  the  Colonies 
Examined,"  1765. 

Hopkins,  William  Fenn,  LL.D.  (Trin. 
Coll.,  Geneva,  1853),  teacher,  b.Ct.  1802;  d.  Ja- 
maica, W.I.,  13  July,  1859.  West  Point,  1825. 
Asst.  prof,  of  chemistry  there  1825-36;  prin- 
cipal of  Norfolk  Acad.,  Va.,  1843-6  ;  prof  nat. 
sciences,  Georgetown,  Ky.,  Milit.  Inst.,  1846-9; 
pres.  and  prof,  math..  Masonic  U.,  Clarks- 
viile,  Tenn.,  1849  ;  prof.  chem.  and  nat.  philos. 
Wm.  and  M.  Coll.,  Va.,  1849-50;  prof  nat. 
philos.  U.  S.  Naval  Acad.  1850-9  ;  U."S.  consul 
Jamaica,  Mar.-July,  1859. —  Cullum. 

Hopkinson,  Francis,  author,  and  a  sign- 
er of  the  Decl.  of  Indep.,  b.  Phila.  1738;  d. 
there  9  May,  1791.  N.J.  Coll.  1763.  Thomas 
his  father,  b.  in  Eng.,d.  1752,  and  was  a  friend 
of  Franklin.  His  mother  was  a  dau.  of  the 
Bishop  of  Worcester.  Sec.  at  a  conf  held  on 
the  Lehigh  between  the  govt,  of  Pa.  and  the 
Indians  in  1761.  Adni.  to  the  bar  in  1765; 
visited  Eng.  in  1766-8,  and  on  his  return  m. 
Ann  Borden  of  Borden  town,  N.  J.  He  was 
soon  after  app.  to  a  lucrative  office  in  N.  J., 
which  he  held  until  his  repub.  principles  occa- 
sioned his  removal.  Member  of  Congress  in 
1776-7;  and  during  the  Rcvol.  disting.  him- 
self by  satirical  and  political  writings.  He  em- 
ployed his  wit  upon  the  social  follies  of  his 
time,  especially  against  the  ribaldry  of  the  news- 
papers, and  the  exaggeration  and  prejudice  with 
which  the  Federal  Constitution  was  assailed. 
He  held  for  some  years  a  place  in  the  loan 
office.  Judge  of  admiralty  for  Pa.  in  1779-89, 
and  U.S.  dist.  judge  for  Pa.  from  1790  to  his 
d.  An  account  of  his  impeachment  and  trial 
is  in  "  Pa.  State  Trials,"  vol.  i.  1794.  He  was  a 
man  of  varied  accomplishments,  skilled  not  only 
in  scienceand  literature,  but  in  painting  and  mu- 
sic, composing  popular  airs  for  his  own  songs. 
Among  his  writings  are  "  The  Pretty  Story," 
1774;  "The  Old  Farm  and  the  New  Farm," 
repub.  in  1857;  "The  Prophecy,"  1776;  "The 
Political  Catechism,"  1777;  "Battle  of  the 
Kegs,"  a  humorous  ballad;  and  "The  New 
Roof,  a  Song  for  Federal  Mechanics."  His 
"  Misc.  Essays  and  Occasional  Writings " 
were  pub.  by  Dobson,  3  vols.  8vo,  1792.  In  his 
"  Typographical  Mude  of  conducting  a  Quar- 
rel," he  anticipated  Southey's  bear-story  in 
"  The  Doctor  "  by  gradations  of  type. 

Hopkinson,  Joseph,  LL.D.,  lawyer  and 
man  of  letters,  son  of  Francis,  b.  Phila.  Nov. 
12,  1778;  d.  there  Jan.  15,  1842.  U.  of  Pa. 
1786.     After  studying  law,  he  opened  an  oflSce 


HOF 


452 


HOR 


at  Easton,  Pa.,  in  1791,  but  soon  returned  to 
Phila.,  where  his  professional  progress  was 
rapid.  He  was  the  leading  counsel  of  Dr.  Rush 
in  his  famous  suit  against  Cobbett  in  1799 ;  al- 
so for  the  defendants  in  several  of  the  insurgent 
trials  before  Judge  Chase  in  1800,  and  was  en- 
gaged by  the  latter  upon  his  impeachment  be- 
fore the  senate  of  the  U.  S.  M.  C.  1816-20, 
disting.  himself  on  the  tariff  question,  in  rela- 
tion to  the  Seminole  war,  and  opposed  a  re-char- 
ter of  the  U.  S.  Bank.  After  three  years'  sub- 
sequent residence  at  Bordentown,  N.  J.,  he 
resumed  practice  in  Phila. ;  and  in  1828  was 
app.  judge  of  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court  for  the  East- 
ern J)ist.  of  Pa.,  an  office  which  his  father  and 
his  grandfather  Thomas  had  previously  filled. 
A  leading  member  of  the  convention  for  revis- 
ing the  constitution  of  Pa.  in  1837.  His 
speeches  in  that  body  on  the  Judicial  Tenure 
were  pub.  in  1838.  Vice-prcs.  of  the  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc,  and  pros,  of  the  Pa.  Acad,  of  Fine 
Arts.  He  was  a  frequent  lecturer  before  lite- 
rary institutions ;  and  many  of  his  addresses 
were  pub.  The  most  celebrated  of  his  literary 
productions  was  "  Hail  Columbia,"  written  in 
1798  for  the  benefit  of  an  actor  named  Fox. 
Hopkinson  was  for  many  years  a  confidential 
friend  of  Joseph  Bonaparte,  then  residing  at 
Bordentown,  and,  during  his  absence,  always 
managed  his  affairs. 

Hopper,  Isaac  T.,  an  eminent  Quaker 
philanthropist,  b.  Dcptford,  N.J.,  Dec.  3, 1771  ; 
d.  New  York,  May  7,  1852.  He  learned  the 
trade  of  a  tailor  with  an  uncle  in  Phila.,  but 
spent  many  of  the  last  years  of  his  life  in 
N.  Y.,  where  at  one  time  he  kept  a  bookstore. 
His  time  throughout  a  long  life  was  devoted 
almost  wholly  to  charitable  objects ;  and  he 
would  at  any  time  leave  his  business  if  his  ser- 
vices were  required  by  the  Prison  Association, 
or  byanv  individual  in  distress.  —  See  Memoir 
by  Mrs.  'Child. 

Hoppin,  Augustus,  artist,  b.  Providence, 
R.I.,  July  13,  1828.  B.  U.  1848.  Adm.  to  the 
R.l.  bar.  He  has  of  late  devoted  himself  exclu- 
sively to  drawing  upon  wood.  He  has  illustrated 
Butler's  poem  of  "Nothing  to  Wear,"  "The 
Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast- Table,"  and  a  vari- 
ety of  other  works.  His  bro.  Thomas  F.,  b. 
Providence,  R.L,  Aug.  1816,  studied  painting 
with  Paul  Delaroche  in  1837-8,  and  subse- 
quently designed  the  figures  on  the  great  win- 
dow of  Trinity  Church,  N.Y.  He  has  produced 
a  spirited  model  of  a  dog,  which  has  been  cast 
in  bronze,  and  numerous  etchings  in  outline, 
and  designs  in  wood.  Another  bro.,  William 
J.,  though  educated  for  the  bar,  has  written 
many  admirable  papers  on  art,  some  of  which 
have  been  pub.,  and  others  read  before  the  R.L 
Art  Association,  N.Y.  Hist.  Soc,  the  Century 
Club,  &c. 

Hornblower,  Joseph  Courten,  LL.D., 
ch.  jiisiice  N.J.  Sup.  Court  1832-46,  b.  Belle- 
vilK',  N.J.,  6  May,  1777;  d.  Newark,  11  June, 
lb;64.  Son  of  Judge  Josiah.  Adm.  to  the  bar 
in  1803;  a  prom,  member  of  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  in  1844.  In  1836  he  decided  that  Con- 
gress had  no  right  to  pass  a  fugitive-slave  law. 
Pros.  N.J.  Colonization  Soc.  and  of  the  N.J. 
Hist.  Society. 

Hornblower,  Josiah,   a  civil  engineer 


and  magistrate,  b.  Staffordshire,  Eng.,  1729; 
d.  Jan.  21,  1809.  He  early  became  familiar 
with  mathematical  and  mechanical  science; 
and  in  1751  came  to  Amer.  to  build  a  steam- 
engine  at  the  copper  mines  near  Belleville, 
N.  J.,  said  to  have  b.'en  the  first  one  constructed 
in  N.  America.  Becoming  interested  in  these 
mines,  he  devoted  his  attention  also  to  min- 
eralogy. Member  of  the  Cont.  Congress  1785. 
For  many  years  subsequent  to  this  period  ho 
was  a  member  of  the  State  legislature,  of 
which  he  also  served  as  speaker;  and  from 
1798  till  his  death  was  a  judge  of  the  Essex 
Co.  Court. 

Horner,  William  Edmunds,  anatomist, 
b.  Warrenton,  Va.,  3  June,  1793  ;  d.  Phila.  13 
Mar.  1853.  U.  of  Phila.  1814.  Robert,  his 
gr  -grandfather,  settled  as  a  merchant  at  Port 
Tobacco,  Md.  William  studied  medicine  at 
Phila. ;  in  July,  1813,  was  app.  surgeon's  mate 
U.S.N. ;  served  on  the  northern  frontier  in 
1813-14,  and  resigned  Mar.  1815.  He  then 
began  practice  in  Phila. ;  acquired  distinction 
and  a  large  practice.  Dissector  and  detnonstra- 
tor  U.  of  Pa.  until,  in  Nov.  1819,  app.  adjunct 
prof,  of  anatomy ;  and  prof,  in  1831.  In  1824 
he  discovered  the  Musculus  Horuerii,  an  im- 
portant muscle  of  the  eye  ;  in  1847  he  founded 
St.  Joseph's  Hospital,  to  which  he  bequeathed 
his  library  and  instruments.  Author  of  "  Trea- 
tise on  Pathological  Anatomy,"  Phila.  1826; 
"Lessons  in  Practical  Anatotiiy,"  8vo;  "  Spe- 
cial Anatomy  and  Histology,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
1851  ;  "  US.  Dissector,"  5th  ed.  1856  ;  "Ana- 
tomical Atlas." —  Gross's  Med.  Biog. 

Horry,  Elias,  founder  of  a  chair  of  moral 
andpolit.  philos.  in  Charleston  College,  b.  of 
Huguenot  ancestors,  Charleston,  S.C,  1743; 
d.  there  Sept.  17,  1834. 

Horsford,  Eben  Norton,  prof,  of  chem- 
istry, b.  Geneseo,  N.Y.,  1818.  Some  time 
principal  of  the  Albany  Female  Acad.  ;  sub- 
sequently studied  under  Baron  Liebig  in  Ger- 
many for  several  years;  and  vv'as  Rumford 
Prof,  in  H.U.  1847-^63,  and  teacher  of  chemis- 
try in  Lawrence  Scient.  School,  a  dept.  of  the 
U.  which  he  was  instrumental  in  establishing. 
He  was  employed  as  a  chemist  by  the  Boston 
board  of  water  commis.,  and  hascuntrib.  many 
papers  on  chemistry  to  the  scientific  journals. 
He  married  in  1847  Mary  Gardiner,  b.  New 
York,  1824  ;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  Nov.  30, 1855. 
Dau.  of  Saml.  S.  Gardiner.  She  was  an  early 
contrib.  to  the  Lady's  Book  and  the  Knick- 
erbocker Magazine. '  Her  "  Indian  Legends 
and  Other  Poems"  were  pub.  in  Boston, 
1855. 

Horsey,  Outerbridge,  lawyer  and  sena- 
tor, b.  Somerset  Co.,  Del.,  1777;  d.  Ncedwood, 
Md.,  June  9,  1842.  He  received  a  classical 
education  ;  studied  law  under  J.  A.  Bayard  ; 
was  disting.  in  his  profession  ;  was  many 
years  atty.-gcn.  of  the  State;  and  from  1810 
to  1821  was  U.S.  senator  from  Del. 

Horsmanden,  Daniel,  jurist,  b.  Gould- 
hurst,  Kent,  England,  1691;  d.Flatbush,  L.I., 
Sept.  28, 1778.  Called  to  the  Council  May  23, 
1733  ;  he  was  successively  recorder,  chief  jus- 
tice from  Mar.  1763,  and  pres.  of  the  Council, 
and  one  of  the  commis.  to  inquire  into  "  The 
Gaspe' "  affair.     He  pub.  "  A  History  of  the 


HOS 


453 


HOS 


Negro  Plot,"  1742,  repub.  in  1810;  and  "Let- 
tor  to  Gov.  Clinton,"  1747. 

Hosack,  David,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S., 
physician  and  author,  b.  N.Y.  City,  Aug.  31, 
1769;  d.  Dec.  22,  1835.  N.J.  Coll.  1789. 
Alex.,  his  father,  was  a  Scotch  art.  officer  at 
the  capture  of  Louisburg  in  1758.  He  studied 
medicine  and  surgery  with  Dr.  Richard  Bay- 
ley ;  received  his  degree  at  Phila.  in  1791; 
practised  ab.  a  year  in  Alexandria,  Va. ;  then 
pursued  his  medical  studies  in  Edinburgh  and 
London  under  the  most  celebrated  professors 
of  the  time,  and  returned  in  the  summer  of 
1794  with  the  first  coll.  of  minerals  introduced 
in  America,  and  also  a  coll.  of  the  duplicate 
specimens  of  plants  from  the  herbarium  of 
Linnaius,  now  constituting  a  part  of  the 
museum  of  the  Lyceum  of  Nat.  Hist,  of  N.Y. 
In  1795  he  was  app.  prof,  of  botany  in  Col. 
Coll.,  and  soon  after  pub.  a  syllabus  of  his  lec- 
tures. From  1796  to  1800  he  was  the  partner 
of  Dr.  Bard.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  VV.  P. 
Smith  in  1797,  the  chair  of  materia  medica 
was  assigned  to  Dr.  H.,  who  held  it,  with  that 
of  botany,  till  1807,  when  he  accepted  that  of 
materia  medica  and  of  midwifery  in  the  Coll. 
of  Phys.  and  Surgeons.  In  this  school,  re- 
modelled in  1811  under  Pres.  Bard,  he  was 
prof,  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  physic  and 
clinical  med.,  and  afterward  of  obstetrics  and 
the  diseases  of  women  and  children,  until  1826, 
when,  with  Drs.  Mott,  Macneven,  and  Francis, 
he  organized  Rutg.  Coll.  at  New  Brunswick, 
N.  J.,  with  which  his  connection  was  dissolved 
on  its  breaking  up  in  1830.  Dr.  H.  was  at 
various  times  physician  to  the  almshouse,  the 
N.Y.  Hospital,  and  the  Bloomingdale  Asylum, 
rcsid.  physician  of  N.  Y.  City,  &c.  He  was 
among  the  original  projectors  of  the  N.Y.  Hist. 
Soc,  of  which  he  was  pres.  in  1820-8;  of  the 
Hortic.  Soc.  and  the  Lit.  and  Philos.  Soc. 
He  established  the  Elgin  Botanic  Garden.  His 
Ilortus  Elginensis,  a  scientiHc  catalogue  of  the 
plants  he  had  brought  together,  .gave  him  a 
high  position  as  a  botanist.  Fellow  of  the  Roy. 
Societies  of  Lond.  and  Edinb.  (1817)  He 
wrote  much  on  fevers,  and  especially  on  yellow- 
fever.  His  paper  on  the  Laws  of  Contagious 
Disorders  obtained  a  wide  celebrity.  From 
1810  to  1814  he  conducted,  in  connection  with 
his  pupil  John  VV.  Francis,  the  Amer.  Med. 
and  Philos.  Register.  Some  of  his  other  works 
are,  "Memoir  of  Hugh  Williamson,  M.  D., 
LL.D.,"  1820;  "Essays  on  Various  Subjects 
of  Medical  Science,"  3  vols.,  1824-30;  "  Sys- 
tem of  Practical  Nosology,"  8 vo,  1829;  "Me- 
moirs of  De  Witt  Clinton,"  4to,  1829;  "  Lec- 
tures on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Physic," 
8vo,  1838.  —  Gross's  Med.  Biog. 

Hoskins,  Nathan,  author  and  lawyer,  b. 
Wcther.^Held,  Vt.,  Apr.  27,  1795  ;  d.  Wiiliams- 
town,  Ms.,  21  Apr.  1869.  Dartm.  Coll.  1820. 
He  taught  at.  St.  Alban's  in  1821-2;  practised 
law  at  Vergennes,  Vt.,  from  1823  to  1831, 
editing  also  the  Vt.  Aurora  3  years  ;  practised 
in  Bennington  1831-59  ;  and  removed  in  1859 
to  WilHamstown,  Ms.  He  has  pub.  "  History 
of  Vt.,"  1831  ;  "Notes  on  the  West  in  1833;" 
and  "  The  Bennington  Court  Controversy, 
and  Strictures  on  Civil  Liberty  in  the  U.S.  in 
1847-8." 


Hosmer,  Harriet  G.,  artist,  b.  Water- 
town,  Ms.,  Oct.  9,  1830,  Being  naturally  of 
a  delicate  constitution,  her  father,  a  physician, 
encouraged  her  to  pursue  a  course  of  phy.sicul 
training  unusual  to  her  sex.  At  an  early  age  she 
began  modelling  in  clay.  Having  completed 
her  school  education,  she  took  a  regular  course 
of  anatomical  instruction  at  the  med.  coll.  of 
St.  Louis.  In  the  summer  of  1851  she  returned 
home,  and  commenced  her  bust  of  "  Hesper," 
which,  on  its  completion  in  marble  in  1852, 
attracted  much  attention  in  Boston;  and  her 
father  placed  her  under  the  instruction  of  Gib- 
son the  sculptor  in  Rome.  Her  busts  of 
"Daphne"  and  "Medusa"  were  followed  by 
a  statue  of  "^none."  For  the  public  library 
of  St.  Louis  she  executed  her  best  known 
work,  "  Beatrice  Cenci."  In  the  summer  of 
1855  she  model  led  a  charming  statue  of"  Puck," 
the  popularity  of  which  procured  her  orders 
for  several  copies.  Pecuniary  reverses  having 
overtaken  her  father,  she  has  latterly  relied  oti 
her  art  for  support,  and  is  now  permanently 
established  among  the  professional  sculptors 
of  Rome.  Among  her  works  are  a  full-length 
reclining  figure  of  a  young  girl  for  a  funeral 
monument  in  the  Church  of  Saint  Andrea  della 
Fratti  in  Rome;  a  fountain  with  figures  illus- 
trating the  myth  of  Hylas  and  the  water- 
nymphs  ;  and  a  "  Will  o'  the  Wisp,"  designed 
as  a  pendant  to  "  Puck."  In  the  hitter  part  of 
1859  she  finished  a  statue  of  "  Zenobia  in 
Chains,"  a  work  on  which  she  had  laboied 
enrhusiastically  two  years,  to  the  serious  injury 
of  her  health.  Her  other  works  are  a  statue 
of  Thomas  H.  Benton,  cast  in  bronze,  and 
fixed  at  Lafayette  Park,  St.  Louis ;  "  The 
Sleeping  Faun ; "  a  fountain  designed  for 
Lady  Alford ;  a  gateway  for  the  entrance  to  an 
art  gallery  at  Ashridge  Hall,  Eng. ;  and  a  de- 
sign for  a  "  Lincoln  Monument,"  to  be  placed 
at  Washington.  —  Em.   Worn.  ofUie  Age. 

Hosmer,  Jkan,  actress,  b.  near  Boston, 
Jan.  29,  1842.  Made  her  debut  in  ballet  at 
Buffalo  ;  and  as  a  star  actress  at  the  Chestnut- 
street,  Phila.,  as  Juliet,  Dec.  23, 1858.  Retired 
fiom  the  stage  soon  after,  but  returned  May 
29,  1866,  as  Camille,  at  the  Winter  Garden, 
New  York,  and  has  performed  successfully  in 
the  principal  cities. 

Hosmer,  Stephen  Titus,  LL.D.  (Y.C. 
1823),  jurist,  b.  Middletown,  Ct.,  1763;  d. 
thercAug.  5,  1834.  Y.C.  1782.  Son  of  Judge 
Titus.  Began  to  practise  law  at  Middletown 
ab.  1785  ;  many  years  member  of  the  Council 
of  State  ;  and,  after  the  adoption  of  the  State 
constitution,  chief  justice  from  1815  to  1833.  — 
Field's  Centennial. 

Hosmer,  Titus,  scholar  and  statesman, 
b.  Middletown,  Ct.,  1736;  d.  Aug.  4,  1780. 
Y.C.  1757.  lie  was  a  member  of  the  Council; 
of  the  Assembly  1773-8  ;  speaker  in  1777;  of 
the  Cont.  Congress  1778-9;  and  in  Jan.,  1780, 
judge  of  the  Maritime  Court  of  Appe.ils  for 
the  U.S.  He  was  the  patron  of  Joel  Barlow, 
who  wrote  an  elegant  elegiac  poem  on  his 
death,  inscribed  to  his  widow. 

Hosmer,  William  Henry  Cuyler, 
poet,  b.  Avon,  N.Y.,  May  25,  1814.  U.  of  Vt. 
1841.  He  studied  law,  and  succeeded  Hon, 
John  Young  as  master  in  chancery.      From 


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454 


HOTJ 


1836  to  1839  he  studied  the  Indian  character 
in  Wis.  and  the  everglades  of  Fla.  In  1854 
he  removed  to  N.Y.  City,  where  he  has  held 
an  ofBee  in  the  custom-house.  His  principal 
pieces  are  "The  Fall  of  Tecumseh,"  1830; 
"  Yonondino,  or  the  Warriors  of  the  Gene- 
see," 1846  ;  "  The  Months  ;  "  "  Bird-Notes  ;  " 
"  Legends  of  the  Senecas  ;  "and  "  Indian  Tra- 
ditions and  Songs."  His  "  Complete  Poetical 
Works  "  appeared  in  1853  in  2  vols.  — Apple- 
ton. 

Hotchkiss,  Rev.  James  Hartey,  b. 
Cornwall,  Ct.,  Feb.  23,  1781  ;  d.  Prattsburg, 
N.y.,  Sept.  21, 1851.  Wms.  Coll.  1800.  Sta- 
tioned at  Prattsburg  from  1809  to  1830. 
Author  of  "  History  of  the*  Churches  in  West- 
ern N.Y.,"  8vo,  1851. 

Houdon  (oo'-  don'),  Jean  Antoine,  a 
French  sculptor,  b.  Vensailles,  Mar.  20,  1741 ; 
d.  Paris,  July  15,  1828.  Having  gained  the 
first  prize  for  sculpture  in  the  Royal  Acad,  at 
Paris,  he  visited  Italy ;  passed  10  years  at 
Rome  in  the  study  of  the  antique ;  then  re- 
turned to  Paris,  where  he  attained  the  front 
rank  of  French  sculptors,  and  was  adm.  to  the 
acad.  In  1785  he  accomp.  Franklin  to  the 
U.S.  to  prepare  the  model  of  the  statue  of 
Washington  ordered  by  the  State  of  Va.,  which 
stands  in  the  hall  of  the  capitol  of  Va.  at 
Richmond,  clad  in  the  uniform  of  a  Revol.  of- 
ficer. According  to  the  testimony  of  Lafayette 
and  other  personal  friends  of  Washington,  it  is 
in  many  respects  the  best  representation  of 
him  ever  made.  Among  his  later  works  were 
busts  of  Najx)leon  and  Josephine,  and  the  cele- 
brated statue  of  Cicero  in  the  Palace  of  the 
Luxembourg. 

Hough,  Franklin  B.,  hist,  writer,  b. 
Martinsville,  N.Y.,  July  20,  1822.  Un.  Coll. 
1843;  Cleveland  Med.  Coll.  1848.  He  was 
several  years  a  teacher ;  practised  medicine 
from  1848  to  1852  at  Somerville,  N.Y. ;  and 
has  been  much  engaged  in  literary  pursuits. 
He  has  pub.  "  A  Catalogue  of  Plants  in  Lewis 
Co.,  N.Y.,"  1847;  "Hist,  of  St.  Lawrence 
and  Franklin  Counties,  N.Y.,"  1853  ;  "  Hist, 
of  Jefferson  County,  N.Y.,"  1854;  "Results 
of  a  Series  of  Meteorol.  Obs.  1826-50,"  1854; 
"  N.Y.  Civil  List,"  1861 ;  "  Diary  of  the  Siege 
of  Detroit,"  1860;  "  Census  of  N.Y.  185.5-7  ;  " 
"Northern  Invasion  of  Oct.  1780,"  1866; 
"  Hist,  of  Lewis  County,  N.Y.,"  1860 ;  "  Mun- 
sell's  Guide  to  the  Hudson  River,"  1859; 
"The  Comprehensive  Farm  Record,"  1860; 
"On  Military  and  Camp  Hospitals,"  from  the 
French  of  Bauden,  1862;  "Hist,  of  Duryea's 
Brigade  in  1862  ;  "  "  Papers  relating  to  Nan- 
tucket," 1 856.  He  has  partly  written  or  edited 
quite  a  large  number  of  books  illustrating  the 
early  history  of  N.E.  and  N.Y.  —  Duyckinck. 

Houghton,  Douglass,  M.D.,  naturalist, 
b.  Troy,  N.Y.,  Sept,  21,  1809;  d.  Oct.  13, 
1845.  Rens.  Insiit.,  Troy,  1829.  Assist,  prof, 
of  chemistry  and  nat.  hist,  at  Rens.  Inst,  in 
1830  ;  was  in  1831  licensed  to  practise  as  a 
physician  ;  and  app.  surgeon  and  botanist  to 
the  exped.  to  explore  the  sources  of  the  Mpi. 
River,  and  made  a  valuable  report  upon  the 
botany  of  the  region  through  which  he  then 
passed.  On  his  return,  he  practised  medicine 
in  Detroit  until  1837,  when  he  was  app.  State 


geologist.  In  1842  he  was  elected  mayor  of 
the  city  of  Detroit ;  was  a  prof,  in  the  State 
U.  from  its  commencement ;  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Nat.  Institute,  of  the  Boston  Soc. 
of  Nat.  Hist.,  and  an  hon.  member  of  many 
literary  and  scientific  associations.  Dr.  Hough- 
ton was  drowned  near  the  mouth  of  Eagle 
River  on  Lake  Superior  during  a  violent  snow- 
storm, while  prosecuting  for  the  General  Govt, 
a  survey  of  that  region. 

Houghton,  George  Frederick,  jurist 
and  writer,  b.  Guilford,  Vt.,  31  May,  1820  ;  d. 
St.  Alban's,  22  Sept.  1870.  U.  of  Vt.  1839. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1841  ;  State  sec.  1848-9, 
and  State  atty.  for  Franklin  Co.  1852-3.  He 
founded  the  Vt.  Transci'ipt  in  1854  ;  was  after- 
ward connected  with  the  Church  Journal  of 
N.Y.;  contrib.  hist,  and  biog.  sketches  to 
various  publications;  and  was  a  founder,  and 
at  one  time  pres.,  of  the  Vt.  Hist.  Society. 

Houston,  George  Smith,  Democ.  poli- 
tician, b.  Williamson  Co.,  Tenn.,  Jan.  17, 
1811.  In  his  youth  his  parents  removed  to 
Lauderdale  Co.,  Ala.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1831,  he  practised  with  great  success  at  Flor- 
ence ;  ill  1822  he  was  elected  to  the  Ala.  legisl. ; 
in  1836  was  State  atty.  for  the  Florence  judicial 
dist.  ;  and  M.C.  in  1841-61,  except  during 
1849-51  ;  chairman  com.  of  ways  and  means 
1851-5,  and  of  the  judiciary  com.  1857-8. 

Houston,  John,  lawyer  and  statesman ;  d. 
Savannah,  Ga.,  July  20,  1796.  Son  of  Sir 
Patrick  Houston.  He  was  early  disting.  in  the 
Revol.  movement;  was  one  of  the  4  persons  to 
call  the  first  meeting  of  the  friends  of  liberty 
in  Savannah  in  1774;  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Old  Congress  in  1775-7,  and  on  its  first  naval 
com. ;  and  would  have  signed  the  Decl. of  Indep. 
had  he  not  been  called  home  to  counteract  the 
influence  of  Dr.  Zubly  in  opposition  to  it.  Mem- 
ber of  the  State  council  in  May,  1777;  gov. 
of  Ga.  1778-84;  first  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Ga.  (app.  1792)  ;  and  in  1787  com- 
mis.  for  settliug  the  boundary  between  Ga.  and 
S.C. 

Houston,  Samuel,  soldier  and  statesman, 
b.  near  Lexington,  Va.,  2  Mar.  1793  ;  d.  Hunt- 
ersville,  Tex.,  25  July,  1863.  Plis  father,  a 
Revol.  soldier,  d.  a  brigade  insp.  in  1807.  His 
mother,  an  intelligent  and  energetic  woman, 
then  removed  to  Blount  Co.,  Tenn.,  where 
Samuel  was  adopted  into  the  Cherokee  tribe. 
He  was  clerk  to  a  trader,  and  kept  school  a 
short  time;  served  with  distinction  under  Gen. 
Jackson  in  the  Creek  war  in  1813-14  ;  was  se- 
verely wounded  at  the  battle  of  Tallapoosa ;  and 
was  in  Nov.  1817  app.  a  sub.  agent  to  carry 
out  a  treaty  with  the  Cherokees.  Resigning 
his  com.  of  lieut.  in  the  army,  1  Mar.  1818,  he 
studied  law  at  Nashville;  held  several  minor 
otfices;  was  M.C.  in  1823-7;  gov.  of  Tenn. 
from  1827  to  Apr.  1829;  and  then  took  up  his 
residence  with  the  Cherokees  in  Ark.,  endeav- 
oring, unsuccessfully,  to  protect  them  Irom  the 
frauds  practised  upon  them  by  govt,  agents. 
Elected  to  the  Const.  Conv.  during  a  visit  to 
Texas  in  Apr.  1833,  he  exerted  a  powerful  in- 
fluence upon  its  deliberations;  and,  when  its 
result  was  rejected  by  Santa  Afia,  Houston,  in 
Oct.  1835,  was  made  com,-in-chief  of  the  Tex- 
an army,  terminating  the  war  by  the  victory 


HOU 


455 


HO^W 


of  San  Jacinto  (2  Apr.  1836),  in  which  he  was 
severely  wounded.  First  pros,  of  tlie  republic 
from  22  Oct.  1836  to  1838;  member  Texas 
Congress  1838-40;  again  pres,  in  1841-4. 
After  his  favorite  scheme  of  annexation  to  the 
U.S.  had  been  effected,  he  was  U.S.  senator  in 
1846-59;  gov.  of  Texas  1859-61.  In  the 
U.S.  senate  he  was  the  zealous  advocate  of 
justice  and  humanity  to  the  Indians;  opposed 
the  Kansas  and  Nebraska  Bill  in  an  elaborate 
speech  (3  Mar.  1854);  and  voted  against  the 
legality  of  the  Lecompton  Const.  He  opposed 
the  secession  movement,  and  long  resisted  the 
clamor  for  an  extra  session  of  the  legisl.,  but 
finally  retired  from  office,  in  preference  to  tak- 
ing the  oath  required  by  tlie  State  convention. 
—  See  Life  of  Houston,''^. Y.  12mo,  1855. 

Houston,  William  Churchill,  states- 
man; d.  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Aug.  1788.  N.J. 
Coll.  1768.  Prof,  of  mathematics  in  that  in- 
stitution. Delegate  to  the  Old  Congress  1779- 
82  and  1784-5. 

Hovey,  Alvah,D.D.  (B.U.  1856),  clergy- 
man, b.  Thetford,  Vt.,  Mar.  5,  1820;  Dartm. 
Coll.  1 844.  He  taught  in  the  N.  London  acad. 
1  year;  completed  his  theol.  course  at  Newton 
in  1848;  'was  pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church  N. 
Gloucester,  Me.,  1  year.  From  18.50  to  1853 
taught  biblical  literature  in  the  Newton  Theol. 
Inst.;  became  prof,  of  eccl.  history  in  1853, 
and  of  Christ,  theol.  in  1855.  He  has  pub.  a 
ti-anslation  from  theGcrmnnof  Perthe's  "Life 
of  Chrysostom,"  in  conjunction  with  Kev. 
D.B.Ford,  1854;  "The  Lite  and  Times  of 
Backus,"  1858;  "  The  State  of  the  Impenitent 
Dead,"  1859;  besides  contributions  to  re- 
views. 

Hovey,  Alvin  P.,  lawyer  and  soldier,  b. 
Mt.  Vernon,  Ind.,  5  May,  ^821.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  of  Mt.  V.  1843,  and  became  a  disting. 
practitioner.  Entered  the  service  as  maj.  24th 
Ind.  Vols. ;  served  under  Gen.  Pope  in  the  army 
of  theMpi. ;  became  col.  and  disting.  at  Shiioh  ; 
was  made  brig.-gen.  vols.  Apr.  28,  1862  ;  took 
part  in  the  operations  against  Corinth;  joined 
Gen.  Grant  in  the  Vicksburg  campaign;  com. 
brigade  in  Steele's  division,  and  com.  a  division 
in  McClernand's  corps  at  Champion  Hills;  app. 
minister  to  Peru,  May,  1866. 

Howard,  Benjamin,  b.  Va. ;  d.  St.  Louis, 
Sept.  18,  1814.  M.  C.  from  Ky.  1807-10; 
gov.  of  Upper  La.  from  Apr.  1810  to  Nov. 
1812;  app.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  Mar.  12,  1813, 
com.  8th  milit.  dept.,  then  embracing  all  the 
territory  from  the  interior  of  Ind.  to  the  Mex- 
ican frontier. 

Howard,  Benjamin  Chew,  (LL.  D. 
1^69),  b.  Md.  N.  J.  Coll.  1809.  Many  years 
clerk  of  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court.  Has  pub. 
Reports  of  that  Court  from  1843  to  1860,  in  24 
vols.  M.C.  1829-33  and  1835-9;  deleg.  to 
Peace  Cong.  1861. 

Howard,  Francis,  Earl  of  Effingham, 
gov.  of  Va.  1684-9;  d.  Eng.  30  Mar.  1694. 
Son  of  Sir  Charles  Howard,  and  succeeded  to 
the  earldom  in  1681.  He  was  instructed  not 
to  suffer  the  use  of  a  printing-press  in  the  Col- 
ony. His  administration  was  excessively  ra- 
pacious and  tyrannical ;  and,  during  the  early 
part  of  it,  the  Colony  suffered  much  from  the 
depredations  of  the  Indians,  with  whom  lie 


concluded  a  treaty  at  Albany,  which  was  rati- 
fied in  1685. 

Howard,  Jacob  M.,  LL.D.  (Wms.  Coll. 
1865),  U.S.  senator  from  Mich.  1862-71,  b. 
Shaftsbury,  Vt.,  10  July,  1805;  d.  Detroit,  2 
Apr.  1871.  Wms.  Coll.  1830.  He  taught  in 
an  acad.  in  Ms. ;  removed  to  Mich,  in  1832  ;  was 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1833  ;  member  of  the  legisl. 
in  1838;  M.C.  1841-3;  atty.-gen.  of  Mich. 
1855-61 .  He  drew  up  the  platform  of  the  first 
convention  of  the  Republican  party  in  1854, 
and  is  said  to  have  given  the  party  its  name. 
In  1847  he  transl.  from  the  French  the  "  Secret 
Memoirs  of  the  Empress  Josephine." 

Howard,  John  Eager,  soldier  and  states- 
man, b.  Baltimore  Co.,  Md.,  June  4,  1752  ;  d. 
there  Oct.  12,  1827.  His  grandfather  Joshua 
came  from  the  vicinity  of  Manchester,  Eng., 
in  1685,  and  obtained  a  grant  of  land  in  Balti- 
more Co.  Cornelius,  his  father,  in.  Ruth  Ea- 
ger. John  was  capt.  in  Hall's  regt.,  present 
at  the  battle  of  White  Plains,  and  served  till 
his  corps  was  dism.  in  Dec.  1776.  Maj.  in  4th 
regt.,  Col.  Hall,  he  joined  the  army  in  Apr. 
1777;  disting.  himself  at  Germantown,  where 
he  com.  his  regt.,  and  displayed  great  coolness 
and  courage.  He  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Monmouth  in  1 778  ;  June  1,1779,  he  was  made 
lieut.-col.  of  the  5th  regt.,  taking  rank  from  Mar. 
11,  1778;  detached  with  the  Md,  and  Del. 
troops  in  Apr.  1780  to  the  south,  he  served  un- 
der Gates  in  the  disastrous  battle  of  Camden. 
At  the  battle  of  the  Cowpens,  Jan.  17,  1781, 
Howard  com.  the  Continentals,  and,  by  a  suc- 
cessful bayonet-charge,  decided  the  fortune  of 
the  day.  At  one  time  he  had  in  his  hands  the 
swords  of  7  officers  of  the  71st  British  regt. 
This  was  said  to  have  been  the  first  occasion 
in  the  war  in  which  the  bayonet  was  efFcctively 
used  by  the  Ainer.  troops.  For  his  valor  in 
this  action,  Col.  Hdward  received  from  Con- 
gress a  silver  medal.  In  the  battle  of  Guil- 
ford, Howard  again  exhibited  the  discipline  of 
his  regt.,  and  won  additional  laurels;  and  was 
also  engaged  at  Hobkirk's  Hill.  At  the  battle 
of  Eutaw,  he  com.  the  2d  regt.,  and  was  severe- 
ly wounded.  After  the  war,  he  m.  Margaret, 
dau.  of  Chief  Justice  Chew  ;  was  a  member  of 
the  Cont.  Congress  1787-8;  was  gov.  of  Md. 
in  1789-92.  He  dccl.  the  war  secretaryship  ten- 
dered by  Washington  in  1795.  Member  of  the 
Md.  senate  1795,  and  U.S.  senator  from  1796 
to  1803.  In  1798,  in  anticipation  of  a  war  with 
France,  he  was  named  by  Washington  one  of 
his  brigadier-generals. 

Howard,  Oliver  Otis,  LL.D.  (Waterv. 
Coll.  1865),  brev.  maj. -gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Leeds, 
Me.,  Nov.  8,  1830.  Bowd.  Coll.  1850.  West 
Point,  1854.  Entering  the  ordnance  corps,  he 
became  1st  lieut.  and  instructor  of  mathemat- 
ics at  West  Point  in  1857,  and  resigned  4  June, 
1861,  to  take  com.  of  the  3d  Me.  Vols.  He 
com.  a  brig  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and 
for  gallantry  in  that  battle  was  made  brig.-gen. 
of  vols.  Sept.  3, 1861.  He  lost  his  right  arm  at 
the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  June  1, 1862.  After  the 
battle  of  Antietam,  he  took  Gen.  Sedgwick's 
division  in  Sumner's  2d  corps,  and  com.  the 
11th  corps  during  the  operations  of  Gen. 
Hooker,  in  the  vicinity  of  Fredericksburg, 
May  2,  1863,  and  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  Jul/  1, 


HO^W 


456 


HOTV 


1863;  maj.-sen.  Nov.  29,  1862;  eno^aged  at 
Lookout  Valley  29  Oct. ;  Mission.  Ridge  23-25 
Nov.  1863;  relief  of  Knoxville,  Dec.  1863;  27 
July,  1864,  com.  army  of  the  Tenn. ;  in  all  the 
battles  of  the  Ga.  campaign,  ending  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Atlanta,  2  Sept.  1864  ;  com.  the  right 
wing  of  Sherman's  army  in  the  march  to  the 
sea  and  the  invasion  of" the  Carolinas;  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.  Dec.  21,  1864;  brev.  maj.-gen. 
Mar.  13,  186.5;  commis.  of  Freedmen's  Bu- 
reau since  12  May,  1865. 

Howard,  Simeon,  D.D.  (Edinb.  1785), 
divine,  h.  Brid<revvater,  May  10, 1733  ;  d.  Aug. 
13,  1804.  H.U.  1758.  He  was  several  years 
a  teacher ;  became  a  preacher,  and  officiated  ab. 
a  year  in  Nova  Scotia.  Tutor  in  H.U.  in 
1766;  pastor  of  the  West  Church,  Boston, 
from  May  6,  1767,  to  his  death.  He  was  an 
earnest  promoter  of  the  Revol.,  and  was  liber- 
al and  tolerant  in  his  religious  views.  Mem- 
ber of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
of  the  Soc.  for  propagating  the  Gospel ;  vice- 
pres.  of  the  Humane  Society.  He  pub.  some 
sermons. 

Howe,  Albion  Paris,  brev.  maj.-gcn. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Standish,  Me.,  Mar.  13,  1818. 
West  Point,  1841.  Entering  the  4th  Art.,  he 
was  from  1843  to  1846  instr.  in  math,  at 
West  Point.  Served  with  credit  in  the  Mexi- 
can war ;  was  brev.  capt.  for  Contreras  and 
Churubusco;  became  capt.  2  Mar.  1855;  was 
Gen.  McClellan's  chief  of  art.  in  Western  Va., 
and  com.  a  light  art.  bri<j:ade  in  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  during  the  Peninsular  campaign  ; 
brig.-gen.  of  vo!s.  11  June,  1862,  and  assigned 
i^  to  a  brigade  in  Couch's  division  4th  army  corps ; 
maj.  4th  Art.  Aug.  11,  1863.  He  was  in  the 
battles  of  Manassas,  South  Mountain,  Antie- 
tam,  Fredericksburg,  Gettysburg,  and  in  the 
Rapidan  campaign  ;  at  Rappahannock  station 
7  Nov.,  and  Mine  Run  Nov.-Dec.  1863  ;  com. 
Art.  De'pot,  Washington,  DC,  1864-6  ;  brev. 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865,  for  merit,  ser- 
vices in  the  Rebellion.  —  Callum. 

Howe,  Elias,  Jan.,  inventor  of  the  sewing- 
machine,  b.  Spencer,  Ms.,  9  July,  1819;  d. 
Brooklyn,  L.  I.,  Oct.  3,  1867.  He  worked  on 
his  father's  farm  and  mill  till  1835,  when  he 
went  to  Lowell,  and  was  employed  in  a  manuf. 
of  cotton  machinery,  and  afterward  worked  in 
a  machine-shop  in  Boston.  Here  he  wrought 
out  his  invention,  and  with  the  pecuniary  aid 
of  Geo.  Fisher,  an  old  school-fellow,  completed 
under  great  difficulties  his  first  machine  in 
May,  1845,  and  patented  it  Sept.  10,  1846. 
Failing  to  secure  public  notice  or  support,  he 
fora  time  obtained  employment  as  engineer  on 
a  railroad,  until  he  broke  down  completely  in 
health.  After  spending  two  years  in  Eng.  in 
fruitless  effort,  and  suffering  absolute  penury, 
he  returned  home  destitute.  During  his  ab- 
sence, his  machine  had  been  imitated,  and  in- 
troduced through  the  country,  regardless  of 
his  patent.  Howe  now  found  friends  who  en- 
abled hira  to  establish  his  rights.  After  much 
litigation,  he  in  1854  established  his  prior 
claim  to  the  invention.  At  the  time  of  the 
expiration  of  his  patent,  Sept.  10,  1867,  he  had 
realized  ab.  $2,000,000.  He  received  also 
the  gold  medal  of  the  Paris  Exposition,  and  the 
Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.     During  the 


civil  war  he  contrib.  largely  in  money  to  sup- 
port the  Union  cause,  and  did  duty  as  a  private 
in  the  17th  Ct.  Vols,  until  his  health  failed. 

Howe,  George  Augustus,  Lord  Vis- 
count, b.  1724;  killed  near  Ticonderoga,  July 
6,  1758.  Eldest  son  of  the  second  Lord  Howe, 
he  succeeded  him  in  1735.  Early  in  1757,  be- 
ing col.  of  the  60th,  or  Roy.  Americans,  he  was 
ordered  to  Amer.  Sept.  28,  1757,  he  was  app. 
col.  55th  Foot,  and,  Dec.  29,  brig.-gen.  in  Amei*. 
July  6,  1758,  he  landed  with  the  army  under 
Abercrombie  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Geoi-ge,  and 
marched  towards  Ticonderoga.  Coming  sud- 
denly upon  a  party  of  Frenchmen,  a  skirmish 
ensued,  in  which  he  fell.  "  In  him,"  says 
Mante,  "  the  soul  of  the  army  seemed  to  ex- 
pire." Massachusetts  erected  a  monument  to 
his  memory  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Howe,  Henry,  b.  N.  Haven,'  Ct.,  1816. 
Son  of  Gen.  Hezekiah,  bookseller  of  N.H., 
1775-1838.  Author  of  "  Memoirs  of  Eminent 
Mechanics,"  1839  ;  Hist.  Collections  of  Va., 
1854;  of  Ohio,  1847;  "The  Great  West," 
1851  ;  "  Celebrated  Travellers,"  1853  ;  and,  in 
conjunction  with  J.  W.  Barber,  Hist.  Colls, 
of  N.Y.  1841,  and  N.  J.  \%U.  — AUibone. 

Howe,  Joseph,  sec.  of  the  Dom.*  of  Can- 
ada, b.  Halifax,  1804.  John,  his  father,  a 
native  of  Boston,  was  assoc.  with  Mrs.  Draper 
in  the  pub.  of  the  Boston  News  Letter  in  1775- 
6  ;  went  with  the  British  troops  to  Halifiax  ; 
was  printer  to  the  govt. ;  also  postmaster-gen., 
and  d.  1820.  Joseph  served  an  apprenticeship 
as  a  printer,  assisting  occasionally  his  eldest 
bro.  John,  who  had  succeeded  his  father  as 
postmaster-gen.  In  1827  he  purchased,  con- 
jointly with  Mr.  Spike,  the  Weekly  Chronicle 
newspaper,  which  was  continued  under  the  title 
of  the  Acadian;  and  in  Jan.  1828  became  sole 
editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Nova-Scotian.  In 
1835  he  was  tried  for  libel  against  the  local 
govt,  of  Halifax,  but  was  acquitted.  In  1840 
he  became  a  member  of  the  provincial  cabinet ; 
and  soon  afterward  the  old  system  which  he 
had  attacked  and  exposed  was  abolished,  and 
Halifax  received  a  municipal  charter.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  provincial  parliament  many 
years;  has  frequently  been  colonial  agent  in 
Great  Britain  ;  and  was  a  member  of  the  Co- 
lonial Govt,  many  years,  until  1854,  when  he 
relinquished  his  office  of  pro  v.  sec.  to  super- 
intend the  construction  of  the  first  railroad  in 
N.S.  He  opposed  the  absorption  of  N.S.  into 
the  Dominion  of  Canada  until  certain  guaran- 
ties were  secured  ;  and  in  1869  took  the  post 
of  sec.  of  state  in  the  Dom.  Govt.  —  See  his 
Speeches  and  Public  Letters,  2  vols.  1858. 

Howe,  Julia  Ward,  poetess  and  reform- 
er, b.  N.Y.  May  27,  1819.  She  was  carefully 
educated  by  her  father,  Samuel  Ward,  and, 
at  an  early  age,  wrote  plays  and  poems,  some 
of  the  latter  of  which  were  pub.  In  1843  she 
married  Dr.  S.  G.  Howe,  accompanying  him 
u))on  an  extended  tour  in  Europe,  which  she 
visited  again  in  1850.  After  her  return,  she 
pub.  in  1854  a  small  vol.  of  poems,  called 
"  Passion  Flowers  ;  "  two  years  later  a  second 
vol.,  "  Words  for  the  Hour."  She  brought  out 
a  play  called  "  The  World's  Own "  in  the 
winter  of  1855-6;  "  Hippolytus,"  a  tragedv, 
pub.  in  1858.    During  the  winter  of  1858-^9 


HOTV 


457 


HOW 


she  accomp.  her  husband  on  a  trip  to  Cuba,  of 
which  she  has  pub.  an  account.  She  has  writ- 
ten many  admirable  social  and  philosophic 
papers,  amonj?  them  "  Polarity,"  "  Limitation," 
"  The  Fact  Accomplished,"  "  The  Idea  and 
Name  of  God,"  "  The  Ideal  Church,"  and 
"  The  Ideal  State."  Her  "  Later  Lyrics  "  ap- 
peared in  1866  ;  "  From  the  Oak  to  the  Olive," 
the  story  of  a  trip  from  London  to  Athens,  was 
pub.  in  1868.  Her  splendid  "Battle  Hymn 
of  the  Republic,"  set  to  the  ringing:  tramp  of 
the  John  Brown  song,  was  an  effective  war- 
song.  She  is  at  present  actively  engaged  with 
both  pen  and  tonjrue  in  forwarding  the  wo- 
man's-rights  movement.  —  Em.  Worn,  of  the 
Age.. 

Howe,  Nathaniel,  minister  of  Hopkin- 
ton,  Ms.,  from  Oct.  5,  1791,  to  his  d.,  Feb.  1.5, 
1837,  b.  Ipswicln  Ms.,  Oct.  6,  1764.  H.U. 
1786.  He  studied  one  year  under  Dr.  Withcr- 
spoon  of  N.  J.  Coll.,  and  completed  his  theol. 
education  with  Dr.  Emmons,  of  whose  Calvin- 
istic  theology  he  became  a  zealous  expounder. 
He  pub.  a  Century  Sermon,  delivered  24  Dec. 
1815;  "Design  of  John's  Baptism,"  1819; 
"  Reply  to  Dr.  Baldwin,"  1820  ;  a  "  Catechism 
with  Questions  and  Proverbs,"  1834.  His 
talents  were  of  a  high  order.  The  4th  edition 
of  his  Century  Sermon,  with  a  Memoir  by 
Rev.  Elias  Nason,  was  pub.  18.51. 

Howe,  Richard,  Piarl,  a  British  adm.,  b. 
19  Mar.  1725;  d.  5  Aug.  1799.  Third  son 
of  the  second  viscount;  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster and  Eton  ;  was  a  midshipm.  in  Anson's 
fleet  in  1739;  and  was  made  post-capt.  for 
gallantry  in  1745.  M.P.  from  Dartmouth  in 
1757  ;  succeeded  to  the  family  titles  and  estates 
on  the  death  of  his  bro.  in  Araer.  in  1758.  He 
displayed  extraordinary  courage  and  coolness 
on  many  occasions ;  was  made  treas.  of  the 
navy  in  1765;  and  rear.  adm.  of  the  Blue,  18 
Oct.  1770.  Sent  in  com.  of  a  fleet  to  Amer. 
in  1776,  his  judicious  co-operation  was  of  great 
service  to  the  army.  As  joint  conuuiss.  with 
his  bro.  Sir  William,  he  made  several  attempts 
to  secure  a  peaceful  adjustment  of  the  strife 
between  the  Colonies  and  the  mother-country, 
and  expressed  sorrow  at  his  want  of  success.  In 
Aug.  1778  he  had  an  indecisive  action  with  a 
superior  French  fleet  under  D'Estaing  off  the 
coast  of  R.I.,  both  fleets  being  much  shattered 
by  a  severe  storm.  On  his  return  home  in 
1782  he  was  made  adm.  of  the  Blue,  and 
created  a  viscount.  In  Sept.  1782  he  suc- 
ceeded in  relicvirjg  Gibraltar,  for  which  he  was 
thanked  by  both  houses  of  parliament ;  made 
adm.  of  the  White  24  Sept.  1787;  and  raised 
to  an  earldom  19  Aug.  1788.  June  1,  1794, 
Howe  obtained  a  complete  victory  over  the 
French  fleet,  for  which  he  was  rewarded  with 
a  medal,  the  order  of  the  garter,  and  the  post 
of  adm.  of  the  fleet,  which  he  resigned  in  Apr. 
1797.  His  last  service  was  to  prevail  on  the 
mutineers  at  Spithead  to  return  to  their  duty. 
A  severe  criticism,  probably  by  Lord  George 
Germaine,  on  his  naval  conduct  of  the  Amer. 
war,  was  pub.  in  1779.  He  replied,  with  a 
"Narrative  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Fleet 
in  1779."  A  monument  was  erected  to  his 
memory  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  —  See  Memoir 
by  Barrow,  Svo,  Lond.  1838. 


Howe,  Robert,  maj.-gen.,b.  Eng.  ;  d.  at 
the  residence  of  Gen.  Clark,  near  Wilmington, 
N.C.,  in  Jan.  1787.  Was  in  the  English  ser- 
vice before  the  war.  In  1775  he  was  pro- 
claimed against  by  Gov.  Martin  as  "  Robert 
Howes,  alias  Howe."  Among  the  earliest  and 
most  uncompromising  of  the  patriots  of  N.C. ; 
member  of  the  legist.  1773  ;  member  of  the 
com.  of  safety  for  the  county  of  Brunswick  ; 
and  col.  of  the  2d  N.  C.  regt'  of  militia.  He, 
together  with  Cornelius  Harnett,  was  excepted 
from  pardon  by  Sir  H.  Clinton  in  1776.  App. 
col.  of  the  first  N.  C.  regt.,  he  marched  into 
Va.  soon  after  the  affair  at  Great  Bridge,  and 
joined  Col.  Woodford  at  Norfolk,  in  opposi- 
tion to  Lord  Dunmore.  For  his  activity  dur- 
ing this  campaign.  Congress  (Feb.  29,  1776), 
app.  him  brig.-gen.  in  the  Cont.  army,  and 
ordered  him  to  Va.  In  the  spring  of  1776 
his  plantation  near  old  Brunswick  village  was 
ravaged  by  Lord  Cornwallis.  He  was" made 
maj.-gen.  Oct.  20,  1777;  and  in  the  following 
summer  com.  an  unsuccessful  exped.  against 
Florida.  Gen.  Howe  stationed  himself  with 
600  regulars,  and  a  small  body  of  militia,  for 
the  defence  of  Savannah,  menaced  by  Gen. 
Prevost.  Here  he  was  surprised  in  the  night, 
and  defeated  by  the  British  under  Lieut. -Col. 
Campbell.  Honorably  acquitted  by  a  court- 
martial,  his  conduct  was  severely  criticised  by 
Christopher  Gadsden,  and  a  duel  was  the  con- 
sequence :  neither  party,  however,  was  injured. 
Howe  afterwards  joined  Washington  on  the 
Hudson;  and  early  in  1781  com.  the  troops 
sent  to  quell  the  mutiny  in  the  Pa.  and  N.  J. 
regts.,  and  for  his  judicious  performance  of  the 
duty  was  thanked  by  the  com. -in-chief.  In 
June,  1783,  he  was  ordered  on  a  similar  duty 
to  Phila.  In  May,  1785.  he  was  app.  by  Con- 
gress to  treat  with  the  Western  Indians.  He 
was  well  versed  in  tactics,  a  rigid  disciplina- 
rian, a  good  engineer,  and  a  man  of  cultivated 
mind. 

Howe,  Samuel  Gridley,  M.D.,  physician 
and  philanthropist;  b.  Boston,  Nov.  10,  1801. 
Brown  U.  1 82 1 .  He  studied  medicine  in  Boston, 
and  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  Greek  war  for  in- 
dependence in  1824-7.  After  organizing  a  regu- 
lar surgical  service,  at  the  head  of  which  he 
was  placed,  he  returned  to  America  to  procure 
help  lor  the  Greeks,  who  were  threatened  with 
famine.  He  established  a  colony  on  the  Isth- 
mus of  Corinth  ;  but  took  the  swamp-fever  in 
one  of  his  journeys,  and  was  obliged  to  leave 
the  tountry  in  the  spring  of  1830.  He  visited 
Switzerland  ;  was  in  Paris  during  the  revol. 
of  July;  and  in  the  summer  of  1831  returned 
to  the  U.  S.  In  the  following  autumn  he 
becaiiie  interested  in  the  project  of  establishing 
an  institution  for  the  blind  in  Boston.  He  ac- 
cepted the  charge;  visited  Europe  to  acquire 
the  necessary  information,  and  engage  teach- 
ers ;  and  the  institution,  put  in  operation  in 
1832,  has  since  been  under  his  control.  While 
in  Paris,  he  was  made  president  of  the  Polish 
committee,  and  undertook  to  carry  and  distrib- 
ute funds  for  the  relief  of  the  Polish  army  in 
Prussia,  but  was  arrested,  and  imprisoned  for 
about  6  weeks,  by  the  Prussian  Govt.  He  was 
for  many  years  prominent  in  the  antislavery 
party  in  Ms.    Author  of  an  "  Historical  Sketch 


HO^V 


458 


KO^W 


of  the  Greek  Revol.,"  1 828.   U.S.  commissioner 
to  San  Domingo  1871. 

Howe,  SiK  William,  viscount,  a  British 
gen.,  b.  10  Aiiir.  1729;  d.  12  July,  1814. 
Younger  bro.  of  the  adm. ;  and,  by  illegitimate 
descent,  an  uncle  of  King  George  III.  He 
studied  some  time  at  Eton  ;  became  a  cornet 
of  dragoons;  and  disting.  himself  particularly 
under  Wolfe  at  Quebec.  Col.  4th  Foot  1764  ; 
maj.-gen.  1772.  Arrived  in  Boston  in  May, 
177.5  ;  and  com.  at  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill, 
June  17.  On  the  departure  of  Gen.  Gage, 
he  became  com. -in-chief  of  the  British  forces 
in  America.  Forced  to  evacuate  Boston  in 
March,  1776,  he  proceeded  to  Halifax,  and  in 
Aug.  landed  at  Staten  Island.  He  defeated 
the  Americans,  27  Aug.,  at  Long  Island  ;  took 
possession  of  N.  Y.  City,  Sept.  15;  Oct.  28, 
defeated  Washington  at  White  Plains;  and, 
Nov.  16,  captured  Fort  Washington,  with  its 
garrison  of  over  2.000  men;  in  July,  1777,  he 
sailed  to  Chesapeake  Bay  ;  defeated  Washing- 
ton at  the  Brandywine,  Sept.  11  ;  and  entered 
Phila.  Sept.  26.  He  repulsed  the  attack  of 
Washington  at  Gertnantown  4  Oct.,  and  spent 
the  remainder  of  his  stay  in  Phila.  in  indolence 
and  pleasure.  Superseded  by  Sir  H.  Clinton 
early  in  1778,  a  grand  entertainment,  called 
the  mischianza,  was  given  in  his  honor  by  the 
officers,  18  May,  1778;  soon  after  which  he 
returned  home.  On  the  investigation  of  his 
conduct  by  parliament  in  1779,  the  opinion  of 
Gen.  Grey,  Lord  Cornwallis,  and  other  mili- 
tary men,  was,  that  he  had  done  all  that  could 
be  expected,  considering  the  insufficiency  of  his 
force.  Made  lieut.-gen.  of  ordnance  in  1782; 
in  1786  col.  19th  Dragoons,  and  full  gen. ;  gov. 
of  Berwick  in  1795  ;  and  in  1799,  on  the  death 
of  his  bro.,  succeeded  to  the  Irish  viscounty. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  a  privy  coun- 
cillor, and  gov.  of  Plymouth.  Howe  liad 
neither  sufficient  experience  nor  ability  for  the 
important  com.  assigned  him  in  America.  He 
was,  with  his  bro.  the  admiral,  a  commiss. 
to  settle  the  difficulties  with  the  Americans. 
He  pub.  a  narrative  of  his  operations  in  N. 
America  in  1779-80. 

Howell,  David,  LL.D.  (B.  U.  1793),  ju- 
rist, b.  N.  J.,  Jan.  1,  1747  ;  d.  July  29,  1824. 
N.J.  Coll.  1766.  Removing  to  R  I.,  he  was  in 
1769  app.  prof,  of  nat.  philos.  and  math.  ;  and 
was  from  1790  to  1824  prof,  of  law  in  Brown 
U.  He  estal)lished  himself  in  the  practice  of 
the  law  at  Providence,  and  rose  to  eminence 
in  the  profession  ;  was  for  some  time  atty.-gen. 
of  the  State,  and  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court ; 
member  Cont.  Congress  1782-5  ;  and  after  the 
re-organization  of  the  Gen.  Govt,  he  was  app. 
a  commiss,  for  settling  the  eastern  boundary 
of  the  U.  S. ;  subsequently  dist,  atty. ;  and 
from  1812  to  his  d.  dist.  judge  for  R!  I.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  wit,  learning,  and  elo- 
quence;  a  disting.  classical  scholar,  and  a 
pungent  and  effective  political  writer.  His 
son  Jkremiah  Brown  Howell,  U.S.  sen- 
ator from  R.L  1811-17,  B.  U.  1789,  d.  1822, 
a.  50. 

Howell,  Elizabeth  (Lloyd),  widow  of 
Robert  Howell  of  Phila.,  native  and  resident 
of  Phila.  Author  of  "  Milton's  Prayer  of  Pa- 
tience; "    also  contrib.  several  poems  to  the 


"Wheat  Sheaf,"  a  collection  of  prose  and  poe- 
try, Phila.  \S52.  —  Allil)one. 

Howell,  John  C.capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Pa.  June 
9,1819.  Midshipm.  June  9, 1836  ;  lieut.  Aug. 
2,  1849;  command.  July  16,  1862;  capt.  July 
25,  1866.  Served  in  "  The  Minnesota,"  N.  Atl. 
block,  squad.,  1861  ;  in  the  battle  of  Hatteras 
Inlet ;  com.  steamer  "  Tahamo,"  E.  Gulf  block, 
squad.,  1862-3;  steamer  'Nereus,"  N.  Atl. 
block,  squad.,  1864-5;  in  the  two  actions  at  Fort 
Fisher,  Dec.  1864  and  Jan.  1865;  fleet-capt. 
European  squad.  1869-71. — Hamershj. 

Howell,  Joseph,  paym.-gen.  Revol.  army; 
d.  Phila.  Aug.  1798,  a.  48. 

Howell,  Joshua  B.,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.Pa. 
1799;  killed  14  Sept.  1864  near  Petersburg, 
Va  ,  by  being  thrown  from  his  horse.  Col. 
85ih  Pa.  Vols.;  wounded  in  several  battles; 
and  had  recently  been  made  brig.-gen. 

Howell,  Richard,  statesman  and  soldier, 
b.  Del.  1755  ;  d.  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Apr.  28,  1802. 
He  practised  law;  com.  a  company  of  grena- 
diers before  the  war;  was  in  1775  app.  capt.  2d 
N.  J.  regt. ;  disting.  himself  at  Quebec ;  pro- 
moted to  maj.  1776;  and  com.  his  regt.  until 
1779.  App.  judge-advocate  of  the  army  in  Sept. 
1782,  but  declined.  Resuming  practice,  he  was 
clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court  from  1778  to  June 
3,  1793;  and  gov,  from  1794  to  Oct.  1801.  His 
bro.  Rednap  Howell,  poet,  b.  N.  J.,  taught 
school  on  Deep  River,  NC. ;  composed  many 
patriotic  songs.  Author  of  a  pamphlet  pub.  in 
Boston.  1771,  entitled  "A  Fan  for  Fanning, 
and  a  Touch  for  Xryon." 

Howell,  Robert  BoTTi:  Crawford, 
D.D.,  Baptist  clergyman,  and  author,  b. 
Wavne  Co.,  N.C.,  Mar.  10,  1801;  d.  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  April  5,  1868.  Col.  Coll.,  D.C.,  1826. 
Pastor  of  the  Cumberland-st.  Church,  Norfolk, 
Va.,  from  Jan.  27,  1827,  to  1835  ;  of  the  First 
Bapt.  Church,  Nashville,  from  1835  to  18.50; 
of  the  2d  Bapt.  Church,  Richmond,  Va.,  from 
1850  to  1857  ;  and  from  this  time  till  his  death 
was  again  pastor  of  the  church  at  Nashville. 
Both  in  Richmond  and  Nashville  he  was  prom- 
inent in  educational  institutions.  Dr.  Howell 
pub.  "  The  Evils  of  Infant  Baptism,"  "  The 
Cross,"  "The  Covenant,"  "The  Early  Bap- 
tists of  Va.,"  "  Communion,"  "  The  Deacon- 
ship,"  "  The  Way  of  Salvation,"  &c.  He  left 
unpub.  "A  Memorial  of  the  First  Bapt.  Church 
of  Nashville  from  1820  to  1863,"  and  an  elab- 
orate work  on  "  The  Family." 

Howells,  William  Dean,  author,  b.  Mar- 
tinsville, Belmont  Co.,  O.,  Mar.  1,  1837.  Of 
his  father,  a  printer  and  publisher,  he  learned 
the  business  at  Hamilton,  O. ;  whither  his  par- 
ents moved  in  1840.  He  has  been  editorially 
connected  with  the  Cincinnati  Gazette,  and  Ohio 
State  Journal;  and  since  July,  1870,  has  edited 
the  Atlantic  Monthly;  and  has  contrib.  to  the 
latter,  to  the  North-Ameiican  Review,  The  Na- 
tion, Putnam's  Magazine,  Saturday  Press,  &c. 
He  pub.  with  Mr.  J.  J.  Piatt,  in  I860,  a  volume 
of  verse.  Specimens  of  his  poetry  are  in  Cogges- 
hall's  "  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West."  Au- 
thor of  "  Suburban  Sketches ; "  "  Venetian 
Life;"  "No  Love  Lost,"  a  poem,  1868;  and 
"  Italian  Journevs." 

Howison,  Robert  R.,  b.  Fredericksburg, 
Va.,  1820.    Practised  law  since  1845.    Author 


KO^V 


459 


HUB 


of  "  Hist,  of  Va.  to  1847,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1846-8; 
Lives  of  Gens.  Morgan,  Marion,  and  (iates, 
pub.  in  1847  in  R.  W.  Griswold's  "Generals 
of  the  Amer.  Revol. ;  "  "  Crim.  Trials,"  Rich- 
mond, 8vo,  1851.  — Al/ibone. 

Howland,  John,  b.  Newport,  R.I.,  31  Oct. 
1757;  d.  Providence,  R.I.,  5  Nov.  1854.  De- 
scended from  John,  a  Pilgrim  of  1620,  an  as- 
sist, and  a  leading  man  of  the  Plym.  Colony, 
who  m.  Elizab.,  dau.  of  Gov.  Carver,  and  d. 
Kingston,  Ms.,  22  Feb.  1672,  a.  80.  John  re- 
moved to  Providence  in  1770;  served  13  mos. 
in  the  Revol.  army ;  was  21  years  pres.  of  the 
R.  I.  Plist.  Soc,  and  skilled  in  the  history  and 
antiquities  of  Plym.  Colony.  Author  of  seve- 
ral addresses,  orations,  and  hist,  papers.  — /See 
Life  h\f  Rev.  E.  M.  Stone,  1856. 

Howland,  William  Pearce,  minister  of 
inland  rev.  for  the  Dom.  of  Canada,  b.  N.  Y. 
29  May,  1811.  Removed  to  Canada  at  an 
early  age,  and  became  a  leading  merchant. 
M.  C.  P.  for  the  West  Riding  of  York  since 
1858;  member  exec,  council  and  min.  of  rinance 
May,  1862-May,  1863,  and  again  from  Oct. 
1866;  recciver-gen.  May,  1863-March,  1864  ; 
and  postmaster-gen.  from  Nov.  1864  to  Oct. 
1866.  Delegate  to  Eng.  upon  the  union  of  the 
Provinces  in  1866;  and  a  iiberalin  politics. — 
Men  of  the  Time. 

Hows,  John  W.  S.,  prof,  of  oratory  in  Col. 
Coil,  since  1843,  b.  London,  Eng.,  1797.  Au- 
thor of  "  Shakspeariau  Reader,"  1846;  "Prac- 
tical Elocutionist,"  1849;  "Golden  Leaves 
from  the  Amer.  and  Brit.  Poets,"  2  vols.  1864- 
5;  "Golden  Leaves  from  the  Dramatic  Poets." 
He  edited  the  "Modern  Standard  Drama;" 
and  was  7  years  dramat.  critic  of  the  N.  Y.  Al- 
bion. —  AUibone. 

Hoyt,  Benjamin  Thomas,  educator,  b. 
Boston,  18  Oct.  1820;  d.  Greencastle,  Ind.,  24 
May,  1867.  Wesl.  U.  1846.  Son  of  the  Rev. 
Benj.  RayandLucinda  (Freeman)  Hoyt.  Prin- 
cipal of  the  high  schools  of  Middlctown,  Ct., 
and  Chelsea,  Ms.,  successively,  from  1846  to 
1852;  pres.  of  the  Institute  of  Lawrenceburg, 
and  of  the  coll.  for  young  women  in  Indianap- 
olis, Ind.,  from  1852  to  1858;  prof,  of  Latin 
from  1858  to  1863;  and  from  1863  to  his  d. 
was  prof,  of  belles-lettres  and  hist,  in  the  Ind. 
Asbury  U.  As  editor  of  the  State  School.  Jour- 
nal, pres.  of  the  State  Teachers'  Assoc.,  and  as 
supt.  of  schools,  he  rendered  great  service  to 
the  cause  of  education  in  Ind.  His  bro.  Al- 
bert Harrison  ed.  N.  E.  Hist,  and  Geneal. 
R(y.,  Boston  ;  b.  6  Dec.  1826.  Wesl.  U.  1850. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  1855 ;  city  solic.  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  1857-8;  and  pres.  com.  council  1858; 
practised  law  in  P. ;  and  was  a  paym.  in  the 
civil  war,  rank  of  major,  and  brev.  lieut.-col. 

Hoyt,  Gen.  Epaphras,  hist,  and  antiq. 
writer,  b.  Deerfield,  Ms.,  Dec.  31,  1765;  d. 
there  Feb.  8,  1850.  He  devoted  himself  to 
perfecting  the  vol.  militia  system  of  the  country. 
He  pub.  "Military  Instructions;"  "Cavalry 
Discipline,"  1797  ;  "  Treatise  on  the  Military 
Art,"  1793;  and  "Antiquarian  Researches," 
1824  :  besides  which  he  left  completed,  with 
maps,  for  publication,  a  work  to  be  entitled 
"  Burgoyne's  Campaigns;"  and  had  partly 
finished  a  history  of  the  French  and  Indian 
wars.     He  held  many  civil  as  well  as  military 


offices,  among  the  latter  that  of  maj.-gen.  in  the 
Ms.  militia;  and  received  an  app.  in  the  army 
under  Gen.  Washington,  but  declined. 

Hoyt,  Joseph  Gibson,  LL.D.  (Dartm. 
Coll.  1859),  b.  Dunbarton,  N.H.,  19  Jan.  1815; 
d.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  26  Nov.  1862.  Y.C.  1840. 
Instr.  in  math,  and  nat.  philos.  in  Phillips 
Acad.,  Exeter,  N.H.,  in  1841,  and  continued  a 
member  of  the  faculty  of  that  institution  for  18 
years;  chancellor  and  prof,  of  Greek  in  Wash. 
U.,  St.  Louis,  from  1859  to  his  d.  In  1845-6 
he  revised  and  enlarged  Colton's  Greek  Reader. 
A  vol.  of  his  Miscellaneous  Writings,  Ad- 
dresses, Lectures,  and  Reviews,  was  pub.  Bos- 
ton, 1863.  A  com  mem.  discourse  by  Prof.  S. 
Waterhouse,  del.  in  St.  Louis  20  Jan.  1863, 
has  also  been  pub. 

Hubbard,  Henry,  judge  and  Democ.  poli- 
tician, b.  Charlestown,  N.H.,  May  3,  1784;  d. 
there  June  5,  1857.  Dartm.  Coll.  1801'.  He 
studied  law  and  commenced  practice  in  Chartes- 
town  ;  he  was  11  years  a  member  of  the  State 
legisl.,  and  for  some  years  speaker  of  the  house; 
was  judge  of  probate  for  Sullivan  Co.  1827-9; 
M.C.  1829-35,  and  speaker  for  a  short  time 
during  the  23d  Cong.;  U.S.  senator  in  1835- 
41;  gov.  of  N.H.  in  1842-3;  and  in  1846-9 
U.S.  assist,  treas.  in  Boston. 

Hubbard,  John,  educator,  b.  Townsend, 
Ms.,  Aug.  8,  1759;  d.  Hanover,  N.H.,  Aug. 
14,  1810.  Dartm.  Coll.  1785.  He  studied 
theology;  became  the  preceptor  of  the  New 
Ipswich  and  Deerfield  Academics ;  was  judge 
of  probate  for  Cheshire  Co.  1798-1802;  and 
was  prof.  math,  and  nat.  pliilos.  at  Dartm. 
Coll.  1804-10.  He  pub.  an  Oration,  July  4, 
1799;  "Rudiments  of  Geography,"  1803; 
"  Am.  Reader,"  1808;  "  Essay  on  Music." 

Hubbard,  John,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1822), 
LL.D.  (Wat.  Coll.  1851),  gov.  of  Me.  1850-3, 
b.  Readfield,  Me.,  Mar.  22,  1794;  d.  Hallowell, 
Me.,  Feb.  6,  1869.  Dartm.  Coll.  1816.  He 
was  a  Democrat,  and  was  a  hearty  supporter 
of  the  liquor  prohibition  act  known  as  "  The 
Maine  Law,"  He  taught  at  Hallowell  Acad., 
Me.,  2  years,  and  in  Dinwiddle  Co.,  Va.,  2 
years;  practised  medicine  in  Dinwiddle  Co., 
Va.,  in  1822-9  ;  removed  to  Hallowell  in  1830j 
State  senator  in  1842-3;  agent  for  the  U.S 
treas.  for  the  N.E.  States  1857-9;  and  ic 
1859-61  a  commissioner  under  the  Reciprocity 
Treaty  with  Great  Britain. 

Hubbard,  Jonathan  Hatch,  many  years 
judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  of  Vt.,  b.  1768;  d. 
Windsor,  Vt.,  Sept.  20,  1849.     M.C.  1809-11. 

Hubbard,  Joseph  Stillman,  astronomer, 
b.  N.  Haven,  7  Sept.  1823;  d.  there  Aug.  16, 
1863.  Y.C.  1843.  He  was  in  1844  an  assist, 
in  the  High  School  Observatory  ;  and  was  in 
1845  app.  prof  of  math,  at  the  Naval  Observa- 
tory at  Washington,  a  post  he  filled  until  his 
death.  The  volumes  of  Washington  "  Observa- 
tions "  exhibit  his  great  skill  as  an  observer  and 
a  coniputer.  He  made  valuable  contributions 
to  Gould's  Astron.  Journal,  among  them  papers 
on  Biela's  Comet  and  on  the  Orbit  of  Egeria. 
The  article  "  Telescope,"  in  "The  New  Amer. 
Cyclopaedia,"  was  from  his  pen.  —  Y.  C.  Ob. 
Record.  ^ 

Hubbard,  R.  W.,  landscape-painter,  b. 
Middlctown,  Ct.,  1816.     He  kept  school  until 


HUB 


460 


i£Tjr) 


1836;  entered  the  studio  of  Prof.  Morse  in 
1838;  and  was  in  Europe  in  1840-1;  has 
painted,  among  other  works,  "  Afternoon  in 
Autumn,"  "  View  on  Lake  Champlain, " 
"  Mansfield  Mountain  at  Sundown,"  and 
"  Showery  Day,  Lake  Geor<?e."  His  pieces 
are  remarkable  for  harmony  of  tone,  simplicity 
of  aim,  devotion  to  truth,  and  a  quiet  but  seri- 
ous feelin;^.  Lake  George,  Lake  Dunmore, 
and  tlie  Ct.  River,  have  been  his  favorite  stud- 
ies. —  Tuckerman. 

Hubbard,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1842), 
jurist,  b.  Boston,  June  2,  1785  ;  d.  there  Dec. 
24,  1847.  Y.C.  1802.  He  studied  law,  and 
practised  at  Biddeford,  Me.,  from  1806  to  1810, 
when  he  connected  himself  in  business  at  Bos- 
ton with  Judge  Jackson,  his  former  legal  tutor. 
His  talents  and  character  won  for  him  a  com- 
manding position  at  the  bar.  He  was  well 
acquainted  with  mercantile  law.  Judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Ms.  1842-7. 

Hubbard,  Samuel  Dickinsox,  LL.D. 
(Wesl.  U.  1854),  postmaster-gen.  1852-3,  b. 
Middletown,  Ct.,  Aug.  10,  1799  ;  d.  there  Oct. 
8,  1855.  Y.  C.  1819.  He  studied  law,  but, 
having  a  large  property  from  his  father,  did 
not  engage  in  practice,  devoting  himself  chiefly 
to  the  manufac.  business.  He  was  a  Whig; 
M.C.  in  1845-9.  A  contrib.  to  the  various 
benevolent  enterprises  of  the  day.  He  was 
many  years  pres.  of  the  Middletown  Bible  So- 
ciety, and  took  a  lively  interest  in  public 
schools. 

Hubbard,  William,  clergyman  and  his- 
torian, b.  Eng.  1621  ;  d.  Ipswich,  Sept.  14, 
1704.  H.U.  1642.  Son  of  Wm.  of  Ipswich  and 
Boston,  who  came  from  Lond.  in  1635,  d.  1670. 
He  was  settled  at  Ipswich  16  Nov.  1658,  where 
he  was  visited  in  1686  by  John  Dunton,  who 
gives  a  good  account  of  his  hospitality,  amia- 
bility, and  acquirements.  He  pub.  "  The  Pres- 
ent State  of  New  England,"  being  a  narrative 
of  the  troubles  with  the  Indians  from  1607  to 
1677,  to  which  is  added  a  discourse  ab.  the  war 
with  the  Pequots,  4to,  1677;  "Memoirs  of 
Maj.-Gen.  Denison,"  1684  ;  and  a  number  of 
sermons.  He  wrote  a  Hist,  of  N.  Eng.,  for 
which  the  Srate  paid  him  £50,  and  which  was 
used  by  Mather,  Hutchinson,  and  other  writers. 
The  Ms.  Hist.  Soc.  printed  it  in  1815:  second 
ed.,  by  W.  T.  Harris,  1848.  In  1688  he  was 
temporary  rector  or  pres.  of  H.U.  His  son 
Nathaniel  was  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court. 

Hudson,  Charles,  politician  and  hist, 
writer,  b.  Marlborough,  Ms.,  Nov.  14,  1795. 
Ord.  1819.  M.  A.  of  H.U.  1841.  He  was  a 
teacher  and  a  farm  laborer,  then  a  Universalist 
preacher  ;  member  Ms.  house  of  rep.  1 828-33  ; 
State  senator  1833-9  ;  councillor  1839-41  ; 
M.C.  1841-9;  naval  oflScer  of  Boston  1849-53. 
He  edited  the  Boston  DaiJij  Atlas,  a  Whig 
daily  paper,  for  some  years' ;  and  has  pub. 
"Hist,  of  Westminster,"  1832;  "Hist,  of  Marl- 
borough," 1862;  "Hist,  of  Lexington,  Ms.," 
1868  ;  "  Letters  to  H.  Ballou,"  1827  ;  Reply  to 
Balfour's  Essays,"  1829  ;  and  "Doubts  con- 
cerning the  Battle  of  Bunker's  Hill,"  12mo, 
1857. 

Hudson,  Henry,  an  English  discoverer, 
of  whose  parentage  or  education  nothing  is 
known.     He  was  sent  out  in  1607  by  some 


London  merchants,  in  a  small  vessel,  for  the 
pur|)Ose  of  exploring  a  north-east  passage  to 
China  and  Japan.  He  sailed  May  1  with  a 
crew  of  only  10  men  and  a  boy  beside  himself, 
and,  proceeding  beyond  the  80th  deg.  of  hit.,  re- 
turned to  Eng.  in  Sept.  The  next  year,  in  a 
second  voyage,  he  landed  at  Nova  Zembla,  but 
could  proceed  no  farther  eastward.  He  under- 
took in  1609  a  third  voyage,  under  the  patron- 
age of  the  Dutch  E.  I.  Company.  Being  un- 
successful in  his  attempts  to  find  a  north-east 
passage,  he  sailed  for  Davis's  Straits,  but  struck 
the  continent  of  America  in  44°  N.  lat.,  and, 
holding  a  southerly  course,  discovered  Cape 
Cod,  on  which  he  landed.  Pie  then  pursued  his 
course  to  the  Chesapeake,  and,  returning  along 
the  coast,  entered  the  river  now  bearing  his 
name,  which  he  ascended  ab.  50  leagues  in  a 
boat.  His  last  voyage  was  undertaken  in 
1610,  when  he  was  fitted  out  by  Sir  Thomas 
Smith,  Sir  Dudley  Digges,  and  other  friends. 
He  sailed  April  17  in  the  bark  "Discovery" 
with  a  crew  of  23  men,  and  on  the  4th  of 
June  came  in  sight  of  Greenland.  Proceed- 
ing westward,  he  reached,  in  60  degs.  of  lat., 
the  strait  bearing  his  name.  Through  this 
he  advanced  along  the  coast  of  Labrador, 
which  he  named  Nova  Britannia,  until  it 
issued  into  the  vast  bay,  which  is  also  called 
after  him.  He  resolved  to  winter  in  the  most 
southern  part  of  it ;  and  the  ship  was  drawn  up 
in  a  small  creek,  where  they  sustained  extreme 
privations,  owing  to  the  severity  of  the  climate. 
Hudson,  however,  fitted  up  his  shallop  for  fur- 
ther discoveries;  but  unable  to  communicate 
with  the  natives,  or  revictual  his  ship,  with  tears 
in  his  eyes  he  distrib.  his  little  remaining  bread 
to  his  men,  and  prepared  to  return.  Having  a 
dissatisfied  and  mutinous  crew,  he  imprudent- 
ly threatened  to  set  some  of  them  ashore,  when 
he  was  seized  by  a  body  of  them  at  night,  and 
set  adrift  in  his  own  shallop  with  his  son  John 
and  seven  of  the  most  infirm  of  the  crew,  and 
never  afterwards  heard  of.  A  small  part  of 
the  crew,  after  enduring  incredible  hardships, 
arrived  at  Plymouth  in  Sept.  1611.  Hudson 
pub.  "  Divers  Voyages  and  Northern  Discov- 
eries," 1607;  "A  Second  Voyage  for  finding 
a  Passage  to  the  E.  Indies  by  the  North-east," 
1608.  Accounts  of  some  of  his  other  voyages 
have  been  pub.  in  Purchas's  "  Pilgrims." 
"  A  Collection  of  Documents  forming  a 
Monograph  of  the  Voyages  of  Henry  Hudson," 
edited  with  an  Introduction  by  George  Asher, 
was  pub.  in  London  by  the  Hakluyt  Society  in 
1859.  — See  J.  M.  Read's  {jun.)  llist.  Inquiry 
concerning  Hudson,  8vo,  1866. 

Hudson,  Uenrv  Norman,  clergyman  and 
essayist,  b.  Cornwall,  Vt.,  Jan.  28,  1814.  Mid. 
Coll.  1840.  He  was  brought  up  a  farnier,  and 
apprenticed  to  a  coach-maker  in  Middlebiiry. 
He  taught  school  a  year  in  Ky.,  and  2  years  in 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  where  he  wrote  and  delivered 
a  course  of  lectures  on  Shakspeare,  which  he 
afterward  delivered  successfully  in  many  places, 
and  finally  printed  in  N.Y.,  2  vols.  12mo.  1848. 
Entering  the  Ep.  church  in  1844,  he  was  ord. 
in  1849  to  the  priesthood.  He  has  since  edited 
an  edition  of  Shakspeare,  11  vols.  12  mo,  Bos- 
ton, 1850-7  ;  for  a  short  time  edited  the  Church 
Monthly,  and  contrib.    to  various   periodicals. 


ITDX) 


461 


HTJG- 


Rector  of  the  Epis.  church  in  Litchfield,  Ct., 
in  1859-60.  In  the  winter  of  1860-1  he  de- 
livered a  new  course  of  Shakspearian  lectures  in 
N.Y.  and  other  cities.  He  is  now  a  teacher  in 
Boston.  lJurin<^  the  civil  war  he  was  a  chap- 
lain in  the  army.  He  pub.  in  186.5  "  A  Chap- 
lain's Campaign  with  Gen.  Butler." 

Hudson,  William  S.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
New  York,  May  II,  1794;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y., 
Oct.  15,  1862.  Entering  the  navy  Jan.  1,  1816, 
he  became  lieut.  Apr.  28,  1826;  com.  Nov.  2, 
1842;  capt.  Sept.  14,  1855;  second  in  com. 
of  Wilkes's  exploring  exped.  in  1838,  he  com. 
the  sloop-of-war  "  Peacock  "  when  lost  by  her 
pilot's  carelessness  on  the  rocks  at  the  mouth 
of  Columbia  River;  in  1857  com.  "The  Niag- 
ara" in  the  first,  and  in  1858  in  the  second  and 
successful  effort  at  laying  the  Atlantic  Cable. 
For  this  service  he  received  from  the  Govts,  of 
Great  Britain  and  Russia  several  valuable  gifts, 
and  marks  of  distinction. 

Huger  (u  jee'),  Gex.  Benjamin,  son  of 
Col.  F.  K.  Huger,  b.  Charleston,  S.C,  1806. 
West  Point,  1825.  Entering  tlie  3d  Art.,  he  be- 
came capt.  of  ordnance  May  30,  1832,  and  chief 
of  ordnance  to  Gen.  Scott's  army  in  Mexico  in 
1847-8  ;  was  brev.  major  for  gallantry  at  Vera 
Cruz,  lieut. -col.  for  Molino  del  Rey,  and  col. 
for  Chapnl tepee;  became  major  Feb.  15,  1855; 
resigned  Apr.  22,  1861,  and  was  made  a  Con- 
fed,  brig.-gen.  He  was  employed  at  Richmond 
and  vicinity  ;  led  a  division  at  Fair  Oaks  31 
May,  and  at  Malvern  Hill  1  July,  1862;  and 
com.,  with  the  rank  of  niaj.-gen.,  at  Norfolk, 
before  its  occupation  by  the  Federal  forces,  May 
10,  1862  For  his  failure  to  hold  that  place  he 
was  retired  from  active  service. 

Huger,  Francis  Kinloch,  d.  Charleston, 
S.C,  Feb.  15,  18.55,  a.  81.  Son  of  Col.  Benj. 
Huger,  who  was  killed  before  the  lines  of 
Charleston  in  1780;  and  was  the  pupil  of  the 
celebrated  John  Hunter.  While  at  Vienna  in 
1798,  he  joined  Dr.  Er^c  Bollman  in  an  attempt 
to  liberate  Lafayette  from  the  dungeons  of  01- 
mutz,  —  an  enterprise  that  led  to  the  protracted 
incarceration  of  the  young  patriots.  The  Mar- 
quis de  Lafayette  first  landed  on  American  soil, 
on  the  plantation  of  Huger's  father,  in  1777. 
In  1798,  on  his  liberation,  and  return  to  his  na- 
tive land,  he  was  app.  a  capt.  in  the  army.  On 
the  breaking-out  of  the  war  of  181 2  he  was 
app.  lieut.-col.  2d  regt.  of  art. ;  adj. -gen.  (rank 
of  col.)  Apr.  6,  1813.  Col.  H.  served  in  both 
branches  of  the  S.  C.  legisl. 

Huger,  Isaac,  brig.-gen.  Revol.  army,  b. 
Limerick  plantation,  S.  C.,  Mar.  19,  1742;  d. 
Charleston,  Nov.  1797.  Of  Huguenot  descent. 
He  was  one  of  five  patriot  bros.  disting.  in  the 
struggle  for  independence, — Daniel,  a  delegate 
to  Congress  1786-8,  and  a  representative  from 
1789  to  '93,  d.  1799;  John,  well  known  in  the 
councils  of  the  State,  of  which  he  was  sec,  d. 
1804;  Francis,  who  was  an  officer  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Fort  Moultrie,  and  Q.  M.  gen.  Southern 
dept.,  d.  Charleston,  S.  C,  Aug.  1800;  Maj. 
BiiNJAMi>,  who  fell  at  the  lines  of  Charleston 
May  11,  itSO.  Their  parents  were  wealthy  ; 
and  the  sons  completed  their  education  in  Eu- 
rope. Isaac  was  an  officer  in  the  Cherokee  ex- 
ped.  in  1760;  was  made  lieut.-col.  1st  S.C.  regt. 
June  17, 1775;  and  subsequently  col.  of  the  5th 


regt.  He  opposed  the  invasion  of  Ga.  by  Camp- 
bell and  Prevost,  with  whom  he  had  several 
skirmishes,  but  was  obliged  to  retreat  before 
his  skilful  and  superior  enemy.  App.  brig.- 
gen.  Jan.  19,  1779,  he  com.  the  left  wing  at  the 
battle  of  Stono,  June  20,  1779,  and  was  wound- 
ed while  gallantly  leading  his  men.  In  the 
unsuccessful  attack  on  Savannah,  Huger  led 
the  Ga.  and  S.  C.  militia.  During  the  siege 
of  Charleston,  with  a  body  of  light  troops  he 
was  employed  in  cutting  off  supplies  to  the  ene- 
my, and  keeping  open  the  communication  be- 
tween the  town  and  country,  but  suffered  a 
surprise  at  Monk's  Corner,  where  his  force  was 
defeated  and  dispersed  by  Tarleton  and  Web- 
ster. He  joined  the  army  of  Greene;  com.  the 
Virginians  at  the  battle  of  Guilford,  and  was 
severely  wounded  ;  and  com.  the  right  wing  at 
Hobkirk's  Hill,  where  his  efforts  to  regain  the 
day  exposed  him  to  the  greatest  dangers.  He 
returned  to  his  estate  at  the  close  of  the  war. 

Hughes,  Aaron  K.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  N.Y. 
Oct.  20,  1821.  Midshipm.  Oct.  20,  1838;  lieut. 
Sept.  9,  18.53  ;  com.  Nov.  16,  1862  ;  capt.  Feb. 
10,  1869  ;  lighthouse  insp.  1867-8.  While  at- 
tached to  "The  Decatur"  in  Puget  Sound, 
Wash.  Terr.,  he  had  a  fight  on  shore  at  the 
town  of  Seattle  with  500  hostile  Indians,  whom 
he  defeated  Jan.  26,  1856.  Com.  steamer  "Mo- 
hawk," S.  Atl.  block,  squad.,  1862-3;  com. 
steamer  "  Cimmaron,"  S.  Atl.  block,  squad., 
1863-4;  and  in  several  engagements  with  reb- 
els on  the  Atlantic  coast  1861-4.  While  in 
com.  of  steamer  "  Water  Witch,"  in  Nov.  1861, 
he  endeavored  to  cut  out  a  schooner  which  had 
grounded  near  Fort  Morgan,  but  was  prevent- 
ed by  the  guns  of  the  fort.  Nov.  9,  1862,  he 
accomp.  an  exped.  which  destroyed  St  Mary's, 
Ga.,  and  drove  out  a  large  body  of  rebels  con- 
cealed there.  —  Hamersly. 

Hughes,  John,  D.D.,  a  Catholic  prelate, 
b.  County  Tyrone,  Ireland,  1797;  d.N.Y.  City, 
Jan.  3,  1864.  The  son  of  a  respectable  farmer. 
He  emig.  to  America  in  1817.  His  father 
placed  him  with  a  florist;  but  he  devoted  his 
spare  time  to  study,  and  entered  the  Theol. 
Sem.  of  Mt.  St.  Mary's,  Emmetsburg,  Md., 
where  he  remained  several  years,  most  of  the 
time  as  a  teacher.  Ord.  priest  in  1825,  and  was 
settled  in  a  parish  in  Phila.  In  1830  and  '34 
he  carried  on  public  controversies  with  Rev.  J. 
Breckenridge,  both  of  which  were  pub.  Con- 
sec.  Jan.  7,  1838,  coadjutor  of  Bishop  Dubois 
of  N.Y. ;  upon  the  death  of  the  latter,  1842,  he 
succeeded  to  the  office,  and  was  made  arch- 
bishop in  1850.  His  first  measures  were  di- 
rected to  Si  reform  in  the  tenure  of  church 
property,  then  vested  in  lay  trustees.  In  1839 
he  visited  France,  Austria,  and  Italy,  to  obtain 
pecuniary  aid  for  his  diocese.  Having  pur- 
chased property  at  Ford  ham  in  Westchester  Co., 
he  organized  and  opened  there  in  1841  the  St. 
John's  Coll.  and  the  Theol.  Sem.  of  St.  Joseph. 
Hewas  prominent  in  the  effort  made  by  the  Cath- 
olics to  modify  the  existing  school-system  in 
their  favor,  and  was  successful.  In  Aug.  1842 
he  held  the  first  diocesan  synod  of  N.  Y.  His 
"  Rules  for  the  Administration  of  (Churches 
without  Trustees,"  pub.  in  1845,  embody  the 
system  adopted  by  this  synod.  Offered  in  1846, 
by  Pres.  Polk,  a  special  mission  to  Mexico,  he 


HUG- 


462 


HTJIL. 


declined  it.  In  1847  he  delivered  in  the  Rep- 
resentatives Hall  at  Washington,  by  request  of 
Congress,  a  lecture,  "  Christianity  the  Only 
Source  of  Moral,  Social,  and  Political  Regen- 
eration." The  first  provincial  council  of  N.Y. 
was  held  in  1854,  and  attended  by  7  suffragans. 
Involved  in  a  controversy  with  Hon.  Erastus 
Brooks  on  the  church-property  question,  the 
archbishop  subsequently  collected  and  pub.  the 
letters  on  both  sides,  wi'th  an  introd.  reviewing 
the  trustee  system,  N.Y.  1855.  He  pub.  a  num- 
ber of  lectures  and  pamphlets.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Rebellion  in  1861,  he,  with 
Thurlow  Weed,  was  selected  by  Sec.  Seward 
to  go  to  Europe  to  counteract  the  plottings  of 
rebel  agents.  His  sister  Ellen  (Mother  An- 
gela), superior  of  St.  Vincent's  Hospital,  b. 
Ireland  ab.  1800,  d.  N.  Y.  City,  Sept.  5,  1866. 
She  came  to  this  country  in  1818,  and  was  ed- 
ucated in  a  convent  at  Frederick,  Md.  She 
joined  the  Sisterhood  of  Charity  at  22 ;  and 
in  1846  was  chosen  superior  for  6  years.  For 
the  last  11  years  of  her  life  she  had  been  direc- 
tor of  the  hospital  in  11th  Street.  During  the 
war  she  was  active  in  aiding  the  s^anitary  com- 
mission. 

Hughes,  Robert  Ball,  sculptor,  b.  Lon- 
don, Jan.  19,  1806;  d.  Boston,  March  5,  1868. 
At  the  age  of  12  he  made  out  of  wax-candle 
ends  a  bas-relief  copy  of  a  picture  representing 
the  wisdom  of  Solomon,  which  was  afterward 
cast  in  silver.  He  was  7  years  in  the  studio  of 
E.  H.  Bailey,  where  he  successfully  competed 
for  the  prizes  awarded  by  the  Royal  Acad., 
gaining  the  large  silver  medal  for  the  best  copy 
in  bas-relief  of  the  Apollo  Belvedere  ;  also  the 
silver  medal  of  the  Society  of  Arts  and  Sci- 
ences for  a  copy  of  the  Barberini  Faun;  the 
large  silver  mediil  for  the  best  original  model 
from  life;  and  a  gold  medal  for  an  original 
composition,  "  Pandora  brought  by  Mercury 
to  Epiujcthcus."  He  next  made  busts  of 
George  IV.,  the  Dukes  of  Sussex,  York,  and 
Cambridge,  besides  a  statuette  of  George  IV., 
which  was  subsequently  cast  in  bronze.  He 
emig.  in  1829  to  New  York.  His  first  work 
of  importance  was  the  marble  statue  of  Ham- 
ilton, which  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1835,  and 
was  the  first  work  of  its  class  executed  in  Amer- 
ica. In  Trinity  Church,  N.Y.,  is  his  monu- 
mental alto-relief  of  life-size  in  memory  of 
Bishop  Hobart.  In  the  Boston  Athenaeum  are 
his  casts  of  "Little  Nell,"  and  the  group  "Un- 
cle Toby  and  Widow  Wadman."  A  statue  of 
"  Oliver  Twist"  is  in  the  coll.  of  his  early  pa- 
tron, the  late  Duke  of  Devonshire.  Among 
his  other  works  are  a  model  for  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Washington,  intended  for  the  city  of 
Phila.;  a  "  Crucifixion  ;"  the  statue  of  Nathl. 
Bowditch  in  bronze  in  Mt.  Auburn  Cemetery, 
Cambridge,  Ms. ;  a  spirited  statuette  of  Gen. 
Warren  ;  and  a  bust  of  W.  Irving.  Mr.  Hughes 
appeared  for  a  season  as  a  lecturer  upon  art. 
He  was  for  some  years  a  resident  of  Dorches- 
ter, Ms. 

Hull,  Isaac,  commo.  U.  S.  N.,  b.  Derby, 
Ct.,  9  Mar.  1775;  d.  Phila.  13  Feb.  1843. 
Joseph  his  father,  a  Revol.  officer,  long  an  in- 
mate of  the  Jersey  prison-ship,  d.  Jan.  1826, 
a.  75.  Isaac  entered  the  merchant-service,  and 
at  19  com.  a  ship  which  sailed  to  Lond.    Made 


a  lieut.  in  the  U.  S.  N.  9  Mar.  1798;  master- 
comdt.  18  May,  1804 ;  and  capt.  23  Apr.  1806. 
In  1800,  while'lst  lieut.  of  "The  Con.stitution," 
he  manned  a  small  sloop  from  that  vessel ; 
ran  into  Port  Platte,  Hayti,  at  noonday; 
boarded  and  took  a  French  letter-of-marque; 
and  then  landed,  and  spiked  the  guns  of  the 
battery  before  the  com.  officer  could  prepare 
for  defence.  He  also  disting.  himself  before 
Tripoli,  on  the  coast  of  Barbary,  in  the  exped. 
of  Gen.  Eaton  against  Algiers,  and  in  the 
Bay  of  Naples,  protecting  American  shipjiing 
against  an  apprehended  onslaught  of  the 
French.  12  July,  1812,  he  sailed  in  com.  of 
"  The  Constitution  "  from  Annapolis,  and, 
after  a  3  days'  chase  by  a  British  squad., 
escaped  by  skilful  seamanship.  The  wind  was 
light  and  baffling ;  and  Hull  resorted  to  the 
novel  and  successful  expedient  of  sending  his 
boats  ahead  with  a  kedge,  to  which  the  ship 
was  warped  up  ;  the  kedge  then  being  weighed 
while  another  was  carried  out.  In  this  way, 
he  left  his  pursuers  before  they  discovered 
how  it  was  done.  Aug.  19  he  encountered  and 
captured  the  British  frigate  "  Gucrriere  "  after 
an  action  at  close  quarters  of  about  half  an 
hour.  She  was  so  much  injured,  that  she  was 
burned.  For  this  capture,  the  first  in  the  war, 
Com.  Hull  received  from  Congress  a  gold 
medal.  He  was  subsequently  a  naval  commis- 
sioner; com.  the  navy-yards  at  Boston,  Ports- 
mouth, and  Washington  ;  and  in  Oct.  1842 
took  up  his  residence  in  Phila. 

Hull,  Capt.  John,  goldsmith,  b.  Market 
Hareborough,  Leicestershire,  Eng.,  18  Dec. 
1624;  d.  Boston  1  Oct.  1682.  Robert  his  fa- 
ther arrived  at  Boston  28  Sept.  1635,  App. 
mintmaster  of  the  Ms.  Colony  10  June,  1652  ; 
town  treas.  1660-1  ;  capt.  Art.  Co.  1671  ;  dep. 
to  Gen.  Court  1669,  '71-3;  treas.  of  the  Colo- 
ny 1675-80;  assist.  1680-2.  His  "  Diary  and 
Memoirs"  are  in  "  Amer.  Antiq.  Soc.  Colls." 
iii. 

Hull,  Joseph  B.,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  West- 
chester, NY.  Midship.  Nov.  9,  1813;  lieut. 
Jan.  13,  1825  ;  com.  Sept.  8,  1841  ;  capt.  Sept. 
14.1855;  commo.  July  16, 1862;  light-h.  insp. 
1st  dist.  Oct.  15,  1869.  Com.  sloop  "War- 
ren" in  the  Pacific  1843-7  ;  cut  out  the  Mexi- 
can gun-brig  "  Malek  Adhel,"  off  Mazatlan, 
and  com.  the  northern  dist.  of  Cal.  for  a  short 
period  before  the  close  of  the  Mexican  war ; 
com.  frigate  "St.  Lawrence," Brazil  squad. and 
Paraguay  exped.,  1856-9;  and  com.  the  Savan- 
nah coast  blockade,  June-Sept.  1861  ;  superint. 
building  of  gunboats  at  St.  Louis  1862-4 ; 
retired  21  Dec.  1861.  —  Hamersly. 

Hull,  Gen.  William,  b.  Derby,  Ct.,  June 
24,  1753;  d.  Newton,  Ms.,  Nov.  29,  1825. 
Y.C.  1772.  He  studied  divinity  a  year ;  then 
became  a  student  at  the  Litchfield  Law  School; 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1775  ;  but,  being  app. 
capt.  in  Webb's  regt.,  joined  the  army  at  Cam- 
bridge. Hull  was  at  Dorchester  Heights, 
White  Plains,  Trenton,  and  Princeton,  where 
he  was  promoted  to  a  majority  ;  at  Ticondero- 
ga  ;  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  ;  at  Monmouth 
and  Stony  Point;  lieut. -cof.  in  1779;  was  an 
inspector  under  Baron  Steuben  ;  a  col.  in  the 
capture  of  Cornwallis  ;  and  was  sent  on  a  mis- 
sion to  Quebec  to  demand   the  surrender  of 


HXTjyt 


463 


hum: 


Niagara,  Detroit,  and  several  smaller  forts. 
He  com.  the  exped.  against  Morrisania  in  Jan. 
1781,  Tor  which  he  received  the  thanks  of 
Washington  and  of  Congress.  After  the  war, 
he  practised  law  with  reputation  in  Newton, 
became  wealthy,  and  was  long  a  leading  man 
in  the  Ms.  house  and  senate.  Maj.-gen.  Ms. 
militia  1796.  In  Shays's  insurrection,  he  com. 
the  left  wing  of  Gen.  Lincoln's  troops,  and,  by 
a  forced  march  through  a  violent  snow-storm, 
surprised  the  insurgents  in  their  camp,  who 
fled  in  every  direction.  In  1793  hewasacom- 
miss.  to  U.  Canada  to  treat  with  the  Indians. 
In  1798  he  visited  Europe;  and  on  his  return 
was  app.  judge  of  C.C.P.  ;  was  elected  to  the 
State  senate;  and  from  1805  to  1814  was  gov. 
of  Michigan  Terr.  App.  brig. -gen.  and  com. 
of  the  North-west  army,  he  surrendered  De- 
troit, Aug.  15,  1812,  to  the  British  general 
Brock,  and  was  in  1814  condemned  by  court- 
martial  for  cowardice,  and  sentenced  to  be 
shot,  but  was  pardoned  by  Pres.  Madison  on 
account  of  his  Kevol.  services.  In  1824  Hull 
pub.  "  Campaign  of  the  North-west  Army, 
1812,"  in  a  series  of  letters  in  defence  of  his 
conduct;  and  in  1848  his  dau.,  Mrs.  Maria 
Campbell  of  Ga.,  and  his  grandson,  Rev.  James 
Freeman  Clarke,  pub.  his  biography.  After  a 
critical  examination  of  the  whole  case,  the  lat- 
ter remarks  that  the  charge  of  cowardice,  when 
examined,  becomes  incredible  and  absurd.  He 
pub.  adefence  of  himself,  1814  ;  and  an  oration 
before  the  Cincinnati,  July  4,  1788. 

Humbert  (han'-bair'),  Joseph  Amable, 
a  French  gen.,  b.  Rouvergne,  Nov.  25,  1755; 
d.  N.  Orleans,  Jan.  2,  1823.  Gen.  of  brig. 
Apr.  1794;  served  in  the  Army  of  the  West; 
gen.  of  division  in  1798,  he  com.  the  advanced 
guard  of  the  army  destined  to  make  a  descent 
on  Ireland.  A  storm  dispersed  the  fleet ;  but 
Humbert,  with  ab.  1,500  men,  landed  at  Killala, 
and,  after  some  successes,  was  attacked,  and 
forced  to  capitulate,  by  Lord  Cornwall  is,  Sept. 
8.  He  served  in  the  Army  of  the  Danube,  and 
was  wounded,  in  1799;  in  the  exped.  to  St. 
Domingo  in  1802,  where  he  disting.  himself 
greatly.  Incurring  the  displeasure  of  Napo- 
leon, he  came  to  the  U.S.  in  1812,  and  served 
under  Jackson,  when  N.  Orleans  was  attacked 
by  British  force,  as  major  com.  a  French  legion, 
until  Apr.  1815,  On  the  rising  of  the  Spanish 
colonies,  he  formed  at  N.  Orleans  a  corp  of  ab. 
2,000  men  of  all  nations,  and  joined  the  insur- 
gents. Successes  were  followed  by  disasters; 
and  Humbert  was  obliged  to  return  to  N.  Or- 
leans, where  he  d.  in  poverty. 

Humboldt,  von,  Friedrich  Heinrich 
Alexander,  baron,  an  illustrious  traveller 
and  naturalist,  b.  Berlin,  Prussia,  14  Sept. 
1769  ;  d.  there  6  May,  1859.  His  father  was 
on  the  staff  of  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  in  the 
Seven-Years'  War  ;  his  bro.  Karl  William  was 
an  eminent  philologist  and  statesman  He  stud- 
ied at  the  Universities  of  Frankfort  and  Giit- 
tingen  ;  travelled  in  France,  Holland,  and  Eng. 
in  1790;  and  was  made  director-gen.  of  the 
mines  of  Anspach  and  Baireuth  in  1 792.  From 
June,  1799,  to  July,  1804,  he  explored  with 
Bonpland  the  northern  part  of  S.  Amcr.,  es- 
pecially the  countries  drained  by  the  Orinoco 
and  the  Rio  Negro ;  ascended  the  Magdalena 


as  far  as  possible  by  water,  penetrating  by 
land  to  Quito;  in  June,  1802,  they  ascended 
Chimborazo  to  a  point  19,000  feet  or  more 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  the  highest  point  of 
the  Andes  ever  reached  by  man  ;  passed  nearly 
a  year  in  Mexico  ;  and,  after  visiting  the  U.S., 
returned  to  Europe  with  rich  collections  of 
plants,  animals,  and  minerals.  He  spent  ab. 
20  years  in  Paris,  digesting  and  publishing  the 
rcNults  of  his  observations  in  a  "  Journey  to  the 
Equinoctial  Regions  of  the  New  Continent," 
3  vols. ;  "  Astronomical  Observations,"  &c.,  2 
vols.  1808-10;  "View  of  the  Cordilleras," 
&c.,  1810;  "Observations  on  Zoology  and 
Comparative  Anatomy;"  "Political  Essay 
on  the  Kingdom  of  New  Spain,"  2  vols.  1811  ; 
and  "  General  Physics  and  Geology."  His 
great  work,  "  Kosmos,"  was  undertaken  when 
he  was  74  years  old  (1845-58).  An  English 
translation  of  his  "Personal  Narrative  of 
Travels  "  was  made  by  Helen  Maria  Williams, 
5  vols.  1814-21.  In  1810  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  French  Institute.  In  1826  he 
removed  to  Berlin;  received  the  title  of  coun- 
cillor; and  between  1830  and  1848  was  sent  to 
Paris  on  several  political  missions.  In  1829, 
with  Ehrenberg  and  Rose,  he  made  a  scientific 
exploration  of  Asiatic  Russia,  one  result  of 
which  was  his  "Central  Asia,"  3  vols.  1843. 
His  "  Botanical  Collections  in  the  New  World  " 
were  pub.  in  7  vols.  1813-23.  He  pub.  many 
other  works,  among  which  is  a  "  Critical  Ex- 
amination of  the  Geography  of  the  New  Con- 
tinent," 5  vols,  1835-8;  and  "Aspects  of 
Nature,"  1808.  No  traveller  has  yet  appeared, 
so  well  fitted  by  extensive  and  varied  culture 
and  acquirements,  and  by  natural  endowments 
of  the  highest  kind,  to  enlarge  the  boundaries 
of  human  knowledge.  He  was  a  member  of 
all  the  principal  learned  bodies  in  the  world. — 
See  ./,  Bauer,  Lives  of  the  Brotlurs  Humboldt. 

Humfrey,  Major-Gen,  John,  b.  Dorches- 
ter, Eng, ;  d.  1661.  He  was  bred  a  lawyer; 
possessed  wealth  and  reputation;  was  one  of 
the  6  original  purchasers  of  Ms.,  Mar.  19,  1628, 
from  the  Council  of  Plymouth  ;  treasurer  of 
the  comp.,  and  one  of  the  most  influential  in 
promoting  the  settlement  of  the  Colony;  was 
chosen  dep.-gov.  of  the  Ms,  Co,  at  their  second 
meeting  in  Eng,,  and  came  to  N,  Eng,  in  1634 
with  his  wife.  Lady  Susan,  dau.  of  the  Earl  of 
Lincoln,  and  with  their  6  chiUh-en  went  to  re- 
side at  Swampscott.  He  was  an  assist,  from 
1632  to  1641,  and  first  maj.-gen.  of  the  Colony 
1641.  In  1636,  with  Capt.  Nathl,  Turner,  he 
laid  out  the  bounds  of  Ipswich,  He  returned 
to  Eng,  with  his  wife,  Oct.  26,  1641. 

Humming-Bird,  a  Choctaw  chief;  d. 
Nashville,  Tcnn.,  Dec.  23,  1827,  a.  75,  He  was 
friendly  to  the  U,S.,  and  fought  on  its  side  in 
many  battles  against  the  red  men.  He  led  60 
warriors  in  the  campaigns  of  Wayne  and  Scott 
in  1794,  and  also  disting.  himself  in  the  war 
against  the  Creeks  and  British.  His  commis- 
sion and  silver  medal,  received  from  Washing- 
ton, were  buried  in  his  coffin. 

Humphrey,  Charles,  Revol.  patriot,  b. 
Haverford,  Pa.,  ab.  1712;  d.  there  1786,  He 
was  brought  up  in  the  milling-business,  in 
which  he  was  long  and  extensively  engaged. 
A  member  of  the  Prov.  Assembly  1764-75,  and 


itctm: 


464 


iTDisr 


of  Congress  in  1775-6.  In  that  body,  though 
he  opposed  the  oppressive  measures  of  Great 
Britain,  he  voted  against  the  Decl.  of  Indep. 
He  was  a  man  of  integrity,  and  a  peacemaker 
for  his  neighborhood. —  <Sinith's  Del.  Co. 

Humphrey,  Heman,  D.D.  (Mid.  Coll. 

1823),  divine,  b.  West  Simsbury,  Ct.,  Mar.  26, 
1779;  d.Pittsfield,Ms.,Apr.3,I8Gl.  Y.C.1805. 
He  taught  scliool  from  the  age  of  16;  studied 
theology  under  Pres.  Dwiglit ;  was  minister  of 
the  Cong,  church  in  Fairfield  from  Apr.  1807 
to  1817  ;  was  pastor  of  the  church  in  Pittsfield 
from  1817  to  1823;  and  pres.  of  Amh.  Coll. 
Irom  Oct.  1823  to  184.5.  For  50  years  lie  was 
a  contrib.  to  periodicals,  among  them  the  Pano- 
plist  and  Christian  Spectator.  He  pub.  a  vol. 
of  prize  essays  on  the  Sabbath,  1830;  "Tour 
in  France,  Great  Britain,  and  Belgium,"  2  vols. 
1838;  "Domestic  Education,"  1840;  "Letters 
to  a  Son  in  the  Ministry,"  1845;  "Life  and 
Writings  of  Prof.  N.  W.  Fiske,"  1 850 ;  "  Life 
and  Writings  of  T.  H.  Gallaudet,"  1857; 
"  Sketches  of  the  History  of  Revivals,"  1859. 
A  coil,  of  his  addresses  and  reviews  has  been 
pub.,  and  a  vol.  of  "Revival  Conversations." 
Dr.  H.  was  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  temper- 
ance reformation.  In  1810  he  preached  6  ser- 
mons on  intemperance ;  and  in  1813  drew  up  a 
report  to  the  Fairfield  Consociation,  believed 
to  have  been  the  first  tract  pub.  on  that  sulject. 
His  son  James,  b.  Fairfield,  Ct.,  Oct.  9,  1811, 
d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  June  16,  1866.  Amh.  Coll. 
1831.  He  studied  law  in  N.  Haven,  and  prac- 
tised with  distinction  at  Louisville  and  N. 
York.  He  held  various  civic  offices  in  N.Y., 
and  was  M.C.  in  1858-60  and  1864-6. 

Humphreys,  Andrew  Atkinson,  LL.D. 
(H.U.  1868),  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Pa.  ab.  1812. 
West  Point,  1831.  Entering  the  2d  Art.,  he 
was  assist,  prof,  of  eng.  at  West  Point  until 
Apr.  1832;  disting.  himself  in  conflict  with 
the  Fla.  Indians,  June  9;  became  1st  lieut.  in 
Aug.;  and  resigned  Sept.  30,  1836.  App.  1st 
lieut.  topog.  engrs.  July  7,  1838;  assist,  in  the 
coast  survey  from  1845  to  1849;  capt.  May, 
1848;  and  in  Aug.  1853  took  charge  of  the 
office  of  explorations  and  surveys  in  the  war 
dept. ;  major,  Aug.  6,  1861  ;  attached  to  the 
stafF  of  Gen.  McClellan  as  aide-de-camp.  Mar. 
5,  1862;  brig.-gen.  of  vols.  Apr.  28  ;  brev.  col. 
for  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg  13  Dec.  1862; 
lieut.-col.  engr.  corps  3  Mar.  1863;  maj.-gen. 
vols.  8  July,  1863;  engaged  at  Chancellors- 
ville  and  Gettysburg;  chief  of  staff  to  Gen. 
Meade,  July,  1863-Nov.  1864;  com.  2d  corps 
25  Nov.  1864  to  27  June,  1865;  and  engaged 
in  the  siege  and  capture  of  Petersburg,  and 
pursuit  and  capture  of  Lee's  army;  chief  en- 
gineer (rank  of  brig.-gen.)  Aug.  8,  1866;  brev. 
brig.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865,  for  Gettysburg;  and 
maj.-gen.  f^or  Sailor's  Creek.  Member  of  sev- 
eral scientific  societies.  Author  of  "  Report 
on  the  Physics  and  Hydraulics  of  the  Mpi. 
River,"  8vo,  1867.  —  Cullum. 

Humphreys,  David,  LL.D.  (Brown  U. 
1802),  soldier,  diplomatist,  and  poet ;  b.  Derby, 
Ct.,  July,  1752;  d.  N.  Haven,  Feb.  21,  1818. 
Y.  C.  1771.  Son  of  Rev.  Daniel,  minister  of 
Derby,  1733-87.  He  resided  a  short  time  in  the 
family  of  Col.  Phillipse  of  Phillipse  Manor, 
N.  Y.     Entering  the  army  as  capt.  at  the  be- 


ginning of  the  Revol.  war,  he  became  maj.  of 
brigade  in  Oct.  1777  ;  was  in  1778  aide  to  Put- 
nam ;  early  in  1780  was  selected  as  aide  to 
Washington,  with  the  rank  of  lieut.-col. ;  re- 
maining as  such  to  the  end  of  the  war.  Having 
particularly  disting.  himself  at  the  siege  of 
York,  Congress,  to  whom  he  was  the  bearer 
of  the  captured  standards,  in  testimony  of  his 
valor,  fidelity,  and  signal  services  on  this  occa- 
sion, voted  him  an  elegant  sword.  At  the 
close  of  the  war,  he  accompanied  Washington 
to  Va. ;  in  July,  1784,  went  to  France  as  sec. 
of  legation  to  Jefferson,  accomp.  by  Kosciusko. 
Revisiting  his  native  town  in  1786,  he  was 
elected  to  the  legisl.,  and  app.  to  com.  a  regt. 
raised  for  the  Western  service.  During  this 
period  he  resided  in  Hartford,  and,  with  Hop- 
kins, Barlow,  and  Trumbull,  pub.  the  Anar- 
chiad.  On  the  reduction  of  his  regt.  in  1788, 
he  repaired  to  Mount  Vernon,  remaining  with 
Washington  until  app.  (in  1790)  minister  to 
Portugal.  In  1789  he  was  app.  on  the  board 
of  commissioners  to  treat  with  the  Southern 
Indians.  Revisiting  America  in  1794,  he 
was,  after  his  return  to  Lisbon  (1797),  app. 
minister  to  Spain,  continuing  until  1802,  and 
concluding  treaties  with  Tripoli  and  Algiers. 
After  his  return  to  America,  he  was  exten- 
sively engaged  in  manuf.  and  agric. ;  and  was 
one  of  the  first  to  introduce  merino  sheep  into 
this  country.  He  established  an  extensive 
woollen  and  cotton  factory  in  his  native  town. 
In  1812  he  took  com.  of  the  militia  of  Ct.  ;  and 
as  a  member  of  the  legisl.  was  active  in  organ- 
izing for  the  local  defence.  The  most  impor- 
tant of  his  poetical  productions  are  "An  Address 
to  the  Armies  of  the  U.S.,"  1782,  trans,  into 
French  by  Chastellux;  on"TheFuture  Glory 
of  the  U.S. ; "  on  "  The  Love  of  Country ;  "  and 
on  "  The  Death  of  Washington."  He  also  wrote 
"The  Life  of  Putnam,"  1798;  "The  Widow 
of  Malabar,"  a  tragedy  from  the  French,  1790  ; 
and  various  political  tracts.  A  collection  of  his 
writings  was  pub.  in  N.  Y.,  8vo,  1790 and  1804. 
Member  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  of 
the  Fhiios.  Soc,  and  of  the  Roy.  Soc.  of  Lond. 

Humphreys,  Rev.  Hector,  b.  Canton, 
Ct.,  June  8,  1797;  d.  Annapolis,  Md.,  Jan. 
25,  1857.  Y.  C.  1818.  He  took  orders  in  the 
Ep.  Church,  but  soon  after  was  app.  prof,  of 
ancient  languages  in  Wash.  ( now  1  rinity) 
Coll.,  Hartford.  Pres.  of  St.  John's  Coll.,  An- 
nap.,  1831-57. 

Humpton,  Col.  Richard,  a  Revol.  offi- 
cer, b.  Yorkshire,  Eng.,ab.  1733;  d.  Chester  Co., 
Pa.,  Dec.  21,  1804.  A  capt.  in  the  Brit,  army, 
he  flisting.  himself  in  the  attack  on  St.  Malo; 
and,  while  stationed  in  the  W.  Indies,  resigned, 
and  came  to  Pa.,  fixing  his  residence  on  one 
of  the  upper  branches  of  the  Susquehanna. 
During  the  Revol.  he  com.  the  2d  Pa.  regt., 
and  had  a  horse  shot  under  him  at  the  Bran- 
dywine.  After  the  peace  he  settled  on  a  fiirm, 
and  held  until  his  death  the  post  of  adj.-gen. 
of  militia.  —  Hist.  Mag.,  v.  20. 

Hungerford,  Gen.  John  P. ;  d.  Twiford, 
Westmoreland  Co.,  Va.,  Dec.  21,  1833,  a.  74. 
Revol  officer;  M.C.  1813-17;  and  brig.-gen. 
of  Va.  militia  on  the  Potomac  in  1814  ;  comg. 
in  su])port  of  Com.  Porter's  art.  at  the  White 
House  in  Sept.  of  that  year. 


Hxnsr 


465 


Hxnsr 


Hunt,  Edward  B.,  soldier  and  inventor, 
b.  N.  Y.  1822;  killed  2  Oct.  1863,  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  wiiile  experimenting  with  his  "sea 
miner,"  for  firing  under  water.  West  Point, 
1845.  Entering  the  engr.  corps,  he  was  assist. 
prof,  at  West  Point  1846-9;  capt.  1  July, 
18.59;  maj.  3  Mar.  1863;  chief  engr.,  dept. 
of  the  Shenandoah,  Va.,  Apr.  1862;  and  sub- 
sequently employed  at  Ft.  Trumbull,  Ct.,  and 
defences  of  New-Haven  harbor. —  Cullum. 

Hunt,  Freeman,  editor,  b.  Quincy,  Ms,, 
Mar.  21, 1804;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,Mar.  2, 1858. 
His  early  educational  advantages  were  few;  but 
he  entered  a  printing-office  in  Boston  at  the 
age  of  12.  After  the  expiration  of  his  appren- 
ticeship he  established  the  Ladies'  Mag.,  edited 
by  Mrs.  Sarah  Josepha  Hale  ;  then  commenced 
the  repul>lication  of  the  Pernii/  Mag.;  con- 
nected himself  with  the  Bewick  Company,  an 
assoc.  of  authors,  artists,  printers,  and  book- 
binders, as  the  managing  director,  during 
which  time  he  projected  and  edited  the  Ameri- 
can Mag.  He  also  i)ub.  in  1830  "Anecdotes 
and  Sketches  Illustrative  of  Female  Charac- 
ter ;  "  and  "  Amer.  Anecdotes,  Original  and 
Selected,"  2  vols.  12mo.  Removing  to  N.Y. 
in  1831,  he  established  a  weekly  paper,  the 
Traveller;  brought  out  a  Comprehensive  Atlas 
in  1834  ;  and  pub.  a  vol.  of  "  Letters  about  the 
Hudson  "  in  1836.  In  1837  he  projected  the 
MerchanCs  Mag.,  which  first  appeared  in  July, 
1839.  It  was  conducted  with  ability;  and  the 
38  vols,  edited  by  him  constitute  a  valuable 
repositoryof  commercial,  agricultural,  and  oth- 
er statistics.  In  1845  he  pub.  the  first  vol.  of 
"  The  Library  of  Commerce  ;  "  and  in  1856-7 
"  The  Lives  of  American  Merchants,"  2  vols. 
8vo.  His  last  work  was  "  Wealth  and  Worth, 
a  Collection  of  Morals,  Maxims,  and  Miscel- 
lanies for  Merchants." 

Hunt,  Henry  Jackson,  brev.  maj  .-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Ohio  ab.  1821.  West  Point,  1839. 
Entering  the  2d  Art.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  June 
18,  1846  ;  brev.  capt.  for  gallantry  at  Contreras 
and  Churubuseo,  Aug.  20,  and  major  for 
Chapultepec,  Sept.  13,  1847;  disting.  in  the 
assault  on  Molino  del  Rey,  where  he  was 
wounded;  capt.  Sept.  28, 1852  ;  maj.  (5th  Art.) 
May  14,  1861  ;  aide  to  Gen.  McClellan  (rank 
of  col.)  Sept.  28,  1861;  brig.-gen.  vols.  Sept. 
15,  1802;  lieut.-col.  (3d  Art.)  Aug.  1,  1863; 
coh  (5th  Art.)  Apr.  4,  1869;  brev.  maj, -gen. 
Mar.  13,  1865.  He  was  engaged  at  Bull  Run 
in  com.  of  the  art.  on  extreme  left;  com.  re- 
serve art.  in  Peninsular  campaign,  and  engaged 
at  Yovktown,  Gaines's  Mill,  and  Malvern  Hill; 
chief  of  art.  Army  of  Potomac  ;  engaged  at 
South  Mountain,  Antietam,  Fredericksburg, 
Chancellorsville,  Gettysburg  (for  which  brev. 
col.) ;  oj>erations  at  Mine  Run  ;  battles  of  the 
Wilderness,  Si)Ottsylvania,  and  Cold  Harbor ; 
siege  of  Petersburg,  participating  in  the  vari- 
ous assaults  of  the  enemy's  lines;  and  in  the 
pursuit  and  capture  of  Lee's  army,  9  Apr. 
1865;  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865, 
for  merit,  services  at  Petersburg  and  the  cam- 
paign ending  in  Lee's  surrender. —  Cullum. 

Hunt,  Jedediah,  merchant  at  Chilo,  Cler- 
mont Co.,  O.,  b.  Candor,  Tioga  Co.,  N.Y.,  28 
Dec.  1815.  Pub.  "  The  Cottage  Maid,. a  Tale 
in  Rhyme,"  8vo,  Cincin.  1847;  and  has  con- 


trib.  to  magazines  and  journals.  —  See  Poets 
and  Poetrif  of  the  West. 

Hunt,  Richard  Morris,  architect,  b. 
Brattleborough,  Vt.,  31  Oct.  1829.  Educated 
at  the  Boston  High  School.  In  1842  he  went 
to  Europe  and  studied  architecture,  subse- 
quently visiting  Egypt.  He  was  app.  inspector 
at  the  Louvre,  Paris ;  was  a  member  of  the 
jury  on  architecture  at  the  Paris  Exposition; 
and  now  resides  in  New  York.  —  Thomas. 

Hunt,  Thomas,  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  Ms.;  d. 
Belle  Fontaine,  La.,  Aug.  18,  1808,  a.  ab.  50. 
He  entered  the  Revol.  army  as  a  private;  at 
the  close  of  the  war  was  a  capt. ;  and  afterward 
served  under  Wayne  against  the  Western  In- 
dians; capt.  2d  Inf.  Mar.  4,  1791 ;  maj.  2d  sub 
legion,  Feb.  1793;  1st  Inf.  Nov.  1796;  lieut.- 
col.  Apr.  1802;  col.  Apr.  11,  imii.— Gard- 
ner. 

Hunt,  Thomas,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1829), 
physician,  b.  Charleston,  S.C,  1808;  d.  New 
Orleans,  20  March,  1867.  He  completed  his 
preparatory  studies  in  Paris;  began  practice  at 
Charleston;  taught  anatomy  in  1831  ;  and  in 
1832  and  '36  won  distinction  by  his  successful 
treatment  of  cholera.  Removing  to  N.  Orleans 
in  1833,  he  was  a  founder  of  the  La.  Med. 
Coll.,  and  prof,  of  anatomy  and  physiol.  until 
1862;  its  pres.  in  1865-7.  He  was  specially 
skilful  in  the  treatment  of  yellow-fever. 

Hunt,  Thomas  Sterry,  chemist,  mineral- 
ogist, and  geologist,  b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  Sept.  5, 
1826.  He  first  studied  medicine,  but  in  1845 
studied  chemistry  with  Prof.  Silliman  at  Y.C., 
where  he  was  subsequently  chemical  assist. 
After  two  years'  study,  he  accepted  the  post  of 
chemist  and  mineral,  to  the  geol.  commiss.  for 
the  survey  of  Canada.  Besides  his  numerous 
contribs.  to  the  Journal  of  Science,  and  to  the 
London  Philos.  Mag.,  the  Royal  Society,  the 
Fi'cnch  Academy  of  Sciences,  &c.,  he  has  con- 
trib.  to  the  Reports  of  the  Geol.  Survey  of  Cana- 
da for  many  years.  He  is  also  the  author  of  a 
summary  of  organic  chemistry,  forming  a  part 
of  Prof.  Silliman's  "  First  Principles  of  Chem- 
istry." Mr.  Hunt  was  one  of  the  English 
members  of  the  international  jury  at  the  Great 
Exhibition  at  Paris  in  1855,  and  was  decorated 
by  Napoleon  III.  with  the  Cross  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor ;  prof,  of  chemistry  in  the  U.  of 
Quebec.  In  1854  he  received  the  hon.  deg. 
of  A.M.  from  H.U.,  and  in  1857  that  of  doctor 
of  science  from  Quebec.  He  is  a  member  of 
various  learned  bodies;  and  in  1859  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Lon- 
don. 

Hunt,  Washington,  politician,  b.  Wind- 
ham, N.Y.,  Aug.  5,  1811  ;  d.  New  York,  Feb. 
2,  1867.  Adm.  to  the  bar  at  Lockport  in 
1834;  app.  first  judge  of  Niagara  Co.  in  1836; 
M.C.  1843-9,  serving  as  chairman  of  the  com. 
on  commerce;  comptroller  of  N.Y.  1849;  gov. 
of  N.Y.  1851-3.  When  the  Whig  party  gave 
way  to  the  Repub.,  Hunt,  who  was  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  conservative  wing,  became  a 
Democrat,  and  in  1864  a  delegate  to  the  Chi- 
cago convention. 

Hunt,  William  Gibbes,  journalist,  d. 
Nashville,  Tcnn.,  Aug.  13,  1833.  H.U.  1810. 
He  was  from  Boston.  Edited  the  Western  Mon- 
itor and  the  Western  Review,  and  in  1825  removed 


jjxnsr 


466 


Hxnsr 


from  Lexington,  Ky.,  to  Nashville,  where  he 
established  the  Banner.  He  was  a  vigorous 
and  polished  writer. 

Hunt,  William  Morris,  painter,  b.  Brat- 
tleboroiigh,  Vt,,  Mar.  31,  1824.  He  entered 
H.U.  18-K),  but  went  to  Europe  before  the  com- 
pletion of  the  course,  on  account  of  his  health. 
In  1846  studied  sculpture  in  the  acad.  at  Dus- 
seldorf ;  and  in  1848  became  a  pupil  of  Con- 
ture ;  since  which  time  he  has  followed  the 
profession  of  a  painter.  He  contrib.  to  the 
annual  exhibitions  in  Paris,  from  1852  to  1855  ; 
when  he  returned  to  the  U.S.,  and  estab- 
lished his  residence  at  Newport,  R.I.  His 
paintings  comprise  history  and  genie;  and 
among  the  most  successful  are  several  repre- 
senting picturesque  types  of  city  life  in  Paris, 
of  which  the  artist  pub.  a  series  of  lithographs, 
executed  by  himself,  in  1859.  Among  his  l)est 
pieces  are  the  "  Morning  Star,"  "  Lost  Kid," 
"Girl  at  the  Fountain,"  "Street-Musician," 
"  Child  selling  Violets,"  "  Drummer-Boy," 
and  "  Bugle-Call." 

Hunter,  David,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Washington,  D.  C,  July  21,  1802.  West 
Point,  1822.  His  father,  a  chaplain  in  the 
army,  was  a  native  of  Va.  David  entered  the 
5th  Inf.;  became  1st  lieut,  30  June,  1828; 
capt.  4  Mar.  1833 ;  and  resigning  4  July,  1836, 
engaged  in  business  at  Chicago;  but  rejoined 
the  army  as  paym.  Nov.  1S41  ;  and  became 
maj.  14  March,  1842.  He  accomp.  Pres.  Lin- 
coln from  Si)ringfield  as  far  as  Buffalo  in  Feb. 
1861,  where,  in  the  pressure  of  the  crowd,  he 
suffered  a  dislocation  of  the  collar-bone.  May 
!14,  he  was  app.  col.  6th  Cav. ;  and  at  the  first 
battleof  Bull  run,  as  brig.-gen.,  com.  the  main 
■column  of  McDowell's  army,  and  was  severely 
wounded  in  the  neck.  Aug.  13,  he  was  made 
•  maj.-gen.  of  vols.,  and  served  under  Gen.  Fre- 
mont in  the  dept.  of  Mo.,  superseding  him  in 
com.  Nov.  2.  He  afterward,  upon  being  re- 
lieved by  Gen  Halleck,  had  com.  of  the  dept. 
ofKs.  'Ordered  in  March,  1862,  to  S.C.,  he 
took  com.  of  the  dept.  of  the  South,  and  estab- 
lished his  headquarters  at  Hilton  Head,  Port 
Royal,  SC.  May  9,  he  issued  a  proclama- 
ition  declaring  slavery  in  his  dept.  abolished. 
This  proclamation  was  annulled  by  the  pres. 
on  the  19th  of  the.^ame  month.  Early  in  Sept. 
Gen.  Hunter  was  ordered  to  Washington,  and 
app.  pres.'of  a  court  of  inquiry.  Com.  dept. 
of  West  Va.  19  May  to  8  Aug.  1864  ;  and  en- 
gaged at  Piedmont,  5  June  ;  several  skirmishes 
on  the  march  to  Stanton  in  June ;  action  of 
Diamond  Hill  17  June,  1864;  and  of  Lynch- 
burg 18  June,  1864;  and  for  these  services  was 
brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865;  and 
brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  Mar.  13,  1865;  retired 
July  31,  1866. 

Hunter,  John  Dunn,  author  of  "  Man- 
ners and  Customs  of  Several  Indian  Tribes 
located  West  of  the  Mpi.,"  Phila.  1823;  d. 
near  Nacogdoches,  Texas,  early  in  1827.  He 
belonged  to  a  party  which  had  attempted  a 
revol.  in  Texas,  and,  after  its  failure,  was  killed 
by  an  Indian  whom  he  had  induced  to  join  in 
the  revolt.  His  work  was  repub.  in  Lond.  un- 
der the  title  of  "  Memoirs  of  a  Captivity  among 
the  Indians  of  N.A.,  from  Childhood  to  the 
Age  of  19."    Gen.  Cass,  in  the  N.  A.  Review, 


vol.  xxii.,  attempted  to  discredit  the  authenti- 
city of  this  narrative. 

Hunter,  Joseph,  F.S.  A.,  historian,  b.  Shef- 
field. Eng.,  Feb.  6,  1783;  d.  Lond.  May  9, 
1861,  where  he  had  been,  since  1833,  an  assist, 
keeper  of  the  public  records.  Educated  to  the 
ministry,  he  was  settled  over  a  Presb.  church 
at  Bath  from  1809  to  1833,  constantly  devot- 
ing himself  to  antiquarian  researches.  His 
"JFounders  of  New  Plymouth,"  pub.  first  as  a 
pamphlet,  afterwards  in  the  "  Ms.  Hist.  Colls.," 
was  subsequently  enlarged,  and  printed  in 
Lond.  in  1854.  He  was  also  instrumental  in 
procuring  for  the  Hist.  Soc.  a  transcript  of  the 
"  History  of  the  Plymouth  Plantation,"  by 
Gov.  Bradford,  from  the  original  in  the  Ful- 
ham  Library.  His  publications  were  numer- 
ous;  among  them  were  illustrations  of  the 
text  of  Shakspeare's  plays.  — N.  E.  H.  and  Gen. 
Reg.  xvi.  93. 

Hunter,  Sir  Martin,  a  British  gen.;  d. 
Dec.  9,  1846,  a.  89,  at  Ontario  Hill,  Canada. 
He  entered  the  army  Aug.  30, 1771  ;  was  made 
a  lieut.  June  18,  1775,  the  day  following  the 
battleof  Bunker's  Hill;  capt.  Nov.  21,  1777; 
col.  1800;  gen.  May  27,  1825.  He  served  at 
Bunker's  Hill,  at  Brooklyn  and  Brandywine, 
in  the  storming  of  Fort  Washington,  and  in 
the  night-attack  on  Gen.  Wayne's  brigade,  in 
which  he  was  Avounded.  He  served  sui)se- 
quently  in  the  E.  Indies;  in  1797  com.  a 
brigade  at  the  capture  of  Trinidad  and  the 
siege  of  Porto  Rico ;  filled  the  ofiSce  of  corn.- 
in-chief  at  Halifax ;  and  was  also  gov.  of  N. 
Brunswick. 

Hunter,  Robert,  brig.-gen.,  and  author 
of  the  famous  letter  on  "  Enthusiasm,"  attrib- 
uted *by  some  to  Swift,  and  by  others  to 
Shaftesbury  ;  d.  Jamaica,  March  11,  1734. 
Made  gov.  of  Va.  in  1708,  he  was  captured  by 
the  French  on  the  voyage,  and  retained  until 
the  end  of  1709.  In  1710  he  took  the  govt,  of 
N.  Y.  and  the  Jerseys  at  the  head  of  2,000 
palatine  colonists.  He  became  gov.  of  Ja- 
maica in  1728.  He  wrote  a  farce  called  "  An- 
droboros,"  according  to  Coxeter. 

Hunter,  Robert  Mercer  Taliaferro, 
Deinoc.  statesman,  b.  Essex  Co.,  Va.,  Apr.  21, 
1809.  U.  ofVa.  He  studied  at  the  law  school 
at  Winchester,  and  in  1830  began  practice  in 
Essex  Co.  At  the  age  of  24  he  was  elected  to 
the  H.  of  Delegates  ;  and  was  M.C.  in  1837-41 
and  1845-7  ;  speaker  in  1839-41.  He  was  a 
prominent  supporter  of  the  annexation  of  Tex- 
as ;  favored  a  compromise  of  the  Oregon  ques- 
tion ;  took  a  leading  part  in  favor  of  the  retro- 
cession of  Alexandria  to  the  State  of  Va.;  sup- 
ported the  tariff  bill  of  1846;  originated  the 
warehousing  system  ;  and  opposed  the  Wilmot 
Proviso.  Frotn  Dec.  1847  to  Mar.  1S61  he  was 
a  U.S.  senator;  took  a  leading  part  in  debate; 
voted  for  the  Clayton  Compromise  and  the  ex- 
tension of  the  Mo.  Compromise  line  to  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  ;  opposed  the  abolition  of  the  slave- 
trade  in  the  Dist,  of  Col.,  or  any  interference 
with  that  institution  in  the  States  or  Territo- 
ries ;  voted  against  the  admission  of  Cal.  ;  and 
supported  the  fugitive-slave  law.  As  chairman 
of  the  finance  com.,  he  made  an  elaborate  report 
upon  the  gold  and  silver  coinage  of  the  coun- 
try, and  initiated  the  reduction  in  the  value  of 


HXTN" 


467 


HTDlSr 


the  silver  coins  of  50  cents  and  less,  by  which 
their  shipment  to  foreign  countries  was  arrest- 
ed. In  the  presidential  canvass  of  1852,  Mr. 
Hunter  delivered  an  address  at  Richmond,  tra- 
cing the  history  of  parties  from  the  foundation 
of  the  govt.,  and  urging  powerfully  the  sound- 
ness of  the  States-rights  school.  He  advocated 
the  Kansas  and  Nebraska  Bill,  and  the  repeal 
of  the  Mo.  restriction,  and  spoke  against  the 
Homestead  Bill  and  the  River  and  Harbor  Bill. 
The  tariff  act  of  1857,  by  which  the  duties  were- 
considerably  lowered  and  the  revenue  reduced, 
was  framed  by  Mr.  Hunter.  In  the  session  of 
1857-8  he  advocated  the  admission  of  Kansas 
under  the  Lecompton  Constitution,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  com.  of  conf.  which  reported 
the  "  English  bill."  He  delivered  an  oration 
at  Richmond,  Feb.  22,  1858,  at  the  inaug.  of 
Crawford's  statue  of  Washington.  Jan.  31, 
1860,  Mr.  Hunter  made  in  the  senate  an  elab- 
orate speech  in  defence  of  slavery,  and  of  the 
right  of  the  slaveholder  to  carry  his  slaves  into 
the  Territories.  Expelled  in  July,  1861.  He 
became  sec.  of  state  to  the  Confederacy,  and 
afterward  member  of  the  Confed.  Congress. 

Hunter,  William,  LL.D.,  lawyer  and 
statesman,  b.  Newport,  Nov.  26,  1774  ;  d.  there 
Dec.  3,  1849.  Brown  U.  1791.  Son  of  Dr. 
Wm.,an  en.inent  phys.  of  Scottish  birth  (1729- 
77),  who  gave  at  Newport,  ab.  1752,  the  tirst 
lectures  on  anatomy  in  N.E.,  if  not  in  America. 
He  studied  medicine  under  his  kinsman  John 
Hunter  in  Eng.,  but  soon  relinquished  that  pro- 
fession ;  read  law  in  the  Temple;  and  on  his 
return  home,  at  the  age  of  21,  was  adm.  to 
practice  in  Newport ;  was  M.C.  1799-181 1 ,  and 
U.S.  senator  in  1811-21.  His  speeches  on  the 
acquisition  of  Ela.  and  on  the  Mo.  Compro- 
mise obtained  for  him  a  very  high  rank  as  a 
statesman  and  as  an  orator.  Resuming  his 
praciicc  at  the  bar,  he  continued  it  until  1834, 
when  he  was  app.  charrjd  d'affaires  at  Brazil,  to 
whih  he  was  minister-plenipo.  from  1842  to 
1845. 

Hunter,  William  M.,  capt.  U.  S.  N. ;  d. 
Phila.  Mar.  5,  1849,  a.  56.  Midshipm.  Jan.  16, 
1809;  lieut.  July  21,  1813;  command.  Mar.  21, 
1826;  capt.  Feb.  9,  1837;  a  lieut.  in  the  ac- 
tion of  "  The  Constitution  "  with  "  The  Cy- 
anc"and  "Levant,"  Feb.  20,  1815;  and  pre- 
viously sailing-master  of  "  The  Vixen." 

Huntington,BENjAMiN,  LL.D.,  jurist,  b. 
Norwich,  Ct.,  Apr.  19,  1736  ;  d.  there  Oct.  16, 
1800.  Y.  C.  1761.  He  practised  law  in  his 
native  town  ;  was  a  member  of  the  Cont.  Con- 
gress in  1780-4  and  1787-8;  M.C.  1789-91; 
State  senator  1781-91  and  1791-3;  judge  of 
the  Superior  Court  of  the  State  1793-8 ;  and 
mayor  of  Norwich  1 784-96.  —  See  Genealogy  of 
the  lunnilji,  bi/  Rev.  E.  B.  Uuntington. 

Huntington,  Rev.  Daniel,  poet,  b.  Nor- 
wich, Ct.,  Oct.  17,  1788;  d.  N.  Lond.  May  21, 
1858.  y.  C.  1807.  Son  of  Gen.  Jedediah. 
Pastor  of  the  Cong.  Ch.  at  North  Bridgewater, 
Ms.,  from  Oct.  1812  to  1832;  then  taught  a 
young  ladies'  school  at  N.  Lond. ;  and  in  1841 
resumed  his  pastoral  office  at  N.  Bridgewater. 
Author  of  "  Religion,"  a  poem,  deliv.  at  B.U. 
Aug.  31,  1819;  at  Boston,  1830;  "Triumphs 
of  Faith,"  del.  Andover  Sem.  Sept.  21,  1830; 
and  Memorial  of  his  dau.,  Mary  Hallam. 


Huntington,  Daniel,  painter,  h.  New 
York,  Oct.  14, 1816.  Grandson  of  Judge  Benj.; 
son  of  Benj.,  a  N.  Y.  broker,  who  d.  3  Aug. 
1850,  a.  73.  His  taste  for  painting  is  said  to 
have  been  first  excited  by  a  visit  to  the  studio 
of  Trumbull,  who  decidedly  discouraged  the 
young  aspirant.  While  a  student  at  Ham. 
Coll.,  N.Y.,  he  received  from  Elliott  the  por- 
trait-painter a  strong  bias  for  his  art,  and,  with 
implements  borrowed  from  him,  took  likenesses 
of  his  college-companions,  and  also  painted 
some  comic  pieces.  Entering  the  studio  of 
Prof.  Morse  in  1835,  he  produced  "  The  Bar- 
room Politician,"  "A  Toper  Asleep,"  &c.  In 
1836  he  spent  several  months  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Hud.son  Highlands.  In  1839  he  went  to 
Europe,  and  in  Florence  painted  "  The  Sybil  " 
and  "  The  Florentine  Girl."  Removing  to 
Rome  soon  after,  he  painted  "The  Shepherd- 
Boy  "  and  "Early  Christian  Prisoners."  Re- 
turning to  New  York,  he  was  long  employed 
almost  wholly  upon  portraits,  his  only  compo- 
sitions of  importance  being  "Mercy's  Dream," 
and  "Christiana  and  her  Children,"  from  the 
"Pilgrim's  Progress."  Compelled  by  inflam- 
mation of  the  eyes  to  relinquish  his  labors,  he 
in  1844  went  to  Rome,  whence  he  sent  back  to 
America  "The  Roman  Penitents,"  "Italy," 
"The  Sacred  Lesson,"  "  The  Communion  of 
the  Sick,"  and  some  landscapes.  He  returned 
to  New  York  in  1846,  where  he  has  since  resided, 
except  during  occasional  visits  to  Eng.  Some 
of  his  other  works  are  "  Lady  Jane  Grey  and 
Feckenham  in  the  Tower,"  "  Henry  VIII.  and 
Queen  Catharine  Parr,"  "The  Marys  at  the 
Sepulchre,"  "  Queen  Mary  signing  the  Death- 
Warrant  of  Lady  Jane  Grey,"  "  The  Republi- 
can Court."  He  recently  painted  in  Eng.  an- 
other picture  of  "  Mercy's  Dream."  His  col- 
oring is  singularly  beautiful ;  and  he  excels  in 
female  heads  and  those  of  old  men.  Pres.  of 
the  Nat.  Acad,  of  Design  since  1862. 

Huntington,  Gen.  Ebenezer,  b.  Nor- 
wich, Ct.,  Dec.  26,  1754;  d.  there  June  17, 
1834.  Y.C.  1775.  Son  of  Gen.  Jabez.  He 
leftcoll.  to  join  the  army;  was  made  a  lieut.  in' 
Wyllis's  regt. ;  capt.  in  June,  1776;  afterward 
brigade  maj.  under  Gen.  Parsons,  and  dep.  adj.- 
gen.  to  Heath  on  the  Hudson  River;  maj.  in 
Col.  Webb's  regt.  in  1777  ;  com.  that  regt.  in 
R.  I.  in  1778;  lieut.-col.  June,  1778;  com.  a 
batt.  of  light  troops  at  Yorktown;  and  was  a 
vol.  aide  to  Gen.  Lincoln  until  the  close  of  the 
siege.  He  was  made  a  gen.  of  State  militia  in 
1792  ;  was  named  a  brig.-gen.  by  Washington 
in  1799,  when  a  war  Avith  France  seemed  im- 
minent; and  was  a  M.C.  1810-11  and  1817- 
19.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  State  legisl., 
and  was  one  of  the  best  disciplinarians  in  the 
army.  —  Huntington  Geneal. 

Huntington,  Elisha,  M.  D.,  physician, 
b.  Topsfield,  Ms.,  Apr.  9,  1796  ;  d.  Lowell,  Ms., 
Dec.  10, 1865.  Dartm.  Coll.  1815  ;  Yale  Med. 
School,  1823.  Son  of  Rev.  Asahel,  min.  of 
Topsfield.  He  practised  in  Lowell  with  great 
success ;  was  8  years  mayor  of  that  city ;  and 
lieut.-gov.  of  Ms.  in  1853.  He  pub.  inaugural 
addresses  and  a  Memoir  of  Prof.  Elisha  Bart- 
lett,  M.D.     At  one  time,  pres.  Ms.  Med.  Soc. 

Huntington,  Frederic  Dan,  D.D. 
(Amh.  Coll.  1855),  clergyman  and  scholar,  b. 


Hxns- 


468 


irCTR 


Hadley,  Ms.,  May  28,  1819,  Amh.  Coll.  1839  ; 
Camb.  Biv.  School,  1842.  (His  father.  Rev. 
Dan,  d.  Hadley,  Oct.  31,  1864,  a.  90.  Y.C. 
1794.  He  preached  at  Litchfield,  and  after- 
ward at  Middletown,  Ct.  In  1857  he  pub.  a 
vol.  of  "  Personal  Memoirs.")  Pastor  of  the 
South  Cong.  Church,  Boston,  1842-Sept.  4, 
1855,  when  he  was  inaug.  preacher  to  the  U., 
and  Plunimer  Prof,  of  Christ.  Morals.  For- 
merly a  Unitarian,  he  withdrew  from  that  body  ; 
Sept.  1859  took  orders  in  the  Ep.  Church,  and 
officiated  in  the  Emanuel  Church,  Boston,  un- 
til consec.  bishop  of  Central  N.Y.  8  Apr.  1869. 
For  the  usual  atterrioon  preaching  in  the  Coll. 
Chapel  he  substituted  a  service  formed  from 
those  in  use  in  the  principal  branches  of  the 
Christian  Church,  with  some  novel  and  origi- 
nal additions.  He  has  contrib.  to  the  various 
miscellanies  and  reviews  of  the  day  ;  has  pub, 
many  sermons  and  addresses;  also  a  vol.  of 
"  Sermons  for  the  People,"  which  reached  6 
editions  ;  "  Sermons  on  Christian  Living  and 
Believing,"  1860;  a  vol,  of  lectures  delivered 
before  the  Institutes  of  Brooklyn  and  Lowell, 
on  "Human  Society,"  8vo,  1860  ;  "  Lessons  on 
the  Parables."  In  Jan.  1861  he  established  with 
Dr.  G.  M.  Randall  the  Church  Monthhj. 

Huntington,  Gen.  Jabez,  b.  Norwich, 
Ct.,  Aug.  7,  1719  ;  d.  there  Oct.  5,  1786.  Y.C. 
1741,  Engaging  in  the  W.  India  trade,  he 
amassed  an  ample  fortune.  From  1750  he  was 
often  a  member  of  the  legisl.,  frequently  pre- 
siding over  that  body,  and  also  a  member  of 
the  council.  He  owned  a  large  amount  of 
shipping  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revol. ;  was 
active  on  the  com.  of  safety  during  the  war ; 
and  from  Sept.  1776  maj.-gcn.  of  the  State 
militia.  His  great  exertiuns  in  the  cause,  and 
his  heavy  losses,  impaired  his  physical  and 
mental  powers  ;  and  in  1779  he  resigned  all  his 
employments.  Of  his  5  sons,  Jcdediah  became 
a  brig.-gen.,  Andrew  a  commissary,  and  Joshua 
and  Ehenezer  cols.,  in  the  Continental  army.  — 
Raufington  Geneal. 

Huhtington,JABEz  Williams,  jurist  and 
senator,  b.  Norwich,  Ct,,  Nov.  8,  1788  ;  d.  Nov. 
1 ,  1847.  Y.C.  1806,  Son  of  Gen.  Zachariah. 
He  practised  law  in  Litchfield  ;  was  a  member 
of  the  Assembly  in  1829  ;  M.C,  1829-34,  when 
he  removed  to  Norwich,  and  became  a  judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  and  of  the  Court  of 
Errors  ;  U.S,  senator  from  1840  to  his  death. 

Huntington,  Gen.  Jedediaii,  b.  Norwich, 
Ct.,  Aug.  4,  1743;  d.  N.  London,  Sept.  2.5, 
1818.  H.U.  1763.  Son  of  Jabez,  Engaged 
with  his  fiither  in  commercial  pursuits.  An  ac- 
tive Son  of  Liberty, and  capt.  of  militia;  pro- 
moted to  com.  of  a  regt. ;  joined  the  army  at 
Cambridge,  Apr.  26,  1775;  aided  to  repulse 
the  British  at  Danbury  in  Apr,  1776;  made 
brig,-gen.  May  12,  1777  ;  joined  the  main  ar- 
my near  Phila.  in  Sept ;  in  May,  1778,  ordered 
to  the  Hudson  River,  In  the  court-martial 
which  tried  Lee  for  misconduct  at  Monmouth, 
and  in  the  court  to  try  Maj,  Andre.  At  the 
dose  of  the  war,  brev.  maj.-gen.  Resuming 
business,  he  was  successively  sheriff  of  the  Co., 
State  treas.,  delegate  to  the  conv.  to  adopt  the 
Federal  Const. ;  app.  coll.  of  customs  at  N*.  Lon- 
don (1789),  which  office  he  retained  during  4 
administrations.     His  first  wife  was  Faith,  dau. 


of  Gov.  Trumbull.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  and  a  zealous  sup- 
porter of  charitable  institutions. 

Huntington,  Jedediah  Vincent  (bro.  of 
Daniel),  author,  b.  N.Y,  City,  Jan,  20,  1815;  d. 
Pau,  Southern  France,  Mar.  10,  1862,  N.Y. 
U.  1835.  M.D.  (U.  ofPa.)  1838.  He  devoted 
himself  to  literature ;  was  for  a  time  prof,  of 
mental  philos.  in  St,  Paul's  Coll.,  near  Flush- 
ing, L.I. ;  was  ord.  in  the  Prot.-Epis.  Church 
in  1841  ;  and  was  pastor  of  a  church  in  Mid- 
dlebury,  Vt.  The  years  1846-9  were  spent  in 
Europe.  He  pub.  a  vol.  of  poems  in  1842; 
"Lady  Alice,"  a  novel,  1849;  "Alban,"  a 
novel ;  "  The  Forest,"  8vo,  N.Y.,  1852  ;  "  Rose- 
mary," a  novel,  1860;  some  poems  ;  edited  the 
Metropolitan  Mag.  at  Baltimore,  and  afterward 
the  Leader  at  St.  Louis.  He  went  to  France 
in  1861,     In  1849  he  joined  the  R.C.  Church, 

Huntington,  Joseph,  D.D.  (D.C.  1780), 
minister  of  Coventrv,  Ct.,  June  29,  1763,  to  his 
d.,  Dec.  25, 1794;  b' May  5,  1735.  Y.C.  1762. 
Bro,  of  Gov.  Samuel.  Author  of  "  Calvinism 
Improved,"  pub.  1796;  also  some  sermons 
and  theol.  treatises.-  He  inculcated  the  doc- 
trine of  universal  salvation, 

Huntington,  Joshua,  minister  of  Boston 
from  Mav  18,  I8u8,  to  his  d,,  at  Groton,  Ct., 
Sept.  11,'  1819;  b.  31  Jan.  1786.  Y.C,  1804. 
Son  of  Gen.  Jedediah,  Author  of  "  Life  of  Abi- 
gail Waters,"  1817.  His  wife,  Susan  Mans- 
field (b.  1781, d.  1823),  wrote  the  story  "Little 
Lucy."  Her  Memoirs,  with  Letters,  Journal, 
and  Poetry,  were  pub.  by  B.  B.  Wisner,  1829. 
—  //.  Family. 

Huntington,  Samuel,  LL.  D,  (Y.  C. 
1787),  signer  of  the  Decl.  of  Indep.,  b.  Wind- 
ham, Ct.,  July  3,  1731  ;  d.  Norwich,  Jan.  5, 
1796.  He  learned  the  cooper's  trade  ;  devoted 
his  leisure  to  study ;  settled  as  a  lawyer  in 
Norwich  in  1758;  and  in  1761  m.  Martha, 
dau,  of  Rev,  Ehenezer  Devotion.  He  became 
n  member  of  the  Assembly  in  1764;  State  atty, 
in  1765;  member  of  the  Council  1773;  mem- 
ber of  the  Old  Congress  from  Jan,  16,  1776,  to 
Nov.  4,  1783;  pres.  of  that  body  from  Sept. 
28,  1779,  to  July  6,  1781  ;  judge  of  the  Supe- 
rior Court  of  Ct.  1774-84;  chief  justice  1784; 
lient.-gov.  1785;  gov.  1786-96. 

Huntington,  Samuel,  gov.  of  Ohio  1808- 
10,  b.  Coventry,  Ct.,  Oct.  4,  1765;  d.  Paines- 
ville,  O.,  June  8,  1817.  Y.C,  1785.  Son  of 
Rev.  Joseph.  Was  educated  by  his  uncle, 
Gov,  Samuel.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1793;  re- 
moved in  1800  to  Ohio,  and  settled  near  Paines- 
ville.  He  was  a  judge  of  C.CP.  1802-3; 
member  of  the  convention  that  framed  the  con- 
stitution of  the  State  in  1802  ;  a  senator  in  its 
first  legisl,,  and  chosen  speaker  ;  a  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court,  app.  Apr.  2,  1803  ;  after- 
ward chief  justice  ;  member  of  the  legisl.  1811- 
12;  dist,  paymr.  in  the  war  of  1812-14  (nvnk 
of  col.). 

Huntoon,  Jonathan  G.,  gov.  of  Me, 
1830-1,  b.  Unity,  N.H.,  1781;  d,  Fairfield, 
Me.,  Oct.  14,  1851. 

Hurd,  Nathaniel,  an  early  engraver  of 
Boston,  b.  Feb.  13,  17.30;  d.  Dec,  1777.  His 
grandfather  came  from  England,  and  settled  in 
Charlestovvn,  where  he  d.  in  1749,  a.  70.  In 
seal-cutting  and  die-engraving  Mr,  Hurd  was 


HUR 


469 


HUT 


considered  superior  to  anyone  in  the  Colonics. 
To  a  superior  mode  of  execution  lie  added  an 
Hogartliian  talent  of  character  and  humor. 
Among  his  engravings  is  a  descriptive  repre- 
sentaiion  of  Hudson,  a  swindler  and  forger, 
standing  in  the  pillory,  the  likenesses  of  some 
well-known  characters  being  introduced  among 
tiie  spectators.  He  was  probably  the  first  to 
engrave  on  copper  in  the  U.S. ;  a  miniature 
likeness  of  liev.  Dr.  Sewall,  engraved  by  him 
in  17G4,  being  extant.  He  engraved  the  seal 
ofH.U.  — iV.  ^.  iV/ay.  iii.  1. 

Hurlbut,  Stephen  Augustus,  lawyer 
and  soldier,  b.  Charleston,  S.C.,  Mar.  24,  1815. 
He  studied  and  practised  law  in  Charleston 
until  the  breaking-out  of  the  Florida  war,  in 
which  he  served  as  adj.  in  a  S.C.  regt.  In 
1845  he  went  to  111.,  and  settled  in  practice  at 
Belvidere.  Member  of  the  111.  Const.  Conv. 
of  1847,  and  several  times  represented  Boone 
Co.  in  the  legisl. ;  app.  brig.-gen.  of  vols.  17 
May,  1861,  and  com.  at  Fort  Donelson  after 
its  capture.  When  Gen.  Grant's  army  moved 
up  the  Tenn.  River,  he  com.  the  4th  division; 
took  part  in  the  battle  of  Shiloli ;  was  after- 
ward stationed  at  Memphis  ;  and  after  the 
battle  of  Corinth,  in  Oct.  1862,  pursued  and 
engaged  the  defeated  Confederates;  maj.-gen. 
Sept.  17,  1862.  In  Sept.  1863,  he  com.  at 
Memphis;  com.  a  corps  under  Sherman  in  the 
expcd.  to  Meridian  in  Feb.  1864  ;  and  suc- 
ceeded Banks  in  com.  of  the  dept.  of  the  Gulf; 
minister  to  Colombia  since  1869. 

Hurlbut,  VViLLiA3£  Henry,  writer,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C,  July  3,  1827.  H.U.  1847. 
Author  of"  Gan  Eden,  or  Pictures  of  Cuba," 
12mo,  1854;  "Gen.  McClellan  and  the  Con- 
duct of  the  War,"  12mo,  1864.  Has  contrib. 
largely  to  American  and  foreign  periodicals ; 
cd.  N.  Y.   World. 

Husbands,  Herman,  insurgent,  b.  Pa. ; 
d.  near  Phila.  Mar.  1 795.  Removing  to  Orange 
Co.,  N.C.,  he  became  a  member  of  the  legisl., 
and  leader  of  the  Regulators,  a  party  which 
was  organized  in  1768  for  the  forcible  redress 
of  public  grievances.  He  pub.  in  1770  a  full 
account  of  the  rise  of  the  troubles.  A  battle 
took  place,  May  16,  1771,  between  Gov.  Tryon 
with  1,100  men  and  2,000  Regulators,  on  the 
banks  of  the  AUamance,  in  which  the  latter 
were  defeated.  Husbands  escaped  to  Pa., 
where  in  1778  he  was  a  member  of  the  legisl., 
and  was  concerned  in  the  Whiskey  Insurrection 
in  1794  ;  and  was  assoc.  with  Gallatin,  Brack- 
inridge,  and  others  as  a  com.  of  safety.  After 
a  short  imprisonment  in  Phila.,  he  set  out  on 
his  return  home,  but  died  on  the  way.  He 
was  originally  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  and  was  versed  in  theological  lore. 

Huske,  Ellis,  councillor  of  N.H.  1733- 
55;  d.  1755.  Bro.  of  Gen.  Huske,  disting.  at 
Detiingen  and  CuUoden.  PostmasterofBoston 
1734  ;  superseded  in  the  oflSce  of  dep.  postmr.- 
gen.  of  the  Colonies  by  Franklin  and  Hunter 
1753.  Pub.  the  Boston  Wedcly  Post-Boy  from 
Oct.  1734  to  1755.  Supposed  author  of  "  The 
Present  State  of  N.  America,"  Lond.  1755. 
Mary,  his  wife,  d.  8  Mar.  1746,  a.  40.  He  re- 
sided in  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  previous  to  1734. 

Huske,  John,  son  of  the  pieceding,  b. 
Portsmouth,  N.H.,  ab.    1721  ;   d.  Eng.  1773. 


Educated  in  Boston,  and  bred  a  merchant,  he 
became  in  1764  a  member  of  the  British  parlia- 
ment from  Maiden,  Essex;  and  was  re-elected 
to  the  succeeding  parliament.  For  his  share  in 
bringing  about  the  Stamp  Act,  his  effigy  was 
hung  with  Grenville's  in  the  Liberty  Tree, 
Boston,  1  Nov.  1765.  A  letter  from  Joseph 
Reed  thus  describes  him  :  "  Huske,  a  flashy, 
superficial  fellow,  by  stock-jobbing,  and  servility 
to  the  Townshend  family,  raised  himself  from 
poverty  and  obscurity  to  a  seat  in  parliament. 
The  first  use  he  made  of  it  was  to  injure  his 
country  by  proposing  to  raise  £500,000  per 
annum  by  taxing  the  Colonies.  Having  dis- 
obliged his  old  patron  Charles  Townshend,  and 
the  ministry  not  needing  his  vote  (though 
adopting  his  plan,  taking  no  notice  of  liim), 
he  tacked  about,  and  endeavored  to  ward  off 
the  stroke ;  but  it  was  then  too  late :  and  they 
laughed  at  him." 

Hutchins,  Thomas,  geographer,  b.  Mon- 
mouth Co.,  N.  J.,  ab.  1730  ;  d.  Pittsburg,  Apr. 
28,  1789.  Before  he  was  16,  he  went  West; 
entered  the  service  as  ensign;  afterward  be- 
came paym.,  and  capt.  60th  (Roy.  Amer.)  regt. ; 
was  assist,  engineer  in  Bouquet's  exped. ;  and 
was  disting.  in  a  campaign  against  the  Indians 
in  Fla.  He  was  in  Lond.  at  the  opening  of  the 
Revol.  war ;  and  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  his 
country  induced  him  to  refuse  some  excellent 
offers  there.  Suspected  of  holding  a  corrcsp. 
with  Franklin,  then  in  France,  he  was  in  1779 
thrown  into  a  dungeon,  and  lost  in  one  day 
£12,000.  After  6  weeks'  confinement,  he  was 
examined  and  liberated.  He  went  to  France ; 
thence  to  Charleston,  S.C,  where  he  joined 
Gen.  Greene ;  and  was  made  geogra])her-gen- 
eral.  He  pub.  "A  Topographical  Description 
of  Va.,  Pa.,  Md.,  and  Carolina,  with  Maps," 
Lond.  1778;  "An  Historical  and  Topog.  De- 
scription of  La.,  West  Fla.,  and  Phila.,"  1784. 
Dr.  Morse  was  much  indebted  to  him  in  the 
compilation  of  his  gazetteer.  He  furnished  the 
maps  and  plates  for  the  "  Account  of  Bouquet's 
Exped.  against  the  Oliio  Indians,"  written  by 
William  Smith,  D.D.,  of  Phila.,  and  pub.  Lond. 
1766.  He  wrote  3  papers  for  the  Phila.  Trans. 
1775,  '76,  and  '83,  and  a  paper  in  Trans.  Amer. 
Soc.  ii.  50. 

Hutchinson,  Anne,  founder  of  the  An- 
tinomian  party  in  N.E.,  b.  at  Alfbrd,  Lincoln- 
shire, Eng.,  in  1591  ;  bap.  July  20;  d.  West- 
chester Co.,  N.Y.,  Aug.  1643.  Dau.  of  Rev. 
Francis  Marbury,  who  was  rector  of  St.  Martin 
Vintry  and  other  London  parishes.  Her  mother 
was  Bridget  Dryden,  gr.-aunt  of  the  celebrated 
poet,  John  Dryden.  Was  interested  in  the 
pleaching  of  John  Cotton,  and  her  relative 
John  Wheelwright,  and,  desirous  of  enjoying 
the  ministry  of  the  former,  came  to  Boston, 
Sept.  18,  1634;  was  adm.  a  member  of  the 
church,  Nov.  2  ;  and  soon  acquired  esteem  and 
influence.  She  instituted  meetings  of  the  wo- 
men of  the  church  to  discuss  sermons  and  doc- 
trines, in  which  she  displayed  great  familiarity 
with  Scripture,  but  made  enemies  by  her  in- 
novating theories.  Two  years  after  her  arrival, 
the  strife  between  her  supporters  and  opponents 
broke  out  into  public  action.  "  The  dispute," 
says  Bancroft,  "  infused  its  spirit  into  every 
thing  ;  it  interfered  with  the  levy  of  troops  for 


HUT 


470 


HYD 


the  Pequot  "War ;  it  influenced  the  respect 
shown  to  the  magistrates,  the  distribution  of 
town-lots,  the  assessment  of  taxes;  and  at  last 
the  continued  existence  of  the  two  opposing 
parties  was  considered  inconsistent  with  the 
public  peace."  Her  peculiar  tenets  were  among 
the  82  opinions  condemned  by  the  eccles.  synod 
at  Newtown,  Aug.  30, 1637;  and  in  Nov.,  after 
2  days'  trial  before  the  Gen.  Court.,  she  was 
sentenced,  with  some  of  her  associates,  to  ban- 
ishment. She  joined  her  friends,  who,  under 
John  Clarke  and  Coddington,  settled  in  R.I. 
After  the  death  of  her  husband,  in  1642,  she 
with  her  children  moved  into  the  territory  of 
the  Dutch  ;  and  is  supposed  to  have  settled  near 
Hell  Gate,  Westchester  Co.,  N.Y.  During  an 
invasion  of  the  settlement  by  the  Indians,  her 
house  was  attacked  and  fired  ;  and  herself  and 
family,  excepting  one  child  who  was  carried 
captive,  perished. 

Hutchinson,  Israel,  col.  Revol.  army, 
b.  Danvers,  Ms.,  1728;  d.  there  Mar.  16,  1811. 
He  served  in  1757-9  at  Ticonderoga  and  Lake 
George,  and  com.  a  company  at  the  battle  of 
the  Plains  of  Abraham.  He  com.  a  company 
in  the  Lexington  battle;  was  lieut.-colof  Mans- 
field's regt.  in  1775  ;  com.  the  27th  regt.  at  the 
siege  of  Boston  and  in  the  campaign  of  1776  ; 
and  was  with  Washington  in  his  retreat 
through  the  Jerseys. 

Hutchinson,  James, M.D.(PhiIa.  Coll.), 
physician,  b.  Wakefield,  Pa.,  Jan.  2D,  1752; 
d.  Phila.  Sept.  6,  1793.  He  finished  his  med. 
studies  at  Lond.  under  Dr.  Fothergill.  In 
1774  the  trustees  of  Phila.  Coll.  presented  him 
with  a  gold  medal  for  his  superior  knowledge 
in  chemistry.  Warmly  espousing  the  cause 
of  his  country,  he  returned  home  by  way  of 
France  with  important  despatches  from  Dr. 
Franklin  to  Congress ;  joined  the  army  soon 
after  he  arrived  ;  and  served  as  a  surgeon  and 
physician  during  the  whole  war.  Trustee  of 
the  U.  of  Pa.  from  1779  till  his  death;  was 
several  years  sec.  of  the  Philos.  Soc. ;  was 
prof,  of  materia  medica  and  chemistry  in  the 
U.  of  Pa.  in  1789-91,  when    he  was   elected 

{)rof.  of  chemistry.  For  many  years,  and  until 
lis  death,  he  was  physician  of  the  port,  and 
one  of  the  physicians  of  the  Pa.  Hospital.  — 
Tkacher. 

Hutchinson,  Thomas,  gov.  of  Ms.,  b. 
Boston,  Sept.  9,  1711;  d.  Brompton,  near  Lon- 
don, June  3,  1780.  H.U.  1727.  Son  of  Thos., 
a  wealthy  and  liberal  merchant  of  Boston 
(1675-1739),  and  Sarah,  dau.  of  Col.  John  Fos- 
ter. After  engaging  without  success  in  com- 
merce, he  studied  law,  and  as  agent  of  Boston 
visited  London  on  important  business,  dischar- 
ging the  duty  with  great  success.  Represented 
Boston  in  the  General  Court  10  years,  3  years 
as  speaker  ;  became  judge. of  probate  in  1752; 
was  a  councillor  1749-66  ;  lieut.-gov.  1758-71; 
and  was  app.  chief  justice  in  1760,  holding  4 
high  offices  at  the  same  time.  In  1748,  the  pa- 
per currency  of  the  Colony  having  depreciated 
to  about  an  eighth  of  its  original  value,  Hutch- 
inson projected,  and  carried  through  the  house, 
a  bill  abolishing  it,  and  substituting  gold  and 
silver.  This  measure,  though  sound  and  bene- 
ficial, procured  him  many  enemies.  Hutchin- 
son's mansion  was   twice  attacked  in  conse- 


quence of  a  report  that  he  had  written  letters  in 
favor  of  the  Stamp  Act;  and  on  the  second  oc- 
casion (Aug.  26)  his  house  was  sacked,  the  fur- 
niture burned  in  the  street,  and  many  MSS. 
relating  to  the  history  of  the  province,  which  he 
had  been  30  years  collecting,  and  which  could 
not  be  replaced,  were  lost.  He  received  com- 
pensation for  his  losses.  In  1767  the  house  and 
council  resisted  his  claim  to  a  seat  in  the  latter 
body,  and  he  abandoned  it.  When,  in  1769, 
Gov.  Bernard  was  transferred  to  Va.,  the  govt, 
of  Ms.  fell  to  Hutchinson.  The  popular  ex- 
citement had  been  increased  by  the  arrival  of 
British  troops;  and  after  the  "massacre"  of 
March  5,  1770,  a  com.  of  citizens,  headed  by 
Samuel  Adams,  forced  him  to  consent  to  the 
removal  of  the  troops.  Commissioned  gov.  in 
March,  1771.  He  was  continually  in  contro- 
versy with  the  Assembly  and  Council.  Among 
the  subjects  of  dispute  were  the  provision  made 
for  his  support  by  the  crown,  which  paid  him  h 
salary  of  ^£1,500,  and  a  similar  provision  for 
the  judges.  His  speech,  Jan.  6, 1773,  asserting 
the  supremacy  of  parliament,  provoked  a  dis- 
cussion by  the  council  and  house,  eliciting  able 
replies  from  Bowdoin  and  Samuel  Adams,  and 
did  no  injury  to  the  patriot  cause.  In  1772,  Dr. 
Franklin,  then  in  London,  procured  some  of 
his  cotifidential  letters,  which  were  sent  to  Bos- 
ton. They  proved  that  he  had  been  for  years 
opposing  every  part  of  the  colonial  constitu- 
tion, and  urging  measures  to  enforce  the  su- 
premacy of  parliament;  and  the  result  was  a 
petition  to  the  king  for  his  removal.  The  last 
of  his  public  difficulties  was  the  resistance  of 
the  citizens  to  the  tea-tax,  resulting  in  the  tea 
then  in  the  harbor  being  thrown  overboard  by 
citizens  in  the  disguise  of  Indians,  Dec.  14, 
1773.  Having  obtained  his  Majesty's  leave  to 
go  to  England,  he  sailed  June  1,  1774;  and, 
after  an  investigation  by  the  privy  council,  he 
was  rewarded  with  a  pension.  He  pub.  the  fol- 
lowing valuable  works :  "  History  of  the  Colony 
of  Ms.  Bay  from  the  First  Settlement  thereof, 
in  1628,  until  the  Year  1750,"  2  vols.  1764-7  ; 
a  "  Brief  State  of  the  Claim  of  the  Colonies," 
1764;  and  a  "Collection  of  Original  Papers 
relative  to  the  History  of  the  Colony  of  Ms. 
Bay,"  1769.  He  left  in  MS.  a  3d  vol.  of  his 
history  from  1749  to  1774,  which  was  pub.  by 
his  grandson,  Rev.  John  Hutchinson  of  Trent- 
ham,  Eng.,  Lond.  1828. 

Hutton,  Joseph,  of  Phila.  (1787-1828), 
autiior  of  "  Poems."  —  Allihone. 

Hyde,  Alvan,  D.D.,  LL.D.  (D.C.  1812), 
clergyman,  b.  Franklin,  Ct.,  Feb.  2,  1768;  d. 
Lee,  Ms.,  Dec.  4,  1833.  D.C.  1788.  He  spent 
nearly  a  year  teaching  at  Northampton  ;  stud- 
ied theology ;  was,  June  6,  1 792,  ord.  pastor  of 
the  church  in  Lee,  where  he  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  During  31  years  he  was 
a  member  of  the  corporation,  and  for  21  years 
vice-pres.  of  Wms.  Coll.  He  pub.  a  number 
of  sermons.  He  was  one  of  the  ablest  and  most 
successful  ministers  of  his  day.  A  Memoir  of 
him  was  pub.  Bost.  1835,  by  his  half-bro.,  Rev. 
Lavius  Hyde  (1789-1865),  literary  executor 
and  biographer  of  the  poet  Wilcox. 

Hyde,  Edward,  gov.  N.  C.  1712  to  his  d. 
Sept.  8,  1712.  Sent  out  in  1711  as  lieut.-gov., 
he  found  the  Colony  in  confusion  from  the  con- 


HYT) 


471 


ING- 


flicting  claims  of  Glover  and  Gary  to  the  chief 
magistracy.  By  the  aid  of  Gov.  Spotswood  of 
Va.,  Gary's  armed  i-esistance  was  put  down,  and 
quiet  restored.  An  Indian  war  having  been 
begun  by  a  massacre  of  the  settlers  on  the  Ro- 
anoke and  Ghowan,  Sept.  11,  1711,  Gov.  Hyde 
called  out  the  militia,  and  defeated  them  with 
great  slaughter  in  the  following  year.  In  the 
summer  tiie  ravages  of  yellow-fever  were  added 
to  the  horrors  of  war  ;  and  the  gov.  fell  a  vic- 
tim.— Wheeler's  N.  C. 

Hyde,  Nancy  Maria,  teacher,  b.  Norwich, 
Gt.,  Mar.  21,  1792;  d.  there  Mar.  28,  1816. 
She  excelled  in  painting  and  embroidery.  Her 
writings,  with  Memoir  by  her  friend  Miss  Hunt- 
ley, afterward  Mrs.  Sigourney,  were  pub.  1816. 

Iberville  (de-bSr'-vel'),  Pierre  Lemoine 
d',  a  disting.  seaman,  father  of  the  Golony  of 
Louisiana,  b.  Montreal,  July  20,  1661  ;  d.  Ha- 
vana, July  9,  1 706.  He  was  one  of  7  brothers, 
who  were  all  active  in  Ganadian  affairs.  He 
went  early  to  sea;  was  a  disting.  vol.  in  the  mid- 
night attack  on  Schenectady ;  commanded  the 
exped.  which  recovered  Fort  Nelson  from  the 
British(168G);  successfully  invaded  Newfound- 
land ;  and  was  a  victor  in  naval  contests  (1697) 
in  Hudson's  Bay.  In  1698  he  was  commissioned 
by  the  French  Govt,  to  explore  the  mouth  of 
the  Mpi.,  and  to  erect  a  fort  near  it.  With  4 
vessels  and  ab.  200  settlers,  he  left  Rochefort 
Oct.  17,  1698,  and  Feb.  2,  1699,  arrived  at  the 
Island  of  Massacre,  near  Mo!)ile.  Accompanied 
by  his  bro.  de  Bienville  and  48  men  in  2  baro^es, 
and  provisions  for  15  days,  he  entered  the  Mpi. 
Mar.  2,  ascended  to  the  village  of  Bayagoulas, 
and  also  visited  the  Orimas.  Returning  to  the 
Bay  of  Biloxi,  Iberville  erected  a  fort  as  a  tes- 
timony of  French  jurisdiction,  the  command  of 
which  he  gave  to  his  two  bros.,  Sanvolle  and 
Bienville.  This  fort  was  soon  after  transferred 
to  the  western  bank  of  the  Mobile  River,  the 
first  European  settlement  in  Ala.  He  sailed 
for  France,  but  returned  when  the  French  su- 
premacy of  the  Mpi.  was  endangered  by  the 
English.  In  1700  he  ascended  the  Mpi.  as  far 
as  the  country  of  the  Natchez,  while  his  bro. 
explored  Western  La.  Iberville  also  built  for- 
tifications on  the  Island  of  Massacre,  which  he 
named  Dauphine  Island.  Attacked  by  yellow- 
fever,  he  escaped  with  broken  health.  In  1706, 
in  com.  yf  3  vessels,  he  captured  the  English 
Island  of  Nevis. 

Imlay,  Gilbert,  capt.Revol.  army.  He 
pub.  "  Topog.  Description  of  the  Western 
Terr,  of  N.  A.,"  8vo,  Lond.  1792  ;  the  same, 
with  Supplement  by  J.  Filson,  2  vols.  N.  Y. 
1793  ;  "  The  Emigrants,"  a  novel,  3  vols.  12mo, 
1793. 

Ingalls,  RuFDS,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b. 
Denmark,  Me.,  Aug.  23,  1820.  West  Point, 
1843.  Entering  the  Rifles,  he  was  transferred 
to  the  1st  Dragoons  in  1845;  disting.  himself 
in  the  battles  of  Embudo  and  Taos,  N.  Mexico, 
in  1847;  became  1st  lieut.  16  Feb.  1847;  assist, 
quartermaster  (rank  of  capt.)  Jan.  12,  1848; 
served  in  Gal.  and  Oregon  ;  was  in  Gol.  Step- 
toe's  exped.  across  the  continent;  and  from 
1856  to  1860  was  stationed  at  Fort  Vancouver, 
being  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Harney  at  the  time 
of  the  San  Juan  affair.  In  Apr.  1861  he  was 
sent  with  Col.  Brown  to  re-enforce  Fort  Pickens ; 


and  in  July  was  ordered  to  duty  with  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac.  He  was  app.  aide-de-camp  to 
McClellan  (rank  of  lieut. -col.)  28  Sept.;  major 
in  the  quartermaster's  dept.  12  Jan.  1862  ;  was 
chief  quartermaster  in  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac 1862-5;  brig.gen.  vols.  23  May,  1863; 
col.  and  assist,  quarterm.-gen.  July  29,  1866; 
present  at  the  battles  of  South  Mountain,  An- 
tietam,  Fredericksburg,  Ghancellorsville,  Get- 
tysburg, and  subsequent  battles,  to  surrender  of 
Lee  ;  brevs.  of  col.,  brig. -gen.,  and  mnj.-gen.  for 
merit,  services  in  the  Rebellion  13  Mar.  1865. 
—  Cullum. 

Ingalls,  William,  M.D.  (H.U.  1801 ), long 
an  eminent  physician  of  Boston,  prof.-of  anat- 
omy in  Brown  U.,  b.  Newburyport,  Ms.,  3  May, 
1769;  d.  Wrentham,  Ms.,  Sept.  8,  1851.  H.U. 
1790.  His  ancestor,  Edmund  of  Lynn,  came 
from  Lincolnshire,  Eng.,  in  1629.  He  pub. 
"  Malignant  Fever,"  &c.,  1847. 

Ingersoll,  Giiarles  Anthony,  judge,  b. 
New  Haven,  Gt.,  1798;  d.  there  Feb.  9,1860. 
He  studied  in  the  office  of  his  brother  Ralph  J. ; 
attained  high  repute  at  the  bar;  held  several 
offices  of  honor  in  the  State  and  nation ;  and 
was  app.  judge  U.S.  Dist.  Gourt  of  Gt.  by  Pres. 
Pierce. 

Ingersoll,  Gharles  Jared,  statesman, 
lawyer,  and  author.  Son  of  Judge  Jared,  b. 
Phi'la.  Oct.  3,  1782;  d.  there  May  14,  1862. 
After  finishing  his  collegiate  course,  he  studied 
law,  and  was  adm.  to  practice  before  he  was  21. 
He  then  travelled  in  Europe,  and  was  attached 
to  the  American  embassy  to  France.  M.G.  in 
1813-14  and  in  1841-7,  serving  as  chairman  of 
the  com.  of  foreign  affairs;  U.S.  dist.  atty.  for 
Pa.  from  1815  until  removed  by  Gen.  Jackson 
in  1829,  shortly  after  which  he  was  elected  to 
the  Pa.  legisl.  Member  of  the  Ganal  and  In- 
ternal Improvement  Gonvention  at  Harrisburg 
in  1825,  and  of  the  Reform  Gonvention  there 
in  1837,  and  in  Phila.  in  1838;  app.  sec.  of 
legation  to  Prussia  in  1837.  In  1847  he  was 
nominated  by  Mr.  Polk  as  U.S.  minister  to 
France,  but  was  not  confirmed  by  the  senate. 
Author  of  "  Ghiomara,"  a  poem,  1800 ;  "  Edwy 
and  Elgiva,"  a  tragedy,  1801  ;  "  Inchiquin  the 
Jesuit's  Letters,"  1810;  "Historical  Sketch  of 
the  Second  War  between  the  U.S.  and  Great 
Britain,"  4  vols.  8vo,  1845-52;  "Riiihts  and 
Wrongs,  Power  and  Policy,  of  the  U  S.,"  in 
defence  of  Jefferson's  commercial  policy,  1808; 
and  "Julian,"  a  dramatic  poem,  1831  ;  "Dis- 
course bef.  the  Soc.  for  the  Gohimemo.  of  the 
Landing  of  Wm.  Penn,"  1825.  He  was  at  the 
time  of  his  death  preparing  "A  History  of 
the  Territorial  Acquisitions  of  the  U.  S." — 
AUihone. 

Ingersoll,  Jared,  LLD.  (N.  J.  Goll.  1821 ), 
lawyer,  b.  Gt.  1749;  d.  Phila.  Oct.  31,  1822. 
Y.G.  1766.  His  father,  agent  for  the  Golony 
in  Eng.  1757  (app.  in  1765  stampmaster-gen. 
for  N.  E.  under  the  obnoxious  Stamp  Act), 
was  forced  by  the  indignant  populace  to  resign 
his  office  Aug.  24,  1765,  and  was  in  1770  app. 
admiralty  judge  for  Pa.  Removing  to  Phila., 
he  d.  N.  Haven,  Aug.  1781,  a.  59.  The  son 
went  to  Lond.,  entered  the  Middle  Temple, 
and  studied  law  5  years.  Though  residing  in 
London,  and  the  son  of  a  loyalist,  he  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  Colonies  in  the  Revol.    In 


ESTG- 


472 


rNTV£ 


Paris,  where  he  remained  18  months,  he  made 
the  acquaintance  of  Dr.  Franklin.  Returnino; 
home,  he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in 
Phila.,  where  he  was  prominent  as  a  lawyer. 
Member  of  the  Old  Congress  in  1780-1 ;  a 
representative  in  the  convention  which  framed 
the  U.  S.  Constitution  in  1787  ;  twice  attj.-gen. 
of  the  State;  U.S.  dist.  atty.  for  Pa. ;  and  re- 
ceived and  declined  the  app.  of  chief  judge  of 
the  Federal  Court.  He  was  in  1 812  the  Federal 
candidate  for  vice-pres.  of  the  U.S. ;  pres.  judge 
of  the  Dist.  Court  of  Phila.  Co.  at  the  time  of 
his  death;  author  of  a  rare  pamphlet  on  the 
Stamp  Act,  N.  Haven,  4to,  1766. 

IngersoU,  Jonathan,  LL.D.(Y.C.  1817), 
an  eminent  lawyer  of  N.  Haven,  b.  Ridgefield, 
Ct.,  1746;  d.  Jan.  12,  1823.  Y.C.  1766.  Son 
of  Rev.  Jonathan.  He  held  many  public  trusts; 
was  a  judge  in  1798-1801,  and  lieut.-gov.  in 
1816.  His  dau.  Grace  m.  Peter  Grellet,  and 
d.  Paris,  1816. 

Ingersoll,  Joseph  Reed,  LL.D.,  D.C.L. 
(Oxon.),  statesman  and  lawyer.  Son  of  Jared, 
b.  Phila.  June  14,  1786;  d.  Phila.  Feb.  20, 
1868.  N.J.  Coll.  1804.  He  studied  law,  and 
practised  extensively  in  Phila.  for  many  years. 
In  1809  ho  pub.  a  translation  from  the  Latin 
of  Roccus's  tracts  De  Navibus  et  Nauto  and  De 
Assecumlione.  M.  C  1835-7  and  in  1842-9, 
and  an  advocate  of  the  doctrine  of  protection  ; 
n)iuister  to  England  in  1850-3;  author  of  a 
Memoir  of  Saml.  Breck,  8vo,  1863.  Early  in 
the  Rebellion  he  pub.  a  pamphlet  entitled 
"  Secession  a  Folly  and  a  Crime."  Edward, 
third  bro.  of  the  above,  wrote  poems  on  the 
times,  entitled  "  Horace  in  Phila.,"  which  ap- 
peared in  the  Portfolio ;  and  contrib.  political 
articles  to  Walsh's  Gazette;  also  author  of  the 
"  History  and  Law  of  Habeas  Corpus,"  8vo, 
1859;  "Addison  on  Contracts,  with  Notes," 
8vo,  1857  ;  "  Digest  of  Laws  of  the  U.S.,  1789- 
1820,"  8vo,  1821. 

Ingham,  Charles  C,  portrait-painter,  b. 
Dublin,  1797  ;  d.  New  York,  10  Dec.  1863. 
He  came  to  the  U.S.  in  1817,  having  studied  4 
years  in  his  native  city,  and  won  a  premium 
from  the  Dublin  Academy.  He  with  his  bro. 
stood  for  many  years  in  the  first  rank  of  por- 
trait-painters. His  "Death  of  Cleopatra"  at 
once  gave  him  extensive  notoriety  and  business. 
He  was  a  founder  of  the  National  Acad.,  and 
many  years  its  vice-pres.  Besides  a  great  num- 
ber of  portraits  of  the  reigning  beauties  of  his 
day  in  New  York,  his  "Flower-Girl,"  "Day- 
Dream,"  and  "  Portrait  of  a  Child,"  are  good 
specimens  of  his  style  and  manner.  —  Tucker- 
man. 

Ingham,  Samuel  D.,  politician,  b.  Bucks 
Co.,  Pa.,  Sept.  16,  1773;  d.  Trenton,  N.J., 
•Tune  5, 1860.  Of  Quaker  parentage.  He  was 
brought  up  a  paper-maker,  and,  until  drawn 
into  politics,  was  a  successful  manuf.  in  Easton, 
N.J.  He  served  3  years  in  the  Pa.  legisl. ;  was 
a  prothonotary;  M.C.  1813-18  and  1822-9; 
8«c.  of  the  U.  S.  treasury  1829-31. 

Inglis,  Charles,  D".D.,  Pr.-Ep.  bishop  of 
Nova  Scotia  ;  d.  Feb.  or  Mar.  1816,  a.  82.  He 
was  assistant  rector  from  1764  to  the  Revol., 
and  from  1777  to  1783  rector,  of  Trinity  Church, 
N.Y.  After  the  loyalist  Galloway  went  to 
Eng.,  Dr.  Inglis  was  his  corresp. ;  and  his  let- 


ters evince  no  little  harshness  towards  the 
fomenters  of  the  rebellion.  He  went  to  N.S. 
at  the  peace;  was  consec.  bishop  in  1788  ;  and 
in  1809  became  a  member  of  the  council.  He 
pub.  an  answer  to  Paine's  "  Common  Sense," 
in  Feb.  1776,  which  made  him  obnoxious  to 
the  patriots,  who  confisc.  his  estate.  His  son 
John  was  made  bishop  of  N.S.,  and  a  member 
of  the  council  in  1825,  and  d.  in  Lond.  in 
Nov.  1850.  His  grandson,  Gen.  Sir  J.  Eard- 
ley  Wilmot  Inglis,  the  heroic  defender  of  Luck- 
now,  d.  Germany,  1862. 

Inglis,  James,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1811), 
b.  Phila.  1777  ;  d.  Aug.  15,  1820.  Col.  Coll. 
1795.  Ord.  Apr.  1802.  Pastor  First  Presb. 
Church,  Baltimore,  and  an  eloquent  preacher. 
A  vol.  of  his  sermons  was  pub.  soon  after  his 
death,  also  a  vol.  of  his  poems.  —  Sprague. 

Ingraham,  Duncan  Nathaniel,  capt. 
U.S.N.,  b.  Charleston,  S.C,  Dec.  6,  1802;  d. 
there  June  10,  1863.  Midshipman  June  18, 
1812;  lieut.  Apr.  1,1818;  commander  May 24, 
1838  ;  capt.  Sept.  14,  1855.  Nathaniel,  his 
father,  was  a  friend  of  Paul  Jones,  and  was  in 
the  action  with  the  British  frigate  "  Serapis." 
His  uncle  Capt.  Joseph,  U.S.N.,  was  lost  at  sea 
in  the  U.S.  ship  "Pickering."  His  cousin 
William,  a  lieut.  in  the  navy,  was  killed  at  the 
age  of  20.  Capt.  Ingraham  m.  Harriet  R., 
grand-dau.  of  Henry  Laurens.  His  seizure  of 
Martin  Kostza,  an  Amer.  citizen,  from  the 
Austrian  brig-of-war  "  Hussar,"  at  Smyrna, 
July  2,  1853,  gave  rise  to  an  elaborate  discus- 
sion at  Washington  between  M.  Hulseman,  the 
Austrian  charge  d'affaires,  and  Mr.  Marcy,  sec. 
of  State.  Congress,  by  joint  resolution,  Aug. 
4,  1854,  requested  the  Pres.  to  present  a  medal 
to  him  for  his  conduct  on  this  occasion.  In 
Mar.  1856  he  was  app.  chief  of  the  bureau  of 
ordnance  and  hydrography  ;  which  position  he 
resigned  Feb.  4,  1861,  and  was  made  chief  of 
ordnance,  construction,  and  repair  in  the  Con- 
fed,  navy. 

Ingraham,  Edward  D.,  lawyer  of  Phila., 
d.  1854,  a.  ab.  60.  He  pub.  "  Insolvent  Law 
of  Pa.,"  8vo,  1827;  "  Gow  on  Partnership," 
with  notes,  8vo,  1837-45;  "  Vattel's  Law  of 
Nations,"  8vo,  1852;  "English  Ecclesiastical 
Reports,"  1 809-35,  7  vols.  He  was  a  lover  and 
collector  of  rare  and  curious  books.  —  See  No- 
tice in  Deinoc.  Rev.  xxv.  77. 

Ingraham,  Rev.  Joseph  H.,  author,  b. 
Portland,  Me.,  1809  ;  d.  ab.  1866,  at  the  South. 
Abandoninir  mercantile  pursuits,  he  became  a 
teacher  in  Wash.  Coll.,  near  Natchez,  Mpi.,  and 
in  1836  pub.  "  The  South-west  by  a  Yaiikee." 
He  subsequently  produced  "  Latitte,"  "  Bur- 
ton, or  the  Sieges,"  "  Capt.  Kyd,"  "  The  Dan- 
cing Feather,"  and  many  other  romances,  some 
of  Avhich  attained  a  large  circulation.  He  was 
ord.  an  Epis.  minister,  and  became  rector  of  a 
parish,  and  of  St.  Thomas's  Hall,  an  acad.  for 
boys  in  Holly  Springs,  Mpi.  His  last  works 
were  the  "  Prince  of  the  House  of  David," 
1855;  "Pillar  of  Fire,"  1859;  and  "Throne 
of  David." 

Inman,  Henry,  an  eminent  painter,  b. 
Utica,  N.Y.,  28  Oct.  1801  ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  17 
Jan.  1846.  He  early  manifested  a  taste  for  art, 
and  about  1814  visited  the  studio  of  Jarvis, 
in  N.  Y.  City,  where  Wertmiiller's  picture  of 


rN"M: 


473 


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Danae  was  on  exhibition.  Attracting  the  no- 
tice of  Jarvis,  wlio,  on  seeing  liim,  exclaimed, 
"By  Heavens!  the  very  head  for  a  painter," 
he  served  a  year's  apprenticeship  with  him  ;  m., 
and  devoted  himself  to  miniature-painting,  in 
which  he  excelled.  He  afterward  applied  him- 
self to  portraits,  and  turned  his  talents  to  good 
advantage  in  landscape  and  genre  painting, 
attaining  such  distinction  as  to  be  chosen  vice- 
pres.  of  the  Nat.  Acad,  of  Design.  Visiting 
Eng.  for  his  health  in  1844,  he  painted  portraits 
of  Wordsworth,  Chalmers,  Macaulay,  and  oth- 
ers. Returning  home  in  1845  in  feeble  health, 
he  undertook  to  furnish  for  the  National  Capitol 
a  scries  of  pictures  illustrating  the  settlement 
of  the  West,  hut  did  not  live  to  complete  the 
first,  —  a  representation  of  Daniel  Boone's  resi- 
dence in  Ky.  His  conversational  powers  were 
of  a  high  order,  and  he  possessed  a  fund  of 
anecdote  and  wit.  Among  his  best  efforts  are 
his  portraits  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall  and 
Bishop  White,  his  "  Rip  Van  Winkle  waking 
from  his  Dream,"  "  Mumble  the  Peg,"  and 
"  Boyhood  of  Washington."  He  was  one  of 
the  most  versatile  of  American  artists.  A  col- 
lection of  127  of  his  paintings  was  exhibited 
for  the  benefit  of  his  widow  and  children.  His 
dau.  Sallie  m.  J.  R.  Drake  of  Buffalo.  John 
O'Briek,  artist,  son  of  Henry,  after  a  success- 
ful career  in  the  West  as  a  portrait-painter, 
opened  a  studio  in  N.Y.,  where  his  flower 
pieces  and  small  genre  pictures  found  a  ready 
sale.  His  facility  is  remarkable.  In  1866  he 
went  to  Italy.  A  picture  called  "  Sunny 
Thoughts  "  is  highly  commended.  —  See  Tuck- 
er man's  Book  of  the  Artists. 

Inman,  John,  journalist,  b.  Utica,  N.Y., 
1805  ;  d  N.Y.  Mar.  30,  1850.  Bro.  of  Henry. 
With  little  education,  he  taught  school  2  years 
JnN.C,  1823-5 ;  then  passed  a  year  in  Europe, 
and,  after  studying  law,  became  editor  of  the 
Standard,  afterward  of  the  Spirit  of  the  Times, 
then  of  the  old  NY.  Mirror,  and  in  1834  as- 
sist, ed.  of  tlie  Commercial  Advertiser,  becoming 
chief  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Stone  in  1844.  He 
was  some  years  editor  of  the  Columbian  Mag., 
one  entire  number  of  which  was  from  his  pen ; 
and  was  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  periodicals  of 
the  day.  In  1833  he  m.  Miss  Fisher,  a  sister 
t)f  the  talented  comedians  of  that  name,  of  the 
old  Park  Theatre. 

Inman,  William,  commodore  U.S.N.,  b. 
N.Y. ;  bro.  of  the  preceding.  Midshipm.  Jan. 
1,  1812;  lieut.  Apr.  1,  1818;  command.  May 
24,  1838;  capt.June  2,  1850;  commo.  (retired 
list)  July  16,  1862.  He  served  on  the  Lakes 
during  the  war  of  1812-15  ;  com.  one  of  two 
boats  capturing  a  pirate  vessel  of  3  guns  on 
the  coast  of  Cuba  in  1823  ;  com.  steamer 
"  Michigan,"  on  the  Lakes,  1845  ;  steam  frig- 
ate "Susquehanna,"  E.  I.  squad.,  1851  ;  com. 
squad.,  coast  of  Africa,  1859-61. 

Innes,  Harry,  jurist,  b.  Caroline  Co.,  Va., 
1752  ;  d.  Frankfort,  Ky.,  Sept.  20, 1816.  Son 
of  Rev.  Robert,  an  Epis.  clergyman.  In  1776- 
7  he  was  employed  by  the  com.  of  safety  of  Va. 
to  superintend  Chipil's  lead  mines;  in  1779  he 
was  app.  by  the  Va.  legisl.  to  hear  and  deter- 
mine land  claims  in  the  Abingdon  district; 
chosen  by  the  Va.  legisl.  in  1783  judge  of  the 
Sup.    Court  for  the  dist.  of  Ky. ;  atty.-gen. 


1785-7  ;  judge  of  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court  forKv. 
1787  to  his  death.  In  1791  he  was  one  of  the 
local  board  of  war  to  call  out  the  militia  on 
expeds.  against  the  Indians.  —  Collins. 

Inness,  George,  landscape-painter,  b. 
Newburg,  N.  Y.,  May  1,  1825.  At  16  he 
went  to  N.Y.,  and  in  1845  passed  a  month  in 
Gignoux's  studio;  after  which  time  he  long 
practised  his  art  at  Eagleswood,  N.  J.  Among 
his  pictures  is  "  The  Sign  of  Promise," 
"  Peace  and  Plenty,"  "  Going  out  of  the 
Woods,"  "A  Vision  of  Faith,"  "Passing 
Storm,"  "  Summer  Afternoon,"  and  "  Twi- 
light." He  is  an  admirer  of  Rousseau,  and 
reproduces  his  manner  perfectly.  There  is 
great  strength  in  his  limning  of  trees,  great 
effect  in  his  treatment  of  light.  He  has  latterly 
resided  in  Italy.  —  Tuckerman. 

Iredell,  James,  jurist,  b.  of  Irish  ancestry, 
Lewes,  Sussex  Co.,  Eng.,  Oct.  5,  1750;  d. 
Edenton,  N.C.,  Oct.  20,  1799.  He  eraig,  to 
Chowan  Co.,  N.C.,  at  17,  and  studied  law  with 
Gov.  Saml.  Johnston,  whose  sister  Hannah  he 
m.  July  1773.  AVas  adm.  to  the  bar,  Dec.  14, 
1770;  and  was  dep.  atty.-gen.  in  1774;  dep. 
and  afterward  collector  of  Edenton  until  the 
Revol. ;  chosen  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court,  Dec. 
20,  1777;  resigned  1778;  mem.  of  the  Const. 
Conv.  at  Hillsborough  ;  atty.-gen.  of  N.C.  in 
1779-82;  and  judge  of  the  U.  S.  Sup.  Court 
from  Feb.  1790  till  his  death.  He  was  the  elo- 
quent defender  and  able  exponent  of  the  Fed- 
ei'al  Constitution  in  the  State  convention.  In 
1791  he  pub.  "Iredell's  Revisal  of  the  Stat- 
utes of  N.C."  His  judicial  opinion  in  the  case 
of  "  Chisholm  vs.  Georgia  "  contains  the  germ 
of  all  the  later  doctrines  of  "  State  rights." 
His  "  Life  and  Corresp.,"  by  G.  J.  McRee, 
was  pub.,  2  vols.,  N.Y.  1857. 

Iredell,  James,  son  of  the  preceding,  b. 
Chowan  Co.,  N.C,  Nov.  2,  1788;  d.  Edenton, 
N.C,  April  13, 1853.  N.J.  Coll.  1806.  He  was 
bred  to  the  bar;  was  10  years  in  the  house  of 
commons,  of  which  he  was  also  speaker ;  com.  a 
company  of  vols,  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  in  the  war 
of  1812  ;  chosen  judge  of  the  State  Sup.  Court 
in  1819;  gov.  of  N.C.  1827;  and  U.S.  sena- 
tor 1828-31.  He  afterward  practised  at  Ra- 
leigh ;  and  was  many  years  reporter  of  the  de- 
cisions of  the  Sup.  Court.  He  pub.  13  vols, 
of  law,  and  8  of  equity  reports.  In  1833  he 
was  app.  a  comtniss.  to  collect  and  revise  the 
State  statutes.  He  also  pub.  a  "  Treatise  on 
the  Law  of  Executors  and  Administrators." 

Irvin,  William  W.,  jurist,  b.  Albemarle 
Co.,  Va.,  1778;  d.  Lancaster,  O.,  Apr.  1842. 
Often  a  member  of  the  Ohio  le<risl.  from  Fair- 
field Co. ;  judge  Sup.  Court  of  Ohio  1809-15  ; 
M.C  1829-33. 

Irvine,  Gen.  James,  d.  Phila.  29  Apr. 
1819,  a.  83.  Col.  in  1776  ;  maj.-gen.  Pa.  mili- 
tia in  1782  ;  captured  in  attack  on  the  British 
camp  near  White  Marsh,  5  Dec.  1777,  being 
wounded  and  left  on  the  field. 

Irvine,  William,  brig.-gen.  Revol.  army, 
b.  Fermagh,  Ireland,  3  Nov.  1741 ;  d.  Phila. 
29  July,  1804.  Educated  at  the  Dublin  U.,  he 
studied  medicine  ;  was  some  time  surgeon  of  a 
British  ship-of-war  ;  but,  after  the  peace  of 
1763,  removed  to  the  U.S.,  and  practised  at 
Carlisle,  Pa.    Member  of  the  convention  which 


TEIV 


474 


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met  at  Phila.  15  July,  1774,  and  recommended 
a  general  congress ;  representative  of  Car- 
lisle until  1776;  raised  and  com.  the  6th  Pa. 
regt.,  and  was  captured  at  Trois  Rivieres, 
Canada ;  released  on  parole  3  Aug.  ;  ex- 
changed 6  May,  1778;  col.  2d  Pa.  regt.  1778; 
brig.-gen.  12  May,  1779  ;  was  employed  in  N. 
Jersey,  and  under  Wayne  at  Bull's  Ferry.  In 
the  autumn  of  1781  he'  was  intrusted  with  the 
defence  of  the  north-western  frontier,  and  was 
stationed  at  Fort  Pitt.  In  1785,  he  wasapp.  by 
the  pres.  of  Pa.  an  agent  to  examine  the  pub- 
lic lands  of  that  State,  and  suggested  the  pur- 
chase of  the  "  Triangle,"  thus  giving  to  Pa.  an 
outlet  upon  Lake  Erie.  Member  of  the  Old 
Congress  1786-8,  and  of  the  convention  that 
revised  the  constitution  of  Pa.  In  1794  he 
was  a  commiss.  to  the  Whiskey  insurgents, 
but  was  unsuccessful  in  quieting  them,  and,  at 
the  head  of  the  State  militia,  took  part  in  the 
operations  resulting  in  their  pacification.  M.C. 
1793-5.  Two  of  his  brothers  were  gallant  offi- 
cers,—  Capt.  Andrew  and  Dr.  Matthew  of 
Lee's  Legion.  Three  sons  were  also  officers 
of  the  armv,  —  Callendeb,  com.-gen.  of  pur- 
chases, who  d.  9  Oct.  1841 ;  Col.  William  A., 
of  the  42d  Inf.;  and  Capt.  Armstrong,  dis- 
ting.  at  Chrystler's  Field  and  at  Lyon's 
Creek. 

Irving,  John  Treat,  nephew  of  Wash- 
ington Irvinir,  lawyer  and  author,  b.  nb.  1810. 
Col.  Coll.,  N.Y.,  1829.  His  father,  John  T. 
Irving  (b.  1778;  d.  N.Y.  City,  March  18, 
1838;  Col.  Coll.  1798),  was  pres.  judge  of  the 
C.C.P.  for  the  city  and  county  of  N.Y.  from 
1817  till  his  d. ;  contrib.  to  the  Morning  Chron- 
icle, a  Democ.  journal  started  by  his  bros. ;  and 
was  disting.  by  his  poetical  attacks  upon  his 
political  opponents.  The  son  is  the  author  of 
"Indian  Sketches,"  1833,  a  narrative  of  an 
exped.  to  the  Pawnee  tribes  ;  "  Scenes  and  Ad- 
ventures in  the  Rocky  Mountains,"  2  vols. ; 
"  Discourse  on  the  Advantages  of  Classical 
Learning,"  with  a  sketch  of  W.  S.  Johnson, 
1830;  and  two  novels,  "The  Attorney"  and 
"  Harry  Harson,"  which  originally  appeared 
in  the  Knickerbocker  Mag.  under  the  signature 
of  "  John  Quod." 

Irving,  Paulus  .^milius,  a  Brit,  gen., 
b.  Waterford,  Ireland,  Aug.  30,  1751  ;  d.  Car- 
lisle, Jan.  31,  1828.  His  father.  Col.  P.  iE. 
Irving,  was  at  the  siege  of  Quebec  in  Sept. 
1759,  as  major  15th  Foot,  and  was  wounded. 
June  30,  1765,  then  being  com.-in-chief,  he  be- 
came pres.  of  the  Province  of  Quebec ;  in  1771 
was  app.  licut.-gov.  of  Guernsey,  and  afterward 
of  Upnor  Castle,  Kent.  He  d.  Apr.  22,  1796. 
The  son  was  licut.  47th  Foot  in  1764;  capt. 
1768  ;  major  in  1775  ;  and  was  engaged  in  the 
battles  of  Lexington  and  Bunker's  Hill  ;  at 
the  affair  of  Trois  Rivieres,  June,  1776;  at 
Crown  Point  and  Ticonderoga ;  and  served 
with  Burgoyne  till  his  surrender.  He  subse- 
quently served  in  the  West  Indies ;  was  made 
gen,  in  1812  ;  and  created  a  baronet  Sept.  19, 
1809. 

Irving,  Peter,  M.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1794), 
writer,  bro.  of  Washington  Irving,  b.  Oct.  30, 
1771;  d.N.Y.,  June  27, 1838.  He  studied,  but 
never  practised,  medicine;  and  in  1802  became 
ed.  and  proprietor  of  the  Morning  Chronicle,  a 


Democ.  journal,  to  which  his  bros.  Washington 
and  John  Treat,  Paulding,  W.  A.  Duer,  and  Ru- 
dolph Banner,  werecontribs.  Returning  from 
European  travel  in  1807,  he  projected  with  his 
bro.  "  Knickerbocker's  History  of  New  York." 
He  returned  to  Europe  in  1809,  and  remained 
until  1836.  He  pub.  "Giovanni  Sbogarro,  a 
Venetian  Tale,''  N.Y.  1820. 

Irving,  Theodore,  LL.  D.  (Un.  Coll. 
18.50),  nephew  of  Peter,  author,  b.  N.Y.  1809. 
Col.  Coll.  1837.  He  joined  his  uncle,  Wash- 
ington Irving,  in  Spain  in  1828,  and  resided 
with  him  in  Eng.,  studying  general  literature 
in  Paris,  and  afterward  studying  law  in  Lon- 
don and  New  York.  Professor  of  history  and 
belles-lettres  in  Geneva  Coll.,  N.Y.,  from' 1836 
to  1849,  and  afterward  held  for  3  years  a  simi- 
lar professorship  in  the  N.Y.  Free  Acad.  Tak- 
ing orders  in  the  Epis.  Church  in  1854,  he  be- 
came rector  of  St.  Andrew's  Parish,  Richmond, 
Stiiten  Island.  Besides  many  contribs.  to 
periodicals,  he  is  the  author  of  "  The  Conquest 
of  Florida  by  De  Soto,"  1835  and  1851,  es- 
teemed for  its  easy  and  elegant  style  ;  and  of 
"The  Fountain  of  Living  Waters,"  1854,  a 
devotional  work. 

Irving,  Washington,  LL.I>.,  author,  b. 
N.Y.  City,  Apr.  3,  1783  ;  d.  Tarry  town,  N.Y., 
Nov.  28,  1859.  Wm  ,  his  father,  was  a  Scotch 
emigrant;  and  his  mother  was  an  English- 
woman. At  the  age  of  16  he  began  the  study 
of  law,  but  did  not  enter  upon  its  practice. 
At  19  he  wrote  a  series  of  articles  under  the 
signature  of  "Jonathan  Oldstyle,"  pub.  in  the 
Morning  Chronicle,  edited  by  his  brother  Peter. 
From  May,  1804,  to  March,  1806,  he  was  ia 
Europe  for  his  health.  In  1807  lie  pub.,  in 
conjunction  with  his  brother  William,  and  J. 
K.  Paulding,  "  Salmagundi ;  "  in  Dec.  1808, 
"Knickerbocker's  History  of  N.Y.;"  ed.  the 
Analectic  Mag.  during  the  war  of  1812-14,  to 
which  he  contrib.  a  series  of  biographies  of  the 
naval  officers  of  the  U.S.;  and  in  May,  1815, 
went  to  Europe,  where  he  resided  17  years. 
He  had  previously  engaged  with  two  of  his 
brothers  in  mercantile  pursuits  as  a  silent 
partner.  The  failure  of  tlie  commercial  house 
with  which  he  was  connected  threw  him  upon 
his  literary  resources,  and,  aided  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  he  brought  out  "  The  Sketch-Book  "  in 
Lond.  in  1820,  which  brought  him  fame  and 
profit;  and,  after  a  year's  residence  in  Paris, 
"  Bracebridge  Hall"  appeared  in  May,  1822. 
He  passed  the  following  winter  in  Dresden  ; 
returned  to  Paris  in  1823,  and  in  May,  1824, 
to  Lond.,  to  pub.  "  The  Tales  of  a  Traveller;" 
returned  to  Paris  in  Aug.;  and  in  the  autumn 
of  1825  visited  the  south  of  France.  He  went 
to  Madrid  in  Feb.  1826;  pub.  his  "Life  of 
Columbus"  in  1828;  made  a  tour  to  the  south 
of  Spain;  in  1829  pub.  "The  Conquest  of 
Granada;"  and  resided  three  months  in  the  Al- 
hambra,  where  he  prepared  the  work  pub.  un- 
der that  name  in  1832.  In  1829-31  he  was 
sec.  of  legation  to  the  Amer.  embassy  in  Lond., 
and  received  one  of  the  50-guinea  gold  medals 
provided  by  George  IV.  for  eminence  in  his- 
torical compositions.  In  May,  1832,  he  re- 
turned to  N.Y. ;  in  1835  pub.  "Tour  on  the 
Prairies,"  "Abbotsfordand  Newstead  Abbey," 
and  "  Legends  of  the  Conquest  of  Granada ;  " 


IRV 


475 


IVJE 


in  1836  "Astoria;"  and  in  1837  "The  Ad- 
ventures of  Capt.  Bonneville."  From  1839  to 
1841  he  contrib.  articles  to  the  Knickerbocker 
Mag.  Tliese  and  other  articles  from  the  Eng- 
lish annuals  and  periodicals  were  in  1855  coll. 
in  a  vol.  entitled  "  Wolfert's  Roost."  In  1841 
he  pub.  "A  Life  of  Margaret  Miller  David- 
son "  to  accompany  an  edition  of  her  poetical 
remains.  Minister  to  Spain  in  1842-6;  after 
his  return,  he  began  the  publication  of  a  revised 
edition  of  his  works,  15  vols.  1848-50,  In 
1849  he  pub.  "Oliver Goldsmith, aBiography;" 
and  in  1849-50  "  Mahomet  and  his  Successors." 
His  last  work  was  his  "  Life  of  Washington," 
5  vols.  1855-9.  He  was  never  married.  The 
honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  con- 
ferred on  him  by  H.U.  in  1832;  Oxford,  Eng., 
in  1831;  and  Col.  Coll.  in  1829.  He  was  a 
corresp.  member  of  the  Roy.  Acad,  of  History 
of  Spain,  and  an  hon.  member  of  the  Hist,  and 
Geog.  Institute  of  Brazil,  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  other  learned  and  scientific  societies. 
A  Memoir  of  Irving,  with  his  Letters,  was 
pub.  by  his  nephew,  Pierre  M.  Irving,  5  vols. 
1867. 

Irving,  William,  bro.  of  the  preceding, 
writer  and  merchant,  b.  New  York,  Aug.  15, 
1766;  d.  there  Nov.  9,  1821.  From  1787  to 
1791  he  was  an  Indian  trader  on  the  Mohawk 
River.  In  1793  he  m.  a  sister  of  J.  K.  Pauld- 
ing, and  afterward  became  a  merchant  in  N.Y. 
Eminent  for  wit  and  refinement,  as  well  as 
knowledge  of  the  world.  He  was  one  of  the 
authors  of"  Salmagundi,"  to  which  he  contrib. 
most  of  the  poetical  pieces  "  from  the  Mill  of 
Pindar  Cockloft."     M.C.  1813-ll 

Irwin,  Col.  Henry;  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Germantown,  Oct.  4,  1777.  Merchant  of 
Tarborough,  N.C,  before  the  Revol.  Member 
of  the  first  Assembly  from  Edgecombe  in  Aug. 
1775;  lieut.-col.  Sept.  9,  1775. 

Irwin,  Gen,  Jared,  gov.  of  Ga.  1796-8  and 
1806-9,  b.  Mecklenburg  Co.,  N.  C,  1751  ;  d. 
Union,  Washington  Co.,  Ga.,  March  1,  1818. 
Migrating  to  Ga.  at  tlie  age  of  7,  he  was  for 
many  years  on  the  Indian  frontier,  and,  during 
the  latter  part  of  the  Revol.  war,  actively  em- 
ployed against  the  Tories  and  Indians.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  was  chosen  to  the  State 
legisl.;  was  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
adopted  the  Constitution  in  1789;  pres.  of  the 
State  Const.  Conv.  1798;  and  many  years 
member  and  pres.  of  the  senate.  Removing  to 
Pa.,  he  was  M.C.  from  that  State  in  1813-17. 

Isham,  Gen.  Jirah,  b.  Colchester,  Ct., 
1778;  d.  New  London,  6  Oct.  1842.  Y.  C. 
1797.  He  was  a  lawyer  at  New  Lond.;  State's 
atty. ;  mayor  ;  judge  of  probate  ;  and,  as  maj.- 
gen.  of  militia,  com.  in  defence  of  Stonington 
in  1814. 

Iturbide,  Adgustin  db,  emperor  of  Mex- 
ico, b.  Valladolid,  Mex.,  1784;  d.  19  July, 
1824.  Bred  a  farmer.  He  entered  the  militia 
at  the  age  of  17  ;  was  a  lieut.  in  1810  ;  and,  for 
his  services  in  suppressing  the  insurrection  of 
Morales,  was  made  a  col.  and  com.  of  Bahia; 
but,  on  being  deprived  of  that  post,  left  the  ser- 
vice, and  returned  to  his  plantation.  Placed  in 
command  of  an  army  destined  to  the  South,  ho 
marched  to  Aeapulco  in  the  latter  part  of  1819, 
and,  having  matured  a  scheme  for  the  over- 


throw of  the  Spanish  power,  —  known  as  the 
"Iguala  Plan,"  promulged  24  Feb.  1821,  — ho 
marched  to  Queretaro;  was  joined  by  Victoria, 
a  devoted  patriot ;  took  possession  of  the  capi- 
tal 27  Sept.  in  the  name  of  the  nation  ;  and 
established  a  regency  named  by  himself,  and 
wholly  under  his  own  control.  Mny  18, 1822,  he 
was  declared  emperor;  but  public  distrust,  and 
the  conflicting  claims  of  rival  chiefs,  caused  him 
to  abdicate;  and  11  May,  1823,  he  sailed  for 
Leghorn.  After  some  months'  residence  there 
and  in  Eng.,  an  insurrection  in  his  favor  in- 
duced him  to  return  to  Mexico,  where  he  land- 
ed 14  July,  1824,  but  was  recognized;  and, 
pursuant  to  a  decree  declaring  him  a  traitor  if 
he  dared  to  land  on  the  Mexican  tenitory,  he 
was  shot  at  Padillo.  His  widow  was  granted 
$8,000  on  condition  that  she  should  reside  ei- 
ther in  Colombia  or  the  U.S.  She  long  resided 
in  Phila.  Two  of  her  sons  afterward  returned 
to  Mexico,  where  they  held  offices  of  trust  un- 
der the  govt.  — See  his  Life  bij.  himself,  a  pam- 
phlet pub.  Lond.  18:24. 

Iverson,  Alfred,  Democ.  politician,  b. 
Burke  Co.,  Ga,,  Dec,  3, 1798,  N.  J.  Coll.  1820. 
He  studied  law;  settled  in  f)ractice  in  Colum- 
bus, Ga.;  was  a  member  of  both  houses  of  the 
State  legisl,;  was  twice  elected  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court;  was  M,C.  1847-9;  U.S.  sen- 
ator from  1855  to  1861;  was  an  advocate,  in 
that  body,  of  disunion  and  an  independent 
Southern  confederacy;  and  withdrew  Jan.  28, 
1861.  He  became  col.  of  a  Ga,  regt,,  and  in 
Nov,  1862  brig.-gen.  He  m.  a  dau.  of  Hon. 
John  Forsyth. 

Ives,  Ansel  W.,  M.D.  ( Coll.  Ph.  and  Surg., 
N.Y.,  1814),  physician,  b.  Woodbury,  Ct  ,1788; 
d.  New  York,  Feb.  2,  1838.  He  labored  on  a 
farm  ;  then  taught  school ;  studied  and  prac- 
tised medicine  in  N.Y.  with  constantly-increas- 
ing success.  Of  his  articles  for  medical  jour- 
nals, that  on  the  Hamulus  lupulus  gained  him 
reputation.  He  pub.,  with  Notes,  "  Paris's 
Pharmacoiogia,"  and  "  Hamilton  on  Mercurial 
Remedies." 

Ives,  Eli,  M.D.,  physician,  b.  N.  Haven, 
Ct.,  Feb.  7,  1779;  d.  there  Oct.  8,  1861.  Y.C. 
1799.  He  studied  medicine  ;  was  2  years  rec- 
tor of  the  Hopkins  grammar-school ;  began 
practice  with  his  father.  Dr.  Levi,  in  1801 ; 
subsequently  continued  his  studies  in  Phila, ; 
and  gave  special  attention  to  indigenous  vege- 
table remedies.  With  Prof.  Silliman,  he  estab- 
lished in  1813  the  medical  dept.  of  Y.C. ;  and 
from  1813  to  1829  was  prof,  of  materia  mediea. 
He  held  the  chair  of  the  theory  and  practice  of 
med.  from  1829  till  1853;  resuming  the  chair 
for  a  short  period  subsequently.  He  had  been 
pres,  of  the  State  and  National  Med.  Associa- 
tions, and  was  a  remarkably  skilful  and  suc- 
cessful practitioner.  He  was  an  active  advo- 
cate of  temperance,  education,  emancipation, 
and  other  causes  of  active  benevolence  ;  found- 
ed and  was  many  years  pres.  of  the  Hortic. 
andPomological  Societies;  and  expended  much 
time  and  labor  in  the  maintenance  of  a  botani- 
cal garden.  He  contrib.  4  articles  to  the  Jour- 
nal of  Science,  and  pub.  an  "  Address  before 
the  N.  Haven  Horticultural  Soc."  in  1837. — 
Y.  a  Obit.  Record. 

Ives,  Levi,  M.D.,  physician,  b.  1750;  d. 


IVK 


476 


JA.C 


New  Haven,  Ct.,  Oct.  17,  1826.  He  was  a 
founder  of  the  N.  Haven  Med.  Soc. ;  one  of  the 
conductors  of  Cases  and  Observations,  the  first 
med.  journal  in  tliis  country;  and  was  a  skilful 
practitioner.     Father  of  Dr.  Eli  Ives. 

Ives,  Levi  Silliman,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  di- 
vine and  author,  b.  Meriden,  Ct.,  Sept.  16, 
1797  ;  d.  Manhattanville,  near  N.Y.  City,  Oct. 
13,  1867.  Brought  up  on  his  father's  farm  in 
Turin,  N.Y.  He  studied  at  the  acad.  at  Low- 
ville,  and  served  nearly  a  year  under  Gen. 
Pike  in  the  war  with  Eng.  He  entered  Hum. 
Coll.  in  1816,  but,  on  account  of  poor  health, 
left  before  the  close  of  his  senior  year.  Join- 
ing the  Epis.  Church  in  1819,  he  studied  the- 
ology at  N.Y.  under  Bishop  Hobart  (whose 
dau.  Rebecca  he  m.  in  1825).  and  received  dea- 
con's orders  in  Aug.  1822.  He  was  first  a  mis- 
sionary at  Batavia,  N.  Y. ;  the  next  year  took 
charge  of  Trin.  Church,  Phila.,  and  was  ord. 
priest  by  Bishop  White;  in  1827  he  took 
charge  of  Christ  Church,  Lancaster,  Pa. ;  at 
the  end  of  the  year  became  assist,  minister  of 
Christ  Church,  N.Y. ;  6  months  after  was  made 
rector  of  St.  Luke's;  and  Sept.  22,  1831,  was 
consec.  bishop  of  N.C.  At  Valle  Crncis,  among 
the  mountains  of  N.C,  he  established  an  insti- 
tution to  promote  the  cause  of  education  in  the 
church,  which  occasioned  him  great  pecuniary 
loss.  He  manifested  a  deep  sympathy  with  the 
efforts  for  the  religious  training  of  the  slaves, 
for  whom  he  prepared  a  catechism  adapted 
to  their  comprehension  and  spiritual  wants. 
Besides  charges  to  the  clergy,  and  occasional 
sermons,  he  pub.  discourses  on  the  "Apostles' 
Doctrine  and  Fellowship,"  and  on  the  "  Obe- 
dience of  Faith,"  1849.  Siding  strongly  with 
the  Tractarian  movement,  his  diocese  became 
alienated,  and  he  was  at  length  thoroughly  con- 
vinced of  the  su]>remacy  of  the  pope.  In  Dec. 
1852  he  visited  Home,  and  was  there  adm.  into 
the  R.  C.  Church.  He  vindicated  this  step  in  a 
vol.  entitled  "The  Trials  of  a  Mind  in  its 
Progress  to  Catholicism,"  1854.  Deposed  from 
his  bishopric,  Oct.  14, 1853.  After  his  return  to 
Amer.  he  was  employed  as  prof,  of  rhetoric  in 
St.  Joseph's  Theol.  Sem.  at  Foixlham,  and  as 
lecturer  on  rhetoric  and  the  English  language 
in  the  convents  of  the  Sacred  Heart  and  the  Sis- 
ters of  Charity.  The  last  years  of  his  life  were 
devote<l  to  the  establishment  of  an  institution 
at  Manhattanville  for  the  protection  of  desti- 
tute children. 

Ixtlilxochitl  (ikst-lel-ho-cheetr),  Fer- 
nando DE  Alva,  an  Indian  historian,  de- 
scended in  a  direct  line  from  the  kings  of 
Tezcuco,  Mexico,  b.  ab.  1568;  d.  ab.  1648.  He 
was  interpreter  of  the  native  languages  to  the 
viceroys  of  Mexico,  and  collected  many  an- 
cient MSS.  and  traditions  of  his  country,  which 
he  embodied  in  a  series  of  memoirs  or  "  Rela- 
tions," His  most  important  work  is  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Chichemecas,"  which,  with  most 
of  his  other  writings,  was  first  printed  by  Lord 
Kingsb  >rough.  — Appleton. 

Izard,  George,  gen.,  b.  S.  C.  1777  ;  d. 
Little  Rock,  Ark.,  Nov.  22,  1828.  Son  of 
Ralph.  After  receiving  a  classical  education, 
and  making  a  tour  in  Europe,  app.  a  lieut. 
of  art.  June  2,  1794;  engr.  of  fortifications 
in   Charleston   harbor  in    1798;   capt.  July, 


1799  ;  aide  to  Gen.  Hamilton,  Dec.  16,  1799; 
resigned  in  1803.  On  the  breaking-out  of 
war  with  Great  Britain,  app.  col.  2d  Art.  Mar. 
12,  1812;  brig.-gen.  Mar.  12,  1813;  maj. -gen. 
Jan.  24,1814;  disbanded  1815.  Gov.  of  Ark. 
Territory  from  Mar.  1825  till  his  death.  He 
pub.  his  "  Official  Corresp,  with  the  War  Dept. 
in  1814-15,"  8vo,  Phila.  1816.  His  son  James 
F.,  1st  lieut.  1st  U.S.  Dragoons  (West  Point, 
1828),  d.of  wounds  received  at  Camp  Izard, 
Fla.,  5  Mar.  1836,  a.  25. 

Izard,  Ralph,  statesman,  b.  near  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  1742;  d.  there  May  .30,  1804. 
Camb.  U.,  Eng.  His  grandfather  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  S.C. ;  and  he  inherited  a  large 
estate  in  land  and  slaves.  In  1767  he  m.  Alice, 
dau.  of  Peter  DeLancy  ;  visitcil  Eng.  in  1771, 
and  the  Continent  in  1774.  He  went  again 
to  France ;  was  afterward  app.  by  Cong,  com- 
miss.  at  the  court  of  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany, 
and  resided  in  Paris.  He  sided  with  Arthur 
Lee  in  his  opposition  to  Silas  Deane,  Frank- 
lin, and  the  other  Amer.  agents  in  France. 
July  10,  1780,  he  returned  to  Amer. ;  was  in- 
strumental in  profuring  Gen.  Greene's  app.  to 
the  Southern  army,  and  pledged  his  large  estate 
for  the  purchase  of  ships-of-war  in  Europe. 
Delegate  to  the  Old  Congress  1781-3  ;  U.S. 
senator  1789-95.  He  was  polished  in  manners, 
able  and  eloquent,  and  honest  as  a  legislator, 
but  passionate,  and  incompetent  as  a  diploma- 
tist. Mis  "  Corre.sp.  from  1774  to  1784,"  with 
a  short  Memoir,  was  pub.  by  his  dau.  1844. 
His  son  R  ilph,  a  lieut.  U.S.N. ,  was  disting.  in 
the  war  with  Tripoli. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  LL  D.  (H.U.  1833), 
7thpres.  U.S.,b.  Waxhaw,  S.C,  15  Mar.  1767; 
d.  at  the  Hermitage,  near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  8 
June,  1845.  His  parents  came  from  Ireland 
in  1765.  At  14  Andrew  joined  the  Revol. 
army,  in  which  his  two  brothers  were  killed; 
was  with  Suniter  when  defeated  at  Hanging 
Rock  in  1780  ;  was  captured  in  1781,  and,  for 
refusing  to  clean  the  bootsof  a  British  officer,  re- 
ceived two  wounds  from  a  sword.  He  studied, 
and  was  adm.  to  practise  law  in  Western  N.C. 
in  1786;  removed  to  Nashville  in  1788;  was 
U.S.  atty  in  1790  ;  member  of  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  inl796;  U.S.  senator  in  1797;  and  was 
a  judge  of  the  Tenn.  Sup.  Ct.  in  1798-1804; 
maj. -gen.  Tenn.  militia  1798-1814.  He  com. 
in  the  battle  with  the  Creek  Indians  at  Tal- 
ladega in  Nov.  1813;  at  the  Emucfan  24  Jan. 
1814  ;  and  at  Horse-shoe  Bend  27  Mar.  1814;. 
made  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  19  Apr.  1814;  and 
maj  -gen.  1  May,  1814.  Commiss.  in  that 
year  with  Col.  Hawkins  to  treat  with  the  sub- 
dued tril)cs,  and  to  establish  military  posts  in 
their  country.  Jan.  8,  1815,  he  obtained  a 
signal  victory  over  the  Biitish  forces  at  New 
Orleans,  by  which,  and  by  his  active  and  vigor- 
ous measures  for  the  defence  of  that  city,  he 
established  a  high  reputation  as  a  gen.  In 
1817-18  he  successfully  prosecuted  the  Sem- 
inole war;  resigned  his  com.  in  1819;  was 
gov.  of  Fla.  in  1821-2  ;  U.S.  senator  1823-4  ; 
and  in  1828,  and  again  in  1832,  was  elected 
pres.  The  events  which  particularly  marked 
his  administration  were  the  difficulties  with 
France  about  the  payment  of  the  indemnity, 
the  suppression  of  the  nullification  moveraeut 


J^O 


477 


j^o 


in  S.C.  in  1832,  the  war  with  the  Seminole 
Indians,  the  removal  of  the  deposits  from  the 
U.S.  Bank,  and  the  controversy  which  ended 
in  the  loss  of  its  charter.  He  possessed  great 
firmness  and  decision  of  character,  and  was  a 
thoroughly  honest  and  straightforward  man. 
In  1806  he  challenged,  and  killed  in  a  duel, 
Charles  Dickinson  (receiving  himself  a  severe 
wound),  by  which  his  popularity  was  greatly 
impaired;  and  in  Sept.  1813,  in  an  affray  at 
Nashville  with  Thomas  H.  Benton,  he  'was 
severely  wounded  by  Benton's  brother  Jesse. 
If  his  hot  temper  led  him  into  more  than  one 
affair  injurious  to  his  reputation,  his  humanity 
and  benevolence  were  frequently  exhibited. 
In  1835  an  attempt  upon  his  life  was  made  by 
Kichard  Lawrence,  afterward  confined  as  a 
lunatic.  His  biog.  has  been  written  by  J.  H. 
Eaton,  1818;  William  Cobbett,  1834;  Amos 
Kendall,  1844;  and  by  James  Parton,  3  vols. 
Svo,  1859. 

Jackson,  Charles,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1821), 
jurist,  b.  Newhuryport,  Mav  31,  1775  ;  d.  Bos- 
ton, Dec.  13,  1855.  H.U.  n93.  Son  of  Hon. 
Jonathan.  Charles  studied  law  in  the  office  of 
Chief  Justice  Parsons;  was  adm.  to  practice 
in  Essex  Co.  in  1796,  rapidly  attaining  emi- 
nence; and  in  1803  removed  to  Boston,  where 
he  was  engaged  with  Judge  Hubbard,  his  part- 
ner, in  the  most  lucrative  practice  in  the  State, 
and  where  he  attained  the  highest  rank  at  a 
barthronged  with  brilliant  competitors.  Judge 
Ms.  Sup.  Court  1813-24  ;  member  of  the  State 
Const.  Conv.  in  1820;  afterwards  aided  in 
other  desirable  legal  i-eforms,  and  especially  in 
those  affecting  the  relations  of  det)tor  and  cred- 
itor ;  and  in  1 833  was  app.  one  of  the  commiss. 
to  codify  the  State  laws.  He  pub.  a  treatise 
npon  the  "  Pleadings  and  Practice  in  Real 
Actions,"  8vo,  1828. 

Jackson,  Charles  Davis,  D.D.  (Norwich 
U.  1859),  b.  Salem,  Ms.,  Dec.  15, 181 1.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1833;  And.  Theol.  Sem.  1838.  Prof, 
of  Latin  and  Greek  at  Lane  Sem.  ;  was  head 
of  a  classical  school  at  Petersburg,  Va.,  2 
years;  taught  in  Dr.  Hawks's  school  at  Flush- 
ing, L.  I.,  1  year;  ord.  priest  in  the  Prot.-Epis. 
Church,  NY.  City,  Mar.  5,  1842;  rector  of 
St.  Stephen's  Church  1  or  2  years  ;  rector  of 
St.  Luke's,  Staten  Island,  1843-7;  and  since 
then  of  St.  Peter's,  Westchester,  N.Y.  He 
pub.  a  vol.  on  "  Popular  Education,"  on  "  The 
Relation  of  Education  to  Crime"  (2  vols.), 
"  Select  Discourses,"  and  "  Sermons  on  a  Fu- 
ture State." 

Jackson,  Charles  Thomas,  M.D.  (H.U. 
1829),  chemist,  mineralogist,  and  geologist,  b. 
Plymouth,  Ms.,  June  21,  1805.  Descended 
from  Abraham,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Plymouth,  and,  on  the  mother's  side,  from  Rev. 
John  Cotton.  While  preparing  himself  for 
coll.  his  health  failed,  and  he  made  an  excur- 
sion on  foot  through  N.Y.  and  N.  J.  with  sev- 
eral disting.  naturalists.  Returning  to  Boston, 
he  studied  medicine.  In  the  summer  of  1827, 
he  made,  in  company  with  Francis  Alger  of 
Boston,  a  mineralogical  and  geological  survey 
of  Nova  Scotia,  an  account  of  which  is  in  the 
Amer.  Journal  of  Science  for  1828.  In  1829 
they  renewed  this  survey,  pub.  a  fuller  account 
in  the  "  Memoirs  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and 


Sciences."  In  1829-32  he  visited  Europe,  pur- 
suing his  medical  and  scientific  studies  at  Paris  ; 
made  a  pedestrian  tour  through  Central  Eu- 
rope ;  was  at  Vienna  during  the  prevalence  of 
the  cholera ;  assisted  in  the  dissection  of  the 
bodies  of  200  victims  of  the  disease;  and  pub. 
a  detailed  account  of  his  medical  observations 
in  the  Boston  Med.  Mag.  for  1832.  Visiting 
Italy,  he  made  a  geol.  tour  of  Sicily.  In  1837 
a  controversy  arose  between  Prof.  Morse  and 
Dr.  Jackson  in  regard  to  their  respective  claims 
to  the  invention  of  the  magnetic  telegraph, 
the  evidence  respecting  which  has  been  printed. 
In  1836  he  was  app.  State  geologist  of  Me.,  of 
which  he  made  3  annual  reports;  in  1839  of 
R.  I.,  of  which  he  made  a  report  in  1  vol. ;  in 
1840  of  N.H.,  occupying  3  years,  of  which  he 
pub.  the  report  in  1844.  He  then  explored  the 
wilderness  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, and  made  known  to  the  public  the  won- 
derful mineral  resources  of  that  region.  In 
1847-9  he  was  app.  by  Congress  to  survey  the 
mineral  lands  in  Mich.,  his  report  of  which 
was  pub.  in  1850.  Dr.  Jackson  is  also  a  claim- 
ant of  the  discovery  of  anaesthetics,  and  is  the 
recipient  of  various  honors  on  that  account. 
(See  Morton,  W.  T.  G.)  He  has  made  numer- 
ous scientific  discoveries,  and  has  furnished 
many  scientific  communications  to  the  Journal 
of  Science  and  Arts,  to  the  Comptes  Rendns,  and 
to  the  Bulletin  de  la  Society  Geolorjicale  de  France. 
He  has  also  pub.  in  the  U.S.  Patent  Office  Agric. 
Reports  the  results  of  chemical  researches  on 
the  cotton-plant,  the  tobacco-plant,  on  Indian 
corn,  and  on  38  varieties  of  Amer.  grasses. 
He  pub.  in  1861  "  Manual  of  Etherization,  with 
a  History  of  the  Discovery."  —  App/eton. 

Jackson,  Claiborne  F.,  politician,  b. 
Fleming  Co.,  Ky.,  Apr.  4,  1807;  d.  Little 
Rock,  Ark.,  Dec.  6,  1862.  He  went  to  Mo. 
in  1822;  was  a  capt.  in  the  Black  Hawk  War; 
was  10  or  12  years  in  the  State  legisl. ;  speaker 
of  the  house  1  year;  and  gov.  of  Mo.  in  1861. 
His  efforts  for  the  secession  of  the  State  were 
frustrated  by  Gen.  Lyon  ;  and  he  was  deposed 
by  the  State  Conv.  in  July.  He  was  made  a 
gen.  in  the  Con  fed.  army. 

Jackson,  Conrad  Feger,  hrig.-gen.  vols., 
b.  Pa. ;  killed  in  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg, 
Va.,  Dec.  13,  1862.  Before  the  war  he  had 
been  connected  with  the  Pa.  Central  and  Read- 
ing Railroads.  He  became  col.  9th  Pa.  Re- 
serves in  1861  ;  com.  his  regt.  at  the  battle  of 
Drainsville;  and  served  under  Gen.  McCall  in 
the  Peninsular  campaign.  Made  a  brig. -gen. 
July  17,  1862,  he  took  com.  of  a  brigade  in  Mc- 
Call's  division,  which  he  led  at  So.  Mountain 
and  Antietam. 

Jackson,  Francis,  b.  Newton,  Mar.  7, 
1789;  d.  Boston,  Nov.  14,  1861.  Many  years 
pres.  Ms.  Antislavery  Society.  Son  of  Major 
Timothy  (1756-1814),  a  Revol.  officer.  He 
was  at  one  time  a  member  of  the  city  govt., 
and  the  originator  of  many  public  improve- 
ments in  Boston.  He  pub.  a  "  Hist,  of  New- 
ton," 1854. 

Jackson,  Gen.  Henry,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Boston,  1748;  d.  there  Jan.  4,  1809.  App. 
col.  16th  Ms.  regt.  Jan.  12, 1777  ;  com.  the  9th 
in  1779-82  (called  the  Boston  regt.)  ;  and  dis- 
ting. at  R.  I.  in  1778,  and  at  Springfield,  N.J., 


JAO 


478 


J-A.O 


in  Jane,  1780.     He  afterward  com.  the  4th  Ms. 

"^^ Jackson,  Henry,  M.D.  (Phila.  Coll.), 
LL.l).,  b.  Devonshire,  Eng.,  1778;  d.  near 
Athens,  Ga  ,  Apr.  26,  1840.  At  the  age  of 
12  he  emigrated  to  Amer.,  and  was  educated 
by  his  bro.  Gen.  James  Jackson.  Prof,  of 
math,  and  nat.  philos.  in  the  U.  of  Ga.  1811- 
14  and  1817-28;  sec.  of  legation  in  France 
1814  ;  and  charge  d'affaires  until  1817. 

Jackson,  Henry,  D.D.  (BU.  1854),  b. 
Providence,  li.  I.,  June  16,  1798;  d.  Newport, 
R.I.,  Mar.  2,  1863.  B.  U.  1817.  Ord.  over 
the  1st  Baptist  Church,  Charlestown,  Ms., 
Nov.  27,  1822;  disni.  Oct.  19,  1836;  founded 
the  Charlestown  Female  Sem. ;  pastor  of  the 
First  Church,  Hartford,  1836-8;  of  New  Bed- 
ford, Jan.  1,  1839  to  Oct.  19,  1845,  and  of  the 
Central  Baptist  Church,  Newport,  from  Jan. 
24,  1847,  to  his  death.  He  pub.  "Account  of 
the  Churches  of  R.  I.,"  8vo,  1854  ;  and  "  An- 
niv.  Discourse  before  the  Central  Baptist 
Church,  Newport,"  8  Jan.  I85i.— Hist.  Mar/. 
Dec.  1868. 

Jackson,  Henry  Rootes,  author  and 
diplomatist,  b.  Savannah,  Ga.,  1819.  Y.  C. 
1839.  Son  of  Dr.  Henry.  Educated  at  Frank- 
lin Coll.,  Athens,  Ga.  Was  subsequently  adm. 
to  the  bar ;  and  was  several  years  U.  S.  dist.- 
atty.  for  the  State.  He  was  also,  at  one  period, 
one  of  the  editors  of  the  Savannah  Georfjian. 
Col.  of  a  Georgia  regt.  in  the  Mexican  war. 
He  was  a  judge  of  the  eastern  circuit  from  1849 
to  1853,  when  he  was  app.  charge  d'affaires  at 
Vienna,  and  from  1854  to  1858  was  minister 
resident.  Made  a  brig. -gen.  in  the  rebel  army 
in  the  beginning  of  the  war,  he  had  a  com.  on 
the  Upper  Potomac.  Author  of  "Tullalah, 
and  other  Poems,"  1851. 

Jackson,  Gen.  James,  soldier  and  states- 
man, b.  Devonshire,  Eng.,  Sept.  21,  1757;  d. 
Washington,  March  19,  1806.  In  1772  he 
came  to  Savannah,  and  began  to  study  law. 
Nature  having  eminently  fitted  him  for  a  sol- 
dier, he  was  active  in  repelling  the  British  from 
Savannah  in  March,  1776;  com.  a  com])any 
until  the  fatal  Florida  exped.  of  Gen.  Howe; 
made  brigade  maj.  of  Ga.  militia  in  1778,  and 
wounded  in  the  skirmish  in  which  Gen.  Scre- 
ven was  killed  ;  took  part  in  the  defence  of 
Savannah ;  and  when  it  fell,  Dec.  29, 1778,  fled 
to  S.  C,  where  he  joined  Gen.  Moultrie. 
While  on  his  way,  so  wretched  was  his  appear- 
ance, that  some  Whigs  arrested,  tried,  and  con- 
demned him  as  a  spy ;  ab.  to  be  executed,  he 
was  fortunately  recognized  by  a  gentleman  of 
reputation  from  Ga.  In  March,  1780,  he  was 
severely  wounded  in  a  duel;  his  adversary, 
Lieut.-Gov.  Wells,  being  killed.  He  joined  Col- 
Elijah  Clark  in  Aug.  1780,  and  at  the  battle  of 
Blackstocks  was  vol,  aide  to  Sumter;  in  1781 
he  was  brig,  major  to  Gen.  Pickens,  sharing  in 
the  victory  of  the  Cowpens;  and  at  the  battle 
of  Long  Cane,  when  Col.  Clark  was  disabled, 
saved  his  com.  from  dispersion.  He  was  at  the 
siege  of  Augusta,  and  was  left  in  com.  of  the 
garrison  after  the  expulsion  of  the  British.  He 
next  com.  a  legionary  corps,  with  which  he  did 
good  service  ;  at  the  close  of  the  war  the  Ga. 
legisl.  gave  him  a  house  and  lot  in  Savannah. 
Engaged  successfully  in  the   practice  of  the 


law;  he  m.  in  1785;  was  made  brig.-gen.  in 
1786  ;  and  was  elected  gov.  of  Ga.  in  1788,  but 
declined  on  account  of  youth  and  inexperience. 
M.  C.  1789-91;  U.S.  senator  1793-5  and 
1801-6;  maj.-gen.  of  militia  1792  ;  chiefly  in- 
strumental in  framing  the  con.stitution  of' Ga. 
in  1798;  and  gov.  in  1798-1801.  While  in 
Congress,  he  strenuously  opposed  the  bill  for 
the  suppression  of  the  slave-trade.  He  was  a 
man  of  impetuous  temper,  but  of  approved  in- 
tegrity and  patriotism.  His  bro.,  Gen.  Abra- 
ham, d.  in  Jan.  1810.  —Nat.  Port.  Gall. 

Jackson,  James,  M.  D  ,  LL.D.  (H.  U. 
1854),  physician,  bro.  of  Charles,  b.  Newbury- 
port,  Oct.  3,  1777  ;  d.  Boston,  Aug.  27,  1867. 
H.  U.  1796.  For  6  months  after  graduating, 
he  was  English  teacher  at  Leicester  Acad, ;  he 
studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Ilolyoke  of  Salem, 
and  in  Lond. ;  then  returned  to  Bo,ston,  where 
he  began  practice  in  1800,  In  1810,  with  Dr. 
J.  C.  Warren,  he  proposed  the  establishment 
of  a  hospital  in  Boston,  The  Asylum  for  the 
Insane  was  soon  established  at  Somerville,  and 
afterward  the  Ms.  Gen.  Hospital  in  Boston,  of 
which  Dr.  Jackson  was  the  first  physician, 
and  resigned  in  1835.  In  1810  he  was  chosen 
prof,  of  clinical  medicine  in  the  mcd.  dept,  of 
H.U. ;  in  1812  prof.of  theory  and  practice  there, 
and  in  1835  was  made  emeritus  prof.  His 
principal  publications  are,  "  On  the  Brunonian 
System,"  1809  ;  "  Remarks  on  the  Medical  Ef- 
fects of  Dentition,"  1812  ;  various  articles  in 
the  "Transactions  of  the  Ms.  Medical  Society;" 
"Syllabus  of  Lectures,"  1816  ;  and  "  Tcxt- 
Book  of  Lectures,"  1825-7;  A  Memoir  of  his 
son,  James  Jackson,  jnn.,  who  died  in  1834; 
"  Letters  to  a  Young  Physician,"  1855  ;  "  Eu- 
logy on  Dr.  John  Warren,"  1815,  Dr.  Jack- 
son was  also  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  Boston 
3Ied.  and  Surgical  ./ournal. 

Jackson,  Gen.  James  S.,  b,  Madison  Co,, 
Ky.,  ab.  1822  ;  killed  in  the  battle  of  Perryville, 
Oct,  8,  1862.  Educated  at  Centre  Coll.  He 
studied  law ;  practised  at  Grecnupsburg,  and 
afterwards  at  Mopkinsville,  Ky.,  and  was  prom- 
inent both  as  a  lawyer  and  a  politician.  He 
served  in  the  Ky.  Cav.  in  the  Mexican  war. 
Elected  as  a  Union  candidate  to  the  37th  Con- 
gress. He  Ijccame  col.  3d  Ky.  Cav.;  was  made 
a  brig.-gen.  July  10,  1862  ;  and  com.  a  division 
under  Gen.  McCook  at  Perryville.  He  had 
fought  several  duels,  one  of  them  with  T.  F. 
Marshall, 

Jackson,  John  G,,  lawver  and  politician, 
d.  Clarksburg,  Va.,  March* 29,  1825,  At  19 
he  was  surveyor  of  public  lands  in  Ohio  ;  at 
20  a  member  of  the  Va,  legisl.,  and  again  in 
1798-9;  M.C.  from  Va.  1795-7,  1799-1810, 
1818-17;  app,  judge  U.S,  court,  west,  dist,  of 
Va,,  in  1819;  brig,-gen.  State  militia,  1813. 

Jackson,  John  J.,  brig.-gen.  C.  S.  A.,  b. 
Augusta,  Ga.,  1829;  d,  Milledgevillc,  March 
22,  1866,  He  was  a  lawyer  by  profession; 
raised  the  Augusta  vol.  batt.,  and  1st  Ga.  inf., 
and  com,  a  brigade  in  Bragg's  corps  at  Shiloh  ; 
in  August,  1864,  he  com.  the  Con  led.  dept.  of 
Fla.  ;  after  the  war,  he  resumed  his  profession 
at  Augusta. 

Jackson,  Jonathan,  statesman,  b.  Bos- 
ton, June  4,  1743  ;  d.  there  March  5,  1810. 
H.U.  1761.     He  was  long  a  merchant  in  New- 


JAC 


479 


JTJLO 


buryport,  where  he  m.  the  dau.  of  Patrick 
Tracy,  an  opulent  merchant.  Member  of  the 
Prov.  Congress  1775;  representative  in  1777; 
member  of  the  Old  Congress  in  1782;  State 
senator  in  1789;  and  marshal  of  the  dist.  of 
Ms. ;  afterward  State  treasurer,  and  pres.  of 
the  State  Bank.  Author  of  "Thoughts  upon 
the  Polit.  Situation  of  the  U.S.,"  1788.  Judge 
Charles,  Dr.  James,  and  Patrick  T.,  were  his 
sons. 

Jackson,  Gbx.  Michael,  Revol.  soldier, 
b.  Newton,  Ms.,  Dec.  18,  1734;  d,  there  April 
10,  1801.  Alieut.  in  the  French  war  :  at  Bun- 
ker's Hill,  where  he  was  major  of  Gardner's 
regt.,  he  had  a  personal  encounter  with  a  Brit- 
ish officer,  whom  he  killed,  while  he  received  a 
ball  in  the  side  :  his  life  was  saved  by  his  sword- 
belt.  He  was  afterward  lieut.-col.  of  Bond's 
regt.,  and  was  wounded  in  the  thigh  at  Mon- 
tressor's  Island,  in  1776  ;  col.  8th  Ms.  regt.  of 
the  Cont.  line  from  Jan.  1777  till  the  end  of 
the  war,  in  which  his  5  brothers  and  5  sons 
were  engaged.  —  Hist,  of  Newton. 

Jackson,  Gen.  Nathaniel  J.,  b.  New- 
buryport,  Ms.  Capt.  Lewiston  Light  Inf  be- 
fore the  war;  col.  1st  Me.  vols.  June,  1861 ;  and 
was  afterward  col.  5th  Me.  regt. ;  brig.-gen. 
vols.  24  Sept.  1862;  com.  2d  brig.  2d  div.  12th 
corps,  and  served  through  the  campaigns  of 
McClellan  and  Pope  in  Va.,  and  was  wounded 
at  Gaines's  Mill.  In  the  fall  of  1864  he  took 
com.  1st  div.  20th  corps;  was  in  Sherman's 
march  to  the  sea,  and  in  the  invasion  of  the 
Carolinas ;  brev.  maj.-gcn. ;  mustered  out  24 
Aug.  1865. 

Jackson,  Patrick  Tracy,  merchant  (bro. 
of  Dr.  James),  b.  Newbnryport,  Aug.  14,  1780  ; 
d.  Beverly,  Sept.  12, 1847.  Establishing  him- 
self in  Boston,  he  acquired  a  fortune  in  the 
India  trade.  With  his  brother-in-law,  Francis 
C.  Lowell,  he  engaged  in  the  cotton  manuf ; 
having  succeeded,  in  the  latter  part  of  1812,  in 
producing  a  model  from  which  the  ingenious 
Paul  Moody  constructed  a  power-loom.  In 
1813  they  built  their  first  mill  at  Waltham, 
said  to  have  been  the  first  in  the  world  that 
combined  all  the  operations  for  converting  the 
raw  cotton  into  finished  cloth.  In  1821  he 
made  large  purchases  of  land  on  the  Merrimack 
River,  where  a  number  of  mills  were  construct- 
ed by  the  Merrimack  Manuf.  Co.,  organized  un- 
der liis  auspices.  This  settlement  formed  the 
germ  of  the  city  of  Lowell,  subsequently  erected 
on  the  spot.  He  in  1830  procured  a  charter 
for  a  railroad  between  Lowell  and  Boston,  the 
construction  of  which  he  directed  with  untiring 
energy  until  its  completion  in  1835.  Pecuniary 
reverses  having  overtaken  him  in  1837,  he  took 
charge  of  the  Locks  and  Canals  Company  of 
Lowell;  and  was  subsequently  agent  of  the 
Great  Falls  Manuf.  Co.  at  Somerswortk  He 
also  labored  zealously  to  promote  the  moral 
and  intellectual  improvement  of  the  operatives 
in  his  mills,  with  deserved  success.  —  See  Hunt's 
Lives  of  American  Merchants. 

Jackson,  Dr.  Robert  Montgomery 
Smith,  med.  insp.  23d  army  corps,  b.  Pa. ;  d. 
Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  Jan.  28, 1865.  A  resident 
of  Cresson,  he  was  widely  known  in  Pu.  for 
force  of  character  and  scientific  attainment, 
and  was  specially  disting.  as  a  botanist  and 


geologist.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Pa.  Geol. 
Commission,  of  the  Am.  Philos.  Soc,  the 
Acad,  of  Natural  Sciences,  and  other  learned 
bodies.  He  pub.  "  The  Mountain,"  a  work 
disting.  by  a  love  of  nature  and  scientific 
knowledge. 

Jackson,  Samuel,  M.D.,  prof,  institutes 
of  med.  at  the  U.  of  Pa.  1835-63,  M.D.  of 
Rutg.  Coll.  1812,  b.  Phila.  22  Mar.  1787.  Has 
pub.  "Principles  of  Medicine,"  8vo,  1832; 
"  Discourse  Commemo.  of  Nathl.  Chapman," 
1854;  Introd.  to  J.  C.  Morris's  Transl.  of 
"Lehman's  Chemical  Physiology,"  8vo,  1856; 
"  Occasional  Medical  Essays."  — Allibone. 

Jackson,  Thomas  Jonathan  ("Stone- 
wall"), gen.  C.S.A.,  b.  Clarksburg,  Va.,  Jan. 
21,  1824  ;  d.  at  Guinea's  Station,  Va.,  May  10, 
1863.  West  Point,  1846  (No.  17  in  his  class). 
The  death  of  his  father,  in  1827,  left  him  de- 
pendent upon  an  uncle,  who  brought  him  up  a 
farmer.  As  a  boy  he  was  noted  for  gravity 
and  sobriety  of  manners.  Entering  the  2d 
Art.,  he  served  in  Mexico  with  Magruder's 
battery;  became  1st  lieut.  Aug.  20,  1847; 
brev.  capt.  and  major  for  gallantry  at  Con- 
treras,  Churubusco,and  Chapultepec;  resigned 
Feb.  29,  1852,  with  impaired  health;  and  be- 
came a  prof,  in  the  Miiit.  Inst,  at  Lexington, 
Va.  Embracing  the  secession  movement  with 
enthusiasm,  he  was  made  a  col.;  and  May  3, 
1861,  app.  com.  of  the  "  Army  of  Observation" 
at  Harper's  Ferry.  He  encountered  Gen.  Pat- 
terson's advance  at  Falling  Waters,  July  2; 
bore  a  disting.  part,  and  com.  a  brigade,  in  the 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  where,  in  the  language  of 
the  Confed.  Gen.  Bee,  "Jackson  stood  like  a 
stone  wail."  He  was  soon  after  made  a  brig., 
and  in  Sept.  a  maj.-gcn.,  and  assigned  to  the 
com.  at  Winchester.  He  attacked  Gen.  Shields 
at  this  place,  Mar.  23,  1862,  and  was  repulsed. 
Early  in  May  he  turned  upon  his  pursuers, 
and  by  a  rapid  march  cut  off  a  detached  body 
at  Front  Royal,  and  compelled  the  Union  army 
under  Banks  to  retreat  hastily  to  the  Potomac. 
Fremont  and  McDowell  endeavored  to  cut  liim 
off;  but  he  succeeded  in  eluding  them  by  a  dis- 
play of  energy,  decision,  and  command  of  re- 
sources, that  made  his  name  famous  in  both 
Europe  and  America.  Hastening  back  to 
Richmond,  his  timely  arrival  at  Gaines's  Mill 
gave  the  victory  to  the  Confederates ;  on  the 
29th  he  engaged  McClellan's  rear-guard  at 
Frazier's  Farm;  and  July  I  shared  in  the  sig- 
nal defeat  of  the  Confederates  at  Malvern  Hill. 
Jackson's  corps  next  moved  against  Gen.  Pope; 
Aug.  9  was  fought  the  severely-contested  battle 
of  Cedar  Mountain,  with  the  small  corps  of 
Gen.  Banks.  Lee  having  joined  Jackson,  the 
latter  was  despatched,  Aug.  24,  to  gain  Gen. 
Pope's  rear,  which  he  did,  capturing,  at  Ma- 
nassas, prisoners,  cannon,  and  a  large  amount 
of  stores.  Lee  came  to  his  support^  and  on 
the  30th  was  fought  the  second  batile  of  Ma- 
nassas. He  took  part  in  the  invasion  of  Md. ; 
Sept.  15  captured  Harper's  Ferry,  with  11,000 
prisoners,  and  rejoined  Lee  at  Antietam  in 
season  to  do  the  severest  fighting  at  that  battle. 
Lieut.-gen.  for  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg, 
Dec.  13,  1862.  By  his  flank  movement  at 
Chancellorsville,  May  2,  1863,  the  11th  corps 
of  Hooker's  army  was  routed,  and  compelled 


J^C 


480 


J^M 


to  fall  back ;  but  in  the  darkness  he  was,  by 
mistake,  fiied  upon  by  his  own  men,  and  so 
severely  wounded  as  to  occasion  his  death  a 
few  days  later.  Jackson  was  a  deacon  in  the 
Presb.  Church ;  and  his  religious  fervor  some- 
times approached  the  verge  of  fanaticism.  His 
manners  and  dress  were  of  the  simplest  de- 
scription. 

Jackson,  Timothy,  inventor,  d.  Boston, 
Ms.,  Oct  31,  1858.  The  hotel  annunciator, 
the  heavy  ordnance  by  which  the  walls  of  the 
MalakofF  and  Redan  were  battered  down  at 
the  storming  of  Sebastopol,  the  "  Novelty  "  S5 
sewing-machine,  and  many  other  new  and  use- 
ful inventions,  were  his.  He,  however,  reaped 
little  pecuniary  benefit  from  his  labors. 

Jackson,  Major  William,  Revol.  officer, 
b.  Cumberland,  Eng.,  Mar.  9,  1759;  d.  Phila. 
Dec.  17,1828.  An  orphan;  brought  to  Charles- 
ton, S.C.,  at  an  early  age;  liberally  educated; 
a  lieut.  1st  S.C.  regt.  June,  1775;  aide  to  Gen. 
Lincoln  in  the  fight  at  Stono,  June  20,  1779  ; 
capt.  Oct.  9,  1779,  in  the  repulse  at  Savannah; 
and  made  prisoner  at  Charleston,  May  12, 1780; 
in  1781  sec.  to  Col.  John  Laurens,  special 
minister  to  France;  aide-decamp  to  Washing- 
ton, with  the  rank  of  major;  assist,  sec.  of  war 
under  Gen.  Lincoln  1782-3  ;  and  after  a  visit  to 
Europe  practised  law  at  Phila. ;  in  1787  sec.  to 
the  convention  that  framed  the  U.S.  Constitu- 
tion ;  aide  and  private  sec.  to  Washington  1 789- 
93;  spent  two  years  in  Europe;  and  Nov.  11, 
1795,  m.  Elizabeth  Willing  of  Phila,  who  d. 
Aug.  5, 1858.  Surv.  of  the  port  of  Phila.  1796- 
1801  ;  sec.  of  the  Soc.  of  Cincinnati  1800-28; 
solicitor  of  Revol.  pensions,  Jan.  1820.  After 
his  removal  from  the  office  of  surveyor  by 
Jefferson,  he  started  The  Political  and  Commer- 
cial Register,  a  daily  newspaper.  He  delivered 
the  funeral-oration  upon  Washington  in  Phila. 

Jackson,  William,  D.D.  (Middleb.  Coll. 
1839),  minister  of  Dorset,  Vt.,  b.  Cornwall, 
Ct.,  14  Dec.  1768;  d.  Dorset,  Vt.,  15  Oct. 
1842.  Dartm.  Coll.  1790.  Ord.  27  Sept.  1796. 
He  studied  theology  with  Dr.  Emmons,  and 
founded  the  first  education  society  in  the  U.S. 
His  wife,  Susanna  Crane  of  Brentwood,  N.H., 
b.  1771,  d.  1848.  Some  of  her  interesting  let- 
ters are  pub.  in  the  Memoirs  of  her  dau.  Hen- 
rietta A.  L.  Hamlin,  wife  of  the  missionary. 

Jackson,  William,  philanthropist,  b. 
Newton,  Ms.,  Sept.  6,  1783;  d.  there  Feb.  27, 
1855.  Member  Ms.  legisl.  1829-32;  M.C. 
1834-7  and  1841-3;  and  filled  other  important 
public  stations.  He  was  a  pioneer  in  railroad 
enterprises  in  Ms.,  and  a  zealous  laborer  for 
the  causes  of  temperance  and  antislavery. 

Jacob,  Stephen,  chief  justice  of  Vt. ;  d. 
Windsor,  Vt.,  Feb.  1817,  a.  61.     Yale,  1778. 

Jacobs,  Sarah  S.,  b.  R.I.,  dau.  of  Rev. 
Bela  Jacobs,  a  Bapt.  minister ;  resides  in  Cam- 
bridgeport,  Ms.  She  has  pub.  "Nonantum 
and  Natick,"  a  popular  history  of  the  N.E. 
Indian  tribes,  12mo,  1853;  "Memoir  of  Rev. 
B.  Jacobs,"  1837.  A  number  of  her  poetical 
pieces  are  in  Griswold's  "Amer.  Female  Poets." 
—  Allibone. 

Jacobson,  John  Christian,  bishop  of  the 
Moravian  Church;  d,  Bethlehem, Pa.,  24 Nov. 
1870,  a.  75.  He  had  been  a  minister  and  bishop 
more  than  50  years. 


Jacobus,  Melancthon  Williams,  D.D. 
(JcfF.  Coll.  1852),  LL.D.  (Q.  of  Miami  1867), 
b.  Newark,  N.  J.,  1816.  N.J.  Coll.  1834.  Prof. 
Orient,  and  Bibl.  Lit.  in  the  Western  Theol. 
Sem.  (Presb.)  Author  of  "  Letters  on  the  Pub- 
lic School  Controversy;"  "Notes  on  the  Gos- 
pels and  Acts,"  3  vols.  1849-52;  Question- 
Books  for  the  same. 

Jafirey,  George,  successively  councillor, 
judge,  treas.,  and  chief  justice  of  N.H.,  b.  New- 
castle, N.H.,  Nov.  -22,  1682;  d.  Portsmouth, 
Mays,  1749.     H.U.  1702. 

James,  Charles  T.,  inventor,  b.  West 
Greenwich,  R.I.,  1804;  d.  Sag  Harbor,  L.I., 
Oct.  17,  1862,  from  wounds  received  by  the 
explosion  of  a  shell  of  his  own  manufacture. 
A.M.  of  Brown  U.  1838.  He  learned  the 
trade  of  a  carpenter;  at  19  began  to  study 
mechanics,  at  the  same  time  learning,  as  a  work- 
man in  the  machine-shops,  the  construction  of 
cotton  machinery.  Removing  to  Providence, 
he  became  supt.  of  Slater's  steam  cotton-mills, 
and  maj.-gen.  of  militia.  At  Newburyport  he 
erected  the  Bartlett  and  James  Mills ;  and 
subsequently  erected  cotton-mills  in  Salem, 
Ms.,  in  N.Y.,  Pa.,  Ind.,  and  Tenn. ;  and  in 
1849  built  the  Atlantic  Delaine  Mill  at  Olney- 
ville,  RI.  U.S.  senator  from  1851  to  1857, 
when  he  devoted  himself  to  the  perfection  of 
several  inventions,  among  then  a  rifled  cannon 
and  a  new  projectile.  He  wrote  a  series  of 
papers  on  the  culture  and  manufacture  of  cot- 
ton in  the  South. 

James,  Edwin,  M.D.,  botanist  and  geol 
ogist  to  Maj.  Long's  1st  exped. ;  d.  1862.  Mid. 
Coll.  1816.  Pub.  "Exped.  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  1818-19,"  8vo,  Phila.  1823; 
edited  Life  of  John  Tanner. 

James,  Henry,  author,  b.  Albany,  N.Y., 
June  3,  1811.  At  12  he  met  with  an  accident, 
resulting  in  the  amputation  of  a  leg.  Pie  passed 
one  year  each  at  Un.  Coll.  and  at  Princeton 
Theol.  Sem.  During  a  tour  in  Europe  he  became 
interested  in  the  views  of  Robert  Sandeman,  of 
whose  "  Letters  on  Theron  and  Aspasio"  he 
prepared  an  ed.  in  1839.  On  another  visit  to 
Europe,  in  1843,  he  became  acquainted  with 
the  works  of  Swedenhorg,  which  have  ever 
since  influenced  his  opinions  and  writings.  In 
1845  he  pub.  "  What  is  the  State?"  and  in 
1847  "A  Letter  to  a  Swedenborgian."  In  the 
winter  of  1849-50  he  delivered  in  N.Y.  a  course 
of  lectures,  pub.  under  the  title  of  "Moralisra 
and  Christianity,"  1852.  A  second  similar 
course,  in  1851-2,  was  pub.,  together  wiih 
several  magazine  articles  and  revievts,  with  the 
title  "Lectures  and  Miscellanies,"  1852.  He 
has  since  pub.  "  The  Church  of  Christ  noi  an 
Ecclesiasticism,"  1854;  "  The  Nature  of  Evil," 
1855;  "Christianity  the  Logic  of  Creation," 
1857;  "  Substance  and  Shadow,"  1863  ;  "The 
Secret  of  Swedenhorg,"  1869.  —  Duyckinck. 

James,  Thomas,  an  English  arctic  navi- 
gator, employed  in  1631,  together  with  Luke 
Fox,  by  a  com  p.  of  merchants  at  Bristol,  to 
search  for  a  N.W.  passage.  He  left  Bristol 
May  3,  and  proceeded  to  Hudson's  Bay:  after 
wintering  on  an  island  in  the  lat.  of  ab.  52,  he 
proceeded  northward,  and  Aug.  26,  1632,  when 
blocked  by  ice,  had  attained  65^  degrees  north. 
He  returned  to  En'^,  arrivinyr  Oct.  22.     He 


J.AJVE 


481 


j^N 


pub.  in  1633  "The  Stranp^e  and  Dangerous 
Voyage  of  Capt.  Thomas  James  for  the  Dis- 
covery of  a  North-west  Passage  to  the  South 
Sea,"  4to,  2d  ed.  Lond.  1740.  Capt.  James 
made  some  discoveries  on  the  coast  of  Hud- 
son's Bay,  and  gave  the  name  of  New  Wales 
to  the  country  on  its  western  side. 

James,  Thomas,  first  minister  of  Charles- 
town,  Ms.,  b.  Eng.  1.592;  d.  there  ab.  1678. 
Eman.  Coll.  1614.  He  came  from  Lincoln- 
shire (where  he  had  been  a  minister)  to  Bos- 
ton, June  5,  1632;  was  ord.  in  Charlestown, 
Nov.  2,  1632;  and  was  dismissed  in  Mar.  1636, 
a  dissension  having  sprung  up  between  him 
and  the  brethren.  He  went  to  New  Haven, 
and  in  1642  to  Va. ;  but  was  compelled  to  leave, 
or  conform  to  the  Eng.  Church.  He  returned 
to  N.  E.  in  June,  1643;  and  was  minister  of 
Needham,  Suffolk,  Eng.,  until  ejected  for  non- 
conformity in  1662.  Calamy  calls  him  "a 
very  holy  good  man."  His  son  Thomas  was 
minister  of  E.  Hampton,  L.I.,  from  1650  till 
hisd.,  1696. 

James,  Thomas  Chalkley,  M.  D.,  b. 
Phila.  1766;  d.  there  July  25,  1835.  U.  of 
Penn.  1787.  Abel,  his  father,  a  Quaker  of 
Welsh  origin,  was  a  successful  merchant 
of  Phila.  His  mother  was  a  dau.  of  Thomas 
Chalkley,  the  eminent  Quaker  preacher.  He 
was  educated  at  Robert  Pro ud's  school;  stud- 
ied medicine;  went  as  surgeon  of  a  ship  to  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  studied  in  London  and 
Edinb.  from  1790  to  1793,  when  he  returned 
home  to  witness  the  ravages  of  yellow-fever. 
In  1803  he  founded  the  school  of  midwifery  in 
America.  For  25  years  he  was  physician  and 
then  obstetrician  in  the  Pa.  Hospital.  Some 
years  pres.  of  the  Phila.  Coll.  of  Physicians. 
He  was  prof,  of  midwifery  in  the  U.  of  Pa. 
from  1811  to  1834;  was  a  skilful  practition- 
er, and  an  able  teacher.  Founder  of  the  Pa. 
Hist.  Soc.  He  contril).  to  the  Portfolio,  under 
the  signature  of  "  P.  D.,"  translations  in  verse, 
of  much  beauty,  of  the  Idylls  of  Gessner.  As- 
soc, editor  of  the  Eclectic  Repertorij.  —  Gross's 
Med.  Biog. 

James,  William,  author,  b.  England  ;  d. 
there  1827.  He  emig.  to  the  U.S.  early  in  the 
present  century,  and  was  a  veterinary  surgeon 
in  Phila.  Unsuccessful  in  this  pursuit,  he  re- 
turned to  Eng.  in  disgust,  and  employed  his 
{)en  in  abusing  the  Americans.  In  this  spirit 
le  wrote,  in  1817  and  1818,  "Naval  Occur- 
rences of  the  Late  War"  (1  vol.),  "Military 
Occurrences  of  the  Late  War"  (2  vols.),  works 
of  no  authority;  and  "An  Inquiry  into  the 
Merits  of  the  Principal  Naval  Actions  between 
Gr.  Brit,  and  the  U.S.,  &c.,  since  June,  1812," 
4to,  1816.  His  "Naval  History  of  Great 
Britain,  1793-1820,"  was  pub.  in  sS'ols.  1822. 

Jameson,  Charles  Davis,  brig.-gen. 
vols.,  b.  Gorham,  Me.,  Feb.  24,  1827;  d.  Old- 
town,  Me.,  Nov.  6,  1862.  He  received  a  lim- 
ited education,  and  engaged  in  the  lumber- 
business.  He  led  his  regt.  (2d  Me.)  at  Bull 
Run;  and  for  his  services  was  made  brig.-gen. 
Sept.  3,  1861.  He  participated  in  the  7-days' 
fight  about  Richmond,  and  after  the  battle  of 
Fair  Oaks  was  attacked  with  camp-fever,  and 
returned  home  only  to  die.  A  delegate  to  the 
Charleston  convention.     He  was  a  warm  per- 


sonal  friend  of  Mr.  Douglas;  and  was  in  1861 
and  1862  Democ.  candidate  for  gov.  of  Me. 

Jameson,  Col.  David,  Revol.  officer ;  d. 
Culpeper  Co.,  Va.,  Oct.  2,  1839,  a.  87.  He 
fought  at  the  battle  of  Great  Bridge,  Dec.  9, 
1775  ;  and  afterward  served  in  1780  and  1781  in 
the  Southern  States,  in  the  brigade  of  Stevens. 
In  1790  and  '91  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  Va. 
legisl. ;  was  afterward  a  magistrate,  and  high 
sheriff  of  the  Co.  His  elder  bro.  John  held  a 
disting.  com.  to  the  close  of  the  war ;  and  was 
clerk  of  the  county. 

Jameson,  John  Alexander,  LL.D.  (U. 
of  Vt.  1867),  jurist  and  scholar,  b.  Irasburg,Vt., 
25  Jan.  1824.  U.  of  Vt.  1846.  Tutor  there  in 
1850-3;  began  practice  in  Freeport,  111.,  in 
1853,  and  settled  in  Chicago  in  April,  1856; 
since  Nov.  1865  judge  of  the  Superior  Court 
of  Chicago,  now  called  the  Sup.  Court  of  Cook 
Co.  In  1866  he  pub.  "The  Constitutional 
Convention,  its  History,  Powers,  and  Modes 
of  Proceeding,"  Svo,  N.  Y.  One  of  the  editors 
of  the  Amer.  Law  Register,  pub.  at  Phila.  since 
Nov.  1863;  and  since  1867  prof,  of  const,  law, 
equity,  jurisp.,  &c.,  in  the  law  school  of  the 
U.  of  Chicago.  He  has  in  press  ( 1 87 1 )  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  the  Law  of  Judicial  Sales." 

Janes,  Edmund  Storer,  D.D.  (Vt.  U. 
1844),  bishop  M.  E.  Church,  b.  Sheffield,  Ms., 
Apr.  27,  1807.  When  about  4  years  of  age, 
his  parents  removed  to  Salisbury,  Ct.  From 
1824  to  1830  he  was  a  teacher,  at  the  same 
time  studying  law.  Resolving  to  preach  the 
gospel,  he  in  Apr.  1830  received  his  app.  in 
the  Phila.  conference;  ord.  deacon  in  1832, 
and  elder  in  1 834.  After  6  years'  study  of  the- 
ology, and  while  engaged  in  his  pastoral  duties, 
he  studied  medicine,  receiving  the  deg.  of  M.D. 
(Vt.  U.)  1842.  In  May,  1840,  he  was  elected 
financial  sec.  of  the  Amer.  Bible  Society,  and 
continued  in  that  office  until  elected  bishop  in 
1844.  —  See. Janes  Famil//,  8vo,  1868. 

Janeway,  Jacob  J.,  D.D.,  many  years 
pastor  of  the  Second  Presb.  Church,  Phila.,  b. 
N.  Y.  City,  1776  ;  d.  New  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
June  27,  1858.  Col.  Coll.  1794.  Ord.  1799. 
He  was  in  1828  pres.  of  the  Western  Theol. 
Sem.  at  Alleghany  City.  During  the  b'.st  30 
years  of  his  life  he  resided  chiefly  in  N.  Bruns- 
wick, sustaining  for  some  time  the  relation  of 
pastor  of  the  Ref.  Dutch  Church,  and  vice.- 
pres.  of  Rutgers  Coll.  He  was  active  in  found- 
ing the  Princeton  Theol.  Sem.,  and  was  a  di- 
rector 40  years.  Author  of  "Apostolic  Age  ;  " 
review  of  "  SchafFs  Hist,  of  the  Church  in  the 
Middle  Ages,"  8vo,  1853;  "Expos,  of  the  Acts, 
and  the  Epis.  to  Romans  and  Hebrews;"  "In- 
ternal Evidence  of  the  Bible;"  "  On  Unlawful 
Marriage ;  "  "  Abrahamic  Covenant ;  "  "  Mode 
of  Baptism,"  &c.  A  biog.  is  in  the  Phila.  Presb. 
Maq.  May,  1853. 

Janney,  Samuel  M.,  Friend.  App.  early 
in  1869  U.S.  supt.  of  Indian  affairs  in  the  North- 
ern Superintendency,  b.  Loudon  Co.,  Va.,  11 
Jan.  1801.  Author  of  "  I'he  Country  School- 
house,"  a  prize  poem,  18:- 5  ;  "  Convers.  on  Re- 
lig.  Subjects,"  1835;  "The  Last  of  theLcnape, 
and  other  Poems,"  1839 ;  "  A  Teacher's  Gift," 
1840;  "Hist.  Sketch  of  the  Christian  Church," 
1847;  "Life  of  Penn,''  8vo,  1852;  "Life  of 
Geo.    Fox,"  1855 ;    "  Hist,   of  the   Religious 


JAN 


482 


j^s 


Society  of  the  Friends  to  1828,"  4  vols. 
1867. 

Janney,  Thomas,  an  eminent  Quaker  min- 
ister, I).  Clieshire,  Eng.,  1634;  d.  there  Dec.  12, 
1696.  He  settled  in  Buiks  Co.,  Pa.,  in  1683, 
where  he  labored  acceptably,  and  also  in  N.  J. 
He  visited  the  churches  of  N.E.,  Long  Island, 
and  Md.,  and  finally  went  to  England  with  G. 
Owen  in  1695.  —  Coll.  of  Quaker  Memorials. 

Janvrin,  Mary  W*.  (iMrs.  Ellsworth),  au- 
thoress, b.  Exeter,  N.H.,  1830;  d.  Newton,  Ms., 
15  Aug.  1870.  Her  ancestor  came  from  the 
Isle  of  Guernsey  before  1775.  Educated  at 
Exeter  Female  Sem.  She  began  a  literary  ca- 
reer at  18  with  a  prize  tale  for  a  Boston  jour- 
nal ;  became  a  contrib.  of  prose  and  verse  to 
periodicals;  and  in  1858  l)ecame  a  regular  con- 
trib. to  Godei/'s  Ladi/'s  Book.  She  pub.  "  Cy- 
press-Leaves, by  Louise  J.  Cutler,  with  a 
Biog.,"  1856. 

Jarves,  James  Jackson,  author,  b.  Bos- 
ton, Aug.  20, 1818.  He  received  his  early  edu- 
cation in  Boston,  but,  on  account  of  weakness 
of  his  eyes,  abandoned  his  college  studies.  In 
1838  he  sailed  for  the  Sandwich  Islands,  where 
he  resided  some  years  as  U.S.  consul,  and  pub. 
the  Polynesian,  the  first  newspaper  ever  printed 
there.  He  travelled  extensively  in  California, 
Mexico,  and  Central  America.  After  his  return 
to  the  U.S.  he  pub.  a  "  History  of  the  Sand- 
wich Islands,"  1843  ;  "  Scenes  and  Scenery  of 
the  Sandwich  Islands,"  1844;  and  "  Scenes  and 
Scenery  in  California,"  1844.  His  final  de- 
parture from  the  islands  took  place  in  Jan.  1848. 
He  has  since  1862  resided  in  Florence,  engaged 
in  collecting  pictures  to  form  the  nucleus  of  an 
American  gallery.  He  has  pub.  also  "  Parisian 
Sights  and  French  Principles,"  1855;  "Art 
Hints,"  1855,  a  work  afterward  expanded  into 
"Art  Studies;"  "Italian  Sights  and  Papal 
Principles,"  1856  ;  a  second  series  of  "  Parisian 
Sights,"  1856;  "  Kiana,  a  Tradition  of  Ha- 
waii," 1857;  "Confessions  of  an  Inquirer" 
and  "Art  Thoughts,"  1869. —  Dmjckinck. 

Jarvis,  Abraham,  D.D.  (Y.C.  1797), 
Prot.-Epis.  bishop  of  Ct.,  b.  Norwalk,  Ct., 
May  5,  1739;  d.  N.  Haven,  May  3,  1813. 
Y.C.  1761.  Ord.  in  Eng.  by  the  Bishop  of 
Carlisle  in  Mar.  1764,  and  became  in  the  fol- 
lowing autumn  rector  of  Christ  Church,  Mid- 
dletown,  Ct.  Oct.  18, 1797,  he  became  bishop  ; 
removed  to  Cheshire  in  1799,  and  in  1803  to 
N.  Haven.  He  pub.  a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
Bishop  Seabury,  a  charge  to  the  clergy,  and  a 
sermon  on  the  Witness  of  the  Spirit. 

Jarvis,  Charles,  M.D.,  physician  and 
politician,  b.  Boston,  Oct.  26,  1748;  d.  there 
Nov.  15,  1807.  H.U.  1766.  Son  of  Col. 
Leonard,  merchant  of  Boston.  His  mother 
was  grand  dau.  of  Col.  Church.  He  completed 
his  medical  education  in  Europe ;  settled  in 
Boston,  and  became  disting.  in  his  profession. 
He  was  a  zealous  patriot  during  the  Revol.  ; 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Const.  Conv.  1788,  and 
one  of  the  State  legisl.  until  1796.  He  was  a 
popular  orator,  and  a  leader  of  the  Jefferson 
party.  App.  by  Jefferson  surgeon  of  the  Marine 
Hospital,  Chefsea.  William,  his  son,  consul 
to  Lisbon  1802-10,  successfully  introduced 
merino  sheep  into  the  U.S. ;  b.  Boston,  4  Feb. 
1770:  d.  Weathersfield,  Vt..  21  Oct.  1859. 


Jarvis,  John  Wesley,  portrait-painter, 
b.  South  Shields  on  the  Tyne,  Eng.,  1780  ;  d. 
Jan.  12,  1840.  He  was  a  nephew  of  John 
Wesley.  Came  to  Phila.  in  1785;  at  10  was 
apprenticed  to  Savage  the  engraver;  at  21 
began  that  business  for  himself  in  N.Y.  City, 
and  soon  commenced  portrait-painting  with 
great  success.  He  was  a  man  of  genius,  but 
of  irregular  habits,  and  excelled  as  a  humorist. 
During  one  of  his  trips  to  N.  Orleans,  he  earned 
in  six  months  six  thousand  dollars;  but  his 
profuse  and  convivial  habits  kept  him  con- 
stantly poor.  The  celebrated  Henry  Inman 
was  his  pupil.  He  painted  heads  of  Bishop 
Moore;  John  Randolph,  De  Witt  Clinton,  Hal- 
leck,  O.  H.  Perry,  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer, 
&c. 

Jarvis,  Samuel  Farmer,  D.D.  (U.  of 
Pa.  1819),  LL.D.  (Wash.  Coll.  1837),  clergy- 
man and  scholar,  b.  Middletown,  Ct.,  Jan.  20, 
1786  ;  d.  Mar.  26, 1851.  Y.C.  1805.  Son  of 
Bishop  Abraham.  Ord.  deacon  in  Mar.  1810  ; 
priest  in  Apr.  1811  ;  rector  of  St.  Michael's, 
N.Y.,  1813-15,  and  of  St.  James's,  1815,  to 
May,  1819;  prof,  of  biblical  learning  in  the 
theol.  sem.  of  N.Y.  1819;  rector  of  St.  Paul's, 
Boston,  1820-6;  and  from  1826  to  1835  was 
in  Europe,  spending  6  years  in  Italy  ;  prof, 
of  Oriental  Lit.,  Washington  Coll.,  Hartford, 
1835-7  ;  rector  of  Christ  Church,  Middletown, 
Ct.  1837-42.  Historiographer  of  the  church  in 
1838,  and  prepared  an  Ecclesiastical  History, 
from  the  time  of  the  apostles  to  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Episc.  Church  in  the  U.S.,  pub.  in 
1 844.  Author  of  a  "  Discourse  on  the  Religion 
of  the  Indian  Tribes  of  N.  A.,"  1820 ;  "  Reply  " 
to  Dr.  Milner's  "  End  of  Controversv,"  1847  ; 
"  The  Church  of  the  Redeemed,"  1850,  2  vols.  ; 
"Sermons  on  Prophecy,"  1843;  "  No  Union 
with  Rome,"  1843. 

Jasper,  William,  a  brave  Revol.  soldier, 
b.  S.C.  ab.  1750;  killed  at  Savannah,  Oct.  9, 
1779.  His  want  of  education  caused  him  to 
decline  the  commission  to  which  his  valor  en- 
titled him.  He  enlisted  as  a  .«;ergt.  in  the  2d 
S.C.  regt.,  and  particularly  disting.  himself  at 
the  attack  of  Fort  Moultrie,  June  28,  1776. 
In  the  hottest  of  the  engagement,  the  flag-staff 
was  shot  off,  and  the  flag  fell  to  the  bottom  of 
the  ditch,  on  the  outside  of  the  worts.  Jump- 
ing from  one  of  the  embrasures,  Jasper  mounted 
the  colors,  which  he  tied  to  a  sponge-staff,  and 
replanted  on  the  parapet,  where  he  supported 
them  until  another  flag-staff  was  procured.  His 
activity  and  enterprise  induced  Moultrie  to  give 
him  a  roving  commission ;  and  selecting,  gene- 
rally, 5  or  6  men  from  the  regt.,  he  often  re- 
turned with  prisoners  before  Moultrie  was 
apprised  of  his  absence.  Upon  one  occasion, 
actuated  by  sympathy  for  a  Mrs.  Jones  (whose 
husband  was  a  prisoner,  and  liable  to  execu- 
tion for  deserting  the  royal  cause  after  having 
taken  the  oath  of  allegiance),  and  with  one 
companion  only,  Sergt.  Newton,  he  captured 
the  JBritish  guard  of  10  men,  and  released  the 
prisoners  they  were  escorting  to  Savannah. 
Gov.  Rutledge  presented  Jasper  with  a  hand- 
some sword,  while  Mrs.  Elliot  presented  to  the 
regt.  a  stand  of  colors  embroidered  richly  with 
her  own  hands.  At  the  assault  of  Savarjjiah, 
Jasper  endeavored  to  replace  these  colors  upon 


JAY 


483 


JAY 


the  parapet.  Though  foiled  in  the  attempt, 
and  mortally  wounded,  he  succeeded  in  bring- 
ing them  off.  A  county  of  Georgia  and  a 
square  in  Savannah  perpetuate  his  name. 

Jay,  Sir  James,  M.D.,  b.  1732  ;  d.  N.  J., 
Sept.  12,  1815.  Bro.  of  John  Jay.  Pub.  2 
letters  (1771-4)  rel.  to  the  collection  made  for 
the  colleges  of  N.Y.  and  Phila. ;  and  a  work 
on  the  gout,  8vo,  1772.  While  in  Eng.  as 
agent  of  the  N.Y.  Coll.,  he  received  the  honor 
of  knighthood,  and  was  involved  in  a  chancery- 
suit  arising  out  of  his  collections  for  the  coll. ; 
but  he  returned  home  before  the  Revol. 

Jay,  JoHX,  statesman,- b.  N.  Y.,  12  Dec. 
1745;  d.  Bedford,  Westchester  Co.,  N.Y.,  17 
May,  1829.  Col.  Coll.  1764.  Pierre,  his 
great-grandfather,  a  Huguenot  merchant  of 
La  Rochelle,  fled  to  Eng.  on  the  revocation  of 
the  Edict  of  Nantes.  Peter,  his  father  (1704- 
82),  m.  in  1728  Mary,  dau.  of  Jacob  Van 
Cortland.  John  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1768; 
formed  a  partnership  with  R.  R.  Livingston.; 
soon  attained  political  influence  and  extensive 
legal  practice;  and  in  1774,  in  which  year  he 
ra.  Sarah,  dau.  of  Wm.  Livingston,  afterward 
gov.  of  N.  J.,  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to  the 
first  Congress.  Though  the  youngest  member 
but  one,  he  took  a  leading  part  in  its  proceed- 
ings; drew  up  the  able  and  eloquent  "  Address 
to  the  People  of  Great  Britain ; "  and,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  com.  of  corresp,,  is  supposed  to  have 
•written  the  reply  to  the  Boston  address,  in  which 
he  opposed  the  project  of  non-intercourse.  He 
also  wrote  the  address  issued  by  Congress  in 
1775  to  the  people  of  Canada,  and  for  Gov. 
Livingston  an  address  to  the  people  of  Ireland. 
Recalled  in  May,  1776,  to  aid  in  forming  the 
govt,  of  N.Y.,  his  name  was  not  attached  to 
the  Dccl.  of  Indep.,  though  it  received  his  cor- 
dial support.  He  was  a  leading  member  of 
the  N.Y.  conv.  of  1776,  serving  on  the  most 
important  committees,  and  actively  engaged  in 
repelling  invasion,  and  suppressing  Tory 
combinations.  The  eloquent  address  of  this 
conv.,  dated  Fishkill,  23  Dec.  1776,  was  from 
his  pen.  He  also  reported  to  the  N.Y.  conv. 
in  Mar.  1777  a  bill  of  rights ;  had  a  chief  share 
in  framing  the  constitution;  was  in  May  app. 
chief  justice  of  N.Y.,  and  one  of  the  council 
of  safety,  having  dictatorial  powers  ;  again  a 
member  of  Congress,  Dec.  1778-Sept.  1779; 
he  presided  over  that  body  until  app.  minister 
to  Spain  27  Sept.  to  negotiate  a  loan  of  two 
million  dollars  and  the  free  navigation  of  the 
Mpi.  After  many  months  of  fruitless  labor, 
having  in  1781  been  app.  a  commiss.,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Paris,  and,  with  Adams,  Franklin, 
and  others,  signed  the  treaty  of  peace  between 
the  U.S.  and  Great  Britain  3  Sept.  1783.  Re- 
turning to  N.Y.  in  July,  1784,  he  was  sec.  of 
foreign  affairs  from  Dec.  1784  until  1789.  In 
Apr.  1788,  in  the  riot  in  N.Y.  known  as  the 
"  Doctor's  Mob,"  Jay,  while  aiding  in  defending 
the  physicians  from  popular  fury,  received  a 
dangerous  wound  in  the  temple.  Oct.  13, 1786, 
he  drew  up  an  elaborate  report  on  the  relations 
between  the  U.S.  and  Great  Britain.  In  1787 
he  united  with  Hamilton  and  Madison  in  writ- 
ing "  The  Federalist,"  to  answer  objections 
to  the  proposed  Federal  Constitution.  Jay 
contrib.  powerfully  to  its  adoption  in  the  N.Y. 


conv.  in  1788,  and,  being  offered  by  Washing- 
ton the  choice  of  offices  in  his  gift,  accepted 
that  of  chief  justice,  for  which  position  he 
was  eminently  fitted.  In  1792  Jay  received  a 
majority  of  the  votes  for  gov.  of  N.Y. ;  but,  on 
some  technical  grounds,  George  Clinton,  the 
Repnb.  candidate,  was  declared  elected.  In 
1794  he  reluctantly  accepted  the  mission  to  ne- 
gotiate a  settlement  of  the  difl&culties  with 
Eng.  He  concluded  a  treaty,  19  Nov.  1794, 
providing  for  payment  of  pre-Revolutionary 
debts  owed  to  British  subjects,  and  that  Amer- 
icans should  be  indemnified  for  losses  sustained 
by  illegal  captures,  &c.  (ab.  $10,000,000  were 
afterward  paid  on  this  account).  This  treaty 
was  assailed  with  great  violence  by  the  party 
favorable  to  France,  but  was  carried  into  effect 
by  a  vote  of  58  to  51.  From  1795  to  1801  he 
was  gov.  of  NY. ;  and  under  his  administration 
slavery  was  abolished  in  that  State.  He  was 
again  madechief  justice  of  the  U.S.,  his  former 
office,  but  declined.  "In  lofty  disinterested- 
ness," says  Hildreth,  "  in  unyielding  integri- 
ty," no  one  of  the  great  men  of  the  Revol.  ap- 
proached so  near  VVashington.  —  See  Life  and 
Writincfs  of,  by.  [Vm.  Jai/,  2  vols.  8vo,  N.Y.  1833. 

Jay,  John,  minister  to  Austria  (app.  April, 
1867),  grandson  of  John,  and  son  of  William 
Jay,  b.  N.Y.  City,  June  23,  1817.  Col.  Coll. 
1836.  Was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1839,  and  prac- 
tised law ;  was  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Union  League  Club  of  N.Y. ;  many  years  a 
manager  and  corrcs.  sec.  of  the  N.Y.  Hist.  Soc, 
and  a  member  of  the  Amer.  Geog.  and  Statist. 
Soc.  Author  of  many  antislavery  addresses 
and  pamphlets ;  pamphlets  on  matters  connect- 
ed with  the  P^pis.  Church  ;  and  has  pub.  legal 
arguments,  political  addresses,  reports,  &c. 
For  a  list  of  these,  see  Duyclcinck  Suppt. 

Jay,  Peter  Augustus,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll. 
1835),  lawyer,  pres.  N.Y.  Hist.  Soc. ;  d.  Feb. 
20,  1843.  Col.  Coll.  1794.  Eldest  son  of 
John  Jay,  and  his  private  sec.  Member  N.Y. 
Assembly  1816;  recorder  of  N.Y.  in  1819-20. 

Jay,  William,  LL.D.  (Kenyon,  1858),  ju- 
rist and  philanthropist,  b.  N.Y.  June  16,  1789; 
d.  Bedford,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  14,  1853.  Y.C.  1807. 
Son  of  John.  He  studied  law,  but,  injuring  his 
eyes,  was  compelled  to  relinquish  practice,  and 
retired  to  his  large  landed  estates  at  Bedford. 
In  1815  he. founded  the  Bible  Society,  and,  as 
pres.  of  the  Westchester  Bible  Society,  deliv- 
ered a  long  series  of  annual  addresses.  He 
was  an  early  and  consistent  advocate  of  the 
Temperance  reform,  for  the  promotion  of  which 
he  organized  a  society  in  1815.  He  also  took 
part  in  the  tract,  missionary,  and  educational 
movements  of  the  day ;  and  was  often  pres.  of 
the  agric.  societies  of  the  county.  In  1818  he 
was  app.  a  judge  of  the  C.C.P. ;  and  was  first 
judge  of  Westchester  Co.  from  1820  to  1842, 
when  he  was  superseded  on  account  of  his  an- 
tislavery opinions.  He  pub.  in  1835  "An 
Inquiry  into  the  Character  of  the  Amer.  Col- 
onization and  Antislavery  Societies,"  in  1838 
"A  View  of  the  Action  of  the  Federal  Govt.ia 
Behalf  of  Slavery,"  in  1849  "Review  of  the 
Causes  and  Consequences  of  the  Mexican 
war."  In  184.3-4  he  visited  Europe,  and,  with 
Sir  G.  Wilkinson,  investigated  the  subject  of 
Egyptian   slavery.     Judge  Jay  was   for  some 


J~E1W 


484 


JTEJIT' 


vears  pres.  of  the  Amer.  Peace  Society,  and 
in  1848  pub.  "  War  and  Peace  ;  the  Evils 
of  the  First,  with  a  Plan  for  suppressing  the 
Last."  The  committee  of  foreign  relations  in 
the  U.S.  senate  reported  in  favor  of  his  plan. 
His  numerous  publications  were  widely  circu- 
lated, and  exercised  much  influence  on  public 
opinion.  Author  of  "  Life  and  Writings  of 
John  Jay,"  2  vols.  8vo,  N.  Y.  1833.  He  was 
an  able  judge  and  a  skilful  controversialist. 

Jefferson,  Joseph,  comedian,  b.  Eng. 
1776  ;  d.  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Aug.  4,  1832.  Son 
of  a  disting.  actor  contemporary  with  Garrick  ; 
came  to  Boston  in  1795  ;  performed  there  and 
in  N.Y.  till  1803,  when  he  went  to  Phila.,  where 
he  long  remained  a  favorite  at  the  Chestnut-st. 
Theatre.  He  possessed  great  taste  and  skill 
in  the  construction  of  intricate  stage  machinery, 
and  was  unrivalled  in  his  peculiar  personations. 
His  favorite  cliaracters  were  Kit  Cosey,  Old 
D'Oilcy,  and  Admiral  Cop. 

Jefferson,  Joseph,  comedian,  an  able  ex- 
ponent of  the  natural  school  of  personation,  b. 
Phila.  Feb.  20,  1829.  Grandson  of  the  preced- 
ing. His  mother  was  Mrs.  Burke,  a  celebrated 
vocalist.  He  appeared  very  early  on  the  stage, 
and  earned  distinction  in  a  great  variety  of 
comic  parts,  from  Bob  Acres  to  Caleb  Plum- 
mer.  He  has  starred  in  Eng.,  Australia,  and 
the  U.S.  Sept.  4, 186.5,  he  opened  at  the  Adel- 
phi,  London,  in  a  new  version  of  "  Rip  Van 
Winkle,"  by  Dion  Boucicault,  which  he  has 
since  performed  with  great  success  in  the  U.S. 
Though  identified  with  this  part,  in  which  he 
has  made  his  great  reputation,  his  range  of 
characters  is  very  large,  and  unites  the  most  re- 
fined comedy  with  the  broadest  farce.  His 
son  by  his  first  wife,  a  Miss  Lockyer  of  N.Y., 
is  said  to  inherit  the  family  talent.  —  Brown's 
Amer.  Stage. 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  LL.D.,  3d  pres.  of 
the  U.S.,  b.  Shadwell,  afterward  called  Mon- 
ticcllo,  Va.,  2  Apr.  1743  ;  d.  there  4  July,  1826, 
on  the  same  day  with  John  Adams,  —  the  50th 
anniversary  of  the  Decl.  of  Indep.  Wm.  and 
M.  Coll.  1759.  Son  of  Col.  Peter  (a  man  of 
great  force  of  character)  and  Jane  Randolph. 
He  studied  law  under  Judge  Wythe  ;  was  adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1767,  and  was  remarkably  suc- 
cessful. Jan.  1,  1772,  he  m.  Martha  Skclton, 
a  widow  of  fortune.  Member  of  the  House 
of  Burgesses  1769-75.  In  1773,  with  Patrick 
Henry  and  others,  he  devised  the  celebrated 
com.  of  corresp.,  of  which  he  was  a  member. 
In  1774  he  published  his  famous  "Summary 
View  of  the  Rights  of  British  Amer."  June 
1,  1775,  he  reported  to  the  Assembly  the  reply 
of  Va.  to  Lord  North's  conciliatory  proposi- 
tion, and,  June  21,  took  his  seat  in  Congress. 
He  was  placed  on  the  most  important  commit- 
tees ;  drew  up  the  reply  of  Congress  to  Lord 
North's  proposal;  and  assisted  Dickinson  iti 
preparing  in  behalf  of  the  Colonies  a  declara- 
tion of  the  cause  of  taking  up  arms.  Made 
chairman  of  the  com.  to  draw  up  a  Decl.  of 
Indep.,  he  drafted  and  reported  to  Congress, 
28  June,  that  great  charter  of  freedom,  which, 
on  July  4,  1776,  was  unanimously  adopted, 
and  signed  by  every  member  except  John  Dick- 
inson of  Pa.  This,  the  most  important  State 
paper  in  existence,  has  exerted,  and  will  con- 


tinue to  exert,  a  great  influence  on  the  desti- 
nies of  the  race,  and  will  remain  the  immortal 
monument  of  its  author.     In  Oct.  1776,  JeflPer- 
son  retired  from  Congress  to  take  part  in  the 
deliberations  of  the  Va.  Assembly.     For  two 
years  and  a  half  he  applied  himself  to  a  revis- 
ion of  the  laws  of  Va.,  procuring  the  repeal 
of  the  laws  of  entail,  the  abolition  of  primo- 
geniture,   the    restoration    of   the    rights  of 
conscience,  the  prohibition  of  the  future  im- 
portation of  slaves,  the  establishment  of  courts 
of  law,  and  originated  a  complete  .system  of 
education.  Gov.  of  Va.  from  June,  1779,  to  1781. 
Two  days  after  his  retirement,  his  estate  at  Elk 
Hill  was  laid  waste  ;  and  he  and  his  family  nar- 
rowly escaped  capture.     Returned  to  Congress 
in  1783,  he  reported  as  chairman  the  definitive 
treaty  of  peace  with    Great  Britain.     At  the 
succeeding  session,  he  proposed  and  carried  the 
present  decimal  system  of  U.S.  coinage,  and 
reported  a  plan  of  govt,  for  the  U.  S.  Ter- 
ritories, introducing  the  clause  which  forbade 
the  existence  of  slavery  after  the  year   1800. 
In  May,  1784,  Congress  app.  him,  with  Frank- 
lin and  Adams,  minister.-plenipo.  to  negotiate 
treaties  with  foreign  powers;  and  in  1785  he 
succeeded  Dr.  Franklin  as  resident  minister  at 
Paris,  forming  that  strong  predilection  for  pref- 
erence for  the  French  nation  over  the  English 
that  afterward  marked  his  career.     He  procured 
the  abolition  of  many  monopolies;  the  admis- 
sion into  France  of  tobacco,  rice,    whale-oil, 
salted  fish,  and  flour;   made  excursions  into 
Germany  and  Italy ;    and   displayed   marked 
diplomatic  ability.     While  abroad,  he  pub.  his 
famous  "  Notes  on  Virginia,"  Paris,  1784.  Re- 
turning, he  left  Paris  in  Sept.  1789,  and  was 
app.  by  Washington  sec.  of  state.     The  F"'ed- 
cral    Constitution,   recently  adopted,  did  not 
meet  his  approval,  though  he  afterward  formed 
a  more  favorable  view  of  it.      With  the  en- 
trance of  Jefferson  into  the  cabinet  in    Mar. 

1790  commenced  the  struggle  between  the 
Republicans  under  his  leadership  and  the  Fed- 
eralists under  that  of  Hamilton.  Jefferson 
opposed  Hamilton's  funding  system,  his  U.S. 
Bank,  and  other  financial  measures,  and  favored 
aiding  France  with  our  arms  in  her  war  with 
Eng.;  while  Hamilton  advocated  a  strict  neu- 
trality. These  differences  occasioned  many 
stormy  discussions  in  the  cabinet,  and  great 
political  excitement  throughout  the  country; 
and  Jefferson  resigned  his  office  31  Dec.  1793. 
While  sec,  he  made  an   able  report  in  Feb. 

1791  on  the  Fisheries;  another,  in  the  spring 
of  1792,  upon  the  Relations  of  the  U.S.  with 
Spain;  and  in  1793  an  elaborate  report  on 
Commercial  Intercourse  with  Foreign  Nations. 
Vice-pres.  in  1797-1801;  pres.  1801-9.  His 
Inaugural  Address,  delivered  at  the  new  Capitol 
at  VVashington,  Mar.  4,  1801,  is  unsurpassed 
among  his  many  great  State  papers.  Among 
the  important  events  of  his  administration 
were  the  purchase  of  Louisiana  in  1803,  our 
naval  victories  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  peace 
with  Morocco  and  Tripoli  in  1803,  Lewis  and 
Clark's  exploring  exped.  to  the  Pacific  in  1804, 
the  trial  of  Aaron  Burr  for  treason  (1807),  and 
the  attack,  the  same  year,  of  the  British  frigate 
"  Leopard  "  on  the  American  frigate  "  Ches- 
apeake," which  led  to  JetFerson's  embargo  act 


JEJin 


485 


JEN 


and  to  the  war  of  1812.  He  initiated  the  policy 
of  removing  incumbents  from  office  for  differ- 
ence of  political  opinion,  and  introduced  plain- 
ness of  dress  and  manners  in  place  of  the  statel}- 
di^jnity  and  ceremony  of  Washinj^ton's  era.  In 
1819  lie  founded  the  U.of  Va.  at  Charlottesville, 
of  which  he  was  rector  till  his  death.  As  the 
founder  of  the  Repub.  (Democ.)  party,  Jeffer- 
son has  probably  exerted  a  greater  influence  on 
the  institutions  of  the  U.S.  than  any  other  man. 
AH  titles  were  distasteful  to  him.  He  was  a 
consummate  politician,  though  no  speaker. 
Disting.  for  affability,  his  conversation  was 
fluent,  various,  and  eloquent.  His  extreme 
Statc-rigiits  views  were  very  much  modified  in 
later  life.  In  religion  he  was  a  freethinker. 
His  "  Memoirs,  Correspondence,"  &c.,  edited 
by  his  grandson,  T.  J.  Randolph,  were  pub. 
4  vols.  Svo,  1829  ;  his  "  Writings,"  in  9  vols. 
8vo,  1853-5.  His  "  Manual  of  Parliamentary 
Practice"  is  still  in  use  by  legislative  bodies.  — 
See  also  his  Life,  bij  H.  S.  Randall,  3  vols.  Svo, 
1858;  by  George  Tucker,  Svo,  1836;  B.  L. 
Raifner,  1 834  ;  Life  and  Works,  by  Randall,  1 2 
vols.  18G5. 

Jeffries,  John,  M.D.  (U.  of  Aberdeen, 
1769),  b.  Boston,  Feb.  5,  1745;  d.  Sept.  16, 
1819.  H.U.  1763.  He  studied  medicine  with 
Dr.  Lloyd,  and  attended  medical  lectures  in 
Lond.  and  at  Aberdeen.  He  returned  to  Bos- 
ton, where  he  continued  to  practise  with  great 
success,  being  from  1771  to  1774  surgeon  of 
a  ship  of  the  line  tliere.  Upon  the  e\acuation 
of  that  town  by  the  British,  he  accomp.  Gen. 
Howe  to  Halifax,  who  made  him  surgcon.-gen. 
to  the  forces  in  Nova  Scotia  in  May,  1776.  In 
Mar.  1779  he  went  again  to  Eng.,  where  he 
was  made  surgeon-major  to  the  forces  in  Amer., 
and  entered  upon  his  duties,  Mar.  11,  1780, 
at  Charleston,  S.C.  In  Dec.  1780  he  was 
again  in  Lond.,  where  he  practised  successfully, 
and  occupied  himself  much  with  scientific  re- 
search. He  undertook  two  aerial  voyages,  the 
second  of  which,  Jan.  7,  1785,  wasfiom  Dover, 
across  the  British  Channel,  into  the  forest  of 
Guicnne,  in  the  province  of  Artois,  France. 
These  expeditions  brought  him  into  notice  ; 
procured  for  him  access  to  all  the  learned  and 
scientific  societies  of  Paris,  and  to  the  medical 
and  anatomical  schools  of  that  metropolis.  A 
paper  which  he  drew  up,  giving  the  result  of 
these  experiments,  was  read  before  the  Royal 
Society  of  London.  In  the  summer  of  1789 
lie  returned  to  Boston,  where  he  is  said  to  have 
delivered  the  first  public  lecture  on  anatomy, 
a  science  of  which  he  was  very  fond. 

Jenifer,  Daniel,  of  St.  Thomas,  d.  Md., 
Nov.  1790,  a.  67.  Member  Old  Congress 
1778-82,  and  of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  Federal  Constitution. 

Jenifer,  Daniel,  minister  to  Austria 
(1841-5).  Son  of  Daniel  of  St.  Thomas  ;  d. 
Dec.  18,  1855,  near  Port  Tobacco,  Md.  He 
was  frequently  a  member  of  the  Md.  legisl., 
and  was  M.C.  in  1831-3,  and  in  1835-41. 

Jenison,  Silas  II.,  gov.  of  Vt.  1835-41 ; 
d.  Shoreham,  Vt.,  Sept.  30,  1849. 

Jenkins,  Albert  Gallatin,  gen. 
C.  S.  A.,  b.  Cabell  Co.,  Va.,  10  Nov.  1830; 
killed  in  battle  at  Dublin,  Va.,  May  7,  1864. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Va.  Military  Inst.,  at 


Jeff.  Coll.,  Pa.  (1848),  and  at  the  Carab.  Law 
School  (1850) ;  but,  devoting  himself  to  agri- 
culture, never  practised  law.  Member  of  the 
Cincin.  Nat.  Convention  in  1856  ;  M.C.  1857- 
61  ;  member  of  the  Confed.  Prov.  Congress  in 
1861;  resigned  to  take  the  post  of  brig.-gen.; 
com.  a  brigade  in  A.  P.  Hill's  division,  and 
afterward  in  Stuart's  cavalry  corps  ;  was  dis- 
ting. at  Gettysburg ;  and  served  in  the  Shenan- 
doah Valley  and  Western  Va. 

Jenkins,  Anna  A.,  a  philanthropic  Qua- 
keress of  Providence,  b.  Sept.  1,  1790;  d.  Nov. 
20,  1849,  by  the  conflagration  of  her  residence. 
She  inherited  the  entire  estate  of  William 
Almy  her  father,  most  of  that  of  Moses  Brown 
her  grandfather,  and  great  part  of  that  of 
Obadiah  Brown  her  uncle.  Early  in  life,  she 
became  an  acknowledged  preacher  among  the 
Friends,  visiting  repeatedly  various  parts  of 
the  U.S.  and  Europe.  Her  charities  were  in- 
numerable ;  and  she  founded  a  school  and  an 
orphan-asylum  in  Providence  for  children  of 
color. 

Jenkins,  John  Stilvvell,  editor  and 
author,  b.  Albiiny,  N.Y.,  Feb.  15,  1818;  d. 
Sept.  20,  1852.  After  passing  two  years  at 
Ham.  Coll.,  he  studied  law  ;  commenced  prac- 
tice at  Weedsport,  N.Y.,  in  1842;  soon  became 
disting.  ;  and  in  1843  m.  a  grand-dau.  of  Gen. 
John  Fellows  of  the  Revol.  army.  Editor  of 
the  Cayuga  Tocsin.  Among  his  pubs,  are 
a  Book  of  Legal  Forms ;  an  Abridgment  of 
Hammond's  Political  History  of  N.Y.,  1846; 
"  Alice  Howard,"  a  premium  novelette,  writ- 
ten for  a  Phila.  periodical ;  "  Life  of  Silas 
Wright,"  1847  ;  "  Hist,  of  the  War  with  Mexi- 
co," 1848  ;  "Narration  of  the  Exploring  Ex- 
ped.,"  1849 ;  Lives  of  Jackson,  Polk,  and 
Calhoun ;  "  A  Compilation  of  the  Lives  of 
Disting.  Generals  of  the  War  of  1812;" 
"  Lives  of  the  Governors  of  New  York,"  1851 ; 
and  "  Heroines  of  History,"  1853. 

Jenkins,  Thornton'A.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N., 
b.  Va.  Dec.  11,  1811.  Midshipm.  Nov.  1, 
1828;  lieut.  Dec.  9,  1839;  com.  Sept.  14, 
1855;  capt.  July  16,  1862;  commo.  July  25, 
1866;  chief  of  bureau  of  navigation  186.5-9; 
rear-adm.  Sept.  1870.  Attached  to  coast 
survey  1836-41  ;  com.  store-ship  "  Relief" 
1847;  and  present  at  Tuspan  and  Tabasco; 
coast  survey  1848-52;  com.  sloop  "Preble," 
and  Paraguay  exped.  1859-60;  steam-sloop 
"  Wachusett "  1862;  repulsed  the  rebels  at 
Coggen's  Point,  James  River,  Aug.  1862; 
com.  "  Oneida,"  W.  Gulf  block,  squad.,  1862  ; 
Farragut's  fleet-capt.  at  passage  of  Port  Hud- 
son, Mar.  14,  1863  ;  and  in  the  attacks  of  Port 
II.  in  May;  its  capture  in  July;  and  at  the 
battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  Aug.  5,  1864  ;  and  highly 
complimented  for  zeal  and  efficiency  by  his 
flag-officer.  —  ILimersly. 

Jenks,  Joseph,  a  pioneer  inventor  of 
America,  b.  Hammersmith,  near  Lond. ;  came 
to  Lynn,  Ms.,  ab.  1645  ;  d.  1683.  He  was  the 
first  founder  who  worked  in  brass  and  iron  on 
the  Western  continent.  May  6,  1646,  he  re- 
ceived from  the  legisl.  a  patent  "  for  the  mak- 
ing of  engines  for  mills  to  go  by  water,"  and 
for  the  making  of  scythes  and  other  edged  tools 
with  a  new-invented  sawmill;  in  May,  1655, 
he  received  another  patent  for  an  improve- 


JEN 


486 


JJiiW 


ment  in  the  manuf.  of  scythes;  in  Oct.  1652 
he  is  said  to  have  made  the  dies  for  the  silver 
coinage  of  tiie  State;  in  1654  he  contracted 
with  the  selectmen  of  Boston  "  for  an  engine 
to  carry  water  in  case  of  fire;"  in  1667  he 
petitioned  the  General  Court  "  to  advance  a 
sume  lor  ye  encouragement  of  wyer  drawing/' 
&c.  His  works  were  on  the  Saugus  River, 
Lynn.  — Lewis's  Hist,  of  Lynn. 

Jenks,  Joseph,  gov.  of  R.I.  1727-32,  pre- 
viously dep.-gov.,  b.  Tawtucket,  R.I.,  1656;  d. 
June  15,  1740.  Grandson  of  the  preceding. 
Gov.  J.  was  the  tallest  man  in  R.I.,  standing 
7  feet  2  inches  in  his  stockings.  His  bro.  Wm., 
a  judge,  d.  1765,  a.  90. 

Jenks,  Samuel  Haynes,  journalist,  b. 
Boston  20  Sept.  1789  ;  d-  So.  Boston,  23  Sept. 
1863.  Founder  and  first  editor  of  the  Nan- 
tucket/«<7HiVer ;  afterward  connected  Avith  the 
press  of  Boston,  and  ed.  the  So.  Boston  Regis- 
ter. Member  of  both  branches  of  the  legisl., 
and  State  commiss.  of  insurance;  a  man  of  ster- 
ling character,  and  of  considerable  literary 
merit. — See  KetteWs  Specimens  of  American 
Poetrij. 

Jenks,  William,  D.  D.  (Bowd.  1825), 
LL.1>.  (Bowd.  1862),  clergyman  and  author, 
b.  Newton,  Ms.,  Nov.  25,  1778;  d.  Boston, 
Nov.  13,  1866.  H.  U.  1797.  He  occupied 
himself  in  teaching;  then  as  reader  at  Christ's 
Church,  Cambridge,  Ms. ;  was  ord.  at  Bath, 
Me.,  Dec.  26,  1805;  dism.  Sept.  10,  1823. 
From  1815  to  1818  he  was  prof,  of  English 
and  Oriental  literature  in  Bowd.  Coll.,  Me. 
Returning  to  Boston  in  1818,  he  opened  a 
private  school.  He  there  founded  the  Seamen's 
Bethel,  the  first  institution  for  the  free  reli- 
gious education  of  seamen,  and  the  parent  of 
many  similar  institutions.  From  Oct.  25, 
1826,  to  Oct.  1,  1845,  he  was  pastor  of  a  Cong, 
church  in  Green  Street,  and  at  that  time 
wrote  his  "  Comprehensive  Commentary  "  on 
the  Bible,  of  which  120,000  vols,  were  sold. 
Author  of  "  Explan.  Bible  Atlas  and  Scrip- 
ture Gazetteer,"  4to,  1849  ;  Anniv.  Address 
bef.  Amer.  Antiq.  Soc.  21  Oct.  1863;  and  of 
some  occasional  sermons  and  discourses.  One 
of  the  founders  of  the  Amer.  Oriental  Society ; 
and  was  a  valuable  member  of  numerous  liter- 
ary, hist.,  and  religious  bodies. 

Jenney,  Rev.  Robert,  LL.D.,  b.  War- 
ingstown,  Ireland,  1687;  d,  Phila.  Jan.  5, 
1762.  Trin.  Coll.  Dublin.  Son  of  Arch- 
deacon Jenney.  Chaplain  in  the  navy  1710- 
14 ;  assist,  to  Rev.  Mr.  Evans  at  Phila.  until 
1717  ;  chaplain  to  the  fort  in  New  York;  rec- 
tor at  Rye,  Westchester  Co.,  N.Y.,  from  June, 
1722,  to  1725;  of  the  church  at  Hempstead, 
L.I.,  from  1725  to  1742;  and  of  Christ 
Church,  Phila.,  1742-62.  —  Z)orr's  Hist.  Christ 
Ch.,  Phila. 

Jennings,  Jonathan,  first  gov.  of  Ind. 
(1816-22),  b.  Hunterden  Co.,  N.J. ;  d.  near 
Charlestown,  Clarke  Co.,  Ind.,  July  26,  1834. 
M.C.  1809-16  and  in  1822-31.  In  1818  he 
was  app.  by  Pres.  Monroe  Indian  commis- 
sioner. 

Jennison,  Samuel,  antiquary,  b.  Brook- 
field,  Ms.,  Feb.  24,  1788;  d.  Worcester,  Mar. 
11,  1860.  At  the  age  of  12  he  went  to  Wor- 
cester to  reside  with  his  uncle,  Hon.  Oliver 


Fiske ;  became  connected  with  the  Worcester 
Bank,  first  as  accountant,  and  until  1846  as 
cashier;  was  treas.  of  the  Worcester  Co.  Sav- 
ings Inst,  from  1828  to  1853  ;  was  many  years 
connected  with  the  Amer.  Antiq.  Society  as 
librarian  and  cdrresp.  sec. ;  and  was  also  town- 
clerk  of  Worcester,  and  treas.  of  the  State 
Lunatic  Hospital  from  1847  to  1857.  He 
wrote  much,  both  in  prose  and  verse,  and 
gathered  much  valuable  biographical  material, 
which  he  passed  over  to  Rev.  Dr.  Allen  just 
before  the  publication  of  the  2d  edition  of  his 
Biog.  Diet,  in  1832.  — Hist.  Marj.  iv.  2.54. 

Jesse,  Philip  ;  d.  New  Garden,  Russell 
Co.,  Va.,  1  Dec.  1858,  a.  120.  When  in  his 
100th  year,  he  cut  and  split  100  rails. 

Jesup,  Thomas  Sidney,  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Va.  1788;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  June  10, 
1860.  App.  lieut.  of  inf  May  3,  1808  ;  brig.- 
maj.  and  acting  adj.-gen.  to  Gen.  Hull,  1812; 
capt.  Jan.  1813;  maj.  19th  Inf  April  6,  1813; 
transferred  1814  to  25th  Inf. ;  brcv.  lieut. -col. 
"  for  disting.  and  meritorious  service  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Chippewa,"  July  5,  1814;  brev.  col.  "for 
the  battle  of  Niagara,"  July  25,  1814,  in  which 
he  was  severely  wounded;  lieut.-col.3d  Inf  Apr. 
30, 1817;  adj.-gen.  (rank  of  col.)  Mar.  27,1818; 
quarterm.-gen.  (rank  brig.-gen.)  8  May,  1818; 
brev.  maj.-gen.  8  May,  1828;  took  com.  of  the 
army  in  the  Creek  Nation  May  20,  1836  ;  and 
succeeded  Gen.  Call  in  com.  of  army  in  Fla., 
Dec.  8,  1836;  wounded  in  action  with  Semi- 
noles  near  Jupiter  Inlet,  Jan.  24, 1838. —  Gard- 
ner.   D.    /   O      «iw.-v      ?^    t   O 

Jessup,  William,  LL.D.  (Ham.  Coll. 
1848),  jurist  and  philanthropist,  b.  Southamp- 
ton,  L.I.,  June  21, 1797;  d.  Montrose,  Pa.,  Sept. 
1 1 , 1 868.  Y.  C.  1 81 5.  He  moved  to  Montrose 
in  1818  ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1820,  and  had 
a  lucrative  practice ;  was  many  years  a  vice- 
pres.  of  the  A.B.C.F.M.;  a  pioneer  in  the  causes 
of  temperance  and  education  ;  and  chief  found- 
er of  the  Agric.  Society.  From  1838  to  1851 
he  was  pres.  judge  of  the  11th  judicial  dist.  of 
Pa.  —  Obit.  Record  of  Y.  C.  1869. 

Jeter,  Jeremiah  B.,  D.D.,  Baptist  clergy- 
man, b.  Bedford  Co.,  Va.,  July  18,  1802.  He 
entered  the  ministry  in  Bedford  Co.  in  1822; 
removed  to  the  "  Northern  Neck  "  of  Va.  in 
1827,  where  he  was  pastor  of  the  Maratico 
Church  in  Lancaster  Co.,  and  of  the  Nicoraico 
Church  in  Northumberland  Co.  In  1836  he 
became  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  in 
Richmond,  Va. ;  in  1849  of  the  Second  Church 
in  St.  Louis,  Mo. ;  and  in  1852  of  the  Grace-st. 
Baptist  Church,  Richmond,  Va.  Besides  ser- 
mons, contribs.  to  periodicals,  &c.,  he  has  pub. 
a  "  Memoir  of  Rev.  A.  B.  Clapton,"  "Life  of 
Mrs.  Henrietta  Shuck,"  "Memoir  of  Rev.  An- 
drew Broadus,"  the  "  Christian  Mirror,"  and 
a  controversial  volume  entitled  "  Campbellism 
Examined,"  1855.  —  Appleton. 

Jewell,  Marshall,  gov.  of  Ct.  1868-70, 
b.  Winchester,  N.H.,  20  Oct.  1825.  He  was 
brought  up  a  tanner ;  afterward  studied  telegra- 
phy and  electricity  in  Boston;  subsequently 
engaged  in  constructing  and  superintending 
teleg  lines  between  Louisville  and  N.  Orleans; 
and  in  1850  commenced  in  Hartford,  Ct.,  the 
manuf  of  leather-belling.  He  was  prominent 
in  support  of  the  Govt,  during  the  Rebellion, 


JE^T^T 


487 


JOH 


and  contrib.  largely  to  the  support  of  the  sol- 
diers. Bro.  of  Harvey  Jewell,  speaker  Ms.  H. 
of  reps.  1868-71. 

Jewett,  Charles  Coffin,  scholar  and 
bit)liographer,  b.  Lel)anon,  Me.,  Aug.  12,  1816; 
d.  Bruin  tree,  Ms.,  Jan.  9,  1868.  Brown  U.  1835. 
He  studied  at  the  And.  Theol.  Sein.,  of  which 
he  was  for  a  time  librarian  ;  and  in  1843  he  ar- 
ranged and  catalogued  the  library  of  Brown  U. 
He  was  afterward  librarian  and  prof,  of  modern 
languages  there  until  1848.  Assist,  sec.  and 
librariau  of  the  Smithsonian  Inst.,  he  made  a 
valuable  report  of  tlie  public  libraries  of  the 
U.S.,  printed  in  1850  as  an  Appendix  to  the 
Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Regents.  He 
was  supt.  of  the  Boston  Public  Library  from 
1858  uutil  his  death. 

Jewett,  Isaac  Appleton,  lawyer  and  au- 
thor, b.  Burlington,  Vt.,  Oct.  17,  1808;  d. 
Keene,  N.H.,  Jan.  14,  1853.  H.U.  1830.  He 
established  himself  in  the  practice  of  law,  first 
in  Cincinnati,  and  afterwards  in  New  Orleans. 
Author  of  "  Passages  in  Travel,"  Boston,  1838; 
and  "The  Appleton  Memorial,"  Boston,  1850. 
—  iV.  E.  H.  and  Gen.  Reg.  vii.  197. 

Jewett,  John  11.,  author  of  "  A  Narrative 
of  Siiipwreck  and  Suffering  in  Nootka  Sound" 
in  1812 ;  d.  Hartford,  Ct.,  Jan.  1821,  a  57. 

Jewett,  Luther,  M.C.  1815-17,  b.  Canter- 
bury, Ct.,  Dec.  24,  1772  ;  d.  St.  Johnsburv, 
Vt.,  Mar.  8,  1860.  Dartm.  Coll.  1795.  He 
practised  medicine  at  Putney  and  at  St.  Johns- 
bury,  Vt.;  was  afterward  pastor  of  Cong.  Ch. 
at  Newbury,  Vt.,  from  Feb.  28,  1821,  to  Feb. 
19,  1828.  Pub.  the  Farmer's  Herald  at  St. 
Johnsbury,  1828-32  ;  also,  2  years  of  the  time, 
the  Friend,  a  Freemason  paper ;  also  a  Hist. 
Discourse  del.  at  St.  Johnsbury,  Dec.  3,  1818. 

Jewett,  MiLO  Parker,  LL.D.,b. St.  Johns- 
bury, Vt.,  1808.  Dartm.  Coll.  1828;  Andover 
Theol.  Sem.  1 833.  Late  minister  Presb.  church, 
and  prof,  in  Marietta  Coll.,  0.  (1835-8);  pres. 
Vassar  Female  Coll.  Author  of  "  Mode  and 
Subjects  of  Baptism." 

Jewett,  William,  portrait-painter,  b.  E. 
Haddam,  Ct.,  Feb.  14,  1795.  He  worked  on  a 
farm  ;  then  became  a  coachmaker's  apprentice, 
and  went  to  N.Y.  City,  where  he  studied  with 
Samuel  Waldo,  whose  partner  he  became. 
Their  joint  productions  were  often  successful 
likenesses;  and  (or  many  years  they  were  fully 
occupied  in  New  York.  —  Tuc/cerman. 

Jogues  (zhog),  Isaac,  a  French  mission- 
ary, b.  Orleans,  Jan.  10,  1607  ;  killed  at  Caugh- 
nawaga,  N.Y.,  Oct.  18,  1646.  He  became  a 
Jesuit  at  Rouen  in  1624  ;  was  ord.  in  1636,  and 
at  his  own  request  sent  immediately  to  Canada. 
He  visited  Mi.scon  and  Quebec ;  preached  to  the 
Hurons  ;  and  early  in  1642,  with  Father  Raym- 
baut,  crossed  Lake  Huron,  and  founded  a  mis- 
sion among  the  Chippewas  in  Michigan.  In 
the  summer  he  went  to  Quebec  for  supplies. 
On  his  return  through  N.  Y.  he  was  taken  by 
a  party  of  Mohawks,  who  cut  off  one  of  his 
thumbs,  tore  out  his  finger-nails,  and  put  him 
to  other  tortures.  He  remained  with  them  as 
a  slave  and  missionary  until  the  summer  of 
1643,  when  he  escaped  to  Albany,  and  was 
taken  to  New  Amsterdam.  He  sailed  for  Eu- 
rope in  Nov.,  but  was  shipwrecked  on  the  Eng- 
lish coast.     Reaching  France,  he  was  treated 


with  great  consideration,  and  invited  to  court. 
He  returned  to  Canada,  and  in  May,  1646,  con- 
cluded a  treaty  between  the  Mohawks  and  the 
French.  Visiting  Lake  George,  which  he 
named  Lake  Saint  Sacrament,  he  descended 
the  Hudson  to  Fort  Orange.  He  went  again 
among  the  Mohawks  as  a  missionary,  and  was 
seized  and  put  to  death  as  a  sorcerer.  His  Let- 
ters have  been  pub.  in  the  N.Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Colls., 
and  his  description  of  tlie  New  Netherlands 
in  the  Doc.  Hist,  of  N.Y.,  and  rep.  with  Notes 
and  Memoir  by  J.  G.  Shea,  1862.  He  also  left  a 
Memoir  of  Rene  Goupil,  one  of  his  companions 
in  the  Huron  mission,  and  a  Journal,  pub.  by 
Alegambe  in  his  "Mortes  Illustres,"  Rome,  1667. 

Johnes,  Timothy,  D.U.  (Y.C.  1783),  min- 
ister of  Morristown,  N.  J.,  from  Feb.  9,  1743, 
to  his  d.,  Sept.  19,  1794 ;  b.  Southampton,  L.I., 
May  24,  1717.     Y.  C.  1737. 

Johns,  John,  D.D.  (N.J.ColI.  1834),LL.D. 
(Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  18.55),  ,Pr.-Ep.  bishop  of 
Va.  N.J.  Coll.  1815.  Pres.  Wm.  and  M.  Coll. 
1849-54;  consec.  at  Richmond,  Oct.  13,  1842. 
Pub.  "Memorial  of  Bishop  Meade,"  1868. 

Johns,  Kensey,  jurist ;  d.  Newcastle,  Del., 
Dec.  21,  1848,  a.  90.  A  Revol.  soldier.  Last 
surviving  member  of  the  Del.  convention  which 
app.  delegates  to  adopt  the  U.S.  Constitution, 
and  also  of  the  conv.  that  formed  the  first  con- 
stitution of  that  State  ;  U.S.  senator  from  Del. 
in  1794-5  ;  many  years  chief  justice,  and  after- 
ward chancellor  of  Del. 

Johns,  Kensey,  LL.D.  (Jeff.  Coll.  1846), 
jurist,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Del.  Dec.  10, 
1791;  d.  Newcastle,  Mar.  28,  1857.  N.J.ColI. 
1810.  He  studied  law,  and  was  ad m.  to  prac- 
tice in  1813;  was  M.  C.  1827-31;  and  chan- 
cellor of  Del.  from  1832  till  his  death.  He  was 
a  learned,  firm,  and  impartial  judge;  many 
years  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Presb.  Church. 

Johnson,  Alexander  Bryan,  author 
and  banker,  b.  Gosport,  Eng.,  May  29,  1786; 
d.  1867.  A.M.  of  Ham.  Coll.  1832.  He  came 
to  the  U.S.  in  1801,  and  established  himself  in 
Utica,  N.Y.  He  was  adm.  to  the  bar,  but  never 
practised.  He  pub.  "  Philosophy  of  Human 
Knowledge,  or  a  Treatise  on  Language,"  1828 ; 
"  Treatise  on  Language,  or  the  Relation  which 
Words  bear  to  Things,"  1836;  "Physiology 
of  the  Senses,"  1856;  "  Tlie  Meaning  of 
Words  analyzed,"  &c.,  1854;  "Nature  of 
Value,  Capital,"  &c.,  1813;  "Religion  in  its 
Relation  to  the  Present  Life,"  1840;  "  Ency- 
clopaedia of  Instruction,  or  Apologues  and  Bre- 
viates  on  Men  and  Manners,"  1857 ;  "  A  Guide 
to  the  Right  Understanding  of  our  American 
Union,"  1857;  "  Treatise  on  Banking;  "  "Lec- 
tures to  Young  Men  ;  "  addresses,  and  an  ora- 
tion, July  5,  1824. 

Johnson,  Andrew,  17th  pres.  of  the  U.  S., 
1).  Raleigh,  N.C.,  Dec.  29,  1808.  He  lost  his 
father  at  the  age  of  4  ;  and  from  the  age  of  10, 
until  the  autumn  of  1824,  was  the  ap})rentice 
of  a  tailor  in  Raleigh.  Without  a  single  day's 
schooling,  he  taught  himself  to  read.  After 
completing  his  apprenticeship,  he  went  to  St. 
Laurens  Court  House,  S.C,  and  worked  as  a 
journeyman  until  May,  1826 ;  in  Sept.  he  went 
to  the  West,  taking  with  him  his  mother,  who 
was  dependent  upon  him  for  support;  set- 
tled in  Greenville,  Tenn.,  where  he  worked  at 


JOH 


488 


JOH 


his  trade,  and  married ;  was  elected  alderman 
in  1828,  1829,  and  1830;  mayor  1831,  1832, 
and  1833;  in  1835  member  of  the  lej^isl.,  and 
again  in  1839 ;  was  a  pres.  elector  in  1840,  and 
canvassed  a  large  part  of  the  State,  meeting 
upon  the  stump  several  of  the  leading  Whig 
orators  ;  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  in 
1841;  was  M.C.  1843-53,  and  was  conspicuous 
in  advocating  the  annexation  of  Texas,  the 
tariff  of  1846,  the  war-measures  of  Polk's 
administration,  and  a  homestead  bill ;  was 
gov.  of  Tenn.  from  1853  to  1857;  and  U.S. 
senator  from  1857  to  1863.  The  resolute  oppo- 
nent of  secession,  he  was  unwearied  in  his  ef- 
forts to  uphold  the  national  cause  during  the 
early  stages  of  the  Rebellion  ;  and,  on  the  re- 
occupation  of  Nashville  in  1862,  he  was  app.  by 
Pies.  Lincoln  military-gov.  of  Tenn. ;  was 
nominated  vice-pres.  by  the  Baltimore  conven- 
tion of  1864  ;  and  on  the  assassination  of  Pres. 
Lincoln,  April  15,  1865,  succeeded  him  in  the 
presidential  chair.  At  first  he  displayed  a 
spirit  of  much  severity  to  the  rebels,  but  was 
afterwards  so  favorable  to  them,  and  so  hostile 
to  the  reconstruction  policy  of  Congress,  that 
he  was  impeached  by  that  body  ;  tried,  and  ac- 
quitted, 26  May,  1868,  —  35  voting  him  guilty, 
19  voting  not  guilty.  During  his  presidency 
the  sub-marine  telegraphic  cable  was  success- 
fully laid,  and  congratulatory  messages  were 
exchanged  28  July,  1866.  In  1866  he  received 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  U.  of  N.  C. 
His  speeches,  with  a  Memoir  by  Frank  Moore, 
were  pub.  in  1865. 

Johnson,  Artemas  N.,  b.  Middlebury, 
Vt.,  1817.  Author  of  "Instructions  in  Thor- 
ough Bass,"  1844;  "Choir  Chorus-Book," 
1847;  "Bay  State  Coll.,"  1849;  "  Melodia  Sa- 
cra," 1852;  "  Handel  Coll.,"  1854;  "  Instruc- 
tion in  Harmony  upon  the  Pestalozzian  System," 
1854,  &c.  Editor  Boston  Musical  Gazette,  and 
Bost.  Mus.  Journal.  —  AUihone. 

Johnson,  Gen.  Bushrod  R.,  b.  Ohio, 
Sept.  6,  1817.  West  Point,  1840.  Entering 
the  3d  Inf.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  Feb.  29, 1844  ; 
served  in  the  Florida  and  Mexican  wars ;  re- 
signed Oct.  22,  1847,  to  become  prof,  of  math, 
at  the  Western  Milit.  Inst.,  Georgetown,  Ky. ; 
in  1855  he  became  prof,  in  the  Nashville  Milit. 
U.,  and  held  the  office  when  the  civil  war  be- 
gan in  1861.  Joining  the  Confed.  army,  he  was 
made  brig.-gen.  Jan.  24,  1862  ;  and  was  cap- 
tured at  Fort  Donelson,  but  soon  afterward  es- 
caped ;  he  was  severely  wounded  in  the  battle 
of  Shiloh;  made  maj.-gen.  in  1864;  com.  di- 
vision in  Anderson's  4th  corps  when  Lee's  ar- 
my surrendered. 

Johnson,  Cave,  lawyer  and  statesman,  b, 
Robertson  Co.,  Tenn.,  Jan.  U,  1793;  d. 
Clarksville,  Tenn.,  Nov.  23,  1866.  He  studied 
and  practised  law ;  and  for  some  years  was 
circuit  judge;  M.C.  1829-37,  and  in  1839-45, 
when  he  entered  Mr.  Polk's  cabinet  as  post- 
master-gen. ;  pres.  of  the  Bank  of  Tenn.  from 
1850  to  1859  ;  during  the  secession  war  he  was 
chosen  by  the  Union  party  to  the  State  senate  ; 
but  feeble  health  prevented  his  taking  his  seat. 

Johnson,  Chapman,  lawyer,  b.  Louisa 
Co.,  Va.,  March,  1779  ;  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  Ju- 
ly 12,  1849.  Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  1802.  He 
studied  law  under  St.  George  Tucker ;  began 


practice  at  Staunton  in  1802;  soon  became 
prominent;  and  in  1824  he  moved  to  Rich- 
mond. During  the  war  of  1812  he  was  capt. 
of  a  vol.  comp.,  and  afterwards  served  as  aide 
to  Gen.  James  Breckenridge ;  he  was  in  the 
State  Senate  from  1815  to  1831  ;  member  of 
the  State  Const.  Conv.  in  1829-30;  and  was 
there  the  champion  of  the  "  White  Basis 
party." 

Johnson,  David,  gov.  S.  C.  1846-8,  b. 
Va.  1782;  d.  Limestone  Springs,  S.C,  Jan.  7, 
1855.  Son  of  Christopher,  a  Baptist  preacher. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  S.C.  in  1805;  member  of 
the  S.C  legisl.  in  1812;  solicitor  of  the  mid- 
dle circuit  Union  district,  1812-15  ;  circuit 
judge  1815-24;  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals 
1824-35 ;  chancellor  1835-46.  —  O'NeaU's  New- 
bun/. 

Johnson,  Eastman,  (/enre  painter,  b.  Lov- 
ell.  Me.  His  father  was  long  an  officer  in  the 
U.  S.  treasury,  depart.  The  son  acquired  by 
his  crayons  the  means  for  European  study,  and 
has  produced  many  excellent  pictures  ;  among 
them  are  "  The  Drummer-Boy,"  "  The  Pen- 
sion Claim -Agent,"  "Sunday  Morning," 
"  The  Old  Kentucky  Home,"  "  Savoyard- 
Boy,  "  "  Mount  Vernon  Kitchen,"  "  Chim- 
ney-Sweep,"  &c.  —  Tucker  man. 

Johnson,  Edward,  historian,  b.  Heme 
Hill,  Kent,  Eng.,  1599;  d.  Woburn,  23  Apr. 
1672.  He  is  supposed  to  have  come  to  New 
Eng.  with  Gov.  Winthrop,  1630;  was  promi- 
nent in  the  organization  of  the  town  and 
church  of  Woburn  in  1642;  was  captain  of 
its  military  compnny;  was  chosen  its  represen- 
tative in  1643,  and  annually  re-elected,  with  the 
exception  of  1648,  until  1671  ;  speaker  of  the 
house  in  1655;  in  1665  he  was  on  the  com., 
with  Bradstreet,  Danforth,  and  others,  to  meet 
the  commissioners  Nicolls,  Carr,  &c.,  who  had 
been  sent  from  England  ;  he  was  recorder  of 
the  town  from  its  incorporation  till  bis  death. 
His  "  Wonder-working  Providence  of  Sion's 
Saviour  in  New  England,"  a  history  of  the 
country  from  the  English  planting  in  1628  to 
1652,  was  pub.  in  Lond.  in  1654,  and  reprint- 
ed in  "  The  Ms.  Hist.  Colls.;"  and  again,  with 
notes,  by  W.  F.  Poole,  in  1867. 

Johnson,  Edward,  maj.-gen.  C.S.A.,  b. 
Ky.ab.  1817.  West  Point,  1838.  Entering  the 
6th  Inf.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  Oct.  9,  1839; 
was  brev.  capt.  for  gallantry  at  Molino  del 
Rey,  Sept.  8;  and  maj.  for  Chapultepec,  Sept. 
13,  1847;  disting.  in  the  capture  of  the  city; 
became  capt.  15  April,  1851  ;  and  resigned 
June  10,  1861;  became  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  Con- 
fed,  army  ;  maj.-gen.  May  20,  1863  ;  and  com. 
a  div.  in  Ewell's  corps  at  Gettysburg  ;  captured 
with  his  division  at  Spottsylvania,  12  May, 
1864  ;  again  captured  while  commanding  di- 
vision in  Gen.  S.  D.Lee's  corps  at  the  battle  of 
Dec.  16,  1864,  near  Nashville.  After  the  war, 
he  had  the  effrontery  to  call  on  the  U.  S. 
treas.  for  arrears  of  pay  due  him  at  the  time 
of  his  desertion  to  the  rebels. 

Johnson,  Col.  Guv,  loyalist,  b.  Ireland 
ab.  1740;  d.  Lond.  Mar.  5,' 1788.  He  m.  a 
dau.  of  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  and  at  his  death,  in 
1774,  succeeded  him  as  supt.  of  the  Indian 
dept.,  having  long  been  his  deputy.  He  served 
against  the  French  in  1757;  com.  a  company 


JOH 


489 


JOH 


of  Rangers  under  Amherst  in  1759  ;  and  was 
some  time  Indian  agent  at  Montreal.  His  in- 
temperate zeal  for  the  king  caused  the  first  af- 
fray in  Tryon  Co. ;  and  Guy  fled  to  Montreal. 
After  a  visit  to  Eng.,  he  landed  at  Staten  Is- 
land in  Aug.  1776,  and  was  a  manager  of  the 
old  theatre  in  John  St.,  N.Y.  Afterward  join- 
ing Brant  and  the  Mohawks,  he  participated 
in  their  bloody  exploits,  and  was  in  the  battles 
of  Chemung  and  Newtown  in  Western  N.Y., 
between  tlicm  and  Gen.  Sullivan,  in  1779.  His 
estates  were  confiscated;  and  he  d.  in  Eng.,  a 
petitioner  for  relief. 

Johnson,  Sir  Henry,  a  British  gen.,  b. 
Dublin,  1748;  d.  Mar.  18,  1835.  Bart.  Oct. 
3,  1818.  He  entered  the  army  in  1761  ;  capt. 
28th  Foot,  Dec.  1763;  lieut.-col.  17th,  Oct. 
1778;  col.  Dec.  1782;  maj.-gcn.  Dec.  1793; 
gen.  Apr.  1808.  While  stationed  in  Phila.  he 
m.  Rebecca  Franks,  celebrated  for  her  wit.  He 
com.  a  batt.  of  light  inf.  early  in  the  Revol. 
war,  and  was  severely  wounded  ;  and,  while  in 
com.  at  Stony  Point,  was  surprised  by  Gen. 
Wayne  in  the  night  of  July  15,  1779,  and 
made  prisoner  with  his  whole  force.  He  re- 
turned to  Eng.  after  the  capture  of  Yorktown, 
and  disting.  himself  during  the  Irish  rebellion 
at  Vinegar  Hill,  and  at  New  Ross  in  1798. 

Johnson,  Henry,  statesman,  b.  Tenn. 
Sept.  14,  1783  ;  d.  Point  Coupee,  La.,  Sept.  4, 
1864.  He  adopted  the  profession  of  law  ;  app. 
clerk  of  the  second  Superior  Court,  La.,  1809  ; 
judge  Parish  Court  of  St.  Mary,  1811  ;  mem- 
ber of  the  La.  Const.  Conv.  1812;  U.S.  sena- 
tor from  La.  1818-24;  gov.  1824-8;  M.  C. 
1835-9,  and  again  U.S.  senator  in  1844-9. 
His  wife  was  dau.  of  Francis  Key,  author  of 
the  "  The  Star-spangled  Banner." 

Johnson,  Herman  M.,  S.T.D.  (Wesl.  U. 
1852),  LL.D.,  Methodist  clergyman  and  author. 
Pres.  of  Dick.  Coll.,  Pa.  (1860-8),  b.  Otsego 
Co.,  N.Y.,  Nov.  25,  1815  ;  d.  Carlisle,  Apr.  5, 
1868.  Wesl.  U.  1839.  Prof,  of  ancient  lan- 
guages in  St.  Charles  Coll.,  Mo.,  1839-42,  and 
in  Aug.  Coll.,  Ky.,  1842-4  ;  prof,  of  ancient 
languages  and  literature  in  the  O.  Wesl.  U. 
at  Delaware,  0.,  1844-50  ;  prof,  of  philos.  and 
English  lit.  in  Dick.  Coll.  18.50-60.  He  pub. 
the  "  Clio"  of  Herodotus  in  1850.  Edited  "  Ori- 
entalia  Antiquaria  Herodoti,''  and  at  his  death 
had  nearly  ready  a  German  work  on  "  Syno- 
nymes."  He  was  a  frequent  and  able  contrib. 
to  the  Methodist  QuarterJij  Review  and  other 
magazines,  and  was  very  popular  and  interesting 
as  a  i^reachcr. 

Johnson,  Herschel  V.,  Democ.  politi- 
cian, b.  Burke  Co.,  Ga.,  Sept.  18,  1812.  U. 
of  Ga.  1834.  He  studied  law  ;  practised  in 
Augusta;  removed  to  Jeff.  Co.  in  1839,  and 
acquired  extensive  business,  but  in  1844  locat- 
ed himself  near  Milledgeville.  U.S.  senator 
in  Feb.  1848,  to  fill  a  vacancy;  judge  of  the 
Sup.  Court,  Nov.  1849-Aug.  18,53;  gov.  Nov. 
1853  to  1857;  candidate  for  vice-pres.  on  the 
Douglas  ticket  in  1860.  Subsequently  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Confcd.  senate. 

Johnson,  Isaac,  one  of  the  founders  of 
Ms.,  b.  Clipsliam,  Rutlandshire,  Eng.  ;  d.  Bos- 
ton, Sept.  30,  1630.  He  came  over  with  Win- 
throp,  arriving  at  Salem,  June  12,  1630;  was 
one  of  the  4  who  founded  the  first  church  at 


Charlestown  on  July  30  ;  and  Sept.  7  he  con- 
ducted the  first  settlement  of  Boston.  He  was 
a  good  and  wise  man,  and  was  the  wealthiest 
of  the  Colonists.  Arbella,  or  Arabella, 
his  wife,  dau.  of  Thomas,  14th  Earl  of  Lincoln, 
accomp.  her  husband  to  N.  E.,  and  d.  in  Salem 
ab.  Aug.  30,  1630.  In  honor  of  her,  the  name 
of  "The  Eagle,"  Winthrop's  ship,  was  changed 
to  "  The  Arbella."  —  See  N.  E.  H.  and  Gen. 
Reg.  viii.  359. 

Johnson,  Isaac,  gov.  of  La.  1845-50;  d. 
New  Orleans,  Mar.  15,  1853. 

Johnson,  Sir  John,  son  of  Sir  William, 
b.  1742;  d.  Montreal,  Jan.  4,  1830.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title  and  estates  of  his  fother,  as 
well  as  to  the  post  of  maj.-gen.  in  the  N.Y. 
militia,  to  which  he  was  app.  in  Nov.  1774. 
Early  in  1776  the  Whigs  attempted  to  secure 
his  person  ;  and  Sir  John,  with  ab.  700  fol- 
lowers, fled  to  Canada.  He  was  soon  com- 
missioned a  col. ;  raised  two  battalions,  called 
the  Royal  Greens ;  and  became  one  of  the 
most  active  and  one  of  the  bitterest  foes  that 
the  Whigs  encountered  during  the  contest. 
He  invested  Fort  Stanwix  in  Aug.  1777,  and 
defeated  Gen.  Herkimer;  and  in  Oct.  1780 
was  himself  defeated  by  Gen.  Van  Rensse- 
laer at  Fox's  Mills.  In  predatory  enterprises 
the  Royal  Greens  earned  an  infamous  celebri- 
ty. Soon  after  the  close  of  the  contest,  Sir 
John  went  to  Eng.,  but  returned  in  1785,  and 
resided  in  Canada.  He  was  supt.  of  Indi- 
an affairs  until  his  decease;  and  for  several 
years  he  was  also  a  member  of  the  legisl.  coun- 
cil of  Canada.  The  British  Govt.,  to  compen- 
sate him  for  his  losses,  made  him  several  grants 
of  lands.  His  son.  Sir  Adam  Gordon  Johnson 
(b.  1781),  succeeded  to  his  title.  —  Sabine. 

Johnson,  Maj.  John,  Revol.  officer,  and 
port.-painter ;  d.  Boston,  27  June,  1818,  a.  66. 
After  the  war  he  settled  in  Boston,  and  left 
many  strong  likenesses  of  men  of  his  time. 
He  was  deficient  in  drawing.  —  Knapp. 

Johnson,  John,  chancellor  of  Md.,  b.  An- 
napolis ;  d.  Baltimore,  Oct.  4,  1856. 

Johnson,  Joseph,  bro.  of  Wm.,  physician, 
politician,  and  author,  b.  Charleston,  S.C, 
June  15,  1776.  U.  of  Pa.  1797.  His  father 
was  one  of  the  prisoners  of  war  on  parole,  who, 
in  violation  of  the  terms  of  capitulation,  were 
consigned  to  a  prison-ship,  and  finally  trans- 
ferred to  St.  Augustine.  Pie  studied  med. 
and  began  practice  in  Charleston  with  Dr. 
Poinsett.  He  was  pres.  of  the  U.S.  branch 
Bank  in  1818-35  ;  was  long  mayor  of  Charles- 
ton. Was  an  active  leader  of  the  Union 
party  in  the  nullification  controversy.  Many 
years  commiss.  of  the  public  schools ;  pres. 
of  the  Apprentices'  Library  Assoc,  since  its 
establishment  in  1836,  and  for  more  than  60 
years  a  member  of  the  S.  C.  society,  and  20 
years  its  presiding  officer.  He  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  S.C.  Med.  Soc.  in  1797,  and  its 
pres.  in  1807 ;  and  was  an  efficient  worker  in  the 
Literary  and  Philos.  Soc.  He  has  pub.  many 
treatises,  essays,  and  orations,  and  "  Traditions 
and  Reminiscences  of  the  Revol.,"  1851. 

Johnson,  Joshua,  merchant,  b.  Calvert 
Co.,  Md. ;  d.  Frederickton,  Md.,  Apr.  21,  1802. 
One  of  1 1  bros.,  5  of  whom,  including  Thomas 
(gov.  of  Md.),  were  in  the  public  service  during 


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the  Revol.  A  merchant  in  Lond.,  when  the  war 
broke  out  he  moved  to  Paris,  where  he  was 
in  1778  app.  by  Congress  commercial  agent. 
From  May,  1783,  unid  his  return  to  the  U.S. 
in  Oct.  17*97,  he  was  consul-gen.  at  Lond. ;  af- 
terward supt.  of  stamps.  John  Quincy  Adams 
m.  his.  dau.  Louisa. 

Johnson,  Sir  Nathaniel,  gov.  of  South 
Carolina  (1703-9);  d.  1713.  He  was  a  mili- 
tary man  ;  had  been  some  time  an  M.P. ;  and 
from  1686  to  1689  gov.  of  Nevis,  St.  Christo- 
pher's, Montserrat,  and  Antigua.  When  So. 
Carolina  was  invaded  in  1706,  he  defeated  the 
enemy  with  the  loss  of  their  com.  and  300  men. 
To  him  is  ascribed  llie  merit  of  first  introducing 
the  cultivation  of  silk  in  the  province  in  1703. 

Johnson,  Peteu,  judge,  b.  Pr.  Edw.  Co., 
Va. ;  d.  Abingdon,  Va.,  May,  1848.  Lieut,  in 
Lee's  Legion  ;  and  disting.  at  the  siege  of  Au- 
gusta, and  led  the  forlorn  hope  at  the  storming 
of  Ft.  Watson.  After  the  war,  acquired  distinc- 
tion at  the  bar ;  and  was  speaker  of  the  Va. 
legisl.,  and  a  judge. 

Johnson,  Reverdy,  jurist,  b.  Annapolis, 
Md.,  May  21,  1796.  St.  John's  Coll.  He 
studied  law  with  his  father,  who  was  chief  jus- 
tice of  that  dist.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  181.5  ;  and 
in  1817  he  removed  to  Baltimore,  where  he 
practised  many  years.  In  1820-1  was  chief 
commiss.  of  insolvent  debtors,  and  then  served 
two  terms  in  the  State  senate;  US.  senator 
from  1845  to  1849,  when  he  became  U.S.  atty.- 
gen.  under  Pres.  Taylor.  On  the  accession  of 
Pres.  Fillmore  he  turned  his  whole  attention  to 
his  profession,  practising  chiefly  in  the  U.S. 
Supreme  Court.  Delegate  to  the  Peace  Con- 
vention Feb.  1861 ;  U.S.  senator  1863-8  ;  min- 
ister to  Great  Britain  1868-9;  and  negotiated 
a  treaty, which  was  rejected  by  the  US.  sen- 
ate. Mr.  Johnson  took  an  active  part  in  the 
preparation  of  7  vols,  of  Reports  of  Decisions  in 
the  Court  of  Appeals,  Md.,  known  as  "Harris 
and  Johnson's  Reports,"  1820-7. 

Johnson,  Richard  Mentor,  soldier  and 
politician,  b.  Bryant's  Station,  Kv.,  Oct.  17, 
1781  ;  d.  Frankfort,  Ky.,  Nov.  19,  1850.  Tran- 
sylv.  U.  He  studied  law,  and  practised  with 
success.  Member  of  the  Ky.  legisl.  in  1805; 
and  raised  a  rcgt.  of  cav.  in  1812.  He  served 
with  gallantry  under  Harrison  ;  com.  in  a  skir- 
mish at  Chatham,  U.C,  Oct.  4,  1813  ;  and  at 
the  battle  of  theThames  (Oct.  5,  1813)  disting. 
himself,  and  was  dangerously  wounded.  M.C. 
1807-19  and  1829-37;  U.S. senator  1819-29 ; 
vice-pres.  of  the  US.  1837-41 ;  subsequently  a 
member  of  the  State  legisl.  In  1814  he  was 
app.  by  Pres.  Madison  Indian  commiss.  He 
was  the  author  of  the  law  abolishing  imprison- 
ment for  debt  in  Ky.  When  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  post-offices  in  the  senate,  he 
made  a  report  against  the  suspension  of  the 
Sunday  mails ;  and  also  exerted  himself  in  be- 
half of  soldiers  of  the  Revol.,  and  of  the  war  of 
1812,  who  applied  for  pensions.  His  father, 
Col.  Robert,  an  early  settler  of  Ky.,  d.  Galla- 
tin Co.,  Oct.  1815.  His bro.  James  (M.C.  1825- 
6,  lieut.-col.  under  him  in  the  battle  of  the 
Thames)  d.  Dec.  1826.  — &e  Bhg.  of  Col.  R. 
M.y  bi/  Ashel  Lanqworthi/,  12mo,  1834,  Boston. 

Johnson,  Richard  W.,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b,  Livingston  Co.,  Ky.,  Feb.  7,  1827. 


West  Point,  1849.  Entering  the  6th,  he  after- 
ward joined  the  1st  Inf.;  Mar.  1855  he  became 
1st  lieut.  2d  Cav.,  in  which  he  was  also  quar- 
term.  until  Dec.  1, 1856,  when  hewasmadocapt., 
and  served  against  the  Indians  on  the  Texan 
frontier.  He  served  as  capt.  of  cav.  under  Gens. 
Patterson  and  Banks  until  28  Aug.  1861,  and 
was  then  made  lieut.-col.  3d  Ky.  Cav. ;  made 
brig.-gen.vols.  Oct.  11,  1861,  he  was  assigned  a 
brigade  in  Gen.  Buell's  army  ;  was  present  at 
the  advance  on  Corinth,  and,  May  28,  routed  a 
rebel  force  in  his  front;  in  July,  1862,  he  com. 
a  division  of  that  army  in  Ala.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Gallatin,  Tenn.,  Aug.  21,  by  a  great- 
ly superior  force  under  Morgan,  and  exchanged 
ab.  Dec.  1,  and  placed  in  com.  12th  division  of 
the  right  wing  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
20th  army  corps.  He  displayed  great  gallantry 
at  the  battles  of  Stone  River,  Chickamauga, 
Missionary  Ridge,  and  the  Atlanta  campaign  ; 
and  was  severely  wounded  at  New  Hope  Ch. 
28  May,  1864.  Com.  division  of  cavalry  at  the 
battle  of  Nashville,  for  which  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.  16  Dec.  1864;  and  13  Mar.  1865  brev. 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  for  gallant  services  during  the 
Rebellion  ;  and  retired  with  full  rank  12  Oct. 
1867.  —  Cullum. 

Johnson,  Robert,  gov.  of  S.C.  1719,  and 
from  1730  to  his  d.  at  Charleston,  May  3,  1735. 
In  1731  he  made  a  treaty  with  the  Cherokees. 
He  aided  Oglethorpe  and  the  first  settlers  of 
Ga.  with  food  and  escort.  The  settlement  of 
Purrysbury  by  600  Swiss  under  Col.  Peter 
Puny  was  made  during  his  term. 

Johnson,  Rosa  Vertner,  poet,  b.  Natchez, 
Mpi.  Mr.  Griffith,  her  father,  author  of  many 
popular  Indian  stories,  d.  1853.  Her  early  days 
were  passed  at  Burlington,  near  Fort  Gib- 
son, Mpi.  Her  parents  went  to  Ky.  when  she 
was  10,  and  she  was  educated  at  Bishop  Smith's 
sem.,  Lexington,  Ky.  At  17  she  m.  Claude  M. 
Johnson,  a  Louisiana  planter.  In  1850  she  be- 
came a  contrib.  to  the  Louisville  Journal,  and 
subsequently  to  tiie  Home  Journal.  Her  poems 
were  pub.  in  Boston,  1857.  She  is  a  resident 
of  Lexington,  Ky. 

Johnson,  Samuel,  D.D.  (Oxf.  1743), 
first  pres.  of  King's  (now  Columbia)  Coll.,N.Y. 
(1754-63),  b.  Guilford,  Ct.,  Oct.  14,  1696;  d. 
Stratford,  Ct.,  Jan.  6,  1772.  Y.C.  1714.  In 
1716  Y.Coll.  was  estab.  at  New  Haven,  and 
Mr.  Johnson  was  app.  tutor.  In  1720  he  be- 
came a  preacher  at  AVest  Haven,  and,  embracing 
soon  after  the  Episcopalian  faith,  he  in  1722 
went  to  Eng.  to  obtain  ordination.  After  re- 
ceiving the  degree  of  M.A.  at  Oxford  and 
Cambridge,  he  returned  in  1723,  and  settled  at 
Stratford.  By  the  people  at  large  he  was 
treated  as  a  schismatic  and  apostate,  and  con- 
tinually thwarted;  the  object  being  to  drive 
him  from  the  country.  Returning  to  Stratford 
in  1763,  he  resumed  his  pastoral  functions, 
which  he  continued  till  his  death.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  learning,  judgment,  and  benevo- 
lence. Dr.  Johnson's  publications  were  chiefly 
controversial.  In  1746  he  pub.  a  work  on 
ethics,  entitled  "  A  System  of  Morality;  "  and 
in  1752  a  compend  of  logic  and  metaphysics, 
and  another  of  ethics,  originally  prepared  for 
the  use  of  his  sons  :  the  two  latter  were  print- 
ed in  Phila.  by  Dr.  Franklin  as  text-books  for 


JOH 


491 


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the  U.  of  Pa.  Also  author  of  an  English 
and  a  Hebrew  Grammar,  8vo,  1767.  His  Me- 
moirs, by  his  friend  Dr.  Chandler,  appeared  in 
1805. 

Johnson,  Samuel,  clergyman,  b.  Salem, 
Ms.,  Oct.  10, 1822.  H.U.1842;  Div.  Sch.  1843. 
Pastor  of  a  "  Free  Church"  in  Lynn,  JNIs., 
since  1853.  He  has  never  connected  himself 
with  any  religious  denomination,  though  near- 
er the  Unitarian  than  any  other.  Ab.  1846,  in 
conjunction  with  Rev.  S.  Longfellow,  he  pub.  a 
vol.  of  sacred  poetry,  "Hymns  of  the  Spirit." 

Johnson,  Thomas,  statesman,  b.  Calvert 
Co.,  Md.,  1732;  d.  Rose  Hill,  near  Frederick- 
town,  Oct.  26,  1819.  Having  previously  to 
the  Revol.  attained  great  distinction  at  the 
bar,  he  was  in  1774  a  member  of  the  Md. 
com.  of  corresp. ;  was  a  delegate  to  Congress 
in  1775-7,  and  gov.  of  the  State  in  1777-9. 
He  was  assoc,  justice  of  the  U.S.  Supreme 
Court  from  1791  to  1793,  when  he  resigned. 
In  1801  he  declined  the  app.  of  chief  justice 
of  the  Dist.  of  Columbia. 

Johnson,  Walter  Rogers,  physicist,  b. 
Leominster,  Ms.,  June  21,  1794;  d.  Washing- 
ton, D.C,  Apr.  26,  1852.  H.  U.  1819.  He 
engaged  in  teaching  at  Framingham,  at  Salem, 
and  at  Germantown,  Pa.,  from  1821  to  1826; 
and  from  1826  to  1837  held  the  chair  of  me- 
chanics and  nat.  philos.  in  the  high  school  at 
Phila.  He  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on 
mechanics  and  philosophy;  and  was  also  en- 
gaged in  scientific  researches  on  the  strength 
of  materials,  and  the  best  construction  of 
steam-boilers,  on  steam,  heat,  electricity,  mag- 
netism, &c.  From  1839  to  1843  he  was  prof 
of  chemistry  and  pliysics  in  the  U.  of  Pa.  He 
then  began,  under  the  authority  of  Congress, 
investigations  into  the  character  of  the  different 
varieties  of  coal.  His  report  on  this  subject 
was  pub.  in  1844.  In  1845,  by  app.  of  the 
city  authorities  of  Boston,  he  examined  the 
sources  from  which  a  supply  of  pure  water 
might  be  brought  to  that  city.  For  the  next 
3  years  he  was  engaged  in  preparing  and  adapt- 
ing several  of  tlie  works  of  the  German  ph\  si- 
cists,  Knapp,  Miiller,  and  Wiesbach.  He  was 
first  sec.  of  the  Assoc,  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science.  In  1848  he  removed  to  Washington, 
where  he  was  connected  with  the  Smithsonian 
Institution;  and  in  1851  visited  Europe,  where 
he  was  connected  with  the  Lond.  World's.Fair. 
He  pub.  "  Coal-Trade  of  Brit.  Amer.,"  &c., 
1850;  "  Use  of  Anthracite  in  the  Mannf.  of 
Iron,"  12mo,  Bost.  1841  ;  and  "Memoir  of 
L.  D.  Von  Schweinitz,"  1835. 

Johnson,  Sir  William,  gen.,  b.  Smith- 
town,  Co.  Meath,  Ireland,  1715  ;  d.  near  Johns- 
town, Fulton  Co.,  N.  Y.,  July  1 1 , 1 774.  Young- 
er son  of  Christopher,  an  Irish  gentleman  of 
good  family.  Educated  for  mercantile  life,  an 
unsuccessful  love-affair  entirely  changed  his 
career.  In  1738  he  came  to  Amer.  to  manage 
the  property  of  his  uncle,  Adm.  Sir  Peter  War- 
ren ;  established  himself  upon  a  tract  of  land  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Mohawk  Valley,  ab.  24 
miles  from  Schenectady,  N.Y. ;  and  embarked 
in  trade  with  the  Indians,  whom  he  always 
treated  with  perfect  honesty  and  justice.  By 
acquainting  himself  with  their  language,  and 
accommodating  himself  to  their  manners  and 


dress,  by  his  easy,  dignified,  and  affable  manner, 
he  won  their  confidence  ;  acquired  over  them 
an  influence  greater  than  was  ever  possessed 
by  any  other  white  man  ;  and  was  adopted  by 
the  Mohawks  as  one  of  their  tribe,  and  chosen 
sachem.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  French  war 
in  1743,  Johnson  was  made  sole  supt.  of  the 
Indians,  and  preserved  the  frontier  from  injury 
until  the  peace  of  Aix  la  Chapelle  in  1748. 
In  1750  he  was  app.  a  member  of  the  Prov. 
Council.  He  was  instrumental  in  settling  the 
quarrel  which  in  1753  arose  between  the  Alba- 
ny board  of  coaimiss.  and  the  Indians,  but  de- 
clined having  any  thing  further  to  do  with  In- 
dian affairs.  In  1754  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
congress  at  Albany,  and  also  attended  a  grand 
council  held  with  the  Indians.  Apr.  14,  175.5, 
he  was  at  the  council  of  Alexandria  ;  commiss. 
by  Braddock  "sole  supt.  of  the  Six  Nations  ;  " 
and  created  a  maj.-gen.  and  com.-in-chicf  of 
the  exped.  against  Crown  Point.  Sept.  8,  1755, 
he  defeated  Baron  Dieskau  at  Lake  George. 
Johnson,  who  was  wounded  in  the  hip,  received 
the  thanks  of  parliament,  £5,000,  and  a  baron- 
etcy (Nov.  27, 1755),  for  his  victory.  In  Mar. 
1756,  George  II.  commiss.  him  "col.  agent,  and 
sole  supt.  of  the  affairs  of  the  Six  Nations  and 
other  northern  Indians,"  with  a  salary  of  £600. 
He  held  this  office  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  He 
was  engaged  with  his  Indians  in  the  abortive 
attempts  to  relieve  Oswego  and  Fort  William 
Henry,  and  at  the  repulse  of  Abercrombie 
at  Ticondcroga  in  1758;  second  in  com.  of 
Prideaux's  exped.  against  Fort  Niagara  in 
1759,  upon  whose  death  betook  the  com.-in- 
chief  He  continued  the  siege  with  vigor  ;  cut 
to  pieces  the  French  array  sent  to  its  relief 
(July  24) ;  and  the  ganison  surrendered  at  dis- 
cretion. With  his  Indian  allies,  he  partook  in 
1760  in  the  exped.  of  Amherst,  which  was 
ended  by  the  capture  of  Montreal  and  the  sur- 
render of  Canada  to  the  British.  F'or  his  ser- 
vices he  received  from  the  king  a  tract  of  100,- 
000  acres  of  land,  north  of  the  Mohawk,  long 
known  as  "  Kingsland,"  or  the  "  Royal  Grant." 
He  gave  great  attention  to  agriculture,  and 
first  introduced  sheep  and  blood-horses  into 
the  Mohawk  Valley.  He  lived  in  baronial  style, 
and  exercised  the  most  unbounded  hospital- 
ity. By  his  wife,  Catharine  Wisenburgh, 
who  d.  young,  he  had  John,  knighted  in 
1765,  and  two  daughters,  who  m.  respectively 
Col.  Claus  and  Col.  Guy  Johnson.  By  "  Mol- 
ly," the  sister  of  the  great  Mohawk  sachem 
Brant,  with  whom  he  lived  happily  till  his 
death,  he  had  8  children.  Sir  William  was  the 
author  of  a  paper  on  the  "  Customs,  Manners, 
and  Languages  of  the  Indians,"  in  the  Philos. 
Trans,  for  Nov.  1772. 

Johnson,  William,  LL.D.  (Ham.  Coll. 
1819),  lawyer,  b.  Middletown,  Ct.,  1768;  d. 
N.Y.,  July,  1848.  Y.C.  1788.  He  settled  in 
N.Y. ;  soon  became  eminent  at  the  bar;  was 
reporter  of  the  N.Y.  Sup.  Court  in  1806-23, 
and  of  the  Court  of  Chancery  in  1814-23.  In 
1838  he  pub.  a  Digest  of  Cases  in  these  courts 
from  1799  to  1836,  in  2  vols.  8vo  ;  N.Y.  Sup. 
Ct.  Reps.  1799-1803,  1808-12,  3  vols.  8vo ; 
do.  1806-23,  Phila.  1839,  20  vols.  8vo ;  N.Y. 
Chancery  Reps.,  &c.,  1814-23,  7  vols.  8vo, 
1836.     Translator  of  Azuni's  "  Princippii  dd 


JOH 


492 


JOKC 


deritto  Maritimo  dell*  Europa,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
1808. 

Johnson,  William,  LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1 8 1 8 ) ,  j  u  rist  and  author  ( bro.  of  Joseph,  noticed 
above),  b.  Charleston,  S.C,  Dec.  27,  1771  ;  d. 
Brooklyn,  L.I.,  Aug.  4,  1834.  N.  J.  Coll. 
1790.  His  father  was  a  merchant.  lie  stud- 
ied law  under  C.  C.  Pinckney ;  was  adm.  to  tlie 
bar  in  1792,  and  soon  became  disting.  in  his 
profession.  Elected  to  the  State  legisl.  in 
1794,  and  twice  re-elected,  being  speaker  dur- 
ing his  last  term.  It  was  principally  through 
his  efforts  that  the  office  of  comptroller-gen. 
was  instituted.  He  investigated  the  irregular 
and  arbitrary  proceedings  of  the  county  courts ; 
and,  when  they  were  superseded  by  the  circuit 
courts,  he  was  elected  to  the  bench.  In  1804 
he  was  made  a  judge  of  the  U.S.  Sup.  Court, 
I  with  the  local  jurisdiction  of  S.C.  and  Ga. 
Coming  into  possession  of  the  papers  of  Gen. 
Nathaniel  Greene,  he  prepared,  at  the  request 
of  the  family.  Sketches  of  his  Life  and  Cor- 
resp.,  2  vols.  4to,  1822.  He  was  m.  early  in 
life  to  Sarah,  dau.  of  Gov.  Thomas  Bennett. 

Johnson,  William  F.,  comedian,  b.  Bos- 
ton ;  d.  Milwaukie,  Wis.,  July  18,  18.38,  a.  ab. 
60.  As  a  delineator  of  comic  and  testy  old 
men  he  had  few  equals,  and  was  particularly 
good  in  certain  ranges  of  eccentric  comedy, 
and  was  an  admirable  buffo-singer.  Since 
1855  he  had  been  at  the  West,  an(l  was  mana- 
ger of  the  Milwaukie  Theatre.  Ho  was  at  one 
time  manager  of  the  Howard  Athenaeum,  Bos- 
ton, and  was  long  a  favorite  at  the  Tremont 
and  National  Theatres  in  that  city. 

Johnson,  William  Samuel,  LL.D.  (Y.C. 
1788),  D.C.L.  (Oxf.  1766),  F.R.S.,  scholar 
and  jurist,  b.  Stratford,  Ct.,  Oct.  7,  1727  j  d. 
there  Nov.  14,  1819.  Yale,  1744.  Eldest  son 
of  Rev.  Samuel.  He  early  became  disting.  at 
the  biir  by  his  eloquence  and  ability.  A  dele- 
gate to  the  Congress  at  New  Yoik  in  1765; 
member  of  the  Council;  and  from  Oct.  1766  to 
his  return  in  1771  agent  of  Cc.  in  Eng.  He 
for  many  years  corresponded  with  Dr.  Samuel 
Johnson.  He  was  from  1772  to  1774  a  judge 
of  the  Sup.  Court  of  Ct.,  and  a  commiss.  for 
adjusting  the  controversy  between  the  pro- 
prietors of  Pa,  and  the  Susquehanna  Co.  A 
delegate  to  Congress  in  1784-7,  in  1787  he  was 
one  of  the  framers  of  the  Federal  Constitution, 
and  was  the  first  to  propose  the  organization 
of  the  senate  as  a  distinct  branch  of  the  national 
legisl.  U.S.  senator  1789-91,  he  drew  up, 
with  his  colleague  Ellsworth,  the  bill  for  estab- 
lishing the  judiciary  system  of  the  U  S.  Pres. 
of  Col.  Coll.  from  1787  to  1800.  — 6'ee  Sketch 
of,  hij  John  T.  Irving,  8vo,  1830. 

Johnston,  Albert  Sidney,  gen.  C.S.A. 
(bro.  of  Josiaii  Stoddard),  b.  Mason  Co.,  Ky., 
1803;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  April  6, 
1862.  West  Point,  1826.  Lieut.  6th  Inf., 
July  1,  1826;  aide  to  Gen.  Atkinson  1832-3; 
acting  assist,  adj.-gen.  of  III.  Vols,  in  Black 
Hawk's  war,  1832  ;  resigned  May  31,  1834. 
Entering  the  Texan  army  as  a  private  in  1836, 
he  was  soon  made  a  brig.-gen.;  and  in  1838 
succeeded  Gen.  Felix  Houston  in  the  chief  com., 
and  was  involved  in  a  duel  with  him  in  con- 
sequence. App.  sec.  of  war  in  1838,  in  1839 
he  organized  a  successful  exped.  against  the 


Cherokees.  In  1840  he  retired  from  public 
life,  and  settled  on  a  plantation  in  Brazoria 
County,  Texas.  An  ardent  advocate  of  the 
annexation  of  Texas;  col.  1st  Texas  rifles  in 
June,  1846 ;  and  acting  insp.-gen.  to  Gen.  Butler 
at  the  siege  of  Monterey,  Sept.  1 846.  Made 
paym.  U.S.A.  (rank  of  major)  Oct.  31,  1849, 
he  became  col.  2d  Cav.  Mar.  3,  1 855  ;  brev. 
brig.-gen.  "for  meritorious  conduct"  in  com.  of 
the  army  in  Utah,  Nov.  18, 1857.  In  1860  he 
com.  the  Pacific  dept.  Sympathizing  with  the 
South,  he  was  making  arrangements  to  deliver 
the  State  of  Cal.  to  the  Confederacy,  when  he 
was  superseded  by  Gen.  E.  V.  Sumner  before 
his  plans  were  completed.  Made  a  maj.-gon. 
in  the  army  of  the  Confederacy  early  in  1861, 
and  placed  in  com.  of  the  Army  of  the  West. 
Collecting  a  force  of  ab.  50,000  men  at  Corinth, 
he  attacked  the  army  of  Gen  Grant  at  Shiloh, 
6  Apr.  1862.  On  the  first  day  of  this  battle, 
while  encouraging  and  urging  forward  his 
troops,  he  was  mortally  wounded.  He  was 
considered  by  military  men  the  ablest  gen.  in 
the  Confed.  service. 

Johnston,  David  Claypole,  artist  and 
caricaturist,  b.  Phila.  Mar.  1797;  d.  Dorches- 
ter, Ms.,  Nov.  8,  1865,  His  son,  Thomas 
Murphy,  inherits  his  father's  ability.  His 
mother,  Charlotte,  was  sister  of  William 
Rowson,  and,  with  him  and  his  wife  Susannah 
(author  of  "Charlotte  Temple,"  &c.),  was  a 
member  of  Wignell'§  Company  in  Phila.  in 
1793,  She  was  a  good  singer.  D.  C,  pub. 
"  Outlines  Illustrative  of  the  Journal  of  Frances 
Anne  Kemble,"  1835  (8  plates) ;  "  Phrenology 
Exemplified  and  Illustrated,"  with  upwards 
of  40  etchings,  &c.,  1837  ;  and  many  Nos.  of 
comic  "  Scraps."  — iV.J^.  G.and  11.  Reg.  1866, 

Johnston,  Col,  Francis,  a  Rcvol.  officer, 
b.  Pa.  1749;  d.  Phila.  Feb.  22,  1815.  Aban- 
doning the  practice  of  the  law,  he  joined 
Waynu's  rcgt.  as  lieut.-col.  On  the  promotion 
of  Wayne,  he  succeeded  to  the  com,  of  the  5th 
Pa,  regt.,  with  which  he  was  at  Ticonderoga, 
Stony  Point,  Monmouth,  Brandyuine,  and 
other  battles.  After  the  war,  he  held  several 
posts  of  honor  and  profit  in  his  native  State, 
and  was  high  sheriff  of  the  city  and  county  of 
Phila,  —  Rogers. 

Johnston,  Gabriel,  gov.  of  N.C.  from 
Nov.  2,  1734,  to  his  d.,  in  Aug.  1752,  b.  Scot- 
land,- A  man  of  letters  and  of  liberal  views;  a 
physician,  and  prof,  of  Oriental  languages  in 
the  U.  of  St.  Andrew's,  where  he  was  educated. 
Some  of  his  poetical  effusions  arc  found  in  the 
Craftsman,  for  which  he  wrote  after  his  removal 
to  London,  Under  his  administration  the 
Province  increased  in  population,  wealth,  and 
happiness.  He  was  the  ablest  and  most  suc- 
cessful of  all  the  Colonial  governors  of  N,C. 
He  was  app.  gov.  of  N.C.  by  the  influence  of 
the  Earl  of  Wilmington.  —  See  Lfe  of  Iredell, 
i.  36. 

Johnstone,  George,  an  English  politician 
and  admiral ;  d,  Jan.  8.  1787.  Son  of  a  Scot- 
tish baronet.  He  entered  the  navy  ;  was  app. 
])Ost-capt.  in  1762  ;  and  in  Oct.,  1763,  gov,  of 
West  Florida,  M.P.  1764-7.  In  1778  he  was, 
with  Wm.  Eden  and  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  a  com- 
missioner to  treat  with  the  American  States; 
but  Congress,  in  consequence  of  his  having  tam- 


JOH 


493 


JOH 


pered  with  some  of  its  members,  refused  to  hold 
intercourse  with  him,  and  he  returned  home. 
In  1779  he  made  in  parliament  a  violent  attack 
on  Lord  Howe  for  his  conduct  of  the  Amer. 
war.  Apr.  16,  1782,  he  was  attacked  at  Port 
Praya  by  Adm.  Suftren;  and,  notwithstand- 
ing his  superiority  of  force,  gained  no  advan- 
tage over  the  brave  Frenchman.  He  fought  a 
duel  with  Lord  George  Gennaine  in  1770,  and 
was  constantly  involved  in  quarrels  and  litiga- 
tion, 

Johnston,  Col,  John,  b.  near  Bally- 
shannon,  Ireland,  Mar.  25,  1775;  d.  Washing- 
ton, D,C.,  Apr.  19,  1861.  He  can)e  with  his 
parents  to  the  U.S.  in  1786;  settled  in  Cum- 
berland Co.,  Pa. ;  was  with  Wayne's  army  on 
the  Ohio  in  1792-3  ;  a  clerk  in  the  war  dept. ; 
agent  for  Indian  affairs  in  the  North-west  for 
31  years;  11  years  a  canal  commiss.  for  Ohio  ; 
paym.  and  quarterm.  in  the  war  of  1812;  and 
commiss.  for  treating  with  the  Indians  for  their 
removal  in  1841-2.  He  was  an  active  member 
of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  and  was  pres.  of  the 
Hist,  and  Philos.  Soc.  of  Ohio.  His  "  Ac- 
count of  the  Indian  Tribes  of  Ohio  "  is  in 
"Amer.  Antiq.  Soc.  Colls.,"  v. 

Johnston,  John,  D.D.,  b.  Montgomery, 
Ulster  Co.,  N.T.,  28  Jan.  1778;  d.  Princeton, 
N.J.,  23  Aug.  1855.  N.J.  Coll.  1801.  D.D. 
of  Laf.  Coll.  1848.  Ord.  at  New  Windsor  and 
Newburg  in  Apr.  1807,  and  pastor  at  Newburg 
from  Apr.  1810  to  his  d,  A  director  of  Prince- 
ton Theol.  Scm.  from  1817,  and  from  1840  a 
trustee  of  N.  J.  Coll.  His  "Autobiog.  and 
Ministerial  Life"  was  edited  by  J.  Carnahan, 
D.D.,  N.Y.  \8o6.—Sprague. 

Johnston,  John,  LL.D.  (McK.  Coll. 
1850),  b.  Bristol,  Me.,  Aug.  23,  1806.  Bowd. 
Coll.  1822.  Prof.  nat.  science  in  Wesleyan  U. 
since  1839.  Author  of  "  Elements  of  Chemis-. 
try;"  "Manual  of  Natural  Philosophy,"  6th 
ed.  1857.     Ed.  of  "  Dr.  Turner's  Chemistry." 

Johnston,  Joseph  Eccleston,  gen. 
C.S.A.,  b.  Prince  Edward  Co.,  Va.,  Feb.  1807. 
West  Point,  1829.  His  mother,  a  Miss  Wood, 
was  a  niece  of  Patrick  Henry.  Entering  the 
4th  Art.,  hebecamelst.  iieut.  July31, 1836;  1st 
lieut.  topog.  engineers,  July  7, 1838  ;  was  brcv. 
capt.  for  gallantry  in  the  war  with  the  Fla. 
Indians,  Aug.  1842;  capt.  Sept.  21,  1846;  be- 
came lieut.-col.  Voltigeurs,  Feb.  16,  1847; 
was  severely  wounded  while  reconnoitring  at 
Cerro  Gordo,  Apr.  12,  1847;  and  brev.  lieut.- 
col.  and  col.  for  gallantry  there  and  at  Chapul- 
tepec,  where  he  was  again  wounded ;  was 
disting.  at  the  battle  of  El  Molinodel  Rey  and 
in  the  attack  on  the  city  of  Mexico,  Sept.  13, 
1847  ;  re-instated  as  capt.  topog.  engineers,  and 
again  brev.  lieut.-col. ;  became  lieut.-col.  1st 
Cav.  Mar.  3,  1855,  and  quarterm.-gcn.  (rank  of 
brig.-gen.)  June  28,  1860.  He  resigned  Apr. 
22,  18G1,  and  was  immediately  app.  a  gen.  in 
the  Confcd.  army,  being  second  on  its  libt.  He 
com.  the  force  which  occupied  Harper's  Ferry 
in  May,  1861,  and  evaded  Gen.  Patterson 
in  time  to  appear  on  the  field  of  Bull  Run  just 
before  the  battle,  and,  outranking  Beauregard, 
took  com.  during  the  conflict,  but  without 
changing  that  general's  plan  of  battle.  Re- 
pulsed at  Williamsburg,  May  5,  he  retreated 
towards   Richmond.      At   the  battle  of  Fair 


Oaks,  May  31,  1862,  he  was  desperately 
wounded,  and  was  for  several  months  unable 
to  take  the  field.  In  Sept.  1862,  he  was  as- 
signed to  the  com.  of  the  country  west  of  the 
Mpi.  In  the  following  campaigns  he  ably  op- 
posed Grant  and  Sherman,  but  was  steadily 
pressed  back,  and  defeated  in  various  battles  ; 
and  17  July,  1864,  he  turned  over  the  com.  of 
the  Army  of  Tenn.  to  Gen.  Hood.  Early  in 
Jan.  he  was  ordered  to  the  com.  in  S.C. ;  15 
Mar.  1865  was  defeated  by  Sherman  at  Benton- 
ville;  and  Apr.  26,  1865,  he  surrendered  his 
entire  army  to  Sherman  at  Durham  Station, 
N.C. 

Johnston,  Josiah  Stoddard,  lawyer 
and  senator  (bro.  of  Albert  Sidney),  b.  Salis- 
bury, Ct.,  Nov.  25,  1784;  d.  May  19,  1833,  by 
a  steamboat  explosion  on  the  Red  River. 
Trans.  U.  1805.  At  the  age  of  six  he  removed 
with  his  father.  Dr.  John  Johnston,  to  the 
neighborhood  of  Maysville,  Ky.  He  established 
himself  in  practice  at  Alexandria,  in  the  Red- 
river  country,  and  was  in  a  very  short  period 
advanced  to  the  bench.  He  was  in  1812a  lead- 
ing member  of  the  H.  of  Assembly  in  the  new 
State  of  La.,  and  com.  a  regt.  raised  for  the 
defence  of  N.  Orleans,  in  which,  however,  he 
was  not  in  season  to  participate.  Resuming 
his  judgeship,  he  became  M.C.  in  1821,  and  in 
1824  a  senator,  and  was  twice  re-elected.  As 
chairman  of  the  com.  on  commerce,  he  made  a 
very  able  report  on  the  British  colouial-trade 
question,  which  he  also  supported  in  a  speech. 
He  wrote  one  or  two  very  able  pamphlets,  one 
of  which  was  pub.,  with  his  name,  on  the  effect 
of  the  repeal  of  the  duty  on  sugar. 

Johnston,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1815),  lawyer  and  statesman  (nephew  of  Gov. 
Gabriel),  b.  Dundee,  Scotland,  Dec.  15,  1733  ; 
d.  near  Edenton,  N.C,  Aug.  18,  1816.  His 
father  John  came  over  in  1736  ;  becams  surv.- 
gen.,  and  acquired  large  landed  estates.  Samuel 
was  clerk  of  the  Superior  Court  in  Chowan 
Co.  in  1767-72,  and  was  also  naval  ofHcer  under 
the  crown.  He  soon  became  noted  as  a  lawyer 
and  politician  ;  was  elected  to  the  Assembly  in 
1769,  and  espoused  the  popular  side.  In  1773 
he  became  one  of  the  standing  com.  of  inquiry 
and  corresp  ;  was  an  active  member  of  the  first 
two  Prov.  Congresses,  and  presided  over  the  3d 
and  4th.  Aug.  3,  1775,  he  was  made  chair- 
man of  the  prov.  council,  and  virtually  gov. 
of  the  Province;  Sept.  1775  he  was  chosen 
treas.  for  the  N.  Dist.  of  N.C;  in  1781-2  he 
was  a  member  of  theCont.  Congress  ;  in  1788- 
9  gov.  of  the  State,  presiding  over  the  conven- 
tion which  rejected  the  Federal  Constitution, 
which,  however,  he  supported  with  all  his  in- 
fluence. In  1789  he  pres.  over  the  convention 
which  adopted  the  Federal  Constitution.  He 
was  U.S.  senator  from  1789  to  1793,  and  judge 
of  the  Sup.  Court  from  Feb.  1800  to  Nov. 
1803. 

Johnstone,  William  Souter,  a  British 
gen.;  d.  Quebec,  Jan.  2,  1818.  App.  lieut.  of 
marines  1755;  capt.  1758;  major,  July  27, 
1775;  lieut.-eol.  Aug.  1779;  col.  1790;  lieut- 
gen.  1801.  He  fought  at  Quebec  and  at  Bun- 
ker's Hill,  whrre  he  was  severely  wounded  in 
the  leg.  Originally  named  Souter,  but  commis- 
sioned Johnstone. 


JOH 


494 


JON 


Johnston,  Zachariah  F.,  capt.  U.S.N. ; 
d.  Baltimore,  Mar.  17,  1859.  Midshipm.  Jan. 
1,  1818;  lieut.  March  3,  1827  ;  com.  Feb.  27, 
1847. 

Joliet  (zho'-le-a),  Louis,  one  of  the  dis- 
coverers of  the  Mpi.  River,  b.  Quebec,  1645  ;  d. 
ab.  1700.  He  was  educated  at  the  Jesuit  Coll. 
of  Quebec,  but  enga<?ed  in  the  fur-trade  on  the 
Western  frontier.  Selected  by  Gov.  Frontenac 
and  Intendant  Talon  to  ascertain  the  direction 
and  mouth  of  the  Mpi.,  he  started  vs^ith  Mar- 
quette and  5  others  from  Green  Bay  in  June, 
1673  ;  ascended  the  Fox  River;  and  descended 
the  Wisconsin  to  the  Mpi.,  down  which  they 
sailed  as  far  as  the  Chickasaw  country,  below 
the  entrance  of  the  Ark.  They  returned  to 
Green  Bay  by  way  of  the  Illinois  River  and 
Lake  Michigan,  whence  Joliet  started  alone  for 
Quebec,  having  journeyed  2,500  miles.  He 
lost  his  journal  and  other  papers  in  the  rapids 
above  Montreal,  but  wrote  out  from  recollec- 
tion a  narrative  which  agrees  with  that  of  Mar- 
quette, and  also  prepared  a  map  of  the  region. 
The  French  Govt,  rewarded  his  services  with 
the  app.  of  hydrographer  to  the  king  and  the 
Island  of  Anticosti,  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, where  he  built  a  house  and  fort  for  his 
family,  intending  to  embark  in  trade.  In  1691 
his  island  was  captured  by  a  British  fleet,  and 
his  property  destroyed.  The  capital  of  Will 
Co.,  111.,  is  named  after  him.  Apr.  30, 1697,  he 
obtained  a  grant  of  the  seigniory  of  Joliet,  south 
of  Quebec,  still  in  the  possession  of  some  of  his 
descendants. 

Jones,  Gen.  Allen,  Revol  patriot  of  Hal- 
ifax Co.,  N.C.  Chosen  brig.-gen.  of  Halifax 
dist.  in  Apr.  1776;  delegate  to  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  in  that  year;  member  Old  Congress 
1779-80;  State  senator  1784-7;  and  member 
of  the  convention  to  adopt  the  U.S.  Constitu- 
tion, which  he  advocated,  while  his  bro.  Wilie 
opposed  it.  —  Wheeler. 

Jones,  Dr.  Anson,  Texan  patriot,  b.  Berk- 
shire Co.,  Ms.,  Jan.  20,  1798;  d.  Houston, 
Tex.,  Jan.  8,  1858,  by  his  own  hand.  He  stud- 
ied medicine  at  Litchfield,  Ct. ;  was  licensed  to 
practise  in  1820,  and  tried  So.  America,  Phila., 
and  New  Orleans,  without  much  professional 
success.  Emigrating  to  Brazoria,  Texas,  in 
1833,  he,  as  chairman  of  a  meeting  in  Dec. 
1835,  drew  up  resolutions  in  favor  of  a  "  dccl. 
of  indep.  from  Mexico,"  and  of  a  convention 
of  the  people  of  Texas  to  form  a  constitution. 
He  raised  a  military  company ;  was  in  the  bat- 
tle of  San  Jacinto ;  was  judge-advocate-gen,, 
and  held  other  military  positions  in  1836-7; 
member  of  the  Texan  Congress  in  1837  ;  min- 
ister to  the  U.S.  in  1838-9 ;  pres.  of  the  sen- 
ate in  1840,  and,  ex  officio,  vice-pres.  of  Texas ; 
sec.  of  state  1841-4;  pres.  in  1845-6,  and  until 
the  annexation  to  the  U.S.  His  preference  for 
the  independence  of  Texas,  rather  than  for  its 
annexation  to  the  U.S.,  rendered  him  unpopu- 
lar. He  was  an  able  diplomatist.  In  1859  his 
Journal,  preceded  by  a  brief  Autobiography, 
was  printed  for  private  circulation. 

Jones,  AvoNiA  Stanhope,  actress,  b.  New 
York,  July  12,1839;  d.Ncw  York,Oct.4, 1867. 
Dau.  of  "  Count  Joannes"  and  Mrs.  Melinda 
Jones.  First  app.  Apr.  18, 1856,  at  Cincinnati, 
asParthenia;  and  at  the  Boston  Theatre,  May 


18,  1857.  She  afterward  played  successful  en- 
gagements in  many  cities  of  the  U.S.,  in  Aus- 
tralia in  1860,  and  Great  Britain  in  1861-2. 
Her  husband,  G.  V,  Brooke,  an  actor  of  repute, 
to  whom  she  was  m.  in  1862,  was  lost  in  "The 
London  "  in  1865. 

Jones,  Catlit,  a  Western  pioneer;  accomp. 
Daniel  Boone  to  Ky.,  and,  when  Boone's  dau. 
and  another  young  woman  were  captured  by 
the  Indians,  was  one  of  the  12  who  rescued  them 
from  the  savages.  He  was  severely  wounded 
in  the  arm  while  guarding  with  Boone  the 
"  Corn  Patch  "  against  the  Indians ;  and  was 
an  officer  in  the  Revol.  war.  Afterwards  join- 
ing the  Friends,  he  became  an  acceptable  min- 
ister in  that  society.  He  emigrated  from  Va. 
to  Columbiana  Co.,  0.,  about  the  first  of  the 
present  century.  —  Crosby  Ann.  Obit.  1 858. 

Jones,  Charles  A.,  poet,  b.  Phila.  ab. 
1815  ;  d.  Mill  Creek,  Hamilton  Co.,  0.,  July  4, 
1851.  Son  of  Geo.  W.Jones  of  Phila.  His 
parents  removed  to  Cincinnati  when  he  was  a 
child.  He  contrib.  several  pieces  to  the  press, 
and  in  1835  pub.  "  The  Outlaw  and  other  Po- 
ems." He  practised  law  in  Cincinnati  and  New 
Orleans.  In  1839  he  pub,  in  the  Cin.  Gazette  a 
series  of  satirical  lyrics  entitled  "  Aristopha- 
niana."  His  poems  were  thoroughly  Western 
in  character  and  subject.  —  Poets  and  Poetry 
of  the  West. 

Jones,  David,  jurist,  b.  Oyster  Bay,  L.I., 
Sept.  1699;  d.  Oct.  11,  1775.  He  received  an 
excellent  private  education,  and  studied,  but 
never  practised,  law ;  was  a  member  of  the  Colo- 
nial Assembly  from  1737  to  1 758 ;  was  13  years 
speaker  of  that  body;  and  in  1758-73  was  a 
judge  of  the  Sup.  Court.  Thomas,  his  son,  a 
loyalist,  adm.  to  the  bar,  Apr.  4,  1755;  app. 
clerk  of  Queens  Co.  Feb.  4,  1757  ;  recorder  of 
N.Y.  City  1769;  and  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court, 
Sept.  29,  1773.  Nov.  24,  1776,  he  was  seized  by 
a  party  of  Americans,  and  carried  to  Norwich, 
where  he  remained  until  Dec;  he  was  again 
carried  off  in  Nov.  1779;  and  in  May,  1780, 
was  exchanged  for  Gen.  Silliman.  His  prop- 
erty was  confiscated;  and  he  retired  to  Eng., 
where  he  died. 

Jones,  David,  Baptist  clergyman  and 
Revol.  patriot,  b.  White  Clay  Creek,  Newcastle 
Co.,  Del.,  May  12,  1736  ;  d.'Fcb.  5,  1820.  His 
ancestors,  early  in  the  last  century,  settled  at 
the  "  Welsh  Tract."  He  was  many  years  pas- 
tor of  the  Upper  Freehold  Church  in  N.  J., 
which  he  left  for  a  while  in  1772-3  for  a  gospel 
mission  to  the  Shawnee  and  Delaware  Indians ; 
a  journal  of  which,  with  a  Memoir  by  his 
grandson,  H.  Gates  Jones,  was  pub.  8vo, 
1865.  His  patriotism  made  him  so  obnoxious 
to  the  Tories,  that,  believing  his  life  to  be  in 
danger,  he  left  N.  J.,  and  settled  in  Chester  Co., 
Pa.,  in  the  spring  of  1775,  in  charge  of  the 
Great  Valley  Baptist  Church.  He  was  chap- 
lain to  a  Pa.  regt.  under  St.  Clair,  at  Ticon- 
deroga ;  in  two  campaigns  under  Gates ;  and 
in  all  the  campaigns  of  Wayne,  narrowly  es- 
caping death  at  the  "  Paoli  Massacre."  At  the 
age  oif  76  he  served  in  the  war  of  1812,  under 
Gens.  Brown  and  Wilkinson.  —  Lossing. 

Jones,  David  Rumph,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b. 
B.C.  1825  ;  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  1863.  West 
Point,  1846.    Entered  2d  Inf. ;   was  brev.  1st 


JON" 


495 


JOI^ 


lieut.  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churu- 
busco,  and  capt.  for  Chapultepec;  became  1st 
lieut.  1849;  assist,  instr.  inf.  tactics  at  West 
Point,  18.51-3  ;  assist,  adj. -gen.  (rank  of  capt.) 
March  16,  1853;  resigned  Feb.  16,  1861  ;  en- 
tered the  Con  fed.  service ;  was  made  brig. -gen. ; 
led  a  brigade  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  ;  and 
in  Oct.  1862  com.  a  division  in  the  army  corps 
of  gen.  J.  E.  Johnston. 

Jones,  George,  clergyman  and  author,  b. 
near  York,  Pa.,  July  30,  1800  ;  d.  U.S.  Naval 
Asylum,  Phila.,  Jan.  22,  1870.  Y.  C.  1823. 
Schoolmaster  on  the  frigate  "  Brandy  wine  "  in 
1823-8;  tutor  of  Yale  1829-30;  ord.  deacon 
in  the  Episc.  church,  Jan.  16,  1831,  and  officiat- 
ed some  time  in  Middletown,  Ct.  App.  chap- 
lain U.S.N.  Apr.  20,  1833.  He  pub.  in  1829, 
•'  Sketches  of  Naval  Life;  "  in  1836,  "  Excur- 
sions to  Cairo,  Jerusalem,  Damascus,  and  Baal- 
bec ;  "  and  in  186.5,  "Life-Scenes  from  the 
Four  Gospels,  and  Life  Scenes  from  the  Old 
Testament."  His  long  and  careful  observations 
on  the  Zodiacal  Light  fill  one  vol.  of  the  report 
of  the  U.S.  Japan  exped.— 0/).  Rec.  Yale,  1870. 

Jones,  George  (Count  Joannes),  b.  Bos- 
ton, 1810.  Played  at  the  Federal-st.  Theatre, 
Boston,  in  1828  ;  first  app.  at  the  Chestnut-st., 
Phila.,  Dec.  7,  1831,  as  Pierre  in  "  Venice  Pre- 
served ;  "  was  the  original  Claude  Melnotte  at 
the  National,  Boston,  May  16,  1838;  and  in 
Sept.  1839  was  manager  of  the  theatres  in 
Richmond  and  Norfolk,  Va. ;  afterwards  vis- 
ited Eng.,  and  lectured  on  the  Bible.  Author 
of  "  Historv  of  Ancient  America,"  3d  ed.  8vo. 
1843;  "Tecumsch,"  a  tragedy;  "The  Life 
of  Gen.  Harrison,"  and  the  "First  Oration 
on  Shakspeare,"  12mo,  1844;  he  now  (1870) 
practises  law  in  N.  Y.  City. 

Jones,  Hugh,  minister  of  Jamestown. 
Pub.  "  The  Present  State  of  Virginia,"  8vo, 
Lond.  1724.  Prof  of  mathematics  in  Wil- 
liam and  Mary  Coll.,  and  afterward  chaplain 
to  the  Va.  Assembly. 

Jones,  Jacob,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  near 
Smyrna,  Del.,  in  March,  1768;  d.  Phila.  Aug. 
3,  18.50.  He  studied  medicine,  and  grad.  at  the 
U.  of  Pa.  ;  but  abandoned  practice  for  the 
clerkship  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Del.  En- 
tered the  navy  as  a  midshipman,  April  10, 
1799;  was  made  lieut.  Feb.  22, 1801;  was  an  of- 
ficer of  the  frigate  "Philadelphia,"  under  Bain- 
bridge,  when  she  was  captured  in  1803  in  the 
harbor  of  Tripoli,  remaining  a  prisoner  18 
months  ;  was  made  com.  Apr.  20,  1810  ;  and, 
when  war  was  declared  against  Great  Britain 
in  1812,  he  was  in  com.  of  the  sloop-of-war 
"  Wasp ;  "  Oct.  18, 1812,  he  captured  the  sloop- 
of-war  "  Frolic,"  a  vessel  of  superior  force, 
after  an  action  of  43  minutes.  Capt.  Jones 
was  honored  with  a  vote  of  thanks  by  Con- 
gress, together  with  a  gold  medal;  and  swords 
were  voted  him  by  several  of  the  States  for  his 
gallant  conduct  in  this  engagement.  Both  ves- 
sels were,  however,  soon  after  taken  by  "The 
Poictiers,"  74,  and  carried  into  Bermuda.  He 
was  made  post-capt.  March  3, 1813,  and  com.  the 
frigate  "  Macedonian  "  in  Decatur's  squadron. 
After  the  peace,  Commo.  Jones  com.  squadron 
in  the  Mediterranean  and  Pacific,  and  served 
some  years  as  a  commiss.  of  the  navy  board, 
and  gov.  of  the  Naval  Asylum  at  Phila. 


Jones,  James  Athearn,  author,  b.  Tis- 
bury,  Ms.,  June  4,  1790;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y., 
Aug.  1853.  He  had  a  common-school  educa- 
tion ;  made  some  voyages  to  the  West  Indies; 
afterward  taught  school ;  was  in  England  in 
1829-31;  and  was  subsequently  a  farmer  and 
trader  in  Tisbury.  He  was  ab.  1826  an  editor  in 
Phila.,  and  20  years  later  in  Baltimore,  and  in 
Buffalo  in  1851.  He  pub.  "  Traditions  of  the 
N.  American  Indians,"  3  vols.  Lond.  1830; 
"  Haverhill,  or  Memoirs  of  an  Officer  in  the  Ar- 
my of  Wolfe,"  Lond.  3  vols.  1831 ;  a  vol.  of 
Poems;  and  a  "Letter  to  an  English  Gent, 
on  English  Libels  of  America,"  1825,  Phila. 

Jones,  James  Chamberlain,  statesman, 
b.  Davidson  Co.,  Tenn.,  April  20,  1809;  d. 
Memphis,  Oct.  29,  1859.  His  father  dying 
during  his  infancy.  Col.  Ward  became  his  guar- 
dian, and  much  of  his  time  was  passed  in  la- 
bor on  his  plantation.  From  the  library  of  Col. 
W.  he  acquired  the  elements  of  a  good  English 
education.  At  the  age  of  21  he  m.,  and  settled 
on  a  farm  in  Wilson  Co.  In  1837  and  '39  he  rep- 
resented that  county  in  the  legisl.;  in  1841,  and 
again  in  1843,  he  was  elected  gov.  of  the  State 
by  the  Whig  party.  In  1848  he  zealously  advo- 
cated the  nomination  of  Henry  Clay  in  die  Na- 
tional Whig  Convention,  but  supported  its  nom- 
inee. Gen.  Taylor,  delivering  several  popular 
speeches  in  his  behalf  in  different  States.  In 
1850  he  removed  to  Memphis  ;  and  in  1851  was 
elected  to  the  U.S.  senate.  In  1854  he  was  a 
conspicuous  supporter  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill,  and  thenceforward  became  identified  with 
the  Democ.  party. 

Jones,  Joel,  LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1848),  jurist, 
b.  Coventry,  Ct.,Oct.  25, 1795;  d.  Phila.  Feb.  3, 
1860.  Y.C.  1817.  He  studied  law,  and  settled 
in  practice  in  Easton,  Pa.  In  1830  he  was  app. 
a  commiss.  to  revise  the  civil  code  of  Pa.  He 
was  associate  judge,  and  afterwards  pres.  judge, 
of  the  Dist.  Court  for  the  city  and  county  of 
Phila.  First  pres.  of  Girard  Coll.  Dee.  1847- 
June,  1849.  In  1849  he  was  elected  mayor  of 
Phila.,  and,  after  serving  one  term,  returned  to 
his  profession.  He  was  eminent  for  attain- 
ments in  jurisprudence,  philology,  and  theology. 
Jones,  John,  M.D.,  physician.  Of  Welsh 
extraction,  b.  Jamaica,  L.I.,  1729;  d.  June  23, 
1791.  After  receiving  his  education  at  a  pri- 
vate school  in  N.Y.,  he  commenced  the  study 
of  medicine,  and  afterwards  visited  Europe  to 
improve  his  professional  knowledge.  From  the 
U.  of  Rheims  he  obtained  the  degree  of  M.D. 
in  May,  1751,  and,  having  spent  some  time  at 
Leyden,  concluded  his  medical  tour  by  a  visit 
to  Edinburgh.  Upon  his  return,  Dr.  Jones  set- 
tled in  New  York,  where  he  soon  acquired  an 
extensive  practice,  and  especial  reputation  as 
an  operator.  He  served  as  surgeon  in  the  army 
in  the  war  of  1 755,  and  attended  the  wounded 
French  com.  Dieskau.  When  medical  schools 
were  instituted  in  the  Coll.  of  N.Y.,  1767,  Dr. 
Jones  was  app.  prof,  of  surgery,  upon  which  he 
delivered  several  courses  of  lectures.  In  1776 
Dr.  Jones  pub.  his  "  Plain  Remarks  upon 
Wounds  and  Fractures."  louring  the  British 
occupation  of  New  York,  Dr.  Jones  withdrew 
into  the  country,  relinquishing  his  lucrative 
practice  in  the  city.  He  was  soon  after  chosen 
to  the  senate  of  N.Y.,  and  was  subsequently 


JON" 


496 


JON 


for  a  short  time  in  the  medical  dept.  of  the  ar- 
my. He  was  in  1780  elected  one  of  the  physi- 
cians of  the  Pa.  Hospital.  Upon  the  institu- 
tion of  the  Coll.  of  Physicians  of  Phila.  in  1787, 
Dr.  Jones  was  elected  vice-pres.,  and  contrib. 
to  the  first  vol.  of  its  transactions  an  interest- 
ing paper  on  Anthrax.  He  was  the  intimate 
friend  and  physician  of  Franklin,  whom  he 
attended  in  his  last  illness,  and  pub.  a  brief  ac- 
count of  his  death.  In  1790  he  attended  Wash- 
ington when  very  ill  at  New  York  ;  and  on  the 
removal  of  the  seat  of  govt,  to  Phila.  he  app. 
Dr.  Jones  physician  to  his  family.  He  pub. 
several  surgical  works,  and,  as  a  surgeon,  stood 
at  the  head  of  the  profession  in  this  country. 
After  his  death,  a  vol.  of  his  works,  with  a  Me- 
moir, was  pub.  by  Dr.  Mease,  8vo,  1795. — 
Tliacher. 

Jones,  John  B.,  b.  Bait.,  Md.,  1810.  Au- 
thor of  "  Wild  Western  Scenes,"  Phila.  1849 ; 
"Book  of  Visions,"  1847;  "Rural  Sports,  a 
Poem,"  1848;  "The  Western  Merchant," 
1848;  "The  Rival  Belles,"  1852;  "Adven- 
tures of  Col.  Van  der  Bomb,"  1852  ;  "  The 
Monarchist,"  1853;  "Life  and  Advents,  of  a 
Country  Merchant;"  "Freaks  of  Fortune," 
1854;  "Winkles,  a  Humorous  Tale,"  1855; 
"The  War-Path,"  1856;  and  "Secret  Rebel 
Diary  of  the  War,"  2  vols.  8vo.  In  1857  he 
estab.  in  Phila.  the  Southern  Monitor,  a  weekly- 
paper  devoted  to  Southern  interests. — Alli- 
bone. 

Jones,  J.  Glancy,  lawyer  and  M.C  (1850- 
8),  b.  Conestoga  River,  Pa.,  Oct.  7,  1811.  Ed- 
ucated to  the  Church,  he  preferred  the  law,  to 
which  he  devoted  himself  with  success ;  and 
was  dcp.  atty.-gen.  of  the  State.  He  was  the 
author  in  the  house  of  the  bill  creating  the 
Court  of  Claims,  and  chairman  of  the  com.  of 
ways  and  means.  He  was  tendered  by  Pres. 
Buchanan  the  mission  to  Berlin,  which  he  de- 
clined, but  in  Oct.  1858  accepted  that  to  Aus- 
tria. 

Jones,  John  M.,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A.,  b.  Va. 
1822  ;  killed  at  Spottsylv.  10  May,  1864.  West 
Point,  1841.  Assist,  instr.  W.  P.  1845-52; 
1st  lieut.  20  Aug.  1847  ;  capt.  7th  Inf.  3  Mar. 
1855;  took  part  in  the  Utah  exped. ;  res.  27 
May,  1861  ;  app.  col.  of  a  Va.  regt. ;  promoted 
in  1863  to  a  brigade  in  Ransom's  div..  Long- 
street's  corps ;  severely  wounded  at  Gettys- 
burg ;  took  part  in  the  attack  on  Knoxville  in 
Dec.  1863;  in  the  operations  in  the  Wilder- 
ness ;  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Spottsylv.,  Va. 

Jones,  John  Paul,  admiral,  b.  parish  of 
Kirkbean,  Scotland,  6  July,  1747  ;  d.  Paris,  18 
July,  1792.  Son  of  John  Paul,  a  respectable 
farmer.  He  went  to  sea  at  an  early  age,  and, 
before  he  was  18,  com.  a  vessel  to  the  W.  Indies. 
In  this  employ  he  continued,  until,  in  suppress- 
ing a  mutiny,  he  so  wounded  one  of  his  seamen 
as  to  cause  his  death.  For  this  he  was  tried 
and  honorably  acquitted  in  the  port  in  the  W. 
Indies  where  it  occurred  ;  but,  on  his  return  to 
Eng.,  was  so  persecuted  on  account  of  it,  that 
he  went  to  live  in  Va.,  where  he  had  a  bro., 
who  in  1773  died,  and  left  him  considerable 
property.  Offering  his  services  to  Congress,  he 
was  made  a  first  lieut.  in  the  navy  (22  Dec. 
1775),  and  in  gratitude  to  Gen.  -Jones  of  N. 
Carolina,  who  had  strongly  recommended  him, 


assumed  his  name.  After  a  cruise  in  "  The 
Alfred,"  28,  he  in  Feb.  1776  commanded  "  The 
Providence,"  12,  with  which  in  6  weeks  he 
took  sixteen  merchantmen,  and  destroyed  the 
fishing-establishment  at  Isle  Madame.  He 
fought  "The  Solebay,"  28,  for  several  hours  ; 
and  on  two  occasions  encountered  "  The  Mil- 
ford,"  32.  Capt.  Oct.  10,  1776.  In  "The 
Alfred  "  he  destroyed  the  Port-Royal  fisheries, 
and  took  all  the  vessels  there  with  their  freights. 
App.  14  June,  1777,  to  "  The  Ranger,"  18,  he 
sailed  to  Europe;  and  Feb.  2,  1778,  received 
from  Count  D'Orvilliers  the  first  salute  ever 
paid  to  the  American  flag  by  a  foreign  man-of- 
war.  In  April  he  scaled  the  walls  of  the  fort  at 
White  Haven,  and  spiked  38  cannon  there. 
His  crew  having  plundered  the  house  of  the 
Earl  of  Selkirk  of  his  plate,  Jones  bought  it 
from  them,  and  returned  it.  While  on  the 
English  coast,  he  captured  "  The  Drake,"  a 
ship  of  superior  force  (sent  out  expressly  to 
take  him),  in  sight  of  a  large  concourse  of 
people,  and  took  her  into  Brest.  The  equip- 
ment of  a  squadron  which  he  was  to  com. 
detained  him  in  France  until  Aug.  14,  1779, 
when  he  sailed  to  intercept  the  Baltic  fleet. 
Owing  to  the  desertion  of  part  of  the  squadron, 
and  the  bad  conduct  of  "  The  Alliance,"  he 
could  only  capture  the  convoy,  consisting  of 
"  The  Scrapis,"  50,  and  "  The  Countess  of 
Srarborough,"  20.  He  himself,  in  the 
"  Bon  Homme  Richard,"  encountered  "  The 
Serapis,"  and  took  her  after  one  of  the  most 
severe  and  sanguinary  fights  ever  recorded. 
Jones's  ship  was  so  severely  handled,  that  she 
sunk  soon  after  the  action.  Of  her  crew  of 
380,  306  were  killed  and  wounded.  He  was 
enthusiastically  received  in  France,  receiving 
from  Louis  XVI,  the  order  of  military  merit, 
and  a  sword  of  honor.  Congress  ordered  a 
gold  medal  to  be  struck  in  honor  of  his  achieve- 
ments, and  app.  him  to  com.  "  The  America," 
74.  He  was  doomed  to  disappointment,  how- 
ever, as  Congress  found  itself  called  on  to  pre- 
sent her  to  France,  in  lieu  of  the  "  Magnifique," 
lost  in  our  waters.  In  1786  Congress  made 
him  agent  to  Denmark  and  Sweden  to  obtain 
indemnity  for  Jones's  prizes  delivered  from 
their  ports  to  the  enemy.  Entering  the  service 
of  Catharine  of  Russia  as  rear-adm.  in  1787, 
in  an  action  against  the  Turks  in  the  Limau 
Sea,  June  7,  1788,  he  so  disting,  himself  as  to 
be  made  vice-admiral,  and  a  knight  of  St,  Ann. 
Slanderous  calumnies,  however,  acting  on  an 
acutely  sensitive  mind,  so  imbittered  him  as  to 
cause  him  to  resign  ;  and  he  returned  to  Paris, 
where  he  died.  The  Nat.  Assembly  decreed  him 
a  public  funeral  and  mourning.  In  his  char- 
acter the  tenderness  and  sensibility  of  a  woman 
were  united  to  the  courage  and  daring  of  a 
hero.  The  star-spangled  banner  was  first  dis- 
played by  him  on  board  "  The  Alfred  "  in  the 
Delaware,  His  Life,  by  John  Henry  Sher- 
burne, was  pub.  8vo,  Washington,  1825  ;  by 
his  niece.  Miss  Janette  Taylor,  in  1830;  and 
by  A,  S.  Mackenzie  in  1845. 

Jones,  John  Taylor,  D.D,,  b.  New  Ips- 
wich, 1802  ;  d.  Bangkok,  Siam,  Sept.  13, 1851. 
Amh,  Coll,  1825.  Ord.  Baptist  missionary  to 
Burmah,  28  July,  1830;  and  translated  the 
New  Testament  into  the  Siamese. 


JON 


497 


JOJSr 


Jones,  John  W.,  of  Chesterfield,  Va.,  M.C. 
1835-45;  speaker  1843-5;  d.  Jan.  29,1848. 
Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  1803. 

Jones,  Joseph  Seawell;  d.  1855.  Camb. 
Law  School,  1833.  Author  of  "  A  Defence 
of  the  Revol.  History  of  N.C.,"  1834  ;  "  Me- 
morials of  N.C.,"  1838. 

Jones,  Noble  Wimberlt,  Revol.  patriot, 
b.  near  Lond.,  Eng.,  1724  ;  d.  Savannah,  Jan. 
9,  1805.  He  was  a  son  of  Dr.  Noble  Jones, 
an  early  settler  of  Ga.,  with  whom  he  was  assoc. 
in  practice  at  Savannah  from  1748  to  1756, 
and  who  was  treas.  of  the  Province,  and  a 
councillor  of  state.  He  held  a  military  com- 
mission at  an  early  age,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  Assembly  in  1761  and  subsequently,  being 
often  speaker.  He  was  a  leading  patriot  in 
1774  ;  corresp.  with  Franklin,  the  agent  of  Ga. 
in  Eng.;  and  was  speaker  of  the  first  Ga.legisl. ; 
delegate  to  the  Old  Congress  in  1775  and  1781- 
3  ;  lost  a  .son  at  the  capture  of  Savannah  in 
1778;  was  himself  made  prisoner  at  the  fall 
of  Charleston  in  1780,  and  carried  to  St.  Au- 
gustine;  was  exchanged  in  July,  1781  ;  prac- 
tised medicine  in  Phila.  until  Dec.  1782,  when 
he  returned  to  Ga.,  and  was  again  of  its  As- 
sembly. He  practised  in  Charleston  from  Dec. 
1783  to  Dec.  1788,  after  which  he  lived  in 
Savannah.  Pres.  of  the  convention  which 
revised  the  State  constitution  in  1795.  He 
was  a  skilful  physician  and  a  man  of  benevo- 
lent character. 

Jones,  Roger,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b. 
Westmoreland  Co.,  Va.,  1789  ;  d.  Washington, 
July  15,  1852;  app.  2d  lieut.  marine  corps, 
Jan.  26,  1809  ;  July  12,  1812,  was  transferred 
to  the  art.  with  the  rank  of  capt. ;  received  the 
brev.  of  maj.  for  disting.  services  in  the  battle 
of  Chippewa,  July  5,  1814,  and  Lundy's  Lane ; 
and  was  also  commended  for  bravery  at  the 
battle  of  Niagara,  as  well  as  in  the  defence  of 
Fort  Erie  in  July  and  Aug.  of  the  same  year; 
brev.  lieut.-col.  for  the  sortie  from  Fort  Erie, 
Sept.  17;  app.  adj.-gen.  (rank  of  col.)  Aug. 
10,  1818  ;  brev.  col.  Sept.  17,  1824.  Mar.  7, 
1825,  he  was  app.  adj.-gen.  of  the  army,  which 
po.-«t  he  held  until  his  death.  Brev.  brig.-gen., 
Jime,  1832;  brev.  maj.-gen.,  in  May,  1848. 

Jones,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1826), 
jurist,  b.  1769  ;  d.  Cold  Spring,  L.L,  Aug.  8, 
18.53.  Y.C.  1790.  His  father.  Chief  Justice 
Samuel,  styled  the  "  father  of  the  N.Y.  bar," 
was  originally  a  sailor,  filled  many  important 
and  responsible  stations,  was  in  1788  a  mem- 
ber of  the  convention  which  adopted  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  U.S.,  and  d.  1819,  a.  85.  The 
son  studied  law  in  his  father's  office  with  De 
Witt  Clinton;  member  N.Y.  Assembly  1812- 
14;  recorder  N.Y.  City  1823;  in  1826  was 
app.  by  Gov.  Clinton  chancellor  of  the  State; 
in  1828  he  accepted  the  office  of  chief  justice 
of  the  Superior  Court  in  N.Y.  City;  in  1847- 
9  he  was  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
State,  and  ex  officio  a  judge  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals.  Until  the  last  two  months  of  his 
life,  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  arguments 
and  contests  incident  to  practice  at  the  bar. 
Samuel  Jones  and  R.  Varick  pub.  "Laws  of 
the  Stale  of  N.Y.,  Feb.  1778  to  Mar.  1789," 
2  vols,  fob,  N.Y.  1789. 

Jones,  Samuel,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b.  Va.  1820 ; 
32 


killed  in  battle  of  Wilderness,  Va.,  5  May, 
18G4.  West  Point,  1841.  Prof.  math.  W.  P. 
1846-51  ;  capt.  1st  Art.  24  Dec.  1853  ;  res.  27 
Apr.  1861.  App.  col.,  soon  after  brig.-gen., 
and  early  in  1862  maj.-gen.,  Confed.  army; 
com.  the  forces  in  W.  Va.  until  ordered  in 
the  spring  of  1864  to  re-enforce  Lee  on  the 
Ra])idan. 

Jones,  Thomas  ap  Catesby,  commodore 
U.S.N.  Of  Welsh  descent,  b.  Va.  1789;  d. 
Georgetown,  D.C.,  May  30,  1858.  Bro.  of 
Gen.  Roger.  Entering  the  navy,  Nov.  22, 1805, 
he  became  lieut.  May  24,  1812  ;  com.  Mar.  28, 
1820;  and  capt.  Mar.  11,  1829.  From  1808  to 
1812  he  was  engaged  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  disting.  himself  in  the  suppression  of 
piracy,  smuggling,  and  the  slave-trade.  When 
the  British  naval  exped.  against  New  Orleans 
entered  Lake  Borgne,  he,  with  a  small  flotilla, 
endeavored  to  intercept  40  British  boats.  Al- 
though wounded,  and  compelled  to  surrender, 
his  conduct  was  liighly  commended.  In  1842 
he  com.  the  Pacific  squadron,  and  having,  from 
erroneous  information,  cauf^ed  the  gov,  of  Mon- 
terey to  surrender,  he  was,  for  this  indiscretion, 
suspended  from  service  for  a  time. 

Jones,  Thomas  P,,  M.D.,  d,  Washington^ 
Mar.  11,  1848,  a.  75.  Had  been  supt.  of  the 
patent-office,  editor  of  the  Franklin  Journal, 
Phila.,  and  of  Marcel's  Conversations  on  Nat. 
Philos.  1826. 

Jones,  Valentine,  a  British  maj.-gen.;  d. 
Bath,  Eng.,  Nov.  14,  1815,  a.  89.  i3rig.-gen. 
in  America  in  1775-6,  under  Gen.  Howe; 
maj.-gen.  Aug.  21,  1777;  served  on  Long 
Island  and  in  Rhode  Island. 

Jones,  Walter,  M.D.  (Edinb.  1770),  an 
eminent  physician,  b.  Va.  1745  ;  d.  Westmore- 
land Co.,  Va.,  Dec.  31,  1815.  Wm.  and  M. 
Coll.  1760.  He  settled  in  Northumberland 
Co.,  Va.,  attaining  an  extensive  practice,  and 
the  highest  standing  both  as  a  scholar  and 
physician,  Apr.  11,  1777,  he  was  app,  by 
Congress  physician-gen.  of  the  hospital  in  the 
middle  dept.     M.C.  1797-9  and  1803-11. 

Jones,  Wilte  ;  d.  near  Raleigh,  N.C.  With 
his  brother  Allen,  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Congress  which  framed  the  State  constitution 
in  1776,  and  drew  up  the  instrument  which 
was  adopted  ;  pres.  of  the  com.  of  safety  in 
1775  ;  delegate  to  the  h.  of  commons  1776-8  ; 
delegate  to  the  Old  Congress  1780-1  ;  elected 
to  the  Federal  Const.  Conv.  in  1787,  but  de- 
clined;  member  of  the  State  convention  which 
rejected  the  U.  S,  Constitution  in  1788,  of 
which  he  was  an  opponent. —  Wheeler. 

Jones,  William,  gov.  of  R.I.  1811-17,  b. 
Newport,  1754;  d.  Providence,  Apr,  9,  1822. 
A  carpenter  in  his  youth.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1775  as  a  capt.  in  Col.  Lippitt's  R.I.  regt. ; 
afterward  com.  a  marine  corps  in  one  of  the 
national  frigates  ;  was  made  prisoner  at 
Charleston,  S.C. ;  and  after  the  war  was  a  mer- 
chant in  Providence  till  his  death.  He  was 
several  years  a  representative  from  Prov.,  and 
speaker  of  the  Assembly. 

Jones,  William,'  statesman,  b.  Phila. 
1760;  d.  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  Sept.  5, 1831,  When 
ab.  16  he  joined  a  vol,  company,  and  was  pres- 
ent at  the  battles  of  Trenton  and  Princeton, 
and  afterward  on  board  several  armed  vessels. 


JON 


408 


JTJ^ 


He  was  once  severely  wounded,  and  twice  made 
prisoner  in  that  contest.  He  was  lieut.  with 
Com.  Truxton  in  the  James  River,  wlien 
that  officer  encountered  and  boat  off  a  British 
sliip  of  superior  force.  He  then  entered  the 
merchant-service,  but  in  1790  settled  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C.,  whence  he  removed  to  Phila.  in 
1793.  M.C.  1801-3  ;  sec.  of  the  navy  Jan.  12, 
1813,  to  Dec.  7,  1814;  was  afterward  pres.  of 
the  U.S.  Bank  and  coll.  of  Piula.  He  was 
nearly  26  years  a  member  of  the  Pliilos.  So- 
ciety. Author  of  "  Winter  Navigation  of  the 
Delaware,"  Thila.  8vo,  1822. 

Jones,  William  Alfred,  essayist,  b.  New 
York,  June  26,  1817.  Col.  Coll.  1836;  and  in 
18.51-65  was  librarian  of  that  iustitution. 
Member  of  a  family  long  disting.  for  the  emi- 
nent men  it  has  furnished  to  the  bar  and  the 
bench  in  the  State  of  N.Y.,  including  the  ante- 
Ilevol.  period.  He  has  coiitrib.  many  literary 
criticisms  to  periodicals,  chiefly  to  the  Church 
Record,  Arctarus,  WhUj  Review,  and  the  Democ. 
Review.  Several  revised  collections  of  his 
essays  have  been  made,  — "  The  Analyst,  a 
Collection  of  Miscellaneous  Papers,"  1840  ; 
"Literary  Studies,"  2  vols.  1847;  "Essays 
upon  Authors  and  Books,"  1849  ;  and  "  Char- 
acters and  Criiicisms,"  2  vols.  1857.  He  pub. 
in  1849  a  Memorial  of  his  father,  David  S. 
Jones,  with  notices  of  the  Jones  family  of 
Queens  Co. 

Jones,  William  E.,  maj.-gen.  C.S.A.,  b. 
Va.  1824;  killed  Mt.  Crawford,  Va.,  June  5, 
1864.  A.M.  of  Emory  and  Henry  Coll.  1847. 
West  Point,  1848.  Lieut,  mounted  rifles; 
resigned  1857.  A  cavalry  officer  of  ability, 
serving  principally  in  Western  Va. ;  maj.-gen. 
in  1863. 

Jonquiere,  Jaques  Pierre  de  Taffa- 
NEL,  Marquis  de  la,  gov.  of  Canada  1749-52, 
b.  La  Jonquiere,  Prance,  1686;  d.  Quebec, 
May  17,  1752.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1698; 
was  adj.  in  the  army  in  1703;  taken  prisoner 
near  Barcelona  1706;  was  at  the  siege  of  Toulon 
1707,  and  the  exped.  to  Rio  Janeiro  1711; 
made  Knight  of  St.  Louis  and  capt.  1731  ; 
capt.  in  the  navy  1736  ;  insp.  of  marine  1741  ; 
flag-officer  in  1744  of  Admiral  de  Court;  ac- 
comp.  D'Anville's  fleet  in  1746;  app.  gov.  of 
Canada  in  1747,  but  was  taken  by  the  British, 
May  3,  on  his  way  to  that  country,  where  he 
did  not  arrive  till  Sept,  2,  1749.  He  was  tall, 
well  made,  of  an  imposing  figure,  and  exces- 
sively brave,  but  very  avaricious.  His  govern- 
ment was  marked  with  considerable  firmness; 
and  he  generally  carried  out  the  policy  of  the 
energetic  and  talented  La  Gallissoniere.  He 
solicited  a  recall  in  1751,  in  consequence  of 
charges  of  monopoly  of  the  peltry-trade,  made 
by  the  Jesuits ;  but  his  bodily  powers  gave  way 
before  it  arrived.  He  was  one  of  the  ablest  of 
the  French  naval  officers.  —  iforgan. 

Jordan,  Robert,  Quaker  preacher,  b. 
Nansemond,  Va.,  Oct.  27,  1693;  d.  Phila. 
Aug.  5,  1742.  He  began  to  preach  in  1718; 
visited  N.  E.  in  1722;  suffered  imprisonment 
in  1723  and  1727  in  Va.  for  his  principles; 
travelled  in  Great  Britain  and  the  W.  Indies 
in<L728-30  and  in  1731-4;  afterwards  visited 
the  eastern  and  southern  provinces ;  made  a 
second  journey   to  Barbadocs  in   1740;   and 


was   at   Boston   in    1741. —  Coll.    of   QuaTcei 
Memorials. 

Josselyn,  John,  traveller,  b.  Eng.  Son 
of  Sir  Thomas  Jocelyn  of  Kent.  He  sailed 
for  New  Eng.  Apr.  26*,  and  arrived  at  Boston, 
July  2,  1638.  He  returned  to  Eng.  in  Oct. 
1639;  sailed  a  second  time,  May  23,  1663,  and 
returned  Dec.  1,  1671,  the  interval  having 
been  passed  in  New  Eng.  In  1672  he  pub.  in 
London  "New  England's  Rarities  Discovered." 
In  it  he  presents  a  picture  of  Boston  in  1663. 
This  was  repr.  in  1865  with  notes  by  Edward 
Tuckerman.  He  next  issued  "An  Account 
of  Two  Voyages  to  New  England,"  Lond. 
1674,  repr.  Boston  1869;  also  "Chronologi- 
cal Obbservations  of  America  from  the  Year 
of  the  World  to  the  Year  of  Christ,"  1673. 
His  only  brother  (Henry)  lived  at  Black 
Point  (Scarborough,  Me.)  in  1638.  He  was 
sent  over  by  Capt.  Mason ;  arrived  at  Piscat- 
aqua  in  the  summer  of  1634  ;  and  in  1636 
and  1640  was  a  member  of  the  Maine  govt. 
In  1643  he  succeeded  to  the  Cammock  patent 
at  Black  Point;  and  in  1645  became  dep.-gov. 
App.  a  commiss.  for  the  administration  of  the 
govt,  in  1665.  Active  and  influential  in  the 
affairs  of  Maine  in  163.5-76.  —  Willis  in  Geneal. 
Reg.  ii.  204. 

Jouet,  Matthew,  port.-painter,  b.  Fay- 
ette Co.,  Ky.,  1783  ;  d.  Lexington,  Ky.,  182*6. 
Educated  for  the  bar.  He  became  a  favorite 
pupil  of  Stuart  in  Boston  in  1817  ;  practised 
his  art  successfully  many  years  in  Ky.,  N.  Or- 
leans, Natchez,  and  other  places  in  the  South- 
west ;  and  was  for  many  years  the  best  port.- 
painter  in  the  West. —  Tuckerman. 

Juarez  (joo-arSz),  Benito,  a  Mexican 
pres.,  b.  Villa  Ixtlan,  in  the  State  of  Oaxaca, 
1807.  Descended  from  the  Indian  race.  Grad. 
at  the  Coll.  of  Oaxaca;  and  in  1830  was  made 
a  member  of  the  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 
He  gained  distinction  as  a  lawyer;  was  prof, 
of  canonical  law  in  the  Institute  of  Oaxaca  ; 
and  took  an  active  part  in  politics  as  a  liberal 
member  of  the  legisl.  of  his  native  State.  Made 
pres.  judge,  he  was  in  1846  elected  dep.  to  the 
Mexican  Congress.  He  was  active  in  the 
administration  of  the  law  by  which  church 
property  was  secularized  to  meet  the  necessi- 
ties of  the  war  with  the  U.S.  (1846-8).  Gov. 
of  his  native  State  from  1848  to  1852,  and  at 
his  retirement  left  a  balance  in  the  public 
treasury.  Banished  by  Santa  Ana  in  1853, 
he  resided  in  New  Orleans  until  May,  1855, 
when  he  returned,  and  accomp.  Alvarez  from 
Acapulco  to  Cuernavaca,  where  he  was  a  rep- 
resentative in  the  Assembly,  and,  until  Dec. 
1855,  was  minister  of  justice  under  Alvarez. 
While  in  this  office,  he  promulgated  the  ley 
Juarez,  abolishing  the  privileges  of  the  clergy 
and  the  army.  Comonfort  then  app.  him  gov. 
of  Oaxaca;  in  Nov.  1857  made  him  sec.  of 
state;  and  subsequently  he  was  app.  pres.  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  justice.  After  the  with- 
drawal of  Comonfort,  Jan.  1858,  Juarez  be- 
came, in  virtue  of  his  office,  constitutional 
pres.  of  Mexico.  Jan.  19  he  established  his 
gov.t.  in  Guanajunta.  The  reverses  of  civil 
war  afterward  compelled  him  to  remove  it  to 
Colima.  From  May  4,  1858,  he  officiated  at 
Vera  Cruz;  but  at  the  close  of  1860  had  com- 


JTJ^ 


499 


JXHD 


pelled  his  opponent  Miramon  to  abdicate,  and 
flee  the  country.  Jan.  11,  1861,  Juarez  en- 
tered the  city  of  Mexico,  formed  his  cabinet, 
and  in  June  was  elected  pres.  Then  came 
European  intervention,  and  the  short-lived 
empire  of  Maximilian.  Driven  by  the  French 
army  from  place  to  place,  in  1863-6  he  still 
held  out  against  the  enemies  of  his  country ; 
but,  the  French  army  being  withdrawn  in  1866, 
he  succeeded  in  defeating  the  imperial  forces 
early  in  1867  ;  captured  Maximilian,  whose  exe- 
cution he  ordered  June  16,  1867;  in  Oct.  was 
re-elected  to  the  presidency,  and  again  in  1871. 

Juarros,  D.  Domingos,  Guatimalian  his- 
torian ;  d.  ab.  1818.  He  was  an  ecclesiastic, 
and  was  the  first  to  point  out  the  existence  in 
Central  America  of  those  monuments,  the  age 
and  origin  of  which  are  not  yet  determined. 
He  pub.  "  Comnendio  de  la  Hisloria  de  la  Ciu- 
dadde  Guatimala,"  Guatimala,  1809-18,2  vols. 
Svo. :  a  translation  by  Lieut.  Bailey  appeared 
in  Lond.  in  1825.  —  Nouv.  Biog.  Univ. 

Judah,  Henry  Moses,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b. 
Snow  Hill,  Md.,  June  12,  1821  ;  d.'Plattsburg, 
N.Y.,  Jan.  14,  1866.  West  Point,  1843.  En- 
tering the  8th  Inf.,  he  served  in  the  Mexican 
war;  com.  his  company  at  the  storming  of  Mon- 
terey ;  and,  for  gallantry  at  Molino  del  Rey  and 
at  the  capture  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  received 
the  brevets  of  1st  liout.  and  capt. ;  29  Sept. 
1853,  he  became  capt.  4th  Inf.,  serving  actively 
for  9  years  against  the  Indians  of  California, 
Washington  and  Oregon  Territories;  made  col. 
of  a  regt.  of  vols,  in  1881  ;  he  became  brig.-gen. 
March  21,  1862,  and  insp.-gen.  of  Gen.  Hal- 
leck's  army  on  the  Tenn. ;  resigning  his  staff- 
app.,  he  was  ordered  to  com.  the  1st  div.  of  the 
army  of  the  reserve,  which  he  relinquished 
after  the  evacuation  of  Corinth  by  the  Confed. 
forces,  and  was  re-app.  insp.-gen. ;  30  June, 
1862,  he  was  made  major  4th  Infantry  ;  brev. 
col.  U.S.A.  He  was  very  active  in  pursuit  of 
Morgan  in  his  raid  into  Kentucky,  Indiana, 
and  Ohio  in  1863.  In  Sherman's  Atlanta 
campaign  he  com.  a  division  of  the  23d  corps. 

Judd,  Rev.  Bethel,  D.D.  (T.in.  1831), 
Epis.  clergyman,  b.  Watertown,  Ct.,  1776  ;  d. 
Wilmington,  Del,  Apr.  8,  1858.  Y.C.  1797. 
Ord.  deacon  by  Bishop  Moore  in  1798  ;  rector 
of  St.  James  Church,  New  London,  Ct.,  for  15 
years ;  a  pioneer  of  the  church  in  N.  C  ;  and 
held  a  missionary  station  at  St.  Augustine, 
Florida.  He  was  one  of  the  early  presidents 
of  St  John's  Coll.,  Annapolis.  —  Hist.  Mag. 
ii.  215. 

Judd,  Norman  B.,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Rome,  N.Y.,  10  Jan.  1815.  He  received  a 
com.  school  education  ;  studied  law ;  and  in 
1836  was  adm.  to  the  bar,  and  settled  in  suc- 
cessful practice  in  Chicago  ;  city  atty.  1837-9  ; 
State  senator  1844-60  ;  member  of  the  Bloom- 
ington  conv.  in  1856,  that  organized  the  Re- 
pub,  party,  in  which  he  was  prominent  ;  and 
chairman  State  central  com.  1856-61  ;  chair- 
man of  the  111.  delegation  in  the  Chicago  conv. 
that  nominated  Mr.  Lincoln  to  the  presidency  ; 
minister  to  Prussia,  Mar.  1861-Oct.  1865  ; 
M.C.  1867-71.  Pres.  of  the  Peoria  and  Bureau 
Valley  Road,  and  of  the  Rock  Island  Railroad 
Bridge  Co.  —  Sketches  of  the  Leading  Men  of 
Chicago. 


Judd,  Sylvester,  journalist  and  histo- 
rian, b.  Westhanipton,  Ms.,  23  Apr.  1789;  d. 
Northampton,  Ms.,  18  Apr.  1860.  Thos.  his 
ancestor  came  to  N.  E.  in  1633  or  '34.  He  was 
some  years  in  mercantile  business ;  owned 
and  edited  the  Hampshire  Gazette  in  1822-34; 
was  long  engaged  in  investigating:  the  history 
of  the  Ct.  Valley;  and  pub.  "Thomas  Judd 
and  his  Descendants,"  1856.  His  "  History  of 
Hadley"  was  pub.,  8vo,  1863,  with  "Family 
Genealogies,"  by  L.  M.  Boltwood. 

Judd,  Sylvester,  author  and  Unitarian 
clergyman,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Westhanip- 
ton, Ms.,  July  23,  1813;  d.  Augusta,  Me., 
Jan.  20,  1853.  Y.C.  1836.  On  the  comple- 
tion  of  his  theol.  studies  at  Cambridge,  in  1840, 
he  was  ord.  pastor  of  the  East  Parish,  Augusta, 
Me.,  Oct.  1.  In  addition  to  his  pulpit-duties, 
Mr.  Judd  was  a  frequent  lyceum-lecturer  on 
the  social  reforms  of  the  day,  opposing  war  and 
slavery,  and  advocating  temperance.  He  pub. 
"  Margaret,  a  Tale  of  the  Real  and  Ideal,"  Bos- 
ton, 1845,  which  has  been  illustrated  by  a  series 
of  outline  drawings  by  Darley  (1856) ;  "  Philo, 
an  Evangeliad;"  and  "Richard  Edney,"  a 
romance,  1850.  An  old  Indian  tradition  sug- 
gested to  Mr.  Judd  a  dramatic  poem  in  5  acts, 
"  The  White  Hills,  an  American  Traj^edy," 
still  unpub.  A  vol.  entitled  "The  Church" 
was  pub.  posthumously  in  1854. — See  Life 
and  Character  of  Sylvester  Judd,  Boston,  1854, 
by  Mrs.  A.  Hall. 

JudSOn,  Adoniram,  D.D.,  Baptist  mis- 
sionary at  Burmah,  b.  Maiden,  Ms.,  Aug.  9, 
1788  ;  d.  at  sea,  April  12,  1850.  B.U.  1807  ; 
And.  Sem.  1810.  Son  of  Rev.  Adoniram,  of 
M.  Opening  a  private  school  in  Plymouth, 
Ms.,  he  prepared  his  "Elements  of  English 
Grammar,"  and  "Young  Ladies' Arithmetic," 
pub.  1808  and  1809.  Ord.  6  Feb.  1812.  Mar- 
rying Ann  Hasseltine,  afterwards  so  noted  for 
heroism  and  conjugal  devotion,  they  sailed  for 
Calcutta,  Feb.  19,  1812;  and,  having  settled  at 
Rangoon  in  Burmah,  he  toiled  there  nearly  40 
years,  during  which  he  was  imprisoned  two 
years,  and  manacled,  and  daily  expecting  some 
barbarous  death.  He  lived  to  see  himself  sur- 
rounded by  thousands  of  native  converts,  and 
a  strong  corps  of  assist,  evangelists,  Burmese 
as  well  as  American ;  acquired  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  Burmese  language,  into 
which  he  translated  the  Bible  and  other  books; 
and  before  his  death  nearly  completed  a  dic- 
tionary of  that  language  in  two  large  4to 
vols.  Having  lost  his  first  wife  in  1826,  in 
Apr.  1834  he  ra.  Mrs.  Sarah  H.  Bourdman, 
who  d.  Sept.  1,  1845  ;  in  June,  1846,  while  on 
a  visit  to  the  U.S.,  he  m.  Emily  Chubbuck, 
known  under  the  nom  de  plume  of  "  Fanny  For- 
ester." Memoirs  of  his  life  have  been  pub.  by 
F.  Wayland,  1853;  J.  Clement,  1852;  D.  T. 
Middleditch,  18.54;  Mrs.  H.  C.  Conant,  1856; 
and  W.  Hague,  1851. 

Judson,  Ann  Hasseltine,  1st  wife  of  the 
preceding,  b.  Bradford,  Ms.,  Dec.  22,  1789  ;  d. 
Amherst,  Burmah,  Oct  24, 1826.  She  early  de- 
veloped remarkable  qualities  both  of  intellect 
and  character.  Educated  at  the  Bradford 
Acad.  Her  mind  was  well  disciplined,  and  her 
acquisitions  were  unusually  large.  Feb.  5, 
1812,  she  m.  Mr,  Judson  ;  and  Feb.  19,  em- 


JTJD 


600 


H^AJisr- 


barked  for  Calcutta,  being  the  first  American 
female  missionary.  She  revisited  her  home  in 
1822-3,  but  subsequently  labored  in  Burmah. 
—  See  Memoir  by  Rev.  James  D.  Knowles. 

Judson,  Emily  Chdbbuck,  b.  Eaton, 
Madison  Co.,  N.Y.,  Aug.  22,  1817  ;  d.  Hamil- 
ton, N.Y.,June  1,  1854.  Wifeof  the  Kev.  Ado- 
niram,  but  principally  celebrated  for  her  prose 
and  poetical  writings,  under  the  assumed  name 
of  Fanny  Forester,  which  appeared  in  the 
Knickerbocker  and  Amer.  Baptist  Mag.,  and  the 
N.Y.  Mirror.  She  received  a  good  education  ; 
was  for  some  years  a  teacher  in  the  Female 
Sem.  at  Utica  ;  and  in  June,  1846,  m.  Dr. 
Judson,  and  immediately  sail-ed  for  India.  Af- 
ter his  death,  Apr.  12,  1850,  she  returned  to 
the  U.S.  in  charge  of  his  children,  to  whom, 
and  to  the  revision  of  the  Memoirs  of  her  hus- 
band, by  Pres.  Way  land,  the  remainder  of  her 
life  was  devoted.  She  began  her  career  of 
authorship  by  writing  sabbath-school  books  ; 
and  in  1844  became  a  regular  contributor  to 
the  Columbian  and  Graham's  Mags.  Her  prose 
writings  were  collected  and  pub.  under  the  title 
of  "  Alderbrook."  Her  poems  were  pub.  under 
the  title  of  "  The  Olio."  Her  other  works  are 
"  The  Kathayan  Slave,"  and  "  My  Two  Sis- 
ters." While  in  Hangoon  she  wrote  the  Me- 
rnoir  of  Mrs.  Sarah  B.  Judson. 

Juncker,  Henry  Damian,  D.D.,  R.C. 
bishop  of  Alton,  111.  (consec.  26  Apr.  1857),  b. 
Fenetran^re,  Lorraine,  France,  ab.  1810;  d. 
Alton,  Oct.  2,  1868.  Emigrating  early  to  the 
U.  S.,  he  studied  in  Cincinnati.  Was  ord.  a 
priest.  Mar.  16,  1834  ;  had  charge  of  the  First 
German  Catholic  Cong,  of  Cincinnati,  after- 
ward of  St.  John's  Church,  Canton,  0.,  and, 
subsequently  to  18r)0,  of  Dayton,  O. 

Junkin,  George,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Presb. 
minister,  author,  and  educator,  b.-ncar  Kings- 
ton,Pa., Nov.  1,1790;  d.  Phila.Mav20,  1868. 
Jeff.  Coll.  1813.  He  studied  theology  in  N.Y. 
City;  was  licensed  to  preach  Sept.  1816;  ord. 
1818;  and  settled  over  the  congregations  of 
Milton  and  McEwensville,  Pa.  Here  he  edited 
the  Religious  Farmer,  and  was  active  in  estab- 
lishing Milton  Acad.  In  1830  he  was  princi- 
pal of  the  Manual  Labor  Acad,  at  German- 
town.  From  1832  to  1841  and  1844-8,  he  was 
pres.  of  Laf.  Coll.;  pres.  of  Miami  U.  1841-4, 
and  of  Wash.  Coll.,  Lexington,  Va  ,  from 
1848  to  1861,  when,  on  account  of  attachment 
to  the  Union,  he  left  home,  property,  and  a 
part  of  his  family,  and  came  to  the  North  for 
protection.  He  afterward  resided  in  Phila. 
and  in  N.Y.  Prof  in  Laf.  Coll.  at  the  time 
of  his  death.  Author  of  "Political  Falla- 
cies;" "Sanctilication;"  "The  Tabernacle;" 
"  Prophecies  of  Daniel,"  8vo ;  "  Lectures  on 
the  Prophecies,"  8vo,  1844;  "  Sabbatismos ;  " 
and  a  commentary  on  Hebrews.  He  was  the 
ablest  champion  of  old-school  orthodoxy,  and 
possessed  great  logical  power,  eloquence,  and 
learning.  His  dau.  Margaret  has  pub.  be- 
side fugitive  poems,  "  Silverwood,  a  Book  of 
Memories,"  18.)7. 

Kalb,  John,  Baron  de,  maj.-gen.  Revol. 
army,  b.  Huttendorf,  in  the  margraviate  of 
Bayreuth,  Germany,  29  June,  1721  ;  d.  Cam- 
den, S.C,  Aug.  19,  1780.  He  entered  the 
regt.  Loewendal,  in  the  service  of  France,  in 


1743;  became  capt.  and  aide  maj.  in  1747; 
maj.  1756;  lieut.-col.  serving  in  the  quarterrn. 
dept.  under  Marshal  Broglie  (obtaining  the 
rank  of  brig.-gen.  and  the  order  of  milit.  mer- 
it) in  May,  1761,  and  until  the  peace  in  1763. 
Charged  with  a  mission  to  the  Amer.  Colo- 
nies to  a.scertain  their  feeling  towards  the 
mother-country,  and  to  learn  their  vulnerable 
points,  he  embarked  in  Dec.  1767,  and  returned 
at  the  close  of  1768,  having  suffered  ship- 
wreck near  Staten  Island,  28  Jan.  1768,  and 
undergone  great  hardship.  While  in  the  per- 
formance of  this  mission,  he  was  seized  as  a 
suspected  person,  but  escaped  detection.  Ear- 
ly in  1777  he  accompanied  Lafayette  to  this 
country,  and  offered  his  services  to  Congress. 
They  were  accepted;  and  15  Sept.  1777,  he 
was  made  a  maj.-gen.  At  first  he  served  in  the 
main  army ;  but  in  Apr.  1780  was  sent  to  the 
assistance  of  S.C.  in  com.  of  the  Md.  and  Del. 
troops.  Before  he  could  reach  Charleston,  how- 
ever, Gen.  Lincoln  had  been  made  prisoner ; 
and  the  direction  of  the  whole  southern  army, 
in  consequence,  devolved  upon  the  Baron,  from 
May,  1780,  until  the  app.  of  Gates.  At  the 
battle  of  Camden,  Aug.  16,  1780,  De  Kalb, 
who  com.  the  right  wing,  fell,  pierced  with  11 
wounds,  while  gallantly  fighting  on  foot.  A 
marble  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory, 
by  order  of  Congress,  opp.  the  Presb.  church 
of  Camden;  and  in  1825  Lafayette  placed  its 
corner-stone,  and  also  that  of  a  monument  at 
Annapolis,  Md.  —  See  Kapp,  Kalb's  Leben. 

!KaIm,  Peter,  a  Swedish  traveller,  and  nat- 
ural philosopher,  b.  Ostro  Bothnia,  1715;  d. 
Abo,  Nov.  16, 1779.  Educated  at  Upsal ;  and, 
on  the  suggestion  of  Linnasus,  was  selected  in 
1745  by  the  Swedish  Govt,  to  make  a  boianical 
tour  of  N.  America.  He  arrived  in  Phila.  in 
the  summer  of  1748,  and  remained  till  17.)1, 
travelling  in  Canada,  N.Y.,  and  Pa.  On  his 
return  to  Abo,  where  he  was  a  botanical  prof, 
he  pub.  his  travels  (3  vols.  1753-61),  with  a 
copious  account  of  the  productions  of  the  soil, 
and  natural  curiosities,  of  the  countries  he  had 
visited.  An  English  translation  of  this  wo^, 
by  Forster,  was  printed  in  1772.  Kalm  sub.-^c- 
quently  travelled  over  several  parts  of  the  Rus- 
sian dominions.  The  beautiful  evergreen  shrub 
Kalinia  is  named  after  him. 

Kane,  Elisha  Kent,  M.D.,  arctic  explorer, 
b.  Phila.  Feb.  3,  1820;  d.  Havana,  Feb.  16, 
1857.  His  father.  Judge  John  K.  Kane  (Y.C. 
1814),  d.  Phila.  Feb.  21,  1858.  In  his  youth 
he  was  disting.  for  physical  hardihood  and  per- 
severance. He  was  educated  at  the  universities 
of  Va.  and  Pa.,  taking  his  medical  degree 
Feb.  3, 1843.  In  Oct.  1840  he  was  elected  res- 
ident physician  in  the  Pa.  Hospital.  Ill  health 
led  to  his  entering  the  navy ;  and  in  May,  1843, 
he  sailed  as  physician  to  the  embassy  to  China. 
He  travelled  extensively  in  Asia,  Egypt,  and 
Europe,  traversing  Greece  on  foot ;  explored 
western  Africa  ;  was  wounded  in  a  skirmish  in 
the  Mexican  war;  and  in  May,  1850,  sailed  as 
surgeon  and  naturalist  under  Lieut.  De  Haven 
to  search  for  Sir  John  Franklin.  A  narrative 
of  this  cxped.  was  pub.  by  Dr.  Kane,  8vo,  N.  Y., 
1853.  He  com.  a  sinjilar  exped.  which  sailed 
May  30,  1853,  the  survivors  of  which  returned 
Oct.  11,  1855,  having  been  forced  to  abandon 


TTATSr 


501 


KEA. 


"  The  Advance  "  in  the  ice,  and  to  travel  with 
sledges  and  boats  for  84  days  fo  the  Danish 
settlements  on  the  coast  of  Greenland.  The 
most  strikin<?  result  of  the  voyage  was  the 
discovery  of  the  open  polar  sea,  the  existence 
of  which  Dr.  Kane  had  previously  maintained. 
In  1856  he  pub.  "  Arctic  Explorations,  the 
Second  Grinnell  Exped.  in  Search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  in  1853-5,"  2  vols.  8vo.  This  voyage 
cost  the  health  and  lives  of  most  of  his  party. 
Gold  medals  were  awarded  him  by  Congress, 
by  the  legisl.  of  N.Y.,  and  by  the  Roy.  (ieog. 
Society  of  Lond.  He  also  received  the  queen's 
medal  given  to  arctic  explorers.  Dr.  Kane's 
health  giving  way  again,  he  sailed  for  Eng. 
Just  previous  to  his  departure,  in  Oct.  1856,  he 
m,  Margaret  Fox  the  medium ;  but  their  union 
was  kept  secret  on  account  of  the  opposition 
of  his  family.  Their  subsequent  refusal  to  ac- 
knowledge the  claims  of  Mrs.  Kane  led  to  the 
publication  of  his  letters  to  her,  under  the  title 
of  "  Love-Life  of  Dr.  Kane."  Growing  rapid- 
ly worse  in  Lond.,  he  sailed,  Nov.  17,  for  St. 
Thomas,  whence  he  went  to  Havana,  where  he 
d. —  See  Ids  Life,  by  Dr.  Win.  Elder,  8vo,  Phila., 
1858  ;  Dnijckinck. 

Kane,  Paul,  a  Canadian  painter,  b.  Toron- 
to, ab.  1820.  He  studied  in  Italy  in  1820-5; 
and  on  his  return  home  travelled  extensively 
in  the  North-west  Terr.,  returning  Dec.  9,  1848, 
with  a  large  collection  of  sketches,  from  which 
he  made  a  scries  of  oil  paintings  of  great  mer- 
it. In  1859  he  pub.  in  Lond.  "  VVanderings 
of  an  Artist."  —  Morgan. 

Kapp,  Frederick,  b.  Germany,  exiled  for 
political  reasons  in  1850.  Resided  many  years 
in  N.Y.  City;  returned  home  in  May,  1870. 
App.  Hon.  Doctor  of  Sciences  in  the  U.  of 
Bonn,  1870.  Author  of  "  Life  of  Baron  Steu- 
ben," N.Y.,  12mo,  1859;  "Life  of  Baron  de 
Kalb,"  1862,  &c. 

Kautz,  August  V.,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  nearPotzheim,  Baden,  Jan.  5,  1828. 
West  Point,  1852.  His  parents  emigrated  to 
the  U.S.  in  1828,  and  in  1844  settled  near  Rip- 
ley, O.  Private  in  the  1st  Ohio  Vols,  in  the 
Mexican  war ;  and  at  the  capture  of  Monterey. 
Entering  the  4th  U.S.  Inf.,  he  was  wounded 
bv  the  Indians  in  an  action  on  White  River, 
Wash.  Terr.,  1  Mar.  1856.  Capt.  6th  Cav. 
May  14, 1861 ;  com.  his  rcgt.  during  the  Penin- 
sular campaign  ;  col.  2d  Ohio  Cav.  Sept.  10, 
1862  ;  com.  a  cavalry  brigade  in  Ky.  in  1863  ; 
and  at  the  capture  of  Moniicello,  Ky.,  1  May, 
1863,  and  brev.  maj.  9  June,  1863,  for  action 
there  ;  was  in  pursuit  and  at  capture  of  John 
Morgan  in  July,  1863;  chief  of  cav  23d  corps 
in  Burnside's  campaign  in  E.  Tenn.  and  siege 
of  Knoxville;  brig.-gen.  7  May,  1864;  and 
served  in  the  Armies  of  the  James  and  of  the 
Potomac;  brev.  maj.-gen.  Oct.  28,  1864  en- 
gaged in  cutting  the  Petersb.  and  Weldon  Rail- 
road, the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railroad,  and 
Petersburg  and  Lynchb.  Railroad,  and  the  ac- 
tions at  Roanoke  Bridge  and  Reams's  Station, 
and  at  Darbytown  ;  relieved  from  the  cav.  div. 
and  assigned  to  1st  div.  20th  corps.  Mar.  1865; 
mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866.  Afterward  act- 
ing judge  adv.  of  the  milit.  div.  of  the  Gulf; 
brev.  licut.-col.  for  attack  on  Petersburg,  9 
June,  1864  ;  col.  for  Darbytown,  7  Oct.  1864  ; 


brev.  maj.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865,  for  merit,  services 
during  the  Rebellion;  lieut.-col.  15th  Inf.  28 
July,  1866.  Author  of  "  Company  Clerk," 
"  Customs  of  the  Service,"  for  com.  and  for 
non-com.  officers.  —  Cullum. 

Kavanagh,  Edward,  statesman,  b.  Apr. 
27,  1795;  d.  Newcastle,  Me.,  Jan.  20,  1844. 
A  lawyer.  Member  of  the  Me.  legisl.  1826- 
8,  1842-3;  sec.  of  State  senate  1830;  M.C. 
1831-5;  charge  d'affaires  to  Fortugal  1835-41; 
a  commiss.  for  settling  the  north-eastern  boun- 
dary in  1842;  acting  gov.  of  Me.  in  1843-4; 
and  for  a  short  time  pres.  of  the  State  senate. 
Xean,  John,  delegate  to  Congress  from 
S.C.  1785-7  ;  commiss.  to  settle  accounts  be- 
tween the  U.S.  and  individual  States,  and 
cashierof  the  U.S.- Bank  ;  d.  Phila.  May,  1795. 
Eeane,  John,  lord,  a  British  gen.,  b. 
Belmont,  Ireland,  1781  ;  d.  Aug.  24,  1844.  He 
entered  the  army  in  1793;  served  in  Egypt  in 
the  campaign  of  Martinique  and  at  the  siege 
of  Fort  Desaix  ;  became  lieut.-col.  60th  Foot 
in  1812;  com.  a  brigade  in  the  Peninsular 
War ;  was  present  at  the  battles  of  Vittoria, 
the  Pyrenees,  Nivelle,  Orthes,  and  Toulouse ; 
attained  the  rank  of  maj.-gen.  in  1814  ;  and  was 
app.  to  the  com.  of  the  military  foi'ce  destined 
to  co-operate  with  Admiral  Cochrane  for  the 
attack  on  N.  Orleans.  When  Sir  E.  Paken- 
ham  arrived  as  the  gen.-in-chicf.  Sir  John  was 
app.  to  the  com.  of  the  third  brigade,  and  in 
an  assault  on  the  American  lines,  8  Jan.  1815, 
received  two  severe  wounds.  Com.-in-chicf  at 
Jamaica  from  1823  to  1830;  at  Bombay,  from 
1833  to  1839  ;  he  was  then  intrusted  with  the 
operations  in  Affghanistan,  of  which  the  cap- 
ture of  Ghuznee  was  his  crowning  achieve- 
ment. For  this  service  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  as  Baron  Kcane  in  Dec.  1839. 

Kearney  (kar-ni),  Lawrence,  commo. 
U.S.N.,  b.  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  Nov.  30,  1789  ; 
d.  there  Nov.  29,  1868.  Midshipm.  July  24, 
1807  ;  lieut.  Mar.  6, 1813  ;  com.  Mar.  3,  1825  ; 
capt.  Dec.  20,  1832;  commo.  1866.  He  was 
1st  lieut.  of  the  schooner  "  Enterprise,"  when 
she  was  wrecked  after  leaving  N.  Orleans  for  a 
cruise  in  1812.  His  services  on  the  coast  of 
S.C.  and  adjacent  States  during  the  war  were 
brilliant  and  valuable.  After  the  war,  as  com. 
of  "  The  Enterprise,"  he  performed  important 
services  in  ridding  the  W.  Indies  and  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  of  pirates  then  infesting  them;  cap- 
turing their  vessels,  and  destroying  their  strong- 
holds. In  com.  of  "  The  Warren,"  he  cruised 
in  the  Levant  in  1827  ;  and  such  was  his  energy 
and  activity,  that  the  Greek  pirates  infesting 
those  waters  were  driven  away,  their  ships  de- 
stroyed, and  their  nests  broken  up.  App.  to 
com.  the  E.I.  squad,  in  1841,  he  secured  from 
the  Chinese  authorities  the  recognition  of  our 
right  to  trade,  and  the  same  protection  and 
facilities  to  our  merchants  as  were  about  being 
granted  by  treaty  to  Great  Britain.  On  his 
return  home  from  China,  he  stopped  at  the 
Sandwich  Islands  in  June,  1843,  in  time  to 
protest  against  their  transfer  to  the  British 
crown,  without  reference  to  the  rights  or  in- 
terests of  the  U.S.  He  was  afterward  a  mem- 
ber of  the  lighthouse  board,  and  of  the  N.  J. 
board  of  pilot  commiss. 
Kearny,  Philip,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  b.  N.Y. 


KEA. 


502 


KEI 


City,  June  2,  1815  ;  killed  in  battle  near  Chan- 
tilly,  Va.,  Sept.  1,  1862.  Col.  Coll.  1833. 
His  great-grandfather,  a  native  of  Ireland,  set- 
tled in  Monmouth  Co.,  N.  J.,  in  1716.  Bro.  of 
Gen.  S.  VV.  Kearny.  His  mother  was  the  dau. 
of  the  philanthropist,  John  Watts,  founder  of 
the  Leako  and  Watts  Orphan  House.  He  stu- 
died law,  but  at  22  accepted  a  lieutenancy  in 
the  1st  Dragoons.  He  was  shortly  after  sent 
to  Europe  by  the  govt,  to  study  and  report 
upon  the  French  cavalry  tactics.  He  entered 
the  Polytechnic  School  at  Saumur;  fought  in 
the  ranks  of  the  chasseurs  d'Afriqae  as  a  vol. 
in  Algeria;  and  returned  home  in  1840,  with 
the  cross  of  the  legion  of  honor.  He  became 
1st  lieut.  July,  1839  ;  was  aide  to  Gen.  Scott 
from  Dec.  1841  to  Apr.  1844  ;  capt.  Dec.  1846 ; 
served  under  Gen.  Scott  through  the  Mexican 
campaign,  winning  the  highest  distinction  by 
his  bravery,  and  com.  his  regt.  in  the  Valley 
of  Mexico.  He  was  brev.  major  for  gallantry 
at  Contreras  and  Churubusco,  Aug.  20,  1847. 
In  the  attack  on  the  San  Antonio  Gate  of  the 
city  of  Mexico,  he  lobt  his  left  arm.  Ordered 
to  Cal.  ho  com.  an  cxped.  against  the  Indians 
of  the  Columbia  River ;  resigned  in  Oct.  1851, 
and  went  to  Europe,  where  he  pursued  his 
military  studies.  During  the  Italian  war  of 
1859,  he  served  as  vol.  aide  on  the  staff  of  the 
French  gen.  Maurice ;  was  present  at  Magenta 
and  SoUcrino,  and  received  from  the  emperor  a 
second  decoration  of  the  legion  of  honor.  When 
our  civil  war  broke  out,  heleftParis;  hastened 
to  Washington  ;  was  made  brig.-gen.  of  vols, 
just  after  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  dating  from 
May  17;  and  com.  a  brigade  of  N.  Jersey  troops 
in  Franklin's  division.  He  was  soon  after  pro- 
moted toa  division  in  Gen.  Hcintzelman'sarmy 
corps,  with  which  he  served  through  the  Pe- 
ninsular campaign  with  disting.  valor ;  at  Wil- 
liamsburg ho  won  the  day,  and  at  Fair  Oaks 
brought  off  his  division  in  safety.  During  the 
7-days'  battles,  he  was  ordered  to  leave  his  sick 
and  wounded.  He  nevertheless  brought  off 
every  man  of  them,  and,  covering  the  rear, 
fought  his  way  through  what  he  considered  an 
ill-judged  movement.  Made  maj  -gen.  of  vols. 
July  4,  1862.  His  division  was  one  of  the  first 
to  re-enforce  Gen.  Pope,  and  was  almost  con- 
stantly engaged  in  the  battles  between  the 
Rappahannock  and  Washington  from  Aug.  25 
to  Sept.  1.  As  a  disciplinarian,  he  excelled  ; 
and  his  troops  were  enthusiastic  in  their  ad- 
miration of  his  bravery  and  military  ability. 

Kearny,  Stkphen  Watts,  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Newark,  N. J.,  Aug.  30,  1794;  d.  St. 
Louis,  Oct.  31, 1848.  Son  of  Col.  Philip  Kear- 
ny, bro.  of  the  preceding.  Quitting  his  stu- 
dies at  Col.  Coll.,  he  entered  the  army.  Mar.  12, 
1812,  as  lieut.  13th  Inf. ;  disting.  himself  in  the 
action  at  Queenstown  Heights,  Oct.  13,  1812  ; 
was  made  capt.  in  April,  1813  ;  maj*ir  3d  Inf. 
May  1,  1829;  lieut.-col.  1st  Drags.  March  4, 
1833;  col.  July  4,  1836;  brig.-gen.  June  30, 
1846.  At  the  commencement  of  the  Mexican 
war  he  com.  the  Army  of  the  West,  which 
marched  to  Cal.,  conquering  New  Mexico  on 
its  way.  Having  established  a  provisional  govt, 
at  Santa  Fe,  he  proceeded  to  Cal.,  and  fought 
the  battle  of  San  Pascual,  Dec.  6,  where  he  was 
twice  wounded.  He  subsequently  com.  the  sail- 


ors and  marines,  and  a  detachment  of  dragoons, 
in  the  battles  of  San  Gabriel  and  the  Plains  of 
Mesa,  Jan.  8  and  9,  1847.  He  was  gov.  of  Cal. 
from  March  to  June,  1847,  afterward  joined 
the  army  in  Mexico ;  was  military  and  civil  gov. 
of  Vera  Cruz  in  March,  1848,  and  of  the  city  of 
Mexico  in  May,  1848.  He  was  brev.  maj.-gcn. 
for  his  services  in  New  Mexico  and  Cal.  in  Aug. 
1848.  Author  of  a  "  Manual  for  the  Exercise 
and  Manoeuvring  of  U.S.  Dragoons,"  Wash- 
ington, 1837  ;  and  "Organic  Law,"  and  "  Laws 
for  the  Govt,  of  the  Terr,  of  New  Mexico/'  at 
Santa  Fe',  Sept.  22,  1846. 

Keating,  William  H.,  prof  of  mineralogy 
and  chemistry  in  the  U.  of  Pa. ;  was  Geologist 
and  historiographer  to  Maj.  Long's  second  cx- 
ped. Author  of  "  Narrative  of  an  Expedition  to 
the  Source  of  St.  Peter's  River,  &c.,  in  1823," 
Phila.  1824,  2  vols.  8vo. 

Keayne,  Capt.  Robert,  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  Ms.;  came  over  in  1635  ;  d.  Boston,  Mar. 
23, 1656,  a.  61.  A  merchant-tailor  by  trade.  He 
had  considerable  estate ;  encouraged  and  aided 
the  plantation  at  Plymouth  in  1624.  Had  be- 
longed to  the  Hon.  Art.  Co  in  London  ;  and  in 
1638  he  was  the  principal  in  getting  up,  and 
was  first  commander  of,  the  Ancient  and  Hon. 
Artillery  Co.,  an  organization  which  still  sur- 
vives. He  was  a  liberal  donor  to  Harv.  Coll. 
He  was  frequently  a  representative  between 
1638  and  1649.  He  left  a  legacy  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  free  school  in  Boston,  which  was 
probably  the  foundation  of  the  Latin  Gram- 
mar School  in  Boston. — See  his  Wiil  in  Gen- 
eal.  Rerj.  vol.  vi. 

Keene,  Laura,  actress,  b.  Eng.  1830.  She 
first  played  at  Mad.  Vestris's  theatre,  the  Lyce- 
um, Lond. ;  in  Oct.  1851,  made  her  dSut  at' the 
Olympic,  as  Pauline  in  the  "Lady  of  Lyons ;  *■* 
and  in  1852  came  to  the  U.S.,  playing  at  Wal- 
lack's,  Sept.  20.  In  Nov.  1855,  she  opened  the 
Varieties,  and  Nov.  18,  1856,  a  new  theatre, 
known  as  the  Olympic,  of  which  she  continued 
lessee  and  manageress  until  1863.  Oct.  18, 
1858,  she  produced  "  Our  American  Cousin," 
which  had  an  immense  run.  "  The  Seven  Sis- 
ters," brought,  out  by  her  Nov.  26,  1860,  ran 
169  nights.  In  1868  she  visited  Eng.,  and  ha? 
since  managed  a  travelling  dramatic  company. 
—  Brown's  Ainer,  Stage. 

Keep,  Rev.  John,  Cong,  clergyman,  b. 
Longmeadow,  Ms.,  20  Apr.  1781  ;  d.  Oi^erlin, 
0.,11  Feb.  1870.  Y.C.  1802.  Pastor  at  Bland- 
ford,  Ms.,  11  June,  1805-Mav,  1821  ;  at  Ho- 
mer, N.Y.,  1821-33;  and  in  1834  at  Ohio  City. 
Matle  a  trustee  of  Oberlin  Coll.  in  1 834,  he  gav^ 
the  casting  vote  admitting  colored  pupils  to 
that  institution.  He  afterwards  raised  $30,000 
in  Eng.  for  this  coll  ,  and  aided  in  raising  for  if 
an  endovymcnt  of  §100,000.  He  was  the  last  sur- 
vivor of  those  ministers  who  in  1810  organized 
the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 

Keim,  Gen.  William  High,  b.  Reading^ 
Pa.,  June  25,  1813;  d.  llarrisburg.  May  18^ 
1862.  Educated  at  Mt.  Airy  Milit.  Acad.  Hard- 
ware merchant.  Several  years  a  militia  gen.; 
surveyor  of  the  State  1859 ;  M.C  1858-9  ;  maj.- 
gcn.  Patterson's  division  on  the  Upper  Poto- 
mac; made  brig. -gen.  U.S.  Vols.  1861;  com.  a 
brigade  in  McClellan's  army. 

Keimer,  Samuel,  originally  one  of  thp 


KEI 


503 


KKH, 


French  Prophets,  subsequently  a  printer  at 
Phila.,  and  liie  employer  and  friend  of  Frank- 
lin. Author  of  '*  A  Brand  Plucked  out  of  the 
Burning,"  case  of  Samuel  Keiraer,  Lond.,  12mo, 
1718.  —  See  Franklin  s  Aulob.,  AUibone. 

Keith,  Geouge,  Quaker,  b.  Aberdeen,  Scot- 
land; d.  rector  of  Edburton,  Sussex,  Eng.,  ab. 
1710.  He  was  well  educated,  and  came  to  East 
Jersey,  where  he  was  surveyor-gen.,  in  1682.  In 
1689  lie  taught  a  school  in  Phila.  After  writing 
in  hivor  of  Quakerism,  defending  it  against  tlie 
Mathers,  and  visiting  N.  Eng.  in  its  interest, 
on  his  return  in  1691  he  established  a  sect  of 
his  own ;  his  followers  calling  tiiemselves  Chris- 
tian Quakers.  He  at  length  deserted  the  so- 
ciety, othciated  as  an  Epis,  missionary  one  year 
in  JN'.Y.  and  Boston,  and  ab.  1706  repaired  to 
Eng.  lie  had  learning,  talent,  acuteness,  and 
logical  skill,  but  was  irritable,  overbearing,  and 
virulent.  He  wrote  much  on  the  subject  of 
Quakerism,  both  pro  and  con  ;  also  Travels, 
1699;  "Journal  of  Travels  from  New  Hamp- 
shire to  CaraLuck,"  1706;  "New  Theory  of 
the  Longitude,"  1709.  —  See  SeweWs  llist.of 
the  Quakers  ;  Proud  a  Fenn;  IVhaiion's  Notes  in 
Memoirs  Hist.  Soc.  of  Fa.,  vol.  i. 

Keith,  Isaac  Stockton,  D.D.  (Phil.  Coll. 
179ij,  minister  of  Cliarleston,  S.C.,  from  1788 
to  his  d.,  Dec.  14,  1813;  b.  Bucks  Co.,  Pa., 
Jan.  20,  1755.  N.  J.  Coll.  1775.  Minister  of 
Alexandria  1778-88.  He  left  $5,000  to  his 
church,  and  $2,500  to  the  Gen.  Assembly.  A 
coil,  of  his  sermons,  addresses,  &c.,  with  a  Me- 
moir by  Dr.  Flinn,  was  pub.  1816. 

Keith,  Keuel,  D.D.,  Pr.-Ep.  clergyman, 
b.  Pittstord,  Vt.,  179;3;  d.  Sheldon,  Vt.,  Sept. 
3,  1842.  Midd.  Coil.  1814.  He  was  for  several 
years  rector  of  a  cliurch  in  Georgetown,  D.C., 
where  he  acquired  a  high  reputation.  He  was 
in  1822-6  prof,  of  humanity  and  history  in 
Wm.  and  M.  Coll. ;  and  afterwards  of  pulpit 
eloquence  and  pastoral  duty  in  tlie  Theol.  Sem. 
of  iiie  Ep.  Church  in  Va.  Among  his  publica- 
tions was  a  translation  of  "  Heugstenberg's 
Christology,"  and  a  "  Commentary  on  the 
Predictions  of  the  Messiah,"  3  vols.  8vo,  1836. 

Keich,  Sir  William,  gov.  of  Pa.  1717- 
26;  d.  Lug.  in  poverty,  Nov.  17,  1749,  a.  near 
80.  He  had  been  surveyor-gen.  of  customs 
in  America.  He  was  a  "  desperate  intriguer," 
always  courting  the  favor  of  the  people,  and 
making  delusive  promises  to  individuals,  sink- 
ing at  length  into  contempt.  He  pub.  "The 
Plistory  of  the  British  Plantations  in  Ameri- 
ca, Part  1.,  containing  the  History  of  Va.,"4to, 
1738  ;  "  Collection  of  Papers  and  Tracts,"  1 749, 
containing  an  Essay  on  Public  Spirit,  Dis- 
course on  the  Present  State  of  the  Plantations 
in  Brit.  Amer.,  &c.  —  See  FranLliu's  Autobiog. 

Keitt,  Lawrence  M.,  Deinoc.  politician, 
b.  Orangeburg Dist.,  S.C.Oct.  4, 1824;  d.  Rich- 
mond, June  2,  1864,  of  wounds  received  in  the 
battle  of  the  preceding  day.  S.C.  Coll,  1843. 
Adm.  to  practise  law  in  1845;  member  State 
legisl.  1848;  M.C.  1853-61.  Member  Confcd. 
Congress;  col.  20th  S.C,  rcgt.;  one  of  the  first  in 
the  Confed.  service  ;  afterward  a  brig.-gen.  Ho 
aided  Brooks  in  his  attack  on  Senator  Sumner 
in  1856. 

KeUey,  William  Darrah,  lawyer  and 
politician,  b.  Phila.  12  Apr.  1814.     Grandson 


of  Mnjor  John,  a  Revol.  officer  of  Salem  Co., 
N.J.  Losing  his  father  at  an  early  age,  he 
learned  the  jewelry  business,  which  he  fol- 
lowed in  Boston  in  1835-9,  at  the  same  time 
acquiring  reputation  as  a  writer  and  speaker. 
Returning  to  Phila.  he  was  adm.  to  the  bar  17 
Apr.  1841  ;  became  conspicuous  in  the  Democ, 
party;  was  atty.-gen.  in  1845-6  ;  judge  C.C.P. 
1846-56;  and 'M.C.  since  1861.  Joined  the 
Repub.  party  in  1854,  when  he  made  his  first 
great  Repub.  address  on  "  Slavery  in  the 
Territories."  Author  of  many  remarkable 
speeches  and  addresses,  taking  high  rank  as  a 
political  orator. 

Kellogg,  Clara  Louise,  vocalist,  b.  Sum- 
ter, S.C,  1842,  of  New-England  parents.  Her 
early  years  were  passed  in  Ct.  In  1858  she 
resided  in  N.Y.  City,  where  her  mother  was  a 
clairvoyant  doctor.  Failure  was  tlie  result  of 
her  first  attempt  on  the  stage;  but  by  ceaseless 
study  and  effort  she  developed  her  powers,  and 
on  her  re-appearance  was  tolerably  successful. 
She  made  her  d^but  at  last  in  "  Rigoletto,"  at 
the  Acad,  of  Music,  Feb.  27,  1861,  and  again 
failed.  Her  third  effort  was  a  success,  and 
since  that  time  her  progress  has  been  rapid. 
She  found  a  friend  in  H.  G,  Stebbins  of  New 
York,  who  charged  himself  with  tlie  care  and 
cost  of  her  musical  education.  Her  first  real 
triumph  was  at  N.Y.  in  1864,  as  Margheritain 
"  Faust,"  in  which  she  appeared  at  London, 
Nov,  2,  1867,  with  complete  success.  In 
"Linda  de  Charaounix  "  her  acting  and  sing- 
ing, especially  in  the  malediction  scene,  pro- 
duced great  applause.  She  has  also  won 
public  approbation  in  "Martha,"  "II  Bar- 
biere,"  "Don  Giovanni,"  "Lucia,"  "La  Tra- 
viata,"  and  many  other  leading  oj)eras. 

Kellogg,  Edward;  d,  Brooklyn,  N.Y,, 
Apr,  29,  1858,  a.  68.  Author  of  "  Labor  and 
other  Capital,"  8vo,  N.Y.,  1849. 

Kelly,  James  Madison,  lawyer,  b.  Wash- 
ington Co.,  Ga.,  Jan.  1795;  d.  Perry,  Ga,, 
Jan.  17,  1849.  In  early  life  he  was  in  trade; 
taught  school ;  and  was  a  justice  of  the  peace. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1837,  he  was  soon  after  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  ;  and  in  Jan.  1846, 
reporter  of  the  Sup.  Ct.  He  pub.  5  vols,  of 
Georgia  Reports,  —  Miller's  Bench  and  Bar 
of  Ga. 

KeUy,  John,  many  years  editor  of  the 
Exeter  News  Letter,  b.  Warner,  N.H.,  Mar.  7, 
1786;  d.  Exeter,  Nov.  3,  1860.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1804.  He  practised  law  in  Henniker  and 
Northwood ;  member  of  the  N.  H.  legisl.; 
clerk  of  the  house  in  1828  ;  removed  to  Exeter 
in  1831  ;  State  councillor  in  1846.  Disting. 
as  an  antiquarian.  —  Alumni  D.C. 

KeUy,  Jonathan  F.,  humorist,  knoVn  as 
"  Falconbridge,"  "  Jack  Humphries,"  and 
"Stampede,"  Author  of  "Memoirs  of  Fal- 
conbridge, a  Collection  of  Humorous  Scenes," 
Phila.  1856. 

Kelly,  Robert,  LL.D.  (Roch.  U.),  a  use- 
ful  citizen  of  New  York,  b.  1809;  d.  27  Apr. 
1856,  Col.  Coll.  1827.  He  acquired  wealth 
as  a  dry-goods  merchant,  and  retired  from 
business  in  1836.  A  good  classical  scholar,  he 
acquired  the  knowledge  of  8  languages.  Ap- 
plying himself  to  the  promotion  of  public  edu- 
cation and  the  amelioration  of  human  misery. 


KEM 


504 


KEN- 


he  was  pres.  of  the  Board  of  Education,  regent 
of  the  U.  of  N.Y.,  a  founder  of  the  N.Y.  Free 
Acad.,  and  pres.  of  the  trustees  of  the  House 
of  Refuge. 

Kemble,  Frances  Anne  (Mrs.  Butler), 
actress  and  authoress  (niece  of  the  celebrated 
Mrs.  Siddons),  b.  London,  1811.  Though  a 
member  of  the  most  celebrated  family  of  British 
actors,  she  manifested  no  predilection  for  the 
stage,  but  was  induced  by  the  embarrassed  cir- 
cumstances of  her  family  to  make  her  d^ut  at 
Covent  Garden,  then  under  the  management  of 
her  father  (Charles),  Oct.  10,  1829.  She 
played  Juliet  with  complete  success;  and  for  3 
years  performed  leading  parts  in  tragedy  and 
comedy  with  great  applause,  including  that  of 
Louise  de  Savoy  in  her  own  play  of  "  Francis 
First,"  written  when  she  was  17.  She  was  the 
original  representative  of  Julia  in  "  The 
Hunchback."  In  1832  she  accomp.  her  father 
to  the  U.  S.,  and  was  enthusiastically  received 
in  the  chief  cities.  In  1834  she  was  m.  to 
Pierce  Butler  of  Phila.  son  of  the  senator  of 
that  name,  and  retired  from  the  stage.  They 
separated,  from  incompatibility  of  tastes  and 
temperament,  in  184.5.  She  pub.  "A  Journal 
of  a  Residence  in  America,"  2  vols.  London, 
1835;  in  1837  a  drama,  "The  Star  of  Seville;" 
and  in  1844  a  coll.  of  her  poems,  a  portion  of 
which  only  had  previously  appeared.  In  1 846 
she  visited  Italy;  and  in  1847  pub.  an  account 
of  her  tour,  entitled  "  A  Year  of  Consolation." 
In  the  winter  of  1848-9  she  commenced  in 
Boston  a  series  of  Shakspearian  readings, 
which  drew  crowded  audiences,  and  during  the 
next  two  years  repeated  the  course  in  some  of 
the  principal  American  cities.  In  1851  she 
returned  to  England ;  re-appeared  for  a  brief 
period  on  the  stage;  and,  alter  giving  readings 
in  London  and  other  cities,  made  another  long 
Continental  tour.  In  1856  she  returned  to  the 
U.S.,  and  continued  to  give  readings  till  Feb. 
1860,  when  she  took  her  farewell  of  the  public 
at  Boston.  She  again  read  in  New  York  in 
Mar.  1868.  In  1863  she  pub.  "Journal  of  a 
Residence  on  a  Georgia  Plantation."  In  1863 
she  pub.  in  London  a  volume  containing  "An 
English  Tragedy,"  by  herself,  and  some  trans- 
lations. During  the  civil  war  she  resided  in 
England. 

Kemp,  James,  D.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1802), 
Prot.-Ep.  bishop  of  Md.,  b.  Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland,  in  1764  ;  d.  Baltimore,  Oct.  28, 1827. 
Mareschal  Coll.,  Aberdeen,  1786.  He  attended 
the  divinity  lectures  of  the  celebrated  Dr. 
Campbell.  In  Apr.  1787  he  embarked  for  the 
U.S. ;  was  two  years  a  private  tutor  in  Dor- 
chester Co.,  Md.,  and  was,  Dec.  26,  1789,  adm. 
to  orders.  In  1790  he  became  rector  in  the 
Great  Choptauk  Parish;  in  1813  assoc.  rector 
of  St.  Paul's,  Baltimore  ;  was  consec.  suffragan, 
Sept.  1,  1814;  and  in  1816,  upon  the  death  of 
Bishop  Claggct,  succeeded  him  as  diocesan. 
Provost  of  theU.  of  Md.  1816-27.  His  death 
was  occasioned  by  the  upsetting  of  a  stage- 
coach. 

£emp,  John,  LL.D.,  prof,  of  mathem.  in 
Col.  Coll.,  b.  Aohlossan,  Scotland,  Apr.  10, 
1763;  d.  Nov.  15,  1812.  Mar.  Coll.  Aberd. 
1781.  He  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Roy. 
Society  of  Edinb.  before  he  was  21  ;  came  to 


Va.  soon  after;  and,  removing  to  N.Y.,  was  in 
1785  app.  teacher  of  math.  The  next  year  he 
was  app.  prof.,  and  in  1795  assumed  the  chair 
of  geography,  history,  and  chronology. 

Kemper,  Jackson,  D.D.,  LL.D.  (U.  of 
Camb.),  first  miss,  bishop  of  the  Prot.-Epis. 
Church,  b.  Pleasant  Valley,  Dutchess  Co 
N.  Y.,  Dec.  24,1 789 ;  d.  Delafield,  Waukesha  Co., 
Wis.,  May  24, 1 870.  Col.  Coll.  1809.  Deacon 
1811 ;  priest  1812.  The  first  20  years  of  his 
ministerial  life  were  spent  in  Phila.  Sept.  25, 
1835,  while  rector  of  a  church  in  Norwalk,  Ct., 
he  was  consec.  missionary  bishop  of  Mo.  and 
Ind.,  and  was  afterward  transferred  to  Wis., 
Iowa,  Min.,  Kansas,  and  Nebraska.  Elected 
bishop  of  Wis.  1854.  He  had  an  immense  and 
thinly  settled  diocese  ;  and  his  long  and  frequent 
journeys  were  made  on  horseback,  or  in  an 
open  wagon.  In  1868  he  attended  the  General 
Council  of  Bishops  in  London. 

Kemper,  James,  pres.  of  Walnut  Hills 
Coll.,  Ohio;  d.  Aug.  29,  1834,  a.  80. 

Kemper,  James  Lawson,  maj.-gen. 
C.S.A.,  b.  Madison  Co.,  Va.,  1824.  Wash. 
Coll.,  Va.,  1844.  Lawyer;  10  years  member 
of  the  Va.  legisl. ;  2  years  speaker;  col.  7  th 
Va.  regt.  2  May,  1861  ;  brig.-gen.  May,  1862; 
maj.-gen.  June,  1864.  Fought  at  Bull  Run, 
Williamsburg,  Seven  Pines,  Second  Bull  Run, 
South  Mountain,  Fredericksburg  ;  desperately 
wounded  and  captured  at  Gettysburg,  and  dis- 
abled from  further  service. 

Kempt,  Sir  James,  gov.  of  Nova  Scotia, 
1820-8  ;  gov.  Canada  1828-30  ;  b.  Edinburgh 
1765;  d.  London,  Dec.  20, 1855.  Ensign  101st 
Foot  1783;  capt.  113th,  1794;  served  in  Ire- 
land and  Holland;  lieut.-col.  1799;  aide-de- 
camp, and  milit.  sec.  to  Sir  Ralph  Abercrom- 
bie  in  Egypt  in  1800;  served  through  the 
Peninsular  campaigns;  maj.-gen.  1812;  se- 
verely wounded  at  Waterloo ;  lieut.-gen.  May 
27,  1823;  gen.  1841. 

Kendall,  Amos,  LL.D.  (Dartm.  Coll. 
1849),  politician  and  publicist,  b.  Dunstable, 
Ms.,  Aug.  16,  1789;  d.  Washington,  D.C., 
Nov.  12,  1869.  Dartm.  Coll.  1811.  Until  the 
age  of  16  he  worked  on  his  father's  farm. 
Adm.  to  the  bar;  and  in  the  spring  of  1814 
emig.  to  Lexington,  Ky.  Here  he  resorted  a 
while  to  teaching;  and  was  for  some  months 
a  tutor  in  the  family  of  Henry  Clay.  Subse- 
quently establishing  himself  in  practice  at 
Georgetown,  he  was  app.  postmaster,  and  edited 
the  Aiyus,  apolitical  newspaper,  a!)ly  advocat- 
ing the  leading  measures  of  the  Democ.  party. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  earliest  friends  of  com- 
mon schools  in  Ky.,  and  succeeded  in  procuring 
the  passing  of  an  act  to  district  the  State  and 
to  provide  a  school-fund.  He  was  a  firm  sup- 
porter of  Gen.  Jackson,  who  in  1829  app.  him 
4th  auditor  of  the  treasury.  In  May,  1835,  he 
was  made  postmaster-gen.,  and  re-organized 
the  dept.,  freeing  it  from  the  debt  with  which  it 
had  been  embarrassed.  He  retired  in  June, 
1840,  and  afterward  devoted  himself  chiefly  to 
his  profession.  In  1845  he  undertook  the  en- 
tire management  of  Prof.  Morse's  interest  in  the 
Electro-Magnetic  Telegraph.  He  founded  and 
was  first  pres.  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum 
in  Washington,  D.C.,  and  was  a  liberal  benefac- 
tor of  the  Baptist  Church  there.    For  some 


KEN- 


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years  he  was  pres.  of  the  Trustees  of  Col. 
Coll.,  D.C.,  in  which  he  had  endowed  several 
scholarships.  He  left  in  MS.  a  history  of  his 
"  Life  and  Times."  Author  of  a  "  Life  of 
Andrew  Jackson,"  begun  in  1843,  but  not  com- 
pleted. —  See  Democ.  Rev.  i.  403. 

Kendall,  George  Wilkins,  journalist 
and  author,  b.  Amherst,  N.H.,  1807  ;  d.  Post 
Oak  Spriu":,  near  Bowie,  Texas,  Ot-t.  21, 1867. 
A  printer  oy  trade.  He  travelled  extensively 
through  the  Southern  and  Western  States, 
working  at  his  trade  as  a  journeyman.  He 
went  from  N.Y.  to  N.  Orleans  in  1835,  and  es- 
tablished there,  Jan.  27,  1837,  in  partnership 
with  F.  A.  Lumsden,  the  Picai/une,  a  daily 
newspaper,  which  became  a  leading  Southern 
journal.  He  joined  the  Santa  Fe  exped.  in 
1841,  of  which  he  pub.  an  account,  embracing 
his  own  captivity  and  sufferings  in  Mexico,  en- 
titled "  Narrative  of  the  Texan  Santa  Fe'  Ex- 
pedition," 2  vols.  1844.  Accompanying  the 
forces  under  Taylor  and  Scott,  he  witnessed 
the  chief  conflicts  of  the  Mexican  war.  By 
means  of  pony  expresses  and  steamers,  he  sup- 
plied his  newspaper  regularly  with  the  earliest 
and  fullest  intelligence  of  the  movements  and 
battles  of  the  contending  armies,  even  sup- 
plying govt,  with  advices  in  advance  of  its 
official  despatches.  On  one  of  these  occasions 
he  chartered  a  steamer  at  an  expense  of  $5,000. 
He  afterward  passed  two  years  in  Europe,  super- 
intending the  pub.  of  a  costly  illustrated  work 
on  the  war,  which  appeared  in  1851  in  a  folio 
vol.  In  1862  he  established  a  large  grazing 
farm  near  New  Braunfels,  in  Comal  Co.,  Cen- 
tral Texas,  where  he  resided,  after  retiring  from 
the  management  of  the  Picayune. — N.  Y. 
Internat.  Maq.  iii.  145. 

Kendal,  Samuel,  D.D.  (Y.C.  1806),  min- 
ister of  Weston,  Ms.,  from  Nov.  5,  1785,  to  his 
death,  Feb.  16,  1814;  b.  Sherburne,  Ms.,  July 
11,  17.53.  H.U.  1782.  His  ancestor  Francis 
lived  in  Woburn,  in  1647.  A  vol.  of  his  ser- 
mons was  pub.  after  his  death.  —  Col.  Cent. 
Feb.  26,  1814. 

Kendrick,  Asahel  Clark,  D.D.  (Un. 
Coll.  1848),  a  Baptist  clergyman,  and  Greek 
Scholar,  b.  Foultney,  Vt.,  Dec.  7,  1809.  Ham. 
Coll.  1831.  He  taught  two  years  in  the  acad. 
at  Hamilton,  N.Y. ;  in  1831  was  tutor  in  the 
literary  and  theol.  inst.  there;  and  in  1832  was 
made  prof,  of  Greek  and  Latin.  He  remained 
prof,  of  Greek  till  1850,  when,  on  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  U.  of  Rochester,  he  was  called 
to  the  Greek  professorship,  where  he  still  re- 
mains. In  1852-4  he  visited  Europe.  Besides 
numerous  contribs.  to  magazines  and  reviews, 
he  has  pub.  sermons;  memoirs;  a  vol. of  poems 
entitled  "Echoes,"  translated  from  the  Ger- 
man ;  and  several  Greek  text-books;  a  Memoir 
of  Mrs.  E.  C.  Judson,  1860,  Life  of  Rev.  L. 
W.  Peck;  and  has  revised  Olshausen's  "Com- 
mentary on  the  New  Testament." 

Kendrick,  John,  navigaior,  b.  Boston  ; 
killed  in  the  roadstead  of  Hawaii  in  1800.  A 
resident  of  Wareham,  Ms.,  com.  a  privateer 
during  the  llevol.  war,  was  of  an  adventurous 
spirit,  and  was  one  of  the  first  of  Amer.  seamen 
to  undertake  useful  voyages  of  discovery.  In 
Aug.  1 787,  commanding  "  The  Columbia  "  and 
the  sloop  "  Washington,"  fitted  out  by  Boston 


merchants,  he  explored  the  north-west  coast  of 
America  and  the  islands  of  the  Pacific.  Ex- 
changing ships  with  Capt.  Gray,  his  second  in 
com.,  the  latter,  in  a  subsequent  voyage,  discov- 
ered the  Columbia  River.  In  1791  Kendrick, 
in  company  with  Douglas,  in  the  brigs  "  Wash- 
ington "  and  "  Grace,"  made  another  voyage 
to  the  South  Seas.  He  visited  Oceanica  ;  ori- 
ginated, and  carried  on  a  successful  trade  in  san- 
dal-wood with  China  ;  and  was  in  the  harbor 
of  Hawaii,  when  an  English  capt.,  replying  to 
his  salute,  discharged  a  cannon  loaded  with 
grape.  Kendrick  and  two  of  his  men  were 
killed. — Noav.  Biog.  Univ.;  Freeman's  Cape 
Cod,  ii.  732. 

Kendrick,  Nathaniel,  D.D.  (B.U.1823), 
Baptist  clergyman,  b.  Hanover,  N.H.,  Apr,  22, 
1777  ;  d.  Sept.  11,  1848.  Until  the  age  of  20, 
he  worked  on  his  father's  farm.  Licensed  to 
preach  in  1803,  he  labored  a  year  at  Bellingham, 
Ms.;  was  pastoratLsuisingburg, N.Y.,in  1805- 
10,  at  Middlebury,  Vt.,  in  1810-17,  when  he 
became  pastor  at  Eaton,  N.Y.  Prof,  of  theol- 
ogy and  moral  philosophy  in  the  institution 
(now  Madison  U.)  at  Hamilton,  from  1822  to 
his  death.  He  was  injured  by  a  fall  in  1845, 
and  suffered  greatly  till  he  d.  —  See  Memoir  by 
his  Son-in-Law,  Rev.  S.   \V.  Adams,  D.D. 

Kennedy,  Archibald,  succeeded  to  tho 
earldom  of  Cassalis  iu  1792  ;  d.  Dec.  29,  1794. 
Made  capt.  R.N.  Apr.  4,  1757;  receiver-gen. 
of  N.  Y.  Author  of  "  Importance  of  the 
Northern  Colonies,"  N.Y.,  8vo,  1749;  "Pres- 
ent State  of  the  Northern  Colonies,"  8vo,  1754. 
He  m.  Anne,  dau.  of  John  Watts  of  N.Y.  In 
Dec.  1763  he  com.  "  The  Blonde,"  32,  and  af- 
terward "  The  Coventry,"  at  N.Y.  In  1760, 
as  capt.  of"  The  Flamborough,"  he  greatly  dis- 
ting.  himself  in  an  action  with  a  French  frigate 
of  superior  force. 

Kennedy,  Edmund  Pendleton,  capt. 
U.S.N.,  b.  Md.  1780;  d.  Norfolk,  Va.,  Mar. 
28,  1844.  Midshipm.  Nov.  22,  1805;  lieut. 
June  9,  1810  ;  master-com.  Mar.  5,  1817  ;  capt. 
Apr.  24,  1828. 

Kennedy,  John  Pendleton,  LL.D. 
(H.  U.  1863),  author  and  politician,  b.  Balti- 
more, 25  Oct.  1795;  d.  Newport,  R.I.,  18  Aug. 
1870.  Bait.  Coll.  1812.  In  1814  he  was  a  vol. 
in  the  battles  of  Bladenshurg  and  NorthPoint; 
practised  law  in  Baltimore  from  1816  to  1838; 
was  M.C.  in  1837-9  and  1841-5,  and  a  promi- 
nent leader  in  the  Whig  party;  member  of  the 
Md.  house  of  delegates  in  1820  and  1822,  and 
speaker  in  1846  ;  and  was  sec.  U.  S.  navy  in 
1852.  In  1831  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  Con- 
vention of  Friends  of  the  Manuf.  Interest  held 
in  N.  York  ;  and  was  one  of  a  com.  to  draught 
an  address  advocating  a  protective  policy.  He 
commenced  his  literary  career  by  the  publica- 
tion, in  fortnightly  numbers,  of  the  "  Red  Book  " 
in  1818-19.  Among  his  various  speeches,  re- 
ports, addresses,  &c.,  are  "  A  Review  of  the 
Cambridge  Free-Trade  Report,  by  Mephis- 
tophiles,"  1830;  "  Report  on  U.  S.  Commerce 
and  Navigation,"  1842,  and  on  the  "  Ware- 
house System,"  1 843 ;  "Defence  of  the  Whigs," 
1844;  also  author  of  the  novels,  "Swallow 
Barn,"  1832  ;  "  Horse-Shoe  Robinson,"  1835  ; 
"  Rob  of  the  Bowl,"  1838,  and  "  Quod  Libet," 
1840;  of  "Memoirs  of  Wm.  Wirt,"  1849;  and 


KEN 


506 


KEN- 


many  hist,  and  liter;irv  essays,  reviews,  &c.  — 
See.  'Life  by  II.  T.  Tuckerman,  8vo,  1871. 

Kennedy,  William,  private  sec.  to  Earl 
Durham  in  Canada,  and  formerly  Brit,  consul 
at  Texas.  Author  of  "  Poems,"  and  of  "  The 
Rise,  Progress,  and  Prospects  of  tiie  Republic 
of  Texas,"  2  vols.  Svo,  1841  ;  also  "Texas, 
its  Gcog.,  Nat.  Hist.,  and  Topog.,"  Svo,  1844  ; 
"  Sec.Voy.  in  Search  of  Sir  J.  Franklin,"  1853. 
Kennon,  Beverly,  capt.  U.S.N.;  killed 
by  the  bursting  of  a  cannon  on  board  the 
steamer  "  Princeton,"  Feb.  28, 1844.  Midshipm. 
May  18,  1809  ;  lieut.  July  21,  1813  ;  com.  Apr. 
24,.  1828;  capt.  Feb.  19,  1837;  chief  of  the 
bureau  of  construction,  &c, 

Kenriek,  Francis  Patrick,  D.D.,  R.  C. 
archbp.  of  Baltimore,  b.  Dublin,  Dec.  3,  1797  ; 
d.  Baltimore,  July  8,  1863.  He  received  a  clas- 
sical education,  and  after  6  years  of  theol.  study 
at  Rome  in  1821  was  ord.  priest.  He  then  came 
to  the  U.S.,  and  conducted  for  9  years  an  eccle- 
siastical seni.  at  Bardstown,  Ky.  In  1828  he 
pub.  "  Letters  of  Omicron  to  Omega,"  in  reply 
to  Rev.  Dr.  Blackburn's  attack  on  the  Roman 
Cath.  doctrine  of  the  Eucharist.  June  6,  1830, 
he  wasconsec.  bishop  of  Arath,  and  co-adjutor 
to  Bishop  Conwell  of  Phila.,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  1842.  During  his  episcopate  in  1844  the  anti- 
Catholic  riots  occurred  in  Phila  ,  and  he  made 
every  effort  to  calm  the  agitation  of  both  par- 
ties. He  founded  the  Theol.  Sem.  of  St.  Charles 
Borromeo  in  Phila.  Aug.  19,  1851,  he  succeed- 
ed Ecclcston  as  archbishop  of  Baltimore.  The 
pope  named  iiim  "apostolic  delegate"  to  pre- 
side over  the  first  plenary  council  of  the  U.S., 
convened  at  Baltimore  in  May,  1852,  and  in 
1859  conferred  on  him  and  his  successors  the 
"primacy  of  honor  "  in  the  U.S.  In  1839-40 
he  pub.  "  Theoiogia  Dogniafica,"  4  vols.;  in 
1841-3  "Theoiogia  Morulis,"  3  xoh.;  in  1837 
a  scries  of  letters  "  on  the  Primacy  of  the  Ho- 
ly See,"  sul)sequently  enlarged,  and  reprinted 
as  "  The  Primacy  of  the  Apostolic  See  Vindi- 
cated," 1845  ;  "  Four  Sermons  preached  in  the 
Cathedral  at  Bardstown,"  1829;  "The  Cath. 
Doctrine  on  Justification  Explained  and  Vin- 
dicated," 1841 ;  "  Treatise  on  Baptism,"  1843; 
and  "  Vindication  of  the  Catholic  Church,"  in 
reply  to  Bishop  Hopkins's  "End  of  Contro- 
versy Controverted,"  1855.  The  article  "Ro- 
man Catholic  Church,"  in  Appleton's  Cyclo- 
paedia, was  from  his  pen.  He  was  latterly  en- 
gaged upon  a  revised  liinglish  translation  of 
the  Scriptures,  intended  to  supersede  the 
Douay  version  ;  and  had  already  pub.  the  New 
Testament  and  several  portions  of  the  Old. 

Kenriek,  Peter  Richard,  D.D.,  R.  C. 
archbishop  of  St.  Louis,  bro.  of  F.  P.,  b.  Dub- 
lin, 1806.  Educated  at  Maynooth,  where  he  was 
prefect.  Ord.  priest  in  Ireland,  and  came  to 
Phila.  while  his  bro.  was  co-adjutor.  Here  he 
had  charge  of  the  Catholic  Herald;  wrote  a 
number  of  translations  and  original  works ;  and 
was  made  vicar-gen.  Nov.  30,  1841,  he  was 
consec.  bishop  of  Drasa  and  co-adjutor  of  Bish- 
op Rosati  of  St.  Louis,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1 843.  In  1 847  he  became  the  first  archbishop  of 
that  city,  the  environs  of  which  he  has  adorned 
with  one  of  the  finest  cemeteries  in  the  world. 
He  has  pub,  "The  Holy  House  of  Loretto," 
"Anglican  Ordinations/'  and  some  translations. 


Kensett,  John  Frederick,  artist,  b. 
Cheshire,  Ct.,  Mar.  22,  1818.  He  studied  en- 
graving in  N.  York,  and  for  several  years  exe- 
cuted vignettes  for  bank-nott-s.  In  1840  he 
visited  Eng  ;  and  in  the  spring  of  1845  he  ex- 
hibited in  the  Roy.  Acad.  Lond.  his  first  pic- 
ture, a  "  View  of  Windsor  Castle."  He  next 
spent  two  winters  in  Rome.  His  "  View  on 
the  Arno"  and  "Shrine,"  exhibited  at  the 
Acad,  of  Design  in  N.  Y.  in  1848,  established 
his  reputation.  Since  his  return  in  1847  he 
ha^  resided  in  New  York,  in  the  pracli>e  of  his 
art.  Among  his  most  popular  works  are  "  View 
of  Mt.  Washington  from  N.Conway,"  1849; 
"Franconia  Mountains,"  1853;  "  October  Day 
in  the  White  Mountains,"  1855;  "Hudson 
River  from  Fort  Putnam,"  1856;  "Falls  of 
the  Bashpish;  "  "  Sunset  on  the  Coast,"  1858; 
"  Lake  George  ;  "  "  Ulswater ; "  "  Noon  on  the 
Sea-shore  ;  "  "  Adirondacks  ;  "  "  Niagara  ;  " 
"  Housatonic  Valley ;  "  "  Coast  Scenery  ;  " 
&c.  In  1859  he  was  app.  a  member  of  tiie  Na- 
tional Art  Commission,  having  the  direction  of 
the  ornamentation  of  the  Capitol  at  Washing- 
ton, and  the  superintendence  of  the  works  de- 
posited there.  In  1848  he  was  elected  an  asso- 
ciate, and  in  1849  a  member,  of  the  National 
Acad,  of  Design. 

Kent,  Edward,  LL.D.  (Wat.  Coll.  1855), 
jurist,  b.  Concord,  N.H.,  Jan.  8,  1802.  H.  U. 
1821.  He  studied  law;  attended  a  course  of 
law  lectures  by  Chancellor  Kent  in  N.Y.  City; 
settled  in  practice  at  Bangor,  Me.,  in  1825  ;  and 
at  once  took  high  rank  in  the  profession.  In 
1827  he  was  app.  chief  justice  of  the  Court  of 
Sessions  for  Penobscot  Co.;  and  from  1829  to 
1833  was  a  member  of  the  legist.  He  was  af- 
terward mayor  of  Bangor  2  years,  and  was  gov. 
in  1838  and  '40.  In  1843 'he  was  app.  by  the 
legisl.  one  of  the  commiss.  for  settling  the  Me. 
boundary-line  under  the  Ashburton  Treaty.  In 
1848  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  convention  which 
nominated  Gen.  Taylor,  upon  whose  accession 
to  the  presidency  Gov.  Kent  was  app.  consul  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro.  In  the  spiing  of  1854  he  re- 
turned to  Bangor,  and  resumed  practice.  In 
1859  he  was  app.  assoc.  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court. 

Kent,  James,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1797), 
jurist,  b.  Philippi,  Putnam  Co.,  N.Y.,  31  July, 
1763;  d.  N.Y.  City,  12  Dec.  1847.  Y.  C. 
1781.  Moss  Kent  (his  father)  was  surrogate 
of  Rensselaer  Co.  James  studied  law  with 
Egbert  Benson;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1787; 
began  practice  at  Poughkeepsie ;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legisl.  in  1790  and  '92;  and,  remov- 
ing to  New  York,  in  1793  became  prof,  of  law 
in  Col.  Coll.  Counselled  by  Hamilton,  he 
directed  his  attention  to  the  doctrines  of  the 
civil  law,  in  which  he  was  deeply  read.  App. 
master  in  chancery,  and  elected  to  the  legisl.  in 
1796;  city  recorder  in  1797  ;  judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  in  1798;  chief  justice  in  July, 
1804;  and  chancellor  from  Feb.  1814,  to  31 
July,  1823.  In  1822  he  represented  Albany- 
Co.  in  the  State  Const.  Conv.,  of  which  ho 
was  a  disting.  member.  App.  law  prof,  in  Col. 
Coll.  iri  1824,  his  lectures  delivered  there  form 
the  l)asis  of  his  celebrated  commentaries  on  the 
U.S.  Constitution,  pub.  in  4  vols.  1826-30.  He 
was  not  only  an  eminent  jurist,  but  was  one  of 


KKI^* 


607 


j$:e5t 


the  first  legal  writers  of  his  time.  In  1836  ho 
wrote  and  pub.,  at  the  request  of  the  common 
council  of  New  York,  a  compendious  treatise 
on  the  city  charter  and  the  powers  of  the 
municipal  officers.  The  latter  part  of  his  life 
was  passed  in  enlarging  and  correcting  his 
**  Commentaries,"  and  in  giving  opinions  on 
legal  sul)jects.  Made  pres,  of  the  N.Y.  Hist. 
Soc.  in  1828.  His  decisions  in  law  and  equity 
are  preserved  in  the  Reports  of  Caines  and 
Johnson.  His  son  William,  an  eminent  law- 
yer (1802-4  Jan.  1861),  was  some  years  judge 
of  the  N.Y.  Circuit  Court,  and  prof,  of  law  at 
H.U.  1846-7.  Moss  Kent,  his  bro.,  was  M.C. 
in  1813-17. 

Kent,  Joseph,  physician  and  statesman, 
b.  Calvert  Co.,  Md.,  Jan.  14,  1779;  d.  near 
Biadensburg,  Md.,  Nov.  24,  1837.  He  was 
educated  as  a  physician,  and  combined  the 
practice  of  his  profession  with  the  successful 
pursuit  of  agriculture,  first  in  Calvert  Co., 
and  after  1806  in  Prince  George  Co.  He  was 
an  M.C.  in  1811-15  and  in  1821-6;  gov.  of 
Md.  in  1826-9  ;  and  a  U.S.  senator  in  1833-7. 

Kenton,  Gen.  Simon,  Western  pioneer,  b. 
Fauquier  Co.,  Va.,  April  3,  17.55;  d.  Logan 
Co.,  0.,  April  29,  1836.  His  father  was  Irish, 
his  mother  Scotch.  At  the  age  of  16  he  had 
an  affray  with  a  successful  rival  in  love;  and, 
supposing  he  had  killed  him,  he  fled  to  the 
wilderness  west  of  the  Alleghanies,  where,  dur- 
ing the  conflicts  with  the  Indians  in  the  Revol. 
war,  he  performed  many  daring  feats,  and  was 
the  friend  and  companion  of  Boone.  He  was 
with  Major  Clarke  at  the  surprise  of  Kaskaskia 
in  1778;  was  soon  after  captured  by  the  In- 
dians, and  saved  from  death  at  their  hands  by 
the  renegade  Simon  Girty.  Escaping  from  the 
British  prison  at  Detroit  in  July,  1779,  he  dis- 
ting.  himself  during  the  invasion  of  Ky.  by  the 
British  and  Indians  in  that  year,  leading  an 
active  and  numerous  company  from  Harrod's 
Station,  who  drove  out  all  opposition.  After 
leading  a  successful  exped.  a<r»inst  the  maraud- 
ing Indians  on  the  Great  Miami,  he  in  July, 
1784,  settled  near  Maysville.  In  179-3-4  he 
was  major,  com.  a  batt.  of  Ky.  vols,  under  Gen. 
Wayne.  Beggared  by  lawsuits  from  a  defec- 
tive land-title,  and  from  losses,  in  1802  he  be- 
came landless ;  settled  on  Mud  River,  Ohio ;  be- 
came a  brig.-gen.  in  1805;  and  in  1813  served  un- 
der Shelby  in  the  battle  of  the  Thames.  In  1824 
he  appeared  in  Frankfort  in  tattered  garments 
to  petition  the  legisl.  of  Ky.  to  release  the  claim 
of  the  State  upon  some  land  owned  by  him. 
His  appearance  at  first  excited  ridicule ;  but,  on 
being  recognized,  he  was  treated  with  much  dis- 
tinction, and  his  lands  released.  Congress 
subsequently  gave  him  a  pension.  —  CoUins's 
Ky. 

Kenyon,  William  Asuuey,  a  native  of 
Hinghara,  Ms.,  who  taught  school  in  Illinois, 
and  travelled  widely  in  the  Mpi.  Valley.  Pub. 
in  Jan.  1845  "Miscellaneous  Poems,"'&c.,  the 
first  vol.  of  poems  printed  in  Illinois.  "  Several 
of  them  pleasantly  satirize  backwoods  customs, 
but  with  more  truth  than  poetry."  —  Poets  and 
P oe.tr ji  of  the   West. 

Ker,  John,  b.  Boston,  Ms.,  ab.  1785. 
Author  of  "  Travels  through  the  U.  S.  and 
Mexico  in  1808-16,"  8 vo,  Elizabcthtown,  N.  J., 


1816.  Removed  at  an  early  age  with  his  father 
to  London,  and  educated  at  Westminster 
School.  Ker  found  a  tribe  of  Indians  near  the 
Red  River,  from  whose  language  and  customs 
he  inferred  a  Welsh  origin,  and  whom  he  sup- 
posed descended  from  Madoc,  the  Welsh 
prince,  who  in  the  12th  century,  sailing  duo 
west  from  Wales,  discovered  an  unknown 
country,  and  who  never  returned  from  his  3d 
voyage. 

kerfoot,  John  Barrett,  D.  D.  (Col. 
Coll.  1850),  LL.D.  Rector  St.  James  Coll. 
Md.;  pres.  Trin.  Coll.  1864-5;  consec.  bishop 
of  Pittsburg,  Jan.  25,  1866. 

Kerlerec,  gov.  of  La.  Feb.  9,  1753,  to 
June,  1763,  when  he  returned  to  France,  and 
was  thrown  into  the  Bastile,  on  a  charge  of 
peculation.  He  was  a  capt.  in  the  French 
navy;  had  been  25  years  in  active  service;  was 
in  four  general  engagements ;  and  had  received 
several  wounds.  —  Gaijarr^. 

Kerney,  Martin  J.,  author  and  editor,  b. 
Frederick  Co.,  Md.,  1819  ;  d.  Baltimore,  Mar. 
16,  1861.  After  conducting  an  acad.  in  Bait., 
he  became  a  lawyer,  and  continued  in  practice 
till  his  death.  Member  of  the  legisl.  of  Md.  in 
1852.  He  edited  the  Metropolitan  Mar/azine  4 
years ;  compiled  the  Catholic  Almanac  for 
1860-1  ;  and  wrote  a  number  of  scliool-books, 
among  them  a  "  Compendium  of  History." 

Kershaw,  J.  B.,  maj.-gen.  Confcd.  army,  b. 
S.C.  Raised  the  2d  S.C.  regt.,  and  disting.  at 
Bull  Run.  Made  brig.-gen.  13  Feb.  1862; 
maj.-gen.  1864;  com.  a  brigade  in  McLaw's 
division,  and  engaged  in  the  Peninsular  battles 
with  McClellan  ;  at  the  second  Bull  Run,  An- 
tietam,  Fredericksburg,  and  Gettysburg;  com. 
a  brig,  of  Longstreet's  corps  at  Chickamauga; 
and  was  in  the  attack  on  Knoxville,  and  the 
battles  of  the  Wilderness ;  and  surrendered 
with  Lee  in  Apr.  1865,  having  com.  a  division 
in  the  corps  of  Longstreet  after  Knoxville. 

Kertk,  Admiral  Sir  David,  com.  of  a 
successful  exped.  against  Canada;  had  been 
a  master-mariner  at  Dieppe,  France,  but  en- 
tered the  English  naval  service  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  Placed  in  charge  of  a  formidable 
force,  and  accomp.  by  his  two  brothers,  he  ar- 
rived at  Tadoussac  in  midsummer,  1628,  and 
after  destroying  the  stores,  &c.,  sent  a  sum- 
mons to  Champlain  to  surrender,  which  was 
refused.  Kertk,  thinking  Quebec  strongly  for- 
tified, after  capturing  a  French  convoy  on  its 
way  to  Quebec,  went  home.  In  July,  1629,  he 
returned,  again  demanded  a  surrender ;  and 
Champlain,  being  weaker  than  ever,  capitulated. 
Kertk,  leaving  his  bro.  Lewis  in  com.  of  the 
city,  proceeded  to  Eng.,  taking  Champhdnand 
others  with'  him  as  prisoners  of  war.  He  after- 
ward captured  Cape  Breton,  which  was  re- 
captured by  Capt.  Daniel.  These  events  took 
place  two  months  after  peace  had  been  con- 
cluded between  France  and  England,  and  were 
not  recognized  by  either  nation.  As  late  as 
1645  he  was  on  the  coast  of  Newfoundland.  — 
Morgan. 

Ketchum,  William  Scott,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Norwalk,  Ct.,  July  7,  1813;  d. 
by  poison,  Bait.,  28  June,  1871.  West  Point, 
1834.  His  father.  Major  Daniel,  disting.  him- 
self at  the  battle  of  Niagara,  July  25,  1814;  d. 


KEX 


508 


KTD 


Jefferson  Barracks,  Aug.  30,  1828.  Wm.  S.  en- 
tered the  6th  Inf.,  was  made  1st  lieut.  25  Dec. 
1837;  assist,  quarterm.  (rank  of  capt.)  28  Feb. 
1839;  capt.  10  Feb.  1842;  major  (4th  Inf.)  5 
June,  1860;  lieut.-col.  (10th  Inf.)  Nov.  1, 1861 ; 
col.  (11th  Inf)  6  May,  1864.  He  served  in 
Florida  from  1838  to  1842  ;  joined  Gen.  Tay- 
lor at  Corpus  Christi,  Texas,  in  1845;  com. 
at  Fort  Laramie  from  Sept.  1850,  to  July,  1855; 
afterward  served  against  the  Indians  ;  was  on 
duty  in  Kansas  in  1857-8;  then  marched  with 
his  regiment  to  Utah,  and  thence  to  Cal.  He 
afterward  com.  various  posts  in  the  dcpt.  of  the 
Pacific.  Feb.  3,  1862,  he  was  made  brig.-gen. 
vols. ;  was  acting  insp.-gen.  in  the  West  1861- 
2;  and  13  Mar.  1865  was  brev.  brig.-gen.  for 
merit,  services  during  the  Rebellion,  and  maj.- 
gen.  for  merit,  services  in  the  war  dept. ;  re- 
tired July,  1870.  —  Cullum. 

Kettell,  Samuel,  editor,  b.  Newburyport, 
Aug.  5,  1800;  d.  Maiden,  Ms.,  Dec.  3,  1855. 
Engaging  early  in  literary  pursuits,  he  assisted 
Mr.  Goodrich  in  preparing  the  Peter  Parley 
books,  one  of  which  he  translated  into  modern 
Greek  while  on  a  voyage  to  Malta ;  and  it  was 
pub.  in  that  language.  He  also  pub.  a  coll.  of 
"  Specimens  of  American  Poetry,"  3  vols. 
12mo,  1829;  "  Personal  Narrative  of  the  First 
Voyage  of  Columbus,"  1827  ;  "  Records  of  the 
Span.  Inquisition,"  1828  ;  and  many  clever  pa- 
pers in  the  periodicals  of  the  day.  Was  an 
accomplished  linguist;  and,  self-taught,  mas- 
tered, as  is  said,  14  languages.  Having  been  a 
frequent  contrib.  to  the  Boston  Courier,  he  be- 
came principal  editor  on  the  retirement  of  Mr. 
Buckingham,  in  1848,  and  conducted  it  with 
vigor  and  ability  until  his  death.  Member  of 
the  legisl.  in  1851-3.  —  Boston  Courier,  Dec.  8, 
1855. 

Key,  Francis  Scott,  lawyer  and  poet,  b. 
Frederick  Co.,  Md.,  Aug.  1,  1779;  d.  Balti- 
more, Jan.  11,  1843.  Son  of  John  Ross  Key, 
Revol.  oflScer,  who  d.  Frederick  Co.,  Md.,  Oct. 
12,1821.  Educated  at  St.  John's  Coll.,  and 
studied  law  at  Annapolis,  in  the  office  of  his 
uncle  Philip  B.  Key.  In  1801  he  com- 
menced practice  at  Fredericktown,  but  in  a  few 
years  removed  to  Washington,  D.C.,  where  he 
was  dist.  atty.  The  "  Star-Spangled  Ban- 
ner," our  national  lyric,  was  suggested  and 
partially  written  while  the  author  was  de- 
tained in  the  British  fleet,  during  the  bombard- 
ment of  Ft.  McHenry,  near  Baltimore.  A 
posthumous  coll.  of  his  miscellaneous  poems  was 
pub.  N.Y.  1857. 

Keyes,  Erasmus  Darwin,  maj.-gen.  vols., 
b.  Sturbridge,  Ms.,  May  29,  1811.  West  Point, 
1832.  He  removed  to  Kennebec  Co.,  Me.,  in 
early  youth ;  entered  the  3d  Art.;  was  made  1st 
lieut.  in  1836  ;  assist,  adj.-gen.  (rank  of  capt.) 
inl838;  capt.  Nov.  1841  ;  and  instr.  of  art.  and 
cav.  at  the  Mi  lit.  Acad,  from  July,  1844,  to 
Dec.  1848.  Afterward  ordered  to  the  north- 
west, he  com.  a  batt.  of  art.,  and  was  highly 
disting.  in  the  operations  against  the  Indians 
of  Puget's  Sound  in  1856,  and  N.  of  Snake 
River,  Washington  Terr,  in  Sept.  1858;  maj. 
1st  Art.  12  Oct.  1858;  and  col.  11th  Inf.  14 
May,  1861.  At  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  he  com. 
the  1st  brig,  in  Tyler's  division;  brig.-gen.  of 
vols,  dating  from  May  17  ;  and  in  Feb.  1862 


took  com.  of  the  4th  corps  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac.  He  was  actively  engaged  in  the  bat- 
tles of  the  Peninsular  campaign  ;  and  for  gal 
lant  conduct  was  made  maj.-gen.  of  vols.  5 
May,  and  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.,  to  date  from 
May  31,  the  day  of  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks. 
He  was  afterward  stationed  with  a  division  at 
Yorktown,  Va. ;  was  engaged  in  an  exped.  to 
West  Point,  Va.,  7  May,  186-3,  and  under  Gen. 
Dix  towards  Richmond,  June-July,  1863;  re- 
signed 6  May,  1864.—  Cullum. 

Kidd,  William,  a  noted  pirate,  executed 
at  Lond.  24  May,  1701.  Son  of  John,  a  Scot- 
tish Nonconformist  minister,  who  suffered  tor- 
ture by  the  boot,  dying  14  Aug.  1679.  Wm. 
followed  the  sea  from  his  youth ;  and  ab.  1695 
was  known  as  one  of  the  boldest  and  most  suc- 
cessful shipmasters  that  sailed  from  N.Y.  In 
May,  1691,  the  N.Y.  council  awarded  him  £150 
for  service  to  the  Colony.  Receiving  from 
Wm.  III.  a  commiss.  as  capt.  of  "  The  Adven- 
ture," galley  of  30  guns,  for  the  suppression 
of  piracy,  he  sailed  from  Plymouth,  Eng.,  in 
Apr.  1696,  but,  turning  pirate  himself,  returned 
in  1698  with  a  large  booty  to  N.Y.  The  Earl 
of  Bel lomont  caused  him  to  be  arrested,  and  sent 
to  Eng.  for  trial.  The  charge  of  piracy  seems 
not  to  have  been  proved;  but,  on  the  charge  of 
having  killed  one  of  his  crew  named  Moore, 
he  was  convicted  after  a  grossly  unfair  trial,  and 
hanged.  —  See  Cotton  Mather's  Brief  Relation 
of  Patient  andJoi/ful  Sufferings ;  Hist.  Sketch  of 
liobin  Hood  and  Capt.  Kidd,  by  W.  W.  Camp- 
bell, 1853;  "/su//  Account  of  the  Proceedings  in 
Relation  to,"  Sj'c,  Lond.,  4to,    1701. 

Kidder,  Daniel  Parish,  D.  D.  (McK. 
Coll.  1851),  Meth.  minister  and  author,  b.  Da- 
rien,  Genesee  Co.,  N.Y.,  Oct.  18,  1815.  Wesl. 
U.  1836.  Entering  the  Genesee  conf.  he  was 
in  1837-40  missionary  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and 
travelled  through  Brazil,  from  San  Paulo  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Amazon ;  stationed  at  Pater- 
son,  N.  J.,  in  1841,  at  Trenton,  1843.  App.  in 
1844  editor  of  the  pubs,  of  the  M.  E.  Church, 
and  corresp.  sec.  of  the  S.  S.  Unron,  contin- 
uing 12  years;  travelled  in  Europe  in  1852- 
3;  prof,  of  theology  in  the  Garrett  Inst.,  Ev- 
anston.  111.,  1856-71.  Has  pub.  "  Mormon- 
ism  and  the  Mormons,"  1842  ;  "  Sketches 
of  Residence  and  Travel  in  Brazil,"  2  vols. 
1845;  "Brazil  and  the  Brazilians  "  (with  J. 
C.  Fletcher),  8vo,  1857;  and  edited  the  Sunday 
School  Advocate  and  some  800  Sunday-school 
books,  »S:c.  He  also  translated  from  the  Portu- 
guese a  tract  advocating  the  abolition  of  cler- 
ical celibacy,  by  Feijo,  18mo,  1844. 

Kidder,  Frederic,  historical  writer,  b. 
New  Ipswich,  N.H.,  16  Apr.  1804.  Educated 
at  an  acad.  in  N.  I.  At  17  he  entered  a  store  in 
Boston;  afterwardsspent  10  years  in  mercantile 
business  at  the  South,  and,  returning  to  Boston, 
established  himself  in  the  Southern  commiss. 
business.  He  resides  at  Melrose,  Ms.  Mem- 
ber of  the  N.  E.  H.  and  Geneal.  Soc,  to  whose 
Register  he  has  contrib.,  having  specially  studied 
the  hist,  and  language  of  the  N.E.  Indians.  Au- 
thor of  "The  Abenaki  Indians,"  &c.,  1859; 
"  Exped.  of  Capt.  Lovewell,"  1865  ;  "  Eastern 
Me.  and  Nova  Scotia  in  the  Revol.,"  1867; 
"  Hist.  1st  N.  H.  Regt.  in  the  Revol.,"  1868  ; 
"The  Boston  Massacre,"  &c.,  1870;  with  Dr. 


KXD 


509 


KIL 


A.  A.  Gould,  "  Hist,  of  New  Ipswich,  N.H.," 
1852.     Now  preparing  a  Hist,  of  Acadia. 

Kidney,  John  Steinfort,  Ep.  clergyman 
and  poet,  b.  Essex  Co.,  N.  J.,  1819,  where  his 
ancestors  had  lived  for  150  years.  He  was  ed- 
ucated partly  at  Un,  Coll.,  and  studied  law 
before  entering  the  Church  through  the  course 
of  instruction  of  the  Gen.  Theol.  Sem.  He 
has  officiated  in  N.C.,  in  Salem,  N.  J.,  and 
Saratoga  Springs,  N.Y.  His  "  Catawba  River 
and  other  Poems  "  was  pub.  in  1847.  —  Duyc- 
kinck. 

Kiernan,  Gen.  James  L.,  M.D.  (U.  of 
N.Y.),  physician  ;  d.  N.Y.,  Nov.  27,  1869,  a.  ab. 
33.  When  the  civil  war  began,  he  was  editor  of 
the  Medical  Press,  and  prof,  in  the  public  schools 
of  that  city.  Entering  the  service  as  a  surgeon, 
he  was  with  Fremont  in  Mo.,  and  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Pea  Ridge ;  and  was  surgeon  6th  Mo., 
Cav.  until  May,  1863,  when  he  i-esigned  on  ac- 
count of  wounds  received  near  Port  Gibson, 
where  he  was  captured,  but  soon  after  escaped. 
Brig.-gcn.  vols.  Aug.  3,  1863.  After  the  war, 
he  was  U.  S.  consul  at  Chin  Kiang. 

Kilbourne,  James,  a  pioneer  of  Ohio,  b. 
Farmington,  Ct.,  Oct.  19,  1770;  d.  Worthing- 
ton,  0.,  Apr.  9,  1850.  Thomas  Kilborne,  from 
whom  are  descended  all  bearing  the  name  in 
this  country,  emig.  from  Eng.  in  1635,  and 
settled  in  Wethersfield.  James  became  a  suc- 
cessful mechanic,  a  merchant,  and  finally  a 
manuf ;  was  always  ready  to  aid  in  establish- 
ing public  libraries,  literary  debating  societies, 
and  in  public  improvements;  and,  having  been 
adm.  in  1800  to  deacon's  orders,  occasionally 
officiated  as  a  clergyman.  In  1802  he  origi- 
nated and  organized  the  "  Scioto  Company," 
and  led  in  person  a  band  of  emigrants  to  Cen- 
tral Ohio.  He  named  their  settlement  Worth- 
ington,  and  lived  to  see  it  a  flourishing  com- 
munity. He  was  app.  col.  of  the  frontier  regt. ; 
was  M.C.  from  1813  to  1817  and  in  1839-41  ; 
was  often  a  member  of  the  State  legisl. ;  was 
U.S.  surv.  of  public- lands  for  the  N.W.  Terr. ; 
was  app.  by  Congress  commiss.  to  settle  the 
boundary-line  between  the  public  lands  and  the 
great  Va.  reservation ;  in  1806  was  one  of  the 
first  trustees  of  Ohio  Coll.  at  Athens  ;  in  1808 
was  app.  by  the  legisl.  one  of  the  3  commiss.  to 
locate  the  seat  of  the  Miami  U. ;  in  1812  was 
elected  pres.  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  Worth- 
ington  Coll.  He  was  the  first  to  propose  dona- 
tions of  lands  to  actual  settlers  in  the  N.  W. 
Terr.,  and,  as  chairman  of  a  select  committee, 
he  drew  up  and  presented  a  bill  for  that  pur- 
pose. James  his  son,  prof  in  the  Eel.  Med. 
Jnst.  of  Cincin.,  d.  there  30  May,  1845.  —  See 
Kilbourne  Family. 

Kilbourne,  John,  author  and  pub.,  b.  Ber- 
lin, Ct.,  Aug.  7,  1787  ;  d.  Columbus,  0.,  Mar. 
12,  1831.  Vt.  U.  1810.  He  was  some  years 
principal  of  Wortliington  Coll.,  Ohio;  but,  re- 
linquishing this  situation,  he  became  a  book- 
seller and  pub.  in  Columbus.  He  pub  a  Map 
of  Ohio;  a  vol.  entitled  "Public  Documents 
concerning  the  Ohio  Canals,"  Columbus,  8vo, 
1832  ;  a*"  School  Geography  ; "  and  a  "  Gazet- 
teer of  Ohio,"  1816,  which  in  1833  was 
amended,  enlarged,  and  republished. 

Kilbourne,  Payne  Kenyon,  writer,  b. 
Litchfield,  Ct.,  July  26, 1815;  d.  July  19,  1859. 


A  printer  by  trade.  He  assisted  in  the  publica- 
tion of  a  literary  paper  in  Hartford,  Ct.,  and 
subsequently  purchased  the  Litchfield  Inquirer, 
which  he  conducted  from  1845  to  1853.  In 
1843  he  pub.  "The  Skeptic  and  other  Poems;" 
in  1845  a  "  History  of  the  Kilbourn  Family  ;  " 
in  1851  a  "  Biog.  History  of  the  County  of 
Litchfield;"  and  in  1859  a  "History  of  Litch- 
field," which  was  not  only  written  but  put  in 
type  entirely  by  himself.  In  1857  he  was  pri- 
vate sec.  of  Gov.  Holley  of  Ct.  He  was  a  writer 
of  superior  abilities,  both  in  poetry  and  prose, 
and  an  enthusiastic  student  of  history.  —  N.  E. 
Hist,  and  Gen.  Reg.  xiii.  373. 

Kilby,  Thomas,  poet,  king's  commission- 
er at  Louisburg ;  d.  there  Aug.  23, 1 746.  H.  U. 
1 723.  He  was  Grand  Master  of  Masons,  as  well 
as  a  scholar  and  a  wit.  His  satire  upon  the 
Land  Bank,  though  of  a  local  character,  is  still 
read  with  pleasure. 

Killen,  William,  jurist,  b.  Ireland,  1722; 
d.  Dover,  Del.,  Oct.  3,  1805.  He  came  at  15 
to  America,  with  a  good  English  education; 
settled  in  the  family  of  Samuel,  father  of  John 
Dickinson,  and  studied  Greek  and  Latin,  soon 
attaining  proficiency.  He  was  some  years  Co. 
surveyor;  studied  law;  and  soon  had  extensive 
practice,  especially  in  land-suits.  For  niany 
years  he  was  a  representative  in  the  Del.  Assem- 
bly. He  took  an  active  part  in  the  Revol.  con- 
test ;  was  first  chief  justice  of  the  Sup.  Court  of 
Del.  from  1776  to  1793  ;  and  chancellor  of  the 
State  from  1793  till  1801.— iV.  Y.  Sped.  Oct. 
22,  1805. 

Kilner,  Thomas,  actor,  b.  Lancashire, 
Eng.,  1777  ;  d.  on  his  farm  near  Wilmington, 
Ind.,  Jan.  2,  1862.  An  actor  of  repute  in  the 
Prov.  circuits  of  Eng. ;  first  app.  at  the  Park, 
N.  Y.,  in  1815;  in  1821  became  a  lessee  of  the 
Federal-st.  theatre,  Boston,  where  (Sept.  28)  he 
first  app.  as  Sir  Anthony  Absolute.  He  became 
at  once  popular,  being  excellent  in  old  men. 
"  Old  Tom,"  as  he  was  always  called,  retired 
from  the  stage  in  1831.  — Brown's  Amer.  Stage. 

Kilpatrick,  Jddson,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  near  Dickertown,  N.J.,  14  Jan.  1836. 
West  Point,  1861.  Entering  the  1st  Art.,  he 
was  woundedat  Big  Bethel,  Va.,  10  June,  1861 ; 
lieut.-col.  and  aide-de-camp  29  Jan.  1862;  licut.- 
col.  2d  N.Y.  Cav.  25  Sept.  1861  ;  engaged  in 
various  skirmishes  in  Va.  and  in  battle  of  Ma- 
nassas 29-30  Aug.  1862  ;  col.  2d  N.Y.  Cav.  6 
Dec.  1862;  com.  cav.  brigade  in  "  Stoneman's 
Raid,"  Apr.  1863  ;  com.  in  action  of  Aldie,  for 
which  brev.  maj.  17  June,  1863;  brev.  lieut.- 
col.  3  July,  1863,  for  Gettysburg;  com.  cav. 
division,  Army  of  Potomac,  and  in  frequent 
engagements  from  4  Aug.  1863  to  15  Apr. 
1864;  com.  3d  Cav.  division,  Army  of  the 
Cumberland,  in  invasion  of  Ga. ;  and  engaged 
at  Ringgold  and  at  Resaca,  13  May,  1864, 
when  severely  wounded,  and  brev.  col. ;  in  the 
"march  to  the  sea,"  and  invasions  of  the 
CaroHnas ;  and  engaged  in  many  actions  and 
skirmishes;  capt.  1st  Art.  30  Nov.  1864  ;  brev. 
brig.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865  for  capture  of  Fayette- 
ville,  N.C.,  and  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  for  campaign 
in  the  Carolinas,  and  maj.-gen.  vols.  18  June, 
1865.  Envoy-extr.  and  minis,  to  Chili  since 
11  Nov.  1865.  He  is  an  eflfective  political 
speaker. 


KTM 


610 


KDsr 


Kilty,  Augustus  H.,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b. 
M(l.  Midshipm.  July  4,  1821  ;  lieut.  Sept.  6, 
1837;  com.  Sept.  14,  1855;  capt.  July  16, 
1862;  commo.  (retired  list)  July  25,  1866.  In 
1861-2  he  com.  the  gunboat  "  Mound  City," 
of  the  Mpi.  flotilla,  and  was  with  Foote  in  near- 
ly all  of  his  actions  with  the  enemy;  in  June, 
l'862,  he  com.  an  exped.  to  White  River,  Ark., 
and  captured  Fort  St.  Charles,  June  17  (in  this 
action  he  lost  an  arm);  com.  iron-clad  "Roa- 
noke," N.  Atl.  squad.,  1864-5;  commandant 
Norfolk  navy -yard  1867-70. 

Kimball,  Daniel,  founder  of  Union 
Acad.,  Plainfield,  N.II.,  to  which  he  gave  about 
$25,000  ;  d.  March,  1817,  a.  63. 

Kimball,  Heber  C,  a  leading  Mormon, 
b.  1801  ;  d.  Salt  Lake,  June  22,  1868.  He 
was  converted  to  Mormonisra  in  1832  at 
Kirtland,  O.,  at  the  same  time  with  Brigham 
Young.  In  1835  he  was  ord.  one  of  the  12 
apostles;  and  in  1837  was  sent  with  Orson 
Hyde  as  a  missionary  to  Eng.  On  his  return 
in  1838,  he  joined  the  Mormons  of  Ray  County, 
Mo.,  and  shared  their  persecutions  and  expul- 
sions from  that  State  and  III.  Arriving  at  Salt 
Lake  in  the  autumn  of  1846,  he  was  made  the 
head  priest  of  the  order  of  Melchisedec.  He, 
with  Young  and  Daniel  C.  Wells,  formed  the 
first  triumvirate  to  preside  over  and  govern  the 
whole  church.  Young  was  accustomed  to 
speak  of  Kimball  as  the  model  saint.  He  was 
uneducated,  coarse,  and  disgusting  as  a  speak- 
er ;  full  of  low  cunning,  and  unrelenting  in 
his  vengeance. 

KimbaU,  Increase,  inventor  of  the  first 
machine  for  making  cut-nails  ;  d.  Hanover, 
N.H.,  Sept.  16,  1856,  a.  80.  His  invention, 
patented  in  1806,  was  of  no  use  to  him,  as  he 
would  not  sell  his  right.  He  subsequently 
seemed  deranged. 

Kimball,  Joseph  Horace  ;  d.  Pembroke, 
N.H.,  Apr.  11,  1838.  He  edited  at  Concord 
the  Herald  of  Freedom ;  visited  the  W.  Indies 
with  J.  A.  Thome;  and  pub.  "  r>mancipation 
in  the  West  Indies,"  "A  Six  Months'  Tour," 
&c 

Kimball,  Richard  Burleigh,  author, 
b.  Plainfield,  N.H.,  Oct.  11,  1816.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1834.  After  one  year's  study  of  law  he 
travelled  in  Great  Britain  and  Germany,  and 
resided  some  time  in  Paris,  where  he  attended 
the  lectures  of  the  most  eminent  profs,  both  of 
medicine  and  law.  Returning  to  Amer.,  he 
practised  law  at  Waterford,  N.Y.,  and  in  1840 
in  N.Y.  City.  His  works  are"  Reminiscences 
of  an  Old  Man  "  in  Knickerbocker's  Magazine  ; 
"  St.  Leger,  or  the  Threads  of  Life,''  1849  ; 
"  Letters  from  England  ;  "  "  Letters  from 
Cuba,"  1850;  "  Cuba  and  the  Cubans,"1850; 
"  Romance  of  Student-Life  Abroad,"  1853  • 
"  Was  he  successful  1  "  "  In  the  Tropics  ;  " 
"  Undercurrents ;  "  "  Revelations  of  Wall  St. ;  " 
"Henry  Powers,  Banker,"  1868;  and  "  To- 
D^ay,"'l870.  Contrib.  to  Putnam's  MonMj, 
Knickerbocker,  and  other  periodicals.  Co-editor 
with  Dr.  Francis,  Dr.  Griswold,  George  P. 
Morris,  and  F.  W.  Shelton,  of  the  "  Knicker- 
bocker Gallery." 

King,  AvUSTiN  A.,  statesman,  b.  Sullivan 
Co.,  Tenn.,  Sept.  20,  1801  ;  d.  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
Apr.  22,  1870.     He  began  to  practise  law  in 


1822;  removed  to  Mo.  in  1830;  member  of 
the  legisl.  in  1834  and  1836  ;  circuit  judge  of 
Ray  Co.  1837-48;  gov.  of  Mo.  1849-53; 
again  judge  of  Ray  Co.  Circuit  in  1862,  and 
elected  to  the  38th  Congress.  In  the  Charles- 
ton Democ.  convention  of  1860  he  was  a 
prominent  Douglas  man.  He  denounced  the 
war  for  the  Union  as  unnecessary. 

King,  Charles,  LL.D.  (PLU.  1850),  jour- 
nalist and  scholar,  b.  N.Y.,  Mar.  16,  1789  ;  d. 
Frascate,  near  Rome,  Italy,  Sept.  27,  1867. 
Son  of  Rufus  King,  who,  while  minister  at 
Lond.,  sent  him  to  Harrow  School,  and  in  1805 
to  a  preparatory  school  at  Paris.  On  his  fa- 
ther's return  to  the  U.S.,  he  was,  by  advice  of 
Sir  Francis  Baring,  placed  in  the  banking- 
house  of  Hope  &  Co.,  Amsterdam.  At  the 
close  of  1806  he  returned  to  his  native  country. 
In  1810  he  married  Eliza,  dau.  of  Archibald 
Gracie,a  leading  merchant  of  N.Y.,  with  whom 
he  was  associated  in  business.  Though  a  Fed- 
eralist, he  deemed  it  right  to  prosecute  the  war 
of  1812  to  an  honorable  and  successful  result, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  N.Y.  legisl.  in  1813, 
and  a  vol.  in  the  autumn  of  1814.  In  1823 
the  firm  of  which  he  was  a  member  failed; 
and  Mr.  King  became  connected  with  Ver- 
planck  in  the  publication  of  the  N.Y.  Ameri- 
can, a  political  and  literary  sheet  of  high  char- 
acter, until  1827  ;  when  Verplanck  retired,  and 
Mr.  King  continued  sole  editor  until  1847. 
He  was  afterward  assoc.  in  the  conduct  of  the 
N.  Y.  Courier  and  Inquirer  from  1845  until 
1849,  when  he  was  chosen  prcs.  of  Col.  Coll., 
which  post  he  resigned  in  1864.  The  in- 
dependence of  his  character  was  strikingly 
evinced  by  his  earliest  public  act.  Being  sent 
to  Eng.  by  the  govt,  after  the  war  of  1812,  to 
investigate  the  treatment  of  our  prisoners  at 
Dartmoor,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  exonerate  the 
British  authorities  from  all  censure  in  the  mat- 
ter in  the  face  of  the  most  intense  indignation 
on  the  part  of  the  American  people,  and  of 
what  many  persons  believed  the  clear  and  un- 
questionable facts  of  the  case.  Author  of 
"  Memoir  of  the  Construction,  &c.,  of  the 
Croton  Aqueduct,"  4to  1843  ;  "  History  of  the 
N.  Y.  Chamber  of  Cominerce,"  8vo ;  "New 
York  Fifty  Years  Ago ;  "  an  Address  before  the 
Mechanics'  Society,  and  other  hist,  addresses. 

King,  Charles  B.,  port.-paintcr,  b.  New- 
port, R.L,  1786;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Mar. 
18,  1862.  For  40  years  his  studio  at  the  Capi- 
tol was  filled  with  the  likenesses  of  the  eminent 
men  of  the  day.  He  donated  a  school-fund 
to  his  native  town  for  musical  instruction,  and 
gave  to  the  Redwood  Library  several  thousand 
dollars,  and  many  paintings. —  Tuckerman. 

King,  Cyrus,  M.C.  1813-17;  b.  Scarbo- 
rough, Me.,  Sept.  16,  1772  ;  d.  April  25,  1817. 
Col.  Coll.  1794.  Half-bro.  of  Rufus,  and  his 
private  sec.  in  1796  ;  practised  law  20  years  in 
Saco  ;  maj.-gen.  of  militia. 

King,  Dan,  M.D.,  physician  and  author, 
b.  Mansfield,  Ct.,  27  Jan.  1791  ;  d.  Smithfield, 
R.  I.,  13  Nov.  1864.  He  began  practice  in 
Preston  in  1815  ;  continued  it  in  Charle«to\vn, 
R.  I.,  in  1820-38;  in  Woonsockct  1838-48; 
in  Taunton,  Ms.,  1848-58  ;  and  finally  in 
Smithfield.  Member  of  the  R.  I.  legisl.  1828- 
34,  and  the  advocate  of  a  new  constitution  and 


KIN 


511 


Ejosr 


extended  suffrage.  He  was  a  friend  to  the  rem- 
nant of  the  tribe  of  the  Narragansett  Indians, 
and  caused  a  school  for  them  to  be  supported 
by  the  State.  Author  of  "  Life  and  Times  of 
Thos.  \V.  Dorr,"  "  Quackerv  Unmasked,"  and 
many  able  articles  in  the  Medical  Journal  and 
other  periodicals. 

King,  Daniel  Putnam,  a  scientific  farmer 
and  poliiician,  b.  Danvers,  Ms.,  June  8,  1801  ; 
d.  there  July  25,  1850.  H.U.  1823.  Hestudied 
law,  but  soon  abandoned  it  for  the  practice  of 
agriculture.  In  1836-7  he  was  a  State  represen- 
tative, in  1838-9  a  senator,  and  in  1840-1  pres. 
of  the  senate.  In  1 843  he  was  again  a  member 
of  the  house,  of  which  he  was  elected  speaker ; 
and  was  M.C.  in  1843-9.  He  pub.  an  address 
commem.  the  60th  anniv.  of  the  battle  of  Lex- 
ington, delivered  in  Danvers  in  1835. 

King,  James  Gore,  banker  and  merchant 
of  N.Y.,  b.  N.Y.  City,  May  8,  1791  ;  d.  High- 
wood,  N.  J.,  Oct.  3,  1853.  H.  U.  1810.  His 
father,  Rufus  King,  minister  to  Eug.,  had  him 
educated  in  the  best  schools  there.  He  returned 
to  the  U.S.  in  1805,  and,  after  graduating,  stud- 
ied law  at  Litchfield.  Marrying  the  dau.  of 
Alexander  Gracie  in  Feb.  1812,  he  established 
himself  as  a  merchant  at  Liverpool,  with  his 
bro.-in-law,  under  the  firm  of  King  and  Gracie. 
In  1824  he  became  a  partner  in  the  banking- 
house  of  Prince,  Ward,  and  King ;  on  the  disso- 
lution of  which  he  formed  a  new  one  of  a  similar 
character,  under  the  name  of  James  G.  King 
and  Sons.  He  served  as  adj. -gen.  in  the  war 
of  1812-15;  was  a  leading  member  of  the  N.Y. 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  and,  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  its  pres.     M.C.  1849-51. 

King,  John  Alsop,  statesman,  b.  N.  Y. 
City,  Jan.  3,  1788  ;  d.  Jamaica,  L.  I.,  July  7, 
1868.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Rufus  King, 
and  in  his  boyhood  accomp.  his  father  to  Eng., 
and,  with  his  bro.  Charles,  was  educated  at 
Harrow  School  and  at  Paris.  He  served 
through  the  war  of  1812  as  lieut.  of  a  troop 
of  horse;  represented  Queen's  Co.  in  the  As- 
sembly in  1819-21,  '32,  '38,  and  '40;  was  sec. 
of  legation  to  Great  Britain  under  his  father 
in  1825  ;  was  a  leading  member  of  the  3lst 
Congress,  and  a  strenuous  opponent  of  its  Fu- 
gitive-slave Bill ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Repub. 
conv.  at  Phila.  in  1856  ;  and  was  gov.  of  N.Y. 
in  1857-9.  A  farmer  by  occupation,  he  took  a 
deep  interest  in  the  Queen's  Co.  Agric.  Soc, 
and  was  pres.  of  the  N.  Y.  Agric.  Soc. 

King,  John  Crookshanks,  sculptor,  b. 
Kilwinning,  Scotland,  Oct.  11,  1806.  He  was 
educated  as  a  practical  machinist,  and,  emigrat- 
ing to  the  U.S.  in  1829,  was  employed  several 
years  in  Cincinnati  and  Louisville  as  supt. 
of  a  factory.  In  1834,  at  the  suggestion  of 
Hiram  Powers,  he  made  a  successful  clay  mod- 
el of  the  head  of  his  wife,  and  adopted  the  pro- 
fession of  a  sculptor.  From  1837  to  1840  he 
resided  in  N.  Orleans,  modelled  a  number  of 
busts  of  public  men,  and  made  cameo  likenesses. 
He  now  resides  in  Boston.  He  has  executed 
busts  of  Webster,  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Dr. 
Saml.  Woodward,  Prof.  Agassiz,  R.  W.  Emer- 
son, and  other  prominent  men. 

King,  John  H.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b. 
Mich.  App.  2d  lieut.  1st  Inf  2  Dec.  1837;  1st 
lieut.  2  Mar.  1839;  capt.  31  Oct.  1846;  maj. 


15th,  14  May,  1861  ;  lieut.-col.  14th,  1  June, 
1863;  col.  9th  Inf  30  July,  1865;  brig.-gen. 
vols.  29  Nov.  1862;  brev.-col.  20  Sept.  1863  ; 
brig.-gen.  U.S.A.,  for  Ruffs  Station,  13  Mar. 
1865;  and  maj.-gen.  same  date. 

King,  Jonas,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1832),  Cong, 
clergyman,  and  missionary  to  Greece,  b.  Hawley, 
Ms.,  July  29,  1792;  d.  Athens,  Greece,  May 
22,  1869.  Wms.  Coll.  1816;  And.  Sem.  1819. 
He  was  a  missionary  in  S.  C.  some  months, 
and  in  Palestine  in  1823-6;  reached  Boston  in 
the  fall  of  1827,  and  was  employed  in  the 
Northern  and  Middle  States.  He  entered  upon 
the  Greek  mission  in  July,  1828;  and  m.  a 
Greek  lady,  July  22,  1829.  A  "  Farewell  Let- 
ter" to  his  friends  on  leaving  Syria,  stating  his 
reasons  for  not  becoming  a  Roman  Catholic, 
became,  with  other  publications  of  his  in  1852, 
the  basis  of  a  prosecution  against  him  ;  and  he 
was  condemned  to  15  days'  confinement  in  a 
loathsome  prison,  and  to  expulsion  from  Greece. 
Owing  to  the  vigorous  protests  of  our  govt,  he 
was  confined  but  one  day,  and  was  not  ban- 
ished. Before  1867,  he  had  translated  and 
printed  in  modern  Greek  5  vols,  of  the  Tract 
Society's  pul)lications.  He  also  pub  4  vols,  of 
his  own  works  in  that  language. 

King,  Mitchell,  LL.D.  (Char.  Coll.  and 
U.  of  E.  Tenn.),  judge,  b.  Scotland,  June  8, 
1783.  He  went  to  Lond.in  1804,  and  to  Charles- 
ton, S.C.,  where  he  opened  a  school,  in  1806,  and 
soon  received  a  professorship  in  the  coll.  of  that 
city.  He  began  to  study  law  in  1807  ;  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Philos.  Society  in  1809, 
before  which  he  delivered  lectures  on  astrono- 
my ;  and  in  1810  was  adm.  to  the  bar.  He  sooa 
disting.  himself;  prospered  in  his  practice  ;  and 
became  in  1819  judge  of  the  City  Court  of 
Charleston.  In  1830-2  he  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  Union  party,  and  opposed  the  doc- 
trine of  State  nullification.  From  1842  to  1844 
he  was  again  judge  of  the  City  Court ;  and  at 
different  periods  he  served  as  delegate  in  the 
State  convention,  and  as  pres.  of  the  trustees 
of  the  Med.  Coll.,  and  of  other  societies  for  the 
promotion  of  art,  literature,  science,  and  public 
enterprises.  He  originated  the  Charleston  Lit- 
erary Club,  and  has  written  numerous  essays 
and  addresses  for  various  societies  and  literary 
institutions.  — Appleton. 

King,  Preston,  statesman,  b.  Ogdensburg, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  14,  1806;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  Nov.  13, 
1865.  Un.  Coll.  1827.  He  studied  and  prac 
tised  law  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.Y. ;  started 
the  St.  Lawrence  Republican  in  1830  ;  and  was 
one  of  the  warmest  supporters  of  Gen.  Jackson. 
He  was  a  Democ.  until  1853,  when  he  joined 
the  Repub.  party.  Postmaster  at  Ogdensburg ; 
member  of  the  N.Y.  Assembly  in  1834-7  ;  M.C. 
184.3-7  and  1849-53;  U.S.  senator  1857-63; 
afterward  resuming  the  practice;0f  law  in  N.Y. 
Delegate  to  the  Repub.  convention  at  Balti- 
more in  1864,  he  was  a  firm  supporter  of  An- 
drew Johnson,  by  whom  he  was  in  Aug.  1865 
app.  collector  of  the  port  of  N.Y.  During  a 
fit  of  aberration  of  mind  he  jumped  from  a  fer- 
ry-boat, and  was  drowned. 

King,  Rufus,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1806),  orator, 
statesman,  and  diplomatist,  b.  Scarborough, 
Me.,  Mar.  24,  1755  ;  d.  Jamaica,  L  L,  Apr.  29, 
1827.     H.  U.  1777.     Son  of  an  opulent  raer- 


KESr 


512 


KIN- 


chant.  He  entered  the  law-office  of  Theophilus 
Parsons  at  Newbury  port.  In  1778  he  was 
aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Glover  in  the  expedition 
against  RI.  He  commenced  practice  in  1780; 
in  1782  was  elected  to  the  legisl.;  member  of 
the  Old  Congress  1784-6.  He  in  March,  178.5, 
moved  a  resolution,  "  That  there  be  neither 
slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  in  any  of  the 
States  described  in  the  resolution  of  Congress 
of  April,  1784,  otherwise  than  in  punishment 
of  crime  ;  and  that  this  regulation  shall  be 
made  an  article  of  compact,  and  remain  a  fun- 
damental principle  of  the  Constitution."  This 
resolution  was,  by  the  votes  of  7  States  against 
4,  referred  to  a  com.  of  the  whole,  and  was  al- 
most word  for  word  embodied  by  Nathan  Dane 
in  his  famous  ordinance  of  1787.  Mr.  King 
advocated  the  Constitution,  both  in  the  Gen. 
and  State  conventions.  In  1788  he  removed  to 
N.Y.,  having  in  1786  m.  the  dau.  of  John  Al- 
sop,  an  opulent  merchant  of  that  city.  In  1789 
he  was  elected  to  the  N.  Y.  legisl.,  by  which  body 
Gen.  Schuyler  and  himself  were  chosen  the  first 
senators  from  the  State  under  the  Constitution 
of  the  U.  S.  In  1794,  under  the  signature  of 
"Camillus,"  he  defended  the  British  Treaty. 
The  most  celebrated  speech  made  by  him  in 
the  U.S.  senate  was  in  this  year,  on  the  right 
of  Albert  Gallatin  to  a  seat  in  senate,  which  he 
successfully  opposed.  In  1796-1804  Mr.  King 
was  minister  to  London,  having  previously  de- 
clined the  offer  of  the  dept.  of  state.  In  1813 
he  was  a  third  time  sent  to  the  senate  by  the 
N.  Y.  legisl.  His  speech  on  the  burning  of 
"Washington  by  the  British  was  one  of  his 
most  eloquent  displays,  and  teemed  with  senti- 
ments which  had  echoes  from  all  parties.  In 
1819  he  was  re-elected  to  the  senate.  He  took 
the  lead  in  opposing  the  admission  of  Mo.  as  a 
slave  State;  and  several  of  the  laws  which  he 
proposed  and  carried  were  of  great  conse- 
quence. In  1825  he  accepted  from  Pres.  Ad- 
ams the  app.  of  minister  to  London,  but  re- 
turned in  ill  health  in  1826. 

King,  RuFUS,  diplomatist  and  journalist, 
b.  N.Y.  City,  Jan.  26,  1814.  West  Point,  1833. 
Son  of  Pres.  Charles  King,  and  grandson  of 
Rufus.  He  entered  the  engineer  corps,  and  as- 
sisted in  the  construction  of  Fortress  Monroe. 
Resigning  in  Sept.  1836,  he  became  assist,  engr. 
of  the  N.  Y.  and  Erie  Railroad ;  was  a  wliile 
connected  with  the  Albany  Evening  Journal; 
then  edited  the  Daily  Advertiser ;  anil  was  app. 
by  Gov.  Seward  adj*.-gen.  of  N.Y.  Removing 
to  Wis.,  he  edited  the  Milwaukie  Sentinel  until 
1861;  when  Mr.  Lincoln  app.  him  minister  to 
Rome.  Obtaining  permission  to  delay  his  de- 
parture during  the  civil  war,  he  was  made  brig- 
gen,  of  vols.  May  17,  1861,  and  soon  after  re- 
signed his  diplomatic  app.  Promoted  to  com- 
mand a  division  in  McDowell's  army  at  Fred- 
ericksburg, he  com.  in  the  combat  of  Groveton 
28  Aug. ;  was  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Manas- 
sas; in  Oct,  1862  was  placed  under  Gen.  Dix's 
command  ;  com.  at  Yorktown,  Va.,  in  Mar.- 
July,  1863  ;  and  com.  division  at  Fairfax  C.  H., 
July-Oct.  20, 1863,  when  he  resigned;  and  was 
minister  to  Rome  to  1  July,  1867.—  Callum. 

King,  Susan  (Petigru),  authoress,  b. 
Charleston,  S.  C.  Dau.  of  J.  L.  Petigru,  an 
eminent  lawyer  of  S.  C.     She  was  highly  edu- 


cated, and  m.  Henry  C,  son  of  Judge  Mitchell 
King,  After  his  death,  she  m.  Congressman 
Bowen,  subsequently  convicted  of  bigamy. 
Author  of  several  stories  of  fashionable  life,  as 
"The  Busy  Moments  of  an  Idle  Woman," 
"  Lily,"  and  "  Sylvia's  World."  She  is  dis- 
ting.  for  conversational  talent,  and  has  contrib. 
to  periodicals. 

King,  Thomas  Butler,  politician,  b. 
Hampden  Co.,  Ms.,  Aug.  27,  1804  ;  d. 
Waynesborough,  Ga.,  May  10, 1864.  Educated 
at  Westfield  Acad,,  Ms.,  and  studied  for  the 
bar,  but  removed  to  Ga.  in  1823  ;  m.,  and  be- 
came a  cotton-planter.  State  senator  in  1832- 
4, '35,  and '37;  M.C.  1839-43  and  184.5-9.  Col- 
lector of  San  Francisco  in  1849-51,  he  resided 
some  years  in  California.  Returning  to  Ga., 
he  was  State  senator  in  1859  ;  member  of  the 
Milledgeville  convention  of  1833  ;  of  the  Ma- 
con Railroad  convention  of  1836  ;  of  the 
young  men's  convention  of  Baltimore  in 
1840;  and  was  pres.  of  several  Ga.  railroad 
and  canal  companies.  Identified  with  the 
State-rights  party;  a  secessionist  in  1861,  and 
was  2  years  commissioner  of  Ga.  in  Europe. 

King,  Thomas  Starr,  divine  and  author, 
b.  New  York,  Dec.  16,  1824;  d.  San  Francis- 
co, March  4,  1864.  Son  of  Rev.  Thomas  F. 
King.  His  boyhood  was  passed  in  Portsmouth, 
N.H.,  and  Charlestown,  Ms.  Young  King 
was  prepared  for  coll. ;  but  the  decease  of  his 
fiither  prevented  his  entrance,  and  he  con- 
tinued his  education  in  the  intervals  from  his 
duties  as  a  school-teacher  and  a  clerkship  in 
the  navy-yard.  In  Sept.  1846  he  was  ord. 
pastor  of  his  father's  parish  in  Charlestown  ; 
and  in  Dec.  1848  was  installed  over  the  Hollis- 
st.  Church,  which  station  he  occupied  until 
1 860.  In  Apr.  of  that  year,  he  sailed  for  San 
Francisco  to  take  charge  of  the  Unitarian  Cong, 
in  that  city,  where  the  brief  remainder  of  his  use- 
ful life  was  spent.  He  had  an  extended  reputa- 
tion as  a  lecturer,  having  been  regularly  em- 
ployed in  that  capacity  in  1845-1860.  Author 
of  "  The  White  Hills,  their  Legends,  Land- 
scapes, and  Poetry,"  4to,  illustrated,  1859.  In 
1850  he  received  the  hon.  degree  of  M.A. 
from  H.U.  As  a  public  speaker,  he  happily 
combined  elegance  with  energy,  and  was  ex- 
ceedingly popular.  He  was  a  man  of  rare 
genius,  originality,  and  eloquence.  His  exer- 
tions in  behalf  of  the  Union,  and  his  decided 
and  uncompromising  stand  against  the  Rebel- 
lion, had  a  powerful  effect  on  popular  opinion  in 
Califoraia.  Hecontrib.  many  articles  to  the  Uni- 
versalist  Quarterly,  and  was,  besirles,  the  author 
of  numerous  addresses.  A  vol.  of  his  writings, 
entitled  "  Patriotism  and  Other  Papers,*'  was 
pub.  1865;  also  "A  Tribute  to  Thomas  Starr 
Kinc:,"  by  his  friend  Richard  Frothingham. 

King,  William,  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  Md.  ;  d. 
near  Mobile,  Jan.  1,  1826.  App.  lieut.  of  inf 
May  3,  1808;  capt.  1.5th  Inf  July  2,  1812; 
assist,  to  Insp.-Gen.  Smith,  July  10,  1812; 
com.  exped.  from  Black  Rock  to  Canada 
shore  (spiking  the  enemy's  batteries,  and  cap- 
turing prisoners)  Nov.  28,  1812,  in  which  \w 
was  wounded  and  taken  ;  maj.  March  3,  1813  ; 
com.  his  regt.  in  capture  of  York,  U.C,  Apr. 
27,  1813;  assist,  adj.-gen.  Apr.  28,  1813; 
disting.    and  wounded  in    capture  of   Fort 


KIN- 


SIS 


kust 


George,  May  27,  1813;  com.  U.S.  troops  in 
concert  with  N.  Y.  militia,  under  Gen.  Porter,  in 
repulsino;  attack  on  Black  Rock,  July  11, 
1813;  adj. -gen.  (rank  of  col.)  July  18,  1813  ; 
col.  3d  Rifles,  Feb.  21,  1814;  col.  4th  Inf. 
May,  181.5  ;  military  and  civil  gov.  of  Pensacola, 
May,  1818;  disbanded  June,  1821. —  Gardner. 

King,  William,  statesman,  bro.  of  Ru- 
fus,  b.  Scarborough,  Me.,  Feb.  9,  1768;  d. 
Bath,  Me.,  June  17, 1852.  In  native  mental  en- 
dowments he  is  thought  to  have  been  superior 
to  his  celebrated  bro.,  and  nothing  but  the  want 
of  education  prevented  his  attaining  the  high- 
est honors.  After  residing  a  while  in  Topsham, 
ab.  1800  he  removed  to  Bath.  Member  of 
the  Ms.  legisl.  for  some  years,  he  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  drafting  and  enacting  the  Religious 
Freedom  Act,  and  was  also  the  originator  and 
principal  supporter  of  the  Betterment  Act. 
He  exerted  liis  powerful  influence  to  effect 
the  separation  of  Me.  and  Ms.,  which  occurred 
in  1819;  was  pres.  of  the  convention  which 
framed  the  constitution  of  Me.,  and  its  first 
gov.  1820-1  ;  U.S.  commissioner  for  the  ad- 
justment of  Spanish  claims  1821-4.  He  was 
gen.  of  militia,  and  collector  of  customs  at 
Bath  1831-4.  He  was  an  eminent  and  success- 
ful merchant,  and  a  generous  and  intelligent 
patron  of  institutions  of  learning. 

King,  William  Rufus,  13th  vice-pres.  of 
the  U.S.,  b.  Sampson  Co.,  N.C.,  April  7, 
1786;  d.  Cahawba,  Ala.,  April  18,  1853.  U. 
of  N.C.  1803.  He  studied  law,  and  was  adm. 
to  practice  in  1806.  In  1806-7  and  1809,  he 
was  a  member  of  the  State  legisl. ;  M.C. 
1810-16;  sec.  of  legation  to  Russia  1816-18; 
and,  after  his  return,  removed  to  Ala.,  and  be- 
came a  cotton-planter.  One  of  the  convention 
that  formed  the  constitution  of  Ala.  when  it 
was  adm.  into  the  Union;  U.S.  senator  1819- 
45  and  1847-52;  and  in  1845-6  minister  to 
France.  In  this  post  he  succeeded  in  prevent- 
ing the  joint  protest  of  P'rance  and  Eng. 
against  the  annexation  of  Texas  to  the  U.S. 
He  became  vice-pres.  in  1852.  Mr.  King  was 
a  member  of  Congress  nearly  forty  years ; 
officiating  as  pres.  pro  tern  of  the  senate  in  the 
24th,  25th,  26th,  31st,  and  32d  Congresses. 
He  uniformly  acted  with  the  Democ.  party, 
and  supported  Jackson  for  the  presidency  in 
1824,  1828,  and  1832. 

Kingsborough,  Right  Hon.  Edward 
King,  vi.scount  (1795-1837).  Eldest  son  of 
the  3d  earl  of  Kingston.  Educated  at  Oxford  ; 
represented  his  native  county  (Cork)  in  the 
parliament  of  1820-6;  and  subsequently  de- 
voted himself  to  his  great  work,  *'  The  An- 
tiquities of  Mexico,"  comprising  facsimiles  of 
ancient  Mexican  paintings  and  hieroglyphics, 
Lond.  imp.  fol.  vols.  1-7,  1831  ;  vols.  8  and  9, 
1848.  The  first  7  vols,  of  this  magnificent 
work  cost  Lord  K.  £32,000.  Thrown  into 
prison  for  a  debt  which  he  considered  unjust, 
he  was  there  seized  with  typhus-fever,  which 
soon  ended  fatally.  He  maintains  in  this 
work  the  theory  of  the  colonization  of  Mexico 
by  the  Israelites.  — AlUhone. 
'  Kingsbury,  Charles  P.,  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y.  West  Point,  1840.  2d  lieut. 
ordnance  1840;  1st  lieut.  3  Mar.  1847;  capt. 
1  July,  1854  ;  maj.  3  Mar.  1863;  lieut.-col.  22 


Dec.  1866;  ret.  July  1870  ;  aide  to  Gen.  Taylor 
at  Buena  Vista,  and  brev.  23  Feb.  1847  ;  col. 
and  A.D.C.  28  Sept.  1861  ;  served  through 
the  seven-days'  battles  before  Richmond,  and 
brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865.  Author 
of  "  Treatise  on  Artillery  and  Infantry," 
1849.  Contrib.  to  Amer.  Whig  Review,  South. 
Quart.  Rev.,  Putnam  s  Monthlij,  and  South.  Lit. 
Measenger.  —  Cullwn. 

Kingsbury,  Jacob,  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  Nor- 
wich, Ct.,  1755;  d.  Franklin,  Mo.,  July  1, 
1837.  He  was  in  the  U.S.  service  42  years, 
having  risen  from  the  ranks  (which  he  joined 
at  Roxbury  in  1775)  to  be  an  officer  in  the 
Revol.  army.  He  served  in  Wayne's  Indian 
campaign.  App.  lieut.  of  inf.  Sept.  29,  1789  ; 
capt.  Dec.  1791  ;  maj.  2d  Inf.  Mav  15,  1797  ; 
lieut.-col.  1st  Inf.  Apr.  11,  1803;  col.  1st  Inf. 
Aug.  18,  1808;  insp.-gen.  (rank  of  col.)  Apr. 
28,  1813  ;  dish.  June,  1815.  His  son  Col. 
Thomas  H.  C,  b.  N.  Orleans,  Dec.  23,  1807, 
col.  llth  Ct.  Vols.,  killed  at  Antietam  17 
Sept.  1862. 

Kingsley,  Calvin,  D.D.,  bishop  M.E. 
Church,  b.  Annesville,  N.Y.,  Sept.  8,  1812; 
d.  Beirut,  Syria,  1870.  Alleg.  Coll.  1841. 
He  entered  the  ministry  of  the  5l.  E.  Church, 
and  was  in  1842-4  prof,  of  math,  in  Alleg. 
Coll.;  app.  in  1842  to  Meadville  Station.  In 
1844  he  was  stationed  in  Erie,  Pa. ;  and,  at  the 
close  of  his  term  as  pastor,  returned  to  Alleg. 
Coll.,  and  remained  for  a  number  of  years  a 
member  of  its  faculty.  In  1856  he  was  elected 
by  the  gen.  conf.  editor  of  the  Western  Chris- 
tian Advocate.  Author  of  a  work  on  "  The 
Resurrection  of  the  Human  Body."  D.D.  of 
Genesee  Coll.  18.53;  elected  bishop  in  1864. 

Kingsley,  James  Luce,  LL.D.  (Mid. 
Coll.  1831),  scholar,  b.  Windham,  Ct.,  Aug. 

28,  1778  ;  d.  New  Haven,  Aug.  31, 18.52.  Y.C. 
1799.  Tutor  1801-5;  librarian  1805-24; 
prof,  of  the  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin  lan- 
guages, and  of  eccl.  hist.  180.5-51.  Prof. 
Kingsley  was  both  an  accomplished  scholar 
and  a  thorough  instructor  ;  a  critic  of  the  first 
order  ;  and  contrib.  to  thaN.Amer.  Review,  the 
Christian  Spectator,  the  New-Englander,  the 
Ainer.  Journal  of  Sciences,  the  Biblical  Reposi- 
torij,  and  other  periodicals.  Some  of  the  most 
valuable  articles  which  he  published  were  illus- 
trative of  historical  subjects,  among  which  was 
an  interesting  discourse,  and  "  Notes  on  the 
Hist,  of  New  Haven,''  delivered  Apr.  25,  1838. 
He  pub.  in  the  Amer.  Quar.  Reg.  a  compen- 
dious Hist,  of  Yale  Coll.  1835,  and  also  the 
"  Life  of  Pres.  Stiles,"  for  Sparks's  "  Amer. 
Biography,"  2d  sen,  vol.  6.  He  also  revised 
and  pub.  some  of  the  standard  Latin  classics, 
to  which  he  appended  notes.  —  See  Commem- 
orative Discourse,  bij  Thomas  A.  Thacher,  Oct. 
1852. 

Kingston,  Robert,  a  British  <i:en.,  d. 
1794.  Ensign  llth  Foot,  Sept.  1756;  capt. 
Apr.  1761  ;    maj.  July,  1768;  lieut.-col.  Aug. 

29,  1777  ;  col.  Nov.  1782;  maj. -gen.  1793.  He 
acomp.  Burgoyne's  exped.  as  his  adj.-gen.  and 
military  sec,  in  which  capacity  he  arranged  the 
details  of  the  surrender  at  Saratoga.  Return- 
ing to  Eng.  in  1778,  he  was  examined  before 
a  committee  of  the  house  of  commons  relative 
to  this  expedition. 


KTN- 


614 


KIR 


Kinne,  Aarox,  minister  of  Groton,  Ct., 
b.  Lisbon,  Ct.,  1 745  ;  d.  Talmadge,  0.,  July  9, 
1824.  Y.C.  1765.  Ord.  Oct.  1770;  dism. 
1798.  He  pub.  a  work  on  "  The  Sonship  of 
Christ ;  "  "A  Display  of  Scripture  Prophe- 
cies," 1813;  "Explanation  of  the  Types, 
Prophecies,  Revelation,"  «S:c.,8vo,  1814;  "  An 
Essav  on  the  New  Heaven  and  Earth,"  1821. 

Kinney,  Coaxes,  poet,  b.  on  the  west 
bank  of  Crooked  Lake,  near  Penn  Yan,  N.Y., 
Nov.  24,  1826.  He  obtained  a  liberal  educa- 
tion by  his  own  exertions,  teaching  school, 
editin^r,  and  practising  law.  In  1854  he  pub, 
"  Keeuka,  an  American  Legend  ;  "  and  has 
contrib.  to  periodicals  and  journals.  "Rain 
on  the  Roof"  is  one  of  his  best-known  pieces. 
—  Poets  and  Poelrij  of  the  West. 

Kinney,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  C,  poet,  dan. 
of  David  L.  Dodge  of  N.Y.,  wife  of  William 
B.  Kinney,  former  editor  of  the  Newark  Daily 
Advertiser,  and  U.S.  agent  at  Turin.  She  has 
contrib.  to  the  Knickerbocker,  Graham's,  and 
other  magazines  ;  and  in  1855  pub  "  Felicita," 
a  metrical  romance.  —  Allibone. 

Kinnison,  David,  the  last  of  the  party 
who  destroyed  the  tea  in  Boston  harbor,  b. 
Old  Kingston,  near  Portsmouth,  Me.,  Nov.  17, 
1736  ;  d.  Chicago,  Feb.  24,  1852,  a.  115.  Up 
to  the  Re  vol.  he  was  a  farmer  at  Lebanon, 
whence,  with  a  few  comrades,  members  of  a 
political  club,  he  went  to  Boston  with  the 
express  purpose  of  destroying  the  tea.  He 
was  in  active  service  during  the  war,  participat- 
ing in  many  battles  ;  and  was  a  prisoner  among 
the  Indians  a  year  and  7  months,  and  until 
peace  was  declared.  After  the  war,  he  was  a 
farmer  at  Danville,  Vt.  ;  then  at  Wells,  Me., 
where  he  remained  until  the  vv^ar  of  1812.  He 
was  in  service  during  the  whole  of  that  war  ; 
was  in  the  battles  of  Sackett's  Harbor  and 
Williamsburg ;  and  in  the  latter  was  badly 
wounded  in  the  hand  by  a  grape-shot.  He 
afterwards  lived  at  Lyme,  at  Sackett's  Harbor, 
N.Y.,  and  went  to  Chicago  in  July,  1845.  At 
Lyme,  while  felling  a  tree,  he  was  struck  down 
by  a  limb,  which  fiactured  his  skull,  broke  his 
collar-bone,  and  two  of  his  ribs.  While  en- 
gaged in  discharging  a  cannon  at  a"  training  " 
at  Sackett's  Harbor,  both  legs  were  broken,  and 
badly  shattered.  He  was  the  father  of  22 
children.  Up  to  1848  he  had  ahvays  made 
something  by  his  labor.  He  learned  to  read 
when  past  60. 

Kinsey,  James,  LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1790), 
jurist;  d.  Burlington,  N.  J.,  Jan.  4, 1802, a.  69. 
In  1774-5  he  was  a  delegate  from  N.J.  to  Con- 
gress. He  was  active  in  the  cause  of  the  Revol., 
and  was  a  member  of  the  com.  of  corresp.  for 
BurlingtOM  Co.  In  Nov.  1789  he  was  app. 
chief  justice  of  N.  J. 

Kip,  William  Ingraham,  D.  D.  (Col. 
Coil.  1847),  clergyman  and  author,  b.  New 
York,  Oct.  3,  1811.  Y.C.  1831.  His  ances- 
tor Henry  Kype  came  to  New  Amsterdam  in 
1635.  Henry's  son  Jacob  owned  the  ground 
now  occupied  by  the  Park.  Five  generations  of 
the  family  were  born  at  the  house  at  Kip's  Bay, 
a  portion  of  whom  settled  at  Rhinebeck.  After 
seme  study  of  the  law,  he  entered  the  Gen. 
Sem.  of  the  Epis.  Church  in  N.Y.,  and  was 
ord.  deacon  in  1835.      Rector  of  St.  Peter's, 


Albany,  from  1838  Jintil  Oct.  28,  18.53,  when 
he  was  consec.  missionary  bishop  of  California. 
Amonghispublicationsare"  The  Lenten  Fast;" 
"The  Double  Witness  of  the  Church ;  "  "Recan- 
tation, or  the  Confessions  of  a  Convert  to  Roman- 
'  ism ; "  "  Early  Jesuit  Missions  in  N. A.,"  2  vols. 
1846;  "Early  Conflicts  of  Christianity ;"  and  a 
series  suggested  by  a  visit  to  Italy  in  1844-5, 
consisting  of  "  Christmas  Holidays  in  Rome," 
"  Domestic  and  Religious  Life  in  Italy,"  and 
"  The  Catacombs  of  Rome."  He  has  also 
been  a  frequent  contrib.  to  periodicals  of  his 
denomination. 

Kirby,  Edmund,  brijr.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Brown- 
ville,  N.  Y.,  1840;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  28 
May,  1863,  from  wounds  received  at  Chancel- 
lorsville.  West  Point,  May,  1861.  Son  of 
Col.  Edmund  (1794-1849)  by  a  dan.  of  Gen. 
Jacob  Brown.  His  father  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  wars  with  England  (1812-15)  and 
Mexico  (1846-8).  Made  2d  lieut.  (Rickett's 
Battery)  in  May,  1861,  he  assumed  the  com.  on 
the  capture  of  Ricketts,  and  retained  it  till  his 
death.  He  was  active  in  all  the  battles  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  was  made  brig.-gen, 
for  bravery  at  Chancellorsville. 

Kirby,  Col.  Ephraim,  jurist,  and  patriot 
of  the  Revol.,  b.  Litchfield,  Ct.,  Feb.  23,  1757  ; 
d.  Fort  Stoddard,  Mpi.,  Oct.  2,  1804.  Present 
at  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill ;  remained  in 
active  service  until  independence  was  achieved; 
was  in  19  battles  and  skirmishes;  and  received 
13  wounds,  7  of  which  were  sabre-cuts  on  the 
head,  inflicted  by  a  British  soldier  at  German- 
town,  where  Kirby  was  left  for  dead  upon  the 
field.  Penniless  at  the  close  of  the  Revol.,  he 
by  some  means  contrived  to  get  so  n»uch  of  a 
classical  education,  that  Yale  Coll.  in  1787  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  M.A.  He  then 
studied  law;  was  adm.  to  the  bar;  and  soon 
attained  an  elevated  position.  In  1789,  while 
engaged  in  prsictice  in  his  native  town,  he 
pub.  a  vol.  of  Reports  of  the  Decisions  of  the 
Superior  Court  and  Court  of  Errors,  which 
was  the  first  vol.  of  Reports  pub.  in  Connecti- 
cut, and  perhaps  in  the  U.S.  From  1791  to 
1804  he  was  a  representative  in  the  legisl. ; 
was  in  1801  app.  by  Jefferson  supervisor  of  the 
revenue;  and,  after  the  acquisition  of  La.,  was 
app.  a  judge  of  the  newly-organized  territory 
of  Orleans.  His  son.  Major  Reynold  M. 
Kirby,  a  disting.  officer  of  the  war  of  1812,  d. 
Oct.  7,  1842,  at  Fort  Sullivan,  Me.,  a.  52. 
Brev.  capt.  for  gallantry  in  sortie  from  Fort 
Erie. 

Kirk,  Edward  Norris,  D.  D.  (Amh. 
Coll.  1855),  Cong,  clergyman,  b.  New  York, 
Aug.  14, 1802.  N.  J.  Coll.  1820.  After  study- 
ing law  eighteen  months,  ho  entered  the  Theol. 
School  at  Princeton,  and,  after  four  years' 
study,  was  app.  agent  of  the  board  of  foreign 
missions.  From  1828  to  1836  he  was  pastor 
of  a  church  at  Albany.  He  went  to  Eng.  in 
1837  ;  but,  having  been  app.  sec.  of  the  Foreign 
Evangelical  Society,  he  returned  in  1839. 
June  1,  1842,  he  accepted  a  call  to  become  the 
pastor  of  a  new  Cong,  church  in  Boston.  The 
edifice  known  as  the  Mount- Vernon  Church 
was  completed  early  in  1844  ;  and  there  Dr. 
Kirk  still  continues  to  preach.  In  1846  he 
visited  Europe  again  ;    and  in    1856  he  went 


KIR 


615 


Klti 


abroad  a  third  time,  at  the  request  of  the 
American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union,  to 
inaugurate  a  regular  system  of  religious  wor- 
ship for  American  Protestants  in  France.  lie 
secured  thei-e  the  erection  of  the  American 
chapel,  and,  after  a  hasty  visit  to  Palestine, 
returned  home.  Dr.  Kirk  has  pub.  2  or  3  vols, 
of  sermons,  "  Lectures  on  Christ's  Parables," 
translation  of  Gaussen  on  Inspiration,  and  of 
Attie's  Lectures  on  the  Lit.  of  the  Times  of 
Louis  XIV.  He  has  pub.  more  than  SOoccas. 
sermons  and  addresses. — See  Amer.  Pulpit, 
N.  Y.  1856,  ii.  48;  SuppL  Catal.  Dost  Pub. 
Lib. 

Kirk,  Edward  N.,  brig.-gen.  U.  S.  vols., 
b.  Ohio  ;  d.  Jan.  1863,  of  wounds  received  at 
Stone  River.  He  went  to  Stirlinir,  Whiteside 
Co.,  111.,  wlicre,  in  the  fall  of  1861,  he  raised 
the  34ih  111.  Vols.,  which  he  com.  At  Shiloh, 
and  at  the  siege  of  Corinth,  he  acted  as  brig.- 
gen.,  and  at  the  battle  of  Stone  River  com.  a 
brigade  in  Johnson's  division  of  McCook's 
corps. 

Kirk,  John  Foster,  hist,  writer,  b.  (of 
English  parents)  at  Frederickton,  N.B.,  ab. 
1820;  was  educated  in  Nova  Scotia;  came  to 
the  U.S.  in  1842  ;  and,  during  the  last  11  years 
of  Wm.  H.  Prescott's  life,  acted  as  his  secretary. 
Besides  hist,  articles  contrib.  to  reviews,  he  has 
pub.  "  A  History  of  Charles  the  Bold,  Duke 
of  Burgundy,"  3  vols.  8vo,  1863-7. 

Kirkland,  Caroline  Matilda  (Stans- 
bury),  authoress,  b.  N.  Y.  City,  Jan.  1801  ; 
d.  there  Apr.  6,  1864.  After  the  death  of  her 
father,  who  was  a  bookseller  and  publisher, 
the  family  removed  to  Geneva,  N.Y.,  where  she 
m.  Prof.  Wm.  Kirkland  of  Ham.  Coll.,  who 
subsequently  established  a  sem.  in  Goshen  on 
Seneca  Lake.  He  was  the  author  of  a  series 
of  "  Letters  from  Abroad,"  written  after  a  res- 
idence in  Europe,  and  of  numerous  contribs. 
to  the  periodical  press.  In  1846  (the  year  of 
his  death)  he  commenced,  with  Rev.  H.  W.  Bel- 
lows, the  Christian  Inquirer,  a  weekly  Unitarian 
journal.  In  1835  they  emig.  to  Mich.,  whence 
they  removed  in  1843  to  N.Y.  She  pub.  "A 
New  Home,  Who'll  Follow  1 "  by  Mary  Clavers, 
1839;  "Forest-Life,"  1842;  and  in  1846  pub. 
"  Western  Clearings."  Upon  settling  in  N.Y. 
she  undertook  the  education  of  a  number  of 
young  ladies;  and  in  1847  resumed  her  pen, 
and  edited  the  Union  Marj.  18  months.  She 
visited  Europe  in  1848;  and  on  her  return  pub. 
"  Holidays  Abroad,"  1849  ;  "  The  Evening 
Book,  or  Fireside  Talk  on  Morals  and  Manners, 
with  Sketches  of  Western  Life,"  1852;  "A 
Book  for  the  Home-Circle,"  1853  ;  "  Personal 
Memoirs  of  George  Washington,"  1857;  and 
contrib.  the  letter-press  to  "  The  Book  of  Home 
Beauty."  She  has  also  pub.  "  An  Essay  on  the 
Life  and  Writings  of  Spenser,"  prefixed  to  the 
first  book  of  the  "  Faerie  Queen,"  1846  ;  and 
"  Patriotic  Eloquence,"  selections  compiled 
for  schools.  Her  latest  work  was  a  choice 
selection  of  poetic  extracts,  —  "The  School- 
Girl's  Garland,"  in  two  series.  She  was  a  very 
successful  teacher,  and  a  charming  conversa- 
tionalist. 

Kirkland,  John  Thornton,  D.D.  (N.  J. 
Coll.  1802),  LL.D.  (B.U.  1810),  b.  Little  Falls. 
N.Y.,  Aug.  17,  1770  ;  d.  Boston,  Apr.  26, 1840. 


H.U.  1789.  Son  of  the  missionary  Samuel 
Kirkland.  Ord.  pastor  of  the  church  in  Sum- 
mer St.,  Boston,  Feb.  5,  1794  ;  and  fiom  Nov. 
14,  1810,  to  1828,  was  pres.  of  H.U.  His  lit- 
erary productions  were  widely  disseminated 
through  the  periodical  press.  His  "Biography 
of  Fisher  Ames  "  ranks  as  an  Amer.  classic. 
He  pub.  a  Eulogy  on  Washington,  Dec.  29, 
1799,  several  occasional  sermons,  and  biograph- 
ical notices  of  Dr.  Belknap,  Gen.  Lincoln,  and 
Prof.  W.  D.  Peck.  Averse  to  literary  effort, 
he  left  nothing  which  can  give  an  adequate  im- 
pression of  his  extraordinary  abilities. — See 
Life  by  Palfrey,  and  Obit.  Discourses  by  F.  Park- 
man  and  A.  Joung. 

Kirkland,  Samuel,  missionary  to  the  In- 
dians, b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  Dec.  1,  1744  ;  d.  Clin- 
ton, Oneida  Co.,  N.Y.,  Feb.  28,  1808;  N.J. 
Coll.  1765.  Son  of  Rev.  Daniel  Kirkland  of 
Norwich,  and  was  educated  at  the  school  of  Rev. 
E.  Wheelock,  where  he  learned  the  Mohawk 
language;  and  he  also  acquired  that  of  the  Sen- 
ecas  by  a  sojourn  among  them  from  Nov. 
1764  to  May,  1766.  Ord.  at  Lebanon,  June  19, 
1766.  He  removed  to  Ct.  ab.  1772,  and  after- 
wards lived  a  while  at  Stockbridge.  After  the 
battle  of  Lexington,  the  Prov.  Congress  of 
Ms.  requested  him  to  use  his  influence  to  se- 
cure either  the  friendship  or  neutrality  of  the 
Six  Nations.  He  succeeded  in  attaching  to  the 
patriot  cause  the  Oncidas,  with  whom  he  con- 
tinued his  religious  labors  throughout  the  war, 
when  the  otlier  tribes,  through  the  influence  of 
Brant  and  the  Johnsons,  had  taken  the  oppo- 
site side.  He  officiated  as  chaplain  to  the 
Amer.  forces  in  his  vicinity,  and  accomp.  Sul- 
livan's exped.  in  1779.  He  was  the  founder 
of  Ham.  Coll.,  its  parent,  the  Ham.  Oneida 
Acad.,  having  lieen  incorporated  through  his 
influence  in  1793,  at  Whitestown,  N.Y.  In 
1789  govt,  granted  him  a  tract  of  land  2  miles 
square,  in  the  present  town  of  Kirkland,  whith- 
er he  removed.  Rev.  S.  K.  Lothrop  of  Boston, 
a  grandson,  has  ])ub.  a  Memoir  of  Kirkland  in 
Spnrks's  "Amer.  Biog." 

Kirkpatrick,  Andrew,  jurist,  b.  Mine 
Brook,  N.  J.,  Feb.  17,  1756  ;  d.  N.  Brunswick, 
N.  J.,  Jan.  7,  1831.  N.  J.  Coll.  1775.  David 
his  father,  a  Scotch  Presbyterian,  came  to 
N.J.  in  1736.  Andrew  began  the  study  of 
theology,  but  soon  turned  to  the  law,  which  he 
studied  in  the  office  of  Judge  Patterson.  Adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1785,  he  practised  with  distinction 
at Morristown,  and  afterward  atN.  Brunswick; 
was  a  member  of  the  Assembly  in  1797;  was 
made  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Jan.  17, 
1797;  and  was  chief  justice  in  1803-24.  His 
decisions  are  in  Pennington's,  Southard's, 
and  the  first  3  vols,  of  Halsted's  Reports.  lie 
m.  in  1792  Jane,  dan.  of  Col.  John  13avard.  — 
Mem.  by  J.  G.  Wilson. 

Kirkwood,  Robert,  maj.  Revol.  army, 
1).  near  Newark,  Del.  ;  killed  Nov.  4,  1791,  at 
the  battle  of  Miami.  Receiving  a  classical  ed- 
ucation at  the  Newark  Acad.,  he  subsequently 
engaged  in  farming,  but  in  Jan.  1776  entered 
Ilazlet's  rcgt.  as  a  licut. ;  participated  in  the 
disaster  of  Long  Island,  and  in  the  victories  of 
Trenton  and  Princeton.  Early  in  1777  he  was 
made  a  capt.,  and  was  concerned  in  all  the  im- 
portant   battles  of    the   three  following  cam- 


KIS 


516 


KNT 


paigns.  In  1780  this  regt.  accomp.  Gates  to 
the  South,  and  at  Camden  it  suffered  severely. 
The  remnant  of  it,  under  Kirkwood  and  Jacquet, 
was  attached  as  light  inf.  to  Lee's  legion  ;  and 
at  the  Cowpens,  Guilford,  Eutaw,  and  other 
places,  Kirkwood  exhibited  his  usual  gallantry, 
and  at  the  close  of  the  war  was  brev.  a  maj. 
He  afterwards  emig.  to  Ohio,  and  settled  near- 
ly opposite  Wheeling. 

Kissam,  Richard  S.,  a  disting.  surgeon, 
b.  N.Y.  City,  1763;  d.  there  Oct.  1822.  Son 
of  Benjamin,  an  eminent  lawyer.     Received  a 

f  ram  mar-school  education  at  Hempstead,  L.I. 
tudied  medicine  under  D.  McKnight,  and 
grad.  at  the  U.  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  re- 
mained 5  years.  On  receiving  his  doctorate  in 
1 789  he  pub.  an  inaug.  dissertation  "  De  Rheuma- 
tismo."  After  visiting  the  Continent,  he  returned 
to  N.Y. ;  in  1791  commenced  practice,  and  for 
30  years  was  at  the  head  of  his  profession. 
As  a  lithotomist  he  was  particularly  celebrated, 
only  3  out  of  65  of  his  operations  proving  fatal. 
He  declined  the  chair  of  botany  of  Col.  Coll. 
in  1792.  For  30  years  he  was  a  surgeon  of  the 
N.Y.  Hospital. —  Thacher. 

Kittredge,  Thomas,  M.D.  (H.U.  1811), 
an  eminent  surgeon,  b.  Andover,  July,  1746; 
d.  there  Oct.  1818.  His  father  and  bros.  were 
disting.  surgeons.  After  receiving  instruc- 
tion from  Master  Moody  at  Byfield  Acad.,  he 
studied  med.  with  Dr.  Sawyer  of  Newburyport; 
began  to  practise  in  Andover  in  1768 ;  and,  be- 
ing in  1775  app.  surgeon  to  the  regt.  of  Col. 
James  Frye,  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Bun- 
ker's Hill.  Dr.  K.  had  an  extensive  practice; 
was  an  early  member  of  the  Ms.  Med.  Soc. ; 
and  was  in  the  legisl.  several  years,  and  in  the 
council  in  1810-11. —  Thacher. 

Kuapp,  Col.  Samuel  Lorenzo,  LL.D., 
author,  b.  Newburyport,  Ms.,  Jan.  19,  1783; 
d.  Hopkinton,  Ms.,  July  8, 1 838.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1804.  He  was  a  lawyer  by  profession.  Was  a 
member  of  the  State  legisl. ;  com.  a  regt.  of 
State  militia  during  the  war  of  1812;  became  ed- 
itor of  the  Boston  Gazette  in  1824,  also  the  Bos- 
ton Monthh)  Maqazine,  and  from  1826  to  1828 
X\\QNational  Rppublican ;  and  in  1827  he  resumed 
the  practice  of  law  in  N.Y.  His  "  Biographical 
Memoir  of  Archbishop  Cheverus  "  is  an  elegant 
performance.  His  "Lives  of  Eminent  Lawyers, 
Statesmen,  and  Men  of  Letters,"  1 821 ,  is  a  mod- 
el of  that  species  of  con)po>ition.  He  also  pub. 
"Lectures  on  American  Literature,"  1829; 
"  The  Bachelors  and  other  Tales ; "  "  Advice  in 
the  Pursuits  of  Literature ;  "  Lives  of  Aaron 
Burr,  Andrew  Jackson,  Lord  Timothy  Dexter, 
Daniel  Webster,  and  Thomas  Eddy;  "Trav- 
els of  Ali  Bey  in  Boston  and  Vicinity,"  1818  ; 
"  The  Genius  of  Free  Masonry,  or  a  Defence 
of  the  Order;"  "Female  Biography,"  1846; 
"  Sketches  of  Public  Characters,"  1830,  under 
the  pseudonyme  of  Ignatius  Loyola  Robinson  ; 
and  "American  Biography,"  1833.  He  ed- 
ited Hiiiton's  U.S.,  and  "The  Library  of  Use- 
ful Knowledge."  He  was  also  the  author  of  a 
variety  of  occasional  public  addresses. 

Kneeland,  Abner,  preacher  and  author, 
b.  1774;.d.  Salubria,  Ind.,  27  Aug.  1844. 
While  a  minister  in  Vt.,  he  edited  "  Mrs.  John- 
son's Captivity,"  1814;  afterward  pub.  a 
translation  of  the  New  Test,  from  the  Greek, 


1823  ;  "  The  Deist,"  2  vols.  1 2mo,  1 822  ;  "  Lee-      J 
tures  on  the  Doctrine  of  Universal  Salvation,'*      I 
12mo,   1824;    "Review  of  the  Evidences  of      i 
Christianity,"  a  series  of  lectures  del.  in  N.Y.  in      \ 
Aug.  1829.     Editor  in  1828  of  the  Olive  Branch 
and  Christ.  Inquirer,  N.  Y.,  vol.  i. ;  and  of  the      ! 
Phila.  Universalist's  Mag.  and  Christ.  Messenger,      I 
2  vols.  1821-3;  established  the  Investigator  as      { 
an  organ  of  free  inquiry,  at  Boston,  in  1832.      = 
He  also  pub.  a  speech  in  his  own  defence  be- 
fore the  Sup.  Court  at  Boston,  for  the  alleged 
crime  of  blasphemy,  8  Mar.  1836. 

Kneeland,  Samuel,  printer  and  booksell- 
er of  Boston,  b.  there  1696  ;  d.  14  Dec.  1769.      j 
Apprenticed  to   B.  Green.     He  pub.    the   Ga-      j 
zette  1727-41,  the  iV.  E.  Weekly  Journal  from 
Oct.    1741   to    1752,     Boston     Gazette    1753-4. 
He  was  a  long  time  printer  to  the  gov.  and      j 
council ;  printed  the  laws  and  journals  of  the      ! 
house   some  years ;    and  pub.  many  religious      ] 
books  and  polit.  pamphlets.  i 

Kneeland,  Samuel,  M.D.,  naturalist,  b.      ! 
Boston,    1    Aug.    1821.     H.U.    1840;    Harv. 
Med.  School  1843.     Afterward  studied  mcd.  2 
years   in   Paris,  and  practised   in   Boston   in 
1845-50,  gaining  in  the  mean  time  two  Boyls- 
ton  prizes ;  serving  as  demonstrator  of  anato- 
my in  H.  U.  for  2  years ;  contributing  to  the 
Amer.  Jour,  of  Med.  Sci.  and  Boston  Med.  and 
Surg.  Jour. ;    translating   Audry's   "  Diseases 
of  the  Heart;"  and  serving  2 years  in  the  Bos-      ; 
ton  Dispensary  ;  five  years  sec.  of  the  Boston 
Nat.  Hist.  Soc ;  2  years  sec.  Amer.  Acad,  of      j 
Arts  and  Sciences  ;  passed  some  time  in  Bra-      i 
zil,  and  in  Lake  Sup.  copper-region ;   surgeon 
in  the  Burnside  exped.  in  1862  ;  surgeon  U.S. 
Vols.    Sept.  1863-6,  serving  in  New  Orleans 
and  Mobile;  and,  since    Aug.   1866,  sec.   Ms.      j 
Inst,  of  Technology,  and  also  prof,  of  zoology      : 
and  physiol.  in  that  institution ;  and  has  recent-      \ 
\y  explored  Cal.,  Upper  Mpi.,  and  Colorado,      ; 
publishing  the  results  in   Good  Health,  Bost.      j 
1870-1.      Dr.  K.  contributed  more  than    800      1 
articles  on  zoology,  physiol.,  &c.,  to  the  New      ; 
Amer.  Cyclop. ;  and   has  also  contrib.  to  the      ! 
Proceedings  of  the  Bost.  Soc.  of  Nat.  Hist.,      i 
and  other  similar  pubs.  ;  editing,  with  introd.,      ) 
Smith's  "  Hist,  of  the  Human  Species,"  1851.     \ 
Edited  for  3  years  the  Annual  of  Scientific  Dis- 
covery  (1866-9),  and  "  Charts  "of  the  Animal      ; 
Kingdom,"  pub.  by  S.  R.  Urbino,  Boston;  and     j 
contrib.  to  the  "  Science   and  Mechanism,  or 
Illust.  Cat.  of  the  N.  Y.  Exhib.,"  18.54.  ; 

Knight,  Henry  Cogswell,  poet,  b.  New-     | 
buryport  ab.  1788;  d.  1835.     Brown  U.  1812. 
He  became  pastor  of  an   Epis.  church,    and 
pub.  2  volumes  of  sermons.     His  poems,  which 
have  been  reprinted,  are  "  The  Cypriad,"  poem      ; 
in  two  chants,  1 809  ;  "  The  Trophies  of  Love : "     i 
"  The  Broken  Harp,"  Phila.   1815.     His  col-     ; 
lected  works  appeared  in   Boston    in  2   vols,, 
1821.    His  bro.  Frederic  Knight  (b.  1791,     i 
d.  Rowley,  Nov.  20,  1849)  exercised  the  same    -^ 
profession.     Most  of  his  poetical  pieces  are  con-     | 
tained  in  "  Thorn  Cottage,  or  the  Poet's  Home,"     j 
Boston,    1855.      He   resided  at   Rowley  with     '\ 
his  grandfather   Dr.    Cogswell,   an  estimable     j 
phvsician.  \ 

knight,  Jonathan,  M.D.  (1818),  prof,  of  j 
surgery  in  Yale  Med.  Coll.  1838-64,  b.  Nor-  i 
walk,  Ct.,4  Sept.  1789 ;  d.  N.  Haven.  25  Aug. 


KNT 


517 


KInTO 


1864.  Y.  C.  1808.  Son  of  Jonathan,  surgeon 
in  the  Revol.  army.  He  attended  the  U.  of 
Pa,  in  1811-13;  was  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Rush;  and 
was  licensed  to  practise  by  the  Ct.  Med.  Soc. 
in  Aug.  1811.  Prof,  of  anat.  and  physiol.  in 
Yale  Med.  School  1813-38.  As  a  lecturer  on 
surgery  he  had  no  superior  in  the  country. 
Chosen  pros,  of  the  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1853  ; 
influential  in  establishing  in  1862  the  U.  S. 
Milit.  Hospital  at  N.  Haven.  —  Y.  C.  Ob. 
Record. 

Knight,  Nehemiah  R.,  gov.  of  R.I.  1817- 
21,  b.  Cranston,  R.I.,  Dec.  31,  1780;  d.  Prov- 
idence, April  19,  1854.  His  father  Nehemi- 
ah,  a  farmer  and  politician  (M.  C.  1803-8),  d. 
13  June,  1808,  a.  62.  At  the  age  of  22  the 
Kon  represented  his  native  town  in  the  Assem- 
bly; removed  to  Providence;  and  in  1805  be- 
came clerk  of  the  C.C.P. ;  from  1812  to  1817 
he  was  clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court;  and  U.S. 
senator  1821-41.  Mr.  Knight  belonged  to  the 
Democ.  party,  but  was  moderate  and  conciliat- 
ing in  his  course.  While  gov.  he  recommend- 
ed the  establishment  of  free  schools  throughout 
the  State.  He  was  for  a  few  years  coll.  of  the 
revenue  at  Providence,  under  the  adminis- 
tration of  Madison;  was  a  member  in  1843 
of  the  State  Const.  Con  v. ;  and  for  a  long  time 
prcs.  of  the  Roger  Williams  Bank. 

Knight,  Sarah,  wife  of  Richard  Knight 
of  Boston,  Ms.,  and  dau.  of  Thomas  Kemble, 
b.  Boston,  Apr.  19,  16G6  ;  d.  Norwich,  Ct., 
Sept.  25,  1727.  Her  "Journal  of  a  Horseback 
Journey  from  Boston  to  New  York,  and  Re- 
turn "(in  1704),  was  edited  by  Theodore 
Dwight,  jun.,  and  pub.  in  1825  at  N.Y.,  in  a 
vol.  with  a  journal  of  Rev.  Mr.  Buckingham  : 
it  has  been  reprinted  three  times  ;  namely,  at 
Boston  in  a  newspaper, and  "  The  Living  Age  " 
in  1858,  and  at  Albany,  1865,  in  a  volume. 
Madam  Knight  was  a  shopkeeper  in  Boston 
and  Norwich,  and  also  taught  a  school,  having 
among  her  scholars  Dr.  Franklin  and  Dr. 
Samuel  Mather.  She  was  buried  at  New  Lon- 
don, Ct.,  where  her  only  child  Elizabeth,  the 
wile  of  Col.  John  Livingston,  resided. 

KnoUys,  Rev.  Hanserd,  b.  Cawkwell, 
Eng.,  1598;  d.  Lond.  Sept.  19,  1691.  Camb. 
U.  Ord.  29  June,  1629;  preached  in  Hura- 
berstone  and  other  places  ;  ab.  1636  renounced 
Episcopacy,  and  joined  the  Puritans  ;  and,  to 
escape  persecution,  came  to  Boston  in  1638, 
and  in  Dec.  org.  the  first  church  at  Dover, 
N.H.,  which  he  left  in  1641  ;  preached  a  short 
time  at  L.I.,  and  returned  to  Eng. ;  arr.  in 
Lond.  24  Dec.  1641.  He  formed  a  Baptist 
church  in  Lond.,  of  which  he  was  many  years 
pastor.  For  his  abuse  of  the  Ms.  govt.,  he 
made  a  confession  in  Boston.  He  pub.  "  Rudi- 
ments of  Hebrew  Graumiar,"  1648  ;  "  Flaming 
Fire  in  Zion,"  Lond.  4to,  1646;  Life  by  him- 
self to  1672,  continued  by  Wm.  Kiffin,  1692, 
8vo,  12mo,  1813.  A  Bapt.  Soc,  the  "  Hifn- 
serd  Knollys  Soc,"  was  org.  in  Eng.  in  1845 
for  repub.  early  Bapt.  works.  —  A.  H.  Quint, 
in  Cong.  Qnarterhf,  Jan.  1871. 

Knowles,  James  Davis,  clergyman  and 
educator,  b.  Providence,  R.I.,  in  July,  1798  ;  d. 
Newton,  May  9,  1838.  Col.  Coll.,  D.C.,  1824. 
His  father  died  when  he  was  12  years  of  age; 
and  he  was  soon  after  placed  in'  the  printing- 


office  of  the  Providence  Gazette.  Here  his  lit- 
erary abilities  became  known ;  and  measures 
were  taken  to  furnish  him  with  a  classical  edu- 
cation. Immediately  on  becoming  of  age,  he 
became  co-editor,  with  Prof.  Goddard,  of  the 
R.  I.  American.  Here  he  pursued  his  studies, 
and  indulged  his  literary  tastes,  occasionally 
amusing  his  leisure-hours  with  writing  poetry. 
While  a  tutor  in  coll.  he  edited  a  weekly  re- 
ligious newspaper  called  the  Columbian  Star. 
Having  studied  theology,  in  Oct.  1825  he  was 
ord.  pastor  of  the  Second  Bai)tist  Church,  Bos- 
ton, where  he  remained  until  the  autumn  of 
1832,  when  he  became  prof,  of  pastoral  duties 
and  sacred  rhetoric  in  the  Theol.  Inst,  at  New- 
ton. He  pub.  Memoirs  of  Mrs.  Judson,  and 
also  of  Roger  Williams,  1834;  and  conducted 
the  Christian  Review. 

Knowles,  John,  minister  of  Watertown, 
Ms.;  d.  Lond.,  Eng.,  Apr.  10,  1685,  a.  ab.  85. 
Educated  at  Magdalen  Hall,  Cambridge,  and 
made  fiellow  of  Catharine  Hall  1627.  Came  to 
N.  E.  in  1638.  Ord.  colleague  with  Geo.  Phil- 
lips Dec.  9, 1640  ;  and  was  a  missionary  in  Va. 
early  in  1643,  but  was  driven  out  for  non-con- 
formity to  the  Church  of  Eng.  Returning  to 
Eng.  in  1659,  he  preached  in  the  cathedral  of 
Bristol ;  was  silenced  in  1 662 ;  and  preached,  at 
the  hazard  of  imprisonment,  in  Lond.,  where 
he  was  useful  during  the  plague  in  1665. — 
Calamy. 

Knbwlton,  Miner,  soldier  and  author,  b. 
Ct.  1804;  d.  Burlington,  N.  J.,  25  Dec  1870. 
West  Point,  1829.  Entering  1st  U.S.  Art.,  he 
became  1st  lieut.  23  July,  1835  ;  capt.  21  Apr. 
1846;  retired  26  Oct.  1861.  Assist,  prof,  of 
math,  at  West  Point  1830-31  and  1832-3  ;  as- 
sist, teacher  of  French  1 833-7;  instr.  of  art.  and 
cav.  1837-44.  One  of  the  compilers  of  "In- 
struction for  Field  Artillery,"  adopted  6  Mar. 
1845  for  the  U.S.A.  Aide-de-camp  to  Marshal 
Bugeaud  in  Algeria  in  1845;  and  on  the  Rio 
Grande  in  the  Mexican  war,  1846.  Autlior  of 
"  Notes  on  Gunpowder,  Cannon,  and  Projec- 
tiles," 1840;  "Instr.  and  Reguls.  for  Militia 
and  Vols,  of  U.  S,"  1861.  Pres.  com.  coun- 
cil, Burlington,  N.J.,  1857.  —  Cullum. 

Knowlcon,  Col.  Thomas,  Revol.  officer, 
b.  W.  Boxibrd,  Ms.,  Nov.  30,  1740  ;  d.  Sept. 
16,  1776.  Third  son  of  William,  who  early  in 
life  emigrated  to  Ashford,  Ct.  He  served  six 
campaigns  in  the  war  ending  in  the  conquest 
of  Canada,  and  assisted  in  the  reduction  of 
Havana  in  1762.  He  then  became  a  fanner  ; 
and,  appearing  as  a  vol.  in  the  Ashford  militia 
company  upon  the  Lexington  alarm,  was  unan- 
imously elected  capt.  Gen.  Putnam  selected  him 
to  com.  the  fatigue-party  which  accomp.  Col. 
Prcscott  to  Bunker's  Hill.  He  commenced  the 
construction  of  the  rail-fence  protection,  and 
fought  there  with  admirable  bravery  and  con- 
duct until  the  retreat.  Promoted  soon  after  to 
a  majority,  he  made,  Jan.  8, 1776,  a  daring  and 
successful  incursion  into  Charlestown  ;  com.  a 
regt.  of  light  inf.,  which  formed  the  van  of  the 
army  at  N.  Y.  in  1776 ;  commis'd.  lieut.-col.  of 
a  regt.  of  rangers  selected  from  the  Ct.  troops ; 
and  was  the  confidant  of  Washington  in  the  en- 
terprise of  Nathan  Hale.  At  the  battle  of  Har- 
lem Heights,  while  exhibiting  his  usual  intre- 
pidity, he  fell.     Washington,  in   the  General 


ILNO 


518 


KOH 


Orders,  after  alluding  to  his  gallantry  and 
bravery,  said  he  "  would  have  been  an  honor 
to  any  country." 

Knox,  Gen.  Henry,  b.  Boston,  July  25, 
1750;  d.  Thomaston,  Me.,  Oct.  25,  1806.  Of 
Scotch  and  Irish  Presb.  stock.  His  father,  who 
d.  when  he  was  very  young,  came  from  the  Is- 
land of  St.  Eustatius.  He  possessed  a  robust 
and  athletic  frame,  and  an  enterprising  and  res- 
olute character.  In  a  shooting-excursion  upon 
the  islands,  he  had  the  misfortune  to  mutilate 
one  of  his  hands.  He  had  a  common-school  ed- 
ucation ;  became  a  thriving  bookseller;  and  m. 
Lucy,  dau.  of  Sec.  Flucker,  —  a  lady,  who,  af- 
ter the  Revol.,  became  a  principal  ornament 
of  the  first  social  circle  in  America.  Member 
of  an  artillery  company,  and  an  officer  of  the 
city  grenadier  corps,  he  availed  himself  of 
every  opportunity  to  study  his  favorite  science. 
He  was  active  as  a  vol.  aide  to  Gen.  Ward  at 
the  Bunker's  Hill  battle,  and  soon  attracted  the 
notice  of  Washington  by  his  skill  as  an  en- 
gineer and  artillerist.  In  Nov.  1775  he  was 
placed  in  com.  of  the  artillery,  and  was  sent  to 
procure  cannon  and  ordnance-stores  from  the 
forts  on  the  Canadian  frontier.  Early  in  1776 
he  returned,  having  successfully  overcome  the 
difficulties  in  his  way,  with  a  long  train  of 
sledges  drawn  by  oxen,  bearing  more  than  50 
cannon,  mortars,  and  howitzers, — articles  great- 
ly needed  for  the  siege  of  Boston.  Made  brig.- 
gen.  Dec.  27, 1776,  he  com.  the  art.  of  the  main 
army  during  the  whole  war.  Jan.  2,  1777,  his 
well-directed  fire  repulsed  Cornwallis's  repeated 
attempts  to  cross  the  Assumpink.  He  shared 
in  the  brilliant  action  at  Trinceton,  and  se- 
lected the  position  of  the  winter  encampment 
on  the  high  grounds  near  Morristown.  The 
failure  at  Germantown  was  partly  due  to  his 
too  rigid  adherence  to  the  military  maxim,  never 
to  leave  an  enemy's  fort  in  the  rear,  causing 
the  pursuit  to  be  abandoned  at  Chew's  garri- 
soned house.  After  the  fall  of  Fort  Mifflin, 
Nov.  15,  1777,  he  was,  with  De  Kalb  and  St. 
Clair,  sent  to  provide  for  the  security  of  Red 
Bank.  He  was  prominently  engaged  in  the 
battle  of  Monmouth,  June  28,  1778.  Knox  sat 
in  the  court-martial  for  the  trial  of  Andre.  He 
contrib.  greatly  to  the  successful  result  at  York- 
town  ;  was  made  maj.-gen.  March  22,  1782; 
was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  arrange  the 
exchange  of  prisoners ;  was  efficient  in  allay- 
ing the  discontent  of  the  army;  was  in  com.  at 
West  Point  after  the  close  of  hostilities  ;  and 
arranged  the  surrender  of  New  York  with  Sir 
Guy  Carleton.  Knox  first  suggested  the  Soci- 
ety of  the  Cincinnati,  and  was  its  sec-gen.  while 
Washington  was  its  pres.  He  was  sec.  of  war 
(performing  also  the  duties  of  sec.  of  the  navy) 
Mar.  1785  to  Dec.  1795  ;  and  subsequently  re- 
moved to  Thomaston,  Me.,  where  he  had  a 
large  estate,  and  exercised  a  magnificent  hos- 
pitality. He  was  frequently  a  member  of  the 
house  of  representatives  and  of  the  council  of 
state.  His  death  was  occasioned  by  having 
swallowed  the  bone  of  a  chicken. 

Knox,  John,  captain  in  the  British  army ; 
served  in  N.  Amer. ;  b.  Edinburgh;  d.  Dal- 
keith, 1790.  Pub.  an  "Historical  Journal  of 
the  Campaigns  in  N.  Amer.  in  1757-60,"  2 
vols.  4to,  London,  1769. 


Kjiox,  William,  a  British  politician  and 
author,  b.  Ireland,  1732;  d.  Great  Ealing,  Aug. 
25,  1810.  App.  by  Halifax  one  of  his  Majesty's 
council,  and  provost-marshal  of  Ga.  in  1756, 
he  accomp.  Gov.  Ellis  to  that  Colony.  He  re- 
turned to  Eng.  in  1761 ;  and,  after  the  peace, 
drew  up  a  paper  for  the  Earl  of  Bute,  recom- 
mending the  creation  of  a  colonial  aristocracy, 
and  giving  the  Colonies  representation  in  the 
British  parliament.  He  was  soon  after  app. 
agent  for  Georgia  and  East  Florida.  In  1765 
he  pub.  two  pamphlets  in  defence  of  the  Stamp 
Act,  one  entitled  "A  Letter  to  a  Member  of 
Parliament ;  "  the  other,  "  The  Claims  of  the 
Colonies  to  an  Exemption  from  Internal  Tax- 
es," &c.  His  services  as  agent  of  that  Colony 
were,  in  consequence,  dispensed  with.  He  pub. 
in  1768  his  principal  political  work,  "The  Pres- 
ent State  of  the  Nation,"  answered  by  Burke, 
who  was  in  turn  replied  to  by  Knox  in  1769. 
He  pub.  at  the  same  time  "The  Controversy 
between  Great  Britain  and  her  Colonies  re- 
newed," &c.  As  a  reward  for  his  efforts  in  sup- 
port of  British  supremacy,  he  was  app.  in  1770 
joint  under-secretary  of  state  with  Pownall. 
In  1774  he  pub.  a  pamphlet  in  defence  of  the 
"  Quebec  Act ;  "  and  soon  after  drew  up  a 
"Project  of  a  Permanent  Union  and  Settle- 
ment with  the  Colonies,"  which  seems  to  have 
served  as  a  basis  for  Lord  I^orth's  conciliatory 
proposition  of  1776.  He  continued  under-sec. 
till  1782,  when  the  office  was  suppressed.  He 
was  still  consulted  with  regard  to  the  remain- 
ing Colonies  and  their  trade;  and  drew  up  an 
order  in  council,  July,  1783,  utterly  excluding 
Amer.  shipping  from  the  West  Indies.  He 
submitted  the  plan  for  erecting  the  Province  of 
New  Brunswick,  in  1784,  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  the  loyalists  from  the  Northern  States. 
He  was  an  agent  for  prosecuting  the  claims  of 
the  Ga.  loyalists  for  compensation  for  losses ; 
and  had  a  pension  of  £600  settled  on  himself, 
and  a  like  sum  for  his  wife,  as  Amer.  sufferers. 
In  1789  he  pub.  the  valuable  "Extra-official 
State  Papers."  He  pub.  several  other  books. 
—  0'  Calla(/han. 

Knyphausen  (knip'-how'-zen).  Dodo 
Henry,  baron,  lieut.-gen.,  2d  in  com.  of  the 
Hessian  troops  in  the  British  service  in  the 
Revol.  war;  b.  Alsace,  1730;  d.  Berlin,  Prus- 
sia, May  2,  1789.  Remaikable  for  taciturnity 
and  reserve,  and  an  excellent  officer.  His  fa- 
ther was  col.  of  a  German  regt.  in  the  service  of 
the  Duke  of  Marlborough.  Thegcn.  commenced 
his  military  career  in  the  service  of  the  father  of 
Frederick  the  Great.  He  subsequently  served 
in  the  wars  waged  by  the  latter  against  Austria. 
He  arrived  in  America  in  June,  1776,  and  was 
engaged  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island  in  Aug. 
following;  also  present  at  White  Plains ;  aided 
in  the  capture  of  Fort  Washington  in  Nor. 
1776  ;  in  the  battles  of  Brandy  wine  and  Mon- 
mouth; com.  an  exped.  to  Springfield,  N.  J. ; 
and  in  the  absence  of  Sir  H.  Clinton  in  Jime, 
1780,  wns  in  com.  of  the  city  of  New  York. 

Kohl  (kol).  Dr.  John  George,  traveller, 
author,  and  cartographer,  b.  Bremen,  28  Apr. 
1808  ;  d.  there  6  June,  1871.  Educated  to  the 
law  at  Gottingen,  Heidelberg,  and  Munich. 
Afterward  a  private  tutor  in  Courland,  and 
traveller  in  Russia.      In   1838   he  settled  in 


KOEC 


619 


KR^ 


Dresden;  then  travelled  overEurope,  and  pub. 
the  results  in  a  series  of  volumes.  In  1854-8 
he  prepared  for  the  U.S.  Govt,  a  series  of  val- 
uable maps  of  America,  and  travelled  over  the 
country.  Among  some  20  of  his  pubs,  are 
"Travels  in  Canada,"  1855;  "Travels  in  the 
U.S.,"  1857;  "Kitahi  Gama,  or  Tales  from 
Lake  Superior,"  1860;  "  History  of  the  Two 
Oldest  Charts  of  the  New  World,"  made  in 
Spain,  1861;  "Geographical  Hist,  of  Ameri- 
ca," 1866;  "  Descript.  Catalogue  of  Maps, 
Charts,  and  Surveys  relat.  to  Amer.,  in  Hak- 
luyt,  vol.  iii.,"  1857.  His  valuable  "  Hist,  of 
the  Discovery  of  the  East  Coast  of  N.  A."  was 
pub.  in  the  Me.  Hist.  Colls.,  2d  ser.  vol.  i., 
1869.  He  had  lectured  before  many  learned 
societies.  A  translation  of  his  "  History  of 
the  Discovery  of  America"  was  published  in 
England  in  1862. 

Kohne,  Frederick,  a  philanthropic  mer- 
chant, b.  ilheda,  in  Westphalia,  March  30, 
1757;  d.  Phila.  May  26,  1829.  He  came  to 
Phila.  in  1780,  and  engaged  in  business  in 
Charleston,  S.C.  Having  by  his  own  exer- 
tions acquired  a  fortune  of  ab.  $750,000,  and 
having  no  children  of  his  own,  he  gave  more 
than  two-thirds  of  it  to  objects  of  charity.  He 
gave  8100,000  each  to  the  Theol.  Sem.  of  the 
Epis.  Church,  and  to  the  House  of  Refuge  in 
Pa.  ;  $60,000  to  the  Orphan  Society  of  Phila.; 
and  $20,000  each  to  the  Gen.  Prot.  Ep.  Sun- 
day-school Union,  and  to  the  Pa.  Institution 
for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb. 

KoUock,  Henry,  D.  D.  (H.U.  1806), 
clergyman,  b.  New  Providence,  N.  J.,  Dec.  14, 
1778;  d.  Savannah,  Ga.,  Dec.  29,  1819.  N.  J. 
Coll.  1794.  Tutor  at  N.  J.  Coll.  1797-1800. 
Licensed  to  preach  May  7,  1800,  in  Dec.  he 
became  pastor  of  a  church  at  Elizabethtown  ; 
but  in  Dec.  1803  became  prof,  of  divinity  at 
N.  J.  Coll.  From  1806  till  his  death,  he  was 
pastor  of  the  Indep.  Pres.  Church,  Savannah. 
As  a  preacher  he  had  a  brilliant  reputation. 
His  sermons  were  pub.  in  4  vols.  8vo,  Sav. 
1822,  with  a  Memoir  by  his  bro.  S.  K.  Kol- 
lock. 

KoUock,  Shepherd,  Revol.  officer,  and 
editor,  b.  Lewiston,  Del.,  1750;  d.  Phila.  July 
28,  1839.  Early  in  the  struggle,  he  was  com- 
missioned a  lieut. ;  was  at  the  battles  of 
Trenton,  Fort  Lee,  Short  Hills,  and  other  en- 
gagements; resigned  in  1779,  and  established  a 
newspaper,  the  A^. ./.  Journal,  at  the  village  of 
Chatham;  in  1783  he  removed  his  press  to 
the  city  of  N.Y.,  and  established  the  N.Y. 
Gazetteer ;  in  1787  removed  to  Elizabethtown, 
and  revived  the  N.  J.  Journal,  which  he  con- 
tinued to  edit  31  years.  He  held  the  office  of 
judge  of  common  pleas  for  35  years ;  postmas- 
ter of  E.  till  1829. 

KoUock,  Sheppard  Kosciusko,  D.D., 
bro.  of  llenrv,  b.  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  23  June, 
1795  ;  d.  Apr.  7,  1865.^  Princeton  Coll.  1812. 
Prof,  rhetoric  and  logic  in  U.  of  N.C.  D.D. 
1850.  Licensed  to  preach  in  June,  1814  ;  ord. 
pastor  of  the  Presb.  church,  Oxford,  N.C,  in 
May,  1018  ;  of  the  Presb.  church,  Norfolk,  Va., 
1825-35,  afterward  of  Burlington,  N.J.,  and 
of  Greenwich,  N.  J.  Pub.  an  edition  of  Hen- 
ry Kol lock's  "  Sermons  with  Memoir,"  4  vols. 
8vo,  1822  ;  "  Ministerial  Character;  "   "  Best 


Method  of  Delivering  Sermons ; "  "  Eulogy  on 
Edmund  M.  Mason ;"  discourse  "  On  Duel- 
ling ;  "  "  On  the  Perseverance  of  the  Saints  ;  " 
"Pastoral  Reminiscences,"  N.Y.  12mo,  1849. 

Kosciuszko  (kos-se-tis'-ko),  Tadeusz,  a 
Polish  patriot,  b.  Lithuania,  Feb.  12,  1756;  d. 
Soleure,  Switzerland,  Oct.  16,  1817.  He  was 
of  noble  descent ;  was  educated  at  the  Milit. 
Acad,  of  Warsaw,  and  (at  the  expense  of  the 
State)  in  France.  On  his  return  to  Poland,  he 
was  made  a  capt.  ;  but  an  unhappy  passion  for 
the  dau.  of  the  marshal  of  Lithuania  induced 
him  to  leave  Poland,  and  offer  his  services  to 
the  Americans.  Armed  with  the  recommen- 
dation of  Franklin,  on  presenting  himself  to 
Washington,  he  answered  his  inquiry,  "  What 
do  you  seek  here?"  by  saying,  "1  come  to 
fight  as  a  volunteer  for  American  independ- 
ence." —  "  What  can  you  do  7  "  —  "  Try  me," 
was  the  laconic  reply.  Washington  made  him 
an  aide-de  camp,  and  Oct.  18,  1776,  col.  of  en- 
gineers. He  planned  the  encampment  of  Gates 
at  Bemis's  Heights,  from  which  Burgoyne 
found  it  impossible  to  dislodge  him;  and  was 
the  principal  engineer  in  executing  the  works 
at  West  Point.  In  June,  1781,  he  aided 
Greene  in  the  unsuccessful  siege  of  Ninety-Six. 
For  his  services  he  received  the  thanks  of  Con- 
gress, the  badge  of  the  Cincinnati,  and  the 
brevet  of  brig.-gen.  After  the  war  he  returned 
to  Poland,  Avhere  he  fought  gallantly  under 
Poniatowski  against  the  Russians,  jiarticularly 
at  Zieieuce,  June  18,  and  at  Dubienka,  July 
17,  1792;  but  the  patriots  were  finally  over- 
whelmed, and  Kosciuszko  retired  to  Leipsic. 
In  1794  another  rising  of  the  Poles  took  place: 
Kosciuszko  was  placed  at  its  head,  and  at 
Raclawice,  April  4,  1794,  with  5,000  peasants, 
armed  mostly  with  scythes,  routed  a  Russian 
corps  of  twice  that  number.  He  committed 
the  conduct  of  the  govt,  to  a  national  council, 
and  marched  against  his  foes.  The  combined 
armies  of  Russia  and  Prussia,  who  had  attacked 
Warsaw,  were,  after  several  bloody  conflicts, 
compelled  by  the  Polish  chief  to  raise  the  siege. 
Austria  now  added  her  weight  to  his  enemies, 
who,  with  150,000  men,  came  upon  him,  Oct. 
10,  at  Macicjowice.  After  a  long  conflict, 
Kosciuszko,  who  had  repelled  3  attacks,  fell 
covered  with  wounds,  uttering  the  prophetic 
lament,  "  Finis  Polonice ! "  He  was  imprisoned 
in  St.  Petersburg  until  the  accession  of  the  Em- 
peror Paul,  who,  on  freeing  him,  offered  him 
his  own  sword.  "  I  have  no  need  of  a  sword," 
said  Kosciuszko:  "I  have  no  country  to  de- 
fend." Visiting  the  U.S.  in  1797,  he  was  re- 
ceived with  marked  distinction,  and,  in  addition 
to  his  pension,  received  from  Congress  a  grant 
of  land.  He  afterwards  resided  in  France, 
near  Fontainebleau.  In  1806  Napoleon  sought 
in  vain  to  engage  him  in  his  schemes  relative 
to  Poland,  Kosciuszko  refusing  to  lend  himself 
to  his  purposes  without  a  guaranty  of  Polish 
freedom.  In  1816  he  went  to  live  at  Soleure, 
Switzerland.  His  death  was  caused  by  a  fail 
from  liis  horse  over  a  precipice.  His  remains 
lie  beside  those  of  Poniatowski  and  Sobieski  in 
the  Cathedral  Church  of  Cracow.  The  cadets 
at  West  Point  erected  an  elegant  monument  to 
his  memory. 

Krauth,   Charles  Philip,  sen.,   D.  D., 


KR-A. 


620 


I..AJB 


clergyman  and  scholar,  b.  Northampton  Co., 
Pa.,  1796;  d.  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  May  3,  1867. 
He  studied  medicine;  but  in  1820  became  pas- 
tor of  the  Shepherdstown  Lutheran  Church, 
where  his  abilities  soon  became  known.  In 
1821  he  was  on  the  committee  to  draw  up  the 
formula  for  the  govt,  and  discipline  of  the 
Evangelical  Lutheran  Church;  in  182.5  he 
assisted  in  preparing  a  Hymn-Book,  Liturgy, 
and  Prayers  for  the  use  of  the  churches  of  the 
district  synods;  in  1831  he  was  placed  upon 
the  editing  committee  of  15 ;  was  often  a  dele- 
gate to  tlie  general  synod,  served  on  many  of 
its  committees,  and  was  repeatedly  its  presi- 
dent. Prom  1827  to  18-34  he  was  pastor  of  St. 
Matthew's  Lutheran  Church,  Phila.,  and  was 
regarded  as  one  of  the  finest  pulpit  orators  of 
that  city.  Prom  1834  to  1847  he  was  pres.  of 
Pa.  Coll.  From  1847  till  his  death,  he  was 
prof,  of  biblical  philology  and  eccl.  history 
in  the  Gettysburg  Theol.  Sem.  He  pub.  some 
addresses,  and  furnished  many  articles  for  the 
Lutheran  Intelligencer  and  the  Evangelical  Re-, 
view. 

Krauth,  Charles  Porterfield,  son 
of  the  preceding,  b.  Martinsburg,  Va.,  17  Mar. 
1823.  U.  of  Pa.  1839.  Ord.  1842;  succes- 
sively pastor  at  Baltimore  ;  Winchester,  Va. ; 
Pitts'^burg,  Pa. ;  St.  Mark's  Church,  Phila.,  in 
1859-63;  prof,  of  theology,  Lutheran  Sem., 
Phila.,  1864-8;  and  since  1868  prof,  of  moral 
and  intell.  philos.  U.  of  Pa.  Has  pub.  "  The 
Pastoral  Office,"  1845;  "The  Transfigura- 
tion," 18.50;  "Popular  Amusements,"  1851  ; 
"The  Bible  a  Perfect  Book,"  1851;  "The 
Old  Church  on  the  Hill,"  1854;  "The  Lu- 
theran Church  and  the  Lord's  Day,"  1857, 
&c. ;  Transl.  of  Tholuck's  Commentary  on 
the  Gospel  of  St.  John.  Contrib.  to  numerous 
reviews  and  periodicals.  In  1861  he  became 
editor  of  the  Lutheran  and  Missionary,  Phila. 

Krebs,  John  Michael,  D.D.  (Uick.  Coll. 
1841),  Prcsb.  clergyman,  b.  Hagerstown,  Md., 
May  6,  1804;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Sept.  30,  1867. 
Dick.  Coll.  1827  ;  Princet.  Theol.  Sem.  1830. 
He  spent  his  leisure  time  in  study  while  a  clerk 
in  the  employ  of  his  father,  who  was  postmas- 
ter of  Hagerstown.  Having  studied  theology 
under  Dr.  Duffield,  he  was  in  Oct.  1829  li- 
censed to  preach  ;  and  from  1830  to  hisd.  was 
pastor  of  the  Rutgers-st.  Church,  N.Y.  From 
1837  to  1845  he  was  permanent  clerk  of  the 
Presb.  Gen.  Assembly  (O.S.),  and  in  1845  was 
moderator.  He  was  a  director  of  the  Prince- 
ton Sem.  from  1842,  and  became  pres.  of  the 
board  in  1866.  He  had  been  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions  from  its  organiza- 
tion, and  for  several  years  its  pres.  Author  of 
numerous  works,  including  "  The  Purpose  and 
Success  of  the  Gospel,"  1833  ;  "  Righteousness 
and  National  Prosperity,"  1835  ;  "  The  Prov- 
idence of  God  in  the  Calamities  of  Men," 
1835  ;  "  The  Leader  Fallen,"  1841;  "  Merciful 
Rebuker,"  1841  ;  "  Reciprocal  Relations  of 
Physicians  and  Clergymen  ;  "  "  The  American 
Citizen,"  1851;  "  The  Presbyterian  Psalmist," 
1852. 

Euhn,  Adam,  M.D.,  b.  Germantown,  Pa., 
Nov.  28,  1741  ;  d.  Phila.  July  5,  1817.  He 
studied  medicine  under  his  father,  and  at  the 
U.   of  Upsal  in  1762,  also  studying  botany 


under  Linnaeus.  He  took  the  degree  of  M.D. 
at  the  U.  of  Edinburgh,  June  12,  1767  ;  pub. 
the  thesis,  "  De  Lavatione  Frigida."  Return- 
ing, he  settled  in  practice  in  Phila.  ;  in  Jan. 
1768  was  app.  prof,  of  materia  medica  in  the 
Phila.  Coll. ;  prof,  of  the  theory  and  practice 
of  medicine  in  the  U.  of  Pa.  in  Nov.  1789  ;  and 
prof,  of  the  practice  of  physic  from  the  junction 
of  the  Coll.  and  U.  in  Jan.  1792  till  1797.  He 
was  a  physician  of  the  Pa.  Hospital  from  May, 
1775,  to  Jan.  1798  ;  and  was  pres.  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  from  July,  1808,  till  his  death. 
—  Thacher. 

Kunkel,  John  C,  lawyer  and  M.C.  from 
Pa.  1857-9,  one  of  the  ablest  speakers  and 
most  gifted  men  of  Pa. ;  d.  Harrisburg,  Pa., 
14  Oct.  1870. 

Kunze,  Edward  J.,  sculptor,  b.  Pome- 
rania,  Prussia,  1826;  d.  N.Y.  City,  10  Apr. 
1870.  At  18  he  came  to  the  U.S.,  and,  devot- 
ing himself  to  his  art,  achieved  a  high  repu- 
tation. 

Kunze,  John  Christopher,  D.D.,  b. 
Saxony,  1744;  d.  N.Y.  July  24,  1807.  U. 
of  Halle.  In  1771  he  was  called  to  the  Lu- 
theran congregations  in  Phila.  of  St.  Michael's 
and  Zion's  churches,  where  he  continued  14 
years.  He  was  one  of  the  first  of  his  educated 
countrymen  to  urge  the  propriety  of  educating 
German  youth  in  English.  In  1784  he  re- 
moved to  N.Y.,  where  he  had  charge  of  the 
Lutheran  church  23  years,  and  was  prof,  of 
ancient  languages  from  1784  to  1787  and  from 
1792  to  1795  in  Col.  Coll.  He  composed  and 
pub.  in  1795  a  hymn-hook  of  German  hymns 
translated  into  English  verse.  He  also  pre- 
pared a  liturgy  and  catechism  in  English. 
Pres.  of  the  second  synod  of  the  Amer.  Lu- 
theran church,  and  was  celebrated  for  the  be- 
nevolence of  his  character.  Author  of  "  Hist, 
of  the  Christian  Religion  and  of  the  Lutheran 
Church,"  "  Eclipse  of  June  10,  1806."  —  See 
HezeJius's  Hist,  of  the  Amer.  Luth.  Church. 

Kyan,  John  H.,  inventor  of  the  process 
of  hardening  wood,  making  what  is  called 
"  Kyanized  "  wood ;  b.  Eng. ;  d.  N.Y.  9  Jan. 
1850,  a.  75.  Member  of  many  European 
scientific  societies. 

Labaree,  Benjamin,  D.D.  (U.  of  Vt. 
1841),  LL.D.  (Dartm.  Coll.  1864),  educator, 
b.  Charlestown,  N.ll.,  June  3,  1801.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1828  ;  And.  Sem.  1831.  Ord.  at  Brad- 
ford, Ms.,  Sept.  26,  1831.  Prof,  of  Latin  and 
Greek,  Jackson  Coll.,  Columbia,  Tenn.,  1832- 
6,  and  pres.  from  1836  to  Apr.  1837  ;  sec.  of 
the  Central  Education  Soc.  at  N.Y. ;  pres.  of 
Middlebury  Coll.  Oct.  1, 1840,  to  1866  ;  pastor 
at  Hyde  Park,  Ms.,  1869-71. 

Labat  (la-'ba'),  John  Baptist,  a  French 
missionary,  b.  Paris,  1663;  d.  there  Jan.  6, 
1 738.  At  the  age  of  20  he  entered  the  Dominican 
order,  and,  after  acting  as  prof,  of  philosophy 
at  Nancy,  embarked  in  1693  for  the  W.  Indies 
as  a  missionary.  He  was  some  time  cure  of 
Macouba  in  Martinique,  but  in  1696  passed 
to  Guadaloupe,  where  he  established  a  station 
of  his  order,  and  also  disting.  himself  as  an 
engineer  and  agriculturist.  He  explored  the 
archipelago  of  the  Antilles;  founded  in  1703 
the  city  of  Basse  Terre  ;  in  1705  returned  to 
Europe,  and  travelled  through  Spain,  survey- 


luASB 


621 


JLuA.:Ei 


ing  the  environs  and  coast  of  Andalusia,  to 
Italy,  where  he  remained  several  years,  and 
wrote  his  "Nouveau  Voyage  aux  Isles  de  I  'Am€- 
rique,"  6  vols.,  Paris,  1722.  During  several 
voyages  in  the  service  of  the  mission,  he  visited 
all  the  Antilles,  and,  on  the  attack  of  Guada- 
loupe  by  the  English  in  1703,  he  rendered  im- 
portant services  as  an  engineer.  He  also  pub. 
"  A  Description  of  the  Countries  on  the  Sene- 
gal and  between  Cape  Blanco  and  Sierra 
Leone,"  and  a  translation  of  Cavazzi's  work 
on  Western  Ethiopia. 

La  Borde,  Maximilian,  physician  and 
scholar,  b.  Edgefield,  S.C,  1804.  S.  C  Coll. 
1820.  His  father  was  from  Bordeaux.  Aban- 
doning the  study  of  law  for  that  of  med.,  he 
was  grad.  at  the  S.  C.  Med.  Coll.  in  1826.  He 
practised  his  profession  13  years,  occasionally 
representing  Edgefield  dist.  in  the  lower  house 
of  the  State  legisl.,  and,  edited  the  Edcjefidd 
Advertiser  in  1836.  In  1838  he  was  elected  sec. 
of  state;  in  1842  he  accepted  the  chair  of  logic 
and  belles-lettres  in  S.  C.  Coll. ;  and  in  1845 
was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  metaphysics. 
He  taught  chiefly  by  lecture  till  1855,  when  he 
pub.  a  text-book  on  physiology,  which  is  highly 
esteemed.  He  has  been  a  frequent  contrib.  to 
the  South.  Quarterly/  Review,  and  has  contrib. 
to  Russell's  and  other  Southern  magazines.  In 
Aug.  1859  he  pub.  an  elaborate  "History  of 
the  S  C.  Coll.,  with  Sketches  of  its  Presidents 
and  Professors."  —  Appkton. 

Lacey,  Gen.  John,  Revol.  officer,  b.  Bucks 
Co.,  Pa.,  Feb.  4,  1755;  d.  New  Mills,  N.J., 
Feb.  17,  1814.  Though  brought  up  a  Quaker, 
he  took  com.  of  a  vol.  company,  and  Jan.  6, 

1776,  was  made  a  capt.  in  Wayne's  regt.,  with 
which  he  served  in  Canada.  He  was  made  in 
1777  sub-lieut.  of  Bucks  County,  and  lieut.col. 
of  militia,  and,  at  the  head  of  400  men,  joined 
Gen.  Potter's  brigade  at  Whitemarsh  in  Nov. 

1777.  While  thus  engaged  he  was  in  frccj-  jnt 
skirmishes  with  the  enemy.  Before  he  was  23 
he  received  the  app.  of  brig.-gen.  (Jan.  9, 
1778),  and  had  a  most  harassing  duty  to  per- 
form on  the  lines  while  the  British  army  occu- 
pied Phi  la.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Assem- 
bly in  1778;  a  member  of  the  council  in  1779- 
81  ;  and  from  Aug.  1780  to  Oct.  1781  was  in 
active  service  with  a  brigade  of  militia.  He 
soon  afterwards  removed  to  New  Mills,  Bur- 
lington Co.,  N.J.,  where  he  became  largely 
concerned  in  iron-works.  He  was  many  years 
a  judge,  and  justice  of  the  county  where  he  re- 
sided ;  and  also  a  member  of  the  legisl. —  Rofjers. 

La  Corne,  Chevalier  Pierre,  an  active 
Canadian  ofiicer.  Son  of  Capt.  La  Corne, 
town-major  of  Quebec  in  1719.  He  was,  with 
Sieur  Joncaire,  on  an  embassy  to  the  Indians 
of  Niagara  in  1720.  In  1747,  with  M.  de  St. 
Pierre,  he  defeated  the  Indian  incursion  at  La 
Chene  Rapids;  was  sent  to  Acadia  with  De 
Ramczay,  succeeding  to  the  command  when 
that  officer  was  wounded  in  the  action  at  Grand 
Pre.  In  this  affair  he  attacked  and  carried  the 
house  of  Col.  Noble,  who  was  killed  in  its  de- 
fence. In  1749  he  was  sent,  with  the  priest  La 
Loutre,  to  seduce  the  Acadians  from  their 
allegiance  to  Eng.,  and  to  induce  them  to  re- 
move north  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  the 
Isthmus,  but  failed  in  the  attempt.    At  this 


time  he  is  said  to  have  com.  ab.  2,500  men. 
He  was  actively  employed  in  Canada  for  the 
next  ten  years  ;  was  wounded  in  the  action  at 
the  Rapids,  Lake  Ontario,  in  1759;  and  was 
disting.  in  com.  of  a  batt.  of  Colonial  troops, 
and  again  wounded  at  the  capture  of  Quebec. 
By  his  intimate  knowledge  of  the  Indian  lan- 
guages he  was  of  great  service  to  the  govt. 

Lacunza,  Jose  Maria,  Mexican  poet,  b. 
ab.  1809;  d.  Havana,  June  19,  1869.  He  re- 
ceived an  excellent  education  ;  came  to  the  bar 
ab.  1834 ;  and  was  in  the  council  of  Santa  Aiia 
in  1843-4,  and  at  a  later  period.  When  Maxi- 
milian came  into  power,  he  found  him  the  most 
eminent  lawyer  of  the  capital,  and  favorably 
disposed  toward  himself,  and  made  him,  in  Nov. 
1864,  minister  of  state  and  pres.  of  the  council. 
He  resigned  in  Nov.  1865,  and  a  few  months 
later  escaped  to  Havana.  His  poems,  which 
have  great  merit,  have  passed  through  several 
editions. 

Ladd,  Joseph  Brown,  poet  and  physician, 
b.  Little  Compton,  R.I.,  1764;  d.  Charleston, 
S.C,  Nov.  2,  1786,  from  a  wound  received  in 
a  duel.  Son  of  William,  a  soldier  of  the  Re- 
vol. (member  of  the  R.I.  legisl.  and  of  the  con- 
vention which  ratified  the  Federal  Constitution ), 
who  d.  Alexandria,  Va.,  Dec.  4,  1800,  a.  64. 
The  son  removed  to  Charleston,  S.  C,  ab. 
1784,  and  was  soon  engaged  in  extensive  prac- 
tice. In  1785  he  was  app.  Fourth  of  July 
orator  at  the  second  celebration  of  the  day  in 
Charleston.  His  writings,  under  the  signature 
of  "Arouet,"  pub.  in  1786,  display  genius.  A 
sketch  of  his  life,  with  poems,  was  pub.  in  1832, 
by  W.  B.  Chittenden. 

Ladd,  William,  philanthropist,  b.  Exeter, 
N.  H.,  May  10,  1778;  d.  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
Apr.  9,  1841.  H.U.  1797.  Engaging  in  mer- 
cantile pursuits,  he  made  several  foreign  voy- 
ages, as  supercargo  or  captain.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  organiiang  the  American  Peace 
Society,  of  which  he  was  for  many  years  pres., 
and  in  behalf  of  which  he  labored  efficient- 
ly until  the  close  of  his  life.  He  edited  the 
Friend  of  Peace,  commenced  by  Dr.  Noah 
Worcester,  and  the  Harbincjer  of  Peace  ;  and 
pub.  a  number  of  essays  and  occasional  ad- 
dresses on  the  subject  of  peace.  He  carried  his 
views  to  the  extreme  of  denying  the  right  to 
maintain  defensive  war,  and  caused  this  prin- 
ciple to  be  incorporated  into  the  constitution 
of  the  American  Peace  Society.  Author  of 
"  An  Essay  on  a  Congress  of  Nations,"  8vo, 
Bost.  1840. 

Laet,  John  de,  historian  and  geographer, 
b.  Antwerp ;  d.  there  at  the  close  of  1649.  Lit- 
tle is  known  of  him,  except  that  he  was  a  di- 
rector of  the  Dutch  E.  India  Co.  and  intimate 
with  Saumiase.  He  left  some  very  useful 
works,  the  chief  of  which  are,  "  Novus  Orbis," 
folio,  Leyden,  1633,  an  account  of  America, 
much  used  by  later  geographers,  and  which  in- 
volved him  in  a  controversy  with  Grotius  con- 
cerning the  origin  of  the  Americans ;  "  Historia 
Naturalis  Brasilice,"  folio,  1640;  "  De  Regis  His- 
panicB  Regnio  et  Opibus,"  8vo;  "  Respub/ica  Bel- 
garum  ;  "  "  Gallia ; "  "  Turcici  Imperii  Status;  " 
and  "  Persici  Imperii  Status,"  The  four  last 
form  part  of  the  little  books  called  "  Reipubli- 
ccE,"  printed  by  Elzevir.  —  Biog.  Univ. 


H.JLW 


522 


luJLJP 


Lafayette,  Marie  Jean  Paul  Roch 
Yves  Gilbert  Motier,  marquis  de,  soldier 
and  statesman,  b.  at  Chavagnac,  Auver<fne, 
Sept.  6,  1757;  d.  Paris,  May  19,  1834.  One 
of  his  ancestors  was  a  distinguished  marshal  of 
France ;  another,  Mmc.  de  Lafayette,  was  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  ornaments  of  the  court  of 
Louis  XIV.  His  father  fell  in  the  battle  of 
Minden;  and, his  mother  dying  in  1770,  he  was 
left  the  heir  to  an  immense  estate.  He  was  ed- 
ucated at  the  college  of  Plessis;  and  at  16  m. 
a  grand-daughter  of  the  Duke  de  Noailles.  En- 
tering the  army,  he  was  a  capt.  in  a  dragoon 
regt.  at  Metz,  when,  in  the  summer  of  1776, 
hearing  that  the  American  Colonies  had  de- 
clared Ihcir  independence,  he  at  once  resolved 
to  aid  them  ;  secretly  fitted  out  a  vessel ;  and, 
with  the  Baron  de  Kalb  and  10  other  ofiScers, 
set  sail,  eluding  the  officers  sent  to  prevent  his 
departure.  After  a  long  and  stormy  passage 
he  landed  near  Georgetown,  S.C.  His  arrival 
produced  a  great  sensation,  and  gave  a  power- 
ful impulse  to  the  patriot  cause.  He  addressed 
a  letter  to  Congress,  asking  leave  to  serve  as  a 
volunteer  without  pay.  That  body  gave  him, 
in  consideration  of  his  zeal,  illustrious  family, 
and  connections,  the  rank  of  maj.-gen.  July  31, 
1777  ;  and  he  was  invited  by  Washington  to  be- 
come a  member  of  his  military  family.  A  vol- 
unteer at  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine,  Sept.  11, 
while  rallying  the  retreating  Americans,  he  re- 
ceived a  bullet-wound  in  the  leg.  App.  to  com. 
an  expcd.  to  Canada  by  the  machinations  of  the 
cabal  hostile  to  Washington,  he  saw  through 
the  artifice,  and,  by  Washington's  advice,  ac- 
cepted the  post ;  but  the  plan  failed  for  want 
of  means.  On  the  night  of  May  19,  Gen.  Grant 
undertook  to  surprise  Lafayette  at  Barren  Hill, 
near  Phila.,  but  was  foiled.  At  Monmouth  he 
attacked  the  British  with  vigor  and  success, 
until  Lee  ordered  him  to  fall  back.  Returning 
home  in  1779,  he  was  welcomed  there  with  ex- 
traoidinary  enthusiasm  by  all  classes.  It  was 
mainly  due  to  his  efforts  that  the  army  of  Ro- 
chambeau  was  sent  to  America.  May  11, 1780, 
he  rejoined  Washington.  He  was  one  of  the 
court  convened  at  Tappan,  Sept.  29,  by  whom 
Maj.  Andre  was  tried  as  a  spy,  and  condemned 
to  death.  Early  in  1781  he  was  sent  with 
1,200  men  to  assistin  the  defence  of  Va.  From 
his  own  funds  he  supplied  shoes,  hats,  and  tents 
to  his  destitute  army.  Pursued  by  Cornwallis, 
he  skilfully  retreated  until  joined  by  Wayne's 
force  of  800  men,  when  he  advanced,  a^u\  placed 
himself  between  the  British  army  and  large 
quantities  of  siorcs  at  Charlottesville.  Con- 
tinuing his  retrcAt,  Cornwallis  at  last  took  post 
at  Yorktown.  Lafayette  stationed  his  force  so 
as  to  cut  off  the  retreat  of  the  British  into  the 
Carolinas,  and  awaited  the  arrival  of  Washing- 
ton and  Rochambeau.  For  his  services  at  the 
siege  of  Yorktown,  where,  in  conjunction  with 
Hamilton,  he  com.  one  of  the  assailing  parties, 
he  was  publicly  thanked  by  Washington  on  the 
day  after  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis.  He  then 
returned  to  France,  and  was  made  a  maj.-gen. 
in  the  French  army.  Congress,  in  granting  him 
leave  of  absence,  passed  resolutions  acknowledg- 
ing his  eminent  services.  *  In  1784  he  again 
visited  the  U.S.,  and  was  everywhere  received 
with  affection  and  respect.     He  was  a  member 


of  the  Assembly  of  Notables  at  Paris  in  1787, 
where  he  denounced  the  abuses  of  the  govt,  and 
demanded  the  convocation  of  the  States-gener- 
al. July  15,  1789,  he  was  app.  com. -in-chief 
of  the  national  guards.  When  the  abolition  of 
titles  was  decreed,  he  laid  down  that  of  mar- 
quis, and  henceforth  was  known  only  as  the  gen- 
eral. When  the  Constitution  was  adopted  (July 
14, 1790),  he  resigned  his  com.  Mar.  20, 1792, 
he  was  app.  to  the  com.  of  one  of  the  armies 
sent  to  guard  the  frontier.  He  established  disci- 
pline, and  won  victories  at  Philippeville,  Mau- 
bcuge,  and  Florennes,  but  he  was  denounced  by 
the  Jacobins,  and  his  arrest  decreed.  Quitting 
his  command,  he  crossed  the  frontier  Aug.  17, 
intending  to  take  refuge  in  Plolland,  but  was 
taken  by  the  Austrians,and  confined  in  the  dun- 
geons of  Olmutz,  where  he  remained  until  set 
free  (Aug.  25, 1797)  by  the  treaty  of  Campo  For- 
mio.  A  daring  attempt  for  his  rescue,  by  Dr. 
Erick  BoUman  and  Francis  K.  Huger,  was  near 
being  successful.  At  the  close  of  1799  he  estab- 
lished himself  at  his  estate  of  La  Grange,  about 
40  miles  from  Paris.  In  1818  he  was  elected 
to  the  chamber  of  deputies,  where  he  was  a  sup- 
porter of  all  liberal  measures.  Invited  by  Con- 
gress to  visit  the  U.  S.  in  1824,  he  landed  at 
N.  Y.  Aug.  15;  and  his  progress  through  the 
country  resembled  a  continuous  tiiumphal  pro- 
cession. Cong,  in  Dec. 1824  voted  him  $200,000, 
and  a  township  of  land,  in  consideration  of  his 
important  services  in  the  Revol.  He  ret.  to 
France  in  Sept.  1825.  In  1827  he  was  re-elected 
to  the  chamberof  deputies.  During  the  revol.  of 
July,  1830,  of  which  he  was  the  acknowledged 
leader,  he  rendered  great  service  to  the  liberal 
cause.  He  sacrificed  his  own  republican  pref- 
erences for  the  sake  of  peace  and  order,  and 
placed  Louis  Phili|)pe  on  the  throne,  confining 
himself  to  his  duties  as  a  representative  of  the 
people.  His  son,  George  Wash.  Lafayettb 
(IKU.  1824),  d.  La  Grange,  Dec.  1,  1849.— 
See  Memoirs,  Corresp.,  and  MSS.  of  Gen.  L.,  ■ 
pub.  bji  his  Family,  3  vols.  8vo,  Loud.  1837. 

Lafiteau,  Joseph  Francis,  a  French  Jes- 
uit, and  missionary  among  the  Iroquois  Indi- 
ans in  1700-5,  b.  Bordeaux,  1670;  d.  1740. 
He  pub.  upon  his  return  to  Europe  "  Mceurs 
des  Sauvages  Americains,"  &,<.'.,  Paris,2  vols.  4to, 
1723  ;  also  a  work  on  the  Discoveries  and  Con- 
quests of  the  Portuguese  in  the  New  World, 
Paris,  4  vols.  12mo,  1733  ;  reprinted  in  2  vols. 
4 to,  1753.  In  the  former  he  maintained  that 
the  North- American  Indians  are  descended  from 
the  barbarians  who  inhabited  Greece  at  an  early- 
period.  Prof,  of  belles-lettres  after  his  return 
to  France.  —  Bing.  Univ. 

Xjafi.tte,  Jean,  a  corsair  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  b.  France,  ab.  1780;  d.  at  sea  in  1817, 
or  at  Sisal,  Yucatan,  in  1826.  There  is  much 
obscurity  as  to  the  events  of  his  career.  In 
1813-14  he  was  at  the  head  of  a  formidable 
band  of  desperadoes  whose  headquarters  were 
on  the  Island  of  Grand  Terre  in  Barataria 
Bay.  This  bay  afforded  a  secure  retreat  for 
their  fleet  of  small  vessels  ;  and  their  goods  were 
smuggled  into  New  Orleans  in  boats,  through 
an  intricate  labyrinth  of  lakes,  bayous,  and 
swamps,  to  a  point  a  little  above  the  city.  In 
1814  an  exped.  was  sent  against  them  under 
Commodore   Patterson.       The  settlement  of 


XuJLW 


523 


TiAT. 


Grand  Terre,  with  all  the  vessels  in  port  at  the 
time,  were  taken  ;  butLafitte  and  his  comrades 
escaped  into  the  interior,  and  resumed  their 
operations  as  soon  as  Patterson  retired.  Over- 
tures were,  ab.  this  time,  made  to  Lafiite  by  the 
commanders  of  the  British  naval  and  military 
forces  in  the  gulf,  offering  him  $30,000  and  a 
commission  in  the  British  navy,  on  condition 
of  obtaining  his  services  in  conducting  the  con- 
templated exped.  to  N.  Orleans.  He  immedi- 
ately wrote  to  Gov.  Ch^iborne  of  La.,  enclosing 
the  documents  from  Capt.  Lockyer,  and  offer- 
ing his  services  in  defence  of  La.  on  the  sole 
condiiion  of  pardon  to  himself  and  followers 
for  the  offences  with  which  they  stood  charged. 
Lafitte's  offer  was,  after  some  hesitation,  ac- 
cepted. In  connection  with  an  officer  of  the 
army,  he  was  employed  in  fortifying  the  passes 
of  Barataria  Bay,  and  rendered  efficient  service 
in  com,  of  a  party  of  his  followers  in  the  hattle 
of  Jan.  8,  1815.  His  subsequent  career  is  in- 
volved in  obscurity  ;  but  it  is  believed,  that, 
after  the  war,  he  for  a  time  com.  a  packet  ply- 
ing between  Phila.  and  N.  Orleans,  and  sub- 
sequently resumed  his  old  pursuits,  taking  a 
privateer's  commission  either  from  New  Gra- 
nada or  Mexico,  and  that,  while  thus  engaged, 
he  formed  a  settlement  on  the  site  of  the  pres- 
ent city  of  Galveston,  which  was  broken  up 
in  1821  by  a  naval  force  under  Lieut.  Kearney. 
Lafitte  was  tall,  well-formed,  and  handsome, 
easy  and  polished  in  manner,  and  winning  and 
affable  in  his  address.  It  is  sujiposed  that  he 
was  of  a  respectable  family,  and  that  his  early 
opportunities  for  education  had  been  good. — 
Applet  on. 

Xjafon,  Barthelemy,  geographer ;  d.  N. 
Orleans,  Sept.  29,  1820.  He  pub.  a  map  of 
Lower  Louisiana  and  N.  Orleans.  About  1814 
he  proposed  for  pub.  "  Urane  Geography," 
designed  to  prove  that  America  was  known  to 
the  ancients. 

Lafontaine,  Sir  Louis  Hypolite,  a 
Canadian  statesman,  b.  Boucherville,  C.  E., 
Oct.  1807;  d.  Montreal,  Feb.  26,  1864.  His 
grandfather,  Antoine  Menard,  was  a  member 
of  the  Canadian  parliament  from  1796  to  1804. 
He  studied  for  the  bar;  became  a  prominent 
politician;  and  being  supposed,  from  his  con- 
nection with  the  French  Canadian  opposition, 
to  be  in  sympathy  with  the  insurgents  of 
1837,  a  reward  was  offered  for  his  arrest;  and 
he  fled  to  Eng.  and  thence  to  France.  Sub- 
sequently called  to  the  councils  of  Lord  Dur- 
ham and  of  Sir  Charles  Bagot,  his  party  came 
into  power  in  Mar.  1848  ;  and  he  was  premier 
from  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Baldwin  until  Oct. 
1851.  Resuming  his  law-office,  he  became 
chief  justice  of  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench, 
Aug.  13,  1853.  Created  hart.  Aug.  28,  1854. 
—  Monjcin. 

La  Forest,  Antoine  Rene  Charles 
Mathurin.  comte  de,  diplomatist,  b.  Aire, 
France,  8  Ang.  1756  ;  d.  2  Aug.  1846.  Quit- 
ting the  regt.  of  Hainaut,  he  entered  the  di- 
plomatic service  in  1774  ;  was  attached  in  Nov. 
1778  to  the  French  legation  in  the  U.S.,  and  was 
successively  vice-consul  at  Savannah,  Phila., 
and  N.  YoVk,  and  in  1783  succeeded  Marbois 
as  consul-gen.  He  returned  to  France  in  1792  ; 
was  again  consul-gen.  to  the  U.S.  in  1794-5 ; 


was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  French  post- 
office  after  the  18th  brumaire ;  in  1800  was 
minister-plenipo.  to  the  Congress  of  Lnneville  ; 
minister  to  Berlin  1803-6,  and  to  Spain  1  SOS- 
IS  ;  made  peer  of  France,  3  Mar.  1819  ;  minis- 
ter of  State,  and  member  of  the  pi  ivy  council 
in  1823. 

La  Hontan,  baron,  author  and  soldier, 
b.  Gascony  ab.  1667.  Came  to  Canada  a  private 
soldier  in  1683  ;  was  stationed  successively  at 
Chambly,  Forts  Frontenac,  Niagara,  St. 
Joseph's,  at  Lake  Huron,  and  the  Sault  Ste. 
Marie;  in  1688  at  Michilimacinac ;  at  Green 
Bay  in  1689  ;  and  thence  proceeded  to  the  Mpi. 
He  rose  to  the  rank  of  an  officer,  and  was  sent 
by  Count  Frontenac  to  France  with  the  de- 
spatches announcing  the  failure  of  SirWilliam 
Phipps's  attack  on  Quebec.  Afterwards  dep.- 
gov.  of  Placentia,  he  got  embroiled  with  his 
superior;  made  his  escape  in  a  merchant-vessel ; 
was  subsequently  dismissed  the  service;  and, 
being  threatened  with  arrest,  fled  to  Spain,  and 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  foreign  coun- 
tries, settling  finally  in  Denmark.  Disiippointed 
in  1697  in  the  endeavor  to  be  restored  to  favor, 
he  vented  his  spleen  in  writing  his  travels,  enti- 
tled "  Nouveaux  Voyages  de  M.  U  Baron  de  La 
Hontan  dans  l'Am€riqne  Septentrionale,"  3  vols. 
12rao,  1703,  —  a  work  of  slight  authority,  and 
written  in  a  coarse  and  vulgar  style. 

Laidlie,  Archibald,  DD.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1770),  first  minister  of  the  Dutch  church  in 
America,  who  officiated  in  the  Eng.  language, 
b.  Kelso,  Scotland,  1720;  d.  Red  Hook,  N.Y., 
Nov.  14,  1779,  during  his  exile  caused  by  the 
war.  Previous  to  his  call  to  N.Y.  in  1764,  he 
had  been  4  years  minister  of  Flushing,  Zea- 
land. He  m.  the  dau.  of  Col.  Martin  Hoffman. 
He  had  a  vigorous  mind ;  was  a  sound  divine 
and  powerful  preacher. 

Lake,  Gerard,  viscount,  an  Eng.  gen., 
b.  July  27,  1744;  d.  Feb.  20,  1808.  Ensign 
in  the  Foot  Guards  in  1753,  and  served  in  Ger- 
many during  the  seven-years' war.  In  1781  he 
was  in  Amer. ;  lieut.-col.  under  Corn vvallLs,  and 
disting.  himself  by  conducting  a  very  successful 
sortie  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  where  he  was, 
together  with  the  whole  British  army,  made 
prisoner.  He  afterward  served  in  Holland  and 
Ireland  ;  was  com.-in-chief  in  India  in  1800-6  ; 
and  was  created  Lord  Lake,  Baron  Dehly  and 
Laswarri ;  and  was  soon  after  raised  to  the  rank 
of  viscount,  and  made  gov.  of  Plymouth,  and 
gen.  in  the  army. 

Lake,  William,  poet,  b,  Kingston,  Pa., 
1787;  d.  Dec.  17,  1805.  His  poems,  entitled 
"  The  Parnassian  Pilgrim,"  were  pub.  at  Hud- 
son, 12mo,  1807. 

Lallemand  (laK-mon'),  Charles  Fred- 
erick Antoine,'  haron,  a  French  soldier,  b. 
Metz,  1774  ;  d.  Paris,  9  Mar.  1839.  He  served 
under  Napoleon  ;  com.  a  division  at  Waterloo; 
and  then  went  to  Eng.,  and  requested  to  be 
sent  to  join  the  emperor,  but  was  arrested,  and 
imprisoned  at  Malta.  He  afterward  came  to 
the  U.S.,  and  with  his  younger  bro..  Baron 
Henry,  planned  in  1818  a  colony  in  the  West 
as  an  asylum  for  European  political  exiles ;  and 
I00,000'acres  of  land  were  granted  by  the  U.S. 
for  the  purpose.  A  spot  was  selected  in  Texas, 
but  the  Spaniards  warned  off  the  new-comers, 


L^^JVI 


624 


■LtAJVC 


who  returned  to  Galveston.  He  returned  to 
Paris  in  1830 ;  was  restored  to  his  rank  of  lieut.- 
gen. ;  and,  under  Louis  Philippe,  held  the  com. 
of  Corsica  two  years.  Henkit,  who  was  a  dis- 
ting.  artillery  officer,  m.  a  dau.  of  Stephen 
Girard,  settled  at  Borden  town,  N.  J.,  d.  Sept. 
1.5,  1823,  a.  46.  Author  of  "  A  Treatise  on 
Artillery,"  2  vols.  8vo,  N.Y.  1820. 

Lamar,  Jose,  ex-pres.  of  Peru;  d.  Cartago, 
Central  America,  Nov.  15,  1830. 

Lamar,  xMirabeau  B.,  soldier  and  politi- 
cian, b.  Louisville,  Ga.,  Aug.  16,  1798;  d. 
Richmond,  Texas,  Dec.  19,  1859.  He  was 
some  years  engaged  in  mercantile  and  farming 
pursuits;  established  in  1828  the  Columbus  In- 
quirer, a  State's  rights  journal ;  and  was  active 
in  politics  until  his  removal  (in  1835)  to  Texas. 
At  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto  he  contrib.  great- 
ly to  the  successful  issue  by  the  charge  of  the 
cavalry  under  his  command.  He  soon  became 
atty.-gen.  and  afterward  sec.  of  war.  In  1836 
he  was  elected  first  vice-pres.  of  Texas,  hav- 
ing for  some  months  previous  held  the  rank 
of  maj.-gen.  From  1838  to  1841  he  was  pres. 
of  Texas.  In  1846  he  joined  Gen.  Taylor  at 
Matamoras,  and  was  in  the  battle  of  Monterey ; 
and  was  afterwards  engaged  in  checking  the 
incursions  of  the  Comanches.  U.S.  minister 
to  Nioai'agua  and  Costa  Rica  just  previous  to 
his  death.  Author  of  a  vol.  of  poems  entitled 
"  Verse  Memorials,"  N.Y.  1857. 

Lamb,  Gen.  John,  b.  N.Y.  Jan.  1,  1735; 
d.  there  May  31,  1800.  He  first  followed  the 
occupation  of  his  father  (optician  and  math, 
instr.  maker),  but  in  1760  engaged  in  the  liquor 
trade.  He  was  active  in  all  the  early  scenes  of 
the  Revol.  in  N.Y. ;  in  1775,  as  a  capt.  of  art., 
accomp.  Montgomery  to  Quebec  ;  was  active 
and  brave  during  the  siege,  and  was  wounded 
and  made  prisoner  at  its  close.  He  returned 
to  N.Y.  the  ensuing  summer ;  was  promoted  to 
maj.,  and  attached  to  the  regt.  of  art.  under 
Knox  ;  commiss.  col.  of  the  N.Y.  art.  Jan.  1, 
1777  ;  and  did  good  service  through  the  war, 
closing  his  military  career  at  Yorktown.  He 
was  soon  afterward  elected  to  the  N.Y.  Assem- 
bly. Washington  app.  him  coll.  of  customs 
for  the  port  of  N.Y.,  which  office  he  held  till 
his  death.  — /See  Life  of  Lamb,  by  Isaac  Q. 
Leake,  8vo,  Albany, 'l 8.50. 

Lambert,  John,  M.C.  from  N.  J.  1805-9  ; 
U.S.  senator  1809-15  ;  and  acting  gov.  of  N.J. 
in  1802-3  ;  d.  Amwell,  N.  J.,  Feb.  4,  1823,  a. 
75.  Member  N.  J.  legisl.  and  vice-pres.  of  the 
council. 

Lambert,  Sir  John,  a  British  gen.,  b. 
1772;  d.  1847.  Ensign  first  Foot  Guards  1791 ; 
lieut.  Oct.  1793;  capt.  May,  1801  ;  col.  July, 
1810;  maj.-gen.  June,  1813.  He  was  at  the 
sieges  of  Valenciennes  and  Dunkirk ;  in  the 
Irish  rebellion,  the  exped.  to  Walcheren,  and 
in  the  Peninsular  campaigns  under  Wellington. 
In  Dec.  1814  he  accomp.  Sir  E.  Pakenham's 
exped.  to  N.  Orleans  as  3d  in  com.,  and  was 
severely  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Jan.  8, 1815. 
Lameth  (la'-ma'),  Alexander,  soldier, 
politician,  and  author,  b.  Paris,  Oct.  28,  1760; 
d.  March  19,  1829.  Like  his  bro.  Charles,  he 
took  a  position  on  Rochambeau's  staff  as  aide- 
de-camp,  and,  when  the  French  revol.  broke 
out,  was  its  warm  advocate.     He  joined  the 


Army  of  the  North,  afterward  that  defending 
the  Ardennes,  but,  being  accused  at  Paris,  quit- 
ted the  army,  and  was  arrested  and  confined  at 
Magdeburg  by  the  Austrians  until  1795.  In 
1802  Napoleon  made  him  prefect  of  the  Basses 
Alpes.  In  1814  he  was  made  prefect  of  the 
Somme,  and  lieut.-gen.  by  Louis  XVIII.  In 
1821  he  became  deputy  for  the  Seine  Inferieure, 
and  a  leader  of  the  opposition.  He  wrote 
much  on  politijcs  and  political  economy.  Theo- 
dore, another  bro.,  fought  in  Amer.,  was 
wounded  at  the  combat  of  Granada,  was  a  con- 
stitutionalist like  his  bros.,  and  a  member  of 
the  Assembly,  d.  1837. 

Lameth,  Charles  Malo  Francis,  count 
de,  a  French  soldier  and  politician,  b.  Oct.  5, 
1757  ;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  28,  1832.  A  capt.,  when 
Rochambeau  came  to  the  aid  of  the  U.S.  he 
went  on  his  staff  as  aide  major-gen.  de  logis, 
had  his  leg  broken  at  the  capture  of  a  British 
redoubt  at  Yorktown,  and  was  rewarded  with 
the  cross  of  St.  Louis.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
of  the  nobles  to  join  the  people,  but  became  a 
decided  constitutionalist,  and  theco-adjutor  of 
Lafayette,  under  whom  he  served  in  the  Army 
of  the  North  as  gen.  of  cav.,  sharing  his  flight 
from  France  in  Aug.  1792.  Returning  to  Par- 
is in  1800,  he  held  a  military  office  under  Na- 
poleon ;  was  a  member  of  the  chamber  of  dep- 
uties in  1827;  and  afterward  a  partisan  of 
LouisPhilippe. 

La  Mountain,  John,  aeronaut;  d.  South 
Bend,  Ind.,  14  Feb.  1870,  a.  41.  Believing  in 
an  atmospheric  current  corrcsp.  with  the  Gulf 
Stream  in  the  ocean,  and  setting  from  east  to 
west,  he  built  "  The  Atlantic,"  one  of  the 
largest  and  strongest  balloons  ever  made,  and 
left  St.  Louis,  passed  over  Lake  Erie;  and, 
while  crossing  Lake  Ontario,  it  was  seized  by 
a  tornado,  and  left  a  wreck  in  the  woods  of 
Jcftcrson  Co.,  N.Y.  During  the  civil  war  he 
turned  his  attention  to  military  balloons,  and 
was  engaged  in  the  U.S.  service.  His  last  voy- 
age occasioned  his  death.  An  impatient  crowd 
cast  him  off  before  he  was  ready,  without  an 
overcoat,  and  the  valve-rope  tied  several  feet 
above  the  basket.  He  shot  up  into  a  heavy 
cloud  of  mist  and  sleet,  which  froze  the  valve- 
board  fast.  He  climbed  the  net-work,  and  tore 
the  balloon  open  with  his  teeth.  The  balloon 
collapsed,  and  fell  with  great  velocity  from  a 
height  of  nearly  2  miles,  his  system  receiving  a 
shock  from  which  it  never  recovered. 

Lampson,  Sir  Curtis  Miranda,  hart., 
b.  Vt.,  21  Sept.  1806.  Went  to  Eng.  in  1830; 
was  naturalized  there  in  1848;  and  13  Nov. 
1868  was  made  a  baronet  for  his  important 
services  in  laying  the  Atlantic  telegraph  cable, 
having  been  a  director  in  the  company  formed 
for  that  purpose.  He  is  dep.-gov.  of  the  Hud- 
son Bay  Co.,  and  a  trustee  of  the  Peabody 
Fund  for  the  poor  of  London.  —  Men  of  the 
Time. 

Lamson,  Alvan,  D.  D.  (H.  U.  1837), 
Unitarian  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Weston, 
Ms.,  Nov.  18,  1792;  d.  Dedham,  Ms.,  Jnlv  17, 
1864.  H.  U.  1814.  Tutor  in  Bowd.  Coll. 
1814-16;  pastor  First  Church,  Dedham,  Oct. 
29,  1818-60.  He  was  a  vigorous  writer,  con- 
trib. many  valuable  articles  to  the  Christian 
Examiner.    Author  of  "  Church  of  the  First 


lL.AJSr 


625 


liiAJN 


Three  Centuries,"  &c.,  8vo,  1860;  Sermons, 
Boston,  12mo,  1837  ;  a  discourse  at  Dedham, 
21  Dec.  1851,  on  "John  Robinson  ;"  "A  Hist, 
of  the  First  Church  and  Parish  in  Dedham," 
Svo,  1839  ;  and  several  occas.  discourses. 

Lancaster,  Sir  James,  an  Eng.  naviga- 
tor, b.  ab.  1550  ;  d.  1620.  He  made  a  voyage 
to  the  E.  Indies  in  1591,  and  afterwards  sailed 
round  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  visiting  Ceylon, 
and  Palo  Penang,  where  the  mutinous  conduct 
of  his  crew  obliged  him  to  return  home.  In 
1594  he  engaged  in  a  predatory  exped.  to  S. 
America ;  took  several  prizes ;  and  captured 
Pernambuco  in  Brazil,  returning  in  1595  laden 
with  immense  booty.  He  sailed  from  Torbay, 
Feb.  15,  1601,  with  a  fleet  of  5  vessels,  to  the 
E.  Indies ;  formed  a  commercial  treaty  with 
the  King  of  Achen  ;  established  a  friendly  cor- 
resp.  with  the  State  of  Bantam  in  the  island 
of  Java;  and  returned  in  1605,  with  informa- 
tion, procured  in  his  last  voyage,  relative  to  a 
N.W.  passage  to  the  E.  Indies,  which  gave  rise 
to  the  subsequent  expeds.  of  Hudson  and  others. 
Baffin  gave  the  name  of  Lancaster's  Sound  to 
an  inlet  which  he  discovered  in  74°  of  N.  lat. 
This  navigator  received  the  honor  of  knight- 
hood from  Queen  Elizabeth.  —  See  Ace.  of  his 
Voijage  to  the  E.  Indies  in  Knox's  Colls,  x.  2. 

Lancaster,  Joseph,  educationist,  b.  Lond. 
1771  ;  d.  N.Y.  Oct.  24,  1838.  He  belomred 
to  the  Society  of  Friends.  In  1789  he  of9nxjd 
a  school  for  poor  children  at  Southwark,  whom 
he  taught  almost  gratuitously.  For  many 
years  he  was  actively  engaged  in  delivering 
lectures,  and  forming  schools  in  various  parts 
of  England,  on  the  plan  of  employing  the  more 
advanced  pupils  in  a  school  to  instruct  the  class 
next  below  themselves  ;  a,  plan  originally  in- 
troduced into  Eng.  by  Dr.  Bell.  His  labors  in 
giving  this  system  a  notoriety  it  would  not 
otherwise  have  obtained,  while  gaining  him 
applause,  kept  him  poor;  and  in  1818 he  emig. 
to  America.  His  system  had,  to  a  considerable 
extent,  been  previously  introduced  into  Ameri- 
can schools  :  so  that  he  was  not  pecuniarily 
benefited  by  the  change.  In  1829  he  went  to 
Canada,  where  the  legisl.  made  him  some 
pecuniary  grants  to  enable  him  to  give  his  sys- 
tem a  fair  trial.  Becoming  again  embarrassed, 
some  of  his  friends  purchased  for  him  a  small 
annuity,  and  he  removed  to  New  York.  Author 
of  "  The  British  System  of  Education,"  &c., 
12mo,  Washington,  1812;  and  an  Autobiog., 
New  Haven,  1833.  —  See  Life  of  Lancaster,  by 
his  frimd  William  Corston. 

Landais,  Pierre  de,  a  French  naval  offi- 
cer, b.  (of  a  noble  but  impoverished  family  of 
Normandy)  1734  ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Sept.  1820,  a. 
86.  A  lieut.  in  the  French  navy,  from  which 
he  had  been  dismissed  on  account  of  infirmity 
of  temper,  he  entered  the  naval  service  of  the 
U.S.  June  18,  1778,  with  the  rank  of  capt.  In 
Jan.  1779,  he  sailed  in  com.  of  "  The  Alliance " 
(frigate)  for  France,  and  made  part  of  the 
squadron  of  Paul  Jones.  His  insubordination, 
together  with  his  extraordinary  conduct  dur- 
ing the  engagement  between  the  "Bon  Plomme 
Richard"  and  "  The  Serapis,"  Sept.  23,  1780, 
caused  his  dismissal  from  service,  and  he  passed 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  poverty  in  N.Y.  City. 
Lander,   Fbedeeic    West,   soldier    and 


explorer,  b.  Salem,  Ms.,  Dec.  17,  1822;  d. 
Paw  Paw,  Va.,  March  2,  1862.  As  a  boy  he 
was  remarked  for  intrepidity,  love  of  adven- 
ture, and  skill  in  manly  exercises.  He  studied 
civil  engineering  at  the  Milit.  Acad,  at  Nor- 
wich, Vt.,  and  was  employed  by  the  govt,  to 
conduct  important  explorations  across  the  con- 
tinent. He  made  two  surveys  to  determine  the 
practicability  of  a  railroad-route  to  the  Pacific, 
from  the  second  of  which,  undertaken  at  his 
own  expense,  he  alone,  of  all  the  party,  re- 
turned alive.  He  afterward  surveyed'  and 
constructed  the  great  overland  wagon-route. 
While  engaged  in  1858  on  this  work,  his  party 
of  70  men  were  attacked  by  the  Pah  Ute  In- 
dians, over  whom  they  gained  a  decisive  vic- 
tory. When  the  civil  war  began  in  1861  he 
was  employed  on  important  secret  missions  in 
the  Southern  States ;  served  as  a  vol.  aide  on 
Gen.  McClellan's  staff;  and  participated  with 
great  credit  in  the  capture  of  Philippi  and  the 
battle  of  Rich  Mountain.  Made  a  brig.-gen. 
May  17,  and  in  July  took  an  important  com- 
mand on  the  Upper  Potomac.  Hearing  of  the 
disaster  at  Ball's  Bluff,  he  hastened  to  Edward's 
Ferry,  which  he  held  with  a  single  company 
of  sharpshooters,  but  was  severely  wounded  in 
the  leg.  Before  the  wound  was  healed  he  re- 
ported for  duty,  and  at  Hancock,  Jan.  5, 1862,  he 
repulsed  a  greatly  superior  Confed.  force  which 
besieged  the  town.  Though  much  debilitated 
by  his  wound,  he  particularly  disting.  himself 
by  a  brilliant  dash  upon  the  enemy  at  Bloom- 
ing Gap,  Feb.  14,  1862,  for  which  he  received 
a  special  letter  of  thanks  from  the  secretary  of 
war.  Increasing  ill  health  compelled  him  to 
apply  for  temporary  relief  from  military  duty; 
but,  while  preparing  an  attack  on  the  enemy, 
Mar.  1,  he  died  suddenly  of  congestion  of  the 
brain.  In  1860  he  m.  Miss  Davenport,  the 
disting.  actress.  Louisa  Lander,  the  celebrated 
sculptor,  is  his  sister. 

Lander,  Jean  Margaret  Davenport, 
actress,  b.  Wolverhampton,  Eng.,  May  3,  1829. 
Her  father,  originally  a  lawyer,  became  mana- 
ger of  the  Richmond  Theatre,  where,  at  the 
age  of  8,  Jean  made  her  first  appearance.  In 
1838  she  was  brought  to  America,  and  played 
"  star  "  engagements  in  various  cities.  In  1842 
she  returned  to  Europe,  travelled,  and  studied 
music  under  Garcia.  At  the  Lond.  Olympic 
she  soon  became  a  favorite  as  Juliet  in  "  The 
Countess,"  and  as  Julia  in  "  The  Hunchback." 
In  1846  she  took  a  company  to  Holland, 
and  for  2  years  was  highly  successful.  Return- 
ing to  Eng.  in  1848,  she  became  a  successful 
public  reader.  Her  second  visit  to  America,  in 
1849,  was  so  successful,  that  she  determined  to 
make  it  her  home.  In  "  Peg  Woflftngton," 
"  Adrienne  Le  Couvreur,"  Letitia  Hardy  in 
"  The  Countess,"  and  in  "  Camille,"  she  madt;  an 
indelible  impression.  In  1855  she  visited  Cal., 
and  subsequently  twice  visited  Eng.  Oct.  30, 
1860,  at  San  Francisco,  she  m.  Gen.  F.  W. 
Lander,  who  died  in  the  service,  Mar.  2,  1862. 
She  retired  from  the  stage  upon  her  marriage, 
and  did  good  service  as  a  hospital-nurse  in  and 
about  the  capital  during  the  war.  In  Feb. 
1865  she  re-appeared  upon  the  stage,  at  Nib- 
blo's  in  New  York.  She  won  a  new  triumph 
as  Queen  Elizabeth  at  the  National  Theatre, 


TuAJN 


626 


ILi^lS- 


Washington,  in  Apr.  1867.  Honor,  fame,  and 
wealth  crown  the  industrious  and  blameless  life 
of  this  excellent  actress. 

Ijander,  Louisa,  sculptor,  b.  Salem,  Ms., 
ab.  1835.  While  quite  young  she  manifested 
her  taste  for  sculpture,  and  modelled  excellent 
likenesses  of  various  members  of  her  family, 
and  executed  cameo  heads.  At  ab.  the  age  of 
20  she  went  to  Rome;  became  the  pupil  of 
Crawford;  and  soon  after  finished  in  marble 
"  To-Day,"  a  youthful  figure  emblematic  of 
America,  and  "Galatea."  Among  her  subse- 
quent works  are  a  bust  of  Gov.  Gore  of  Ms. 
from  2  oil  portraits  ;  a  bust  of  Hawthorne ;  a 
spirited  statuette  of  "  Virginia  Dare,"  the  first 
English  child  born  in  America;  a  life-size 
statue  of  "Virginia;"  a  reclining  statue  of 
"Evangeline;"  "Elizabeth,  the  Exile  of  Si- 
beria;" a  statuette  of  "  Undine,"  and  one  of 
"Gores  mourning  for  Proserpine;"  and  nu- 
merous portrait-busts.  She  afterward  produced 
a  figure  of  "  A  Sylph  alighting." 

Lane,  Ebenezer,  LL.D.  (H.  U.  1850), 
judge,  b.  Northampton,  Ms.,  Sept.  17,  1793; 
d.  Sandusky,  0.,  June  12,  1866.  H.U.  1811. 
He  studied 'law  with  his  uncle  Matthew  Gris- 
wold  ;  went  to  Ohio  in  1817,  and  settled  in 
Sandusky  in  1822.  Judge  of  the  C.C.P.  from 
1824  to  1830;  of  the  Supreme  Court  from  1830 
to  1837;  chief  justice  1837-45.  He  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  life  in  railroad  manage- 
ment. 

Lane,  Ebenezer,  founder  of  the  Lane 
Theol.  Sem.;  d.  Oxford,  0.,  March  8,  1870, 
a.  77. 

Xjane,  Henry  S.,  senator,  b.  Montgomery 
Co.,  Ky.,  24  Feb.  1811.  Received  a  good 
common  school  education,  and  under  a  tutor 
gained  some  knowledge  of  the  classics ;  studied 
law;  removed  to  Indiana,  and  was  adm.  to  its 
bar;  member  of  the  legisl.  in  1837;  M.C. 
1841-3  ;  lieut.-col.  of  vols,  in  the  Mexican  war, 
184G-7;  elected  U.S.  senator  in  1859,  but 
denied  a  seat;  elected  gov.  of  Ind.  in  1861, 
but  was  again  chosen  a  U.  S.  senator,  and 
served  in  1861-7.     Bro.  of  Gen.  James  H. 

Lane,  Col.  Isaac  of  HoUis,  Ms.  ;  d.  Port- 
land, Me.,  Oct.  1833,  a.  69.  .  He  was  a  Revol. 
soldier;  com.  the  33d  U.S.  Inf.  in  several  bat- 
tles on  the  Canada  frontier  in  the  war  of 
1812-15  ;  and  was  many  years  in  the  legisl. 
of  Me.  and  Ms.,  and  of  the  exec,  council. 

Lane,  Gex.  James  Henry,  senator,  b. 
Lawrenceburg,  Ind.,  June  22,  1814;  d.  Leaven- 
worth, Kan.,  July  11,  1866.  Son  of  Amos 
(M.C.  1833-9).  Ue  studied  law,  and  was  adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1840.  In  May,  1846,  he  enlisted 
as  a  private  3d  Ind.  Vols.,  then  organizing  for 
the  Mexican  war;  he  was  chosen  col.,  and  at 
Buena  Vista  com.  a  brigade,  and  highly  dis- 
ting.  himself;  col.  {5th  Ind.  regt.)  1847-8.  In 
1848  he  was  chosen  lieut.-gov.  of  Ind  ,  and  was 
M.C.  in  1853-5,  voting  for  the  repeal  of  the 
Mo.  Compromise;  in  1855  he  went  to  Kansas, 
became  an  active  Free-State  man,  and  was 
chosen  chairman  of  the  exec.  com.  of  the 
Topeka  convention  which  instituted  the  first 
govt,  of  Kansas.  He  was  afterward  pres.  of 
the  Topeka  Const.  Conv. ;  was  elected  by  the 
people  maj.-gen.  of  the  Free-State  troops,  and 
was  active  in  driving  out  the  Mo.  invaders.   In 


1856  he  was  elected  to  the  U.S.  senate  by  the 
legisl.,  which  met  under  the  Topeka  constitu- 
tion; but  the  election  was  not  recognized  by- 
Congress,  and  he  was  indicted  in  Douglas 
County  for  high  treason  for  his  participation 
in  the  Topeka  govt.,  and  forced  to  flee  the 
Territory.  In  1857  he  was  pres.  of  the  Leaven- 
worth Const.  Conv. ;  in  1858  he  shot  a  neighbor 
named  Jenkins  in  a  quarrel  about  a  well,  for 
which  he  was  tried  and  acquitted  ;  in  March, 
1861,  he  was  elected  to  the  U.S.  senate  by  the 
State  legislature;  in  May,  1861,  he  com,  the 
Frontier  Guards,  enlisted  for  the  defence  of 
Washington  ;  in  June  he  was  nominated  brig.- 
gen.  of  vols.,  and  com.  the  Kansas  brigade  in 
the  field  for  4  feonths,  defeating  the  rebels  in 
several  well-contested  fights,  and  protecting 
Kansas  from  invasion;  in  July,  1862,  he  was 
app,  commiss.  to  supt.  the  enlistment  of  troops 
in  the  West.  He  narrowly  escaped  from  the 
Lawrence  massacre  in  Aug.  1863  ;  and  was 
vol.  aide  to  Gen.  Curtis  during  the  Price  raid 
in  Oct.  1864.  Delegate  to  the  Baltimore  Con- 
vention in  1864;  re-elected  to  the  U.S.  senate 
in  1865.  On  his  way  home,  just  previous  to 
his  death,  he  was  attacked  with  paraly^-is,  his 
reason  became  unsettled,  and  he  took  his  own 
life. 

Lane,  Gen.  Joseph,  politician,  b.  Bun- 
combe Co.,  N.C.  14  Dec.  1801.  His  early  edu- 
cation was  scanty.  At  14  he  became  a  clerk  in 
a  mercantile  house  in  Ind.;  was  frequently  a 
member  of  the  Ind.  legisl.  between  1822  and 
1846;  became  col.  2d  Ind.  Vols,  for  the  Mex- 
ican war,  25  June,  1846  ;  disting.  and  wounded 
at  Buena  Vista;  made  brig.-gen.  July  1,  and 
brev.  maj.-gen.  (for  gallantry  at  Iluamantla)  9 
Oct.  1847  ;  com.  in  action  of  Atlixco,  19  Oct. 
1847;  took  Matamoras,  Nov.  22;  captured 
Orizaba  in  Jan.  1848;  and  Feb.  24  fought  the 
robber-chief  Jaranta  at  Tehualtaplan.  App. 
gov.  of  Oregon  Terr,  in  Aug.  1848;  organized 
its  govt. ;  was  its  delegate  to  Congress  in  1851- 
9;  U.S.  senator  in  1859-61  ;  and  again  gov. 
in  1853.  Nominated  vice-pres.  on  the  ticket 
with  Breckinridge,  by  the  Baltimore  Democ. 
Conv.  of  1860. 

Lane,  Sir  Ralph,  app.  gov.  of  Va.  by  Ra- 
leigh in  Feb.  1585,  but  abandoned  the  province 
19  June,  1586,  returning  to  Eng.  in  the  fleet  of 
Sir  Francis  Drake;  b.  Northamptonshire,  Eng., 
ab,  1530;  d.  Ireland,  1604.  Second  son  of 
Sir  R.  of  Orlingbury,  and  of  Maud,  dau.  of 
Wm.,  Lord  Parre,  uncle  of  Cath.  Parr,  queen 
of  Henry  VIII.  He  entered  the  queen's  ser- 
vice 1563,  and  was  an  equerry  in  her  court; 
served  with  credit  in  the  rebellion  of  1569  ; 
had  a  com.  in  Ireland  in  1583-4;  was  a  col.  in 
the  exped.  of  Norris  and  Drake  against  Portu- 
gal in  1 589 ;  was  made  muster-master-gen.  in 
Ireland  in  1591,  where  he  was  danjjjerously 
wounded;  and  was  knighted  by  Fitz  William, 
the  lord  dep.,  in  1593. — Bev.  E.  E.  Hale  in 
Colls.  Amer.  Antiq.  Soc.  iv. 

Lang,  Louis,  artist,  b.  Waldsee,  Wurtem- 
berg.  Mar.  29,  1814.  His  father,  an  historical 
painter, destined  him  for  the  musical  profession ; 
but  his  tastes  led  him  to  become  a  painter.  At 
16  he  executed  likenesses  in  pastel  with  success ; 
and,  during  a  residence  of  4  years  on  the  Lake 
of  Constance,  he  painted  nearly  1,000  portraits. 


I^^AJN- 


527 


IxAJP 


In  1834  he  went  to  Paris,  and  afterward  to 
Sturt^art.  Ab.  1838  he  settled  in  Phila.  In 
1841-5  and  again  in  1847-9  he  was  in  Italy, 
stuilyinji;  in  Venice,  Bologna,  Florence,  and 
Rome.  In  1845  he  took  up  his  residence  in  N. 
York,  where  he  has  been  occupied  in  the  dec- 
oration of  interiors,  and  in  modelling  plaster- 
figures  for  ornamental  purposes,  and  in  paint- 
ing. His  pictures  embrace  a  wide  range  of 
subjects.  Among  them  are  "  Maid  of  Sara- 
gossa,"  "  Sewing-Society,"  and  "Mary  Stuart 
distributing  Gifts." 

Langdon,  John,  LL.D.,  statesman,  b. 
Portsmouth,  1739;  d.  Sept.  18,  1819.  After 
receiving  a  common-school  education,  he  en- 
tered tlic  counting-house  of  Daniel  Rindge, 
and  became  a  successful  merchant.  In  1774 
Langdon,  with  John  Sullivan  and  others,  se- 
cured the  arms  and  ammunition  at  the  fort  in 
Portsmouth  Harbor.  In  1775  he  was  a  delegate 
to  Congress,  but  in  June,  1776,  resigned  his 
seat  in  that  body  for  the  i)lace  of  navy  agent. 
In  1776-7  he  was  speaker  of  the  Assembly  of 
N.H.  and  judge  of  C.C.P.  When  means  were 
wanted  to  support  a  regt.,  Langdon  gave  all 
his  money,  pledged  his  plate,  and  applied  to  the 
same  purpose  the  proceeds  of  70  hogsheads  of 
tobacco.  A  brigade  was  raised  with  the  means 
which  he  furnished,  with  which  Gen.  Stark 
achieved  his  memorable  victory  at  Biinnington. 
He  served  for  a  while  in  com.  of  a  vol.  comp. 
at  Bennington,  Saratoga,  and  R.I.  In  1779  he 
was  Continental  agent  in  N.H.  and  pres.  of  tho 
N.H.  Convention.  In  1783  he  was  again  app. 
delegate  to  Congress,  and  was  afterwards  re- 
peatedly a  member  of  the  legisl.  and  speaker. 
In  1785  he  was  pres.  of  N.H.,^and  in  1787  del- 
egate in  the  convention  that  framed  the  Federal 
Constitution.  In  Mar.  1 788  he  was  chosen  gov. 
of  the  State;  from  1789  to  1801  was  U.S.  sena- 
tor; gov.  again  from  1805  to  1809  and  in  1810 
and  1811.  In  1811  JefFer.son  solicited  him  in 
vain  to  accept  the  post  of  sec.  of  the  navy.  In 
1812  a  majority  in  Congress  selected  him  for 
vicc-pres.  of  the  U.  S.;  but  he  declined  the 
honor. 

Langdon,  Samuel,  D.D.  (U.  of  Aber- 
deen), A.A.S.,  b.  Boston,  Jan.  12,  1723;  d. 
Nov.  29,  1797.  H.  U.  1740.  Though  poor, 
his  talents  procured  him  friends,  who  exerted 
themselves  to  give  him  a  liberal  education.  He 
went  to  Portsmouth  and  took  charge  of  the 
grammar  school ;  was  a  chaplain  at  the  capture 
of  Louisburg  in  1745;  became  assist,  to  Mr. 
Fitch  of  the  First  Church,  whom  he  succeeded 
as  pastor  Fob.  4,  1747  ;  pres.  of  H.  U.  Oct.  14, 
1774  to  30  Aug.  1780.  Installed  at  Hamp- 
ton Falls  Jan.  18, 1781,  and  was  oneof  the  most 
useful  ministers  in  the  State.  A  disting.  mem- 
ber of  the  N.H.  convention  which  adopted  the 
Federal  Constitution ;  often  led  its  debates,  and 
exerted  his  inHuence  in  its  favor.  He  pub.  "  Ob- 
servations on  the  Revelations,"  1791;  "Re- 
marks on  the  Leading  Sentiments  of  Dr.  Hop- 
kins's System  of  Doctrines,"  1794;  "  Summa- 
ry of  Christian  Faith  and  Practice,"  1768;  and 
many  occas.  discourses.  In  1761  he  assisted 
Col.  Blanchard  in  delineating  a  map  of  N.H. 

Langdon,  Woodbury,  bio.  of  John. 
Member  of  the  Old  Congress  1779-80;  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  N.H.  1782  and  1786- 


90;  councillor  1781-4;  b.  Portsmouth,  N.H. 
1739  ;  d.  there  13  Jan.  1805.  ' 

Lanman,  Charles,  author,  b.  Monroe, 
Mich.,  June  14,  1819.  Grandson  of  Judge 
James.  Educated  at  Plainlield  Acad.,  Ct. 
Was  10  years  in  a  counting-house  in  N.  York, 
and  then  engaged  in  literary  pursuits.  Iti  1846 
he  edited  the  Monroe  Gazette,  and  later  was  as- 
soc.  editor  of  the  Cincinnati  Chronicle.  In  1847 
he  was  connected  with  the  N.  Y.  Express.  He 
was  some  time  private  sec.  to  Daniel  Webster; 
became  librarian  of  the  war  dept.  at  Washing- 
ton in  1849;  of  the  copyright  bureau  of  the 
state  dept.  in  1857  ;  and  of  the  h.  of  represen- 
tatives in  1860.  He  has  pub.  "Essays  for  Sum- 
mer Hours,"  1842;  "A  Summer  in  the  Wil- 
derness," 1847 ;  "  A  Tour  to  the  River  Sague- 
nay,"  1848;  "Letters  from  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,"  1849;  "Records  of  a  Tourist,^* 
1850;  "Private  Life  of  Daniel  Webster," 
1852 ;  "  Adventures  in  the  Wilds  of  America," 
2  vols.  1856;  "Dictionary  of  the  U.  S.  Con- 
gress," 6  cds.;  "Life  of  Wra.  Woodbridge," 
1867;  "Red  Book  of  Michigan,"  1871;  con- 
tribs.  to  periodicals.  —  Diujcldnch. 

Lanman,  James,  jurist  and  statesman,  b. 
Norwich,  Ct.,  June  14,  1769 ;  d.  there  Aug.  7, 
1841.  Y.  C.  1788.  In  1791  he  was  adm.  to  the 
bar,  and  settled  at  Norwich.  From  1814  to 
1819  he  was  atty.-gen.  of  his  county;  in  1818 
a  member  of  the  Const.  Conv.  of  Ct. ;  in  1817 
and  1832  a  member  of  the  Assembly ;  in  1819 
State  senator;  U.  S.  senator  1819-25;  judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  and  of  the  Court  of  Er- 
rors in  Ct.  1826-9;  and  mayor  of  Norwich  in 
1831-4.  His  second  wife  was  the  mother  of 
Park  Benjamin,  well  known  for  his  literary  at- 
tainments. 

Lanman,  Joseph,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b.  Ct. 
July  18,  1810.  Midshipm.  Jan.  1,  1825;  lieut. 
Mar.  3,  1835 ;  com.  Sept.  14,  1855 ;  capt.  1861 ; 
commo.  Aug.  29,  1862;  rear-adm.  Dec.  1867. 
Com.  frigate  "Minnesota,"  N.  Atl.  block, 
squad.,  1864-5 ;  com.  2d  division  of  Porter's 
squad,  at  the  two  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher ;  and 
com.  S.  Atl.  squad.,  coast  of  Brazil,  1869-71. 
—  Ilamershj. 

Lansing,  John,  jurist,  b.  Alb.  Jan.  30, 
1754  ;  d.  Dec.  12, 1829.  Stud,  law  with  R.  Yates 
in  Alb.  and  Mr.  Duane  in  N.Y.  He  was  milit. 
sec.  to  Gen,  Schuyler  early  in  the  Revol.  war , 
was  afterwards  7  years  in  the  State  legisl. ;  4 
years  mayor  of  Albany ;  member  Old  Congress 
1784-8;  member  of  the  conv.  of  1787  for  con- 
sidering the  U.S.  Const.,  which  he  opposed, 
leaving  the  convention  ;  commissioner  in  1790 
to  settle  the  Vt.  controversy  ;  app.  judge  N.Y. 
Supreme  Court  Sept.  28,  1790;  chief  justice 
Feb.  15,  1798;  chancellor  of  the  State  from 
Oct.  21,  1801,  to  1814. 

La  Perouse,  John  Francis  Galoup  de, 
a  French  navigator,  of  noble  family,  b.  Albi, 
1741  ;  d.  1788.  Entering  the  naval  service 
very  early,  he  was  employed  under  D'Estaing  in 
theAmer.  war;  com.  "L'Amazone"  at  the  siege 
of  Savannah,  in  Sept.  1779;  present  at  the 
taking  of  Granada;  and  in  1782  destroyed  the 
English  foetories  in  Hudson's  Bay.  Subse- 
quently sent  on  a  voyage  of  discovery,  he  visited 
the  N.'W.  coast  of  Amer.  to  Behring's  Straits  ; 
reached  Botany  Bay  and  Nevv  Holland  in  Feb. 


IL.AJP 


528 


IjAS 


1788  ;  sent  home  an  account  of  his  progress  in 
Mar.  1788;  and  was  never  afterward  heard 
from.  An  exped.  under  D'Entrecasteaux  in 
1791  failed  to  discover  any  traces  of  him;  but  it 
has  since  been  satisfactorily  settled  that  his  ships 
were  wrecked  on  islands  of  the  New  Hebrides. 
An  account  of  his  voyages  was  pub.  4  vols. 
4to,  1797. 

LaphanijlNCKEASE  Allen,  LL.D.  (Amh. 
Coll.  1860),  naturalist,  b.  Palmyra,  N.Y.,  Mar. 
7,  1811.  Becoming  a  civil  engineer,  he  was  en- 
gaged on  the  Welland  Canal  in  Canada,  on  the 
Miami  Canal,  0.,  and  on  the  canal  around  the 
falls  of  the  Ohio  at  Louisville.  Here,  in  1827, 
he  wrote  a  "  Notice  of  the  Louisville  Canal 
and  of  the  Geology  of  the  Vicinity,"  pub.  in 
Silliman's  Journal.  Sec.  of  the  0.  Board  of  ca- 
nal com  miss.  1833-5.  He  here  began  the  coll. 
of  his  herbarium,  now  numbering  ab.  8,000 
species;  and  was  one  of  a  com.  app.  by  the 
O.  legisl.  to  report  on  the  subject  of  a  geol. 
survey  of  the  State.  In  1836  he  removed  to 
Milwaukie,  where  he  has  since  resided,  and  has 
held  several  municipal  and  other  offices.  In 
1846  he  pub.  "Wisconsin,  its  Geography  and 
Topography,  History,  Geology,  and  Mineralo- 
gy," 2d  ed. ;  and  in  18.55  a  geol.  map  of  Wis., 
also  his  "  Antiquities  of  Wisconsin,"  in  the 
7th  vol.  of  Smithsonian  "  Contributions."  He 
has  contrib.  much  to  scientific  periodicals,  and 
was  the  first  to  ascertain  from  careful  observa- 
tions that  there  is  a  slight  lunar  tide  on  Lake 
Michigan.  Pres.  of  the  Wis.  Hist.  Soc.  since 
1862. 

Larcom,  Lucy,  poet,  b.  Ms.  1826.  She 
was  for  some  years  a  factory  operative  at 
Lowell,  and  while  there  contrib.  to  "  The 
Lowell  Offering."  She  was  subsequently  a 
teacher  in  111.,  and  is  now  one  of  the  editors  of 
Oar  Youurf  Folks.  Author  of  "  Breathings  of 
a  Better  Life,"  Boston,  1866;  "  Poems,"  1868. 
Resides  at  Beverly  Farms. 

Lardner,  James  L.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Pa.  Midshipm.  July  28,  1820;  lieut.  May  17, 
1828;  com.  Nov.  21,  1851  ;  capt.  Mayl9,  1861; 
commo.  July  16,  1862;  rear-adm.  (retired  list) 
ejuly  25,  1866.  Com.  schooner  "  Porpoise," 
coast  of  Africa,  1850-3  ;  sloop-of-war  "  Dale," 
1853;  com.  steam-frigate  "  Susquehanna,"  at 
the  capture  of  Port  Royal,  Nov.  7,  1861  ;  com. 
E.Gulf  block,  squad.  1862  ;  W.  L  squad.  1864. 
Now  gov.  Pliila.  Naval  Asylum.  — Hamersly. 

Larned,  Col.  Simon,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Thompson,  Ct,  1754  ;  d.  Pittsfield,  Ms.,  Nov. 
9,1817.  Settled  in  Pittsfield  in  1784.  M.C. 
1804-5  ;  col.  9th  U.S.  Inf.  from  1812  to  1815; 
sheriff  of  Berkshire  Co. 

Lamed,  Sylvester,  Prcsb.  clergyman,  b. 
Pittbficid,  Ms.,  Aug.  31,  1796;  d.  N.  Orleans, 
Aug.31,1820.  Mid.  Coll.  1813.  Son  of  Col. 
Simon.  He  studied  theology  at  Princeton  ;  ord. 
in  July,  1817.  In  the  following  autumn  he 
proceeded  to  N.  Orleans,  by  way  of  Detroit, 
Louisville,  and  the  Mpi.  River,  preaching  with 
rare  eloquence  on  his  way,  and  making  such  a 
powerful  impression  in  that  city,  that  a  church 
was  soon  organized,  over  which  he  was  settled  ; 
but  in  the  summer  of  1820  he  was  carried  off  by 
the  ycllow-fcvcr.  A  memoir  of  his  life,  with  a 
coll.  of  his  sermons,  was  pub.  in  1844  by  Rev. 
R.  R.  Gurley. 


Lartigue,  James,  D.D.,  R.C.  bishop  of 
Montreal,  b.  there  June  20,  1777  ;  d.  Apr.  19, 
1840.  Consec.  Jan.  21,  1821.  Feb.  1,  1820, 
made  suffragan  of  Quebec,  and  bishop  of  Fel 
messa  in  Lycia.  He  took  a  vigorous  stand  in 
1837  against  Papineau  and  the  revolutionists. 

La  Salle,  Robert  Cavelier,  sieur  de,  a 
French  explorer,  b.  Rouen,  ab.  1635;  d.  Tex- 
as, Mar.  20,  1687.  He  renounced  his  inherit- 
ance by  joining  the  Jesuits,  but,  obtaining  his 
discharge,  ab.  1667  embarked  for  Canada.  As 
a  fur-trader  at  La  Chine  (which  he  so  named 
from  a  cherished  project  of  seeking  by  way  of 
Canada  a  passage  to  China),  he  explored  Lake 
Ontario,  visited  the  neighboring  Indians,  estab- 
lished posts  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  was  intrusted  by  Gov.  Fronte- 
nac  with  the  fort  where  the  city  of  Kingston 
now  stands.  On  returning  to  France  in  1675, 
he  obtained  the  rank  of  nobility,  and  the  grant 
of  a  large  domain  around  Fort  Frontenac,  and 
of  the  exclusive  traffic  with  the  Five  Nations. 
He  returned  from  another  visit  to  France,  July 
14,  1678,  with  30  mechanics  and  mariners  ;  es- 
tablished a  trading-house  at  Niagara,  and  Aug. 
7,  1679,  embarked  with  his  colony  in  "The 
Griffin  "  60  tons,  on  the  Niagara  River,  for  the 
valley  of  the  Mpi.  Reaching  Green  Bay  Sept. 
2,  he  sent  back  his  bark  with  a  cargo  of  rich 
furs,  with  orders  to  return  immediately.  Pro- 
ceeding with  his  company  in  canoes,  he  formed 
an  alliance  with  the  Illinois  Indians  on  the 
banks  of  Lake  Peoria,  1,500  miles  from  the 
nearest  French  settlement,  and  built  a  fort, 
which,  on  account  of  his  anxiety  for  "  The  Grif- 
fin," and  the  discontent  of  his  company,  he 
named  Crevecoeiir  (heart-break).  In  March, 
1680,  he  returned  on  foot  to  Fiontenac,  and 
learned  of  the  shipwreck  of  "  The  Griffin,"  and 
of  another  ship,  wliich  had  been  despatched 
with  resources  for  him  from  France.  Collect- 
ing his  scattered  followers,  Feb.  6,  1682,  he 
descended  the  Illinois  to  its  junction  with  the 
Mpi.  He  built  a  fort  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio,  and  a  cabin  on  the  first  Chickasaw  bluff; 
raised  the  cross  by  the  Arkansas  ;  planted  the 
arms  of  France  near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  took 
possession,  in  the  name  of  France,  of  the  whole 
valley;  and,  Apr.  9,  entered  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
co, founded  the  fort  of  St.  Louis,  and  gave  to 
the  adjacent  lands  the  name  of  Louisiana.  He 
returned  to  Quebec  in  Nov.  1683,  and  embarked 
for  France,  where  he  received  a  commission  pla- 
cing the  country  from  Fort  St.  Louis  to  New 
Biscay  under  his  control.  An  exped.  for  the 
colonization  of  La.  with  4  vessels  and  280  per- 
sons left  Rochefort  Aug.  1,  1684;  but  dissen- 
sions at  once  arose  between  La  Salle  and  the 
naval  com.  Beaujeu.  Missing  the  mouth  of 
the  Mpi.  he  disembarked  in  Matagorda  Bay, 
losing  most  of  his  munitions  in  a  gale.  Sick- 
ness and  other  causes  having  reduced  their 
number  to  37,  he  determined,  Jan.  12,  1687,  to 
seek  by  land  the  Illinois  country,  and  thence 
to  pass  to  Canada.  He  set  out  with  16  men, 
and  reached  a  branch  of  the  Trinity  River. 
Here  the  malignity  of  two  men,  Duhant  and 
I'Archcveque,  who  had  embarked  their  capital 
in  the  enterprise,  found  opportunity  for  gratifi- 
cation. They  quarrelled  with  and  murdered 
his  nephew,  and  from  an  ambush  shot  La  Salle 


LAS 


529 


luJLU 


dead.  —  See   Memoir  in  Sparks's  Amer.  Biog. 
vol.  i.  2d  series  ;  French's  Hist.  Colls.  La.  v. 

Las  Casas,  see  Casas. 

Latham,  Milton  S.,  statesman,  b.  Colum- 
bus, O.,  May  23,  1827.  Jeff.  Coll.,  Pa.,  1845. 
He  went  to  Ala. ;  studied  law,  and  was  clerk 
of  the  Kussell  Co.  Circuit  Court  in  1848-50  ; 
removed  to  Cal. ;  was  clerk  of  the  recorder's 
court  of  San  Francisco;  dist.-atty.  of  Sacra- 
mento and  El  Dorado  counties  in  1850-1;  M.C. 
185.3-5;  collector  of  San  Francisco  185.5-7; 
gov.  of  Cal,  in  1860  ;  U.S.  senator  1861-7. 

Lathrop,  Johx,  D.D.  (H.  U.  1768; 
Edinb.  1785),  A.A.S.,  minister  of  Boston, 
b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  May  17,  1740;  d.  Boston, 
Jan.  4,  1816.  N.J.  Coll.  1763.  Great-grand- 
son of  John,  minister  of  Scituate  and  Barn- 
stable 1634-53.  He  assisted  Wheelock  in  his 
Indian  school  at  Lebanon,  and  was  ord.  May 
18,  1768,  at  the  Old  North  Church,  Boston. 
In  1779,  his  society  having  united  with  Dr. 
Pcmberton's,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Second 
Church.  He  was  an  officer  of  many  literary 
and  charitable  societies,  and  pub.  some  occa- 
sional sermons. 

Lathrop,  John,  poet,  b.  Boston,  Jan.  13, 
1772;  d.  Georgetown,  D.C.,  Jan.  30,  1820. 
H.U.  1789.  Son  of  the  preceding.  He  estab- 
lished himself  in  the  practice  of  law  at  Dedham, 
Ms.,  in  1797,  but  soon  located  himself  in  Boston, 
where  he  found  congenial  spirits  in  Paine, 
Prentiss,  and  other  poets  and  wits  of  the  day, 
contrilniting  with  them  to  the  Federal  Boston 
Gazette.  The  indulgence  of  his  literary  tastes 
interfered  with  his  success  in  the  law ;  and  in 
1799,  in  the  hope  of  improving  his  fortunes,  he 
went  to  India.  He  established  a  school  in 
Calcutta,  and  contrib.  to  the  papers.  Return- 
ing in  1809,  when  politics  ran  high,  his  plan 
of  establishing  a  literary  journal  was  neces- 
sarily abandoned.  He  taught  a  school  in 
Boston  several  years ;  Avrote  for  the  papers ; 
lectured  on  natural  philos.,  and  furnished  songs 
and  orations  for  festive  and  Masonic  occasions, 
liemoving  to  the  South,  he  continued  his  prof, 
of  instructor,  lecturer,  and  newspaper-writer 
in  Washington  and  Georgetown,  D.C,  and 
obtained  a  situation  in  the  post-office,  which 
his  shattered  health  did  not  long  permit  him  to 
occupy.  He  pub.  an  oration,  July  4,  1796,  at 
Boston,  another  at  Dedham,  4  July,  1798;  a 
Masonic  address  at  Charlestown,  June  24, 
1811  ;  "  Speech  of  Canonicus,"  a  poem,  Cal- 
cutta, 1802,  and  Boston,  1803  ;  "Pocket  Regis- 
ter and  Freemason's  Anthology,"  1813. 

Lathrop,  John  Hiram,  LL.D.  (Ham. 
Coll.  1845),  educator,  b.  Sherburne,  N.Y.,  Jan. 
22,  1799;  d.  Columbia,  Mo.,  Aug.  2,  1866. 
Y.C.  1819.  Tutor  1822-6.  Adm.  to  the  bar 
in  1826  ;  he  was  connected  with  the  Norwich 
Military  Acad,  in  1827  ;  was  principal  of  the 
Gardiner,  Me.,  Lyceum  two  years ;  was  prof, 
of  math,  and  nat.  philos.  in  Ham.  Coll.  in 
1829-35,  and  of  law,  history,  polit.  econ.,  and 
civil  polity  from  1835  to  1840  ;  pres.  of  the  U. 
of  Mo.  irom  1840  to  Sept.  1849;  chancellor 
of  the  ^U.  of  Wis.  from  Oct.  1849  to  1859; 
pres.  of  the  Ind.  U.  in  1859-60  ;  prof,  of  Eng- 
lish Lit.  in  the  U.  of  Columbia,  Mo.,  in  1860- 
2  ;  and  from  1865  till  his  death  pres.  of  that 
institution.  —  Y.  C.  Ob.  Record. 


Lathrop,  Joseph,  D.D.  (Y.C.  1791), 
clergyman,  b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  Oct.  20,  1731  ;  d. 
W.  Springfield,  Ms.,  Dec.  31,  1820.  Y.C. 
1754.  While  engaged  in  teaching  school  at 
Springfield,  he  studied  theology ;  was  licensed, 
and  Aug.  25,  1756,  ord.  pastor  of  the  Cong, 
church  in  W.  Springfield,  where  he  continued 
to  preach  until,  in  Mar.  1818,  he  received  a  col- 
league. For  nearly  3  years  ill  health  kept  him 
from  the  pulpit ;  and  an  impostor  named  John 
Watkins  intruded  into  his  parish,  causing  such 
disturbance  as  led  him  to  preach  his  celebrated 
sermons, entitled  "Wolves  in  Sheep's  Cloth- 
ing," which  have  been  widely  circulated  here 
and  in  Great  Britain.  In  1792  he  was  elected 
a  fellow  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences ; 
in  1793  he  declined  an  invitation  to  the  chair 
of  divinity  in  Y.C.  His  sermons  were  simple, 
clear,  and  orignial.  On  account  of  his  great 
reputation  for  practical  wisdom,  he  was  often 
called  upon  to  settle  cedes,  difficulties.  His 
works  in  7  vols,  contain  his  Autobiography  and 
pulpit  discourses.  He  pub.  "  A  Miscellaneous 
Collection  of  Original  Pieces,"  &c.,  1786. 

Lathrop,  Capt.  Thomas  ;  killed  in  battle 
witii  the  Indians  near  Deerfield,  Ms.,  Sept.  18, 
1675,  in  Philip's  war.  He  was  a  freeman  of 
Salem  1634;  repres.  1647, '53,  and  '64;  re- 
moved to  Beverly,  and  founded  a  church  there, 
and  was  representative  4  years. 

Latimer,  William  K.,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  Md.  Midshipm.  Nov.  15,  1809  ;  lieut.  Feb. 
4,  1815;  com.  Mar.  2,  1833;  capt.  July  17, 
1843;  commo.  (retired  list)  July  16,  1862. 
Com.  schooner  "  Grampus,"  W.I.  squad.,  1827- 
30;  steamer  "  Poinsett,"  1840;  frigate  '  Cum- 
berland," Medit.  squad.,  1850-1. — Ilamersly. 

Latrobe,  Benjamin  Henry,  architect,  b. 
Yorkshire,  Eng.,  May  1,  1767 ;  d.  Sept.  1820. 
His  father,  a  Moravian  clergyman  and  author, 
had  him  carefully  educated  at  the  Leipsic  U. 
In  1785  he  served  a  campaign  in  the  Prussian 
service,  and  was  severely  wounded;  he  resigned; 
travelled  over  Europe ;  returned  to  England  in 
1786;  became  an  architect;  and  in  1788  was 
surveyor  of  the  public  offices  of  Lond.  Losing 
his  wife,  he  came  for  change  of  scene  to  Nor- 
folk, Va.,  in  Mar.  1796;  went  to  Phila.  in  1798; 
built  the  Bank  of  Pa.,  the  Schuylkill  Water- 
works, completed  the  Capitol  at  Washington ; 
engaged  in  building  steamboats  at  Pittsburg  in 
1815 ;  rebuilt  the  Capitol,  which  had  been  burn- 
ed by  the  British ;  built  the  Cathedral  and  the 
Exchange  at  Baltimore  in  1817-18;  and,  en- 
gaging in  the  scheme  of  supplying  N.  Orleans 
with  water,  in  1819  fell  a  victim  to  malarious 
disease.  Pie  pub.  "Anniv.  Oration  before  the 
Soc.  of  Artists  of  the  U.S.,  8  May,  1811,"  Phila. 

Latta,  A.  B.,  inventor  of  the  steam  fire-en- 
gine, b.  1821 ;  d.  Ludlow,  Ky.,  30  Apr.  1865. 

Lattimer,  Henry,  M.D.,  patriot  of  the 
Revol.,  b.  Newport,  Del.,  April  24,  1752;  d. 
Phila.  Dec,  19,  1819.  He  studied  medicine  at 
Phila.  and  at  Edinburgh ;  and  practised  on  his 
return  until  1777,  when,  with  Dr.  James  Til- 
ton,  he  wasapp.  surgeon  of  the  flying  hospital. 
After  the  war,  he  returned  home,  and  resumed 
practice,  but  quitted  it  in  1794.  Member  of  the 
State  legisl.;  M.C.  in  1793-5;  and  U.S.  sena- 
tor in  1795-1801. 

Lauderdale,  James,  col.,  b.  Va. ;  killed 


IxATT 


530 


LATJ 


Dec.  23, 1814,  in  the  first  battle  of  N.  Orleans. 
Havin?  removed  to  West  Tenn.,  he  became 
major  in  CofFec's  regt.  vol.  cav.  in  1813;  liout.- 
col.  in  his  brigade  of  mounted  gunmen  ;  was 
wounded  in  the  battle  of  Talladega  with  Creek 
Indians,  under  Gen.  Jackson,  Nov.  9,  1813; 
col.  under  Jackson  in  1814. —  Gardner. 

Laudonniere,  Rene  Goulaine  de,  a 
French  explorer  of  Florida.  Adm.  Coligny, 
having  in  1561  formed  the  design  of  founding 
a  Prot.  colony  in  Amer.,  sent  from  Dieppe  (15 
Feb.  1562)  an  exped.  under  Ribault  and  Lau- 
donniere, whose  first  settlement  at  Port  Royal 
was,  ailer  their  return  to  France,  abandoned  by 
the  colonists.  Apr.  22, 1 564,  Laudonniere  sailed 
with  3  ships  with  assistance  for  the  colony. 
He  landed  at  the  harbor  now  known  as  St. 
Augustine;  afterwards  coasted  to  the  north; 
and,  entering  the  River  St.  John's,  called  by 
him  the  River  Mary,  built  Fort  Caroline  on 
its  banks.  Sept.  20,  1565,  the  Spaniards,  un- 
der Menendez,  entered  the  fort  at  daybreak, 
and  put  the  garrison  to  the  sword.  A  few 
escaped  by  flight,  among  them  Laudonniere, 
whose  account  of  the  alfair  is  in  Hakluyt. — 
See  also  his  Hist.  Notable  de  la  Floride,  &c., 
Paris,  1586. 

Launitz,  Robert  E.,  sculptor,  b.  Rus- 
sia, 1803;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  12  Dec.  1870.  He 
came  to  the  U.  S.  in  1830,  and  was  at  one  time 
quartermaster  and  capt.  of  engineers  in  the  7  th 
N.  Y.  regt.  Among  his  works  are  the  Pulaski 
Monument,  Savannah,  Ga.,  and  the  statue  of 
Gen.  Thomas,  now  in  Troy;  also  many  fine 
monuments  in  Greenwood  Cemetery. 

Laurens,  Heney,  statesman,  b.  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  1724 ;  d.  there  Dec.  8, 1792.  His  an- 
cestors were  Huguenots.  After  receiving  a  good 
education,  he  was  sent  to  London  to  fit  him- 
self for  commercial  pursuits.  On  his  return  he 
entered  into  business,  and,  by  his  industry  and 
activity,  acquired  an  ample  fortune.  A  sturdy 
opponent  of  the  abuses  of  power,  his  contests 
with  the  crown  judges  were  frec^uent,  especially 
in  respect  to  their  arbitrary  decisions  in  marine 
law  and  the  Courts  of  Admiralty ;  and  his  pam- 
phlets gave  remarkable  proof  of  legal  ability. 
He  held  a  commission  in  one  of  the  Cherokee 
campaigns,^  and  left  a  diary  of  the  exped.  in 
MS.  Having  retu-ed  from  business,  he  went  in 
1771  to  Europe  in  order  to  superintend  the  edu- 
cation of  his  sons,  and  made  the  tour  of  Great 
Britain.  With  several  other  Americans,  he 
endeavored  in  1774  by  petition  to  dissuade  par- 
liament from  passing  the  Boston  Port  Bill,  and 
exerted  himself  to  prevent  a  war.  He  anived 
in  Charleston  in  Dec.  1774 ;  was  chosen  pres. 
of  the  council  of  safety  and  of  the  Prov.  Con- 
gress, and  in  1776  a  delegate  to  the  Gen.  Con- 
gress; and  was  pres.  of  that  body  1  Nov.  1777- 
10  Dec.  1778.  In  1779  he  received  the  app.  of 
minister-plenipo.  to  Holland.  On  his  way  he 
was  captured  by  the  British,  carried  to  Lond., 
and  committed  to  the  Tower,  where  he  was 
closely  confined  for  more  than  14  months.  In 
Dec.  1781  he  was  app.  by  Congress  one  of  the 
commiss.  to  negotiate  a  peace ;  and,  having  re- 
paired to  Paris,  he  signed  (Nov.  30, 1782),  with 
Franklin  and  Jay,  the  preliminaries  of  the  trea- 
ty. His  health  had  been  broken  by  his  impris- 
onment ;  and  he  passed  the  remaining  years  of 


his  life  in  agric.  pursuits.  According  to  an  in- 
junction contained  in  his  will,  his  body  was 
burnt,  and  his  bones  collected  and  buried.  He 
left  numerous  original  and  valuable  papers,  a 
portion  of  Avhich  have  been  pub.  in  the  Colls. 
of  the  S.  C.  Hist.  Society. 

Laurens,  John,  a  brave  Revol.  officer,  b. 
1753  ;  d.  Aug.  27,  1782.  Son  of  Henry.  Af- 
ter receiving  a  liberal  education  in  England,  he 
returned  to  this  country,  and  joined  the  army 
in  1777  as  an  aide  of  Washington,  and  was 
frequently  his  sec.  Laurens  requited  the  pref- 
erence of  Washington  with  sincere  devotion  ; 
toiled  in  his  tent  till  midnight,  writing  letters 
and  despatches  ;  was  his  chief  medium  of  com- 
munication with  the  foreigners,  French, 'Ger- 
man, and  Polish,  in  the  service ;  rushed  between 
him  and  danger  at  Monmouth;  and  called  out 
and  shot  Gen.  Charles  Lee  in  a  duel  for  dis- 
respectful language  to  his  general.  His  first 
essay  in  arms  was  at  Brandywine.  At  the 
battle  of  Germantown  he  exhibited  prodigies 
of  valor  in  attempting  to  expel  the  British 
from  Chew's  house,  and  was  severely  wounded. 
At  Coosahatchie,  defending  the  pass  with  a 
handful  of  men  against  the  whole  force  of 
Pievost,  he  was  again  wounded.  He  headed 
the  light  inf,  and  was  among  the  first  to 
mount  the  British  lines  at  Savannah;  displayed 
the  greatest  activity  and  courage  during  the 
siege  of  Charleston;  entered  with  the  forlorn 
hope  the  British  redoubt  carried  by  storm  at 
Yorktown,  and  received  the  sword  of  the  com- 
mander ;  by  indefatigable  activity  thwarted 
every  effort  of  the  British  garrison  in  Charles- 
ton, confining  them  for  months  to  the  narrow 
limits  of  the  city  and  neck  ;  and,  unhappily,  at 
the  very  close  of  the  war,  too  carelessly  expos- 
ing himself  in  a  trifling  skirmish  near  Comba- 
hee,  sealed  his  devotion  to  his  country  in  death. 
In  the  autumn  of  1780  he  was  sent  as  a  special 
minister  to  France  to  negotiate  a  loan  from  the 
French.  His  success  in  this  mission,  which 
was  of  great  service  to  his  country,  was  due  to 
his  boldness  and  address.  Laurens's  Army 
Corresp.,  with  Memoir  by  William  Gilmore 
Sitnms,  was  printed  in  1867  for  the  Bradford 
Club,  N.Y. 

Lauzun,  Armand  Louis  de  Gontaut, 
duke  de,  afterwards  Duke  de  Biron,  b.  Paris, 
April  15,  1747;  d.  Dec.  31,  1793.  In  conse- 
quence of  a  memoir  which  he  had  pub.  on 
"  L'Eiat  de  Defense  de  V Anrjleterre"  &c.,  he  was 
charged  with  an  exped.  against  Senegal  and 
Gambia  on  the  African  coast,  which  he  cap- 
tured Jan.  30,  1779.  Greatly  reduced  in  his 
pecuniary  resources  in  consequence  of  dissipa- 
tion, he  took  the  resolution  of  embarking  in 
the  American  war.  He  made  himself  remarked 
by  his  valor  and  his  chivalrous  conduct,  no  less 
than  by  his  elegant  figure  and  appearance,  and 
with  his  com.,  known  as  "  Lauzun's  Legion," 
he  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown.  He 
was  an  accomplished,  but  an  exceedingly  dis- 
solute and  unprincipled  man.  Deputy  of  the 
noblesse  to  the  States-General,  he  became  the 
confidant  and  secret  agent  of  Philip  Egalite; 
gen.-in-chief  of  the  Army  of  the  Rhine,  July  9, 
1792  ;  com.  of  the  Army  of  the  Coasts  of  la 
Hochelle,  May  15,  1793;  he  applied  for  dis- 
charge to  the  com.  of  safety,  who  refused,  ap- 


LA-V 


531 


laATW^ 


penlinj?  to  his  patriotism.  He  took  Saumur ; 
defeated  the  Vendeans  under  the  walls  of  Par- 
thenay,  and  insisted  anew  on  his  dismission. 
This  irritated  the  committee,  who  sent  him  to 
the  guillotine,  where  he  manifested  great  in- 
trepidity. 

Lavkl,  FRAN901S  DE  Montmorency, 
hishop  of  Quebec,  b.  Laval,  France,  March  23, 
1622  ;  d.  Quebec,  May  6,  1708.  Old.  priest  at 
Paris,  Sept.  23,  164.5;  became  archdeacon  of 
Evrcux  16.53  ;  bishop  of  Petrca  and  vicar  apos- 
toliqueof  New  France,  July  5,1658;  and  bishop 
of  Quebec  from  Oct.  1674,  to  Jan.  24,  1688, 
when  lie  resigned.  He  arrived  at  Quebec,  June 
16,  1659  ;  founded  the  Scm.  of  Quebec,  March 
26,  1663;  consecrated  the  Parochial  Church  of 
Quebec,  July  11, 1666  ;  and  returned  to  France 
in  1674.  In  the  spring  of  1688  he  retired  to 
his  sem.,  to  which  he  made  over  the  whole  of 
his  effects.  He  exercised  a  powerful  influence 
upon  the  civil  as  well  as  the  ecclesiastical  affairs 
of  the  colony,  making  and  unmaking  its  gov- 
ernors at  will.  —  Morgan. 

Laval,  Col.  Jacint  ;  d.  Harper's  Ferry, 
Va.,  Sept.  2,  1822,  a.  ab.  60.  He  came  to  this 
country  in  Rochambeau's  army  as  a  cornet  of 
dragoons  ;  was  subsequently  sheriff  of  Charles- 
ton, S.C. ;  was  app.  capt.  of  dragoons  U.S.A., 
May  3,  1808;  major,  Feb.  15,  1809;  lieut.-col. 
(1st  Light  Dragoons)  June  1,  1813 ;  col.  Aug. 
1,  1813;  afterwards  military  storekeeper  till 
his  death. 

Laval,  Montmorency  Mathieu  Paul 
Louis,  vicomtc  de,  afterwards  due  de,  b. 
1748;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  1817.  Son  of  Marshal 
Montmorency.  Com.  in  America,  under  Ro- 
chanibeau  the  regt.  d'Auveiyne,  remarkable  for 
the  severity  of  its  discipline.  His  son,  Mathieu 
Jean  Felicite  Laval  Montmorency,  due 
de,  who  served  under  his  father's  orders  in 
America,  was  wounded  in  the  naval  action  be- 
tween Graves  and  Destouches  near  Chesapeake 
Bay,  1781  ;  became  in  1821  minister  of  foreign 
affiirs,  and  d.  in  1826,  a.  59. 

Lavalette,  Elie  a.  F.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N., 
b.  Va.  1789;  d.  Phila.  Nov.  19,  1862.  App. 
sailing-master  U.S.N.  June  25,  1812;  lieut. 
Dec.  9,  1814  ;  com.  Mar.  3,  1831 ;  capt.  Feb. 
23,  1840;  and  retired  as  rear-adm.  July  31, 
1862,  Served  under  Macdonough  on  Lake 
Champlain,  Sept.  11,  1814;  under  Com. 
Sliul)rick  in  capturing  Mexican  towns  on  the 
GulfofCal. ;  and  was  disiing.  at  the  capture 
of  Guaymos,  Oct.  20,  1847. 

Lavialle,  Pierre  Joseph,  R.C.  bishop  of 
Louisville,  b.  Mauriac,  France,  1820  ;  d.  near 
Bardstown,  Ky.,  May  11,  1867.  At  the  age  of 
23  he  came  to  the  U.S. ;  was  ord,  priest,  and 
officiated  one  year  in  New  York,  when  he  was 
made  prof,  of  theology  in  St.  Mary's  Coll., 
Lebanon,  Ky.  From  1855  to  1865  he  was 
pres.  of  the  coll.;  and  Sept.  24,  1865,  was 
consec.  bishop  of  Louisville.  He  founded 
several  new  educational  and  benevolent  insti- 
tutions. 

Law,  Rev.  Andrew,  40  years  a  music- 
teacher;  d.  Cheshire,  Ct.,  July,  1821,  a.  73. 
Brown  U.  1775.  He  invented  4  characters  to 
express  always  the  4  syllables  of  music  ;  pub. 
"Rudiments' of  Music,"  1783;  "The  Art  of 
Singing,"  in  3  parts,  1803;  "Musical  Maga- 


zine," 1792;  "Collection  of  Hymn-Tunes," 
1782.  Law  (who  was  author  of  "  Archdale") 
and  Billings  were  the  earliest  known  Amer. 
composers  of  music.  —  See  Hood's  Hist.  Music. 

Law,  Jonathan,  statesman  and  jurist,  b. 
Milford,  Ct.,  Aug.  6,  1674;  d.  Nov.  6,  1750. 
H.U.  1695.  Grandson  of  Richard,  an  eminent 
lawyer  of  Stamford.  He  began  the  practice 
of  law  in  Milford  in  1698.  In  1706  he  was 
madejustice  of  the  peace;  justiceof  the  quorum 
1710;  chief  judge  1714;  assist,  from  1717 
until  chosen  dep. -gov.  1725  ;  chief  justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  1725-41  ;  and  gov.  from 
Mav,  1741,  until  his  death. 

Law,  Richard,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1802),  jurist, 
b.  Milford,  Ct.,  Mar.  17,  1733  ;  d.  New  Lon- 
don, Jan.  26,  1806.  Y.C.  1751.  Son  of  Gov. 
Jonathan  Law.  Studied  law  under  Hon.  Jared 
Ingersoll ;  was  soon  after  the  age  of  21  adm. 
to  the  bar  at  New  Haven,  and  immediately  set- 
tled at  New  London,  where  he  became  highly 
disting.  in  his  profession.  Chief  judge  of  the 
New  London  County  Court  till  app.  in  May, 
1784,  to  the  Superior  Court,  of  which,  in  May, 
1786,  he  was  app.  chief  judge;  app.  by  Wash- 
ington dist.  judge  of  Ct.,  which  position  he 
held  until  de^^th  ;  member  of  the  council  from 
1776  to  1786  ;  a  member  of  Congress  in  1777- 
8  and  1781-4  ;  and  was  mayorof  New  London 
from  its  incorporation  in  Mar.  1784,  until  he 
died.  Together  with  Roger  Sherman,  he  re- 
vised, soon  after  the  return  of  peace,  the  code 
of  statute  laws  of  the  State.  At  the  bar  he  was 
disting.  more  as  a  learned  lawyer,  a  close  logi- 
cian, a  fair  special  pleader,  than  as  an  eloquent 
orator.  Lyman,  his  son  (lawyer,  and  M.C. 
1811-17),  d.3  Feb.  1842,  a.  71.  Another  son, 
Capt.  Richard  Law  (midshipm.  in  the  frigate 
"  Trumbull  ;  "  1779-80,  8  years  collector  of  the 
port  of  N.  London  ;  b.  there  1762),  d.  19  Dec. 
1845. 

Lawrance,  John,  jurist  and  statesman, 
b.  Cornwall,  Eng.,  1750;  d.  N.Y.  Nov.  1810. 
He  came  to  N.Y.  in  1767  ;  wasadm.  to  the  bar 
in  1772;  held  a  commission  in  the  1st  N.Y. 
regt.  in  1775  ;  was  aide-de-camp  to  his  father- 
in-law,  Gen.  McDougall,  and  to  Washington 
from  Oct.  6,  1777  ;  and  afterward  judge  advo- 
cate at  the  trial  of  Maj.  Andre.  In  1783  he 
resumed  practice  in  N.Y  ;  member  of  the  Old 
Congress  1785-6;  State  senator  1789;  M.C. 
1789-93;  judge  of  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court  of 
N.Y.  1794-6;  and  U.S.  senator  1796-1800, 
presiding  over  that  body  in  1798.  He  was  a 
zealous  and  able  defender  of  the  measures  of 
Washington,  and  was  the  personal  and  political 
friend  of  Hamilton.  Upon  the  questions  of 
neutrality,  currency,  finance,  and  especially 
the  commercial  interests  of  the  country,  he 
evinced  great  comprehensiveness  and  foresight. 

Lawrence,  Abbott,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1854), 
an  eminent  citizen  and  merchant  of  Ms.,  b. 
Groton,  Dec.  16,  1792;  d.  Boston,  Aug.  18, 
1 8.55.  Son  of  Sam'l  ( 1 754-1 827 ),  a  Revol.  offi- 
cer. He  was  educated  at  Groton  Acad. ;  went  to 
Boston  in  1808,  and  became  a  clerk  in  the  dry- 
goods  store  of  his  bro.  Amos.  Adm.  a  partner 
in  1814,  they  for  many  years  prosecuted  a  very 
extensive  importing  business,  and  laid  the 
foundations  of  their  several  fortunes.  He  was 
the  travelling  partner,  and  visited  Europe  a 


JuATW 


532 


1L,JL\^ 


number  of  times  ;  subsequently  became  one  of 
the  foremost  men  in  building  up  American 
manufactures,  and  the  flourishing  city  of  Law- 
rence was  the  offspring  of  his  enterprise.  He 
was  from  an  early  period  of  his  life  a  zealous 
advocate  of  the  protective  system.  In  1827  he 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Harrisburg  convention, 
to  consider  the  manufacturing  interests  of  the 
country;  in  1831  served  in  the  common  coun- 
cil of  Boston;  M.C.  1835-7  and  1839-41  ;  in 
1842  he  was  app.  a  commiss.  to  arrange  the 
north-eastern  boundary  question  ;  minister  to 
Eng.  1849-Oct.  18.52.  He  founded  the  Law- 
rence Scientific  School  in  Cambridge,  to  which 
he  gave  $100,000.  He  established  prizes  for 
the  deserving  scholars  of  the  pul)lic  schools, 
and  always  gave  generously  to  churches  and 
to  religious  and  charitable  associations.  His 
sou  Timothy  Bigelow,  b.  Boston,  23  Nov. 
1826.  H.U.  1846.  yl«ac/i^ at  London  1849- 
55  ;  consul-gen.  to  Italv  from  1862  to  his  d.  at 
Wnshington,  21  Mar.  1869. 

Lawrence,  Amos,  a  philanthropic  mer- 
chant of  Boston,  b.  Groton,  Ms.,  Apr.  20, 1786  ; 
d.  Boston,  Dec.  31,  1852.  After  an  academic 
education  in  his  native  town,  he  commenced 
business  in  Boston  in  1807  ;  formed  a  partner- 
shij)  with  his  bro.  Abl)ott  under  the  firm  of 
A.  and  A.  Lawrence,  Jan.  1,  1814,  and  for  39 
years  was  a  leading  member  of  the  mercantile 
community,  acquiring  a  large  fortune,  which 
he  employed  in  mnny  acts  of  unsurpassed  lib- 
erality. Besides  his  constant  private  charities, 
he  gave  munificently  to  the  cause  of  education 
and  religion.  To  Wms.  Coll.  he  gave  at  dif- 
ferent times  an  aggregate  of  near  $40,000. 
The  acad.  at  Groton  was  also  liberally  assisted 
by  him.  To  the  fund  for  the  erection  of 
Bunker-hill  Monument  he  contributed  at  one 
time  $10,000,  and  sums  at  other  times  to  nearly 
or  quite  an  equal  amount.  His  personal  exer- 
tions did  much  towards  awakening  the  spirit 
which  secured  its  completion.  He  was  in  1821 
a  member  of  the  State  legisl.  Mr.  Lawrence 
was  imbued  with  the  true  spirit  of  Christian 
benevolence.  Modest  and  unassuming  in  his 
deportment,  his  immense  charities,  which  in 
the  aggregate  amounted  to  several  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  dollars,  were  noiselessly  dispensed . 
"  Extracts  from  the  Diary  and  Correspond- 
ence of  Amos  Lawrence,"  with  a  memoir  by 
his  son,  W.  R.  Lawrence,  was  pub.  1855. 

Lawrence,  Charlks,  a  British  gen. ;  d. 
Halifax,  N.S.,  Oct.  19, 1760.  Made  a  member 
of  tlie  council  of  N.S.  July  31,  1749  ;  being 
then  a  major  in  the  army.  In  the  spring  of 
1750  he  was  sent  to  reduce  the  French  at 
Chignecto ;  but  they  burned  their  town,  and 
retired  to  the  woods ;  in  the«course  of  the  sum- 
m-^r  he  returned  to  the  attack,  and  erected  a 
fort  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  called 
Fort  Lawrence.  On  the  retirement  of  Gov. 
Hopson  in  1753  he  administered  the  govt.  ; 
was  app.  lieut.-gov.  1754,  and  gov.  in  1756.  In 
Sept.  1757  he  was  app.  a  col.  com.  of  the  60th 
regt.,  and  brig,  in  Amer.  Dec.  31 .  In  Loudon's 
campaign  of  1757  he  com.  the  reserve,  and  at 
the  siege  of  Louisburg,  in  1758,  the  2d  bri- 
gade. 

Lawrence,  James,  capt.  U.S.N,  b.  Bur- 
lington, N.  J.,  Oct.  1,  1781 ;  d.  June  5,  1813. 


His  father,  John  Brown  Lawrence,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council,  a  disting.  lawyer,  and  a  loy- 
alist. James  early  manifested  a  strong  predi- 
lection for  the  sea ;  and  after  the  death  of  his 
father,  who  designed  him  for  the  law,  he  en- 
tered the  navy  as  a  midshipman  Sept.  4,  1798  ; 
April  6,  1802,  ho  was  promoted  to  licut. ;  and 
in  1803,  in  the  schooner  "Enterprise,"  took  a 
disting.  part  in  the  destruction  of  "  The  Phila- 
delpliia,  frigate,  and  in  the  bombardment  of 
Tripoli ;  transferred  to  the  frigate  "  John  Ad- 
ams" in  1806  ;  promoted  to  master-com.  Nov. 
3,  1810.  Feb.  24,  1813,  in  "The  Hornet,"  he 
fell  in  with  the  brig  "  Peacock,"  Capt.  Peake, 
which  he  took  after  an  action  of  1 5  minutes. 
She  sunk  before  all  the  prisoners  could  be  re- 
moved. Capt.  Mar.  4,  1813,  and  ordered  to 
Boston  to  take  com.  of  the  frigate  "  Chesa- 
peake." June  1, 1813,  ho  sailed  out  of  the  har- 
bor, and  engaged  the  British  frigate  "  Shan- 
non." After  the  ships  had  exchanged  several 
broadsides,  and  Lawrence  had  been  wounded, 
the  British  boarded,  and,  after  a  desperate  re- 
sistance, succeeded  in  taking  possession  of  the 
ship.  Almost  all  the  ofTicers  of  "  The  Chesa- 
peake" were  either  killed  or  wounded.  The  last 
exclamation  of  Lawrence,  as  they  were  carry- 
ing him  below  after  the  fatal  wound,  was, 
"  Don't  give  up  the  ship  I "  ^  "  The  Shannon" 
was  a  thoroughly  disciplined  ship ;  "  The 
Chesapeake,"  on  the  other  hand,  had  arrived 
at  Boston  2  months  before  from  a  cruise;  and 
the  men  had  been  much  on  shore,  indulging  free- 
ly in  dissipation.  Capt.  Lawrence,  having  been 
hut  a  few  days  in  com.,  was  a  stranger  to  his 
crew,  among  whom  some  disallection  existed 
in  consequence  of  unpaid  prize-money. 

Lawrence,  Jonathan,  poet,  b.  N.  York, 
19  Nov.  1807;  d.  Apr.  26,  1833.  Col.  Coll. 
1823.  Ho  practised  law;  but  the  high  expecta- 
tions formed  of  him  wero  cut  short  by  his  early 
death.  His  writings  in  prose  and  verse  were 
collected  and  pub.  by  his  bro.  in  1833.  —  See 
GriswolcVs  Poets  and  Poetry  of  Amer. 

Lawrence,  William,  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  Cal- 
vert Co.,  Md.;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Jan.  1841. 
Entering  the  4th  Inf.  June  8,  1801,  he  was  adj. 
Jan.  1807 ;  capt.  Jan.  1810;  maj.  2d  Inf.  Apr. 
1814 ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  defence  of  Fort  Bow- 
yer,  Sept.  15,  1814;  again  attacked  in  Feb. 
1815,  badly  wounded,  and  compelled  to  surren- 
der; lieut.-col.  May,  1818;  col.  5th  Inf.  Aug. 
1828;  resigned  July,  1831. 

Lawrence,  William,  jurist  and  politi- 
cian, b.  Mt.  Pleasant,  Ohio,  June  26,  1819. 
Franld.  Coll.,  0.,  1838;  Cin.  Law  School,  1840. 
He  rose  to  distinction  at  the  bar  of  McConnels- 
ville,  but  subsequently  settled  at  Bellefontainc, 
where  he  had  an  extensive  practice.  Prosec. 
atty.  for  Logan  Co.  1845  ;  editor  and  proprie- 
tor of  the  Logan  Gazette  1845-7;  State  repre- 
sentative 1847-9;  State  senator  1849-51  and 
'54-5,  where  he  advocated  and  caiTied  bills  to 
quiet  land  titles  and  for  the  establishment  of  a 
Reform  School;  reporter  of  the  O.  Sup.  Court 
1851,  and  compiled  vol.  xx.  Ohio  Reports; 
judge  C.C.P.  1856-64;  M.C.  1865-71.  Served 
as  col.  84th  O.  regt.  at  Cumberland  and  New 
Creek  in  1862.  Author  of  the  Free  Banking 
Law  of  Ohio ;  and  has  prepared  a  work  on 
the  "  Ohio  Civil  Code,"  and  on  the  "  Law  of 


L^^v^ 


533 


LK^ 


Interest  and  Usury."  He  at  one  time  edited  the 
Western  Law  Monthly. 

Lawrence,  William  Beach,  LL.D.,  au- 
thor, b.  New  York,  Oct.  23,  1800.  Col.  Coll. 
1818.  After  a  course  of  legal  and  hist,  study 
at  Paris,  he  became  a  councillor  of  the  N-Y. 
Sup.  Court  in  1823 ;  sec.  of  legation,  at  Lond. 
1825;  charge  d'affaires  1827-8;  licut.-gov.  of 
K.I.  1851-2 ;  and  for  a  portion  of  the  time  gov. 
of  the  State.  Author  of  an  "  Address  bef.  the 
N.Y.  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,"  1826;  transla- 
tion of  Marbois'  Hist,  of  La.,  with  Essay  and 
Notes,  1830;  "Discourse  bef.  the  N.Y.  Hist. 
Soc,"  1832,  and  other  papers  in  the  "Proceed- 
ings "  of  the  society,  of  which  he  was  vice-pres. 
in  1836-45;  "Two  Lectures  on  Polit.  Econo- 
mjr,"  1832;  "Bank  of  the  U.S.,"  1831  ;  "In- 
quiry into  the  Causes  of  the  Public  Distress," 
N.Y.  1834;  "Discourses  and  Reviews  on  Po- 
lit. Economy,"  8vo,  1834;  "History  of  the 
North-eastern  Boundary  Negotiations,"  1841 ; 
" Memoir  of  Albert  Gallatin,"  1843;  "The 
Colonization  and  Subsequent  History  of  New 
Jersey,"  1843 ;  "  The  Law  of  Charitable  Uses," 
N.Y.  1845 ;  Livfes  of  Reuben  H.  Walcot  and 
Charles  O'Connor,  1848;  "Maine  Law  Speech 
in  the  R.  I.  Senate,"  1852 ;  "  Visitation  and 
Search,"  1858;  an  ed.  of  Wh'.'aton's  "Intern. 
Law,  with  Addit.  Notes,"  &c.,  Boston,  1855. 
Contrib.  to  many  journals  and  periodicals.  — 
AUibone. 

Lawson,  Jambs,  author  and  editor,  b. 
Glasgow,  Scotland,  Nov.  9,  1799.  U.  of  Ghis- 
gow.  IIg  came  to  America  at  the  close  of  1815, 
and  entered  the  counting-house  of  a  maternal 
uncle  at  N.Y.  He  wrote  for  the  N.  Y.  Literary 
Gazette ;  was  associate  editor  of  the  Morninq 
Courier  (1827-9),  and  also  of  the  Mercantile 
Advertiser  (1829-33).  He  has  since  pursued 
the  business  of  marine  insurance  in  New  York. 
His  publications  are  "  Tales  and  Sketches  by  a 
Cosmopolite,"  1830;  and  "Giordano,"  a  trage- 
dy, first  performed  at  the  Park  Theatre,  Nov. 
1828;  contrib.  of  criticism,  essays,  tales,  and 
verse  to  the  peiiodicals  of  the  day ;  and  has 
been  much  connected  with  the  drama  in  N.Y. — 
Duyckinch. 

Lawson,  John,  snrvcyor-gcn.  and  histori- 
an, b.  Scotland;  burned  at  the  stake  by  the  Indi- 
ans of  N.C.'1712.  He  began  his  surveys  in 
1700;  and  was  an  intelligent  observer,  enter- 
prising and  circumspect,  but  fell  a  victim  to 
the  jealousy  of  the  natives.  He  was  taken  by 
them  durinj>  one  of  his  explorations,  when  in 
company  with  Dc  Graffenried,  a  Swiss  baron, 
who  contemplated  colonization.  The  latter  was 
permitted  to  purchase  freedom.  He  left  a  val- 
uable history  of  the  Carolinas,  entitled  "  A 
New  Voyage  to  Carolina,  containing  the  Ex- 
act Description  and  Natural  History  of  that 
Country,"  &c.,  pub.  London,  1709,  4to,  and 
Raleigh,  12nio,  1860. 

Lawson,  Gex.  Robert,  Revol.  officer ;  d. 
Richmond,  Va.,  Apr.  1805.  Major  4th  Va. 
re^t.  13  Feb.  1776;  col.  in  1777;  and  com.  a 
brigade  of  Va.  militia  under  Greene  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Guilford.— ASee  Nat.  Intdl.  Oct.  27,  1802. 

Lawson,  Thomas,  brcv.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Va.  App.  surgeon's  mate  U.S.N.  March  1, 
1809;  surgeon  6th  Inf.  May,  1813;  surgeon- 
gen,  (rank  of  col.)  Nov.  30, 1836  ;  lieut.-coi.  of 


P.  F.  Smith's  regt.  of  La.  vols,  in  Fla.  war, 
1837 ;  and  com.  a  batt.  N.Y.  and  Pa.  vols,  till 
May,  1838;  brev.  brig.-gen  "for  meritorious 
conduct"  in  the  Mexican  war.  May  30,  1848. 
Author  of  "  Report  on  Sickness  and  Mortality 
U.S.A.  1819-39,"  8vo,  1840;  "Meteorological 
Register  1826-30,  and  Appendix  for  1822-5," 
8vo,  Phila.  1840. 

Lawton,  Alexander  Robert,  general 
C.S.A.,  b.  S.C.  ab.  1820.  West  Point,  1839 ; 
Camb.  Law  School,  1842.  Entering  the  1st 
Art.,  he  resigned  Dec.  31,  1840;  adm.  to  the 
bar  at  Savannah  in  1842;  and  became  col.  in 
the  State  militia.  In  1849-54  he  was  pres.  of 
the  Savannah  and  Augusta  Railroad ;  member 
Ga.  legisl.  1855-6;  State  senator  1854-61; 
pres.  Ga.  Democ.  convention  1860.  In  1861 
he  entered  the  service  of  Ga. ;  but  was  subse- 
quently transferred  to  the  Confed.  army,  in 
which  he  was  made  brig.-gen. 

Lay,  Benjamin,  a  benevolent  and  eccen- 
tric Quaker,  b.  Eng.  1681  ;  d.  Abinijton,  Pa., 
1760.  Bred  to  the  sea.  He  settled  in  Barba- 
docs  ab.  1710;  but  became  obnoxious  to  the 
inhabitants  by  his  condemnation  of  slave-own- 
ing ;  left  the  island,  and  settled  at  Abington, 
near  Phila.  In  1737  he  wrote  a  treatise  entitled 
"  All  Slave-Keepers  that  keep  the  Innocent  in 
Bondage  Apostates."  It  was  printed  by  Frank- 
lin, who  told  the  author  that  it  was  deficient 
in  arrangement.  "  It  is  no  matter,"  said  Mr. 
Lay,  "print  any  part  thou  pleasest  first." 
Temperate  in  his  diet,  he  declaimed  against  the 
introduction  of  tea  as  a  pernicious  herb.  lie 
distributed  religious  books  as  prizes  to  school- 
cliildrcn,  also  imparting  to  them  advice  and  in- 
struction. All  his  clothes  were  manufactured 
by  himself.  His  bold,  determined,  and  uniform 
reprehension  of  slavery,  in  defiance  of  pubic 
opinion,  does  him  the  highest  honor.  —  See 
Rush's  Essays,  and  Wharton's  Notes  on  the  Lit. 
of  Pa. 

Laye,  Francis,  a  British  gen.  of  art. ;  d. 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Jan.  29,  1828.  A  lieut.  of 
art.,  he  was  ordered  to  N.  York  in  1773;  Avas 
wounded  at  Bunker's  Hill ;  was  in  the  battles 
of  Long  Island,  White  Plains,  Fort  Vf  ashing- 
ton,  Brandywine,  Germantown,  Monmouth, 
and  in  Gen.  Leslie's  exped.  to  Va.  Joining 
Lord  Rawdon,  he  was  severely  wounded  at 
Camden ;  received  the  special  thanks  of  that 
officer,  and  was  ordered  home.  lie  com.  the 
art.  in  the  West  Indies  in  1800  ;  and  served  in 
the  capture  of  the  islands  by  the  exped.  under 
Admiral  Duckworth  and  Gen.  Trigge. 

Layne,  Charles,  b.  Albemarle,  near  Buck- 
ingham Co.,  1700;  d.  Campbell  Co.,  Va.,  May 
17,  1821,  aged  121.  He  left  a  widow  aged  110 
years,  and  a  numerous  and  respectable  family 
down  to  the  3d  and  4th  generations.  Until  the 
last  few  j^ears  of  his  life  he  enjoyed  all  his  fac- 
ulties, with  vigorous  bodily  health. 

Lea,  Henry  Carey,  son  of  Isaac,  and 
grandson  of  Mathcw  Carey,  b.  Phila.  19  Sept. 
1825.  Present  representative  of  the  pub.-house 
established  by  Mathew  Carey  and  Sons  at  the 
close  of  the  last  century.  Author  of  "  Super- 
stition and  Force,"  &c.,  1866;  "Studies  in 
Church  History,"  &c.,  1869;  "Hist,  of  Clerical 
Celibacy." 

Lea,  Isaac,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1852),  naturalist. 


tiEA. 


634 


LEO 


b.  Wilmington,  Del.,  Mar.  4,  1792.  His  an- 
cestors were  ministers  in  the  Society  of  Friends. 
Placed  at  the  age  of  15  with  his  elder  bro.,  a 
merchant  in  Phila.,  he  occupied  his  leisure  in 
collecting  minerals,  fossils,  &c.  In  1815  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Acad,  of  Nat.  Sciences 
of  Phila.,  and  shortly  after  pub.  his  first  paper 
in  the  Journal  of  the  Acad.,  describing  the  min- 
erals in  the  neighborhood  of  Phila.  In  1821 
he  joined  the  publishing-firm  of  his  father-in- 
law,  Mathew  Carey,  retiring  from  it  in  1851. 
In  1827  he  began  a  series  of  memoirs  on  new 
forms  of  fresh-water  and  land  shells,  which 
have  been  continued  to  the  present  time.  In 
1832  he  visited  Europe,  and  in  1833  pub. 
"Contributions  to  Geology,"  describing  228 
species  of  tertiary  fossils  from  Alabama.  Mr. 
Lea  has  contemplated  the  publication  of  a  large 
work  on  the  unionidce  of  the  U.S.  He  is  a 
member  of  many  learned  bodies  in  Europe 
and  Araer.  In  Dec.  1858  he  was  elected  pres. 
of  the  x\cad.  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phila. 
He  has  also  pub.  "  Description  of  a  New  Ge- 
nus of  the  Family  Melaniana,"  1851  ;  "  Fossil 
Footmarks  in  the  Red  Sandstones  of  Potts- 


ville ;  "  and  "  Synopsis  of  the  Family  of  Naia- 

—  Set 
libone. 


des,"    1852.  —  See  list  of  5b  of  his  pubs,  in  Al- 


Lea,  Thomas  Gibson,  botanist  (1785- 
1844)  ;  left  "  A  Catalogue  of  Plants,  Native 
and  Naturalized,  collected  in  the  Vicinity  of 
Cincinnati,  O.,"  which  was  pub.  by  W.  S. 
Sullivant,  1849. 

Leake,  Walter,  gov.  of  Mpi.  1821-25,  b. 
Va. ;  d.  Mt.  Salus,  Hines  Co.,  Mpi.,  Nov.  17, 
1825.  A  soldier  of  the  Revol.,  and  U.S.  sena- 
tor from  1817  to  1820. 

Learning,  Jeremiah,  D.D.  (Y.C.  1789), 
Epis.  clergyman,  b.  Middletown,  Ct.,  1719  ;  d. 
N.  Haven, "Sept.  15,  1804.  Y.C.  1745.  Ord. 
1748.  He  preached  8  years  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
21  years  at  Norwalk,  Ct. ;  and  at  Stratford  8 
years.  During  the  Revol.  he  was  confined  in 
jail  as  a  Tory,  and  contracted  a  disease  of  the 
nip,  crippling  him  for  life.  In  1783  he  declined 
the  episcopacy  of  Ct.  on  account  of  infirmity. 
He  wrote  Defences  of  the  Epis.  Govt,  of  the 
Church,  1766  and  1770  ;  "  Evidences  of  Chris- 
tianity," 1785;  "Dissertations,"  1789.  Dr. 
L.  was  at  one  time  thought  of  for  the  office 
of  first  bishop  of  the  Amer.  Epis.  Church. 

Lear,  Tobias,  diplomatist,  b,  Portsmouth, 
N.H.,  Sept.  19,  1762;  d.  Washington,  D.C., 
Oct.  10,  1816.  H.U.  1783.  In  1785  he  be- 
came private  sec.  to  Gen.  Washington,  and 
was  most  liberally  remembered  by  him  in  his 
will.  In  1801  he  was  made  consul-gen.  at  St. 
Domingo  ;  and  from  1804  to  1812  was  consul- 
gen,  at  Algiers,  and  commiss.  to  conclude  a 
peace  with  Tripoli.  The  latter  duty  he  per- 
formed in  1805,  much  to  the  dissatisfaction  of 
Gen.  Eaton,  who  was  gaining  important  ad- 
vantages over  the  Tripolitans.  Lear's  conduct 
was  approved  by  his  govt.,  though  much  blamed 
by  a  portion  of  the  pul)lic.  At  his  decease  he 
was  an  accountant  in  the  war  department. 

Learneti,  Ebenezer,  brig.-jren.  Revol.  ar- 
my ;  d.  Oxford,  Ms.,  Apr.  1,  1801,  a.  73.  A 
capt.  in  the  old  French  war  (1756-63).  He 
marched  to  Cambridge  with  his  regt.  (3d)  the 
day  alter  the  battle  of  Lexington.     After  the 


removal  of  the  army  to  N.Y.,  he  became  af- 
flicted with  disease,  and  in  May,  1776,  request- 
ed permission  to  retire  from  the  service.  Apr. 
2,1777,  Congress  app.  him  a  brig.-gen. ;  but,  his 
health  gradually  sinking,  he  was  permitted, 
Mar.  24,  1778,  to  retire  from  the  army.  Dec. 
7, 1795,  his  name  was  placed  upon  the  pension- 
list.  At  the  first  battle  of  Stillwater,  Sept.  19, 
1777,  he  com.  the  centre  ;  in  Aug.  previous,  he 
marched  his  brigade  to  the  relief  of  Fort  Schuy- 
ler ;  he  was  at  Valley  Forge  in  the  following 
winter. 

Leavenworth,  Henry,  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Ct.,  Dec.  10,  1783;  d.  Cross  Timbers,  near 
the  False  Wachita,  July  21, 1834.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  war  of  1812  he  was  assoc. 
with  Gen.  Root  in  the  practice  of  law.  App. 
from  N.Y.  capt.  25th  Inf.  Apr.  1812  ;  maj.  9th 
Inf.  Aug.  15,  1813;  com.  his  regt.  and  brev. 
lieut.-col.  and  col.  for  distinguished  services 
at  Chippewa,  July  5,  1814;  and  at  Niagara 
Falls,  where  he  was  wounded,  July  25,  1814  ; 
lieut.-col.  5th  Inf.  Feb.  10,  1818  ;  com.  and  dis- 
ting.  in  the  exped.  against  the  Arickaree  Indi- 
ans, 700  miles  above  Council  BiufTs  on  Mo.  Ri- 
ver; brev.  brig.-gen.  July  25,  1824;  col.  3d  Inf. 
Dec.  16, 1825.  He  established  various  military 
posts  on  our  Western  frontier,  one  of  which, 
now  the  flourishing  city  of  Leavenworth,  Kan., 
perpetuates  his  name. 

Leavitt,  Dudley,  extensively  known  in 
N.H.  as  "  Old  Master  Leavitt,"  having  been 
its  almanac-maker  above  half  a  century,  com- 
mencing in  1797;  b.  Exeter,  May  23,  1772; 
d.  Meredith,  Sept.  15, 1851.  He  formerly  kept 
school  in  winter;  worked  on  his  farm  through- 
out the  year ;  made  almanacs,  arithmetics, 
grammars,  &c.,  in  long  winter  evenings.  He 
edited  the  Gilmanton  Gazette  in  1800;  and  in 
1811  began  the  N.H.  Register,  which  he  e<lited 
some  years.     In  1806  he  removed  to  Meredith. 

Iieavitt,  Rev.  Joshua,  b.  Franklin  Co., 
N.Y.,  1794.  Y.C.  1814.  Adm.  to  the  bar 
1819;  ord.  1825.  Has  pub.  "  Easy  Lessons 
in  Heading,"  1823;  "Christian  Lyre,"  1831; 
"  Series  ot  Readers,"  1847.  Ed.  Sailor's  Mag., 
N.  Y.  Evangelist,  N.  Y.  Independent,  &c.  —  Al- 
libone. 

Lechford,  Thomas,  a  lawyer  from  Lon- 
don, the  tirst  who  came  to  N.E.  intending  to 
pursue  the  profession  ;  lived  in  Boston  from 
1638  to  1641.  He  returned  to  Eng.,  dissatis- 
fied with  the  country,  and  pub.  "  Piaine  Deal- 
ing, or  Newes  from  New  England's  Present 
Government,  Ecclesiastical  and  Civil,  Com- 
pared," &c.,  Lond.  1642  (new  ed.  with  introd. 
and  notes  by  J.  Hammond  Trumbull,  1867); 
"  New  England's  Advice  to  Old  England,"  4to, 
1644.  He  is  said  to  have  d.  soon  after  the  pub.  of 
this  book.  — See  Hutchinson's  Hist.  Mass.  Bay, 

Le  Clear,  Thomas,  painter,  b.  Owego, 
N.Y.,  March  11,  1818.  In  early  youth  he 
evinced  his  artistic  skill,  and  practised  por- 
traiture in  various  places,  until  in  1839  he  came 
to  N.Y.  City,  where  his  picture  called  "  Rep- 
rimand "  attracted  attention.  In  1844-60  he 
painted  portraits  in  Buffalo,  and  has  since  re- 
sided in  N.Y.  Among  his  portraits  is  "  D.  S. 
Dickinson,"  Edwin  Booth  as  Hamlet.  cx-Pres. 
Fillmore,  Col.  Thorpe,  Col.  Porter,  McEntee, 
and  Hubbard,  artists  ;  and  of  his  compositions. 


IL.EC 


535 


3L.ee 


"  The  Marble-Players,"  "  Young  America," 
and  "  The  Itinerants,"  are  best  known.  — 
Tuckerman. 

Leclercq,  Chretien,  French  missiona- 
ry, b.  Artois,  ab.  1630.  Sent  to  Canada  in 
165.5,  where  lie  labored  many  years.  After  his 
return  to  France,  he  pub.  histories  of  the 
Fretich  Colonies  in  New  F'rance,  and  of  La 
Salle's  Expcd.  to  Explore  the  Mpi.,  1691. 

Le  Conte,  John  Eaton,  naturalist,  b. 
near  Shrewsbury,  N.  J.,  Feb.  22,  1784;  d. 
Phila.  Nov.  21,  1860.  He  entered  the  engr. 
corps  in  1818,  but  resigned  Aug.  20,  1831,  hav- 
ing attained  the  rank  of  major.  His  princi])al 
publications  are,  "  Monographs  of  the  N. 
American  Species  of  Utricularia,  Gratiola,  and 
Ruellia;  "  "  Observations  of  the  N.  American 
Species  of  Viola;"  "Descriptions  of  the 
Species  of  N.  American  Tortoise  "  (in  "  An- 
nals of  N.Y.  Lyceum  of  Nat.  Hist.") ;  "  A 
Monography  of  N.  American  Histeroides " 
(Boston  Journal  of  Nat.  Hist.) ;  "  Descriptions 
of  Three  New  Species  of  Auricula,  with  Re- 
marks upon  other  N.  American  Rodents  " 
(Proceedings  of  Phila.  Acad,  of  Nat.  Sciences). 
He  was  vice-pres.  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Nat. 
Sciences,  and  had  a  high  reputation  for  ac- 
curacy as  a  naturalist. 

Le  Conte,  John  L.,  M.D.,  naturalist, 
son  of  the  preceding,  b.  N.Y.  May  13,  1825. 
N.Y.  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surg.  1846.  He  made 
scientific  journeys  to  Lake  Superior  and  the 
Upper  Mpi.  in  1844,  to  the  Rocky  Mountains 
in  1845,  and  to  Lake  Superior  again  in  1846. 
In  1848  he  made  a  third  journey  to  this  lake, 
in  company  with  Agassiz  and  others,  and  con- 
trib.  the  account  of  the  coleoptera  to  the  vol. 
giving  the  results  of  the  exped.  In  1849-51 
he  was  in  Cal.,  and  explored  the  Colorado 
River.  He  has  contrib.  many  papers,  chiefly 
on  coleoyterous  insects,  to  the  Transactions  of 
various  learned  societies  and  to  the  Smithsonian 
"  Contributions  to  Knowledge."  —  Appleton. 

Le  Conte,  Joseph,  M.D.,  naturalist  and 
physician,  b.  Liberty  Co.,  Ga.,  1823.  In  1851 
ne  accomp.  Prof  Agassiz  on  a  scientific  tour 
to  Fla. ;  and  in  1856  became  prof  of  chemistry 
and  geology  in  S.C.  Coll.  He  has  pub.  several 
chemical  and  geological  works. 

Lederer,  John,  the  first  explorer  of  the 
Alleghanies,  wrote  in  Latin  an  account  of  his 
"  Three  Several  Marches  from  Va.  to  the  West 
of  Carolina,  and  Other  Parts  of  the  Continent, 
begun  in  March,  1669,  and  ended  in  Sept. 
1670,"  translated  by  Sir  William  Talbot,  and 
pub.  in  Lond.  1672.  —  Dni/clcinck. 

Ledyard,  John,  traveller,  b.  Groton,  Ct., 
1751;  d.  Cairo,  Egypt,  Jan.  17,  1789.  He 
passed  some  time  at  Dartm.  Coll.  to  fit  him- 
self for  a  missionary  to  the  Indians,  and  spent 
several  months  among  the  tribes  of  the  Six 
Nations,  but,  impelled  by  a  restless  spirit  of 
adventure,  shipped  at  N.  London  as  a  common 
sailor,  and,  being  in  London  when  Cook  was 
starting  on  his  last  voyage  around  the  world, 
embarked  with  him  as  a  corporal  of  marines. 
He  kept  a  journal  of  this  voyage,  a  brief  sketch 
of  which  was  pub.  in  Hartford  in  1783.  He 
made  several  fruitless  efforts  to  set  on  foot  a 
trading  exped.  to  the  N.W.  coast,  and  went  to 
Europe  in  June,  1784.     He  then  undertook  a 


journey  through  Northern  Europe  and  Asia, 
and  across  Behring's  Straits  to  the  western 
hemisphere.  Sir  Joseph  Banks  and  others 
gave  him  a  small  supply  of  money ;  and  in 
the  latter  part  of  1786  he  departed.  Arriving 
at  Stockholm,  he  walked  around  the  whole 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  reaching  St. 
Petersburg  in  the  latter  part  of  March,  1787, 
without  money,  shoes,  or  stockings.  This  jour- 
ney, of  upward  of  1,400  miles,  took  less  than  7 
weeks.  Proceeding  on  his  way  to  Siberia,  ho 
was  arrested  at  Irkootsk,  Feb.  24,  1788,  by 
order  of  the  empress,  conducted  to  the  frontier 
of  Poland,  and  dismissed  with  an  intimation 
that  he  would  be  hanged  if  he  re-entered  Rus- 
sia. This  arrest  is  supposed  to  have  been  caused 
by  the  jealousy  of  the  Russian- American  Trad- 
ing Company.  Ledyard  found  his  way  back  to 
London,  "disappointed,  ragged, and  penniless," 
and  at  once  accepted  an  offer  to  explore  the 
interior  of  Africa.  Leaving  Eng.  in  the  latter 
part  of  June,  he  was  attacked  at  Cairo  by  a 
bilious  disorder,  which  put  an  end  to  his  life. 
For  capacity,  endurance,  and  resolution,  he 
was  most  remarkable.  He  said  of  himself,  "  I 
have  known  both  hunger  and  nakedness  to  the 
utmost  extremity  of  human  suffering.  I  have 
known  what  it  was  to  have  food  given  me  as 
charity  to  a  madman  ;  and  I  have  at  times  been 
obliged  to  shelter  myself  under  the  miseries  of 
that  character  to  avoid  a  heavier  calamity." 
Some  of  his  manuscripts  were  printed  in  Lon- 
don a  few  years  after  his  death  in  the  Mem- 
oirs of  the  Society  instituted  for  encouraging 
Discoveries  in  the  Interior  of  Africa.  Many 
extracts  from  his  journal,  and  his  private  cor- 
rcsp.  with  Jefferson  and  others,  are  given  in 
Sparks's  "  Life  of  Ledyard." 

Ledyard,  William,  col.  in  the  Revol. 
army,  b.  Groton,  Ct.,  1738;  d.  Sept.  6,  1781. 
Bro.  of  the  preceding.  During  the  marauding 
exped.  of  Arnold  along  the  coast  of  Ct.,  Col. 
L.  with  157  militiamen,  hastily  collected,  threw 
himself  into  Fort  Griswold,  opposite  N.  London, 
when  it  was  attacked  by  the  British  colonel. 
Eyre,  with  800  men.  After  a  brave  resistance, 
and  a  loss  of  200  men  inflicted  on  the  enemy, 
the  work  was  carried  by  assault,  and  its  gallant 
defenders  put  to  the  sword.  The  Tory  major, 
Bromfield,  on  receiving  Ledyard's  sword,  de- 
liberately ran  him  through  the  body,  killing 
him  on  thespot.  A  monument  commemorates 
the  event  and  locality.  His  widow  d.  Phila. 
Nov.  8,  1848,  a.  90. 

Lee,  Alfred,  D.D.  (Trin.  Coll.  1841), 
Prot,-Ep.  bishop  of  Del.,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms., 
Sept.  9,  1807.  H.U.  1827.  He  studied  law; 
was  adm.  to  the  New  London  bar  in  18-30;  and 
practised  in  Norwich  in  1831-3.  He  then  stu- 
died in  the  Gen.  Theol.  Sem.  in  N.Y. ;  was  ord. 
deacon  in  June,  1837;  priest,  June,  1838;  was 
pastor  of  Calvary  Church,  Rockdale,  Del.  Co., 
Pa.,  from  Sept.  1838  to  Sept.  1841  ;  and  was 
consec.  bishop  Oct.  12,  1841  ;  rector  of  St. 
Andrew's  Church,  Wilmington.  Author  of 
a  "  Life  of  the  Apostle  Peter,"  1852  ;  "Life 
of  St.  John,"  1854;  "Treatise  on  Baptism," 
1854  ;  "  Memoir  of  Miss  Susan  Allibone,"  8vo, 
1856;  "The  Harbinger  of  Christ,"  12mo, 
1857. 

Lee,  Ann,  founder  of  the  sect  of  Shaking 


LEE 


636 


LEE 


Quakers  in  this  country,  b.  Manchester,  Eng., 
Feb.  29,  1736;  d.  Watervliet,  N.Y.,  Sept.  8, 
1784.  She  was  employed  in  a  cotton-factory, 
and  afterwards  as  a  cook  in  the  Manchester 
Infirmary;  m.  a  blacksmith  named  Stanley; 
and  in  1758  joined  the  small  society  formed  by- 
James  and  Jane  VVardley,  Quakers,  the  origi- 
nators of  the  sect  of  Shakers  in  Eng.  Ab.  1770 
she  began  to  testify  against  the  wickedness  of 
marriage  as  "  the  root  of  human  depravity," 
and  was  confined  for  several  weeks  in  a  mad- 
house. She  came  with  some  of  her  followers 
to  New  York  in  1774;  and  in' the  spring  of 
1776  established  herself  at  Watervliet,  near 
Albany,  at  which  time  she  became  their  recog- 
nized head.  She  was  charged  with  witchcraft, 
and,  being  opposed  to  war,  was  accused  of  secret 
corresp.  with  the  British.  A  charge  of  high 
treason  was  preferred  against  her,  and  she  was 
imprisoned  at  Albany  and  in  the  Poughkeepsie 
jail  until  her  release  by  Gov.  Clinton  in  1777. 
lleturning  to  Watervliet,  her  followers  greatly 
increased.  In  1780,  during  a  religious  revival 
in  New  Lebanon  and  several  adjoining  towns, 
under  the  influence  of  Ann  Lee,  many  persons 
were  converted  to  the  doctrines  of  the  Shakers. 
In  this  movement  originated  the  flourishing 
society  at  New  Lebanon.  In  1781-3  Ann  Lee, 
and  the  elders  of  the  society  at  Watervliet, 
made  a  missionary  journey  through  N.E.,  in  the 
course  of  which  societies  were  founded  in  Har- 
vard, Ms.,  and  other  places.  So  great  were  the 
spiritual  gifts  she  was  believed  to  possess,  that 
she  was  acknowledged  a  spiritual  mother  in 
Christ.  Hence  her  name  of  "  Mother  Ann." 
—  See  Millennial  Church  pub.  bi/  the  Shakers. 

Lee,  Arthur,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1789),  diplo- 
matist of  the  Revol.,  the  youngest  of  6  disting. 
brothers,  b.  Westmoreland  Co.,  Va.,  20  Dec. 
1740  ;  d.  14  Dec.  1792.  Educated  at  Eton  and 
the  U.  of  Edinburgh,  he  took  the  degree  of 
M.D.  in  1765;  made  the  tour  of  Europe;  and, 
returning  to  Va.,  practised  at  Williamsburg 
with  success.  Determining  to  be  a  lawyer,  he 
went  to  Eng.  to  study  the  profession  in  1766  ; 
joined  the  society  of  supporters  of  the  bill  of 
rights  ;  engaged  in  a  literary  controversy  with 
"  Junius,"  and,  under  the  signature  of  "  Junius 
Americanus,"  wrote  political  articles  that 
gained  him  the  acquaintance  of  Johnson, 
Burke,  Dr.  Price,  and  other  eminent  men.  In 
1769  he  pub.  "The  Monitor's  Letters,"  in  vin- 
dication of  colonial  rights.  Adm.  to  the  bar 
in  1770,  and  app.  by  the  Ms.  Assembly  agent, 
in  case  of  the  absence  or  death  of  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, he  co-operated  with  him,  and  received  in 
1784,  for  his  services  to  the  State,  4,000  acres 
of  land.  In  1774  he  pub.  at  Paris  "  An  Appeal 
to  the  People  of  Great  Britain,"  which  was 
ascribed  to  Lord  Chatham.  Appointed  in  Nov. 
1775  the  London  correspondent  of  Congress.  In 
Aug.  1775  he  presented  the  second  petition  of 
Congress  to  the  king.  App.  in  Sept.  1776  one 
of  the  commiss.  to  France,  and  at  the  same 
time  agent  for  Va.,  he  succeeded  in  procuring 
for  that  State,  from  the  royal  arsenals,  warlike 
stores  to  the  value  of  nearly  £260,000.  In 
May,  1777,  Congress  app.  him  sole  commiss. 
to  Spain,  still  retaining  him  on  the  French 
commiss.  He  presented  to  the  Spanish  Govt, 
an  eloquent  memoir  on  "  The  Present  State 


of  the  Dispute  between  America  and  Great 
Britain,"  and  finally  procured  a  large  money 
loan.  He  next  went  to  Berlin,  where  he  was 
permitted  to  reside  in  a  private  capacity,  and 
to  correspond  secretly  with  the  court,  from 
whom  he  received  friendly  assurances.  Dis- 
cord arising  between  Lee  and  the  other  com- 
missioners, factions  were  created  in  Congress 
which  endangered  the  cause;  and  Lee  became 
the  bitter  enemy  of  Franklin,  whom  he  falsely 
charged  with  connivance  at  fraud  and  corrup- 
tion, and  with  being  under  French  influence. 
Lee  was  envious  of  the  superiority  of  Franklin, 
whom  he  persistently  libelled  in  his  letters  to 
Congress.  When,  in  1779,  it  was  determined 
to  send  a  minister  to  Spain,  Lee,  though 
nominated,  was  not  app.  He  then  resigned ; 
returned  home  in  Aug.  1780;  communicated 
his  views  to  Congress ;  and  also  pub.  "  Ex- 
tracts from  a  Letter  to  Congress  in  Answer  to 
a  Libel  by  Silas  Dcane,"  Deane  in  a  published 
address  having  charged  Lee  with  obstructing 
the  alliance  with  France,  and  disclosing  the 
secrets  of  Congress  to  British  noblemen.  Mem- 
ber of  the  Va.  Assembly  in  1781 ;  member  of 
Congress  in  1782-5;  delegate  to  treat  with  the 
northern  Indians  in  1784;  and  member  of  the 
treasury  board  in  1785-9,  whence  he  retired  to  a 
farm  on  the  Rappahannock.  He  was  a  pure 
patriot ;  a  man  of  polite  manners,  but  of 
strong  passions,  and  a  jealous  and  melancholy- 
temperament.  His  "  Life  and  Corresp.  "  was 
pub.  by  his  grand-nephew,  R.  H.  Lee,  2  vols. 
1829. 

Lee,  Charles,  maj.-gen.  Revol.  army,  b. 
Dernhall,  Cheshire,  Eng.,  1731;  d.  Phila.  2 
Oct.  1782.  Son  of  Col.  John  Lee.  Entering 
the  army  at  an  early  age,  he  came  in  1754  to 
Amer. ;  served  under  Braddock  in  the  disas- 
trous defeat  of  the  Monongahela,  and,  in  com. 
of  a  comp.  of  grenadiers,  was  wounded  in  the 
unsuccessful  assault  on  Ticonderoga.  He 
dwelt  for  a  time  with  the  Mohawk  Indians, 
who  made  him  a  chief,  and  named  him  in  their 
language  "  Boiling  Water."  In  1762  he  dis- 
ting. himself  in  Portugal  under  Burgoyne ;  in 
1768  the  King  of  Poland  app.  him  a  maj.-gen., 
but  he  soon  returned  to  Eng.;  and  in  1772 
was  made  a  lieut.-col.,  and  placed  on  half-pay. 
He  wrote  on  the  side  of  the  Americans  in  their 
dispute  with  the  British  ministry,  with  whom 
he  became  still  more  imbittered  on  failing 
to  obtain  promotion.  After  some  years  of 
travel  in  Europe,  he  killed  an  Italian  officer 
in  a  duel,  and  in  the  summer  of  1773  came  to 
New  York.  He  travelled  through  the  Colonies, 
encouraging  the  Americans  to  resist,  and  pur- 
chased land  in  Berkeley  Co.,  Va.  Made  maj.- 
gen.  17  June,  1775,  by  Congress,  he  resigned 
his  commiss.  in  the  British  service,  accomp. 
Washington  to  Boston,  and  in  Feb.  1776  took 
charge  of  the  defence  of  N.  York.  Sent  soon 
after,  as  com.-in-chief  of  the  southern  dept.  to 
the  Carolinas,  he  infused  order  and  confidence 
everywhere,  and  received  a  great  accession  of 
military  reputation  from  the  successful  defence 
of  Fort  Moultrie,  to  which,  however,  he  con- 
tributed very  slightly.  He  then  visited  Ga., 
which  he  assisted  in  fortifying,  and  returned 
north  in  season  to  procure'the  withdrawal  of 
the  army  from  a  position  of  great  hazard. 


XiKK 


53T 


LEE 


Left  in  Westchester  Co.  with  a  force  of  3,000 
men,  he  seems  to  have  been  actuated  from  that 
time  solely  by  the  desire  to  gratify  his  own 
personal  ambition  at  any  cost.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  earnest  appeal  from  Washington  to 
join  him  in  N.  Jersey,  he  lingered,  hoping  an 
opportunity  would  present  itself  to  make  an  in- 
dependent demonstration  on  the  enemy's  flank. 
He  was  taken  prisoner  by  Col.  Harcourt,  while 
lying  carelessly  guarded  at  a  considerable  dis- 
tance from  the  main  body,  13  Dec.  1776.  Mar. 
29,  1777,  while  a  prisoner,  he  proposed  a  plan 
for  subjugating  the  States,  and  addressed  it  to 
Gen.  Howe.  In  May,  1778,  he  was  exchanged 
for  Gen.  Prescott.  At  the  battle  of  Monmouth, 
28  June,  1778,  Lee  was  ordered  to  attack  the 
rear  of  Clinton's  army,  which  was  retreating 
through  N.J.  Outmanoeuvred  by  the  latter,  he 
ordered  a  retreat,  which  soon  became  disorder- 
ly. Washington  met  him  at  this  juncture,  and 
reprimanded  him.  Lee  replied  in  improper 
langua^^e,  but  executed  the  subsequent  orders 
of  Washington  with  courage  and  ability.  Lee, 
after  the  battle,  addressed  a  disrespectful  letter 
to  Washington,  and  12  Aug.  1778,  was  sen- 
tenced by  a  court-martial  to  be  suspended  from 
the  army  for  a  year,  which  sentence  was  con- 
firmed by  Congress.  Lee  pub.  a  defence  of  his 
conduct,  in  which  he  auused  Washington. 
This  led  to  a  duel  with  Col.  Laurens,  in  which 
Lee  was  wounded.  Lee  then  retired  to  his 
estate  in  Berkeley  Co.,  Va.,  where  he  amused 
himself  with  his  books  and  dogs,  writing  also 
some  political  and  military  queries,  afterward 
pub.  in  Baltimore.  A  vol.  of  his  Essays  and 
Corresp.  was  pub.  in  1792.  He  is  said  to  have 
claimed  the  authorship  of  Junius's  Letters,  and 
an  attempt  was  made  by  t)r.  Thos.  Girdlestone 
to  prove  Lee  and  Junius  identical.  Lee  was 
brave,  "  plain  in  his  person  to  a  degree  of 
ugliness,  careless  even  to  un politeness,  his 
garb  ordinary,  his  voice  rough,  his  manners 
rather  severe,  yet' sensible,  learned,  judicious, 
and  penetrating."  —  See  Memoirs  of  Lee  by  E. 
Langworthy,  by  his  kinsman  Sir  Henry  Bunbury ; 
Life  and  Treason  of  Charles  Lee,  bi/  George  H. 
Moore  ofN.  Y.,  1861 ;  Proceedings  of  Court-Mar- 
tial,  6  July,  1778,  N.Y.  8vo,  1864. 

Xjee,  Charles,  lawyer;  d.  at  his  seat  in 
Fauquier  Co.,  Va.,  June  24, 1815,  a.  57.  N.J. 
Coll.  1775.  Bro.  of  Gen.  Henry  Lee.  He 
studied  law  under  Jared  Ingersoll  in  Phila. ; 
was  sec.  of  an  important  board  of  the  Cont. 
Congress ;  meml)er  of  the  Va.  Assembly ; 
naval  officer  of  the  Dist.  of  the  Potomac  till 
1795  ;  and  U.S.  atty.-gen.  from  Dec.  10,  1795, 
until  1801  ;  subsequently  app.  chief  justice 
U.S.  Circuit  Court  by  Jefferson,  but  declined. 

Lee,  Chauncey,  D.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1823), 
b.  Salisbury,  Ct.,  1763;  d.  Hartwick,  N.  Y., 
Nov,  5,  1842.  Y.C.  1784.  Son  of  Rev.  Jona- 
than. After  practising  law  a  short  time,  he 
studied  theology ;  was  pastor  of  Sunderland, 
Vt.,  1790-7;  oV  Colebrook  in  1800-27;  and 
of  Marlborough,  Ct.,  1827-35.  He  wrote 
poetry,  and  was  skilled  in  music  ;  was  a  clas- 
sical scholar,  and  a  man  of  learning.  He  pub. 
an  Arithmetic,  1797;  a  poetical  version  of 
Job,  1807  ;  Sermons  for  Revivals,  1824;  "  Let- 
ters from  Aristarchus  to  Philemon,"  1833.  — 
Spragtie. 


Xiee,  Mrs.  Eleanor  Percy,  n€e  Ware,  b. 
Natchez,  Mpi.,  ab.  1820;  d.  ab.  1850.  M.  at 
Cincinnati  to  H.  W.  Lee  of  Vicksburg.  In 
conjunction  with  her  sister,  Mrs.  Catharine 
Ann  Warfield,  she  pub.  "  The  Wife  of  Leon 
and  other  Poems,  by  the  Sisters  of  the  West," 
N.Y.,  1843  ;  "The  Indian  Chamber  and  other 
Poems,"  1846.  —  See  Specimens  and  favorable 
notice  in  Griswold's  Female  Poets  of  America, 
and  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West. 

Lee,  EnzA  Bdckminster,  authoress,  b. 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  ab.  1794.  Dau.  of  Dr. 
Joseph,  and  sister  of  Joseph  Stevens  Buckrain- 
ster.  From  them  she  acquii-ed  a  classical 
education  and  a  fondness  for  literary  pursuits. 
M.  to  Mr.  Thomas  Lee  of  Boston,  where  most 
of  her  life  has  been  passed.  She  has  pub. 
"  Sketches  of  a  New-England  Village,"  1837  ; 
"  Delusion,"  "  Life  of  Jean  Paul  Richter," 
1842  (translated  from  the  German);  "Walt 
and  Vult,  or  the  Twins"  (translated  from 
Richter),  1845  ;  "  Naomi,  or  Boston  200  Years 
Ago,"  1848;  "  Memoir  of  Rev.  Di*.  Buckniin- 
ster  and  J.  S.  Buckminster,"  1849  ;  "  Florence 
the  Parish  Orphan,"  1850 ;  "  Parthenia,  or  the 
Last  Days  of  Paganism,"  1858 ;  and  the 
"Barefooted  Maiden,"  a  translation. 

Lee,  Fravcis,  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  Pa.  1803; 
d.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Jan.  19,  1859.  West  Point 
(licut.of  inf.),  18:^2.  Capt.  31  May,  1834;  served 
in  the  Florida  war  1840-2  ;  maj.  4th  Inf.  Feb. 
16,  1847;  com.  that  regt.  in  Valley  of  Mexi- 
co ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  gallant  and  meritorious 
conduct  in  battles  of  Contreras  and  Cluirubus- 
co,  Aug.  20,  1847;  brev.  col.  for  El  Molino 
del  Rcy,  Sept.  8,  1847  ;  and  disting.  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Mexico  City ;  lieut.-col.  6th  Inf.  Mar. 
9,  1851  ;  col.  2d  Inf.  Oct.  18,  1855.—  Gardner. 

Lee,  Francis  Lightfoot,  signer  of  the 
Decl.  of  Indep.,  bro.  of  Arthur,  b.  Stratford, 
Va.,  Oct.  14,  1734;  d.  Richmond,  Apr.  1797. 
Owing  to  the  death  of  his  father,  he  was  not, 
like  his  bros.  sent  abroad  for  education,  but  re- 
ceived instruction  under  the  direction  of  Rev. 
Mr.  Craig.  His  father  had  left  him  an  inde- 
pendent estate.  Member  of  the  house  of  bur- 
gesses 1765-72.  He  then  m.  Rebecca,  dau.  of 
Col.  John  Tayloe  of  Richmond,  and  settled 
at  Monocan.  Delegate  to  the  Cont.  Cong, 
from  Aug.  1775,  to  the  spring  of  1779,  serving 
upon  many  important  committees,  and  fre- 
quently as  chairman  of  the  com.  of  the  whole. 
His  chief  services  in  Congress  were  in  aiding 
in  framing  the  old  articles  of  Confederation, 
and  the  stand  which  he  took  in  favor  of  mak- 
ing the  right  to  the  northern  fisheries,  and  to 
the  navigation  of  the  Mpi.,  indispensable 
grounds  to  the  conclusion  of  the  treaty  with 
Eng.  Afterward  State  senator.  His  "  gay 
good  humor  and  pleasing  wit  "  made  him  a 
favorite  with  all ;  and  his  plain  and  easy  man- 
ners rendered  him  easy  of  access  by  all  classes. 

Lee,  Hannah  F.  (Sawyer),  authoress, 
b.  Ncwburyport,  Ms.,  1780;  d.  Boston,  Dec. 
28,  1865.  The  dau.  of  an  eminent  physician. 
She  m.  Greorge  Gardiner  Lee,  and  long  resided 
in  Boston.  Her  first  known  publication  was 
the  Appendix  to  Hannah  Adams's  Memoir  of 
herself,  which  was  succeeded  by  "  Grace  Sey- 
mour," a  novel,  and  "  Three  Experiments  of 
Living,"  1838,  esteemed  her  best  work.     Her 


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638 


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other  works  are  "  The  Old  Painters,"  "  Elea- 
nor Fulton,"  '*Rich  Enoujrh,"  "Luther  and 
his  Times,"  "  Cranmer  and  his  Times,"  "  The 
Huguenots  in  France  and  America,"  "  The 
World  before  You,"  "  Stories  from  L'fe/^ 
1849  ;  "  History  of  Sculpture  and  Sculptors," 
1854;  "Memoir  of  Pierre  Toussaint,"  1853; 
"Rosanna,  or  Scenes  in  Boston  ;"  and  "  The 
Contrast,  or  Different  Modes  of  Education." 

Lee,  Gex.  Henry,  soldier,  and  gov.  of  Va. 
1791-4,  b.  Westmoreland  Co.,  Va.,  Jan.  29, 
1756;  d.  Cumberland  Island,  Ga.,  Mar.  25, 
1818.  N.  J.  Coll.  1773.  Henry  his  father  was 
first  cousin  of  R.  H.  Lee.  His  mother  was 
Mary,  dau.  of  Col.  Bland  of  Jordans.  In  1776 
he  was  app.  a  capt.  in  Bland's  Cav. ;  and  in 
Sept.  1777  joined  the  main  army.  By  the 
strict  discipline  he  introduced,  he  was  enabled 
to  move  with  celerity  and  effect;  and  his  rapid 
and  daring  system  of  tactics  made  "  Lee's  Le- 
gion "  highly  efficient.  Washington  selected 
his  company'  for  his  body-guard  at  the  battle 
of  Germantown.  In  Jan.  1778,  Lee,  with  only 
10  men,  was  attacked  in  a  stone  house  by  200 
British  troopers,  whom  he  beat  off.  He  was 
soon  after  made  a  mnjor,  with  the  com.  of  an 
independent  corps  of  2  companies  of  horse,  af- 
terward increased  to  3,  and  a  body  of  inf. 
July  19,  1779,  he  surprised  the  garrison  of 
Paulus  Hook,  and  took  160  prisoners.  For  his 
"prudence,  address,  and  bravery  "  in  this  af- 
fair, Congress  voted  him  a  gold  medal.  Made 
lieut.-col.  Nov.  6, 1 780,  he  joined  Greene's  south- 
ern array  in  Jan.  1781.  During  the  famous 
retreat  of  Greene  before  Cornvvallis,  Lee's  Le- 
gion formed  the  rear-guard.  While  watching 
the  movements  of  Cornwallis  in  N.C.,  he  fell 
upon  the  Tory  Col.  Pyle,  who  was  leading  400 
men  to  Cornwallis,  killing  and  capturing  most 
of  his  command.  At  the  battle  of  Guilford, 
Lee  encountered  Tarleton,  and  drove  him  back 
with  loss;  afterward  held  his  ground  obstinately 
on  Greene's  left  wing ;  and  finally  covered  the 
retreat.  It  was  by  Lee's  advice,  that  Greene 
adopted  the  daring  policy  of  not  following  Corn- 
wallis into  Va.,  but  of  leaving  that  province 
to  its  fate,  and  marching  south  to  end  the  con- 
flict in  S.C.  and  Ga.  The  result  fully  vindi- 
cated the  expediency  of  this  policy.  Lee  with 
his  Legion  joined  the  partisan  force  under  Mar- 
ion, and,  by  a  series  of  vigorous  operations,  re- 
duced Forts  Watson,  Motte,  and  Granby. 
While  on  his  way  to  join  Col.  Pickens,  he  sur- 
prised and  took  Fort  Galphin.  Augusta  was 
taken  after  a  siege  of  1 6  days.  He  was  also  at 
the  unsuccessful  siege  of  Ninety-six.  At  Eu- 
taw  his  gallantry  contributed  greatly  to  the  suc- 
cessful result ;  Lee's  impetuous  charge,  causing 
the  retreat  of  the  British  left  wing,  probably 
saved  the  army  from  defeat.  Lee  soon  after 
retired  from  the  service;  settled  down  at  Strat- 
ford ;  and  was  soon  after  m.  to  his  cousin  Ma- 
tilda, dau.  of  Philip  Ludwell  Lee.  His  second 
wife  was  Anne,  dau.  of  Charles  Carter.  In 
1786  he  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  ;  and  in  the 
Va.  conv.  of  1788  was  a  prominent  advocate 
of  the  Federal  Const.  He  afterwards  served 
in  the  Va.  house  of  delegates.  App.  to  com. 
the  force  raised  to  quell  the  Whiskey  Insurrec- 
tion in  1794,  his  advance  at  the  head  of  15,000 
men  speedily  stopped  all  resistance.    In  1799 


he  was  again  in  Congress,  where  he  delivered 
the  eulogy  on  Washington,  in  wliich  occurs 
the  celebrated  phrase  "  First  in  war,  first  in 
peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  country- 
men." While  confined  for  debt  he  wrote,  in 
1809,  his  "  Memoirs  of  the  War  in  the  Southern 
Dept.  of  the  U.S."  In  1814  he  was  in  Balti- 
more when  the  riots  connected  with  the  Federal 
Republican,  newspaper,  occurred,  and  received, 
in  resisting  the  mob,  injuries  from  which  he 
never  recovered.  Lee  was  above  the  medium 
height,  and  well-proportioned.  Of  his  milita- 
ry talents  Greene  said,  "  No  man  in  the  prog- 
ress of  the  southern  campaign  had  equal  merit 
with  Lee."  The  "  love  and  thanks  "  expressed 
to  Lee  in  Washington's  letter  in  1789  show 
the  affection  which  his  generous  qualities  had 
inspired. 

Xjee,  Henky,  author,  son  of  Gen.  Henry, 
b.  Stratford,  Westmoreland  Co.,  Va.,  1787; 
d.  Paris,  Jan.  30,  1837.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll. 
1808.  App.  major  36th  Inf.  Apr.  8,  1813; 
aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Wilkinson,  and  afterward 
of  Gen.  Izard  on  the  Canadian  frontier.  Af- 
ter the  war  he  m.  Miss  Ann  McCarty,  whose 
estate  adjoined  his  own.  In  1824  he  pub. 
"Campaign  of  1781  in  the  Carolines,"  an 
answer  to  the  strictures  in  Johnson's  "  Life  of 
Greene,"  on  his  father  and  the  Legion.  Though 
a  Federalist,  he  advocated  in  a  series  of  essays 
theelection  of  Gen.  Jackson,  who  in  1829  app. 
him  consul  at  Algiers ;  but,  not  having  been 
confirmed  by  the  senate,  he  returned  within  a 
year.  The  first  vol.  of  his  "Life  of  Napoleon  " 
appeared  at  Paris  and  N.Y.  in  1835  ;  and  after 
his  death,  this,  with  the  additional  matter  he 
had  prepared,  was  pub.  in  Loud,  and  Paris, 
bringing  the  history  down  to  the  close  of  the 
first  Italian  campaign.  In  1832  he  again  vin- 
dicated his  father's  fame  in  his  "  Observations 
on  the  Writings  of  Thomas  Jefferson,"  repub.  in 
1845,  with  additional  notes  by  C.  C.  Lee. — 
Duijckinck. 

Lee,  Jesse,  a  Methodist  preacher  of  zeal 
and  ability,  b.  Pr.  George  Co.,  Va. ;  d.  Hills- 
borough, Md.,  Sept.  12,  1816,  a.  58.  He  had, 
during  the  33  years  of  his  ministry,  labored 
much  in  the  N.  E.  States ;  chaplain  to  Con- 
gress during  6  terms.  Much  of  the  cai'ly  his- 
tory of  Methodism  in  Amer,  is  based  upon  his 
"  Notes." —  See  Life  and  Times  of,  by  L.  M.  Lee. 

Lee,  Joseph,  first  minister  of  Royalscon, 
Ms.,  b.  Concord,  Ms.;  d.  Feb.  16,  1819,  a.  77. 
H.  U.  1765.  Ord.  Oct.  19,  1768.  He  pub. 
"Four  Sermons,"  1782,  12mo;  "Half-Century 
Sermon,"  1818;  "Ord.  Sermon,"  1803.— ^//en. 

Lee,  Leroy  Madison,  D.D.,  clergyman, 
b.  Petersburg,  Va.,  April  30,  1808.  He  studied 
law,  but  entered  the  ministry  of  the  M.  E. 
Church  in  1828.  He  has  pub.  several  sermons, 
"Letters  to  a  Young  Convert,"  "Life  and 
Times  of  Jesse  Lee,"  a  small  vol.  on  "  Con- 
firmation," and  another  on  "Perseverance." 
In  1836,  and  from  1839  to  Dec.  1858,  he  edited 
the  Richmond  Christian  Advocate. 

Lee,  Luther,  D.D.  (Mid.  Coll.  1859),  cler- 
gyman and  author,  b.  Schoharie,  N.Y.,  1800. 
Self-educated.  He  joined  the  M.  E.  Church  in 
1821,  and  soon  began  to  preach.  In  1827  he 
joined  the  Genesee  Conf. ;  became  a  travelling 
preacher ;  engaged  in  several  public  thcol.  dia- 


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639 


LKE 


cussions;  and  lectured  on  temperance.  In  1836 
he  began  to  preach  against  slavery,  and  was 
mobbed  several  times.  In  1841  he  edited  the 
N.  E.  Christian  Advocate,  an  antislavery  jour- 
nal, at  Lowell,  Ms.  He  soon  after  issued  a  paper 
named  the  Sword  of  Truth ;  and  in  1842  seceded 
from  the  Meth.  Church,  and  began  a  weekly 
journal,  the  True  Wesleyan.  In  1843  he  be- 
came pastor  of  the  church  in  Syracuse,  N.Y. 
In  1844,  at  the  first  Wesl.  conf.,  he  was  chosen 
pres.  and  editor  of  the  True  Wes'eyan,  thence- 
forth pub.  in  New  York.  He  left  that  city  in 
1852,  and  resumed  the  charge  of  the  church 
in  Syracuse.  In  1854-5  he  edited  the  Evan- 
gelical Pulpit,  a  periodical.  Elected  pros,  and 
prof,  of  theol.  of  Mich.  Un.  Coll.,  at  Leoni,  in 
1856 ;  he  resigned  in  1857  ;  removed  to  Felici- 
ty, 0.;  and  smco  1859  has  been  pastor  of  a 
church  in  Chagrin  Falls,  O.  Author  of  "Uni- 
versalism  Examined  and  Exposed,"  1836; 
"  The  Immortality  of  the  Soul ;  "  "  Revival 
Manual,"  1850;  "Ecclesiastical Manual, "1850; 
"  Slavery  examined  in  the  Light  of  the  Bible," 
1865;  and  "Elements  of  Theology,"  1856. 

liSe,  Mary  Elizabeth,  authoress,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C,  Mar.  23, 1813;  d.  there  Sept. 
23,  1849.  She  was  a  niece  of  Judge  Thomas 
Lee,  dau.  of  Wm.  Early  manifested  literary 
tastes,  and  contrib.  in  prose  and  verse  to  the 
Southern  Review  and  other  periodicals.  Her 
"  Tales  from  History "  was  pub.  by  the  Ms. 
Library  Association.  A  selection  from  her 
poems  was  pub.  in  1851,  with  a  Memoir  by 
Samuel  Gilman,  D.D. 

Lee,  Richard  Henry,  statesman  and  ora- 
tor, b.  Stratibrd,  Va.,  Jan.  20,  1732  ;  d.  Chan- 
tiily,  Va.,  June  19,  1794.  His  father  Thomas, 
pres.  of  the  Council  of  Va.  in  1749,  who  d.  in 
1750,  left  six  sons,  all  of  whom  ro.-e  to  emi- 
nence: Philip  Ludwcll  (a  member  of  the  Coun- 
cil), Thomas  Ludwcll,  Richard  Henry,  Fran- 
cis Lightfoot,  William,  and  Arthur.  Rich- 
ard was  educated  at  the  Acad,  of  Wakefield, 
Yorkshire,  Eng.  At  the  age  of  19  he  returned 
to  his  native  country.  In  1756  he  was  app.  a 
justice  of  the  peace,  — then  an  office  of  distinc- 
tion,— and  in  1757  he  was  chosen  to  the  h.  of 
burgesses,  where  he  soon  disting.  himself  in  de- 
bate. Placed  upon  a  special  com.  to  draught 
an  address  to  the  king,  a  memorial  to  the  house 
of  lords,  and  a  remonstrance  to  the  house  of 
commons,  Mr.  Lee  was  selected  to  prepare  the 
two  first  papers.  He  supported  Patrick  Hen- 
ry's famous  resolutions  against  the  Stamp  Act. 
In  1770  he  was  a  member  of  the  association  for 
non-importation,  and  in  1773  one  of  the  com. 
of  corrcsp.  In  Sept.  1774  he  was  a  delegate  to 
the  First  Congress.  He  was  a  member  of  all 
the  leading  committees,  and  penned  the  memo- 
rial of  Congress  to  the  people  of  British  Amer- 
ica. In  the  following  year  he  was  unanimously 
elected  to  the  Assembly,  by  which  he  was  sent 
to  the  Second  Congress.  The  second  address 
of  Congress  to  the  people  of  Great  Britain  — 
unsurpassed  as  a  state  paper  of  the  time  —  was 
from  his  pen.  But  his  most  important  service 
was  his  motion  (June  7,  1776)  "  That  these 
united  Colonies  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be, 
free  and  independent  States ;  that  they  are  ab- 
solved from  all  allegiance  to  the  British  crown ; 
and  that  all  political  connection  between  them 


and  the  State  of  Great  Britain  is,  and  ought  to 
be,  totally  dissolved."  His  speech  on 'intro- 
ducing this  bold  measure  was  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  displays  of  eloquence  ever  heard.  He 
left  Congress  in  June,  1777;  was  again  a  mem- 
ber in  Aug.  1778-80,  1784-5,  and  1786-7.  In 
1 780-4  he  served  in  the  Assembly,  and,  at  the 
head  of  the  mill  da  of  hia  county,  protected  it 
from  the  incursions  of  the  British.  In  1784  he 
was  chosen  pres.  of  Congress  by  a  unanimous 
vote,  but  retired  at  the  end  of  the  year;  and 
in  1786  and  '87  was  again  in  the  %i.  Assembly. 
In  1792  ill  health  forced  him  to  retire  from  pub- 
lic life,  when  he  was  again  honored  by  the  Va. 
legisl.  with  a  vote  of  thanks.  Strongly  opposed 
to  the  Federal  Constitution,  wliich  he  regarded 
as  a  consolidation  of  political  powers  which 
would  tend  to  destroy  the  independence  of  the 
State  govts.,  he  contended  for  the  necessity  of 
amendments  to  it  previously  to  its  adoption  in 
1789  ;  and  was  a  senator  from  Va.  from  1789 
to  1792,  supporting  the  administration  of 
Washington.  Author  of  a  number  of  political 
pamphlets;  and  his  correspondence,  with  a 
Memoir,  was  pub.  by  his  grandson  R.  H.  Lee, 
in  1825,  2  vols.  8vo. 

Lee,  Robert  Edmund,  gen.-in-chief  of  the 
C.S.A.,  son  of  Gen.  Henry  Lee  of  the  Revol. 
army,  b.  Stratibrd,  Westmoreland  Co.,  Va., 
Jan.  19, 1807;  d.  Lexington,  Va.,  Oct.  12, 1870. 
West  Point,  1829  (second  in  his  class).  His 
mother  was  Anne  Carter.  Entering  the  engi- 
neers, he  was  made  capt.  7  July,  1838;  was 
chief  engr.  of  Wool's  brigade  in  the  Mexican 
war;  and  earned  the  brevets  of  maj.,  licut.-col., 
and  col.  for  Cerro  Gordo,  Contrer'as,  and  Chu- 
rubusco,  and  at  Chapultcpec,  where  he  Avas 
wounded.  His  services  as  an  engineer  at  Vera 
Cruz,  and  the  subsequent  operations  in  Mexico, 
Avere  highly  eulogized  by  Gen.  Scott.  Supt. 
Milit.  Acad.  Sept.  1,  1852-Mar.  3.  1855,  when 
he  was  made  lieut.-col.  2d  Cav. ;  col.  1st  Cav. 
Mar  16,  1861.  App.  Apr.  22  to  com.  the  forces 
of  the  seceding  State  of  Va.,  he  resigned  his 
position  in  the  army;  was  mademaj.-gcn.  Cou- 
f_d.  array,  May  10,  and  soon  afterward  gen. 
Defeated  Oct.  3,  1861,  by  Gen.  J.  J.  Reynolds, 
at  the  battle  of  Greenbrier,  Western  Va.,  he 
took  com.  of  the  S.  Atlantic  States ;  and,  after 
Gen.  Johnston  was  wounded  at  Fair  Oaks 
(May  31,  162),  Lee  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  army  defending  Richmond,  and  led  it 
through  the  remaind'  r  of  the  Chickahominy 
campaign,  in  Avliich  McClellan  was  worsted. 
He  attacked  the  army  of  Gen.  Pope  in  Aug., 
and,  forcing  it  back,  invaded  Md.  Sept.  4-6,  and 
occupied  Frederick,  but  was  defeated  at  Antie- 
tam  (Sept.  17),  and  forced  to  retreat,  which  he 
did  with  little  loss.^  Dec.  13,  1862,  he  defeated 
Burnside  at  Fi-edericksburg,  Va. ;  and  at  Chan- 
cellorsville.  May  2,  1863,  defeated  Hooker.  He 
led  his  army  into  Pa.;  and  at  G<ittysburg  was 
defeated  with  great  loss  by  Gen.  Meade,  July 
3-4,  1863.  In  the  spring  of  1864  Gen.  Grant 
took  com.  of  the  Union  forces ;  and  after  a 
struggle  of  1 1  months  of  great  severity,  during 
which  Lee  was  driven  back  upon  Richmond 
and  Petersburg,  he  was  compelled  to  abandon 
Richmond,  Apr.  2,  1865,  and  to  suiTender  his 
entire  army,  Apr.  9,  1865.  During  this,  the 
severest  and  most  destructive  campaign  of  the 


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540 


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war,  Lee  evinced  great  energy  and  daring,  as 
well  as  soldiership  of  the  ^highest  character. 
Prcs.  of  Wash.  Coll.,  Lexington,  Va.,  from 
Oct.  2,  1865,  till  Lis  death.  In  1866  he  edited 
a  new  edition  of  his  father's  Memoirs.  His 
"Life  and  Campaigns,"  by  J.  D.  McCabe, 
jun.,  was  pub.  1869.  His  sons,  Fitzhugh,  W. 
H.  F.,  G.  W.  Custis,  and  R.  E.,  were  officers  in 
the  confed.  army. 

Lee,  Samdel  Phillips,  rear-adm.  U.S.N., 
b.  Va.  Feb.  13,  1811.  Midshipm.  Nov.  22, 
1825;  lieut.Feb.9, 1837;  com.  Sept.  14,  1855; 
capt.  July  16,  1862;  commo.  July  25,  1866; 
rear-adni".  June,  1870  ;  attached  to  coast-survey 
1841-4  and  1847-51;  com.  brig.  "Dolphin," 
1852 ;  sloop-of-war  "  Oneida,"  in  the  attack  on 
and  passage  of  Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip, 
and  the  battles  on  the  Mpi.  from  N.  Orleans  to 
Vicksburg;  in  July,  1862,  com.  the  N.  Atlan- 
tic block,  squad.,  and  was  active  in  performing 
the  arduous  duties  of  the  post,  making  the 
blockade  as  effective*  as  possible.  Transferred 
to  the  Mpi.  squad  in  the  summer  ol'  18G4,  he 
kept  the  Cumberland  River  open  to  Thomas's 
army,  by  which  it  was  supplied  and  re-enforced. 
Author  of  "  Cruise  of  the  Dolphin,"  1851-2, 
8vo,  1854. 

Lee,  Thomas,  jurist,  b.  Charleston,  S.C., 
Dec.  1,  1769;  d.  there  Oct.  24,  1839.  Edu- 
cated for  the  legal  profession,  he  soon  attained 
a  commanding  position  ;  was  member  of  the 
State  legisl. ;  pres.  of  the  State  Bank  1817; 
State  solicitor  1794;  compt.-gen.  until  181G; 
judge  of  the  C.C.P.  1804;  and  judge  of  the 
U.S.  court  for  the  dist.  of  S.C  from  1823  till 
the  close  of  his  life.  During  the  nullification 
excitement  he  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Union  party,  and  an  able  writer  in  its  defence. 
He  was  also  active  in  the  temperance  reform, 
and  in  benevolent  enterprises. 

Lee,  Thomas  Lddwell,  statesman,  b. 
Stafford,  Va  ,  ab.  1730  ;  d  before  the  close  of 
the  Revol.,  a.  47.  Second  of  the  bros.  Lee,  so 
disting.  in  the  Revol.  epoch,  he  held  a  conspicu- 
ous position  as  a  patriot  and  lawyer.  Mem- 
ber of  the  house  of  burgesses,  of  the  conven- 
tions of  July  and  Dec.  1775,  and  of  the  com. 
of  safety.  In  the  memorable  convention  of 
May,  1776,  he  was  placed  on  the  coin,  to  draft 
a  decl.  of  rights  and  a  plan  of  govt.  On  the 
organization  of  the  State  govt,  he  was  app. 
one  of  the  5  revisors,  and  was  elected  one  of 
the  5  judges  of  the  Gen.  Court.  —  Grigsbi/. 

Lee,  Thomas  Sim,  statesman ;  il.  Need- 
wood,  Frederick  Co.,  Va.,  Nov.  9,  1819,  a.  75. 
Gov.  Md.  1 779-83  and  1792-4.  Member  Cont. 
Congress  178-3-4;  member  convention  which 
ratitied  the  U.S.  Constitution. 

Lee,  William,  5th  of  the  bros.  so  disting. 
in  our  Revol.  annals,  b.  ab.  1737;  d.  Green- 
spring,  Va.,  June  27,  1795.  He  was  sent  to 
London  as  the  agent  of  Va. ;  became  a  merchant 
there;  and,  being  a  zealous  Whig,  was  elected 
sheriff  of  Lond.  and  Middlesex  in  1773,  and 
in  1 775  an  alderman,  but  resigned  on  the  break- 
ing-out of  the  war,  and  went  to  France.  He 
heartily  joined  his  bros.  in  maintaining  the 
Revol.  struggle ;  communicated  important  in- 
telligence ;  and  was  app.  by  Congress  commer- 
cial agent  at  Nantes  in  Jan.  1777  ;  was  after- 
ward minister  at  the  Hague,  and  was  its  agent 


at  Vienna  and  Berlin,  but  was  recalled  early 
in  1 779.    An  able  writer,  and  an  ardent  patriot. 

Lee,  Z.  Collins,  jurist ;  d.  Baltimore, 
Dec.  26,  1859.  Son  of  Richard  Bland, 
M.C.  1789-95;  judge  of  the  Orphans'  Court, 
Washington  City,  at  his  death,  12  Mar.  1827, 
a.  64.  Z.  C.  was  an  eminent  lawyer,  and  an 
eloquent  and  effective  speaker.  Educated  in 
the  Va.  U. ;  he  studied  law  under  Wirt,  and 
practised  in  Baltimore  with  success.  From 
1848  to  1856  he  was  U.S.  dist.-atty. ;  and  from 
Nov.  1855,  until  his  death,  he  was  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court.  —  Hist.  Mag.  iv.  28. 

Leeds,  John,  surveyor-gen.  of  Md.,  b.  at 
his  family  homestead  in  the  Bay  Hundred  of 
Talbot  Co.,  Md.,  May  18,  1705;  d.  Wades 
Point  Plantation  in  Mar.  1790.  For  40  years 
he  was  a  clerk  of  the  County  Court,  treas. 
of  the  Eastern  Shore,  and  a  judge  of  the  Prov, 
Court;  in  1760-4,  he  was  specially  commis- 
sioned to  supervise  the  returns  of  Messrs,  Ma- 
son and  Dixon,  of  the  boundaries  of  Md.  and 
Pa.  Author  of  "  Observ.  of  the  Transit  of 
Venus,"  June  3,  1769,  in  "Phil.  Trans.,"' 
1769. 

Leeser,  Isaac,  religious  writer,  b.  New- 
kirch,  Westphalia,  Dec.  12,  1806;  d.  Phila. 
Feb.  1,  1868.  Emigrating  to  Richmond,  Va., 
in  1824,  he  devoted  himself  for  a  short  time  to 
commerce.  In  1829-50  he  was  rabbi  of  the 
principal  synagogue  of  Phila.  ;  mmister  of  the 
new  congregation  Beth-el-emeth,  1857.  Among 
his  works  are  "  The  Jews  and  the  Mosaic  Law," 
1833  ;  "  Discourses,  Argumentative  and  Devo- 
tional," 1836-41  ;  A  Portuguese  Form  of 
Prayers,  1837;  "Descriptive  Geography  of 
Palestine;"  and  a  translation  of  the  Hebrew 
Holy  Scriptures,  according  to  Jewish  au- 
thorities, 1856.  In  1843,  and  for  some  years 
subsequently,  he  edited  the  Jewish  Advocate  (or 
Occident).  — Alii  bone. 

Leete,  William,  gov.  Ct.  1661-5  and 
1676,  till  his  death,  at  Hartford,  Apr.  16,  1683. 
He  came  to  N.  E.  in  1637  ;  was  an  early  settler 
of  N.  Haven  ;  a  founder  of  the  town  of  Guil- 
ford, Sept.  29,  1639;  many  years  town  clerk 
of  G. ;  assist,  of  New  Haven'Colony  1643-57  ; 
and  dep.-gov.  1658  and  1669-75.  He  was  often 
a  commiss.  of  the  Colonies  between  1655  and 
1679.  He  befriended  and  hospitably  entertained 
the  regicides  in  Mar.  1661. 

Lefevre,  Peter  Paul,  D.D.,  R.C.  bishop 
of  Detroit,  b.  Roulerz,  West  Flanders,  Apr. 
30,1804;  d.  Detroit,  Mich.,  Mar.  4,  1869. 
He  completed  his  studies  at  Paris ;  came  to  the 
U.S.  in  1828;  ord.  sub-deacon  and  priest  in 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  1831 ;  commenced  his  labors 
at  New  Madrid,  Mo. ;  and  was  soon  transferred 
loan  extensive  mission,  consisting  of  the  north- 
ern part  of  Mo.,  the  western  part  of  Iil.,  and 
Southern  Iowa.  Nov.  21 ,  1841,  he  was  conscc. 
CO  adjutorof  Detroit.  He  founded  St.  Mary's 
Hospital,  the  Mich.  State  Retreat,  the  Coll.  of 
Lourain,  and  several  orphan-asylums,  convents, 
academies,  and  schools. 

Leftwich,  Gen.  Joel,  b.  Bedford  Co., 
Va.,  1759;  d.  there  20  Apr.  1846.  A  soldier 
of  the  Revol. ;  he  fought  at  German  town  and 
Camden,  and  at  Guilford  was  severely  wounded. 
He  com.  a  brigade  under  Harrison  at  Ft.  Meigs 
in  the  war  of  1812;  became  a  maj.-gen.  of  mi- 


LEO- 


541 


LEI 


litia  ;  was  often  a  member  of  the  Va.  legisl. ; 
and  many  years  a  J.  P.  of  Bedford  Co. 

Legare  (leh-gree"),  Hugh  Swinton,  law- 
yer and  scholar,  b.  Charleston,  S C,  2  Jan. 
1797;  d.  Boston,  20  June,  1843.  S.C.  Coll. 
1814.  Of  Huguenot  descent.  After  3  years' 
study  of  law,  he  went  to  Edinburgh,  where  he 
studied  civil  law,  mathematics,  philos.,  and 
chem. ;  travelled  in  Europe  in  1819,  and,  re- 
turning in  1820,  devoted  himself  for  a  time  to 
agric.  pursuits  near  Charleston,  S.C  He  af- 
terward practised  law  in  C;  sat  in  the  State 
legisl.  till  1830;  became atty. -gen. of  the  State; 
was  at  the  same  time  principal  editor  of  the 
Southern  Review,  ax\^  Si  contrib.  to  the  N.Y. 
Review ;  charge  cV affaires  to  Belgium  1832-6  ; 
M.C.  1837-9;  and  U.S.  atty  .-gen.  from  Mar. 
1841,  to  his  death.  He  advocated  State  rights, 
but  opposed  nullification.  His  writings,  ed. 
by  his  sister,  were  coll.  and  pub.  in  2  vols. 
8vo,  1846.  His  sister.  Mart  Swinton  Le- 
gare BuLLEX,  artist,  b.  Charleston,  S.  C, 
ab.  1800.  Among  her  best  works  are  a 
"  Spanish  Pointer,"  and  *'  The  Dogs  of  St. 
Bernard."  In  1849  she  emigrated  to  Lee  Co., 
Iowa,  and  founded  at  West  Point  "Legare 
Coll.,"  for  the  liberal  education  of  women  ;  to 
which,  for  many  years,  she  devoted  her  time 
and  means 

Legge,  Francis,  lieut.-gov.  of  Nova 
Scotia,  June,  1773;  administered  its  affairs 
until  1782  ;  d.  at  his  seat  near  Pinner,  Eng., 
May  15,  1783.  App.  capt.  46th  Foot,  Feb. 
1756;  lieut.-col.  55th.,  Feb.  1773. 

Leggett,  Mortimer  D.,  lawyer  and  sol- 
dier, b.  Ithaca,  N.Y.,  Apr.  19,  1831.  His  par- 
ents, who  were  Friends,  took  him  at  16  to 
Geauga  Co.,  Ohio.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1853. 
He  removed  to  Zanesville  in  1857  ;  continued 
to  practise,  and  also  to  superintend  the  public 
schools  of  that  city,  until  the  fall  of  1861,  when 
he  raised  the  78th  Ohio  Inf ,  and  was  made 
col.  Jan.  11,  1862.  He  was  at  Fort  Donelson  ; 
at  Pittsburg  Landing,  where  he  was  disting.  and 
wounded  ;  siege  of  Corinth  ;  com.  a  brigade  ; 
and  captured  Jackson,  Tenn.,  in  June;  and 
Aug.  30,  at  Bolivar,  Tenn.,  with  800  men,  re- 
pulsed 7,000  rebels,  and  was  slightly  wounded  ; 
brig.-gen.  Nov.  29,  1862.  Severely  wounded 
at  Champion  Hills,  and  at  the  siege  of  Vicks- 
burg ;  he  was  in  the  battles  of  the  Atlanta 
campaign;  in  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea, 
comg.  3d  div.  17th  corps  ;  brev.  maj.-gen.  July 
22,  1864  ;  maj.-gen.  Jan.  15,  1865  ;  U.S.  corn- 
miss,  of  patents,  Jan.  13,  1871.  —  Reid's  Ohio 
in  the  War. 

Leggett,  William,  polit.  and  miscell. 
writer,  b.  N.Y.  City,  1802;  d.  New  Rochelle, 
May  29,  1839.  Georget.  Coll.  1822.  Mid- 
shipm.  U.S.N.  1 822-6 ;  afterward  devoting  him- 
self mainly  to  literary  pursuits.  He  collected 
into  a  vol.  some  of  his  contribs.  to  the  Mirror 
and  other  publications,  underthetitleof  "  Talcs 
by  a  Country  Schoolmaster,"  followed  by  one 
entitled  "  Sketches  at  Sea."  He  m.  in  1828 
Almira,  dau.  of  John  Waring,  Esq.,  of  New 
Rochelle,  and  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year 
established  in  N.Y.  the  Critic,  a  weekly  literary 
periodical,  which,  at  the  end  of  six  months,  was 
united  with  the  Mirror.  In  1829  Mr.  Leggett 
became  assoc.  with  Mr.  Bryant  of  the  Evening 


Post,  of  which  he  was  chief  ed.  in  1834-5. 
Though  a  decided  Democrat,  he  defended  du- 
ring the  riots  in  1835,  in  which  certain  abolition 
meetings  were  attacked  and  dispersed  with 
violence,  the  right  of  liberty  of  speech  with 
the  same  freedom  with  which  he  treated  other 
questions.  In  1836  he  conducted  the  Plain 
Dealer,  a  weekly  devoted  to  politics  and  lite- 
rature. Subsequent  ill  health  prevented  further 
literary  labor.  App.  in  Apr.  1839  diplomatic 
agent  to  the  Repub.  of  Guatemala,  he  was 
preparing  for  his  departure  to  that  %untry, 
when  he  suddenly  expired.  Mr.  Seogewick 
coll.  and  pub.  two  vols,  of  his  political  essays, 
1840. 

Leib,  Dr.  Michael,  statesman,  b.  1760; 
d.  Phila.  Dec.  28,  1822.  Member  of  the  State 
legisl.;  M.C.  1799-1806;  U.S.  senator  1808- 
14  ;  app.  postmaster  of  Phila.  in  1814, 

Leidy,  Joseph,  M.D.,  naturalist  and  phy- 
siologist, b.  Phila.  Sept.  9,  1823.  U.  of  Pa. 
1844,  and  elected  in  1853  to  the  chair  of  anat- 
omy in  that  institution,  which  he  still  occu- 
pies. Some  of  his  valuable  contribs.  to  the 
sciences  of  comparative  anatomy  and  vertebrate 
paleontolojzy  are  in  the  "  Proceedings  of  the 
Acad,  of  Natural  Sciences,"  the  "  Trans,  of 
the  Philos.  Society,"  and  the  "  Smithsonian 
Contribs."  For  his  biography,  and  a  list  of  his 
writings,  see  N.J.  Med.  Repwter  for  Sept.  1853. 
Since  1860,  besides  publishing  an  "  Elementary 
Treatise  on  Anatomy,"  he  has  added  largely 
to  his  list  of  scientific  papers. 

Leigh,  Benjamin  Watkins,  LL.D. 
(Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  1835),  lawyer,  b.  Chester- 
field Co.,  Va.,  18  June,  1781  ;  d.  Richmond, 
Va.,  2  Feb.  1849.  Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  1802. 
Son  of  Rev.  William.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1802,  he  practised  first  at  Petersburg,  and  after 
1813  at  Richmond,  taking  high  rank.  Mem- 
ber of  the  legisl. ;  of  the  Const.  Conv.  of  1 830- 
1  ;  State  reporter  1829-41  ;  a  commiss.  to 
revise  the  statutes  of  Va. ;  and  U.S.  senator  in 
1834-7.  He  took  a  prominent  and  eloquent 
part  in  the  senate  debates,  but,  differing  Avith 
the  majority  of  his  constituents,  resigned,  and 
passed  the  rest  of  his  days  in  retirement.  He 
pub.  Reports  Court  of  Appeals  and  Gen. 
Court  of  Va.  1829-41,  12  vols.  8vo,  1833-44. 

Leigh,  Charles,  a  British  gen. ;  d.  7  Aug. 
1815.  Ensign  3d  Guards,  Mar.  1764;  capt. 
Apr.  1770;  licut.col.  Apr.  1777;  col.  Nov. 
1782;  gen.  Sept.  1803.  He  was  in  the  battlesof 
Long  Island,  White  Plains,  Fort  Washington, 
and  the  winter  campaign  in  the  Jerseys  1 776-7  ; 
served  in  Holland  in  1793 ;  and  in  the  W.  Indies 
in  180.5-6. 

Leisler,  Jacob,  who  led  the  insurrection 
at  N.Y.  in  1689,  b.  Frankfort,  Germany  ;  d. 
May  16,  1691.  He  had  previously  enjoyed 
some  influence  among  the  people,  but  was 
totally  unqualified  for  the  direction  of  such  an 
enterprise.  He  came  to  Amer.  in  1660,  and, 
after  a  brief  residence  in  Albany,  became  a 
trader  in  N.Y.  While  on  a  voyage  to  Europe 
in  1678,  he,  with  seven  others,  was  made  a 
prisoner  by  the  Turks,  to  whom  he  paid  a  high 
ransom.  Gov.  Dougan  app.  him  one  of  the 
commiss.  of  the  Court  of  Admiralty  in  1683. 
After  he  had  dispersed  the  party  favorable  to 
King  James  in  the  city  of  N.Y.,  and  assumed  the 


LEIj 


542 


r.E]sr 


administration,  he  proceeded  to  Albany  ;  took 
the  fort,  and  confiscated  the  property  of  those 
who  opposed  his  authority.  On  the  arrival  of 
Gov.  Sloughterin  March,  1691,  he  for  some 
time  refused  to  surrender  the  fort  at  N.Y.  to 
him  ;  but  he  at  length  abandoned  it,  and  was 
soon  after  seized,  and  condemned  for  treason. 
In  1 689,  while  exercising  the  functions  of  gov., 
he  purchased  New  Rochelle  for  the  persecuted 
Huguenots. 

jLeland,  Chakles  Godfrey,  author,  b. 
Phila.  Aug.  15,1824.  N.J.  Coll.  1845.  He 
afterward  studied  at  the  Universities  of  Heidel- 
berg, Munich,  and  Paris ;  was  a  resident  of 
Paris  during  the  revol.  in  Feb.  1848.  Return- 
ing to  Phila.  in  that  year,  he  studied  la\y,  and 
was  adm.  to  the  bar,  but  soon  devoted  himself 
wholly  to  literary  pursuits.  He  has  been  ed- 
itor or  contrib.  to  the  Knickerbocker  Mag.,  Sar- 
tain's,  the  International,  Graham's,  the  Phila. 
bulletin,  &c.  He  has  pub.  "  The  Poetry  and 
Mystery  of  Dreams,"  1855;  "  Meister  Karl's 
Sketch-Book,"  1856;  a  collection  of  miscel- 
lanies, and  sketches  of  foreign  travel ;  "Pictures 
of  Travel,"  1856;  a  translation  of  Heine's 
**  Reisebilder ; "  also  Heine's  "  Book  of  Song  ; " 
and  "  Hans  Breitmann  Ballads,"  1868-9.  He 
resides  in  New  York. 

Lela^ud,  Henry  Perry,  author,  bro.  of 
Charles  G.,  b.  Phila.  Oct.  28,  1828;  d.  there 
Sept.  22,  18G8.  His  fine  natural  gifts  had  been 
cultivated  by  extensive  and  various  study.  He 
was  a  frequent  contrib.  in  prose  and  verse  to 
the  newspapers  and  magazines.  Author  of  a 
vol.  of  sketches  of  foreign  travel,  "Americans 
in  Rome,"  and  a  vol.  of  humorous  sketches,  en- 
titled "  The  Gray  Bay  Mare,"  1856.  During 
the  civil  war  he  was  a  lieut.  in  the  118ih  Pa. 
rogt. 

Leland,  Johx,  clergyman,  b.  Grafton,  Ms., 
May  14,  1754;  d.  N.  Adams,  Ms.,  Jan.  14, 
1841.  A  Baptist  preacher  in  Va.  in  1775-91. 
Prom  Feb.  1792  until  his  death  he  was  settled 
in  Cheshire,  Ms.  His  literary  productions, 
including  essays  on  a  variety  of  subjects,  to- 
gether wiih  his  Autobiography,  and  Notices  of 
his  Life  by  Miss  L.  F.  Greene  were  pub.  in  1 
vol.  8vo,  1845.  He  was  a  man  of  great  eccen- 
tricity and  shrewdness,  and  a  zealous  Demo- 
crat. In  the  latter  part  of  1801  he  went  to 
Washington  to  present  to  Mr.  Jefferson  a  mam- 
moth cheese,  weighing  1,450  pounds,  as  a  testi- 
monial of  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  the 
people  of  Cheshire  in  the  new  chief  magistrate. 

Leland,  Oliver  Siiepard, dramatic  critic 
and  author;  d.  Waltham,  Ms.,  Apr.  17,  1870, 
a.  37.  H.U.  18.54.  He  was  a  contrib.  to  the 
periodical  press  of  N.Y.  and  Boston ;  pub.  some 
interesting  papers  in  the  Knickerbocker  Mag. ; 
and  wrote  "  The  Czarina"  and  other  plays.  He 
m.  a  dau.  of  L.  Gay  lord  Clark. 

Le  Mercier,  Andrew,  pastor  of  the 
French  Prot.  Church,  Boston;  d.  Mar.  31, 
1763,  a.  71.  He  was  educated,  probably,  at  the 
U.  of  Geneva;  and  in  1715,  through  the  influ- 
ence of  Andrew  Faneuil,  came  to  this  country, 
succeeding  the  Rev.  Peter  Daille.  He  pub.  in 
1732  a  history  of  the  Geneva  Church,  12mo; 
also,  in  the  same  vol.,  "  A  Geographical  and 
Political  Account  of  the  Republic  of  Geneva," 
76  pages.      In  1733  was  pub.   his  "Treatise 


against  Detraction."  For  the  relief  of  mariners 
shipwrecked  on  the  Isle  of  Sables,  he  built  a 
house,  to  which  he  sent  cattle  and  provisions, 
and  which  was  the  means  of  saving  many  lives. 
Ijemoine,  a  disting.  Canadian  family,  two 
of  whom  (Bienville  and  Iberville)  are  elsewhere 
noted,  sprung  from  Charles  of  Normandy, 
sieur  of  Longueil  and  of  Chateauguay,  a  noted 
leader  in  the  war  of  the  French  against  the  Iro- 
quois, and  who  had  1 1  sons,  among  whom  were 
Charles,  baron  of  Longueil,  b.  Montreal, 
Dec.  10,  1656;  d.  there  June  8,  1729.  He 
exercised  great  influence  over  the  Indians; 
fought  against  the  English  under  Phips,  who 
attacked  Quebec  in  1690;  was  made  gov.  of 
Montreal,  and  baron,  in  1700,  on  account  of  his 
services  to  the  Colony,  and  especially  for  having 
erected  a  fort  of  stone  on  his  estate  at  Longueil ; 
fought  successfully  against  the  English  gen. 
Nicholson  in  1711  ;  and  was  made  a  chev.  of 
St.  Louis.  He  was  governor  to  Sept.  2,  1726. 
Paul,  sieur  de  Maricourt,  b.  Montreal,  Dec.  15, 
1663;  d.  there  ab.  1702.  Disting.  himself 
under  his  bro.  Iberville  in  Hudson's  Bay,  and 
com.  the  Iroquois,  who  adhered  to  the  French, 
and  the  Abenakis,  in  a  great  exped.  under 
Frontenac ;  was  sent  on  an  embassy  to  the  hos- 
tile roquois  in  1699 ;  and  aided  in  negotiating 
peace  with  them  in  1701.  Joseph,  sieur  de 
Sevigny,  b.  Montreal,  July  22,  1668  ;  d.  Roche- 
fort,  France,  1734.  Bred  a  sailor,  and  holding 
a  commission  in  the  royal  navy,  he  also  served 
under  Iberville  against  the  English  in  Hudson's 
Bay;  was  employed  in  La.,  the  coasts  of  which 
he  surveyed  in  1718-19  ;  took  Pensacola  from 
the  Spaniards,  May  14,  1719,  and  repulsed 
them  with  great  gallantry  from  Dauphin  Island 
in  Mobile  Bay,  Aug.  19,  1719,  after  a  siege  of  a 
fortnight;  became  capt.  of  a  ship  of  the  line 
in  1723;  soon  after  rear-adm.  and  gov,  of 
Rochefort,  which  office  he  held  at  his  death. 
Sanvolle,  first  gov.  of  La.,  b.  Montreal  ab, 
1671 ;  d.  Biloxi,  Mpi.,  July  22,  1701.  Though 
of  feeble  constitution,  he  early  evinced  remark- 
able talent;  and,  inheriting  a  large  fortune 
from  an  aunt,  was  educated  in  Fnince.  Dis- 
ting. at  coll.,  and  of  a  striking  personal  appear- 
ance, his  success  in  society  was  brilliant.  Ra- 
cine pronounced  him  a  poet;  Bossuet  predicted 
that  he  would  be  a  great  orator;  and  Villars 
called  him  a  marshal  in  embryo.  He  accomp. 
his  bros.  Iberville  and  Bienville  on  their  exped. 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Mpi.  Iberville  left  him  in 
com.  of  the  Colony,  of  which,  in  1699,  Louis 
XIV.  app.  him  govl!  He  held  the  office  till  death. 
Antoine,  sieur  de  Chateauguay,  b.  Montreal, 
July  7,  1683  ;  d.  Cayenne  ab.  1730.  Entering 
the  royal  navy,  he  arrived  in  La.  in  1704,  at 
the  head  of  a  body  of  colonists ;  served  under 
Iberville  in  his  last  exped.  against  the  English 
in  1705-6;  took  com.  of  Pensacola  after  its 
capture  from  the  Spaniards,  May  14,  and  sur- 
rendered it  to  them  Aug.  7,  1719;  was  app. 
lieut.-gov.  of  the  Colony  in  1719;  took  com. 
at  Mobile  after  the  peace  in  1 720  ;  was  removed 
from  office  in  1726,  and  ordered  to  France, 
whence  he  was  subsequently  sent  to  Cayenne  as 
gov.,— an  office  he  held  till  he  died. 

L'Enfant,  Peter  Charles,  engineer,  b. 
France,  1755;  d.  Prince  Georges  Co.,  Md.,  June 
14,  1825.    A  lieut.  in  the  French  prov.  service, 


1L.EN- 


543 


LES 


he  entered  the  Amer.  army  in  the  fall  of  1777 
as  an  engr. ;  was  made  capt.  Feb.  18,  1778; 
and  at  the  siej^e  of  Savannah  was  wounded,  and 
left  on  the  field.  He  afterward  served  under 
the  immediate  command  of  Washinp^ton  ;  niaj. 
May  2,  1783  ;  employed  as  the  engr.  of  Fort 
Mifflin  in  1794;  and  app.  prof,  of  engineering 
at  West  Point,  July,  1812,  but  declined.  Au- 
thor of  the  Plan  of  the  City  of  Washington, 
and  architect  of  some  of  its  buildings. 

Lenoir,  Gen.  William,  of  French  descent, 
b.  Brunswick  Co.,  Va.,  Mav  31,  1751  ;  d.  Fort 
Defiance,  Wilkes  Co.,  N.C.,  May  6, 1 839.  While 
young,  his  father's  family  removed  to  N.C. 
William  took  a  most  active  part  in  the  Revol. 
war ;  and  at  King's  Mountain  was  capt.  in  Col. 
Cleveland's  regt.  For  18  years  he  was  major- 
gen,  of  the  N.C.  militia;  was  a  justice  of  the 
peace  ab.  60  years;  for  many  years  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  legisl. ;  for  5  years  was  pres. 
of  the  Senate;  and  for  several  years  was  pres. 
of  the  Council. 

Leonard,  Daniel,  jurist  and  political  wri- 
ter, b.  Norton,  Ms.,  May  29,  1740;  d.  Lond. 
June  27,  18:^9.  H.U.  1760.  Grandson  of  Maj. 
George,  and  son  of  Col.  Ephraim.  His  ances- 
tors James  and  Henry,  sons  of  Thos.  of  Ponty- 
pool,  came  to  Taunton,  Ms.,  in  1652;  and 
James  established  there  the  first  iron-works  in 
the  U.S.,  and  d.  1691,  a.  73.  Henry  settled  in 
N.  Jersey;  and  to  these  immigrants  nearly  all  the 
families  of  Leonard  in  the  U.S.  may  be  traced. 
Daniel  became  a  prom,  lawyer,  and  member  of 
the  Assembly,  and  at  first  supported  the  Whig 
cause  with  great  eloquence  and  energy.  Pos- 
sessing great  talent  and  a  large  fortune,  he 
acquired  great  popularity,  which  he  soon  lost 
by  yielding  to  the  persuasions  of  Gov.  Hutchin- 
son in  becoming  a  loyalist.  He  left  Boston 
with  the  British  troops;  resided  a  while  in  Eng.; 
was  many  years  chief  justice  of  Bermuda  ;  and 
finally  resided  in  London.  His  fame  rests 
upon  his  controversy  with  John  Adams,  under 
the  respective  signatures  of  "Novanglus"  and 
"  Msasachusettensis,"  reprinted  in  1819  with  a 
preface  by  John  Adams.  The  letters  of  Leonard, 
which  have  been  several  times  repr.,  present 
the  best  defence  of  the  measures  ot  the  British 
Govt,  which  appeared  on  this  side  of  the  water. 
They  were  long  attributed  to  Jonathan  Scwall. 

Leonard,  George,  LL.D.  (B.  U.  1804), 
lawyer,  b.  Norton,  Ms.,  July  4,  1729;  d.  llayn- 
ham,  Ms.,  July  26,  1819.  H  U.  1748.  The 
Leonards  were  a  noted  family,  having  pos- 
sessed great  wealth,  and  held  various  offices  of 
honor,  trust,  and  profit.  Grandson  of  Maj. 
George  (who  d.  Sept.  5,  1716,  a.  44),  and  son  of 
George  (1698-1778 ;  judge  of  C.C.P.  and  Pro- 
bate; member  of  the  Council  in  1741;  and 
chief  justice  in  1746).  He  was  a  successful  law- 
yer, held  the  same  offices  as  his  father,  and  was 
M.C.  in  1789-93  and  1795-7. 

Leonard,  James  T.,  capt.  U.S  N.,  b.  N.Y. ; 
d.  Nov.  9,  1832.  Midshipm.  Feb  26,  1799;  was 
in  the  action  with  the  French  ship  "  La  Ven- 
geance," Feb.  1,  1800;  lieut.  Jan.  13,  1807; 
master-com.  July  4,  1812;  capt.  Feb.  4,  1815. 

Leonard,  Levi  Washburn,  D.D.  (H.U. 
1849),  minister  of  Dublin,  N.H.,  from  Sept.  6, 
1820,  to  1854,  b.  S.  Bridgewater,  Ms.,  June  1, 
1790;  d.  Exeter,  N.H.,  Dec.  12,  1864.      H.U. 


1815.  Preceptor  of  Bridgewater  Acad.  1816- 
17.  He  pub.  several  school  text-books,  a  his- 
tory of  Dublin,  N.H.,  in  1855  ;  edited  the  Exe- 
ter News- [jitter  from  1855  to  July,  1863;  and 
was  a  proficient  in  entomology. 

Leri  de  (deh-leh-re),  Jean,  a  French  Prot- 
estant minister  who  labored  in  Brazil  in  1556- 
8,  and  who  pub.  an  account  of  his  voyage  to 
Brazil  in  1577;  b.  1534;  d.  1611. 

Le  Roy,  William  E.,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b. 
N.Y.  Mar.  24,  1817.  Midshipm.  Jan.  11, 1832; 
lieut.  July  13,  1843;  Com.  July  1,  1861;  cap^ 
July  25,  1866;  fleet  capt.  European  squadron, 
under  Farragut,  1867-8;  commo.  July,  1870. 
Attached  to  steamer  "  Princeton,"  and  in  en- 
gagement with  Mexican  soldiers  at  Rio  Ari- 
biqua,  in  1847.  Com.  steamer  "Keystone 
State,"  S.  Atl.  Block,  squad.,  at  capture  of  Fcr- 
nandina,  Fla.,  1862;  in  engagement  with  iron- 
clads off  Charleston,  S.C,  Jan.  1863;  com. 
steam-sloop  "  Oneida,"  W.  Gulf  squad.,  1864; 
steam-sloop  "  Oosipee,"  W.  Gulf  squad.,  1864- 
5  ;  in  the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  Aug.  5,  1864, 
when  about  running  down  "The  Tennessee," 
that  vessel  surrendered  to  Capt.  Le  Roy.  — 
Haniers/i/. 

Lery,  Vicomte  de,  a  disting.  French 
engr.  officer,  b.  Quebec,  1754;  d.  Sept.  6, 
1824,  near  Melun,  France.  He  was  ot  an  old 
Canadian  family.  In  early  life  entered  tho 
French  engr.  service  ;  was  in  several  sea-fights 
during  tho  American  Revol.  war;  and  placed 
in  a  state  of  defence  the  islands  of  Gaudaloupc 
and  Tobago.  He  served  with  Klebcr,  Jour- 
dan,  and  Bernadotte  ;  established  the  intrench- 
ed camp  at  Dusseldorf;  fortified  Mayence; 
conducted  the  siege  of  Pliillipsburg,  and  be- 
came gen.  of  brigade  in  1799.,  In  1805  he  was 
made  lieut.-gon. ;  accomp.  Marshal  Macdonald 
through  the  difficult  campaigns  of  the  Grisons; 
fortified  Palma  Nova;  and  was  afterward  con- 
cerned in  many  of  the  great  battles  of  (Germany 
and  Spain  — Morgan. 

L'Escarbot  (la'-kar'-bo'),  Marc,  lawyer 
oi  Paris,  b.  at  Vervins.  He  contributed  to 
form  the  first  French  colony  in  Canada;  was  a 
man  of  cultivation  and  energy;  resided  a  while 
at  Port  Royal,  now  Annapolis,  N.  S.  ;  and 
pub.  "  Les  Muses  de  la  Nouvelle  France,"  and 
"  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle  France,"  Paris,  1609, 
and  in  1611  and  1618.  This  work  was  trans- 
lated and  pub.  in  Lond.  1609.  —  Dui/cldnck. 

Leslie^  Hon.  Alexander,  gen.,  a  British 
officer  in  the  Revol.  war;  d.  Dec.  1794.  Maj. 
(64th)  June,  1759;  lient.-col.  Jan.  1762;  brig.- 
gen.,  and  com.  the  light  inf.  at  the  battle  of 
Long  Island,  Aug.  1776;  served  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Charleston,  May,  1780;  invaded  Va. 
with  3,000  men,  Oct.  16,  1780;  and  in  Dec. 
joined  Cornwallis  in  N.C.  He  com.  the  right 
wing  at  the  battle  of  Guilford,  and  at  the  close 
of  the  war  was  com.  at  Charleston. 

Leslie,  Charles  Robert,  painter,  b. 
London,  Oct.  17,  1794;  d.  near  London,  May 
5,  1859.  His  parents  were  natives  of  Md. 
The  family  returned  to  America  when  Charles 
was  about  5  years  old,  he  having  already  given 
extraordinary  indications  of  a  talent  for  paint- 
ing. At  six  years  of  age  he  could  sketch  from 
recollection,  and  with  accuracy,  the  likeness  of 
any  person  whom  he  was  in  the  habit  of  seeing. 


luES 


544 


LE^^ 


Having  witnessed  Cooke's  personation  of  Rich- 
ard, he  made  a  sketch  of  this  gifted  actor  in 
this  his  most  celebrated  part,  which  was  much 
admired  and  talked  of;  and  he  was  consequent- 
ly cniil)led  to  study  his  art  in  Europe.  Shortly 
after  arriving  in  London  (in  1813),  he  sent  to 
Phila.  his  first  original  oil-picture,  William  of 
Dcloraine,  from  "  The  Lay  of  the  Last  Min- 
strel." The  great  humorous  authors  of  Eng. 
became  the  chief  source  of  his  inspiration,  and 
have  been  illustrated  by  his  pencil.  He  was 
app.  teacher  of  drawing  at  West  Point  Acad., 
Mar.  1833,  but  resigned  Apr.  1834,  when  he 
returned  to  Eng. ;  and  from  1847  to  1851  was 
prof,  of  painting  at  the  Roy.  Acad.  The  sub- 
stance of  his  lectures  while  there  has  been  pub. 
under  the  title  of  "  A  Handbook  for  Young 
Painters."  He  is  also  the  author  of  "A  Life 
of  Constable,"  the  landscape-painter.  Among 
the  best  productions  of  his  pencil  are  "  May 
Day  in  the  Reign  of  Elizabeth,"  *''  Slender 
courting  Anne  Page,"  "  Lady  Jane  Grey  pre- 
vailed on  to  accept  the  Crown,"  "  Sancho 
relating  his  Adventures  to  the  Duchess," 
''  Sir  Roger  de  Coverly  going  to  Church,"  and 
"Falstaff  dining  at  Page's  House." 

Leslie,  Eliza,  authoress,  b.  Phila.  Nov. 
15,  1787;  d.  Gloucester,  N.J.,  Jan.  2,  1858. 
Her  great  grandfather  (Robert)  emigrated  from 
Scotland  ab.  1745.  Her  father,  a  watchmaker, 
and  a  man  of  science,  w^as  a  member  pf  the 
Amer.  Philos.  Society,  and  the  personal  friend 
of  Franklin  and  Jefferson.  She  accomp.  her 
parents  to  Eng.  in  1793,  and  returned  to  the 
U.S.  with  them  in  1800,  since  then  residing 
almost  wholly  in  Phila.  In  her  40th  year  she 
pub.  her  first  work,  "  Seventy-five  Receipts  for 
Pastry-Cakes  and  Sweetmeats,"  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  series  of  works  on  the  culinary  art, 
which  have  made  her  widely  known  ;  in  1831 
she  pub.  "  The  American  Girls'  Book."  Hav- 
ing obtained  from  Mr.  Godey,  editor  of  the 
Ladifs  Book,  a  prize  for  her  story  of  "  Mrs. 
Wa.shington  Potts,"  she  for  several  years  con- 
trib.  to  the  magazines  and  journals,  beside 
editing  several  annuals.  "  Amelia,  or  a  Young 
Lady's  Vicissitudes,"  is  her  only  novel ;  her 
other  works  being  short  talcs  or  sketches. 
The  most  popular  of  these  are  3  vols,  of"  Pen- 
cil-Sketches," of  which  a  new  edition  appeared 
in  1852.  She  also  pub.  "  Althea  Vernon," 
"  Henrietta  Robinson,"  "Leonilla  Lynnmore," 
and  "  The  Behavior-Book."  Charles  Ro- 
bert and  brev.  Brig.-Gen.  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son Leslie,  U.S.A.,  are  her  bros.  Her  Auto- 
biog.  is  in  Hart's  "  Female  Prose- Writers  of 
America." 

Lester,  Charles  Edwards,  author,  b. 
Grisvvold,  Ct.,  July  15, 1815.  On  the  maternal 
side  he  is  descended  from  Jonathan  Edwards. 
Before  completing  his  studies,  he  passed  3  or  4 
years  chiefly  in  the  South  and  West ;  studied 
law  in  Mpi.,  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar,  but 
spent  2  years  at  the  Auburn  Theol.  Sera.,  and 
was  ord.  to  the  ministry.  He  became  an  anti- 
slavery  lecturer,  and  was  sent  a  delegate  to  the 
World's  Antislavery  Convention  of  1840,  in 
London.  U.  S.  consul  at  Genoa  from  June, 
1842,  to  Sept.  1847.  He  has  since  practised 
law  in  N.Y.  City.  Besides  contributing  largely 
to  the  periodical  press,  he  has  edited  various 


journals  and  magazines,  and  is  the  author  of 
"  The  Glory  and  Shame  of  England,"  2  vols. 
1841  ;  "  Condition  and  Fate  of  England," 
1842;  "The  Artist,  Merchant,  and  States- 
man," 1845  ;  "Life  and  Voyages  of  Americus 
Vespucius,"  1846;  "Artists  of  America," 
1846;  "My  Consulship,"  1851;  and  other 
works.  He  has  pub.  translations  of  Alfieri's 
"  Autobiography,"  1845  ;  d'Azeglio's  "  Chal- 
lenge of  Bartella,"  1845;  Machiavelli's  "Flor- 
entine Histories,"  1846. 

Letcher,  John,  gov.  Va.  1860-4,  b.  Lex- 
ington, Va.,  Mar.  29, 1813.  Studied  at  Wash. 
Coll.  and  at  Rand.  Macon  Coll.  Adopted  the 
profession  of  the  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
practice  in  1839;  during  that  year  established 
and  for  a  time  edited  the  Valley  Star  in  Lex- 
ington ;  member  of  the  Const.  Conv.  of  Va.  in 
1850;  M.  C.  1851-9,  and  a  prominent  seces- 
sionist.    Has  practised  law  since  1864. 

Iietcher,  Robert  P.,  b.  Goochland  Co., 
Va.  ;  d.  Frankfort,  Ky.,  Jan.  24,  1861.  He 
received  a  good  education,  and  adopted  the 
profession  of  the  law ;  served  some  years  in 
the  State  legisl.,  and  was  at  one  time  speaker 
of  the  house;  M.C.  1823-33;  gov.  of  Ky. 
1840-4;  and  minister  to  Mexico  in  1849. 

Leutze  (loit'-seh),  Emanuel,  painter,  b. 
Emingen,  Wurtemberg,  May  24,  1816;  d. 
Washington,  D.  C,  July  18,  1868.  In  his 
youth  he  emigrated  with  his  parents  to  Phila. 
He  early  displayed  talent  with  the  pencil,  and 
acquired  facility  in  taking  likenesses.  His  first 
decided  success  in  painting  was  a  picture  rep- 
resenting an  Indian  gazing  at  the  setting  sun, 
the  success  of  which  enabled  him  in  1 841  to  study 
at  Dusseldorf  under  Lessing.  His  "Columbus 
before  the  Council  of  Salamanca"  was  pur- 
chased by  the  Dusseldorf  Art  Union  ;  and  his 
"Columbus  in  Chains"  procured  him  the 
medal  of  the  Brussels  Art  Exhibition.  In 
1843  he  studied  at  Munich,  where  he  finished 
his  "  Columbus  before  the  Queen."  After  a 
lengthened  tour  in  Italy,  he  in  1845  returned 
to  Dusseldorf,  where  he  m.  and  established 
himself,  but  in  1859  returned  to  the  U.  S. 
Among  his  best  works  are  "  The  Landing  of 
the  Norsemen  in  America,"  "  Cromwell  and 
his  Daughter,"  "  The  Court  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth," "  Henry  VIII.  and  Anne  Boleyn,"  and 
"  The  Iconoclast."  He  has  depicted  many  of 
the  striking  events  of  the  Revol.  war,  as 
"  Washington  Crossing  the  Delaware,"  "  Wash- 
ington at  Monmouth,"  "  Washington  at  the 
Battle  of  Monongahela,"  "  News  from  Lexing- 
ton," "Sergeant  Jasper,"  and  "Washington 
at  Princeton."  "  Westward  the  Star  of  Em- 
pire takes  it  Way,"  a  large  picture  for  one  of 
the  staircases  in  the  Capitol  at  Washington,  is 
much  the  finest  work  of  the  kind  in  the  U.S. 

Leverett,  Frederic  Perceval,  scholar 
and  teacher,  b.  Portsmouth  Sept.  11,  1803  ;  d. 
Boston,  Oct.  6, 1836.  H.U.  1821.  A  descendant 
of  Gov.  John.  Principal  of  the  Boston  Latin 
School,  and  afterwards  taught  a  private  school. 
Author  of  a  Latin  Lexicon,  and  editor  of 
several  of  the  classics. 

Leverett,  Sir  John,  gov.  of  Ms.  1673-9, 
b.  Eng.  1616  ;  d.  Mar.  16,  1679.  He  emig.  to 
America  with  his  father  (Thomas),  a  gentle- 
man of  property,  and   alderman  of  Boston, 


TJsrv 


545 


IjE^W 


Eng.,  in  1633.  John  disting.  himself  very 
early  in  the  Colony,  and  successively  held  each 
office  of  trust  and  honor  in  its  gift.  Though 
cherishing  a  taste  for  military  life,  and  com.  the 
A.  and  H.  Art.  Comp.,  he  devoted  this  portion 
of  his  time  to  mercantile  pursuits.  In  1644 
he  returned  to  Eng.,  and  performed  eminent 
service  as  captain  in  the  parliamentary  army.  lie 
was  an  intimate  friend  of  Cromwell,  and  (1655- 
62)  was  the  agent  of  the  Colony  in  England. 
In  1651-3  and  '63-5  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Gen.  Court;  was  also  speaker  of  the  house 
(1663-4),  and  one  of  the  governor's  council  in 
1665-71;  filled  the  office  of  maj.-gen.  from 
1663  to  1673,  and  that  of  dep.-gov.  in  1671-3. 
He  was  th6  executive  during  King  Philip's 
war;  and  by  his  superior  guidance  that  contest 
was  favorably  terminated.  He  was  among  the 
most  illustrious  of  the  fathers  of  N.E. ;  and  in 
Aug.  1676  he  was  created  knight  and  baronet 
by  Charles  II.  —  Leverett  Memorial,  Boston, 
8vo,  1856. 

Leverett,  John,  grandson  of  the  preced- 
ing, b.  Boston,  Aug.  25,  1662;  d.  May  3, 
1724.  H.U.  1680.  He  was  an  eminent  law- 
yer and  judge,  speaker  of  the  Colonial  legisl., 
member  of  the  council,  and  pres.  of  H.U.  from 
Jan.  1707,  until  his  d.  His  attainments  were 
extensive;  and  he  received  tlie  honor,  then 
rarely  bestowed  upon  colonists,  of  membership 
in  the  Roy.  Society.  Commiss.  to  Port  Royal 
1707;  to  the  Indians  1704. 

Leverich,  or  Leveridge,  Rev.  Wil- 
liam, b.  Eng.;  d.  Newtown,  L.  I.,  early  in 
1677.  U.  of  Camb.,  Eng.  Arrived  at  Salem, 
Ms.,  with  Wiggins's  Co.,  Oct.  10,  1633.  In 
1638  he  became  first  pastor  of  the  church  at 
Sandwich,  and  instructed  the  Cape  Cod  Indi- 
ans, bcingemployed  by  the  commissioners  of  the 
United  Colonies  as  a  missionary.  He  removed 
to  Oyster  Bay,  L.I.,  in  Apr.  16.53 ;  was  pastor  at 
Huntington  from  1658  to  1669, and  at  Newtown 
from  1669  to  his  death.  —  Hiker's  Newtown. 

Le  Vert,  Octavia  Walton,  authoress, 
b.  Bellevue,  near  Augusta,  Ga.,  ab.  1820.  Gr.- 
dau.  of  George  Walton,  a  signer  of  the  Decl.  of 
Indep.  Her  father,  the  terr.  sec.  of  Fla.,  re- 
moved to  Pensacola  in  1821.  He  was  after- 
ward, for  a  time,  gov.  of  the  Territory.  She 
became  a  proficient  in  the  languages ;  spent 
the  winter  of  1833-4  in  Washington,  and  wrote 
out  reports  of  the  principal  speeches,  so  admir- 
able, that  it  is  said  Mr.  Clay,  Mr.  Calhoun,  Mr. 
Webster,  and  others,  were  all  in  the  habit  af 
calling  to  read  from  her  portfolio  the  reports  af 
their  own  speeches.  In  1836  she  m.  Dr.  Henry 
S.  Le  Vert,  a  physician  of  Mobile,  where  she 
has  since  resided.  She  has  made  two  visits  to 
Europe,  the  results  of  which  are  "  Souvenirs 
of  Travel,"  1857.  A  contrib.  to  Amer.  and 
English  periodicals,  and  was  engaged  upon  a 
work  embodying  her  "  Souvenirs  of  Distin- 
guished Americans,"  until  prevented  by  a 
painful  accident.  She  possesses  great  conver- 
sational power  and  rare  natural  gifts. 

Levesque,  Eugene,  a  French  author  of 
"  Travels  in  America  ;  "  d.  Paris,  Jan.  5, 1852, 
a.  81. 

Levis,  FRANgois,  marshal,  due  de,  a 
French  gen.,  b.  Chateau  d'Anjac  Languedoc, 
1720;  d.  1787,  whilst  endeavoring  to  uphpld 


the  State  of  Artois.  Levy  de  Ventadour,  vice- 
roy of  New  France  in  1625,  was  born  at  the 
same  chateau.  He  early  entered  the  army  ;  was 
aide-de-camp  to  Marshal  de  Levis  Mirepoix, 
with  whom  he  captured  2  battalions  of  the  en- 
emy near  Montalban,  by  persuading  them  that 
they  were  surrounded  by  the  whole  French 
army;  and,  though  only  "  chevalier,"  de  Levis 
was  second  in  com.  under  Montcalm.  He  com. 
the  right  division  at  the  battle  of  Carillon,  also 
at  Montmorenci,  where  Wolfe  was  repulsed.  ^ 
He  was  absent  at  Montreal  at  the  first  battle 
of  Quebec.  At  the  second  battle,  near  St. 
Foy,  Levis  com.  and  achieved  a  victory  over 
Murray.  After  the  surrender  of  Quebec,  he 
returned  to  France ;  served  under  the  Prince 
of  Conde  as  lieut.-gen.  at  the  battle  of  Johan- 
nisberg  in  1762;  and  in  1783  received  the 
govt,  of  Artois,  and  the  rank  of  marshal,  as  a 
reward  for  his  services  ;  and  in  1784  was  made 
a  duke  and  peer  of  France.  A  monument  to 
the  memory  of  this  brave  and  good  man,  in  the 
Cathedral  of  Arras,  was  destroyed  by  the  insane 
fury  of  the  populace  during  the  Revol. 

Levy,  Uriah  P.,  commo.  U  S.N.,  b.  Pa. ; 
d.  N.Y.  City,  Mar.  22,  18&2.  He  entered  the 
navy.  Mar.  29, 1812  ;  was  an  officer  of  the  brig 
"  Argus,"  which  escaped  the  blockade,  took 
out  Mr.  Crawford  minister  to  France,  and  de- 
stroyed in  the  British  Channel  21  sail,  one  of 
which  had  a  cargo  worth  $625,000.  On  the 
capture  of  "  The  Argus,"  he  was  made  pris- 
oner, and  held  2  years.  Lieut.  Mar.  5,  1817; 
com.  Feb.  9,  1837;  capt.  Mar.  29,  1844.  His 
last  cruise  was  in  1858  as  flag-officer  of  the 
Mediterranean  squadron.  Com.  Levy  was  the 
mover  of  the  effort  to  abolish  flogging  in 
the  navy.  He  pub.  a  "  Manual  of  Rules  and 
Regulations  for  Ships-of-War."  An  ardent 
admirer  of  Jefferson,  he  became  the  owner  of 
Monticello,  the  valuable  estate  once  owned  by 
that  statesman,  which,  with  all  its  stock,  dwell- 
ings, pictures,  &c.,  was  confiscated  by  the  con- 
federates, in  consequence  of  his  devotion  to  the 
"  old  flag." 

Lewis,  Alonzo,  "  The  Lynn  Bard,"  poet 
and  historian,  b.  Aug.  28,  1794;  d.  Jan.  21, 
1861 .  He  was  educated  at  the  school  and  acad. 
of  his  native  town,  where  he  resided  during- 
his.  life.  He  was  a  teacher,  and  became  prin- 
cipal of  the  acad. ;  edited  a  newspaper ;  con- 
structed and  pub.  a  map  and  a  directory  of  the- 
town  ;  was  a  civil  engineer ;  and  for  many  years- 
a  justice  of  the  peace.  He  had  a  just  poetic 
perception,  and  drew  from  the  grand  and  pic- 
turesque ocean-scenery  about  his  cottage,  and 
the  legends  of  the  red  men,  subjects  for  his. 
Muse.  He  pub.  "  History  of  Lynn  "  in  1829y 
a  2d  edition  in  1844,  and  "  Forest-Flowers  andl 
Sea  Shells,"  Boston,  1831,  and  again  in  1845. 
A  new  ed.  of  his  "  Hist,  of  Lynn,"  contin.  by 
J.  R.  Newhall,  app.  in  1865. 

Lewis,  Gen.  Andrew,  b.  Ulster,  Ireland, 
ab.  1730;  d.  Bedford  Co.,  Va.,  1780.  His  fa^ 
ther,  John,  was  descended  from  a  Huguenot 
family,  which  settled  first  in  Eng.,  and  after- 
ward in  Ireland.  Having  killed  his  landlord 
in  resisting  an  illegal  attempt  to  oust  him,  he 
came  to  Amer.,  and  in  1732  settled  at  Belle- 
fonte,  Augusta  Co.,  Va.,  being  the  first  white 
resident  of  the  county.     Andrew,  his  third  son, 


LKTV 


546 


LETV 


was  possessed  of  great  bodily  vigor,  and  a 
commanding  presence.  He  was  a  vol.  in  the 
exped.  to  take  possession  of  the  Ohio  region  in 
1754;  was  with  Washington  at  the  surrender 
of  Fort  Necessity  ;  was  a  maj.  in  his  Va.  regt.; 
was  in  his  bro.  Samuel's  company  at  Brad- 
dock's  defeat;  com.  the  Sandy  Creek  exped.  in 
1756  ;  and  in  the  unfortunate  exped.  of  Maj. 
Grant  in  Oct.  1758  was  made  prisoner,  and 
taken  to  Montreal.  In  1768  he  was  a  comraiss. 
to  treat  with  the  Six  Nations  at  Fort  Stanwix. 
In  1774  he  was  made  brig.-gen.  and  com.  the 
Va.  troops  at  the  battle  of  Point  Pleasant,  Oct. 
10,  gaining  a  victory  over  the  most  formidable 
Indian  force  that  ever  assembled  in  the  Old 
Dominion.  For  several  years  he  represented 
Botetourt  Co.  in  the  h.  of  burgesses,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  conventions  of  March  and 
June,  1775.  He  was  made  a  col.  in  the  army, 
and,  Mar.  1,  1776,  brig.-gen.  at  "Washington's 
request,  but  declined,  Apr.  15, 1777.  He  drove 
Lord  Dunmore  from  Gwynne's  Island,  and 
was  on  duty  in  the  lower  part  of  the  State, 
where  he  contracted  a  fever,  of  which  he  died. 
His  military  abilities  were  highly  valued  by 
Washington  ;  and  his  statue  fills  one  of  the 
pedestals  around  the  Washington  Monument  at 
Richmond.  His  bros.,  all  discing,  in  the  mili- 
tary annals  of  the  State,  were  Samuel,  Thomas, 
Charles,  and  William. 

Lewis,  Col.  Charles,  b.  Va.  ;  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Point  Pleasant,  Oct.  10,1774; 
served  with  distinction  under  his  bro.  Samuel 
at  Braddock's  defeat,  and  was  a  leader  in  the 
conflicts  of  the  west  border  of  the  State. 

Lewis,  Dixon  Hall,  lawyer  and  states- 
man, b.  Dinwiddle  Co.,  Va.,  Aug.  10,  1802 ;  d. 
New  York,  Oct.  25,  1848.  S.  C.  Coll.  The 
family  emigrated  to  Ga.  He  studied  law,  and 
removed  to  Ala.,  where  he  engaged  in  practice 
with  great  success.  From  1 826  to  1 829  he  was  a 
member  of  the  legisl. ;  M.C.  1829-44 ;  and  from 
1844  to  his  death  a  U.S.  senator.  He  Avas  the 
largest  man  in  Congress,  and  was  an  able  pub- 
lic speaker  and  writer  of  the  extreme  State- 
rights  school  of  politics,  sustaining  the  right  of 
nullification  and  secession. 

Lewis,  Elisha  J.,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa.),  b. 
Baltimore,  1820.  Son  of  A.  J.,  merchant  of 
Phila.,  and  grandson  of  Capt.  Joseph  of  the 
Revol.  army.  He  spent  two  years  at  N.  J. 
Coll.,  and  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  John  K. 
Mitchell,  and  subsequently  in  Paris.  Since  a 
resident  of  Phila.  Author  of  "  Hints  to  Sports- 
men," 12rao,  1851;  "The  American  Sports- 
man," 8vo,  1855 ;  ed.  of  "  Youatt  on  the  Dog," 
8vo,1847 ;  andcontrib.  to  the  Spirit  of  the  Times. 

Lewis,  Ellis,  LL.D.  (Jeff.  Coll.), jurist,  b. 
Lewisberry,  York  Co.,  Pa.,  May  16,  1798;  d. 
Phila.  19  March,  1871.  He  was  first  a  printer; 
then  studied  law ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1822 ; 
app.  dep.  attjr.-gen.  in  1824;  was  a  member  of 
the  State  legisl.  in  1832 ;  app.  atty.-gen.  of  Pa. 
in  Jan.  1833 ;  pros,  judge  of  the  8th  judicial  dist. 
in  Oct.  1833;  and  pres.  judge  of  the  2d  judi- 
cial dist.  in  Jan.  1843.  He  was  chosen  a  judge 
of  the  State  Supreme  Court  in  Oct.  1851 ;  be- 
came chief  justice  in  Dec.  1854;  and  was  unan- 
imously renominated  in  1857.  In  1858  he  was 
a  coramiss.  to  revise  the  criminal  code  of  Pa. 
He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  M.D.  from 


the  Phila.  Med.  Coll.  for  his  knowledge  of  mod. 
jurisprudence.  Author  of  an  "  Abridgment  of 
the  Criminal  Law  of  the  U.S.,"  and  a  contrib. 
to  periodical  literature. 

Lewis,  Enoch,  teacher  and  author,  b.  Rad- 
nor, Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  Jan.  29, 1776  ;  d.  Phila. 
July  14,  1856.  He  was  brought  up  a  Quaker. 
Early  evinced  talent  for  mathematics ;  at  the 
age  of  14  was  usher  in  a  country  school,  and 
was  principal"  at  15;  afterward  teaching  at 
Phila.,  at  West  Town,  and  at  New  Garden, 
Chester  Co.  In  1795  he  was  employed  as  a 
surveyor  to  lay  out  some  towns  in  the  western 
part  of  the  State.  He  edited  several  mathemat- 
ical works  ;  and  about  1819  pub.  a  treatise  on 
arithmetic,  which  was  followed  by  one  on  alge- 
bra, and  by  a  work  on  plane  and  spheiical  trig- 
onometry. In  1827  he  became  editor  of  the 
African  Observer,  and  from  1847  till  his  death 
pub.  the  Friends'  Review.  He  pub.  a  Life  of 
Wm.  Penn  in  the  "Friends'  Library,"  trea- 
tises "On  Oaths"  and  "On  Baptism"  (1839), 
a  review  of  Dr.  Cox's  "  Quakerism  not  Chris- 
tianity," and  various  pamphlets. 

Lewis,  Estelle  Anna  Blanche  (Robin- 
son), authoress,  b.  near  Baltimore,  Apr.  1824. 
After  leaving  the  Troy  Female  Sem.  in  1841, 
she  m.  S.  D.  Lewis,  a  lawyer  of  Brooklyn, 
N.Y.,  and  has  since  resided  there.  She  first 
contrib.  to  the  Family  Magzine,  and  has  con- 
trib. many  poems  to  the  periodicals,  and  to 
Graham's  Mag.  a  series  of  articles  on  "  Art  and 
Artists  in  America."  She  pub.  her  first  vol. 
of  poems,  "The  Records  of  the  Heart,"  in 
1844;  "The  Child  of  the  Sea  and  other  Po- 
ems," 1848;  "Myths  of  the  Minstrel,"  1852; 
and  in  1853  an  illustrated  edition  of  her  poetical 
works.  —  See  Grisivold's  Fern.  Poets,  Hart's 
Fern.  Prose-Writers,  and  Mrs.  Hale's  Records 
of  Woman. 

Lewis,  Francis,  signer  of  the  Decl.  of  In- 
dep.,  b.  Llandaf^;  Wales,  Mar.  1713 ;  d.  N.  York, 
Dec.  30,  1803.  He  was  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster School.  Became  a  merchant,  and  came  to 
N.Y.  in  1734.  After  spending  2  years  in  Phila. 
he  returned  to  N.Y.,  where  he  was  engaged  in 
commerce  till  1 775.  At  the  capture  of  Oswego, 
in  1757,  he  was  aide  to  Col.  Mercer,  and  was 
with  the  other  prisoners  taken  to  Canada,  and 
thence  to  France.  At  the  close  of  the  Avar,  the 
British  Govt,  gave  him  5,000  acres  of  land  for 
his  services.  In  1 765  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Colonial  Congress.  Zealously  espousing  the 
cause  of  liberty,  he  was  sent  to  Congress  in 
1775,  continuing  a  member  until  April,  1779. 
He  was  occupied  in  the  importation  of  military 
stores  and  other  secret  services,  and,  by  his  com- 
mercial knowledge  and  habits,  was  eminently 
useful.  He  suffered  much  at  the  hands  of  the 
Tories,  who  not  only  destroyed  his  property  on 
L.L,  but  brutally  confined  his  Avife  in  a  close 
prison  for  several  months,  causing  her  death. 
He  himself  was  at  one  time  a  prisoner  to  the 
British.  Most  of  his  property  Avas  sacrificed  to 
his  patriotism,  and  ne  died  in  comparative 
poverty. 

Lewis,  Rt.  Rev.  John  Travers,  consec. 
firet  Pr.-Ep.  bishop  of  Ontario,  25  Jan.  1862, 
b.  1827.  Educated  at  Trinity  Coll.,  Dublin. 
Ord.  1848;  rector  of  Brockville,  Canada,  1854. 
He  held  the  curacv  of  Newtown  Butler  in  Eng.: 


ILiE^^ 


547 


LE^W 


came  to  Canada  in  1850;  and  until  1854  had 
charge  of  the  parish  of  Hawksbury. 

Lewis,  Meriwether,  a  celebrated  ex- 
plorer, b.  near  Charlottesville,  Va.,  Aug.  18, 
1774;  d.  near  Nashville,  Oct.  11,  1809.  His 
father  Wm.  F.,  a  man  of  independent  fortune, 
nephew  of  Col.  Fielding  Lewis,  d.  when  he  was 
yet  a  child.  He  very  early  gave  proofs  of  a 
bold  and  enterprising  disposition ;  and  at  the 
age  of  18  he  relinquished  academic  studies  for 
farming,  which  he  continued  until  he  was  20. 
A  vol.  during  the  Whiskey  Insurrection,  he 
was  transferred  to  the  regular  service  as  ensign, 
May  1,  1795,  and  became  capt.  Dec.  1800.  In 
1803  Pres.  Jefferson,  whose  private  sec.  he  had 
been  ncai'ly  two  years,  sent  him  on  an  explor- 
ing exped.  across  the  continent  to  the  Pacific. 
At  Lewis's  request,  Capt.  William  Clarke  was 
app.  to  accompany  him.  The  part^  set  out 
in  the  summer  of  1803,  and  returned  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1806.  Lewis  was.  Mar.  2,  1807,  made 
gov.  of  La.  Terr.  On  the  new  governor's  ar- 
rival at  St.  Louis,  the  seat  of  administration, 
he  found  the  country  torn  by  dissensions ;  but 
his  moderation,  impartiality,  and  firmness  soon 
brought  matters  into  a  regular  train.  He  was 
subject  to  constitutional  hypochondria;  and, 
while  under  the  influence  of  a  severe  attack  of 
this  disorder,  put  an  end  to  his  life.  A  Narra- 
tive of  the  Exped.  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  from 
materials  furnished  by  each  of  the  explorers, 
was  prepared  by  Nicholas  Biddle  and  Paul 
Allen,  with  a  Memoir  of  Lewis  by  Jefferson, 
pub  in  2  vols.  8vo,  1814. 

Lewis,  Gejj.  Morgan,  soldier  and  jurist, 
b.  New  York,  Oct.  16,  1754 ;  d.  there  April  7, 
1844.  N.  J.  Coll.  1773.^  Son  of  Francis  the 
signer.  Ho  studied  law  in  the  office  of  John 
Jay.  In  June,  1775,  he  joined  the  army  at 
Cambridge ;  was  made  capt.  of  a  rifle  company 
in  Aug.;  maj.  2d  N.Y.  regt.  in  Nov. ;  col.,  and 
chicfof  staff  to  Gen.  Gates,  in  June,  1776;  and 
soon  afterward  q.m.-gen.  of  the  northern  dept. 
He  was  at  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne ;  accomp. 
Gen.  Clinton  in  the  exped.  up  the  Mohawk ; 
and  at  Stone  Arabia  gallantly  led  the  advance, 
and  completely  routed  the  Indian  foe.  Adm. 
to  the  bar  at  the  close  of  the  war,  he  practised 
in  Dutchess  Co;  became  a  judge  of  C.C.P. ; 
atty.-gen.  of  the  State  in  1791;  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  1792 ;  chief  justice  in  1801 ; 
gov.  in  1 804-7  ;  and  member  of  the  State  legisl. 
in  1808-11.  App.  q.m.-gen.,  with  the  rank  of 
brig.-gen.,  in  1812  ;  promoted  to  maj  .-gen.  in 
1813,  and  ordered  to  the  Niagara  frontier.  He 
made  a  successful  descent  on  the  British  side 
of  the  Niagara  River,  April  27,  1813;  and  in 
1814  was  intrusted  with  the  defence  of  N.Y. 
City,  then  in  daily  expectation  of  attack.  Sub- 
sequently devoting  himself  to  literature  and 
agriculture,  he  became  in  1835  pres.  of  the  N.Y. 
Hist.  Society.  Feb.  22,  1832,  he  delivered  a 
centennial  address  in  honor  of  Washington 
before  the  city  authorities. 

Lewis,  Samuel,  educationist,  b.  Fal- 
mouth, Ms,,  Mar.  17,  1799  ;  d.  Cincinnati,  0., 
July  28,  1854.  His  father  was  capt.  of  a  coast- 
ing-vessel, and  he  made  several  voyages  as  a 
cabin-boy.  In  1813  the  family  removed  to 
Ohio,  the  father  and  his  five  sons  walking  the 
whole  distance  from  Falmouth  to  Pittsburg, 


Pa.  Samuel  was  successively  a  farm-laborer, 
mail-carrier,  and  carpenter ;  and  at  20  obtained 
a  place  in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the  Hamil- 
ton Co.  Court;  at  23  he  was  adm.  to  the  bar; 
and  in  1824  he  was  licensed  a  local  preacher 
in  the  Meth.  Church.  An  advocate  of  temper- 
ance and  education ;  to  his  efforts  were  due  the 
founding  and  endowment  of  the  Woodward 
School  and  of  the  Hughes  High  School  at  Cin- 
cinnati. In  1831  he  aided  efficiently  in  forming 
the  western  college  of  teachers ;  was  active  in 
promoting  common  school  education  in  Ohio; 
and  in  1837  was  elected  by  the  legisl.  supt.  of 
schools.  His  measures  for  the  improvement  of 
education  were  adopted;  and  he  was  re-ap- 
pointed, and  edited  the  Common  School  Director. 
Ill-health  soon  after  compelled  him  to  resign  his 
office.  From  1841  to  his  death,  he  was  the  favorite 
candidate  of  the  antislavery  party  for  the  state 
senate,  for  Congress,  and  for  gov. ;  and  he  was 
very  zealous  in  the  promotion  of  temperance 
and  kindred  reforms. 

Lewis,  Tayler,  LL.D.,  scholar  and  au- 
thor, b.  Northumberland,  N.Y.,  1802.  Un  Coll. 
1820.  Son  of  a  Revol.  officer.  He  studied  law 
in  Albany,  and  practised  at  Fort  Miller.  He 
studied  Hebrew,  biblical  and  classical  literature; 
taught  a  classical  school  at  Waterford  in  1833; 
removed  to  Ogdensburgh  in  1835  ;  and  in  1838 
was  app,  prof,  of  Greek  in  the  U,  of  N,Y.  In 
1849  he  took  the  same  professorship  in  Un. 
Coll.,  lecturing  also  on  ancient  philosophy  and 
poetry,  and  giving  instruction  in  the  Oriental 
tongues,  Heisadisting.  philologist; has  contrib. 
largely  to  magazines  and  reviews  ;  and  has  de- 
livered and  pub.  several  addresses  on  important 
literary  and  philosophical  topics.  He  has  pub. 
a  work  on  the  Nature  and  Ground  of  Pun- 
ishment, sustaining  the  death-penalty,  1844; 
"  Plato  contra  Atheos,"  with  notes,  1845  ;  "  Six 
Days  of  Creation,  or  Scriptural  Cosmology," 
1853  ;  "  The  Bible  and  Science,  or  the  World 
Problem  ;  "  and  in  1860  "  The  Divine  Human 
in  the  Scriptures."  Prof.  Lewis  has  also 
handled  most  of  the  great  social,  political,  and 
philosophical  topics  of  the  times  in  the  "  Edi- 
tor's Table  "  of  Harper's  Magazine. 

Lewis,  Thomas,  statesman,  bro.  of  An- 
drew, b.  Donegal  Co.,  Ireland,  April  27, 1718; 
d.  Port  Republic,  Va.,  Jan,  31,  1790.  He  had 
a  liberal  education  ;  was  an  excellent  mathema- 
tician ;  became  a  surveyor  of  Augusta  Co,  in 
1745 ;  was  a  member  of  the  house  of  burgesses, 
where  he  advocated  the  celebrated  resolutions 
of  Patrick  Henry,  in  1765;  of  the  conventions 
of  1775  and '76,  in  which,  as  one  of  the  com., 
he  aided  in  preparing  the  Declaration  of  Rights 
and  the  State  Constitution  ;  and  of  the  conven- 
tion of  1788,  which  ratified  the  Federal  Consti- 
tution, As  a  member  of  the  first  house  of  dele- 
gates under  the  Constitution,  he  went  hand  in 
hand  with  Jefferson  in  enacting  religious  toler- 
ance. He  was  one  of  the  boldest  patriots  of 
Va,,  and  especially  efficient  in  executing  the 
plans  of  the  com.  of  safety. 

Lewis,  William,  lieut-col,  U.S.A.,  b.  Va. 
1767  ;  d.  near  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  Jan.  17,  1825. 
Capt.  under  St.  Clair  in  1791  ;  resigned  July, 
1797;  lieut-col,  com,  Ky.  Vols,  Aug.  1812; 
com.  in  action  with  British  and  Indians  at 
Frenchtown,  River  Raisin,  Jan.  18,  1813;  and 


r.ETv 


548 


TJLG- 


underGen.  Winchester  at  his  defeat,  Jan.  22, 
at  River  Raisin,  where  he  was  captured,  and 
remained  two  years  a  prisoner  at  Quebec. 

Lewis,  VViLLLAM  Henry,  D.D.,  rector  of 
the  Cli.  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  Brooklyn,  L.I.,  b. 
Litchfield,  Ct.,  Dec.  22,  1803.  Has  pub.  "  Ser- 
mons for  the  Christian  Year,"  8vo,  N.Y., 
"Confession  of  Christ,"  12mo,  1852,  "The 
Early  Called,"  "  The  Position  of  the  Church," 
also  Various  popular  tracts.  —  AUibone. 

Lewis,  WiNSLOW,  M.D.  (1822),  an  emi- 
nent surgeon,  b.  Boston,  8  July,  1799.  H.U. 
1819.  Descended  from  George  of  Barnstable, 
and  from  Kenelm  Winslow.  He  continued 
his  med.  studies  under  Dupuytren  in  Paris, 
and  Abernethy  in  London,  and  after  his  return 
practised  in  Boston  with  success.  Consulting 
phys.  Ms.  Gen.  Hospital  after  the  d.  of  Dr. 
Warren.  Member  Ms.  legisl.  183.5,  '52,  and  '53; 
city  physician  1861 ;  pres.  N.E.H.  and  Geneal. 
Soc.  1861-6;  Grand  Master  of  Masons  in  Ms. 
1855-6  and  '60.  He  transl.  from  the  French 
"  Gall  on  the  Structure  and  Functions  of  the 
Brain,"  6  vols. ;  edited  Paxton's  "  Anatomy," 
and  also  a  work  on  "Pract.  Anatomy."  —  See 
N.E.H.  and  Geneal.  Reg.,  Jan.,  1863. 

Lewis,  Zachariah,  scholar  and  editor,  b. 
1773;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Nov.  14,  1840.  Y.C. 
1794.  Tutor  there  1796-9.  Son  of  Rev.  Dr. 
Isaac  Lewis  (1746-1840;  Y.C.  1765;  minis- 
ter of  Greenwich,  Ct.,  1786-1818).  From  1803 
to  1820  he  edited  the  N.Y.  Commercial  Adver- 
tiser and  the  N.  Y.  Spectator.  He  retired  early 
from  business,  and  applied  his  leisure  time  and 
his  surplus  means  to  charitable  objects.  For 
a  long  i)eriod  he  was  senior  vice-pres.  of  the 
Amer.  Bible  Society. 

L'Hommeciieu,  EzRA,b.  Southold,  L.I., 
30  Aug.  1734  ;  d.  there  28  Sept.  1811.  Y.  C. 
1754.  Benjamin,  his  emig.  ancestor,  was  a 
Huguenot  of  Rochclle,  France,  who  was  in 
N.Y.  early  in  1687,  and  settled  at  Southold  in 
1690.  Ezra  was  a  lawyer;  was  a  delegate  to 
the  N.Y.  Pro V.  Congress  1775-8;  assisted  to 
form  the  first  State  constitution  ;  member  N.Y. 
Assembly  1777-83;  member  Old  Congress 
1779,  '81,  and  '83,  and  1787-8;  State  senator 
1784-1809  (except  in  1793) ;  once  a  member  of 
the  council  of  apportionment ;  regent  State  U. 
from  1 787  to  his  death.  In  politics  he  was  a 
Federalist.  Contrib.  agric.  papers  to  the  first 
N.  Y.  Agric.  Society.  —  C  B.  Moore,  in  N.  Y. 
Geneal.  and  Bio(j.  Record. 

Lieber,  Francis,  LL.D.(U.  of  Jena,  1828), 
pub  icist,  b.  Berlin,  March  18,  1800.  Entering 
the  Prussian  army  at  the  age  of  15,  he  fought 
at  Ligny  and  Waterloo,  and  was  severely 
wounded  at  the  assault  of  Namur.  For  resist- 
ing the  re-actionary  measures  of  govt,  at  Ber- 
lin in  1819,  he  was  arrested,  but  was  soon  re- 
leased, and  studied  at  the  U.  of  Jena.  At  21 
he  volunteered  in  the  Greek  struggle  for  inde- 
pendence, travelling  on  foot  through  Switzer- 
land to  Marseilles.  After  much  privation,  he 
returned  to  Italy,  where  he  was  received  into 
the  family  of  the  historian  Niebuhr.  He  passed 
the  years  1822  and  1823  at  Rome,  and  wrote 
in  German  a  journal  of  his  sojourn  in  Greece, 
pub.  at  Leipsic.  Returning  to  Germany  with 
promises  of  safety,  he  was  imprisoned  at  Kop- 
enick,  where  he  wrote  poetry,  which,  on  his  re- 


lease, was  printed  at  Berlin,  under  the  name 
of  Franz  Arnold.  Persecution  drove  him  to 
Eng.  in  1825,  where  he  taught  one  year  in  Lon- 
don, and  also  wrote  for  the  German  periodicals. 
He  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  1827,  and  delivered 
lectures  on  history  and  politics  in  the  large 
cities.  He  founded  a  swimming-school  at 
Boston ;  and,  while  residing  there,  edited  the 
"  Encyclopedia  Americana,"  based  upon  the 
"  Conversations-LexiJcon,"  13  vols.  1829-33. 
From  1835  to  1856  he  was  prof,  of  history  and 
political  economy  at  the  S.C.  Coll.,  Columbia, 
and  held  the  same  professorship  at  Col.  Coll., 
N.Y.,  from  1857  to  1865.  In  the  latter  year  he 
was  app.  supt.  of  a  bureau  at  Washington  for 
the  preservation  of  the  papers  of  the  Confed. 
Govt.,  to  be  pi-eserved  as  a  portion  of  the  na- 
tional archives.  Dr.  Lieber  was  active  and 
influential  both  with  tongue  and  pen  in  uphold- 
ing the  govt,  during  the  civil  war,  and  was 
pres.  of  the  Loyal  Publication  Society  of  New 
York.  In  1862,  at  the  request  of  Gen  .-in-chief 
Halleck,  he  prepared  for  the  use  of  the  army  an 
essay  on  "Guerilla  Parties;"  and  in  1863  "In- 
structions for  the  Govt,  of  the  Armies  of  the 
U.S.  in  the  Field."  Member  of  the  French 
Acad.  He  has  translated  a  French  work  on 
the  Revolution  of  July,  1 830 ;  a  Life  of  Ivas- 
par  Hauser ;  the  work  of  De  Beaumont  and  De 
Tocqueville  on  the  Penitentiary  System  of  the 
U.S.  in  1832,  pub  at  Phila.  in  1834;  a  plan  of 
Education  for  Girard  College;  "Letters  to  a 
Gentleman  in  Germany,  written  after  a  Trip  to 
Niagara;"  "Ths  Stranger  in  America,"  8vo, 
1835;  "The  Gentleman;"  "Reminiscences 
of  Niebuhr,"  1835;  "A  Manual  of  Political 
Ethics,"  2  vols.  1838;  "Legal  and  Political 
Hermeneutics ; "  "  Laws  of  Property  ; "  "  Es- 
says on  Property  and  Labor,"  1842;  "Civil 
Liberty  and  Sclf-Government,"  2  vols.  1853; 
"  Essays  on  Subjects  of  Penal  Law  and  the 
Penitentiary  System;"  "Abuse  of  the  Pardon-  * 
ing  Power;  "  "Remarks  on  Mrs.  Fry's  Views 
of  Solitary  Confinement,"  &c. ;  "Letter  on 
the  Penitentiary  System ; "  besides  many  oc- 
casional papers  and  addresses.  While  in  Eu- 
rope in  1848,  "The  West  and  other  Poems" 
by  him  was  pub.  in  New  York.  —  AUibone ; 
Duychinck. 

Lieber,  Oscar  Montgomery,  geologist, 
son  of  Francis,  b.  Boston,  Ms.,  1830.  Edu- 
cated professionally  at  Berlin,  Gottingen,  and 
Freiberg.  Author  of  "Assayer's  Guide,"  12mo, 
1852;  "The  Analyt.  Chemist's  Assistant," 
12mo,  1852;  "Geology  of  Mpi."  (where  he 
was  State  geologist  1850-1),  in  the  N.  Y.  Min- 
ing Mag.  July,  1854;  and  numerous  articles  on 
metallurgy.  In  1854-5  he  assisted  in  thegeol. 
survey  of  Ala.  In  1855  he  became  surveyor  of 
S.C.    His  first  Ann.  Report  was  pub.  8vo.  1857. 

Light,  George  W.,  printer  and  publisher 
of  Boston,  b.  Portland,  Me.,  1810;  d.  Somer- 
ville,  Ms.,  Jan.  5,  1868.  He  pub.  "Life  of 
Timo.  Claxton,"  12mo,  1839. ;  a  vol.  of  Poems 
in  1852,  and  edited  the  Essayist. 

Ligon,  Thomas  W.,  gov.  Md.  1854-8;  b. 
Prince  Edward  Co.,  Va.  Educated  at  Hamp. 
Sid.  Coll.,  the  U.  of  Va.,  and  Yale  Law  School. 
Settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Baltimore;  and  was 
M.C.  1845-9. 

Liguest,  Pierre  Laclede,  founder  of  St. 


TjTL, 


549 


TLJN 


Louis,  b.  Bion,  France,  1724;  d.  on  the  Mpi. 
Kiver,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ark.  River,  20 
June,  1778.  He  came  to  N.  Orleans  in  1763; 
and,  with  a  company  in  which  was  Auguste 
Chouteau,  established  a  trading-post  where  St. 
Louis  now  stands,  and  where  they  landed  15 
Feb.  1764.  Liguest  selected  the  site  in  1763; 
and  acquired  by  trade  with  the  Indians  a  large 
property.  —  Edwards's  Great  West 

liillington,  Gen.  John  Alexander,  Rev- 
ol.  patriot,  b.  Barbadoes ;  d.  at  his  residci>ce  in 
N.  Hanover  Co.,  N.C.,  at  a  good  old  age.  Son 
of  Coi.  George,  an  officer  in  the  British  service, 
who  became  a  member  of  the  Royal  Council  of 
Barbadoes  in  1698.  He  emig.  to  Carolina  ab. 
1734,  and  on  the  breaking-out  of  the  war  was  a 
member  of  the  Wilmington  com.  of  safety  and  a 
col.  of  militia.  In  the  battle  of  Moore's  Creek, 
Feb.  27, 1776,  Col. Liilington  was  conspicuous; 
was  soon  afterwards  promoted  to  brig.-gen. ; 
and  served  under  Gates  in  1780.  His  son,  Col. 
John  Liilington,  served  his  country  faithi'uily 
during  the  entire  war. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  16th  pres.  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  b.  in  Larue  Co.,  Ky.,  Feb.  12, 1809; 
d.  April  15,  1865,  by  the  hand  of  the  assassin, 
J.  Wilkes  Booth.  His  ancestors  were  Quakers 
from  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.  His  parents,  b.  in  Va., 
migrated  to  Ky.,  and  in  1816  removed  to  what 
is  now  Spencer  Co.,  Ind.,  where  Abraham  was 
for  the  next  10  years  occupied  in  labor  on  his 
father's  farm.  Having  received,  at  intervals, 
about  a  year's  schooling,  at  19  he  made  a  trip 
to  iNcw  Orleans  as  a  hired  hand  on  a  flat-boat. 
In  Mar.  1830  he  settled  in  Macon  Co.,  111.  He 
next  assisted  in  building  a  flat-boat,  and  after- 
ward in  taking  it  to  New  Orleans.  On  his  re- 
turn, his  employer  gave  lum  charge,  as  clerk, 
of  a  store  and  mill  at  New  Salem.  In  1832  he 
com.  a  company  of  vols,  for  the  Black  Hawk 
war.  App.  postmaster  of  New  Salem,  he  be- 
gan to  study  law,  and  engaged  in  surveying  a 
portion  of  Sangamon  Co.  He  was  in  the  legisl. 
from  1834  to  1841.  Liccnsedto  practise  law  in 
1836,  he  in  1837  opened  an  oliice  at  Springfield, 
rose  rapidly  to  distinction,  and  was  many  years 
a  prominent  leader  of  the  Whig  party  in  ill. 
In  1844  he  canvassed  the  entire  State,  also  a 
part  of  Ind.,  for  Clay ;  making  almost  daily 
speeches  to  large  audiences.  M.C.  from  1847 
to  1849,  he  voted  for  the  reception  of  antisla- 
very  memorials,  the  expediency  of  abolishing 
the  slave-trade  in  the  Dist.,  to  prohibit  slavery 
in  the  territory  to  be  acquired  from  Mexico, 
and  in  favor  of  the  Wihnot  Proviso.  He  op- 
posed the  annexation  of  Texas,  but  voted  lor 
the  loan-bill  to  enable  the  govt,  to  defray  the 
expenses  of  the  Mexican  war.  In  the  Whig 
National  Convention  of  1848  he  advocated  the 
nomination  of  Gen.  Taylor.  The  repeal  of  the 
Mo.  Compromise  called  him  again  into  the  po- 
litical arena;  and  it  was  maimy  by  his  eiibrts 
that  the  Republicans  triumphed,  and  Judge 
Trumbull  was  elected  U.S.  senator.  At  the 
Repub.  National  Convention  in  1856  he  was  a 
candidate  for  the  nomination  to  the  vice-presi- 
dency. June  2,  1858,  he  was  nominated  as 
candidate  for  U.  S.  senator,  in  opposition  to 
Judge  Douglas.  The  two  candidates  can- 
vassed the  State  together,  speaking  on  the  same 
day  at  the  same  place.   The  debate,  which  was 


conducted  with  eminent  ability  on  both  sides, 
resulted  in  the  choice  of  Judge  Douglas  by  the 
legisl.,  although  the  popular  vote  gave  Mr. 
Lincoln  a  majority  of  over  4,000.  At  the  Re- 
pub.  National  Convention,  held  May  16,  1860, 
he  was  nominated  for  the  presidency,  his  prin- 
cipal competitor  being  Mr.  Seward ;  and  in  the 
following  Nov.  was  elected  to  that  station,  re- 
ceiving 180  electoral  votes  to  72  tbrMr.Breck- 
enridge,  12  for  Mr.  Douglas,  and  39  for  Mr. 
Bell.  The  secession  of  the  Southern  slave- 
States  followed;  and  Pres.  Lincoln  was  inaug. 
Mar.  4, 1861,  under  the  most  gloomy  auspices. 
He  found  the  credit  of  the  govt,  greatly  im- 
paired, its  navy  scattered,  its  war  materiel  in 
the  hands  of  the  secessionists,  who  had  seized 
forts,  arsenals,  mints,  and  vessels ;  its  small 
army  disarmed,  and  sent  home  by  slow  and  de- 
vious routes  as  paroled  prisoners ;  and  the  gar- 
rison of  Fort  Sumter  nearly  starved.  The  at- 
tempt to  supply  the  garrison  was  frustrated  by 
the  rebel  batteries,  and,  after  33  hours'  siege,  the 
fortress  was  surrendered  April  14.  On  the 
15th,  a  call  was  issued  for  75,000  men.  April 
19,  the  ports  of  the  seceded  States  were  de- 
clared under  blockade.  Washington  was  soon 
strongly  garrisoned;  and  Congress  met  in  ex- 
tra session  July  4.  His  Proclam.  of  Emancip. 
took  eU'cct  Jan.  1, 1863 ;  re-elected  to  the  pres- 
idency in  1864.  Victory  crowned  the  national 
arms  during  the  succeeding  winter,  and  the 
war  was  substantially  closed,  when  the  assas- 
sin, creeping  stealthily  from  behind,  as  the 
President  sat  with  his  family  and  friends  in 
his  box  in  the  theatre,  on  the  night  of  April 
14,  1865,  inflicted  a  wound  with  a  pistol-ball, 
which  in  a  few  hours  ended  his  life.  Tliis 
event  created  unparalleled  excitement.  Nine 
of  the  pei-sons  implicated  suffered  condign  pun- 
ishment ;  while  the  funeral-honors  paid  to  the 
deceased  chief  magistrate  surpassed  any  tiling 
of  the  kind  in  the  history  of  the  world. 

Lincoln,  Gkn.  Benjamin,  a  disting.  Revol. 
officer,  b.  Hiugham,  Ms.,  Jan.  23,  1733;  d. 
there  May  9,  1810.  Benjamin  his  father  was  a 
farmer,  and  a  representative  to  the  Gen.  Court. 
Of  a  robust  constitution,  he  was  himself  a 
farmer;  was  town  representative;  a  maj.-gen. 
of  militia  at  the  opening  of  the  war,  and  was 
active  in  its  organization  ;  sec.  of  the  Prov. 
Congress;  and  member  of  the  important  com. 
of  corresp.  In  June,  1776,  he  com.  the  exped. 
which  cleared  Boston  harbor  of  British  vessels. 
App.  by  Congress  a  maj.-gen.  Feb.  19,  1777, 
and  soon  after  joined  the  main  army,  but  was 
surprised  and  nearly  captured  at  Bound  Brook, 
Apr.  13.  In  July  he  was  sent  to  join  Schuyler 
in  opposing  Burgoyne.  He  collected  the  N.E. 
militia;  sent  out  a  successful  exped.  Sept.  13, 
under  Col.  Brown,  against  the  port  of  Lake 
Geoige;  and  joined  Gates  as  second  in  com. 
Sept.  29.  He  commanded  in  the  works  during 
the  action  of  Oct.  7  ;  and  was  severely  wounded 
on  the  8th,  having  mistaken  some  of  the  enemy 
for  his  own  troops ;  and  disabled  until  Aug. 
1778;  app.  to  the  com.  of  the  southern  army, 
which  he  assumed  at  Charleston  in  Dec.  ^y 
the  defeat  of  Gen.  Ashe,  at  Brier  Creek,  Mar. 
2,  1779,  Lincoln  lost  near  one-fourth  of  his 
army.  June  20,  he  attacked  the  enemy's  works 
near  Stono  Ferry;  but  the  severe  action  had  no 


ILJN" 


550 


UN 


decisive  result.  In  Sept.  1779  he  joined  D'Es- 
taingofF  Savannah;  and  in  a  bloody  assault, 
Oct.  9,  their  joint  forces  were  repiilsed  with 
loss.  Mar.  30,  1780,  Sir  H.  Clinton,  with  a 
large  army,  appeared  before  the  lines  of  Charles- 
ton, which  Lincoln,  with  a  very  insufficient 
force,  tried  to  defend.  May  1 2,  after  a  vigorous 
cannonade,  a  capitulation  took  place.  The  his- 
torian Ramsey  gives  him  great  praise  for  baf- 
fling 3  months  the  greatly  superior  force  of 
Clinton  and  Arbuthnot.  Exchanged  in  Nov., 
he  rejoined  Washington  in  the  spring  of  1781  ; 
com.  a  central  division  at  Yorktown,  and  con- 
ducted the  conquered  army  to  the  field  where 
arms  were  deposited  and  the  customary  sub- 
mission received.  Erom  Oct.  1781  to  1784,  he 
was  sec.  of  war,  and  retired  with  a  vote  of 
Congress,  acknowledging  his  highly  meritorious 
services.  In  1787  he  com.  the  force  which  sup- 
pressed Shays's  insurrection ;  lieut.-gov.  in 
1787;  coll.  of  Boston  1789-1808;  commiss.  to 
the  Creek  Indians  in  1789,  and  to  the  Western 
tribes  in  1793;  the  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
passed  in  literary  and  scientific  pursuits.  Mem- 
oer  of  the  convention  which  ratified  the  U.S. 
Constitution  ;  member  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of 
Arts  and  Sciences. 

Lincoln,  Enoch,  gov.  of  Maine  1827-9,  b. 
Worcester,  Ms.,  Dec.  28,  1788;  d.  Augusta, 
Oct.  8,  1829.  Son  of  Atty.-Gen.  Levi  Lincoln. 
Was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1811  ;  settled  as  a  law- 
■\er  in  Fryeburg,  Me.';  and  in  1819  removed  to 
l^aris.  Me.  M.C.  1818-26.  While  at  Fryeburg 
he  pub.  a  poem  entitled  "The  Village"  (1816); 
and  was  abo  a  contributor  to  the  historical 
collections  of  Maine.  His  proclamations  were 
marked  by  a  peculiar  felicity  and  terseness  of 
expression  ;  and  his  official  correspondence  em- 
braced an  energetic  vindication  of  the  rights 
of  the  State  in  the  question  of  the  N.E.  bounda- 
ry. He  delivered  a.  poem  at  the  centennial 
celebration  of  the  fight  at  Lovewell's  Pond,  and 
an  oration  at  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of 
the  Capitol  at  Augilsta,  July,  1829. 

Xiincoln,  Levi,  lawyer  and  statesman,  b. 
Hingham,  Ms.,  May  15,  1749;  d.  Worcester, 
Apr.  14,  1820.  H.U.  1772.  His  ancestor 
Samuel  came  from  Hingham,  Eng.,  in  1627. 
He  studied  law  under  Joseph  Hawley,  and, 
settling  at  Worcester  in  1775,  became  eminent 
in  the  profession  ;  became  clerk  of  the  court 
in  1775,  and  judge  of  probate  in  1776.  Zeal- 
ous in  the  cause  of  independence,  he  was  the 
author  of  numerous  patriotic  appeals.  In 
1779  he  was  the  govt,  commiss.  for  confiscated 
estates.  A  delegate  to  the  State  Const.  Conv. 
in  1780;  and  elected  to  the  Old  Congress  in 
1781,  but  declined.  In  the  party  divisions  of 
John  Adams's  administration,  he  was  a  zealous 
Democ,  and  wrote  a  series  of  political  papers 
called  "  Farmer's  Letters."  Member  of  the 
house  1796,  and  of  the  senate  in  1797;  M.C. 
1799-1801;  U.S.  atty.-gen.  1801-5;  member 
of  State  council  1806;  lieut.-gov.  1807-8;  act- 
ing gov.  in  1809;  and  in  1811  was  app.  asso- 
ciate judge  of  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court,  but 
declined.  He  was  an  original  member  of  the 
Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences  ;  was  con- 
nected with  other  literary  bodies ;  and  was  long 
at  the  head  of  the  Ms.  bar.  Two  of  his  sons] 
Levi  and  Enoch,  were  governors  of  States. 


Lincoln,  Levi,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1826),  states- 
man, son  of  Levi,  b.  Worcester,  Ms.,  Oct.  25, 
1782;  d.  there  May  29,  1868.  H.U.  1802. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1805,  he  practised  with 
success  in  his  native  city.  He  was  a  State 
senator  in  1812;  member  of  the  house  in  1816- 
-23  (speaker  in  1822);  lieut.-gov.  of  Ms.  1823; 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1824  ;  gov.  of 
Ms.  1825-34;  M.C.  1835-41;  coll.  of  the  port 
of  Boston  1841  to  Sept.  1843;  member  of  the 
State  Senate  in  1844;  pres.  of  that  body  in 
1845.  He  was  the  first  mayor  of  Worcester  in 
1848,  and  was  a  member  of  numerous  historical 
and  scientific  societies.  He  was  a  warm  op- 
ponent of  the  Hartford  Convention,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  of  1820. 
He  was  the  first  gov^.  of  Ms.  who  exercised  the 
veto  power,  the  occasion  being  the  construction 
of  a  bridge  uniting  Boston  and  Charlestown; 
many  years  pres.  of  the  Worcester  Agric.  Soc. ; 
fellow  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences  ; 
and  a  member  of  the  Antiquarian  and  Hist. 
Societies  of  Ms. 

Lincoln,  William,  antiquarian,  b.  Wor- 
.cester  li;01  ;  d.  there  Oct.  5, 1843.  H.U.  1822. 
He  studied  law  with  his  bro.  Gov.  Levi ;  edited 
the  National  ^(jis ;  with  Mr.  Baldwin  pub.  the 
Worcester  Blarjazine  1826-7.  Author  of  a 
"History  of  Worcester,"  1837,  a  new  ed.  of 
which  was  pub.  by  Charles  Hersey  in  1862; 
Oration  at  Worcester,  4  July,  1816  ;  and  Me- 
moir of  C.  C.  Baldwin  in  Colls.  Amer.  Ant. 
Soc.  ii.  He  was  an  early  and  active  member 
of  the  Antiquarian  Society. 

Lindsay,  Charles,  a  Canadian  journalist 
and  political  writer,  b.  Lincolnshire,  England, 
early  in  1820.  He  came  to  Canada  in  1842, 
and  for  some  time  edited  an  obscure  paper  in 
Canada  West.  Becoming  known,  in  1846 
Mr.  Lindsay  became  sub-editor  of  the  Exam- 
iner, Mr.  Hincks's  organ  in  Toronto,  until  in 
1852  he  became  editor  of  the  Toronto  Leader, 
the  most  influential  and  widely-circulated  po- 
litical and  family  paper  in  the  province.  He 
has  written  "  Clergy  Reserves,*'  "The  Maine 
Liquor-Law,"  and  "  The  Prairies  of  the  West- 
ern States."  —  Morgan. 

Lindsley,  Philip,  D.D.  (Dick.  Coll. 
1823),  educator,  b.  Morristown,  N.J.,  Dec.  21, 
1786;  d.  Nashville,  Tenn.,  May  25,  1855. 
N.J.  Coll.  1804.  Licensed  to  preach  24  Apr. 
1810.  He  was  tutor  at  Princeton  in  1807-9 
and  in  1812;  in  1813  he  became  prof,  of  lan- 
guages; in  1817  was  made  vice-pres. ;  and  in 
1823  was  chosen  president,  but  declined.  Ho 
accepted  the  thrice- tendered  presidency  of  the 
U.  of  Nashville  in  Dec.  1824,  and  through  his 
efforts  the  standard  of  education  was  raised  to 
a  level  with  that  of  the  oldest  and  best-endowed 
colleges  of  the  Atlantic  States.  In  Oct.  18.50 
he  resigned  this  office,  and  resided  during  the 
last  four  years  of  his  life  at  New  Albany,  Ind., 
two  years  of  this  time  being  spent  as  prof,  of 
archaeology  and  church  polity  in  the  theol.  sem. 
there.  Such  was  his  reputation,  that  ho  was 
offered  the  presidency  of  ten  different  colleges 
between  1820  and  1839.  In  May,  1834,  he 
was  elected  moderator  of  the  Gen.  Assembly 
of  the  Presb.  Church,  then  in  session  at  Phila. 
His  works,  edited  by  L.  J.  Halsey,  D.D.,  were 
pub.  Phila.  3  vols.  Svo. 


JJIN 


651 


LII> 


Lingan,  Gen.  James  Maccubin,  Revol. 
officer,  b.  Md.  ab.  1752;  killed  by  a  mob  in 
Baltimore,  July  28,  1812.  He  fought  at  Long 
Island  ;  was  made  prisoner  at  Fort  Washing- 
ton, and  experienced  the  horrors  of  the  prison- 
ship.  After  the  war  he  was  made  coll.  of  the 
port  of  Georgetown.  A  political  article  in  the 
Federal  Republican,  newspaper  of  Mr.  Hanson, 
occasioned  an  attack  on  the  premises  of  theeditor 
in  Baltimore,  whose  friends,  among  them  Gens. 
Lingan  and  Lee,  rallied  to  his  support,  and 
fired  on  the  mob,  killing  Dr.  Gale,  and  wound- 
ing others.  Surrendering  themselves  to  the 
civil  authorities  next  day,  a  bloodthirsty  mob 
forced  the  jail,  killed  Gen.  Lingan,  and  dread- 
fully mangled  11  others,  including  Gen.  Lee 
and  Mr.  Hanson. 

Liniers,  Bremont,  Don  Santiago,  a 
Spanish  naval  officer,  b.  Niort,  ab.  1760;  d. 
Aug.  26,  1809.  He  was  at  first  in  the  Maltese 
service  ;  then  in  that  of  Spain,  in  which  he 
became  capt.  of  a  ship  before  the  French  revol. 
His  first  service  of  importance  was  against  the 
English,  under  Wliitelocke,  in  S.  America, 
from  whom  he  took  Buenos  Ayres,  and  was 
app.  capt. -gen.  of  Rio  de  la  Plata.  On  the  in- 
vasion of  Spain  l»y  Bonaparte,  he  endeavored 
in  vain  to  engage  Liniers  in  his  interests  ;  but 
his  temporizing  policy  excited  suspicion  both 
in  America  and  Spain,  and  he  was  superseded 
by  the  viceroy,  Don  Cisueros.  The  latter  be- 
coming unpopular,  a  revolution  was  excited; 
and  Liniers,  having  declared  for  the  royal 
authority,  was  taken,  condemned  to  death,  and 
shot. 

Lining,  John,  M.D.,  physician,  b.  Scot- 
land, 1708;  d.  Charleston,  S.  C,  1760.  He 
received  an  excellent  education  ;  came  to 
Amer.  ab.  1730;  was  a  corresp.  of  Franklin, 
and  the  first  to  introduce  an  electrical  apparatus 
into  Charleston.  He  was  a  skilful  practitioner 
there  nearly  30  years.  He  pub.  in  the  Trans, 
of  the  Roy.  Soc.  a  series  of  judicious  statical 
experiments,  conducted  in  1738-42.  In  1753 
he  pub.  the  first  account  of  the  yellow-fever 
given  to  the  world  from  America. 

Linn,  John  Blair,  D.D.,  poet  and  clergy- 
man, b.  Shippensburg,  Pa.,  Mar.  14,  1777;  d. 
Phila.  Aug.  30,  1804.  Col.  Coll.  1795.  Wm.  his 
great-grandfather  came  from  Ireland,  and  lived 
more  than  100  years.  While  studying  law  in 
the  office  of  Alex.  Hamilton,  he  wrote  an  un- 
successful play,  called  "  Bourvllle  Castle." 
Turning  his  attention  to  theol.,  he  was  ord.  in 
1798;  and  June  13,  1799,  became  assist,  to  Dr. 
Ewing  of  the  First  Pi-esb.  Church,  Phila.  His 
powers  of  argument  and  his  learning  were  ex- 
hibited in  his  controversy  with  Dr.  Priestly,  in 
1803.  In  1805  "  Valerian,"  a  poem,  was  pub. 
to  which  was  prefixed  an  account  of  his  life,  by 
his  bro.-in-law,  Charles  Brockden  Brown.  He 
also  wrote  a  poem  on  the  death  of  Washington, 
and  in  1801  "  The  Power  of  Genius,"  which 
attained  popularity.  Two  vols,  of  miscellanies 
in  prose  and  verse  were  pub.  by  him,  without 
his  name,  soon  after  he  left  college.  He  had 
a  mind  of  great  vigor  and  sensibility,  and  a 
sprightly  and  luxuriant  fancy. 

Linn,  Lewis  Fields,  senator,  b.  near 
Louisville,  Ky.,Nov.  5,  1795;  d.  St.  Genevieve, 
Mo.,  Oct.  3,    1843.    His  family  were  among 


the  earliest  emigrants  to  Ky.  from  Va.  Both 
grandparents,  and  7  members  of  the  family, 
were  killed  by  the  Indians,  at  different  times. 
His  grandfather.  Col.  Wm.,  was  one  of  the 
most  prominent  Indian-fighters  of  his  day. 
Lewis  settled  in  St.  Genevieve  in  1815,  and  be- 
came a  successful  physician  and  politician.  He 
entered  the  State  legisl.  1827;  was  a  commiss. 
to  settle  the  old  French  land-claims  inMo. ;  and 
was  U.S.  senator  from  1833  till  his  death.  He 
labored  for  the  interest  of  the  Mpi.  Valley,  and 
in  behalf  of  the  settlement  of  Oregon  ;  and 
made  an  elaborate  speech  in  support  Of  the 
bill  to  remit  the  fine  imposed  by  Judge  Hall 
upon  Gen.  Jackson.  —  See  Life  by  E.  A.  Linn 
andN.  Sargent,  N.Y.  1857. 

Linn,  VVilliam,  D.D.,  an  eloquent  Presb. 
divine,  b.  Shippensburg,  Pa.,  1752;  d.  Albanv, 
Jan.  1808.  N.J.  Coll.  1772.  After  serving 
some  time  as  chaplain  in  the  Revol.  army,  he 
was  pastor  of  a  church  near  Shippensburg;  in 
1784  he  took  charge  of  an  acad.  in  Somerset 
Co.,  Md. ;  in  1787  became  pastor  of  the  Presb. 
Church  in  Elizabethtovvn,  N.  J. ;  and  shortly 
after  settled  as  a  collegiate  pastor  in  the  D.  R. 
church  in  N.Y.  City,  where  he  resided  20  years. 
He  pub.  2  vols,  of  sermons  1791-4. 

Linsley,  James  Harvey,  naturalist,  b. 
Northford,  Ct.,  5  May,  1787  ;  d.  Stratford,  Ct., 
Dec.  26,  1843.  Y.C.  1817.  He  was  a  Baptist 
clergyman,  but,  in  consequence  of  ill-health, 
turned  his  attention  to  the  study  of  natural 
history.  He  pub.  in  the  Journal  of  Science  a 
catalogue  of  mammalia  in  vol.  43,  and  of  birds 
in  vol.  45.  A  memoir  of  his  life  was  pub.  by 
his  dan.,  18mo,  Hartford,  1845. 

Linsley,  Joel  Harvey,  D.D.,  Cong, 
clergyman,  b.  Cornwall,  Vt.,  July  1.5,  1790; 
d.  Greenwich,  Ct.,  Mar.  23,  1868.  Mid.  Coll. 
1811.  He  was  tutor  at  the  coll.  two  and  a 
half  years;  studied  law;  was  adm.  to  the  bar 
in  1815  ;  and  practised  in  Middlebury  7  years. 
He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  June,  1822  ;  was 
a  missionary  in  S.C. ;  pastor  of  the  South 
Cong.  Church,  Hartford,  Ct.,  from  Feb.  1824  to 
1832  ;  pastor  of  the  Park-st.  Church,  Boston, 
until  the  failure  of  his  voice  in  1835  ;  pres.  of 
Marietta  Coll.,  0.,  from  1835  to  1845;  and 
pastor  of  the  Second  Cong.  Church,  Green- 
wich, Ct.,  from  1847  till  his  death. 

Lippard,  George,  novelist,  b.  near  Yel- 
low Springs,  Pa.,  Apr.  10,  1822;  d.  Phila. 
1854.  At  15  he  began  to  study  law,  Avhich  he 
prosecuted  in  the  office  of  Ovid  F.  Johnston, 
atty.-gen.  of  the  State.  In  1841  he  became  a 
contrib.  to  the  Spirit  cfthe  Times.  His  first 
novel  was  "  The  Ladye  Annabel."  He  next 
Avrote  "  The  Quaker  City,"  which  produced 
from  its  showing-up  of  real  characters  consid- 
erable excitement.  Among  his  other  works 
are  "  Herbert  Tracy,"  "  Washington  and  his 
Generals,"  "  Paul  Ardenheim,"  "  Memoirs  of 
a  Preacher,"  "  Adonai,"  "  Jesus  and  the  Poor," 
"  Adrian  the  Neophyte,"  "  The  Empire  City," 
"  The  Nazarene,"  "  Blanche  of  Brandywine," 
"Legends  of  Mexico,"  "Washington  and  his 
Men,"  "  The  Rose  of  Wissahickon,"  "  Bel  of 
Prairie  Eden,"  and  "  New  York,  its  Upper  Ten 
and  Lower  Million,"  &c.  His  works  evince 
vigor  and  power,  but  have  little  else  to  recom- 
mend them.     His  Life  and  choice  writings  were 


UGP 


552 


LIT 


pub.  8vo,  Phila.  1855,  with  an  essay  on  his  writ- 
ing:s  and  genius  by  C.  C.  Burr,  1847. 

Lippincott,  Sara  Jane  (Clarke) 
"  Grace  Greenwood,"  authoress,  b.  Pompey, 
N.Y.,  28  Sept.  1823.  At  19  she  removed  with 
her  father  to  New  Brighton,  Pa.  She  was  m. 
Oct.  17, 1853,  to  Mr.  Leander  K.  Lippincott  of 
Phila.  She  pub.  verse  at  an  early  age ;  but  her 
first  prose-writings  were  a  series  of  letters  con- 
trib.  in  1844  to  the  N.  Y.  Mirror.  Portions  of 
these  were  pub.  in  1850  in  two  series  of  "  Green- 
wood Leaves."  Among  her  other  works  are 
"  History  of  my  Pets,"  1850  ;  "  Poems,"  1851  ; 
"Recollections  of  my  Childhood,"  1852; 
"  Haps  and  Mishaps  of  a  Tour  in  Europe," 
1854;  "Merrie  England,"  1855;  "Stories  and 
Legends  of  Travel,  and  History  for  Children," 
1858 ;  and  "  Stories  from  Famous  Ballads," 
1860.  She  now  edits  the  Little  Pilgrim,  a  ju- 
venile monthly.  Her  latest  vol.  is  made  up  of 
her  contributions  to  the  Independent,  and  some 
lectures, 

Lippitt,  Gen.  Christopher,  Revol.  of- 
ficer, b.  Cranston,  R.L,  1744  ;  d.  there  June  18, 
1824.  He  was  disting.  early  in  life  for  the  dis- 
charge of  numerous  civil  and  military  ofiices, 
with  which  he  was  invested ;  and  was  an  ardent 
and  inflexible  supporter  of  Revol.  principles. 
Macfe  a  col.  in  Sept.  1776,  he  was  engaged  at 
White  Plains,  at  Trenton,  and  Princeton  ;  was 
afterward  a  brig.-gen.  of  R.L  militia,  serving 
in  the  engagement  in  that  State ;  and  was  a 
member  of  the  State  legisl. —  Rogers. 

Lipscomb,  Abner  S.,  jurist,  b.  S.C. 
1789  ;  d.  Austin,  Texas,  Dec.  3,  1857.  After 
studying  law,  he  removed  to  Ala. ;  served  in 
its  legisl. ;  was  made  a  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court ;  and  subsequently  chief  justice,  which 
office  he  held  many  years.  He  removed  to 
Texas  in  1838;  was  sec.  of  State  under  Pres. 
Lamar,  and  a  member  of  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  Upon  the  organization  of  the  State 
govt,  he  became  an  assoc.  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court. 

Lisle,  Henry  M.,  lawyer,  of  Milton,  Ms., 
b.  W.  Indies;  d.  Tortola,  1814.  He  pub.  an 
oration  on  the  death  of  Washington,  1800  ; 
"  Milton  Hill,"  a  poem ;  and  a  Masonic  Ad- 
dress, 1805. 

List,  Frederick,  b.  Bentlingen,  Suabia, 
1789  ;  d.  Kufstein  in  the  Tyrol,  30  Nov.  1846. 
App.  prof,  of  polit.  econ.,  U.  of  Tubingen, 
1817  ;  afterward  emig.  to  Pa.,  and  there  dis- 
covered the  Tamaqua  coal-mines.  U.S.  consul 
for  Lcipsic,  1832.  Pub.  his  "  National  System 
of  Polit.  Economy "  in  1841,  transl.  with  a 
"  Life  of  List "  by  Dr.  Matile,  Phila.  8vo, 
1856.  This  edition  has  a  valuable  preface  by 
Stephen  Colwell.  —  Allihone. 

List,  Mrs.  Harriet  Winslow,  author 
of  "Stanzas  to  the  Unsatisfied,"  and  "Morn- 
ing and  Night,"  a  poem  ;  b.  Portlarjd,  Me., 
30  June,  1819;  m.  in  1848  Charles  List  of 
Phila.  She  is  now  Mrs.  S.  E.  Sewall,  and  re- 
sides in  Melrose,  Ms. 

LithgOW,  William,  lawyer  and  patriot, 
b.  Georgetown,  Me.,  1750;  d.  16  Feb.  1796. 
Wm.  his  father,  judge  of  the  C.C.P.  for  Lin- 
coln Co.,  d.  1798.  The  son,  an  ardent  pa- 
triot, was  a  major  in  the  Cont.  line  in  1776, 
and  was  badly  wounded  in  the  arm  at  Sarato- 


ga. After  the  war,  he  studied  law,  engaged 
in  practice  in  Lincoln  Co.;  was  a  State  senator 
in  1787;  was  soon  afterwards  maj.-gen.  of 
militia;  and  from  1789  till  his  death  was  U.S. 
atty.  for  the  district  of  Maine. 

Littell,  Eliakim,  editor,  b.  Burlington, 
N.J.,  Jan.  2,  1797  ;  d.  Brookline,  Ms.,  17  May, 
1870.  George,  his  ancestor,  emig.  in  1630-40. 
Capt.  Eliakim,  his  grandfather,  disting.  him- 
self in  the  defence  of  Springfield,  N.J.,  4  June, 
1 780.  Editor  and  pub.  of  the  National  Record- 
er, Phila.  Jan.  1819;  changed  its  title  in 
July,  1821,  to  the  Saturday  Mag.,  publishing 
DeQuincey's"  Confessions  of  an  Opium-Eater," 
and  Charles  Lamb's  works;  July,  1822,  he 
again  changed  it  to  a  monthly,  entitled  the 
Museum  of  Foreign  Literature  and  Science,  which 
was  edited  by  Robert  Walsh  the  first  year,  af- 
terward by  himself  aided  by  his  bro.  Squier 
Littell,  M.D. ;  in  1843  it  was  pub.  in  New 
York  as  the  Eclectic  Museum  of  For.  Lit.,  and 
not  edited  by  Mr.  L.  May  11,  1844,  he  began 
in  Boston  LitteU's  Living  Age,  which  he  edited 
till  his  death,  when  it  had  reached  the  105th  vol. 
In  July,  1 855,  he  began  the  Panorama  of  Life 
and  Lit.,  a  monthly.  He  was  the  author  of 
the  "  Compromise  Tariff,"  adopted  by  Clay, 
and  carried  through  Congress  during  Jackson's 
administration.  His  bro.  John  Stockton,  b. 
Burlington,  N.J.,  a  resident  of  Germantown, 
Pa.,  has  edited,  with  biog.  and  hist,  notes.  Gray- 
don's  Memoirs,  8vo,  1846  ;  Alex.  Garden's  An- 
ecdotes of  the  Amer.  Revol. ;  and  pub.  "  The 
Life  of  Henry  Clay."  Another  bro.  Squier, 
M.D.,  b.  Burlington,  N.  J.,  1803;  surgeon  to 
Willis's  Hospital  (Phila.),  for  diseases  of  the 
eye  since  its  opening  in  1834;  author  of 
"  Manual  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye,"  12mo,  1837  ; 
2d  ed.,  1 840.  —  .4/7//)o«e. 

Littell,  William,  LL.D.,  reporter  of  the 
decisions  of  the  Ky.  Court  of  Appeals,  and 
compiler  of  "  Laws  of  Kentucky,"  b.  N.  J.  ;  d. 
Frankfort,  1824.  Many  years  an  eminent 
member  of  the  Ky.  bar.  Author  also  of  "  Di- 
gest of  the  Statute  Law  of  Ky.,"  1822,  8vo,  2 
vols.,  and  "  Festoons  of  Fancy,  in  Essays,  Hu- 
morous, Sentimental,  and  Political,  in  Prose 
and  Verse." 

Little,  Capt.  George,  of  the  Revol.  navy, 
b.  Marshfield,  Ms.,  1754;  d.  Weymouth,  Ms., 
July  22,  1809.  He  com.  "The  Boston,"  an 
armed  vessel  belonging  to  Ms.,  soon  after  the 
opening  of  the  Revol.,  and  was  1st  lieut.  of 
"  The  Protector,"  Capt.  John  Foster  Williams, 
in  1779.  Captured  by  a  British  frigate,  he 
scaled  the  walls  of  his  prison  at  Plymouth, 
Eng.,  and  escaped  ;  soon  after  com.  the  sloop- 
of-war  "  Winthrop,"  cruising  with  success  dur- 
ing the  remainder  of  the  war;  app.  to  com. 
the  national  frigate  "Boston "in  1798;  and 
made  capt.  in  the  U.S.N.  March  4,  1799.  He 
captured  several  armed  French  ships,  among 
them  "  Le  Berceau,"  after  a  severe  conflict, 
but  was  discharged  Oct.  22,  1801,  and  retired 
to  his  farm. 

Little,  Harvey  D.,  lawyer,  poet,  and  edi- 
tor, b.  Wethersficld,  Ct.,  1803;  d.  Columbus, 
Ohio,  Aug.  22,  1833.  At  the  age  of  12  or  13, 
he  accomp.  his  father  to  Franklin  Co.,  Ohio, 
where  he  was  for  several  years  a  printer  and 
editor,  and  afterwards  a  lawyer.     His  poems 


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first  attracted  general  notice  in  1830,  when 
they  appeared  under  the  "  nom  de  plume  "  Ve- 
lasques,  in  the  St.  Clairsville  newspaper,  pub. 
bv  him.  He  edited  the  Eclectic  and  Medical 
Botanist  at  the  time  of  his  death.  A  eulogy 
was  pronounced  on  his  character  by  Rev.  War- 
ren Jenkins  before  the  Columbus  Typographi- 
cal Soc.  30  Nov.  1833.  —  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the 
West. 

Little,  Lewis  Henry,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b. 
Baltimore,  1818;  killed  in  the  battle  of  luka, 
Sept.  19,  1862.  West  Point,  1839.  Son  of 
Gol.  Peter  Little,  M.C.  from  Md.  1811-13  and 
1816-29;  d.  Bait.  Feb.  5,  1830.  L.  H.  enter- 
ed the  5th  Inf.;  he  became  1st  lieut.  7th  Inf. 
Apr.  1845;  brev.  capt.  for  gallantry  at  Mon- 
terey, Sept.  23, 1846;  disting.  himself  at  Cerro 
Gordo  ;  became  capt.  Aug.  1847  ;  and  resigned 
May  7,  1861,  to  enter  the  Confederate  army  ; 
adj.-gen.  Mo.  forces  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Price  ; 
and  for  his  skill  and  courage  at  the  battle  of 
Elk  Horn  was  made  brig.-gen.  When  Van 
Dorn  was  assigned  to  the  com.  of  the  dist.  of 
North  Mpi.,  Little  succeeded  to  the  com.  of 
Price's  division. 

Little,  Moses,  Revol.  officer,  b.  Newbury, 
Ms.,  May  8,  1724 ;  d.  there  May  27,  1798.  In 
Apr.  1775,  he  marched  with  a  company  to 
Lexington  ;  was  made  a  col. ;  and  was  in  the 
battle  of  Bunker's  Hill ;  after  the  evacuation 
of  Boston  went  to  N.Y. ;  was  with  his  regt.  at 
Trenton  and  Princeton  ;  and  returned  home  in 
ill-health  in  1777.  A  shock  of  palsy  deprived 
him  of  speech  in  1781.  App.  by  the  State  of 
Ms.  in  1779  to  com.  the  naval  exped.  to  the 
Penobscot,  he  declined  on  account  of  ill-health. 
—  Coffin's  Newbury. 

Little,  Sophia  L.,  author,  b.  Newport, 
R.I.,  1799;  dau.  of  Ashur  Robbins ;  m.  in 
1824  Wm.  Little,  jun.,  of  Boston,  where  she  has 
since  resided.  Has  contrib.  much  to  periodicals, 
and  pub.  "  The  Last  Days  of  Jesus,"  1839; 
"The  Annunciation  and  Birth  of  Jesus," 
1842;  "The  Betrothed  and  the  Branded 
Hand,"  1844;  "Poems;"  and  a  prose-work, 
entiled  "  Pilgrim's  Progress  in  the  Last  Days," 
1843.  — (7m?yoWs  Fern.  Poets. 

Littlejolin,ABRAMN.,D.D.(U.Pa.l856), 
Pr.-Ep.  bishop  of  L.I.  (consec.  19  Nov.  1868), 
b.  Montgomery  Co.,  N.Y.,  13  Dec.  1824.  Un. 
Coll.  1845.  Adm.  deacon  19  Mar.  1848,  offi- 
ciating at  St.  Anne's  Church,  Amsterdam, 
N.Y.,  one  year ;  then  at  St.  Andrew's,  Meriden, 
Ct. ;  rector  of  Christ  Church,  Springfield,  Ms., 
10  Apr.  1850,  andord.  priest  in  that  year  ;  rec- 
tor of  St.  Paul's,  N.  Haven,  July  1851-1860, 
and  since  Easter  Sunday,  1860,  rector  of  Holy 
Trin.  Church,  Brooklyn,  N.Y.  Elected  pres.  of 
Hobart  Coll.  in  1 858,  and  declined.  Ten  years 
lecturer  on  pastoral  theol.  at  the  Divinity 
School,  Middlctown,  Ct.  In  1853  he  delivered 
at  Phil  a.  a  course  of  lectures  on  "  The  Philos. 
of  Reliirion,"  afterward  published, 

Littiepage,  Lewis,  soldier  and  diploma- 
tist, b.  Hanover  Co.,  Va.,  Dec.  19,  1762;  d. 
Fredericksburg,  Va.,  July  19,  1802.  Wm. 
and  Mary  Coll.  1778.  A  member  of  the  fam- 
ily of  John  Jay,  minister  to  Madrid  ;  he  vol. 
in  Crillon's  exped.  against  Minorca  in  1781; 
and  afterwards  accomp.  Count  Nassau  to  the 
siege  of  Gibraltar,  and  thence  to  Constantino- 


ple and  Warsaw.  He  was  honored  for  many 
years  with  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  the 
unfortunate  Stanislaus,  king  of  Poland,  un- 
der whom,  before  the  loss  of  his  throne,  he  held, 
among  other  offices,  that  of  ambassador  to  Rus- 
sia ;  was  created  by  him  a  knight  of  the  order 
of  St.  Stanislaus,  chamberlain,  and  confiden- 
tial sec. ;  and  acted  as  his  special  envoy  in  the 
most  important  negotiations.  He  also  served 
with  credit  as  an  officer  of  high  rank  in  differ- 
ent armies.  When  Stanislaus  lost  his  throne 
in  1792,  Littiepage  returned  to  Virginia. 

Little  Turtle  (Meche-cdn-na-qua),  a 
Miami  chief  of  great  distinction  ;  d.  Fort 
Wayne,  Ind.,  14  July,  1812.  He  is  supposed  to 
have  received  some  instruction  in  Canada ;  and 
possessed  great  intelligence,  native  wit,  and  men- 
tal vigor.  He  took  part  in  the  border  warfare 
of  the  West;  and  com.  at  the  defeat  of  Harmar, 
in  Oct.  1790,  on  the  Miami,  atid  at  that  of  St. 
Clair,  4  Nov.  1791,  at  St.  Mary's.  He  was 
present,  though  not  in  com.,  at  the  battle  of 
Fallen  Timbers,  in  which  the  Indians  were  de- 
feated by  Gen.  Wayne,  20  Aug.  1794,  he  hav- 
ing vainly  endeavored  to  dissuade  them  from 
attacking  the  "  chief  who  never  sleeps,"  and 
with  whom  he  urged  them  to  make  peace;  and 
was  one  of  the  signers  of  the  treaty  at  Green- 
ville, in  Aug.  1795.  In  1797  he  visited  Wash- 
ington at  Phila.,  where  he  had  also  an  inter- 
view with  Volney,  the  French  philosopher, 
and  was  the  recipient  of  a  pair  of  elegantly 
mounted  pistols  from  Kosciuszko. 

Livermore,  Abiel  Abbot,  clergyman, 
b.  Wilton,  N.  H.,  Oct.  30,  1811.  H.U.  1833. 
He  studied  divinity  at  Cambridge  ;  was  ord. 
pastor  of  the  Unitarian  Church  in  Keene, 
N.H.,  Nov.  2,  1 836  ;  but  left  in  May,  1850,  and 
became  pastor  of  the  church  in  Cincinnati, 
which  office  he  held  till  the  summer  of  1856. 
He  became  editor  of  the  Christian  Inquirer,  in 
N.Y.,  Jan.  1,  1857  ;  and  in  June,  pastor  of  the 
First  Unitarian  Church  in  Yonkers.  Pres.  of 
the  Theol.  Sem.,  Meadville,  Pa.,  since  1863. 
His  principal  works  are  "  The  Four  Gospels," 
with  a  commentary,  1841-2 ;  "  The  Acts  of  the 
Apostles,"  with  a  commentary,  1844;  "Epis- 
tle of  Paul  to  the  Romans,"  witli  a  commentary, 
12mo,  1855  ;  "Lectures  to  Young  Men,"  1846; 
"The  Marriage-Offering,"  1848;  "The  War 
with  Mexico  Reviewed,"  a  prize  essay,  1850; 
"Discourses,"  1854;  "Christian  Hymns,"  a 
compilation,  1859.  He  has  also  contrib.  to  the 
iV.  A.  Review,  Christian  Examiner,  Christian 
Repository,  and  other  periodicals. 

Livermore,  Arthur,  jurist,  b.  London- 
derry, N.  H.,  July  26,  1766  ;  d.  Campton, 
N.H.,  July  1,  1853.  Son  of  the  Hon.  Samuel. 
Was  a  lawyer  by  profession,  and  a  member  of 
the  legisl.  Assoc,  justice  in  the  Superior  Court 
1798  to  Sept.  1809.  Chief  justice  from  the 
latter  date  until  June,  1813;  and  again  assoc. 
justice  until  1816  ;  M.C.  1817-21  and  1823-5 ; 
and  chief  justice  C.C.P.  in  1825-32. 

Livermore,  Edward  St.  Loe,  judge, 
b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  Apr.  5,  1762  ;  d.  Lowell, 
Ms.,  Sept.  22,  1832.  Son  of  Judge  Samuel. 
He  was  a  counsellor  at  law;  was  U.S.  atty.  to 
the  Circuit  Court;  M.C.  for  Essex  Co.  in  1806- 
12;  in  1797-9  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court 
of  N.H.    A  resident  of  Boston  in  1813,  he  de- 


LIV 


554 


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livered  the  4th  of  July  oration;  in  1799  pro- 
nounced  at  Portsmouth  an  oration  on  the  dis- 
solution of  the  union  between  this  country  and 
France;  and  Jan.  6,  1809,  an  oration  on  the 
embargo  law.  See  Lond.  Notes  and  Q.  v.  3d 
ser.,for  dau.  Harriet,  b.  14  Apr.  1788,  recently 
livinjj  in  Philadelphia. 

Liver  more,  George,  merchant  and  schol- 
ar, b.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  July  10,  1809  ;  d.  there 
Aug.  30,  1865.  For  many  years  he  was  prom- 
inent in  the  wool-commission  business  in  Bos- 
ton. He  pub.  a  vol.  on  the  N.  Eng.  Primer; 
"A  Tribute  to  James  Johnson,"  18.55 ;  "  Opin- 
ions of  the  Founders  of  the  Republic  on  Ne- 
groes as  Slaves,"  &c.,  1862;  contrib.  to  the 
Christ.  Examiner  an  article  on  Strickland's 
Hist,  of  the  Bible  Soc,  and  to  the  iV.  A.  Rev. 
a  paper  on  Public  Libraries.  Mr.  L.  was  made 
A.M.  of  H.U.  in  1850  ;  was  a  member  of  sev- 
eral learned  societies  ;  and  had  collected  one  of 
the  finest  libraries  of  Bibles  and  biblical  lit- 
erature in  the  country.  —  Dui/ckinck. 

Livermore,  Mary  Ashton,  reformer,  b. 
Boston,  19  Dec.  1821.  Dau.  of  Timo.  Rice. 
She  was  noted  in  her  youth  for  resolution  and 
restless  activity;  was  foremost  in  healthful  out- 
door sports ;  and  was  also  remarkable  for  pro- 
ficiency at  school.  She  was  a  pupil,  and  for 
some  time  a  teacher,  in  the  Charlestown  Fem. 
Sem.  She  sought  relief  from  the  bereavement 
sustained  by  the  loss  of  a  much-loved  sister 
by  becoming  a  governess  in  Southern  Va., 
where  she  remained  2  years ;  and  then  taught 
school  in  Duxbury,  Ms.,  where  she  m.  D.  P. 
Livermore,  a  Universalist  clergyman.  He  was 
subsequently  settled  as  pastor  in  Stafford,  Ct., 
Maiden  and  Weymouth,  Ms.,  Auburn,  N.Y., 
and  Quincy,  111. ;  and  ab.  1858  became  ed.  and 
pub.  of  the  New  Covenant  at  Chicago.  Dur- 
ing this  period  she  wrote  largely  for  the  period- 
icals of  her  dcnomiHation,  and  ed.  the  Lily,  be- 
side aiding  her  husband  in  the  New  Covenant. 
During  the  war,  her  labors  in  behalf  of  the 
soldiers  and  in  aid  of  the  Sanitary  Com.  were 
arduous,  and  were  of  the  highest  utility.  She 
has  latterly  been  prominent  as  a  writer  and 
speaker  in  the  cause  of  woman;  and  in  1870 
established  in  advocacy  of  this  movement,  and 
has  since  edited,  the  Woman's  Journal  at  Bos- 
ton. —  Univ.  Repository,  1868. 

Livermore,  Samuel,  LL.D.,  statesman, 
b.  Waltham,  N.H.,  14  May,  1732;  d.  Holder- 
ness,  N.  H.,  May,  1803.  N.J.  Coll.  1752. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1757;  became  atty.-gen.  of 
N.  H.  in  1769  ;  judge  adv.  of  admira'lty  before 
the  Revol. ;  member  Cont.  Congress  1780-2 
and  1785-6  ;  of  the  conv.  to  adopt  the  Federal 
Constitution  in  1788  ;  pres.  of  the  Const. 
Conv.  of  1791;  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  of  N.H. 
1782-90;  M.C.  1789-93;  U.S.  senator  1793- 
1801,  and  pres.  pro  tern,  in  1797  and  '99. 

Livermore,  Samuel,  an  eminent  lawyer 
of  N.Orleans;  d.  1833.  H.U.  1804.  Author 
of  "  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Principal  and 
Agent,  and  of  Sales  by  Auction,"  Boston,  8vo, 
1811 ;  "Disserts,  on  the  Contrariety  of  Laws  of 
Different  States  and  Nations,"  N.  Orleans,  8vo, 
1828. 

Livingston,  Brockholst,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1818),  jurist,  son  of  Gov.  William,  b.  N.Y. 
Nov.  25,  1757;  d.  Washington,  Mar.  19,  1823. 


He  entered  N.  J.  Coll.,  but  left  it  in  1776  to  join 
the  staff  of  Gen.  Schuyler,  com.  of  the  northern 
army.  He  was  afterward  attached  to  the  suite 
of  Arnold  with  the  rank  of  maj. ;  shared  in  the 
capture  of  Burgoyne  ;  and  was  promoted  to  a 
colonelcy.  In  1779  he  accomp.  John  Jay  to 
the  court  of  Spain  as  his  private  sec.  On*  his 
return,  in  1782,  he  studied  law,  and  was  adm. 
to  practice  in  Apr.  1783,  and  rose  to  eminence 
at  the  bar.  App.  Jan.  8,  1802,  a  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  N.Y.,  and  from  Nov.  1806 
to  his  death  was  a  judge  of  the  U.S.  Supreme 
Court.  An  upright  judge,  an  able  pleader,  and 
an  accomplished  scholar. 

Livingston,  Edward,  jurist  and  states- 
man, b.  Clermont,  Columbia  Co.,  N.Y.,  -26 
Mav,  1764;  d.  Rhinebeck,  N.Y.,  23  May, 
1836.  N.J.  Coll.  1781.  Great-grandson  of 
Rol)ert,  first  proprietor  of  the  manor  of  Liv- 
ingston, and  son  of  Robert  R.  His  mother 
was  Margaret  Beekman.  He  m.  Mary  McEvers 
of  N.Y.  City,  where  he  began  practice  in  178.5, 
and  soon  acquired  a  high  reputation  as  a  jurist 
and  advocate.  M.C.  in  1795-1801,  and  an  op- 
ponent of  the  administrations  of  Washington 
and  Adams  ;  app.  in  Mar.  1801  U.S.  dist.- 
atty.  for  N.  Y.,  and  chosen  mayor  for  two  years, 
being  at  the  same  time  judge  of  the  municipal 
court.  In  the  autumn  of  1803  he  became  a 
public  defaulter  in  consequence  of  the  miscon- 
duct of  a  clerk  ;  made  an  assignment  of  his 
property;  and,  in  Feb.  1804,  removed  to  New 
Orleans.  Having  lost  his  first  wife,  he  m.  a 
Creole,  Louise  Moreau  de  Lassy,  in  1 805,  Meet- 
ing great  professional  success  in  N.  Orleans, 
he  paid  in  full  the  debt  he  owed  the  govt. 
Becoming  involved  in  litigation  with  the  Federal 
Govt,  about  the  title  to  the  batture  lands  in  N. 
Orleans,  it  was  the  subject  of  a  special  message 
to  Congress,  7  Mar.  1808,  and  of  a  pamphlet 
by  Jefferson,  as  well  as  one  from  Livingston 
in  reply.  The  latter  gained  his  case.  One  of 
his  first  labors  in  La.  was  the  preparation  of  a 
code  of  judicial  procedure  in  force  from  1805 
to  182.5.  His  improvements  both  in  the  civil 
and  criminal  code  (begun  in  1821)  established 
his  fame  both  at  home  and  abroad.  In  regard 
to  capital  punishment,  he  approved  the  humane 
suggestions  of  Beccaria.  This  code  has  visibly 
influenced  the  legislation  of  several  countries. 
At  the  battle  of  New  Orleans,  8  Jan.  1815.  he 
acted  as  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Jackson,  who 
was  his  intimate  friend.  M.C.  from  La.  1823- 
9  ;  U.S.  senator  1829-31  ;  sec.  of  State,  May, 
1831-May,  1833;  and  minister  to  France  until 
the  close  of  1835.  In  Congress  he  attempted 
to  reform  the  criminal  code,  carried  laws  for 
the  protection  and  relief  of  American  seamen 
in  foreign  lands,  and  promoted  the  establish- 
ment and  increase  of  the  navy.  An  eloquent 
eulogy  upon  his  life  and  works  was  pronounced 
by  Mignet  in  1838,  before  the  French  Acad.,  of 
which  Livingston  was  a  member.  Amiability 
and  goodness  of  heart  were  noticeable  features 
of  his  character.  His  bro.-in-law  Davezac  pre- 
pared a  vol.  of  "  Reminiscences  of  Livingston," 
a  portion  of  which  app.  in  the  Democ.  Review, 
to  which,  about  1840,  he  was  a  frequent  contrib. 
He  pub.  Judicial  Opinions  delivered  in  the 
Mayor's  Court,  N.Y.  1 802  ;  "  Report  to  the  As- 
sembly of  La.  of  the  Plan  of  the  Penal  Code," 


xjrsr 


555 


urv 


8vo,  1822;  "System  of  Penal  Law  for  La.," 
1826;  and  "System  of  Penal  Law  for  the 
U.S."  1828.  —  See  Life  of  Livingston,  by  C.  H. 
Hunt,  8vo,  1864. 

Livingston,  Gen.  Henry,  b.  Livingston 
Manor,  N.Y.,  Jan.  19,  1752  ;  d.  there  May  26, 
1823.  He  m.  in  Canada  at  an  early  age  ;  was 
a  lieut.-col.  at  Saratoga;  and  com.  at  Stony 
Point  at  the  time  of  Arnold's  treason. 

Livingston,  Col.  Henry  Beekman, 
Revol.  officer,  b.  Livingston  Manor,  1750;  d. 
Rhinebeck,  N.Y.,  7  Nov.  1831.  Son  of 
Robert  R.  and  Margaret  Beekman.  He 
raised  a  company  in  Aug.  1775,  with  which  he 
accomp.  Montgomery  to  Canada;  and,  for  ser- 
vices in  the  capture  of  Chambly,  was  voted 
a  sword  by  Congress,  Dec.  1775.  Aide  to 
Schuyler  in  Feb.  1776;  lieut.-col.  in  May,  '76; 
col.  4th  N.Y.  batt.  Nov.  21,  1776  ;  resigned  in 
Jan.  1779.  He  was  with  Montgomery  at  Que- 
bec, and  disting.  himself  in  the  engagement  at 
Quaker  Hill,  R.I.  After  the  war,  he  was  atty.- 
gen.,  judge,  and  chief  justice  of  N.Y.,  and  a 
gen.  in  war  of  1812;  pres.  N.Y.  Soc.  of  Cin- 
cinnati. 

Livingston,  Henry  Walter,  M.C, 
1803-7,  b.  N.Y.  1764;  d.  Linlithgow,  N.Y., 
Dec.  22,  1810.  Y.C.  1786.  Educated  to  the 
law;  judge  of  C.C.P.of  Columbia  Co.,  N.Y.  ; 
sec.  to  Mr.  Morris,  ambassador  to  France  in 
1792. 

Livingston,  Col.  James,  Revol.  officer, 
b.  Canada,  1747;  d.  Saratoga  Co.,  N.Y. , Nov. 
20,  1832.  Son  of  John  and  Catharine  Ten 
Broeckof  the  branch  of  Robert,  nephew  of  the 
proprietor  of  the  Livingston  Manor.  Possess- 
ing some  influence  among  the  Canadians,  he 
became  col.  of  the  regt.  of  Canadian  refugees, 
who  joined  Gen.  Montgomery.  With  them  Liv- 
ingston captured  Fort  Chambly,  its  garrison  and 
stores ;  accomp.  Montgomery  in  his  invasion 
of  Canada;  and  participated  in  the  memorable 
attack  on  Quebec.  He  was  also  at  the  battle 
of  Stillwater,  and  served  to  the  end  of  the  war. 
His  brothers,  Lieut.-Col.  Richard  and  Capt. 
Abraham  were  in  the  same  corps.  He  resided 
at  Montreal,  where  he  m.  Elizabeth  Simpson. 
—  Ho/ gate. 

Livingston  John  Henry,  D.D.  (Utrecht, 
1770),  great-grandson  of  Robert,  and  son 
of  Henry ;  b.  Poughkeepsie,  N.Y.,  May  30, 
1746  ;  d.  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Jan.  20,  1825. 
Y.C.  1762.  He  began  to  study  law;  afterward 
studied  theology  in  Utrecht,  Holland  ;  and, 
having  been  ord.  by  the  classis  of  Amsterdam, 
in  1770  he  became  pastor  of  the  Dutch  Church 
in  N.Y.  City.  While  in  Holland,  he  procured 
the  independence  of  the  Amer.  churches  from 
the  Dutch  classis,  and  effected  a  union  be- 
tween the  former  in  1772,  —  two  parties  hav- 
ing formerly  divided  them.  In  1775  he  was 
m.  to  his  3d  cousin,  the  dau.  of  Philip  Living- 
ston ;  and  in  1786,  having  removed  from  N.Y. 
on  the  occupation  of  that  city  by  the  British, 
he  preached  at  Albany  3  years,  afterward  at 
Kingston  and  Poughkeepsie,  and  at  the  close 
of  the  war  returned  to  N.Y.  App.  by  the  gen. 
synod  in  1784  prof,  of  divinity,  it  was  not  till 
1795  that  a  regular  seminary  was  opened  under 
his  direction  at  Bedford,  L.I.  This  was  closed 
two  years  after  for  lack  of  support.     Dr.  L. 


then  resumed  his  labors  in  N.Y.  In  1807 
Dr.  L.  was  app.  pres.  and  prof,  of  theology  in 
Queen's  Coll.,  N.  Brunswick,  N.  J.  He  pub, 
"  A  Funeral  Service,"  "  Incestuous  Marriage," 
a  dissertation  on  marriage  with  a  sister-in-law, 
1816;  "Psalms  and  Hymns,"  &c. ;  "  Ref. 
Dutch  Ch.  inN.A.,"  1814;  and  some  occasional 
pieces.  —  See  Life,  by  Rev.  Alex.  Gunn,  N.Y. 
1829. 

Livingston,  Philip,  Revol.  statesman,  b. 
Albany,  Jan.  15,  1716;  d.  York,  Pa.,  June  12, 
1778.  Y.C.  1737.  4th  son  of  Philip,  who 
inherited  the  manor  of  Livingston  from  his  fa- 
•  ther  Robert.  He  became  a  prominent  mer- 
chant of  N.Y.  City  ;  was  an  alderman  in  17.54-8; 
and  became  a  member  of  the  legisl.  in  1759. 
He  was  one  of  the  com.  of  corresp.  with  the 
agent  for  the  Colony  in  Eng.,  Edmund  Burke. 
In  1764  he  reported  to  the  house  a  petition  to 
the  king,  afterwards  adopted,  opposing  the  in- 
tended taxation  of  the  Colonics  ;  and  in  1768, 
as  speaker,  he  signed  the  answer  of  the  house 
to  the  Boston  letter,  and  also  to  two  memorials 
to  the  British  parliament ;  in  1769  he  was  un- 
seated by  the  Tory  majority.  Member  of  the 
Cont.  Congress  in  1774-8,  he  not  only  signed 
but  strenuously  advocated  the  Decl.  of  Indep. 
Oct.  11.  1774,  he  was,  with  Lee  and  Jay,  app. 
to  prepare  a  memorial  to  the  people  of  JBritish 
America,  and  an  address  to  the  people  of  Great 
Britain.  April  26,  1775,  he  was  chosen  pres. 
of  the  Prov.  Congress;  and  Feb.  1,  1776,  was 
unanimously  elected  to  the  Assembly.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  senate  pending  the  question 
of  the  adoption  of  the  State  Constitution  ;  a 
member  of  the  board  of  the  Cont.  treasury  in 
1776,  and  of  its  marine  com.  in  1777.  He 
founded  the  professorship  of  divinity  at  Y.  C. 
in  1746 ;  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  N.Y. 
Society  Library,  and  of  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce ;  and  aided  materially  in  the  establish- 
ment of  Col.  Coll.  Previous  to  his  decease  he 
sold  part  of  his  property  to  sustain  the  public 
credit.  His  son  IIexryPhilip  was  a  member 
of  Washington's  family  in  1778. 

Livingston,  Robert  R.,  judge,  b.  1719; 
d.  Phila.  Dec.  9,  1775.  Eldest  son  of  Robert, 
merchant  of  New  York,  who  was  second  son 
of  the  first  owner  of  Livingston  Manor,  and 
who  d.  Clermont,  27  June,  1775,  a.  88.  App. 
judge  of  the  Admiralty  Court  in  1760  ;  and  in 
1763  a  justice  of  the  N.Y.  Sup.  Court;  rep. 
Duchess  Co.  in  the  Asrembly  1759-68;  corn- 
miss,  in  1767,  and  again  in  1773,  to  fix  a  line 
of  jurisdiction  between  N.Y.  and  Ms.  He  m. 
Margaret,  dau.  of  Col.  Henry  Beekman,  by 
whom  hehad  Chancellor  Robert  R.,  Janet  (who 
m.  Gen.  Montgomery),  Col.  Henry  B.,  and 
Edward.  —  Holgate. 

Livingston,  Robert  R.,  LL.D.,  states- 
man, b.  New  York,  Nov.  27,  1747  ;  d.  Feb.  26, 
1813.  Columb.  Coll.  1765.  His  ancestor  Rob- 
ert, of  a  noble  Scottish  family,  emig.  to  Amer. 
in  1678,  and  in  1686  obtained  a  patent  for  the 
manor  of  Livingston.  He  practised  law  with 
great  success  in  New  York;  but  in  1775  lost 
the  office  of  recorder,  which  he  obtained  in 
1773,  on  account  of  his  attachment  to  liberty  ; 
and  was  elected  to  the  Assembly,  and  sent  to 
Congress,  of  which  he  was  a  member  in  1775-7 
and  1779-81.    He  signed  the  Decl.  of  Indep. ; 


LIV 


556 


ULiO 


was  sec.  of  foreign  aflFairs  from  Aug.  1781  to 
Aug.  1783;  and  during  the  Revol.  signalized 
himself  by  his  zeal  and  efficiency  in  the  cause. 
Member  of  the  N.Y.  Const.  Conv.  in  Apr.  1777  ; 
he  was  chancellor  of  the  state  from  1777  until 
Feb.  1801,  as  such  administering  the  oath  of 
office  to  Washington  upon  his  inaug.  as  pres. 
In  1788  he  was  chairman  of  the  N.Y.  conven- 
tion to  consider  the  U.S.  Constitution,  and  prin- 
cipally instrumental  in  procuring  its  adoption. 
Minister-plenipo.  to  France  in  1801-4,  he  pro- 
cured the  cession  of  La.  in  Apr.  180.3,  and  a 
settlement  for  the  numerous  spoliations  by  the 
French  on  our  commerce.  Napoleon,  on  taking^ 
leave  of  him,  presented  to  him  a  splendid  snuff- 
box, with  a  miniature  likeness  of  himself  by 
Isabey.  While  in  Paris,  he  formed  a  friendship 
for  Fulton,  whom  he  materially  assisted  in  his 
plans  of  steam-navigation.  He  introduced  into 
N.  Y.  the  use  of  gypsum,  and  the  breed  of  me- 
rino sheep ;  and  was  pres.  of  the  N.Y.  Acad,  of 
Fine  Arts,  and  also  of  the  Agric.  Society.  Few 
men  have  been  concerned  in  events  of  greater 
importance  to  the  country, — the  Decl.  of  Indep., 
the  framing  of  the  Constitutions  of  N.Y.  and  of 
the  U.S.,  the  purchase  of  La.  Terr.,  the  germ 
of  many  important  States,  and,  lastly,  the  in- 
vention of  steam-navigation,  in  which  he  was 
the  efficient  coadjutor  of  Fulton.  He  pub. 
"Oration  bef.  the  Cincinnati,"  July  4,  1787; 
"Address  to  the  Soc.  for  Promoting  the  Arts," 
1808;  "Essays  on  Agriculture;"  "  Essay  on 
Sheep,"  London,  8vo,  1811. 

Livingston,  William,  LL.D.  (Y.C. 
1788).  Statesman,  bro.  of  Philip,  b.  Albany, 
ab.  Nov.  30,  1723  ;  d.  Elizabethtown,  N.  J., 
July  25,  1790.  Y.C  1741.  He  became  an 
eminent  member  of  the  bar  of  N.Y.  and  N.  J. 
In  1752  he  pub.  with  Wm.  Smith,  jun.,  the  first 
"  Digest  of  the  Colony  Laws,"  and  commenced 
a  weekly  political,  miscellaneous  journal,  the 
Independent  Reflector;  in  1757  he  pub.  in  de- 
fence of  Gov.  Shirley,  "  A  Review  of  the  Mili- 
tary Operations  in  N.A.,  from'  1753  to  April 
14,  1756,  in  a  Letter  to  a  Nobleman  ;"  in  1758 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Assembly.  He 
wrote  much  in  opposition  to  the  proposed 
American  Episcopate.  Having  purchased  a 
tract  of  land  in  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  he  built 
a  house,  which  he  called  "  Liberty  Hall ; "  in 
1773  he  removed  there,  where  he  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  He  early  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  Colonies ;  was  elected  a  delegate 
to  the  first  Cont.  Congress  from  N.  J.  in  1774; 
was  unanimously  re-elected  in  1775,  and  was 
put  on  several  of  the  most  important  commit- 
tees ;  but  was  recalled  June  5,  to  command  as 
brig.-gcn.  the  State  militia,  and  after  Wm. 
Fraiiklin  was  deposed,  in  June,  1776,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  office  of  gov.,  which  he  retained 
to  the  close  of  his  life.  In  the  trying  circum- 
stances in  which  N.  Jersey  was  placed,  as  a 
frontier  State,  during  the  Revol.,  he  conducted 
his  govt,  with  great  judgment  and  energy.  The 
British  made  several  expeditions  for  the  purpose 
of  kidnapping  that  "  Don  Quixote  of  the  Jer- 
seys" (as  they  called  the  gov.,  who  was  tall 
in  person  and  very  thin) ;  but  he  was  alwavs 
fortunate  enough  to  escape.  In  1787  he  was 
a  delegate  to  the  convention  which  framed 
the  Federal  Constitution;  he  refused  the  app. 


of  coraraiss.  to  superintend  the  construction 
of  the  Federal  buildings,  and  of  minister  to 
Holland.  A  Memoir  by  Theodore  Sedgewick, 
with  his  Corresp.,  was  pub.  in  1832.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  poem  called  "Philosophi- 
cal Solitude,"  1747  ;  a  funeral  oration  on 
President  Burr  of  Princeton  College ;  and  a 
variety  of  political  and  miscellaneous  tracts. 

Livius,  Peter,  counsellor  of  N.H.,  chief 
justice  of  Canada,  b.  Bedford,  Eng.,  1727;  d. 
Eng.  23  July,  1795.  He  received  an  hon.  de- 
gree from  H.tr.  in  1767.  A  resident  of  Ports- 
mouth, N.H.;  proscribed  as  a  loyalist  in  1778; 
chief  justice  from  May  31,  1777,  to  1786,  when 
he  went  to  England. 

Lloyd,  David,  an  early  and  influential 
Welsh  settler  in  Pa.;  d.  Chester,  Pa.,  1731,  a. 
75.  Arriving  in  Phila.  in  1686,  he  practised 
law  there,  and  was  in  that  year  commiss.  by 
"Wm.  Penn  atty.-gen.  of  the  province.  He  was 
also  dcp.  register-gen.  under  his  Welsh  friend 
Thos.  Ellis ;  was  frequently  a  member  of  the 
Assembly,  and  speaker  of  that  body ;  and  from 
1717  till  his  death  was  chief  justice  of  Pa.  He 
was  a  zealous  and  consistent  Quaker.  Quitr 
ting  Phila.  in  1700,  he  afterward  lived  at  Ches- 
ter. —  Smith's  Del.  Co. 

Lloyd,  Edward,  gov.  of  Md.  in  1 809-1 1 ; 
d.  Annapolis,  June  2,  1834,  a.  55.  M.C.  1806- 
9,  and  U.S.  senator  in  1819-26.  An  Edward 
Lloyd  was  member  of  the  Cont.  Congress  from 
Md.  in  1783-4. 

Lloyd,  James,  M.D.  (H.U.  1790),  physi- 
cian, b.  L.I.  Apr.  1728 ;  d.  Boston,  March  14, 
1810.  His  grandfather  James  came  from  Som- 
ersetshire, Eng.,  ab.  1670;  d.  Boston,  1693. 
Henry  his  father  owned  and  resided  on  a  val- 
uable estate  in  N.Y.,  and  m.  in  Boston  the  dau. 
of  John  Nelson.  James  studied  medicine  at  Strat- 
ford, Ct.,  at  Boston,  and  in  London  ;  returned 
1752 ;  and  for  58  years  had  an  extensive  prac- 
tice. He  was  for  some  time  surgeon  of  Castle 
"William ;  and  in  1 764  was  a  strenuous  advo- 
cate for  a  general  inoculation.  Among  the 
many  eminent  pupils  who  came  to  him  were 
Dr.  Joseph  Warren,  Dr.  Isaac  Rand,  Dr.  John 
Jeffries,  and  Dr.  John  Clarke.  Member  of  the 
Amer.  Philos.  Society.  —  Tkacher. 

Lloyd,  James,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1826),  states- 
man, son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Boston,  1769; 
d.  N.  Y.  April  5,  1831.  H.  U.  1787.  fie  re- 
ceived a  mercantile  training  in  his  native  city ; 
visited  Europe  in  1792 ;  and  resided  for  a  time 
in  Russia.  A  member  of  the  house  and  senate 
of  Ms.  as  early  as  1800.  He  was  disting.  as  a 
U.S.  senator  in  1808-13  and  1822-r6;  and  was 
chair,  of  the  com.  of  commerce  and  nav.  affairs, 
which,  as  he  was  in  the  minority  party,  evinces 
the  estimation  in  which  he  Avas  held.  He  pub. 
some  political  tracts,  the  last  of  which  relates 
to  the  British  colonial  intercourse;  was  an 
able  speaker ;  and  a  member  of  the  Acad,  of 
Arts  and  Sciences.  He  resided  in  Phila.  a  few- 
years  before  his  death.  He  m.  in  1809  the  dau. 
of  Samuel  Breck  of  Philadelphia. 

Lloyd,  Thomas,  succeeded  Penn  as  deputy 
gov.  of  Pa.  after  the  return  of  the  latter  to 
Eng.  1684-8,  b.  Dolobran,  Montgomeryshire, 
Wales,  1649;  d.  Jul3r  10,  1694.  Educated  at 
Oxford;  but,  embracing  the  principles  of  the 
Friends,  he  accomp.  Penn  to  America.  He  was 


I.OO 


55T 


JLOG- 


an  able  minister,  and  had  many  disputes  with 
the  clergy  and  nobility  of  Eng. ;  and  also  suf- 
fered imprisonments,  and  "much  loss  of  out- 
ward substance  "  in  his  native  land.  He  was 
also  much  exercised  by  the  rcvilings  of  that 
"miserable  apostate,"  George  Keith,  "which 
the  Lord  gave  him  patience  to  bear  and  over- 
come." In  1689  the  administration  again  de- 
volved on  him,  as  pres.  of  the  Council.  —  Coll. 
of  Quaker  Memorials. 

Locke,  David  Ross  {"  Nasby  "),  b.  Ves- 
tal, Broome  Co.,  N.Y.,  20  Sept.  1833.  Edu- 
cated at  a  common  school ;  learned  the  print- 
er's vrade  in  the  office  of  the  Cortland  Demo- 
crat ;  was  a  local  reporter  in  various  Western 
cities  ;  successively  editor  and  pub,  of  the  Ad- 
vertiser, Plymouth,  O.  (1852),  Herald,  Mans- 
field, 0.,  Journal,  Bucyrus,  0.,  and  Jefferso- 
nian,  Findlay,  O.,  in  which  he  commenced  his 
"Nasby"  letters  in  1860.  Since  editor  of  the 
Toledo  Blade.  He  is  a  successful  lecturer,  and 
as  a  political  satirist  is  unequalled.  Has  pub. 
"Nasby,"  1865;  "  Swingin'  Round  the  Cir- 
kle,"  1866;  and"Ekkoes  from  Kentucky;" 
also  a  score  or  more  of  pamphlets,  mostly  polit- 
ical. 

Locke,  Jane  Ermina,  poet,  b.  Worthing- 
ton,  Ms.,  Apr.  25,  1805;  d.  Ashburnhara,  Ms., 
March  8,  1859.  Mrs.  Locke,  formerly  Miss 
Starkweather,  was  long  a  contrib.  to  newspa- 
pers and  periodicals.  A  vol.  of  her  poems  was 
pub.  in  Boston,  1842;  "Rachel,  or  the  Little 
Mourner,"  1844;  "Boston,"  a  poem,  1846; 
"  The  Recalled,  or  Voices  of  the  Past,"  1855  ; 
and  a  Rhymed  Eulogy  on  the  death  of  Web- 
ster the  same  year.  She  m.  in  1829  John  G. 
Locke  of  Boston.  They  resided  in  Lowell 
from  1833  to  1849,  and  subsequently  in  Bos- 
ton. Mr.  Locke  pub.  in  1853  a  genealogy  of 
the  Locke  family.  —  See  Geneal.  Reg.  xxv.,  91. 

Locke,  Mathew,  statesman,  b.  near 
Salisbury,  N.C.,  1730;  d.  there  Sept.  7,  1801, 
Member  of  the  Congress  at  Halifax,  which,  in 
1776,  framed  the  State  constitution ;  also 
member  of  the  legisl.  which  ratified  the  U.S. 
Constitution;  and  was  M.C.  in  1793-9.  He 
also  served  30  years  in  the  legisl. ;  had  4  sons 
in  the  Revol.  army,  and  was  a  gen.  of  militia. 

Locke,  Samuel,  D.D.  (H.U.  1773),  pres. 
of  H.U.  from  March  21,  1770,  to  Dec.  1, 1773, 
b.  Woburn,Ms.,  Nov.  23,  1732;  d.  Sherborn, 
Jan.  15,  1778.  H.U.  1755.  A  descendant  of 
Deacon  V/m.,  who  was  brought  to  N.E.  a  child 
in  1635,  and  settled  in  Woburn.  Nov.  7,  1759, 
he  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Sherborn ;  dism. 
Feb.  2,  1770.  —  Sewall's  Woburn. 

Lockwood,  Henry  Hall,  soldier  and 
instructor,  b.  Kent  Co.,  Del.,  17  Aug.  1814. 
West  Point,  1836.  Entering  the  2d  Art.,  he 
served  against  the  Seminoles  in  Fla.,  and  re- 
signed 12  Sept.  1837.  Prof.  math.  U.S.  navy 
1841-61  ;  and  prof.  nat.  and  expcr.  philos. 
U.S.  Naval  Acad.,  since  Apr.  1866.  He  served 
at  the  capture  of  Monterey,  Cal.,  in  Oct.  1847  ; 
col.  1st  Del.  Vols.  25  May,  1861  ;  brig. -gen. 
vols.  8  Aug.  1861.  He  com.  an  exped.  to  the 
eastern  shore  of  Va.  in  Nov.  1861 ;  com.  the 
defences  of  the  Lower  Potomac,  Jan. -June, 
1863;  was  engaged  at  Gettysburg  1-3  July, 
1863  ;  and  in  the  Richmond  campaign.  May 
and  June,  1864;  participating  in  the  actions 


near  Hanover  C.H.,  May  30-June  1  ;  and 
com.  provis.  troops  for  defence  of  Baltimore 
against  raid  of  rebel  Gen.  Early,  July,  1864. 
Author  of  some  military  treatises.  —  Cullum. 

Lockwood,  James,  b.  Norwalk,  1714, 
minister  of  Wethersfield,  Ct.,  from  1739  to  his 
d.  July  20,  1772.  Y.C.  1735.  He  favored 
Mr.  Whitefield  when  he  visited  New  Eng.,  and 
declined  the  presidency  of  Princeton  and  Yale 
Colleges.  He  was  a  theologian  and  scholar, 
prudent,  benevolent,  and  faithful.  He  pub. 
some  sermons. 

Lockwood,  Samuel,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Ct.  Midshipm.  July  12,  1820;  lieut.  1828; 
com.  1850;  commo.  1867.  Served  in  1826  in 
sloop  "  Warren,"  engaged  in  ferreting  out 
Greek  pirates;  com.  steamers  "Petrel"  and 
"Scourge"  1847-8;  and  assisted  at  capture 
of  Vera  Cruz,  Tuspan,  and  Tabasco  ;  com. 
steamer  "  Daylight"  1861-2,  blockading  Wil- 
mington and  Beaufort,  York  River  and  New- 
port News;  silenced  confcd.  battery  at  Lynn- 
haven  Bay,  Va. ;  and  rescued  a  Baltimore  ship, 
and  assisted  in  the  capture  of  Fort  Macon ; 
retired  1  Oct.  1864.  —  Hamersh/. 

Logan  (Tah-gah-jute),  an  eloquent  Indi- 
an chief;  d.  1780,  a.  ab.  55.  He  was  named 
Logan  after  James  Logan,  sec.  of  Pa.  ;  and 
was  the  son  of  Shikellaney,  a  celebrated  Cayu- 
ga chief  who  dwelt  at  Shamokin  on  the  Sus- 
quehanna. Subsequently  to  1767,  he  removed 
to  the  West,  where,  in  1772,  the  Moravian  mis- 
sionary Heckwelder  met  him  on  the  Beaver 
River,  and  recognized  his  extraordinary  capa- 
city. He  spoke  English  with  fluency  and  cor- 
rectness. Logan's  family  were  massacred  by  a 
party  of  whites  in  the  spring  of  1774  ;  and,  in 
revenge,  Logan  butchered  men,  women,  and 
children,  and  took  part  in  the  battle  of  JPoint 
Pleasant,  Oct.  10,  1774.  The  Indians  were 
defeated,  and  sued  for  peace:  Logan  refused  to 
attend  the  treaty,  but  sent  by  an  interpreter,  in 
a  wampum  belt,  a  speech  of  great  eloquence 
and  pathos,  preserved  in  Jefferson's  "  Notes  on 
Va."  In  the  fall  of  1779  he  again  resumed 
his  onslaughts  on  the  banks  of  the  Holston. 
In  June,  1780,  he  joined  Capt.  Bird  of  Detroit 
in  a  bloody  raid  into  Kentucky.  Not  long 
after,  at  an  Indian  council  held  at  Detroit, 
while  frenzied  by  liquor,  he  felled  his  wife 
by  a  sudden  blow.  He  fled,  supposing  he  had 
killed  her.  Overtaken  between  Sandusky  and 
Detroit  by  a  troop  of  Indians,  whom  he  sup- 
posed her  avengers,  he  frantically  exclaimed 
that  the  whole  party  should  fall  by  his  wea- 
pons :  while  leaping  from  his  horse  to  execute 
his  threat,  an  Ind.  shot  him  dead.  —  See  Brantz 
Mayer's  Disc.  hef.  Md.  Hist.  Soc.  9  May,  1851. 

Logan,  Gen.  Benjamin,  an  early  pioneer 
of  Ky.,  b.  Pa.  ab.  1742;  d.  Shelby  Co.,  Ky., 
Dec.  11,1 802.  His  father,  an  Irishman,  came  to 
thiscountry  early  in  the  18th  century,  and  set- 
tled in  Pa.,  but  subsequently  removed  to  Aiigu.s- 
ta  Co.,  Va.  Young  Logan,  though  entitled  by 
the  laws  of  Va.  to  the  whole  of  the  landed 
property  of  his  father  at  his  decease,  distrib- 
uted it  between  his  bros.,  sisters,  and  mother. 
At  21  he  removed  to  the  banks  of  the  Holston, 
where  he  purchased  a  farm,  and  married.  He 
was  a  sergeant  in  Bouquet's  exped.  in  1764; 
and  in  1774  he  was  in  Dunmore's  exped.     In 


3L.OC3- 


558 


LOO 


1775  he  removed  to  Ky.,  and  soon  became  par- 
ticularly disting.  In  the  spring  of  1776  he 
took  his  family  to  a  small  settlement  called 
Logan's  Fort,  near  Harrodsburg;  here  he  was 
attacked,  May  20,  1777,  by  a  large  force  of  In- 
dians, through  which  he  made  his  way  alone, 
and  returned  with  supplies  for  his  party,  who 
soon  succeeded  in  driving  off  the  foe  with  loss. 
In  July,  1779,  he  was  second  in  com.  of  an 
unsuccessful  exped.  against  Chillicothe,  under 
Col.  Bowman.  He  was  engaged  in  agricul- 
tural pursuits  until  1788,  when  he  conducted 
an  exped.  against  the  north-western  tribes,  burn- 
ing their  villages,  and  destroying  their  crops. 
Upon  his  return  he  devoted  himself  to  the  civil 
affairs  of  the  country,  being  a  member  of  the 
convention  of  1792,  which  framed  the  first  con- 
stitution of  Ky.  William  his  son,  U.S.  senator 
1819-20,  d.  Aug.  8,  1822.—- McCluny  West. 
AdvenUire. 

liOgan,  Cornelius  A.,  poet  and  drama- 
tist, b.  Baltimore,  1800;  d.  Cincinnati,  Feb. 
22,  1853.  Educated  at  St.  Mary's  Coll.  for 
the  priesthood,  disinclination  to  this  career 
led  him  to  make  several  voyages  to  Europe  as 
a  supercargo.  Turning  his  attention  to  litera- 
ture, he  assisted  Paul  Allen  in  the  Baltimore 
Chronicle;  next  turned  theatrical  critic  in 
Phila. ;  and  was  afterward  a  comedian.  In 
1840  he  removed  to  Cincinnati.  He  was  a 
bold  defender  of  the  stage  against  pulpit  at- 
tacks. His  reply  to  a  sermon  by  Lyman 
Beccher  is  admirable  in  learning  as  in  temper. 
He  wrote  many  plays,  among  them  "  The 
Wag  of  Maine,"  3  acts,  1835;  "The  Wool- 
Dealer,"  a  farce,  written  for  Dan  Marble; 
"  Yankee  Land,"  a  comedy,  1834;  "Remov- 
ing the  Deposits;"  "  Astartc,"  an  adaptation 
of  Shelley's  "  Cenci ; "  "A  Hundred  Years 
Hence,"  a  burlesque.  His  poem  "  The  Mis- 
sissippi," was  copied  in  the  Edinburgh  Review, 
with  a  handsome  tribute  to  the  author.  His 
daughters  Eliza,  Olive,  and  Cecilia,  have 
achieved  distinction  on  the  stage. 

Logan,  Eliza,  actress,  b.  Phila.  Aug.  1830. 
Dau.  of  C.  A.  Logan ;  educated  at  an  acad.  at 
Lancaster,  Pa.  Trained  for  her  profession  by 
her  fiither,  she  made  her  d^M  Jan.  28,  1841, 
as  Norval,  at  the  Walnut-st.  Theatre,  Phila. 
She  first  app.  in  New  York  at  the  Broadway,  in 
June,  1850,  as  Pauline  in  "  The  Lady  of  Lyons." 
In  1859  she  m.  George  Wood  the  manager, 
bought  Wood's  Theatre,  Cincinnati,  and  retired 
from  the  stage.    Died  N.Y.  City,  Jan.  15,  1872. 

Logan,  George,  M.D.,  philanthropist,  b. 
Stanton,  Pa.,  Sept.  9, 17.53;  d.  there  Apr.  9, 1821. 
Grandson  of  James  Logan.  A*"ter  three  years' 
study  at  the  Med.  School  of  Edmburgh  (where 
he  took  his  degree),  he  made  a  tour  of  the  con- 
tinent, and  returned  to  America  in  1779.  He 
applied  himself  for  some  years  to  agriculture, 
which  he  was  one  of  the' first  in  America  to 
prosecute  successfully  in  a  scientific  manner ; 
also  served  several  terms  in  the  legisl. ;  and 
in  June,  1798,  embarked  for  Europe,  for  the 
purpose  of  attempting  to  avert  a  threatened 
war  between  America  and  France.  Dr.  Logan 
persuaded  the  French  Govt,  to  annul  the  em- 
bargo on  Amer.  shipping,  and  prepared  the 
way  for  a  negotiation,  which  terminated  in 
peace.     He  was  denounced  bv  the  Federalists, 


on  his  return,  as  the  treasonable  envoy  of  a 
faction  ;  and,  in  the  latter  part  of  1798,  an  act, 
known  as  "  Logan's  Act,"  was  passed  by  Con- 
gress, making  it  a  high  misdemeanor  for  a 
private  citizen  to  interfere  in  a  controversy  be- 
tween the  U.S.  and  a  foreign  country,  in  the 
manner  he  had  done.  U.S.  senator  from  Pa. 
from  1801  to  1807.  He  went  to  Eng.  in  1810, 
as  a  self-constituted  agent,  to  attempt  a  recon- 
ciliation of  the  difficulties  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  U.S.;  but  his  mission  was  fruitless 
An  active  member  of  the  Board  of  Agric.  and 
of  the  Philosophical  Society.  He  pub.  "  Ex- 
periments on  Gypsum," and  on  the  "Rotation 
of  Crops,"  in  1797.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  Friends.  His  widow  Deborah, 
skilled  in  the  early  history  of  Pa.,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Pa.  Hist.  Soc,  d.  Feb.  2,  1839,  a.  77. 

Logan,  James,  a  learned  writer  and  states- 
man, b.  Lurgan,  Ireland,  Oct.  20,  1674;  d. 
Oct.  31 ,  1 751 ,  at  Stanton,  near  Phila.  Of  Scot- 
tish parentage.  At  the  age  of  13  he  had  ac- 
quired Latin,  Greek,  and  some  Hebrew,  and 
afterwards  mastered  mathematics,  and  the 
French,  Italian,  and  Span,  languages.  While 
engaged  in  trade  between  Dublin  and  Bristol, 
Wm.  Penn  made  proposals  to  him  to  accom- 
pany him  to  Pa.  as  his  sec,  which  he  accepted, 
and  landed  in  Phila.  in  the  beginning  of  Dec. 
1699.  Upon  Penn's  return  to  Eng.  in  1701,  he 
left  his  sec.  invested  with  many  important  of- 
fices, which  he  discharged  with  fidelity  and 
judgment.  He  filled  the  offices  of  provincial 
sec,  commissioner  of  property,  chief  justice, 
and  upon  the  demise  of  Gov.  Gordon  in  Oct. 
1736,  governed  the  province  for  two  years  as 
pres.  of  the  council.  He  was  the  friend  of  the 
Indians,  possessed  uncommon  al)ilities,  and 
great  wisdom  and  moderation.  His  valuable 
library  of  2,000  vols,  he  bequeathed  lo  the  pub- 
lic. Author  of  "  Experimenta  Mfletinmta  de 
Plantarum  Generatione,"  written  in  1739;  of  two 
other  Latin  treatises  of  a  scientific  character, 
pub.  in  Holland;  of  an  English  translation  of 
Cicero's  "  De  Senectute,"  pub.  in  1744,  by  Benj. 
Franklin  ;  and  of  Cato's  "  Distichs,"  the  latter 
in  verse;  and  he  left  a  variety  of  papers  on 
ethics  and  philology.  Logan's  charges  as  chief 
justice  were  reprinted  abroad,  4to,  1736.  Wil- 
liam, his  eldest  son,  many  years  in  the  gov- 
ernor's council,  d.  June,  1801.  George  his 
grandson  was  a  disting.  philanthropist.  —  See 
Memoirs  of  Loc/an,  by  W.  Armistead;  Sketch,  by 
J.  F.  Fisher,  in  Sparks's  Franklin. 

Logan,  John  Alexander,  soldier  and 
senator,  b.  Jackson  Co.,  111.,  9  Feb.  1826.  U. 
of  Louisville,  1852.  After  receiving  a  common 
school  education  he  served  in  the  1st  111.  regt. 
in  the  Mex.  war,  rising  from  the  ranks  to  be 
lieut.  and  quarterm.  Studied  law;  was  adm. 
to  practice  in  1852;  made  prosec  atty.  3d  jud. 
dist. ;  and  was  a  Democ.  member  of  the  legisl., 
and  M.C.  in  18.59-62;  Repub.  M.C.  in  1867- 
71  ;  app.  minister  to  Mexico  in  Nov.  1865,  and 
declined;  chosen  U.S.  senator  for  the  term  of 
1871-7.  He  fought  at  Bull  Run  21  July,  1861, 
as  a  private  in  a  Mich,  regt.;  returned  to  111. 
in  Aug.,  and  raised  the  31st  111.  Vols.,  which 
he  com.  at  the  battle  of  Belmont;  severely 
wounded  in  the  attack  on  Fort  Donelson ; 
made  biig.-gen.  21  Mar.  1862;  afterward  com. 


luoa- 


559 


TLON^ 


tlie  forces  at  Jackson,  Tenn. ;  maj.-gen.  29 
Nov.  1862;  com.  3d  div.  17th  corps  (McPher- 
son's)  ill  theVicksburg  and  Atlanta  campaigns; 
com,  with  distinction  the  array  of  Tenn.  after 
the  fall  of  McPherson,  and  until  relieved  by 
Gen.  Howard  ;  and  engaged  in  the  battles  of 
Resaca,  Kenesaw,  Atlanta,  and  Bentonville 
(N.C.).  He  was  one  of  the  most  successful 
of  the  civilian  generals  of  the  war,  and  is  a 
vigorous  and  fluent  speaker. 

XjOgan,  Olive,  actress  and  lecturer,  dau. 
of  C.  A.  Logan,  b.  NY.  1841.  After  prelim- 
inary practice  in  the  West,  she  made  her  d^but 
Aug.  19,  1854,  at  the  Arch-st.  Theatre,  Phila. 
She  withdrew  from  the  stage,  and  sailed  for 
Havre  in  1857.  After  graduating  with  distinc- 
tion at  an  English  female  coll.,  she  became  a 
contrib.  to  English  and  French  papers,  and  in 
1860  pub.  two  novels,  "Chateau  Erisac"  and 
"Photographs  of  Paris  Life."  Aug.  29,  1864, 
she  reappeared  at  Wallack's  Theatre,  N  1^.,  in 
•'  Evelcen,"  her  own  play.  She  then  starred  in 
the  West  and  South,  and  re-appeared  in  N.Y., 
at  the  Broadway,  in  Nov.  1865,  in  the  play 
called  "  Sam,"  which  ran  nearly  100  nights. 
Retired  from  the  stage  in  1868,  and  has  since 
lectured  successfully,  principally  in  behalf  of 
the  woman's  rights  movement.  Married  P]d- 
mund  A.  Dclille,  Apr.  1857;  divorced  Dec. 
1865.  She  is  a  sprightly,  piquant  writer,  and 
was,  while  upon  the  stage,  one  of  its  ornaments. 
Besides  the  above  she  has  pub.  "  Women  and 
Theatres,"  1869,  and  a  play. 

Logan,  Sir  William  Edmond,  Canadian 
geologist,  b.  Montreal,  Apr.  23,  1798.  U.  of 
Edinburgh,  1817.  In  1818  he  entered  the  mer- 
cantile office  of  his  uncle  in  London,  and  be- 
came a  partner.  Returning  to  Canada  for  a 
brief  time,  his  attention  was  drawn  to  its  geol- 
ogy;  but  from  1829  to  1838  he  managed  a  cop- 
per-smelting and  coal-mining  establishment  in 
Swansea,  South  Wales,  in  which  his  uncle  was 
interested.  He  studied  the  coal-field  of  that 
region  ;  and  his  maps  and  sections  were  adopted 
by  the  ordnance  geol.  survey,  and  pub.  by  the 
govt.  He  was  the  first  to  demonstrate  that  the 
stratum  of  undcr-clay  which  underlies  the  coal- 
beds  was  the  soil  in  which  the  coal-vegetation 
grew.  In  1841  he  visited  the  coal-fields  of  Pa. 
and  Nova  Scotia,  and  communicated  several 
valuable  memoirs  to  the  Geol.  Society  of  Lon- 
don. He  was  at  the  same  time  app.  to  the 
head  of  the  geol.  survey  of  Canada,  where 
he  still  continues.  He  represented  Canada  at  the 
Great  Exhibition  in  London  in  1851,  and  was 
made  a  fellow  of  the  Roy.  Society;  and  was 
also  a  commiss.  at  the  Industrial  Exhibition  at 
Paris  in  1855,  where  he  received  from  the  Im- 
perial Commission  the  grand  gold  medal  of 
honor,  and  was  created  a  Knight  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor.  In  1856  he  was  knighted  by  the 
queen,  and  received  from  the  Geol.  Society  the 
Wollaston  Palladium  medal,  for  his  prominent 
services  in  geology.  His  pub.  works  will  be 
found  in  his  Annual  Reports  of  the  Canadian 
Survey,  Proceedings  of  the  British  Assoc,  and 
the  Geol.  Soc.,  embracing  important  papers  on 
the  geology  of  Canada  and  the  coal-districts  of 
Pa.  and  N.  Brunswick,  beside  his  researches  in 
Wales.  —  Morfjan. 

Lomax,  John  Tayloe,    LL.D.   (H.  U. 


1847),  jurist,  b.  Port  Tobago,  Va.,  Jan.  1781. 
Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  1798.  In  1799  he  began  to 
study  law,  and  in  1802  commenced  practice  on 
the  Rappahannock.  He  was  in  Fredericks- 
burg from  1805  to  1809 ;  spent  the  next  9  years 
at  Menokin,  Richmond  Co.;  and  in  1818  re- 
turned to  the  Fredericksburg  bar,  where  he 
practised  successfully.  Prof  of  the  school  of 
law  in  the  U.  of  Va.  in  1826-30  ;  assoc.  justice 
of  the  General  Court  in  1830-57.  Author  of 
a  "  Digest  of  the  Law  of  Real  Property," 
1839,  and  "  Law  of  Executors  and  Adminis- 
trators," 1841,  2d.  ed.,  2  vols.  1856,  greatly  im- 
proved. 

Long,  Armistead  L.,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A. 
of  Ga. ;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Peach-tree 
Creek,  Ga.,  July  20,  1864  ;  b.  Va.  1826.  West 
Point,  1850.  1st.  lieut.  2d.  Art.  1854;  A.D.C. 
to  Gen.  Sumner  from  May  20  to  his  resigna- 
tion, 10  June,  1861. 

Long,  Eli,  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Woodford 
Co.,  Ky.,  27  June,  1836.  Grad.  Milit.  School, 
Frankfort,  Ky.,  1855.  2d.  lieut.  4th  U.S.  Cav. 
June  27,  1856;  served  against  the  Cheyennes 
in  the  summer  of  1857,  and  against  the  Kio- 
was  and  Comanches  in  1860;  capt.  May  24, 
1861  ;  engaged  at  Tuscumbia  Creek,  Chaplin 
Hills;  wounded  at  Stone  River;  col.  4th  Ohio 
Cav. ;  com.  cav.  brigade,  and  engaged  at  Mur- 
freesboro,  TuUahoma,  Elk  River,  and  Chicka- 
mauga ;  pursuit  of  the  Confed.  Gen.  Wheeler, 
and  wounded  at  Farmington;  com.  in  raid  on 
Knoxville  and  Chatt.  R.R.,  and  action  of 
Knoxville,  Tenn  ;  in  the  Atlanta  campaign ; 
at  defeat  of  Wheeler  and  Roddy  ;  wounded  in 
rcconnoissance  on  Dalton;  and  in  raid  on 
Lovcjoy's  Station;  brig.-gen.  U.S.  vols.  Aug. 
1864;  com.  2d.  division  cavalry  corps,  and 
wounded  at  capture  of  Selma,  Ala.,  for  which 
brev.  brig,  and  maj.  gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865. 
Retired  16  Aug.  1867  (maj.-gen.  U.S.A.),  for 
disability  from  wounds.  — Henri/. 

Long,  Gabriel,  maj.  Revol.  army,  b. 
1751;  d.  Culpeper  Co.,  Va.,  3  Feb.  1827. 
He  fought  at  Hampton  and  Norfolk  in  1775  ; 
capt.  in  Morgan's  Rifle  Regt.  in  1776  ;  led  the 
advance  at  Saratoga,  and  began  the  battle 
there;  was  also  at  Yorktown ;  and  was  in  18 
engagements  of  the  war. 

Long,  John  Collins,  commodore  U.S.N., 
b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  1795 ;  d.  N.  Conwav, 
N.H.,  Sept.  2,  1865.  Midshipm.  1812  ;  served 
in  "  The  Constitution"  in  her  action  with  the 
British  frigate  "Java;"  lieut.  Mar.  5,  1817; 
com.  Feb.  25,  1838;  post-capt.  Mar.  6,  1849; 
commo.  retired  list,  July  16, 1862 ;  circumnavi- 
gated the  globe  while  a  commander  in  the 
navy ;  com.  the  frigate  "  Saranac "  in  the 
Mediterranean ;  and  conveyed  Kossuth  to 
America.  In  1858  sailed  in  the  flag-ship 
"  Merrimack  "  for  the  Pacific. 

Long,  CoL.  Nicholas,  Revol.  officer ;  d. 
near  Washington,  D.C.,  22  Aug.  1819,  a.  55. 
He  was  active  and  merit,  officer  of  dragoons 
in  the  Va.  and  N.C.  lines  of  the  army,  and 
col.  43d.  U.S.  Inf.  in  the  war  of  1812-15. 

Long,  Pierse,  Revol.  off.,  b.  Portsmouth, 
N.H.,  1739;  d.  there  Apr.  3,  1789.  Pierse 
his  father,  a  native  of  Limerick,  Ireland,  was 
a  merchant  of  Portsmouth  (1730-40).  His 
son  was   a  shipping-merchant,  a  delegate   to 


LON" 


560 


LO]S- 


the  prov.  Congress  in  1775,  col.  1st  N.H. 
regt.  1776.  In  the  retreat  from  Ticonderoga, 
his  com.  was  overtaken  by  the  9th  British 
regt.,  which  he  defeated ;  as  a  vol.  he  served  at 
the  surrender  of  Burgoyne;  delegate  to  Con- 
gress 1784-6;  State  councillor  1786-9;  dele- 
gate to  the  Const.  Conv.  1788,  and  was  app. 
by  Washington  coll.  of  Portsmouth  early  in 
1789. 

Long,  Robert  Cary,  d.  New  York,  1849. 
Author  of  "  Ancient  Architecture  of  Ameri- 
ca," 8vo,  1849.  He  contrib.  essays,  entitled 
"Architectonics,"  to  theN.  Y.  Lit.  World,  and  a 
paper  on  Aztec  Architecture  to  the  N.  Y.  Hist. 
Soc,  Trans.  —  AUibone. 

Long,  Stephen  Harriman,  col.,  chief 
of  topog.  engs.  U.S.A.,  b.  Hopkinton,  N.H., 
30  Dec.  1784;  d.  Alton,  111.,  4  Sept.  1864. 
Dart.  Coll.  1809.  Entering  the  eng.  corps  12 
Dec.  1814,  he  was  assist,  prof,  of  math,  at 
West  Point,  Mar.  1815  to  Mar.  1816;  had 
charge  of  explorations  between  the  Mpi.  and 
the  Kocky  Mountains  1818-23,  and  of  the 
sources  of  the  Mpi.  1823-4;  survey  of  Bait. 
and  Ohio  Railroad  1827-30;  improvement 
of  Western  rivers  and  Lake  harbors  at  different 
times ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  top.  engs.  29  Apr. 
1826;  maj.  7  July,  1838;  col.  9  Sept.  1861; 
and  col.  corps  of  engs.  3  Mar.  1863 ;  retired  1 
June,  1863.  An  account  of  his  first  exped.  to 
the  Rocky  Mts.  (of  which  one  of  the  highest 
was  named  from  him  "  Long's  Peak  "),  by  Ed- 
win James,  was  pub.  1823  ;  and  an  account  of 
his  second  exped.,  by  W.  H.  Keating,  in  1824. 
His  "Railroad  Manual,"  1829,  was  the  first 
original  treatise  of  the  kind  pub.  in  America. 
Member  of  Amer.  Philos.  Soc. 

Longacre,  James  Barton,  engraver,  b. 
Del.  Co.,  Pa.,  11  Aug.  1794  ;  d.  Phila.  Jan.  1, 
1869.  Descended  from  an  early  Swedish  set- 
tler upon  the  banks  of  the  Delaware,  the  fami- 
ly name  having  been  originally  Longker.  He 
served  his  apprenticeship  as  hist,  and  port,  en- 
graver with  Murray  of  Phila.,  and  from  1819 
to  1831  was  employed  in  illustrating  some  of 
the  best  works  then  issuing  from  the  Amer. 
press.  In  conjunction  with  James  Herring  of 
K.Y.,  he  began  the  pub.  of  the  "National 
Port.  Gallery  of  Disting.  Americans,"  4  vols. 
8vo,  1834-9,  which  he  afterward  continued 
alone.  Many  of  the  portraits  in  the  work  are 
from  Mr.  L's.  drawings  from  life,  and  are  ad- 
mirably executed.  During  the  last  25  years 
of  his  life  (1844-69)  he  was  engraver  to  the 
U.S.  Mint.  The  new  coins  struck  during  that 
period  —  thedoubleeagle,  tlie  three-dollar-piece, 
the  gold  dollar,  &c.  — were  made  by  him  from 
his  own  designs.  One  of  the  latest  acknowl- 
edgments of  his  success  in  this  dept.  was  a 
commiss.  from  the  govt,  of  Chili  to  superin- 
tend the  remodelling  of  the  entire  coinage  of 
that  country,  —  a  work  completed  a  year  or 
two  before  his  death. 

Longfellow,  Ernest  W.,  portrait,  genre, 
and  landscape  painter  of  Boston,  son  of  the 
poet  Longfellow,  b.  Cambridge,  23  Nov.  1845. 
Camb.  Scient.  School,  1865.  Studied  at  Paris 
during  the  winter  of  1865-6,  visited  Italy,  and 
returned  home  in  the  tiall  of  1866.  After  a 
second  absence  of  18  months  in  1868-9,  he  re- 
turned again  from  Europe  with  many  sketches, 


and  several  copies  made  in  the  Louvre.    He  is 
an  artist  of  much  promise. 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth,  LL.D. 
(H.  U.  1859),  poet,  b.  Portland,  Me.,  Feb.  27, 
1807.  Bowd.  Coll.  1825.  Son  of  Hon.  Stephen. 
At  an  early  age  he  produced  the  "  Hymn  of  the 
Moravian  Nuns,"  "The  Spirit  of  Poetry," 
"  Woods  in  Winter,"  and  "  Sunrise  on  the 
Hills."  After  studying  law  in  his  father's  office, 
he  became  prof,  of  modem  languages  and  lit- 
erature at  Bowd.  Coll.;  spent  4  years  (1826-30) 
in  France,  Spain,  Italy,  and  Germany;  and 
was  in  1835-54  prof,  of  modem  languages  and 
belles-lettres  at  H.  U.  He  made  a  second  Eu- 
ropean tour  in  1835-6.  Shortly  after  connect- 
ing himself  with  Harvard,  he  took  quarters 
in  the  old  Craigie  House,  the  Washington  head- 
quarters, Avhich  he  has  since  purchased.  In 
his  contributions  to  t\i&  N.  A.  Review,  in  \i\s 
translation  of  the  "Coplas  de  Manrique  "  (1833)^ 
and  in  his  "Outre-Mer"  (1835),  he  endeavored 
to  cultivate  a  taste  here  for  European  litera- 
ture. He  pub.  "  Hyperion,"  an  exquisite  prose 
romance,  and  "  Voices  of  the  Night,"  in  1839; 
"Ballads  and  other  Poems,"  1841;  "Poems 
on  Slavery,"  1842;  "The  Spanish  Student," 
1843;  "Poets  and  Poetry  of  Europe,"  1845; 
"The  Belfry  of  Bruges,"  1846;  "Evangeline," 
1847;  "I^vanagh,"a  novel,  1849;  "Seaside 
and  Fireside,"  1850;  "  The  Golden  Legend," 
1851 ;  "The  Song  of  Hiawatha,"  his  most  pop- 
ular work,  1855;  "The  Courtship  of  Miles 
Standish,"  1858  ;  "Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn," 
1863;  "Flower  de  Luce,"  1866;  and  "  New- 
England  Tragedies,"  1868.  Many  of  his  other 
poems  are  scattered  through  numerous  periodi- 
cals. "  As  a  translator,  he  has  succeeded  ad- 
mirably in  preserving  the  spirit  of  the  originals, 
and  as  a  poet  he  appeals  to  the  universal  affec- 
tions of  humanity  by  thoughts  and  images  de- 
rived from  original  perceptions  of  nature  and 
life."  His  works  have  passed  through  many 
editions,  both  in  this  country  and  in  Eng.  He 
has  been  a  fi-equcnt  contrib.  of  occasional  poe- 
try to  the  Atlantic  Monthly.  His  translation  of 
Dante  (3  vols.  1867-70)  is  remarkable  for  fidel- 
ity to  the  original.  No  poet  of  the  U.S.  is  so 
popular  and  well  known  in  Eng.  Mr. 
Longfellow's  second  wife  was  bumed  to  death 
in  1861.  His  son  Ernest  Wadsworth  is  an 
artist  in  Boston. 

Longfellow,  Rev.  Samuel,  poet,  bro.  of 
II. W.,  b.  Portland,  June  18,  1819.  H.U. 
1839.  Ord.  at  Fall  River,  Ms.,  Feb.  16,  1848, 
afterward  settled  at  Brooklyn,  N.Y.  Pub.,  in 
conjunction  with  Rev.  Samuel  Johnson, 
"  Hymns  of  the  Spirit,"  a  beautiful  vol.  of  sa- 
cred poetry,  and,  withT.  W.  Higginson, "  Tha- 
latta,  a  Book  for  the  Seaside,"  12mo,  1853; 
also  author  of  "A  Book  of  Hymns." 

IiOngfellow,  Stephen,  LL.D.  (Bowd. 
Coll.  1828),  lawyer  and  politician,  b.  Gorham, 
Me.,  23  June,  1775  ;  d.  Aug.  2,  1849.  H.  U. 
1798.  His  ancestor  Wm.  of  Newbury,  b.  Hamp- 
shire, Eng.,  1651,  m.  Ann  Scwall  in  1676,  and 
was  drowned  at  Auticosti  1690.  Descended  on 
the  mother's  side  from  John  Aldcn  the  Pilgrim. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1801 ;  practised  with  suc- 
cess in  Portland;  delegate  to  the  Hartford  Conv. 
in  1814;  M.C.  1823-5;  pres.  of  the  Me.  Hist. 
Soc.  in  1834.     He  compiled  16  vols,  of  Ms. 


jl.o:n- 


561 


LOO 


and  12  vols,  of  Me.  Reports.  Father  of  H.  TV. 
the  poet,  and  of  Rev.  Samuel. 

Longstreet,  Augustus  Baldwin,  LL.D. 
(Y.C.  1841),  educator  and  author,  son  of  Wm., 
b.  Augusta,  Ga.,  Sept.  22,  1790;  d.  Oxford, 
Mpi.,  9  Sept.  1870.  Y.C.  1813.  He  studied 
law  at  Litchfield,  Ct. ;  was  adm.  to  practise 
1815;  represented  Greene  Co.,  Ga.,  in  the  legisl. 
in  1821  ;  in  1822  was  made  judge  of  the  Supe- 
rior Court  of  Ockmulgee  circuit.  Declining  re- 
election to  the  bench,  he  returned  to  the  bar, 
and  became  especially  disting.  in  criminal  cases. 
An  ardent  State-rights  man,  his  "Bob  Short" 
articles  exerted  great  influence  in  nullification 
times;  and  he  established  at  that  time  the  Au- 
gusta Sentinel.  In  1838  he  entered  on  the  min- 
istry of  the  M.  E.  Church,  and  in  1839  con- 
tinued his  ministrations  in  Augusta  during  a 
terrible  epidemic  Pres.  of  Emory  Coll.  in  1 839- 
48;  of  C-'utenary  Coll.,  La.,  for  a  short  time; 
of  Mpi.  U.  until  1856;  and  subsequently  of 
S.C.  Coll.  A  frequent  contrib.  to  newspapers, 
magazines,  and  reviews.  Among  his  best  ef- 
forts arc  his  Inaug.  at  Emory  Coll.,  his  Bacca- 
laureate at  S.C.  Coll.  (1858),  and  a  sermon  on 
Infidelity.  He  also  pub.  "Letters  to  Clergy- 
men of  the  Northern  Meth.  Church  "  on  sla- 
very ;  speech  in  the  convention  at  Louisville, 
Ky.,  for  organizing  the  South.  Meth.  Church; 
"Letters  from  Ga.  to  Ms. ; "  and  an  able  review 
of  the  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  the 
case  of  McCullough  vs.  the  State  of  Md.  As  a 
humorous  ^vriter,  he  is  also  disting.  for  his 
"  Georgia  Scenes,"  and  "  Master  Wm.  Mitten," 
a  novel ;  and  has  contrib.  to  the  Magnolia  Mag- 
azine, the  Southern  Lit.  Messenger,  the  Meth. 
Quarterly,  and  the  Nineteenth  Century. 

Longstreet,  Gen.  James,  b.  Ala.  1820. 
West  Point,  1842.  Entering  the  4th  Inf.,  he 
became  1st  lieut.  8th  Inf.  23  Feb.  1847 ;  was 
adj.  in  1847-9;  brev.  capt.  for  Contreras  and 
ChurL.busco  20  Aug.  1847,  and  major  for  Mo- 
lino  del  Rey  8  Sept. ;  and  was  disting.  and  se- 
verely wounded  at  Chapultepec ;  capfe.  7  Dec. 
1852;  paym.  (rank  of  major)  19  July,  1858; 
and  resigned  1  June,  1861.  Made  brij|.-gen. 
Confed.  army  1  Oct.  1861,  having  previously 
com  the  4th  brigade  of  Beauregard's  1st  corps 
at  Bull  Run  21  July;  made  maj.-gen  17  June, 
1862;  lieut.-gen.  8  May,  1864;  and  was  dis- 
ting. in  all  of  Lee's  campaigns.  He  was  in  the 
battles  of  the  Peninsular  campaign  and  that 
against  Pope ;  com.  the  right  wing  at  Antie- 
tam,  and  the  left  at  Fredericksburg,  13  Dec. 
1862  ;  com.  the  1st  corps  at  Chancellorsville,  at 
Gettysburg,  at  Chickamauga,  1 9-20  Sept.  1 863 ; 
in  the  exped.  against  Knoxville  in  Nov.  1 863 ; 
rejoined  Lee  in  Mar.  1864 ;  disting.  and  dan- 
gerously wounded  in  the  battles  of  the  Wilder- 
ness, 6  May,  1864 ;  went  to  the  aid  of  Early  in 
the  Shenandoah  Valley ;  participated  in  the 
battles  and  operations  of  Lee's  army  in  Va.  in 
1864-5;  and  surrendered  with  Lee  in  April, 
1865.  He  was  regarded  as  Lee's  right  hand, 
and  was  called  by  the  soMiers  "  Uncle  Peter." 

Longstreet,  William,  inventor,  b.  N.  J. 
ab.  1760;  d.  Ga.  1814.  He  removed  to  Ga. ; 
and  ab.  1790  constructed  a  small  model  steam- 
boat which  made  5  miles  per  hour  against  the 
stream  on  the  Savannah  River.  He  next  in- 
vented the  "breast  roller,"  moved  by  horse- 


power, entirely  superseding  the  former  method 
of  ginning  cotton,  two  of  which  he  set  up  in 
Augusta,  which  were  propelled  by  steam,  and 
worked  admirably.  They  were,  however,  soon 
destroyed  by  fire.  He  next  erected  steam-mills 
near  St.  Mary's,  Ga.,  which  were  destroyed  by 
the  British  in  an  invasion  in  the  war  of  1812. 
These  disasters  impoverished  and  discouraged 
him,  but  did  not  destroy  his  belief  that  steam 
would  soon  supersede  all  other  motive-powera. 

Longueuil  (deh-lon'-gul),  Paul  Joseph 
DE,  b.  Canada;  d.  Tours,  France,  May  12, 
1778.  Son  of  Charles  Le  Moine,  and  bro.  of 
Charles,  second  baron  of  Longueuil.  Capt.  in 
the  troops  of  the  marine ;  com.  of  Detroit 
1747 ;  lieut.-gov.  of  Three  Rivers,  and  subse- 
quently of  Quebec.  He  m.  in  Canada  after 
1763;  and  fought  against  the  Americans  in 
1 775.  —  0'  Callaghan. 

Longworth,  Nicholas,  wine  manufac- 
turer, I).  Newark,  N.  J.,  Jan.  16,  1782;  d.  Cin- 
cinnati, Feb.  10,  1863.  In  his  youth  he  was  a 
clerk  in  the  store  of  an  elder  bro.  in  S.C.  At 
the  age  of  21  he  migrated  to  Cincinnati,  then 
just  settled  ;  studied  law  under  Jacob  Burnet, 
and,  foreseeing  the  future  growth  of  the  place, 
out  of  his  professional  earnings  purchased  con- 
siderable tracts  of  land,  long  since  covered  by 
the  rapidly-increasing  city.  Retiring  after  25 
years'  practice  from  the  bar,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  culture  of  the  grape,  with  a  view  to 
wine  manuf.,  but  was  unsuccessful  until  he 
tried  the  species  indigenous  to  our  soil.  His 
Catawba  and  Isabella  wines  attained  a  high 
market-value.  He  had  200  acres  of  vineyards. 
He  was  also  favorably  known  as  a  horticulturist 
by  his  experiments  on  the  sexual  character  of 
the  strawberry.  He  was  kindly,  but  eccentric, 
giving  much  to  those  whom  he  called  "  The 
Devil's  Poor,"  —  the  vagabonds  and  estrays  of 
social  life.  At  his  death,  his  property  was 
estimated  at  nearly  15  million  dollars.  He  pub. 
"Buchanan's  Treatise  on  the  Grape,  with  an 
Appendix  on  Strawberry-Culture  by  N.  L." 
Svo,  1852,  rev.  ed.  1856. 

Looker,  Othniel,  acting  gov.  of  0.  1814, 
b.  on  L.I.,  N.Y.,  Oct.  4,  1757;  d.  Palestine, 
111.,  5  Apr.  1845.  He  began  life  as  a  weaver's 
apprentice,  but  by  his  own  exertions  obtained 
a  liberal  education  ;  served  5  years  in  the  Revol. 
army,  and  in  both  branches  of  the  legisl.  of 
N.Y.  In  1804  he  removed  to  Hamilton  Co., 
0.,  and  soon  after  was  elected  to  the  State 
senate,  where  he  continued  by  re-election  for 
many  years.  In  1814  he  became  gov.  by  virtue 
of  his  oflSce  as  speaker  of  the  senate,  in  place 
of  Gov.  R.  J.  Meigs  ;  seven  years  assoc.  judge 
C.CP. 

Loomis,  Elias.LL.D,  (U.  of  N.Y.  1854), 
physicist,  b.  Tolland  Co.,  Ct.,  Aug.  1811.  Y.C. 
1830.  Tutor  there  1836-9.  He  was  the  first 
American  who  saw  Halley's  comet  at  its  return 
in  Aug.  1835,  of  which  he  pub.  an  account  in 
\\\Q  Jour,  of  Science.  After  a  visit  to  Europe 
in  1836-7J  he  became  prof,  of  nat.  philos.  in 
the  W.  Reserve  Coll.,  0. ;  from  1844  to  1859 
held  the  same  chair  in  the  U.  of  N.Y. ;  and 
succeeded  Prof.  Olmstead  in  the  same  chair  at 
Y  C.  1860,  which  he  now  holds.  Between  1845 
and  1849  he  was  employed,  under  tlie  direction 
of  the  supt.  of  the  coast-survey,  in  determining 


X.OO 


562 


LOR 


the  difference  of  longitude  between  N.Y.  and 
other  cities  by  means  of  the  electric  telegraph. 
The  velocity  of  the  electric  current  was  thus 
first  determined.  He  has  pub.  Elements  of 
Algebra,  of  Geometry  and  Conic  Sections, 
of  Analytical  Geometry,  and  of  Differential 
and  Integral  Calculus,  "  Trigonometry  and 
Tables,"  "  Introduction  to  Practical  Astron- 
omy," "  Recent  Progress  of  Astronomy,"  a 
treatise  on  Meteorology,  on  Arithmetic,  and 
"  Elements  of  Natural  Philosophy."  He  has 
contrib.  a  large  number  of  papers  on  astronomy, 
magnetism,  meteorology,  &c.,  to  the  Trans. 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  and  to  the  Jour,  of  Science; 
one  on  storms  to  the  Smiths.  Contribs. ;  and 
astron.  papers  to  Gould's  Astron.  Journal,  and  to 
the  Trans,  of  the  Amer.  Asso.  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science.  His  son  Francis  English, 
Ph.  D.(18G6),  Y.C.  1864,  is  prof,  of  physics 
at  Cornell  U.  University. 

LoODlis,  GusTAvus,  brevet  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Vt.  West  Point,  1811.  Lieut,  of 
art.  Mar.  I,  1811  ;  capt.  7  Apr.  1819;  maj.  2d 
Inf.  July  17,  1838  ;  lieut.-col.  6th  Inf.  Sept.  22, 
1840;  col.  5th  Inf.  Mar.  9,  1851  ;  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  Mar.  13,  1865;  retired  June  I,  1863.  At 
the  capture  of  Ft.  George,  U.C.,27  May,  1813; 
was  captured  at  Fort  Niagara,  19  Dec.  1813  ; 
and  was  at  the  battle  of  Okeechobee,  Fla.,  25 
Dec.  1837. 

Loomis,  Rev.  Justin  R.,  L.L.D.,  prof,  of 
chemistry  and  geology  at  Lewisburg  U.,  Pa. ; 
pres.  since  1859;  b.  Bennington,  N.Y.,  1810. 
Author  of  "Elements  of  Geology,"  1852; 
"  Anatomy  and  Physiology,"  1853. 

Lopez,  Don  Francisco  Solano,  dictator 
of  Paraguay,  b.  Asuncion,  Paraguay,  24  July, 
1831  ;  killed  in  battle,  I  Mar.  1870.  Educated 
in  Europe.  Minister  to  France  1853-62,  nego- 
tiating treaties  with  Eng.,  France,  and  Sardinia. 
Assumed  the  presidency  on  the  death  of  his 
father  Carlos  Antonio,  10  Sept.  1862.  He 
declared  war  against  Brazil  in  Dec.  1864,  and 
com.  his  army  in  person  with  varying  success, 
prolonging  the  contest  until  his  resources  were 
exhausted,  and  his  country  ruined.  His  defence 
of  Humaita  was  desperate  and  brilliant;  and 
he  contested  the  ground  inch  by  inch  against 
overwhelming  numbers.  —  See  Washburne's 
Paraguay. 

Lopez,  Narciso,  Cuban  revolutionist,  b. 
Venezuela,  1799;  garrotted  at  Havana,  Sept. 
20,  1851.  His  father  conducted  a  commercial 
house  at  Caracas,  a  branch  of  which,  at  Va- 
lencia in  the  interior,  was  placed  under  the 
charge  of  Narciso,  when  quite  young.  During 
the  troubles  of  1814,  he  sided  with,  the  popular 
party,  but  enlisted  in  the  Spanish  army,  in 
which  he  was  a  col.,  in  1 822.  After  the  Spanish 
evacuated  Venezuela,  Lopez  went  to  Cuba, 
where  he  established  himself,  soon  making  him- 
self cons])icuous  by  his  advocacy  of  liberal  prin- 
ciples. During  the  first  Cnrlist  troubles,  he 
was  in  Madrid  on  private  business,  and,  joining 
the  royalist  party,  was  honored  by  the  queen, 
but  threw  up  his  offices,  including  that  of 
senator  for  Seville,  after  the  refusal  of  the  Cortes 
to  admit  the  representatives  of  Cuba.  On  his 
return,  he  was  employed  by  Gov.-Gen.  Valdes 
in  various  capacities ;  also  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  the  exploration  of  copper  mines.     In 


1849  Lopez  came  to  the  U.S.,  and  organized 
the  force  which  made  the  attempt  at  an  invasion 
known  as  the  Round  Island  exped.  In  Aug. 
1851  he  again  landed  in  Cuba  at  Bahia  Honda, 
but  after  a  brief  contest  was  captured  and  exe- 
cuted. 

Loras,  Mathias,  D.D.,  R.C.  bishop  of 
Dubuque,  consec.  July  28,  1837  ;  d.  Feb.  19, 
1858. 

Lord,  Benjamin,  D.D.  (Y.C.  1774),  min- 
ister of  Norwich,  Ct.,  from  Oct.  1717,  to  his  d. 
in  Apr.  1784,  a.  90.  Y.C.  1714.  Tutor  there 
1715-16.  He  pub.  a  Half-Century  Discourse 
Nov.  29,  1767,  and  some  sermons.  —  Spraque. 

Lord,  Daniel,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1846),anemi. 
nent  lawver  of  N.Y.  City,  b.  Stonington,  Ct., 
Dec.  179'4;  d.  N.Y.  City,  March  4,  1868. 
Y.C.  1814.  He  studied  law  at  Litchfield  ;  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1817  ;  became  thorough- 
ly versed  in  commercial  law ;  and  acquired  a 
very  large  practice  and  great  wealth.  He  was 
employed  in  most  of  the  cases  involving  large 
moneyed  interests  for  a  period  of  50  years. 

Lord,  Eleaz  VR,  LL.D.  (U.  of  N.Y.  1866), 
author  and  philanthropist,  b.  Franklin,  Ct.,  9 
Sept.  1788;  d.  Piermont,  N.Y,  3  June,  1871. 
Received  the  hon.  degree  of  A.M.  from  Dartm. 
in  1821,  and  from  Wms.  Coll.  in  1827.  Rufus, 
Thomas,  and  David  N.,  well-known  merchants 
of  N.Y.,  were  his  bros.  He  studied  at  Ando- 
ver ;  removed  to  N.Y.  in  1809;  pub.  a  pam- 
phlet which  led  to  the  formation  of  the  Amer. 
and  other  educational  societies ;  entered  the 
ministry  in  1812,  and,  after  2  years  of  occasion- 
al preaching,  was  compelled  by  weakness  of 
the  eyes  to  abandon  professional  study.  To- 
wards the  end  of  1815,  he  took  the  lead  in  found- 
ing the  N.Y.  S.S.  Union  Soc,  of  which  he  was 
corresp.  sec.  in  1818-26,  and  pres  in  1826-36  ; 
also  assisting  in  the  formation  of  the  Home  and 
Foreign  Missionary,  and  other  philanthropic 
societies.  In  1817-18  he  was  in  Europe,  where 
he  enjoyed  the  acquaintance  of  many  (listing. 
men.  After  his  return,  he  engaged  in  banking 
in  N.  Y.  City  ;  advocated  the  protection  of 
Amer.  manufactures,  and  induced  Henry  Clay 
to  investigate  the  subject  more  fully  than  he 
had  done,  and  to  avow  himself  in  opposition 
to  free-trade.  Founder  of  the  Manhattan  Ins. 
Co.,  and  its  pres.  in  1821-34;  he  introduced 
important  changes  in  the  whole  system  of  in- 
surance. Prominent,  also,  in  establishing  the 
Eric  Railroad,  and  its  pres.  from  its  organiza- 
tion until  1845,  managing  its  affairs  with  scru- 
pulous fidelity.  In  his  "Principles  of  Curren- 
cy and  Banking,"  1829,  3d  ed.  1835,  he  rec- 
ommended the  system  adopted  in  1838  in  N.Y., 
and  afterward  in  several  other  States,  known 
as  the  "  free-banking  system."  He  also  assist- 
ed in  founding  the  theol.  seminaries  at  Au- 
burn and  at  E.  Windsor,  and  in  establishing 
the  U.  of  N.Y.,  of  which  he  was  for  many 
years  a  trustee.  Removing  to  Piermont  in 
1836,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  composition 
of  theol.  works,  among  which  are,  "  Geology 
and  Scriptural  Cosmogony,"  1843  ;  "  The 
Epoch  of  Creation,"  1851  ;  "The  Messiah  in 
Moses  and  the  Prophets,"  1853  ;  "  Symbolic 
Prophecy,"  1854  ;  "  Plenary  Insp.  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures,"  1857  ;  "  The  Prophetic  office  of 
Christ,"   1858;    "Analysis  of  the  Book  of 


r.oR 


663 


LOS 


Isaiah,"  1861,  &c.  In  1861  he  pub.  a 
"  Letter  on  National  Currency,"  addressed  to 
the  sec.  of  the  treas.,  recommending  the  estab- 
lishmentof  a  free-banking  system ;  and  in  1865 
articles  on  the  currency  in  the  Internal  Revenue 
Recorder.  He  edited  Lempriere's  "  Biograph- 
ical Dictionary,"  adding  selections  from 
Watkins,  and  some  800  original  articles  of 
Amer.  biog.,  mostly  prepared  for  the  press  by 
his  bro.  David  N.,  and  pub.  2  vols.  8vo,  N.Y., 
1825.  He  was  an  accomplished  scholar,  an 
upright  and  liberal  man,  and  a  successful  pro- 
jector of  comprehensive  schemes  for  the  public 
good. 

Lord,  Natha-n,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  clergyman, 
b.  S.  Berwick,  Me.,  Nov.  28,  1793  ;  d.  Hanover, 
N.H.,  Sept.  9,  1870.  Bowd.  Coll.  1809;  And. 
Thcol.  Sem.  1815.  Two  years  an  assist,  at 
Phillips  Exeter  Acad. ;  ord.  pastor  of  the  Cong, 
church,  Amherst,  N.H.,  May  22,  1816;  and 
from  Oct.  29,  1828,  to  July,  1863,  was  pres.  of 
Dartm.  Coll.  Dr.  Lord  had  a  high  reputation 
as  a  pulpit  orator  ;  in  theology  he  was  of  the 
school  of  Edwards,  Hopkins,  and  Bellamy,  and 
inclined  to  a  literal  interpretation  of  the  proph- 
ecies. As  a  college  president  he  possessed  the 
qualifications  of  superior  scholarship,  great  ex- 
ecutive ability,  remarkable  firmness  of  charac- 
ter and  devotion  to  principle,  unwearied  appli- 
cation to  labor,  equanimity  of  temper,  and  a 
winning  address.  During  his  pres.  1,824  pu- 
pils were  grad.  He  has  contrib.  to  theol.  re- 
views, and  pub.  numerous  sermons,  as  well  as 
essays  on  theol.  and  ethical  topics ;  among 
them  are  a  "  Letter  to  Rev.  Daniel  Dana, 
D.D.,  on  Prof.  Park's  Theology  of  N.  Eng.," 
1852;  Inaug.  Address  at  Hanover,  29  Oct. 
1828;  an  essay  on  the  "Millennium;"  and 
two  "  Letters  to  Ministers  of  the  Gospel  of 
all  Denominations  on  Slavery,"  1854-5,  in 
which  he  endeavored  to  prove  from  the  Bible 
the  lawfulness  of  slavery.  His  views  of  slavery 
called  forth  severe  criticism  and  bitter  denun- 
ciation. He  also  edited  (l2mo,  1850)  a  selec- 
tion Irom  the  sermons  of  his  son  John  King, 
minister  at  Cincinnati,  who  d.  there  13  July, 
1849,  a.  30. 

Lord,  William  W.,  rector  of  an  Episc. 
church,  Vicksburg,  Mpi.,  b.  Western  N.Y.  ab. 
1818.  Author  of  poems,  N.Y. ,  12mo,  1845; 
"  Christ  in  Hades,"  an  epic  poem,  12mo,  1851 ; 
"Andre',"  a  tragedy,  N.Y.  1856. 

Loring,  Charles  Greeley,  LL.D.  (II.U. 
1850),  lawyer,  b.  Boston,  May  2,  1794;  d. 
Beverly,  Oct.  8,  1867.  H.U.  1812.  Long  a 
recognized  leader  of  the  Boston  bar ;  actuary 
Ms.  Hosp.  Life  Ins.  Co.  from  1857  to  his  d. ; 
member  Amer.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sciences,  and 
of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc.  He  delivered  the  4th 
of  July  oration  before  the  town  authorities  of 
Boston  in  1821,  and  an  address,  Feb.  26,  1845, 
before  the  Mercantile  Library  Association  ; 
author  of  "Memoir  of  Hon.  Wm.  Sturgis," 
1864;  and  "Neutral  Relations  of  Eng.  and 
the  U.S.,"  1863. 

Loring,  Ellis  Gray,  lawyer  and  philan- 
thropist; d.  Boston,  May  24,  1858,  a.  52.  He 
early  connected  himself  with  the  antislavery 
movement,  and  disting.  himself  by  his  legal 
ability  in  the  celebrated  case  of  the  slave-girl 
Med.  in  the  Ms.  Supreme  Court. 


Loring,  Israel,  author  and  clergyman, 
b.  Hull,  Apr.  6,  1682;  d.  March  9,  1772. 
H.U.  1701.  Ord.  pastor  of  the  church  in  Sud- 
bury, Nov.  20,  1706.  Mr.  Loring  was  one  of 
the  readiest  writers  of  his  day,  and  pub.  a 
number  of  occasional  sermons.  He  was  an 
ardent  temperance-reformer,  and  was  often 
called  out  on  great  occasions.  —  N.  E.  H.  and 
Gen.  Reg.,  vii.  328. 

Loring,  James  Spear,  b.  Boston,  6  Aug. 
1799.  Resides  in  Brooklyn,  N.Y. ;  30  years  a 
bookseller  in  Boston  ;  and  a  contrib.  of  histor- 
ical and  biographical  articles  to  the  "  A^.  E.  H. 
and  G.  Reg. ;  "  author  of  "  The  Hundred  Bos- 
ton Orators,"  8vo,  Boston,  1852.  James  his 
father,  55  years  a  printer  and  bookseller  of 
Boston,  b.  Hull,  Ms.,  22  July,  1770,  d.  9 
July,  1850.  He  ed.  the  Christ.  [Vatchman,  and 
pub.  the  Ms.  State  Register  1800-48.  His  an- 
cestor Deacon  Thomas  came  from  Dover, 
Eng.,  to  Hingham,  22  Dec.  1634. 

Loring,  Joshua,  capt.  British  navy,  b. 
Ms.;  d.  Highgate,  Eng.,  1781.  Made  capt. 
R.N.  Dec.  19,  1757;  com.  in  the  naval  opera- 
tions on  Lakes  George  and  Champlain  in  1759, 
and  on  Lake  Ontario  in  1760,  in  which  year  he 
accomp.  Amherst  to  Montreal.  His  son, 
Joshua,  jun.,  app.  high  sherifFof  Ms.  in  1768, 
was  afterward  town-maj. ;  left  Boston  with 
the  British  troops  in  March,  1776.  The  estates, 
at  Jamaica  Plain,  of  Joshua  Loring,  manda- 
mus counsellor,  were  confiscated  by  the  State 
of  Ms.  in  1779.  Sir  John  Wentworth  Loring, 
his  son,  was  b.  13  Oct.  1775  :  another  son, 
Henry  Lloyd,  d.  archdeacon  of  Calcutta  in  1832. 
Joseph,  son  of  Capt.  Joshua,  b,  N.Y.  1744, 
commiss.  of  prisoners  British  armv  in  Amer. 
1777-83,  d.  Englefield,  Eng.,  Aug.  "1789. 

Loring,  William  W.,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b.N.C. 
ab.  1815.  App.  lieut.  com.  adetachmentof  vols, 
in  Florida  war  (1835-42) ;  capt.  mounted  rifles. 
May  27,  1846;  maj.  Feb.  16,  1847;  com.  his 
regt.  in  the  battles  in  Mexico ;  brev.  lieut.-col. 
for  battles  of  Con treras  and  Churubusco,  Aug. 
20,1 847;  brev.col.  for  battle  of  Chapultepec,  Sept. 
13,  1847;  severely  wounded  at  assault  on  De 
Belen  Gate,  losing  an  arm;  lieut.-col.  Mar.  15, 
1848;  col.  Dec.  30, 1856;  com.  Gila  exped.,  and 
disting.  in  conflict  with  MogoUan  Indians,  N. 
Mexico,  May  24,  1857;  resigned  May  13, 1861  ; 
app.  a  brig. -gen.  Confed.army,  and  subsequently 
maj. -gen.  In  Sept.  1862  he  com.  the  forces  in 
Western  Va.,  but  was  recalled  a  month  later; 
com.  a  division  of  Johnston's  army  in  the  opera- 
tions around  Vicksburg  in  1863;  and  at  the 
battle  of  Champion  Hills  com.  the  right  of 
Pemberton's  army;  afterward  joined  Bragg  at 
Chattanooga. 

Lorini,  Virginia  (Whiting),  primadon- 
na,  b.  Boston;  d.  Santiago  de  Cuba,  Feb.  28, 
1865.  Her  father  was  a  popular  comedian, 
formerly  of  New  York.  She  was  m.  to  Sig. 
Lorini  by  whom  she  left  several  children. 

Losada  (lo-sa'-da),  DiEGO.a  Spanish  officer 
who  conquered  the  native  tribes  of  Venezuela, 
and  founded  Santiago  de  Leon ;  d.  1569. 

Loskiel,  George  Henry,  a  Moravian 
bishop,  b.  Courland,  Nov.  7,  1740;  d.  Feb.  23, 
1814.  Ord.  deacon  May  22.  1768;  presb.  Mar. 
19,  1775;  bishop  at  Hernhutt,  March  14,  1802. 
la  1802  he  was  sent  to  America  as  .the  supt.  of 


LOS 


564 


LO^r 


the  Moravian  churches,  and  pastor  of  the  church 
at  Bethlehem.  Author  of  a"  Historyof  the  Mis- 
sion of  the  United  Brethren  among  the  Indians 
in  N.A.,"  Lond.  1794,  8vo,  and  also  of  a  devo- 
tional manual  entitled  "  Etivasfuerz  Herz." 

Lossing,  Benson  John,  author  and  artist, 
b.  Beekman,  N.Y.,  Feb.  12,  1813.  A.M.  of 
Ham.  coll.  18.56.  Educated  at  a  dist.  school, 
and  in  1826  was  apprenticed  to  a  watchmaker 
in  Pouj^hkeepsie,  subsequently  becoming  a  part- 
ner. Relinquishing  this  business  in  the  autumn 
of  1835,  he  became  joint  owner  and  editor  of 
the  Poughkeepsie  Tele;/raph,  and  also  pub.  the 
Casket,  a  semi-monthly  journal,  in  1836-41. 
He  next  studied  drawing  ;  and  in  1838  settled 
in  N.Y.  City  as  an  engraver  on  wood,  and  at 
the  same  time  edited  and  illustrated  the  Famihj 
Magazine.  He  pub.  "An  Outline  History 
of  the  Fine  Arts"  in  1841;  "  1776,"  illus- 
trated, 1852;  in  1848  "Lives  of  the  Signers;  " 
and  in  1848-9  edited  the  Young  People's  Mir- 
ror. His  "  Pictorial  Field-Book  of  the  Revo- 
lution" (1850-2),  2  vols.  8vo,  is  a  work  of 
great  value;  the  author  having  visited  and 
sketched  every  important  battle-field  of  the 
Revolution.  Among  his  other  works  is  an 
illustrated  "  History  of  the  U.  S.,"  1854-6; 
"  Our  Countrymen,  or  Brief  Memoirs  of  Emi- 
nent Americans,"  1855-7;  "  Primary  History 
of  the  U.S.,"  1857;  "Mount  Vernon  and  its 
Associations,"  1869;  "Life  and  Times  of  Phi- 
lip Schuyler,"  2  v.  1860-2;  "  Life  of  Washing- 
ton," 3  vols.  8vo;  "Lives  of  the  Presidents  of 
the  U.S.;"  "The  New  World;"  "The  Ohio 
Book;"  "The  Cenotaph,"  1855;  "Pictorial 
Field-Book  of  the  War  of  1812,"  8vo,  1868; 
an  ed.  of  "  The  Old  FariH  and  the  New  Farm," 
by  Hopkinson,  with  introd.  notes  and  illusts. 
1857  ;  "  History  ofthe  Rebellion,"  3  vols.  1866- 
8  ;  "  Vassar  Coll.  and  its  Founder,"  1867.  He 
has  been  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  periodical 
literature  of  the  day ;  has  furnished  for  Harper's 
Magazine  a  series  of  illustrated  articles  on 
American  Biography ;  and  a  series  of  articles 
to  the  Lond.  Art  Journal,  entitled  "  The  Hud- 
son from  the  Wilderness  to  the  Sea,"  illustrat- 
ed with  his  own  drawings.  Jan.  1,  1872,  The 
Amer.  Hist.  Record,  a  monthly  hist,  magazine, 
to  be  edited  by  him  is  announced  to  appear. 
He  resides  at  Dover,  N.Y. 

Lothrop,  Samuel  KiRKLAND,  D.D.  (H. 
U.  1852),  b.  Utica,  N.Y.,  Oct.  13,  1804.  H.U. 
1825.  Ord.  Dover,  N.H.,  Feb.  18,  1829;  inst. 
pastor  Brattle-street  Church,  Boston,  June  18, 
1834.  Author  of  Life  of  Samuel  Kirkland,  in 
Sparks's  "Amer.  Biog."  2d  ser.  vol.  15  ;  "  Hist. 
Brattle-st.  Church,"  12mo,  Bost.  1851  ;  "Pro- 
ceedings of  an  Eccl.  Council,"  in  the  case  of 
Rev.  John  Pierpont,  1841 ;  and  occas.  sermons 
and  addresses, 

Loudon,  John  Campbell,  4th  earl,  b. 
1705;  d.  27  Apr.  1782.  Succeeded  his  father 
Hugh  in  Nov.  1731.  In  July,  1756,  he  arrived 
in  Va.  with  the  app.  of  gov.  and  also  a  commiss. 
as  com.-in-chief  of  the  British  forces  in  Amer. 
Dinwiddle,  however,  took  charge  of  Va.  affiiirs ; 
and  Loudon,  who  was  inefficient,  returned  to 
Eng.  in  1757;  was  made  lieut.-gen.  iu  1758; 
gen.  in  1770. 

Loutre,  Louis  Joseph  de  la,  a  French 
missionary,  sent  to  Canada   in   1737  by  the 


Society  of  Foreign  Missions,  and  headed  the 
Acadiansand  Micmacs  in  an  attack  on  Annap- 
olis in  1744.  He  resided  near  Messagouche, 
now  Fort  Lawrence,  N.S.  The  English  offered 
a  reward  for  him  in  1745.  Revisiting  France, 
he  was  intrusted  with  a  large  sum  of  money 
for  the  improvement  of  his  mission  ;  and  on  his 
return  was  app.  vicar-gen.  of  Acadia.  After 
ruining  the  neutral  French  by  his  unwise  coun- 
sels, he  abandoned  them  in  the  hour  of  their  dis- 
tress, fled  in  disguise  before  the  surrender  of  Fort 
Beausejour,  and,  arriving  at  Quebec,  was  bit- 
terly reproached  by  the  bishop,  and  embarked 
for  France,  Aug.  1757.  On  the  passage  he  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  British,  and  was  confined 
8  years  in  the  Island  of  Jersey.  —  0'  Callaghan. 

Lovejoy,  Elijah  Parish,  an  antislavery 
editor,  b.  Albion,  Me.,  Nov.  9,  1802;  murdered 
by  a  mob  at  Alton,  111.,  Nov.  7,  1837.  Waterv. 
Coll.  1826.  Daniel  his  father  was  a  Presb, 
preacher.  Elijah,  in  1827,  established  a  school 
in  St.  Louis,  and  in  1829  became  editor  of  a 
political  journal,  but  in  1832  studied  theol.  at 
Princeton,  N.J. ;  ord.  by  the  Phila.  presb.  in 
1833  ;  he  began  to  pub.  the  St.  Louis  Observer, 
in  which  he  attacked  slavery ;  and,  in  conse- 
quence, his  office  was  mobbed  in  July,  1836. 
Re-establishing  his  paper  at  Alton,  his  press 
was  again  destroyed  in  Aug.  1837  ;  he  procured 
another,  which  was  destroyed  in  Sept.,  and  a 
third,  which  Lovejoy  and  his  friends  armed 
themselves  to  defend.  Attacked  by  a  mob  on 
the  night  of  Nov,  7,  Lovejoy  shot  one  of  his 
assailants,  and  was  himself  shot  dead.  A  Me- 
moir was  pub.  in  New  York  in  1838  by  his 
bros.,  Jo.seph  C.  and  Owen,  with  an  Introduc- 
tion by  John  Quincy  Adams.  —  See  Poets  and 
Poetrg  of  the  West,  for  specimens  of  his  Verse. 

Lovejoy,  Owex,  antislavery  orator  and 
politician,  b.  Albion,  Me.,  Jan.  6,  1811  ;  d. 
Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  March  25,  1864.  lie  worked 
on  his  father's  farm  until  18,  and,  after  leaving 
Bowd  Coll.,  emigrated  to  Alton,  111.,  where  his 
bio.  edited  an  antislavery  paper.  He  was 
present  when  Elijah  was  murdered,  and  from 
that  day  devoted  himself  to  the  overthrow  of 
slavery.  He  soon  after  entered  the  ministry, 
and  was  pastor  of  a  Cong,  church  in  Princeton, 
111.  (1838-54).  In  spite  of  the  law  forbidding 
them,  he  held  antislavery  meetings  at  various 
points,  and  was  often  arrested  and  fined.  He 
was  in  the  legisl.  in  1854,  and  M.C.  from  1856 
till  his  death. 

Lovelace,  Col.  Francis,  gov.  of  N.Y. 
1668- July  30,  1673,  second  son  of  Richard, 
Baron  L.  of  Hurley,  Berks  Co.,  Eng.  Col.  L. 
administered  the  govt,  to  the  satisfaction  of  all. 
He  was  active  in  settling  Ulster  Co.,  where  he 
laid  out  the  town  of  Hurley.  His  grandson, 
the  4th  lord  L.,  d.  gov.  of  N.Y.  May  12,  1709. 
—  0'  Callaghan. 

Lovoll,CHARLEsS.,hrev.brig.-gen.U.S.A., 
b.  JMs.  ;  d.  Louisville,  Kv.,  Jan.  3,  1871. 
Private  2d  U.S.  Art.  Jan.  1831  ;  2d  lieut.  6th 
Inf.  Oct.  13,  1837;  capt.  June  18,  1846,  and 
engaged  at  the  battles  of  Churubusco,  Molino 
del  Rey,  Chapultepec,  and  city  of  Mexico; 
maj.  10th  Inf.  May  14,  1861 ;  in  the  Peninsular 
campaign  Mar.  to  June,  1862;  com.  brigade 
at  battles  of  Malvern  Hill,  Gaines's  Mill,  second 
Bull  Run,  Antietam,  and  Fredericksburg,  earn- 


JL.OV 


565 


lL,O^W 


ingr  brevets  of  lieut.-col.,  col.,  and  brig.-gcn. 
U.S.A.;  lieut.-ool.  18th  Inf.  Jan.  21,  1863; 
col.  14th  Inf.  Feb.  16,  1865  ;  retired  Dec.  1870. 

Lovell,  James,  patriot  of  the  Revol.,  b. 
Bost.,  Oct.  31, 1737  ;  d.  Windham,  Me.,  July  14, 
1814.  H.U.  1 756.  Son  of  "  Master  Lovell." 
Usher  of  the  Latin  School  1757-75,  and  was 
also  master  of  the  North  Grammar,  now  the 
Eliot  School.  He  delivered  April  2,  1771, 
the  oration  before  the  town  authorities  on  the 
Boston  Massacre ;  was  imprisoned  by  Gage 
immediately  after  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill; 
was  conveyed  to  Halifax  with  the  British  army, 
and  kept  in  close  confinement  until  exchanged 
for  Gov.  Skene  in  Nov.  1776.  Member  Cont. 
Congress  Dec.  1 776-82  ;  receiver  of  taxes  1784- 
8;  coll.  of  the  port  of  Boston  1788-9;  and 
naval  officer  1790-1814.  He  pub.  some  tracts. 
His  son  Maj.  James,  b.  July  9,  1758,  d.  St. 
Mathews,  S.C,  July  10,  1850  (H.U.  1776), 
was  adj.  in  H.  Jackson's  Ms.  regt.  1776-9; 
afterwards  adj.  of  Lee's  Legion  ;  and  present  in 
many  battles  of  the  Revol.,  from  Lexington  to 
Eutaw.  —  Loriiiy's  Boston  Orators. 

Lovell,  John,  schoolmaster,  b.  Boston, 
June  16,  1710;  d.  Halifax  1778.  H.U.  1728. 
He  entered  the  Latin  School  1717;  became 
usher  1729;  and  was  principal  from  1734  until 
Apr.  19,  1775,  when  the  school'was  dispersed 
by  the  siege  of  the  town.  Being  a  zealous 
loyalist,  he  embarked  with  the  British  troops 
for  Halifax,  March  14,  1776.  He  was  an  ex- 
cellent classical  scholar,  and,  thongh  a  rigid 
disciplinarian,  was  a  humorous  and  agreeable 
companion.  He  delivered  the  first  pub.  address 
inFaneuil  Hall,  Mar.  14,  1743,  on  the  death  of 
thedonor,  dedicating  it "  to  the  interests  of  truth, 
of  justice,  of  loyalty,  of  honor,  of  liberty."  His 
portrait,  by  Smibert,  is  in  the  gallery  of  paint- 
ings at  H.U.  He  wrote  some  political,  poetical, 
and  theological  pieces,  and  contrib.  to  the 
Pietaset  Gratulatio,  1761. 

Lovell,  Joseph,  M.D.,  surgeon-gen.  of  the 
U.S.A.,  b.  Boston,  Dec.  22,1788;  d.  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  Oct.  17,  1836.  H.U.  1807.  Son  of 
the  patriot  James  Lovell.  App.  Apr.  1812, 
surgeon  of  the  9th  Inf.,  served  on  the  Niagara 
frontier,  and  was  there  hospital  surgeon.  In 
Sept.  1818  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
med.  dept.  of  the  service.  Sept.  1817,  he  m. 
E.  Mansfield. 

Lovell,  Mansfield,  gen.  C.S.A.,  son  of 
the  preceding,  b.  D.C.  about  1822.  West 
Point,  1842.  Entering  the  4th  Art.,  he  be- 
came 1st  lieut.  Feb.  16,  1847;  served  as  aide 
to  Gen.  Quitman  in  the  Mexican  war  ;  was 
brev.  capt.  for  gallantry  at  Chapul tepee,  where 
he  was  wounded  ;  was  wounded  again  at  the 
Belen  Gate,  and  resigned  Dec.  18,  1854,  with 
his  friend  G.  W.  Smith  (afterward  a  Confed. 
gen.),  in  order  to  join  Gen.  Quitman's  projected 
Cuban  exped.  Smith  and  Lovell,  who  were 
to  have  held  important  commands  in  the  Cuban 
army,  were  employed,  after  the  failure  of  that 
project,  in  connection  with  Messrs.  Cooper  and 
Hewitt's  iron-works,  Trenton,  N.J.  In  1858 
Smith  was  made  street-commissioner  of  New 
York,  and  Lovell  became  his  deputy.  He 
was  at  the  same  time  captain  of  an  art.  coni- 

Eany  known  as  the  City  Guard.  Early  in  1861 
e  was  made  a  brig.-gen.,  then  a  maj.-gen.j 


Oct.  9,  1861,  was  given  the  com.  at  New  Or- 
leans, where  he  remained  until  driven  out  by 
the  Union  forces  under  Admiral  Farragut  and 
Gen.  Butler  in  the  following  April ;  in  May, 
1862,  he  joined  Beauregard  at  Corinth;  suc- 
ceeded to  the  com.  of  Polk's  Corps,  14  June, 
and  repulsed  Sherman  at  Kenesaw  27  June, 
1864. 

Lovewell,  Capt.  John,  b.  Dunstable, 
N.H.  ;  d.  May  8,  1725.  Son  of  John,  an 
ensign  in  Cromwell's  army,  who  d.  in  Dun- 
stable, aged  120.  John,  at  the  head  of  a  com- 
pany of  vols.,  led  several  successful  expeds. 
against  the  Indians  in  1724-5,  but  May  8, 
1725,  encountered  a  party  of  them  under  the 
celebrated  Paugus,  and  was  killed  at  the  first 
fire.  A  long  and  mournful  ballad  commemo- 
rates this  event.  His  bro.  Zaccheus,  col.  of  a 
N.H.  regt.  in  the  French  war  (1758-63),  b.  24 
July,  1701,  d.  12  Apr.  1772. — See  Expeds. 
of  Capt.  L.,  ed.  by  F.  Kidder,  1865. 

Low,  Isaac,  merchant  of  New  York ;  d. 
Eng.  1791.  At  first  a  prominent  Whig,  but 
afterwards  a  loyalist  refugee ;  was  a  member 
of  the  first  Cont.  Congress;  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  com.  of  corresp.  ;  member  of  the 
N.Y.  Prov.  Congress  of  1775,  but  was  arrested 
in  1776  on  suspicion  of  holding  corresp.  with 
the  enemy.  In  1782  he  was  pres.  of  the  N.Y. 
Chamber  of  Commerce.  He  was  attainted,  his 
property  was  confiscated,  and  he  went  to  Eng. 
His  son  Isaac  became  a  commiss.  gen.  in  the 
British  army.  —  Sabine. 

Lowe,  Col.  John  Williamson,  b.  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Nov.  15,  1809;  killed  at 
Carnifex  Ferry,  Va.,  Sept.  10,  1861.  During 
the  Mexican  war  he  com.  the  4th  Ohio  regt. 
When  the  civil  war  began  he  was  practising 
law  at  Xenia,  0.,  but  took  com.  of  the  12th 
O.  regt.,  and  in  Cox's  brigade  operated  on  the 
Kanawha  Ri\'er,  fighting  the  battle  which 
cleared  the  Kanawha  Valley  of  Confed.  sol- 
diers. 

Low,  Samuel,  poet,  b.  Dec.  12,  1765. 
Pub.  at  New  York,  in  1800,  2  vols,  of  poems, 
containing  an  ode  and  other  verses  on  Wash- 
ington, patriotic  and  social  pieces,  and  a  de- 
scriptive poem  of  some  length  on  winter.  — 
DayckincJc. 

Lowell,  Mrs.  Anna  C,  b.  Boston.  Has 
pub.  "  Theory  of  Teaching,"  1841  ;  "  Edward's 
First  Lessons  in  Grammar,"  1843  ;  "  Gleanings 
from  the  Poets,"  1843  ;  "  Edward's  First  Les- 
sons in  Geometry,"  1844;  "Olympic  Games," 
1845 ;  "  Outlines  of  Astronomy,"  1850  ;  "  Let- 
ters to  Madame  Pulksky,"  1852;  "  Thoughts 
on  the  Education  of  Girls,"  1853;  "Seed- 
Grain  for  Thought  and  Discussion,"  2  vols., 
1856. 

Lowell,  Charles,  D.D.  (H.U.  1823), 
clergvman,  son  of  Judge  John,  b.  Boston, 
Aug."  15,  1782  ;  d.  Cambridge,  Jan.  20,  1861. 
H.U.  1800.  His  ancestor,  Percival  of  Bristol, 
Eng.,  settled  in  Newbury,  Ms.,  in  1639,  d. 
there  1665.  His  early  education  was  received 
at  Medford  and  at  Andover  Acad.  He  began 
to  study  law  in  Boston,  but  soon  turned  his 
attention  to  theology.  In  1802  he  visited 
Europe;  studied  two  years  at  Edinburgh,  and 
returned  to  the  U.S.  in  1805.  Jan.  1,  1806,  he 
was  settled  as  minister  of  the  West  (Cong.) 


liOT^ 


6m 


LOTV 


Church  in  Boston,  where  he  continued  till  his 
death.  In  1837-40  he  travelled  extensively 
in  Europe  and  the  East.  He  pub.  2  vols,  of 
sermons  (Boston,  1855),  besides  many  occa- 
sional discourses.  Father  of  J.  R.  and  R.  T. 
S.  Lowell. 

Lowell,  Brig.-Gen.  Charles  Russell, 
b.  Boston,  Jan.  2,  1835  ;  d.  near  Middletown, 
Va.,  Oct.  20,  1864.  of  wounds  in  the  battle  of 
Cedar  Creek.  H.U.  1854.  Grandson  of  Rev. 
Charles.  He  was  employed  some  time  in  steel 
and  iron  works,  and  on  the  Burlington  and 
Mo.  River  Railroad,  and  in  the  spring  of  1861 
was  superintending  iron-works  in  the  Cumber- 
land Valley,  Md.  When  the  Rebellion  broke 
out,  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  oifer  his  services. 
Capt.  6th  Cav.  May  14,  1861  ;  served  on  the 
staff  of  Gen.  McClellan,  until  in  Nov.  1862, 
he  organized  the  2d  Ms.  Cav.,  and  was  made 
its  col.  Apr.  15,  1863.  He  saw  much  service 
in  Va.,  much  of  the  time  having  a  brigade  of 
cav.  under  him ;  and  was  actively  engaged  in 
pursuing  Mosby's  Guerillas.  Made  brig.  gen. 
Oct.  19,  1864,  on  Gen.  Sheridan's  recommen- 
dation, for  services  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 
He  was  a  man  of  much  culture  and  soldierly 
capacity.  James  Jackson,  a  younger  bro., 
d.  near  Richmond,  Va  ,  July  4,  1862,  of  a 
wound  at  Glendale.     H.tf.  1858. 

Lowell,  Francis  Cabot,  merchant,  son 
of  Judge  John,  b.  Newburyport,  Apr.  7, 1775  ; 
d.  Boston,  Aug.  10,  1817.  H.U.  1793.  In- 
fluential in  introducing  the  cotton  manuf.  into 
the  U.S.,  by  the  establishment  at  Waltham, 
Ms.,  and  by  procuring  the  protective  clause  in 
the  tariff  act.  The  city  of  Lowell  was  named 
for  him. 

Lowell,  James  Russell,  poet,  son  of 
Rev.  Charles,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  Feb.  22, 
1819.  H.U.  1838;  Camb.  Law  School,  1840. 
Adin.  to  the  bar  in  1840,  and  opened  an  of- 
fice in  Boston,  but  soon  devoted  himself  en- 
tirely to  literature.  In  1841  he  pub.  a  vol.  of 
poems  entitled  "  A  Year's  Life."  In  1843,  in 
conjunction  with  Robert  Carter,  he  pub.  3  nos. 
of  The  Pioneer,  a  literary  and  critical  maga- 
zine. He  pub.  another  vol.  of  "  Poems  "  in 
1844  ;  in  1845  a  vol.  of  prose  entitled  "  Con- 
versations on  some  of  the  Old  Poets  : "  a  sec- 
ond series  of  his  poems  in  1848  obtained  great 
popularity  among  the  opponents  of  slavery. 
He  also  pub.  in  1848  "The  Vision  of  Sir 
Launfal,"  a  poem,  and  "The  Biglow  Papers," 
a  witty  and  humorous  political  satire.  In 
1848  also  appeared  anonymously  "A  Fable 
for  Critics,"  an  ingenious  rhymed  essay  upon 
the  principal  living  American  authors.  Be- 
tween July,  1851,  and  Dec.  1852,  Mr.  Low- 
ell was  travelling  in  Europe,  In  the  winter  of 
1854-5  he  delivered  at  the  Lowell  Institute  a 
course  of  lectures  on  the  British  Poets.  After 
a  year,  chiefly  passed  in  study  at  Dresden,  he 
returned  home  in  Aug.  1855,  and  succeeded  Mr. 
Longfellow  as  prof,  of  modern  languages  and 
belles-lettres  at  H.U.  Mr.  Lowell  has  written 
much  for  the  N.A.  Review,  Putnam's  Monthly, 
the  London  Daily  News,  the  National  Anti- 
slavery  Standard,  and  other  periodicals ;  and  in 
1857-62  edited  the  Atlantic  Monthly.  Several 
editions  of  his  poems  have  appeared  in  Eng. 
He  has  also  pub.  "Fireside  Travels,"  1864; 


a  new  series  of  "  The  Biglow  Papers  ; "  and  in 
1863,  in  connection  with  Charles  E.  Norton, 
undertook  the  editorship  of  the  N.  Amer.  He- 
view.  "  The  Cathedral,"  a  poem,  appeared  in 
the  Atlantic  in  1869 ;  "  Under  the  Willows  and 
Other  Poems,"  1869;  and  in  1870  "Among 
my  Books  ;  "  and  "My  Study  Windows."  His 
wife,  Maria  (White),  poetess,  b.  Watertown, 
Ms.,  July  8,  1821,  d.  Cambridge,  Oct.  27, 
18.53.  A  vol.  of  her  poems  was  privately 
printed  in  Cambridge,  1855. 

Lowell,  John,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1792),  jurist 
a.nd  statesman,  b.  Newbury,  Ms.,  June  17, 
1743  ;  d.  Roxbury,  Ms.,  May  6,  1802.  H.U. 
1760.  Son  of  Rev.  John,  minister  of  New- 
buryport in  1726-67.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1762,  he  soon  became  eminent,  and  removed  to 
Boston  in  1777.  In  1776  he  was  a  member  of 
the  legisl.  and  an  officer  of  militia ;  member 
of  the  legisl.  from  Boston  in  1778;  delegate 
to  the  State  Const.  Conv.  in  1780;  member  of 
the  Old  Congress  1782-3;  a  commiss.  to 
establish  the  boundary-line  between  Ms.  and 
N.Y.  in  1784  ;  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals 
in  1783-9;  of  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court,  for  Ms.  in 
1789-1801;  and  in  1801  chief  justice  of  the 
Circuit  Court  for  Me.,  N.H.,  Ms.,  and  R.I. ; 
member  of  the  com.  by  which  the  constitution 
of  Ms.  was  draughted,  and  inserted  in  the 
"  Bill  of  Rights  "  the  clause  declaring  that 
"all  men  are  born  free  and  equal,"  for  the 
avowed  purpose  of  abolishing  slavery  in  Ms. 
At  the  bar  he  was  the  formidable  rival  and  fre- 
quent competitor  of  Tlieophilus  Parsons.  He 
was  active  in  establishing  the  Acad,  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  before  which  he  delivered  an  ora- 
tion on  the  death  of  Pres.  Bowdoin,  Jan.  26, 
1795,  prefixed  to  the  2d  vol.  of  its  Memoirs. 
Author  of  an  English  poem  (no.  3)  in  the  Pie- 
tas  et  Gratidutio,  1761.  Some  of  his  Letters 
are  in  the  Hist.  Mag.,  vol.  i. 

Lowell,  John,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1814),  law- 
yer and  author,  b.  Newburyport,  Ms.,  6  Oct. 
1769;  d.  Boston,  12  Mar.  1840.  H.U.  1786. 
Son  of  Judge  John.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1789, 
and  practised  successfully  until  1803,  when  he 
visited  Europe.  After  his  return  he  wrote, 
under  a  variety  of  signatures,  upon  politics, 
agriculture,  theology,  and  other  topics  for  the 
press,  and  pub.  some  25  pamphlets.  He  at- 
tacked with  great  severity  the  supporters  of 
the  war  of  1812,  and  exerted  a  great  influence 
upon  public  opinion  in  Ms  ,  but  would  never 
take  office;  a  founder  of  the  Ms.  Gen.  Hos- 
pital, the  Boston  Athenaeum,  the  Savings 
Bank,  and  the  Hospital  Life-Insurance  Co., 
and  many  years  pres.  of  the  Ms.  Agric.  Soc. 
He  possessed,  said  Mr.  Everett,  "  colloquial 
powers  of  the  highest  order,"  and  wielded  "an 
accurate,  elegant,  and  logical  pen." 

Lowell,  John,  Jun.,  founder  of  the  Low- 
ell Institute  at  Boston,  b.  there  May  11,  1799; 
d  Bombay,  March  4,  1836.  Son  of  Francis 
Cabot.  Educated  at  the  High  School  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  at  H.U.  until  in  1815  his  poor 
health  compelled  him  to  make  a  tour  abroad. 
He  spent  a  few  years  in  commercial  pursuits ; 
but  in  1831,  having  inherited  a  fortune,  he 
was  able  to  indulge  his  strong  passion  for  trav- 
elling. He  was  a  superior  scholar,  and  pos- 
sessed one  of  the  best  private  libraries  in  Amer- 


LCW 


667 


TL.UO 


ica.  He  bequeathed  ab.  $250,000  to  main- 
tain forever  in  his  native  city  annual  courses 
of  free  lectures  on  natural  and  revealed  re- 
li;,^ion,  physics  and  chemistry,  with  their  ap- 
plication to  the  arts,  botany,  zo61o;ry,  geology, 
and  mineralogy,  philology,  literature,  and  elo- 
quence. This  establishment,  "  The  Lowell 
Institute,"  went  into  operation  in  the  winter 
of  1839-40. 

Lowell,  Robert  Traill  Spence,  D.D. 
(Un.  Coll.  1864),  author,  son  of  Rev,  Charles, 
b.  Boston,  Oct.  9,  1816.  H.U.  1833.  His 
early  education  was  received  at  Round  Hill 
School,  Northampton.  In  1842  he  was  ord.  a 
clergyman  of  the  Church  of  Eng.  by  the  bishop 
of  Newfoundland  and  Bermuda,  to  whom  he 
was  chaplain,  first  at  Bermuda,  and  then  at 
Newfoundland,  where  he  was  for  some  years 
rector  of  Bay  Roberts.  He  was  afterward  rec- 
tor of  Christ  Church,  Newark,  N.J. ;  was  subse- 
quently settled  in  Duanesburg,  N.Y.,  and  is 
now  (1871)  head  master  of  St.  Mark's  School, 
Southl)orough,  Ms.  In  1858  he  pub.  at  Bos- 
ton a  novel  of  Newfoundland  life  and  scenery, 
"  The  New  Priest  in  Conception  Bay,"  a  new 
ed.  of  which,  illustrated  by  Darley,  app.  in 
1863;  and  in  1860  "Fresh  Hearts  that  failed 
3,000  Years  ago,  and  other  Poems." 

Lowndes,  Rawlins,  lawyer  and  states- 
man, b.  British  \V.  Indies,  1722;  d.  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  Aug.  24,  1800.  He  was  educated 
in  Charleston,  where  his  parents  settled  when 
he  was  very  young.  He  practised  law  with 
great  success  ;  in  1766  was  app.  by  the  crown 
associate  judge;  in  1775  he  was  one  of  the 
com.  of  safety  ;  in  1776  he  was  one  of  a  com. 
to  draught  a  constitution  for  the  province,  and 
subsequently  a  member  of  the  legislative  coun- 
cil. Elected  pres.  of  the  province  in  1778,  he 
exerted  himself  energetically  in  its  defence,  but 
was  unable  to  prevent  thecapture  of  Charleston, 
and  was  himself  for  some  time  a  prisoner.  As 
a  member  of  the  S.C.  legisl.  he  strenuously 
opposed  the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion, objecting  to  the  restrictions  which  it  im- 
posed upon  the  slave-trade,  to  the  clause  giving 
power  to  Congress  to  regulate  commerce,  and 
to  the  centralization  of  power  in  the  Federal 
Govt.  He  closed  one  of  his  speeches  against 
it  thus  :  "  I  wish  no  other  epitaph  than  this, 
*  Here  lies  one  who  opposed  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution, holding  it  to  be  fatal  to  the  liberties 
of  his  country.' "  Thomas  his  son,  M.  C. 
1800-5,  disting.  for  talent  and  eloquence  in  de- 
bate, b.  Charleston,  1765,  d.  there  July  8, 
1843. 

Lowndes,  William  Jones,  LL.D.  (Col. 
Coll.  1822),  son  of  Rawlins,  statesman,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C,  Feb.  7,  1782  ;  d.  at  sea,  Nov. 
27,  1822.  From  his  7th  till  his  10th  year  he 
was  educated  in  Eng.,  completing  his  prepara- 
tory studies  under  l5r.  Gallaher;  he  was  grad. 
at  Charleston  Coll.;  studied  law  with  Chancel- 
lor De  Saussure,  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1804,  having  previously  m.  Elizabeth,  dau.  of 
Gen.  Thomas  Pinckney.  He  was  in  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  of  S.C.  from  1806  to  1810,  and 
was  M.C.  in' 1810-22.  He  co-operated  with 
the  Republican  party  of  his  time;  was  a  sup- 
porter of  the  war  of  1812;  a  frequent  speaker 
upon  subjects  of  importance ;  and  was  chair- 


man of  the  com.  of  ways  and  means  from  1818 
to  1822. 

Lowrey,  George,  Cherokee  chief,  b.  on 
the  Tenn.  River,  ab.  1770;  d.  Oct.  20,  1852. 
He  was  one  of  the  delegates  who  visited  Wash- 
ington in  1791  and  at  the  treaty  of  1819;  a 
member  of  the  conv.  which  framed  the  consti 
tution  of  the  nation  in  1827,  and  was  elected 
assist,  principal  chief.  He  sustained  various 
offices,  and  was  an  honest  man  and  a  pure  pa- 
triot. He  wrote  a  tract  on  temperance  in  Cher 
okee,  and  assisted  in  translating  the  Scriptures. 

Lowrie,  Walter,  statesman,  b.  Edinburgh, 
10  Dec.  1784;  d.  N.Y.City,  14  Dec.  1868.  In 
1791  his  parents  settled  in  Armstrong  Co.,  Pa. 
Walter  acquired  a  good  education  ;  for  many 
years  represented  Butler  Co.  in  the  State  le- 
gisl.; was  U.S.  senator  1819-25;  sec.  U.S. 
senate  1825-36  ;  and  32  years  sec.  Presb. 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions. 

Lowrie,  Rev.  Walter  Macon,  b.  Butler, 
Pa.,  18  Feb.  1819;  d.  Aug.  19,  1847.  JefF. 
Coll.  1837.  Son  of  Hon.  Walter.  He  studied 
at  Princet.  Theol.  Sem.;  was  ord.  9  Nov.  1841, 
and  sailed  to  China  to  join  the  Presb.  Mission 
there  Jan.  19,  1842.  He  labored  successfully 
at  Macao  and  at  Ningpo.  He  was  thrown  into 
the  sea  by  pirates  when  ab.  12  miles'  sail  from 
Chapoo,  in  1847.  A  Memoir  by  his  father  was 
pub.  N.Y.  8vo,  1849.  He  was  author  of  "  Let- 
ters to  Sabb.  School  Children  ;  "  "  The  Land 
of  Sinim,"  Phila.,  18mo,  1846;  "Sermons 
preached  in  China,"  8vo,  1851  ;  "  Missions  in 
Tonjee  and  Feejce,"  12mo,  1852.  — All ibone. 

Loyaute,  Anne  Philippe  Dieudonne 
DE,  a  French  artillery  officer,  b.  Metz,  1750; 
d.  ab.  1830.  He  served  under  his  father  in  the 
art.  in  Germany  and  in  Corsica.  A  capt.  in 
1776,  he  was  sent  with  50  field-pieces  and  10,- 
000  muskets  to  the  state  of  Va. ;  remained  in 
this  country,  and  served  through  the  war  as 
insp.  gen.  of  art.  and  fortifications  in  Va.  He 
attained  the  rank  of  lieut.-col.,  and  served  as 
engineer  under  Steuben  in  the  trenches  of 
YorktoAvn.  During  the  revol.  in  France,  he 
was  a  royalist,  and  suffered  imprisonment  and 
exile,  but  was  suffered  to  remain  in  obscurity 
after  the  restoration,  and  d.  in  a  state  of  com- 
plete destitution. 

Lucas,  John  B.  C,  D.C.L.  (U.  of  Caen, 
1782),  politician  and  jurist,  b.  Normandy,  ab. 
1762;  d.  St.  Louis,  Sept.  1842.  Son  of  the 
chief  justiciar  of  N.  He  practised  law  two 
years,  and  in  1784  crossed  the  Atlantic,  and 
located  himself  on  a  farm  near  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
In  1792  he  entered  public  life.  Served  in  the 
legisl.  of  Pa.  several  years,  and  as  judge  of 
the  C.C.P.  in  the  district  where  he  resided. 
M.C.  1803-5,  and  in  1805-20  was  jud'ge  of  the 
U.S.  Court  in  Upper  La.  He  was  also  app. 
commiss.  for  the  adjustment  of  Land  Titles  in 
Upper  La. ;  at  the  same  time  was  app.  judge, 
and  continued  a  member  of  the  board  until 
its  dissolution  in  1812.  His  son,  James  H. 
Lucas,  was  a  banker  of  St.  Louis,  and  a 
prominent  citizen. 

Lucas,  Robert,  statesman,  b.  Shepherds- 
town,  Va.,  1  Apr.  1781  ;  d.  Iowa  City,  7  Feb. 
1853.  His  father,  a  capt.  in  the  Revol.  army, 
was  descended  from  William  Penn.  He  removed 
to  Ohio  in  1800,  where  he  rose  to  the  rank  of 


XJXTD 


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IAIN 


maj. -gen.  of  militia;  app.capt.  19th  U.S.  Inf.  14 
Mar.  1812;  lieut.-col.  20  Feb.  1813;  resigned 
30  June,  1813;  brig.-gen.  of  Ohio  militia  in 
defence  of  the  frontier  1813  ;  member  Ohio 
legisl.  1814;  pres,  of  the  Deraoc.  nat.  convent, 
which  in  May,  1832,  renominated  Jackson  for  a 
second  pres.  terra  ;  gov.  of  Ohio  1832-6  ;  first 
terr.  gov.  of  Iowa  1838-41.  Gov.  L.  was  a 
prominent  Mason  ;  a  man  of  strong  impulses, 
and  strict  integrity.  —  ^.  T.  Goodman's  Ms. 
Memoir. 

Ludewig,  Herman  Ernst,  author  of 
"  Literature  of  American  Local  History,"  b. 
Dresden,  Saxony,  Oct.  14, 1809  ;  d.  Brooklyn, 
N.Y.,  Dec.  12,  1856.  He  received  a  finished 
education  in  his  native  country  ;  came  to  NY. 
City  in  1842,  and  practised  law.  His  book, 
printed  in  1846,  was  never  pub.,  but  was  given 
away  to  friends  and  public  institutions.  A 
supplement  was  issued  in  1848,  relating  entirely 
to  the  State  of  N.Y.  A  philological  work 
by  him,  "Bibliotheca  Glottica,"  was  actually 
in  press  in  London,  and  was  announced  to  ap- 
pear Dec.  15,  three  days  after  the  author's 
death.  In  1854  he  communicated  to  the  Soci€l€ 
de  G€o(jraphie  of  Paris  an  article  entitled 
"  De  U  [Iistoire  des  Aboriginies  du  Mexique" 
printed  in  the  9th  vol.  4th  series  of  its  Bul- 
letins, i.  119.  He  contrib.  to  Naumann's 
"Serapeum"  articles  on  American  Libraries, 
"  Aids  to  American  Bibliography,"  and  "  The 
Book-Trade  of  the  \J .S."  —  Hist.  Mag.  I  23. 

Ludlow,  FiTz  Hugh,  magazine  writer, 
son  of  Rev.  Henry  G.  of  Poughkeepsie,  N. Y., 
b.  1837 ;  d.  Geneva,  Switzerland,  13  Sept. 
1870.  He  began  his  contribs.  to  N.Y.  journals 
in  1855;  afterwards  wrote  for  Harper's  Mag. 
a  series  of  stories,  collected  under  the  title  of 
"Little  Brother;"  pub.  in  1857  the  "Hash- 
eesh-Eater," and  afterward  "  The  Heart  of  the 
Continent"  on  a  journey  he  had  made  across 
the  plains,  and  "  The  Opium  Habit."  His 
health  had  been  destroyed  by  the  use  of  hasheesh 
and  opium. 

Ludlow,  Gabriel  G.,  lovalist  of  N.Y. ; 
d.  Oct.  4,  1808,  a.  72.  In  1782  he  was  col.- 
com.  of  De  Lancy's  3d  batt. ;  went  to  New 
Brunswick  at  the  peace;  was  mayor  of  St. 
John  in  1785;  was  in  1792  judge  of  vice- 
admiralty  ;  a  member  of  the  council ;  col.  of 
militia;  and  in  1803,  on  the  deposition  of  Gov. 
Carleton,  was  sworn  in  as  com.-in-chief.  — 
Sabine. 

Ludlow,  George  Duncan,  jurist  and 
loyalist  of  N.Y.,  bro.  of  the  preceding  ;  d. 
Fredcrickton,N.B.,Feb.  12,1808.  In  Dec.  1769 
he  was  app.  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court ;  in  1780  he  was  app.  master  of  the  rolls, 
and  supt.  of  police  on  Long  Island.  His  large 
estates  on  L.I.  were  confiscated ;  and  he  re- 
tired to  New  Brunswick  in  1 783,  where  he  was  a 
member  of  the  first  council,  and,  as  senior  coun- 
sel, administered  the  govt. ;  and  was  the  first 
chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court.  —  Sabine. 

Ludlow,  John,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  divine,  b. 
Aquackanonk,  N.  J.,  Dec.  13,  1793;  d.  Phila. 
Sept.  8,  1857.  Un.  Coll.  1814.  His  grand- 
father Richard  was  an  officer  of  the  Revol. 
After  studying  law,  he  entered  the  N.  Bruns- 
wick Theol.  School ;  was  tutor  at  Un.  Coll.  one 
year ;  completed  his  studies  in  181 7,  and  became 


pastor  of  the  R.D.  Church,  N.  Brunswick  ;  in 
1818  he  became  prof  of  biblical  literature ;  and 
from  1823  to  1834  was  pastor  of  the  church  in 
Albany  ;  provost  of  the  U.  of  Pa.  from  1834  to 
1852,  when  he  took  the  chair  of  eccl.  history  in 
the  Theol.  Sem.  of  the  R.D.  Church,  N.  Bruns- 
wick, N.J.  —  Simpson. 

Ludlow,  Roger,  dep.-gov.  of  Ms.  (1634) 
and  of  Ct. ;  was  a  "pious  gentleman  of  good 
family  "  in  the  west  of  Eng.  who  came  with 
the  first  settlers  of  Dorchester  in  1630.  He 
was  an  assist.  4  years.  Failing  to  be  chosen 
gov.  in  1634,  he  went  in  1635  with  the  settlers 
of  Windsor,  Ct.,  where  he  was  19  years  a 
magistrate  or  dep.-gov.,  and  one  ofthe  commiss. 
of  the  United  Colonies.  In  1639  he  removed 
to  Fairfield,  the  inhabitants  of  which,  in  1653, 
having  declared  war  against  the  Manhadoes, 
chose  Ludlow  com.-in-chief.  The  Gen.  Court 
of  New  Haven  discountenanced  the  project,  in 
consequence  of  which  Mr.  Ludlow  embarked 
for  Va.  in  Apr.  1654,  with  his  family.  The 
time  and  place  of  his  death  are  unknown.  His 
dau.  Sarah  m.  rev.  Nath'l.  Brewster  of  Brook- 
haven.  John  Endicott  was  his  bro.-in-law. 
Well  versed  in  jurisprudence,  he  compiled  the 
first  Ct.  code  of  laws,  printed  in  1672. 

Lumpkin,  Joseph  Henry,  LL.D.  (N.J. 
Coll.  1851),  jurist  and  scholar,  b.  Oglethorpe 
Co.,  Ga.,  Dec.  23,  1799  ;  d.  Athens,  Ga.,  June 
4,  1867.  N.J.  Coll.  1819.  He  studied  law  in 
the  office  of  Judge  Cobb  ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar 
in  Oct.  1820;  began  practice  at  Lexington, 
Ga.,  and  took  high  rank  as  a  lawyer.  After  a 
successful  career  of  24  years,  he  retired  from 
practice.  Elected  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Ga.  in  his  absence  in  1845  ;  he  was  thrice 
re-elected  for  the  term  of  6  years,  without  op- 
position. Elected  prof,  of  rhetoric  and  oratory 
in  the  Ga.  U.  in  1846,  he  was  compelled  to 
decline.  Long  a  prof,  of  law  in  the  Lumpkin 
Law  School  attached  to  the  University.  In 
1855  he  declined  a  seat  on  the  bench  of  the 
Court  of  Claims.  One  of  the  compilers  of  the 
Penal  Code  of  Ga.  in  1833. 

Lumpkin,  Wilson,  statesman,  b.  Pittsyl- 
vania Co.,  Va.,  Jan.  14,  1783.  Removed  to 
Oglethorpe  Co.,  Ga.,  early  in  1784,  with  his 
father.  He  received  a  common  school  educa- 
tion ;  studied  law ;  served  in  the  State  legisl. 
a  number  of  years  ;  was  M.C.  in  1815-17;  and 
1827-31 ;  gov.of  Ga.  1831-5  ;  and  U.S.senator 
in  1837-41.  In  1823  he  was  app.  by  Pres. 
Monroe  to  mark  out  the  boundary-line  between 
Ga.  and  Fla. ;  and  by  Gen  Jackson  was  app. 
a  commiss.  under  the  Cherokee  treaty  of  1835. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  bo^rd  of  public 
works.     He  resided  at  Athens,  Ga.  Died  1871. 

Lundy,  Benjamin,  abolitionist,  b.  Hand- 
wich,  N.J.,  Jan.  4,  1789;  d.  Lowell,  111.,  Aug. 
22,  1839.  His  parents  Avere  Quakers.  Until 
19  he  labored  on  his  father's  farm,  and  after- 
ward removed  to  Wheeling,  Va.  Having  set- 
tled in  business  in  St.  Clairsvillc,  Va.,  in  1815, 
he  founded  an  antislavery  society,  and  wrote  an 
appeal  on  the  subject  of  slavery.  He  also  con- 
trib. to  a  journal  called  the  Philanthropist.  He 
then  went  to  St.  Louis,  where,  for  near  2  years, 
he  was  engaged  in  the  exposition  of  the  slavery 
question.  Returning  to  Mt.  Pleasant,  he  com-/ 
menced  in  Jan.  1822  the  Genius  of  Universal 


UUN 


569 


LYE 


Emancipation,  the  ofRce  of  wliich  was  soon  re- 
moved to  Jonesborough,  Tcnn.,  and  thence  in 
1824  to  Baltimore.  He  visited  Hayti  in  1824, 
and  the  Eastern  States  in  1825,  where  he  formed 
the  acquaintance  of  Wm.  Lloyd  Garrison,  af- 
terwards associated  with  him  in  editing  his 
journal.  In  1828-9  he  was  assaulted  for  an 
alleged  libel,  indirectly  censiired  by  the  Court, 
and  soon  afterward  removed  to  Washington. 
He  was  the  first  to  establish  antislavery  peri- 
odicals, and  to  deliver  antislavery  lectures. 
His  "Life  and  Travels,"  by  Thos.  Earl,  was 
pub.  in  Phila.  1847. 

Lunt,  George,  lawyer,  author,  and  journal- 
ist, b.  Newburyport,  Ms.,  Dec.  31,  1803.  H.U. 
1824.  Studied  law;  Avas  principal  of  the  high 
school  in  Newburyport ;  and  practised  law  there. 
He  was  several  times  a  member  of  the  State  le- 
gisl.;  began  to  write  and  publish  poetry  at  an 
early  age.  A  vol.  appeared  in  1839  ;  another  in 
1843,  entitled  "The  Age  of  Gold;"  in  1851 
"  The  Dove  and  the  Eagle ; "  "  Lyric  Poems," 
1854  ;  "Julia,"  1855.  In  1845  he  delivered  be- 
fore the  Boston  Mercantile  Library  Assoc,  a 
poem  called  "Culture."  In  1848  he  removed 
to  Boston;  and  from  1849  till  March,  1853,  was 
U.S.  dist.  atty.  for  Ms.  From  Mar.  1857  till 
1862,  and  at  a  later  period,  he  edited  the  Boston 
Courier,  a  consei-vative  journal.  His  other  pub- 
lications are  "Eastford,  or  Household  Sketch- 
es," 1855;  "Three  Eras  of  New  England," 
1857;  "Radicalism  in  Religion,  Philosophy, 
and  Social  Life,"  1858;  "The  tjnion,"  a  po- 
em, 1860;  and  "Origin  of  the  Late  War." 

liUnt,  Rev.  William  Parsons,  D.D. 
(H.U.  1855),  a  popular  and  eloquent  Unitarian 
divine,  b.  Nowburyport,  Apr.  21, 1805  ;  d.  Ak- 
bah  in  Arabia  Pctrasa,  March  20, 1857.  H.U. 
1823.  Son  of  Capt.  Henry.  Studied  law  one 
year.  Ord.  pastor  of  the  Second  Unit.  Church 
in  New  York  19  June,  1828,  which  he  left  Nov. 
19,  1833,  and  was  pastor  of  the  Unit,  church, 
Quincy,  Ms.,  from  June  3,  1835,  to  his  d.  He 
left  home  in  Dec.  1856  to  make  the  tour  of 
Europe.  His  writings,  both  in  prose  and  poe- 
try, display  a  singularly  pure  taste  and  classic 
refinement,  and  have  been  much  admired.  He 
pub.  a  number  of  occasional  discourses. 

Luque  de  (da-loo'-ka),  Hernando,  a  Span- 
ish bishop  of  Peru  ;  d.  1532.  He  was  a  priest 
of  Panama,  when  in  1525  he  associated  him- 
self with  Pizarro  and  Almagro  in  an  exped.  for 
the  conquest  of  Peru,  furnishing  the  money  for 
the  enterprise.  —  See  Her^era;  and  Prescott's 
Conquest  of  Peru. 

Lusk,  John,  an  aged  soldier,  b.  Staten  Is- 
land, N.Y.,  Nov.  5, 1734;  d.  near  McMinnville, 
Tenn.,  June  8, 1838,  a.  104.  Of  Dutch  extrac- 
tion. He  was  in  the  military  service  nearly  60 
years.  He  commenced  this  career  when  ab.  20, 
at  the  conquest  of  Acadie  ;  was  present  at  the 
siege  of  Quebec ;  saw  the  brave  Gen.  Wolfe  fall 
on  the  Plains  of  Abraham  ;  served  in  Arnold's 
exped.  to  Canada ;  was  engaged  in  the  erection 
of  Fort  Edward,  and  was  there  wounded ;  was 
at  the  battle  of  Saratoga,  the  surrender  of 
Burgoyne,  and  also  of  Cornwallis  ;  and  subse- 
quently served  under  Wayne  in  the  campaign 
against  the  Indians. 

Luzenberg,  Charles  A.,  surgeon,  b. 
Verona,  July  31,  1805;  d.  Cincinnati,  July  15, 


1848.  Of  Austrian  parentage.  He  came  with 
his  family  in  1819  to  Phila.,  attending  the  lec- 
tures of  the  Jeff.  Med.  Coll.,  giving  special  at- 
tention to  surgery.  In  1829  he  went  to  N.  Or- 
leans; became  house  surgeon  to  the  Charity 
Hospital,  and  soon  became  celebrated  in  his 
profession ;  established  the  Medical  School,  of 
which  he  was  the  first  dean  ;  founded  the  Soci- 
ety of  Nat.  Hist,  in  1839,  and  in  1843  the  La. 
Medico-Chirurgical  Society,  of  both  which  he 
was  first  pres.  In  1832-4  he  visited  Europe.  He 
performed  successfully  many  of  the  most  diffi- 
cult surgical  operations,  such  as  the  extirpation 
of  the  parotid  gland,  the  excision  of  6  inches 
of  the  ilium,  and  the  tying  of  the  primitive  iliac 
artery.  —  Gross's  Med,  Biog. 

Luzerne,  Anne  C^sar  de  la,  LL.D. 
(H.U.  1781),  a  French  diplomatist,  b.  Paris, 
1741;  d.  Eng.  Sept.  14,  1791.  After  having 
served  in  the  Seven- Years'  War,  in  which  he  rose 
to  the  rank  of  col.,  he  abandoned  the  military 
career,  resumed  his  studies,  and  turning  his 
views  to  diplomacy,  in  1776  was  sent  as  cnvoy- 
extr.  to  Bavaria.  In  1778  he  was  app.  to  suc- 
ceed Gerard  as  minister  to  the  U.S.;  arrived 
in  Phila.  Sept.  21,  1779,  and  conducted  him- 
self, during  4  years  in  which  he  remained  there, 
with  a  prudence,  wisdom,  and  concern  for  their 
interests,  that  gained  him  the  esteem  and  affec- 
tion of  the  Americans.  In  1780,  when  the 
American  army  was  in  the  most  destitute  con- 
dition, and  the  government  without  resources, 
he  aided  with  his  purse  in  relieving  the  distress. 
In  1783  he  returned  to  France,  having  received 
the  most  flattering  expressions  of  esteem  from 
Congress;  and  in  1788  was  sent  ambassador  to 
London,  where  he  remained  till  his  d.  When 
the  Federal  Govt,  was  organized,  the  sec.  of 
state  addressed  a  letter  to  the  Chevalier  de  la 
Luzenie,  by  direction  of  Washington,  making 
an  express  acknowledgment  of  his  services,  and 
the  sense  of  them  entertained  by  the  nation. 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles,  D.C.L.  (Oxf.  1855), 
LL.D.  (II.U.  1844),  a  British  geologist,  b.  Kin- 
nordy,  Forfarshire,  Nov.  14,  1797.  Oxf.  U. 
B.A.  1819;  M.A.  1821.  Originally  a  lawyer. 
The  lectures  of  Prof.  Buckland  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  geology.  The  first  vol.  of  his  "  Princi- 
ples of  Geology  "  appeared  in  Jan.  1 830,  and  was 
received  with  great  favor.  This  work  in  1838 
was  divided  into  two  treatises,  —  the  "Elements 
of  Geology,"  and  the  "Principles;"  and  in 
1851  the  "Elements"  appeared  with  the  title  of 
"Manual  of  Elementary  Geology."  In  1841  he 
visited  the  U.S.,  delivered  a  couree  of  lectures 
on  geology  in  Boston,  travelled  extensively 
through  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  and 
investigated  the  geological  features  of  the  coun- 
try. His  "  Travels  in^N.  A.  in  the  Years  1841- 
2  "  (2  vols.  8vo,  Lond.  1845)  contain  the  gen- 
eral results  of  this  journey.  The  scientific 
papers  connected  with  it  arc  found  in  the  "Pro- 
ceedings "  and  "  Trans."  of  the  Gcol.  Soc.  of 
Lond.,  the  "  Reports  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion," and  the  "Am.  Journal  of  Science."  In  a 
second  journey,  made  in  Sept.  1845-,June,  1846, 
he  visited  the  Southern  States,  and  passed  up 
the  Mpi.  He  pub.  "A  Second  Visit  to  the 
U.S.,"  2  vols.  8vo.  Lond.  1849.  In  1849  he  was 
knighted;  was  elected  pres.  of  the  Geol.  Society 
in  1836  and  1850;  created  a  baronet  in  1864. 


LY]VI 


570 


LYN^ 


He  pub.  in  1863  "  Geological  Evidences  of  the 
Antiquity  of  Man,"  &c. 

Lyman,  Henry,  missionary,  b,  Northamp- 
ton, Ms.,  1810;  killed  by  the'Biittahs  at  Su- 
matra, with  Mr.  Munson.'June  28, 1834.  Amh. 
Coll.  1829.  Son  of  Theotlore.  He  pub. 
"  Condition  of  Females  in  Pa<;an  Countries." 

Lyman,  Joseph,  D.D.  (Wms.  Coll.  1801), 
minister  of  Hatfield,  Ct.,  from  ab.  1772  to  his 
d.,  March  27,  1828;  b.  Lebanon,  Ct.,  1750. 
Y.C.  r;67;  tutor  there  1770-1.  He  was  an 
original  member  of  the  Amer.  Foreign  Mis- 
sionary Society,  and  from  1823  its  prcs.  He 
pub.  18  occasional  sermons,  1787-1821. — 
Sprofjue. 

Lyman,  Phineas,  maj.-gen.,  b.  Durham, ' 
Ct.,  ab.  1716;  d.  West  Forida,  1775.  Y.C. 
1738;  tutor  there  1738-41.  He  was  bred  a 
weaver,  but  soon  raised  himself  above  this  con- 
dition, engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits,  and 
finally  settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Suffield.  He 
took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  dispute  between 
Ct.  and  Ms.  relative  to  the  right  of  jurisdiction 
over  the  town  of  SuflSeld ;  was  for  some  years 
a  magistrate,  held  various  public  offices,  and 
was  app.  maj.-gen.  and  com.-in-chief  of  the  Ct. 
forces,  and  built  Fort  Lyman,  now  called  Fort 
Edward,  N.Y.  He  served  under  Sir  William 
Johnson  at  the  battle  of  Lake  George,  and, 
after  Johnson  was  disabled,  conducted  the  en- 
gagement to  a  successful  issue.  He  served 
tinder  Abercrombie  in  1758;  was  with  Lord 
Howe  when  he  was  killed ;  was  at  the  capture 
of  Crown  Point,  the  surrender  of  Montreal; 
and  in  1762  led  the  provincial  troops  against 
Havana.  In  1763  he  went  to  Eng.  as  the  agent 
of  his  brother  officers  to  receive  their  share  of 
prize-money,  also  as  agent  of  a  company  called 
the  Military  Adventurers,  to  solicit  a  grant  of 
land  on  the  Mpi.  Deluded  from  year  to  year 
by  idle  promises,  he  sunk  to  imbecility,  and 
returned  in  1774,  about  which  time  a  tract 
near  Natchez  was  granted  to  the  petitioners. 
He  went  thither  with  his  eldest  son  and  other 
emigrants,  and  died  soon  after  reaching  West 
Florida.  The  emigrants,  after  undergoing 
many  hardships,  were  obliged,  on  the  conquest 
of  the  country  by  the  Spaniards  in  1781-2,  to 
take  refuge  in  Savannah. 

Lyman,  Theodore,  mayor  of  Boston 
1832-5,  b.  there  Feb.  19,  1792;  d.  July  17, 
1849.  H.U.  1810.  The  son  of  a  rich  and 
liberal  merchant  of  that  city,  he  inherited  a 
fortune.  He  received  his  early  education  at 
Phillips  Exeter  Acad.  In  1814  he  visited 
Europe;  afterward  studied  law,  and  made  a 
second  visit  to  Europe;  in  1819  he  began  to 
take  part  in  the  business  of  public  life;  was  an 
efficient  member  of  both  branches  of  the  legisl. ; 
delivered  the  4th  of  July  oration  in  Boston  in 
1820;  and  took  an  interest  in  the  militia,  and 
for  a  time  was  brig.-gen. ;  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Ilortic.  Society,  and  at  his 
decease  gave  to  it  $10,000;  a  trustee  and 
liberal  benefactor  of  the  Farm  School,  to  which 
at  his  decease  he  also  bequeathed  $10,000.  He 
founded  the  State  Reform  School  at  West- 
borough,  to  endow  which  he  first  gave  $22,000, 
and  at  his  death  bequeathed  to  it  $50,000  more. 
Author  of  '*  A  Few  Weeks  at  Paris ; "  "  Politi- 
cal State  of  Italy,"  1820;   "Account  of  the 


Hartford  Convention,"  1823;  "Diplomacy  of 
the  U.S.."  2  vols.  1828. 

Lyman,  William,  b.  Northampton,  Ms., 
1753.  Y.C.  1776.  M,  C.  1793-7;  consul  to 
London  from  1805  to  his  d.,  Oct.  1811 ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Ms.  legisl.  1787;  State  senator 
1789;  brig.-gen.  of  militia. 

Lyman,  William,  D.  D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1808),  minister  of  Haddara,  Ct.,  and  China, 
N.Y. ;  d.  1833,  a.  ab.  70.  Y.C.  1784.  He 
pub.  Election  Scrm.  1806;  on  the  death  of  Mrs. 
Griswold  of  Lyme;  Dedication  Serm.  at  Leba- 
non, 1807;  Ordination  of  J.  Harvey,  1810. 

Lynch,  Col.  Charles,  Revol.  officer;  d. 
soon  after  1783,  at  Staunton,  Campbell  Co., 
Va.  His  bro.  John  was  the  founder  of  Lynch- 
burg, Va. ;  and  his  son  Charles,  gov.  of  Mpi. 
1835-7,  d.  near  Natchez,  Feb.  16,  1853.  At 
Guilford  a  regt.  of  riflemen  under  Col.  Lynch 
behaved  with  great  gallantry.  The  term 
"  lynch  law "  was  occasioned  by  his  appre- 
hending, and  causing  to  be  punished  without 
any  superfluous  legal  ceremony,  a  lawless  band 
of  Tories  and  desperadoes  that  infested  that 
newly-settled  country.  —  Va.  Hist.  Colls. 

Lynch,  Isidore  de,  a  French  gen.  of 
Irish  descent,  b.  Lond.  June  7,  1755  ;  d.  Aug. 
4, 1821.  He  was  educated  at  the  Coll.  of  Louis 
le  Grand  at  Paris ;  entered  the  army ;  made 
the  campaigns  of  1771-2  in  India,  and  subse- 
quently those  of  the  war  of  the  United  States. 
Before  rejoining  the  army  of  llochambeau,  in 
which  he  was  aide  to  the  Marquis  de  Chastellux, 
he  had  taken  part  in  the  exped.  of  D'Estaing, 
and  at  the  siege  of  Savannah  exhibited  a  cool 
bravery  worthy  the  record  of  it  in  the  Memoirs 
of  Count  Segur.  On  his  return  to  France  he 
was  made  second  col.  of  the  regt.  of  Walsh, 
and  received  the  cross  of  St.  Louis.  He  was  a 
lieut.-gen.  at  the  battle  of  Valmy.  — Blog.  Univ. 
Suppt. 

Lynch,  Thomas,  Jun.,  signer  of  the  Dec!, 
of  Indcp.,  b.  Prince  George  Parish,  S.C.,  Aug. 
5,  1749;  d.  at  sea  in  the  latter  part  of  1779. 
Of  Austrian  descent.  His  father,  a  man  of  great 
wealth  and  influence,  having  early  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  Colonists,  was  a  member  of  the 
Cont.  Congress  from  1774  till  his  d.  in  1776. 
His  sou  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge, 
Eng.;  afterward  studied  law  at  the  Temple,  but, 
before  completing  his  course,  returned  to  Amer. 
in  1772.  Relinquishing  the  profession  of  the 
law,  he  settled  upon  a  plantation  on  the  North 
Santee  River,  presented  to  him  by  his  father, 
and  m.  a  Miss  Shubrick.  In  1 775  he  was  chosen 
a  capt.  in  the  1st  S.C.  regt.;  but,  in  consequence 
of  the  illness  of  his  father,  toward  the  close  of 
that  year  was  elected  to  fill  his  seat  in  Congress. 
The  decline  of  his  health  obliged  him  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1776  to  retire  from  public  employment. 
Near  the  close  of  1779  he  embarked  for  St.  Eu- 
statia,  with  the  intention  of  visiting  Europe, 
and,  by  some  unknown  accident,  perished,  with 
all  the  ship's  company,  at  sea. 

Lynch,  William  F.,  naval  officer,  b.  Va. 
1801 ;  d.  Baltimore,  Oct.  17,  1865.  Midshipm. 
Jan.  26,  1819;  lieut.  May,  1828;  com.  Sept. 
1849 ;  capt.  Apr.  1856.  In  1847  he  planned  an 
exped.  to  explore  the  course  of  the  River  Jordan 
and  the  shores  of  the  Dead  Sea ;  sailed  in  Nov. 
for  Smyrna;  arrived  with  his  party  in  the  Bay 


LYN- 


571 


LYO 


of  Acre  Mar.  31,  1848,  and  in  April  was  up- 
on the  Lake  of  Tiberias,  and  commenced  the 
navigation  of  the  Jordan  to  the  Dead  Sea,  which 
they  reached  Apr.  18.  A  thorough  exploration 
was  mad3 ;  and  the  depression  of  che  Dead  Sea 
below  the  Mediterranean  was  found  to  be  1,312 
feet.  Lieut.  Lynch's  narrative  of  this  exped. 
has  passed  through  7  editions.  He  subsequent- 
ly planned  an  exploradon  of  Western  Africa, 
which  was  not  executed.  He  is  also  the  author 
of  "Naval  Life,  or  Observations  Afloat  and  on 
Shore,"  12mo,  1851.  He  resigned  April  21, 
1861 ;  June  10,  1861,  was  app.  a  commodore 
in  the  Confed.  navy ;  led  a  flotilla  in  defence  of 
lloanoke  Island  and  the  coast  of  N.C.;  and  was 
defeated  (Feb.  9,  1862)  by  Flag-Omcer  Golds- 
borough.  He  was  subsequently  in  com.  of  the 
defences  of  Smithvide,  near  Fort  Fisher,  N.C. 

Lynde,  Benjamin,  chief  justice  of  Ms.,  b, 
Salem,  Sept.  22,  1666;  d.Mar.  28,  1745.  H.U. 
1686.  He  studied  law  at  the  Temple,  Lond. ; 
was  app.  judge  in  1712,  and  ch.  justice  in  1729. 
Member  of  the  council  from  1723  to  1737.  De- 
scended from  a  Dorsetshire  family.  His  son 
Bexjamin,  jurist,  b.  O^t.  5,  1700,  d.  Oct.  9, 
1781.  H.U.  1718.  From  1737  he  was  many 
years  a  member  of  the  council,  representative, 
naval  officer  of  the  port,  a  judge  of  the  Court 
of  Sessions  and  C.  Pi.,  and,  toward  the  close  of 
life,  judge  of  probate.  Judge  of  the  Supreme 
Judicial  Court  from  1745  to  1771.  At  the  trial 
of  Cai)t.  Preston  in  1770  h^  presided  in  court. 
He  resigned  the  office  of  chief  justice  in  1772. 

Lyndon,  Josiah,  gov.  R.l.  1768,  b.  Now- 
port,  Mar.  10,  1721;  d.  Warren,  Mar.  30,  1778. 

Lyon,  Asa,  minister,  b.  Pomfret,  Ct.,  Dec. 
31,  1763;  d.  South  Hero,  Grand  Isle  Co.,  Vt, 
April  4,  1841.  Dartm.  Coll.  1790.  Pastor  of 
the  Cong,  church  at  Sunderland,  Ms.,  from  Oct. 
4,  1792,  to  Sept.  23,  1793;  at  SouthHero,  Vt., 
'from  Dec.  21, 1802,  to  Mar.  15,  1840 ;  and  was 
M.C.  from  Vt.  in  1815-17.  App.  chief  judge 
of  Grand  Isle  Co.  in  1805,  '6,  '8,  and '13;  was  a 
representative  in  1802,  '4,  '5,  '6,  and  '8,  and  from 
1810  to  1814;  was  a  member  of  the  exec,  coun- 
cil in  1803.  Ho  was  an  able  preacher,  and  pub. 
sermons  and  patriotic  addresses,  indicating  a 
high  order  of  talent  and  scholarship. 

Lyon,  Maky,  teacher,  b.  Buckland,  Ms., 
Feb.  28,  1797 ;  d.  South  Hadley,  Ms.,  Mar.  5, 
1849.  She  commenced  teaching  at  Shelburne 
Falls  in  1814 ;  from  the  fall  of  1821  till  the 
spring  of  1824  she  taught  in  the  Sanderson 
Acad.,  Ashficld;  from  1824  to  1828  she  was 
associated  with  Miss  Grant  in  teaching  the  Ad- 
ams Female  Acad,  at  Londonderry,  N.H.,  and 
afterward  at  Ipswich;  for  6  years,  during 
winters,  when  the  acad.  was  closed,  she  taught 
school  in  Buckland  and  Ashland ;  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1834  she  resigned;  and  Nov.  8,  1837, 
she  opened  theMt.  Holyoke  Female  Seminary, 
in  South  Hadley,  over  which  she  presided  12 
years.  A  feature  of  her  plan,  to  which  there 
was  much  opposition,  was,  that  the  Avhole  do- 
mestic labor  of  the  institution  was  to  be  per- 
formed by  the  pupils  and  teachers;  and  it  was 
intended  to  make  the  pupils  independent  of 
servants,  to  teach  self-denial,  to  promote  their 
health,  and  to  preserve  their  interest  in  domes- 
tic duties.  She  pub.  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  Ten- 
dencies of  the  Principles  embraced  and  the  Sys- 


tem adopted  in  the  Mt.  Holyoke  Female  Semi- 
nary "  (1840),  and  the  "Missionary  OiFjring," 
1843. — See  Life  and  Labors  of  Mary  Li/on,  by 
Edward  Hitchcock,  D.D.,  1851. 

Lyon,  Col.  Mathew,  politician,  b.  Wick- 
low  Co.,  Ireland,  1746;  d.  Spadra  BlulF,  Ark., 
1  Aug.  1822.  Emigrating  at  the  age  of  13  to 
N.Y.,  and  unable  to  pay  for  his  passage,  the 
captain  of  the  ship,  in  accordance  with  the  cus- 
tom of  the  time,  assigned  him  for  a  sum  of 
money  to  a  farmer  in  Litchfield  Co.,  Ct.,whom 
he  served  some  years.  Becoming  a  citizen  of 
Vt.,  he  was  in  1775  a  lieut.  in  a  company  of 
"  Green  Mountain  Boys;"  was  cashiered  for 
deserting  his  post  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year; 
was  in  1777  temporary  paym.  of  the  Northern 
army ;  was  subsequently  serving  as  commiss.- 
gen.  and  as  col.  of  militia;  and  was  in  1778 
dcp.  sec.  to  the  gov.,  and  clerk  of  the  Court  of 
Confiscations.  Founding  the  town  of  Fair- 
haven  in  1783,  he  built  saw-mills  and  grist- 
mills, established  a  forge,  manufactured  paper 
from  basswoocl,  and  established  the  Freeman's 
Library,  newspaper.  He  was  10  years  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Icgisl.;  assist,  judge  of  Rutland  Co. 
Court  in  1786;  M.C.  1797-1801,  and  had  on 
the  floor  of  Congress  a  personal  difficulty  with 
Roger  Griswold,  when  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
was  made  to  expel  him;  gave  the  vote  that 
made  Jefferson  pros. ;  and  being  in  Oct.  1798 
convicted  of  a  libel  on  Pres.  Adams,  was  con- 
fined 4  months  in  the  Vergennes  Jail,  and  fined 
$1,000,  which  was  paid  by  his  fi'iends.  Remov- 
ing to  Ky.,  he  was  in  its  legisl.  in  1801-3  ;  was 
its  rep.  in  Congress  in  1803-11;  then  became 
bankrupt  from  the  speculation  of  building  gun- 
boats for  the  war  of  1812;  and  in  1820  was 
made  a  factor  among  the  Cherokee  Indians  in 
Ark.,  and  was  app.  territorial  delegate  to  Con- 
gress, but  did  not  live  to  take  his  scat.  His 
son  Chittenden  Lyon,  M.C.  from  Ky.  1827- 
35,  d.  Caldwell  Co.,  Ky.,  Nov.  1842.  Col.  L. 
was  rough  and  impetuous  in  manner,  but  was 
an  able  debater.  —  See  pamphlet  notice  of  Lyon 
bjBev.  Pliny  II,  White,  1858. 

Lyon,  Nathaniel,  brig.-gcn  vols.,  b.  Ash- 
ford,  Windham  Co.,  Ct.,  July  14,  1819  ;  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Wilson's  Creek,  Mo.,  Aug.  10, 
1861.  West  Point,  1841.  Grand-nephew  of 
Col.  Knowlton.  Entering  the  2d  Inf.  he  dis- 
ting.  himself  in  the  Florida  war;  took  part 
in  the  capture  of  Monterey  in  1846;  became 
1st  lieut.  Feb.  1847  ;  and,  joining  Gen.  Scott, 
was  present  at  Vera  Cruz  and  Cerro  Gordo; 
com.  his  company  at  Contreras  and  Churu- 
busco,  winning  the  brevet  of  capt. ;  and  was 
wounded  in  the  assault  of  the  Belen  Gate, 
Mexico  City.  Ordered  to  California;  June  11, 
1851,  he  became  capt. ;  was  on  active  duty  in 
Kansas  during  the  Free-State  troubles;  and, 
when  the  civil  war  broke  out,  was  placed  in 
com.  of  the  arsenal  at  St.  Louis.  This  he  made 
secure  against  surprise;  and  May  10,  with 
the  aid  of  several  thousand  "  Home  Guards," 
under  Cols.  Blair  and  Sigel,  broke  up  the  ren- 
dezvous of  the  secessionists  at  Camp  Jackson  ; 
brig.-gen.  vols.  17  May,  1861;  June  1  the 
com.  of  the  dept.  devolved  on  him.  He  broke 
up  a  Confederate  force  at  Potosi,  and  caused 
several  important  seizures  of  war  mat&iel  des- 
tined for  Camp  Jackson.     Gov.  Jackson,  hav- 


LYO 


572 


MIC^ 


ing  called  out  50,000  militia  to  "  repel  the  in- 
vasion of  the  State,"  left  for  Booneville  on  the 
14th  ;  Gen.  Lyon  followed  him,  defeating  the 
militia  on  the  17th;  he  then  marched  to 
Springfield.  Aug.  2,  he  defeated  the  Confede- 
rates under  McCulloch  at  Dug  Spring.  Mc- 
CuUoch  having  been  joined  by  Gen.  Price, 
thus  making  a  force  4  or  5  times  as  large  as 
his  own,  he  determined,  rather  than  abandon 
S.  W.  Mo.,  to  risk  a  battle.  He  accordingly 
marched  on  and  attacked  the  enemy  on  the 
10th,  at  Wilson's  Creek ;  and,  after  being  twice 
wounded,  was  leading  into  action  a  regt.  whose 
col.  had  been  killed,  when  he  was  struck  by  a 
minic-ball,  and  killed.  Great  honors  were  paid 
to  his  memory.  He  bequeathed  nearly  all  his 
property,  some  $30,000,  to  the  govt,  to  aid  in 
the  preservation  of  the  Union.  In  1860,  while 
stationed  at  Camp  Riley,  he  pub.  a  series  of 
letters  in  favor  of  Abraham  Lincoln's  election 
to  the  presidency,  in  a  local  newspaper,  since 
collected  in  a  vol.,  entitled  "  The  Last  Politi- 
cal writings  of  Gen.  Nathaniel  Lyon,"  with  a 
memoir,  1862. 

Lyon,  Richard,  poet  and  preacher,  was 
in  1644-7  private  tutor  to  an  English  student 
at  Cambridge.  He  lived  with  Pres.  Dunster, 
with  whom  he  was  app.  to  revise  Eliot's  "  Bay- 
Psalms."  In  1722  the  20th  edition  was  pub. ; 
many  passages  from  the  other  parts  of  the 
Bible,  called  "  The  Spiritual  Songs  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testament,"  are  inserted.  —  Allen, 

Lyons,  James  Gilborne,  LL.D.  ;  d.  Jan. 
2,  1868,  at  Haverford,  near  Phila.,  where  he 
had  for  many  years  a  select  boys'  school  of  a 
high  character.  He  was  an  accomplished 
scholar,  and  pub.  "  Christian  Songs,  Transla- 
tions, and  other  Poems,"  Phila.  12mo,  1861. 

Lyons,  Richard  Bickerton  Pemell, 
baron,  G.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  envoy-extr.  to  the 
U.S.  Dec.  1858-rcb.  1865,  b.  Lymington,  26 
Apr.  1817.  Succeeded  to  the  title  of  his  father 
(Admiral  Lyons)  23  Nov.  1858.  Educated  at 
Oxford.  Attache  at  Athens  (1839),  Dresden 
(1852),  Florence  (1853);  sec.  of  legation  there 
1856;  envoy  to  Tuscany  (1858) ;  app.  ambas- 
sador to  Constantinople  in  Aug.  1865  ;  trans- 
fen-cd  to  Paris  in  July,  1867. 

Lytle,  William  Haines,  soldier  and  poet, 
b.  Cincinnati,  Nov.  2,  1826;  killed  Sept.  20, 
1863,  at  the  battle  of  Chickamauga.  Cin. 
Coll.  1843.  His  great-grandfather  Wm.  was 
a  capt.  in  the  Pa.  line,  and  emig.  to  Ky.  in 
1779.  Wm.  his  grandfather,  an  early  pioneer 
of  Ohio,  was  famous  in  t*ie  border  wars  of  the 
West,  and  under  Jackson,  his  intimate  per- 
sonal friend,  held  the  surveyor-generalcy  of 
public  lands.  His  father  Robert  T.  Lytle,  a 
Democ.  politician,  and  M.C.  1833-5,  d.  N.  Or- 
leans, Dec.  21,  1839.  Wm.  H.  studied  law; 
served  in  the  Mexican  war  as  capt.  in  Irving's 
regt. ;  resumed  practice  at  its  close  ;  was  a 
member  of  the  O.  legisl. ;  was  the  unsuccess- 
ful candidate  of  the  Demoe.  for  lieut.-gov.  in 
1857  ;  and  became,  soon  after,  maj.-gen.  first 
division  of  O.  militia.  At  the  commencement 
of  the  Rebellion  he  com.  the  10th  O.  regt.; 
served  in  West  Va. ;  took  part  in  the  gallant 
attack  upon  Rich  Mountain,  July,  1861;  and 
was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Summerville, 
Sept.    10,  1861.     When  sufficiently  recovered, 


he  took  com.  of  the  Bardstown  camp  of  in- 
struction ;  and  then  of  the  17th  brigade  under 
Gen.  0.  M.  Mitchell,  participating  in  the 
brilliant  operations  along  the  Memphis  and 
Chattanooga  Railroad ;  at  Perryville  he  was 
again  wounded,  and  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
enemy,  but  was  soon  exchanged  ;  made  brig.- 
gen.  for  gallantry  Nov.  29,  1862;  and  subse- 
quently served  under  Gen.  Rosecrans.  Some 
of  his  poetry  is  collected  in  the  "  Poets  and 
Poetry  of  the  West,"  by  Coggeshall. 

Lyttleton,  William  Henry,  Baron 
Westcote,  gov.  S.  C.  1755-60,  afterward  gov. 
of  Jamaica  ;  d.  14  Sept.,  1808.  Envoy-ex.  and 
min.  to  Portugal  1766  ;  made  Baron  Westcote 
31  July,  1776;  made  Lord  Lyttleton  13  Aug. 
1794. 

Mably  (ma-blt),  Gabriel  Bonnot,  abbe 
de,  a  French  author,  b.  Grenoble,  14  Mar. 
1709;  d.  Paris,  23  Apr.  1785.  A  misunder- 
standing with  his  patron  and  relative.  Cardinal 
Tencin,  prevented  his  rise  in  the  Church.  He 
wrote  memorials  and  reports  for  Tencin  ;  and 
it  was  from  minutes  drawn  up  by  him  for  the 
cardinal  that  he  prepared  his  "  Droit  Public." 
Employed  in  1743  in  secret  negotiations  with 
the  Prussian  ambassador  at  Paris,  he  con- 
cluded a  treaty  against  Austria ;  and  also 
drew  the  instructions  of  the  French  minister 
at  the  congress  of  Breda.  Besides  several 
political  and  historical  works,  he  wrote  in 
1 784  "  Sur  les  Constitutions  des  Etats  Uais  de 
l*Am€iiqae,"  embodying  his  views  on  the  prep- 
aration of  the  constitution,  upon  which  he 
was  consulted  by  Congress  in  1783.  This 
work  contains  many  sentiments  adverse  to 
civil  liberty  and  religious  toleration,  which  are 
inconsistent  with  his  previous  opinions. 

McAdam,  John  Loudoun,  originator  of 
macadamized  roads,  b.  Ayr,  Scotland,  21 
Sept.  1756;  d.  Dumfrieshire,  26  Nov.  1836. 
In  1770  he  came  to  New  York  ;  was  adopted  by 
his  uncle  a  merchant  there,  who  acquired  a 
fortune  as  agent  for  the  sale  of  prizes  during 
the  Re  vol. ;  at  the  close  of  which  he  returned 
to  his  native  land,  having  been  compelled,  as 
a  loyalist,  to  abandon  most  of  his  property. 
He  began  to  experiment  upon  the  scientific 
construction  of  roads  in  1810;  succeeded,  in 
spite  of  great  opposition  from  the  farmers, 
traders,  and  common  people ;  and  for  his  ser- 
vices was  rewarded  by  govt,  with  a  gift  of 
£6,000  and  the  honor  of  knighthood ;  the  lat- 
ter he  declined  in  favor  of  his  son  Sir  James 
NichoU  McAdam.  In  1827  he  was  made  gen. 
surveyor  of  the  metropolitan  roads.  His  first 
wife  was  a  Miss  NichoU  of  New  York  ;  his  sec- 
ond was  a  dau.  of  John  Peter  De  Lancey. 
Author  of  "  Remarks  on  Road-Making,"  8th 
ed.  London,  1824. 

McAfee,  Robert  B.,  b.  Mercer  Co.,  Ky., 
1784.  The  McAfees,  George,  James,  and 
Robert  (the  father  of  R.  B.),  all  energetic  auvi 
determined  men,  left  Sinking  Creek,  Botetourt 
Co.,  Va.,  June  1,  1773,  and  settled  in  Ky., 
where  they  were  conspicuous  in  the  Indian 
warfare  of  their  times.  R.  B.  was  app.  capt. 
in  R.  M.  Johnson's  regt.  Ky.  Vols.,  under  Gen. 
Harrison  in  battle  of  the  Thames  ;  lieut.-gov. 
of  Ky.  1820-4;  charge  d'affaires  to  Colombia 
1835-7.     Author  of  "  History  of  Late  War 


]ytCA 


573 


IMCO 


in    the   Western    Country,"  8vo,   Lexington, 
1816. 

McAlester,  Miles  D.,  brev,  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y.  1834;  d.  BuffiUo,  N.Y.,  Apr. 
23,  1869.  West  Point,  1856.  Entering  the 
engr.  corps  2  May,  1861,  he  was  made  1st 
lieut. ;  capt.  March  3,  1863;  and  maj.  March 
7,  1867  ;  chief  engr.  3d  army  corps  in  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  till  Oct.  30,  1862,  being 
in  all  its  important  battles,  and  winning  two 
brevets;  from  Oct.  30, 1862,  to  Apr.  1863,  chief 
engr.  of  the  dept.  of  Ohio ;  in  June  and  July 
chief  engr.  at  the  siege  of  Vickshurg;  assist, 
prof,  of  engr.  at  West  Point  from  Sept.  1863, 
to  July  1.5,  1864,  when  app.  chief  engr.  of  the 
milit.  division  of  West  Mpi. ;  engaged  in 
(he  reduction  of  Forts  Gaines  and  Morgan, 
Mobile  Bay,  in  July  and  Aug.,  1864,  and  of 
Spanish  Fort  and  Fort  Blakely,  Mobile,  in 
Apr.  1865.  For  these  services  he  was  brev. 
col.  and  brig.-gen.  He  was  then  engaged  in 
constructing  defences  at  Mobile  and  N.  Or- 
leans, and  in  the  improvement  of  the  Mpi. 
Eiver.  Engr.  of  the  8th  Lighthouse  dist.  May 
22,  1867. 

McAllister,  Matthew  Hall,  LL.  D. 
(Col.  Coll.),  jurist,  b.  Savannah,  Ga.,  26  Nov. 
1800;  d.  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  19  Dec.  186.5. 
Bred  to  the  law,  he  was  in  1827  ap]).  U.S.  dist. 
atty.  for  Ga.,  a  post  held  by  his  father  during 
Washington's  admin.  A  leading  lawyer  and 
politician  of  Savannah ;  some  years  its  mayor ; 
an  opponent  of  nullification  in  1832;  a  promi- 
nent and  influential  member  of  the  legisl.  in 
1835;  5  years  State  senator;  and  caused  the 
establishment  of  the  Court  of  Errors;  emig. 
with  his  family  to  Cal.  in  1850 ;  and  from  1855 
to  1862  was  U.S.  Circuit  judge  of  that  State. 
Author  of  a  "  Eulogy  on  President  Jackson," 
and  a  vol.  of  legal  opinions,  pub.  by  his  son. 

Macanally,  David  Rice,  Methodist  di- 
vine, b.  Granger  Co.,  Tcnn.,  17  Feb.  1810. 
Has  pub.  a  Life  of  Mrs.  Ramsay,  and  other  biog- 
raphies ;  and  since  1851  has  edited  the  Chris- 
tian Advocate,  and  had  charge  of  the  Meth. 
book-concern  at  St.  Louis.  Ord.  Nov.  1831  ; 
preached  in  Tenn.,  N.  C,  and  Va. ;  and  in 
1843-51  was  pros,  of  the  Female  Inst.,  Knox- 
viUe. 

McArthur,  Duncan,  soldier,  and  gov.  of 
Ohio  1830-2,  b.  Dutchess  Co.,  N.Y.,  June  14, 
1772;  d.  near  Chillicothe,  O.,  28  Apr.  1839. 
When  only  8  years  of  age,  his  father  removed 
to  the  frontier  of  Pa.  At  the  age  of  18,  he 
volunteered  in  defence  of  the  frontier  against 
the  hostile  Indians,  and  served  in  Harmar's 
campaign.  He  also  studied  surveying,  and 
acquired  great  landed  wealth.  In  1805  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Ohio  legisl. ;  and  in  1808 
b?came  major-gen.  of  militia;  col.  Ohio  vols. 
May  7,  1812,  and  second  in  com.  at  Hull's  sur- 
render; brig.-gen.  Mar.  12,  1813;  and,  after 
serving  2  years  as  second  in  com.,  succeeded 
Gen.  Harrison  in  1814  in  com.  of  the  army  of 
the  West.  In  the  latter  part  of  this  year  he 
projected  and  partly  accomplished  a  bold  plan 
of  conquering  Upper  Canada,  which  he  was 
obliged  to  relinquish  from  the  failure  of  the 
forces  of  Gen.  Izard  to  co-operate  with  him.  He 
had  been  elected  to  Congress  by  the  Democ. 
party  in  1813,  but  declined  leaving  his  com- 


mand. In  the  M\  of  1815  he  was  again  elected 
to  the  legisl. ;  in  1816  was  app.  commiss.  to 
negotiate  a  treaty  with  the  Indians  ;  in  1817 
was  again  commiss.  to  conclude  treaties  with 
other  tribes ;  and  again  elected  a  member  of 
the  legisl.,  and  speaker  of  the  house;  again  in 
1819  was  returned  to  the  same  body;  and  M.C. 
in  1823-9.  While  gov.  he  met  with  an  acci- 
dent by  which  he  was  horribly  bruised  and 
maimed,  and  from  the  effects  of  which  he  never 
recovered. 

McArthur,  John,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.  S. 
Vols.,  b.  parish  of  Erskine,  Renfrewshire,  Scot- 
land, Nov.  17,  1826.  He  worked  in  his  father's 
blacksmith-shop  till  23,  when  he  emig.,  and 
settled  in  Chicago.  Here,  after  working  at 
boiler-making,  he  opened  a  boiler-factory  of  his 
own.  Capt.  of  a  militia  company  when  the 
civil  war  broke  out,  he  was  soon  chosen  lieut.- 
col.  and  then  col.  12th  III.  Vols.  He  com.  a 
brigade  at  the  battle  of  Fort  Donelson ;  and,  for 
gallantry  on  that  occasion,  was  made  brig.-gen. 
of  vols.  Mar.  21,  1862.  He  was  wounded  at 
Shiloh ;  com.  a  division  of  McPherson's  corps 
in  the  operations  against  Vicksburg ;  and  in 
A.  J.  Smith's  corps  qt  the  battle  of  Nashville, 
for  which  he  was  brev.  maj.-gen. 

McCall,  George  Archibald,  brig.-gen., 
b.  Phila.  Mar.  16,  1802  ;  d.  West  Chester,  Pa., 
Feb.  25, 1868.  West  Point,  1822.  Aide  to  Gen. 
Gaines,  Apr.  1831  to  1836;  capt.  Sept.  1836; 
disting.  under  Col.  Worth  in  Florida  war; 
brev.  major  and  lieut.-col.  "for  gallant  and  dis- 
ting. services  in  battles  of  Palo  Alto  and  R. 
de  la  Palma,"  May  9,  1846;  assist,  adj.-gen. 
(rank  of  major),  July  7,  1846;  major  3d  Inf. 
Dec.  26,  1847;  insp.-gen.  June  10,  1850;  re- 
signed Apr.  29, 1853,  and  settled  in  Chester  Co., 
Pa.  On  his  return  from  the  Mexican  war,  he 
was  presented  with  a  sword  by  the  citizens  of 
Phila.  When  the  civil  war  broke  out,  he  organ- 
ized the  Pa.  Reserve  Corps  of  15,000  men,  and 
was  made  brig.-gen.  of  vols.  May  17,  1861. 
This  force  was  converted  into  a  division  of  3 
brigades,  which  he  com.  He  planned  the  move- 
ment against  Dranesville,  Dec.  20,  1861,  which 
resulted  in  a  brilliant  victory ;  June  18,  1862, 
he  joined  McClellan  before  Richmond  ;  was 
posted  at  Mechaniesville  ;  and  June  26  fought 
a  severe  battle  with  a  greatly  superior  force, 
whom  he  repulsed;  on  the  27th  he  fell  back 
to  Gaines's  Mill,  where  he  held  the  left  of  the 
Union  line  in  the  desperate  battle  of  that  day; 
and  on  the  evening  of  the  30th,  while  reconnoi- 
tring, was  captured,  and,  after  a  rigorous  con- 
finement in  Richmond,  returned  to  his  home  in 
Chester  Co.,  with  health  much  impaired,  about 
the  middle  of  Aug.  Aug.  26  he  received  a 
sword  from  the  citizens  of  Chester  Co.  Re- 
signed Mar.  31,  1863.  Author  of  "  Letters 
from  the  Frontiers,"  &c.,  Phila.  12mo,  1868. 

McCall,  Edward  R.,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C,  Aug.  5,  1790;  d.  Borden- 
town,  N.J. ,  July  31,18.53.  Midshipman  Jan,  1, 
1808  ;  lieut.  Mar.  11, 1813;  and  in  the  autumn 
of  that  year  served  on  board  the  brig  "  Enter- 
prise," com.  by  Lieut.  Burrows.  In  the  action 
with  the  British  brig  "  Boxer,"  Sept.  4,  1813, 
Lieut.  Burrows  was  mortally  wounded;  and  the 
command  devolved  on  Lieut.  McCall,  who  suc- 
ceeded in  capturing  the  enemy's  ship.      For 


m:cc 


674 


MCO 


this  service  he  received  a  gold  medal  from  Con- 
gress. Master  com.  Mar.  3,  1825  5  capt.  Mar. 
3,  1835. 

McCall,  Hugh,  major  U.  S.  A.,  b.  S.  C. 
1767;  d.  Savannah,  Ga.,  July  9,  1824.  En- 
sign of  inf  May  12,  1794;  dep.  paym.-gen. 
Jan.  31,  1800 ;  capt.  Aug.  1800 ;  military  store- 
keeper at  Savannah,  Mar.  31,  1818,  at  Charles- 
ton, S.C.,  May,  1821.  He  pub.  "A  History  of 
Georgia,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1816. 

McCaUa,  Daniel,  D.D.  (S.C.  Coll.),  b. 
Neshaminy.  Pa.,  1748;  d.  Wappetaw,  S.C, 
Apr.  6,  1809.  N.J.  Coll.  1766.  Licensed  to 
preach  20  July,  1772.  He  taught  an  acad.  in 
Phila. ;  was  ord.  pastor  of  N.  Providence  and 
Charleston,  Pa.,  in  1774;  was  chaplain  with 
Gen.  Thomson,  and  captured  at  Trois  Rivieres, 
in  1776.  After  his  exchange,  at  the  close  of 
the  year,  he  taught  an  acad.  in  Hanover  Co. 
He  was  21  years  minister  of  the  Cong,  church 
at  Wappetaw,  S.C,  and  was  a  learned  and  elo- 
quent, as  well  as  a  useful  man.  His  sermons 
and  essays,  with  a  Life  by  Hollingshead,  were 
pub.  in  2  vols.,  1810. 

McCaul,  Rev.  J.,  D.D.,  an  eminent  Ca- 
nadian scholar,  b.  Dubliij  ah.  1810.  At  Trin- 
ity Coll.  he  obtained  the  highest  honors,  and 
was  classical  tutor  and  examiner.  In  Nov. 
1838  he  was  app.  principal  of  the  Upper  Can- 
ada Coll.,  entering  upon  its  duties  in  Jan. 
1839;  in  1842  vice-pres.  of  Kings  Coll.,  and 
prof,  of  classics,  logic,  rhetoric,  and  belles-let- 
tres ;  pres.  of  the  U.  of  Toronto,  formerly 
Kings  Coll.  ;  in  1849,  and  since  1853,  pres.  of 
University  Coll.  Toronto,  and  vice-chancellor 
of  the  U.  of  Toronto.  Author  of  Disquisitions 
on  the  Greek  Tragic  Metres,  the  Horatian  Me- 
tres, Scansion  of  the  Hecuba  and  Medea  of 
Euripides,  lectures  on  Homer  and  Virgil,  and 
has  edited  some  of  the  classics,  also  a  Canadi- 
an monthly,  the  Maple-Leaf,  and  an  interesting 
article  on  Latin  inscriptions  in  the  Canadian 
Journal.  He  is  also  composer  of  some  anthems 
and  other  pieces  of  music.  —  Morgan, 

McCauley,  Charles  Stewart,  com. 
U.S.N.,  b.  Pa.  1793;  d.  Washington,  21  May, 
1869.  Midshipm.  16  Jan.  1809  ;  lieut.  9  Dec. 
1814;  com.  3  Mar.  1831  ;  capt.  9  Dec.  1839. 
Nephew  of  Adm.  Stewart.  At  the  breaking- 
out  of  the  Rebellion,  he  com.  the  Norfolk  Navy 
Yard,  and  destroyed  the  property  there  to 
prevent  its  falling  into  rebel  hands.' 

MeCauUe,  Thomas  Harris,  D.D. ;  d. 
Savannah,  Ga.,  ab.  1800.  N.J.  Coll.  1774. 
He  was  in  1776  ord.  a  Presbyt.  minister  in  the 
western  counties  of  N.C,  and  was  several  years 
pres.  of  the  coll.  at  Waynesborough,  S.  C. 
Eminent  for  eloquence  and  for  classical  and 
scientific  knowledge. 

McClellan,  George,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa. 
1819),  phvsician,  b.  Woodstock,  Ct,  Dec.  23, 
1796;  d.'Phila.  May  9,  1847.  Y.C  1816. 
In  1825  Dr.  McClellan,  with  a  few  able  co-ad- 
jutors,  founded  in  Phila.  the  JefF.  Med.  Coll., 
and  in  1839  that  of  Pa.  at  Gettysburg.  He 
was  remarkably  successful  as  a  practitioner, 
particularly  renowned  as  a  surgeon,  and 
evinced  great  boldness  and  originality  in  his 
mode  of  action.  He  was  prof,  of  surgery  in 
JefF.  Coll.  in  1826-38,  and  at  Gettysburg  in 
1839-43;  was  popular  as  a  lecturer;  contrib. 


largely  to  the  med.  journals ;  and  left  behind 
him  a  work,  which  was  pub.  after  his  decease, 
on  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery.  — 
Gross's  Med.  Biog. 

McClellan,  Gen.  George  Brinton,  b. 
Phila.  Dec.  3,  1826.  U.  of  Pa.  1842.  West 
Point,  1846.  Son  of  the  preceding.  Ordered 
to  Mexico,  as  litut.  of  sappers,  miners,  and 
pontoniers.  At  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  he  was 
in  Worth's  division,  and  was  commended  in 
the  official  reports ;  he  was  specially  mentioned 
for  gallantry  at  Cerro  Gordo  and  Mexico  city ; 
at  Contreras  and  Churubusco  he  won  the 
brev.  of  1st  lieut.,  and  at  Molino  del  Rey  that 
of  capt.,  which  he  declined,  but  accepted  it  for 
meritorious  conduct  at  Chapultepec.  In  1847 
he  took  com.  of  his  company,  with  which,  after 
the  war,  he  was  sent  to  West  Point  as  instruc- 
tor of  bayonet-exercise.  His  "  Manual "  trans- 
lated from  the  French,  became  the  text-book  of 
the  service.  In  1852  he  accomp.  Capt.  R.  B. 
Marcy  (now  his  father-in-law)  on  an  exped. 
to  explore  the  Red  River;  and  in  Sept.,  with 
Gen.  C  F.  Smith,  as  senior  engr.  surveyed  the 
rivers  and  harbors  of  Texas.  In  Apr.  1853 
he  was  detailed  for  the  examination  of  the 
western  part  of  the  proposed  line  of  a  route  for 
a  Pacific  Railroad.  He  explored  the  Yakina 
Pass,  and  various  portions  of  the  Cascade 
range,  and  the  most  direct  route  to  Puget's 
Sound  ;  his  report  forming  the  1st  vol.  of  "  Pa- 
cific Railroad  Surveys,"  pub.  by  govt.  His  next 
service  was  a  secret  mission  to  San  Domingo ; 
1st  lieut.  July,  1853  ;  capt.  1st  Cavalry,  March, 
1854.  In  the  spring  of  1855  he  was  sent  with 
Majors  Delafield  and  Mordecai  to  Europe  to 
study  the  organization  of  European  armies,  and 
observe  the  war  in  the  Crimea.  Capt.  McClel- 
lan's  report  on  "  The  Armies  of  Europe  "  was 
repub.  in  Phila.  in  1861.  Resigning  in  Jan. 
1857,  he  acted  3  years  as  vice-pres.  and  engr. 
of  the  111.  Central  Railroad  ;  then  became  gen. 
supt.  of  the  Ohio  and  Mpi.  Railroad,  and,  two 
months  later,  pres.  of  the  eastern  division  of 
the  same  road.  When  civil  war  broke  out,  he 
was  made  maj.-gen.  by  the  gov.  of  Ohio,  and 
took  com.  of  the  vols,  of  Ohio,  Ind.,  and  111. 
in  the  dept.  of  the  Ohio.  A  brief  campaign 
followed,  during  which,  in  June  and  July,  the 
whole  of  N.  W.  Va.  was  cleared  of  Confed. 
troops.  July  22,  he  was  ordered  to  take  com. 
of  the  national  troops  on  the  Potomac;  was 
made  maj.-gen.  of  the  regular  army,  dating 
from  May  14;  and  on  the  retirement  of  Gen. 
Scott,  Nov.  1,  he  was  app.  gen. -in-chief.  Mar. 
6, 1862,  a  general  advance  was  ordered  to  Ma- 
nassas Junction.  The  Confederates  having 
evacuated  that  place,  he  embarked  his  main 
body  for  the  peninsula.  Yorktown  was  evacu- 
ated May  4,  after  a  siege  of  1  month.  Mean- 
while, he  was  relieved  of  all  his  commands  ex- 
cept that  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  After 
the  defeat  of  the  Confederates  at  Williamsburg 
and  Hanover  Court  House,  he  took  up  a  posi- 
tion on  the  Chickahominy  ;  finding  his  line 
too  much  extended,  he  resolved  to  retreat  to 
the  James  River.  The  whole  of  this  difficult 
flank  movement,  begun  June  27,  was  a  contin- 
uous battle.  July  2,  they  reached  a  position 
of  safety  at  Harrison's  Landing  on  the  James, 
where,  protected  by  the  gunboats,  they  remained 


Mice 


575 


IMCC 


until  Aug.  24 :  the  army  was  then  with- 
drawn in  safety,  Gen.  Pope  effecting  a  diversion 
in  McCIellan's  favor  by  a  movement  toward 
Richmond  from  the  north.  At  the  close  of 
Gen.  Pope's  Va.  campaign,  he  resumed  his  old 
command.  When  Gen.  Lee  invaded  Md.,  Mc- 
Clellan  attacked  and  defeated  him  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Antictam,  Sept.  17  ;  but,  on  the  following 
day,  Leo  safely  recrossed  the  Potomac.  Fail- 
ing seasonably  to  resume  operations,  though 
expressly  ordered  so  to  do,  he  was  relieved  of 
his  com.  Nov.  7,  and  resigned  his  com.  in  the 
army  8  Nov.  1864.  A  commission  to  investi- 
gate the  surrender  of  Harper's  Ferry,  Sept.  15, 
severely  censured  Gen.  McClellan  for  failing 
to  relieve  or  protect  that  place.  He  was  the 
unsuccessful  Democ.  candidate  for  the  presi- 
dency in  1864.  Besides  the  works  above  men- 
tioned. Gen.  McClellan  has  written  "  Regula- 
tions and  Instructions  for  the  Field-Service  of 
the  U.  S.  Cavalry  in  Time  of  War,"  "Euro- 
pean Cavalry,"  and  "  Report  on  the  Org.  and 
Campaigns  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,"  &c., 
l2mo,  N.Y.,  1864.  — ASee£//e  of  McClellan,  hu 
Geo.  S.  Hillard. 

McCleUand,RoBERT,  statesman,  b.  Green 
Castle,  Franklin  Co.,  Pa.,  1807.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1831  ;  practised  law  at  Pittsburg  in 
1833  ;  removed  to  Mich.,  and  established  him- 
self at  Monroe.  He  was  an  ardent,  able,  and 
eloquent  meml)er  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  constitution  of  Mich,  in  1835,  pre- 
paratory to  her  admission  into  the  Union  ;  and 
served  several  years  in  the  State  legisl.,  I)eing 
speaker  of  the  house  in  1843;  M.C.  1843-9; 
gov.  of  Mich,  in  1852  and  '53  ;  and  was  sec.  of 
the  interior  in  1853-7.  Practises  law  in  De- 
troit. 

MeClernand,  John  Alexander,  maj.- 
gen.  vols.,  b.  Breckenridge  Co.,  Ky.,  May  30, 
1812.  His  father  dying  in  1816,  his  mother  re- 
moved to  Shawneetown,  III.,  where  he  worked 
on  a  farm.  He  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1832  ; 
volunteered  in  the  war  against  the  Sacs  and 
Foxes,  and  then  engaged  in  trade.  In  1835 
he  established  the  Shawneetown  Democrat;  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  law  ;  was  a  member  of 
the  legisl.  in  1836,  '40,  and  '42 ;  and  was  M.C. 
in  1843-51.  In  I860  he  was  chosen  to  Con- 
gress from  the  Springfield  dist.,  and  served 
until  the  opening  of  civil  war,  when  he  re- 
signed, returned  to  111.,  and,  with  Cols.  Logan 
and  Fonke,  raised  the  MeClernand  brigade. 
Made  brig-gen.  May  17,  1861;  he  accomp. 
Gen.  Grant  to  Belmont;  greatly  di.sting.  him- 
self at  Fort  Donelson;  was  made  maj.-gen. 
March  21,  18G2;  com.  a  division  at  the  battle 
of  Shiloh  6-7  April ;  succeeded  Gen.  Sherman 
as  com.  of  an  army  in  Mpi.  in  Jan.  1863; 
and  was  disting.  at 'Ark.  Post,  Port  Gibson, 
Champion  Hills,  Big  Black  River,  and  Vicks- 
burg.  He  com.  the  13th  army  corps  at  the 
time  of  his  resignation,  30  Nov.  1864. 

McClintOCk,  Sir  Francis  Leopold, 
arctic  explorer,  b.  Dundalk,  1819.  Entering 
the  navy  ab.  1831,  he  became  a  lieut.  in  1845 ; 
accomp.  Ross's  exped.  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  in  1848-9;  disting.  himself  in  snb.se- 
quentexpeds. ;  and  performed  remarkable  feats 
in  sledge-travelling.  Sent  by  Lady  Franklin 
in  1857  in  "  The  Fox,"  in  a  final  search  for  tid- 


ings of  Sir  John;  in  May,  1859,  he  found  at 
Point  Victory,  on  King  William's  Island,  the 
record  of  Franklin's  death,  and  the  remains  of 
the  last  survivors  of  his  party.  Returning  in 
Sept.  1859,  he  was  knighted,  and  received  va- 
rious honors  and  rewards.  Author  of  a 
"  Narrative  of  the  Discovery  of  the  Fate  of 
Sir  John  Franklin,"  1860. 

Macclintock,  John,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  cler- 
gyman, b.  Phila.  1814;  d.  Madison,  N.  J.,  4 
Mar.  1870.  U.  of  Pa.  1835.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  N.  J.  Conf ,  and,  after  being 
a  short  time  in  the  Meth.  ministry,  was  in 
1837  elected  prof  of  mathematics  in  Dick. 
Coll.,  and  was  in  1839  transferred  to  the  chair 
of  ancient  languages.  While  at  Carlisle,  he 
translated,  with  Blumenthal,  Neander's  "  Life 
of  Christ,"  and,  with  Prof  Crooks,  began  a 
series  of  Latin  and  Greek  text-books.  He 
edited  the  Meth.  Quarterly  Review  \a  1848-56, 
when  he  was  app.  a  delegate  of  his  church  to 
the  English,  Irish,  French,  and  German  confer- 
ences. He  was  also  present  at  the  World's 
Convention  at  Berlin  in  1856.  On  his  return 
he  was  elected  pres.  of  the  Troy  U.,  and  was  a 
short  time  pastor  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  New 
York.  In  June,  1860,  he  sailed  for  Paris  to 
take  charge  of  the  American  chapel  there. 
Pres.  of  the  Drew  Theol.  Sem.,  Madison, 
N.J.,  from  its  organization  in  1867,  until  his 
death.  For  several  years  he  was,  in  connection 
with  Dr.  Strong,  preparing  a  "  Cyclop,  of  Sa- 
cred Literature,"  3  vols,  of  which  have  been 
pub.  He  pub.  "  Analysis  of  Watson's  Theol. 
Institutes,'  "  Temporal  Power  of  the  Pope," 
and  "  Sketches  of  Eminent  Methodist  Minis- 
ters," 8vo,  1854,  and  edited  Bungener's  "  Hist, 
of  the  Council  of  Trent,"  1855. 

Macclintock,  Samuel,  D.D.  (Y.C. 
1791),  divine,  b.  Medford,  Ms,  Mav  1,  1732; 
d.  Greenland,  N.H.,  Apr.  27,  1804.  N.  J. 
Coll.  1751.  Ord.  at  Greenland,  Nov.  3,  1756. 
A  chaplain  in  the  Old  French  War,  and  also 
chaplain  of  the  N.H.  troops  in  1775  ;  and  was 
at  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill,  Trumbull's  pic- 
ture of  which  makes  him  a  prominent  figure. 
Three  of  his  sons  fell  in  the  struggle  for  liber- 
ty. He  pub.  occasional  sermons,  and  an  ora- 
tion commemorative  of  Washington,  1800. — 
N.E.  H.  and  Gen.  Reg.  i.  249,  x.  100. 

MeCIoskey,  John,  D.D.,  R.C.  archbp. 
of  N.Y.  (conscc.  21  Aug.  1864),  b.  Brooklyn, 
N.Y.  Ord.  bishop  of  Axieren  and  co-adj.  to 
Bishop  Hughes  of  N.Y.  10  Mar.  1844;  trans- 
lated to  the  see  of  Albany  21  May,  1847,  offi- 
ciating at  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Mary's.  He  in- 
stituted a  female  orph.  asylum  at  Troy,  and  an- 
other, in  1852,  in  Albany,  and  in  1855,  at  Utica, 
an  acad.  for  boys.  He  is  one  of  the  most  pol- 
ished and  eloquent  of  the  R.C.  clergy  in  the  U.S. 

McCluney,  William  J.,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  Pa.  1796;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Feb.  11, 
1864.  Midshipm.  Jan.  1,  1812;  was  in  the 
action  between  the  "  Wasp "  and  "  Frolic," 
Oct.  18,  1812;  lieut.  April  1,  1818;  com. 
Dec.  9,  1839  ;  capt.  Oct.  13,  1851 ;  commo.  July 
16,  1862,  when  he  was  retired.  In  1853  he 
com. "  The  Powhatan,"  in  Com.  Perry's  exped. 
to  Japan.  In  1856  he  was  app.  supervisor  of 
the  construction  of  the  "  Stevens  Battery,"  at 
New  York. 


MCC 


676 


m:cc 


McCluny,  Col.  Alexander  K.,  lawyer, 
b.  Mason  Co.,  Ky.,  ab.  1812  ;  d.  by  his  own  hand 
at  Jackson,  Mpi.,  23  Mar.  1855.  Nephew  of 
Ch.  Justice  Marshall ;  son  of  Judj^e  Wra. 
McClunf?.  When  a  lad,  he  enlisted  in  the 
navy  ;  afterward  studied  Uiw,  and  practised  in 
Mpi. ;  was  a  licut.-col.  in  the  Mexican  war, 
and  dangerously  wounded  at  Monterey  ;  and  in 
1849-51  was  charg€  d'affaires  to  Bolivia.  He 
delivered  an  able  eulogium  on  Henry  Clay, 
at  the  State  Capitol  in  1852.  A  bro.  John  A. 
is  the  author  of  "  Sketches  of  Western  Adven- 
ture," 12mo,  Phila.  1832. 

McClure,  Alexander  Wilson,  D.D., 
Cong,  clergyman,  b.  Boston,  May  8,  1808;  d. 
Canonsburg,  Pa.,  20  Sept.  1865.  Amh.  Coll. 
1827.  And.  Sem.  1830.  Ord.  at  Maiden  1832  ; 
preached  there  11  years;  then  in  St.  Augus- 
tine, Fla. ;  returned  to  Boston,  where  he  pub. 
and  edited  the  Christian  Ohsei-vatory  3  years  ; 
was  assist,  editor  of  the  Puritan  Recorder  3 
years  ;  again  preached  a  few  years  at  Maiden  ; 
was  3  years  pastor  of  the  Grand-street  Church, 
Jersey  City  ;  succeeded  Dr.  Baird  as  sec.  of  the 
Amer.  and  For.  Christian  Union  ;  was  some 
time  chaplain  at  Rome;  but  in  Mar.  1859  was 
compelled  by  the  asthma  to  desist  from  active 
labor.  Author  of  "The  Life-Boat,"  "Four 
Lectures  on  Ultra  Universalism,"  2  vols,  of 
"Lives  of  the  Chief  Fathers  of  N.  E.," 
"  Translators  Reviewed,"  and  principal  ed.  of 
the  "  Bi-Centennial  Book  of  Maiden,"  1 850. 

McClure,  David,  D.D.  (D.C.  1803),  min- 
ister of  N.  Hampton,  N.H.,  from  Nov.  13, 
1776,  to  Aug.  30,  1785,  and  of  E.  Windsor, 
Ct.,  from  1786  to  his  death,  June  25,  1820 ;  b. 
Brookfield,  Ms.,  1749.  Y.C.  1769.  He  pub. 
with  Dr.  Parish  "  Memoirs  of  E.  Wheelock," 
Svo,  1810;  "24  Sermons  on  the  Moral  Law," 
8vo,  1818;  an  account  of  Windsor  in  "Hist. 
Colls.,"  V. ;  Oration  1  May,  1783,  at  the  open- 
ing of  Phillips  Exeter  Acad. ;  and  occasional 
sermons. 

McClure,  Gen.  George,  b.  near  London- 
derry, Ireland,  1771  ;  d.  Elgin,  111.,  Aug.  16, 
1851.  Emigrating  to  Baltimore  in  1791,  he 
settled  in  Bath,  N.Y.,  in  1794,  and  removed  to 
111.  in  1835,  where  he  took  an  active  part  in 
the  enterprises  and  public  questions  of  the  day  ; 
and  was  member  of  the  legisl.,  sheriff,  surro- 
gate, and  judge  of  Steuben  Co.  In  1813  he 
com.  a  brigade  on  the  Buffalo  frontier,  and  was 
severely  censured  for  the  burning  of  Newark 
(afterwards  Niagara). 

MacClure,  Sir  Robert  John  Le  Me- 
surier,  capt.  R.  N.,  b.  Wexford,  Ireland,  28 
Jan.  1807.  Was  knighted,  and  given  £5,000, 
for  his  discovery  of  the  N.W.  passage,  which 
has  been  sought  for3  centuries.  (See  "  Discov. 
N.W.  Passage,  by  H.  M.  S.  '  Investigator,' 
Capt.  R.  MacClure,  1850-4,"  Lond.  Svo,  1856  ) 
He  had  served  many  years  in  the  navy ;  was  in 
Capt.  Buck's  arctic  exploring  exped. ;  accomp. 
Sir  James  Ross's  exped.  in  1848;  became  a  capt. 
in  1849;  and  in  1850-1  entered  a  strait,  which 
he  named  the  Prince  of  Wales  Strait ;  and,  after 
his  ship  was  frozen  in,  reached  in  sledges  Mel- 
villes  or  Barrows  Strait.  This  is  called  the  first 
discovery  of  the  N.W.  passage.  In  the  next 
season  he  discovered  a  second  passage  on  the 
north  side  of  Baring  Island. 


McClurg,  James,  M.D.,  physician,  b. 
Hampton,  Va.,  1747;  d.  Richmond,  July  9, 
1825.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  1762.  Son  of 
Dr.  Walter.  Took  the  degree  of  M.  D.  at 
Edinburgh,  in  June,  1770,  and  continued  his 
studies  at  Paris  and  London,  where  he  pub. 
his  "  Essay  on  Bile,"  which  was  so  highly 
esteemed  as  to  be  translated  into  all  the  lan- 
guages of  Europe.  Returning  home  ab.  1773, 
he  established  himself  at  Williamsburg,  where 
he  soon  rose  to  the  head  of  the  prof.,  but  re 
moved  to  Richmond  ab.  1783.  He  was  a  long 
time  one  of  the  Council  of  State  in  Va.,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  that  formed  the 
U.S.  Constitution.  He  was  killed  by  his  horses 
running  away.  Author  of  some  pleasing  Vers 
de  Society  entitled  "  The  Belles  of  Williams- 
burg," written  in  1777.  —  Thacher. 

McClurg,  Joseph  W.,  soldier  and  politi- 
cian, b.  St.  Louis  Co.,  Mo.,  Feb.  22,  1818. 
Educated  at  Oxford  Coll.,  O. ;  was  a  teacher 
in  La.  and  Mpi.  in  1835-7 ;  went  to  Texas  in 
1841,  where  he  was  adm.  to  the  bar,  and  was 
clerk  of.  the  Circuit  Court ;  and  settled  as  a 
merchant  in  Mo.,  in  1844.  In  1861  he  suffered 
from  rebel  depredations  upon  his  property ; 
became  col.  of  the  Osage  regt.,  and  afterward 
of  a  cav.  regt.  Member  of  the  State  conv.  of 
1862;  M.C.  1863-9;  gov.  of  Mo.  1869-72. 

McColl,  Evan,  a  Canadian  poet,  b.  Ken- 
more,  Scotland,  Sept.  21,  1808.  In  1837  he 
began  to  contrib.  to  the  Gaelic  Marjazine, 
Glasgow.  He  came  to  Canada  in  1850,.  and 
holds  a  post  at  the  port  of  Kingston.  He 
has  pub.  "  Poems  and  Songs  in  Gaelic,"  and 
"  The  Mountain  Minstrel."  He  excels  as  a 
song-writer.  Among  his  best  songs  are 
"  Robin,"  "  Lake  of  the  Thousand  Isles,"  and 
"  Bonnet,  Kit,  and  Feather."  —  Morgan. 

McConaughy,  David,  D.D.  (Jeff.  Coll. 
1833),  LL.D.  (Wa.h  Coll.  1849),  pres.  of 
Washington  Coll.  Pa.  (1832-49),  b.  Menallen, 
York  Co.,  Pa.,  29  Sept.  1775;  d.  there  Jan. 
29,  1852.  Dick.  Coll.  1795.  Pastor  of  Upper 
Marsh  Creek  Church,  Pa.,  1810-32.  He  taught 
a  school  at  Gettysburg  in  1807-12,  Author 
of  "  Discourses,  Chiefly  Biographical,"  1850, 
and  some  sermons."  —  Sprague. 

Macconnell,  John  L.,  author,  b.  IlL 
Nov.  11,  1826.  He  studied  law  under  his  fa- 
ther, Murray  Macconnell,  and  grad.  at  the  Law 
School  of  Transylv.  U.  in  Lexington,  Ky.  He 
served  in  Hardin's  regt.  in  the  Mexican  war; 
and  after  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista,  where  he 
was  twice  wounded,  became  capt.  Re-com- 
mencing the  practice  of  law  at  Jacksonville, 
he  has  since  resided  there.  He  is  a  writer  of 
fiction  illustrating  Western  life  and  character, 
and  has  pub.  "  Talbot  and  Vernon,"  1850 ; 
"  Grahame,  or  Youth  and  Manhood,"  1850; 
"The  Glenns,"  1851;  and  "Western  Charac- 
ters," illustr.  by  Darley,  1853.  He  is  engaged 
upon  a  "  Hist,  of  Early  Explorations  in  Amer- 
ica," having  especial  reference  to  the  labors  of 
the  early  R.C.  missionaries.  —  Duijckinck. 

McCook,  Alexander  McDowell,  brev. 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Columbiana  Co.,  0.,  Apr. 
22,1831.  West  Point,  1852.  Enteringthe3d 
Inf ,  he  served  with  distinction  against  the  Indi- 
ans in  New  Mexico  in  1857  ;  was  assist,  instr. 
of  tactics   at  West   Point  1858-61  ;  1st  licut. 


Mice 


57T 


]yncc 


Dec.  6,  1858;  capt.  May  14,  1861  ;  col.  1st  O. 
Vols.  16  Apr.  1861  ;  disting.  at  the  first  battle 
of  Bull  Run  ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  Sept.  3,  1861  ; 
and  maj.-gen.  July  17,1 862 ;  disting.  at  Shiloh, 
Apr.  7,  1862,  and  at  the  siege  of  Corinth.  In 
Sept.  he  took  com.  of  the  1st  corps  of  the  Army 
of  the  Ohio,  and  fought  the  battle  of  Perryville, 
Oct.  8,  1862  ;  he  com.  the  right  wing  of  the  ar- 
my which  was  discomfited  at  Stone  River,  Dec. 
31,  1862;  he  was  afterward  placed  in  com.  of 
the  20th  army  corps,  and  was  in  the  battle  of 
Chickamauga  19-20  Sept.  1863  Brev.  col. 
for  Shiloh;  brig.-gen.  for  Perryville,  and  maj.- 
gen.  for  services  during  the  Rebellion ;  lieut.- 
col.  10th  U.S.  Inf.  Mar.  5,  1867. 

McCook,  Dan,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Car- 
rollton,  O.,  22  July,  1834  ;  killed  at  Kenesaw 
Mountain,!?  Julv,  1864.  Bro.of  the  preceding. 
Florence  Coll.,  Ala.,  1857.  Col.  52d  0.  Vols. ; 
served  at  Perryville,  Chickamauga,  Mission 
Ridge,  and  the  Atlanta  Campaign.  The  father, 
Major  Daniel,  b.  1796,  d.  19  July,  1863,  of 
wounds  received  in  the  fight  with  Morgan's 
men,  near  Buffington  Island,  O. 

MeCook,  Robert  Latimer,  bro.  of  the 
preceding,  brig.-gen.  vols'.,  b.  Columbiana  Co., 
0.,  Dec.  28,  1827;  murdered  by  guerillas  while 
lying  sick  in  an  ambulance,  near  Salem,  Ala., 
Aug.  6, 1862.  He  practised  law  at  Columbus 
and  Cincinnati;  became  col.  9th  Ohio  Vols.; 
served  in  Western  Va.,  where  he  com.  a  brigade 
under  Gen.  Rosecrans;  and  especially  disting. 
himself  at  Rich  Mountain,  Carnifex  Ferry,  and 
Mill  Spring,  Ky.,  Jan.  19,  1862;  was  made 
brig.-gen.  Mar.  21 ;  and  com.  a  division  in 
Thomas's  corps  of  Gen.  Buell's  army.  This 
family  contributed  16  of  its  members  to  the 
war. 

Maccord,  David  J.,  lawyer  and  author, 
b.  St.  Mathew's  Parish,  S.C,  Jan.  1797  ;  d. 
Columbia,  S.C,  May  12,  1855.  S.C.  Coll. 
1816.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1818,  he  became 
law-partner  of  Wm.  C.  Preston  in  1822.  State 
reporter  in  1824,  he  reported  the  decisions  both 
of  the  Court  of  Appeals  and  of  Equity  in  1825- 
7  (2  vols.  1827-9).  He  was  mayor  of  Colum- 
bia, where  he  welcomed  Lafayette  on  his  visit 
in  1825.  On  retiring  from  the  bar  in  1836,  he 
became  pres.  of  the  State  Bank  at  Columbia, 
and  edited  for  a  short  time  the  S.C.  Laiv  Jour- 
nal, In  1839  he  was  app.  compiler  and  editor 
of  the  Statutes  at  Large  of  S.C.  (10  vols.  8vo). 
Many  years  a  member  of  the  State  legisl.,  and 
chairman  of  the  important  com.  on  Federal  re- 
lations. In  1840  he  m.  his  second  wife,  a  dau. 
of  Langdon  Cheves,  became  a  successful  cot- 
ton-planter, and  a  contrib.  of  articles  on  poli- 
tics and  political  economy  to  the  Southern 
Review  and  to  De  Bow's  Review.  He  did  much 
to  improve  the  State  judiciary  system.  He 
pub.  besides  the  above  "  Reports  on  the  Con.sti. 
Ct.  of  S.C.  1821-8,"  4  vols.  8vo,  1822-30; 
with  H.  J.  Nott,  "  Reports  of  Cases  in  Consti. 
Ct.  of  S.C.  1817-20,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1842. 

McCord,  J.  S.,  Canadian  jurist,  b,  near 
Dublin,  18  June,  1801  ;  d.  27  June,  1865.  He 
came  to  Canada  in  1806 ;  was  called  to  the  bar 
in  1823 ;  made  dist.  judge  in  1841 ;  subse- 
quently a  judge  of  the  Circuit  Ct.,  and  in  1857 
of  the  Superior  Ct.  of  the  Montreal  dist.  In 
the  rebellion   of  1837  he  com.  a  brigade  of 


cavalry.  One  of  the  founders  of  the  Montreal 
Nat.  Hist.  Soc. ;  chancellor  of  the  U.  of 
Bishops'  Coll.,  Lennoxville. 

Maccord,  Louisa  S.,  authoress,  b.  Co- 
lumbia, S.C,  Dec.  3,  1810.  Dau.  of  Langdon 
Cheves;  wife  of  D.  J.  Maccord.  She  was 
educated  in  Phila.  Marrying  in  1840,  she 
soon  after  went  with  her  husband  to  their 
plantation  at  Fort  Motte  on  the  Congaree,  a 
site  noted  in  the  Revolution.  In  1848  she 
pub.  "  My  Dreams,"  and  a  translation  of  Bas- 
tiat's  "  Sophisms  of  the  Protective  Policy ; " 
in  1851  she  produced  her  tragedy  of  "  Caius 
Gracchus,"  and  has  been  a  contrib.  to  the 
Southern  Review,  De  Bow's  Review,  and  the 
Southern  Lit.  Messenger,  discussing  slavery, 
woman's  rights,  &c. 

McCormick,  Cykus  Hall,  inventor  of 
the  reaping-machine,  b.  Walnut  Grove,  Rockb. 
Co.,  Va.,  15  Feb.  1809.  His  education  was 
derived  from  a  common  school,  and  from  his 
father's  farm  and  workshop,  in  which  at  15  he 
had  constructed  a  a-adle  used  in  harvesting  in 
the  field.  His  father  in  1816  had  invented  a 
reaper;  and  Cyrus  in  1831  invented  his  ma- 
chine, which  he  first  patented  in  1834,  patent- 
ing valuable  improvements  in  1845,  '47,  and 
1858.  He  removed  to  Cincinnati  in  1845,  and 
in  1847  to  Chicago.  In  1845  the  gold  medal 
of  the  Amer.  Institute  was  awarded  to  him  for 
his  invention  ;  at  the  World's  Fair  Exhib.  in 
London  in  1851  he  received  the  council  medal 
of  the  Exhib. ;  the  grand  gold  medal  of  the 
Paris  Exposition  of  1855;  the  prize  medal  of 
the  Lond.  Intern.  Exhib.  of  1862;  the  first 
prize  at  the  Intern.  E.xhib.  at  Lille,  France,  in 
1863;  the  gold  medal  of  that  at  Hamburg  in 
1863 ;  from  the  U.S.  Nat.  Agric.  Soc.  at  Syra- 
cuse the  grand  gold  medal  of  honor  in  1857  ; 
the  gold  medal  of  the  Paris  Expos,  of  1867, 
and  the  order  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  from 
Napoleon  III.  In  1859  he  founded  and  en- 
dowed the  Theol.  Sem.  of  the  North-west  at 
Chicago,  and  has  since  endowed  a  professor- 
ship in  Wash.  Coll.,  Va.  — Sketches  of  Men  of 
P  roar  ess. 

McCosh,  James,  D.D.,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1868),  pros,  of  N.J.  Coll.  since  1868,  b.  Ayr- 
shire, Scotland,  1 81 1 .  Educated  at  the  Univer- 
sities of  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh.  He  became 
a  minister  of  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland,  and 
in  1851  prof,  of  logic  and  metaphys.  at  Queens 
Coll.,  Belfast,  Ireland.  Author  of  "Method 
of  Divine  Govt.,"  &c.,  1850;  "Intuitions  of 
the  Mind,"  &c.,  1860;  "Examination  of  J.  S. 
Mill's  Philosophy,"  1866  ;  and,  with  Dr.  Geo. 
Dickie,  "  Typical  Forms  and  Special  Ends  in 
Creation,"  1869  ;  "The  Supernatural  in  Rela- 
tion to  the  Natural,"  1862;  and  has  contrib.  to 
various  periodicals. 

McCoskey,  Samuel  Allen,  D.  D., 
D.C.L.  (Oxf.),  b.  Carlisle,  Pa.,  9  Nov.  1804. 
Dick.  Coll.  Son  of  Dr.  Samuel  A. ;  grandson 
of  Dr.  Nisbet,  1st  pres.  Dick.  Coll.  After  one 
year  at  West  Point  Acad,  and  his  coll.  course, 
he  read  law ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar ;  was  2  years 
dcp.  atty.-gen.  ofCumb.  Co.;  in  1831  began 
to  study' divinity  ;  was  ord.  deacon  and  priest; 
was  rector  of  Christ  Ch.,  Reading,  Pa.,  one 
year;  was  2  years  rector  of  St.  Paul's,  Phila.; 
and  9  July,  1836,  was  consec.  1st  bishop  of 


1MA.C 


578 


jyLA.O 


Mich. ;  and  was  also  called  to  St.  Paul's 
Church,  Detroit,  of  which  he  was  pastor  27 
years. 

Maccrea,  Jane,  b.  Leamington,  N.  J., 
1754  ;  killed  by  the  Indians  near  Fort  Edward, 
N.Y.,  July  27,  1777.  She  was  the  dau.  of  a 
Scotch  Presb.  clergyman  settled  in  N.  J.,  after 
whose  death  she  went  to  live  with  a  bro.  on  the 
Hudson  River,  near  Fort  Edward.  The  inva- 
sion of  Burgoyne  caused  her  bro.  to  prepare  to 
seek  a  place  of  safety  ;  but,  on  the  morning  of 
the  day  of  removal,  a  party  of  hostile  Indians 
made  prisoners  of  Mrs.  McNiel  and  Miss  Mac- 
crea,  and  hurried  them  off  to  Burgoyne'scamp. 
Soon  after  the  safe  arrival  of  Mrs.  McNiel, 
another  party  of  Indians  came  in  with  some 
fresh  scalps,  among  them  one  which  she  readily 
knew  to  be  that  of  Miss  Maccrea.  The  event 
caused  a  general  feeling  of  horror  througli  the 
country,  and  even  in  Europe;  and  Burke  used 
the  story  with  powerful  effect  in  the  British 
house  of  commons. 

McCullOCh,  Ben.,  soldier,  b.  Rutherford 
Co.,  Tenn.,  1814  ;  killed  in  the  battle  of  Pea 
Ridge,  Mar.  7, 1862.  Son  of  Alexander  McCul- 
loch,  aide  to  Gen,  Coffee  in  Creek  war,  1813- 
14.  He  attended  school  in  Tenn.  until  he  was 
14,  when  he  followed  the  career  of  a  hunter. 
Emigrating  to  Texas,  he  fought  as  a  private 
artillerist  at  San  Jacinto,  and  was  a  capt.  of 
rangers  in  the  Mexican  war.  Hedisting.  him- 
self at  Monterey  ;  was  made  quarterm.  (rank  of 
maj.)  July  16, 1846 ;  held  the  office  till  Sept.  6, 
1847,  commanding  meanwhile  a  spy  company 
at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista,  where  he  gained 
new  laurels.  He  afterward  joined  Gen.  Scott's 
army ;  and,  for  gallant  conduct  at  the  taking 
of  the  city  of  Mexico,  was  made  marshal  of 
Texas  in  Apr.  1853  ;  declined  the  app.  of  maj. 
1st  Cav.  Mar.  3, 1855 ;  and  was  app.  a  commiss. 
by  Pres.  Buchanan  to  adjust  the  difficulties 
with  the  Mormons  in  Utah  in  May,  1857.  App. 
brig.-gen.  of  the  forces  of  Ark.,  he  com.  at  the 
battle  of  Wilson's  Creek,  Mo.,  Aug.  10,  1861, 
when  Gen.  Lyon  was  killed ;  and  under  Gen. 
Van  Dorn  led  a  corps  of  Ark.,  La.,  and  Texas 
troops  at  Pea  Ridge,  falling  in  the  second  day's 
battle. 

McCulloch,  Hugh,  financier,  b.  Kenne- 
bunk,  JVle.  Studied  at  Bowd.  Coll.  in  1824-5, 
but  left  on  account  of  ill-health  ;  was  adm.  to 
the  practice  of  law,  and  settled  at  Fort  Wayne, 
Ind.,  in  1833  ;  was  an  officer  of  the  State  Bank 
of  Ind.  in  183.5-57,  and  its  pres.  in  1857-63; 
U.S.  compt.  of  the  currency  1863-5  ;  sec.  U.S. 
treas.  1865-9;  since  one  of  the  banking-firm 
of  Jay  Cooke  and  McCulloch,  Lond. 

McCurdy,  Charles  Johnson,  LL.D. 
(Y.C.),  jurist,  b.  Lyme,  Ct.,7  Dec.  1797.  Y.C. 
181 7.  His  emig.  ancestor  was  of  Scotch  extrac- 
tion, and  came  from  the  north  of  Ireland.  His 
mother  was  of  the  blood  of  the  Griswold  and 
Wolcott  families.  He  studied  law  with  Judge 
Swift;  was  prominent  in  the  profession;  was 
a  member  of  both  branches  of  the  legisl.,  and 
three  years  speaker  of  the  house;  licut.-gov. 
1845-6;  U.S.  minister  to  Austria  in  1851-2; 
in  1856  he  was  app.  a  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court;  and  was  subsequently,  until  1867,  upon 
the  Supreme  bench.  In  Feb.  1861,  he  was  an 
active  member  of  the  Peace  Congress. 


McDonald,  Donald,  a  loyalist  leader  in 
N.C.  Gov.  Martin,  early  in  the  struggle,  au- 
thorized him  to  raise  and  embody  a  force  on 
the  side  of  the  crown,  of  which  McDonald  was 
to  be  capt.-gen.  His  success  was,  at  first,  very 
great.  Feb.  26,  1776,  he  was  attacked  by  the 
Whigs  under  Gen.  Moore  at  Cross  Creek,  and 
was  defeated,  and  made  prisoner. 

MacDonald,  Flora,  celebrated  for  aiding 
in  the  escape  of  Charles  Edward,  the  Young 
Pretender,  b.  South-Uist,  Scotland,  1720  ;  d. 
4  Mar.  1790.  Dau.  of  MacDonald  of  Milton. 
In  1750  she  ra.  Alex.  MacDonald,  with  whom 
she  came  to  N.C.  in  1773,  and  settled  in  Fay- 
etteville.  He  was  a  captain  in  the  Loyal  High- 
landers ;  and,  after  experiencing  reverses  of 
various  kinds,  they  returned  to  Skye,  Scotland, 
before  the  end  of  the  Revol.  war.  She  gave  a 
proof  of  her  courage  during  an  attack  on  the 
ship  while  on  the  voyage  home,  taking  part 
in  the  action,  in  which  her  arm  was  accidentally 
broken.  Two  of  her  sons  were  loyalist  offi- 
officers  in  the  Revol.  war.  Oneof  them  John, 
an  accomplished  scholar,  lieut.-col.,  and  a  fel- 
low of  the  Royal  Soc,  d.  16  Aug.  1831,  a.  72. 

Macdonald,  James,  M.D.,  physician,  b. 
White  Plains,  N.Y.,  July  18,  1803;  d.  Flush- 
ing, L.I.,  May  5,  1849.  Coll.  of  Phys.  and 
Surgs.,  N.Y.,.1825.  Until  1830  he  was  resident 
physician  of  the  Bloomingdale  Lunatic  Asylum. 
In  1831  the  govs,  of  the  N.Y.  Hospital  sent 
him  abroad  to  visit  the  insane  hospitals  of  Eu- 
rope; and  on  his  return  he  had  charge  of  the 
asylum  until  1837.  He  was  for  4  years  a  visit- 
ing physician  of  the  N.Y.  Hospital.  In  1841 
he  opened  a  private  institution  for  the  insane, 
first  at  Murray  Hill,  and  subsequently  at  Flush- 
ing. In  1842  he  began  a  course  of  lectures  on 
mental  diseases  at  the  Coll.  of  Phys.  and  Surgs., 
probably  the  first  ever  delivered  in  the  U.S. 
He  pub.  "  A  Review  of  Ferrers  on  Insanity  ;  " 
"  Statistics  of  the  Bloomingdale  Asylum," 
1839;  "A  Letter  to  the  Trustees  of  the  N.Y. 
State  Lunatic  Asylum,"1842 ;  "  A  Dissertation 
on  Puerperal  Insanity;"  "  Reports  on  the  Con- 
dition of  the  Blackwell's  Island  Asylum."  He 
was  acontrib.  to  the  Amer.  Jour  of  Insanity. 

MacDonald,  James  M.,  D.D.,  b.  Limerick, 
Me.,  1812.  Un.  Coll.  1832.  Son  of  Maj. -Gen. 
John  MacDonald.  Ord.  Presb.  min.  1835,  and 
for  some  years  pastor  of  the  First  Presb. 
Church,  Princeton,  N.J.  Author  of  "  Credu- 
lity as  illustrated  by  Successful  Impostures," 
&c.,  1843  ;  "  Key  to  Revelation,"  1846  ;  "  Hist, 
of  the  Presb.  Church  of  Jamaica,  L.I.,"  1847  ; 
"My  Father's  House,"  1855;  "  Ecclesiastes 
Explained,"  1856.  He  has  pub.  sermons  in 
the  Nat.  Becorder,  and  contrib.  to  the  Bihl. 
Repertory  and  the  Princeton  Review.  —  Allibone. 

Macdonald,  Sir  John  Alexander, 
LL.D.,  D.C.L.  (Oxon.),  G.C.B.,  Canadian 
statesman,  b.  Sutherlandshire,  Scotland,  1814. 
Hugh  his  father  settled  in  Kingston  in  1820. 
The  son  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1835  ;  became  a 
member  of  parliament  in  1844;  receiver-gen. 
May  21,  1847  ;  soon  afterward  commiss.  of 
crown-lands;  and  from  1848  to  1854  was  a 
conservative  leader  of  the  opposition  in  the 
Canadian  parliament.  In  1857  he  became  pre- 
mier ;  resigned  May,  1862  ;  atty.-gen.  1854-62, 
and  May,  1864-7;  minister  of  militia  1865-7. 


m:ci> 


679 


m:ci> 


He  was  leader  of  the  conservative  party  of 
Upper  Canada ;  is  an  able  constitutional  law- 
yer, a  clever  tactician,  and  a  fluent  debater. 
Minister  of  justice,  and  atty.-sen.  of  the  Dom, 
Govt,  of  Canada  since  1867.  —  Men  of  the 
Time. 

McDonogh,  John,  an  eccentric  and  phi- 
lanthropic merchant,  b.  Baltimore,  1778;  d. 
N.  Orleans,  Oct.  26, 1850.  Removed  to  K  Or- 
leans in  1800,  where,  by  hard  labor  and  the  nar- 
rowest economy,  he  amassed  immense  wealth, 
the  bulk  of  which,  by  his  will,  was  given  in 
equal  portions  to  the  cities  of  N.  Orleans  and 
Baltimore  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  free 
schools,  and  an  asylum  for  the  poor.  A  large 
sum  was  given  to  the  Am.  Colonization  Socie- 
ty, to  which  he  was  a  warm  friend.  He  estab- 
lished a  colony  in  Africa,  to  which  he  sent 
many  of  his  negroes,  after  giving  them  an  edu- 
cation and  a  trade. 

Maedonough,  Thomas,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  New  Castle  Co.,  Del.,  Dec.  23, 1783;  d.  at  sea, 
Nov.  16, 1825.  His  father,  Maj.  McD.  (d.  1796), 
emig.  from  the  north  of  Ireland  at  an  early 
age,  and  was  an  officer  of  valor  and  distinction 
in  the  Del.  line  of  the  Revol.  army,  and  after- 
ward a  judge.  His  eMer  bro.  James,  a  mid- 
shipman in  the  navy,  was  disting.  in  the  action 
between  "The  Constellation"  and  *' U Insur- 
gent," frigate,  but,  having  a  foot  shot  off,  was 
obliged  to  retire  from  the  navy.  Midshipm.  Feb. 
5, 1800;  lieut.  6  Feb.  1807  ;  com.  24  July,  1813; 
and  in  1803  was  attached  to  the  frigate  "Phila- 
delphia," Capt.  Bainbridge,in  the  squadron  em- 
ployed against  Tripoli.  Aug.  26, 1803,  was  cap- 
tured the  Moorish  frigate  "Meshboa;"  and 
Madonough  escaped  the  captivity  which  sub- 
sequently befell  the  officers  and  crew  of  "  The 
Phila."  by  being  left  at  Gibraltar  with  her  prize. 
He  afterward  served  in  the  schooner  "  Enter- 
prise," under  Decatur,  participating  in  the  vari- 
ous attacks  made  in  1804  upon  the  city  and  bat- 
teries of  Tripoli ;  and  was  one  of  the  party  which 
recaptured  and  destroyed  "  The  Philadelphia  " 
on  the  night  of  Feb.  16,  1804.  In  1814  he 
com.  a  squadron  on  Lake  Champlain ;  and  on 
Sept.  1 1  gained  a  very  important  victory  over 
a  British  squadron  com.  by  Com.  George 
Downie,  which  outnumbered  his  in  vessels  and 
guns.  For  this  disting.  service  he  was  pro- 
moted to  capt.  (Sept.  11),  and  received  a  gold 
medal  from  Congress.  Numerous  civic  honors 
were  also  bestowed  on  him  by  different  cities 
and  towns;  and  the  legisl.  of  Vt.  presented  him 
with  an  estate  upon  Cumberland  Head,  which 
overlooked  the  scene  of  the  engagement. 

McDougall,  Alexander,  maj  .-gen.  Rev- 
ol. army,  b.  Scotland,  1731 ;  d.  N.Y.  June  8, 
1786.  He  came  to  America  with  his  father, 
who  was  a  farmer,  ab.  1755 ;  settled  near  N.Y,, 
in  which  city  his  youth  was  passed  in  various 
active  employments.  While  a  printer,  the  ac- 
tion of  the  State  Assembly  in  the  winter  of 
1769,  in  rejecting  the  vote  by  ballot,  and  favor- 
ably considering  the  bill  of  supplies  for  troops 
quartered  in  the  city,  to  overawe  the  inhabit- 
ants, caused  him  to  issue  an  address,  entitled 
"A  Son  of  Liberty  to  the  betrayed  Inhabitants 
of  the  Colony,"  holding  up  their  conduct  to 
just  indignation.  This  was  by  vote  of  the  As- 
sembly declared  "an  infamous  and  seditious 


libel ; "  and  its  author  was  imprisoned.  Regain- 
ing his  liberty,  he  entered  into  corresp.  with  the 
master-spirits  of  the  country,  and  July  6, 1774, 
presided  over  the  celebrated  meeting  prepara- 
tory to  the  election  of  delegates  to  the  First 
Congress.  App.  col.  Ist  N.Y.  regt. ;  brig.-gen. 
Aug.  9, 1776 ;  and  maj.-gen.  Oct.  20, 1777.  He 
superintended  the  embarkation  of  the  troops  on 
the  evening  of  Aug.  29,  1776,  after  the  defeat 
on  Long  Island;  was  actively  engaged  on  Chat- 
terton's  Hill,  White  Plains  (Oct.  28),  and  in 
various  places  in  N.  J. ;  and  in  the  spring 
of  1777  took  com.  at  Peekskill,  but  was  com- 
pelled by  a  superior  force  to  retreat,  destroy- 
ing a  considerable  supply  of  stores  Mar.  23. 
He  participated  in  the  battle  of  Germantown ; 
took  com.  of  the  posts  on  the  Hudson,  Mar.  16, 
1778;  and,  assisted  by  Kosciusko,  actively 
pushed  the  construction  of  the  fortifications  on 
the  Highlands  until  the  close  of  1780.  He  was 
a  delegate  to  Congress  from  N.Y.  in  1781  and 
again  in  1784-5.  In  the  beginning  of  1781  he 
was  app.  by  Congress  minister  of  marine,  but 
did  not  remain  long  in  Phila.  When  the  army 
went  into  winter-quarters  at  Newburg  in  1783, 
he  was  chosen  to  head  the  committee  sent  to 
Congress  to  represent  its  grievances.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  a  member  of  the  N.Y. 
senate,  to  which  he  was  first  elected  in  1783. 

MacDougal,  David  D.,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  Ohio,  Sept.  27,  1809.  Midshipm.  April  1, 
1828 ;  lieut.  Feb.  25,  1841 ;  com.  Jan.  24, 1857; 
capt.  Mar.  2,  1864 ;  commo.  1869.  Attached 
to  brig  "  Consort,"  coast  survey,  1840-3 ;  U.S. 
steamer  "Mississippi"  at  capture  of  Vera 
Cruz  ;  com.  steam-sloop  "  Wyoming,"  Asiatic 
squadron,  1861-4;  engaged  6  batteries  and  3 
vessels  of  war  at  Simonsaki,  Japan,  July  16, 
1863 ;  com.  navy-yard  Mare  Island,  Cal.,  1865- 
6;  steam-sloop  "Powhatan,"  So.  Pacific  squad., 
1868-9;  com.  South  squad.  Pacific  fleet,  1870. 
—  Ilamersly. 

McDoiigall,  James  A.,  a  U.S.  senator,  b. 
Bethlehem,  N.Y.,  Nov.  19,  1817;  d.  Albany, 
N.Y.,  Sept.  3,  1867.  Educated  at  the  Albany 
grammar  school.  Studied  law,  and  began 
practice  in  Pike  Co.,  111.,  in  1837;  atty.-gen. 
of  that  State  in  1842  and  again  in  1844;  pur- 
sued the  occupation  of  civil  engineer;  origi- 
nated and  accomp.  an  exploring  exped.  to  tlie 
Rio  del  Norte,  the  Gila,  and  the  Colorado  in 
1849 ;  and,  having  settled  in  San  Francisco, 
resumed  there  the  practice  of  law.  In  1 850  he 
was  atty.-gen.  of  Cal. ;  for  a  time  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legisl. ;  M.C.  in  1853-5  ;  U.S.  sena- 
tor in  1861-7 ;  and  chairman  of  the  com.  on  the 
Pacific  Railroad.  In  the  early  part  of  the  war, 
he  was  identified  with  the  war  Democrats,  and 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Chicago  convention  which 
nominated  Gren.  McClellan  for  pres.  in  1864, 
He  was  gifted  with  remarkable  natural  elo- 
quence. 

McDougalL  Hon.  William,  Canadian 
statesman,  b.  Toronto,  25  Jan.  1822.  His 
grandfather  fought  against  the  Americans  in 
the  Revol.  war.  Wm.,  educated  at  Toronto 
and  at  Victoria  Coll.,  was  a  member  of  the  bar; 
conducted  a  monthly  agric.  journal,  of  lar^e 
circulation,  at  Toronto,  in  1848-58;  and  m 
1850-7  edited  and  pub.  the  North-American^ 
which  was  merged  in  the  Toronto  Globe.  Elect- 


]VtCD 


580 


MICE 


ed  to  parliament  as  a  reformer  in  1858;  com- 
miss.  of  croAvn-lands,  and  member  exec,  council 
May,  1862-Mar.  1864;  app.  prov.  sec.  in  June; 
was  made  minister  of  marme  in  1866 ;  minister 
Of  public  works  in  the  Dom.  Govt,  since  1867. 
He  is  a  practical  man,  ready  and  powerful  in 
debate,  and  was  a  leader  of  the  moderate  Lib- 
erals.—  Men  of  the  Time. 

McDowell,  Ephraim,  M.D.,  surgeon,  b. 
Rockbridge  Co.,  Va.,  Nov.  11,  1771 ;  d.  Dan- 
ville, Ky.,  June  25,  1830.  Son  of  Judge  Sam- 
uel. Completing  his  med.  studies  at  Edinburgh, 
he  settled  in  practice  at  Danville  in  1795,  and 
for  years  was  the  leading  practitioner  in  the 
West.  In  1802  he  m.  Sarah,  dau.  of  Gov.  Shel- 
by. In  1809  he  successfully  performed  the  op- 
eration for  extirpation  of  the  ovary,  the  first 
on  record,  and  acquired,  in  consequence,  Euro- 
pean celebrity.  He  also  ranked  high  as  a  lithot- 
omist.  —  Gross's  Med.  Biog. 

McDowell,  Ikvin,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Franklinton,  O.,  Ott.  15,  1818.  Nephew 
of  Gen.  Cass.  Educated  at  a  milit.  school  in 
France,  and  at  West  Point  (1838),  and,  entering 
the  1st  Art ,  in  1841  was  assist,  instr.  in  tactics 
at  West  Point,  and  was  adj.  there  until  1845  ; 
made  1st  lieut.  in  1842 ;  he  accomp.  Gen.  Wool 
as  aide-de-camp  to  Mexico  in  1 846  ;  and  at 
Buena  Vista  won  the  brev.  of  capt.  13  May, 
1847;  became  assist,  adj. -gen.  (rank  of  capt.)  ; 
maj.  March  31,  1856;  and  brig.-gen.  U.S.A. 
May  14,  1861 ;  two  weeks  later  he  took  com- 
mand of  the  dept.  of  N.-E.  Va. ;  coui.  at  the 
first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21  ;  and,  after  the 
app.  of  Gen.  McClellan  to  com.  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac,  was  placed  in  charge  of  a  divis- 
ion under  him;  14  March,  1862,  he  was  as- 
signed the  1st  corps;  app.  maj.-gen.  of  vols.; 
and  early  in  April  his  corps  was  detached  from 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  he  was  placed  in 
com.  of  the  dept.  of  the  Rappahannock.  He 
occupied  Fredericksburg  until  the  retreat  of 
Gen.  Banks  down  the  Valley  of  the  Shenan- 
doah, when  he  was  recalled  to  take  part  in  the 
vain  pursuit  of  "Stonewall"  Jackson.  June 
26,  his  com.  was  consolidated  with  those  of 
Fremont  and  Banks  to  form  the  Army  of  Va., 
under  Maj.-Gen.  Pope,  McDowell  command- 
ing the  3d  corps.  He  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  campaign  between  the  Rappahannock 
and  Washington,  and  was  highly  commended 
in  Gen.  Pope's  official  report,  but  was  relieved 
at  his  own  request,  Sept.  5,  1862,  and  subse- 
quently com.  th-e  dept.  of  Cal. ;  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  13  Mar.  1865,  for  Cedar  Mountain,  Va. 

McDowell,  James,  LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1846),  statesman  of  Va.,  b.  Rockbridge  Co., 
1796 ;  d.  near  Lexington,  24  Aug.  1851.  N.  J. 
Coll.  1816.  Descended  from  Ephraim,  long 
and  honorably  known  in  Rockb.  Co.  Gov.  of 
Va.  1843-6;  M.C.  1845-51.  While  gov.  he 
favored  the  proposition  for  the  emancipation 
of  the  slaves.  An  eloquent,  upright,  and  patri- 
otic man,  and  a  friend  of  temperance. 

McDowell,  John,  LL.D.,  provost  U.  of 
Pa.  ;  d.  Franklin  Co.,  Va.,  Dec.  1820. 

McDowell,  Joseph,  b.  Pleasant  Garden, 
Burke  Co.,  Feb.  25, 1758  ;  d.  there  Aug.  1801. 
Major  at  the  battle  of  King's  Mountain;  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  in  1780-95  ;  and  M.C. 
1793-5  and  1797-9;  member  of  the  conven- 


tion to  adopt  the  Federal  Constitution  in  1788, 
and  a  strong  opponent  of  it.  His  son  Joseph 
J.  was  M.C.  from  Ky.  1843-7.  His  bro.  Gen. 
Charles  (b.  Winchester,  Va.,  1743,  d.  Burke 
Co.,  N.C.,  March  31,  1815)  was  the  com.  of 
the  dist.  in  which,  during  1780-1,  several  bril- 
liant actions  with  the  British  and  Tories  took 
place,  among  them  that  of  Musgrove's  Mill  and 
King's  Mountain.  Member  of  the  N.C.  legisl. 
in  1778  and  1782-8,  and  1809,  1811. 

McDowell,  Col.  Samuel,  a  disting.  and 
active  Whig  of  the  Revol. ;  d.  near  Danville, 
Ky.,  25  Oct.  1817,  a.  84.  An  early  pioneer 
of  Ky.,  having  settled  in  Danville  in  1783. 
Many  years  member  of  the  Ky.  legisl.,  and  a  cir- 
cuit judge,  having  organized  the  first  court  at 
Danville.  Father  of  Dr.  Eph.,  and  Judge  Jo- 
seph. —  Gross's  Med.  Biog. 

Macduf&e,  George,  statesman,  b.  Co- 
lumbia Co.,  Ga.,  ab.  1788  ;  d.  Sumter  dist., 
S.C,  March  11,  1851.  S.  C.  Coll.  1813.  He 
began  life  as  a  clerk  in  Augusta,  Ga. ;  was 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1814;  practised  in  Edge- 
field, S.C;  was  sent  to  the  S.C.  legisl.  in 
1818;  and  disting.  himself  as  an  eloquent 
speaker  and  an  able  political  writer.  In  a 
political  controversy  with  Col.  Wm.  Cum- 
mings  of  Ga.,  which  led  to  more  than  one 
duel,  he  received  a  bullet-wound  in  the  shoul- 
der. In  his  writings  at  this  time,  embodied  in  a 
seiies  of  pamphlets  enthled  "The  Crisis,"  he 
maintained  the  principle  of  consolidation 
against  that  of  State-rights;  M.C.  in  1821-5; 
gov.  of  S.C.  in  18-34-6;  and  U.S.  senator  in 
1842-6.  In  Dec.  1823  he  advocated  the  ex- 
pediency of  changing  the  Constitution  so  as  to 
establish  uniformity  in  the  mode  of  electing 
the  members  of  the  house  of  representatives, 
and  also  in  the  mode  of  choosing  pres.  electors. 
He  opposed  internal  improvements  in  the  States 
by  Congress,  and  also  opposed  the  Panama 
Congress.  As  chairman  of  the  com.  of  ways 
and  means,  he  endeavored  to  maintain  the 
U.S.  Bank.  He  was  an  opponent  of  the  pro- 
tective tariff,  and  was  prominent  in  all  im- 
portant debates.  In  Dec.  1830  he  made  a 
forcible  speech  in  the  impeachment  of  Judge 
Peck.  In  the  nullification  controversy  he  il- 
lustrated and  vehemently  defended  the  views 
and  positions  of  S.C.  as  enunciated  by  Cal- 
houn;  and  in  the  S.C.  conv.  of  1834  he  wrote 
a  remarkable  address  to  the  people  of  the  U.S. 
In  Congress,  few  men  have  treated  more  ably, 
or  with  such  eloquence,  so  great  a  variety  of 
difficult  subjects.  He  was  a  very  successful 
planter,  and  delivered  an  admirable  oration 
before  the  State  Agric.  Society.  At  one  time 
he  was  a  major-gen.  in  the  State  militia. 
He  pub.  a  Eulogy  on  R.  Y.  Hayne,  8vo, 
1840. 

McEUigott,  James  N.,  LL.D.,  educator 
and  author,  b.  Richmond,  Va.,  3  Oct.  1812; 
d.  N.Y.  City,  22  Oct.  1866.  Educated  at  the 
U.  of  N.Y.  '  He  was  teacher  and  vice-principal 
there,  and  afterward  conducted  McElligott's 
Collegiate  and  Classical  School  until  his 
death.  Author  of  the  "  Amer.  Debater," 
"Analytical  Manual,"  "Young  Analyzer," 
"  Humorous  Speaker,"  and  "  Humorous  Read- 
er," also  of  lectures,  addresses,  and  essays,  and 
for  a  time  edited  the  Teacher's  Adcocate.     Cho- 


MICE 


581 


:iVLA.C 


sen  pres.  N.Y.  Teacher's  Assoc,  in  1839.  He 
had  some  skill  as  a  poet. 

McEntee,  Jervis,  landscape-painter,  b. 
Rondout,  N.Y.,  1828.  He  studied  under 
Clmrch  in  New  York  in  1850-1 ;  opened  a 
studio  there  in  1858;  and  in  1861  became 
known  by  his  "  Melancholy  Days."  Among 
his  best  efforts  are  "  Virginia,"  "  Indian  Sutn- 
mer,"  "A  Late  Autumn,"  "October  in  the 
Kaatskills,"  and  "  Woods  of  Asshokan."  — 
Tuckerman. 

McFarland,  Asa,  D.D.   (Y.C.   I8I2), 

minister  of  Concord,  N.H.,  from  Mar.  1798  to 
July,  1824,  b.  Worcester,  19  Apr.  1769;  d. 
Concord,  N.H.,  18  Feb.  1827.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1793.  Pres.  of  the  State  Missionary  Soc. 
Pub.  "Hist.  View  of  Heresies,"  1806,  12mo, 
Concord,  and  18  occas.  sermons. 

McGee,  Thomas  D'Arcy,  statesman 
and  orator,  b.  Carlingford,  Ireland,  Apr.  13, 
1825  ;  assassinated  at  Ottawa,  U.C.,  Apr.  7, 
1868.  Educated  at  Wexford,  where  his  father 
held  a  custom-house  office ;  emig.  to  Amer.  in 
1842,  and  was  employed  on  the  Boston  press; 
but  returned  to  his  native  country  when  the 
Young  Ireland  movement  began  ;  joined  the 
staff  of  the  Nation,  newspaper,  and  sought  to 
rouse  the  Irish  people  to  battle  for  their  rights. 
On  the  failure  of  the  movement,  JVtcGee  evaded 
the  British  police,  and  reached  America.  Es- 
tablished the  American  Celt  in  Boston.  Origi- 
nally an  ardent  Republican,  his  views,  during 
the  Know-nothing  excitement,  underwent  a 
change  ;  and,  from  the  period  of  his  removal  to 
Canada,  he  avowed  himself  a  royalist,  and,  by 
letters  and  addresses,  did  his  utmost  to  turn 
the  tide  of  Irish  immigration  from  the  U.S.  to 
the  New  Dominion.  His  ability  and  eloquence 
caused  him  to  be  chosen  to  represent  Montreal 
in  1857.  In  1864  he  was  made  pres.  of  the 
exec,  council;  in  1867  minister  of  agric. ; 
and  was  chief  Canadian  commiss.  at  the  first 
Paris  and  Dublin  exhibitions.  He  took  a 
prominent  part  as  delegate  in  all  the  confer- 
ences held  to  promote  the  confederation  of  the 
Brit.  N.  Amer.  Provinces.  His  bitter  hos- 
tility to  the  Fenian  movement  probably  occa- 
sioned his  assassination,  for  which  James  Whe- 
Lm,  an  Irish  Fenian,  was  tried  and  executed. 
Among  his  pubs  are  "  Lives  of  Irish  Writ- 
ers ;  "  Hist.  Sketches  of  O'Connell  and  his 
Friends,"  I2mo,  Bost.,  1854;  "Canadian  Bal- 
lads and  Occas.  Verses,"  1858  ;  "  History  of  the 
Irish  Settlers  in  N.A.,"  Boston,  1851  ;  "Prot. 
Reformation  in  Ireland,"  12mo,  1853  ;  "Pop- 
ular History  of  Ireland,"  N.Y.,  1862,  2  vols. 
Svo ;  "  Catholic  Hist,  of  N.  America,"  12mo, 
1854;  "  Speeches  and  Addresses,"  1865. 

McGill,  James,  founder  of  McGill  U. 
Montreal,  b.  Glasgow,  Scotland,  Oct.  6,  1744; 
d.  Montreal,  Dec.  19, 1813.  He  came  to  Can- 
ada when  quite  young,  and,  engaging  in  mer- 
cantile pursuits,  amassed  a  fortune,  of  which  he 
made  the  noblest  uses.  He  was  successively 
a  member  of  parliament,  of  the  legisl.,  and 
exec,  councils,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  brig.- 
gen.  of  militia  in  the  war  of  1 81 2.  —  Morgan. 

MacGillivray,  Alexander,  chief  of  the 
Creek  Indians,  b.  Coosa  River,  near  Wetump- 
ka,  Ga.,  ab.  1740;  d.  Pensacola,  Feb.  17,  1793. 
Son   of   Lachlan    MacGiUivray,    an    Indian 


trader,  by  the  half-breed  dau.  of  a  French 
officer.  He  received  a  good  education  in  New 
York  and  Charleston.  His  father  placed  him 
in  a  counting-house  in  Savannah ;  but  distaste 
for  trade  led  him  to  return  to  his  Indian  rela- 
tives. He  soon  took  a  high  position  among 
the  united  tribes  of  Creeks  and  Seminoles,  and 
was  their  leader  during  the  Amer.  Revol.,  and 
with  his  father,  who  was  a  col.  in  the  British 
service,  warmly  espoused  the  royal  cause.  After 
the  war,  Alexander,  in  behalf  of  the  Muscogee 
confederacy,  became  the  ally  of  Spain,  and  a 
commissary  in  its  service,  with  the  rank  and 
pay  of  col.  He  diverted  the  trade  of  the  Creeks 
to  Pensacola,  and  long  opposed  the  efforts  of 
the  U.S.  Govt,  to  recover  it,  and  obtain  the 
cession  of  disputed  lands  on  the  Oconee.  In 
1790  he  signed  a  treaty,  ceding  the  territory 
for  a  pecuniary  consideration,  and  was,  by  a 
secret  article,  app.  agent  for  the  U.S.,  andbrig.- 
gen.  in  the  army.  This  treaty  lessened  his 
influence  with  the  Creeks ;  but  he  succeeded  in 
obtaining  an  increase  of  salary  and  authority 
from  the  Spanish  Govt.  His  hospitality  and 
generosity  were  almost  princely.  He  was  a 
bro.-in-law  of  LcClerc  Milfort,  and  an  uncle  of 
Wm.  Weatherford. 

Maegregor,  John,  a  British  statistician, 
b.  Stornoway,  Ross  Shire,  in  1797 ;  d.  Boulogne, 
April  23,  1857.  Placed  when  young  in  a  com- 
mercial house  in  Canada,  he  collected  the 
statistics  of  the  resources  of  the  country,  pub. 
in  1832  in  his  "British  America."  Returning 
to  Eng.,  he  was  in  1840  a  sec.  to  the  board  of 
trade,  and  M.P.  for  Glasgow  in  1847.  He 
established  the  Royal  British  Bank;  but  it 
failed,  and  he  withdrew  to  Boulogne.  He  com- 
piled "The  Progress  of  America  from  the 
Discovery  by  Columbus  to  1846 ; "  "  Commercial 
Statistics  of  America,"  5  vols.  1848-50;  "Emi- 
gration to  Brit.  America,"  8vo,  1829;  and  left 
incomplete  a  "  History  of  the  British  Empire 
from  the  Accession  of  James  I." 

McGregor,  David,  minister  of  London- 
derry, N.H.,  from  1736  to  his  d..  May  30,  1777 ; 
b.  Ireland,  6  Nov.  1710.  A.M.  of  N.J.  Coll. 
1764.  Sou  of  James,  first  minister  of  L., 
who  settled  there  in  1719,  d.  1729.  David 
was  an  able  and  eloquent  preacher,  and  a 
zealous  and  intrepid  assertcr  of  the  liberties  of 
his  country.  He  pub.  some  tracts  and  ser- 
mons. 

MoHenry,  James,  statesman,  b.  Md., 
1753;  d.  Baltimore,  8  May,  1816.  Aide-de- 
camp to  Lafayette,  with  rank  of  licut.-coL,  in 
1780;  member  Old  Congress  1783-6  ;  one  of  the 
framers  of  the  U.S.  Constitution  in  1787;  and 
sec.  of  war  27  Jan.  1796,  to  13  May,  1800. 

Macilvaine,  Charles  Pettit,  D.D., 
LL.D.(Camb.U.  1858),D.C.L.  (Oxf  U.  1853), 
Prot.-Ep.  bishop  of  Ohio,  b.  Burlington,  N.  J., 
Jan.  18, 1798.  N.  J.  Coll.  1816.  Son  of  Joseph, 
U.S.  senator  from  N.  J.  Ord.  a  deacon  July 
4,  1820,  and  after  officiating  in  Christ  Church, 
Georgetown,  Md.,  was  ord.  priest  in  1822; 
prof  of  ethics,  and  chaplain  at  West  Point  in 
1825-7  ;  rector  of  St.  Anne's  Church,  Brook- 
Ivn,  N.Y. ;  and  was  consec.  bishop  Oct.  31, 
l'832.  Pres.  Kenyon  Coll.  1832-40;  now 
pres.  of  the  theol.  sem.  of  the  diocese  of  O. 
He  has  pub.  "  Lectures  on  the  Evidences  of 


MCI 


582 


]ytci 


Christianity,"  delivered  in  the  IT.  of  N.Y.  in 
1831  ;  "Justification  by  Faith/'  16rao,  1840; 
"  Oxford  Divinity  compared  with  that  of  the 
Romish  and  Anglican  Churches/'  8vo,  1841 ; 
"  The  Truth  and  the  Life/'  a  vol.  of  sermons, 
1854;  and  has  compiled  2  vols,  of  "  Select 
Family  and  Parish  Sermons;"  contrib.  to 
many  relig.  periodicals, 

Mcllvaine,  Joseph,  b.  Bristol,  Pa.,  1768 ; 
d.  Burlington,  N.  J.,  Aug.  19,  1826.  Adm.  to 
the  X.  J.  bar  in  1791 ;  clerk  of  Burlington  Co. 
1800-24;  U.S.  dirit.  atty.  for  N.  J.  1801-20; 
app.  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  in  1818,  but 
declined ;  U.S.  senator  1823-6. 

Mcintosh,  Duncan,  philanthropist,  b. 
Scotland;  d.  Aux  Cayes,  Nov.  1820.  _  An 
American  citizen  residing  at  St.  Domingo, 
having  by  trade  acquired  great  wealth,  he 
sacrificed  it  freely  in  behalf  of  the  French  popu- 
lation, whom  the  slaves,  bursting  their  fetters, 
sought  to  massacre.  During  the  eight  months 
duration  of  this  terrible  convulsion,  he  saved 
in  vessels,  which  he  freighted  for  that  purpose, 
over  900  men  and  1,500  women  and  children. 
Death  was  decreed  to  those  who  should  conceal 
the  French ;  and  he  was  more  than  once  the 
inmate  of  a  dungeon. 

Mcintosh,  James  M.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.Ga.; 
d. Washington,  D.C.,  Scpt.l,  1860.  Midshipm. 
Sept.  1,  1811 ;  lieut.  April  1,  1818;  com.  Feb. 
28,  1838;  capt.  Sept.  5,  1849. 

Mcintosh,  James  S.,  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  Lib- 
erty Co.,  Ga.,  June  19, 1787  ;  d.  city  of  Mexico, 
Sept.  26, 1847.  Son  of  Gen.  John.  App.  lieut. 
of  rifles  Nov.  13,  1812;  disting.  under  Maj. 
Appling  at  Sandy  Creek ;  severely  wounded  in 
aftair  near  Black  Rock,  Aug.  3,  1814 ;  served 
with  Gen.  Jackson  throughout  the  Indian  war ; 
capt.  Mar.  1817 ;  maj.  7th  Inf.  Sept.  21,  1836; 
lieut.-col.  5th  Inf.  July  1,  1839;  brev.  col.  for 
gallantry  in  battles  of  Palo  Alto  and  R.  de  la 
Palma,  May  9,  1846,  in  which  he  was  danger- 
ously wounded ;  com.  his  brigade  in  Worth's 
div.,  and  disting.  in  battle  of  Churubusco,  also 
at  Molino  del  Rey,  where  he  was  mortally 
wounded.  His  son  James,  gen.  Confed.  army 
(West  Point  1849,  capt.  1st  U.S.  Cav.  16  Jan. 
1857),  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge, 
Nov.  7,  1862. 

Mcintosh,  Gen.  John  ;  d.  at  his  planta- 
tion, Mcintosh  Co.,  Ga.,  Nov.  12,  1826,  a.  ab. 
70.  Bro.  of  Gen.  Lachlan.  An  officer  of  the 
Ga.  line  in  1775;  he  served  throughout  the 
war  ;  com.  the  fort  at  Sunbury,  with  the  rank 
of  lieut.-col.,  when  it  was  besieged  by  Lieut.- 
Col.  Fraser;  displayed  great  bravery  at  the 
battle  of  Brier  Creek,  March  3,  1779,  and 
was  made  prisoner ;  maj.-gen.  of  Ga.  militia 
in  U.S.  service  at  Mobile  under  Jackson,  Nov. 
1814  to  May,  1815. 

Mcintosh,  John  B.,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Fla.  2d  lieut.  5th  U.S.  Cav.  June 
8,  1861;  1st  lieut.  June  27,  1862;  in  the 
Peninsular  battles  ;  at  South  Mountain  and 
Antietam  ;  col.  3d  Pa.  Vols.  Nov.  1862  ;  com. 
brigade  at  Rappahannock  Bridge,  Kelly's 
Ford,  Stoneman's  Raid  to  Richmond,  Chan- 
cellorsville,  Gettysburj?,  Warrenton.and  Rapi- 
dan  Station  ;  capt.  5th  Cav.  Dec.  7,  1863 ; 
com.  cav.  brigade  at  Parker's  Store,  Wilder- 
ness, Spottsylvania,  Haxall's  Landing,  Yellow 


Tavern,  Ashland,  Hawes  Shop,  Bethesda 
Church,  Southside  R.R.  (com.  division),  and 
battle  of  Petersburg  ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  July  21, 
1864  ;  com.  cav.  brigade  at  Winchester,  Sum- 
mit Point,  and  Opequan,  where  he  lost  a  leg ; 
brev.-maj.  U.S.A.  for  White-oak  Swamp ; 
lieut.-col.  for  Gettysburg;  col.  for  Ashland; 
brig.-gen.  for  Winchester;  and  maj.-gen.  for 
gallant  and  merit,  services  in  the  field  during 
the  war;  lieut.-col.  42d  Inf.  28  July,  1866; 
Retired  brig.-gen.  30  July,  1870.  —  //ewy. 

Mcintosh,  Gen.  Lachlan,  b.  near  Inver- 
ness, Scotland,  March  17,  1725  ;  d.  Savannah, 
Feb.  20, 1806.  John  More  his  father,  the  head 
of  the  Borlam  branch  of  the  clan  Mcintosh,  with 
100  adherents,  came  to  Ga.  with  Oglethorpe  in 
1736,  and  settled  at  New  Inverness  in  what  is 
now  Mcintosh  Co.  He  originated  the  protest 
made  by  the  colonists  to  the  board  of  trustees 
in  Eng.  against  the  introduction  of  African 
slaves  into  Ga.  Of  his  sons  and  grandsons, 
seven  bore  commissions  in  the  Revol.  army. 
Made  a  prisoner  by  the  Spaniards,  and  sent  to 
St.  Augustine,  Lachlan  was  left  to  the  care  of 
his  mother  at  the  age  of  13.  His  opportuni- 
ties of  education  were  few;  but,  in  the  study  of 
mathematics  and  surveying,  he  received  great 
assistance  from  Oglethorpe.  Arrived  at  matu- 
rity, he  went  to  Charleston,  became  a  friend  of 
Henry  Laurens,  whose  counting-room  he  en- 
tered as  clerk.  Returning  to  his  friends  on 
the  Altamaha,  he  m.,  and  became  a  land-sur- 
veyor. He  acquainted  himself  with  military 
tactics,  and,  when  the  Revol.  War  began,  was 
first  app.  col.,  and  Sept.  16,  1776,  brig.-gen. 
Persecuted  beyond  endurance  by  his  political 
rival,  Button  Gwinnett,  he  pronounced  him  a 
scoundrel,  and,  in  the  duel  which  ensued,  killed 
him.  He  afterwards  com.  in  the  Western 
dept.,  and  led  an  exped.  against  the  Indians 
in  the  spring  of  1778,  succeeding  with  a 
small  force  in  restoring  peace  on  the  frontier  ; 
returned  to  Ga.  in  1779;  and  was  at  the  siege  and 
fall  of  Savannah.  He  was  with  Lincoln  at 
Charieston  when  he  was  made  a  prisoner. 
Member  of  Congress  in  1784.  In  1785  he  was 
one  of  the  commlss.  to  treat  with  the  Southern 
Indians.  —  See  Nat.  Port.  Gallery. 

Mcintosh,  Maria  J.,  authoress,  b.  Sun- 
bury,  Ga.,  1803.  Her  father  Major  Lachlan 
Mcintosh,  son  of  Col.  Wm.,  and  grandson  of 
John  More,  was  a  lawyer  and  soldier.  She 
was  educated  at  the  Sunbury  Acad. ;  after 
1835  she  resided  in  New  York  with  a  married 
sister,  and  then  with  her  bro.,  Capt.  James  M. 
Mcintosh,  U.S.N.  She  lost  her  property  in  the 
crash  of  1837,  and,  resorting  to  her  pen  for  sup- 
port, produced  in  1841  her  first  tale  "  Blind 
Alice,  under  the  pseudony meof  "  A unt  Kitty." 
She  has  since  pub.  "  Jessie  Graham  ; "  "  Flor- 
ence Arnott ; "  "  Conquest  and  Self-Con- 
quest," 1844 ;  "Praise  and  Principle  ;  "  "  Wo- 
man an  Enigma  ; "  "  Two  Lives,  or  to  Seem 
and  to  Be,"  1846  (all  collected  in  a  single 
volume  in  1847) ;  "  Charms  and  Counter- 
Charms/'  1848;  "Donaldson  Manor/'  1849; 
"  Woman  in  America,"  1850 ;  **  The  Lofty 
and  the  Lowly,"  1853;  "  Violet,  or  the  Cross 
and  the  Crown,"  1856;  "  Meta  Gray,"  1858; 
"Two  Pictures,"  1863,  &c. 

Mcintosh,  Gen.  William,  a  Creek  half- 


]veck: 


583 


MLA.O 


breed  warrior,  b.  Coweta,  Ga. ;  killed  May  I, 
1825.  His  father  was  Capt.  Wm.  M.,  a 
Scotchman  ;  his  mother,  a  native  Indian.  The 
Bon  was  tall,  well-formed,  intelligent,  and 
brave.  Joining  the  American  forces  in  1812, 
he  was  highly  commended  by  Gen.  Floyd  for 
bravery  at  the  battle  of  Autossee,  in  which  he 
was  a  major ;  was  disiing.  at  the  battle  of  the 
Horse  Shoe,  and  also  in  the  Florida  campaign. 
His  connection  with  the  treaty  at  the  Julian 
Springs  in  1825  was  the' cause  of  his  being 
killed  by  the  Indians  opposed  to  a  cession  of 
their  lands  to  the  U.S. —  Ga.  Colls.  170. 

McKay,  Donald,  ship-builder,  b.  Shel- 
burne,  N.S.,  1809  ;  learned  the  art  in  N.Y. 
City  ;  began  business  for  himself  at  Newbury- 
port;  Ms.,  and  in  1845  removed  to  East  Bos- 
ton. He  built  many  fast  clipper-ships  for  the 
Cal.  and  Australian  trade,  and  4  Oct.  1853, 
launched  "The  Great  Republic,"  of  4;,500 
tons. 

McKean,  Joseph,  D.D.  (All.  Coll.  1817), 
LL.D.  (N.  J.  Coll.  1814),  scholar,  b.  Ipswich, 
Ms.,  Apr.  19,  1776  ;  d.  Havana,  Mar.  17,  1818. 
H.  U.  1 794.  His  father,  a  native  of  Glasgow, 
came  to  Amer.  in  1763;  his  mother  was  a 
dau.  of  Dr.  Joseph  Manning  of  Ipswich.  He 
taught  school  a  few  years  in  Ipswich,  and  the 
acad.  in  Berwick;  and  Nov.  1,  1797-Oct.  3, 
1804,  was  minister  of  Milton  ;  afterward  a 
teacher  in  Boston ;  and  Boylston  prof  of  rheto- 
ric and  oratory  in  H.  U.  from  Oct.  31,  1809, 
to  his  d.  Member  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Society, 
also  of  that  of  N.Y.,  and  of  the  Amer.  Acad. 
He  pub.  "  Sacred  Extracts,"  for  the  use  of 
schools,  18mo,  1814;  some  sermons,  and  Me- 
moir of  John  Eliot  in  the  Colls,  of  the  Ms.  Hist. 
Soc,  2d  ser.  v.  i. 

McKean,  Thomas,  LL.D.,  jurist  and 
Revol.  patriot,  b.  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  March  19, 
1734  ;  d.  Phila.  June  24,  1817.  After  an  aca- 
demic and  professional  course  of  study,  he  was 
adm.  an  atty.,  and  soon  obtained  the  app.  of 
dep.  atty.-gen.  in  the  county  of  Sussex.  In 
1757  he  was  adm.  to  the  bar  of  Pa.,  and 
elected  clerk  of  the  Assembly ;  member  of  the 
Assembly  for  the  county  of  New  Castle  1762- 
79.  In  the  Gen.  Congress  at  N.Y.  in  1765,  he, 
with  Lynch  and  Otis,  framed  the  address  to 
the  British  house  of  commons  ;  and  was  app. 
judge  of  the  C.  C.  P.,  and  of  the  Orphans' 
Court  for  New  Castle.  In  1771  he  was  app. 
coll.  of  the  port  of  New  Castle ;  member  of 
the  Cont.  Congress  in  1774  ;  and  was  annually 
re-elected  until  Feb.  1783,  being  the  only  man 
who  was  without  intermission  a  member  during 
the  whole  period  of  the  war.  In  1778  he  was 
one  of  the  convention  which  framed  the  Arti- 
cles of  Confederation  ;  in  1781  he  was  pres.  of 
Congress.  In  addition  to  his  congressional 
duties,  in  1777  he  officiated  as  pres.  of  the 
State  of  Del ;  and  held  from  July,  1777,  until 
1 799,  the  office,  and  executed  the  duties,  of  chief 
justice  of  Pa.  He  was  particularly  active  and 
useful  in  promoting  the  Decl.  of  Indep.,  which 
he  signed ;  and  a  few  days  after  that  event 
marched  with  a  battalion  to  Perth  Amboy, 
N.J.,  to  support  Washington.  He  returned 
to  Del.  to  prepare  a  constitution  for  that  State, 
which  he  drew  up  in  the  course  of  a  night,  and 
which  was  unanimously  adopted  the  next  day 


by  the  Assembly.  At  that  period,  as  he  relates, 
he  was  "  hunted  like  a  fox  by  the  enemy  :  "  he 
was  compelled  to  remove  his  family  five  times  in 
a  few  months  ;  and  at  length  placed  them  in  a 
little  log-house  on  the  banks  of  the  Susque- 
hanna ;  but  they  were  soon  obliged  to  leave 
this  retreat  on  account  of  the  Indians.  Gov.  of 
Pa.  from  1799  to  1808;  and  in  1790  he  was 
a  member  of  the  convention  which  framed  the 
constitution  of  Pa.  He  was  highly  esteemed 
for  integrity,  impartiality,  and  learning.  In 
politics  he  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  repub- 
lican party  ;  as  a  member  of  the  convention 
of  Pa..,  he  urged  the  adoption  of  the  U.S. 
Constitution. 

McKean,  William  W.,  commo.  U.  S.  N., 
b.  Pa.  1801  ;  d.  near  Binghamton,  N.Y.,  22 
Apr.  1865.  Son  of  Judge  McKean  ;  nephew  of 
Gov.  McKean.  Midshipman  30  Nov.  1814; 
lieut.  13  Jan.  1825;  com.  8  Sept.  1841  ;  capt. 
14  Sept.  1855;  commo.  16  July,  1862;  gov. 
Naval  Asylum  1858-61 ;  retired  16  July,  1862. 
Com.  a  schooner  in  Porter's  West  India  squad. 
1823-4 ;  and  active  in  suppressing  piracy 
there.  In  1860  on  special  service  of  conveying 
the  Japanese  Embassy  home ;  and  on  his  re- 
turn, was  for  a  short  time  in  com.  of  the  W. 
Gulf  blockading  squadron. 

McKee,  William  R.,  col.  U.S.  Vols., 
b.  Ky.  1808  ;  killed  in  battle  of  Buena  Vista, 
Mexico,  23  Feb.  1847.  West  Point,  1829. 
Lieut,  of  U.S.  Art. ;  resigned  Sept.  1836  ;  rail- 
road engr.  1836-46  ;  col.  2d  Ky.  Vols.  9  June, 
\M^.  — Gardner. 

McKeen,  Joseph,  D.D.  (Dartm.  Coll. 
1804),  educator,  b.  Londonderry,  N.H.,  Oct. 
15,  1757;  d.  Brunswick,  Me.,  July  15,  1807. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1774.  At  college  he  evinced  a 
strong  predilection  for  mathematics.  After 
teaching  for  some  time,  and  being  an  assistant 
in  the  And.  Acad.,  he  was  ord.  pastor  of  the 
church  in  Beverly,  May  11,  1785.  From  Sept. 
2,  1802,  until  his  death,  he  was  first  pres.  of 
Bowd.  Coll.  He  pub.  sermons,  and  some 
papers  in  the  "  Transactions "  of  the  Amer. 
Academy. 

Mackeever,  Isaac,  commodore  U.S.N., 
b.  Pa.  Apr.  1793;  d.  Norfolk,  Va.,  Apr.  1, 
1856.  Midshipman  Dec.  1,  1809;  lieut.  Dec. 
9,  1814,  and  com.  a  gunboat  in  the  flotilla  of 
Lieut.  Jones,  which  was  captured  by  the  British 
on  Lake  Borgne,  La.,  Dec.  1814.  In  the  en- 
gagement, which  was  very  warm,  he  was 
severely  wounded.  In  the  galliot  "  Sea  Gull," 
in  1825,  aided  by  some  boats  of  the  British 
frigate  "Dartmouth,"  he,  after  a  sharp  fight, 
captured  two  pirate  schooners.  May  27,  1830, 
he  was  made  a  com. ;  and  a  capt.  in  Dec.  1838. 
He  com.  the  squadron  on  the  coast  of  Brazil 
in  1851-4.  His  son  Chauncey  McKeeveb 
West  Point,  1849,  was  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A. 
13  Mar.  1865,  for  merit,  services  during  the  Re- 
bellion.    A.  A.  G.  rank  of  maj.  17  July,  1862. 

Mackellar,  Thomas,  poet,  b.  New  York, 
Aug.  12,  1812.  Son  of  an  officer  of  the  Brit, 
navy,  who  emigrated  to  N.Y.  At.  16  he  entered 
the  printing-establishment  of  the  Harpers.  la 
1833  he  removed  to  Phila.,  where  he  became 
senior  partner  of  the  great  type-foundry  of 
Lawrence  Johnson  and  Co.  He  early  wrote  for 
the  Journal  of  the  Sunday-School  Union.     He 


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pub.  "Droppings  from  the  Heart,"  1844; 
"Tarn's  Fortnight's  Rambles,"  1847;  and 
"Lines  for  the  Gentle  and  Loving,"  1853. 

Mackendree,  William,  D.D.,  bishop 
M.E.  Church,  b.  King  William  Co.,  Va.,  July 
5,  1757  ;  d.  Mar.  5,  1835.  During  the  Revol. 
war  he  attained  the  rank  of  adj.  In  1787  he  be- 
came a  Methodist;  in  1791  he  was  made  an 
elder;  app.  to  several  offices  of  importance  and 
trust ;  was  sent  to  the  first  general  conf. ;  and 
was  afterward  made  pres.  elder  of  a  new  conf. 
in  the  Far  West.  Chosen  bishop  May  12, 1808, 
during  that  year  he  visited  with  Bishop  Asbury 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  U.  S.  and  a  part  of 
Canada. 

McKenney,  Col.  Thomas  Lorraine, 
author,  b.  Hopewell,  Md.,  21  Mar.  1785;  d. 
New  York,  20  Feb.  1858.  Educated  at  Wash. 
Coll.,  Chestertown,  and  became  a  merchant  in 
Georgetown,  D.C.  App.  in  1816  supt.  of  U.S. 
trade  with  the  Indian  tribes,  and  in  1824  of 
the  bureau  of  Indian  affairs  in  the  war  dept., 
and  in  1826  a  special  commiss.  with  Lewis 
Cass  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with  the  Chippeway 
Indians  at  Fond  du  Lac.  Author  of  "  Tour  to 
the  Lakes,  and  Treaty  of  Fond  du  Lac,"  8vo, 
1827  ;  "  Memoirs  Official  and  Personal,"  8vo, 
1846  ;  and,  with  James  Hall,  "  History  of  In- 
dian Tribes,"  &c.,  3  vols.  fol.  1838-44.— i2ec/ 
Book  of  Mich. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  Alexander,  traveller, 
b.  Inverness,  Scotland  ;  d.  Dalhousie,  Mar.  12, 
1820.  At  one  time  a  Canadian  merchant  en- 
gaged in  the  fur-trade.  Previous  to  com- 
mencing his  journey  across  the  continent,  he 
passed  a  year  in  Eng.,  acquiring  a  knowledge 
of  astronomy  and  navigation.  He  then  re- 
turned to  Chippewyan,  where  he  had  been 
stationed  for  8  years,  and  June  3,  1789,  set  out 
on  his  exped.  At  the  western  part  of  the 
Great  Slave  Lake  he  entered  a  river,  to  which 
he  gave  his  own  name,  being  then  in  a  track 
wholly  new  to  Europeans.  He  followed  the 
course  of  the  stream  till  the  12th  of  July,  when, 
the  ice  opposing  further  passage,  he  returned 
to  Fort  Chippewyan,  where  he  arrived  Sept. 
27.  69°  r  N.,  was  the  northern  boundary  of 
his  voyage.  And  in  Oct.  1792  he  undertook 
a  more  hazardous  exped.  to  the  western  coast 
of  N.A.,  and  succeeded  in  July,  1793,  in  reach- 
ing Cape  Menzics,  so  named  by  Vancouver, 
lat.  52°  21'  N.,  and  long.  128°  12'  W.  Mac- 
kenzie returned  to  England  in  1801,  and  in  the 
following  year  was  knighted.  He  pub.  with 
excellent  maps  "  Voyages  from  Montreal 
through  the  Continent  of  N.  America  to  the 
Frozen  and  Pacific  Oceans  in  the  Years  1789 
and  1793,"  Lond.  1801. 

Mackenzie,  Alexander  Slidell,  naval 
oflBcer  and  author,  b.  New  York,  Apr.  6,  1803; 
d.  Tarry  town,  Sept.  13,  1848.  Son  of  John 
Slidell,  a  merchant  of  New  York,  and  bro.  of 
Senator  John  Slidell,  and  in  1837  added,  at 
the  request  of  a  maternal  uncle,  his  mother's 
family  name,  Mackenzie,  to  his  own.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  Jan.  1,  1815,  as  a  midshipman. 
At  the  age  of  19  he  took  command  of  a  mer- 
chant-vessel to  improve  himself  in  seamanship. 
Lieut.  13  Jan.  1825;  com.  Sept.  8,  1841.  In 
1825  he  visited  Europe,  and  pub.  his  "  Year  in 
Spain."    After  his  return  home  from  a  three- 


years'  cruise  in  the  Mediterranean  in  1833,  he 
pub.  a  vol.  of  Popular  Essays  on  Naval  Sub- 
jects. "  The  American  in  England,"  and 
"  Spain  Revisited,"  were  the  fruits  of  a  subse- 
quent tour;  and  in  1836  he  pub.  an  enlarged 
edition  of  the  "  Year  in  Spain."  His  cruise 
in  1842  in  the  brig  "Somers"  gave  him  an 
unhappy  notoriety.  A  mutiny  among  the 
crew,  headed  by  a  midshipman,  having  been 
discovered,  a  council  of  officers  was  held,  which 
ordered  that  the  three  most  guilty  should  suf- 
fer death  at  the  yard-arm,  which  sentence  was 
promptly  carried  into  effect.  Individuals  cen- 
sured Lieut.  Mackenzie  for  undue  severity ;  but 
the  tribunals  to  which  he  was  amenable  acquit- 
ted him  of  blame.  (See  his  Defence  before 
the  Court  Martial,  N.  Y.,  8vo,  1843.)  Ord- 
nance  officer  under  Com.  Perry  in  "  The  Mis- 
sissippi "  at  Vera  Cruz ;  com.  the  2d  division 
of  art.  detached  from  the  fleet  in  the  storming 
and  capture  of  the  city  of  Tabasco,  June  16, 
1847.  He  pub.  Lives  of  Paul  Jones,  O.  H. 
Perry,  and  Stephen  Decatur. 

Mackenzie,  Charles  Kenneth,  F.R.S., 
author,  b.  Scotland,  1788;  d.  by  the  conflagra- 
tion of  the  Rainbow  Hotel,  New  York,  July  6, 
1862.  He  was  a  ripe  scholar,  an  excellent  lin- 
guist, with  great  and  versatile  literary  attain- 
ments, having  been  a  contrib.  to  the  Edinburgh 
and  Quarterhj  Reviews,  and  "  The  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"and  alsoleadingeditorof  a  London 
daily  conservative  journal.  He  was  a  doctor 
both  of  law  and  medicine.  In  his  youth  he 
was  an  aide-de-camp  of  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton ;  in  1823  he  accomp.  to  Mexico  the  British 
commiss.  on  therecognition  of  her  independence, 
and  was  app.  consul  for  Vera  Cruz;  in  1825 
he  was  sent  consul-gen.  to  Hayti;  and  in  1830 
was  commiss.  of  arbitration  to  the  mixed  com- 
mission at  Havana.  A  dispute  with  the  foreign 
oflBce  in  Nov.  1834  ended  his  connection  with 
the  British  Govt.  He  had  resided  in  the  U.S. 
about  14  years  when  he  died. 

Mackenzie,  Roblrt  Shelton,  M.  D., 
D.C.L.  (Oxf.  1844),  LL.D.  (Glasgow,  1834), 
journalist,  b.  Drew's  Court,  Limerick  Co.,  Ire- 
land, June  22,  1809.  Educated  at  a  school  in 
Fermoy,  where  his  father,  originally  a  British 
officer,  was  postmaster;  at  the  age  of  13  was 
apprenticed  to  an  apothecary  in  Cork ;  passed  his 
medical  examination;  opened  a  school  in  Fer- 
moy; and  in  1829  became  editor  of  a  journal 
pub.  in  Staffordshire,  Eng.  In  1830-1  he  was 
employed  in  literary  labors  in  London.  Be- 
tween 1834  and  1851  He  was  the  English  cor- 
resp.  of  the  N.Y.  Eceyiing  Star,  besides  contrib. 
frequently  to  Amer.  periodicals.  In  1847  he 
was  an  active  member  of  Lord  Brougham's 
Law  Amendment  Society.  In  the  latter  part 
of  1852  he  came  to  New  York,  where  for  several 
years  he  wrote  for  some  of  the  princijtal  jour- 
nals; in  1857  he  became  literary  and  foreign 
editor  of  the  Phi/a.  P7ess.  Among  his  pubs, 
are  "  Lays  of  Palestine,"  1829  ;  "  Titian,"  an 
art  novel,  1 843 ;  "  Partnership  en  Com  mandite," 
8vo,  1847;  "Mornings  at  Matlock,"  1850,  a 
collection  of  fugitive  magazine  pieces;  Sheil's 
"  Sketches  of  the  Irish  Bar,"  1854,  with  mem- 
oirs and  notes;  an  edition  of  the  "Noctes  Am- 
brosianas,"  with  sketches  of  the  contributors, 
and  notes,  5  vols.  1854;  "  Bits  of  Blarney," 


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mck: 


1855  ;  **  Dr.  Maginns's  Writings  and  others;  " 
"Tressillianand  his  Friends,"  1859 ;  an  edition 
of  the  "Memoirs  of  Robert  Houdin,"  1859; 
"Life  of  Charles  Diciiens/'  1870;  "Life  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott,"  1871.  — Appleton. 

Mackenzie,  William  Lyon,  leader  of  the 
Canadian  insurgents  in  1837-8,  b.  Springfield, 
Forfarshire,  Scotland,  Mar.  12,  1795;  d.  To- 
ronto, Aug.  28,  1861.  At  17  he  commenced 
business,  and  kept  a  circulating-library  in 
Ayleth,  near  Dundee,  and  afterward  went  to 
Eng.,  where  he  was  a  clerk  in  the  employ  of 
Lord  Lonsdale.  He  came  to  Canada  in  1820; 
was  employed  as  supt.  over  the  works  of  the 
Lachine  Canal ;  and  was  engaged  in  the  book 
and  drug  trade  in  Toronto,  with  success,  until 
1823,  when  he  entered  upon  political  life. 
From  May  18,  1824,  until  1833,  he  edited  the 
Colonial  Adcocate  at  Niagara,  freely  criticising 
the  acts  of  the  govt.,  which  made  every  effort 
to  suppress  it;  and  in  1826  a  mob  destroyed 
the  office.  This  riot  brought  him  more  prom- 
inently into  notice;  and  in  1828  he  was  chosen 
to  parliament  from  York  Co.  For  an  alleged 
libel  upon  the  Assembly  in  his  newspaper,  he 
was  five  times  expelled,  and  as  often  re-elected. 
The  Assembly,  at  last,  refused  to  issue  the  writ 
for  a  new  election.  In  May,  1832,  he  went  to 
Eng.  with  a  petition  of  grievances  to  the  im- 
perial govt.  In  1836  he  was  the  first  mayor  of 
Toronto.  The  rebellion  with  which  his  name 
is  so  conspicuously  connected  was  quickly 
subdued ;  but  it  awakened  the  attention  of  the 
home  govt,  to  various  abuses,  and  brought  about 
beneficial  changes.  Outlawed  by  his  govt.,  he 
fled  to  the  U.  S.,  where  he  was  arrested,  and 
sentenced  to  18  months'  imprisonment  for  a 
breach  of  the  neutrality  laws;  and  was  confined 
in  Monroe  Co.  jail,  Rochester,  N.Y.  He  after- 
ward pub.  Mackenzie's  Gazette,  and  was  long 
connected  with  the  N.Y.  Tribune.  Having  re- 
ceived a  pardon,  he  returned  to  Canada  in  1850, 
and  was  again  a  member  of  the  Assembly  until 
1858.  It  is  generally  conceded  that  he  acted 
from  a  thoroughly  honest  motive;  and  it  is  un- 
questionable that  he  did  his  share  to  advance 
the  cause  of  civil  liberty  in  his  adopted  country. 
While  in  New  York  he  pub.  some  political 
pamphlets,  one  of  which  (Sketches  of  Wm.  L. 
Marcy,  Jacob  Barker,  and  others,  8vo,  1845), 
compiled  from  papers  found  in  the  custom- 
house, professedly  exposed  the  intrigues  of 
several  prominent  political  leaders,  and  created 
much  excitement.  His  admirers  raised  a  sum 
sufficient  to  purchase  him  a  small  annuity  and 
a  residence  near  Toronto.  Author  of  "  Sketches 
cfCanadaandtheU.S.,"  Lond.  12mo,  1833. — 
Morgan. 

Mackenzie,  Ranald  S.,  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y.  West  Point  (1st  in  class), 
1862.  Son  of  Com.  A.  S.  Mackenzie,  U.S.N. 
Entering  the  engr.  corps,  he  became  1st  lieut. 
3  Mar.  1863;  capt.  6  Nov.  1863;  col.  2d  Ct. 
Heavy  Art.  10  July,  1864;  brig.-gen.  vols.  19 
Oct.  1864 ;  col.  4th  Cav.  6  Mar.  1867.  He  was 
in  the  action  at  Kelly's  Ford,  Va.,  20  Aug. ; 
brev.  1st  lieut.  29  Aug.  1862,  for  battle  of 
Manassas,  where  he  was  wounded ;  engr.  of 
Sumner's  div.  at  Fredericksburg ;  brev.  capt. 
3  May,  1863,  for  Chancellorsville;  maj.  4  July, 
1863,'for  Gettysburg;  served  through  the  Rich- 


mond campaign,  and  brev.  lieut.-col.  18  June, 
1864,  for  Petersburg,  Va. ;  com.  brigade  6th 
corps  in  Shenandoah  campaign,  and  engaged 
at  Opequan,  Fisher's  Hill;  and  brev.  col.  19 
Oct.  1864,  for  Cedar  Creek,  where  he  was 
wounded ;  and  com.  a  cavalry  division  at  the 
battle  of  Five  Forks  ;  brev.  maj. -gen.  vols.  31 
Mar.;  and  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.,  for  gal- 
lant and  merit,  services  in  the  field  during  the 
Rebellion.  —  Cullam. 

Mackey,  Albert  Gallatin,  physician 
and  author,  b.  Charleston,  S.C',  1807.  M.D. 
of  S.C.  Coll.  1832.  He  procured  by  school- 
teaching  the  means  of  preparing  himself  for 
the  medical  profession.  After  practising  some 
years,  he  was  in  1838  elected  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  in  S.C.  Med.  Coll.  In  1844  he  be- 
came connected  with  the  Literary  Bulletin, 
Southern  Patriot,  Evening  News,  and  other 
Charleston  periodicals ;  established  a  Masonic 
monthly  in  1850,  which  he  continued  3  years; 
and  a  quarterly  in  1858-60.  He  has  lectured 
upon  the  middle  ages,  and  has  prepared  a  work 
on  the  subject  of  abstruse  symbolism.  Author 
of  "Lexicon  of  Freemasonry,"  1845;  "The 
Mystic  Tie,"  1849;  "Principles  of  Masonic 
Law,"  1856;  "Book  of  the  Chapter,"  1858; 
and  "  Text-Book  of  Masonic  Jurisprudence," 
1859. 

Mackie,  John  Milton,  author,  b.  Ware- 
ham,  Ms.,  1813.  B.  U.  1832,  where  he  was 
tutor  1834-8,  and  subsequently  travelled  in 
Europe.  In  1845  he  pub.  "Life  of  Leibnitz," 
and  contrib.  to  Sparks's  "Am.  Biog."  a  "  Life 
of  Samuel  Gorton;"   in  1848  "  Cosas  de  Es- 


pana . 


Life  of   Schamvl,    the    Circassian 


Chief,"  1856;  "  Life  of  Tai-Ping- Wang,  Chief 
of  the  Chinese  Insurrection,"  1857;  and  "From 
Cape  Cod  to  Dixie,"  a  vol.  of  travels,  1864. 
Contrib.  to  the  N.  A.  Review,  principally  of 
articles  on  German  literature  and  history. 

McKinley,  John,  jurist,  b.  Va.,  May  1, 
1780;  d.  Louisville,  Ky.,  July  19,  1852.  He 
removed  to  Ky. ;  thence  to  Ala.;  was  U.S. 
senator  from  Ala.  from  1826  to  1837;  and  in 
that  year  was  app.  a  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  U.S. 

McKinly,  John,  M.D.,  physician  and 
statesman,  b.  Ireland,  Feb.  24,  1724;  d.  Wil- 
mington, Del.,  Aug.  31,  1796.  He  settled  in 
Wilmington  in  early  life,  and  soon  became 
eminent  in  his  profession.  He  filled  several 
important  public  posts,  and  in  1777  was  the 
first  pres.  of  the  State  of  Del.  Captured  by  the 
British  Sept.  13,  1777. 

McKinstry,  James  P.,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  New  York,  Feb.  9,  1807.  Midshipm.  Feb. 
1,  1826;  lieut.  Feb.  9,  1837;  com.  Sept.  14, 
1855;  capt.  July  16,  1862;  commo.  July  25, 
1866;  com.  mail-steamer  "Georgia"  1854-5; 
steamer  "Dakotah"  1861 ;  steam  sloop  "Monon- 
gahela,"  at  Port  Hudson  and  Vicksburg,  1863, 
and  wounded.   Retired  9  Feb.  1 869. — Hamersly. 

McKnight,  Charles,  M.D.,  physician, 
of  Irish  descent,  b.  Cranberry,  N.  J.,  Oct.  10, 
1750;  d.  New  York,  1791.  N.  J.  Coll.  1771. 
Son  of  Charles,  a  Presb.  clergyman.  He  studied 
medicine  with  Dr.  Shippen,  and,  entering  the 
Revol.  army,  became  sen.  surgeon  of  the  middle 
dept.  He  settled  in  N.Y.  after  the  war ;  m. 
the  dau.  of  John  Morin  Scott ;  was  particularly 


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586 


jyccr. 


eminent  as  a  surgeon,  and  was  for  some  time 
prof,  of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  Col.  Coll.  He 
pub.  a  paper  in  Memoirs  of  Lond.  Med.  Soc, 
vol.  iv. 

McLane,  Col.  Allek,  a  brave  and  enter- 
prising Revol.  officer,  b.  Aug.  8,  1746 ;  d.  Wil- 
mington, Del.,  May  22,  1829.  He  removed  to 
Kent  Co.,  Del.,  in  1774.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Revol.  he  held  an  estate  in  Phila. 
worth  $15,000,  the  whole  of  which  he  sacrificed 
in  the  service  of  his  country.  As  a  vol.  he 
witnessed  the  repulse  of  the  British  at  Great 
Bridge,  Va.  In  1775  he  became  licut.  in  Caesar 
Rodney's  Del.  regt.  In  1776  he  joined  the 
array  of  Washington ;  disting.  himself  at  tlje 
battle  of  Long  Island ;  was  at  White  Plains 
and  Trenton ;  and,  by  his  good  conduct  and 
gallantry  at  Princeton,  won  from  Washington 
the  commission  of  capt.  in  1777.  He  com. 
the  outposts  of  the  army  around  Phila.,  and 
was  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth.  In 
July,  1779,  he  was  made  maj.  of  the  inf.  of 
Lee's  Legion,  taking  part  in  the  brilliant  affairs 
of  Paulus  Hook  and  Stony  Point ;  and  was  at 
the  siege  of  Yorktown.  In  a  personal  combat 
with  three  British  dragoons,  near  Frankford, 
Pa.,  he  killed  one,  wounded  another,  and  the 
third  retired.  He  was  a  member  and  speaker 
of  the  legisl. ;  6  years  a  privy  councillor ;  many 
years  judge  C.C.P. ;  marshal  Del.  dist.  1790-8; 
and  collector  of  the  port  of  Wilmington  from 
1808  until  his  death. 

McLane,  Gen.  Jeremiah,  a  Western 
pioneer  and  politician,  b.  1767  ;  d.  Washington, 
March  19,1 837.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revol. 
Settled  at  Chillicothe  in  1790 ;  was  sec.  of  state 
of  O.  21  years ;  removed  to  Columbus  in  1816 ; 
and  was  M.C.  in  1833-7. 

McLane,  Louis,  statesman,  b.  Smyrna, 
Kent  Co.,  Del.,  May  28,  1786;  d.  Baltimore, 
Oct.  7,  1857.  Newark  Coll.  Son  of  Col. 
Allen.  Entered  the  navy  as  midshipm.  in  1 798, 
and  cruised  one  year  in  "  The  Philadelphia," 
Com.  Decatur.  He  began  to  study  law  in  1804 
with  James  A.  Bayard ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar 
in  1807  ;  M.C.  1817-27  ;  on  the  Mo.  question 
he  voted  against  permitting  slavery  in  that 
State,  in  opposition  to  his  constituents,  but  in 
obedience  to  his  own  convictions ;  U.S.  senator 
1827-9  ;  minister  to  Eng.  May,  1829-31 ;  sec. 
U.S.  treasury  1831-3 ;  sec.  of  state  1833 ;  retired 
from  political  life  in  1834.  Pres.  of  the  Bait, 
and  0.  Railroad  Co.  from  1837  to  1847.  In 
June,  1845,  he  was  intrusted  by  Pres.  Polk 
with  the  mission  to  Eng.  during  the  Oregon 
negotiations.  His  last  public  service  was  as  a 
delegate  to  the  reform  convention  at  Annapolis, 
in  the  winter  of  1850-51. 

McLane,  Robert  Milligan,  son  of 
Louis,  b.  Del.  June  23,  1815.  Educated  at 
Wash.  Coll.,  D.C.,  St.  Mary's  Coll.,  Bait., 
and  West  Point,  1837.  He  was  in  Europe 
with  his  father  in  1 829-31 .  Served  in  Florida, 
the  Cherokee  country,  and  in  the  north-west, 
and  resigned  in  1843  ;  adm.  to  the  Bait,  bar  in 
1843  ;  member  Md.  legisl.  in  1845-7  ;  M.C. 
1847-51 ;  minister  to  China  1853-5 ;  and  min- 
ister to  Mexico  from  Mar.  1859  to  Nov.  1860. 

McLaughlin,  Edward  A.,  b.  N.  Stam- 
ford, Ct.,  9  Jan.  1798.  Pub.  in  Cincinnati  in 
Oct.  1841,  "  The  Lovers  of  the  Deep,"  and 


other  poems.  —  See  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the 
West. 

McLaws,  Lafayette,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b. 
Ga.  West  Point,  1842.  Entering  the  6th 
Inf.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  Feb.  16,  1847;  capt. 
Aug.-  24,  1851 ;  and  resigned  Mar.  23,  1861. 
Engaged  during  Ihe  Mex.  war  at  defence  of 
Ft.  Brown,  battle  of  Monterey,  and  siege  of 
Vera  Cruz.  He  became  a  maj  .-gen.  in  the 
Confed.  army ;  com.  a  division  in  Lee's  army  ; 
disting.  at  the  2d  Fredericksburg  battle.  May 
3,  1863,  in  which  he  forced  Gen.  Sedgewick's 
corps  across  the  Rappahannock ;  was  at  Gettys- 
burg ;  opposed  Sherman's  advance  at  Pocota- 
ligo  Bridge,  N.C.,  15  Jan.  1865;  and  at  Averys- 
borough,  17  Mar.  1865 ;  surrendered  with  John- 
ston's army,  26  Apr.  1865. 

McLean,  Canadian  jurist,  b.  St.  Andrew's, 
U.C.,  Apr.  1791;  d.  Oct.  1865.  Educated 
at  the  Cornwall  grammar  school,  he  served 
through  the  war  of  1812,  and  was  wounded 
at  Qucenstown.  Called  to  the  bar,  he  became 
in  1837  judge  of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench, 
and  afterwards  chief  justice  of  U.C.  Several 
years  a  member,  and  twice  speaker,  of  the 
legisl.  assembly  of  U.C,  and  opposed  the  imion 
of  the  two  provinces. 

Maclean,  Col.  Allan,  a  British  officer, 
b.  Toriish,  Scotland,  ab.  1725;  d.  1784.  A 
lieut.  in  the  Scots  Brigade  in  the  Dutch  service 
in  1747,  and  taken  at  the  siege  of  Bergen  Op 
Zoom.  Obtaining  in  1757  a  comp.  in  the  62d 
regt.,  he  left  the  Dutch  service;  came  to 
America ;  was  at  the  taking  of  Ft.  Duquesne 
in  1758;  served  under  Amherst  in  1759;  and 
raised  the  114th  Highlanders,  of  whom  he  was 
maj.  comg.  Made  lieut.-col.  25  May,  1771 ;  in 
1775  he  came  again  to  America;  raised  a  corps 
known  as  the  Roy.  Highland  Emigrants,  and 
threw  himself  into  Quebec,  12  Nov.  1775,  just 
in  time  to  prevent  its  surrender  to  Arnold,  and 
to  render  great  service  during  its  siege.  He 
com.  the  fort  at  Penobscot,  Me.,  against  which 
the  unfortunate  exped.  of  Lovell  and  Salton- 
stall  was  directed  in  July,  1779;  and  was  made 
a  col.  in  Jan.  1780.  He  was  a  brave  and 
active  officer. 

McLean,  Daniel  Verch,  D.D.,  Presb. 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  1801 ;  d.  pastor  of  a 
church  at  Red  Bank,  N.  J.,  23  Nov.  1869. 
Miami  U.  Several  years  pastor  of  the  Old 
Tennent  Church,  Freehold,  N.  J. ;  pres.  of  Laf. 
Coll.,  Easton.Pa.,  1854-64. 

Maclean,  John,  M.D.  (U.  of  Aberd.  1797), 
chemist  and  physician,  b.  Glasgow,  Mar.  1771 ; 
d.  Princeton,  Feb.  1814.  Son  of  an  eminent 
Burgeon.  After  studying  at  various  cities,  he 
commenced  the  practice  of  surgery  at  Glasgow 
in  1791.  He  came  to  Amer.  in  1795,  and  was 
app.  prof,  of  chem.  and  nat.  history  in  the 
Coll.  of  N.  J.,  and  subsequently  of  nat.  philos. 
and  mathematics,  which  he  resigned  in  1812, 
having  been  app.  prof,  of  nat.  philos.  and 
chem.  in  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  His  prin- 
c^)al  pub.  was  "Lectures  on  Combustion." 
He  also  wrote  other  papers  in  the  controversy 
with  Dr.  Priestly,  pub.  in  the  N.Y  Med. 
Repos. 

McLean,  John,  merchant,  whose  name  is 
perpetuated  by  the  McLean  Asylum  for  the 
Insane,  at  Somerville,  Ms.,  b.  1759 ;  d,  Oct.  1823. 


m:ox. 


587 


ivLCjyc 


He  once  failed  for  a  large  sum,  and  went 
throuj^h  bankruptcy.  Subsequently  acquiring 
wealth,  he  paid  his  former  creditors  in  fall.  He 
bequeathed  $100,000  for  the  Ms.  Gen.  Hospital, 
and  $50,000  more  to  that  and  to  H.U. 

McLean,  John,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1839),  jurist 
and  statesman,  b.  Morris  Co.,  N.  J.,  Mar.  11, 
1785;  d.  Cincinnati,  O.,  Apr.  4,  1861.  In 
1789  his  father  removed  to  Va.,  thence  to  Ky., 
and  in  1799  to  Warren  Co.,  O.  Here  the  son 
received  a  scanty  education,  laboring  on  the 
farm  until  16  years  of  age  ;  was  in  1807  adm. 
to  the  bar,  and  commenced  practice  at  Lebanon, 
O.  M.C.  in  1813-16,  supported  Madison's 
administration,  originated  the  law  to  indemnify 
individuals  for  property  lost  in  the  public  ser- 
vice, and  introduced  a  resolution  inquiring  into 
the  expediency  of  giving  pensions  to  the  wid- 
ows of  the  officers  and  soldiers  who  had  fallen 
in  their  country's  service.  From  1816  to  1822 
he  was  a  judge  of  the  Ohio  Supreme  Court;  in 
1822  he  was  app.  commiss.  of  the  gen.  land 
Office ;  and  in  July,  1 823,  he  became  postmaster- 
gen.  After  refusing  the  offer  of  the  war  and 
navy  depts.,  he  in  Jan.  1830  entered  upon  the 
duties  of  a  justice  of  the  U.S.  Sup.  Court. 
His  charges  to  grand  juries  while  on  circuit 
were  disting.  for  ability  and  eloquence.  One  of 
the  ablest  of  these  was  delivered  in  Dec.  1838, 
in  regard  to  aiding  or  favoring  unlawful  mili- 
tary combinations  by  our  citizens,  a;,'ainst  any 
foreign  govt,  or  people  with  whom  we  are  at 
peace,  with  special  reference  to  the  Canadian 
msurrection  and  its  Araer.  abettors.  In  the 
Dred  Scott  case  he  dissented  from  the  decision 
of  the  court  as  given  by  Chief  Justice  Taney, 
and  expressed  the  opinion  that  slavery  has  its 
origin  merely  in  power,  and  is  against  right, 
and  in  this  country  is  sustained  only  by  local 
law.  Long  identified  with  the  party  opposed 
to  the  extension  of  slavery,  his  name  was  be- 
fore the  free-soil  convention  at  Buffalo  in  1848, 
as  a  candidate  for  nomination  as  pres.  He 
pub.  "  Reports  U.S.  Circuit  Court,  1829-42," 
2  vols.  8vo  ;  Eulogy  on  James  Monroe,  1831 ; 
occasional  addresses,  &c. 

Mac  LeUan,  Isaac,  Jan.,  b.  Portland, 
1810.  Bowd.  Coll.  1826.  Practised  law  in 
Boston,  but  withdrew  to  Long  Island,  and  en- 
gaged in  agriculture.  Author  of  *'  The  Fall 
of  the  Indian,  with  other  Poems,"  1830;  "The 
Year  and  Other  Poems,"  1832;  "  Miscellane- 
ous Poems,"  1844;  "Journal  of  a  Residence 
in  Scotland,"  &c.,  1834 ;  "  Mount  Auburn  and 
Other  Poems,"  1843.  — See  Griswold's  Poets  of 
Ainer. 

McLeod,  Alexander,  D.D.  (Mid.  Coll. 
1809),  Presb.  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Is- 
land of  Mull,  1774;  d.  N.Y.Feb.  17,1833. 
Un.  Coll.  1798.  Son  of  Rev.  Niel  of  St.  Kil- 
da.  Came  to  the  U.S.  at  the  age  of  18,  studied 
theology,  and  was  settled  pastor  of  the  First 
Ref.  Church  in  N.Y,  He  was  a  powerful 
preacher,  a  man  of  learning  and  wisdom,  and 
a  devout  Christian.  Among  his  pubs,  are  "  Ne- 
gro Slavery  Unjustifiable,"  1802;  "On  the 
Messiah,"  1803;  "On  the  Catechism,"  1807; 
"On  the  Ministry,"  1808;  "Life  and  Power 
of  Godliness,"  1816;  "Lectures  on  Revela- 
tions," 1814  ;  and  "  Sermons  on  the  War," 
1815.     He  assisted  Dr.  Mason,  in  editing  the 


Christ.  Mag.  —  See  Memoir  by  Dr.  S.  B.  Wylie, 
1855. 

Macleod,  Xavier  Donald,  author,  b. 
N.Y.  Nov.  17,  1821  ;  crushed  to  death  by  rail- 
road accident  near  Cincinnati,  July  20,  1865. 
Col.  Coll.  Son  of  Alexander.  He  took  orders 
in  the  Epis.  Church  in  1845,  was  settled  for  a 
short  time  in  a  rural  parish,  and  travelled 
abroad  1850-2.  After  his  return  he  devoted 
himself  to  literary  pursuits,  contributing  to  va- 
rious magazines,  and  pub.  "  Pynnshurst,"  N.Y., 
1852;  "Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,"  "The 
Bloodstone,"  1853  ;  "  Life  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,"  1 857 ;"  The  Elder's  House ;""  Chateau 
Lescure ;  "  and  "  A  Life  of  Fernando  Wood," 
1856.  His  fugitive  poems,  some  of  which  have 
great  merit,  are  his  most  characteristic  pro- 
ductions. In  1857  he  became  editorially  con- 
nected with  the  Leader,  newspaper  at  St.  Louis. 
He  subsequently  became  prof  of  rhetoric  and 
belles-lettres  at  Mount  St.  Mary's  Coll.  near 
Cincinnati,  and  was  ord.  a  priest  in  the  R.C. 
Church. 

Maclure,  William,  geologist,  b.  Ayre, 
Scotland,  1763  ;  d.  San  Angel,  near  the  city 
of  Mexico,  23  Mar.  1840.  In  his  youth  he  had 
a  strong  predilection  for  the  natural  sciences. 
At  19  he  visited  the  U.S.,  but  returned  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  acquired  a  fortune  by  commer- 
cial pursuits.  In  1796  he  again  came  to  the 
U.S.,  and  formed  the  plan  of  making  geol. 
surveys  of  the  whole  country.  In  the  course 
of  his  pedestrian  journeys,  he  crossed  and  re- 
crossed  the  Alleghany  Mountains  50  times. 
Constructed  maps  showing  the  results  of  his 
labors,  pub.  in  the  Trans,  of  the  Amer.  Philos. 
Soc,  and  pub.  his  Geol.  Memoir  in  1817. 
Pres.  of  the  Phila.  Acad,  of  Nat.  Hist.  1817- 
40.  In  the  Journal  of  this  acad.  he  pub.  the 
results  of  20  visits  to  the  W.  I.  Islands.  In 
1803  he  was  in  Europe  as  one  of  the  commiss. 
to  settle  the  claims  of  Amer.  citizens  against 
France  for  spoliations  of  Amer.  commerce. 
In  1819-24  he  was  in  Spain,  where  he  attempt- 
ed to  establish  an  agric.  school.  He  purchased 
land  and  erected  buildings  near  Alicante;  but 
on  the  overthrow  of  the  govt,  his  property  re- 
verted to  the  church,  from  which  the  land  had 
been  confiscated.  He  then  made  a  geol.  tour 
through  Southern  Spain.  He  endeavored  in 
1825  to  establish  a  similar  agric.  school  near 
New  Harmony,  Ind.,  but  did  not  succeed.  In 
1827,  hoping  to  restore  his  health,  he  took  up 
his  residence  in  Mexico,  where  he  wrote  his 
"  Opinions  on  Various  Subjects,"  mainly  on 
polit.  economy,  2  vols.  1837.  His  "  Catalogue 
of  Min.  and  Geol.  Specimens  at  N.  Harmony  " 
was  pub.  1840.  He  gave  over  5,000  vols,  to 
the  library  of  the  Phila.  Acad.,  to  which  body 
his  gifts  amounted  to  $25,000.  Many  of  his 
contribs.  are  in  the  early  vols,  of  Silliman's 
Jour,  of  Science. —  See  Notice  by  S.  G.  Morton, 
in  Amer.  Jour,  of  Science,  xlvii.  1. 

McMahon,  Barnard,  founded  in  1809  a 
botanic  garden  near  Phila.  ;  d.  Sept.  1816. 
He  pub.  in  1806  "  The  Amer.  Gardener's  Cal- 
endar." 

McMaster,  Erasmus  D.,  D.D.,  Presb. 
clergyman  (son  of  Dr.  Gilbert),  b.  Pa.  1806; 
d.  Chicago,  Dec.  10,  1866.  Un.  Coll.  1827. 
Licensed  to  preach  in  1829;  ord.  1831,  and 


m:o3M 


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-MLCl^ 


pastor  at  Ballston,  N.Y. ;  pres.  of  the  S.  Han- 
over Coll.,  Ind.,  1838-45,  of  the  Miami  U. 
1845-9  ;  prof,  of  syst.  theol.  in  the  N.  Albany 
Theol.  Sem.  1849-66;  and  was  then  app.  to 
the  same  chair  by  the  Gen.  Assembly  of  the 
Theol.  Sem.  of  the  North-west.  Author  of 
some  religious  works,  some  sermons,  addresses, 
&c. 

MoMaster,  Gilbert,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll. 
1828),  a  Presb.  clergyman,  b.  Ireland,  Feb.  13, 
1778  ;  d.  N.  Albany,  Ind.,  Mar.  17,  1854.  Jeff. 
Coll.  1803.  While  yet  a  child,  his  father  came 
with  his  fiimily  to  this  country,  and  settled  as 
a  farmer  in  Franklin  Co.,  Pa.  Ord.  Aug.  8, 
1808,  and  was  settled  as  pastor  of  the  cong.  in 
Duanesburg,  N.Y.,  where  for  32  years,  and  as 
pastor  of  the  church  in  Princeton,  Ind.,  from 
1840  to  1846,  he  exercised  his  ministry  with 
great  acceptance.  Author  of  "  An  Essay  in 
Defence  of  some  Fundamental  Doctrines  of 
Christianity;"  "  An  Analysis  of  the  Shorter 
Catechism,"  1815  ;  "  An  Apology  for  the 
Book  of  Psalms  ;  "  "  The  Moral  Character  of 
Civil  Govt,  considered,"  1832;  "  Thoughts  on 
Union  in  the  Church  of  God,"  1846  ;  various 
occasional  sermons,  synodical  speeches,  eccle- 
siastical papers,  and  articles  in  periodicals. 

MacMichael,  Morton,  journalist  and 
orator,  b.  Burlington  Co.,  N.  J.,  Oct.  20,  1807. 
Contrib.  to  Phila.  periodicals  from  1824  to 
1844.  Since  that  year,  editor  of  the  Phila. 
North- American.  A  specimen  of  his  verse  is 
in  the  Pliila.  Book,  183Q.  —  Allibone. 

McMin,  Joseph,  gov.  of  Tenn.  1815-21 ; 
d.  Cherokee  Agency  17  Nov.  1824. 

McMurtrie,  Henry,  M.D.,  prof,  of  anat- 
omy and  philos.  in  the  Phila.  high  school ; 
d.  Phila.  26  May,  1865,  a.  73.  Author  of  some 
valuable  text-books  and  "  Sketches  of  Louis- 
ville," 8vo,  1819. 

MacNab,  Sir  Alan  Napier,  a  Cana- 
dian statesman,  b.  Niagara,  Feb.  19,  1798  ;  d. 
Toronto,  Aug.  8, 1862.  His  father  was  a  lieut. 
of  dragoons  in  the  Queen's  Rangers,  and  prin- 
cipal aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Simcoe  during  the 
Revol.  war.  At  the  attack  of  Toronto  by  the 
Americans,  Apr.  27, 1813,  Alan,  then  a  school- 
boy, carried  a  musket;  soon  after  entered  as 
a  midshipman  on  board  Sir  James  Yeo's  ship, 
but  abandoned  the  navy  for  the  army;  was 
ensign  of  the  100th  Regt. ;  was  present  at 
the  capture  of  Fort  Niagara;  and  com.  the 
advanced  guard  at  the  battle  of  Plattsburg. 
After  the  war,  he  studied  law,  and  practised  in 
Hamilton,  acting,  also,  as  clerk  of  the  jour- 
nals in  the  Assembly  of  U.C.  Chosen  mem- 
ber of  the  Assembly  in  1829;  he  was  subse- 
quently speaker  of  the  lower  house.  During 
the  insurrection  of  1837-8  he  com.  the  militia 
on  the  Niagara  frontier,  with  the  rank  of  col. 
He  routed  the  insurgents  near  Toronto,  Dec.  7, 
1837,  and  seized  and  burnt  the  steamer  "  Car- 
oline," employed  in  conveying  men  and  supplies 
to  them  from  the  American  side.  This  act, 
although  it  excited  much  angry  comment  in  the 
U.S.,  was  approved  by  the  Brit.  Govt.  For 
his  eminenti  services  in  quelling  the  insurrec- 
tion, he  was  knighted  July  14,  1838.  After 
the  union  of  the  two  provinces  of  Canada  in 
1844,  he  became  speaker  of  the  new  legisl.,  and 
was  prime-minister  from  1854  to  1856;  created 


a  bart.  in  Feb.  1858.  In  Oct.  1857  he  retired 
from  public  life,  but  in  1860  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  western  division  of  the  legisl. 
council.  —  Morgan. 

McNair,  Gen.  Alexander,  gov.  Mo. 
1820-4,  b.  Pa.;  d.  May,  1826.  App. lieut.  inf. 
Jan.  8,  1799;  disb.  June,  1800.  He  was  an 
early  emigrant  to  Mo.  Terr.;  adj.  and  insp. 
gen.  1812;  col.  Mo.  militia  in  U.S.  service 
1813;  he  held  also  an  important  office  in  the 
Indian  dept.  —  Gardner. 

McNeil,  Gen.  John,  b.  Hillsborough, 
N.H.,1784;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Feb.  23, 1850. 
App.  capt.  11th  Inf.  Mar.  12,  1812;  maj. 
Aug.  15,  1813 ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  Chippewa, 
July  5,  1814 ;  brev.  col.  for  the  battle  of  Ni- 
agara, July  25,  1814,  in  which  he  Avas  severely 
wounded;  lieut.-col.  1st  Inf.  Feb.  24,  1818; 
brev.  brig.-gen.  July  25,  1824;  col.  1st  Inf. 
Apr.  28,  1826;  resigned  Apr.  23,  1830;  app. 
surveyor  of  the  port  of  Boston  1829. —  Gardner. 

McNeil,  Gen.  John,  b.  Brit.  Provinces, 
of  Amer.  parents,  ab.  1820.  Pie  leai-ncd  the 
hatter's  trade  in  Boston,  which  he  carried  on 
successfully  in  St.  Louis  for  20  years.  Pla- 
cing himself  by  the  side  of  Gen.  Lyon,  he 
entered  the  service  May  8,  1861 ;  routed  the 
rebel  brigadier  Harris  at  Fulton ;  was  placed 
by  Fremont  in  com.  of  St.  Louis ;  made  col. 
19th  Mo.  Vols.  3  Aug.,  and  early  in  1862  took 
com.  of  a  cav.  regt.,  and  of  the  dist.  of  N.E. 
Mo.,  which  he  soon  cleared  of  guerillas,  de- 
feating Porter  at  Kirkeville,  6  Aug.  He  was 
made  a  brig.-gen.  29  Nov.  1862,  and  disting.  him- 
self in  defence  of  Cape  Girardeau  in  the  spring 
of  1863,  and  during  the  raid  by  and  pursuit 
of  Gen.  Price  in  Oct.  1864. 

McNeil,  Gen.  "William  Gibbs,  engineer 
and  soldier,  b.  N.C.,  1802  ;  d.  Brooklyn,  Feb. 
16, 1853.  West  Point,  1817.  Entering  the  art. 
he  rose  to  the  rank  of  maj.  of  topog.  engrs., 
and  resigned  Nov.  23,  1837.  He  was  many 
years  employed  as  a  railroad  engr.,  and  in 
building  the  dry  docks  at  Brooklyn.  During 
the  Dorr  excitement  in  R.I.,  he  com.  the  State 
troops  as  maj.-gen.,  acting  throughout  with 
prudence  and  firmness. — ^Gardner. 

McNeven,  William  James,  M.D.,  scho- 
lar and  physician,  b.  Galway  Co.,  Ireland, 
Mar.  26,  1763;  d.  N.Y.  City,  July  12,  1841  ; 
educated  at  the  colleges  of  Prague  and  Vienna, 
at  the  latter  of  which  he  grad.  in  1784.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  society  of  United 
Irishmen,  and  after  an  imprisonment  of  4  years 
was  liberated,  and  passed  the  summer  of  1802 
in  travelling  through  Switzerland  on  foot,  of 
which  jouiTie^  he  pub.  an  account,  entitled 
"  A  Ramble  m  Switzerland."  He  was  subse- 
quently a  capt.  in  the  Irish  brigade  of  the 
French  army,  but  resigned  his  commission, 
and  emigrated  to  Amer.,  arriving  at  New  York 
July  4,  1804.  From  1808  to  1830  he  was  a 
prof,  in  the  Coll.  of  Phys.  and  Surgs.,  or  in  a 
med.  school  connected  with  Rutgers  Coll.,  N.J. 
In  1812  he  was  app.  by  Gov.  Clinton  resident 
physician;  in  1840  was  a  second  time  nomi- 
nated to  the  same  office;  and  in  the  cholera 
season  of  1832  he  was  one  of  the  medical  coun- 
cil. He  pub.  an  "  Expot^ition  of  the  Atomic 
theory;"  "Pieces  of  Irish  llistorv,"  8vo,  1807  ; 
"  Use  and  Construction  of  the  Mine  Auger/' 


ivLCJsr 


589 


IVICP 


Lond.  1788;  and  an  edition  of  Brande's  chemis- 
trj,  besides  occasional  addresses,  and  he  was 
also  a  contrib.  to  scientific  journals.  —  Gross's 
Med.  Biog. 

McNutt,  Alexander  G.,  gov.  of  Mpi. 
1837-41,  b.  Rockbridge  Co.,  Va.,  1801  ;  d. 
De  Soto  Co.,  Mpi.,  Oct.  22,  1848.  Wash. 
Coll.  Va.  In  1824  he  removed  to  Jackson, 
and  subsequently  to  Vicksburg,  Mpi.,  where 
he  practised  law.  In  1835  he  was  elected  to 
the  State  senate  from  Warren  Co.  Careless, 
slovenly,  and  intemperate  in  the  earlier  part 
of  his  life,  his  vices  were  latterly  all  correct- 
ed. He  was  formidable  in  debate,  and  upon 
"  the  stump  "  had  no  superior. 

Macomb,  Alexander,  maj. -gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Detroit,  13  Apr.  1782;  d.  Washington,  25 
June,  1841.  His  father  Alex.,  member  N.Y. 
legisl.  at  the  adoption  of  the  U.S.  Const.,  d. 
Georget.,  D.C.,  19  Jan.  1831,  a.  82.  He  had  6 
sons  in  the  war  of  1812-15.  Alex,  was  edu- 
cated in  Newark,  N.J.  ;  was  app.  cornet,  of 
cav.  10  Jan.  1799  ;  became  maj.  corps  of  engs. 
23  Feb,  1808;  lieut.-col.  23  July,  1810;  col. 
3d  Art.  6  July,  1812  ;  brig.-gen.  24  Jan.  1814  ; 
maj.-gen.  24  May,  1828;  gen. -in-chief  from 
that  date  until  his  d.  Engaged  in  construct, 
and  rep.  of  fortifications,  chiefly  in  the  Caroli- 
nas,  1805-12;  acting  adj.-gen.  of  the  army  28 
Apr.  to  6  July ;  engaged  at  Sackett's  Harbor, 
N.Y. ;  bombard,  of  Ft.  Niagara  21  Nov.  1812  ; 
capture  of  Ft.  George,  U.C,  27  May,  1813; 
com.  the  forces  which  gained  the  victory  of 
Plattsburg,  1 1  Sept.  1814,  for  which  he  received 
thanks  of  Cong.,  a  gold  medal,  and  brev.  of 
maj.-gen. ;  com.  of  engineers,  and  insp.  Milit. 
Acad.  1821-8;  and  took  the  field  for  a  short 
time  in  the  Fla.  war  in  1836.  Author  of  trea- 
tise "  On  Martial  Law  and  Courts-Martial," 
1809. —  See  Memoirs  by  Geo.  H.  Richards,  N,  Y. 
1833. 

Macomb,  William  H.,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  Detroit,  Mich.,  June  16,  1818.  Son  of  the 
preceding.  Midship.  Apr.  10, 1834  ;  lieut.  Feb. 
27,  1847;  com.  July  16,  1862;  capt.  July  25, 
1866;  commo.  July,  1870.  In  sloop  "Ports- 
mouth," E.  I.  squad.,  1856-8;  engaged  and 
captured  the  barrier  forts,  Canton,  China,  Nov. 
16-22,  1856;  com.  "  Metacomet,"  Paraguay 
exped.,  1859;  steamer  "  Genesee,"  1862-3; 
attempted  the  passage  of  confed.  batteries  at 
Port  Hudson,  Mar.  14,  1863;  and  was  in  fre- 
quent actions  with  confed.  batteries  in  April- 
June,  1863  ;  com.  "  Shamrock,"  N.A.  block, 
squad,,  1864-5;  com.  naval  force  in  capture 
of  Plymouth,  N.C,  Oct.  30,  1864;  and  in  ac- 
tion with  confeds.  on  the  Roanoke  River,  near 
Poplar  Point,  N.C,  and  for  his  gallantry  and 
energy  in  this  service  was  advanced  in  grade ; 
com.  steam-sloop  "  Plymouth,"  Europ.  squad., 
1869  ;  light-house  insp.  1871.  —  Hamershj. 

Macon,  Nathaniel,  statesman,  b.  War- 
ren Co.,  N.C,  1757  ;  d.  there  June  29,  1837. 
Sent  to  Princeton  to  complete  his  education, 
he  returned  home  when  the  Revol.  closed  the 
halls  of  science,  and  vol.  as  a  private  in  the 
comp.  of  his  bro.  Col.  John  Macon.  He  was 
present  at  the  fall  of  Charleston,  the  rout  of 
Camden,  and  the  retreat  of  Greene  across  Caro- 
lina. Member  of  the  General  Assembly  in 
1780-5.     About  this  time  he  ra.  Miss  Hannah 


Plummer.  He  opposed  the  adoption  of  the  U.S. 
Constitution  as  conferring  too  much  power 
on  the  new  govt. ;  and  he  twice  declined  the 
postmaster-generalship  tendered  by  Jefferson. 
M.C  1791-1815;  U.S.  senator  1816-28; 
from  1801  to  1806  he  was  speaker  of  the  house; 
and  from  1825  to  1828  he  presided  pro  tempore 
in  the  senate ;  pres.  of  the  State  Const.  Conv. 
of  1835.  The  State  preserved  the  memory  of 
his  services  by  naming  a  county  after  him  in 
1828.  He  was  the  bosom-friend  of  Jefferson 
and  Madison  ;  and  no  one  was  more  devoted 
to  him  than  John  Randolph,  who  characterizes 
him  in  his  will  as  "  the  best  and  purest  and 
wisest  man  that  I  ever  knew."  A  sketch  of 
his  life  by  E.  R.  Cotton  was  pub.  at  Balti- 
more, 1840. 

McPherson,  Edward,  LL.D,  (Pa.  Coll. 
1867),  b.  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  31  July,  1830.  Pa. 
Coll.  1848.  He  edited  a  paper  at  Harrisburg 
a  few  years  ;  was  M.C  1859-63  ;  clerk  of  that 
body  1863-9  ;  and  sec.  "  Union  National  Com- 
mittee "  1 860-4.  Author  of  a  "  Political  Histo- 
ry of  the  U.S.  during  the  Rebellion,"  and  a 
"  Political  Manual,"  and  of  two  series  of  Let- 
ters on  the  Internal  Affairs  of  Pa.  He  has  de- 
livered many  addresses  on  literary  and  other 
topics.  One  of  the  proprietors  and  editor  of 
the  Gettysburg  Sentinel. 

Macpherson,  James,  author  of  the 
"  Poems  of  Ossiun,"  b.  Inverness,  Scotland, 
1738;  d.  Feb.  17,  1796.  In  1764  he  accomp. 
Gov.  Johnston  to  Fla.  as  private  sec. ;  but  after 
spending  a  short  time  there,  and  visiting  other 
parts  of  N.A,,  he  returned  to  Lond.  in  1766. 
In  1775  he  supported  the  measures  of  Lord 
North,  by  his  "  Rights  of  Great  Britain  over 
her  Colonies  asserted,"  and  was  rewarded 
with  the  lucrative  office  of  agent  to  the  nabob 
of  Arcot,  and  a  seat  in  house  of  commons. 

McPherson,  James  Birdseye,  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Clyde,  Sandusky  Co.,  O.,  14  Nov. 
1828;  killed  near  Atlanta,  Ga.,  22  July,  1864. 
West  Point,  1853  (1st  in  his  class).  Entering 
the  engr.  corps,  he  was  assist,  instr.  at  West 
Point  in  185.3-4  ;  was  engaged  on  the  defences 
of  N.Y.  harbor  in  1854-7,  and  in  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay  in  1858-61  ;  1st  lieut,  13  Dec.  1858; 
capt.  6  Aug.  1861  ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  15  May, 
1862;  maj.-gen.  vols.  8  Oct.  1862;  brig.-gen, 
U.S.A.  1  Aug.  1863  for  his  great  services  in 
the  capture  of  Vicksburg.  Nov.  12,  1861,  he 
was  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Halleck,  and  chief 
engr.  of  the  Army  of  the  Tenn. ;  at  the  capture 
of  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson,  the  battle  of 
Shiloh,  the  operations  around  Corinth,  the 
battle  of  luka,  and  the  second  battle  of  Cor- 
inth. In  the  advance  through  Central  Mpi. 
in  Nov.  and  Dec.  1862,  he  com.  one  wing  of 
the  army  (the  17th  Corps)  with  great  ability. 
At  the  battle  of  Port  Gibson,  the  advance  from 
Hankerson's  Ferry  to  Jackson,  the  17th 
Corps  fought  the  bulk  of  Johnston's  army 
alone,  and  was  conspicuous  at  Champion 
Hills.  He  repulsed  the  enemy  at  Canton, 
Mpi,;  was  second  in  com.  to  Gen.  Sherman  in 
the  exped.  to  Meridian  in  Feb,  1864;  and  in 
the  Atlanta  Campaign  disting,  himself  at  Re- 
saca,  Dallas,  Allatoona,  Kulp  House,  and 
Kenesaw ;  having  been  app.  12  Mar.  1864, 
com,  of  the  dept.  and  Army  of  the  Tenn.     In 


MLA.C 


590 


m:ctn 


the  battle  before  Atlanta  he  held  the  left  of  the 
line.  While  superintending  an  advance  of  the 
skirmish-line  he  was  ambushed  and  shot.  He 
was  one  of  the  ablest  officers  of  the  army. 

Macpherson,  Gen.  William,  b.  Phila. 
1756  ;  d.  near  there,  Nov.  1813.  Son  of  Capt. 
John,  and  Margaret,  sister  of  Dr.  John  Rod- 
gers  of  N.Y.  His  education  was  completed  at 
Princeton,  N.J.  App.  a  cadet  in  the  British 
army  at  13,  he  became  lieut.  and  adj.  of  the 
16th  Regt.  He  joined  the  Amer.  army  on  the 
Hudson  ab.  the  end  of  1779,  and  was  app.  by 
Washington  a  brev.  major.  After  servmg  as 
aide-de-camp  to  Lafayette,  he  was  afterwards 
app.  by  Washington  to  com.  a  partisan  corps 
of  cavalry,  which  served  in  Va.  in  1 781 .  App. 
surveyor  of  the  port  of  Phila.  Sept.  19,  1789  : 
insp.  of  the  revenue,  Mar.  8,  1792  ;  and  naval 
officer,  Nov.  28,  1793,  which  office  he  held  till 
his  death.  He  was  made  a  col.,  subsequently 
brig. -gen.  of  militia,  and  Mar.  II,  1799,  was 
app.  brig.-gen.  of  the  provisional  army  of  the 
XJ.S. ;  bro.  of  John,  aide  to  Montgomery,  who 
fell  at  Quebec.  A  son,  Joseph  Stout,  capt. 
U.S.N.,  d.  28  Apr.  1824,  a.  35.— Rogers. 

McRae,  John  J.,  gov.  Mpi.  1854-8  ;  b. 
Wayne  Co.,  Mpi.  ab.  1810;  d.  Balize,  British 
Honduras,  May  30,  1868.  U.  of  Mpi.  1834. 
He  received  a  good  education  ;  adopted  the 
profession  of  the  law;  was  frequently  elected 
to  the  State  legisl.,  officiating  during  2  sessions 
as  speaker;  was  also  elected  to  the  State  senate  ; 
was  in  1851  for  a  short  time  in  the  U.S.  senate  ; 
M.C.  1858-61.  Joined  in  the  Rebellion,  but 
did  not  become  prominent. 

Mao  Hea,  William,  col.  U.S.A. ;  d.  near 
Shawneetown,  111.,  Nov.  3,  1832,  a.  65.  App. 
from  Va.  lieut.  of  levies  of  1 791 ;  wounded  at  St. 
Clair's  defeat,  Nov.  4,  1791 ;  capt.  Dec.  1794; 
capt.  art.  June,  1798;  maj.  July  31,  1800; 
lieut.-col.  Apr.  1814,  disting.  in  battle  of  N. 
Orleans;  brev.  col.  Apr.  19,  1824. —  Gardner. 

McKee,  Griffith  John,  lawyer  and 
author,  b.  Wilmington,  N.C.,  20  Sept.  1820. 
N.J.  Coll.  1838.  Adm.  to  the  bar  1841  ;  m. 
Penelope,  dau.  of  Gov.  Iredell.  Author  of 
"Life  of  James  Iredell,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1857. 
Grandson  of  Col.  G.  J.  McRee  (b.  N.C.  1753, 
d.  Wilmington,  N.C,  Oct.  1801),  nephew  of 
William,  who  came  from  Down  Co.,  Ireland, 
and  in  1737  was  a  judge  at  Wilmington,  N.C. ; 
maj.  and  lieut.-col.  in  the  Revol.  army;  capt. 
artillerists  and  engs.  June  2,  1794;  collector 
of  revenue  dist.  of  Wilmington,  N.C,  Apr. 
1 798.  His  father,  James  F.,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  naturalist,  b.  Wilmington,  1778, 
d.  in  the  fall  of  1869  (Coll.  of  Phys.  and 
Surgs.,  N.Y.).  G.  J.  is  a  member  of  the  N.Y. 
and  Wise.  Hist.  Societies,  and  of  the  N.  E.  H. 
and  Geneal.  Society. 

McRee,  William,  colonel  U.S.A.,  son 
of  Col.  G.  J.  McRee,  b.  Wilmington,  N.C, 
Dec.  13.  1787;  d.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  10  Sept. 
1832.  West  Point  (lieut.  of  engrs.),  1805. 
Capt.  23  Feb.  1808;  major,  July  31,  1812; 
chief  engr.  in  Gen.  Brown's  armj',  1814  ;  brev. 
lieut.-col.  for  gallant  conduct' in  battle  of 
Niagara,  July  25  ;  brev.  col.  for  disting.  and 
merit,  service  in  defence  of  Fort  Erie,  Aug.  15, 
1814;  lieut.-col.  Nov.  12,1818;  U.S. surveyor- 
gen,  public  lands,  III.,  Mo.,  and  Ark.  Terri- 


tories, Jan.  1825  to  1832.  In  1816  he  was  sent 
with  Major  Thayer  on  a  mission  to  France  to 
collect  scientific  and  military  information  for 
the  military  acad.  Resigned  1819.  He  pos- 
sessed a  highly  cultivated  mind  and  excellent 
judgment. 

McSparran,  James,  D.D.  (U.  of  Glasg. 
1737),  an  Episc.  clergyman,  b.  Ireland;  d.  S. 
Kingston,  R.I.,  Dec.  1,  1757.  Ord.  deacon, 
Aug.  21,  and  priest,  Sept.  25, 1720,  he  was  sent 
as  a  missionary  to  Narragansett,  R.I.,  where 
he  spent  the  rest  of  his  useful  life.  Arriving 
Apr.  28,  1721,  he  immediately  commenced  his 
labors  in  the  Church  of  St.  Paul's,  Kingston. 
Wilkins  Updike  has  pub.  a  large  octavo  vol. 
of  interesting  notes,  biographical  and  historical, 
relative  to  this  society.  May  22,  1722,  he  was 
m.  to  Hannah,  dau.  of  William,  and  sister  of 
Dr.  Sylvanus  Gardiner  of  Boston.  Dr.  Mc- 
Sparran pub.  a  series  of  letters  entitled  "Amer- 
ica Dissected,"  an  historical  tract  of  merit, 
1752;  also  sermons  and  other  occasional  pro- 
ductions elicited  bv  incidents  in  his  ministry. 

MaeVickar,  John,  D.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1825), 
author  and  clergyman,  b.  N.Y.  1787 ;  d.  Bloom- 
ingdale,  N.Y.,  Oct  29,  1868.  Col.  Coll.  1804. 
After  spending  some  time  at  Cambridge,  Eng., 
he  was  ord.  an  Episc.  clergyman,  and  in  1811 
was  settled  over  a  parish  in  Hyde  Park,  N.Y. 
In  1817-57  he  was  prof,  of  moral  philos.,  rhet- 
oric, and  belles-lettres  in  Col.  Coll.;  prof,  of 
nat.  and  rev.  religion  in  1857-64;  and  after- 
ward emeritus  prof,  and  chaplain  at  Govern- 
or's Island.  Author  of  "  A  Domestic  Narra- 
tive of  the  Life  of  Saml.  Bard,"  1822 ;  "  Outlines 
of  Political  Economy,"  1825;  "Early  Years," 
1834;  "The  Professional  Years  of  Bishop  Ho- 
bart,"  1836;  "Remains  of  Rev.  Edmund  D. 
Griffin,  with  Memoir,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1831 ;  "On 
Abolishing  Damages  on  Protested  Bills,"  &c., 
Svo,  1829 ;  "  Hints  on  Banking,"  1827 ;  and  of 
numerous  essays,  addresses,  &c.  —  Seeldfehy 
W.  A.  McVickar,  New  York,  1871. 

Macwhorter,  Alexander,  D.D.  (Y.C 
1776),  Presb.  divine,  b.  Newcastle  Co.,  Del.,  15 
July,  1734  ;  d.  Newark,  N.J.,  20  July,  1807. 
N.J.  Coll.  1757.  Settled  near  Newark  in  1759; 
was  employed  in  a  mission  to  N.C.  in  1764-6 ; 
and  in  1 775  was  sent  by  Congress  to  the  western 
counties  of  N.C  to  persuade  the  numerous  roy- 
alists there  to  adopt  the  patriot  cause.  Chap- 
lain to  Knox's  brigade  in  1778;  settled  in  Char- 
lotte, N.C,  in  1779,  but  from  1780  to  his  death 
preached  in  Newark.  In  1788  he  was  promi- 
nent in  settling  the  confession  of  faith,  and  form- 
ing the  constitution  of  the  Presb.  Church.  In 
1800  he  pub.  a  century  sermon  at  Newark,  and 
in  1803  a  coll.  of  sermons  in  2  vols.  —  Sprague. 

McWillie,  William,  politician,  b.  near 
Liberty  Hill,  Kershaw  Dist.,  S.C,  Nov.  17, 
1795;  d.  Kirkwood,  Mpi.,  Mar.  3,  1869.  S.C. 
Coll.  1817.  During  the  war  of  1812  with  Eng., 
he  served  as  adj.  in  the  regiment  of  his  father, 
Col.  Adam  McW.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1818, 
he  became  a  successful  lawyer ;  many  years  a 
representative  and  senator  m  the  S.C.legisl.; 
and  in  1845  removed  to  Mpi.,  where  he  had 
established  a  large  planting  interest  10  years 
before.  M.C.  from  Mpi.  1849-51 ;  and  gov.  in 
1858-60.  He  was  active  and  prominent  in  the 
Rebellion. 


isiAjn 


591 


ivi^in 


Madison,  George,  soldier  and  statesman, 
b.  Va.  1763;  d.  Paris,  Ky.,  Oct.  14,  1816. 
Having  at  an  early  period  removed  to  Ky.,  at 
the  age  of  17  he  served  as  a  soldier  on  our  west- 
ern frontier,  and  was  engaged  in  several  bat- 
tles with  the  Indians.  He  com.  a  company, 
and  was  wounded,  under  St.  Clair ;  lieut.  Kv. 
mounted  vols,  under  Maj.  Adair ;  wounded  m 
action  with  Indians,  near  Fort  St.  Clair,  Nov. 
6,  1792 ;  maj.  Ky.  vols,  in  battle  with  British 
and  Indians  at  Frenclitown,  Jan.  18, 1813 ;  and 
under  Wilkinson  in  his  defeat  at  River  Raisin, 
where  he  was  taken  prisoner.  After  being  20 
years  auditor  of  the  public  accounts,  he  was 
chosen  gov.  of  Ky.  for  4  years  in  1816,  but  d. 
a  few  weeks  after  his  election.  Bro.  of  bishop  M. 

Madison,  James,  4th  pres.  of  the  U.S.,  b. 
Port  Conway,  King  George  Co.,  Va.,  16  Mar. 
1751 ;  d.  Montpelier,  Va.,  28  June,  1836.  N.  J. 
Coll.  1771.  Son  of  Col.  James  and  Nell;jr  Con- 
way. He  studied  law,  and  by  close  application 
injured  his  health.  In  1776  he  was  elected  to 
the  Va.  Assembly;  in  1778  to  the  exec,  coun- 
cil, and  in  1779  to  Congress.  In  this  body  he 
strongly  opposed  the  issue  of  paper  money  by 
the  States ;  as  chairman  of  the  com.  to  prepare 
instructions  to  the  U.S.  foreign  ministers,  drew 
up  an  able  paper  in  support  of  our  territorial 
claims  and  the  free  navigation  of  the  Mpi.,  and 
zealously  advocated  in  1783  the  establishment 
of  a  system  of  general  revenue.  Member  of 
the  convention  which  in  1787  formed  the  U.S. 
Constitution,  taking  a  prominent  part  in  the 
debates,  and  supporting  it  in  a  series  of  able 
essays  in  the  lederalist,  and  also  in  the  Va. 
convention  of  1788.  M.C.  1789-97,  uniting 
with  the  Republicans  as  a  moderate  opponent 
of  the  administration  of  Washington ;  and  in 
1793  declined  the  post  of  sec.  of  state  vacated 
by  JelFerson.  He  opposed  the  alien  and  sedi- 
tion laws  of  1798,  and  was  the  author  of  a  se^ 
ries  of  resolutions  adopted  by  the  legisl.  of  Va., 
and  known  as  the  "Resolutions  of  1798," 
which  protested  against  all  attempts  to  increase 
the  power  of  the  govt,  by  forced  constnactions 
of  general  clauses  of  the  Constitution.  Sec.  of 
state  in  1801-9;  elected  pres.  in  1808;  and  re- 
electedin  1812.  On  taking  his  office  4  Mar.  1809, 
he  found  the  U.S.  involved  in  disputes  with  the 
British  Govt,  upon  the  impressment  of  her  sea- 
men, the  searching  of  her  vessels  for  deserters, 
and  upon  commercial  restrictions  by  orders  in 
council.  Non-intercourse  was  decreed  in  May, 
1810,  and  war  was  declared  18  June,  1812.  Can- 
ada was  invaded ;  Washington  was  captured  and 
the  Capitol  burned  in  Aug.  1814;  and  8  Jan. 
1815,  Jackson  achieved  a  splendid  victory  at 
N.  Orleans.  A  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at 
Ghent  24  Dec.  1814;  but  the  right  of  search 
was  not  relinquished.  After  his  retirement,  he 
passed  his  days  on  his  farm  at  Montpelier. 
Dorothy  Todd,  whom  he  m.  in  1794,  and  who 
long  occupied  a  prominent  place  in  society,  d. 
12  July,  1849,  a.  82.  Madison  was  the  per- 
sonal and  political  friend  of  JetFerson,  though 
their  characters  were  essentially  different.  His 
"  Reports  of  the  Debates  in  the  National  Con- 
vention of  1787"  were  pub.  3  veils.  8vo,  1840, 
under  the  supervision  of  H.  D.  Gilpin.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Va.  convention  of  1829 
to  amend  its  constitution.    His  complete  works 


have  been  pub.  in  6  vols.  8vo. — See  W.  C. 
Rives' s  Life  and  Times  of  Madison,  3  vols.  1859- 
68;  J.  Q.  Adams's  Life  of  Madison,  1850. 

Madison,  James,  D.D.,  Pr.-Epis.  bishop 
of  Va.,  b.  near  Port  Republic,  Va.,  Aug.  27, 
1749 ;  d.  Mar.  6,  1812.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll. 
1768.  Son  of  John,  who  was  cousin  of  the  fa- 
ther of  President  Madison,  and  for  a  long  time 
clerk  of  West  Augusta.  At  an  early  age  the 
son  was  sent  to  an  acad.  in  Md.  Among  other 
honorable  testimonials  of  proficiency,  he  re- 
ceived in  1772  the  gold  medal  assigned  by  Lord 
Botetourt  for  the  encouragement  of  classical 
learning.  He  studied  law  under  Mr.  Wythe, 
and  was  adm.  to  the  bar,  but  devoted  himself 
to  the  church.  In  1773  he  was  chosen  prof, 
of  mathematics  in  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.,  of 
which  he  was  pres.  from  1777  to  his  death. 
He  visited  London,  where  he  continued  until 
the  latter  part  of  1778,  enjoying  the  instruction 
of  Cavallo  in  nat  philos.,  and  of  other  disting. 
men  in  various  branches  of  science.  In  1784 
he  gave  up  the  mathematical  dept.  of  the  coll., 
and  became  prof,  of  nat.  and  moral  philos.,  and 
continued  in  this  office  until  his  death.  In 
1788  Mr.  Madison  was  chosen  bishop  of  the 
Pr.-Ep.  Church,  and  was  consec.  in  Eng.  Sept. 
19,  1790.  Various  universities  and  literary  so- 
cieties subsequently  conferred  their  honors  on 
him.  Under  his  care  the  coll.  of  Wm.  and 
Mary  advanced  steadily  in  reputation.  His  only 
publications  were  several  occasional  discourses, 
a  "  Eulogy  on  Washington,"  1800,  a  large 
map  of  Virginia,  and  papers  in  Barton's  Jour- 
nal, and  in  "  Trans.  Amer.  Soc."  ii.,  iii.,  iv. 

Madockawando,  sachem  of  Penobscot, 
was  a  powerful  chief  in  the  war  of  1676.  He 
assisted  the  Frenchman  Pontneuf  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Casco  Fort  in  May,  1690,  and  June  10, 
1692,  co-operated  with  the  French  in  the  un- 
successful attack  on  Storer's  garrison  in  Wells, 
com.  by  Capt.  Convers.  He  afterward  entered 
into  the  treaty  at  Pemaquid ;  but  Thury  the 
missionary  persuaded  him  again  to  take  up  the 
hatchet.  In  1694  he  accomp.  the  Sieur  de 
Villiers  with  250  Indians  in  the  attack  at  Oyster 
River,  Pisoataqua,  killing  and  capturing,  July 
17,  nearly  100  persons,  and  burning  20  houses. 
He  fought  bravely,  carried  his  scalps  to  Canada, 
and  was  rewarded  by  Frontenac. 

Madrid  de,  Jose  Fkrnandez,  b.  Cartha- 
gena,  S.  America,  1789;  d.  1830.  Chosen  pres. 
of  the  republic  of  New  Granada  in  1816,  but 
in  the  same  year  was  made  prisoner  by  the 
Spaniards ;  escaping  after  9  years*  imprison- 
ment at  Havana,  he  was  employed  by  Bolivar 
as  secret  agent  at  Paris.  Author  of  "  Atala," 
a  tragedy. 

Mafdtt,  John  Newland,  an  eloquent 
Meth.  preacher,  b.  Dublin,  Ireland,  Dec.  28, 
1794;  d.  Mobile,  Ala.,  May  28,  1850.  He  be- 
came a  preacher  in  Ireland,  and  displayed 
remarkable  oratorial  powers.  He  came  to  the 
U.S.  in  1819  ;  was  adm.  into  the  N.E.  conf ; 
and  for  13  years  was  app.  to  some  of  the  most 
prominent  churches.  Removing  to  New  York, 
he  preached,  lectured,  and  delivered  addresses, 
in  various  parts  of  the  country.  In  1833  he 
was  connected  with  the  Western  Methodist,  a 
weekly  journal.  His  labors  as  a  preacher  at 
the  West  and  South  were  attended  with  great 


3yLA.C3- 


592 


i^Aj: 


success.  He  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  elocu- 
tion and  belles-lettres  in  La  Grange  Coll.,  Ala., 
in  1837,  and  was  chaplain  to  Congress  in  1841. 
In  1847  he  took  up  his  residence  in  Arkansas. 
Author  of  "Poems,"  12mo,  Louisville,  1839; 
"  Tears  of  Contrition  "  (an  autobiog.),  12mo, 
1821.— .See  Trial  of  J.  T.  Buckingham  for  libel 
on,  1 822.  His  son,  John  Nbwland,  a  capt. 
in  the  confed.  navy,  entered  the  U.S.N,  as  mid- 
shipm.  in  1832 ;  was  a  com.  in  1861,  and  dur- 
ing the  Rebellion  did  great  damage  to  U.  S. 
cammerce  in  "  The  Florida." 

Magaw,  Robert,  col.  6th  Pa.  Regt.  in  the 
Revol.  army  ;  d.  Carlisle,  Pa.,  Dec.  1789.  He 
quitted  the  Phila.  bar  to  join  as  major,  Thomp- 
son's rifle  regt.;  com.  at  Ft.  Washington,  and, 
after  a  brave  defence,  was  compelled  to  sur- 
render that  post  16  Nov.  1776. 

MageUan  or  Magalhaens,  Ferdinand 
DE,  a  fomous  Portuguese  navigator,  b.  ab. 
1470;  d.  Apr.  27,  1521.  He  served  under 
Albuquerque  in  the  East  Indies,  and  especially 
distiug.  himself  «t  the  taking  of  Malacca  in 
1511.  He  afterward  entered  the  Spanish  ser- 
vice, and  was  intrusted  by  Charles  V.  with 
the  com.  of  a  fleet  destined  to  explore  a  pas- 
sage to  the  Molucca  Islands,  by  sailing  west- 
ward. The  voyage  was  begun  Sept.  20,  1519; 
ab.  the  end  of  Oct.  1520,  he  entered  the  straits 
since  called  after  him  ;  and  Nov,  27  discovered 
and  named  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Continuing  his 
course,  he  arrived  at  the  Ladrone  Islands  ab.  6 
March,  1521,  and  subsequently  at  the  Philip- 
pines, on  one  of  which  he  lost  his  life  in  a  skir- 
mish with  the  natives,  or,  as  some  accounts 
state,  by  the  mutiny  of  his  crew.  One  of  his 
ships,  with  18  men,  escaped,  and  reached  Seville, 
Sept.  8,  1521,  under  Sebastian  del  Cano,  who 
first  circumnavigated  the  globe.  An  Italian 
named  Pigafetta,  who  accomp.  Magellan,  kept 
a  journal  of  this  last  voyage,  which  was  pub.  — 
See,  Mavor's  Voyafjes,  v.  1. 

Maginnis,  John,  journalist,  b.  Dromore, 
Ireland,  1814  ;  d.  N.  Orleans,  3  Mar.  1863.  A 
resident  of  N.O. ;  many  years  connected  with 
the  press  ;  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Picayune, 
1843-5  ;  18  Nov,  1849,  he  commenced  to  pub. 
the  True  Delta,  which  he  made  one  of  the  most 
popular,  influential,  and  profitable  papers  of 
the  day. 

MagOOn,  Elisha  L.,  D.D.,  Baptist  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  Lebanon,  N,H,,  Oct,  20, 
1810.  His  father  was  an  architect.  He  was 
a  bricklayer's  apprentice  between  the  ages  of 
16  and  20,  Ord.  in  1840,  he  was  6  years  pas- 
tor of  the  Second  Baptist  Church  at  Richmond, 
Va. ;  then  made  the  tour  of  Europe,  and  on  his 
return  became  pastor  of  a  church  in  Cincinnati. 
In  1849  he  removed  to  N,Y.  City,  and  became 
pastor  of  the  Oliver-street  Baptist  Church  ;  in 
1857  he  was  settled  in  Albany,  He  has  pub. 
"Orators  of  the  Amer.  Revol.,"  N.Y.  1848; 
"  Living  Orators  in  America,"  1849 ;  "  Crumbs 
for  the  People,"  1849  ;  "  Republican  Christian- 
ity," 1849;  "Western  Empire,"  1856 ;  "  Elo- 
quence of  the  Colonial  Times,"  Cin,  1847;  and 
"  Eloquence  and  Liberty,"  an  oration  at  Lex- 
ington, Va.,  24  June,  1846. 

Magruder,  Allan  B.,  lawyer  and  U.S. 
senator  from  La.  in  1812,  b.  Kv. ;  d.  Opelousas, 
La.,  Apr.  1822.     He  pub.  "  Reflections  on  the 


Cession  of  La.,"  8vo,  Lexington,  1803;  "A 
Character  of  Mr.  Jefferson  ; "  and  had  collected 
materials  for  a  gen.  hist,  of  the  Indians. 

Magruder,  John  Bankhead,  gen.  C.S. A., 
b.  Va.  ab.  1810;  d.  Houston,  Tex.,  19  Feb. 
1871.  West  Point,  1830.  Entering  7th  Inf, 
he  became  1st  lieut.  March  31,  1836  ;  capt.  18 
June,  1846;  in  1847  was  brev.  major  for  gal- 
lantry at  Cerro  Gordo,  and  lieut.-col.  for  Cha- 
pultepec,  where  he  was  wounded  ;  and  com.  the 
light  battery  with  Gen.  Pillow's  division.  He 
resigned  Apr.  20,  1861 ;  was  made  a  col.  in  the 
Army  of  Va.,  and  com.  at  Yorktown  until  its 
evacuation.  May  3,  1862,  having  received  the 
successive  grades  of  brig,  and  maj,  gen,  in  the 
Confed.  service.  He  took  part  in  the  battles 
of  the  Chickahominy  campaign  ;  Oct  16,  1862, 
was  put  in  command  of  the  forces  in  Texas, 
Arizona,  and  N.  Mexico,  and  com.  the  exped. 
which  obliged  the  national  forces  to  evacuate 
Galveston. 

Maham,  Col.  Hezekiah,  Revol.  officer,  h. 
parish  of  St.  Stephens,  S.C.,  June  26,  1739  ;  d. 
1789.  Member  of  the  first  Prov.  Congress  of 
S.C. ;  capt.  in  Huger's  regt.  in  the  spring  of 
1776;  was  at  the  siege  of  Savannah  and  the 
battle  of  Stono ;  was  a  com.  of  horse  in  Marion's 
brigade,  and  lieut.-col.  of  an  independent  cav. 
corps ;  and  bore  an  efficient  and  conspicuous 
part  in  the  capture  of  several  British  posts  in 
S.C.  In  the  attack  on  Fort  Watson,  Maham 
suggested  the  erection  of  a  quadrangular  tower 
of  sufficient  height  to  overlook  the  stockades. 
Upon  the  top  of  this  a  parapet  was  made, 
affording  shelter  for  marksmen.  This  rendered 
the  post  untenable,  and  it  was  obliged  to  sur- 
render,—  Lossing. 

Mahan,  Dennis  H.,  LL.D.,  engineer,  b. 
N,Y,  City,  1802;  drowned  in  the  Hudson 
River  16  Sept. 1871.  West  Point,  1824.  Assist. 
prof,  maths,  at  W.  Point,  1821-5  ;  assist,  prof, 
eng.  1825-6;  act.  prof,  milit.  and  civil  eng, 
.1830;  prof,  of  same  Mar.  1831  to  his  d.  He 
was  under  orders  in  Europe  in  1827-30  ;  at- 
tached to  the  military  school  at  Metz  in  1829- 
30  ;  under  orders  in  Europe  from  May  to  Nov. 
1857.  Author  of "  Elem.  Treatise  on  Civil 
Engineering,"  8vo,  1838;  "Field  Fortifica- 
tions," 8vo,  1836;  "Advanced  Guard  Outpost 
and  Detachment  Service,"  1847  ;  "  Permanent 
Fortifications,"  1867  ;  "  Industrial  Drawing," 
8vo,  1852;  Moseley's  "Architecture  and  En- 
gineering," 1856;  "Fortification  Drawing  and 
Stereotomy,"  1865,  His  works  are  text-books 
at  West  Point  and  in  some  of  the  U.S.  col- 
leges. Member  of  many  scient,  societies ; 
LL,D,  of  Wm,  and  Marv,  Brown,  and  Dartm. 
Colls.  —  Cullum. 

Mahan,  Milo,  D.D.,  Pr.-Ep.  clergyman 
and  author;  d.  Baltimore  4  Sept.  1870.  Some 
years  prof,  in  Col.  Coll.,  afterward  rector  of  St. 
Paul's  Church,  Baltimore;  recently  elected 
prof,  of  systematic  divinity  in  the  N.Y.  Gen. 
Theol.  Scm,  Author  of  an  able  reply  to  Co- 
lenso's  works  against  the  inspiration  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  of  a  curious  work  on  the  signi- 
ficance of  the  numbers  in  the  Scriptures. 

Maitland,  John,  lieut.-col.,  a  British  offi- 
cer; d.  Savannah,  Ga.,  Oct.  25,  1779.  He  had 
lost  a  hand  in  the  E,  Indies ;  was  a  man  of 
fortune,  and  a  member  of  the  British  parlia- 


MLA.L 


593 


l^^ULZu 


mcnt;  lieut.-col.  71st  Regt.  Oct.  14,  1778, 
and  disting.  at  the  siege  of  Savannah;  com. 
boat  expedition,  May  8,  1778,  which  de- 
stroyed the  Amer.  shipping  in  the  Delaware 
River. 

Makeraie,  Francis,  an  early  Presb.  min- 
ister of  Va.,  b.  Donegal  Co.,  Ireland ;  d.  Bos- 
ton in  the  sinnmer  of  1708.  He  came  from 
Scotland  ab.  1C82;  preached  in  Va.  and  the 
Carolinas,  and  was  in  1690  a  resident  of  Ac- 
comac  Co.,  Va. ;  engaged  in  the  W.I.  trade. 
He  afterward  qualified  himself  under  the  Tol- 
eration xYct  in  Barbadoes  ns  a  Dissenting  min- 
ister; and  in  1699  pub.  in  Edinburgh  "  Truths 
in  a  New  Light,"  &e.  In  Oct.  1699  he  was 
licensed  to  preach  in  Va.  He  went  to  Eng.  in 
1704,  and  pub.  in  London  "  A  Plain  and  Lov- 
ing Persuasion  to  the  Inhabitants  of  Va.  and 
Md.  for  promoting  Towns  and  Co-habitation." 
Returning  in  1705,  he  was  licensed  to  officiate 
on  the  eastern  shore  of  Md.  For  preaching  in 
N.Y.  Jan.  19,  1707,  he  was  arrested  by  Gov. 
Cornbury,  and  imprisoned  two  months.  He 
soon  after  went  to  Boston,  where  this  sermon 
was  printed.  He  also  pub.  "  A  Narrative  "  of 
the  affair,  which  was  reprinted  in  1755  by 
Hugh  Gaine  in  N.Y.,  and  in  Force's  Tracts,  v. 
Cornbury  wrote  to  the  lords  of  trade  and  the 
plantations,  that  Makemie  was  "a,  preacher, 
a  doctor  of  physic,  a  merchant,  an  attorney,  a 
counsellor  at  law,  and,  which  is  worst  of  all,  a 
disturber  of  governments."  In  1692  he  pub. 
in  Boston  "  An  Answer  to  George  Keith's  Li- 
bel on  a  catechism  pub.  by  F.  Makemie  ;  "  im- 
primatur Increase  Mather.  He  possessed  learn- 
ing, energy,  talent,  and  public  spirit.  —  Presb. 
Ch.  in  America. 

Makin,  Thomas,  poet,  d.  Pa.  1735.  He 
was  an  early  settler  of  Pa. ;  was  in  1689  usher 
to  George  Keith  in  the  Friend's  Grammar 
School,  succeeding  him  as  master  in  1690.  He 
was  for  some  time  clerk  of  the  Prov.  Assembly. 
He  pub.  two  Latin  poems  in  1728  and  1729, 
inscribed  to  James  Logan,  entitled  "  Encomium 
Pennsijlvanioi,"  and  "  In  Laudis  Pennsylvania', 
Poema,"  extracts  from  which  are  in  Proud's 
"  History  of  Pennsylvania." 

Malbonef  Edward  G.,  portrait-painter, 
b.  Newport,  R.I.,  Aug.  1777;  d.  Savannah, 
Ga.,  May  7,  1807.  He  early  displayed  a  tal- 
ent for  painting,  and,  while  a  boy,  painted  an 
entire  scene  for  a  theatre.  At  17  he  established 
himself  in  Providence  as  a  portrait-painter. 
Removing  to  Boston  in  17.96,  he  practised 
there,  and  in  New  York  and  Pliila.,  until,  in 
1800,  he  accomp.  Allston  to  Charleston,  and 
the  next  year  to  Europe.  While  in  London, 
Malbone  was  urged  by  West,  the  pres.  of  the 
Royal  Acad.,  to  remain ;  but  he  returned  to 
Charleston  in  Dec.  1801.  He  painted  njinia- 
tures  in  various  places  with  high  repute,  until 
his  intense  application  undermined  his  health, 
and,  relinquishing  his  pencil  in  the  summer  of 
1806,  he  soon  after  made  a  voyage  to  the  W. 
Indies,  from  which  he  derived  no  benefit. 
Many  of  his  portraits  are  owned  in  Charleston, 
where  he  was  often  employed.  His  other  com- 
positions are  marked  by  agreeable  style,  and 
warmth  and  delicacy  of  coloring;  and  he  oc- 
casionally attempted  landscape  in  oil.  One  of 
his  finest  works,  the  Hours,  represents  three 
88 


beautiful  females  moving  in  a  circle,  —  present, 
past,  and  future. 

Malcolm,  Rev.  Alexander,  author  of  an 
arithmetic  and  an  algebra  of  merit,  b.  Scot- 
land ;  d.  Md.  July,  1763,  at  an  advanced  age. 

Malcolm,  James  Peller,  artist  and  an- 
tiquary, b.  Phila.  Aug.  1767,  who,  while 
young,  went  to  London  to  study  painting,  and 
d.  Apr.  5,  1815,  in  indigent  circumstances. 
His  maternal  ancestor,  James  Peller,  was  an 
emigrant  with  Penn.  Failing  with  the  pencil, 
he  took  the  graver,  and  executed  a  number  of 
topographical  plates,  chiefly  for  the  works  of 
Gough  and  Nichols,  and  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine ;  and  became  a  member  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries.  He  pub.  "  Londinum  Rediviuum, 
or  an  Ancient  and  Modern  Description  of  Lon- 
don," 4  vols.  4to ;  "Letters  between  the  Rev. 
James  Granger  and  many  Eminent  Men,"  8vo ; 
"  First  Impressions,  or  Sketches  from  Art  and 
Nature,"  8vo ;  "  Anecdotes  of  the  Manners  and 
Customs  of  London,"  4to;  "Miscellaneous 
Anecdotes,"  8vo ;  "  An  Historical  Sketch  of 
the  Art  of  Caricaturing,"  4to. —  Gentleman's 
Mag.,  May,  1815. 

Malcom,  Hovtard,  D.D.  (U.  of  Vt.  1841), 
LL.D.  (Lewisb.  U.,  1859),  Baptist  clergyman 
and  author,  b.  Phila.  Jan.  19,  1799.  He  en- 
tered Dick.  Coll.,  Pa.,  in  1813  ;  was  licensed  to 
preach  in  May,  1818;  and,  on  finishing  his 
studies  at  Princeton  Theol.  Sem.,  m.  and  settled 
over  a  church  in  Hudson,  N.Y.  lie  was  after- 
wards settled  in  Boston  (1827-35)  and  Phila.; 
was  pres.  of  the  coll.  at  G>.orgetown,  Ky.,  from 
1839  to  1849,  and  of  the  U.  of  Lcwisburg,  Pa., 
.from  1851  to  1859,  having  relinquished  preach- 
ing from  failure  of  voice.  He  filled  in  both 
institutions  the  chair  of  metaphys.  and  moral 
philos.  He  travelled  extensively  in  Europe 
and  (as  a  deputy  from  the  Bapt.  Miss.  Soc.) 
in  llindostan,  Burraah,  Siam,  China,  and 
Africa.  He  was  prominent  in  estab.  the  Am. 
S.S.  Union  and  the  Am.  Tract  Society.  His 
pubs,  are  a  "  Dictionary  of  the  Bible ;  "  "  The 
Extent  of  the  Atonement,"  1833 ;  "  The  Chris- 
tian Rule  of  Marriage;"  "Memoii-  of  Mrs. 
Malcom,"  1835;  "Travels  in  South-eastern 
Asia,"  2d  ed.  1839;  "Memoir  of  Mary  Loihrop," 
1832  ;  addresses,  and  other  tracts. 

Mallary,  Charles  Daniel,  D.D.  (Col. 
Coll.  1850),  Baptist  clergyman,  bro.  of  R.  C, 
b.  Poultney,  Vt.,  Jan.  1801;  d.  1864.  Midd. 
Coll.  1821.  He  removed  to  Columbia,  S.C, 
in  1822,  where  he  was  ord.,  and  preached  6 
years,  afterward  residing  in  Ga. ;  a  principal 
founder  of  Mercer  U.  In  the  division  of  the 
denomination  in  1835,  on  the  missionary  ques- 
tion, he  advocated  that  system.  He  pub.  a 
"Life  of  Mercer,"  and  "Soul  Prosperity." 

Mallary,  Rollin  Carlos,  lawyer  and 
statesman,  b.  Chesliire,  Ct.,  May  27,  1784;  d. 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Apr.  15,  1831.  Midd.  Coll. 
1805.  Moved  with  his  father  to  Vt.  early  in 
life;  he  practised  law  in  Castleton  from  1807 
to  1818,  and  in  Poultney  from  1818  till  his 
death;  was  att'y.  of  Rutland  Co.,  Vt.,  in  1811, 
'13,  and  '16 ;  and  M.C.  in  1819-31.  A  zealous 
advocate  of  protection,  he  was  chairman  of  the 
com.  on  manuf. ;  reported  the  tarilf  of  1828,  and 
exerted  himself  greatly  to  procure  its  passage. 
Bro.  of  Charles  D. 


MLAXi 


594 


M^AJSr 


Mallery,  Garrick,  LL.D.  (Laf.  Coll. 
1840),  jurist,  b.  Woodbury,  Ct.,  17  Apr.  1784; 
d.  Phila.  6  July,  1866.  Y.C.  1808.  Prin- 
cipal of  the  Wilkes  barre  Acad. ;  studied  at 
the  Litchfield  Law  School ;  admitted  to  practise 
in  Wilkesbarre  in  1811;  member  Pa.  legisl. 
1828^1;  pres.  judge  3d  jud.  dist.  1831-6; 
removed  to  Phila.  in  Nov.  1836,  and  was  a 
successful  practitioner ;  several  years  master  in 
chancery  of  the  Sup.  Court.  He  was,  Avhile  in 
the  legisl.,  largely  mstrumental  in  establishing 
the  general  improvement  and  penitentiary  sys- 
tems of  Pa. 

Mallory,  Col.  ;  killed  while  repelling  the 
British  invasion  of  Elizabeth  City  Co.,  Va., 
1780.  His  son  Charles  K.,  lawyer,  member 
Va.  Assembly,  exec.  coun.  1808 ;  lieut.-gov., 
was  collector  of  iSTorfolk  at  his  d.,  15  Apr. 
1820,  a.  38. 

Mallory,  Stephen  E.,  sec.  of  the  Confed. 
navy,  b.  Trinidad,  1810.  Son  of  a  sea-capt.  of 
Bridgeport,  Ct.,  who  d.  in  1821,  while  at  Key 
West  with  his  vessel;  and  the  wife  and  son, 
remaining,  opened  a  hotel  there.  Educated  in 
N.Y.  and  Ct.  lie  returned  to  Key^  West; 
studied  law  there ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1833 ; 
was  app.  by  Pres.  Jackson  insp.  of  the  customs 
at  Key  West ;  I)ecame  county  judge  for  Monroe 
Co.,  and  judge  of  probate;  in  1845  received 
from  Pres.  Polk  the  lucrative  office  of  collector 
of  Key  West;  and  was  U.S.  senator  from 
1851  until  after  the  secession  of  Fla.,  21  Jan. 
1861.  While  in  the  senate,  he  was  several 
years  chairman  of  the  com.  on  naval  affairs,  and 
an  adherent  of  the  Democ.  party ;  after  the  war 
he  was  some  time  a  prisoner  of  state.  He  m. 
a  dau.  of  Seiior  Moreno  of  Pensacola,  one  of 
the  wealthiest  of  the  old  Spanish  inhabitants 
of  Fla.  Delegate  to  the  Nashville  convention 
of  1850;  and  was  at  one  time  a  corresp.  for 
the  N.Y,  Herald. 

Maltby,  Gen.  Isaac,  military  writer,  of 
Hatfield,  Ms. ;  d.  Waterloo,  N.Y.,  Sept.  1819. 
Y.C.  1786.  Many  years  a  member  of  the  Ms. 
legisl.,  and  was  a  brig.-gen.  of  militia  in  1814. 
He  pub.  "Elements  of  War,"  12mo,  1812;  "A 
Treatise  on  Courts-Martial  and  Military  Law," 
1813. 

Manco  Capac  I.,  legislator,  and  first 
inca  of  PcrUjWas  the  12th  in  ascent  from  the  inca 
who  reigned  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  invasion, 
in  1 532,  an  interval  of  ab.  400  years.  He  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  some  stranger  from  a  civilized 
land,  who  employed  the  associations  of  religion 
to  procure  an  ascendency  which  enabled  him  to 
form  a  regular  govt.  He  had  a  long  and  pros- 
perous reign,  and  seems  justly  to  have  been 
entitled  to  rank  among  the  benefactors  of  man- 
kind by  the  benevolence  of  his  institutions. — 
Robertson. 

Manco  Capac  II.,  inca  of  Peru ;  killed 
1544.  Second  son  of  Huayna  Capac,  the  con- 
queror of  Quito,  who  d.  ab.  10  years  after  the 
first  arrival  of  the  Spaniards.  Manco  was,  after 
the  taking  of  Cuzco,  placed  on  the  throne. 
Unwilling  to  be  a  puppet  in  the  hands  of 
Pizarro,  after  in  vain  petitioning  for  power  to 
exercise  the  sovereignty,  he  fled ;  was  captured 
and  imprisoned,  but  again  escaped ;  roused  the 
whole  nation  to  arms;  and  appeared  before 
Cuzco  Feb.  1536,  with  an  immense  host  of  In- 


dians. After  a  siege  of  5  months,  in  which  the 
Spaniards  were  reduced  to  extremities,  he  was 
compelled,  from  scarcity  of  food,  to  withdraw 
to  the  fortress  of  Tambo,  where  he  was  defeated 
by  Almagro,  and  deserted  by  most  of  his  war- 
riors. Taking  refuge  in  the  Andes,  he  was  for 
years  the  terror  of  the  Spaniards,  who  in  vain 
endeavored  to  conciliate  him.  He  was  killed 
by  a  party  of  Spaniards  belonging  to  the 
younger  Almagro's  faction,  who,  on  the  defeat 
of  their  leader,  had  taken  refuge  in  the  Peruvian 
camp,  and  who  were  in  turn  massacred  by  the 
Indians. 

Mandrillon,  Joseph,  a  political  writer, 
b.  Bourg-en-Bresse,  1742;  guillotined  Jan.  7, 
1794.  Having  embraced  the  mercantile  pro- 
fession, he  travelled  in  America  and  Holland. 
He  settled  in  Holland ;  but  his  opposition  to  the 
stadtholder  made  him  unpopular,  and  he  re- 
turned to  France,  where  the  independence  of 
his  character  rendered  him  suspected  by  Robe- 
spierre. He  wrote  "  The  American  Spectator," 
8vo,  a  work  of  merit,  and  "  Recherchcs  Philoso- 
phiquessurla  Dc'couverte  de  I' Amerique,"  Amster- 
dam, 8vo,  1784. 

Mangum,  Willie  Person,  U.S.  senator, 
b.  Orunjixi  Co.,  N.C.,  1792  ;  d.  there  Sept.  14, 
1861.  U.  of  X.C.  1815.  He  studied  law;  rose 
in  the  profession;  entered  political  life;  and 
was  elected  to  the  house  of  commons  in  1818  ; 
in  1819  and  again  in  1826  he  was  elected  a 
ju-^'ge  of  the  Superior  Court;  M.C.  1823-6; 
U.S.  senator  1831-7  and  1841-53  ;  in  1837  he 
received  11  electoral  votes  for  Pres.  of  the 
U.S. ;  and  during  the  administration  of  Mr.  Ty- 
ler was  pres.  of  the  Senate.  He  was  a  leading 
member  of  the  Whig  party.  The  depression 
occasioned  by  the  loss  of  an  only  son,  wounded 
at  Manassas,  probably  hastened  his  death. 

Manigault  (man'-e-go'),  Gabriel,  patri- 
otic merehant  of  S.C,  b.  1704;  d.  Charleston, 
S.C.,  1781.  Of  Huguenot  parentage.  He.ac- 
quired  wealth  by  commercial  pursuits;  and  in 
the  Iteginning  of  the  Revol.  he  loaned  the  State 
$220,000.  In  May,  1779,  at  the  age  of  75, 
when  the  British  gen.  Prevost  appeared  before 
Charleston,  he  equipped  himself  as  a  soldier, 
and,equipping  also  his  grandson  of  15,  led  him 
to  the  lines  to  repel  an  expected  assault.  He 
bequeathed  £5,000  to  a  charitable  society.  His 
son  Peter,  also  a  patriot,  was  speaker  of  the 
house  from  1766  to  his  d.  in  1773,  a.  42.  His 
dau.  m.  Lewis  Morris,  and  lost  her  life  in  the 
great  hurricane  on  Sullivan's  Island  in  1822. 

Manly,  Basil,  D.D.,  Baptist  clergyman, 
b.  near  Pittsborough,  N.C.,  Jan.  28,  1798  ; 
d.  Greenville,  S.C,  Dec.  21,  1868.  S.C.  Col- 
le<;e,  1821.  He  commenced  preaching  in  Edge- 
field dist.,  S.C.  In  1826  he  took  charge  of 
the  Baptist  church  in  Charleston,  S.C ;  was 
pres.  of  the  U.  of  Ala.  in  1837-56;  and  took 
charge  of  another  church  in  Charleston,  which 
he  subsequently  gave  up  to  engage  in  mission- 
ary travels  throughout  Alabama.  He  was  ac- 
tive in  organizing  the  southern  Baptist  conven- 
tion in  1845,  and  in  establishing  the  theol. 
sem.  at  Greenville,  S.C,  in  1858.  "  A  Treatise 
on  Moral  Science"  from  his  pen,  for  some 
years  a  text-book  in  Southern  colleges,  indi- 
cated a  high  order  of  talent. 

Manly,  Capt.  John,  a  naval  officer  of  the 


MLA^N 


595 


l^LAJSr 


Revol.,  b.  Torbay,  Eng.,  1733;  d.  Boston, 
Feb.  12,  1793.  He  became  a  mariner  early  in 
life ;  settled  in  Marblehead  ;  and  was  master 
of  a  merchantman  before  the  Revol.  Com- 
miss.  capt.  by  Washington  Oct.  24,  1775,  he 
sailed  in  the  schooner  "  Lee,"  and  soon  cap- 
tured in  Boston  harbor  3  valuable  prizes,  laden 
with  heavy  guns,  mortars,  and  intrenching 
tools,  —  a  capture  of  incalculable  value  to  the 
patriot  army  then  besieging  Boston.  Chased 
into  Gloucester  harbor  by  "  The  Falcon,"  he 
ran  ashore,  beat  off  the  enemy  with  loss,  and 
got  his  own  vessel  off  with  little  damage.  Com- 
miss.  by  Congress  capt.  in  the  Cont.  navy, 
Aug.  22, 1 776,  hecom.  "  The  Hancock,"  fi-igate, 
32  guns,  in  which  he  captured  the  British  man- 
of-war  "  Fox."  "  The  Hancock  "  was  cap- 
tured July  8,  1777,  by  "  The  Rainbow  "  of  40 
guns;  and  Manly  was  confined  in  various  places 
until  near  the  close  of  the  war.  Soon  after  the 
capture  of  "  The  Fox,"  while  com.  the  privateer 
"  Jason,"  he  was  attacked  by  two  British  priva- 
teers, one  of  18,  the  other  10  guns  :  he  captured 
both.  He  com.  "  The  Hague,"  frigate,  in  Sept. 
1782;  cruised  in  the  W.  Indies,  but  was  driven 
by  a  British  74  on  a  sand-bank  at  Guadaloupe, 
and  for  3  days  sustained  the  cannonade  of  3 
ships,  but  finally  got  olF.  On  returning  to 
Boston  he  was  arrested  upon  a  variety  of 
charges  by  one  of  his  oflBcers.  The  proceed- 
ings of  the  court  were  not  altogether  in  appro- 
bation of  his  conduct. 

Mann,  A.  Dudley,  diplomatist,  b.  Va., 
180.5;  was  app.  special  plenipo.  to  negotiate 
commercial  treaties  with  Hanover,  Oldenburg, 
and  Mecklenburg,  in  1845;  was  accredited  to 
all  the  German  States,  except  Prussia,  for  the 
same  object  in  1847  ;  was  commiss.  to  Hungary 
in  1849  ;  minister  to  Switzerland  in  1850;  and 
negotiated  a  reciprocal  treaty;  sec.  to  Pros. 
Pierce  in  1853,  and  resigned  the  same  year. 
Having  devoted  himself  specially  to  the  devel- 
opment of  the  material  interests  of  the  South- 
ern States,  he  was  sent  to  Europe  by  the  Con- 
fed,  govt,  upon  a  special  mission,  and  was 
afterward  joined  with  Slidell  and  Mason  to 
represent  it  abroad. 

Mann,  Cyrus,  Cong,  clergyman  and  au- 
thor, b.  Orford,  N.H.,Apr.  3,  1785;  d.  Stough- 
ton,  Ms.,  Feb.  9,  1859.  Dartm.  Coll.  1806. 
Principal  of  Gilmanton  Acad.  2  years;  teacher 
of  the  Troy  high  school  one  year;  tutor  at 
D.C.  1809-14;  pastor  of  the  church  at  West- 
minister, Ms.,  Feb.  22,  1815,  to  June  9,  1841  ; 
then  of  the  Robinson  Ch.,  Plymouth,  3  years  ; 
next  a  teacher  at  Lowell  several  years  ;  finally 
acting  pastor  of  the  N.  Falmouth  church, 
1852-6.  He  pub.  "  A  Treatise  on  Trigonome- 
try ;  "  "  An  Epitome  of  the  Evidences  of  Chris- 
tianity ; "  "A  History  of  the  Temperance 
Reformation  ;  "  "  A  Memoir  of  Mrs.  Myra  W. 
Allen  ;  "  and  some  sermons. 

Mann,  Horace,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1849),  edu- 
cationist, b.  Franklin,  Ms.,  4  May,  1796;  d. 
Yellow  Springs,  O.,  2  Aug.  1859.  '  Brown  U. 
1819.  He  was  obliged  to  procure  an  educa- 
tion by  his  own  exertions  ;  studied  law  at 
Litchfield,  and  in  1823  was  adm.  to  the  bar. 
He  began  practice  at  Dedham  ;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Ms.  house  of  reps,  in  1828-33, 
and  of  the  senate  in  1833-7,  presiding  over  it 


in  1836-7,  and  disting.  himself  for  devotion  to 
the  interests  of  education  and  temperance.  In 
his  law  practice  he  would  never  espouse  the 
unjust  side  of  any  cause,  and  by  his  honesty 
exercised  extraordinary  influence  over  the 
minds  of  juries.  He  moved  to  Boston  in  1833, 
and  in  1837-48  was  sec.  of  the  Ms.  Board 
of  Education.  The  State  Lunatic  Hospital  at 
Worcester  was  founded  through  his  efforts. 
Important  changes  were  made,  through  his  in- 
fluence, in  the  school-laws  and  in  the  educa- 
tional system  of  the  State.  In  May,  1843,  he 
m.  as  his  second  wife,  Mary,  dau.  of  Dr. 
Nathaniel  Peabody,  and  visited  P]urope  soon 
after,  inspecting  the  school-systems  of  Europe, 
and  especially  of  Germany.  M.C.  and  succes- 
sor of  John  Quincy  Adams  in  1848-53,  he 
spoke  and  voted  in  favor  of  excluding  slavery 
from  the  Territories.  Pres.  of  Antioch  Coll. 
from  Sept.  1852  to  his  death  :  under  his  able 
management  it  attained  a  large  degree  of 
success ;  but  his  labors  were  too  much  for  his 
health,  which  gave  way  soon  after  his  extraor- 
dinary effort  at  the  coll.  commencement  in 
July,  1859.  In  1835  he  was  a  commiss.  to 
superintend  the  pub.  of  the  revised  statutes  of 
Ms.,  for  which  he  prepared  the  marginal  notes 
and  references.  His  annual  Educational  Re- 
ports, 12  in  number,  rank  deservedly  high.  In 
the  7th  of  the  series  he  describes  his  educational 
tour  in  Europe.  In  the  discussion  upon  the 
abolition  of  corporal  punishment  with  the  Bos- 
ton schoolmasters,  he  won  a  complete  triumph  ; 
and  the  practice  was  discontinued.  His  10th 
Report  was  highly  extolled  by  the  Edinburgh 
Review.  Mr.  Mann  edited  the  Common  School 
Journal,  and  pub.  a  vol.  of  **  Lectures  on  Edu- 
cation," 1848.  His  "  Letters  and  Speeches  on 
Slavery  "  were  pub.  1851;  "Lectures  on  In- 
temperance," 1852.  He  engaged  in  a  contro- 
versy with  Daniel  Webster  in  1850,  on  account 
of  his  7th-of-March  speech,  and  was  the  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  of  tbe  Free  Soil  party  for  gov. 
in  1852. —  See  Life  of,  by  his  widow,  8vo,  1865. 
Mrs.  Mann  has  also  pub.  "  Christianity  in  the 
Kitchen,"  "  The  Flower  People,"  and  a  transl. 
of  Sarmiento's  "  Life  in  the  Argent.  Republic," 
1868. 

Mann,  James,  M.D.  (B.U.1815),  A.A.S., 
surgeon,  b.  Wrentham,  Ms.,  July  22,  1759; 
d.  N.Y.  Nov.  7,  1832.  H.U.  1776.  He  was 
3  years  a  surgeon  in  the  Revol.  army.  In  1812 
he  was  a  hospital  surgeon,  U.S.A.,  and  head 
of  the  medical  staff"  on  the  northern  frontier ; 
post-surgeon,  Apr.  1818  ;  assist,  surgeon,  May, 
1821,  He  pub.  two  Monographs  which  gained 
prizes  in  1804,  and  "  Medical  Sketches  of 
Campaigns  of  1812-14,"  &c.,  8vo,  1816. 

Manners,  George,  British  consul  in 
Boston,  1819-35.  Author  of  some  dramas  of 
merit  and  some  poetical  works ;  d.  Coburg, 
Canada  West,  18  Feb.  1853,  a.  75. 

Manning,  James,  D.D.,  scholar  and 
divine,  b.  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  Oct.  22,  1738; 
d.  Providence,  R.I.,  July  29,  1791.  N.  J.  Coll. 
1762.  He  acquired  fame  as  a  preacher  by  his 
abilities  and  learning,  aided  by  a  fine  voice  and 
delivery.  When  the  Baptists,  in  1764,  estab- 
lished a  coll.  in  R.I.,  he  was  invited  to  take 
charge  of  it;  removed  to  Warren  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  where  the  institution  was  opened  in 


MLAJS- 


596 


IVl^^JR 


Sept. ;  and,  on  its  removal  to  Providence  in 
1770,  became  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church 
in  that  town.  This  position  he  occupied  till  his 
death,  except  during  an  interval  of  six  months. 
It  bore  the  title  of  the  Coll.  of  K.I.  till  1804, 
when  it  was  named  Brown  University  in  honor 
of  its  most  munificent  patron.  In  1786  he 
was  a  delegate  to  Congress,  a  post  he  resigned 
on  account  of  its  incompatibility  with  his  other 
duties.  When  the  Constitution  was  the  subject 
of  debate,  he  was  a  zealous  Federalist.  In  1 783 
hv,  resumed  his  duties  at  the  college,  suspended 
daring  the  war,  and  resigned  the  presidency  in 
1790,  and  his  pastorate  in  Apr.  1791. — See 
Life,  Times,  and  Corresp.  of,  by  R.  A.  Guild, 
8vo,  1864. 

Manning,  Richard,  Jun.,  gov.  of  S.C. 
1824-5,  b.  Sumter  Dist.,  S.  C,  1  Mav,  1789  ; 
d.  Phila.  1  May,  18-36.  Col.  Coll.,  S.C.,  1811. 
He  com.  a  vol.  company  in  the  war  of  1812  ; 
was  frequent! v  a  member  of  the  State  legisl. ; 
and  M.C;.  1834-6. 

Mansfield,  Edward  Dkering,  LL.D. 
(Mar.  Coll.  18.54),  author,  b.  New  Haven,  1801. 
West  Point,  1819;  N.J.  Coll.  1822.  Son  of 
Col.  Jared.  Counsellor  at  law  in  Ct.  182.5, 
in  Ohio  1826-36  ;  prof,  const,  law  and  history 
in  Cincin.  Coll.,  O.,  1 836-7.  Author  of  "  Poli- 
tical Grammar,"  1835;  "Legal  Rights  of 
Women,"  1845  ;  "  Life  of  Gen.  Scott,"  1846  ; 
'*  Hist,  of  the  Mexican  War,"  1848  ;  "  Ameri- 
can Education,"  1850;  "Treatise  on  Const. 
Law,"  1835;  "Memoirs  of  Daniel  Drake," 
1855  ;  with  B.  Drake,  "  Cincinnati  in  1826  ;  " 
editor  of  Cincinnati  Chronicle,  and  At} as,  1836- 
52,  of  the  Railroad  Records'mce  1852.  Author 
also  of  a  discourse  on  the  "  Utility  of  Mathema- 
tics," and  of  several  addresses  on  education  from 
1834  to  1849  ;  now  (1871 )  resides  in  Cincinnati. 

Mansfield,  Col.  Jared,  LL.D.  (Y.C. 
1825),  b.  N.  Haven,  Ct.,  1759  ;  d.  there  Feb.  3, 
1830.  Y.C.  1777.  He  taught  school  in  N. 
Haven  in  1794;  afterward  had  charge  of  a 
Quaker  grammar  school  in  Phila.,  where  he 
became  known  as  a  mathematician.  App.  capt. 
engrs.  May  3,  1802,  and  acting  prof.  nat.  and 
L-xperimental  philos.  to  June,  1805;  U.S.  sur- 
vevor-gen.  of  Ohio  and  North-west  Terr.  Nov, 
14',  1803-1812;  major  engrs.  June  11,  1805; 
lieut.-col.  25  Feb.  1808;  prof.  nat.  and  exp. 
philos.  Military  Acad.  Oct.  7,  1812;  resigned 
Aug.  31,  1828.  He  pub.  "  Essays,  mathemati- 
cal and  physical,"  1802,  8vo. 

Mansfield,  Joseph  King  Fenno,  brig.- 
gcn.  U.S.A.,  b.  N.  Haven,  Ct.,  Dec.  22,  1803; 
d.  of  wounds  received  at  the  battle  of  Antie- 
tam,  Sept.  18, 1862.  West  Point,  1822.  While 
an  infant,  his  father  d.  at  Vera  Cniz ;  and  his 
mother,  Mary  Fcnno,  returned  to  Middletown, 
Ct.,  her  native  jilace.  Entering  the  engrs.,  he 
was  employed  in  planning  and  constructing 
fortifications  for  coast  and  harbor  defence.  1st 
lieut.  5  Mar.  1832;  capt.  7  July,  1838.  Dur- 
ing the  Mexican  war  he  served  under  Taylor 
as  chief  engr.;  was  brev.  major  for  his  conduct 
in  the  defence  of  Fort  Brown ;  lieut.-col.  for 
Monterey,  where  he  was  severely  wounded  lead- 
ing the  column  that  stormed  the  city  at  the 
Tannery ;  and  col.  for  Buena  Vista.  May  28, 
1853,  he  became  insp.-gen.,  rank  of  col. ;  Mny 
6,  1861,  brev.  brig.-gen.;  and  May  14  brig.-gcu. 


U.S. A  ;  until  Aug.  1861  he  com.  the  dept.  of 
Washington,  and  for  a  short  time  that  of  Va. 
He  fortified  Washington  on  every  side,  crowned 
the  heights  of  Arlington  with  earthworks,  and 
took  Alexandria;  he  next  served  at  Cape 
Hatteras,  and  then  at  Newport  News.  After 
the  destruction  of  "  The  Men'imack  "  and  the 
occupation  of  Norfolk,  he  was  put  in  com.  of 
Sufiblk,  Va.  Ordered  to  join  Gen.  McClellan, 
he  took  com.  of  the  corps  previously  under  Gen. 
Banks.  At  Antietam  he  was  mortally  wounded 
early  in  the  day. 

Mante,  Maj.  Thomas,  assist,  engineer  at 
the  siege  of  Havana,  and  maj.  of  brigade  in  the 
campaign  of  1764.  Author  of  "  History  of  the 
Late  War  in  N.  Amer."  (a  verjr  valuable  work), 
4to,  1772;  transl.  of  "Defensive  Arms,''  Lon- 
don, 8vo,  1771,  and  of  "System  of  Tactics," 
1781,  1784,  2  vols.  8vo. 

Mapes,  James  J.,  LL.D.,  agricultural 
chemist,  b.  New  York  City,  May  29,  1806;  d. 
Newark,  N.  J.,  Jan.  10,  1866.  He  was  a  sugar- 
refiner  ;  was  app.  prof,  of  chemistry  and  nat. 
philos.  in  the  Nat.  Acad,  of  Design,  and  in- 
vented many  useful  processes  in  sugar  making 
and  refining,  but  later  in  life  applied  his  talents 
to  the  science  of  agriculture  with  great  success 
on  a  farm  near  Newark.  He  edited  the  Work- 
ing Fanner,  and  other  agricultural  publications. 
He  manufactured  a  fertilizer  called  "nitrogen- 
ized  superphosphate,"  from  the  sale  of  which  he 
derived  some  profit.  He  delivered  valuable  lec- 
tures at  agric.  fairs,  and  wi'ote  articles  for  scien- 
tific journals,  American  and  English.  Author 
of  "The  Amer.  Repository  of  Arts,  Sciences, 
and  Manufactures,"  4  vols.  8vo,  1840;  "The 
Practical  Farmer." 

Marble,  Danfobth,  Yankee  comedian,  b. 
E.  Windsor,  Ct.,  1807;  d.  Louisville,  Ky.,May 
13,  1849.  First  app.  at  the  Chatham,  N.Y.,  in 
1831 ;  at  the  Walnut-st.,  Phila.,  Dec.  20, 1837, 
as  Sam  Patch ;  and  visited  various  cities  suc- 
cessfully as  a  star.  Made  his  English  de'but  at 
the  Strand,  London,  Oct.  30,  1845,  as  Deuter- 
onomy Dutiful.  Nov.  13,  1836,  he  ni.  Anna 
Warren,  a  successful  actress. 

MarlDle,  Manton,  editor  N.  Y.  World,  b. 
Worcester,  Ms.,  16  Nov.  1835.  U.  of  Roches- 
ter, 1855.  Wm.,  his  emig.  ancestor,  became  a 
freeman  of  Boston  3  May,  1654.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  High  School,  Prov.,  R.I.,  after- 
ward at  the  Albany  Acad.  After  leaving  coll. 
he  w^ent  on  the  editorial  staft'  of  the  Boston 
Journal ;  was  afterward  the  responsible  editor 
of  the  Traveller;  in  1858  went  to  N.Y.,  and  was 
connected  with  the  Eve.  Post  until  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  World  in  June,  18&0.  Apr.  12, 
1862,  he  purchased  this  sheet,  and  has  since 
conducted  it  as  the  exponent  of  Dcmoc.  princi- 
ples.  In  Harper's  Mag.  for  1860  is  an  account 
of  his  "  Trip  to  Red  River  and  Beyond." 

Marbois  (mar'-bwa'),  Francois,  marquis 
of  Barbe'  Marbois,  a  French  diplomatist  and 
author,  b.  Metz,  Jan.  31,  1745;  d.  Jan.  14, 
1837.  His  father  was  director  of  the  mint  at 
Metz.  He  became  tutor  to  the  children  of  Cas- 
tries, minister  of  marine,  through  whom  he  ob- 
tained in  1779  the  post  of  sec.  of  legation  to  the 
U.S.  during  our  Revol.;  and  was  the  principal 
agent  in  the  most  important  operations  of  the 
embassy.   On  the  return  of  Luzerne  to  France, 


:m:ajr 


597 


MLA.R 


MarLois  continued  in  this  country  as  char/^ 
d'affaires.  As  consul-gen.  of  France,  he  or- 
ganized all  the  French  consulates  in  this  coun- 
try, in  which  he  resided  until  1785.  lie  was 
afterwards  app.  intendant  of  St.  Domingo ;  re- 
turned to  France  in  1790,  and  was  immediately 
sent  by  Louis  as  ambassador  to  the  German 
diet.  In  1795  he  Avas  chosen  a  member  of  the 
council  of  elders,  and  in  the  struggle  between 
the  directory  and  the  councils,  having  defended 
the  latter,  he  was,  with  others,  condemned  to 
deportation  to  Cayenne.  Returning  after  an 
exile  of  two  years  and  a  half,  he  was  nominated 
by  the  first  consul  counsellor  of  state,  and  in 
1801  sec.  of  the  treasury.  In  1803  he  was  app. 
to  cede  Louisiana  to  the  U.S.  for  50,000,000 
francs,  but  had  the  skill  to  obtain  80,000,000, 
a  piece  of  diplomacy  for  which  he  was  liberally 
rewarded  by  Napoleon.  In  1808  he  was  made 
pres.  of  the  cour  des  comptes  ;  in  1813  he  was  a 
senator;  and  in  1814  was  among  the  first  to 
vote  for  the  deposition  of  Napoleon.  Louis 
XVni.  created  him  a  peer,  and  confirmed  him 
in  the  presidency  of  the  cour  des  comptes.  Keep- 
er of  the  seals  in  1815-16,  and  was  soon  after- 
wards created  marquis.  Author  of  some  agri- 
cultural and  financial  essays ;  "  Complot  d' Ar- 
nold," "  Histoire  de  la  Louislane  ct  de  la  Cession 
de  cette  Colonic,"  Paris,  1829,  and  "Reflections 
on  St.  Domingo." 

March,  Alden,M.D.,LL.D.  (Wms.  Coll.), 
surgeon,  b.  Sutton,  Ms.,  1795;  d.  Albany,  June 
17,  1869.  B.U.  1820.  He  attended  medical 
lectures  in  Boston,  and  subsequently  at  B.U., 
where  he  was  distinguished  for  liis  skill  in  anat- 
omy, and  in  1820  settled  in  practice  at  Albany. 
He  was  a  dexterous  and  skilful  operator,  and 
originated  many  important  improvcjiicnts  in 
surgery.  He  was  the  father  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Albany  Med,  Coll.,  and  was  30 
years  at  its  head ;  was  also  a  founder  of  the  Al- 
bany City  Hospital.  Pres.  Amcr.  Med.  Assoc. 
Author  of  "  Improved  Forceps  for  Harelip  Op- 
erations," 1855;  "Wounds  of  the  Abdomen 
and  Larynx,"  1854. 

March,  Charles  W.,  author,  h.  Ports- 
mouth, N.H.,  15  Dec.  1815;  d.  Alexandria, 
Egypt,  24  Jan.  1864.  II.U.  1837.  He  studied 
law ;  practised  in  Portsmouth ;  was  a  member 
of  the  N.H.  legisl. ;  removed  to  N.  Y.  City;  and 
wrote  for  the  Tribune,  Times,  and  for  the  Bos- 
ton Courier,  under  the  signature  of  "  Pequot." 
U.S.  vice-consul  to  Cairo.  Author  of  "  Trav- 
els in  Madeira  and  Spain  ; "  "  Daniel  Webster 
and  his  Contemporaries,"  4th  ed.  12mo,  1852; 
and  "Reminiscences  of  Congress."  Contrib. 
of  many  brilliant  essays  to  magazines  and 
journals. 

Marchand,  John  B.,  commodore  U.S.N., 
b.  Pa.  Aug.  27, 1808.  Midshipm.  May  1, 1828 ; 
lieut.  Jan.  29,  1840;  com.  Sept.  14,  1855; 
capt.  July  16,  1862;  commo.  July  25,  1866; 
ret.  27  Aug.  1870.  Aug.  1841  to  Aug.  1842 
in  com.  of  steamer  "  Van  Burcn,"  operating  in 
the  everglades  of  Florida  against  the  Seminole 
Indians ;  participated  in  the  bombardment  of 
Vera  Cruz  and  the  capture  of  Tupsan,  1847; 
com.  steamer  "  Memphis,"  Paraguay  exped., 
1859-60;  steamer  "Jas.  Adger,"  S.  Atl.  block, 
squad.,  1862;  participated  in  the  capture  of 
Fernandina,  Fla.,  Mar.  1862;  slightly  wound- 


ed while  reconnoitring  in  the  Stono  River, 
Mar.  16, 1862;  com.  steam-sloop  "Lacka\rana," 
W.  Gulf  block,  squad.,  1863-4,  and  in  battle  of 
Mobile  Bay ;  and  assisted  to  capture  the  rebel 
ram  "Tennessee,"  Aug.  5,  1864.  —  Hamersli/. 

Marchant,  Henry,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1792), 
jurist,  b.  Martha's  Vineyard,  Ms.,  Apr.  1741  ; 
d.  Newport,  R.L,  30  Aug.  1796.  Phila.  Coll. 
1762.  Studied  law  under  Judge  Trowbridge 
of  Cambridge,  Ms.;  practised  in  Newport; 
was  atty  -gen.  of  R.  I.  in  1770-7,  and  member 
of  the  Assembly ;  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  Revol.  movements  of  the  time;  was  chair- 
man of  the  com.  to  prepare  instructions  to  the 
delegates  in  Congress;  member  of  the  Old 
Congress  1777-80  and  1783-4;  and  an  efficient 
member  of  various  important  committees; 
member  of  the  convention  to  adopt  the  U.S. 
Constitution;  and,  from  1790  to  his  death, 
judge  of  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court.  —  Updike's  R.I. 
Bar. 

Maroy,  E.  E.,  M.  D.,  homoeopathist,  b. 
Greenwich,  Ms.,  Dec.  9,  1815.  Amh.  Coll. 
1837;  Jeff.  Med.  Coll.  1840.  Since  1852  he 
has  edited  the  N.  A.  Ilomceop.  Jour.,  quarterly. 
He  edited  Hahnemann's  Lesser  Writings, 
pub.  1854,  by  Radde.  He  has  written  numer- 
ous essays  on  medical  and  chemical  subjects, 
and  is  recognized  as  a  standard  authority.  A 
skilful  practitioner,  he  has  the  largest  and  most 
lucrative  practice  in  N.Y.  Author  of  "  Theo- 
ry and  Practice  of  Medicine,"  8vo,  1852; 
"  Homoeopathy  vs.  Allopathy,"  8vo,  1854.  — 
Allihone. 

Marcy,  Randolph  B.,  insp.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Ms.  ab.  1811.  West  Point,  1832.  Entering 
the  5th  Inf.  he  became  1st  lieut.  June  22,  1837  ; 
capt.  May  18, 1846 ;  engaged  at  Palo  Alto  and 
Resaca  de  la  Palma  8-9  May,  1846;  in  ex- 
ploration of  Red  River  Country  ;  in  hostilities 
against  the  Seminoles.  in  1857  ;  served  in  the 
Utah  exped.  in  1857-8  ;  com.  a  detachment 
sent  to  N.  Mexico  to  procure  supplies  in  Nov. 
1857,  returning  in  Mar.  1858,  after  great  suf- 
fering;  became  paym.  (rank  of  maj.)  Aug.  22, 
1859;  insp.-gen.  (rank  of  col.)  Aug.  9,  1861  ; 
was  attached  as  chief  of  staff  to  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  under  Gen.  McClellan  (his  son- 
in-law):  and  23  Sept.  1861  became  brig.-gen. 
vols.  He  was  on  Gen.  McClellan's  stafFduring 
the  campaigns  in  Western  Va.,  the  Peninsula, 
and  Md.  Author  of  "  Exploration  of  the  Red 
River  in  1852,"  8vo,  1853;  "Prairie  Travel- 
ler," 1859  ;  "  Personal  Recollections,"  8vo, 
1866. 

Marcy,  William  Learned,  statesman, 
b.  Southbridge,  Ms.,  Dec.  12,  1786;  d.  Ball- 
ston  Spa,  N.Y.,  July  4,  1857.  B.U.  1808.  He 
taught  school  for  a  while  in  Newport,  R.I., 
studied  law,  and  commenced  practice  in  Troy, 
N.Y.  At  the  commencement  of  the  war  of 
1812,  being  an  officer  of  a  military  company, 
he  volunteered  his  services,  and  acted  with  the 
company  until  the  cessation  of  hostilities.  On 
the  night  of  Oct.  22,  1812,  he  disting.  himself 
in  the  capture  of  a  corps  of  Canadian  militia 
posted  at  St.  Regis,  being  the  first  prisoners 
taken  on  land,  and  their  flag  the  first  captured 
during  the  war.  He  was  app.  recorder  of 
Troy  in  1816 ;  edited  the  Troy  Budget,  a  lead- 
ing Democ.  organ ;  adj. -gen.  of  the  State  in 


ISOLAJR 


698 


MLAJR 


Jan.  1821;  state  comptroller  in  1823;  assoc. 
justice  of  the  N.Y.  Supreme  Court  in  1829  ; 
U.S.  senator  in  1831-3;  gov.  of  the  State  in 
1833-9;  and  a  commiss.  to  decide  upon  the 
claims  of  the  Mexican  Govt,  in  1839-42  ;  sec. 
of  war  under  Pres.  Polk  from  1845  to  1849, 
he  performed  the  arduous  duties  of  that  posi- 
tion with  si;;nal  ability  durinj?  the  Mexican 
war.  His  diplomacy  was  displayed  in  the  set- 
tlement of  the  Oregon  boundary.  He  was  an 
advocate  of  the  tariff  of  1846;  and  opposed 
all  interference  on  the  slavery  question.  U.S. 
sec.  of  state  1853-7.  He  was  a  hard-working, 
careful,  plain  man,  of  great  integrity,  and  a  good 
scholar.  His  state  papers  on  Central  Amer. 
affairs,  on  the  enlistment  question,  on  the  Dan- 
ish Sound  dues,  and  on  many  other  topics  of 
national  interest,  exhibited  remarkable  ability 
as  a  writer,  statesman,  and  diplomatist. 

Marechal,  Ambroise,  D.I).,  R.C.  arch- 
bishop of  Baltimore,  b.  Ingre,  near  Orleans, 
France,  1769;  d.  Baltimore,  Jan.  29,  1828. 
Educated  at  the  seminary  of  St.  Sulpice,  he 
came  to  Baltimore  in  1792.  Returning  to 
Ffance,  he  was  from  1803  to  1811  prof,  in  the 
seminaries  of  St.  Flour,  Aix,  and  Lyons.  He 
refused  the  bishopric  of  N.Y.,  which  was  ten- 
dered him,  but  accepted  the  post  of  co-adjutor 
to  the  archbishop  of  Baltimore,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded on  his  decease,  Dec.  14,  1817.  He  vis- 
ited Konie  in  1821-2  to  procure  aid  for  his 
church  in  Baltimore. 

Margil,  Jesus  de  (Father  Antonio),  an 
early  Franciscan  missionary  to  Texas,  b.  Va- 
lencia, Aug.  18,  1657  ;  d.  Mexico,  Aug.  6, 
1726.  Author  of  "El  Peregrino  Septentrional 
Atlante,"  &c.,  Valencia,  1742.  He  is  styled 
"NotarioApostolico,''  "  Commissariodel  San- 
to Oficio,"  "  Fundador  y  Ex  Guardian  de  tres 
Coligios,"  and  "  Prefecto  de  las  Missiones  de 
Propagande  Fide  en  todas  las  ludias  Occiden- 
tales,"  &c.  —  Hist.  Mag.  June,  1864. 

Marguerittes,  Julie  de,  or  Mrs.  Rea, 
authoress  and  critic,  b.  Lond.  1814  ;  d.  Phila. 
June  21,  1866.  She  was  dau.  of  Dr.  A.  B. 
Granville,  F.R.S.  At  an  early  age  m.  Baron 
de  Marguerittes,  with  whom  she  travelled  all 
oyer  Europe.  The  revol.  of  1848  compelled 
him  to  leave  France,  and  seek  an  asylum  in 
the  U.S.  She  soon  became  a  contrib.  to  the 
N.Y.  Saturdttji  Courier,  writing  "  The  Ins  and 
Outs  of  Paris,"  afterward  pub.  in  book-form. 
Marguerittes  having  returned  to  France,  and 
discarded  her,  she  went  upon  the  stage,  March 
9,  1852,  at  the  Broadway,  N.Y.,  in  the  opera 
of  "  La  Gazza  Ladra,"  but  retired  from  it  soon 
after.  After  the  death  of  her  husband,  in  1856, 
she  removed  to  Phila.,  and  became  contrib.  and 
dramatic  critic  to  the  Simdai/  Transcript, 
which  contained  her  "  Parisian  Pickings,"  and 
other  papers.  Her  second  husband,  George 
G.  Foster,  who  d.  in  1860,  was  a  well-known 
writer.  She  afterward  m.  Samuel  J.  Rea  of 
the  Phila.  press.  She  was  a  very  voluminous 
writer,  and  by  her  pen  supported  and  educated 
her  children.  Her  dau.  Noemie  is  dramatic 
critic  of  the  Phila.  Transcript. 

Marion,  Francis,  brig. -gen.,  a  celebrated 
partisan  officer  in  theRcvol.  war,  b.  near  George- 
town, S.C.,  1732;  d.  Feb.  29, 1795.  At  the  age 
of  16  he  entered  on  board  a  vessel  bound  to  the 


W.  Indies;  but  she  foundered  on  her  passage 
out,  and  the  crew  took  to  the  boat.  Destitute 
of  water  or  provisions,  several  died  of  hunger 
before  they  were  rescued.  He  then  engaged 
in  agriculture  until  1759,  when  he  was  a  lieut. 
in  Gov.  Lyttleton's  exped.  against  the  Chero- 
kees;  and  iu  Apr.  1761  was  a  capt.  in  that  of 
Col.  Grant.  He  led  the  forlorn  hope  in  the 
battle  of  Etchoee,  and  was  one  of  the  few  who 
escaped.  When  the  Revol.  war  began,  he  was 
elected  to  the  Prov.  Congress ;  made  a  capt.  in 
the  first  corps  raised  in  S.C.  ;  served  as  major 
in  the  defience  of  Fort  Moultrie  ;  was  lieut. -col. 
(com.  of  his  regt.)  at  Savannah  and  at  the 
siege  of  Charleston,  where,  fracturing  his  leg 
by  accident,  he  escaped  the  captivity  to  which 
the  garrison  was  eventually  forced  to  submit. 
App.  a  brig.-gen.  in  1780,  he  commenced  his 
partisan  career  as  soon  as  he  recovered  from 
the  fracture  of  his  leg,  with  only  16  men.  Fer- 
tile in  stratagem,  he  struck,  unperceived,  and, 
retiring  to  those  hidden  retreats  in  the  morasses 
of  Pedee  and  Black  River,  he  placed  his  corps 
out  of  the  reach  of  his  foe.  The  country  from 
Camden  to  the  sea-coast,  between  the  Pedee 
and  San  tee,  was  the  theatre  of  his  exertions. 
Soon  after  the  defeat  of  Gates  (Aug.  20, 1780), 
he  captured  a  British  guard  of  90,  and  rescued 
150  Continental  prisoners.  He  surprised  Maj. 
Gainey,  an  English  partisan  officer  of  reputa- 
tion, and  took  his  whole  party.  He  next 
attacked  Capt.  Barfield's  party  of  Tories,  kill- 
ing or  capturing  30  out  of  49.  He  routed 
with  great  loss  a  large  body  of  Tories  at  Shep- 
herd's Ferry,  another  under  Col.  Tynes  at  the 
forks  of  Black  River,  and  succeeded  in  escap- 
ing from  Tarleton  after  a  long  and  hot  pur- 
suit. Watson,  Gainey,  Tynes,  Mclllraith, 
Tarleton,  and  Doyle  were  at  different  times 
sent  to  crush  him,  but  were  either  foiled  by  his 
strategy,  or  disgracefully  defeated.  In  1781  he 
was  joined  by  Lee's  Legion,  captured  a  num- 
ber of  the  enemy's  forts,  and  participated  in 
the  battle  of  Eutaw.  After  the  war  he  m. 
Mary  Videau,  a  lady  of  wealth  ;  resided  in  his 
native  parish  of  St.  John's,  and  was  returned 
to  the  State  senate.  In  1790  he  was  a  member 
of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  He  was  small  in 
stature,  thin,  neither  pleasing  in  visage,  nor 
captivating  in  his  manners,  and  was  reserved 
and  silent.  —  See  Lives  of  Marion  by  P.  Horry 
and  M.  L.  Weems,  and  by  W.  G.  Simms. 

Markoe,  Peter,  poet,  d.  Phila.  1792. 
Pub.  "Miscellaneous  Poems,"  1787;  "The 
Times,"  a  poem,  1788  ;  "  The  Patriot  Chief," 
a  tragedy  ;  "  Reconciliation,"  an  opera  ;  and 
is  the  supposed  author  of  "  The  Algerine  Spy." 
—  Simpso7i. 

Marquette  (mar'-k6t'),  Jacques,  one  of 
the  first  explorers  of  the  Mpi.,  b.  Laon,  France, 
1637  ;  d.  May  18,  1675.  Becoming  a  Jesuit  at 
the  age  of  17,  he  sailed  for  Canada  as  a  mis- 
sionary in  1666.  After  passing  ab.  18  months 
at  Three  Rivers,  in  Apr.  1668  he  founded  at 
Lake  Superior  the  mission  of  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 
In  1669,  after  a  short  stay  at  Lapointe,  he  fol- 
lowed the  Hurons  to  Mackinaw,  where  in  1671 
he  built  a  chapel  at  the  mission  of  St.  Ignatius, 
or  Michilimacinac;  in  May,  1673,  he  accomp. 
JoUiet's  exped.  to  explore  the  Mpi.,  and,  after 
travelling  in  canoes  over  2,500  miles,  returned 


IVLAR 


599 


MLA.R 


in  Sept.  They  proceeded  to  Green  Bay, 
through  Fox  River,  to  the  Wisconsin,  and 
thence  by  Portage  to  the  Mpi.,  which  they  de- 
scended to  the  Arkansas.  Returning,  they 
ascended  the  Illinois,  proceeded  thence  across 
to  Lake  Michigan,  to  Green  Bay,  and  to  the 
niission,  without  serious  accident.  During  this 
exped.  he  prepared  a  map  of  the  route.  Hav- 
ing promised  the  Kaskaskia  Indians  to  return 
and  preach  to  them,  after  being  detained  a  year 
by  sickness,  he  set  out  in  Oct.  1674,  with  two 
white  men  and  a  number  of  savages,  for  the 
village  of  Kaskaskia.  After  wintering  at  the 
Portage  in  the  Chicago,  he  reached  Kaskaskia, 
Apr.  8,  1675,  and  at  once  Iwgan  a  mission  by 
erecting  an  altar,  and  celebrating  the  festival 
of  Easter;  but,  conscious  that  his  end  was  ap- 
proaching, he  soon  attempted  to  return  to 
Mackinaw,  but  died  near  the  mouth  of  a  river 
on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  which 
still  bears  his  name.  "  He  was  of  a  cheerful, 
joyous  disposition,  playful  even  in  his  manner, 
and  universally  beloved."  His  narrative  was 
pub.  at  Paris  in  1681,  in  Thevenot's  "  Eecueil 
ae  Voi/ages."  This  account,  as  well  as  a  jour- 
nal of  the  missionary's  last  exped.,  is  in  Shea's 
"Discovery  and  Exploration  of  the  Mpi.  Val- 
ley," N.Y.  1852. 

Marryat,  Capt.  Frederick,  R.  N.,  an 
English  novelist,  b.  London,  July  10,  1792;  d. 
Aug.  2,  1848.  His  mother  was  the  dau.  of 
Frederick  Geyer  of  Boston.  Entering  the 
navy  at  an  early  age,  he  disting.  bimself  in 
several  engagements,  particularly  in  1814  by 
cutting  out  4  vessels  in  Boston  Bay,  and  in  an 
action  with  gunboats  on  Lake  Pontchartrain. 
He  also  benefited  the  naval  profession  by  the 
invention  of  his  well-known  code  of  signals. 
He  commenced  his  literary  career  in  1829,  pro- 
ducing a  great  number  of  sea-tales,  among  the 
best  of  which  are  "  Peter  Simple,"  "  Midship- 
man Easy,"  "Percival  Keene,"  &c.  In  1837 
he  visited  the  U.S.,  and  on  his  return  pub.  his 
"  Diary  in  America,"  which  reflected  some- 
what severely  on  our  national  characteristics. 
This  was  followed  by  3  additional  vols.,  and  by 
his  "  Travels  of  M.  Violet,"  supposed  to  be 
founded  on  the  adventures  of  Chateaubriand  in 
the  woods  of  the  New  World. 

Marsh,  Charles,  LL.  D.  (D.  C.  1828), 
lawyer,  b.  Lebanon,  Ct.,  July  10,  1765;  d. 
Woodstock,  Vt.,  Jan.  11,  1849.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1786.  His  father,  Hon.  Joseph  Marsh,  removed 
to  Vt.  before  the  Revol.,  where  he  became  a 
leading  Whig,  and  was  several  years  lieut.-gov. 
of  the  State.  Charles  studied  law,  and  com- 
menced practice  at  Woodstock,  Vt.,  in  1788. 
For  50  years  he  was  a  successful  lawyer.  Dur- 
ing the  presidency  of  Washington  he  was  dist. 
atty.  of  Vt.  The  A.B.C.F.M.,  the  Bible,  and 
Colonization  Societies,  long  felt  his  efficiency 
and  liberality  as  a  member ;  and  he  took  an 
active  part  in  the  Dartra.  Coll.  Controversy. 
M.C.  1815-17,  and  a  founder  of  the  American 
Colonization  Society. 

Marsh,  Dexter,  student  of  the  fossils  of 
the  Ct.  Valley,  b.  1806;  d.  Greenfield,  Ms., 
Apr.  2,  1853.  An  uneducated  laborer,  his  at- 
tention was  drawn  in  1835  to  the  subject  of 
fossils,  by  observing  the  footprints  in  slabs  used 
for  flagging-stones.      He  explored  the  valley 


from  the  northern  line  of  Ms.  to  Wethersfield, 
and  also  the  States  of  N.J.  and  N.H.,  and  made 
very  extensive  collections,  which  were  sold  at 
auction  after  his  death. 

Marsh,  George  Perkins,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1859),  philologist  and  diplomatist,  b.  Wood- 
stock, Vt.,  Mar.  17,  1801.  Dartm.  Coll.  1820. 
Son  of  Charles.  He  settled  as  a  lawyer  at 
Burlington,  Vt.,  and  acquired  an  extensive 
practice.  Member  of  the  State  legisl.  and 
executive  council  in  1835;  M.C.  in  1842-9; 
resident  minister  to  Turkey  in  1849-53;  in 
1852  he  was  charged  with  a  special  mission  to 
Greece;  and  since  1861  has  been  resident  min- 
ister to  Italy  ;  in  1857  he  was  app.  by  the  gov. 
of  Vt.  to  make  a  report  to  the  legisl.  on  the 
artificial  propagation  of  fish;  Vt.  railroad 
commiss.  1857-9.  Author  of  "The  Goths  in 
New  Eng.,"  a  grammar  of  the  old  Northern  or 
Icelandic  language  ;  and  of  various  essays,  lite- 
rary and  historical,  relating  to  the  Goths,  and 
their  connection  with  America;  of  an  interest- 
ing work  on  the  Camel ;  and  numerous  pub. 
addresses  and  speeches  ;  "  Lectures  on  the 
English  Language,"  N.Y.  1860  ;  "  The  Origin 
and  History  of  the  English  Language,"  1862; 
"Man  and  Nature,"  1864.  He  m.  in  1838 
Caroline  Crane,  b.  Berkeley,  Ms.,  Dec.  1, 
1816.  She  has  pub.  "The  Hallig,  or  the 
Sheepfold  in  the  Waters,"  translated  from  the 
German ;  and  "  Wolfe  of  the  Knoll  and  other 
Poems,"  N.Y.  1860. 

Marsh,  James,  a  British  gen. ;  d.  1804. 
Capt.  in  the  46th  Regt.  Feb.  2,  1757;  was 
wounded  in  the  attack  on  Fort  Ticonderoga, 
July  8,  1758;  became  major,  July  23,  1772; 
and  lieut.-col.  (43d)  Aug.  28,  1776,  the  day 
after  the  battle  of  Long  Island.  After  serving 
through  the  American  war,  he  was  app.  col. 
(77th  Foot)  Oct.  12,  1787;  maj.-gen.  Oct.  12, 
1793  ;  and  lieut.-gen.  Jan.  1,  1798. 

Marsh,  James,  D.D.  (Amh.  Coll.  1833), 
scholar  and  divine,  b.  Hartford,  Vt.,  July  19, 
1794 ;  d.  Colchester,  Vt.,  July  3,  1842.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1817;  And.  Sem.  1822.  His  boyhood 
was  passed  on  a  farm.  Tutor  at  D.  Coll. 
1818-20.  Ord.  as  a  Cong,  minister  12  Oct. 
1824;  was  in  1824-6  prof,  of  languages  in 
Ham  p.  Sid.  Coll.  Va. ;  in  1826-33  was  pres. 
of  the  U.  ofVt. ;  and  was  in  1833-42  prof, 
of  moral  and  intell.  philos.  there.  In  1829  Dr. 
Marsh  published  an  edition  of  Coleridge's 
"  Aids  to  Reflection,"  with  a  preliminary  essay, 
and  copious  notes.  Besides  this,  Dr.  Marsh 
published  some  translations  from  the  German, 
among  them  Herder's  "  Spirit  of  Hebrew 
Poetry,"  and  articles  in  the  leading  reviews. 
In  1 829  he  pub.  a  series  of  papers  in  the  Vt. 
Chronicle,  signed  "  Philopolis,"  on  Popular 
Education  ;  and  in  1830  "  Selections  from  Old 
English  Writers  on  Practical  Theology."  Am- 
herst College  and  Columbia  College  each  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  doctor  of  divinity. 
He  was  a  thorough  scholar,  a  profound  thinker, 
and  an  eloquent  advocate  of  the  highest  truths 
of  religious  philosophy.  Prof.  Torrey,  of  the 
U.  of  Vt.,  pub.  a  vol.  of  his  "  Remains,"  with 
a  Memoir,  Boston,  1843. 

Marsh,  John,  D.D.  (JefF.  Coll.  1852), 
Cong,  clergyman  and  temperance  reformer, 
b.  Wethersfield,  Ct.,  Apr.  2,  1788;  d.  Brook- 


:majei 


600 


]yjLA.R 


lyn,  N.Y.,  Aug.  4,  1868.  Y.C.  1804.  He 
studied  theology  with  his  father,  who  was  47 
years  pastor  of  the  Cong,  church  of  Wethers- 
field,  and  d.  Sept.  13, 1821.  Began  to  preach  in 
1809;  and  from  Dec.  16,  1818,  to  Apr.  1, 1833, 
was  pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Haddam,  Ct. 
Becoming  deeply  interested  in  the  temper- 
ance reform,  he  delivered  lectures,  and  organ- 
ized societies  through  the  State.  In  1831 
he  labored  3  months  in  Baltimore  and  Wash- 
ing-ton. He  was  agent  for  the  Temperance 
Union  in  Phila.  in  1833-6;  and  from  that  time 
till  his  death  was  sec.  of  the  Union  in  New 
York,  and  editor  of  its  journal.  Retiring  in 
1866,  he  pub.  "Temperance  Recollections." 
He  pub.  many  addresses  on  temperance,  and  a 
"  Compendium  of  Ecclesiastical  History  "  in 
1838,  revised  in  1865;  "Half-Century  Trib- 
ute to  the  Cause  of  Temp.,"  N.Y.,  1840 ;  and 
"  The  Temperance  Speaker,"  12mo,  1860.  In 
1846  he  was  delegate  to  the  World's  Temper- 
ance Convention  at  Lond. 

Marshall,  Alexander  K.,  pub.  Reports 
Court  of  Appeals,  Ky.,  1817-21,  3  vols.  8vo, 
1819-26 ;  d.  Mason  Co.  1825,  a.  55. 

Marshall,  Christopher,  Revol.  patriot 
of  Phila.  He  rotii'cd  from  business  with  a 
competency  before  the  Revol.,  in  whic-h,  al- 
though a  Quaker,  he  took  an  active  part  in 
the  committees  of  council  and  of  safety.  His 
Diary,  1774-81,  called  "Marshall's  Remem- 
brancer," edited  by  Wm.  Duane,  wa^  pub.  in 
1839  and  1849. 

Marshall,  Edward  Ciiauncet,  lawyer 
of  New  York,  b.  Little  Falls,  N.Y.,  1824.  A 
descendant  of  Capt.  Samuel,  killed  in  the 
"  Swamp  Fight,"  son  of  Thos.  the  pioneer 
at  Boston,  from  whom  Marshall  St.  is  named. 
Author  of  "Book  of  Oratory,"  1852;  "First 
Book  of  Oratory;"  "Gcnevese,"a  vol.  of  poems; 
"  History  U.S.  Naval  Acad.,"  1862 ;  "  Ancestry 
of  Gen.  Grant"  1869  ;  and  a  pamphlet,  "Are 
the  West-Point  Graduates  Loyal?  "  1862. 

Marshall,  Humphrey,  botanist  and  hor- 
ticulturist, b.  West  Bradford,  Pa.,  1722;  d 
1801.  A  cousin  of  John  Bartram.  He  pub. 
Arhustum  Americanum,  the  American  grove,  a 
catalogue  of  forest  trees  and  shrubs,  Phila.  8vo, 
1785  and  1783.  A  French  translation  appeared 
in  1788.  — See  Memorials  of  J.  Batiram  and  H. 
Marshall,  by  W.  Darlington,  Phila.  8vo,  1 840. 

Marshall,  Humphrey,  pioneer  to  Ky.  in 
1780;  d.  Lexington,  Ky.,  1  July,  1841,  at  the 
residepce  of  his  son,  A.  K.  Marshall.  A  relative 
of  Chief  Justice  M.  Member  of  the  State  con- 
vention in  1787;  served  many  years  in  the 
State  Icgisl. ;  and  was  U.S.  senator  in  1795- 
1801.  Author  of  the  first  History  of  Ken- 
tucky, pub.  in  1  vol.  1812,  enlarged  to  2  vols, 
in  1824. 

Marshall,  Humphrey,  politician,  b.  Frank- 
fort, Ky.,  Jan.  13,  1812.  West  Point,  1832; 
resigned  1833.  He  studied  laAv,  which  he  prac- 
tised in  Louisville  with  success ;  joined  Gen. 
Taylor  as  col.  of  cavalry,  fighting  at  Buena 
Vista,  and  leading  the  charge  of  the  Ky.  vols. 
In  1847  he  retired  to  a  farm  in  Henry  Co.; 
M.C.  1849-52  and  1855-9;  and  was  coramiss. 
to  China,  which  was  immediately  raised  to  a 
first-class  mission,  1852-3.  In  1861  he  was  a 
gen.  in  the  Confed.  army ;  com.  in  Ky. ;  de- 


feated by  Gen.  Garfield  at  Prestonburg  7  Jan. 
1862;  and  afterward  com.  under  Kirby  Smith. 

Marshall,  John,  LL.D.  (A. J.  Coll.  18U2), 
jurist,  b.  Gcrmantown,  Fauquier  Co.,  Va.,  Sept. 
24,  1755  ;  d.  Phila.  July  6,  1835.  Son  of  Col. 
Thomas,  3d  Va.  Regt.,  a  man  of  superior  tal- 
ents, but  a  planter  of  small  fortune,  who  signal- 
ized himself  during  the  Revol,,  especially  at 
Brandy  wine,  where  his  regt.  bore  the  brunt  of 
the  Briiish  assault  led  by  Cornwallis  in  person. 
John,  though  never  at  college,  had  some  clas- 
sical instruction ;  engaged  with  ardor  in  the 
Revol.  struggle;  was  a  lieut.  in  1776 ;  and  capt. 
in  Ma^,  1777.  He  fouyht  against  Lord  Dun- 
more  m  the  battle  of  Great  Bridge,  and  was 
afterwards  in  the  battles  of  Brandywine,  Gcr- 
mantown, and  Monmouth.  In  1781  he  re- 
signed, and,  having  been  adm.  to  the  bar,  de- 
voted himself  to  the  practice  of  the  law,  and 
soon  attained  eminence.  Member  of  the  con- 
vention assembled  in  Va.  for  the  ratification 
of  the  Constitution  of  the  U.S.,  greatly  dis- 
ting.  himself  by  his  powerful  reasoning  and 
eloquence,  as  he  also  subsequently  did  in  the 
legislature  of  Va.  in  the  discussion  relative  to 
Jay's  treaty.  He  was  solicited  by  Washington 
to  accept  the  office  of  atty.-gen.,  and  again,  on 
the  recall  of  Mr.  Monroe  froui  France,  tendered 
the  app.  as  his  successor ;  but  he  declined  both ; 
yet  he  afterwards  accepted  from  Pres.  Adams 
the  app.  of  envoy  to  France,  with  Gov.  Pinckney 
and  Mr.  Gerry.  The  envoys,  however,  not  b^J- 
ing  accredited,  Marshall  returned  to  the  U.S. 
in  the  summer  of  1798.  M.C.  1799;  in  1800 
sec.  of  war;  soon  afterwards  succeeded  Picker- 
ing as  sec.  of  state;  and,  on  the  resignation  of 
Chief  Justice  Ellsworth,  was .  made,  Jan.  31, 
1801,  chief  justice  of  the  U.S.,  which  office  he 
filled  with  disting.  reputation  until  his  death. 
Pres.  of  the  Colonization  Soc. ;  vice-pres.  of 
the  Bible  Soc.  Author  of  "  The  Life  of  Wash- 
ington," pub.  5  vols.  1805,  second  edition, 
greatly  improved,  and  compressed  into  two 
vols.,  1832;  "  Hist,  of  the  Colonies  planted  by 
the  English  in  N.  A.,"  8vo,  Phila.  1824.  His 
writings  upon  the  Federal  Constitution  were 
pub.  8vo,  Boston,  1839.  His  decisions  (Va. 
and  N.C.  circuit)  were  pub.  by  Brockenbrough, 
2  vols.  8vo.  1837. 

Marshall,  John  James,  jurist,  b.  Wood- 
ford Co.,  Ky.,  Aug.  4,  1785;  d.  Louisville, 
Juno,  1846.  N.J.  Coll.  1806.  Ele  attained 
distinction  in  the  profession  of  the  law;  was 
also  an  active  politician;  in  1814,  and  many 
years  subsequently,  was  a  member  of  the  State 
legisl.  From  1836  to  his  death  he  presided 
over  the  Circuit  Court.  His  ample  estate  was, 
during  the  financial  revulsion  in  1837,  placed  at 
the  disposal  of  his  friends ;  and  he  died  a  poor 
man.  He  pub.  "  Reports  Ky.  Ct.  of  Appeals, 
1831-4,"  7  vols.  8vo. 

MarshaU,  Thomas,  col.  Revol.  army,  b. 
Boston,  1718;  d.  Weston,  Ms.,  18  Nov.  1800. 
Son  of  Capt.  Christopher.  Capt.  A.  and  Hon. 
Art.  Co.  1763  and  '67  ;  maj.  Boston  regt.  1765; 
lieut.-col.  1767-71 ;  com.  the  10th  Ms.  Regt.  in 
the  Revol.,  and  was  disting.  at  Saratoga. 

Marshall,  Thomas  Alexander,  LL.D 
(Y.C.  1866),  b.  Woodford  Co.,  Ky.,  15  Jan. 
1794 ;  d.  Louisville  17  Apr.  1871.  Y.C.  1815. 
Son  of  Senator  Humphrey  by  a  dau.  of  Col. 


]yLAJi 


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JVLAJR 


Thos.  Marshall.  Began  to  practise  law  in 
Frankfort  in  1817;  moved  to  Paris,  Ky.,  in 
1819.  M.C.  1831-5;  judge  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals  1835-56;  prof,  of  law  school  of  Trans. 
U.  1836-49  ;  chief  justice  Court  of  App.  1866. 

Marshall,  Thomas  F.,  politician,  b.  Ky. ; 
d.  near  Versailles,  Woodford  Co.,  Ky.,  Sept.  22, 
1 864,  ab.  a.  64.  A  son  of  Chief-Justice  Marshall. 
A  lawyer  by  profession,  a  man  of  talent  and 
genius,  he  sacrificed  to  intemperance  the  prom- 
ise of  a  bright  career.  He  began  practice  at 
an  early  age;  removed  to  Louisville  in  1831  ; 
became  disting.  as  a  political  speaker ;  was 
sent  to  the  legisl.  in  1834;  was  a  judge  of  the 
Louisville  Circuit  Court;  and  was  M.C.  in 
1841-3,  adding  to  his  high  reputation  by  his 
speeches  in  that  body. 

Marston,  Oilman,  M.  C.  1859-63  and 
1865-7,  b.  Oiford,  N.H.  Dartm.  Coll.  1837  ; 
Dane  Law  School,  1840.  Began  to  practise 
law  at  Exeter,  N.H.,  in  1841 ;  member  N.H. 
legisl.  1845-9,  and  of  the  Const.  Conv.  in  18.50 ; 
col.  2d  N.H.  Regt.  June,  1861,  serving  in  both 
battles  at  Manassas,  through  the  Peninsuhtr 
campaign,  and  at  Fredericksburg ;  made  brig,- 
gen.  29  Nov.  1862;  attached  to  the  Army  of  the 
James  in  1864;  and  engaged  at  Drury's  Bluff, 
Cold  Harbor,  and  Petersburg. 

Martin,  Alexander,  LL.D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1793),  b.  N.J.  ab.  1740;  d.  Danhury,  N.C, 
Nov.  1807.  N.J.  Coll.  1756.  In  1721  his 
father  emig.  from  Tyrone  Co.,  Ireland,  and 
settled  in  N.  J.  Alex,  settled  in  Guilford  Co., 
N.C,  in  1772 ;.  was  a  member  of  the  Colonial 
Assembly ;  col.  of  a  Cont.  regt. ;  and  in  the 
battles  of  Brandywine  and  Germantown  ;  State 
senator  1779-82,  '85,  '87,  and  '88;  speaker  of 
the  senate  at  the  close  of  the  war,  and,  as  such, 
acting  gov.  in  1781-2;  gov.  of  N.C.  1782-5 
and  1789-92;  member  of  the  convention  to 
adopt  the  Federal  Constitution  1788;  U.S. 
senator  1793-9.  He  was  vain  of  his  literary 
attainments,  and  pub.  in  the  N.  C.  Universiti/ 
Mag.  poetical  tributes  to  Gen.  Francis  Nash 
and  Gov.  Caswell.  —  Wheeler. 

Martin,  David,  author  of  "Erin  is  my 
Home,"  and  other  popular  pieces;  d.  Baton 
Rouge,  La.,  1856. 

Martin,  Franqois  Xavier,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1841),  jurist,  b.  Marseilles,  France,  March  17, 
1762;  d.  N.  Orleans,  Dec.  10,  1846.  In  1782 
he  came  to  the  U  S.  ;  established  himself  in 
Newbern,  N.C  He  at  first  supported  himself 
by  teaching  French;  learned  printing,  and 
established  a  newspaper,  the  copies  of  which 
he  peddled  through  the  adjoining  counties ;  and 
afterwards  pub.  school-books,  almanacs,  trans- 
lations of  French  works,  &c.  He  then  studied 
law,  and  was  ab.  1789  adm.  to  the  bar,  and  be- 
came disting.  in  the  profession.  Pursuing  at  the 
same  time  his  vocation  of  printer,  he  pub. 
brief  treatises  on  the  duties  of  sheriff^s,  of  justices 
of  the  peace,  and  of  executors  and  adminis- 
trators. App.  during  Jefferson's  administration 
judge  of  the  Mpi.  Terr. ;  and  Feb.  1813  was 
app.  atty.-gen.  of  the  Stare.  Feb.  1,  1815,  he 
was  elevated  by  Gov.  Claiborne  to  the  Supreme 
Bench  of  La.,  and  was  chief  justice  from  Jan. 
5,  1837,  to  1845.  Judge  Martin  was  a  good 
general  scholar,  as  well  as  a  sound  lawyer. 
His  Histories  of  La.  (2  vols.  8vo.  1818)  and  N.C. 


(N.O.  1829,  2  vols.  8vo)  are  monuments  to  hig 
industry,  and  his  talents  as  an  historian.  He 
pub.  "  Notes  of  Decisions  in  the  Superior  Cts. 
of  N.C.  1787-96,"  8vo,  1797;  "Acts  of  the 
N.C  Assembly,  1715-1803,"  2  vols.  4to  ;  "  Re- 
ports of  the  Superior  Court  of  Orleans  from 
1809  to  1812  •  "  and  "  Reports  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  La.  from  1813  to  1830,"  besides  a 
Digest  of  the  Territorial  and  State  Laws  in 
French  and  English. 

Martin,  George, chief  justiceof  Michigan, 
b.  Middlebury,  Vt.,  1815;  d.  Detroit,  15  Dec. 
1867.  He  settled  in  Grand  Rapids,  Mich., 
1836;  became  a  county  judge ;  inl851ajudge 
of  the  Sup.  Court,  and  chief  justice  from  1857 
to  his  death. 

Martin,  John,  gov.  of  Ga.  1782-3.  App. 
in  1761  naval  officer  at  Sunbury,  Ga. ;  member 
of  the  1st  Prov.  Congress,  July,  1775,  and  of 
the  council  of  safety ;  entered  the  Ga.  Cont. 
line  as  capt. ;  and  was  in  1781  lieut.-col.,  and 
member  of  the  legisl.  from  Chatham  Co. ; 
State  treasurer  in  1783;  conimiss.  to  make  a 
treaty  with  the  Creek  Indians  in  Jan.  1783. 

Miartin,  Joseph  P.,  a  Revol.  soldier,  b. 
Berkshire  Co.,  Ms.,  1760;  d.  Prospect,  Me., 
May  2,  1850.  Son  of  a  Cong,  clergyman.  He 
entered  the  Revol.  army  in  the  spring  of  1776, 
serving  throughout  the  war,  and  participating 
in  several  of  its  most  bloody  battles.  At  its 
close  he  removed  to  Prospect,  then  compara- 
tively a  wilderness,  where  he  was  town  clerk 
for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century.  He  pub.  in 
1830  a  narrative  of  his  adventures. 

Martin,  Joshda  L,  M.C,  Ala.,  1835-9; 
gov.  of  Ala.  1845-7  ;d.  Tuscaloosa,  Nov.  2,1856. 

Martin,  Josiah,  gov.  of  N.C.  1771-5,  b. 
Apr.  23,  1737;  d.  Lond.  July,  1786.  His 
father  Samuel  of  Va.  lost  a  large  estate  by 
confiscation.  His  brother  Samuel,  M.P.  for 
Camelford,  fought  a  duel  with  John  Wilkes. 
Josiah  became  ensign  4th  Foot,  Dec.  1756,  and 
was  in  1769  a  lieut.-col.  He  succeeded  in 
pacifying  the  regulators  of  N.C,  and  took 
energetic  measures  to  preserve  the  royal  author- 
ity in  1775  ;  but  Apr.  24  was  obliged  to  fly,  and 
took  refuge  on  board  "  The  Cruiser,"  from 
which  ship  he  issued  a  proclamation,  Aug.  8. 
He  was  on  board  the  fleet  of  Sir  P.  Parker  at 
Charleston  in  June,  1776  ;  was  with  Cornwal- 
lis  at  the  defeat  of  Gates  at  Camden  in  1780, 
but  left  N.C.  on  account  of  ill  health  in  Mar. 
1781,  and  withdrew  to  Long  Island,  and  thence 
to  England. 

Martin,  Luther,  LL.D.,  lawver,  b.  N. 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  1744  ;  d.  N.Y.,  July  10,1826. 
N  J.  Coll.  1766.  He  taught  school  in  Queens- 
town,  Md. ;  studied  law;  was  adm.  to  the  bar 
in  1771  ;  commenced  practice  in  Accomac  and 
Northampton,  Va. ;  and  was  adm.  an  attorney 
in  the  courts  of  Somerset  and  Worcester,  soon 
attaining  a  lucrative  practice.  In  1774  he 
became  a  member  of  the  com.  to  oppose  the 
claims  of  Great  Britain,  and  a  member  of  the 
Annapolis  convention.  He  pub.  an  answer  to 
the  address  of  the  Bros.  Howe  ;  also  an  address 
"  To  the  inhabitants  of  the  Peninsula  between 
the  Del.  River  and  the  Chesapeake;  "  member 
of  the  Old  Congress  in  1784-5.  Feb.  1 1,  1778, 
he  was  app.  atty.-gen.  of  Md.  A  violent  poli- 
tician, he  wrote  many  pungent  essays  against 


M-A-R 


602 


IfdJ^S 


the  then  Democ.  party  ;  was  in  1804  one  of  the 
defenders  of  Judge  Chase  impeached  in  the 
h.  of  representatives ;  and  was  the  personal  and 
political  friend  of  Burr,  whose  acquittal  he  was 
instrumental  in  procuring  when  tried  for 
treason  in  1807.  App.  chief  judge  of  oyer  and 
terminer  in  1814  for  Baltimore,  and  again 
atty.-gen.  of  the  State  in  1818.  He  violently 
opposed  the  Federal  Constitution,  though  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  framed  it, 
advocating  the  equality  of  the  States,  and  con- 
tending that  a  small  State  should  have  as  many 
Congressmen  as  a  large  State.  Author  of  a 
"Defence  of  Capt.  Cresap  from  the  Charge 
of  Murder  made  in  Jefferson's  Notes,"  and 
"Genuine  Information,  &c.,  of  the  Convention 
at  Phila.,"  &c.,  8vo,  1788.  —  *S(^e  Nat.  Port. 
Gallery. 

Martin,  Robert  M.,  jurist,  b.  Worcester 
Co.,  Md.,  1798;  d.  Saratoga,N.Y.,  July  20, 1870. 
N.J.  Coll.  M.C.  1825-7;  chief  judge  West- 
em  Circuit  of  Md.  1845-51  ;  judge  Superior 
Comt  of  Baltimore  1856-67  ;  and  prof,  in  the 
Law  School  U.  1867-70. 

Martin,  Simeon,  Rcvol.  patriot.;  d.  Sce- 
konk,  R.I.,  Sept.  30,  1819,  a.  65.  In  1775  he 
joined  Col.  Crane's  art.  ri^gt.,  and  was  a  capt. 
in  the  R.I.  line  at  the  battle  of  Trenton.  Dur- 
ing the  war  he  was  adj.-gen.,  and  subsequently 
maj.-gen.  of  the  State  militia.  He  long  repre- 
sented Newport  in  the  Gen.  Assembly,  and,  un- 
til he  declined  in  1816,  was  repeatedly  chosen 
lieut.-gov.  of  R.I. 

Martin,  Col.  William,  soldier,  b.  Va.  26 
Nov.  1765 ;  d.  Smith  Co.,  Tenn.,  4  Nov.  1846. 
Near  the  close  of  the  Revol.  he  took  part  in  a 
campaign  against  the  Indians.  About  1786  he 
led  a  company  of  pioneers  to  Tenn. ;  afterward 
settled  in  S.C.,  where  he  was  a  member  of  the 
legisl.  He  returned  to  Tenn.  in  1 798  ;  was  a 
member  of  the  legisl.;  and  in  1812-13  com.  a 
rcgt.  of  vols,  under  Jackson  in  the  Creek  cam- 
paign; and  was  at  Talladega  and  in  other  en- 
gagements. 

Martin,  William  D.,  lawyer  and  politi- 
cian, b.  Martintown,  S.C.,  Oct.  20,  1789;  d. 
Charleston,  Nov.  16,  1833.  He  studied  law  at 
Litchfield,  Ct. ;  practised  at  Edge  worth,  Coosa  w- 
batchie,  and  several  other  courts ;  and  in  1816 
was  a  member  of  the  legisl.  In  1818  he  was 
made  chairman  of  the  judiciary  com.  and  clerk 
of  the  State  senate ;  and  was  M.C.  from  1827  to 
1833.  One  of  the  ablest  jurists  and  advocates 
of  S.C,  he  became  in  1830  a  judge  of  the  Cir- 
cuit Court.  He  was  of  the  ultra  State-rights 
school,  and  was  prominent  in  maintaining  the 
principle  of  nullification. 

Martindale,  John  Henry,  lavsryer  and 
soldier,  b.  Sandy  Hill,  Washington  Co.,  N.Y., 
Mar.  20, 1815.  West  Point,  1 835.  In  1 836  he 
became  a  civil  engr.;  afterward  studied  law  with 
his  father ;  and  practised  successively  at  Bata- 
via  and  Rochester.  Made  brig.-gen.  vols.  Aug. 
9,  1861,  he  accomp.  Gen.  McClellan  to  York- 
town  ;  and  was  in  all  the  battles  before  Rich- 
mond, in  the  5th  army  corps,  under  Gen  F.  J. 
Porter.  Engaged  in  operations  south  of  Rich- 
mond, in  the  Army  of  the  James,  in  May,  1864; 
participated  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in 
the  battles  of  Cold  Harbor,  June  1-3, 1864,  and 
siege  of  Petersburg ;  and  com.  18th  army  corps 


July-Sept.  1864.  Brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.  vols. 
13  Mar.  1865,  for  battle  of  Malvern  Hill;  re- 
signed 13  Sept.  1864;  atty.-gen.  N.Y.  1866.— 
Cullum. 

Martineau,  Harriet,  an  English  author- 
ess, b.  Norwich,  June  12, 1802.  She  had  estab- 
lished a  high  reputation  as  a  thinker  and  a  nov- 
elist, when,  in  Aug.  1834,  she  sailed  lor  Amer- 
ica, and  travelled  extensively  in  the  U.S.,  where 
she  received  much  attention,  and,  on  her  return 
in  the  summer  of  1836,  pub.  "Society  in  Amer- 
ica." She  also  pub.  in  1838  her  "Retrospect 
of  Western  Travel;"  "History  of  England 
during  the  30- Years'  Peace,"  2  vols.  1850;  and 
"Biog.  Sketches,"  1869.  Besides  hernuraer- 
ous  publications,  she  is  a  frequent  contrib.  to 
some  of  the  leading  magazines  and  periodicals, 
and  to  the  London  Daily  News. 

Mascarene,  Jean  Paul,  acting  gov.  of 
Nova  Scotia  in  1 740-9,  b.  Castras,  Languedoc, 
France,  1684 ;  d.  Boston,  Jan.  22,  1760.  Of  a 
Huguenot  family.  Paul,  at  the  age  of  11,  ex- 
patriated himself  to  Geneva,  where  he  was  edu- 
cated by  Mr.  Rapin.  He  went  to  Eng.,  where 
he  was  naturalized  in  1706  ;  entered  the  army 
as  a  lieut.  the  same  year ;  came  with  the  Eng- 
lish troops  to  America  in  1711,  and  was  era- 
ployed  in  Nova  Scotia,  where  he  was  by  degrees 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  col.,  and  was  also  lieut.- 
gov.  and  com.-in-chief.  Made  a  maj.-gen.  in 
1758.  App.  a  councillor  in  1720,  and  many 
years  the  senior  on  the  board.  Ab.  1720  he 
transmitted  to  the  plantation  office  a  complete 
description  of  the  province,  with  suggestions  for 
its  settlement  and  defence.  In  1744  he  defended 
Annapolis,  and  beat  otf  the  French  under  Du 
Vivier.  With  the  govs,  of  Ms.  and  N.H.  he 
negotiated  with  the  Indians  the  treaty  of  1725. 

Mason,  Armistead  Thomson,  U.S.  sena- 
tor 1815-17,  b.  Loudon  Co.,  Va.,  1787; 
killed  in  a  duel  with  Col.  McCarty,  Feb.  5, 
1819.  Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  1807.  Son  of  Sen- 
ator Stevens  Thomson  Mason.  Was  a  farmer 
by  occupation;  a  col.  in  the  war  of  1812,  and 
ably  defended  Norfolk ;  and  was  subsequently 
a  brig.-gen.  of  Va.  militia.  His  only  child, 
Stevens  Thomson,  a  capt.  of  the  mounted  rifles, 
fell  mortally  wounded  at  Cerro  Gordo.  In  con- 
sequence of  a  political  dispute  wath  his  relative 
John  McCarty,  they  fought  a  duel  at  Bladens- 
burg  with  muskets.  His  corresp.  with  his  an- 
tagonist, which  was  pub.,  manifested  the  most 
malignant  ferocity. 

Mason,  Charles;  d.  Phila.  1787.  Assist, 
of  Dr.  Bradley  at  the  Roy.  Observatory,  Green- 
wich. He  pub.  Mayer's  "Lunar  Tables  Im- 
proved," Lond.  4to,  1789;  and  contrib.  astro- 
nomical papers  to  "Phila.Trans.,"  1761,  '68, 
'70.  With  Jeremiah  Dixon  he  ran  the  bound- 
ary-line between  Md.  and  Pa.,  known  as  "Mason 
and  Dixon's  Line,"  in  1763-8. 

Mason,  Charles,  lawyer,  b.  N.Y.  about 
1808.  West  Point  (1st  in  class),  1829.  Enter- 
ing the  engrs.,  he  resigned  3  Dec.  1831,  and 
has  since  practised  law  at  Newburg,  N.  Y. 
(1832-4),  N.  Y.  City  (1834-6),  Burlington, 
Iowa  (1847-53,  1858-9),  and  at  Washington, 
D.  C.  (since  1860).  Acting  editor  N.  Y.  Evg, 
Post  1835-6;  dist.-atty.  Dcs  INIoines  Co.,  Wis., 
1837-8;  chief  justice  Sup.  Court  of  Iowa  1838- 
47 ;  commiss.  to  draught  a  code  of  laws  for  State 


3yLA.S 


603 


]yLA.S 


of  Iowa  1848-51 ;  judge  of  Des  Moines  Co. 
Court  1851-2;  U.S.  commissioner  of  patents 
1853-7.  — CV/M/n. 

Mason,  Ebenezer  Porter,  astronomer, 
b.  Washington,  Ct.,  Dee.  7,  1819;  d.  near 
Riclimond,  Va.,  Dec.  24,  1840.  Y.C.  1839. 
Though*  only  21  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
young  Mason  had  attained  distinguished  rank 
as  a  mathematician  and  astronomer.  In  the 
summer  of  1840  he  assisted  in  exploring  and 
fixing  the  disputed  boundary  between  Me.  and 
Canada.  In  the  short  interval  between  his 
graduation  and  death,  he  found  time,  in  nar- 
row circumstances,  with  rapidly-failing  health, 
to  pursue  and  pub.  his  "  Observations  on  Neb- 
u\ai,"  a  paper  which  gained  the  admiration  of 
Sir  J.  Herschel.  His  Life  and  Writings  were 
pub.  in  1842  by  Prof.  Olmstead. 

Mason,  Erskine,  D  D.  (Col.  Coll.  1837), 
minister  of  Bleecker-st.  Church,  New  York. 
1330-51,  b.  N.Y.  City,  16  Apr.  1805;  d.  May 
14,  1851.  Dick.  Coll.  1823.  Son  of  Dr.  John 
M.  Mason.  Ord.  Presb.  church,  20  Oct.  1826  ; 
installed  over  the  church  at  Schenectady  3 
May,  1827  ;  prof,  of  Eccles.  Hist.  Union  The- 
ol.  Sem.  1836-42,  His  Memoir,  by  Rev. 
Wm.  Adams,  is  prefixed  to  his  sermons  on 
practical  subjects,  entitled  "  A  Pastor's  Lega- 
cy," 8vo,  1853.  —  Spraque. 

Mason,  Francis,  D.D.  (B.U.  1853),  cler- 
gyman and  missionary,  b.  York,  Eng.,  Apr.  2, 
1799.  He  was  a  shoemaker's  apprentice  ;  at 
19  emig.  to  Phila. ;  settled  at  Canton,  Ms.,  in 
1825  ;  studied  at  the  Theol.  Sem.,  Newton,  Ms., 
in  1827  ;  and  in  May,  1830,  having  been  ord., 
sailed  with  his  wife  for  Calcutta  as  a  mission- 
ary of  the  Baptists  to  the  Karens.  Acquiring 
the  language,  he  wrote  its  first  book,  "The 
Sayings  of  the  Elders."  He  prepared  Pali  and 
Burmese  grammars,  and  acquired  many  of 
the  Oriental  languages.  In  1853  he  pub.  a 
Karen  translation  of  the  Bible.  He  was  also 
medical  adviser  to  this  tribe,  and,  having  stud- 
ied medicine,  pub.  a  small  work  on  materia 
medica  and  pathology  in  one  of  the  Karen  dia- 
lects. Many  years  editor  of  the  Morning  Star, 
a  Karen  monthly,  in  both  the  Sgan  and  Pwo 
dialects.  Member  of  many  literary  and  scien- 
tific bodies.  His  English  writings  are  "  Re- 
port of  the  Tavoy  Mission  Society  ;  "  "  Life  of 
Kothabyn,"  the  Karen  apostle ;  "  Memoir  of 
Mrs.  Helen  M.  Mason,"  1847;  "Memoir 
of  "San  Quala,"  1850;  and  "  Burmah,  its 
People  and  Natural  Productions,"  1852,  en- 
larged edition,  1861. — Appleton. 

Mason,  George,  statesman,  b.  Doeg's 
Neck,  Fairfax  Co.,  Va.,  1726;  d.  Oct.  7,  1792. 
His  ancestor  Col.  George,  an  M.  P.  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.,  subsequently  an  officer  in 
the  army  of  Charles  II.,  after  the  defeat  at 
Worcester  in  1651,  escaped  to  America,  and 
landed  at  Norfolk,  Va.  George,  after  his  mar- 
riage with  Ann  Eilbeck,  built  Gunston  Hall  on 
the  banks  of  the  Potomac,  where  he  resided  till 
his  death.  In  1769  he  drew  up  the  non-im- 
portation resolutions,  which  were  presented  by 
VVashington  in  the  Va.  Assembly,  and  unani- 
mously adopted.  Against  the  assertion  by  the 
British  parliament  of  the  right  of  taxation, 
Mason  wrote  a  tract,  entitled  "  Extracts  from 
the  Va,  Charters,  with    some  Remarks   upon 


them."  At  a  meeting  of  the  people  of  Fair- 
fax, July  18,  1774,  Mason  presented  a  series  of 
24  resolutions,  which  reviewed  the  whole 
ground  of  controversy,  recommended  a  con- 
gress of  the  Colonies,  and  urged  the  policy  of 
non-intercourse  with  the  mother-country. 
They  were  sanctioned  by  the  Va.  con  v.  of 
Aug.,  and  substantially  adopted  by  the  first 
Gen.  Congress  on  the  20th  of  Oct.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  com.  of  safety ;  and  in  May, 
1776,  in  the  Va.  convention,  di'afted  the  decl, 
of  rights  and  the  constitution  of  Va.,  which 
were  adopted  by  a  unanimous  vote.  His  ability 
as  a  debater,  as  well  as  his  liberal  spirit,  was 
eminently  displayed  in  the  first  legisl,  of  Va., 
upon  his  measure  for  the  repeal  of  all  the  old 
disabling  acts,  and  for  legalizing  all  modes  of 
worship.  In  1777  he  was  elected  to  the  Cont, 
Congress;  in  1787  he  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  to  frame  the  U.S.  Constitution ; 
took  a  leading  part  in  its  debates,  and  favored 
the  election  of  the  pres.  directly  by  the  people, 
and  for  a  term  of  7  years,  with  ineligibility 
afterward.  He  spoke  with  great  energy 
against  the  clause  of  the  Constitution  which 
prohibited  the  abolition  of  the  slave-trade  till 
1808,  declaring  that  slavery  was  a  source  of 
national  weakness  and  demoralization,  and  it 
was  therefore  essential  that  the  Gen.  Govt, 
should  have  power  to  prevent  its  increase. 
Some  of  his  propositions  were  defeated ;  and  he 
refused  his  signature  to  the  instrument.  In 
the  ya.  convention,  with  Henry,  he  opposed 
its  ratification,  unless  with  certain  amendments, 
some  of  which  were  afterwards  adopted  by 
Congress  and  the  State,  Elected  first  U,S.  sen- 
ator from  Va.,  he  declined,  and  devoted  the 
rest  of  his  life  to  study,  and  to  hunting  and 
fishing,  of  which  he  was  extremely  fond.  Jef- 
ferson says  of  him,  "  He  was  a  man  of  the  first 
order  of  wisdom,  of  expansive  mind,  profound 
judgment,  cogent  in  argument,  learned  in  the 
lore  of  our  former  constitution,  and  earnest 
for  the  republican  change  on  Democratic  prin- 
ciples." 

Mason,  George  C,  editor  of  the  New- 
port Mercur//,  b.  Newport,  R.I.,  1820.  Author 
of  "  Newport  Illustrated,"  1854;  "George 
Ready,"  a  story  for  boys,  1857;  "  The  Appli- 
cation of  Art  to  Manufactures,"  12rao,  1858. 
—  Allihone. 

Mason,  James  L.,brev.  lieut,-col.  U.S,A,, 
b.  Providence,  R.I,,  1817;  d.  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  Sept.  5,  1853.  West  Point,  1836.  Son 
of  Maj.  Milo  Mason.  Lieut,  of  engr.  July, 
1836;  capt.  24  Apr.  1847;  brev,  major  for 
gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churubusco  ;  brev. 
lieut,-col,  for  El  Molino  del  Rey,  Sept.  8, 
1847,  where  he  was  severely  wounded  ;  and  was 
superintending  the  construction  of  fortifica- 
tions at  San  Francisco  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
He  was  long  in  charge  of  the  construction  of 
the  fortifications  of  Fort  Adams;  and  was 
a  skilful  and  scientific  engineer.  Author  of 
"  Analytical  Investigation  of  the  Resistance  of 
Piles  to  Superincumbent  Pressure,"  1850,  and 
of  various  milit,  and  scient,  reports,  1836-53, 

Mason,  James  Murray,  senator,  b.  Ana- 
lo.sta  Island,  Fairfax  Co.,  Va,,  3  Nov,  1798; 
d,  near  Alexandria,  Va.,  29  Apr,  1871,  U,  of 
Pa,  1818,     Grandson  of  George,  and  son  of 


]yLA.S 


604 


JMJ^S 


Gen.  John,  who  d.  Clermont  19  Mar.  1849, 
a.  82.  He  studied  law  at  Wm.  and  Mary 
Coll.;  bej^an  practice  in  1820;  was  elected  to 
the  h.  of  dele<,'ates  in  1826,  and  twice  re-elected ; 
M.C.  in  1837-9;  and  U.S.  senator  from  1847, 
until  expelled  in  July,  1861,  for  taking  part  in 
the  Rebellion.  He  was  a  leading  proslavery 
senator,  and  was  cliairm.  of  the  com.  on  for- 
eign relations.  He  served  in  the  Confed.  con- 
gri'ss;  was  app.  with  John  Siidell  a  commiss. 
to  Eng.,  and  was  captured  in  the  British  mail- 
packet  "Trent,"  by  Capt.  Wilkes,  8  Nov. 
1861,  in  the  Bahama  Channel,  and  confined  in 
Fort  Warren,  Boston  harbor,  until  released  on 
demand  of  the  British  Govt.  2  Jan.  1862.  Ko- 
turning  to  Eng.,  the  commissioners  afterward 
resided  some  time  in  Paris,  where  their  recep- 
tion was  very  friendly.  Mr.  Mason  was  the 
author  of  the  Fugitive-Slave  Law  of  1850. 

Mason,  Jeremiah,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1817), 
lawyer,  b.  Lebanon,  Ct.,  Apr.  27,  1768;  d. 
Boston,  Oct.  14,  1848.  Y.C.  1788.  Descended 
from  Capt.  John  Mason  of  Ct.  His  maternal 
ancestor  was  Rev.  James  Fitch.  His  father, 
Col.  Jeremiah,  Revol.  off.,  com.  a  comp.  of  min- 
ute-men at  the  siege  of  Boston,  and  d.  Lebanon 
1813.  The  son  studied  law;  was  adm.  to  the 
Vt.  bar  in  June,  1791  ;  and  began  to  practise  in 
Westmoreland,  a  few  miles  below  Walpole; 
but  in  1794  removed  to  Walpole,  and  in  1797 
to  Portsmouth.  In  1 802  he  was  app.  atty.-gen., 
and  soon  became  the  acknowledged  head  of  his 
profession  in  the  State.  U.S.  senator  1813-17 ; 
member  of  the  N.H.  legisl.  dui'ing  several  ses- 
sions, in  which  he  took  a  leading  share  in  the  re- 
vision of  the  State  code.  He  draughted  the  reso- 
lutions and  report  of  the  legisl.on  the  Va.  resolu- 
tions touching  the  Mo.  Compromise.  la  Apr. 
1832  he  removed  to  Boston,  where,  until  the  age 
of  70,  he  was  extensively  retained  in  important 
causes.  Ho  was  personally  little  known  out 
of  New  England ;  but  his  name  and  presence 
were  familiar  to  every  lawyer  of  his  own  and 
the  adjoining  States;  and  nothing  could  ex- 
ceed the  respect,  and  ahnost  terror,  that  was 
felt  at  the  bar  for  the  acuteness,  rapidity,  and 
vigor  of  his  mind.  Mr.  Webster  said  of  him, 
"  I  am  bound  to  say,  that  of  my  own  profes- 
sional discipline  and  attainments,  whatever 
they  may  be,  I  OAve  much  to  that  close  atten- 
tion to  the  discharge  of  my  duties,  which  I 
was  compelled  to  pay  for  9  successive  years, 
from  day  to  day,  by  Mr.  Mason's  elForts  and 
arguments  at  the  same  bar.  .  .  .  The  char- 
acteristics of  his  mind,  as  I  think,  were  real 
greatness,  strength,  and  sagaa'tg.  He  was  great 
through  strong  sense  and  sound  judgment." 

Mason,  Capt.  John,  founder  of  N.H.,  b. 
King's  Lynn,  Norfolk  Co.,  Eng. ;  d.  Lond. 
Dec.  1635.  Buried  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
Lond.  In  1610  he  had  charge  of  a  naval 
exped.  sent  by  Kin.g  James  to  subdue  a  re- 
hellion  in  the  Hebrides ;  in  1616  he  went  to 
Newfoundland  as  gov.,  surveyed  the  island,  and 
made  an  accurate  map  of  it,  which  was  pub. 
Lond.  1626.  He  also  ^vrote  a  description  of 
Newfoundland,  pub.  Edinb.  1620.  In  1617  he 
explored  the  coast  of  N.E. ;  Mar.  9, 1622,  he  ob- 
tained from  the  Great  Council  a  grant  of  a  tract 
of  land  on  the  scacoast  between  Naumkcag  and 
^leiTimack  Rivers,  called  Mariana;  Aug.  10, 


1622,  jointly  with  Sir  F.  Gorges,  he  procured 
a  patent  for  a  tract  of  land  on  the  seaeoast, 
between  the  Merrimack  and  Sagadahoc  Rivers, 
called  the  Province  oi  Maine;  early  in  1623 
he  sent  a  colony  to  settle  on  the  w.  banks  of 
the  Piscataqua  River,  the  beginning  of  the  first 
settlement  of  that  region.  Treas.  and  paym. 
of  the  king's  armies  during  the  war  with  Spain 
in  1624-9.  Nov.  7,  1629,  he  took  from  the 
council  for  N.E.  a  patent  for  a  tract  of  land  on 
the  seacoast,  between  the  Merrimack  and  the 
Piscataqua  Rivers,  called  New  Hampshire; 
and  Nov.  17,  1629,  took  with  Gorges  a  patent 
for  a  tract  embracing  Lake  Champlain  and 
the  country  thereabouts,  called  Laconia ;  in 
1630  he  sent  additional  colonists  to  the  Piscat- 
aqua; and,  in  the  autumn  of  1631,  Mason, 
Gorges,  and  othei-s  formed  a  partnership  in 
Lond.  for  the  purpose  of  trade  and  settlement 
there;  in  1632  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Great  Council  forN.E.,  and  soon  after  vice-pres. ; 
was  ab.  this  time  app.  capt.  of  the  South  Sea 
castle,  a  fortress  at  the  entrance  of  Portsm.  har- 
bor, Eng. ;  was  judge  of  the  courts  in  Hamp- 
shire in  1635;  was  a  commiss.  to  visit  annually 
all  the  forts  and  castles  in  Eng. ;  in  Oct.  he 
was  app.  vice-adm.  of  N.E.,  and,  while  prepar- 
ing to  come  hither  to  assume  the  duties  of  his 
office,  fell  sick  and  d.  Mason's  heirs  sold  their 
rights  to  the  province  of  N.H.  to  Samuel  Allen 
in  1691.  Col.  JoHX  Tufton  Mason,  a  lineal 
descendant,  sold  all  his  rights  (29  Jan.  1746)  for 
£1,500  to  12  gentlemen  of  Portsm.  known  as 
the  Masonian  proprietors.  —  C.  W.  Tattle's  Life 
of  Capt.  John  Mason  now  in  preparation. 

Mason,  Capt.  John,  soldier,  b.  Eng.  ab. 
1600;  d.  Norwich,  Ct.,  1672.  He  served  in 
the  Netherlands  under  Fairfax,  who  esteemed 
him  so  highly  as  to  invite  him  by  letter  to  join 
his  standard  in  the  civil  war.  Mason  was  one 
of  the  first  settlers  of  Dorchester  in  1630,  but 
removed  to  Windsor  ab.  1635.  In  May,  1637, 
he  led  a  force  of  90  whites,  and  several  hun- 
dred Indians,  under  Uncas  and  Miantonomoh, 
against  the  Pequot  fort  at  Mystic.  Attacking 
them  in  the  early  morning  of  the  26th,  they 
were  surprised:  an  entrance  was  effected;  a 
hand-to-hand  conflict  ensued;  the  torch  was  ap- 
plied ;  600  Indians  perished ;  and  the  strength 
of  this  formidable  tribe  was  broken.  Mason 
was  soon  after  app.  maj.-gen.  of  the  Ct.  forces, 
continuing  till  his  death;  was  a  magistrate 
from  1642  till  May,  1668,  and  dep.  gov.  from 
May,  1660,  till  May,  1670.  After  the  Pequot 
war  he  removed  to  Saybrook,  at  the  request  of 
its  settlers,  and  for  the  defence  of  the  Colony, 
whence,  in  1 659,  he  removed  to  Norwich.  Mason 
was  tall  and  portly,  equally  disting.  for  cour- 
age and  vigor.  At  the  request  of  the  Gen. 
Court,  he  drew  up  and  published  a  history  of 
the  Pequot  war,  reprinted  in  Increase  Mather's 
Relation  of  Troubles  by  the  Indians,  1677  ;  it 
was  also  repub.,  with  notes  by  Prince,  in  1736, 
12mo.  —  See  Life  by  Geo.  E.  Ellis,  in  Sparks's 
Amer.  Biog.,  new  ser.  iii. 

Mason,  John,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1786), 
Presb.  minister,  b.  Scotland,  1734;  d.  N.Y. 
Apr.  19,  1792.  At  the  age  of  24  he  taught 
logic  and  moral  philos.  in  the  theol.  sem.  of 
the  Antiburghers  at  Abernethy,  by  whom  he 
was  ordained;  and  took  the  pastoral  charge  of 


l^JLS 


605 


IM^S 


a  cong.  in  Cedar  St.,  New  York,  on  his  arrival 
in  1761.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  and 
accurate  and  mature  scholarship. 

Mason,  John  Mitchell,  D.D.  (U.  of  Pa. 
1804),  divine,  b.  N.Y.  Citv,  Mar.  19,  1770;  d. 
there  Dec.  26,  1829.  Col.  Coll.  1789.  Son 
of  the  preceding.  He  studied  at  the  U.  of 
Edinburgh,  but  was  recalled,  on  his  father's 
death  in  1792,  to  succeed  him  in  the  ministry. 
By  his  efforts  a  theol.  sem.  was  established  in 
N.Y.  in  1804,  of  which  he  was  app.  prof,  of 
theol.;  in  1806  he  projected  the  Christian's 
Magazine,  in  which  he  can-ied  on  a  contro- 
versy with  Bishop  Hobart.  Resigning  his  pas- 
toral charge  in  1810,  with  the  purpose  of 
forming  a  new  cong.,  he  preached  a  while  in 
a  Presb.  church-edifice,  and,  having  established 
more  intimate  relations  between  the  two  congs. 
than  were  b:lieved  by  some  to  be  authorized  by 
the  constitution  of  the  Associate  Ref.  Church, 
the  subject  was  brought  before  the  synod  at 
Phila.  in  1811,  and  occasioned  Dr.  M.ison's 
"  Plea  for  Sacramental  Communion  on  Catholic 
Principles."  Provost  of  Col.  Coll.  in  181 1-1 6 ; 
impaired  health  caused  him  to  visit  Europe, 
where  he  travelled  extensively;  returning  in 
1817,  he  was  from  1821  to  1824  pros,  of  Dick. 
Coll.;  in  1822  ho  connected  himself  with  the 
Presb.  Church.  He  was  celebrated  for  his 
eloquence.  A  collection  of  his  works  was 
edited  by  his  son.  Rev.  E.  Mason,  4  vols.  8vo, 
N.Y.  1832  and  1849.  His  orations  of  the 
most  general  interest  were  on  the  death  of 
Washington  and  of  Hamilton.  Memoirs,  with 
some  of  his  Correspondence,  was  pub.  by  his 
son-in-law,  J.  Van  Vechten,  D.D.,  2  vols.  8vo, 
1858. 

Mason,  John  Y.,  LL.D.  (U.  of  N.  C), 
statesman,  b.  Greensville,  Apr.  18,  1799;  d. 
Paris,  Oct.  3,  1859.  U.  of  N.C.  1816.  He 
adopted  the  profession  of  law ;  and  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  General  Assembly  10  years;  judge 
of  the  Dist.  Court  of  Va. ;  M.  C.  1831  to  1837 ; 
in  1837  he  was  app.  judge  of  the  U.S.  Court  for 
Va. ;  delegate  to  the  Const.  Convs.  of  1828  and 
1849 ;  a  member  of  Pres.  Tyler's  cabin-^t  as 
sec.  of  the  U.S.  navy  in  1844 ;  of  Pres.  Polk's, 
first  as  atty.-gen,  and,  secondly,  as  sec.  of  the 
navy,  1846-9;  and  was  app.  by  Pres.  Pierce, 
Jan.  22,  1854,  minister  to  France,  in  which 
position  he  remained  until  his  death. 

Mason,  Jonathan,  lawyer  and  statesman, 
b.  Boston,  Aug.  30,  1752;  d.  there  Nov.  1, 
1831.  N.J.  Coll.  1774.  Son  of  Dea.  Jonathan 
of  the  Old  South  Church.  Studied  law  under 
John  Adams,  and  became  an  atty.  in  1777.  He 
was  one  of  the  witnesses  of  the  Boston  Massacre, 
and  delivered  the  oratipn  Mar.  5,  1780.  He 
became  eminent  as  a  counsellor ;  and  member 
of  the  State  legisl. ;  in  1798  was  of  the  gov- 
ernor's council ;  was  U.S.  senator  in  1800-3  ; 
and  M.C.  in  1817-20  ;  in  the  senate  he  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  discussions,  and  es- 
pecially in  the  celebrated  debate  on  the  repeal 
of  the  judiciary  act  of  Feb.  13,  1801 ;  he  was  a 
firm  Federalist ;  was  disting.  for  great  energy 
of  character,  and  dignity  of  manners. 

Mason,  Lowell,  Mus.  Doc.  (U.  of  N.Y. 
1855),  musical  teacher  and  composer,  b.  Med- 
field,  Ms.,  Jan.  8, 1792.  He  commenced  teach- 
ing very  young ;  removed  to  Savannah,  Ga.,  in 


1812;  and  in  1821  pub.  the  "Boston  Handel 
and  Haydn  Collection  of  Church  Music ; "  ho 
removed  to  Boston  in  1827 ;  devoted  himself  to 
the  musical  instruction  of  children,  and  the 
introduction  of  vocal  music  into  the  public 
schools  ;  associating  himself  with  J.  G.  Webb, 
vocal  music  received  a  new  and  extraordinary 
impulse  in  Boston  and  throughout  New  Eng- 
land; the  Boston  Academy  of  Music  was 
established  ;  and  "  Teachers'  Institutes,"  for 
the  training  of  teachers  and  leaders  of  choirs, 
were  generally  established.  His  was  the  firat 
musical  degree  ever  conferred  by  an  Amer. 
coll.  He  has  been  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the 
Musical  Review  and  other  periodicals;  has 
pub.  many  juvenile  collections  of  music  and 
glee  books,  and  20  sacred  and  church  music 
books,  with  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Webb :  these 
works  contain  some  pieces  of  his  own  compo- 
sition. His  sons,  under  the  st^le  of  "Mason 
Brothers,"  carry  on  an  extensive  publishing- 
business  in  N.Y.  City. 

Mason,  Richard  B.,  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Va. ;  d.  Jetfcrson  Barracks,  Mo.,  July  25, 
1350.  Grandson  of  George  Mason.  Lieut. 
8th  Inf.  Sept.  2,  1817;  capt.  July,  1819;  in 
Black  Hawk's  war,  major  1st  Dragoons  Mar.  4, 
1833;  lieut.-col.  July  4,  1836;  col.  June  30, 
1 846 ;  com.  the  forces  in  Cal.,  and  ex  officio  gov., 
1847-8;  brev.  brig.-gen.  for  meritorious  con- 
duct in  Mexican  war,  May  30,  1848. 

Mason,  Stevens  Thomson,  son  of  Thom- 
son Mason,  patriot  and  senator,  b.  Stafford, 
Va.,  1760;  d.  Phila.  May  10,  1803.  Wm.  and 
Mary  Coll.  At  the  age  of  20  he  had  attained 
the  rank  of  col.  in  the  Revol.  army,  and  served 
with  distinction  near  the  close  of  the  war ;  he 
attained  the  rank  of  gen ;  Avas  a  member  of  the 
Va.  h.  of  burgesses ;  was  a  conspicuous  mem- 
ber of  the  convention  of  Va.  in  1788 ;  and  was 
a  U.S.  senator  from  1794  until  his  death.  He 
had  great  powers  of  oratory,  wit,  and  sarcasm, 
and  was  very  popular. 

Mason,  Stevens  Thompson,  a  pioneer 
statesman  of  Mich.,  b.  Loudon  Co.,  Va.,  1811 ; 
d.  N.Y.  Jan.  4, 1S43.  Grandson  of  S.  T. ;  only 
son  of  Gen.  John  T.  Mason  of  Ky.  Was 
app.  when  19  years  old  sec.  of  the  newly-or- 
ganized Terr,  of  Mich.,  performing  also  the 
responsible  duties  of  gov.  m  1834-5,  when  the 
Terr,  became  an  independent  State,  and  was 
adm.  into  the  Union.    He  was  gov.  in  1836-40. 

Mason,  Thomson,  jurist,  younger  bro.  of 
George,  b.  1730;  d.  1785.  He  studied  law  in 
the  Temple  at  London ;  settled  in  Loudon 
Co. ;  was  frequently  a  member  of  the  h.  of 
burgesses,  and  became  an  eminent  jurist.  In 
1774  he  pub.  a  series  of  masterly  papers,  in 
which  he  maintained  the  duty  of  open  resist- 
ance to  the  mother-country :  the  first  of  these 
papers  was  signed  "  A  British  American ; " 
the  others  appeared  under  his  own  name.  In 
1778  he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Supreme 
Court ;  and,  with  his  bro.,  was  nominated  by 
the  senate  to  revise  the  laws  of  Va. ;  member 
of  the  legisl.  in  1779  and  1783. 

Massasoit,  a  sachem  of  the  Wampano- 
ags;  d.  in  the  latter  part  of  1661,  a.  ab.  80. 
His  domain  extended  from  Cape  Cod  to  Narra- 
ganset  Bay ;  but  his  tribe,  supposed  to  have 
numbered  '30,000,  had,  just  before  the  landing 


M:i?LS 


606 


]VLA.T 


of  the  Pilgrims,  dwindled,  from  disease,  to  barely 
300.  March  16,  1621,  he  appeared  before  the 
infant  settlement  at  Plymouth,  with  60  of  his 
warriors,  armed  and  painted,  for  the  purpose 
of  forming  a  friendly  league  with  the  whites. 
Gov.  Carver,  in  behalf  of  the  Colony,  concluded 
with  the  Indians  a  treaty  of  peace,  kept  sa- 
credly for  50  years.  In  March,  1623,  he  was 
visited,  while  sick,  by  Edward  Winslow,  and, 
grateful  for  his  attentions,  revealed  a  plot  for 
the  destruction  of  the  Plymouth  settlers.  He 
resided  within  the  limits  of  Warren,  R.I.,  near 
a  spring  which  still  bears  his  name.  Roger 
Williams,  while  on  his  way  to  Providence,  was 
for  several  weeks  his  guest  at  this  place.  Mas- 
sasoit  was  just,  humane,  and  honest,  never 
breaking  his  word,  and  constantly  endeavoring 
to  imbue  his  people  with  a  love  of  peace. 
Morton,  in  his  "Memorial,"  says  he  was  "a 
portly  man  in  his  best  years,  grave  of  counte- 
nance, spare  of  speech."  His  second  son  Pom- 
etacom,  called  by  the  colonists  King  Philip, 
who  ultimately  became  sachem,  in  the  vain  en- 
deavor of  putting  a  stop  to  the  encroachments 
of  the  whites,  inaugurated  the  bloody  contest 
known  as  Philip's  War. 

Massie,  Gen.  Nathaniel,  b.  Goochland 
Co.,  Va.,  Dec.  28, 1763;  d.  Paint  Creek  Falls, 
O.,  Nov.  13,  1813.  Son  of  Maj.  Nathaniel,  a 
farmer.  He  entered  the  Revol.  army  at  the  age 
of  17;  afterwards  studied  surveying  ;  emigrat- 
ed to  the  West  in  the  fall  of  1783,  locating 
himself  in  Ky.,  but  removed  to  Manchester, 
Ohio,  in  1790,  pursuing  the  occupation  of  a 
surveyor.  In  1 796  he  laid  out  Cliillicothe  from 
his  own  land.  He  was  actively  engaged  in 
the  early  Indian  wars  of  the  North-west;  be- 
came col.  and  afterwards  gen.  of  the  militia  of 
O. ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  convention  for  fram- 
ing a  State  constitution  in  1802;  then  to  the 
senate,  of  which  he  was  chosen  speaker ;  and 
was  often  a  member  of  the  legisl. ;  a  candidate 
for  gov.  of  the  State  in  1807,  and  declared 
duly  elected,  but  he  immediately  resigned. 

Massey,  Rt.  Hon,  Eyre,  Lord  Clarina, 
a  Brit,  gen.,  b.  Ireland,  May  24,  1719;  d. 
May  17,  1804,  at  Bath.  He  entered  young 
into  the  service,  and  was  wounded  at  the  battle 
of  CuUoden  in  1745;  was  at  the  head  of  the 
grenadiers  who  stormed  and  took  the  Moro 
Castle,  Havana,  where  he  was  again  wound- 
ed; also  at  the  taking  of  Martinique.  He 
was  one  of  the  last  of  Wolfe's  companions  at 
Quebec;  captured  Fort  Oswegachie  in  Aug. 
1760;  and  was  a  brig.-gen.  during  the  Revol. 
war,  commanding  at  Halifax,  N.S. ;  made  an 
Irish  peer  Dec.  27,  1800. 

Masterman,  Stillman,  physicist,  b. 
Weld,  Me.,  28  Jan.  1831;  d.  there  19  July, 
1863.  With  but  a  scanty  education  he  applied 
all  his  leisure  to  acquisitions  in  natural  science 
while  working  on  a  farm.  His  "  Observations 
on  Thunder  and  Lightning,"  in  Smithsonian 
Reports  for  1855,  give  the  results  of  304  obser- 
vations in  1850-4.  He  was  an  accurate  and 
faithful  observer,  and  contrib.  nearly  20  papers 
to  the  Smithsonian  Reports,  the  Anier.  Journal 
of  Science,  and  the  Astronomical  Journal. 

Mather,  Cotton,  D.D.  (Glasg.  1710), 
F.R.S.,  the  most  noted  of  early  N.  Eng. 
divines;  b.  Boston,  Feb.   12,  1663;  d.  there 


Feb.  13,  1728.  Son  of  Increase  Mather,  and 
grandson  of  John  Cotton.  He  was  trained  for 
Harvard  by  the  learned  Ezekiel  Cheever,  and 
was  a  precocious  student,  graduating  in  1678 
with  extraordinary  proficiency.  Employed 
several  years  in  teaching;  ord.  minister  of  the 
North  Church  in  Boston,  as  colleague  with  his 
father,  May  13,  1684.  He  carried  the  doctrine 
of  special  providence  to  excess.  A  firm  be- 
liever in  witchcraft,  he  entered  vigorously 
upon  the  persecutions  of  his  day  in  N.  Eng.,  in 
which  he  was  chiefly  instrumental,  honestly  be- 
lieving he  was  doing  God  service  by  witch- 
hunting.  His  "  Memorable  Providences  relating 
to  Witchcraft  "app.  in  1689.  20 executions  took 
place  at  Salem  in  1692.  His  "  Wonders  of 
the  Invisible  World  "  (1692)  gives  an  account 
of  the  witchcraft  trials.  Even  after  the  publi- 
cation of  Robert  Calef  s  reply,  "  More  Wonders 
of  the  Invisible  World  "  (Lond.  1700J,  Mather 
made  no  retraction  of  his  former  judgments  or 
convictions.  In  other  respects,  the  memory 
of  Mather  deserves  to  be  held  in  esteem. 
When  the  new  discovery  of  inoculation  for 
the  small-pox,  which  he  was  the  first  to  in- 
troduce, came  up,  Mather  set  himself  against 
the  popular  outcry,  and  on  the  side  of  re- 
form. The  great  Franklin,  in  his  Autobiog- 
raphy, acknowledges  his  obligations  to  Dr. 
Mather's  "  Essays  to  Do  Good."  He  was  one 
of  the  first  to  employ  the  press  extensively  in 
the  dissemination  of  tracts  ;  he  early  lifted  his 
voice  in  favor  of  temperance;  he  preached  and 
wrote  for  sailors;  he  instructed  negroes  ;  and  he 
was  a  devoted  historiographer  of  his  country; 
besides  discharging  the  sacred  duties  of  his 
profession.  The  catalogue  of  his  printed 
works,  enumerated  by  his  son  Samuel  at  the 
close  of  his  Memoir  of  his  father,  numbers  382, 
bearing  date  from  1686  to  1727.  His  great 
work  is  the  "  Magnalia  Christi  Americana " 
(Lond.  fol.  1702).  The  2d  Amer.  ed.,  with 
introd.  and  notes  by  Rev.  Thos.  Robbins,  D.D., 
and  translations  of  the  quotations  by  L.  F. 
Robinson,  2  vols.  8vo,  1855,  contains  a  Me- 
moir of  Mather  by  S.  G.  Drake.  Among  his 
other  works  are  "  The  Christian  Philosopher," 
and  "  ThePsalterium  Americanum,"  1718,  an 
attempt  to  imp'-ove  the  careless  version  of  the 
Psalms  then  current,  by  a  translation  exactly 
conformed  to  the  original,  and  written  in  blank 
verse;  "Life  of  Increase  Mather,"  8vo,  1724; 
"  Mirabilia  Dei,"  1719 ;  "  Ratio  Disciplinm,"  and 
"  Directions  to  a  Candidate  for  the  Ministry," 
1726.  —  Dmjckinck  ;  Allibone. 

Mather,  Increase,  D.D.  (H.  U.  1692),  a 
learned  divine  and  author,  b.  Dorchester,  Ms., 
June  21, 1639  ;  d.  Aug.  23,  1723.  H.U.  1656  ; 
Dublin  U.  1658.  Son  of  Rev.  Richard.  He 
spent  some  years  in  Eng.,  a  part  of  the  time 
as  a  preacher,  and,  returning  to  Boston  ab. 
Sept.  1,  1661,  began  to  preach  at  the  North 
Church,  though  not  ord.  there  until  May  27, 
1664.  He  was  pres.  of  H.U.  from  June  11, 
1685,  to  Sept.  6, 1701.  A  member  of  the  syn- 
od of  1679  and  1680,  he  drew  up  the  result 
which  was  adopted.  He  was  the  first  upon 
whom  was  conferred  in  this  country  the  degree 
of  D.D. ;  Ue  strenuously  opposed  the  surrender 
of  the  charter  of  Ms. ;  went  to  Eng.  in  Apr. 
1688.  as  its  agent  for  redress  of  grievances; 


MLA.T 


607 


MLA^T 


and  returned  to  Boston,  May  14,  1692,  with  a 
new  charter,  which  gave  to  Mather  the  nomi- 
nation of  the  gov.,  lieiit.-gov.,  and  the  coun- 
cil. He  was  one  of  the  few  who  opposed  the 
violent  measures  toward  those  accused  of 
witchcraft  in  1692,  and  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
subject.  He  was  a  man  of  great  industry, 
learning,  and  usefulness.  His  wife  was  Maria, 
dau.  of  Rev.  John  Cotton.  Author  of  "  The 
History  of  the  War  with  the  Indians,"  1676  ; 
"  A  Relation  of  Troubles  of  N.E.  from  the 
Indians,"  1677  (both  repub.  with  notes  and 
introd.  by  S.  G.  Drake) ;  "  Cometographia,  or 
a  Discourse  concerning  Comets,"  1683  ;  "Re- 
markable Providences,"  1684  ;  "  Several  Pa- 
pers relating  to  the  State  of  N.E.,"  1690; 
*'  The  Revolution  Justified."  A  list  of  92  of  his 
pubs,  is  in  the  N.  E.  H.  and  G.  Reg.  ii.  pp.  23,  24. 

Mather,  Moses,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1791), 
clergyman,  a  descendant  of  Richard,  b.  Lvme, 
Ct.,  Feb.  23,  1719;  d.  Darien,  Ct.,  Sept.'  21, 
1806.  Y.  C.  1739.  14  June,  1744,  he  was  in- 
stalled over  the  Cong,  church  at  Darien,  Ct., 
where  he  remained  till  his  death.  He  warmly 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  Colonies  in  the 
Revolutionary  war;  and  was  twice  taken  by 
the  British  and  Tories,  carried  to  New  York, 
and  confined  in  the  Provost  Prison.  He  pub. 
a  Reply  to  Dr.  Bellamy  on  the  Half-way  Cove- 
nant ;  "  Infant  Baptism  Defended,"  1759 ;  and 
was  the  author  of  a  posthumous  work,  "  A 
Systematic  View  of  Divinity,"  12mo,  1813. 

Mather,  Richard,  minister  of  Dorches- 
ter, b.  Lowton,  Lancash.,  Eng.,  1596;  d.  Dor- 
chester, Ms.,  Apr.  22,  1669.  Son  of  Thomas. 
Adm.  a  student  at  Oxford  in  May,  1818,  but 
soon  after  became  the  minister  of  Toxteth, 
until  silenced  for  non-conformity  in  1634.  In 
May,  1635,  he  left  Eng.  ;  arrived  at  Boston 
Aug.  17  ;  and  was  settled,  Aug.  23,  1636,  over 
the  church  in  Dorchester,  where  he  spent  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  He  was  prominent  in 
every  synod  in  N.  E.  from  his  arrival  until  his 
death.  In  1646  he  assisted  Eliot  and  Welde 
in  making  the  N.  E.  version  of  the  Psalms. 
His  model  of  church-discipline  presented  to 
the  synod  of  1648  was  generally  adopted.  He 
pub.  in  1639  the  Discourse  about  the  Church 
Covenant,  and  the  Answer  to  32  Questions  ;  a 
treatise  of  Justification,  1652  ;  and  prepared  for 
the  press  an  elaborate  defence  of  the  churches  of 
N.  E.  His  son  Nathaniel,  minister  in  Lon- 
don, of  eminent  piety  and  learning,  b.  Lan- 
cashire, P^ng.,  20  Mar.  1630,  d.  London,  26 
July,  1697.  H.U.  1647.  —  See  Life  and  Death 
of  R.  M.,  bj/  Inc.  Mather,  4 to,  1670;  Journal 
{from  orig.  MS.  in  their  archives)  in  Colh.  Dorch. 
Ant  if/,  and  Hist.  Soc,  No.  3. 

Mather,  Samuel,  divine,  son  of  Richard, 
b.  Lancashire,  Eng.,  May  13,  1626  ;  d.  at  Dub- 
lin, Oct.  29,  1671.  H.  U.  1643.  He  came 
with  his  father  to  N.  E. ;  was  a  fellow  of  Harv. 
Coll.  ;  was  some  time  assist,  to  Rev.  Mr.  Rog- 
ers in  Rowley ;  and  was  pastor  of  the  Nortli 
Church,  Boston,  1649.  Returning  to  Eng.  in 
1650,  he  was  app.  chaplain  of  Magdalen  Coll., 
Oxford ;  preached  in  Scotland  and  Ireland  ; 
went  to  Dublin  in  1655;  and  was  senior  fel- 
low of  Trinity  Coll.,  Dublin,  and  minister  of 
the  Church  of  St.  Nicholas.  Soon  after  the 
Restoration,  he  was  suspended  on  a  charge  of 


sedition ;  he  was  then  minister  at  Burton 
Wood  until  ejected  in  16G2;  he  afterward 
gathered  a  church  at  his  own  house  in  Dublin, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  bro.  Nathaniel.  He 
held  the  first  rank  as  a  preacher.  He  pub.  ser- 
mons and  tracts ;  "  Old-Testament  Types  Ex- 
plained and  Improved,"  4to,  London,  1673  ; 
"  Life  of  Nathaniel  Mather ;  "  with  several  ser- 
mons, 1689. 

Mather,  Samuel,  D.D.  (H.U.  1773),  min- 
ister in  Boston,  son  of  Rev.  Cotton,  b.  Oct.  30, 
1706;  d.  June  27,  1785.  H.U.  1723.  Ord. 
colleague  with  Mr.  Gee,  June  21,  1732  ;  dism. 
Oct.  23.  1741.  A  church  was  built  for  him  in 
Bennet  St.  by  those  who  withdrew  with  him 
from  the  Old  North,  of  which  he  was  pastor 
till  his  death.  He  pub.  a  "Life  of  Cotton 
Mather,"  8vo,  1729;  "Essay  on  Gratitude," 
1732;  "An  Apology  for  the  Liberties  of  the 
Churches  in  N.  E.,"  Svo,  1738;  "America 
Known  to  the  Ancients,"  1773;  "The  Sacred 
Minister,"  a  poem  in  blank  verse,  1773;  and 
occasional  sermons. 

Mather,  William  Williams,  LL.D. 
(B.U.  1855),  geologist,  b.  Brooklyn,  Ct.,  May 
24,  1804;  d.  Columbus,  0.,  Feb.  27,  1859. 
West  Point,  1828.  Assist,  prof,  of  chemistry 
and  mineralogy  from  1829  to  1835;  1st  lieut. 
Dec.  1834;  and  resigned  31  Aug.  1836;  prof 
of  chemistry  of  the  La.  U.  1836  ;  geologist  of 
South-eastern  N.  Y.  1836-1844;  State  geolo- 
gist of  O.  1837-40,  and  of  Ky.  1838-9  ;  prof, 
of  natural  science  of  the  U.  of  O.  1842-5;  and  in 
1847-50  vice-pres.  and  acting  pres.  of  the  same. 
He  is  said  to  have  had  the  largest  and  best  col- 
lection of  minerals,  and  every  description  of 
geological  specimens,  in  the  West.  Author  of 
"Elements  of  Geology,"  1833;  with  others, 
"  Report  of  the  Geol.  Surv.  of  Ohio,"  8vo, 
1838;  "Geol.  of  N.Y."  1843;  also  of  the 
States  of  Ms.,  Ct.,  Pa.,  Ky.,  Mich.,  and  West- 
ern Territories ;  and  of  numerous  scientific 
papers.  Editor  of  Western  Agriculturist  1 85 1-2  ; 
member  of  many  scient.,  hist.,  and  lit.  associa- 
tions. 

Mathew,  Edward,  a  British  gen.,  b.  1 729 ; 
d.  Dec.  26,  1805,  at  Clanville  Lodge,  Hants, 
England.  Ensign  in  the  Coldstream  Guards 
in  1746;  capt.  and  licut.-col.  1762  ;  col.  March 
20,  1775;  and  March  28  aide-de-camp  to  the 
king.  He  Ciune  to  America  in  1776  in  com. 
of  a  brigade  of  the  Guards,  with  the  rank 
of  brig.-gen. ;  took  part  in  the  capture  of 
Fort  Washington,  Nov.  1776;  in  May,  1779, 
com.  the  party  sent  to  destroy  Gosport,  Va. ; 
and  after  his  return  accomp.  Clinton  up  the 
Hudson  when  Verplancks  and  Stony  Points 
were  captured.  In  Feb.  1779  he  was  app. 
maj.-gen. ;  became  col.  of  the  62d  Regt.  the 
same  year  ;  and  was  stationed  at  or  near  N.Y. 
in  1780,  in  which  year  he  returned  home.  He 
was  app.  com.-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  the  W. 
Indies  in  Nov.  1782;  in  1783  was  gov.-gen.  of 
Granada  and  the  southern  Caribbee  Islands; 
and  in  1797  became  a  general. 

Mathews,  Cornelius,  author  and  jour- 
nalist, b.  Port  Chester,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  28,  1817. 
U.  of  N.Y.  1835.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1837.  In 
1836  he  commenced  writing  in  prose  and  verse 
for  the  Amer.  Monthhj  Mag.,  the  N.  Y.  Revieiv, 
the  Knickerbocker  Mag.,  and  other  periodicals. 


]M^T 


608 


MLA.T 


He  pub.  "Behemoth"  in  1839;  "The  Politi- 
cians," a  comedy,  1840;  "  The  Career  of  Puffer 
Hopkins,"  1841 ;  "Poems  on  Man  in  the  Re- 
public," 1843;  "Big  Abel  and  Little  Manhat- 
tan," 1845;  "Witchcraft,"  a  tragedy,  1846; 
"Jacob  Leisler,"  a  play  produced  in  Phila. 
1848  ;  "Mony  Penny,  or  the  Heart  of  the 
World,"  1850;  "Chanticleer,  a  Thanksgiving 
Story  of  the  Peabody  Family ; "  "  Pen-and-ink 
Panorama  of  N.  Y.  City,"  1853;  "False  Pre- 
tences," a  comedy,  1856,  &c.  He  was  some  time 
associate  editor  of  Arcturus,  a  monthly  maga- 
zine; has  since  edited  various  journals,  and 
contrib.  largely  to  the  Literary  World  and  oth- 
er periodicals ;  and  has  been  an  active  advo- 
cate of  international  copyright.  His  writings, 
which  are  characterized  by  originality,  were 
pub.  in  N.Y.  8vo,  1843. 

Matthews,  George,  soldier  and  states- 
man, b.  Aug.  Co.,  Va.,  1739;  d.  Augusta, 
Ga.,  Aug.  30,  1812.  He  led  a  vol.  company 
against  the  Indians  at  the  age  of  22,  and  dis- 
ting.  himself  greatly  at  the  battle  of  Point 
Pleasant,  Oct.  10,  1774.  Col.  9th  Va.  regt.  in 
the  Revol.,  he  was  engaged  at  Brandywine  and 
at  Germantown,  where  he  was  made  prisoner, 
though  not  until  he  had  received  9  bayonet 
wounds.  Confined  on  board  a  prison-ship  in 
N.  Y.  harbor,  he  was  not  exchanged  until  Dec. 
5,  1781,  when  he  joined  Greene's  army  as  com. 
of  the  3d  Va.  Regt.  In  1785  he  removed  with 
his  family  to  a  tract  of  land  which  he  had  pur- 
chased on  Bi'oad  River,  Oglethorpe  Co.,  Ga. 
Of  this  State  he  was  gov.  in  1780  and  1793-6; 
M.C.  1789-91 ;  afterward  brig.-gen.  Ga.  mili- 
tia, he  was  authorized  by  the  pres.,  Jan.  26, 
1811,  to  take  possession  of  W.  Florida,  and,  in 
certain  contingencies,  of  E.  Florida,  and  cap- 
tured Amelia  Island. 

Mathews,  George,  jurist,  b.  near  Staun- 
ton, Va.,  Sept.  21,  1774;  d.  near  Bayou  Sara, 
La.,  Nov.  14,  1836.  Son  of  the  preceding. 
Studied  law  at  Liberty  Hall  Acad.,  Va.,.and 
was  in  1799  adm.  to  the  bar  of  Ga.  App.  in 
1 805  by  Jefferson  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court 
of  Mpi.  Terr.,  and  in  1806  of  the  Superior 
Co  rt  in  the  Terr,  of  Orleans;  he  was,  on  the 
organization  of  the  State  judiciary  of  La.,  app. 
pres.  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  which  post 
he  held  till  his  death. 

Matthews,  Johx,  gov.  of  S.C.  1782-3, 
and  one  of  the  most  active  and  influential  pro- 
moters of  the  Revol.  in  that  State ;  d.  Charles- 
ton, Nov.  1802,  a.  58.  He  was  the  first  speaker 
of  the  house  of  representatives  after  the  disso- 
lution of  the  royal  govt,  in  1776,  and  was  app. 
that  year  an  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  In  1778-82  he  was  a  delegate  to  Con- 
gress ;  and  was  one  of  the  com.  to  visit  the  ar- 
m^ ;  and  also  a  member  of  the  com.  to  confer 
with  the 'Pa.  line,  which  had  mutinied.  In 
1784,  on  the  establishment  of  the  Court  of 
Equity,  he  was  app.  one  of  the  judges. 

Matlack,  Col.  Timothy,  Revol.  patriot, 
b.  Haddonfield,  N.  J.,  1730;  d.  near  Holmes- 
burg,  Pa.,  Apr.  15,  1829.  One  of  the  Society 
of  Free  Quakers,  or,  as  they  were  usually 
called.  Fighting  Quakers.  He  was  among  the 
most  active  spirits  of  the  time ;  was  one  of  the 
gen.  com.  of  safety;  and,  as  col.  of  a  Pa.  bat- 
talion, did  good  service;  member  Old  Con- 


gress 1780-1.  He  was  many  years  "master  of 
the  rolls ; "  resided  at  Lancaster  a  long  time  ; 
and  was  afterward  j^rothonotary  of  one  of  the 
Phila.  courts.  He  lived  to  be  99,  and  retained 
his  faculties  in  a  remarkable  degree.  —  Simpson. 

Mattacks,  John,  gov.  of  Vt.  1843-4,  b. 
Hartford,  Ct.,  4  Mar.  1777;  d.  Peacham,  Vt., 
14  Aug.  1847.  His  father,  who  Avas  state  treas. 
of  Vt.  1786-1801,  settled  in  Tinmonth  about 
1778.  John  began  to  practise  law  at  Danville 
in  1797,  but  in  1798  removed  to  Peacham,  and 
practised  there  successfully  many  years.  Sev- 
eral years  in  the  logisl. ;  brig.-gen.  of  militia  in 
the  war  of  1812-15;  M.C.  1821-5  and  1841-3; 
judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  in  1833-4;  and  mem- 
ber Const.  Conv.  of  1835. 

Matteson,  Tompkins,  artist,  b.  Peterbor- 
ough, N.Y.,  May  9, 1813.  He  learned  the  rudi- 
ments of  his  art  from  an  Indian  famous  for  his 
carvings  and  drawings.  After  many  discour- 
agements, he  in  1839-42  painted  portraits  in 
Western  N.Y.  with  success.  He  acquired 
celebrity  by  his  "  Spirit  of  '76."  Settled  in 
New  York  in  1842,  and  in  1850  purchased  a 
home  at  Sherburne,  N.Y.  Among  his  pictures- 
are  "  The  Burning  of  Schenectady,"  "  First 
Sabbath  of  the  Pilgrims,"  "  Signing  the  Com- 
pact on  Board  the  Mayflower,"  "  Eliot 
preaching  to  the  Indians,"  "  First  Prayer  in 
Congress,"  "  A  Justice's  Court,"  "  Rip  Van 
Winkle's  Return  from  the  Mountains,"  &c. 
He  became  pres.  of  the  Chenango  Agric.  Soc. 
in  1855,  and  member  of  the  State  legislature. 
—  Tncherman. 

Matthias,  a  religious  impostor,  whose  real 
name  was  Robert  Matthews,  b.  Washington 
Co.,  N.Y.,  about  1790;  d.  in  Ark.  He  kept  a 
country  store,  but  failed  in  1816,  and  went  to 
N  Y.  City.  In  1827  he  removed  to  Albany, 
where  he  became  much  excited  by  the  preach- 
ing of  Messrs.  Ivirk  and  Finney.  He  became 
active  in  the  temperance  cause;  claimed  to  have 
received  a  revelation,  and  began  street-preach- 
ing. Failing  to  convert  Albany,  he  prophesied 
its  desti-uction,  and  fled  secretly  to  the  city  of 
N.Y.,  where  he  was  tried  and  acquitted  on  a 
chnrge  of  poisoning  a  wealthy  disciple,  in  whose 
family  he  lived ;  and,  his  impositions  having 
been  exposed,  he  soon  disappeared  from  public 
view.  —  Matthias  and  his  Impostures,  by  IV.  L. 
Stone,  N.Y.  1835. 

Mattison,  H.  B.,  artist  and  playwright ;  d. 
Bergen,  N.  J.,  28  Feb.  1871. 

Mattison,  Hiram,  D.D.,  Meth.  clergyman 
and  author,  b.  Oswego,  N.Y.,  1811 ;  d.  Jersey 
City,  Nov.  24,  1868.  Many  years  a  prof,  of 
math,  and  physics  in  the  Black-river  Inst. 
He  prepared  an  elementary  text-book  on  astron- 
omy, and  revised  Burritt's  "  Geography  of  the 
Heavens."  In  1850  he  became  a  minister  in 
N.Y.  City,  and  a  contrib.  to  the  National  Mag., 
in  which  he  zealously  attacked  Spiritualism. 
His  strong  antislavery  sentiments  led  him  to 
separate  himself  from  the  church  in  1860;  and 
he  had  a  large  church  holding  his  own  views 
in  Sixth  Avenue,  called  the  Trinity  Meth.  Ch. 
In  1865-7  he  preached  in  Jersey  City;  in  1867 
he  became  sec.  of  the  Amer.  and  Foreign  Christ. 
Union.  While  holding  this  position,  he  made 
a  most  forcible  onslaught  upon  Roman  Cathol- 
icism, and  pub.  a  small  vol.  upon  the  case  of 


IVU^T 


609 


l^U^TJ 


Marianne  Smith,  a  Methodist,  whose  father,  a 
Roman  Catholic,  had  caused  her  arrest  and  de- 
tention in  a  Magdalen  asylum  in  N.Y.  Asso- 
ciate editor  of  the  Northern  Independent,  Au- 
burn, N.Y.  Author  of  "  Essay  on  the  Trini- 
ty," «S:c. ;  "  Modem  Necromancy,  or  Pretended 
Intercourse  with  the  Dead,"  12mo,  1855. 

Mattoon,  Ebexezee,  Revol.  oflicer,  h. 
Amherst,  Ms.,  Aug.  19,  1755  ;  d.  there  Sept. 
11,1843.  Dartm.  Coll.  1776.  The  son  of  a 
farmer.  He  joined  the  array  in  Canada ;  was  a 
li  jut.  in  an  art.  comp.  at  the  battle  of  Bemis 
Heights,  Oct.  7,  1777  ;  left  the  service  with  the 
rank  of  major.  He  was  a  delegate  from  Am- 
herst to  2  conventions;  Avas  several  times  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  From  1797  to  1816, 
maj.-gen.  4th  division ;  adj.-gen.  of  the  State 
1816;  State  senator  1795-6  ;  20  years  shcrilF 
of  Hampshire;  M.C.  1801-3  ;  and  in  1820,  al- 
though blind,  was  a  member  of  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  He  commanded  the  A.  and  H.  Art. 
Company  in  1817.  Gen.  M.  was  a  scientific 
and  practical  farmer. 

Maturin,  Edwakd,  novelist  and  poet,  son 
of  the  celebrated  Irish  novelist  and  dramatist, 
Charles  Robert  Maturin ;  has  been  some  years 
a  resident  of  New  York.  He  has  pub.  "  Mon- 
tezuma, the  last  of  the  Aztecs  ;  "  "  Benjamin, 
the  Jew  of  Granada ; "  "  Eva,  or  the  Isles  of 
Life  and  Death,"  1848;  "Lyrics  of  Spain  and 
Erin,"  1850 ;  "  Bianca,"  a  passionate  story  of 
Italian  and  Irish  incidents,  1853;  "Melmoth, 
the  Wanderer ;  "  *'  Sejanus,  and  other  Roman 
Tales."  —  Duyckinck. 

Maude,  John,  of  Moor  House,  Yorkshire. 
Author  of  "  Visit  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara  in 
1800,  and  Tour  through  Canada,"  1826;  also 
"  Wensleydale,"  a  descriptive  poem  with  notes. 
Mauduit,  Israel,  a  political  writer,  b. 
Exeter,  Eng.,  1708;  d.  June  16,  1787.  His 
father,  a  dissenting  minister,  educated  him  for 
the  same  career ;  but  he  became  a  prosperous 
merchant,  and  partner  of  his  bro.  Jasper  in 
Lond.  In  1760  he  pub.  a  pamphlet,  entitled 
"  Considerations  on  the  Present  German  War." 
While  his  bro.  Jasper  was  agent  for  the  Prov. 
of  IVIs.  Bay  (1763-4),  he  managed  the  busi- 
ness of  the  agency.  In  1 765  he  was  app.  to 
the  customs  at  Southampton.  He  pub.  in 
1769  his  "Short  View  of  the  History  of  the 
N.E.  Colonies,"  and  "Short  View  of  the  Hist, 
of  Ms.  Bay,"  8vo,  1774  (2d  ed.);  "  The  Case 
of  the  Dissenting  Ministers,"  1774;  and  subse- 
quently wrote  several  able  pamphlets  in  refer- 
ence to  the  American  war,  in  which  he  treated 
with  particular  severity  Viscount  and  Sir  W. 
Howe. 

Mauduit  Duplessis,  Thomas  Antoine, 
Chev.  de,  a  disting.  French  soldier,  b.  Ilenne- 
bon,  France,  Sept.  12,  1753;  d.  St.  Domingo, 
Mar.  4, 1791.  Descended  from  a  family  noble, 
and  disting.  in  arms.  At  the  age  of  12  he  ran 
away  from  college  to  visit  the  fields  of  Mara- 
thon, Thennopylae,  &c.  On  returning  to  his 
parents,  he  presented,  in  excuse  for  his  conduct, 
the  plans,  drawn  by  his  own  hand,  of  the  most 
famous  places  which  he  had  visited.  In  1 779  he 
was  capt.  in  the  art.  regt.  of  Toul.  He  served  in 
America,  attaining,  by  his  talents  and  courage, 
marks  of  particular  consideration.  As  vol. 
aide  to  Gen.  Knox,  and  as  engineer  and  officer 


of  art.,  he  was  of  great  service  both  in  construct- 
ing and  defending  Fort  Mercer  at  Red  Bank. 
He  displayed  great  bravery  at  the  battles  of 
Brandywine  and  Germantown ;  made  lieut.- 
col.  Nov.  20,  1777 ;  at  Monmouth  he  served 
the  art.  of  Greene's  division  with  skill  and 
success,  and  was  disting.  at  Yorktown.  After 
his  return  to  France,  he  became,  in  1777,  col. 
of  the  regt.  of  Port-au-Prinee,  which  was  sta- 
tioned at  St.  Domingo ;  where  the  brave  Mau- 
duit, inflexible  in  his  opposition  to  the  revol. 
spirit  which  began  to  manifest  itself  in  their 
midst,  finally  fell  a  sacrifice  to  their  fury. 

Maur epas  ( mor  '-pa ' ) ,  Jean  Fred.  Phely- 
TEAux,  Count  de,  French  statesman,  b.  Ver- 
sailles, 1701  ;  d.  Nov.  1781.  Grandson  of  the 
Chancellor  Pontchartrain.  He  became  minis- 
ter of  marine  in  1725;  app.  minister  of  state 
in  1 738 ;  and  removed  in  1 749  for  an  epigram 
on  Mme.  Pompadour.  Recalled  in  1774,  and 
made  pres.  of  the  council,  he  restored  the  ex- 
iled parliaments;  called  Turgot  and  Nccker 
successively  into  the  ministry ;  and  was  instm- 
mental  in  bringing  about  the  treaty  of  alliance 
with  the  U.S.  in  1778. 

Maury,  Ann,  dau.  of  James  (U.S.  consul 
at  Liverpool  1789-1837),  b.  Liverpool,  Eng., 
1803.  A  descendant  of  Rev.  James  Fontaine, 
whose  Autobiography,  with  an  account  of  his 
descendants,  under  the  title  of  "  Memoirs  of  a 
Huguenot  Family,"  she  pub.  N.Y.  1854,  12mo. 
Maury,  Dabney  H.,  gen.  Confcd.  service, 
b.  Va.  ab.  1824.  West  Point,  1846.  Enter- 
ing the  Mounted  Rifles,  ho  was  brev.  for  Cerro 
Gordo,  where  he  was  severely  wounded  18  Apr. 
1847;  assist,  prof,  geog.,  hist.,  and  ethics, 
at  West  Point,  1847-50,  and  of  inf.  tactics 
1850-2 ;  assist,  adj.-gen.  (brev.  capt.)  17  Apr. 
1860;  dism.  the  army  25  June,  1861.  Joining 
the  confcds.,  he  attained  the  rank  of  maj.-gen., 
and  com.  the  defences  of  Mobile,  which  place 
was  captured  by  Gen.  Canby  10  Apr.  1865. 
Author  of  "Skirmish  Drill  for  Mounted 
Troops,"  1859. 

Maury,  Matthew  Fontaine,  LL.D., 
naval  officer  and  hydrographer,  b.  Spottsylvania 
Co.,  Va.,  Jan.  14, 1 806.  While  he  was  young, 
bis  parents  removed  to  Tenn.  Midshipm.  Feb. 
1, 1825  ;  and,  while  circumnavigating  the  globe 
in  "  The  Vincennes,"  began  his  treatise  on 
"Navigation."  Lieut.  June  10, 1836.  Inl839 
he  met  with  an  accident,  which  resulted  in  per- 
manent lameness,  and  unfitted  him  for  active 
service  afloat.  While  confined  from  this  cause, 
he  amused  himself  by  writing  a  series  of  ar- 
ticles on  various  abuses  in  the  navy,  pub.  in  the 
South.  Lit.  Messenger,  entitled  "  Scraps  from 
the  Lucky  Bag,  by  Harry  Bluff."  He  was  then 
placed  in  charge  of  the  hydrographical  office ; 
and,  on  its  union  with  the  naval  observatory  in 
1844,  he  became  superintendent.  He  inves- 
tigated the  physical  geog.  of  the  sea,  and  gath- 
ered many  observations  of  the  ocean  winds  and 
currents  from  the  records  of  naval  and  merchant 
vessels.  In  1844  Lieut.  Maury's  paper  respect- 
ing the  Gulf  Stream,  ocean-currents,  and  great 
circle  sailing,  was  read  before  the  National  In- 
stitute, and  printed  in  the  South.  Lit.  Messenger. 
The  principal  results  of  his  researches  are  em- 
bodied in  the  wind  and  current  charts  and  the 
sailing-directions  pub.  by  the  observatory  for 


MLA.TJ 


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general  distribution  among  mariners,  and  in 
"  Physical  Geography  of  the  Sea  "  (N.Y.  1855). 
In  1855  he  was  made  commander,  and  in  1861 
threw  up  his  appointments,  and  joined  in  the 
Rebellion.  Res.  the  pres.  of  the  U.  of  Ala.  in 
1871.  Member  of  the  principal  scientific  as- 
sociations of  America  and  Europe ;  from  whom, 
as  well  as  from  foreign  govts.,  he  has  received 
disting.  honors.  He  has,  beside  the  above,  pub. 
"  Letters  on  the  Amazon,  and  the  Atlantic 
Slopes  of  S.  America ;  "  "  Relation  between 
Navigation  and  the  Circulation  of  the  Atmos- 
phere ;  "  "  Astronomical  Observations,"  1853  ; 
and  also  several  addresses  before  lit.  and  scien- 
tific bodies. 

Maury,  Sakah  Mttton,  dau.  of  James, 
b.  Liverpool ;  d.  Va.  1848.  She  possessed  rare 
talents  and  remarkable  conversational  powers. 
Author  of  "Statesmen  of  America  in  1846," 
Lond.  8vo,  1847;  "Progress  of  the  Catholic 
Church  in  America,"  1847;  "An  Englishwo- 
man in  America,"  8vo,  1848.  —  Allihone. 

Maverick,  Samuel,  an  early  settler  of 
Ms.,  b.  Eng.  ab.  1602;  d.  N.Y.  after  1667. 
Son  of  Rev.  John  of  Dorchester.  He  settled 
as  early  as  1629  at  Noddle's  Island  (now  East 
Boston),  of  which  he  received  a  grant  from  the 
Gen.  Court,  Apr.  1,  1633.  He  was  a  zealous 
Episcopalian,  and,  having  suffered  much  per- 
secution on  this  account,  went  to  Eng.  to  com- 
plain to  the  king;  and  Apr.  23, 1664,  was  app. 
by  Charles  I.  one  of  the  four  commissioners 
for  the  settlement  of  difficulties  with  the  N.E. 
Colonies,  and  also  to  "  reduce  the  Dutch  at 
the  Manhadoes."  The  commissioners  were  un- 
successful in  Ms. ;  and  Maverick,  ab.  1665,  took 
up  his  abode  in  N.Y.  —  Sumner's  East  Boston. 

Maxcy,  Jonathan,  D.  D.  (H.  U.  1801), 
an  eloquent  clergyman,  b.  Attleborough,  Ms., 
Sept.  2, 1768;  d.  Columbia,  S.C,  June  4, 1820. 
B.U.  1787.  Tutor  there  1787-91.  Ord.  pastor 
of  the  First  Baptist  Church  in  Providence, 
Sept.  8,  1791 ;  and  in  the  same  jear  he  was 
elected  prof,  of  divinity  in  B.U.,  and  in  Sept. 
1792  he  was  app.  pres.  Under  him  the  college 
acquired  a  high  reputation  for  belles-lettres 
and  eloquence.  In  1802  he  accepted  the  pre- 
idency  of  Un.  Coll.,  Schenectady;  in  1804 
he  accepted  the  presidency  of  Col.  Coll.,  S.C, 
where  he  continued  until  his  death.  He  m.  a 
dau.  of  Com.  Hopkins  of  Providence.  Dr. 
Maxcy  was  well  versed  in  philology,  criticism, 
metaphysics,  logic,  politics,  morals,  and  philos- 
ophy. He  pub.  15  sermons,  5  baccalaureate 
addresses,  3  orations,  and  an  introductory  lec- 
ture to  a  course  on  the  philos.  principles  of 
rhetoric  and  criticism.  The  most  celebrated 
of  his  pubs,  was  his  sermons  on  the  Existence 
of  God,  which  passed  through  many  editions. 
His  writings  were  collected  and  pub.  with  a 
Memoir  by  Rev.  Romeo  Elton,  D.D.,8vo,  1844. 

Maxcy,  Virgil,  lawyer  and  politician, 
bro.  of  the  preceding,  b.  Attleborough,  Ms. ; 
killed,  Feb.  28, 1844,  on  board  the  U.S.  steamer 
"  Princeton,"  by  the  explosion  of  one  of  her 
guns.  He  studied  law  with  R.  G.  Harper  of 
Md.,  and  settled  in  that  State,  where  he  soon 
became  eminent  in  the  profession.  He  disting. 
himself  in  both  houses  of  the  State  legisl.,  as 
solicitor  of  the  U.  S.  treasury,  and  as  charge 
d'a^'aires  to  Belgium.     He  pub.  "  Compilation 


of  the  Laws  of  Md.  from  1692  to  1809,"  4  voVs. 
8vo,  1809;  "Oration  before  the  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  Society,"  1833. 

Maximilian,  Ferdinand  Joseph,  arch- 
duke of  Austria,  and  emperor  of  Mexico,  b. 
Schonbrun,  July  6,  1832;. shot  at  Queretaro 
19  June,  1867.  He  was  educated  at  Vienna; 
served  in  the  Austrian  navy ;  was  viceroy  of 
Lombardy  and  Venice  in  1857-9  ;  and  in  Aug. 
1863  was  offered  the  crown  of  Mexico  by 
Napoleon  III.,  which  he  accepted  Apr.  10, 
1864,  and  landed  at  Vera  Cruz  28  May.  After 
3  years  of  war,  and  the  withdrawal  of  the 
French  forces,  which  had  assisted  to  place  him 
in  power,  he  was  defeated,  and  captured  at 
Queretaro,  May  15,  1867.  He  was  shot  in  re- 
taliation for  his  order,  declaring  the  republican 
pres.  Juarez,  and  his  supporters,  bandits  and 
outlaws.  July  27, 1859,  he  m.  Maria  Carlotta, 
dau.  of  Leopold  I.,  king  of  the  Belgians. 

Maxwell,  Col.  Hugh,  Revol.  oflScer,  b. 
Ireland,  Apr.  27, 1733  ;  d.  on  the  return  voyage 
from  the  W.  Indies,  Oct.  14,  1799.  His  father, 
also  named  Hugh,  emigrated  to  N.  Eng.  in  1 733. 
Col.  M.  served  5  campaigns  in  the  old  French 
wars ;  was  taken  at  Fort  Edward,  and  barely 
escaped  with  his  life.  In  1773  he  removed  to 
Charleraont,  now  Heath,  Ms.  A  lieut.  at 
Bunker's  Hill,  and  wounded  there ;  maj.  in 
Bailey's  regt.  July,  '77,  and  at  the  battle  of  Sar- 
atoga ;  and  was  a  lieut.-col.  at  the  close  of  the 
war.  His  brother,  Thompson  Maxw^ell,  b. 
Bedford,  Ms.,  1742,  d.  1835.  He  was  a  Ranger 
in  the  French  war,  1758-63;  assisted  in  de- 
stroying the  tea  in  Boston  harbor  in  1773; 
fought  at  Bunker's  Hill  and  Three  Rivers; 
was  a  member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv. ;  re- 
moved to  Miami  Co.,  O.,  in  1800;  served  under 
Col.  Miller  in  1812;  was  a  prisoner  during  the 
war  of  1812-15,  and  in  1814  deputy  barrack- 
master. 

Maxwell,  William,  brig.-gen.  Revol. 
army,  b.  N.  Jersey  ;  d.  Nov.  12,  1798.  App. 
col.  of  the  2d  N.J,  batt.  Nov.  7,  1775,  with 
which  he  served  in  the  disastrous  campaign  of 
1776  in  Canada;  and  he  was  one  of  the  re- 
monstrants against  the  decision  of  the  council 
of  officers,  held  July  7  in  that  year,  to  abandon 
Crown  Point.  It  appears  by  his  memorial  to 
Congress,  Aug.  28, 1776,  he  had  been  in  "con- 
stant service  in  the  army  fifteen  years,  since  the 
spring  of  1758  ;  had  served  his  country  to  the 
utmost  of  his  power,  and  hopes  with  some 
good  effect,  which  he  can  make  appear  if  re- 
quisite ;  notwithstanding  he  finds  himself  much 
aggrieved  by  having  a  younger  officer,  St. 
Clair,  promoted  over  him."  Congress  app. 
him  brig.-gen.  Oct.  23,  1776.  He  com.  the 
N.J.  brigade  at  Brandywine  and  Gerraantown  ; 
harassed  the  enemy  on  their  retreat  through 
N.J.  after  the  evacuation  of  Phila. ;  sustained 
an  important  part  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth  ; 
and  in  Aug.  1779  was  in  Sullivan's  expcd. 
against  the  Indians.  Soon  after  the  action  at 
Springfield,  June  22,  1780,  he  resigned. 

Maxwell,  William,  LL.D.,  pres.  Ilamp. 
Sid,  Coll.  1838-44,  b.  Norfolk,  Va.,  Feb.  27, 
1784;  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  Jan.  9,  1857.  Y.C. 
1802.  He  studied  law ;  practised  in  Norfolk,  Va., 
and  atti\ined  great  eminence  ;  acted  as  literary 
editor  of  the  N.  Y.  Journal  of  Commerce  in  1827  ; 


]VLA.Y 


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resumed  practice  in  1828;  was  a  member  of 
the  Va.  h.  of  delegates  in  1830,  and  of  the 
State  senate  1831-7  ;  sec.  of  the  Hist,  Society 
of  Va. ;  and  edited  the  Va.  Historical  Register 
in  that  State  in  1848-53,  6  vols,  in  3,  12mo. 
Author  of  Memoir  of  Rev.  John  H.  Rice, 
D.D.,  12mo,  Phila.  1835. 

May,  Frederick,  M.D.  (H.U.  1811), 
physician,  b.  Boston,  Ms.,  Nov.  16,  1773;  d. 
Washington,  Jan.  23,  1847.  H.U.  1792.  Eld- 
est son  of  Col.  John,  a  disting.  merchant 
of  Boston,  and  one  of  the  "Indians"  who 
threw  the  tea  into  the  harbor.  He  stud- 
ied medicine  under  Dr.  John  Warren ;  re- 
moved to  Washington,  D.C.,  in  1795  ;  and  was 
the  physician  and  surgeon  of  Washington,  as 
well  as  of  the  other  disting.  men  of  the  vicinity. 
Prof,  of  obstetrics  in  Col.  Coll.  from  1823  to 
1839 ;  and  was  at  the  time  of  his  death  pres.  of 
the  D.C.  Med.  Society,  as  well  as  of  the  Med.  As- 
sociation of  Washington.  Father  of  Henry, 
M.C.  of  Baltimore  1853-5,  and  Col.  Charles 
A.,  a  disting.  cavalry-ofBcer  in  the  Mexican 
war  (b.  1818,  d.  N.Y.  City  24  Dec.  1864). 

May,  Rev.  Samuel  Joseph,  philanthro- 
pist, b.  Boston,  Sept.  15,  1797;  d.  Syracuse, 
N.Y.,  July  1,1871.  H.U.  1817.  After  preaching 
some  years  as  a  Unitarian  minister  at  Brook- 
lyn, Ct.,  he  became  gen.  agent  of  the  Ms.  Anti- 
slavery  Society ;  was  afterward  pastor  in  So. 
Scituate,  Ms. ;  was  principal  of  the  Lexington 
Normal  School  in  1842-5;  and  settled  in  the 
Unit,  ministry  at  Syracuse  in  1845,  remaining 
until  1 868.  He  devoted  his  energies  especially  to 
the  antislavery  cause  for  many  years ;  having 
been  one  of  the  first  members  of  the  N.E.  Soc. 
in  1832,  and  a  member  of  the  Phila.  con  v.  of 
1833,  which  formed  the  Amer.  Antislavery 
Soc.  Author  of  "  Recollections  of  our  Anti- 
slavery  Conflict,"  1869. 

Mayer,  Brantz,  lawyer  and  author,  b. 
Baltimore,  Sept.  27,  1809."  Educated  at  St. 
Mary's  Coll.,  Baltimore.  He  visited  Java, 
Sumatra,  and  China,  returning  in  1828  ;  and 
practised  law  from  1832  to  1841,  when  he  was 
app.  sec.  of  legation  to  Mexico,  remaining  one 
year.  He  has  since  edited  the  Baltimore  Amer- 
ican ;  in  1844  pub.  "  Mexico  as  it  Was  and  as 
it  Is  ;  "  "  Mexico,  Aztec,  Spanish,  and  Republi- 
can," 2  vols.  8vo,  1851;  "Captain  Canot,  or 
20  Years  of  an  African  Slaver,"  1854;  "Ob- 
servations on  Mexican  History  and  Archaeolo- 
gy," pub.  in  the  Smithsonian  "  Contributions 
to  Knowledge,"  1856;  and  "Mexican  Anti- 
quities," Phila.  1 858.  His  occasional  addresses 
are  numerous  ;  and  he  has  contrib.  to  the  Md. 
Hist.  Society,  of  which  he  was  corresp.  see.  and 
a  liberal  benefactor, '*  The  Journal  of  Charles 
Carroll  during  his  Mission  to  Canada,"  and 
"  Tah-gah-jute,  or  Logan  and  Captain  Michael 
Cresap,"  &c.,  8vo,  1851. 

Mayhew,  Expedience,  minister  of  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard,  b.  Jan.  27,  1673;  d.  Nov.  29, 
1758.  Eldest  son  of  Rev.  John,  and  grandson 
of  Rev.  Thomas,  he  succeeded  them  as  an  In- 
dutn  preacher  in  March,  1694.  Familiar  with 
the  Ind.  language,  he  was  employed  by  the 
Society  for  propagating  the  Gospel  in  N.E.  to 
make  a  new  version  of  the  Psalms,  and  of 
John,  which  he  did  in  17.09.  He  pub.  in  8vo, 
1727,  "Indian  Converts,"  being  lives  of  30  In- 


dian ministers  and  80  other  pious  Indians  ; 
also  "Grace  Defended,"  8vo,  1744.  His  son 
Zachariah  was  Indian  missionary  at  M.V. 
from  Dec.  10,  1767,  to  his  d.  March  6,  1806. 
He  received  literary  honors  from  H.U.  1720. 

Mayhew,  Ira,  educator,  b.  Ellisburg, 
N.Y.,  1814.  Prominent  in  the  cause  of  educa- 
tion in  the  West,  and  repeatedly  superint.  of 
public  instruction  in  Michigan.  Author  of 
"  Treatise  on  Popular  Education,"  N.Y.  1850 ; 
"  Practical  Svstem  of  Book-Keeping,"  Phila. 
1851. 

Mayhew,  Jonathan,  D.D.  (Aberd.  1749), 
minister  of  the  West  Church,  Boston,  from 
June  17,  1747,  to  his  d.  July  9,  1766  ;  b.  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard,  Oct.  8,  1720.  H.U.  1744. 
Son  of  Experience  M.  He  possessed  great 
abilities  and  learning;  was  a  writer  of  superior 
power,  and  corresp.  with  Lardner,  Benson, 
Kippis,  Blackburne,  and  Hollis.  In  1763  he 
had  a  warm  controversy  with  Mr.  Apthorpe, 
the  Episcopal  missionary  in  Boston.  He  was 
a  man  of  independent  views,  inclined  in  his 
theological  opinions  to  Unitarianism ;  a  sin- 
cere friend  of  civil  and  religious  liberty;  the 
associate  of  Otis  and  other  patriots  of  the  day  ; 
and  largely  influenced  the  Revol.  tendencies  of 
the  people.  He  pub.  many  occasional  sermons, 
"  Thanksgiving  Sermon  for  the  Repeal  of  the 
Stamp  Act,"  1766  ;  "Discourses  on  the  Earth- 
quakes "  in  Nov.  1755,  Boston,  8vo,  1760; 
and  in  1749,  in  8vo,  "Seven  Sermons."  His 
writings,  with  a  Memoir,  were  pub.  by  Alden 
Bradford,  8vo,  Boston,  1838. 

Mayhew,  Thomas,  gov.  of  Martha's 
Vineyard  and  the  adjacent  islands,  b.  Eng. 
1592';  d.  Mar.  1682,  a.  90,  wanting  6  days. 
He  had  been  a  merchant  in  Southampton, 
Eng.;  came  to  N.E.  in  1631;  resided  in  Wa- 
tertown,  Ms.,  in  1636;  obtained  of  the  agent 
of  Lord  Stirling  in  Oct.  1641  a  grant  of  lands, 
and  in  1647  began  a  settlement  at  Edgartown. 
He  aided  his  son  in  converting  the  Indians. 
Having  proved  himself  their  father  and  friend, 
they  were  exceedingly  attached  to  him.  At 
the  age  of  70,  after  the  death  of  his  son,  he 
preached  to  the  natives  as  well  as  to  the  Eng- 
lish. During  Philip's  war  in  1675-6,  these 
Indians  kept  aloof  from  the  conflict,  and 
guarded  their  friend. 

Mayhew,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
first  minister  of  Martha's  Vineyard ;  d.  Nov. 
1657,  a.  36.  In  1642  he  accomp'.  his  father  to 
that  island,  and  preached  to  the  whites;  and  in 
1646  began  to  preach  to  the  Indians,  whose 
language  he  acquired.  So  earnest  were  his  la- 
bors, that  in  1650  he  had  100  converts.  He 
sailed  for  Eng.  in  Nov.  1657  to  obtain  aid 
from  the  Society  for  propagating  the  Gospel ; 
but  the  vessel  was  lost  at  sea.  He  was  liber- 
ally educated.  Four  of  his  letters  respecting 
the  progress  of  the  gospel  were  pub.  in  Lon- 
don. Matthew  his  son  succeeded  to  the 
govt,  of  the  island  in  1681;  also  preached  to 
the  Indians,  and  d.  1710.  His  grandson  Dr. 
Matthew,  a  man  of  wit  and  of  uncommon 
powers  of  mind,  d.  before  1815,  a.  85. 

Maylem,  John,  poet  of  Boston,  b.  1691 ; 
d.  Newport,  R.L  H.U.  1715.  In  1758  was 
pub.  two  poems,  "The  Conquest  of  Louis- 
burg,**  and  "  Gallic  Perfidy."    He  affixes  to 


MLA^Y 


612 


AIEA. 


his  name  on  the  titlepages  "Philo-Bcllum." 
He  was  for  a  while  a  resident  of  Halifax,  N.S. ; 
the  date  of  his  d.  usually  given  (1742)  is  too 
early,  as  the  capture  of  Louisburg  occurred 
in  1745. 

Mayo,  Amoky  Dwight,  clergyman  and 
author,  b.  Warwick,  Ms.,  Jan.  31, 1823.  While 
young  he  kept  in  his  father's  store,  teaching 
school  in  the  winter ;  at  20  he  entered  Amh. 
Coll.,  and,  after  studying  theology  under  Dr. 
Hosea  Ballou,  was  ord.  in  July,  1846,  and 
settled  at  Gloucester,  Ms.,  over  the  Independent 
Christian  Church ;  after  a  ministry  of  8  years, 
he  removed  to  Cleveland,  0.,  and  preached  ono 
year  to  the  Cong.  Society  of  Liberal  Christians ; 
m  1855  he  took  charge  of  the  First  Cong.  Unit. 
Society  of  Albanv,  and  is  now  pstorin  Cincin. 
He  has  pub.  "The  Balance,'^  Boston,  1847; 
"  Graces  and  Powers  of  the  Christian  Life," 
1852 ;  "  Symbols  of  the  Capital,"  N.Y.^  1859  ; 
and  a  selection  from  the  writings  of  his  wife, 
Mrs.  S.  C.  Mayo,  with  a  Memoir,  Boston,  1849. 
Some  of  his  later  works  have  appeared  in  the 
Albany  serial  "  Tracts  for  the  Times."  He  has 
contrib.  to  the  Universalist  Quarterly,  and  to 
various  newspapers. 

Mayo,  Mrs.  Saeah  C.  Edgarton,  b. 
Shirley,  Ms.,  1819;  d.  1848;  m.  Rev.  A.  D. 
Mayo,  1846.  She  edited  for  9  years  the  Rose 
of  Sharon,  an  annual ;  also  edited  the  Ladies' 
'Repository ;  contrib.  prose  and  verse  to  it  and 
to  the  Knickerbocker  Mag.  and  other  periodicals. 
Author  of"  The  Palfreys,"  "Ellen  Clifibrd," 
"Memoirs  and  Poems  of  Mrs.  J.  H.  Scott," 
"  The  Poetry  of  Women,"  "  Flower  Vase," 
"Spring  Flowers,"  "Fables  of  Flora," 
"Floral  Fortune-Teller."  —  See  Selections  from 
her  Writings,  with  a  Memoir  by  her  Husband, 
12mo,  1849;  Allibone. 

Mayo,WiLLiAM  Staebuck,  M.D.,  author, 
b.  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  Apr.  20, 1812.  His  ances- 
tor. Rev.  John,  was  of  an  Eng.  family ;  came 
to  N.  E.  in  1630,  and  was  the  first  pastor  of 
the  North  Church,  Boston  ;  ord.  Nov.  9, 1655 ; 
dism.  Apr.  15,  1662.  Wm.  S.  received  a  good 
classical  education  at  the  acad.  of  Potsdam, 
and  at  17  began  to  study  medicine  at  the  Coll. 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  N.  Y.  City ;  he 
received  his  diploma  in  1833;  practised  his 
profession  several  years ;  and  travelled  through 
the  Barbary  States  and  Spain.  In  1849  he 
pub.  "  Kaloolah,"  the  most  popular  of  his 
productions,  narrating  imaginary  adventures 
m  Africa  ;  in  1850  "  The  Berber,  or  the  Moun- 
taineer of  the  Atlas  ; "  and  "  Romance  Dust 
from  the  Historic  Placer."  He  resides  in  New 
York.  —  Duyckinck. 

Mazzeij  Philip,  author,  h.  Tuscany,  1730; 
d.  Pisa,  March  19,  1816.  He  studied  physic; 
practised  a  while  at  Smyrna;  and  from  1755 
t  »  1783  was  in  London,  engaged  in  commercial 
business;  he  came  to  America  in  Dec.  1773, 
-;fith  a  few  of  his  countrymen,  for  the  purpose 
of  introducing  into  Va.  the  culture  of  the 
grape,  the  olive,  and  other  fruits  of  Italy ;  he 
took  an  active  part  in  support  of  our  independ- 
ence, and  was  the  friend  and  corresp.  of  Jeffer- 
son ;  in  1783  he  returned  to  Europe  on  a  secret 
mission  from  the  State  of  Va. ;  revisited  the 
U.S.  in  1785;  and  in  1788  wTote  in  Paris  his 
"  R^h'rches    Ilistoriqiies  et    Politiques   sur  les 


Etats-Unis  de  I  'Amerique  Septentrionale,'*  in  4 
vols.,  which  has  never  been  translated.  Ho  was 
subsequently  privy  councillor  of  the  King  of 
Poland  until  1792  ;  and  in  1802  received  a  pen- 
sion from  the  Emperor  Alexander  of  Russia ; 
he  was  a  zealous  republican,  and  an  enemy  to 
intolerance  in  Church  and  State.  —  See  Memorie 
della  Vita  di,  2  vols.  1845. 

Meacham,  James,  clergyman  and  scholar, 
b.  Rutland,  Vt.,  1810;  d.  Middlcbury,  Vt., 
Aug.  22, 1856.  Midd.  Coll.  1832.  He  was  tu- 
tor  there ;  studied  theol. ;  was  settled  minister 
of  New  Haven,  Vt. ;  was  called  to  the  professor- 
ship of  elocution  and  Eng.  lit.  in  Midd.  Coll. ; 
and  M.C.  1849-55  ;  at  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  a  regent  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute. 

Meade,  George  Gordon,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1865),  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Cadiz,  Spain,  1816. 
West  Point,  1 835.  Son  of  U.S.  consul  Richard 
W.,  and  bro.  of  Com.  R.  W.  Meade,  U.  S.  N. 
Entering  the  3d  Art.,  he  served  against  the 
Seminoles  in  Fla.,  but  resigned  26  Oct.  1836, 
and  was  employed  in  the  Texas  and  North-east, 
boundary  surveys  1 838-42 ;  app.  2d  lieut. 
topog.  engrs.  19  May,  1842  ;  1st  lieut.  4  Aug. 
1851 ;  capt.  19  May,  1856 ;  maj.  18  June,  1862 ; 
brig.-gen.  vols.  31  Aug.  1861  ;  maj.-gen.  vols. 
29  Nov.  1862  ;  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  3  July,  1863 ; 
maj.-gen.  18  Aug.  1864.  During  the  Mexican 
war  he  was  engaged  at  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  de 
la  Palma,  and  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  and 
brev.  1st  lieut.  23  Sept.  1846  for  Monterey  j 
engaged  in  geodetic  survey  of  northern  lakes 
1856-61;  com.  brigade  at  Dranesville,  Va., 
20  Dec.  1861;  and  in  Peninsular  campaign ; 
and  severely  wounded  at  Glendale  30  June, 
1862;  in  the  battle  of  Manassas  29-30  Aug. 
1862  ;  com.  div.  1st  corps  at  South  Mountain 
and  Antictam ;  com.  5th  corps  at  Fredericks- 
burg and  Chanccllorsville ;  com.  Army  of  the 
Potomac  28  June,  1863,  to  1  July,  1865  ;  and 
engaged  at  Gettysburg,  and  in  all  the  battles 
and  operations  in  Va.  to  the  surrender  of  Lee, 
9  Apr.  1865;  now  commands  Dept.  of  the 
East. 

Meade,  Laekin  G.,  sculptor,  b.  Brattle- 
borough,  Vt.  From  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  he 
sent  numerous  spirited  camp  and  battle  scenes 
to  a  N.Y.  illustrated  paper.  His  statue  of 
Ethan  Allen  is  in  the  State  House,  Montpelicr. 
His  other  works  are  "  The  Returned  Soldier," 
"La  Contadinella,"  "The  Thought  of  Free- 
dom," and  "  Echo."  —  Tuckerman. 

Meade,  William,  M.D.,  mineralogist  of 
disting.  literary  and  scientific  attainments ;  d. 
Newburg,  N.Y.,  Aug.  29,  1833. 

Meade,  William,  D.D.,  Prot.-Ep.  bishop 
of  Va.,  b.  Frederick,  now  Clarke  Co.,  Va.,  Nov. 
11,  1789;  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  March  14,  1862. 
N.  J.  Coll.  1808.  Son  of  Col.  Richard  Kidder, 
aide  to  Washington  12  Mar.  1777-83  (b. 
1750,  d.  Feb.  1805).  Ord.  1811.  The  scene  of 
his  labors  was  the  parish  near  his  patrimonial 
estate ;  and  for  many  years  his  independent 
pecuniary  circumstances  enabled  him  to  officiate 
gratuitously.  He  contrib.  materially  to  the 
establishment  of  a  diocesan  theol.  sem.,  and 
other  educational  and  missionary  societies  in 
Va.  Unanimously  chosen  assist,  bishop  in 
1829,  and  consec.  in  Phila.  Aug.  19;  assumed 
the  chief  care  of  the  diocese  :  and  in  1841  took 


]VtE^ 


613 


m:ee 


the  sole  charge  of  it.  Bishop  Meade  wielded  a 
remarkable  influence  in  Va.,  and  made  fervent 
though  futile  efforts  to  prevent  the  secession  of 
Va.  and  the  appeal  to  the  sword.  He  delivered 
annually  a  course  of  lectures  at  the  Epis.  Sem., 
and  published  occasional  tracts  and  treatises  on 
doctrinal  questions,  local  churcli-history,  &c. 
He  was  the  recognized  head  of  the  evangelical 
branch  of  the  Prot.-Epis.  Church  in  the  U.S. 
He  pub.  "Family  Prayer,"  1834;  "Lectures 
on  the  Pastoral  Office;"  "Lectures  to  Stu- 
dents," N.Y.  1849;  and  "Old  Churches, Min- 
isters, and  Families  in  Va.,"  2  vols.  8vo,  Phila. 
1856. 

Meagher,  Gen.  Thomas  Feancis,  b. 
Waterford,  Ireland,  Aug.  3,  1823;  drowned  at 
Ft. Benton,  Montana,  July  1, 1867.  He  studied 
at  the  Jesuit  Coll.  of  Clongowes,  Co.  Kildare, 
and  at  Stonyhurst  Coll.,  near  Preston,  Eng. 
Leaving  the  latter  in  1843,  he  became  in  1846 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  "  Young  Ireland  " 
party,  with  which  he  was  a  favorite  orator;  and 
in  1848  was  sent  a  delegate  to  congratulate  the 
French  republic.  On  his  return  he  was  ar- 
lested  for  sedition,  and  held  to  bail.  Charged 
with  treason,  a  reward  of  £300  was  offered ; 
and,  after  many  adventures,  he  was  finally  cap- 
tured near  Rathgannon,  in  Aug. ;  was  tried  in 
Clonmel  in  Oct. ;  found  guilty,  and  sentenced 
to  death  ;  afterward  commuted  to  banishment 
for  life  to  Van  Dieman's  Land,  from  which  he 
escaped,  and  landed  in  N.Y.  in  May,  1852.  He 
lectured  with  great  success  throughout  the 
country;  and  in  1854  visited  Cal.  On  his  re- 
turn he  studied  law,  and  entered  on  its  practice. 
In  1856  he  edited  the  Irish  News.  He  raised  a 
company  in  the  69th  N.Y.  Vols.,  and  Served 
with  distinction  at  Bull  Run  as  major;  after- 
ward raised  an  Irish  brigade,  and  was  made 
brig.-gen.  of  vols.  Feb.  3,  1862;  attached  to 
Sumner's  corps  during  the  battles  before  Rich- 
mond ;  at  Antietam  fought  in  Richardson's 
division;  attached  to  Couch's  corps  (2d),  and 
wounded  at  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13,  1862;  at 
Chancellorsville,  May  2-4,  1863,  he  led  his  bri- 
gade for  the  last  time;  and  resigned  May  8, 
1863.  ICarly  in  1864  he  was  recommissioned 
brig.-gen.  of  vols.,  and  assigned  to  the  com.  of 
the  district  of  P'towah.  App.  sec.  of  Montana 
in  1865;  and  for  some  time  previous  to  his 
death,  which  was  occasioned  by  a  fall  from  the 
deck  of  a  steamer,  had  been  acting  governor. 
Author  of  "  Speeches  on  the  Legislative  Indep. 
of  Ireland,"  12mo,  1852. 

Means,  Alexander,  M.D.,  D.D.  (1854), 
LL.D.  (Em.  Coll.  1858),  clergyman,  b.  N.C. 
Feb.  6,  1801.  After  teaching  school  in  Mocks- 
ville,  N.C,  he  removed  to  Ga. ;  studied  medi- 
cine, and  in  1840-1  received  his  degree  from 
the  Augusta  Med.  Coll.  In  1828  he  became  a 
minister  in  the  M.E.  Church ;  in  1834  supt.  of 
the  Manual  Labor  School  near  Covington,  Ga. ; 
from  1836  to  1856  occupied  the  chair  of  natu- 
ral science  in  Emory  Coll.,  lecturing  also  on 
chemistry  during  part  of  the  year  at  the  Augusta 
Med.  Coll.  from  1841  to  1858;  pres.  of  the 
Masonic  Female  Coll.  in  Covington  in  1853; 
and  in  1 854-5  was  pres.  of  Emory  Coll,  He  has 
since  occupied  the  chair  of  chemistry  at  the 
Atlanta  Med.  Coll. 

Means,  John  H.,  gov.  S.C.  1850-2;  col. 


in  the  Confcd.  service;  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Manassas,  Va.,  28  Aug.  1862. 

Mease,  James,  M.D.,  an  eminent  physician 
of  Phila.  Author  of  "  Geolog.  Account  of  the 
U.S.,"  1807;  "Picture  of  Phila.,"  1811;  "On 
Wm.  Penn's  Treaty  with  the  Indians,"  8vo, 
1836;  "Utility  of  Public  Loan  Offices,"  &c., 
8vo,  1836;  *'  Description  of  some  of  the  Medals 
struck  in  N.A.,"  8vo,  Phila.  1821  ;  "  Letter  on 
the  Rearing  of  Silk- Worms,"  8vo,  1828  ;  "  Ob- 
servations on  the  Bite  of  a  Mad  Dog,"  &c., 
1792. 

Medary,  Samuel,  editor  and  Democ.  pol- 
itician, b.  Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.,  Feb.  25, 1801 ; 
d.  Columbus,  Nov.  7,  1864.  He  had  a  limited 
education  ;  became  a  printer;  was  an  adherent 
of  Gen.  Jackson ;  was  many  years  editor  of  the 
Ohio  Statesman  ;  and  established  and  carried  on 
until  his  death  the  Columbus  Crisis.  A  leading 
man  of  his  party  ;  gov.  of  the  Terr,  of  Minne- 
sota in  1857-8,  of  Kansas  in  1859-60  ;  and  was 
during  the  Rebellion,  a  "  peace  Democrat." 
In  1869  his  personal  and  polit.  friends  erected 
a  costly  monument  to  his  memory. 

Medill,  William,  gov.  of  O.  in  1853-6,  b. 
New  Castle  Co.,  Del.,  1805;  d.  Lancaster,  0., 
Sept.  2, 1865.  He  received  an  academical  edu- 
cation ;  studied  law ;  and,  having  removed  to 
Ohio,  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1832 ;  was  soon 
after  elected  to  the  State  legist.,  serving  a  num- 
ber of  years,  and  was  twice  elected  speaker; 
was  M.C.  in  1839-43  ;  was  first  assist,  postm.- 
gen.  in  1845-9,  and  subsequently  held  the  office 
ofcommiss.  of  Indian  affairs;  member  of  the 
State  Const.  Con  v.  of  1850,  and  chosen  chair- 
man ;  in  1851  and  '52  was  lieut.-gov.  of  Ohio. ; 
and  by  Pres.  Buchanan  was  app.  first  compt, 
of  the  U.S.  treasury.     A  Democ.  in  politics. 

Medley,  John,  D.D.,  Pr.-Ep.  bishop  of 
Fredorickton,  N.B.,  b.  1804;  educated  at  Wad- 
ham  Coll.,  Oxf.  (B. A.  1826;  M.A.  1830).  Sev- 
eral years  vicar  of  St.  Thomas's,  Exeter,  and 
prebend  of  that  cathedral;  and  was  in  1845 
consec.  first  bishop  of  F.,  which  includes  the 
entire  province  of  New  Brunswick.  —  Men  of  the 
Time, 

MedoWS,  Sir  William,  a  British  gen.,  b. 
Dec.  31,  1738  ;  d.  Bath,  14  Nov.  1813.  Enter- 
ing the  army  in  1756,  he  served  in  Germany; 
came  with  his  regt.  (55th)  to  Amer.  Sept.  1775, 
and  com.  the  1st  brig,  of  grenadiers;  disting. 
himself  on  many  occasions,  notably  at  Bran- 
dywine,  where  he  was  wounded  ;  disting.  and 
wounded  at  the  taking  of  St.  Lucie,  and  made 
col.  89th  Regt. ;  major-gen.  and  com.  of  the 
forces  at  Madras  in  1791;  and  led  the  right 
wing  of  Cornwallis's  army  at  Seringapatam  in 
1792;  afterward  made  full  gen.;  gov.  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight ;  Kt.  of  the  Bath  ;  and  was  com. 
of  the  forces  in  Ireland  in  1801-3. 

Meek,  Alexander  Beaufort,  author 
and  lawyer,  b.  Columbia,  S.C,  July  17,  1814; 
d.  Columbus,  Mpi.,  Nov.  30,  1865.  U.  of 
Ala.  His  father  settled  at  Tuscaloosa  in  1819. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1835,  and  edited  the  Flag 
of  the  Union,  a  Democratic  paper.  In  1836  he 
served  as  a  lieut.  of  vols,  against  the  Seminoles, 
and  was  a  short  time  atty.-gen.  of  the  State; 
in  1839  he  edited  the  Southron,  a  literary 
monthly  at  Tuscaloosa;  in  1842-4  he  was 
county  judge,  and  pub.  a  suppt.  to  the  "  Digest 


m:kg}- 


614 


ivocr. 


of  Alabama/'  He  was  law  clerk  in  the  oflSce 
of  the  solicitor  of  the  treasury  at  Washington 
in  1845  ;  U.S.  dist.  atty.  for  the  southern  dist. 
of  Ala  1846-50;  assoc.  editor  of  the  Mobile 
Daily  Register  1848-53;  member  of  the  legisl. 
in  1853  ;  he  disting.  himself  by  originating  and 
securing  a  free-school  system  in  Ala. ;  judge 
of  probate  in  Mobile  Co.  in  1854;  speaker  of 
the  legisl.  in  1 859.  In  1 855  he  pub.  "  The  Red 
Eagle,  a  Poem  of  the  South;  "  and  in  1857  a 
vol.  of  orations,  sketches,  and  essays,  entitled 
"Romantic  Passages  in  South-western  His- 
tory," and  "  Songs  and  Poems  of  the  South." 
He'  also  delivered  many  orations,  essays,  and 
criticisms,  in  prose  and  verse,  and  had  written 
a  History  of  Aliabama.  He  excelled  as  a  chess- 
player. —  Appteton. 

MegStpolensis,  John,  Jun.,  a  Dutch  min- 
ister, settled  at  Albany  in  1642-9,  afterwards  in 
New  York,  where  he  d.  ab.  1 669.  Came  to  N.  Y. 
at  the  age  of  39.  His  account  of  the  Mohawk 
Indians  in  1644  is  in  Hazard,  i.  517-26. 

Meigs,  Charles  Delucena,  M.D.  (U. 
of  Pa.  1814;  N.J.  Coll.  1818),  medical  writer, 
b.  Ga.  17  Feb.  1792;  d.  Del.  Co.,  Pa.,  25 
June,  1869.  Settled  in  Phila.  in  1820;  had  a 
lucrative  practice  in  his  specialty,  —  obstetrics, 
and  diseases  of  women  and  children,  — and  was 
a  prof  in  JcfF.  Med.  Coll.  in  1840-62.  Author 
of  "Midwifery,"  1838;  "Lectures  on  the 
Female,"  1847;  "Remarks  on  Spasmodic 
Cholera,"  1848;  "Obstetrics,"  1849;  "Dis- 
eases of  Children,"  1850 ;  "  Childbed  Fevers  ;  " 
"  Diseases  of  the  Neck  of  the  Uterus,"  1854  ; 
and  "Lives  of  S.  G.Morton  (1851)  and  Daniel 
Drake,  M.D."  Ed.  the  N.  A.  Med.  and  Surg. 
Jour.,  and  trans.  "  Typhaines  Abbey,"  a 
French  novel,  1868, 

Meigs,  Montgomery  Cunningham,  qm.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Ga.  ab.  1816.  West  Point, 
1836.  Entering  the  1st  Art.,  he  was  transf.  to 
theengrs.;  became  1  st  lieut.  1  July,  1838;  capt. 
3  Mar.  1853;  col.  11th  Inf  14  May,  1861  ; 
qm.-gen.  (rank  of  brig.-gen.)  15  May,  1861  ; 
brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  5  July,  1864,  for  dis- 
ting. services  during  the  Rebellion.  He  was 
employed  at  Fort  Delaware  1834-41  ;  Fort 
Wayne,  Detroit,  1841-9;  on  the  Potomac 
Aqueductand  U.S^Capitol  Extension  1852-61; 
directing  the  equipping  and  supplying  the  ar- 
mies in  the  field  during  the  Rebellion ;  particu- 
larly employed  in  providing  transportation  and 
supplies  for  the  forces  at  Chattanooga ;  and  en- 
gaged in  the  battle  of  23-25  Nov.  1863;  also 
in  supplying  and  refitting  Sherman's  army  at 
Savannah  and  Goldsborough,  N.C. 

Meigs,  Return  Jonathan,  col.  Revol. 
army,  b.  Middletown,  Ct.,  Dec.  1740;  d.  Chero- 
kee Agency,  Jan.  28, 1823.  Immediately  after 
the  battle  of  Lexington,  he  marched  a  company 
of  light  inf.  to  Cambridge  ;  with  the  rank  of 
major  accomp.  Arnold  to  Quebec,  and  upon 
its  attack  by  Montgomery,  Dec.  31,  1775,  was 
made  a  prisoner;  exchanged  in  1776  ;  and  in 
1777,  having  raised  a  regt.,  was  promoted  to 
col.;  May  23,  1777,  he  performed  a  brilliant 
exploit  at  Sag  Harbor,  for  which  Congress 
(Aug.  3)  voted  him  thanks  and  a  sword  ;  he 
com.  a  regt.  at  the  storming  of  Stony  Point, 
July  1 6, 1 779 ;  «nd  served  to  the  end  of  the  war. 
In  1788  he  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Mari- 


etta, O.  He  was  app.  commiss.  of  clothing 
under  Gen.  Wayne  in  1795  ;  and  in  1801  was 
app.  by  Jefferson  agent  for  Indian  affairs  ;  from 
the  Indians  he  received  the  sobriquet  of  "  Tho 
White  Path."  His  Journal  of  the  Exped.  to 
Quebec  (Sept.  9,  1775-Jan.  1,  1776)  is  in  the 
Amer.  Remembrancer  for  1776,  and  was  pritit- 
ed,  with  an  Introd.  and  Notes  by  C.  I.  Bush- 
nell,  N.Y.  1864. 

Meigs,  Return  Jonathan,  jurist  and 
statesman,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Middle- 
town,  Ct.,  Nov.  1765;  d.  Marietta,  O.,  Mar. 
29,  1825.  Y.  C.1785.  He  studied  law  ;  cmig. 
to  Marietta  in  1788  ;  was  sent  on  a  mission  to 
the  British  com.  at  Detroit  by  Gov.  St.  Clair 
in  1790;  and  was  subsequently  often  engaged 
in  the  Indian  fights  of  the  day ;  chief  justice 
of  the  Ohio  Sup.  Court  from  1803  to  Oct.  1 804  ; 
brev.  col.  U.S.A.,  and  com.  of  the  St.  Charles 
dist.,  La.,  from  Oct.  1804  to  Apr.  21,  1806; 
judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  of  that  dist.  in  1805-6  ; 
judge  of  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court  of  Mich,  from 
Apr.  2,  1807,  to  1808;  U.S.  senator  1808-10; 
gov.  of  O.  1810-14;  and  U.  S.  postmaster- 
gen,  from  1814  to  June,  1823.  During  the  war 
of  1812,  Meigs  did  more  than  any  other  gov. 
to  aid  the  country  during  that  conflict  by  the 
prompt  organization  of  the  militia,  by  garri- 
soning the  forts  and  securing  safety  to  the  ex- 
posed settlements,  and  the  aid  he  rendered  Har- 
rison's army.  He  pub.  "Reports  of  Cases  in 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Tenn.,"  8vo,  1839. 

Melish,  John,  geographer  and  polit.  econo- 
mist, b.  Perthshire,  Scotland,  1771  ;  d.  Phila. 
Dec.  30,  1822.  He  came  to  the  U.S.  in  1809. 
Author  of  "  Travels  in  the  U.S.  and  in  Great 
Britain  and  Canada  in  1806-11,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
1812;  "A  Description  of  the  Roads,"  &,c., 
1814;  "  Traveller's  Directory,"  1815;  "  Descrip- 
tion of  the  U.S.,"  1816;  '"Universal  School 
Geography  and  Atlas  ; "  "  Necessity  of  protect- 
ing Manufactures,"  1818;  "  Maps  of  Penn.  and 
of  the  U.S. ;  "  "Information  to  Emigrants," 
1819  ;  "  Statistical  View  of  the  U  S.,"  1822. 

Mellen,  Grenville,  poet,  son  of  Chief 
Justice  Prentiss,  b.  Biddeford,  Me.,  June  19, 
1799;  d.  New  York,  Sept.  5,  1841.  H.  U. 
1818.  He  studied  law,  but  after  a  few  years' 
practice  in  Portland,  Me.,  devoted  himself 
wholly  to  literature,  and  wrote  for  magazines, 
annuals,  and  periodicals,  among  others  for  t!ie 
U.  S.  Lit.  Gazette.  He  was  a  resident  of  N. 
Yarmouth,  Me.,  in  1823-8;  then  resided  in 
Boston  ab.  5  years,  and  removed  thence  to 
N.Y.,  where,  in  1839,  he  began  the  Monthly 
Miscellany,  soon  discontinued.  In  1826  he  re- 
cited a  poem  before  the  Peace  Society  in  Mo., 
called  "  The  Rest  of  Empires ;  "  and  in  1823, 
before  the  Athenaaum  Society  of  Bowd.  Coll., 
he  read  an  anniv.  poem  on  "  The  Light  of 
Letters."  He  also  pub.  "  Our  Chronicle  of 
Twenty-six,"  1827;  "Glad  Tales  and  Sad 
Tales,"  1829 ;  "  The  Martyr's  Triumph,  Buried 
Valley,  and  other  Poems,"  in  1833.  He  edited 
"  A  Book  of  the  U.S.,"  8vo,  Hartford,  1837. 

Mellen,  Henry,  poet,  b.  Sterling,  Ms., 
Oct.  24,  1757  ;  d.  Dover,  N.H.,  July  31,  1809. 
H.U.  1784.  Son  of  Rev.  John,  minister  of  S. 
(1744-84).  He  studied  law,  and  settled  at 
Dover.  A  collection  of  his  poems  was  pub- 
lished. 


IdlEX. 


615 


MER 


Mellen,  Prentiss,  LL.D.  (Bowd.  Coll. 
1828),  jurist,  b.  Sterling,  Ms.,  Oct.  11,  1764; 
tt.  Portland,  Me.,  Dec.  31,  1840.  H.U.  1784. 
Bro.  of  Henry.  He  practised  law  in  various 
places,  andiinally  removed  to  Portland  in  1806, 
rising  to  the  head  of  the  bar  of  Me.  Member 
of  the  exec,  council  1 808-9  and  1817.  In  1 81 7- 
20  he  was  U.S.  senator  of  Ms. ;  and  was  the 
first  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Me. 
in  1820-34.  His  decisions  are  found  in  the  first 
1 1  vols,  of  the  Me.  Reports. 

Melmoth,  Mrs.,  a  celeb,  actress ;  d.  New 
York,  Sept.  1823,  a.  74. 

Melville,  Herman,  author,  b.  New  York, 
Aug.  1,  1819.  Grandson  of  Major  Thos.  At 
the  age  of  18  he  shipped  before  the  mast.  In 
1842  he  deserted  from  a  whaling-ship  at  Nuka- 
heva,  one  of  the  Marquesas  Islands,  and,  wan- 
dering into  the  Typee  Valley,  remained  four 
months  a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  its  warlike 
inhabitants.  Recovering  his  liberty,  he  arrived 
in  Boston  in  Oct.  1844.  "Typee,"  a  narrative 
of  his  adventures,  pub.  in  N.Y.  m  1 846,  met  with 
great  success.  "Omoo"  (N.Y.  1847)  relates 
his  escape  from  Typce,  and  subsequent  voyage. 
"  Mardi,  and  a  Voyage  thither,"  and  "  Red- 
burn,"  appeared  in  the  same  year.  After  a 
residence  in  N.Y.,  he  removed  in  1850  to  Pitts- 
field,  Ms.,  producing  "  White  Jacket,  or  the 
World  in  a  Man-of-War,"  1850;  "  Moby  Dick, 
or  the  White  Whale,"  1851  ;  "Pierre,  or  the 
Ambiguities,"  1852;  "The  Piazza  Tales," 
1856  ;  and  "  The  Confidence  Man,"  1857.  In 
1847  he  m.  the  dau.  of  Chief  Justice  Shaw.  In 
1860  he  again  sailed  on  a  whaling-voyage 
round  the  world. 

Melville,  Maj.  Thomas,  a  patriotic  mer- 
chant of  Boston,  b.  Jan.  27,  1751;  d.  there 
Sept.  16,  1832.  N.  J.  Coll.  1769.  Grandson 
of  Thomas,  minister  of  Scoonie  Parish,  Fife- 
shire  ;  and  son  of  Allan,  a  merchant  of  Boston, 
who  came  to  America  in  1748.  He  became  a 
merchant;  and  in  Dec.  1773  was  one  of  the  fa- 
mous Tea  Party  of  Boston.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  Revol.  war;  and,  as  maj.  in  Crafts's 
regt.  of  Ms.  art.,  was  in  the  actions  in  R.I.  in 
17^78.  From  1789  to  1829  he  was  naval  officer 
and  surveyor  of  the  port  of  Boston.  Member 
of  the  State  legisl.  in  1832.  —  Duyckinck. 

Memminger,  Charles  Gustavus,  law- 
yer and  politician,  b.  Wurtemberg,  Germany, 
Jan.  7,  1803.  S.C.  Coll.  1820.  Brought  by 
his  mother  in  infancy  to  Charleston,  S.C,  he 
soon  afterwards  became  an  orphan,  but  by  the 
patronage  of  Gov.  Bennett  was  helped  to  an 
education.  He  began  to  practise  law  in  Charles- 
ton in  1825 ;  became  a  leader  of  the  Union  par- 
ty in  the  nullification  contest ;  and  wrote  "  The 
Book  of  Nullification,"  1832-3,  satirizing  its 
advocates  in  biblical  style.  For  nearly  20  years 
he  was  at  the  head  of  the  finance  com.  in  the 
lower  house  of  the  legisl.,  from  which  he  re- 
tired in  1852.  He  was  again  in  the  legisl.  in 
1854,  and  was  active  in  school  reforms;  in  1859 
he  was  app.  a  commiss.  to  Va. ;  sec.  of  the  treas. 
in  the  cabinet  of  Jefferson  Davis,  Feb.  1861- 
June,  1864. 

Mendoza  de  (damen-do'-tha),  Don  Pe- 
dro, b.  Cadiz,  Spain,  ab.  1487 ;  d.  at  sea  on 
his  return  to  Spain,  soon  after  founding  the 
city  of  Buenos  Ayrcs,  in  1535.    Ho  offered  his 


services  to  Charles  V.  in  1529  to  complete,  at 
his  own  expense,  the  exploration  of  the  Rivers 
La  Plata  and  Paraguay ;  was  created  military 
chief  of  the  countries  adjacent  to  them;  and  set 
sail  in  1534. 

Menendez  de  Aviles,  Pedro,  a  disting. 
Spanish  officer  of  an  ancient  Asturian  family, 
b.  1519;  d.  ab.  15  Sept.  1574.  Wild  in  his 
youth,  he  gained  distinction  in  cruises  against 
the  corsairs  and  the  French ;  acquired  wealth 
in  the  New  World ;  was  capt.-gen.  of  the  fleet 
sent  with  troops  to  Flanders,  contributing,  it  is 
said,  to  the  victory  of  St.  Quentin ;  afterward 
went  to  the  W.  Indies  as  gen.  of  the  fleet  and 
army;  amassed  vast  riches;  and  in  1561,  on 
his  return  to  Spain,  was  arrested  by  the  Coun- 
cil of  the  Indies,  imprisoned,  and  heavily  fined 
for  his  conduct  there.  At  the  head  of  an  cx- 
ped.  for  the  conquest  and  colonization  of  Flori- 
da, he  sailed  from  Cadiz  29  June,  1565  ;  Sept. 
7  he  discovered  the  bay  and  river,  Avhich  he 
named  St.  Augustine,  and,  landing,  took  formal 
possession  on  the  8th,  and  laid  the  foundation 
of  St.  Augustine,  the  oldest  town  in  the  U.S. 
Sept.  21,  at  daybreak,  he  surprised  and  put  to 
the  sword  the  French  Huguenot  garrison  at 
Fort  Caroline,  —  a  piece  of  cruelty  afterwards 
avenged  by  De  Gourgues  upon  the  Spanish 
garrison  there.  He  returned  to  Florida  two 
years  later;  rebuilt  San  Mateo  ;  and  in  1574, 
after  his  return  to  Spain,  was  given  the  com. 
of  the  Armada  of  300  sail  at  Santander,  destined 
against  England,  when  he  d.  suddenly  at  the 
age  of  55. 

Menken,  Adah  Isaacs,  actress,  b.  near 
N.  Orleans,  June  15,  1835;  d.  Paris,  Aug.  10, 
1868.  Her  maiden  name  was  Dolores  Adios 
Fuertos.  Her  father  was  a  Spanish  Jew,  and 
her  mother  a  native  of  Bordeaux.  At  the  age 
of  7  she  lost  her  father,  and  went  on  the  stage 
as  a  danseuse ;  afterward  joined  the  Montplai- 
sir  troupe,  and  played  in  Havana  and  Mexico, 
becoming  a  great  favorite.  She  made  her  de- 
hut  in  Fazio  at  the  Varieties,  New  Orleans,  in 
1858;  and  as  Mazeppa,  at  the  Opera  House, 
San  Francisco,  Aug.  24,  1863.  In  1856  she  m. 
John  Isaacs  Menken.  ,  In  1859  she  m.  John  C. 
Heenan,  the  pugilist,  from  whom  she  was  after- 
ward divorced ;  and  in  Oct.  1861  m.  R.  H.  New- 
ell (Orpheus  C.  Kerr),  which  alliance  was,  like 
the  others,  speedily  followed  by  a  separation. 
In  1860  she  performed  in  New  York.  In  the 
early  part  of  the  civil  war  she  played  in  the 
Southern  theatres ;  afterward  at  Astley's  in 
Lond.,  and  in  Paris,  to  crowded  houses ;  the 
part  of  Mazeppa  being  the  only  one  in  which 
she  excelled.  In  May,  1868,  she  was  directress 
of  Sadler's  Wells  Theatre,  Lond.  She  owed 
her  success  to  a  beautiful  form,  and  played  in 
pieces  which  enabled  her  to  exhibit  its  attrac- 
tiveness to  the  greatest  advantage.  She  wrote 
a  vol.  of  poems  entitled  "  Memories,"  under 
the  signature  of  "Indigina; "  and  in  1867  "In- 
felicia,"  said  to  have  been  edited  by  the  poet 
Swinburne. 

Mercer,  Charles  Fenton,  LL.D.  (N.  J. 
Coll.  1826),  M.C.  from  Va.  1817-40,  b.  Fred- 
ericksburg, Va.,  June  6,  1778;  d.  Howard, 
near  Alexandria,  Va.,  May  4, 1858.  N.  J.  Coll. 
1797.  A  capt.  in  the  army,  he  resigned,  and, 
after  spending  a  year  in  Europe,  returned  in 


m:er 


616 


]VtER 


1803,  and  practised  law.  From  1810  to  1817 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Assembly ;  was  called 
in  1811  to  military  duty,  and  rose  to  the  rank 
of  brig. -gen.  of  militia,  commanding  the  forces 
at  Norfolk.  He  was  chief  supporter  of  the 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  scheme,  and  was 
pres.  of  the  company ;  chairman  of  the  com.  of 
finance  in  Congress,  and  a  protectionist.  In 
1853  he  visited  Europe,  and  used  his  eiForts  for 
tlie  entire  abolition  of  the  African  slave-trade. 

Mercer,  Hugh,  brig.-^en.,  b.  Aberdeen, 
Scotland,  ab.  1721;  d.  Pnnceton,  N.J.,  Jan. 
12,  1777.  Educated  for  the  medical  profession 
at  the  U.  of  Aberdeen.  He  was  an  assist,  sur- 
geon at  the  battle  of  Culloden,  and,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  participation  in  the  rebellion, 
emig.  to  America  early  in  1747,  and  settled  as 
a  physician  near  the  present  village  of  Mercers- 
burg,  Franklin  Co.,  Pa.  In  the  Fr.  and  In- 
dian war  of  1755-6  he  was  a  capt.,  and  the 
companion  of  Washington ;  and,  in  the  exped. 
of  Braddock  at  the  battle  of  the  Monongahela, 
was  severely  wounded ;  became  separated  from 
his  men,  and,  after  weeks  of  wandering  and  hard- 
ship, reached  Fort  Cumberland.  He  received 
a  medal  from  the  corporation  of  Phila.  for  his 
courage  and  conduct  in  this  exped.  On  the 
re-organization  of  the  Pix)v.  forces  in  1758, 
Mercer,  promoted  to  be  lieut.-col.,  accomp.  the 
army  of  Gen.  Forbes  to  Fort  Duquesne,  and 
com.  that  post  until  relieved,  when  he  fixed  his 
residence  at  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  and  resumed 
the  practice  of  medicine.  On  the  breaking-out 
of  the  Revol.  he  warmly  espoused  the  cause  of 
liberty ;  left  his  profession ;  com.  3  regts.  of 
minute-men  in  1775;  in  1776  drilled  and  or- 
ganized the  Va.  militia ;  was  made  col.  3d  Va. 
Kegt.  Feb.  13, 1776;  and  June  5, 1776,  was  app. 
by  Congress  a  brig.-gen.  At  Trenton,  Mercer 
led  the  column  of  attack,  and,  after  its  brilliant 
result,  suggested  at  the  council  of  war  the 
daring  night-march  on  Princeton.  In  that 
march  he  was  intrusted  with  the  com.  of  the 
advanced  party.  Encountering  at  daybreak 
of  Jan.  3,  1777,  a  large  body  of  British  troops, 
he  threw  his  brigade  between  them  and  their 
reserve  at  Princeton,  thus  forcing  a  general 
action.  Mercer  was  dismounted,  and,  endeav- 
oring to  rally  the  militia,  was  felled  by  a  blow 
from  the  musket  of  a  British  soldier,  pierced 
with  bayonet-wounds,  and  left  for  dead.  Re- 
moved to  a  neighboring  farmhouse,  he  lingered 
several  days  in  extreme  suffering  till  he  ex- 
pired. A  monument  has  been  erected  to  his 
memory  at  Laurel  Hill,  near  Phila.  Provision 
was  made  by  Congress  in  1793  for  the  education 
of  his  youngest  son,  Hugh,  who  d.  Fredericks- 
burg, Va.,  Dec.  2,  1853,  a.  77.  Another  son, 
Col.  John,  d.  Va.  Sept.  30,  1817.  His  only 
dau.,  Anna  Gordon  Patton,  d.  Fredericks- 
burg, Va.,  May  12,  1832,  a.  58. 

Mercer,  James,  statesman,  of  Hampshire, 
Va.;  d.  1793,  a.  ab.  50.  Wm.  and  M.  Coll 
1 767.  A  member  of  the  Va.  h.  of  burgesses ; 
a  member  of  all  the  Va.  conventions,  and  of 
the  committee  of  safety ;  a  member  of  Con- 
gress 1779-80  ;  and  a  judge  of  admiralty,  and 
of  the  First  Court  of  Appeals.  —  Grigshy. 

Mercer,  Jesse,  Baptist  clergyman,  b. 
Halifax  Co.,  N.C.,  Dec.  16, 1769 ;  d.  Butts  Co., 
Ga.,   Sept.  6,   1841.     Ord.  in  1789,  he  took 


charge  of  a  church  in  Wilkes  Co.,  Ga. ;  was  a 
member  of  the  conv.  to  amend  the  constitution 
of  Ga.  in  1798.  Ho  was  an  eloquent  preacher, 
and  compiled  "Mercer's  Cluster,"  a  vol.  of 
hymns  still  in  use.  Mercer  U.  in  Penfield, 
Ga.,  to  which  he  left  $60,000,  was  named  in 
his  honor.  —  See  Memoir  of  Mercer,  by  C.  D. 
Mallory. 

Mercer,  John  Francis,  a  Revol.  soldier, 
gov.  of  Md.  1801-3,  b.  1758;  d.  Phila.  30  Aug. 

1821.  Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  1775.  Deleg.  from  Va. 
to  the  Old  Congress  in  1782-5;  from  Md.  to 
the  conv.  which  framed  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion; M.C.  1792-4  ;  and  member  of  the  State 
legisl.  His  dau.  Margaret  (1791-1846)  vol- 
untarily reduced  herself  to  poverty  by  freeing 
her  slaves,  supporting  herself  25  years  by  teach- 
ing. She  prepared  for  her  pupils  "  Studies  for 
Bible  Classes  and  Ethics  in  Letters  to  Young 
Ladies."  —  See  Memoir,  by  Dr.  Caspar  Morris, 
8vo,  1848. 

Mercer,  Samuel,  commodore  U.S.N.,  b. 
Md.  1800;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Mar.  6,  1862. 
Midshipman,  Mar.  1815;  lieut.  Jan.  13,  1825; 
com.  Sept.  8,  1841  ;  capt.  Sept.  4,  1855.  He 
was  in  "  The  Wabash,"  blockading  Charleston 
harbor,  and  aftenvard  in  the  attack  on  Hat- 
teras. 

Meredith,  Samuel,  U.S.  treasurer,  1789- 
1801,  b.  Phila.  1740;  d.  Belmont,  Pa.,  Mar. 
10,  1817.  He  was  for  a  time  in  the  Colonial 
legisl.  of  Pa. ;  maj.  3d  Pa.  batt.  in  1775;  and 
personally  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Trenton, 
and  with  his  family  was  exiled  from  Phila.  on 
its  occupation  by  the  British.  He,  with  George 
Clymer,  his  bro.-in-law,  gave  £10,000  in  silver 
to  carry  on  the  war.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
State  legisl.,  and  of  the  Old  Congress  in  1787-8. 

Meredith,  William  Morris,  of  Pa.,  sec. 
U.S.  treaa.,  from  Mar.  7, 1849,  to  July  20, 1850, 
and  a  leading  lawyer,  b.  Phila.  8  June,  1 799. 
U.  of  Pa.  1812.  He  began  practice  in  Dec. 
1817,  and  was  long  one  of  the  first  lawyers  in 
the  State;  a  representative  in  the  Pa.  legisl.  in 
1 824-8  ;  pres.  of  the  Select  Council  of  Phila. 
1 834-49  ;  member  State  Const.  Conv.  1 857  ; 
atty.-gen.  of  Pa.  1861-7 ;  app.  one  of  the  coun- 
sel for  the  U.S.  at  the  Geneva  conf.,  but  de- 
clined. 

Meriam,  Ebenezer,  statistician  and  me- 
teorologist, b.  Concord,  Ms.,  June  20,  1794; 
d.  Brooklyn,  L.  I.,  Mar.  19,  1864.  He  was  a 
manuf.  in  Ky.,  a  dry-goods  dealer  in  Zanes- 
ville,  O.;  in  1838  went  to  N.Y.  City,  and,  in 
the  manuf.  of  soap  and  candles,  acquired  a  com- 
petence. Devoting  himself  to  meteorology, 
he  originated  the  theory  of  cycles  of  atmos- 
pherical phenomena;  began  in  1841  the  Miwi- 
cipal  Gazetteer,  a  scientific  journal;  contrib. 
scientific  articles  to  thd  Journal  of  Commerce  and 
other  papers ;  and  for  more  than  30  years  kept 
a  record  of  the  weather. 

Meriwether,  David,  soldier  and  states- 
man, b.  Va.  1755;  d.  near  Athens,  Ga.,  Nov. 

1822.  A  lieut.  in  the  Revol.  army,  he  served 
in  N.  J.,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  siege 
of  Savannah.  In  1785  he  settled  in  Wilkes 
Co.,  Ga.,  which  he  several  times  represented  in 
the  State  legisl.  MC.  in  1802-7,  and  a  warm 
supporter  of  Jeflferson,  who  in  1804  app.  him  a 
commiss.  to  treat  with  the  Creek  Indians.    He 


IVIER 


617 


JVLKT 


also,  with  Gen.  Jackson  and  Gov.  McMin  of 
Tenn.,  concluded  a  treaty  with  the  Cherokees, 
by  which  a  large  territory  west  of  the  Appa- 
lachee  River  was  ceded  to  the  U.S. 

Merrick,  Jamks  Lyman,  b.  Monson,  Ms., 
11  Oct.  1803;  d.  Amherst,  Ms.,  18  June,  1866. 
Amh.  Coll.  1830;  Columb.  Theol.  Sem.  1833. 
Descended  from  Thos.,  of  Springfield,  Ms.  (ab. 
1638).  Ord.  missionary  to  Persia  1834  ;  sailed 
to  Constantinople  in  Aug.;  and  in  Aug.  1835 
went  to  Persia,  where  he  travelled  and  labored  in 
various  places  until  his  return  in  1845.  After 
Jan.  1849,  pastor  of  the  Cong.  Church,  Am- 
herst, Ms.  Author  of  "  Pilgrim's  Harp,"  a 
vol.  of  poems,  8vo,  1847;  "Life  and  Religion 
of  Mohammed,"  1850  ;  "  Keith  on  Prophecy," 
transl.  into  Persian,  1846  ;  *'  Treatise  on  Eng- 
lish Orthography,"  &c. ;  "  Geneal.  of  the  Mer- 
rick Family,"  1860.  He  bequeathed  all  his 
property  to  the  institutions  in  which  he  had 
been  educated,  for  the  purpose  of  founding  four 
Persian  scholarships.  — N.  E.  H.  and  G.  Regis- 
ter, 1866. 

Merrick,  PLiNY,LL.D.(H.U.l8.53)Judge, 
b.  Brookfield,  Aug.  2,  1794  ;  d.  Boston,  Feb.  1, 
1867.  H.U.  1814.  Sonof  Pliny  (H.U.  1776). 
He  studied  law  with  Levi  Lincoln  ;  commenced 
practice  in  Worcester  in  1817;  subsequently 
practised  at  Swanzey  and  Taunton  ;  was  app. 
CO.  atty.  in  1824  ;  in  1832  atty.  for  the  middle 
district;  in  1827  representative  for  Worcester ; 
in  1843  judge  of  the  C.C.P. ;  in  1844  of  the 
Municipal  Court;  State  senator  in  1850;  again 
judge  of  the  C.C.P.  in  1851,  and  in  18.53-64 
of  the  Ms.  Supreme  Court ;  pres.  of  the  Wor- 
cester and  Nashua  Railroad  Co.  In  1849  he 
was  senior  counsel  in  the  defence  of  Prof.  Web- 
ster, who  murdered  Dr.  George  Parkman. 
Much  of  his  large  property  was  bequeathed  to 
the  city  of  Worcester  for  the  establishment  of 
schools  of  a  high  grade. 

Merrill,  David,  Presb.  minister  at  Ur- 
bana,  0.,  1827-41,  and  of  Peacham,  Vt.,  from 
1841  to  his  d.,  July  21,  1850,  a.  52.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1821.  He  pub.  three  occas.  sermons,  and 
contrib.  to  several  periodicals.  After  his  death, 
a  vol.  of  his  sermons,  with  a  Memoir  by  T.  S. 
Pearson,  was  pub.  12mo,  Windsor,  1855. 

Merrill,  Thomas  Abbot,  D.  D.  (Mid. 
Coll.  1837),  Cong,  clergyman,  b.  Andover, 
Ms.,  Jan.  18,  1780;  d.  Middlebury,  Vt.,  April 
29,  1855.  Dartm.  Coll.  1801.  He  was  a  tutor 
at  Dartm.  and  Midd.  Colleges,  and  was  pastor 
of  the  church  at  the  latter  place  from  Dec.  19, 
1805,  until  his  death.  Numerous  revivals  at- 
tested his  power  as  a  preacher.  He  was  49 
years  one  of  the  corporation  of  Midd.  Coll.  He 
pub.  some  sermons,  and  a  valuable  history  of 
Middlebury  in  1840. 

Merritt,  Timothy,  clergyman,  b.  Bark- 
hamstead,  Ct.,  Oct.  1775;  d.  Lynn,  Ms.,  1845. 
He  became  a  minister  in  the  M.E.  Church  in 
1796;  edited  Zion's  Herald  in  Boston,  and  the 
Christ.  Advocate  and  Journal  at  New  York  ;  and 
pub.  "  The  Christian's  Manual,"  "  Convert's 
Guide  and  Preacher's  Assistant,"  "Universal 
Salvation,"  and  "  Memoir  of  Miss  S.  H.  Bunt- 
ing." 

Merritt,  Wesley,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  N.  Y.  1836.  West  Point,  1860.  Entering 
the  Dragoons,   he  became  capt.   2d   Cav.   5 


April,  1862;  brig.-gen.  vols.  29  June,  1803  ; 
maj.-gen.  1  Apr.  1865;  lieut.-col.  9th  Cav.  28 
July,  1866.  He  took  part  in  Stoneman's  Raid, 
Apr,  1863  ;  com.  reserve  cav.  brigade  at  Gettys- 
burg, and  brev.  major,  1  July,  1863  ;  com.  cav. 
division,  Nov.  1863  to  Apr.  1864,  in  operations 
in  Central  Va. ;  com.  cav.  brigade  in  the  Rich- 
mond campaign,  being  frequently  engaged ;  and 
brev.  lieut.-col.  11  May,  1864,  for  battle  of 
Yellow  Tavern,  and  col.  for  battle  of  Hawes 
Shop,  28  May,  1864;  also  engaged  at  Cold 
Harbor  and  Trevillian's  Station ;  com.  cav.  div. 
Shenandoah  campaign ;  and  brev.  maj.-gen. 
vols.  19  Oct.  1864  for  Winchester  and  Fisher's 
Hill ;  com.  cav.  div.  in  Richmond  campaign. 
Mar. -Apr.  1865;  engaged  at  Dinwiddle  C.H. 
31  Mar.,  and  Five  Forks,  for  which  he  was 
brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865 ;  and 
brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  for  gallant  and  merit, 
services  ending  in  Lee's  surrender.  —  CulJum. 

Merry,  Robert  (Delia  Crusca),  poet,  b. 
Lond.  1756;  d.  Baltimore,  24  Jan.  1798.  U. 
of  Cambridge.  He  acquired  reputation  as  a 
poet;  m.  in  1792  the  actress  Anne  Brunton, 
who  in  1 796  accomp.  him  to  America.  Author 
of  "Pains  of  Memory,"  Boston,  1797.  His 
widow  m.  William  Warren  the  comedian  in 
1806. 

Mervine,  William,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Pa.  1790;  d.  Utica,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  15,  1868. 
Midshipm.  Jan.  16,  1809;  lieut.  Feb.  4,  1815  ; 
com.  Jan.  12,  1834;  capt.  Sept.  8,  1841  ;  com- 
mo.  16  July,  1862;  rear-adm.  1866.  He  did 
good  service  during  the  first  year  of  the  civil 
war ;  but  ill  health  compelled  his  retirement  in 
Nov.  1861. 

Messer,  Asa,  D.D.  (H.U.  1820),  LL.D. 
(U.  of  Vt.  1812),  b.  Methuen,  Ms.,  1769;  d. 
Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  11,  1836.  Brown  U. 
1790.  He  was  tutor  in  1791;  prof,  of  lan- 
guages in  1796;  of  mathematics  and  moral 
philos.  in  1799  ;  and  was  pres.  of  B.U.  from 
1802  to  1826.  The  citizens  of  Providence  for 
several  years  elected  him  to  important  civil 
offices.  Several  of  his  discourses  and  orations 
have  been  pub.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by 
the  First  Baptist  Church,  Providence,  in  1792, 
and  ord.  in  1801. 

Messerve,  Col.  Nathaniel,  ship-builder, 
b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.;  d.  June  28, 1758.  Lieut.- 
col.  of  Moore's  regt.,  and  rendered  essential  ser- 
vice, at  the  siege  of  Louisburg,  1745  ;  com.  the 
N.H.  regt.  raised  for  the  Crown  Point  exped. 
in  1 756,  and  gallantly  defended  Fort  Edward. 
In  1 758  he  embarked  to  aid  in  the  second  siege 
of  Louisburg,  and  died  of  small-pox.  His  son 
George  was  app.  stamp-agent  for  N.  H.  ; 
afterward  coll.  of  customs  in  Boston  and  Ports- 
mouth ;  was  a  loyalist,  and  went  to  England  in 
1777. 

Messheimer,  Frederick  Val.,  entomol- 
ogist ;  d.  ab.  1814.  Lutheran  minister  of  Han- 
over, York  Co.,  Pa.  He  pub.  "  A  Catalogue 
of  Insects  of  Pa.,"  1806. 

Metcalfe,  Charles  Theophilus,  baron, 
gov.-gen.  of  Canada  1842-4,  b.  Berkshire, 
Eng.,  Jan.  30,  1785  ;  d.  Basingstoke,  Sept.  5, 
1846.  Theophilus  his  father  was  a  member 
of  parliament.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  ; 
went  to  India  in  1800,  where  he  tilled  various 
civil  and  diplomatic  posts;  succeeded  to  the 


m:kt 


618 


]VtID 


baronetcy  on  the  death  of  his  bro.  in  1822; 
gov.-gcn.  of  Jamaica  1839-42;  created  a  baron 
in  1844. 

Metcalf,  Ralph,  gov.  of  N.H.  1855-6,  b. 
Charlestown,  N.H.,  Nov.  21,  1798;  d.  Clare- 
raont,  N.H.,  Aug.  26,  1858.  D.C.  1823.  He 
followed  farming  until  the  age  of  18  ;  began  the 
practice  of  law  at  Newport  in  1826;  was  sec. 
of  state  several  years  from  1830;  held  a  clerk- 
ship at  Washington  in  1838-40  ;  was  chairman 
of  the  com.  for  compiling  the  laws  of  the  State 
in  1852  ;  member  of  the  house  in  1852-3  ;  re- 
gister of  probate  for  Sullivan  Co.  in  1845. — 
All! mm  D.C. 

Metcalfe,  Samuei,  L,,  M.D.,  b.  Va. ;  d. 
1856.  Some  time  a  resident  of  Ky.,  and  prof, 
of  chemistry  in  Transylv..  U., "  Lexington. 
Author  of  "Narrative  of  Indian  Warfare  in 
the  West,"  Lex.  8vo,  1821  ;  "New  Theory  of 
Terrestrial  Magnetism,"  8vo,  1833 ;  "  Caloric," 
&c.,  2  vols.  8vo,  1843. 

Metcalf,  Theron,  LL.D.  (B.U.  1844; 
H.U.  1848),  jurist,  b.  Franklin,  Ms.,  Oct.  16, 
1784.  Brown  U.  1805.  App.  reporter  Ms. 
Supreme  Court  in  1839,  and  judge  from  Feb. 
24, 1 848,  to  1 865.  Author  of  "  Digest  of  Cases 
in  the  Ms.  Sup.  Court,"  1816-23;  "  Metcalf  s 
Reports,  1840-49,"  13  vols.  8vo,  1840-51  ; 
"  Digest  of  Decis.  of  Cts.  of  Common  Law  and 
Admiralty  in  the  U.S.,"  vol.  i.,  1840;  with  L.  S. 
Cushing,  Suppt.  to  the  Rev.  Statutes  of  Ms. 
to  1844.  He  has  edited  the  Gen.  Laws  of  Ms. 
to  1822  by  Commissioners  Stearns  and  Shaw, 
2  vols.  8vo,  1823  ;  Maule  and  Selwyn's  Re- 
ports ;  Russell  on  Crimes ;  Starkie  on  Evi- 
dence; Yelverton's  Reports;  &c.  Author  of 
able  articles  in  the  Amer.  Jurist  on  the  Law 
of  Contracts  (since  pub.  in  an  8vo  vol.),  &c. ; 
an  Oration  at  Dedham,  July  4,  1810;  and 
"  An  Address  to  the  P.  B.  K.  Soc.  of  Brown 
U."  1832 

Metcalfe,  Gen.  Thomas,  statesman,  b. 
Fauquier  Co.,  Va.,  Mar.  20,1780;  d.  Nicholas 
Co.,  Ky.,  Aug.  18,  1855.  In  his  youth  his 
parents'emigrated  to  Fayette,  Ky.,  where  he  re- 
ceived a  few  months'  schooling ;  became  a 
stone-cutter  at  the  age  of  16,  and  devoted  all 
his  leisure  to  study.  In  1809  the  prospect  of 
a  war  with  Eng.  occasioned  his  first  appeai-ance 
as  a  public  speaker;  in  1813  he  com.  a  com- 
pany at  the  battle  of  Fort  Meigs,  distinguish- 
ing himself  greatly ;  and,  while  absent  on  this 
campaign,  was  elected  to  the  legisl.,  receiving 
within  13  of  the  entire  vote  of  the  county ; 
after  serving  there  several  years,  he  was  M.C. 
1819-29;  gov.  1828-32;  State  senator  1834, 
and  U.S.  senator  1848-9  ;  pres.  of  the  Board 
of  Internal  Improvement  in  1840.  He  was 
the  friend  and  follower  of  Henry  Clay,  and 
delighted  in  the  appellation,  —  having  refer- 
ence to  his  occupation  of  a  stone-mason,  —  the 
**  Old  Stone  Hammer."  In  Congress  and  the 
executive  chair.  Gov.  M.  greatly  disting.  him- 
self by  his  ability  and  firmness. 

Miantonomo,  Sachem  of  the  Narragan- 
setts ;  d.  Sept.  1643.  He  was  the  nephew  and 
successor  of  Canonicus,  and  assumed  the  govt, 
in  1636  ;  making  in  that  year  a  treaty  with  the 
English  at  Boston.  He  was  the  friend  and 
benefactor  of  the  R.I.  settlers,  to  whom  he 
gave  their  territory.     In  1638  he  entered  into 


an  agreement  with  Uncas,  Sachem  of  the 
Mohegans,  not  to  make  war  upon  one  another 
without  first  appealing  to  the  English.  Cited 
in  1642,  upon  mere  rumor  of  intended  hostilities, 
to  appear  at  Boston  before  the  gov.  and  council, 
he  promptly  appeared,  declared  his  innocence, 
and  called  upon  the  English  to  produce  his  ac- 
cusers. None  appearing,  he  was  dismissed 
with  honor.  Gov.  Winthrop,  in  his  Journal, 
testifies  to  the  respect  in  which  the  ability  of 
this  great  chief  was  held.  The  rivalry  between 
the  Mohegans  and  Narragansetts,  which  it  was 
the  policy  of  the  English  to  foment,  produced 
its  inevitable  result.  Driven  by  the  insults  and 
injuries  of  the  unprincipled  Uncas,  he  attacked 
him,  but  was  defeated,  and  made  prisoner,  and, 
by  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  English 
magistrates  and  elders,  was  executed.  Brave 
and  magnanimous,  he  was  doubtless  the  most 
able  of  the  Indians  of  New  England. 

Micconopy  (Pond-King),  head  chief  of 
the  Seminoles;  d.  Fort  Gibson,  Ark.,  Jan.  1849, 
a.  ab.  63.  He  com.  in  person  at  Dade's  defeat, 
and  with  Osceola  at  the  Onithlacoochie  in  1836, 
but  was  opposed  to  the  war,  and  surrendered 
in  Dec.  1837. 

Michaux,  Andre,  botanist,  b.  Sartory, 
near  Versailles,  Mar.  7,  1746  ;  d.  Madagascar, 
Nov.  1802.  He  devoted  himself  to  agric.  pur- 
suits ;  but  the  early  loss  of  his  wife  changed 
his  career.  In  1780  he  made  a  botanical  ex- 
cursion to  Spain,  and  in  1782  to  Persia.  In 
1785  he  was  sent  to  America  for  the  purpose 
of  sending  out  trees  and  shrubs  for  the  estab- 
lishment at  Rambouillet ;  made  botanical  ex- 
cursions in  various  parts  of  the  continent ;  and 
established  gardens  for  arboriculture  at  N.Y. 
and  at  Charleston,  S.C.  In  1796  he  returned 
to  Europe ;  was  shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of 
Holland,  but  saved  the  greater  part  of  his 
valuable  collection,  and,  on  his  arrival  at  Paris, 
found  that  few  of  the  60,000  stocks  which  he 
had  sent  out  to  Rambouillet  had  escaped  the 
ravages  of  the  Revol.  In  1800  he  was  attached 
to  the  exped.  of  Baudin  to  New  Holland. 
Author  of  "  Histoire  des  Chines  de  I' Amerique,'* 
1801 ;  and  "  Flora  Boreali  Americana,"  2  vols. 
8vo,  1803.  His  son  Franqois  Andre  (b. 
1770,  d.  Oct.  23, 1855),  who  accomp.  his  father 
in  most  of  his  voyages,  in  1802  made,  by 
order  of  the  French  govt.,  a  voyage  to  Amer. 
to  examine  the  productions  of  the  States  beyond 
the  Alleghanies.  In  1804  he  pub.  "A  Journey 
to  the  West  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  ;  "  to 
which  was  added  "  A  Memoir  on  the  Natural- 
ization of  the  Forest-Trees  of  N.  Amer.,"  &e. 
In  1806  he  was  again  sent  to  collect  such  seeds 
as  he  thought  might  be  successfully  introduced 
into  France.  His  "  N.  Amer.  Sylva,"  transl. 
by  Hillhouse,  with  notes  by  J.  J.  Smith,  was 
pub.  3  vols.  8vo,  Phila.  1850. 

Middleton,  Arthur,  statesman  of  S.C, 
son  of  Edward  (b.  Twickenham,  Eng.),  a 
member  of  the  council  in  1680,  was  active  in 
public  affairs  as  early  as  1712.  Possessing 
property  and  talents,  he  exerted  all  his  in- 
fluence on  the  popular  side,  and  in  1719  headed 
the  revol.  which  substituted  for  the  proprietary 
govt,  the  immediate  protection  of  the  crown. 
He  presided  over  the  popular  convention,  and 
was  spokesman  in  the  proceedings  by  which 


iNirD 


619 


MJG- 


the  gov.  was  formally  deposed  bj  the  popular 
govt.  Gov.  of  the  Colony  from  1725  to  1731  ; 
he  was  afterwards  in  the  council.  His  adminis- 
tration was  marked  by  war  and  negotiations 
with  the  Spaniards  of  Florida  and  the  French 
of  La.  His  son  Thomas  disting.  himself  in 
1761  in  com.  of  a  provincial  regt.  against  the 
Cherokees.  Another  son,  Henry,  was  pres. 
of  Congress  1774-5. 

Middleton,  Arthur,  a  signer  of  the 
Decl.  of  Indep.,  b.  at  the  family-seat  on  Ashley 
River,  1743;  d.  Jan,  1,  1788.  Grandson  of 
the  preceding,  and  son  of  Henry.  He  was 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Westminster  schools  ; 
graduating  at  Cambridge  U.  in  1764.  After 
his  marriage  with  the  dau.  of  Walter  Izard,  he 
revisited  Europe,  and  made  a  tour  of  two 
years  on  the  Continent.  Returning  in  1773, 
he  became  a  planter;' a  prominent  Revol. 
leader  ;  a  most  efficient  member  of  the  council 
of  safety;  and  in  1776  one  of  the  committee 
to  prepare  the  State  constitution  ;  delegated  to 
Congress  in  1776-7;  declined  the  governorship 
of  S.C.  in  1778;  took  arms  in  the  defence  of 
Charleston  in  1779;  saw  his  plantation  dev- 
astated by  the  British ;  was  made  prisoner 
on  the  fall  of  Charleston  in  1780;  his  estate 
was  sequestered,  and  he  was  imprisoned  at  St. 
Augustine,  and  thence  transferred  to  the  Jersey 
prison-ship  ;  exchanged  in  July,  1781 ;  he  was 
again  a  member  of  Congress  1781-3  ;  and  was 
afterwards  in  the  State  senate.  Skilled  as  a 
stenographer,  he  took  down  many  of  the  de- 
bates in  which  he  participated.  Under  the 
signature  of  "  Andrew  Marvell  "  he  wrote 
some  effective  political  essays.  Arthur,  his 
grandson  (son  of  Henry,  min.  to  Russia),  8 
years  sec.  of  legation  in  Spain,  b.  S.C  28  Oct. 
1795,  d.  Naples,  Italy,  June  9,  1853.  H.U. 
1814.  Married  at  Rome  the  Countess  Benti- 
voglio. 

Middleton,  Christopher,  an  English 
arctic  navigator;  d.  Jan.  24,  1770.  He  sailed 
from  Eng.  in  May,  1741  ;  and,  after  having 
passed  the  winter  at  the  entrance  of  Churchill's 
River  in  Hudson  Bay,  he  proceeded  to  Wager 
River,  and  penetrated  towards  the  west  as  far 
as  88  degrees.  He  then  steered  to  the  north- 
west, and  reached  a  bay,  which  he  called  Re- 
pulse Bay,  in  consequence  of  being  prevented 
by  the  land  and  ice  from  making  farther  prog- 
ress. On  the  9th  of  Aug.  he  sailed  back  to 
Eng.,  where  a  violent  controversy  took  place 
between  him  and  Arthur  Dobbs,  a  gentleman 
of  fortune,  at  whose  instance  Middleton  had 
undertaken  the  exped.  Further  researches 
vindicated  the  reputation  of  Middleton,  who 
was,  in  consequence,  presented  with  a  medal, 
and  elected  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society. 

Middleton,  Henry,  statesman,  son  of 
Arthur  the  signer,  b.  1771 ;  d.  Charleston, 
S.C,  14  June,  1846.  Member  of  the  legisl. 
1801-10;  gov.  1810-12;  M.C  in  1815-19; 
and  minister  to  Russia  1820-31.  A  man  of 
great  liberality.  His  son  Henry,  b.  Paris, 
1797  (West  Point,  1815),  studied  law,  and 
was  adm.  to  the  Charleston  bar  in  1822,  but 
never  practised.  He  pub.  "  The  Government 
and  the  Currency,"  1850,  and  many  pamphlets 
on  politics,  polit.  economy,  &c. 

Middleton,  John  Izard,  second  son  of 


Arthur  the  signer,  b.  on  Ashley  River,  1785; 
d.  Paris,  Nov.  1 849.  U.  of  Cambridge,  Eng. 
He  resided  at  Paris  during  the  last  25  years 
of  his  life,  and  was  an  intimate  in  the  circles 
of  Mmes.  De  Stael  and  Recamier.  His  work 
on  "The  Cyclopean  Walls"  (fol.Lond.  1812) 
shows  great  acquirements  in  classical  literature 
and  the  details  of  art. 

Middleton,  Peter,  M.D.,  physician,  b. 
Scotland;  d.  New  York,  1781.  U.  of  Edin- 
burgh. He  made  with  Dr.  Bard,  in  1750,  the 
first  dissection  on  record  in  America,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  disting.  medical  men  in  N.Y. 
in  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  In  1767  he 
aided  in  establishing  a  new  med.  school  in 
N.Y.,  of  which  he  was  app.  first  prof,  of  physi- 
ology and  pathology,  and  was  the  instructor 
in  materia  medica  1767-76  ;  gov.  of  King's 
Coll.,  N.Y.,  1775.  In  the  Med.  Repos.,  vol.  ix., 
is  an  able  letter  by  him  on  the  Croup.  He 
also  pub.  in  1769  "  Historical  Inquiries  into  the 
Ancient  and  Present  State  of  Medecine."  — 
Thacher. 

Mifflin,  Thomas,  major-gen.,  b.  Phila. 
1744;  d.  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Jan.  21,  1800.  Of 
Quaker  parentage.  Educated  in  Phila.  Coll. 
and  in  a  counting-house.  He  visited  Europe  in 
1765,  and,  soon  after  his  return,  entered  into 
partnership  with  an  elder  bro. ;  and  such  was 
his  reputation  and  influence,  that  in  1772  he 
was  chosen  to  the  legisl. ;  was  re-elected  in  the 
following  year,  with  Dr.  Franklin ;  and  in  1774 
was  a  delegate  to  the  first  Congress.  App.  a 
major  of  one  of  the  first  regts.  raised  in  Phila., 
he  accomp.  Washington  to  Cambridge  as  aide- 
de-camp  (with  the  rank  of  col.) ;  in  Aug.  was 
made  qmr.-gen. ;  adj. -gen.  shortly  afterwards; 
brig.-gen.  May  16,  1776;  maj.-gen.  Feb.  19, 
1777.  He  com.  the  covering-party  during  the 
retreat  from  L.I. ;  and  was  active  in  arousing 
the  militia  of  his  State,  which  he  traversed, 
making  patriotic  addresses,  and  in  bringing 
aid  to  Washington  before  the  battles  of  Tren- 
ton and  Princeton.  In  the  gloomy  period 
succeeding  the  campaign  in  N.  J.,  Gen.  Mif- 
flin did  not  attempt  to  conceal  his  discontent, 
and,  after  the  battle  of  Germantown,  resigned 
his  commission  of  qmr.-gen.  on  the  ground 
of  ill-health,  but  was  at  the  same  time  chosen 
a  member  of  the  new  board  of  war.  He  was 
one  of  the  chief  conspirators  engaged  in  the 
Conway  cabal,  and  continued  to  cherish  an 
unfriendly  disposition  towards  the  com.  in 
chief.  In  Nov.  1782  he  was  elected  a  delegate 
to  Congress ;  was  chosen  pres.  in  1783  ;  mem- 
ber and  speaker  of  the  State  legisl.  in  1785;  a 
delegate  to  the  convention  to  frame  the  Federal 
Constitution  in  1787;  pres.  of  the  supreme 
exec,  council  of  Pa.  from  Oct.  1 788  to  Oct.  1 790 ; 
pres.  of  the  convention  which  formed  the  State 
constitution  1790 ;  from  1791  to  1800  gov.  of 
the  State ;  and  finally  died  a  member  of  the 
legisl.  He  assisted  in  quelling  the  Whiskey 
Insurrection  in  1794;  making  a  circuit  through 
the  lower  counties,  publicly  addressing  the 
militia  on  the  crisis  of  affairs.  —  Simpson. 

Mignot,  Louis  R.,  landscape-painter,  b. 
S.C  Left  N.Y.  City,  where  he  had  long  been 
prosperously  established,  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  Rebellion  ;  and  has  been  a  successful  paint- 
er in  Lond.     He  is  a  remarkable  delineator  of 


MIL. 


620 


MZH. 


tropical  atmosphere  and  vegetation.  Among 
his  pictures  are  "  The  Source  of  the  Susque- 
hanna," "Evening  in  the  Tropics,"  "  Holland 
Winter-Scene,"  and  "  Southern  Harvest."  — 
Tuckerman. 

Milburn,  William  Henry  ("  the  blind 
preacher  "),  an  eloquent  clergyman,  b.  Phila. 
Sept.  26,  1823.  In  1827  his  father  moved  to 
Jacksonville,  III.  William  had  partially  lost 
his  sight  in  childhood,  but  was  an  indefatiga- 
ble student,  and  studied  a  while  in  111.  Coll. ; 
but  at  the  age  of  20  gave  up  from  ill-health, 
and  engaged  as  a  Meth.  itinerant  preacher.    In 

1846  he  became  chaplain  to  Congress,  where 
he  was  engaged  for  10  sessions;  in  1848  he 
was  established  in  Ala.,  first  at  Montgomery, 
afterward  at  Mobile.  He  removed  to  N.Y.  in 
18.54,  and  became  a  popular  lecturer.  In  1859 
he  delivered  lectures  in  the  principal  cities  of 
Eng.  to  crowded  audiences.  He  subsequently 
joined  the  Episc.  Church.  His  "  Ten  Years 
of  Preaclier-Life  "  was  pub.  1859;  "Pioneers 
and  People  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  1860; 
"Rifle,  Axe,  and  Saddle-Bags,"  1857." — 
Dui/ckinck. 

Miles, Dixon  S.,co1.  U.S.A.,  b.  Md.  1803  ; 
killed  at  Harjjer's  Ferry,  Va.,  Sept.  16,  1862. 
West  Point,  1824.  Adj.  May,  1830,  to  1836; 
capt.  8  June,  1836  ;  assist,  quarterm.  1839-45  ; 
brev.  major  for  defence  of  Fort  Brown,  May  9, 
1846;  cum.  his  regt.,and  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  gal- 
lantry, at  Monterey,  Mex. ;  maj.  5th  Inf.  Feb. 
16,  1847;  military  and  civil  gov.  of  Jalapa, 
Mex.,  July,  1848 ;  com.  in  Gila  exped.,  and 
disting.  in  conflicts  with  Indians  of  N.  Mex- 
ico, June  27,  1857  ;  and  in  several  conflicts 
with  Navajocs,  N.  Mex.,  Sept.  1858;  lieut.- 
col.  3d  Inf.  Apr.  15,  1851  ;  col.  2d  Inf.  Jan. 
19,  1859.  In  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  he  com. 
the  5  th  division  in  reserve.  In  Sept.  1862  he 
was  intrusted  with  the  important  com.  of 
Harper's  Ferry.  One  of  his  subordinates 
abandoned  Maryland  Heights ;  and,  on  the  ap- 
proach of  the  enemy  in  force,  he  surrendered 
the  post  with  nearly  12,000  men. 

Miles,  Henry  Adolphus,  D.D.  (B.U. 
1850),  b.  Grafton,  Ms.,  30  May,  1809.  B.U. 
1829.  Many  years  sec.  Amer.  Unit.  Assoc; 
formerly  settled  over  a  Unit.  Church  at  Lowell. 
Has  pub.  "  Lowell  as  it  Was  and  Is,"  2d  ed. 

1847  ;  "  Genealogy  of  the  Miles  Family,"  1840 ; 
and  a  discourse  before  the  A.  and  Hon.  Art. 
Co.,  5  June,  1843. 

Miles,  James  Warley,  scholar,  b.  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  ab.  1819.  S.C.  Coll.  He  took 
holy  orders,  and  became  a  missionary  to  the 
East,  acquiring  the  Oriental  tongues.  On  his 
return  he  became  assist,  rector  of  St.  Michael's, 
Charleston,  which  he  gave  up  for  the  profess- 
orship of  Greek  and  history  in  the  Charleston 
Coll.  Visiting  France  and  Germany  for  his 
health,  he  studied  philology  and  philos.  at 
Berlin,  and,  returning  after  two  years'  absence, 
became  librarian  of  the  Charleston  Coll.  He 
has  contrib.  vigorous  articles  for  the  Southern 
Review ;  and  pub.  "  Philosophic  Theology," 
1849,  and  a  number  of  addresses.  He  has 
also  written  fugitive  poems  of  merit.  —  Duyc- 
kinck. 

Miles,  Nelson  A.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Wachusettville,   Ms.,   8  Aug.    1839.      Re- 


ceived a  fair  education,  and  at  17  entered  a 
store  in  Boston.  He  entered  the  service  as  1st 
lieut.  22d  Ms.  Oct.  1861  ;  was  disting.  and 
wounded  at  Fair  Oaks ;  also  disting,  at 
Charles  City  Cross-Road  and  at  Malvern ; 
acted  as  adj. -gen.  1st  brigade,  Istdiv.  2d  corps, 
from  Fair  Oaks  to  Harrison's  Landing ;  was,  30 
Sept.  1862,  made  col.  61st  N.Y.,  which  he  led 
at  Fredericksburg ;  and  was  carried  from  the 
field  of  Chancellorsville  (as  was  supposed)  fatal- 
ly wounded  ;  com.  the  1st  brig.  Istdiv.  2d  corps 
in  the  Richmond  campaign  of  1864;  was 
made  brig.-gen.  12  May,  1864  ;  and  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  for  gallantry  at  Reams's  Station,  Dec. 
1864  ;  maj.-gen.  21  Oct.  1865  ;  col.  40th  inf.  28 
July,  1866  ;  transf.  to  5th  Inf.  15  Mar.  1869  ; 
brev.  brig,  and  maj.-gen.  2  Mar.  1867. 

Miles,  Pliny,  b.  Watertown,  N.Y.,  1818; 
d.  Malta,  6  April,  1865.  Well  known  by  his 
letters  from  abroad  under  the  signature  of 
"  Communipaw."  Was  the  author  of  "  Senti- 
ments of  Flowers;"  "Statistical  Register," 
8vo,  1848;  "Art  of  Memory,"  8vo,  1848; 
"  Rambles  in  Ireland,"  1854  ;  "  Ocean  Steam- 
Navigation,"  1857  ;  "Postal  Reform,  its  Ur- 
gent Necessity  and  Practicability,"  1855.  To 
this  subject  he  devoted  his  later  years.  In 
his  early  years  he  was  a  schoolmaster. 

Miles,  Richard  Pius,  R.  C.  bishop  of 
Nashville,  consec.  Sept.  16,  1838;  d.  Feb.  1, 
1860. 

Milfort,  Le  Clerc,  a  French  adventurer, 
who  in  his  youth  came  to  Amer. ;  travelled 
through  the  Colonies,  and  ab.  1776  attached 
himself  to  MacGillivray,  the  Creek  chief,  whose 
sister  he  married  ;  was  made  a  war  chief  by 
the  Indians ;  and  served  actively  against  the 
patriots  of  Ga.  during  the  Revol.  In  1796, 
after  having  lost  his  wife  and  his  bro.-in-law 
MacGillivray,  he  returned  to  France,  and  was 
made  a  gen.   of  brigade  by   Bonaparte.     In 

1814  he  disting.  himself  by  a  gallant  defence 
of  his  own  house  in  Rheims  against  a  party 
of  Russians,  and  died  soon  after.  He  pub. 
in  France  an  interesting  memoir  of  his  resi- 
dence among  the  Creeks,  "  Sejours  dans  la 
Nation  Creek,"  8vo,  Paris,  1802. 

Millard,  David,  clergyman,  b.  Ballston, 
N.Y.,  Nov.  24,  1794.  The  son  of  a  Revolu- 
tionary soldier.  He  was  brought  up  on  a  farm, 
and  became  a  teacher  at  the  age  of  17.     In 

1815  he  became  a  minister;  and  was  settled  in 
West  Blooinfield,  N.  Y.,  from  1818  to  1832; 
in  Portsmouth  from  1837  to  1840;  visited  the 
Mediterranean  and  the  East  in  1841  ;  and 
was  some  years  a  prof,  in  the  Meadville  Theol. 
School,  Pa.  He  pub.  "  The  True  Messiah  in 
Scripture  Light,"  1818;  "Travels  in  Egypt, 
Arabia  Petraea,  and  the  Holy  Land,"  1843; 
and  edited  a  monthly  mag.,  the  Gospel  Lumi- 
nary. 

Milledge,  John,  soldier  and  statesman,  b. 
Savannah,  1757  ;  d.  at  the  Sand  Hills,  Feb.  9, 
1818.  He  descended  from  one  of  the  early 
settlers  of  the  Colony  ;  was  brought  up  in  the 
office  of  the  king's  atty. ;  at  the  commencement 
of  the  Revolution  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
Colonies  ;  and  was  one  of  the  party  which 
made  Gov.  Wright  prisoner,  June  17,  1775. 
He  was  at  the  sieges  of  Savannah  and  Augusta; 
served  frequently  in  the  legisl. ;  was  in  1 780  app. 


]MIX^ 


621 


]MIL 


atty.-gen.  ofthe  State;  gcv,  in  1802-6;  M.C. 
1792-1 802,  excepting  one  term ;  ami  U.  S.  sena- 
tor 1 806-9 ;  pres.  pro  tern.  1 809.  In  1 802  he,  with 
James  Jackson  and  Abraham  Baldwin,  were 
commiss,  for  ceding  to  the  U.S.  certain  por- 
tions of  the  territory  of  Ga.  He  was  the  prin- 
cipal founder  of  the  U.  of  Ga.,  and  presented 
the  land  which  forms  its  site.  His  memory 
was  honored  by  an  act  of  the  legisl.,  calling  the 
capital  ofthe  State  Milledgeville. 

Milledoler,  Philip,  D.D.,  clergyman  of 
the  D.  R.  Church,  b.  Farmington,  Ct.,  Sept. 
22,  1775;  d.  Staten  Island,  Sept.  22,  1852. 
Col.  Coll.  1793.  Of  Swiss  parentage,  he  be- 
came disting.  as  a  scholar  while  at  Edinburgh, 
particularly  in  the  application  of  chemistry  to 
the  pursuits  of  life.  The  Highland  Agric. 
Society  having  offered  a  premium  of  50  sover- 
eigns for  the  best  analysis  of  oats,  he  was  the 
successful  competitor.  In  May,  1795,  he  be- 
came minister  of  the  Ref.  Church  in  N.  Y. ; 
from  1810  to  1813  was  pastor  of  the  Third 
Presb.  Church  in  Phila ;  from  1813  to  1820  he 
officiated  in  Rutgers-street  Collegiate  Church, 
N.Y. ;  in  1825-35  was  pres.  of  Rutgers  Coll., 
N.  J.,  being  prof,  of  moral  philos.  at  the  same 
time.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Bible 
Society;  was  an  industrious  scholar;  and  pub. 
lectures,  addresses,  essays,  and  treatises. 

Miller,  Edward,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1784), 
physician  and  medical  writer,  b.  Dover,  Del., 
9  May,  1760;  d.  N.  Y.  City  17  Mar.  1812. 
Son  of  Rev.  John,  43  years  Presb.  pastor  of 
Dover,  who  d.  July,  1791.  He  received  a  clas- 
sical education  ;  studied  medicine  ;  was  sur- 
geon's mate  in  the  Revol.  army  in  1780  ;  and 
surgeon  in  an  armed  ship  in  1781-2  ;  practised 
successfully  in  Dover,  until  in  1796  he  removed 
to  N.Y.  City,  where,  with  Drs.  Mitchell  and 
Smith,  he  founded,  in  Aug.  1797,  the  Med.  Re- 
pository, the  first  work  of  the  kind  in  America, 
continued  till  his  death.  Its  conductors  were 
members  of  a  Friendly  Club,  which  also  in- 
cluded William  Dunlap,  Brockden  Brown, 
Anthony  Bleecker,  and  James  Kent.  Made 
resident  physician  of  N.Y.  in  1803,  he  pub.  a 
treatise  of  great  merit  on  the  Yellow-Fever; 
app.  prof,  of  the  practice  of  physic  in  the  U.  of 
N.Y.  in  Mar.  1807,  and  in  1809  clinical  lecturer 
in  the  N.Y.  Hospital.  He  received  professional 
honors  from  all  quarters ;  had  a  large  corresp. 
with  men  of  letters  in  both  hemispheres ;  and 
assisted  his  bro.  Samuel  in  preparing  his  "Ret- 
rospect of  the  18th  Century."  He  was  a  con- 
spicuous advocate  of  temperance,  and  opposed 
the  use  of  tobacco.  His  medical  writings,  with 
a  Memoir,  were  pub.  by  his  bro.,  S.  Miller,  8vo, 
1814. 

Miller,  Elihd  Spisncer,  prof  in  the  Law 
School  of  the  U.  of  Pa.,  b.  Princeton,  N.  J., 
1817.  N.J.  Coll.  1836.  Son  of  Rev.  Samuel. 
Author  of  "  Law  of  Partition  by  Writ  in 
Pa.,"  &c.,  8vo,  1847;  "Caprices,"  a  coll.  of 
poems,  12mo,  1849.  Editor  of  Serjeant  on  the 
Law  of  Mechanics,  8vo,  1856.  —  Allibone. 

Miller,  Gen.  Henry,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
near  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Feb.  13,  1751 ,  d.  Car- 
lisle, Pa.,  Apr.  5,  1824.  He  studied  law,  and 
began  practice  ;  but,  on  the  breaking-out  of  the 
war,  marched  to  Boston  as  a  lieut. ;  rose  to  lie 
col.;  performed  important  services  during  the 


campaign  in  N.  J. ;  had  two  horses  killed  under 
him  at  Monmouth ;  was  in  many  battles  during 
the  war;  was  quarterm.-gen.  in  the  Western 
exped. ;  and  com.  a  brigade  of  militia  for  the 
defence  of  Baltimore  in  the  war  of  1812.  He 
was  a  merchant  of  Baltimore;  afterward  pro- 
thonotary  of  Perry  Co. ;  and  supt.  of  revenue 
for  the  dist.  of  Pa. 

Miller,  Gen.  James,  b.  Peterborough, 
N.H.,  Apr.  25,  1776;  d.  Temple,  N.II.,  July  7, 
1851.  He  was  bred  to  the  law;  but  entered 
the  army  as  major  4tli  Inf.  July  8,  1 808  ;  app. 
licnt.-col.  5th  Inf.  Nov.  30,  1810;  brev.  col.  for 
disting.  service  at  Brownstown,  Aug.  9,  1812, 
where  he  commanded ;  disting.  in  capture  of 
Fort  George,  U.C,  May  27,  1813;  col.  21st 
Inf.  Mar.  9,  1814;  brevet  brig.-gen.  for  dis- 
ting. service  at  Niagara  Falls,  July  25,  1814; 
received  o,  gold  medal,  "with  suitable  emblems 
and  devices,"  presented  "  in  testimony  of  the 
high  sense  entertained  by  Congress  of  his  gal- 
lantry and  good  conduct  in  the  several  conflicts 
of  Niagara  and  Erie,"  Nov.  3,  1814.  Gov.  of 
Arkansas  from  March,  1819,  to  March,  1825  ; 
and  coll.  of  the  port  of  Salem  in  1 825-49.  His 
son  James  F.,  commodore  U.S.N,  (b.  1803,  d. 
Charlestown,  Ms.,  11  July,  1868),  entered  the 
navy  in  1826,  became  commo.  in  1866,  and  saw 
service  in  the  Mexican  war. 

Miller,  James  William,  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous Avriter,  d,  W.  Indies,  1829,  a.  27.  His 
early  life  was  passed  in  a  variety  of  occupa- 
tions. After  studying  law,  he  engaged  in  lite- 
rary pursuits  in  Boston,  but  went  to  the  West 
Indies  in  1828,  and  obtained  a  grant  of  land 
from  the  Spanish  govt.  He  was  for  a  short 
time  assoc.  with  John  Neal  in  the  editorship 
of  the  Yankee,  and  contrib.  in  verse  to  this  and 
other  periodicals.  A  vol.  of  his  Poems  and 
Sketches  was  collected  and  pub.  at  Boston, 
12mo,  1830. 

Miller  ("Joaquin"),  Cincinnatus  Hi- 
ker, poet,  has  been  successively  a  Cal.  miner, 
propr.  of  a  pony-express  over  the  mountains, 
editor  of  a  Democ.  paper  in  Eugene  City,  Ore- 
gon (his  father's  home),  atty.  at  law  in  Canyon 
City,  and  county  judge  of  Grant  Co.  He  m. 
ab.  1863  a  young  lady  named  Minnie  Myrtle, 
known  as  a  writer  of  verses,  from  whom  he  sep. 
in  1870,  and  has  since  resided  in  London.  A 
vol.  of  his  poems,  "  Songs  ofthe  Sierras,"  was 
pub.  there  m  1871. 

Miller,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  chaplain  to  the 
troops  in  N.Y.  1692-5.  Author  of  "  Description 
ofthe  Province  and  City  of  N.Y.,  &c.,  in  1695," 
pub.  London,  8vo,  1843,  and,  with  Introd.  and 
Notes  by  J.  G.  Shea,  N.Y.  8vo,  1862. 

Miller,  John,  statesman ;  d.  near  Flori- 
sant,  Mo.,  March  18, 1846.  Licut.-col.  17th  Inf. 
March  12 ;  col.  19th  Inf.  July  6, 1812 ;  disting. 
in  com.  of  detachment  from  the  army  in  Fort 
Meigs,  destroying  enemy's  batteries.  May  5, 
1813  ;  resigned  Feb.  10, 1818.  Register  of  pub- 
lic lands  in  Howard  Dist.,  Mo.,  some  years. 
Edited  Western  Herald,  at  Stcubcnville,  O.,  un- 
til 1 825.     Gov.  of  Mo.  1826-32 ;  M.C.  1837-43. 

Miller,  Samuel,  D.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1804), 
LL.D.  (Wash.  Coll.,  Pa.),  scholar  and  divine, 
b.  Dover,  Del.,  Oct.  31,  1769;  d.  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  Jan.  7,  1850.  U.  of  Pa.  1789.  Son  of 
Rev.  John,  a  native  of  Boston,  who  early  set- 


MIL 


622 


MIIL 


tied  as  a  Presb.  clergyman  in  Del. ;  and  bro. 
of  Edward  Miller,  M.D.  From  1793  to  1813 
he  was  minister  of  a  Presb.  church  in  N.  Y. 
City,  acquiring  much  reputation  as  a  theolo- 
gian and  a  polemical  writer;  and  in  1813-49 
was  prof,  of  eccl.  hist,  and  church  govt,  in  the 
Theol.  Sera,  at  Princeton,  N.J.  Author  of  "A 
Brief  Retrospect  of  the  Eighteenth  Century," 
2  vols.  Svo,  1803;  "Letters  on  the  Constitu- 
tion and  Order  of  the  Christian  Ministry," 
which  originated  a  controversy  between  him 
and  Rev.  John  Bowden  on  the  subject,  1807; 
a  discourse  before  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc,  of  which 
he  was  9  years  corresp.  sec,  on  the  discov.  of 
N.Y.  by  Hudson,  1809;  "Memoirs  of  Rev. 
John  Rodgers,"  Svo,  1813  ;  "  Infant-Baptism," 
12mo,  1840;  "  Letters  on  Unitarian  ism,"  8vo, 
1821;  "Letters  on  Clerical  Manners  and 
Habits,"  1827;  "  Presbyterianism  Truly  Prim- 
itive," &c.,  12mo,  1840;  "On  the  Eternal 
Sonship  of  Christ,"  1823;  "Memoir  of  Rev. 
Charles  Nesbit,  D.D.,"  1840;  besides  numer- 
ous occasional  sermons,  and  a  "  Life  of  Jona- 
than Edwards  "  in  Sparks's  "  American  Biog- 
raphy." He  was  an  early  member  of  the  Amcr. 
Philos.  Society,  and  a  corresp.  member  of  the 
Ms.  Hist.  Society. — See  Memoir  of  Rev.  S.  Mil- 
ler, by  Samuel  Miller,  1869;  Sprague. 

MiUer,  Samuel  H.,  app.  judge  U.S.  Sup. 
Court  16  July,  1862,  b.  Richmond,  Ky.,  5  Apr. 
1816.  U.  of  Transylv.  Took  the  degree  of 
M.D.,  and  practised  medicine  a  few  years;  then 
adopted  the  law ;  became  an  emancipationist  in 
1848;  and  in  1850  settled  in  Iowa,  where  he 
became  a  Repub.  leader,  declining  all  offices, 
and  attending  wholly  to  his  profession. 

Miller,  Stephen  D.,  statesman,  b.  "Wax- 
haw  Settlement,  S.C,  May,  1787;  d.  Raymond, 
Mpi.,  March  8,  1838.  S.C.  Coll.  1808.  He 
adopted  the  profession  of  the  law;  was  M.C. 
1819-20;  member  S.C.  senate  1822;  gov.  of 
S.C.  in  1828-30;  and  U.S.  senator  in  1831-3. 

MiUer,  Stephen  Franks,  lawyer  and  au- 
thor, b.  N.C.  In  his  youth  he  removed  to  Ga.; 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  at  21,  soon  after  which 
the  legisl.  elected  him  solicitor-gen.  of  the 
Southern  Circuit.  Engaging  afterwards  in  his 
prof,  in  Ala.,  a  severe  bronchial  affection  com- 
pelled him  to  engage  in  other  avocations ;  and 
m  1840-7  he  edited  the  Monitor,  a  Whig  journal, 
at  Tuscaloosa.  In  1848  and  9  he  was  associ- 
ated in  the  editorial  management  of  De  Bow's 
Review  and  the  Daily  Commercial  Times  in  N. 
Orleans.  His  health  failing,  he  removed  to 
Oglethorpe  Co.,  Ga.  Author  of  "  The  Bench 
and  Bar  of  Georgia,"  2  vols.  8vo,  Phila.  1858; 
"  Wylkins  Wyldcr,  or  the  Successful  Man," 
1860;  and  a  "Memoir  of  Gen.  David  Black- 
shear." 

Miller,  Wi;.liam,  the  prophet  of  the  Mil- 
lerites,  b.  Pittsfield,  Ms.,  1781  ;  d.  Hampton, 
N.Y.,  Dec.  20,  1849.  During  the  last  war  with 
Eng.  he  served  as  a  capt.  of  vols,  on  the  North- 
ern frontier.  He  began  to  speak  in  public  as- 
semblies upon  the  subject  of  the  millennium  in 
1?33  ;  and  for  10  years  labored  assiduously  in 
the  Middle  and  Northern  States.  He  was  un- 
educated ;  yet  he  succeeded  in  building  up  a 
sect  of  some  thirty  or  forty  thousand  disciples, 
which  disappeared  rapidly  after  the  close  of  the 
"  day  of  probation  "  m  1843. 


Mills,  Abraham,  LL.D.  (Mad.  U.),  au- 
thor, b.  Duchess  Co.,  N.Y.,  1796;  d.  N.  York 
City,  8  July,  1867.  Educated  at  an  acad.  He 
established  himself  in  New  York,  where  he  was 
a  teacher  of  and  lecturer  on  rhetoric  and  belles- 
lettres.  Author  of  "  English  Literature,"  1 85 1 ; 
"  Greek  Literature,"  1853 ;  "Lectures  on  Rhet- 
oric and  Belles-Lettres,"  1854 ;  "  Compendium 
of  the  History  of  the  Ancient  Hebrews,"  1856. 
He  pub.  also  a  lecture  on  "Literature  and 
Literary  Men  of  Great  Britain." 

Mills,  Clark,  sculptor,  b.  Onondaga  Co., 
N.Y.,  Dec.  1,  1815.  While  a  child,  he  lost  his 
parents.  He  learned  the  trade  of  a  plasterer, 
which  he  followed  9  years  in  Charleston,  S.C. 
From  the  age  of  22  he  manifested  a  taste  for 
sculpture;  and  in  1846  finished  a  bust  of 
Calhoun,  which  adorns  the  City  Hall  of  Charles- 
ton. His  equestrian  statue  of  Gen.  Jackson, 
cast  in  Oct.  1852,  was  inaug.  Jan.  8,  1853,  and 
stands  in  Lafayette  Square,  Washington,  near 
the  President's  house.  During  the  next  session, 
$50,000  was  appropriated  by  Congress  for  a 
colossal  equestrian  statue  of  Washington,  to 
be  executed  by  him  :  this  statue,  which  is  some- 
Avhat  larger  than  that  of  Jackson,  was  inaug. 
at  Washington  Feb.  22, 1 860.  Mr.  Mills's  next 
employment  was  the  casting  of  a  colossal  statue 
of  Liberty,  from  a  design  by  Crawford ;  finished 
in  1863  :  it  now  crowns  the  dome  of  the  Capitol. 

Mills,  Robert,  engineer  and  architect  of 
S.C,  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  3  Mar.  1855.  Ar- 
chitect of  the  US.  P.O.,  Treasury,  and  Patent- 
office  buildings.  Author  of  "  Amcr.  Pharos, 
or  Light-house  Guide,"  Svo,  1832  ;  "  Statistics 
of  S.C,"  Svo,  1826;  "Atlas  of  S.C,"  fol.  1826; 
"  Guide  to  the  Nat.  Exec.  Offices,  Washington," 
1842. 

Mills,  Samuel  John,  "The  Father  of 
Foreign  Missions  in  America,"  b.  Torringford, 
Ct.,  Apr.  21,  1783  ;  d.  at  sea,  June  IS,  1818. 
Wms.  Coll.  1S09.  Son  of  the  eccentric  clergy- 
man of  Torringford  of  the  same  name  (1743- 
1833 ).  At  the  And.  Theol.  Sem.  he  was  active 
in  disseminating  his  project,  which  resulted  in 
the  app.  of  a  "Board  of  Commissioners  for 
Foreign  Missions ; "  in  the  embarkation  of 
Rev.  Messrs.  Hall,  Nott,  Judson,  Rice,  and 
Newell,  for  Calcutta,  in  Feb.  1812;  and  the 
establishment  of  missions  in  Ceylon,  the  Sand- 
wich Islands,  &c.  Ord. June 21, 1S15, andmade 
two  tours  through  the  Southern  and  Western 
States  with  Messrs.  Schermerhorn  and  Smith, 
of  which  he  pub.  an  account,  Andover,  Svo, 
1815.  On  his  return  he  originated  the  Amer. 
Bible  Society,  formed  in  N.Y.  May  S,  1816; 
and  was  instrumental  in  the  formation  of  the 
Amer.  Colonization  Society,  Jan.  1, 1817 ;  app. 
its  agent  to  explore  the  west  coast  of  Africa  for 
a  suitable  site  for  the  colony,  he  reached  its 
coast,  March  12,  181S;  explored  the  country; 
and  embarked  for  the  U.S.,  via  England,  May 
22,  but  died  on  the  passage.  His  Memoirs  have 
been  pub.  by  Gardiner  Spring,  D.D.,  Svo,  1820. 

Milmore,  Martin,  sculptor,  b.  Boston, 
1845.  Entered  Ball's  studio  in  July,  1860,  and 
has  produced  an  alto-relief,  "Prosphor;"  a  stat- 
uette of  "Devotion ; "  busts  of  Longfellow,  Sum- 
ner, Geo.  Ticknor,  Gen.  Thayer,  and  an  ideal 
of  "Miranda;"  statues  of  Ceres,  Flora,  and, 
Pomona,  in  Horticultural  Hall,  Boston ;  and 


TVTTT, 


623 


i^djjsr 


a  monument  at  Forest  Hills,  commemorating, 
by  the  city  of  Roxbury,  her  sons  who  fell  dur- 
ing the  Rebellion.  Noav  ^1871)  engaged  upon 
a  similar  work  for  the  city  of  Boston,  to  be 
placed  on  Boston  Common.  —  Tuckerman. 

Milnor,  James,  D.D.  (U.  of  Pa.),  clergy- 
man, b.  Phila.  June  20,  1773  ;  d.  N.Y.  Apr.  8, 
1845.  U.  of  Pa.  He  studied  law ;  commenced 
practice  in  1794;  removed  to  Phila.  in  1797; 
soon  attained  a  prominent  position ;  and  was 
M.C.in  1811-13.  Ord.  to  the  ministry  in  1814 ; 
officiated  in  Pa.  ab.  two  years ;  and  was  from 
1816  to  his  death  rector  of  St.  George's  Church. 
He  was  an  efficient  supporter  of  the  Institution 
for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  of  the  Bible  and 
Tract  Societies.  He  pub.  a  few  addresses  and 
occasional  sermons.  —  See  "Memoirs  of  the 
Life  of  James  Milnor,"  by  J.  S.  Stone,  D.D., 
N.Y.  1848. 

Milns,  William,  teacher  and  dramatist ; 
d.  Boston  Mar.  1801,  a.  40.  He  had  been  a 
teacher  in  N.Y.  and  Boston.  Author  of  some 
plays,  —  "  The  Comet,"  "All  in  a  Bustle," and 
"A  Flash  in  the  Pan." 

Milroy,  Gen.  Robert  H.,  b.  Ind.  ab. 
1814.  He  studied  law ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar ; 
served  as  capt.  1st  Ind.  Vols,  in  the  Mexican 
war;  entered  the  service  in  1861  as  brig.-gen. 
Ind.  Vols. ;  served  in  Western  Va.  under 
McClellan  and  Rosccrans ;  com.  the  forces 
engaged  at  Carrick's  Ford  ;  and  was  app.  brig.- 
gen.  vols.  Sept.  3,  1861  ;  he  served  under  Fre- 
mont and  Sigel,  and  in  the  2d  battle  of  Bull 
Run;  maj.-gen.  Nov.  29,  1862;  he  com.  ab. 
8,000  men  at  Winchester,  where  he  was  at- 
tacked 15  June,  1863,  and  retreated,  losing 
nearly  half  his  force. 

Milton,  Gen.  Homer  Virgil,  Revol. 
officer;  d.  Jeff.  Co.,  Ga.,  May,  1822.  Maj.  3d 
U.S.  Inf.  May,  1808;  lieut.-col.  6th  Inf.  3 
Sept.  1810;  col.  3d  Inf.  15  Aug.  1813;  re- 
signed 30  Nov.  1814. 

Mina  (mee'-na),  Xavier,  a  Spanish  offi- 
cer, b.  Navarre,  1789.  Nephew  of  the  celebrat- 
ed Spanish  guerilla  chief;  undertook  to  liberate 
Mexico,  which  he  entered  in  Apr.  1817  with  a 
small  force.  He  gained  several  victories,  but 
was  captured  and  shot  at  Mexico,  11  Nov.  1817. 

Miner,  Alonzo  Ames,  D.D.  (H.U.  1863), 
Universalist  clergyman,  b.  Lempster,  N.H.,  17 
Aug.  1814.  Grandson  of  Charles,  a  Revol.  sol- 
dier, who  was  6th  in  dcsc.  from  Thos.  of  Boston, 
1630.  Brought  up  on  a  farm,  and  received  an 
academical  education  ;  principal  of  the  Sclent, 
and  Milit.  Acad,  of  Unity,  N.H.,  1 835-9.  Ord. 
June,  1839  ;  settled  at  Mcthuen,  Ms.;  and  over 
the  2d  Church  of  Lowell,  July,  1842 ;  also  edit- 
ing the  Star  of  Bethlehem  ;  chosen  coll.  of  Mr. 
Ballon  (2d  Church,  Boston)  1  May,  1848, 
where  he  still  continues;  since  1852,  and  till 
recentlj^,  has  been  sole  pastor ;  pres.  of  Tufts 
Coll.  since  July,  1862  ;  a  leader  m  antislavcry 
and  temperance  reform,  and  disting.  as  a  lec- 
turer on  these  topics.  Contrib.  to  Rose  of 
Sharon,  and  to  the  Ladies'  Repository. 

Miner,  Charles,  editor  and  M.C.  (1825- 
9),  b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  ab.  1800;  d.  Wilkesbarre, 
Ct.,  Oct.  26,  1865.  Emigrating  at  19  to  the 
Wyoming  Valley,  he  became  popular  as  a 
printer,  and  editor  of  the  Luzerne  Federalist, 
then  of  the  Gleaner ;  was  afterward  assist,  edi- 


tor of  the  Political  and  Commercial  Register  of 
Phila.;  and  subsequently,  with  his  bro.,  estab- 
lished in  West  Chester  the  Village  Record, 
where,  over  the  signature  of  "  John  Harwood," 
he  made  the  paper  very  popular.  He  revived 
the  silk-growing  interest,  and  wrote  the  able 
report  introduced  by  Gen.  Van  Rensselaer  as 
chairman  of  the  Congressional  com.  on  agri- 
culture. Author  of  a  "  History  of  Wyoming," 
8vo,  1845.  To  the  Gleaner  he  contrib.  the  cele- 
brated essays  entitled  "  From  the  Desk  of  Poor 
Robert  the  Scribe." 

Miner,  Thomas,  M.D.,  b.  Middletown, 
Ct.,  Oct.  15,  1777;  d.  Worcester,  Ms.,  April 
23,  1841.  Y.C.  1796.  Pres.  Ct.  Med.  Soc. 
1834-7.  He  practised  first  at  Middletown, 
and  was  a  founder  of  the  Yale  Med.  Institute, 
and  of  the  Ct.  Retreat  for  the  Insane.  In  1823, 
in  connection  with  Dr.  Wm.  Tully,  he  pub. 
"  Essays  upon  Fevers  and  other  Medical  Sub- 
jects ;  "  in  1825  he  pub.  an  account  of  Typhus 
Syncopalis.  Dr.  Miner  contrib.  to  the  period- 
icals of  the  day  biographical  sketches  of  dis- 
tinguished physicians  of  Ct.,  medical  essays, 
and  translations  from  French  medical  works. 
Dr.  Williams  has  pub.  his  Autobiography. 

Minns,  Thomas,  pub.  of  the  Mercury, 
and  editor  of  the  N.E.  Palladium,  1792-1828; 
d.  Boston,  4  Apr.  1836,  a.  62. 

Minor,  Benjamin  Blake,  b.  Tappahan- 
nock,  Va.,  1818.  Educated  at  U.  of  Va.,  and 
Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  (1838).  Editor  of  new 
editions  of  Wythe's  "  Reports,"  with  a  Memoir, 
and  of  Hening  and  Mumford's  "Reports  Sup. 
Ct.  of  Appeals."  Some  years  editor  and  pro- 
prietor Southern  Lit.  Messenger.  —  Allihone. 

Minor,  Lucian,  b.  Louisa  Co.,  Va.,  1802. 
Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  1823.  Atty.-gen.  of  Va. 
for  Louisa  Co.  1828-52.  Has  pub.  many  ad- 
dresses, &c.  ;  contrib.  to  the  Southern  Lit.  Mes- 
senger, &c. ;  author  of  a  large  portion  of  what 
relates  to  the  civil  duties  of  a  J.  P.  in  Davie's 
"  Guide  to  Justices  ;  "  added  notes  and  preface 
to  Call's  "  Va.  Reports ; "  and  has  condensed 
the  4  vols,  of  Hening  and  Mumford  into  one, 
adding  subsequent  decisions  and  enactments. 
His  best  known  tract,  "  Reasons  for  abolishing 
the  Liquor-Traffic,"  had  a  sale  of  30,000.  — 
Allihone. 

Minor,  William  Thomas,  LL.D.  (Wesl. 
U.  1855),  lawver,  gov  of  Ct.  1856-8  ;  b. 
Woodbury,  Ct.'  3  Oct.  1815.  Y.C.  1834.  8 
years  in  the  State  legisl.  Consul-gen.  to  Ha- 
vana 1864-7;  judge  Sup.  Court  of  Ct. 

Minot,  George,  lawyer,  b.  Haverhill,  Ms., 
Jan.  5,  1817;  d.  Reading,  Ms.,  Apr.  16,  1858. 
H.U.  1836.  Son  of  Judge  Stephen.  After 
completing  his  legal  studies  with  Rufus  Choate, 
he  was  adm.  to  the  Suffolk  bar  in  Apr.  1839  ; 
opened  an  office  in  Boston,  and  rose  rapidly  to 
distinction.  Editor  for  10  years  of  the  U.S. 
Statutes  at  Large ;  rendered  valuable  aid  to 
Mr.  Peters  in  the  preparation  of  the  first  8 
vols,  of  the  statutes  pub.  in  1848;  reported 
the  decisions  of  Judge  Woodbury ;  and  pub.  an 
edition  of  the  9  vols,  of  Eng.  Admiralty  Re- 
ports in  1854.  In  1844  he  edited  the  valuable 
"  Digest  of  the  Decisions  of  the  Sup.  Ct.  of 
Ms.,"  to  which  he  added  a  Supplement  in  1852. 
—  Necrology  of  H.  U, 

Minot,  George   Richards,  judge,  and 


MIIN 


624 


IMIT 


man  of  letters,  b.  Boston  28  Dec.  1758;  d. 
there  2  Jan.  1802.  H.U.  1778.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1781  ;  practised  law  snccessfully  in 
Boston  ;  clerk  of  the  house  of  reps.  1782-91  ; 
sec.  of  the  convention  which  adopted  the  U. 
S.  Constitution  ;  app.  judge  of  probate  1792 
for  Suffolk  Co.;  chief  justice  C.C.P.  1799;  and 
judge  of  the  Municipal  Court  of  Boston, 
1800-2.  A  founder  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc,  and 
editor  of  3  vols,  of  its  Collections.  He  deliv- 
ered the  Oration  at  Boston  5  Mar.  1782;  a  Fu- 
neral Euloirv  on  Washington  in  1800;  an  Ad- 
dress to  the  Charitable  Fire  Soc.  in  1795;  was 
the  author  of  a  "  Hist,  of  the  Insurrection  in 
Ms."  in  1786,  and  of  a  continuation  of 
Hutchinson's  "Hist,  of  Ms.,"  2  vols.  1798- 
1802,  besides  many  fugitive  pieces  in  the  mag- 
azines and  newspapers.  His  son  William 
(H.U.  1802)  has  long  been  an  eminent  lawyer 
of  Boston.  —  See  Memoir  in  Ms.  Hist.  Colls,  viii. 
MintO,  Walter,  LL.D.,  mathematician, 
b.  Scotland,  Sept.  6,  1753  ;  d.  Princeton,  N.J., 
Oct.  21,  1796.  U.  of  Edinburgh.  He  became 
tutor  of  the  two  sons  of  George  Johnstone, 
M.P.,  commiss.  to  this  country  1778,  and  with 
them  travelled  over  Europe.  He  came  to 
Amer.  in  1786,  and  was  prof,  of  math,  in  the 
Coll.  of  N.J.  from  1787  to  1796.  He  pub.  an 
"Inaug.  Address  on  the  Mathematical  Scien- 
ces," 1788 ;  a  work  stating  the  claim  of  Napier 
as  the  discoverer  of  logarithms ;  a  demonstra- 
tion of  the  path  of  the  new  planet ;  and  re- 
searches into  some  parts  of  the  theory  of  the 
planets,  8vo,  1783.  —  Princoion  Mag.  i.  38-47. 
Minturn,  Robert  Bowne,  merchant  and 
philanthropist,  b.  N.Y.  City,  Nov.  16,  1805; 
d.  there  Jan.  9,  1866.  He  re'ceived  a  good  edu- 
cation, but  at  14  lost  his  father,  and  entered  a 
counting-house.  In  1825  he  was  admitted  a 
partner  in  the  house  of  Mr.  Charles  Green ; 
and  in  1830  to  the  house  of  Fish  and  Grinnell, 
since  widely  known  as  "  Grinnell,  Minturn,  and 
Co."  He  was  one  of  the  first  commiss.  of  emi- 
gration ;  an  originator  of  the  Association  for 
improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor;  and  one 
of  the  founders  of  St.  Luke  Hospital.  During 
the  Rebellion,  the  state  of  his  health  compelled 
him  to  go  to  Europe,  where  all  his  energies 
were  exerted  in  behalf  of  his  country.  Pres. 
of  the  Union  League  Club  until  his  death. 

Minty,  Gen.  Robert  H.  G.,  b.  Mayo,  Ire- 
land, 4  Dec.  1801.  Served  in  the  Brit,  army  in 
1849-53;  emig.  to  the  U.S.,  and  settled  in 
Mich.;  app.  lieut.-col.  3d  Mich.  Cav.  1861; 
col.  4th.  21  July,  1862;  brig.-gen.  1864;  dis- 
ting.  at  New  Madrid,  Farmington,  pursuit  of 
Bragg,  and  in  various  minor  engagements ; 
com.  cav.  brigade  in  1863-5  ;  disting.  at  Stone 
River,  Chickamauga,  and  the  Atlanta  cam- 
paign ;  was  in  Kilpatrick's  celeb,  raid  around 
Atlanta,  and  on  many  other  battle-fields. 

Minuit,  Peter,  first  gov.  of  New  Nether- 
lands, 1626-32;  came  from  Wesel,  Rhenish 
Prussia,  ab.  1624.  He  had  been  deacon  in  the 
Walloon  Church  of  Wesel,  and  was  connected 
■with  prominent  families  there.  —  Hist.  Mag. 
May,  1868. 

Mirabeau,  Boniface  Riqubtti,  Vicomte 
de,  youn<rer  bro.  of  the  celebrated  orator,  b. 
1754  ;  d.  Friburg,  Oct.  1792.  Col.  of  the  regt. 
Touraine,  serving  under  Rocharabeau  in  Amer- 


ica during  the  Revol.  war.  He  was  a  man  of 
wit  and  courage,  and  an  opponent  of  the  French 
revol.,  but  was  so  bloated  by  drinking  as  to  be 
nicknamed  "  Barrel  Mirabeau."  He  emigrated 
in  1790,  and  joined  the  Royalist  army  on  the 
Rhine.  His  celebrated  brother  was  the  author 
of  "  Considerations  on  the  Order  of  Cincin- 
natus,"  1784. 

Miramon,  Miguel,  a  Mexican  soldier,  b. 
Mexico,  1830;  executed  as  a  traitor  at  Quere- 
taro,  Mexico,  June  19,  1867.  Son  of  Gen.  M., 
and  was  educated  at  the  Chapultepec  Military 
Acad.  He  served  under  Alvarez ;  was  made 
prisoner  by  Comonfort,  but  succeeded  in  making 
his  escape'.  Disting.  for  courage,  rather  than 
statesmanship,  he  became  the  nominal  leader 
of  the  anti-liberal  and  clerical  party  ;  and  at- 
tained the  supreme  com.  of  the  revol.  forces 
during  the  civil  war  of  1858-60.  On  Zuloaga's 
retirement  from  Mexico,  Miramon  became  pres. 
While  in  this  position,  he  forcibly  took  posses- 
sion of  a  large  sum  of  money  belonging  to 
British  bondholders,  and  brought  about  the 
Mon-Almonte  treaty  with  Spain;  thus  giving 
occasion  for  the  intervention  of  Eng.,  France, 
and  Spain  in  Mexico.  He  was  defeated  Aug. 
13,  1860,  and  withdrew  to  Spain  in  1861.  Af- 
ter the  accession  of  Maximilian,  his  petition  to 
return  was  finally  granted ;  and,  joining  the 
emperor,  he  was  placed  in  high  command. 

Miranda,  Francisco,  a  Spanish-Amer. 
revolutionist,  b.  Caracas,  of  which  province 
his  grandfather  was  gov.,  ab.  1750;  d.  Cadiz, 
Spain,  1 81 6.  At  20  he  travelled  on  foot  through 
a  great  portion  of  America,  and  was  afterwards 
a  col.  in  the  corps  destined  to  act  with  our 
French  auxiliaries  in  the  Revol.  war.  Visit- 
ing the  U.S.  in  1783,  he  afterwards  travelled 
on  foot  through  Eng.,  France,  Italy,  and  Spain. 
After  an  abortive  attempt  to  free  the  Guati- 
malans  fi-om  the  Spanish  yoke,  he  fled  to  Eu- 
rope, presented  his  revol.  projects  to  various 
courts;  and  in  1789  Catharine  of  Russia  en- 
deavored to  engage  him  in  her  service.  Con- 
necting himself  with  the  Girondists  at  Paris  in 
1792,  he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  Eng. ;  was  a 
gen.  of  division,  and  second  in  com.  in  the  army 
of  Dumouriez;  and  acquired  high  repute  as  an 
engineer  and  tactician  at  the  siege  of  Maestricht 
and  the  battle  of  Nerwinde,  but  was  imprisoned 
in  consequence  of  his  intrigues.  Liberated  in 
July,  1794,  he  was  afterward  ordered  to  leave 
France,  but,  returning,  was  in  1797,  and  again 
in  1804,  expelled  the  country.  In  1806-11  he 
was  engaged  in  revol.  projects  in  America,  and 
in  1811  endeavored  to  establish  a  consular 
govt,  at  Caracas.  Aided  by  citizens  of  Eng. 
and  the  U.S.,  he  was  gaining  ground,  when  his 
plans  were  ruined  by  intestine  disputes.  Es- 
caping to  Carthagena,  he  was  delivered  by  Boli- 
var to  the  Spaniards,  and  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  days  in  a  dungeon  at  Cadiz.  He  pos- 
sessed great  energy  and  sagacity ;  was  bold, 
active,  intelligent,  and  full  of  resources.  —  -See 
Historij  of  his  Attempt,  Sfc,  Boston,  12mo,  1808. 
Missroon,  John  S.,  commo.  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
S.C.  1810;  d.  Boston,  23  Oct.  1865.  Midsh. 
27  June,  1824;  lieut.  31  Dec.  1833;  com.  14 
Sept.  18.")5  ;  commo.  16  July,  1862 ;  ordn.  ofli- 
cer  at  the  Boston  Navy- Yard  1862. 
Mitchell,  Gen.  David,  Revol.  officer,  b. 


m:it 


625 


:m:it 


1742;  d.  Jamaica,  Cumb.  Co.,  Pa.,  25  May, 
1818.  He  was  a  soldier  in  Bouquet's  exped. 
1764;  was  the  friend  of  the  Indian  chief  Logan  ; 
was  in  27  Indian  encounters;  and  was  23  times 
a  representative  in  the  Pa.  legisl. 

Mitchell,  David  Bradie,  lawyer  and 
statesman,  b.  Scotland,  Oct.  22,  1766  ;  d.  Mil- 
ledgcville,  Ga.,  Apr.  22,  1837.  His  uncle  Dr. 
David  Bradie,  made  prisoner  at  Savannah,  d. 
from  close  confinement  in  a  prisonship,  leaving 
his  property  to  Mitchell,  who  arrived  at  Savan- 
nah in  1783  to  take  possession.  He  studied 
law;  was  in  179.5  elected  solicitor-gen.  of  Ga. ; 
was  in  1796  a  member  of  the  legisl.;  in  1804 
became  mnj.-gen.  of  militia;  and  was  gov.  of 
the  State  in  1809-13  and  181.5-17  ;  afterwards 
agent  to  the  Creek  Indians,  with  whom,  Jan. 
22, 1818,  he  concluded  a  treaty. 

Mitchell,  Donald  Grant,  author,  b. 
Norwich,  Ct.,  Apr.  1822.  Y.C.  1841.  His 
father  was  pastor  of  the  Cong,  church  at  Nor- 
wich, and  his  grandfather  was  Stephen  Mix 
Mitchell.  After  i)assing  3  years  on  a  farm,  he 
travelled  extensively  in  Europe,  returned  home, 
and  commenced  the  study  of  law  in  New  York 
in  1846;  and  in  1847  pub.,  under  the  pseudo- 
nyme  of  "  Ik  Marvel,"  "  Fresh  Gleanings,"  giv- 
ing his  reminiscences  of  European  travel.  He 
spent  several  of  the  eventful  months  of  1848  in 
Paris  and  its  environs,  recording  his  experi- 
ences in  "The  Battle  Summer,"  N.Y.  1849. 
His  satirical  work,  "  The  Lorgnette,"  was  pub. 
in  2  vols.  1850.  In  the  same  year  appeared 
his  most  popular  work,  "  The  Reveries  of  a 
Bachelor;"  and  in  1851  his  "Dream-Life." 
In  1853-5  he  was  U.S.  consul  at  Venice.  On 
his  return,  in  1855,  he  settled  on  his  farm  near 
New  Haven.  His  other  works  are,  "Fudge 
Doings,"  a  satire  on  American  fashionable  life, 
1854  ;  "  My  Farm  of  Edgcwood,"  1863  ;  "  Wet 
Days  at  Edgewood,"  1864;  "Seven  Stories," 
1865;  "Doctor  Johns,"  1867;  "Rural  Stud- 
ies." He  has  delivered  several  agric.  ad- 
dresses and  lyceum  lectures,  and  is  engaged 
in  writing  the  History  of  the  Republic  of  Ven- 
ice. 

Mitchell,  Elisha,  D.D.  (Ala.  U.  1838), 
chemist,  b.  Washington,  Ct.,  Aug.  19,  1793; 
lost  his  life  on  the  Black  Mountain,  N.C.,  June 
27,  1857.  Y.C.  1813;  tutor  there  in  1816-18. 
In  1817  he  was  elected  prof., of  mathematics  in 
the  U.  of  N.C. ;  and  in  1825  was  transferred  to 
the  chair  of  chemistry.  In  1821  he  was  ord. 
by  the  presbytery  of  Orange,  and  was  an  able 
preacher  and  biblical  scholar.  He  was  for 
some  time  State  surveyor,  and  made  a  geolog. 
and  topog.  exploration  of  its  territory ;  con- 
trib.  to  the  Journal  of  Science. 

Mitchell,  John,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  botanist, 
b.  Eng. ;  d.  thei-e  Mar.  1768.  He  came  to 
Amer.  ab.  1700;  settled  at  Urbana,  Va. ;  and 
returned  to  Eng.  ab.  1748.  Ho  paid  particular 
attention  to  hybrid  productions,  and  transmit- 
ted much  valuable  information  concerning 
plants  to  Linnaeus,  who  perpetuated  his  name 
by  the  "  Mitchella  repens."  Besides  papers 
in  the  Philos.  Trans.,  he  pub.  a  work  on  Bot- 
any, 4to,  1769;  and  is  .the  supposed  author  of 
the  map  of  N.A.,  pub.  in  1755,  pref.  to  a  pam- 
phlet, "The  Contest  in  America."  Some  of 
his  papers,  including  one  on  the  Yellow-Fever 
40 


in  Va.  in  1737-42,  are  in  the  Med.  and  Philos. 
Reg.  vol.  iv.  —  Thacher. 

Mitchell,  John,  Cong,  clergyman,  and 
author,  b.  Chester,  Ct.,  Dec.  29,  1794;  d. 
Stratford,  Ct.,  Apr.  28,  1870.  Y.C.  1821.  He 
studied  9  months  at  And.  Theol.  Sern. ;  edited 
the  Christian  Spectator  in  1824-9;  began  to 
preach  in  Newtown,  Ct. ;  was  pastor  of  the  1st 
Church  in  Fairhaven,  Ct.,  from  Dec.  1830  to 
Dec.  .6,  1836,  and  from  that  time  till  1842 
of  the  Edwards  Church,  Northampton,  Ms. 
He  pub.  "  Principles  and  Practice  of  the 
Cong.  Churches  of  N.  Eng.,"  16mo,  1838; 
"Notes  from  Over  Sea,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1844; 
"Scenes  and  Characters  in  College,"  12mo, 
1847;  "My  Mother,  or  Recollections  of  Ma- 
ternal Influence ; "  "  Rachel  Kell ; "  and  "  Prac- 
tical Church-Member,"  1835.  He  also  pub. 
occasional  sermons  and  contrib.  to  periodicals 
and  newspapers. 

Mitchel,  John,  an  Irish  adventurer,  b.  Co. 
Dcrry,  1815.  He  was  for  a  time  assoc.  editor 
of  the  Dublin  Nation,  and  then  of  the  United 
Irishman,  which,  however,  was  soon  suppressed 
by  the  British  govt. ;  and  Mitchel  was  banished 
for  14  years  to  Australia.  He  escaped  in  1 854  ; 
came  to  New  York ;  afterward  edited  the  South- 
ern Citizen  in  Tenn. ;  and,  during  the  Rebel- 
lion of  1861-5,  edited  the  Richmond  Exam- 
iner, one  of  the  most  virulent  and  scurrilous  of 
the  Secession  journals. 

Mitchell,  John  Kearsley,  M.D.,  phy- 
sician, b.  Shephcrdstown,  Va.,  May  12,  1796  ; 
d.  Phila.  Apr.  4,  1858.  U.  of  Pa.' 1819.  He 
made  3  voyages  to  China  as  surgeon,  and  set- 
tled in  Phila.  in  1822.  In  1824  he  lectured  on 
the  Institutes  of  Medicine  and  Physiology  in 
the  Phila.  Institute;  in  1826  he  accepted  the 
chair  of  chemistry  there;  and  in  1833  lectured 
in  the  Franklin  Institute  on  Chemistry  applied 
to  the  Arts.  In  1841  he  was  called  to  the  chair 
of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the 
JeflP.  Med.  Coll.  His  services  during  seasons 
of  pestilence,  in  the  city  hospital  of  Phila.,  were 
twice  rewarded  by  municipal  gifts.  Author  of 
"  Indecision  and  other  Poems,"  1 839 ;  "  Popular 
Lectures  on  Scientific  Subjects,"  which  were 
translated  into  several  foreign  languages;  and 
left  a  work,  "  On  the  Cryptogamous  Origin  of 
Malarious  and  Epidemical  Fevers,"  and  many 
valuable  contribs.  to  the  American  Journal  of 
the  Medical  and  Physical  Sciences.  A  collec- 
tion of  his  essays,  including  a  valuable  paper 
on  Animal  Magnetism,  was  pub.  in  Phila.  1858. 
—  Applet  on. 

Mitchell,  Jonathan,  minister  of  Cam- 
bridge, Ms.,  from  Aug.  21,  1650,  to  his  d.  July 
9,  1668;  b.  Halifax,  Eng.,  1624.  H.U.  1647. 
His  father  Matthew  brought  liim  to  N.E.  in 
1 635.  Soon  after  his  settlement,  he  had  a  con- 
troversy withPrcs.  Dunster  upon  pedobaptism, 
which  occasioned  his  removal  from  college ;  he 
was  a  member  of  the  synod  at  Boston  in  1 662, 
the  result  of  which  was  chiefly  written  by  him ; 
and  was  frequently  called  to  eccl.  councils.  He 
possessed  a  retentive  memory,  and  was  a  fer- 
vent and  energetic  preacher.  He  pub.  some 
occasional  pieces :  a  vol.  of  his  sermons  was 
pub.  Lond.  1677,  8vo. 

Mitchell,  Maria,  astronomer,  b.  Nan- 
tucket, Aug.  1,1818;  a  member  of  the  Society 


MTT 


626 


]VLIT 


of  Friends.  From  her  father  Wm.  (who  d. 
2  Apr.  1869,  a.  75)  she  derived  a  fondness  for 
astronomy,  and  became  of  material  assistance 
to  him  in  this  pursuit,  to  which  he  was  devot- 
ed; she  gave  much  time  to  the  examination 
of  nebula,  and  the  search  for  comets;  Oct.  1, 
1847,  she  discovered  a  telescopic  comet,  for 
which  she  received  a  gold  medal  from  the  King 
of  Denmark ;  she  was  afterwards  employed  in 
observations  connected  with  the  coast-survey, 
and  in  the  compilation  of  the  nautical  almanac. 
She  is  a  member  of  the  American  Assoc,  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  and  also  of  the 
Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  being  the  first 
female  admitted  to  that  body ;  app.  prof  of 
astronomy  at  Vassar  College  soon  after  its 
opening  in  1 865. 

Mitchell,  Nahdm,  judge,  b.  E.  Bridge- 
water,  Ms.,  Feb.  12,  1769;  d.  Aug.  1,  1853. 
H.U.  1789.  He  taught  school,  studied  law, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1792,  and  settled  in 
the  practice  of  the  law  in  his  native  place. 
From  1811  to  1821  he  was  judge  of  the  circuit 
C.  C.  P.,  and  the  two  last  years  chief  justice ; 
from  1798  to  1812  representative  in  the  General 
Court;  M.C.  1803-5;  State  senator  1813-14; 
member  of  the  exec,  council  in  1814-20;  state 
treasurer  in  1822-7;  and  in  1839-40  State 
representative  from  Boston,  where  he  then  re- 
sided; app.  one  of  the  commiss.  for  settling 
the  boundary-lines  between  Ms.  and  R.  I.,  and 
afterwards  for  settling  the  line  between  Ms.  and 
Ct. ;  was  chairman  of  the  commiss.  for  ex- 
ploring and  surveying  the  country  from  Bos- 
ton to  Albany  for  a  railroad  route,  1 827 ;  and 
was  librarian  and  treasurer  of  the  Ms.  Hist. 
Soc;  he  was  also  several  years  pres.  of  the 
Bible  Society  in  Plymouth  Co.  He  pub.  a 
History  of  Bridgewater,  Ms.,  1840,  8vo;  and 
a  vol.  of  sacred  music,  entitled  "  The  Bridge- 
water  Collection." 

Mitchell,  Gen.  Ormsby  MacKnight, 
LL.D.  (Ham.  Coll.  1856),  astronomer,  b. 
Union  Co.,  Ky.,  Aug.  28,  1810;  d.  Beaufort, 
S.C.,  Oct.  30,  1862.  West  Point,  1829.  He 
received  his  early  education  at  Lebanon,  O. ; 
assist,  prof  of  mathematics  at  West  Point  in 
1829-31 ;  then  studied  law,  and  practised  at 
Cincinnati  until  1834;  and  was  prof  of  mathe- 
matics, philos.,  and  astronomy,  in  Cincinnati 
Coll.,  in  1834-44.  In  1845  he  proposed  the  es- 
tablishment of  an  observatory  at  Cincinnati, 
of  which,  when  built,  he  became  director.  He 
visited  Lond.,  Paris,  and  Munich,  for  the  re- 
quisite apparatus.  Adj. -gen.  of  Ohio  1847-8, 
chief  engineer  Ohio  and  Mpi.  Railroad  1848- 
9  and  1852-3.  In  1859-61  he  was  director  of 
the  Dudley  Observatory  at  Albany.  Pie  was 
very  popular  as  an  astronomical  lecturer,  and 
perfected  instruments  for  recording  right  ascen- 
sions and  declinations  by  electro-magnetic  aid, 
and  for  the  accurate  measurement  of  large  dif- 
ferences of  declination.  Aug.  9,  1861,  he  was 
made  brig.-gen.  of  vols.,  and  ordered  to  the 
dept.  of  the  Ohio ;  after  the  capture  of  Nash- 
ville, he  made  a  forced  march  southward,  seized 
the  railroad  between  Corinth  and  Chattanooga, 
captured  Huntsville,  and  occupied  various 
points  in  Northern  Ala.,  for  which  he  was 
made  maj.-gon.  Apr.  1 1, 1862  ;  Sept.  17  he  was 
made  com.  of  the  dept.  of  the  South,  and  was 


making  preparations  for  a  vigorous  campaign 
when  he  fell  a  victim  to  yellow-fever.  He  pub. 
"Planetary  and  Stellar  Worlds;"  "Popular 
Astronomy ;  "  "A  Treatise  on  Algebra ;  " 
"Astronomy  of  the  Bible,"  1863  ;  "The  Orbs 
of  Heaven,'"^  8vo,  1851.  July  1,  1846,  he  be- 
gan and  continued  for  two  years  a  periodical 
entitled  the  Sidereal  Messenger. 

Mitchell,  Gen.  Robert  B.,  gov.  New 
Mexico  since  Nov.  1 865,  b.  Richland  Co.,  O., 
1828.  Wash.  Coll.,  Pa.  He  studied  law,  and 
was  adm.  to  the  bar.  Served  as  1  st  lieut.  of  Ohio 
Vols,  in  the  Mexican  war ;  afterward  resume  d 
his  profession ;  removed  to  Kansas  in  1 856,  and 
took  an  active  part  with  the  free-state  men  in 
their  struggle  with  the  proslavery  party;  he 
was  in  the  Terr,  legisl.  in  1857-8;  treasurer 
from  1858  to  1861  ;  adj.-gen.  1860-1;  col.  2d 
Kansas  Vols.,  and  severely  wounded  at  Wilson's 
Creek,  and  soon  after  raised  a  regt.  of  cavalry ; 
brig.-gen.  Apr.  8,  1 862,  and  placed  in  com.  of 
the  13th  division  of  Gen.  Buell's  array;  and 
fought  at  Perryville,  8  Oct.  1862. 

Mitchell,  Samuel  Augustus,  geogra- 
pher, b.  Ct.  1 792 ;  d.  Phila.  Dec,  20, 1 868.  Some 
years  of  teaching  led  him  to  prepare  better  text- 
books of  geography  than  those  in  use;  and  his 
text-books,  maps,  and  treatises  became  standard 
authorities.  He  also  pub.  "  General  View  of 
the  World,"  8vo,  1846;  "American  Traveller;" 
"Universal  Atlas,"  1851.  His  various  works, 
24  in  number,  reached  an  annual  sale  of  over 
400,000  copies. 

MitcheU,  S.Weir,  M.D.  (Jeff.  Med.  Coll. 
1850),  physician,  son  of  Dr.  J.  K.  Mitchell,  b. 
Phila.  15  *Feb.  1829.  Particularly  knoAvn  by 
his  researches  respecting  the  venom  of  serpents, 

Eub.  in  the  Smithsonian  Contiibs.,  and  in  the 
lemoirs  of  the  Pliilos.  Society;  also  "Re- 
searches on  the  Physiology  of  the  Cerebellum," 
in  Amer.  Jour.  Med.  Science,  Apr.  1869.  He 
pub.,  with  Drs.  Keen  and  Morehouse,  "Ef- 
fects of  Gunshot  Wounds,"  &c.,  1864  ;  "  Anat. 
and  Physiol  of  Respiration  in  the  Chelonia," 
in  Smithsonian  Cmtribs.,  vol.  13;  and  "Five 
Essays  on  the  Cryptogamous  Origin  of  Ma- 
larious and  Epidemic  Fevers,"  1 2mo. 

Mitchell,  Stephen  Mix,  LL.D.  (Y.C. 
1807),  jurist,  b.  Wethersfield,  Dec.  20, 1743  ;  d. 
there  Sept.  30, 1835.  Y.C.  1763,  He  was  tutor 
in  the  coll.  l766-r9;  commenced  the  practice 
of  law  in  Wethersfield  in  1772 ;  was  app.  assoc. 
judge  of  the  Hartford  Co,  Court  in  1779;  in 
1790  was  made  pres.  judge  of  that  coui't ;  in 
1795  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Ct. ;  chief 
justice  of  that  court  from  1807  till  1814 ; 
deleg.  to  the  Old  Congress  in  1783,  '85  ;  U.S. 
senator  1793-5;  and  established  in  that  body 
the  title  of  Ct.  to  the  "  Western  Reserve," 
Ohio. 

Mitchill,  Samuel  Latham,  M.D.  (U.  of 
Edinb,  1786),  LL.D.,  scientist,  b.  N.  Hemp- 
stead, L.L,  20  Aug.,  1764;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  7 
Sept.  1831,  He  began  his  medical  studies  with 
his  maternal  uncle  Dr.  S.  Latham,  and  Dr. 
BardofN.Y.  After  studying  law,  he  was  in 
1788  a  commiss,  to  treat  with  the  Iroquois  In- 
dians for  the  purchase  of  lands  in  Western 
N,Y. ;  was  a  member  of  the  N.Y.  legisl.  in 
1790  ;  and  in  1792  became  prof  of  chemistry, 
nat.  hist.,  and  philos.,  in  Col.  Coll.;  in  1793-4, 


MZT 


627 


m:on" 


with  R.  R.  Livingston  and  Simeon  De  Witt, 
he  founded  the  Soc.  for  the  Promotion  of  Agri- 
culture, Manufactures,  and  the  Useful  Arts; 
and  in  1796  pub.  a  report  of  his  tour  along  the 
banks  of  the  Hudson,  establishing  his  fame 
here  and  in  Europe  ;  in  Aug.  1797,  with  Drs. 
E.  Miller  and  E.  H.  Smith,  he  established  the 
quarterly  Med.  Repository,  which  he  edited  16 
years.  Again  a  member  of  the  legisl. ;  M.C. 
1801-4  and  1810-13  ;  and  U.S.  senator  1804- 
9 ;  prof,  of  nat.  hist,  in  Coll.  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  1808-20;  of  botany  and  materia 
medica  1820-6  ;  and  in  1826-30  was  vice-pres. 
of  the  Rutgers  Med.  School ;  in  1815,  he,  with 
Drs.  Hosack  and  Hugh  Williamson,  founded 
the  N.Y.  Literary  and  Philos.  Soc.  He  had 
great  learning  and  a  remarkable  memory ;  en- 
larged the  boundaries  of  natural  science ;  was 
an  early  friend  of  Fulton,  whom  in  1807  he  ac- 
comp.  in  his  first  steamboat-trip  on  the  Hud- 
son ;  was  an  active  member  of  most  of  the 
learned  societies  of  Europe  and  America,  and 
a  contrib.  to  their  "  Transactions  ;  "  and  was 
frequently  the  orator  at  the  anniversaries  of 
those  of  his  own  city.  His  eccentricities  were 
satirized  in  the  poems  of  "  Croaker  and  Co." 
by  Halleck  and  Drake.  Among  his  writings 
are  "Observations  on  the  Absorbent  Tubes  of 
Animal  Bodies,"  1787;  "Nomenclature  of  the 
New  Chemistrv,"  1794  ;  "Present  State  of 
Learning  in  the  Coll.  of  N.Y.,"  1794  ;  "Life 
of  Tammany,"  1795;  "Synopsis  of  Chemical 
Nomenclature,"  1801;  "History  of  the  Botani- 
cal Writers  of  America,"  in  N.Y.  Hist.  Colls. ; 
and  treatise  on  the  Fishes  of  N.Y.,  in  the 
Trans,  of  the  N.Y.  Lit.  and  Philos.  Soc. ;  be- 
sides addresses,  &c.  —  Gross's  Med.  Biog. 

Mitre,  Bartholomew,  president  of  the 
Argentine  Republic  1862-8,  b.  26  June,  1821. 
Spent  some  years  in  Peru  and  Chili  as  a  jour- 
nalist ;  and,  returning  to  Buenos  Ayres,  held 
offices  under  Obligado  and  Alsina,  and  disting. 
himself  as  an  orator  in  the  Assembly.  He  led 
the  insurrection  against  Gen.  Rosas  in  1851  ; 
com.  of  the  forces  of  Buenos  Ayres  in  1852; 
became  minister  of  war  in  1859 ;  led  the  army 
against  Urquiza,  and  lost  the  battle  of  Cepeda, 
Oct.  23  ;  made  gov.  of  Buenos  Ayres  in  May, 
1860;  and  July  9  brig.-gen. ;  Sept.  17  he 
gained  the  battle  of  Pavon  over  Urquiza ;  re- 
ceived the  adhesion  of  the  province  of  Cordova, 
and  entered  Rosario  with  12,000  men.  Presi- 
dent Derqui,  being  powerless  between  the  two 
generals,  abdicated ;  a  few  months  later.  Mitre 
made  a  treaty  with  Urquiza,  leaving  him  the 
govt,  of  the  province  of  Entre  Rios  ;  and  was 
app.  prov.  gov.  of  the  Arg.  Repub.  Oct.  1861. 
He  opened  the  9th  provincial  legisl.  at  Buenos 
Ayres  1  May,  1862;  and  was  unanimously 
chosen  pres.  5  Oct.  1862. 

Molina,  Felipe,  statesman  of  Central 
America,  son  of  Pedro,  b.  Guatimala,  1812  ; 
d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Feb.  1,  1855.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  liberal  party,  and  had  held 
several  political  offices  ;  but,  fortune  having  de- 
cided against  the  party  of  Federation,  Molina 
and  his  father  took  refuge  in  Costa  Rica.  In 
1848  he  was  app.  envoy -extr.  to  Nicaragua; 
was  subsequently  sent  in  the  same  character  to 
Eng.,  France,  Spain,  Rome,  and  the  Hanseatic 
towns;  and,  while  accredited  to  the  U.S.,  nego- 


tiated a  commercial  treaty.  He  pub.  in  various 
languages  sketches  of  Costa  Rica,  and  reports 
respecting  the  boundary  and  navigation  ques- 
tions between  that  republic  and  Nicaragua. 

Molina,  Giovanni  Ignazio,  naturalist, 
b.  Chili,  1740,  lived  many  years  at  Bologna; 
d.  1829.  Author  of  "Essay  on  the  Natural 
History  of  Chili,"  1782  ;  and  a  "  Civil  History 
of  Chili,"  1787,  transl.  "by  an  Amer.  gentle- 
man" (Alsop),  and  pub.  at  Middletown,  Ct., 
8vo,  1808. 

Molina,  Pedko,  an  able  writer  and  states- 
man, b.  Guatimala,  1777;  d.  ab.  1850.  He 
advocated  by  his  writings  constitutional  prin- 
ciples in  Central  America  before  the  assertion 
of  the  independence  of  his  country ;  was  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  liberal  party,  and  a  strenu- 
ous supporter  of  reforms  and  free  institutions 
during  a  long  and  active  life.  He  was  one  of 
the  first  members  of  the  national  executive  in 
1823;  in  1825  he  was  ambassador  of  the  U.S. 
of  Central  America  to  Colombia,  where  he 
signed  a  treaty  of  alliance  between  the  two 
countries;  in  1826  he  was  the  representative 
of  Central  America  in  the  Congress  of  Pana- 
ma; in  1829  gov.  of  Guatimala;  in  1832  and 
1833  sec.  of  foreign  affairs;  and  in  1848 
dept.  to  the  const,  assembly.  He  was  disting. 
as  a  physician,  politician,  and  poet.  For  many 
years  he  was  pres.  of  the  medical  faculty,  and 
chief  director  of  the  U.  of  Guatimala. 

Momberger,  William,  artist,  b.  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main,  1829.  Son  of  a  merchant, 
and  was  well  educated.  He  took  lessons  in 
art  of  Jacob  Becker  of  the  Dusseldorf  school ; 
and,  having  taken  part  in  the  revol.  of  1848, 
was  obliged  to  leave  Germany ;  came  to  N.  Y., 
and  became  a  skilful  chromo-lithographer.  He 
afterward  gave  his  attention  to  the  illustrating 
of  books,  and  erected  a  studio  at  Morrisania. 
Among  his  paintings  is  "  Sugar-loaf  Moun- 
tain," near  Winona,  Wis. 

Monagas,  Jose  Tadeo,  a  Venezuelan  sol- 
dier, b.  ab.  1 786  ;  d.  Nov.  18, 1868.  He  fought 
under  Bolivar  for  S.  American  independence 
with  disting.  bravery  and  talent.  His  services 
having  been  ignored  by  Paez,  pres.  of  Vene- 
zuela, he  headed  an  insurrection,  which  was 
quelled  ;  a  second  ambitious  attempt  against 
Vargas  meeting  a  similar  fate.  Elected  pres. 
in  1846,  he  overthrew  the  constitution  in  1848; 
drove  Paez  into  exile;  and  was  dictator  11 
years,  and  until  overthrown  by  a  successful 
revol.  in  1859.  He  led  the  insurrectionary  force 
which  overthrew  Pres.  Falcon,  and  assumed 
the  office  of  provis.  pres;  but  died  before  he 
could  be  elected  to  the  supreme  office.  He 
was  remarkable  for  his  soldierly  qualities,  and 
possessed  great  wealth. 

Monck,  Charles  Stanley,  viscount, 
gov.-gen.  of  British  N.A.,  b.  Templemore, 
Ireland,  10  Oct.  1819.  Educated  at  Trinity 
Coll.,  Dublin.  Called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1841 ; 
succeeded  his  father  as  4th  viscount  in  1849  ; 
entered  parliament  in  1852  ;  was  a  lord  of  the 
treasury  in  Palmerston's  administration  1855- 
7;  and  in  Oct.  1861  was  made  gov.-gen.; 
re-app.  gov.  of  the  "  Dominion  "  of  Canada, 
June,  1867  ;  resigned  Nov.  1868  ;  made  a  peer 
of  the  United  Kingdom  in  1866. 

Monckton,    Gen.   Robert,  gov.  N.  Y. 


M:oisr 


628 


MION 


1762,  b.  Eng. ;  d.  May  3,  1782.  Son  of  John, 
first  Viscount  Gal  way.  He  began  his  military 
career  in  Flanders  in  1742,  and  was  at  Dettin- 
gcn  and  in  other  engagements.  Lieut.-col. 
47th,  Feb.  28,  1750;  stationed  at  Halifax  in 
1753,  he  suppressed  the  riots  among  the  Ger- 
mans at  Lunenburg;  was  gov.  of  Annapolis 
Royal  in  1754  ;  in  June,  1755,  com.  at  the  re- 
duction of  Beausejour  and  other  French  posts 
at  the  Isthmus;  lieut.-gov.  of  Nova  Scotia 
1756;  in  1757  made  lieut.-col.  60th  (Roy. 
Amer.),  and  attached  to  Loudon's  army ;  com. 
a  batt.  at  the  siege  of  Louisburg  under  Am- 
herst in  1758;  and  in  1759  as  brig.-gcn.,  and- 
second  in  com.  under  Wolfe  at  the  capture  of 
Quebec,  was  severely  wounded,  and  made  col. 
17th  Foot;  maj.-gen.  1761  ;  lieut.-gen.  1770. 
He  com.  the  exped.  Avhich  captured  Martinico 
in  Jan.  1762;  was  made  gov.  of  Berwick  in 
1766;  of  Portsmouth  in  1778,  and  represented 
it  in  parliament.  Offered  a  com.  in  tlie  Amer. 
war,  he  declined  to  draw  his  sword  against  the 
Americans.  A  bro.,  Hon.  Henry,  who  had 
no  such  scruples,  was  a  lieut.-col.  of  grenadiers, 
was  shot  through  the  body  at  Long  Island,  and 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  June  28, 
1778. 

Moncrieff,  Col.  James,  killed  in  a  sally 
made  by  the  French  from  Dunkirk,  Sept.  7, 
1793.  "Eldest  son  of  James,  of  the  county  of 
Fife.  Educated  at  the  Military  Acad'  at 
Woolwich  ;  and  was  a  capt.  of  engrs.  in  N.Y. 
in  1776  ;  disting.  himself  at  the  siege  of  Savan- 
nah ;  and,  for  liis  important  services  on  this 
occasion,  received  a  "  generous  donation  from 
his  royal  master,"  and  the  commission  of  lieut.- 
col.  Sept.  27, 1780.  He  planned  the  works  in  the 
siege  of  Charleston  in  1780,  and  was  warmly 
commended  by  Sir  H.  Clinton  for  skill  and 
good  conduct. 

Monette,  John  Wesley,  M.D.,  author 
of  a  "  History  of  the  Discovery  and  Settle- 
ment of  the  Valley  of  the  Mpi.,"  2  vols.  1848  ; 
d.  Madison  Parish,  La.,  Mar.  1,  1851. 

Monis,  JuDAH,  Hebrew  instr.  at  H.U. 
from  1722  to  1761,  b.  Italy,  Feb.  4,  1683;  d. 
North  borough,  Ms.,  Apr.  25,  1764.  Embra- 
cing Christianitv,  he  was  baptized  at  Cambridge 
in  1722.  He  pub.  "Truth,  Whole  Truth, 
Nothing  but  the  Truth,"  1722  ;  and  a  Hebrew 
Grammar,  4to,  1735. 

Monroe,  James,  5th  pres.  of  the  U.S., 
b.  on  the  Potomac,  Westmoreland  Co.,  Va., 
Apr.  28, 1759;  d.  N.Y.  City,  July 4, 1831.  Wm. 
and  Mary  Coll.  1776.  Son  of  Spence  Monroe, 
a  planter.  He  was  descended  from  one  of  the 
first  patentees  of  the  Province.  At  18  he 
joined  the  patriot  army  as  a  cadet  in  Mercer's 
regt.  ;  was  engaged  at  the  battles  of  Harlem 
and  White  Plains  ;  and  at  Trenton  received  a 
bullet-wound,  which  scarred  him  for  life.  Pro- 
mored  to  a  c;i{)taincy  for  bravery,  he  in  1777-8 
acted  as  aide  to  Lord  Stirling ;  and  was  disting. 
at  the  battles  of  Brandywine,  Gcrmantown, 
and  Monmouth.  In  1 778  he  studied  law  under 
Jefferson,  but  performed  important  military 
services  when  Va.  was  invaded.  As  military 
commissioner  for  Va.,  he  in  1780  visited  the 
Southern  army  under  De  Kalb.  In  1782  he 
was  a  member  of  the  State  Assembly ;  soon 
after  was  one  of  the  exec,  council ;  and  in  1783- 


6,  a  delegate  to  Congress ;  in  1786  he  became 
a  member  of  the  legisl. ;  and  in  1788  a  delegate 
to  the  State  Convention  to  adopt  the  Consti- 
tution, which  he  opposed;  from  1790  to  1794 
he  was  a  U.S.  senator,  and  an  opponent  of 
Washington's  administration.  He  was  then 
app.  minister  to  France,  but  was  recalled  in 
1796.  Having  incurred  the  censure  of  the 
administration  for  not  vindicating  at  the  French 
court  the  British  treaty,  he  pub.  (8vo,  1798) 
the  whole  corresp.,  with  100  pages  of  prelimi- 
nary observations.  From  1799  to  1802  he  was 
gov.  of  Va;  in  1802  he  was  app.  envoy-extra, 
to  France,  and  was  a  party  to  the  purchase  of 
La.;  in  1803  he  was  app.  minister  to  Eng.; 
in  1 805  he  was  associated  with  C.  C.  Pinckney 
in  a  negotiation  with  Spain  ;  and  in  1807,  with 
William  Pinkney,  he  negotiated  a  commercial 
treaty  with  Eng.,  which  Jefferson  rejected  be- 
cause it  did  not  provide  against  impressment. 
Returning  home  in  1808,  he  was  again  elected 
to  the  State  Assembly  in  1810;  was  gov.  in 
1811;  was  sec.  of  state  from  Nov.  25,  1811, 
till  his  inauguration  as  pres..  Mar.  4,  1817, 
having  also  officiated  as  sec.  of  war  from  Sept. 
27,  1814,  to  Mar.  2,  1815;  and  was  re-elected 
pres.  in  1821.  In  May-Nov.  1817  he  made  a 
tour  of  inspection  of  our  frontier  defences  from 
Portland  to  Detroit,  the  results  of  which  were 
pub.  8vo,  1818.  His  administration  was  ener- 
getic, harmonious,  and  prosperous ;  the  army 
and  navy  were  strengthened ;  surveys  and 
plans  of  fortifications  were  made  ;  the  cession 
of  Florida  from  Spain  was  obtained ;  the  in- 
dependent States  of  S.  Amer.  were  recognized  ; 
and  the  bold  declaration,  known  as  the  "  Mon- 
roe Doctrine,"  was  made  to  the  world,  —  that 
European  interference  in  respect  to  American 
States  would  not  be  tolerated.  Vigorous  ef- 
forts were  also  made  to  suppress  the  slave- 
trade  ;  pensions  for  the  Revol.  soldiers  were 
voted  ;  and  an  acknowledgment  was  made  of 
the  great  services  of  Lafayette.  In  1831  he 
quitted  his  residence  in  Loudon  Co.,  Va.,  and 
took  up  his  abode  with  his  son-in-law,  Samuel 
L.  Gouverneur.  His  wife,  the  dau.  of  Law- 
rence Kortwright,  d.  at  his  residence  in  Loudon 
Co.,  Va.,  Sept.  23,  1830. 

Montagu,  George,  admiral,  b.  Dec.  12, 
1750;  d.  Dec.  24,  1829.  Eldest  son  of  Adm. 
John.  Educated  at  the  Royal  Naval.  Acad. 
Having  attained  the  rank  of  post-captain  in 
1773,  he  was  employed  at  the  commencement 
of  the  American  war  in  blockading  the  ports 
of  Marblchead  and  Salem.  He  covered  the 
embarkation  of  the  army  at  the  evacuation 
of  Boston  ;  assisted  in  the  evasion  of  Lord 
Dunmore  and  family,  and  at  the  taking  of  N.Y., 
where  his  vessel,  "  The  Fowey,"  was  stationed 
by  Lord  Howe  as  the  advanced  ship;  was  in 
1794  promoted  to  a  flag  ;  in  1801  made  a  full 
admiral. 

Montcalm,  Marquis  de,  Louis  Joseph, 
Saint  Veran,  a  celebrated  French  gen.,  b. 
near  Nismes,  1712;  d.  Sept.  14,  1759.  De- 
scended from  a  noble  family  of  Rouergue. 
After  receiving  a  careful  education,  he  entered 
the  military  service  in  his  15th  year;  disting. 
himself  particularly  at  the  battle  of  Placenza 
in  1746,  and  that  of  Exiles  in  Piedmont,  1747, 
in  both  of  which  he  was  wounded.    In  1756, 


MION- 


629 


JMON 


with  tlie  rank  of  maj.-gen.,  he  was  sent  to  Can- 
juhi  as  com. -in-chief;  took  Fort  Ontario  at  Os- 
wego, Aug.  14;  Fott  Win.  Henry,  on  Lake 
George,  Aug.  9,  1757  ;  and  received  the  cross 
of  St,  Louis,  and  was  made  a  lieut.-gen. 
Gained  a  complete  victory  over  Abercrombie 
at  Ticonderoga,  July  8,  1758  ;  repulsed  Wolfe 
at  Montmorenci,  July  31,  1759,  but  finally  fell 
gloriously  under  the  walls  of  Quebec,  which  he 
hud  so  well  defended  in  the  battle  with  Wolfe, 
Sept.  13.  After  receiving  one  musket-ball 
early  in  the  action,  he  was  mortally  wounded 
while  attempting  to  rally  a  body  of  fugitive 
Canadians.  On  being  told  that  his  death  was 
near,  "  So  much  the  better,  he  said  ;  I  shall  not 
live  to  see  the  surrender  of  Quebec."  He  died 
the  next  morning;  and  his  death  was  followed 
by  the  loss  of  ail  Canada.  A  public  monu- 
ment to  the  memory  of  both  Wolfe  and  Mont- 
calm was  erected  at  Quebec  in  1827. 

Montefiore,  Joshua,  author,  b.  London, 
1752;  d.  St.  Alban's,  Vt.,  June  26,  1843. 
Some  time  an  atty.  and  notary  public  in  Lon- 
don. He  pub.  a  "  Commercial  Dictionar}^" 
Lond.  4to,  1803;  "Commercial  Precedents," 
Phila.  8vo,  1803;  a  work  on  the  Bankrupt 
Laws ;  "  Synopsis  of  Mercantile  Laws,"  2d 
Amcr.  ed.  by  C.  C.  Biddle,  8vo,  1830. 

Montez,  Lola,  Makia  Dolores,  Porris 
Y  Montez,  Countess  of  Landsfeld,  b.  Lim- 
erick, Ireland,  1824;  d.  N.Y.  Jan.  17,  1861. 
At  15  she  was  m.  to  Capt.  James  at  Dublin, 
but  quitted  him  on  account  of  his  cruelty  to 
her;  app.  as  ac?a?«S(?M5e  atParis  in  1840;  after- 
wards at  Munich,  where  she  fascinated  King 
Louis,  over  whom  she  exerted  a  powerful  in- 
fluence, and  who  in  1846  made  her  Countess 
of  Landsfeld.  She  was  in  1848  obliged  to 
leave  the  country.  Came  to  the  U.S.  in  the 
same  ship  with  Kossuth.  Made  her  d^but, 
Dec.  29,  1851,  at  the  Broadway,  N.Y.,  as 
Betty  in  "  The  Tyrolean."  Afterward  lec- 
tured on  Spiritualism  and  other  subjects  in 
the  U.S.  and  Eng.  Author  of  3  works  of  little 
merit. 

Montezuraa  I.,  the  greatest  of  the  Mex- 
ican monarchs  ;  d.  1471.  He  ascended  the 
throne  ab.  1436;  was  victorious  over  many 
of  the  Mexican  tribes,  and  added  numerous 
provinces  to  his  empire. 

Montezuma  II.,  the  last  of  the  Aztec 
emperors,  b.  ab.  1480;  killed  June  30,  1520. 
In  1519,  when  Cortes  arrived  on  the  coast,  and 
expressed  his  intention  of  visiting  the  emperor 
in  his  capital,  Montezuma  sent  him  a  rich 
present,  but  forbade  his  farther  advance.  His 
despotic  govt,  had  procured  him  many  ene- 
mies, who  willingly  joined  Cortes,  and  assist- 
ed him  in  his  progress  to  Mexico ;  and  he  as- 
signed quarters  to  the  Spaniards  in  the  town 
of  Cholula,  where  he  plotted  their  destruction. 
Ilis  plot  being  discovered,  a  massacre  of  the 
Cholulans  followed  ;  and  Cortes,  in  Nov.,  en- 
tered the  capital  without  resistance.  He  next 
seized  Montezuma,  and  kept  him  as  a  hostage. 
He  was  at  first  treated  with  respect,  which  was 
soon  changed  to  insult;  carried  so  far,  that  fet- 
ters were  put  on  his  legs.  When  Cortes,  with 
a  great  part  of  his  forces,  marched  out  to  op- 
pose Narvaez,  the  Mexicans  rose,  and  furiously 
attacked   the  Spaniards  who  remained.     The 


return  of  Cortes  alone  saved  them  from  de- 
struction ;  and  hostilities  were  still  going  on, 
when  Montezuma  was  induced  to  advance  to 
the  battlements  of  the  Spanish  fortress  in  his 
royal  robes,  and  attempt  to  pacify  his  subjects : 
this  excited  their  indignation  against  him,  and, 
being  struck  on  the  temple  with  a  stone,  he 
fell  to  the  ground.  From  motives  of  policy, 
every  attention  was  paid  him  by  Cortes ;  but, 
rejecting  all  nourishment,  he  tore  off  his  ban- 
dages, and  soon  after  expired,  spurning  every 
attempt  at  conversion.  His  2  sons  and  3  daus. 
were  converted  ;  and  Charles  V.  gave  a  grant 
of  lands,  and  the  title  of  Count  of  Montezuma, 
to  one  of  his  sons,  who  was  the  founder  of  a 
noble  family  in  Spain.  One  of  the  counts  of 
Montezuma  was  viceroy  of  Mexico  from  1697 
to  1701. 
Montgomerie,  John,  gov.  of  N.Y.  from 

his  arrival  there,  4  Apr.  1728,  to  his  death,  1 
July,  1731  ;  b.  Ayrshire,  Scotland.  Bred  a 
soldier,  he  was  at  one  time  an  aide  to  George 
IL,  and  groom  of  the  l)cd -chamber,  and  several 
years  a  meml>er  of  parliament. 

Montgomery,  George  W.,  author,  b. 
Valencia,  Spain,  1804;  d.  June  5,  1841,  at 
Washington,  D.C.  John  his  father,  a  citizen 
of  the  tj  S.,  was  many  years  a  merchant  at 
Alicant,  Spain.  He  came  in  early  life  to  this 
country,  and  was  long  employed  in  the  dept. 
of  state,  and  had  been  U.S.  consul  at  Tampico 
and  at  Porto  Rico.  He  is  best  known  by  liis 
historical  novel  "  Bernardo  del  Carpio."  He 
translated  Irving's  "  Conquest  of  Granada " 
into  Spanish,  contrib.  to  the  South.  Lit.  Messen- 
(jer  and  other  periodicals,  and  pub.  a  narrative 
of  a  journey  to  Guatimala  in  1838,  8vo,  1839. 

Montgomery,  John  B.,  rear-adm.  U.S. 
N.,  b.  N.J.  Midshipm.  June  4,  1812;  lieut. 
Apr.  1,  1818;  com.  Dec.  9,  1839;  capt.  Jan. 
6,1853;  commo.  July  16,  1862;  rcar-adra. 
(retired  list)  July  25,  1866;  served  on  Lake 
Ontario,  in  attack  on  Kingston,  U.C,  Nov.  10, 
1812;  capture  of  York  Apr.  27,  and  of  Fort 
George  and  Newark  May  27,  1813;  in  "  The 
Niagara,"  in  Perry's  victory  on  Lake  Erie, 
Sept.  10,  1813,  —  receiving  a  sword  and  the 
thanks  of  Congress  ;  in  Decatur's  squad,  in 
the  Medit.  in  1815  ;  and  participated  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Algerine  frigate  and  brig,  and  block, 
of  Algiers;  com.  sloop  "Portsmouth,"  Pacific 
squad.,  1845-8.  During  the  cruise  of  "The 
Portsmouth  "  in  the  Pacific,  he  took  possession 
of  California,  and  blockaded  Mazatlan  some 
months.  In  Oct.  1847,  he,  with  Capt.  Lava- 
Ictte.  in  "The  Congress,"  captured  Guayamas 
on  the  Gulf  of  California ;  com.  Pacific  squad. 
1860-1.  — Hamersly. 

Montgomery,  Gen.  Richard,  b.  Convoy 
House,  near  Raphoe,  Ireland,  Dec.  2,  1736; 
slain  in  the  attack  on  Quebec,  Dec.  31,  1775. 
His  father  (Thomas)  was  M.  P.  for  Lifford. 
Educated  at  Trin.  Coll.,i)ublin.  He  entered 
the  army  at  the  age  of  1 8  ;  and,  at  the  siege  of 
Louisburg,  his  courage  and  capacity  won  the 
approval  of  Wolfe.  After  its  fall,  his  rcirt. 
(17th)  formed  part  of  the  force  sent  in  1759 
with  Amherst  to  reduce  the  French  forts  on 
Lake  Champlain ;  and  Montgomery  became 
adj.  of  his  regt.  15  May,  1760,  and  was  in  the 
army  that  marched  upon  Montreal  under  Col. 


IHON" 


630 


]N100 


Haviland ;  capt.  in  May,  1762.  He  served  in 
the  campaign  against  the  Spanish  W.  Indies ; 
resided  for  a  time  in  this  country,  but  revisited 
Eng,,  where,  in  1772,  he  sold  out  his  commis- 
sion, and  came  to  America.  In  1773  he  pur- 
chased an  estate  at  Rhinebeck  on  the  Hudson, 
and  m.  the  dau.  of  R.  R.  Livingston.  He  rep- 
resented Dutchess  Co.  in  the  first  Prov.  con- 
vention in  1775  ;  received  in  June  the  app.  of 
brig.-gen.  from  Congress;  and  was  second  in 
com.  under  Schuyler  in  the  exped.  against 
Canada,  The  illness  of  Schuyler  threw  the 
chief  com.  upon  him  in  Oct.;  and  notwith- 
standing the  scanty  supplies  of  munitions  of 
war,  and  the  mutinous  spirit  of  his  troops,  he 
captured  St.  Johns,  Chambly,  and  Montreal, 
and  finally  effected  a  junction  with  Arnold 
before  the  walls  of  Quebec,  Dec.  4.  He  was 
^Dec.  9,  1775)  made  a  maj.-gen.  Quebec  was 
immediately  invested;  though  the  army  was  in- 
adequate, and  on  the  point  of  mutiny,  their 
guns  few  in  number,  and  insufficient  in  size,  and 
they  disheartened  by  severe  cold  and  protracted 
marches.  At  a  council  of  officers,  it  was  deter- 
mined to  attempt  to  capture  the  place  by  a 
coup  de  main.  The  assault  took  place  early  in 
the  morning  of  the  last  day  of  the  year,  in  the 
midst  of  a  snow-storm,  and  would  probably 
have  been  successful  but  for  the  fall  of  the  gal- 
lant leader,  who,  with  two  of  his  aides,  was 
killed  by  the  first  and  only  discharge  from  a 
battery  upon  which  they  were  advancing.  His 
troops,  disheartened  by  his  fall,  retreated.  His 
death  was  regarded  as  a  great  public  calamity ; 
and  public  honors  were  paid  him  throughout 
the  land.  He  was  eulogized  in  tlie  British  par- 
liament by  Chatham,  Burke,  and  Barre,  and 
even  by  Lord  North.  Congress  voted  to  erect 
a  monument  to  his  memory,  which  was  placed 
in  front  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  N.  Y.  City. 
Montgomery's  widow  survived  him  more  than 
half  a  century.  His  brother  Alexander,  com- 
monly called  "Black  Montgomery,"  was  in 
parliament  for  Donegal  Co.  many  years. 

MontS,  Pierre  du  Guast,  Sieur  db,  a 
French  colonizer  of  Acadia.  He  was  gentle- 
man-in-ordinary of  the  king's  chamber,  and 
gov.  of  Pons,  and  had  been  to  the  St.  Law- 
rence with  Chauvin,  when  in  1604  he  received 
a  grant  of  Acadie,  a  region  defined  as  extend- 
ing from  the  40th  to  the  46th  deg.  N.  lat. ;  and 
was  made  lieut.-gen.  in  Acadie,  with  vice-regal 
powers.  Accomp.  by  Poutrincourt  and  Cham- 
plain,  he  set  sail  7  Apr.  1604,  discovered  An- 
napolis Harbor,  explored  the  Bay  of  Fundy, 
visited  and  named  the  River  St.  John,  and, 
planting  his  colony  on  an  islet  at  the  mouth  of 
the  River  St.  Croix,  wintered  there,  but  in  the 
following  Aug.  removed  to  Port  Royal,  where 
he  began  a  settlement.  He  soon  afterward  re- 
turned to  France,  leaving  the  com.  to  Pont- 
grave,  and  despatched  another  ship  with  sup- 
plies for  the  Colony  in  May,  1806;  but,  his 
monopoly  having  been  rescinded  in  1607,  he 
abandoned  an  enterprise  from  which  he  had 
reaped  no  benefit. 

Moody,  James,  loyalist,  b.  N.  J. ;  d.  Sissi- 
bon,  Nova  Scotia,  Apr.  3,  1809,  a.  65.  He  was 
a  farmer  in  N.J.  at  "the  outset  of  the  war,  and 
has  left  a  written  account  of  his  celebrated  par- 
tisan warfare  in  a  pamphlet  pub.  in  Lend,  in 


1783,  entitled  "Lieut.  James  Moody's  Narra- 
tive of  his  Exertions  and  Sufferings  in  the 
Cause  of  Govt,  since  the  Year  1776."  A  new 
edition,  ed.  by  Charles  I.  Bushnell,  was  pub. 
N.Y.  1865.  He  was  taken  and  imprisoned  at 
West  Point,  but  subsequently  escaped.  After 
the  war,  went  to  Eng.,  and  settled  on  his  half- 
pay  in  N.S.,  where  he  was  a  col.  of  militia.  — 
Duychinck. 

Moody,  Joshua,  minister  of  Portsmouth, 
N.H.,  b.  Eng.  1633;  d.  Boston,  July  4,  1697. 
H.  U.  1653.  Ord.  11  July,  1671.  William 
his  father  settled  in  Newbury  in  1634.  Joshua 
began  to  preach  ab.  1658.  His  regard  for  the 
purity  and  reputation  of  his  church  having 
brought  upon  him  the  enmity  of  Gov.  Cran- 
field,  he  was  imprisoned,  but  was  shortly  re- 
leased upon  condition  that  he  would  preach 
no  more  in  N.H.  May  23,  1684,  he  became 
assist,  minister  of  the  First  Church,  Boston, 
and  was  invited  to  take  charge  of  H.U.,  but 
declined.  During  the  witchcraft  troubles  in 
1692,  he  opposed  the  unjust  and  violent  meas- 
ures toward  the  imagined  offenders,  and  aided 
Philip  English  and  his  wife  to  escape  from 
prison.  His  zeal  in  this  matter  occasioned  his 
dismission  from  his  church ;  and  he  passed 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  Portsmouth.  Author 
of  "Communion  with  God,"  12mo,  1685; 
Election  Sermon,  1692. 

Moody,  Paul,  mechanician,  b.  Byfield, 
Ms.,  23  May,  1779;  d.  Lowell,  July  7,  1831. 
Descended  from  Wm.  Moody.  Obtained  a 
common-school  education  ;  worked  a  while  in 
a  woollen-factory  in  his  native  town ;  and,  at- 
tracting by  his  talent  the  attention  of  the  cele- 
brated inventor  Jacob  Perkins,  he  intrusted 
him  with  his  machine-shop.  He  took  charge 
of  the  cotton-factory  at  Waltham  ab.  1813; 
and  when  similar  establishments  were  com- 
menced at  Lowell,  ab.  1824,  his  valuable  ser- 
vices were  transferred  to  those.  He  made 
several  important  inventions,  among  them  the 
dead  spindle  and  the  governor.  —  See  Sketches 
of  the  Moodi)  Family. 

Moody,  Samuel,  minister  of  York,  Me., 
b.  Newbury,  Ms.,  Jan.  4,  1676;  d.  Nov.  13, 
1747.  H.U.  1697.  Ord.  Dec.  29,  1700.  He 
was  an  eccentric  but  very  u.seful  man.  Though 
deriving  his  support  from  voluntary  contribu- 
tions, he  was  very  charitable  and  benevolent. 
Chaplain  to  Pepperrell's  Cape  Breton  exped. 
1745.  He  pub.  "The  Doleful  State  of  the 
Damned,"  1710;  "Account  of  the  Life  and 
Death  of  Joseph  Quasson,  an  Indian,"  &c. 

Moody,  Samuel,  30  years  an  eminent 
teacher  at  Dummer  Acad.,  b.  Apr.  18,  1725;  d. 
Exeter,Dec.  14, 1795.  H.U.  1746.  Son  of  Rev. 
J.  of  York,  where  he  began  teaching.  Many  dis- 
ting.  men  were  his  pupils.  —  Moodij  Family. 

Mooers,  Gen.  Benjamin,  b.  Haverhill, 
Ms.,  Apr.  1,  1758;  d.  Plattsburg,  N.Y.,  Feb. 
20,  1838.  Entering  an  ensign  in  the  Revol. 
army,  he  was  at  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  and 
of  Cornwallis,  serving  in  the  capacity  of  licut. 
and  adj.  in  Hazen's  rcgt.  to  the  end  of  the  war. 
In  1783  he  settled  in  the  vicinity  of  Plattsburg, 
then  a  wilderness ;  held  various  offices  ;  was  8 
years  in  the  N.Y.  legisl. ;  was  maj.-gen.  of 
militia,  and  com.  as  such  at  the  battle  of 
Plattsburg,  Sept.  11,  1814. 


m:oo 


631 


m:oo 


Moore,  Alfred,  jurist,  b.  Brunswick  Co., 
N.C.,  May  21,  1755  ;  d.  Belfont,  N.C.,  Oct.  15, 
1810.  Son  of  Judge  Maurice.  Educated  in 
Boston,  where  he  also  acquired  a  knowledge  of 
military  tactics.  In  1775  he  joined  the  Cont. 
troops  of  N.C.,  with  the  rank  of  capt. ;  and, 
when  the  British  seized  Wilmington,  he  raised 
a  troop  of  vols.,  with  whom  he  did  good  ser- 
vice. T[ie  war  left  him  penniless,  and  with- 
out any  means  of  supporting  his  family.  In 
1790  the  Assembly  elected  him  atty.-gen.  of 
the  State,  although  he  was  no  lawyer,  and  had 
never  in  his  life  read  a  law-book.  By  study, 
as  well  as  by  careful  observation,  he  mastered 
the  intricacies  of  judicial  science,  and  soon  be- 
came an  ornament  of  the  bar.  In  1798  he  was 
promoted  to  the  bench  of  the  State ;  and  in  1799 
-1805  was  an  assoc.  justice  of  the  U.S.  Supreme 
Court.  Alfred  his  son,  b.  Brunswick  Co., 
N.C.,  1783,  d.  July  28,  1837.  He  possessed 
splendid  talents,  was  learned  and  eloquent,  and 
was  for  many  years  a  member  as  well  as  speak- 
er of  the  h.  of  delegates. 

Moore,  Gen.  Andrew,  soldier  and  states- 
man, b.  Va. ;  d.  May,  1821.  He  served  in  the 
battle  of  Point  Pleasant,  Oct.  10,  1774.  M.C. 
1789-97  and  1803-4  ;  U.S.  senator  1804-9. 

Moore,  Benjamin,  D.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1789), 
Prot.-Ep.  bishop  of  N.Y.,  b.  Newtown,  L.I., 
Oct.  16,  1748;  d.  Greenwich,  N.Y.,  Feb.  27, 
1816.  Col.  Coll.  1768.  InMay,  1774,  he  went 
to  England  to  obtain  orders  and  in  June  was 
ord.  deacon  and  priest  by  the  bishop  of  Lon- 
don ;  he  was  settled  assist,  minister  of  Trinity 
Church,  N.Y.,  on  his  return  ;  became  rector 
Dec.  22,  1800;  and  consecrated  bishop  Sept. 
11,  1801.  In  1784-7  he  was  prof,  of  logic 
and  rhetoric  in  Col.  Coll.  ;  and  in  1801-11 
pres.  of  that  institution.  He  was  an  accom- 
plished scholar  and  preacher.  A  collection  of 
his  sermons  was  pub.  after  his  death  by  his  son 
C.  C.  Moore,  2  vols.  8vo,  N.Y.  1824. 

Moore,  Charles  Whitlock,  a  promi- 
nent Freemason,  b.  Boston,  29  Mar.  1801.  He 
received  a  good  education;  entered  the  Mason- 
ic order  in  1822,  attaining  the  highest  degrees, 
and  was  Recording  G.S.  of  the  G.L.  of  Ms.  34 
years.  He  ably  defended  the  order  in  the  days 
of  its  persecution  (1827-34) ;  pub.  the  Masonic 
Mirror  in  1825  ;  in  1828  the  Amaranth,  after- 
ward merged  in  the  Bnnker-hill  Aurora  ;  and  in 
1841  began,  and  has  since  conducted,  the  Free- 
mason's Monthli)  Mag.  In  1823  he  issued  the 
first  No.  of  Zion's  Herald.  He  has  pub.  Law- 
rie's  "  Hist,  of  Freemasonry,"  with  notes  and 
additions,  18mo,  1829;  and  "Masonic  Trestle- 
Board,"  8vo,  1843. 

Moore,  Clement  Clarke,  LL.D., 
scholar,  b.  New  York,  July  15,  1779  ;  d.  New- 
port, R.I.,  July  10,  1863.  Son  of  Bishop 
Moore.  Col.  Coll.  1798.  He  studied  Hebrew  ; 
was  app.  prof,  of  biblical  learning  in  the  Prot.- 
Ep.  Sem.  in  N.Y.  in  Dec.  1821 ;  app.  prof,  of 
Hebrew  and  Greek  lit.,  afterwards  changed 
to  Oriental  and  Greek  lit.  To  this  institution 
he  gave  the  large  plot  of  ground  on  which  it 
stands  in  the  city  of  N.Y.  He  received  the 
title  of  emeritus  prof,  in  1850.  He  pub.  a  col- 
lection of  poems,  12mo,  N.Y.  1844;  and 
"George  Castriot,"  12mo,  18.50.  To  Dr. 
Moore  belongs  the  high  merit  of  having  been 


the  pioneer  in  this  country  in  the  dept.  of  He- 
brew lexicography ;  his  Hebrew  and  Greek 
Lexicon  having  been  pub.  in  1809.  He  also 
pub.  a  collection  of  Bishop  Moore's  sermons, 
2  vols.  8vo.  He  wrote  the  famous  ballad, 
commencing  "  'Tvvas  the  night  before  Christ- 
mas ;  and  all  through  the  house,"  &c. 

Moore,  Cornelius,  b.  Hunterdon  Co., 
N.  J.,  1806.  Editor  and  prop.  Masonic  Mag. 
since  its  commencement  in  1838;  author  of 
"  History  of  the  Ancient  Charges  and  Regula- 
tions of  Fi-eeraasonry ; "  "  Outlines  of  the  Tem- 
ple," 12mo,  1854;  "The  Craftsman,"  8vo; 
"The  Templar's  Text-Book,"  12mo,  1853.— 
AUibone. 

Moore,  Edward  M.,  M.D.,  surgeon,  b. 
Rahway,  N.J.,  15  July,  1814.  U.  of  Pa.  1838. 
In  1838,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  C.  L.  Pen- 
nock  of  Phila.,  he  performed  a  series  of  origi- 
nal experiments  relative  to  the  heart,  which  ex- 
cited much  attention.  Removing  to  Rochester, 
N.Y.,  ab.  1840,  he  acquired  a  high  reputation 
in  his  profession  ;  many  years  prof,  of  surgery 
in  the  Buffalo  Med.  College.  —  Thomas. 

Moore,  Edwin  Ward,  commo.  in  the 
Texan  navy,  b.  Alexandria,  Va.,  1811  ;  d.  New 
York,  Oct.'5,  1865.  Entering  the  U.S.  navy 
in  1825,  he  was  a  1st  lieut.  in  1836,  when  se- 
lected by  the  new  Texan  govt,  to  com.  its 
navy,  yet  to  be  created.  Resigning  in  1837, 
he,  partly  from  his  own  resources,  purchased 
two  small  ships,  and  equipped  them  as  vessels 
of  war.  He  set  sail  early  in  1838,  and,  con- 
trary to  the  orders  of  Pres.  Houston,  attacked 
the  Mexican  fleet  of  8  vessels,  including  two 
steamers,  in  the  Bay  of  Campeachy;  and  in  a 
series  of  hot  engagements  finally  routed  and 
dispersed  it  with  heavy  losses  in  ships  and 
men.  He  received  from  the  Texan  Congress 
for  this  service  an  extensive  grant  of  land,  and 
a  large  sum  of  money. 

Moore,  Prank,  b.  Concord,  N.H.,  17  Dec. 
1823.  Sec.  of  legation  at  Paris.  Son  of  Ja- 
cob B.  He  pub.  "  Songs  and  Ballads  of  the 
Amer.  Rcvol.,"  1856  ;  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Amer. 
Eloquence,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1857;  "The  Press 
of  the  Amer.  Revol.;"  "Diary  of  the  Amer. 
Revol.,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1860;  "The  Rebellion 
Record,"  11  vols.  8vo.,  1862-8;  "  Speeches  of 
And.  Johnson,  with  a  Biog.  Introd.,"  1865; 
"Lyrics  of  Loyalty,"  1864;  "Rebel  Rhymes 
and  Rhapsodies,"  1864  ;  "Personal  and  Polit. 
Ballads,"  1864;  and  "Materials  for  History," 
4to,  1861. 

Moore,  Gabriel,  statesman  of  Alabama, 
b.  Stokes  Co.,  N.C.;  d.  Caddo,  Texas,  1844. 
M.C.  1822-9;  gov.  1829-31;  U.  S.  senator 
1831-7. 

Moore,  George  H.,  LL.D.  (N.  Y.  U), 
author,  b.  Concord,  N.H.,  Apr.  20,  1823. 
N.  Y.  U.  1843.  Son  of  Jacob  B.  Moore.  Ho 
went  to  New  Yoi*k  in  1839  ;  was  assist,  lib.  of 
the  N.Y.  Hist.  Soc.  in  1841-9  ;  librarian  since 
1849.  He  has  pub.  "Treason  of  Charles 
Lee,"  8vo,  1860  ;  "  Employment  of  Negroes  in 
the  Revol.  Army,"  1862 ;  "  Hist,  of  Slavery  in 
Ms.,"  8vo,  1866,  since  followed  by  Additional 
Notes  on  the  same  subject.  He  is  now  (1870) 
engaged  upon  a  Hist,  of  the  Jurisprudence  of 
N.Y.  Contrib.  to  the  Hist.  Mag.  and  to  the  jour- 
nals of  New  York.  — Hist.  Mag.  vol.  vii.  1. 


:vxoo 


632 


TdlOO 


Moore,  Sir  Henry,  b.  Jamaica,  1713. 
For  suppressing  a  slave-insurrection  in  Jamai- 
ca, of  which  he  was  gov.  (app.  175G),  he  was 
made  a  hart.,  and  gov.  of  N.Y.  from  29  Jan. 
1764  to  Ills  d.  11  Sept.  1769.  He  arrived  in 
the  Colony  in  Nov.  1765. 

Moore,  Henry  Eaton,  composer  of  music, 
b.  Andovcr,  N.H.,  July  21,  1803;  d.  E.  Cam- 
bridge, Ms.,  Oct.  23,  1841.  He  served  his  time 
as  a  printer  with  his  bro.  Jacob  B.  and  Isaac 
Hill,  and  pub.  the  Grafion  Journal  at  Plymouth, 
N.H.,  from  Jan.  1,  1825,  to  March,  1826;  he 
afterward  became  a  teacher,  and  a  thorough 
proficient  in  musical  science ;  wrote  the  "Mu- 
sical Catechism,"  "Merrimack  Collection  of 
Instrumental  Music,"  "  N.H.  Coll.  of  Church 
Music,"  "The  Choir,"  "A  Collection  of  An- 
thems, Choruses,  and  Set  Pieces,"  and  the 
"Northern  Harp."  Another  brother,  John 
Weeks  Moore,  b.  Andovcr,  April  11,  1807, 
also  a  printer,  edited  the  Bellows-Falls  Gazette 
for  several  years  ;  and  has  pub.  "  A  Complete 
Encyclopsedia  of  Music,"  1854;  "Vocal  and 
Instrumental  Self-Instructor,"  "  Sacred  Min- 
strel," Musician's  Lexicon,"  and  "  Amor.  Coll. 
of  Instrum.  Music,"  4to,  1856.  —  Duychinck. 

Moore,  Horatio  Newton,  novelist,  b. 
N.  J.  1814;  d.  Phila.  Aug.  26,  1859.  Author 
of  "  Mary  Morris,"  "  The  Groomsman,"  "  The 
Marriage-Certificate,"  "The  Heart  Over- 
tasked," "  Two  Months  Married,"  "  Fitzgc^rald 
and  Hopkins,"  "  The  Roign  of  Terror,"  and 
"  Eight  and  Wrong ; "  also  the  tragedies  of 
"  Orlando  "  and  "  The  Regicides,"  and  Lives 
of  Gen.  Marion  and  Gen.  Wayne  (1845).  He 
contrib.  memoirs  of  the  famous  refugees,  the 
Doanes,  to  the  Boston  Museum.  —  Simpson. 

Moore,  Jacob  Bailey,  M.D.,  surgeon  and 
song-writer;  d.  Jan.  10,  1813,  a.  40.  Of  a 
Scotch  family  who  settled  at  Georgetown,  JMe. 
His  father  was  a  surgeon  in  a  national  vessel. 
The  son  practised  in  Andover  from  1796  to 
Apr.  1812,  when  he  became  a  surgeon  U.S.A. 
Some  of  his  musical  compositions  arc  in 
Hoi  yoke's  "Repository." 

Moore,  Jacob  Bailey,  hist,  writer,  b. 
Andover,  N.H.,  Oct.  31 ,  1797  ;  d.  Bellows  Falls, 
Vt.,  Sept.  1,  1853.  Son  of  the  preceding; 
learned  the  trade  of  a  printer  in  the  office  of 
the  Patriot,  at  Concord,  N.H.,  to  which  he  was 
a  contrib ;  marrying  a  sister  of  Isaac  Hill  the 
proprietor,  he  became  a  partner  in  his  business, 
but  subsequently  established  the  N.  II.  States- 
man to  support  J.  Q.  Adanis  for  the  presidency ; 
member  of  the  State  legisl.  in  1828  ;  sheriff  of 
Merrimaxjk  Co.  in  1829-34 ;  and  from  1826  to 
1829  edited  the  N.  11.  Journal.  Removing  to 
N.Y.  in  1 839,  he  edited  the  Daili/  Whig  for  a  short 
period ;  was  in  1 841-5  in  the  post-ofFiceat  Wash- 
.ington;  librarian  of  the  N.Y.  Hist.  Soc.  1845-8; 
and  in  1 848-52  was  postmaster  at  San  Francisco, 
Cal.  Farmer  and  Moore's  "Hist.  Colls,  of 
N.H."  (3  vols.  1822-24)  gathered  up,  and  ar- 
ranged in  an  enduring  form,  fragments  of  great 
value,  which  might  otherwise  have  been  lost: 
this  was  one  of  the  first  publications  devoted  to 
local  history  in  this  country.  He  also  pub. 
"Memoirs  of  American  Governora,"  1846; 
"  Gazetteer  of  N.H. ;  "  "  Laws  of  Trade  in  the 
U.S.,"  1840 ;  "  Hist,  of  Andover  "  and  "  Hist, 
of  Concord,"  1824;  and  essentially  aided  Mr. 


John  Farmer  in  his  antiquarian  researches. 
His  sons  George  H.  and  Frank  are  known  as 
authors. 

Moore,  James,  gov.  of  S.C.  in  1700-3  and 
in  1719-21 ;  undertook  an  unsuccessful  expcd. 
against  the  Spaniards  at  St.  Augustine  in  1702, 
entailing  a  heavy  burden  on  the  Colony,  to  meet 
which  the  first  paper-money  was  issued  in  S.C., 
under  the  name  of  bills  of  credit.  In  1 703  ho 
chastised  the  Appalacliian  Indians,  and  de- 
stroyed their  settlements.  (See  ace.  of  this  exped. 
in  Carroll's  Hist.  Colls,  of  S.C.)  He  was  after- 
ward in  the  council ;  was  atty.  and  rec.  gen., 
and  judge  of  the  Admiralty  Court ;  and  in 
1721-5  was  speaker  of  the  Assembly. 

Moore,  James,  of  New  Hanover',  N.C.,brig. 
gen.  Revol.  army ;  d.  1776.  Capt.  of  art.  under 
Gov.  Tryon  at  the  defeat  of  the  regulators, 
May  16, 1771 ;  and  in  Aug.  1775  received  from 
the  Prov.  Congress  at  Hillsborough  the  com. 
of  the  first  regt.  raised  for  the  defence  of  N.C. 
In  Feb.  1776,  Gen.  McDonald,  with  1,500  men, 
principally  Highlanders,  having  erected  the 
king's  standard  at  Cross  Creek,  Col.  Moore,  with 
his  regt.  and  a  detachment  of  militia,  Feb.  £3, 
with  the  aid  of  Cols.  Caswell  and  Lillington, 
attacked  and  routed  him.  The  Prov.  Council 
of  N.C.  on  the  4th  of  Mar.  passed  a  vote  of 
thanks  to  Col.  Moore  for  this  signal  service. 
Made  a  brig.-gen  1  March,  1776;  he  died  of 
fever  shortly  after,  while  on  his  way  to  join  the 
army  under  Washington. 

Moore,  Rev.  Martin,  20  years  editor  of 
the  Boston  Recorder,  b.  Sterling,  Ms.,  22  Apr. 
1790;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  12  Mar.  1866. 
B.U.  1810.  Descended  from  John  of  Sudbury, 
1642.  Nearly  30  years  minister  at  Natick, 
Ms.,  and  afterward  at  Cohasset;  in  1861-6 
vice.-pres.  of  the  N.  E.  Hist.  Gencal.  Society. 
Author  of  a  "Life  of  John  Eliot,"  1842;  and 
a  "  Hist,  of  Natick,  Ms.,"  1817. 

Moore,  Maurice,  jurist,  b.  Brunswick 
Co.,  N.C. ;  d.  1776.  His  grandfather  Sir  Na- 
thaniel, gov.  of  N.C.  in  1705,  claimed  descent 
from  the  Marquis  of  Drogheda,  Ireland. 
Maurice,  together  with  ISIartin  Howard  and 
Richard  Henderson,  constituted  the  judicial 
bench  of  N.C.when  the  Revol.  closed  the  courts ; 
member  of  the  Prov.  Congress  in  1775-6 ;  aided 
materially  in  forming  the  State  constitution ; 
and  was  one  of  a  com.  app.  to  draw  up  an  addr. 
to  the  people  of  Great  Britain  on  the  wrongs 
of  the  N.A.  Colonics.  It  is  remarkable  that 
liis  disting.  bro.  Col.  James  Moore,  then  on  his 
way  to  join  Gen.  Washington,  d.  in  the  same 
house,  at  the  same  time. 

Moore,  Nathaniel  F.,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll. 
1825),  scholar,  b.  Newtown,  L.I.,  Dec.  25, 
1782.  Col.  Coll.  1802.  Nephew  of  Bishop 
Bcnj.  Moore.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1805;  app. 
in  1817  adjunct  prof.;  and  was  from  1820  to 
1835  prof,  of  Latin  and  Greek  in  Col.  Coll.; 
librarian  1837-42;  pres.  1842-9.  In  1839  he 
visited  Egypt  and  the  Holy  Land.  Besides 
pamphlets  and  essays,  he  has  pub.  "  Ancient 
Mineralogy,"  1834;  "Remarks  on  the  Pro- 
nunciation of  the  Greek  Language;"  "Lec- 
tures on  the  Greek  Language  and  Literature ; " 
and  a  hist,  sketch  of  Col.  Coll.  1846. 

Moore,  Richard  Channing,  D.D.  (Col. 
Coll.  1794),  Prot.-Ep.  bishop  of  Va.,  b.  New 


MOO 


633 


m:or 


York,  Aug.  21, 1762;  d.  Lynchburg,  Va.,  Nov. 
11,  1841.  He  was  educated  at  King's  Coll., 
N.Y.  Followed  a  sea-faring  life  for  a  short 
time,  and  became  a  medical  practitioner ;  but 
took  holy  orders  in  July,  1787,  and  after  a 
brief  service  at  Rye,  Westchester  Co.,  he  was 
called  to  St.  Andrew's  parish,  embracing  the 
whole  of  Staten  Island,  Avhere  he  continued  20 
years.  Rector  of  St.  Stephen's  Church,  N.Y. 
City,  1809-May  13,  1814  ;  then  consec.  bishop, 
iind  app.  rector  of  the  Monumental  Church  m 
Richmond,  which  position  he  occupied  until 
the  close  of  his  life.  —  See  Memoirs  of  his  Life, 
with  a  Selection  from  his  Sermons,  by  J.  P.  K.  Hen- 
shaw,  8vo,  1843. 

Moore,  Thomas  P.,  soldier  and  M.C.,  b. 
Ky.  1795 ;  d.  llarrodsburg,  Ky.,  July  21, 1853. 
He  was  an  officer  in  the  war  of  1812 ;  M.C.  in 
1823-9  and  in  1833-5;  minister  to  the  Repub- 
lic of  Colombia  in  1829 ;  and  maj.  18th  U.S. 
Inf.  in  the  Mexican  war.  Member  of  the  Ky. 
Const.  Convention  of  1849. 

Moore,  Zephaniah  Swift,  D.D.  (Wms. 
Coll.  1816),  scholar,  b.  Palmer,  Ms.,  Nov.  20, 
1770 ;  d.  Amherst,  Ms.,  June  30, 1823.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1793.  While  a  child,  his  parents  removed 
to  Vt.  Principal  of  the  Londonderry  Acad,  in 
1793-4;  studied  divinity  in  Ct. ;  was  minister 
of  Leicester,  Ms.,  June  10,  1798,  to  Oct.  28, 
1811 ;  prof,  of  languages  in  Dartm.  Coll.  1811- 
15;  chosen  pres.  of  Wms.  Coll.  in  Sept.  1815, 
he  became  unpopular  on  account  of  the  at- 
tempted removal  of  the  institution  to  Hamp- 
shire Co. ;  and,  on  the  establishment  of  Amh. 
Coll.  in  1821,  was  chosen  its  first  pres.,  and  as- 
sumed its  charge  in  1 822. 

Moran,  Benjamin,  diplomatist,  b.  Lane 
Co.,  Pa.,  1820.  His  father  was  manager  of  a 
small  cotton-factory  at  Trenton,  N.J.  The 
son,  at  first  a  printer  in  Phila.,  went  to  Eng. 
ab.  1850;  travelled  over  it  on  foot  in  1851-3; 
and  pub.  a  vol.,  "The  Footpath  and  High- 
way." In  1854  he  prepared  the  cases  for  the 
commiss.  then  sitting  in  Lond.  for  the  settle- 
ment of  claims  between  the  U.S.  and  Great 
Britain.  Mr.  Buchanan  then  made  him  clerk 
to  the  mission,  afterward  his  private  sec. ;  and 
in  Nov.  1855  he  was  made  sec.  of  legation; 
vice-consul  at  Lond.  Apr.  1856  to  1  Jan.  1857; 
assist,  sec.  of  legation  to  July,  1864;  and  sec. 
since  that  time,  frequently  acting  as  charge'  or 
acting  minister.  A  contrib.  to  English  and 
American  periodicals. 

Morazan,  Gen.  Francisco,  a  Central- 
Amer.  statesman,  b.  Honduras,  1799;  shot  in 
Costa  Rica,  Sept.  15,  1842.  Of  Corsican  ex- 
traction. In  1 824  he  became  sec-gen.  of  Hon- 
duras ;  and  soon  after  was  elected  gov.  of  the 
State,  disting.  himself  both  as  a  statesman  and 
as  a  soldier.  Having  in  1829  driven  the  re-ac- 
tionary  party  from  the  city  of  Guatimala,  the 
National  Congress  decreed  him  the  title  of  sa- 
vior of  the  Republic;  and  he  soon  after  accepted 
the  presidency.  Expelled  in  1840  by  the  influ- 
ence of  the  priests,  he  took  refuge  in  Chili, 
whence,  in  1 842,  he  went  to  Costa  Rica,  where 
he  was  made  pres.  by  acclamation.  An  insur- 
rection shortly  after  took  place,  to  which  he 
fell  a  victim. 

Mordecai,  Alfred,  maj.  U.S.A.,  b.  N.C. 
West  Point,  1823.     Assist,  prof.  nat.  philos. 


and  cng.  to  July,  1825 ;  capt.  of  ordnance  30 
May,  1832;  brev.  major  for  meritorious  con- 
duct in  Mexico,  May  30,  1848 ;  major,  Dec.  31, 
1854;  resigned  5  May,  1861 ;  assist,  engr.  Mex- 
ico and  Pacific  R.  R.  since  1863.  Ordered  to 
Europe  to  observe  the  Crimean  War,  April  2, 
1855.  Author  of  Report  thereon  to  the  Sec.  of 
War ;  "  Reports  of  Experiments  on  Gunpow- 
der," 1845  and  1849;  of  "Artillery  for  U.S. 
Land  Service,"  1849;  of  "Ordnance  Manual," 
1850;  "Digest  of  Military  Laws,"  8vo,  1833. 

Morehead,  Charles  S.,  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician, b.  Nelson  Co.,  Ky.,  1802;  d.  near  Green- 
ville, Mpi.,  Dec.  23,  1868.  Educated  at  Tran- 
sylvania U.  He  adopted  the  profession  of  law ; 
was  member  of  the  legisl.  1828-9 ;  atty.-gen.  in 
1834-7  ;  was  again  in  the  legisl.  in  1838-41,  offi- 
ciating as  speaker  in  1840  and '41 ;  was  re-elected 
in  1842  and  1844,  and  for  the  third  time  chosen 
speaker;  M.C.  1847-51 ;  again  in  the  legisl.  in 
1853;  gov.  in  1855-9.  Many  years  one  of  the 
most  devoted  friends  and  supporters  of  Henry 
Clay.  Delegate  to  the  Peace  Convention  of 
Feb.  1861.  His  endeavors  to  bring  about  the 
secession  of  Ky.  occasioned  his  arrest,  Sept.  19, 
1861,  and  incarceration  in  Fort  Lafayette, 
where  he  was  long  kept.  With  M.  Brown,  he 
pub.  "  Digest  of  the  Statute  Laws  of  Ky.," 
&c.,  8vo,  4  vols.  1834. 

Morehead,  James  T.,  lawyer,  b.  Coving- 
ton, Ky.,  May  24, 1797 ;  d.  there  Dec.  28,  1854. 
U.  of  N.C.  1819.  In  1813-14  he  studied  at 
Transylv.  U.  and  in  the  law-office  of  J.  J.  Crit- 
tenden; commenced  practice  in  1819  at  Bowl- 
ing Green;  from  1828  to  1831  was  a  member 
of  the  Ky.  legisl.;  in  1832  Avas  lieut.-gov. ; 
gov.  in  1834-6;  he  then  returned  to  the  bar 
at  Frankfort ;  in  1837  was  again  elected  to  the 
State  legisl. ;  was  pres.  of  the  Board  of  Inter- 
nal Improvements  in  1838-41 ;  U.S.  senator 
1 841-7.  He  subsequently  practised  law  at  Cov- 
ington. He  pub.  "  Practice  and  Proceedings  at 
Law  in  Ky.,"  8vo,  1846;  "Address  commem. 
of  the  First  Sett,  of  Ky.  at  Boonesborough,"  25 
May,  1840,  Frankfort,  8vo. 

Miorehead,  John  M.,  gov.  of  N.C.  1841-5, 
b.  there  ab.  1796;  d.  Rockbridge,  Va.,  Aug. 
28,  1866.  U.  of  N.C.  1817.  He  was  a  success- 
ful and  able  lawyer,  and  a  warm  friend  of 
Henry  Clay.  Pres.  of  the  National  Whig  Con- 
vention, 1848. 

Morell,  George,  jurist,  b,  Lenox,  Ms.,  22 
Mar.  1786;  d.  Detroit,  Mar.  8,  1845.  Wms. 
Coll.  1807.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1811  ;  settled 
at  Cooperstown,  N.Y. ;  app.  first  judge  Otsego 
Co.  Court  1827;  member  of  the  Assembly 
1829;  re-app.  judge  1832;  U.S.  judge  of  Mich. 
Terr.  1832-6  ;  judge  Sup.  Ct.  of  Mich.  1836- 
43  ;  chief  justice  18  July,  1843,  to  his  death. 

Morelos,  Jose  Maria,  a  Mexican  revolu- 
tionist, b.  N.  Mexico,  1780  ;  shot  near  the  city 
of  Mexico  22  Dec.  1815.  He  was  curate  of 
Nucapetaro  in  Valladolid  ;  and  in  Oct.  1810 
joined  the  insurgent  chief  Hidalgo,  who  made 
him  capt.-gen.  of  the  provinces  on  the  south-w. 
coast.  He  soon  made  himself  remarkable  for 
his  audacity  and  activity ;  captured  many  places 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  province ;  and  took 
Acapulco,  Aug.  30,  1813.  In  Dec.  of  that 
year  he  marched  against  Valladolid,  but  was 
defeated  there  by  Iturbide  with  great  loss,  and 


m:or 


6M 


:M.oii 


from  this  time  suffered  a  succession  of  defeats ; 
while  marching  to  join  Toledo  and  Humbert, 
he  was  (Nov.  5, 1815)  surprised  and  taken,  and 
shot  as  a  traitor. 

Morfit,  Campbell,  chemist,  b.  Herculane- 
um,  Mo.,  1 820.  Columbian  Coll.,  Washington, 
D.C.  Studied  chemistry  in  Fhila.  He  became 
proprietor  of  a  manuf  of  commercial  chemicals  ; 
and  in  1848  was  co-editor  of  the  "Encyclopae- 
dia of  Chemistry  "  with  Prof  Booth.  He  or- 
ganized the  chemical  dept.  of  the  Md.  Institute, 
and  filled  the  chair  of  analyt.  and  applied  chem- 
istry in  the  U.  of  Md.  in  1854-8.  He  has 
written  a  report  upon  gun-metal  to  the  US. 
ordnance  dept.;  in  1851  pub.  a  report  of  the 
Progress  of  the  Chemical  Arts  for  the  Smiths. 
Institution;  and,  with  A.  Muckle,  "Chemical 
and  Pharmaceutic  Manipulations,"  8vo,  1849. 

Morgan,  Abel,  Bapt.  min.  of  Pennepek, 
Pa.,  b.  Wales,  1637  ;  d.  16  Dec.  1722.  He  com- 
piled a  folio  Concordance  to  the  Welsh  Bible, 
printed  at  Phila. ;  and  also  translated  "  Century 
Confession "  into  Welsh,  with  additions.  — 
Benedkl,  i.  583. 

Morgan,  Chakles  W.,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Va.  1790;  d.  Washington,  D.C,  5  Jan.  1853. 
Nephew  of  Gen.  Dan.  Morgan.  Midsh.  1  Jan. 
1808;  lieut.  3  Mar.  1813;  com.  15  Apr.  1820; 
capt.  21  Feb.  1831;  lieut.  of  "The  Constitu- 
tion "  in  her  action  with  "  The  Guerriere,"  19 
Aug.  1812,  and  with  "  The  Java,"  29  Dec.  1812, 
for  which  services  he  received  a  sword  from 
the  Va.  legisl.  He  com.  the  Mediterranean 
squadron  in  1841-3. 

Morgan,  Gen.  Daniel,  b.  Hunterdon  Co., 
N.J.,  1736;  d.  Winchester,  Va.,  July  6,  1802. 
He  had  little  education;  at  ;^he  age  of  17  left 
his  father's  farm,  and  was  a  wagoner  in  Brad- 
dock's  army  in  1755.  In  the  spring  of  1756 
he  knocked  down  a  British  lieut.  who  had  in- 
sulted him,  for  which  he  received  500  lashes. 
The  officer  afterward  made  him  a  public  apolo- 
gy. In  1757  he  served  in  the  militia,  and  dis- 
ting.  himself  in  the  defence  of  Edwards  Fort. 
la  1758  he  was  made  an  enssign,  and,  while 
carrying  despatches,  was  waylaid  and  severely 
wounded  by  Indians,  escaping  by  presence  of 
mind  and  the  fleetness  of  his  horse,  from  whose 
back  he  was  taken  insensible.  After  the  peace 
Tie  was  much  addicted  to  gambling  and  dissipa- 
tion, and  noted  as  a  pugilist;  but  before  1771 
had  reformed;  became  a  man  of  substance;  and 
in  1774  com.  a  company  in  Lord  Dunmore's  ex- 
ped.  against  the  Indians.  Immediately  after 
the  battle  of  Lexington,  he,  in  less  than  a 
week,  enrolled  96  men,  the  nucleus  of  his  cele- 
brated rifie  corps,  and  marched  them  to  Boston. 
He  com.  3  companies  in  the  exped.  of  Arnold 
against  Quebec,  and  behaved  with  gallantry, 
but  was  made  prisoner.  On  his  exchange  he 
was  app.,  Nov.  12,  1776,  col.  of  a  rifle  corps 
( 1 1  th  Va. ).  Sent  to  the  assistance  of  Gates  in 
Sept.  1777,  he  took  a  most  important  part  in 
the  victory  at  Saratoga.  The  Va.  legisl.  voted 
him  a  horse,  pistols,  and  sword,  for  this  ser- 
vice. Rejoining  the  main  army  near  Phila.,  he 
had  a  severe  skirmish  near  Chestnut  Hill  with 
a  part  of  Cornwallis's  division.  During  a  part 
of  1778  he  was  in  com.  of  Woodford's  brigade ; 
March  20, 1779,  he  was  made  col.  7th  Va.  Kegt., 
but  resigned  in  June.    After  the  defeat  at  Cam- 


den he  joined  the  remnant  of  Gates's  army  at 
Hillsborough,  and,  Oct.  1,  was  placed  in  com. 
of  a  legionary  corps;  Oct.  13,  1780,  he  w^ 
made  a  brig.-gen.  Shortly  after  Greene  as- 
sumed the  com.  in  Dec,  Morgan  was  detached 
to  the  country  watered  by  the  Broad  and  Pa- 
colet  Rivers.  Pursued  by  Col.  Tarleton,  he 
withdrew  to  the  Cowpens,  where,  Jan.  17, 1781, 
he  gained  a  brillant  victory  over  that  renowned 
oflScer,  capturing  or  destroying  nearly  the  whole 
of  his  force.  A  gold  medal  testified  the  appre- 
ciation of  Congress  of  the  skill  and  bravery  of 
Morgan  on  this  occasion.  By  a  rapid  retreat 
he  evaded  the  pursuitof  Corn wallis,  and  joined 
Greene ;  but  illness,  occasioned  by  exposure  and 
hardship,  compelled  him  to  retire  from  active 
service.  In  1794  he  com.  the  army  sent  against 
the  insurgents  in  Western  Pa.,  and  was  M.C.  in 
1795-9.  In  1800  he  removed  to  Winchester. 
His  oldest  dau.  m.  Gen.  Presby  Neville  of  Pitts- 
burg. In  1799  he  pub.  an  address  to  his  con- 
stituents, vindicating  the  administration  of  Mr. 
Adams.  His  son  Willoughby,  col.  U.S.A., 
d.  Fort  Crawford,  Upper  Mpi.,  4  Apr.  1832.  — 
Life  of  Morgan,  by  James  Graham,  12mo,  1859. 

Morgan,  Gen.  David  Banister,  b. 
West  Springfield,  Ms.,  1773;  d.  Covington, 
La.,  July  15,  1848.  He  removed  to  La.  in 
1803;  was  in  the  Terr,  legisl. ;  meniber  of  the 
Const.  Conv, ;  representative  and  senator  ;  and 
surveyor-gen.  of  the  States  of  La.  and  Mpi. ; 
brig.-gen.  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans. 

Morgan,  Edwin  Dennison  (LL.D.  of 
Wms.  Coll.  1867),  statesman,  b.  Washington, 
Ms.,  Feb.  8, 1811.  Entering  a  grocery-store  in 
Hartford,  Ct.,  in  1828,  he  became  a  partner  in 
1831 ;  removed  to  New  York  in  1836,  and  be- 
came a  highly-successful  merchant.  A  State 
senator  in  1849-53  ;  he  was  made  chairman  of 
the  Repub.  Committee  ;  and  was  gov.  of  N.Y. 
in  1859-63.  His  administration  was  marked 
by  a  decrease  of  the  State  debt,  an  increase  in 
the  revenue  from  the  canals,  and  a  frequent 
use  of  the  veto-power.  Such  was  his  zeal  and 
efficiency  in  raising  and  equipping  troops  for 
the  war,  that  the  State  sent  about  220,000  men 
to  the  field.  Maj.-gen.  of  vols.  20  Sept.  1861 ; 
resigned  Jan.  1,  1863.  U.S.  senator  in  1863- 
9.  Offered  the  secretaryship  of  the  treasury 
by  Mr.  Lincoln,  but  declined. 

Morgan,  Gen.  George  W.,  b.  Washing- 
ton Co.,  Pa.,  20  Sept.  1820.  He  was  a  capt.  in 
the  Texan  struggle  for  independence.  Studied 
at  West.  Point  in  1841-3,  but  removed  to  Mount 
Vernon,  O.,  where  in  1845  he  began  to  practise 
law.  When  the  Mexican  war  broke  out,  he 
became  col.  2d  Ohio  Vols.  (Jan.  1846),  with 
which  he  repulsed  the  Mexican  cavalry  near 
Marin  (Feb.  1847) ;  was  app.  col.  15th  U.S.  Inf. 
Mar.  1847  ;  and  won  the  brev.  of  brig.-gen.  for 
gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churubusco,  where 
he  was  severely  wounded.  Consul  at  Marseilles 
1856-8;  res.  minister  at  Lisbon  in  1858-61; 
brig.-gen.  vols.  Nov.  21, 1861.  Assigned  to  duty 
under  Gen.  Buell  in  Mar.  1862,  he  took  com. 
of  the  7th  division  of  the  Array  of  the  Ohio, 
with  which  he  occupied  Cumberland  Gap  in 
S.E.  Ky.,  driving  out  the  Confederates,  June  18, 
but  was  compelled  to  retreat  Sept.  17.  In  Nov. 
he  was  assigned  to  a  com.  under  Gen.  Rose- 
crans  in  Tenn.      He  com.  a  division  under 


IMOR 


635 


]VtOIi 


Sherman  against  Vicksburg  in  1863,  in  which 
year  he  resigned.     Democ.  M.C.  1868-72. 

Morgan,  Sir  Henry,  buccaneer,  b.  ab. 
1637;  d.  1690.  Son  of  a  Welsh  farmer. 
For  many  years  he  maintained  his  position 
among  the  W.  India  islands  as  chief  of  a  host 
of  pirates  composed  of  adventurers  from  all 
the  nations  of  Europe.  Erom  his  strongholds, 
one  of  which  was  the  Island  of  St.  Catharine's, 
he  made  many  successful  descents  upon  the 
Spanish  settlements  in  his  vicinity ;  and  at 
sea  captured  many  lich  prizes.  In  1G66  he 
took  Porto  Bclio  and  Panama  from  the  Span- 
iards. Having  amassed  a  large  fortune,  he 
settled  at  Jamaica,  of  which  island  he  was  app. 
gov.  by  Charles  II.,  and  knighted.  Author  of 
"Voyage  to  Panama,  1670,"  Loud.  8vo,  1683. 
An  account  of  him  is  in  Esquemcling's  "Buc- 
caneers of  America,"  Lond.  4to,  1684. 

Morgan,  Gen.  James  D.,  b.  Boston,  Ms., 
Nov.  19,  1810.  At  the  age  of  16  he  went  to 
sea  in  the  ship  "  Beverley."  The  crew  muti- 
nied ;  and  the  ship  was  soon  after  burned. 
Morgan,  with  others  of  the  crew,  escaped  in 
boats ;  finally  landed  in  S.  America ;  and, 
after  the  greatest  hardships,  made  his  way 
back  to  Boston,  after  6  months'  absence.  Re- 
moving to  Quincy,  111.,  in  1834,  he  engaged 
in  mercantile  pursuits.  During  the  Mexican 
war  he  was  capt.  in  the  1st  111.  Vols. ;  in  1861 
he  became  lieut.-col.  7th  111.  Vols. ;  and,  for 
merit,  services  at  New  Madrid  and  Corinth, 
was  made  brig.-gen.  17  July,  1862  ;  in  Nov. 
1862  he  com.  a  brigade  at  Nashville,  Tcnn. ; 
and  in  Sherman's  Atlanta  and  Georgia  cam- 
paigns com.  a  division  of  the  14th  corps. 

Morgan,  John,  M.D.  (Edinb.  U.  1764), 
F.R.S.,  an  eminent  physician,  b.  Phila.  1735  ; 
d.  there  Oct.  15,  1789.  Phila.  Coll.  1757. 
He  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Redman  ;  and, 
as  a  surgeon  and  lieut.  of  Pa.  troops,  served 
in  the  war  with  France  until  1760,  when  he 
went  to  Europe ;  attended  the  lectures  and 
dissections  of  the  celebrated  VVm.  Hunter; 
and,  after  spending  two  years  in  Edinburgh, 
visited  Paris,  Holland,  and  Italy  ;  and,  on  his 
return  to  London,  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the 
Roy.  Soc. ;  a  member  of  the  Coll.  of  Physi- 
cians in  Edinburgh;  and  a  licentiate  of  the 
Coll.  of  Phys.  in  London ;  returning  to  Phila. 
in  1765,  he  was  elected  prof,  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  med. ;  and  at  once  founded  a 
med.  school  in  connection  with  the  college. 
In  Oct.  1775  he  was  app.  by  Congress  director- 
gen,  and  physician  in  chief  to  the  gen.  hospital 
of  the  army  ;  removed  in  1777  in  consequence 
of  unjust  clamors.  A  committee  of  Congress 
afterward  investigated  his  conduct,  and  honor- 
ably acquitted  him  of  all  the  charges  against 
him.  He  pub.  a  "  Discourse  upon  the  Insti- 
tution of  Medical  Schools  in  America,"  1765; 
"  A  Recommendation  of  Inoculation  according 
to  Baron  Dinesdale's  Method,"  «&c.,  1776.  He 
received  in  1766,  from  John  Sargeant  of  Lon- 
don, a  gold  medal  for  the  best  essay  on  the  recip- 
rocal advantages  of  a  perpetual  union  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  American  Colonies.  In 
1777  he  pub.  a  vindication  of  his  public  charac- 
ter of  director-gen.  One  of  the  founders  of 
the  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  in  1769,  and  pub.  some 
papers  in  its  Transactions.     In  1773  he  visited 


Jamaica  to  procure  donations  for  Philadelphia 
College. 

Morgan,  John  H.,gen.  C.S.A.,b.  Hunts- 
ville,  Ala.,  June  1,  1826;  killed  at  Greenville, 
Tenn.,  Sept.  4,  1864.  In  1830  he  settled  near 
Lexington,  Ky.  He  was  1st  lieut.  in  Mar- 
shall's cav.  at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista;  was 
extensively  engaged  in  the  manuf.  of  bagging 
at  Lexington;  when,  in  Sept.  1861,  he  joined 
Buckner  at  the  head  of  the  Lexington  Rifles, 
and  at  Shiloh  com.  a  squadron  of  cavalry. 
He  soon  after  commenced  his  series  of  raids 
into  Ky.,  in  which  he  destroyed  many  mil- 
lions of  dollars'  worth  of  military  stores  ;  cap- 
tured and  burned  railroad-trains  filled  with 
suj)plies,  tore  up  railroad  -  tracks,  burned 
bridges,  and  destroyed  culverts,  in  the  rear  of 
the  Union  armies ;  and  made  it  necessary  to 
garrison  every  important  town  in  the  State. 
He  moved  with  the  utmost  celerity,  and,  by  tak- 
ing a  telegraph-operator  with  him,  misled  his 
foes,  and  acquainted  himself  wiih  their  move- 
ments to  intercept  him.  In  1863  he  undertook 
a  bold  and  extensive  raid  through  Ky.,  Ind.,  and 
Ohio ;  but  he  with  nearly  his  whole  com.  were 
captured,  and  Morgan  and  his  officers  were 
confined  in  the  Ohio  Penitentiary.  He  after- 
ward escaped  :  subsequently  undertook  a  raid 
into  Tenn. ;  but,  being  betrayed  while  stopping 
at  a  farm-house,  was  surrounded  in  the  night  by 
fed.  cavalry,  and  killed  in  an  attempt  to  escape. 

Morgan,  William,  whose  singular  fate 
has  given  his  name  a  great  notoriety,  b.  Cul- 
peper  Co.,  Va.,  ab.  1775;  d.  Sept.  19,  1826. 
He  served  under  Jackson  at  the  battle  of  New 
Orleans  ;  moved  to  York,  U.C.,  in  1821,  where 
he  commenced  business  as  a  brewer,  but  sub- 
sequently removed  to  Batavia,  N.  Y.  In  Aug. 
1826  it  became  known  that  he  was  preparing 
for  the  press  a  work  divulging  the  secrets  of 
Freemasonry.  Some  infatuated  members  of  the 
fraternity  in  his  neighborhood,  having  failed 
in  the  attempt  to  dissuade  him  from  his  pro- 
ject, took  him,  on  the  10th  of  Sept.,  under  the 
pretence  of  a  charge  for  larceny,  to  Canan- 
daigua.  This  charge  having  been  abandoned, 
and  a  civil  suit  instituted,  judgment  was  ob- 
tained for  a  small  amount ;  and  he  was  com- 
mitted to  the  jail  of  Ontario  Co.  Discharged 
on  the  evening  of  the  12th,  he  was  seized  as 
he  passed  out  of  the  jail,  put  into  a  carriage, 
and  taken  to  Fort  Niagara,  where  he  was 
murdered.  This  outrage  excited  the  most  in- 
tense indignation  against  the  order,  which  w^s 
soon  turned  to  political  purposes.  An  Anti- 
Masonic  party  was  formed,  which  predominated 
in  Western  N.Y.,  and  had  many  converts  else- 
where. Author  of  "  Illustrations  of  Masonry," 
the  2d  ed.  of  which  (1826)  contains  an  ace.  of 
his  kidnapping. 

Morillo,  Pablo,  Count  of  Carthagena, 
and  Marquis  de  la  Pucrta,  a  Spanish  gen.,  b. 
Fuente,  1777;  d.  Madrid,  1838.  He  first 
served  against  Napoleon,  rising  to  the  rank  of 
general;  placed  m  1815  at  the  head  of  the 
Spanish  forces  in  S.  America,  he  became  noted 
for  his  cruelty  to  the  revolutionists,  but  was 
finally  defeated  by  Bolivar,  and  compelled  to 
sign  the  truce  of  Truxillo,  Nov.  25, 1820 ;  after 
which  he  returned  to  Sjpain.  He  then  sided 
alternately  with  both  parties,  and,  on  the  resto- 


MIOR 


636 


JV£OK. 


ration  of  absolute  monarchy,  was  exijellcd  the 
country,  and  his  estates  confiscated.  He  was 
allowed  to  return  in  1832;  was  made  gov.  of 
Galicia,  and  com.  the  forces  against  Don  Car- 
los.    He  pub.  his  "  Memoires  "  in  Paris,  1820. 

Morison,  Rev.  John  Hopkixs,  D  D.  (H. 
U.  1858),  b.  Peterborough,  N.H.,  25  July,  1808. 
H.U.  1831.  Unit,  pastor  of  Milton,  M^.,  since 
1846.  Author  of  "Manual  for  Sunday 
Schools  ; "  "  Centcn.  Address  at  Peterb.  Oct. 
24,1839;"  "  Life  of  Hon.  Jcrc.  Smith,  LL.D.," 
1845;  also  a  number  of  occasional  sermons,' 
addresses,  &c. 

Morphy,  Paul  Charles,  the  greatest  of 
modern  chess-players,  b.  N.  Orleans,  June 
22,  1837;  son  of  Judge  M.  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  La.,  and  learned  the  moves  from  see- 
ing his  father  play.  In  the  autumn  of  1849 
Herr  Loewenthal,  the  celebrated  Hungarian 
player,  visited  the  Crescent  City;  and  out  of 
3  games  against  the  young  Paul,  then  but  12 
years  old,  he  lost  2,  and  drew  1.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  S.  C.  College,  and'  studied  law. 
At  the  Chess  Congress  in  New  York  in  1 857, 
Morphy  defeated  in  a  majority  of  games  — 
many  being  at  considerable  odds  —  the  first 
players  of  the  U.S.;  visiting  Europe  in  1858, 
he  contended  Avith  ail  the  great  players  of 
Europe  —  Loewenthal,  Han-witz,  Riviere,  La- 
roche,  Journoud  Devinck,  and  the  celebrated 
Adolph  Andersscn,  whom  he  vanquished — with 
the  exception  of  Mr.  Stanton,  who  prudently 
declined  the  contest.  At  the  annual  meeting 
of  the  British  Chess  Association  at  Birming- 
ham, he  played  8  games  simultaneously,  with- 
out seeing  the  boards,  winning  6,  losing  1,  and 
1  being  drawn.  Ho  has  latterly  devoted  him- 
self almost  excliisively  to  the  practice  of  law 
in  New  Orleans  and  Richmond. 

MorreU,  Capt.  Benjamin,  b.  Worcester 
Co.,  Ms.,  1795  ;  d.  1839.  Author  of  "Narra- 
tive of  Four  Voyages  to  the  South  Sea,"  &c., 
N.Y.  8vo,  1832. 

Morrell,  Rev.  William,  who  accomp. 
Capt.  Robert  Gorges  to  America  in  1623,  and 
resided  at  Plymouth,  Ms.,  ab.  a  year.  On  his 
return  to  Eng.,  he  pub.  in  1625,  in  Latin  hexam- 
eters and  English  heroics,  a  poem  entitled 
"  Nova  Anglia"  repr.  in  "  Ms.  Hist.  Colls.," 
1st  series,  i. 

MorriU,  Anson  P.,  gov.  of  Me.  1855-7 ; 
M.C.  1861-3  ;  b.  Belgrade,  Mo.,  June  10, 1803. 
He  engaged  in  mercantile  and  manuf.  pursuits, 
and  was  some  years  in  the  Me.  legislature. 

llMorriU,  David  Lawrence,  M.D.{D.C.) 
LL.D.  (U.  of  Vt.),  b.  Epping,  N.H.,  June  10, 
1 772 ;  d.  Concord,  Jan.  28, 1 849.  After  receiv- 
ing a  good  acad.  and  med.  education,  he  estab- 
lished hin)sclf  in  practice  at  Epsom  in  1793, 
but  in  1 800  began  to  study  theology ;  pastor 
of  the  Cong,  church  in  Goflstown,  N.H.,  in 
1802-11;  practised  medicine  in  1807-30;  was 
a  representative  to  the  Gen.  Court  in  1808-17 ; 
speaker  in  1816;  U.S.  senator  from  1817  to 
1823,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  State  senate, 
and  was  chosen  pres.  of  that  body ;  gov.  in 
1824-7.  He  was  connected  with  many  of  the 
charitable,  medical,  and  agricultural  associa- 
tions of  his  time.  He  pub.  several  sermons, 
orations,  and  controversial  pamphlets;  and 
was,  for  some  years  after  abandoning  public 


office,  editor  of  the  N.  H.  Observer,  a  religious 
newspaper. 

Morrill,  Justin  S.,  M.C.  from  Vt.  1855- 
67  ;  chosen  U.S.  senator  in  1867  ;  b.  Strailbrd, 
Vt.,  Apr.  14,  1810.  Educated  at  an  academy. 
He  was  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  until 
1848,  when  he  turned  his  attention  to  agricul- 
ture.    Author  of  the  "  Morrill "  taritf  of  1 86 1 . 

Morrill,  Lot  M.,  statesman,  b.  Belgrade, 
Kennebec  Co.,  Me.,  3  May,  1813.  Entered 
Watcrv'ille  Coll.  in  1834;  and  in  1839  was  adm. 
to  the  bar;  member  of  the  Me.  legisl.  in  1854; 
of  the  senate  in  1856,  and  made  its  pres. ;  gov. 
of  Me.  in  1858-60;  U.S.  senator  in  1861, 
1863-9;  re-elected  for  the  term  of  1871-7 ;  and 
member  of  the  Peace  Congress  of  1861. 

Morris,  Charles,  Capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Wood- 
stock, Ct.,  July  26, 1784;  d.  Washington,  Jan. 
27,  1856.  He  entered  the  navy,  Jul^  1,  1799; 
was  engaged  with  Decatur  in  destroying  the  fri- 
gate "Philadelphia,"  in  the  harbor  of  Tripoli, 
on  the  night  of  Feb.  15, 1804 ;  also  dieting,  him- 
self in  the  same  war  b^  the  capture  of  a  French 
privateer;  was  made  lieut.  Jan.  28,  1607  ;  was 
the  exec,  officer  of  "  The  Constitution  "  in  1 812, 
in  her  memorable  escape  after  a  chase  of  60  hours 
from  a  British  squadron  ;  was  greatly  disting., 
and  was  shot  through  the  body,  in  the  encounter 
of  that  ship  with  the  Brit,  frigate  "  Guerriere;  " 
capt.  5  Mar.  1813.  In  Aug.  1814,  while  in  com. 
of  "  The  John  Adams,"  having  run  up  the 
Penobscot  River  to  Hampden  for  repairs,  a 
strong  Brit,  force  entered  the  river  ;  and,  to 
escape  capture,  the  frigate  was  destroyed,  the 
crew  making  their  way  for  200  miles  across  the 
thinly-inhabited  country  to  Portland.  In  1 81 6- 
17  he  com.  the  naval  forces  in  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico; in  1819-20  a  squadron  to  Buenos  Ayres; 
in  1823-7  and  1832-41  was  navy  commiss. ; 
in  Sept.-Oct.  1 825  com.  the  frigate  "  Brandy- 
wine,"  in  which  Lafayette  returned  to  France 
after  his  visit  to  this  country;  in  1825-6  he 
was  employed  in  examining  the  dockyards  of 
France  and  Eng. ;  com.  in  1841-4  the  squad- 
ron on  the  coast  of  Brazil  and  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean; in  1844-7  was  chief  of  bureau  of 
construction;  was  in  1847-51  insp.  of  ord- 
nance; and  from  1851  to  the  time  of  his  death 
was  cliief  of  the  bureau  of  ordnance  and 
hydrography;  for  many  years  he  supervised 
the  Naval  Acad,  at  Annapolis.  It  has  been 
said  of  him,  that  he  was,  in  all  the  varied  quali- 
ties 'which  constitute  excellency  in  his  profes- 
sion, the  ablest  naval  commander  in  the  world. 

Morris,  Edward  Joy,  author  and  M.C, 
b.  Phila.  July  16,  1815.  H.U.  1836.  Member 
of  the  Pa.  legisl.  in  1841-3;  M.C.  1843-5; 
charge  d'affaires  to  Naples  in  1850-4;  again  a 
member  of  the  State  legisl.  in  1856;  member 
of  the  35th,  36th,  and  37th  Congresses;  and 
minister  to  Turkey  1861-70.  He  has  puJ). 
"  A  Tour  through  Turkey,  Greece,  Egypt,  and 
Arabia  Petraea ; "  "  The  Turkish  Empire,  So- 
cial and  Political; "  "Afraja,  or  Life  and  Love 
in  Norway  "  (a  translation) ;  and  also  a  transl. 
from  the  German  of  Gregorovius,  "Corsica, 
Social  and  Political,"  &c. 

Morris,  George  P.,  poet  and  journalist, 
b.  Phila.  Oct.  10,  1802  ;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  July  6, 
1864.  Removing  in  early  life  to  New' York,  he 
wrote  for  the  iV.  Y.  Gazette  and  the  American^ 


m:or 


637 


HELOTS. 


contributing  verses  in  his  15th  year.  He  pub. 
the  N.  Y.  Mirror  from  Aug.  1823  to  Dec.  31, 
1842;  in  1843  he  associated  himself  with  Mr. 
Willis  in  the  pub.  of  the  New  Mirror,  of  which 
3  vols,  were  issued  ;  in  1844  he  established  the 
Evening  Mirror,  a  daily,  assisted  by  Willis  and 
Hiram  Fuller ;  at  the  close  of  1 845  he  com- 
menced a  weekly  journal,  the  National  Press, 
changed  in  Nov.  1846  to  the  Home  Journal, 
which  he  edited  with  Mr.  Willis  until  a  short 
time  before  his  death.  As  a  song-writer  he  has 
achieved  great  popularity.  Among  the  best  are 
"  Woodman,  spare  that  Tree,"  "  Long  Time 
Ago,"  "The  Origin  of  Yankee  Doodle,"  "My 
Mother's  Bible,"  "  Whippoorwill,"  &c.  In 
1853  he  pub.  "The  Deserted  Bride,  and  other 
Poems,"  8vo,  N.  Y. ;  ed.  a  vol.  of  "  American 
Melodies ; "  and,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Wil- 
lis, "The  Prose  and  Poetry  of  Europe  and 
America,"  8vo,  N.Y;  in  1837  he  produced  the 
successful  drama  of  "  Brierclif}","  and  in  1842 
the  libretto  of  "  The  Maid  of  Saxony."  He 
also  pub.  a  vol.  of  prose  sketches  entitled  "  The 
Little  Frenchman  and  his  Water-Lots,"  1838. 
Tlie  last  complete  edition  of  his  poems  appeared 
in  1860,  In  1861  he  contrib.  an  introd.  Me- 
moir to  the  Poetical  Works  of  Samuel  Wood- 
worth.  He  was  at  one  time  a  brig.-gen  in  the 
State  militia. 

Morris,  Gouverneur,  statesman  and  ora- 
tor, b.  Morrisania,  N.Y.,  31  Jan.  1752;  d.  there 
6  Nov.  1816.  Kings  Coll.  1768.  Son  of  Lewis 
Moms.  Studied  law  with  Wm.  Smith ;  was 
adm.  to  practice  in  1771;  soon  attained  great 
reputation  ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Prov.  Con- 
gress of  N.Y.  in  1775;  one  of  the  com.  that 
draughted  the  State  Const,  in  1776 :  member 
of  the  Cont.  Congress  1777-80,  serving  on  sev- 
eral important  committees ;  pub.  in  1779  a  suc- 
cessful pamphlet  called  "  Observations  on  the 
Amer.  Revol. ; "  and  in  1780  removed  to  Phila., 
and,  by  being  thrown  from  a  carriage,  fractured 
his  leg  so  as  to  render  amputation  necessary. 
In  July,  1781,  he  was  the  colleague  of  Robert 
Mon-is  as  assist,  supt.  of  finance,  and,  after  the 
war,  embarked  with  him  in  mercantile  enter- 
prises; in  1785  he  pub.  "An  Address  to  the 
Assembly  of  Pa.  on  the  Abolition  of  the  Bank 
of  N.A.,"  arguing  against  that  project.  Pur- 
chasing in  Dec.  1786  the  estate  of  Morrisania 
from  his  bro.  Staats  Long  Morris,  he  made  it 
his  future  residence.  He  was  one  of  the  com. 
that  draughted  the  Federal  Constitution  in  the 
conv.  of  1787.  In  1788-91  he  was  in  France,  oc- 
cupied in  selling  land ;  was  a  private  agent  of 
the  U.S.  in  Lond.  in  1 791 ;  minister  to  France  in 
1792-Oct.  1794 ;  afterward  travelled  in  Europe, 
and,  while  at  Vienna,  endeavored  to  effect  the 
liberation  of  Lafayette  from  the  dungeon  of 
Olmutz;  returned  to  the  U.S.  in  the  autumn 
of  1798;  was  U.S.  senator  in  1800-3,  acting 
with  the  Federalists,  and  actively  opposing  the 
abolition  of  the  judiciary  system  in  1802  in 
speeches  of  great  ability ;  was  prominent  in  the 
great  canal  project  of  N.Y.,  and  chairman  of 
the  canal  commiss.  from  their  first  app.  in  Mar. 
1810  until  his  death;  and  passed  the  latter 
years  of  his  life  in  munificent  hospitality.  Au- 
thor of  a  series  of  essays  on  the  Cont.  Currency 
and  Finances,  and  of  eulogies  on  Washington, 
Hamilton,   and  George  Clinton. — See  Life, 


Correspondence,  and  Writings,  by  Jared  SparJcs, 
3  vols.  1832,  8vo. 

Morris,  Henry  W.,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  N. 
York,  1806  ;  d.  there  Aug.  14,  1863.  Son  of 
Thomas,  a  lawyer  of  N.  Y.,  and  grandson  of  the 
preceding.  Midshipm.  Aug.  21,  1819;  lieut. 
May  17,  1828  ;  com.  Oct.  12,  1849 ;  capt.  Dec. 
27,  1856;  commo.  July  16,  1862.  In  1845  ho 
com.  the  storcship  "  SoiTthampton,"  of  the  Af- 
rican squadron ;  the  sloop-ot-war  "  German- 
town,"  of  the  Brazilian  squadron,  in  1853;  and 
in  1855  was  fleet-capt.  under  Com.  Stringham 
in  the  Mediterranean;  in  1861  he  superintended 
the  construction  of  the  steam  sloop-of-war 
"  Pensacola  "  at  the  Washington  Navy-yard. 
In  her  he  successfully  passed  the  Confed.  bat- 
teries on  the  Potomac  in  Jan.  1862 ;  then  joined 
the  Gulf  block,  squad.,  and  took  part  in  the 
capture  of  New  Orleans. 

Morris,  John  G.,  D.D.,  b.  York,  Pa., 
1803.  Dick.  Coll.  1823.  He  studied  theology 
at  Princeton,  and  since  1826  has  been  pastor 
of  the  Fii-st  Lutheran  Church,  Baltimore.  He 
has  pub.  a  number  of  addresses,  theol.  treatises, 
and  translations  from  the  German ;  "  Popular 
Expos,  of  the  Gospels,"  2  vols.  1840;  "Life  of 
John  Arndt,"  1853  ;  "The  Blind  Giri  of  Wit- 
tenberg," 1856;  "Catharine  De  Bora,"  1856; 
"  Martin  Bchaim,  a  Discourse  before  the  Md. 
Hist.  Soc,"  Jan.  25, 1855,  8vo,  paper.  Edited 
the  Lutheran  Observer  1831-2,  and  was  co-editor 
of  the  "  Year-Book  of  the  Reformation,"  1844. 
He  has  lectured  bef.  the  Smithsonian  and  other 
scientific  bodies  on  entomology  and  other  sci- 
ences, and  has  written  on  the  lepidoptera  of 
N.  A.  in  the  Smitlisonian  "  Misc.  Colls."  — 
Allibone. 

Morris,  Lewis,  statesman,  b.  Morrisania, 
N.Y.,  1671 ;  d.  Ivingsbury,  N.  J.,  May  21, 1746. 
Son  of  Richard,  an  officer  of  Cromwell's  army, 
who  settled,  ab.  1672,  on  a  farm  of  3,000  acres, 
near  Harlem,  N.  Y.,  called  Monisania.  Adopted 
by  his  uncle  Lewis,  he  once,  through  fear  of  his 
resentment,  fled  to  Va.,  and  thence  to  the  West 
Indies.  Embracing  the  law,  he  became  a  judge 
of  the  N.  J.  Superior  Court  in  1692,  and  a 
member  of  the  council ;  was  afterward  an  ac- 
tive member  of  the  Assembly,  and  an  opponent 
of  Gov.  Combury,  against  whom  he  drew  up 
the  complaint  of  the  Assembly,  and  presented 
it  in  person  to  the  queen.  He  was  for  several 
years  chief  justice  of  N.Y.  andN.J. ;  was  state 
councillor  in  1710-38;  acting  gov.  1731  ;  and 
gov.  of  N.  J.  1738-46.  Active  in  bringing 
about  the  separation  of  the  govts,  of  N.Y.  and 
N.  J.  in  1738.  Of  his  sons,  Lewis  was  a  judge 
of  vice-admiralty ;  and  Robert  Hunter  was 
20  years  chief  justice  of  N.  J. —  Mem.  by  Rev.  R. 
Davidson,  N.  J.  Hist.  Proc.  vol.  iv. 

Morris,  Lewis,  signer  of  the  Dec!,  of  In- 
dep.,  b.  Morrisania,  N.Y.,  1726 ;  d.  there  Jan. 
22,  1798.  Y.C.  1746.  He  was  the  eldest  of 
four  bros., — Staats,  a  gen.  in  the  British  army 
and  an  M.P. ;  Richard,  judge  in  the  N.Y.  Vice- 
Adm,  Court,  afterward  chief  justice,  who  d.  Apr. 
1810;  and  Gouverneur.  Devoting  himself 
to  agriculture,  he  possessed  at  the  period  of  the 
Revol.  an  ample  estate.  In  the  Congress  of 
1775  he  served  on  the  most  important  commit- 
tees, and  had  assigned  to  him  the  arduous  task 
of  detaching  the  Western  Indians  from  the  co- 


m:or 


638 


m:or 


alition  with  Great  Britain,  which  he  executed 
with  zeal  and  address.  In  the  beginning  of 
1776  he  resumed  his  seat  in  Congress,  where  he 
was  a  laborious  and  serviceable  member ;  and 
his  beautiful  and  extensive  manor  near  New 
York  was  soon  after  laid  waste  by  the  British. 
He  left  Congress  in  1777,  and  was  afterwards 
in  the  State  legisl.,  and  a  maj.-gen.  of  militia. 
Three  of  his  sons  served  with  distinction  in  the 
army,  and  received  the  thanks  of  Congress,  — 
Lewis  (N  J.  Coll.  1774)  was  aide  to  Gen.  Sul- 
livan, and  afterward  to  Gen.  Greene  ;  Staats 
was  aide  to  Gen.  Wayne  (his  son  Lewis  N., 
capt.  U.S.A.,  was  killed  at  Monterey.  Lewis 
O.,  son  of  the  latter,  col.  113th  N.Y.  Vols.,  fell 
at  Cold  Harbor,  3  June,  1864);  Jacob,  aide 
to  Gen.  Charles  Lee,  afterward  member  of  the 
N.Y.  Assembly  and  senate,  b.  28  Dec.  1755,  d. 
10  June,  1844.  His  youngest  son  Richahd 
Valentine,  capt.  U.S.N,  (app.  June,  1798), 
d.  New  York,  May  1815;  com.  squadron  in 
the  Mediterranean  in  1802-3. 

Morris,  Robert,  financier  and  statesman, 
b.  Liverpool,  Eng.,  20  Jan.  1733;  d.  Phila.  7 
May,  1806.  At  13  he  came  with  his  father  to 
Phila. ;  entered  the  counting-house  of  Charles 
Willing,  and  was  a  partner  in  the  business  in 
1 754-93.  He  was  supercargo  in  several  voyages, 
and  on  one  occasion  was  made  prisoner  by  the 
French.  Prominent  in  opposition  to  the  Stamp 
Act :  in  signing  the  Non-Importation  Act  of 
1765,  the  house  of  Willing  and  Morris  made  a 
great  sacrifice.  Delegate  to  the  Cont.  Cong,  in 
1776-8,  and  signer  of  the  Decl.  of  Indep.  Mem- 
ber of  the  committee  of  ways  and  means,  his 
personal  credit  was  exerted  to  the  utmost,  espe- 
cially at  the  close  of  1776,  when  the  term  of 
service  of  the  troops  had  expired  ;  performing 
a  similar  service  in  aid  of  Gen.  Greene's  prose- 
cution of  the  Southern  campaign  in  1780,  and 
raising  $1,400,000  to  enable  Washington  to 
proceed  in  the  exped.  which  resulted  in  the 
capture  of  Corn wallis  at  Yorktown.  In  1780 
he  established  a  bank,  to  which  he  subscribed 
£10,000,  mainly  to  supply  the  army  with  pro- 
visions ;  founded  the  Bank  of  N.  America ; 
and  from  Feb.  1781  to  Nov.  1784  was  supt.  of 
finance,  pledging  his  personal  credit  whenever 
his  official  resources  were  inadequate.  Mem- 
ber of  the  Pa,  legisl.  in  1786,  and  of  the  conv. 
which  framed  the  Federal  Const,  in  1787  ;  U.S. 
senator  1789-95;  offered  the  post  of  sec.  of 
the  treas.,  he  declined,  and  named  Alex.  Ham- 
ilton for  that  office.  He  engaged  with  Gouv. 
Morris  in  the  E.  I.  and  China  trade ;  but  in 
his  old  age  embarked  in  vast  land-speculations, 
which  proved  ruinous  to  his  fortunes ;  and  he 
passed  the  latter  years  of  his  life  in  prison  for 
debt.  Morris  was  a  fluent  and  impressive  ora- 
tor, and  possessed  much  political  knowledge, 
and  great  acquaintance  with  general  affairs. 

Morris,  Robert,  chief  justice  of  N.  J.  dur- 
ing the  Revol.  war,  and  U.S.  judge  from  1789 
to  his  d.  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  May  2, 
1815,  aged  70. 

Morris,  Robert  Hunter,  chief  justice 
of  N.  Jersey,  son  of  Gov.  Lewis  ;  d.  Feb.  20, 
1764.  He  was  26  years  one  of  the  council  of 
N.  J. ;  and  was  lieut.-gov.  of  Pa.  from  Oct. 
1754  to  Aug.  1756.  He  resigned  the  office  of 
chief  justice  in  the  fall  of  1757. 


Morris,  Col.  Roger,  b.  Eng.  Jan.  28, 
1717  ;  d.  there  Sept.  13,  1794.  He  obtained  a 
captaincy  48th  Foot,  Sept.  13,  1745  ;  accomp. 
Braddock  in  his  exped.,  serving  as  his  aide-de- 
camp,  and  was  wounded  at  his  defeat ;  he 
served  under  Loudon  in  1757;  Jan.  19,  1758, 
he  ra.  Mary,  dau.  of  F.  Phillipse  of  Westchester 
Co.,  N.Y.';  purchased  a  majority  in  the  35th  ; 
and  in  the  winter  of  1758-9  was  stationed  at 
Fort  Frederick  ;  occasionally  engaged  with  the 
Indians,  who  harassed  the  settlements  in  Nova 
Scotia;  attached  to  the  Louisburg  grenadiers 
in  Wolfe's  exped.  against  Quebec,  he  partici- 
pated in  the  battle  on  the  Plains  of  Abraham, 
and  did  good  service  at  the  battle  of  Sillery, 
Apr.  28,  1760;  app.  in  May,  1760,  lieut.-col. 
47th;  he  com.  the  3d  batt.  in  the  exped. 
against  Montreal  under  Gen.  Murray  ;  retiring 
from  the  army  in  June,  1764,  he  was  elevated 
to  the  exec,  council  of  the  province,  in  which 
body  he  took  his  seat  Dec.  5.  Having  adhered 
to  the  crown  in  the  Revol.,  his  name  was  in- 
cluded in  the  N.Y.  act  of  attainder  of  1779. 
At  the  peace  he  retired  to  Eng.  His  widow 
survived  him  until  July,  1825.  —  0' Callaghan. 

Morris,  Sarah,  Quaker  preacher,  b.  Phila. 
1704;  d.  there  Oct.  24,  1775.  Anthony  her 
father,  an  eminent  preacher,  d.  Phila.  Aug. 
23,  1721,  a.  67.  Sarah  possessed  a  superior 
understanding,  and  a  social  and  agreeable  dis- 
position, and  became  an  able  gospel  minister. 
She  visited  the  Friends  in  N.J.,Md.,  and  Long 
Island ;  went  to  R.  I.  in  1 764  ;  and  travelled 
through  Great  Britain  in  1772-3.  —  Coll.  of 
Quaker  Memorials. 

Morris,  Staats  Long,  gen.  in  the  British 
army,  b.  Morrisania,  N.Y.,  Aug.  27,  1728  ;  d. 
1800.  Son  of  Judge  Lewis.  Capt.  36th  Foot, 
May  31,  1756;  lieut.-col.  89th  Highlanders; 
served  at  the  siege  of  Pondicherry  in  1761  ; 
brig.-gen.  July  7,  1763;  maj.-gen.  1777;  gen. 
1796;  app.  gov.  of  Quebec  1797.  His  first 
wife,  the  Duchess  of  Gordon,  died  1770.  — 
0'  Callaghan. 

Morris,  Susanna,  Quaker  preacher,  b. 
1683  ;  d.  Richland,  Pa.,  Apr.  28,  1755.  Wife 
of  Morris  Morris.  For  more  than  40  years  she 
labored  faithfully  in  the  ministry,  travelling 
much  in  America  and  Europe;  and  made  3 
voyages  to  Europe,  visiting  Friends  in  Eng., 
Ireland,  and  Holland.  —  Coll.  of  Quaker  Me- 
morials. 

Morris,  Thomas,  judge  and  senator,  b. 
Va.,  Jan.  3,  1776  ;  d.  Dec.  7,  1844,  near  Beth- 
el, O.  Son  of  a  Baptist  clergyman.  At  the 
age  of  19  he  emig.  to  the  Ohio  Valley,  and  set- 
tled near  the  present  site  of  Cincinnati,  but 
removed  to  Clermont  Co.  in  1800.  In  1802, 
while  engaged  as  a  day-laborer,  and  without 
an  instructor,  he  commenced  the  study  of  law, 
adopted  the  profession,  and  became  eminent. 
Elected  in  1806  to  the  legisl.,  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  senate  or  house  for  a  period  of  24 
years.  He  was  elected  in  1809  a  judge  of  the 
Sup.  Ct.  of  Ohio,  and  was  a  Democ.  U.S.  sen- 
ator in  1833-9 ;  while  in  Congress  he  ably  de- 
fended the  freedom  of  the  press,  the  freedom  of 
speech,  the  right  of  petition ;  and  disting. 
himself  as  an  opponent  of  slavery ;  in  Aug. 
1844  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  Liberty  party 
for  vice-pres.  His  Life,  Speeches,  and  Writings 


IVLOTl 


639 


l^OTt 


were  pub.  by  his  son,  Rev.  B.  F.  Morris,  12mo, 
Cincinnati,  1855. 

Morris,  Thomas  A.,  D.D.  (McK.  Coll., 
111.,  1841),  bishop  of  the  M.  E.  Church  (cho- 
sen in  1836),  b.  Kanawha  Co.,  Va.,  Apr.  28, 
1794.  He  entered  the  Ohio  Conf.  as  a  trav- 
elling preacher  in  1816  ;  was  ord.  deacon,  and 
in  1820  an  elder;  was  an  itinerant  preacher 
in  Ohio,  Ky.,  and  Tenn  ;  and  was  elected  edi- 
tor of  the  Western  Christian  Advocate  on  its  es- 
tablishment in  Cincinnati  in  1833.  Author 
of  a  vol.  of  sermons,  and  a. miscellany  consist- 
ing of  essays,  biog.  sketches,  and  notes  of 
travel.  Self-educated,  and  a  man  of  strong, 
clear  sense,  great  simplicity,  and  a  practical 
preacher. 

Morris,  William  Walton,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Ballston  Springs,  N.Y., 
Aug.  31,  1801;  d.  Fort  McHenry,  Baltimore, 
Dec.  11,  1865.  West  Point,  1820.  Disting. 
in  engagement  under  Col.  Leavenworth  with 
Arickaree  Indians,  11  Aug.  1823;  capt.  17 
Dec.  1836;  major  of  mounted  Creek  Vols. 
in  Fla.  Sept.  1836  to  June,  1837;  brev. 
major  for  gallantry  in  war  against  Fla.  Indians 
27  Jan.  1837;  maj.  4th  Art.  Nov.  4,  1853; 
lieut.-col.  May  14,  1861  ;  col.  2d  Art.  Nov.  1, 
1861.  He  was  one  of  the  ablest  military  law- 
yers in  the  service  ;  was  disting.  at  Palo  Alto 
and  Resaca  ;  was  military  gov.  of  Tampico, 
and  afterward  of  Puebla  ;  on  duty  at  Fort  Mc- 
Henry at  the  outbreak  of  the  Rebellion,  and 
promptly  turned  his  guns  on  the  city  of  Balti- 
more during  the  riot  on  the  19th  Apr.  1861. 
Brev.  brig.-gen.  June  19,  1862,  for  meritorious 
service;  and  brev.  maj.-gen.  10  Dec.  1865. 

Morrison,  Col.  Joseph  Wanton,  b. 
N.Y.  May  4,  1783  ;  d.  on  the  passage  from 
Calcutta,  Feb.  15,  1826.  Son  of  John  Morri- 
son, dep.  commiss.-gen.  in  America.  Entered 
the  army  as  ensign  in  1793  ;  and  as  lieut.-col. 
89th  Regt.  com.  the  British  force  at  Chrystler's 
Fields,  Williamsburg,  L.C.,  gaining  a  victory 
over  the  Amer.  Gens.  Wilkinson  and  Boyd, 
for  which  he  was  honored  with  a  medal,  and  a 
vote  of  thanks  from  the  h.  of  assembly  of  L. 
Canada.  Severely  wounded  at  Lundy's  Lane 
in  July,  1814.  He  afterwards  served  in  India 
with  the  local  rank  of  brig.-gen. 

Morrison,  William,  fur-trader  and  ex- 
plorer, b.  Montreal,  C.E.,  1785  ;  d.  Morrison's 
Island,  Aug.  7,  1866.  In  1802  he  was  ap- 
prenticed to  the  N.Y.  Fur  Co.  at  Fond  Du 
Lac,  and  soon  became  a  partner;  in  1803-15 
he  explored  the  North-west;  and  from  1816  to 
1826  had  charge  of  J.  J.  Astor's  business.  Mr. 
Morrison  was  the  first  white  man  who  dis- 
covered the  sources  of  the  Mpi.  River,  —  an 
honor  usually  awarded  to  Mr.  Schoolcraft. 

Morrow,  Jkremiah,  statesman,  b.  Gettys- 
burg, Pa.,  Oct.  6,  1771  ;  d.  Warren  Co.,  0., 
Mar.  22,  1852.  Removing  in  the  spring  of 
1795  to  the  North-west  Terr.,  he  was  a  member 
of  the  O.  Terr,  legisl.  in  1801  ;  in  1802  was  a 
delegate  to  a  convention  for  forming  a  State 
const.;  was  State  senator  in  1803;  was  the 
first  M.C.  from  the  State,  serving  from  1803  to 
1813  ;  was  a  U.S.  senator  in  1813-19 ;  gov.  in 
1822-6  ;  then  canal  commiss. ;  again  State 
senator  in  1827-8;  State  representative  1835- 
7;    again  M.C  in  1841-3;  and  was  pres.  of 


the  Little  Miami  Railroad  Co.  until  1847.  In 
1814  he  was  app.  a  commiss.  to  treat  with  the 
Indians  west  of  the  Miami.  While  in  Con- 
gress, he  was  chairman  of  the  com.  of  public 
lands.  —  A.  T.  Goodman. 

Morse,  Rev.  Abner,  genealogist,  b.  Med- 
way,  Ms.,  Sept.  5, 1793 ;  d.  Sharon,  Ms.,  May  16, 
1865.  Brown  U.  1816;  And.  Sem.  1819.  De- 
scended from  Capt.  Joseph,  who  settled  ab.  1670 
in  Bogistown  (Medway).  He  was  in  1819-22 
Cong,  pastor  in  Nantucket,  Ms.  ;  subsequently 
at  Boundbrook,  N.J.,  and  in  Indiana,  where  he 
procured  a  charter  for  a  college,  and  was  some 
time  a  professor.  He  delivered  courses  of  lec- 
tures on  geology,  also  devoting  himself  to 
genealogical  pursuits.  He  pub.  "  Memorial  of 
the  Morses,"  1 850  ;  "  Descendants  of  Lawrence 
Litchfield,"  1855  ;  "  Capt.  John  Grout,"  1857  ; 
of  "  Several  Ancient  Puritans,"  3  vols.  1857- 
60  ;  and  "  Gen.  Register  of  Sherborn  and 
Holliston."  — iV.  E.  H.  and  Gen.  Reg.  xix.  371. 

Morse,  Jedediah,  D.D.  (U.  of  Edinb. 
1794),  clergyman  and  geographer,  b.  Wood- 
stock, Ct.,  Aug.  23,  1761 ;  d.  N.  Haven,  June 
9,  1826.  Y.C.  1783.  Licensed  to  preach  in 
1785;  tutor  in  Y.C.  in  1786;  Apr.  30,  1789, 
installed  minister  of  the  First  Cong.  Church, 
Charlestown,  Ms.,  which  he  resigned  in  1820. 
Dr.  Morse  is  the  father  of  American  geography. 
He  prepared  in  1784  at  New  Haven,  for  the  use 
of  schools,  the  first  work  of  the  kind  in  Amer. 
This  was  followed  by  larger  works  of  geography, 
and  gazetteers,  from  materials  obtained  by 
travelling  and  correspondence,  —  especially  that 
of  Jeremy  Belknap  the  historian,  Thomas 
Hutchins,  geog.-gen.,  and  Ebenezer  Hazard. 
His  larger  geographical  works  were  reprinted 
in  Europe.  Dr.  Morse  was  also  much  occupied 
in  religious  controversy ;  in  upholding  the 
orthodox  faith  in  the  N.E.  churches  against 
the  assaults  of  Unitarianism,  —  an  undertaking 
which  seriously  affected  his  health.  In  1804 
he  was  active  in  enlarging  the  Ms.  Gen.  Assoc, 
of  Cong.  Ministers ;  was  sole  editor  of  the 
Panoplist  from  1806  to  1811 ;  and  was  promi- 
nent in  establishing  the  Theol.  Sem.  at  An- 
dover.  Commissioned  by  the  U.  S.  Govt,  to 
visit  the  Indian  tribes  of  the  N.W.,  the  result 
of  his  labors  was  a  vol.  pub.  in  1822,  entitled 
"  Indian  Report,"  &c.  Dr.  Morse  also  pub. 
"A  Compendious  History  of  New  England," 
Camb.  1804;  "Annals  of  the  Amer.  Revol.," 
Hartf.  1824;  and  25  sermons  and  addresses  on 
special  occasions.  He  was  an  active  member 
of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc,  and  many  other  literary 
and  scientific  bodies. 

Morse,  Samuel  Finley  Beeese,  lyL.D. 
(Y.C.  1 846),  oneof  the  inventors  of  the  electric- 
telegraph,  b.  Charlestown,  Ms.,  27  Apr.  1791. 
Y.C.  1810.  Eldest  son  of  Rev.  Jedediah.  He 
went  to  Eng.  with  Washington  Allston,  arriv- 
ing in  Aug.  1811  ;  studied  painting  under 
Benjamin  West;  exhibited  his  "Dying  Her- 
cules "  at  the  Roy.  Acad,  in  1813  ;  and  in  May 
of  that  year  received  a  prize  of  a  gold  medal 
from  the  London  Adelphi  for  a  plaster  model 
of  the   same.       He  returned   home  in    1S15; 

Sainted  portraits  in  N.  Hampshire  at  $15  per 
cad  ;  took  up  his  residence  in  N.Y.  City  ab. 
1822,  and  painted  a  full  length  of  Lafayette. 
In  1829  he  ed.  the  poems  of  L.  M.  Davidson, 


MIOR 


640 


IVIOR 


with  a  biog.  sketch.  He  was  again  in  Eng. 
in  1829-32 ;  and,  on  his  return  home,  the  first 
idea  of  a  permanent  recording  telegraph  was 
suggested  to  him  by  Dr.  Jackson,  his  fellow- 
passenger.  In  1835  he  demonstrated  the  prac- 
ticability of  his  invention  by  a  model ;  filed  his 
caveat  at  the  patent-office  in  1837 ;  perfected  his 
invention  in  1840  ;  and  in  1844  completed  the 
first  electric-telegraph  in  the  U.S.,  —  between 
Baltimore  and  Washington.  At  a  convention 
held  in  18.51  for  the  purpose  of  adopting  a 
uniform  system  of  telegraphing  forall  Germany, 
that  of  Morse  was  selected.  Prof.  Wheatstone, 
the  English  inventor,  took  out,  with  W.  F. 
Cooke,  a  joint  patent  for  a  magnetic  tck-g.  in 
1837.  The  rejjreacntatives  of  the  principal 
European  powers,  assembled  at  Paris  ab.  1857, 
presented  Mr.  Morse  with  the  sum  of  400,000 
francs  as  a  recompense  for  his  invention.  In 
a  letter  of  Mr.  Morse  to  the  sec.  U.S.  treasury, 
dated  10  Aug.  1843,  occurs  the  first  suggestion 
of  the  project  of  the  Atlantic  telegraph.  Honors 
have  been  showered  upon  him  by  European 
sovereigns,  and  by  scientific  and  literary  so- 
cieties. He  resides  on  the  banks  of  the  Hud- 
son, near  Poughkeepsic.  Author  of  "  Foreign 
Conspiracy  against  the  U.S.,"  1835;  and  a 
biog.  sketch  of  Lewis  Clauszing,  N.Y.,  1836. 
As  to  the  real  inventor  of  the  electric  teleg.,  see 
Dr.  Wynter's  "Curiosities  of  Civilization." 

Morse,  Sidney  Edwards,  journalist, 
bro.  of  S.  F.  B.  Morse,  b.  Charlestown,  Ms., 
Feb.  7, 1794.  Y.C.  1811.  In  1815  he  estab- 
lished the  Boston  Recorder,  a  weekly  religious 
newspaper,  of  which  for  15  years  he  was  sole 
proprietor  and  editor.  In  1817  he  invented,  in 
connection  with  his  brother,  and  patented,  the 
flexible  piston-pump.  He  afterwards  pub. 
geographical  text-books.  In  May,  1823,  with 
his  younger  bro.,  R.  C.  Morse,  he  established  the 
N.  Y.  Observer,  the  oldest  religious  newspaper 
in  N.  Y.  State.  In  June,  1839,  in  connection 
with  Henry  A.  Munson,  he  produced  by  a  new 
art,  termed  ccrography,  map-prints  superior  to 
those  hitherto  known.     Died  N. Y.  23  Dec.  '71 . 

Morton,  Charles,  minister  of  Charles- 
town  from  Nov.  5,  1686,  to  his  d.  Apr.  11, 
1698;  b.  Cornwall,  Eng.,  1626.  Son  of  Rev. 
Nicholas.  Educated  at  Oxford  U.,  of  which 
he  was  a  fellow.  At  first  a  royalist,  he  at 
length  became  a  Puritan ;  was  minister  at 
Blisland  until  ejected  in  1662;  and,  after  the 
great  fire  in  Lond.,  established  an  acad,  at 
Newington  Green.  De  Foe,  author  of  "  Robin- 
son Crusoe,"  was  one  of  his  pupils.  After  20 
years'  service  there,  he  was  so  pestered  by  pro- 
cesses from  the  bishops'  court,  that  he  was 
obliged  to  leave ;  and  came  to  N.E.  in  July, 
1686.  He  was  a  man  of  eminent  learning. 
Author  of  a  number  of  treatises,  among  them 
a  "Discourse  on  improving  the  Country  of 
Cornwall,"  a  part  of  which  is  in  the  "  Pliilos. 
Trans.,"  Apr.  1675;  "Considerations  on  the 
New  River ;  "  "  The  Ark,  its  Loss  and  Recov- 
ery." Vice-pres.  of  H.U.,  and  drew  up  a  sys- 
tem of  logic  long  in  use  there. 

Morton,  James  St.  Clair,  brev.  brig,- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Phila.  1829;  d.  near  Peters- 
burg, Va.,  June  17,  1864.  West  Point,  1851. 
Son  of  Dr.  Samuel  George.  Assist,  prof,  of 
eng.  at  West  Point  in  1855-7;  and  in  1860, 


by  authority  of  Congress,  explored  the  Chiri- 
qui  Country,  Central  Amer.,  for  a  railroad  route 
across  the  Isthmus.  On  his  return  he  took 
charge  of  the  work  on  the  Washington  Aque- 
duct. In  Mar.  1861  he  superintended  the  for- 
tifying of  the  Tortugas;  capt.  engineers  6 
Aug.  1861 ;  app.  chief  engr.  to  the  Army  of 
the  Ohio  (Gen.  Buell)  in  May,  1862  ;  he  aided 
in  fortifying  Nashville ;  and  when  Rosecrans 
assumed  com.  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
and  organized  the  pioneer  brigade,  he  placed 
Gen.  Morton  in  com. ;  brig.-gen.  Nov.  29, 
1862.  He  rendered  efficient  service  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Stone  River,  Dec.  31,  1862;  was  en- 
gaged in  the  advance  on  Tullahoma,  June- 
July,  1863;  wounded  at  Chickamauga;  and 
brev.  col.  20  Sept.  1863  ;  maj.  engrs.  3  July, 
1863;  superintending  engr.  of  defences  of 
Nashville;  chief  engr.  9th  army  corps  in  Rich- 
mond campaign  ;  and  engaged  at  the  North 
Anna  24  May,  Tolapotomy  28-29  May, 
Bethesda  30  May,  and  assault  of  Petersburg, 
where  he  was  killed  while  leading  the  attack  ; 
brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  17  June,  1864.  Au- 
thor of  a  "Memoir  on  Fortification,"  1858; 
"  Dangers  and  Defences  of  N.Y.  City,"  1859  ; 
and  "  Life  of  Maj.  John  Sanders  of  the  En- 
gineers," 1860.  —  Cullum. 

Morton,  John,  a  signer  of  the  Deck  of 
Indep.,  b.  Ridley,  Pa.,  1724;  d.  Apr.  1777.  Of 
Swedish  descent.  Intelligent  and  well  edu- 
cated ;  many  years  a  surveyor,  and  a  justice  of 
the  peace ;  member  of  the  Gen.  Assembly  of 
Pa.  in  1756  and  for  many  years  subsequently, 
and  speaker  in  1772-5  ;  delegate  in  1765  to  the 
Stamp-Act  Congress;  high  sheriff  1766-70; 
subsequently  pres.  judge  of  C.C.P.,  and  a 
judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  of  the  Province ;  mem- 
ber Cont.  Cong,  in  1774-6.  Upon  the  ques- 
tion of  adopting  the  Decl.  of  Indep.,  the 
Pa.  delegation  being  divided,  Morton  gave  the 
casting  vote  in  the  affirmative.  He  assisted  in 
organizing  the  system  of  confederation  for  the 
Colotiies,  and  was  chairman  of  the  com.  of  the 
whole  upon  its  adoption. 

Morton,  Marcus,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1840), 
lawyer  and  politician,  b.  Freetown,  Ms.,  Feb. 
19,  1784;  d.  Taunton,  Feb.  6,  1864.  Brown 
U.  1804.  He  studied  law;  in  1811  was  cho- 
sen clerk  of  the  Ms.  senate ;  was  M.C.  in  181 7- 
21  ;  member  of  the  exec,  council  in  1823 ; 
lieut.-gov.  in  1824;  in  1825-39  a  judge  of  the 
State  Supreme  Court ;  and  was  in  1840  and 
1843  gov.  of  the  State ;  collector  of  the  port  of 
Boston  in  1845-8,  when  he  resigned;  and, 
quitting  the  Democ.  party,  took  part  in  the 
Frcesoil  movement.  Member  of  the  Const. 
Conv.  of  1853,  and  of  the  State  legisl.  in  1858. 

Morton,  Nathaniel,  historian,  b.  in  the 
north  of  Eng.  1613;  d.  Plymouth,  Ms.,  June 
29,  1685.  lie  came  to  America  with  his  fa- 
ther George  (supposed  to  be  G.  Mourt  of 
"Mourt's  Relation")  in  July,  1623.  He  was 
sec.  of  Plymouth  Colony  from  7  Dec.  1647  to 
his  death.  His  "  New  England's  Memorial," 
written  mainly  from  the  MS.  colls,  of 
his  uncle.  Gov.  Bradford,  was  pub.  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1669  ;  an  edition  was  printed  in  1721, 
and  another  in  1826,  with  many  valuable  notes 
by  Hon.  John  Davis.  It  relates  principally  to 
Plymouth  Colony,  and  has  been  of  great  ser- 


m:or 


641 


m:or 


vice  to  later  historians.  A  6th  edition  was 
pub.  by  the  Cong.  Board  1855.  In  1680  he 
wrote  a  brief  cedes,  history  of  the  Church  at 
Plymouth,  preserved  in  Young's  "  Chronicles  of 
the  Pilgrims." 

Morton,  Oliver  P.,  b  Wayne  Co.,  Ind., 
4  Aug.  1823.  Educated  at  the  Miami  U. ; 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1847  ;  app  judge  5th  Jud. 
Circ.  of  Ind.  in  1852;  lieut.-gov.  1860;  gov. 
1861-5,  rendering  great  service  to  the  Gen. 
Govt,  during  war  for  the  Union  ;  U.S.  sena- 
tor for  the  term  of  1867-73  ;  app.  minister  to 
Eng.  23  Sept.  1870,  and  declined. 

Morton,  Samuel  George,  M.D.  (U.  of 
Pa.  1820;  Edinb.  1823),  a  disting.  naturalist, 
b.  Phila.  Jan.  26,  1799  ;  d.  there  May  15,  1851. 
In  1826  he  established  himself  as  a  physician  in 
Phila.  He  was  rec.  sec.  of  the  Acad,  of  Nat. 
Sciences  in  1825,  and  its  pres.  in  1840;  was 
prof,  of  anatomy  in  the  Pa.  Med.  Coll.  from 
Sept.  18,  1839,  to  Nov.  6,  1843;  and  was  a 
member  of  many  learned  societies  in  various 

Farts  of  the  U.S.,  in  p]urope,  and  in  the  East, 
n  1834  he  made  a  voyage  to  the  W.  Indies, 
where  he  studied  the  diversity  of  races,  and 
the  relations  resulting  from  their  contact. 
He  contrih.  many  papers,  on  a  wide  range  of 
subjects,  to  the  "  Transactions  "  of  the  Acad., 
the  MeA.  and  Physiol.  Journal,  SiUiman's  Jour- 
nal, and  the  "  Transactions  of  thePhilos.  Soci- 
ety." Dr.  Morton  pub.  "Illustrations  of  Pul- 
monary Consumption,"  Phila.  1834;  "An  Il- 
lustrated System  of  Human  Anatomy,"  Phila. 
1839  ;  "  Crania  Americana,"  Phila.  and  Lond. 
1839;  and  "Crania  Egjjptiam"  Phila.  1844. 
The  former  was  pronounced  by  Prof.  Silliman 
"the  most  important,  extensive,  and  valuable 
contribution  to  the  natural  history  of  man 
which  has  yet  appeared  on  the  American  con- 
tinent." His  collection  of  skulls,  which  em- 
braced, according  to  the  catalogue  of  1849,  no 
less  than  1,512  specimens,  of  which  about  900 
were  hum-an,  is  said  to  be  the  most  extensive 
and  valuable  in  the  world.  A  selection  of  his 
inedited  papers  was  pub,,  with  additional  con- 
tributions from  Dr.  J.  C.  Nott  and  George  R. 
Gliddon,  under  the  title  of  "  Types  of  Mankind, 
or  Ethnological  Researches,  based  upon  the 
Ancient  Monuments,  Paintings,  Sculptures, 
and  Crania  of  Races,"  &c.  A  Memoir  has 
been  pub.  by  Charles  D.  Meigs,  M.D.,  and  an- 
other by  Geo.  B.  Wood,  M.D.  An  appendix 
to  the  former  contains  a  full  list  of  Dr.  Mor- 
ton's writings. 

Morton,  Sarah  Wentworth  (Apthorp), 
poetess,  called  "  the  American  Sappho,"  b. 
Braintree,  Ms.,  Aug.  29,  1759;  d.  Quincy, 
Ms.,  May  14,  1846.  She  m.  at  Quincy,  Feb. 
24,  1781,  Hon.  Perez  Morton.  She  obtained 
great  celebrity,  under  the  signature  of  "  Phile- 
nia,"  by  her  contributions  to  the  Ms.  Mag. 
Pub.  in  1790  "Ouabi,  or  the  Virtues  of  Na- 
ture ; "  "  Beacon  Hill,"  a  poem  in  5  books, 
Boston,  1797  (see  preface  to  Paine's  "Ruling 
Passion,"  1797);  and  in  1823,  in  8vo,  "My 
Mind  and  its  Thoughts."  Her  husband  Perez, 
lawver  and  Revol  patriot,  b.  Plymouth,  Ms., 
13  Nov.  1751,  d.  Dorchester,  14  Oct.  1837. 
H.U.  1771.  Speaker  of  the  house  in  1806-11  ; 
atty.-gen.  of  Ms.  1811-32,  and  a  deleg.  to  the 
State  Const.  Conv.  in  1820. 
41 


Morton,  Thomas,  b.  Eng. ;  d.  Agamenti- 
cus.  Me.,  ab.  1646.  Author  of  "The  New 
English  Canaan,"  containing  an  account  of  the 
natives,  a  description  of  the  country,  and  the 
tenets  and  practice  of  the  Church,  4to,  1632; 
repr.  in  Force's  Tracts,  iii.  He  was  a  lawyer 
who  came  over  with  Weston's  Company  in 
June,  1622;  and,  returning,  came  again  with 
Capt.  Wollaston  in  1625,  and  settled  at  Mount 
WoUaston,  now  Braintree.  On  May  Day, 
1626,  this  place  was  renamed  Ma-re  Mount, 
and  became  so  obnoxious  by  the  free  and  licen- 
tious manners  and  lives  of  Morton  and  his 
associates,  that  he  was  taken  and  sent  to  Eng. 
in  June,  1628.  In  1629  he  returned,  but  was 
again  seized  and  transported  in  1630,  and  his 
house  demolished,  "  that  it  might  no  longer  be 
a  roost  for  such  unclean  birds."  Returning 
again  in  1643,  after  being  arrested  and  im- 
prisoned a  year  for  his  "  scandalous  book,"  he 
was  dismissed  with  a  fine  in  1 644. 

Morton,  William  Thomas  Greex,  M.D., 
discoverer  of  the  use  of  ether  as  an  antesthetic 
in  surgery,  b.  Charlton,  Ms.,  Aug.  9,  1819;  d. 
N.Y.  City,  July  15,  1868.  Quitting  his  father's 
farm  at  the  age  of  17,  he  came  to  Boston,  but, 
not  succeeding  in  business,  studied  dentistry 
in  Baltimore  in  1840,  and  in  1842  settled  in 
Boston,  where  he  established  a  successful 
manuf.  of  artificial  teeth  on  a  large  scale. 
While  attending  lectures  at  the  med.  coll.  there, 
the  idea  was  suggested  to  him  that  sulphuric 
ether  might  be  used  to  aleviate  pain  in  his 
operations.  Satisfied  of  its  safety  by  experi- 
ment on  himself,  he  administered  it  success- 
fully Sept.  30,  1846,  extracting  without  pain 
a  firmly-rooted  bicuspid  tooth.  The  general 
introduction  into  surgery  of  ethereal  anJBsthesia 
dates  from  Oct.  16,  1846,  when,  at  the  request 
of  Dr.  J.  C.  Warren,  ether  was  administered  at 
the  Ms.  Gen.  Hospital  to  a  man  from  whose 
jaw  a  vascular  tumor  was  removed,  the  patient 
remaining  unconscious  during  the  operation. 
This  discovery  is,  wi^hout  doubt,  the  most  im- 
portant benefaction  ever  made  by  man  to  the 
human  race.  Various  claimants  at  once  ap- 
peared for  the  honor  of  originating  it,  among 
them  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson.  Dr.  Morton,  in  Nov. 
1846,  obtained  a  patent  for  his  discovery,  under 
the  name  of  "  Letheon,"  offering,  however,  freo 
rights  to  all  charitable  institutions.  Govt,  ap- 
propriated his  discovery  to  its  use  without 
compensation.  In  1852  he  received  the  large 
gold  medal,  the  Monthyon  Prize  in  medicine 
and  surgery.  Pie  suffered  persecution  almost 
unparalleled  in  private,  and  before  Congress ; 
his  business  was  broken  up;  and  even  his  house 
was  attached  by  the  sheriff  for  debt.  From 
1846  to  1854  he  struggled  incessantly  to  pro- 
cure from  Congress  remuneration  for  his  dis- 
covery, but,  notwithstanding  the  favorable  re- 
ports of  the  committees  to  whom  the  subject 
was  referred,  failed  to  receive  it.  The  close  of 
this  struggle  left  him  and  his  finnily  in  poverty. 
The  principal  medical  men  of  Boston,  New 
York,  and  Phila.,  signed  an  appeal  for  a  nation- 
al testimonial  to  Dr.  Morton,  concurring  in  as- 
signing to  him  the  merit  of  the  discovery.  In 
1858,  to  save  his  house  from  a  sheriffs  sale 
for  debt,  he  instituted  a  suit  against  a  marine- 
hospital    surgeon    for  infringing    his   putent, 


IMOS 


642 


IMOT 


which  was  decided  in  his  favor  in  the  U.  S. 
Circuit  Court.  {"  Trials  of  a  Public  Benefac- 
tor," by  Dr.  Nathan  P.  Rice,  N.Y.  1860.)  A 
p;»mphlet  resp.  his  claims  was  pub.  by  R.  H. 
Dana,  1848.  Dr.  M.  pub.  a  work  on  "The 
Inhalation  of  Sulphuric  Ether."  — See  "Hist. 
Memoranda,"  &c.,  by  J.  I.  Bowditch  and  others, 
1871 ;  and  see  also  art.  "Horace  Wells." 

Mosely,  Mary  Webster;  d.  1844,  a.  52. 
Dau.  of  Robert  Pleasants ;  wife  of  John.  G. 
Mosely  of  Richmond,  Va.  Contrib.  to  period- 
cals,  and  pub.  in  1840  "  Pocahontas,"  a  legend, 
with  hist,  notes.  —  AlUbone. 

Mosquera  (mos-ka'-ra),  Don  Rut  Gar- 
cia, a  Spanish  navigator,  b.  1501,  sailed  with 
Seb.  Cabot  to  S.  America  in  1526,  and  was  sub- 
sequently one  of  the  founders  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

Mothe  Cadillac,  Antoine  de  la,  found- 
er of  Detroit,  b.  Gascony,  ab.  1660;  d.  after 
1717.  Of  noble  birth.  He  served  in  Acadia 
as  a  capt.  in  the  French  army ;  and  in  1680  was 
ordered  to  France  by  Louis  XIV.  to  furnish 
information  relative  to  New  France  and  the 
English  Colonies,  and  especially  to  the  con- 
dition of  the  harbors  and  defences  on  the  coast. 
In  1691  he  was  made  lord  of  Bouagnat  and 
Mount  Desert,  Me.  In  1694  Frontenac  app. 
him  com.  of  Michilimacinac.  Landing  at  De- 
troit, July  24,  1701,  he  laid  the  foundations  of 
the  present  city,  which  he  named  Fort  Pontchar- 
train.  The  little  settlement  had  among  its 
enemies  the  Iroquois,  the  Jesuits,  the  gov.-gen. 
and  all  the  Canadian  officials,  as  De  La  Mothe, 
unlike  them,  received  his  commission  directly 
from  the  king ;  and,  moreover,  this  post  threat- 
ened to  divert  profitable  trade  from  Montreal 
and  Quebec.  Arrested  at  Quebec  in  1704 
upon  charges  of  official  misconduct,  he  was, 
after  vexatious  delays,  triumphantly  acquitted. 
He  returned  to  Detroit  in  the  fall  of  1706,  and 
in  1707  marched  against  the  Miamis,  and  re- 
duced them  to  terms.  Visiting  the  Illinois 
country,  he  reported  the  discovery  of  a  silver 
mine,  afterward  called  the  La  Mothe  Mine. 
He  next  established  a  post  among  the  Indians 
of  Ala.  He  punished  the  hostile  Natchez  tribe, 
who  made  peace;  and  a  fort  was  erected  in 
their  country  in  1714,  named  Fort  Rosalie,  in 
honor  of  Mme.  de  Pontchartrain  ;  another  was 
built  at  Natchitoches  to  prevent  the  Spaniards 
approaching  the  French  colony.  App.  in  1711 
gov.  of  La. ;  in  1717  the  John  Law  Scheme 
was  perfected,  and  the  govt,  and  trade  of  La. 
passed  into  the  hands  of  the  new  "Western 
Co.,"  and  De  La  Mothe  returned  to  France. 
In  1 787  the  Commonwealth  of  Ms.  confirmed 
to  his  grand-daughter  Mme.  Gregoire  so  much 
of  Mt.  Desert  Island  as  was  not  already  granted 
to  others. 

Motley,  John  Lothrop,  LL.D.  (H.  U. 
1860),  D.C.L.  (Oxf  1860),  historian,  b.  Dor- 
chester, Ms.,  Apr.  15,  1814.  H.U.  1831.  He 
spent  a  year  at  each  of  the  Universities  of 
Gottingen  and  Berlin ;  afterwards  travelled  in 
Italy;  returned  to  America;  studied  law,  and 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1836,  but  did  little  in 
the  profession.  In  1 839  he  pub.  a  novel, "  Mor- 
ton's Hope;"  in  1840  was  sec.  of  legation  to 
the  court  of  Russia,  but  soon  returned  ;  and  in 
1 849  produced  another  historical  novel,  "  Merry 
Mount."     Meanwhile  contrib.  articles  on  De 


Tocqueville's  "  Democracy  in  America,"  and 
on  Goethe  and  his  writings,  to  the  N.  Y.  Review; 
and  on  Peter  the  Great  to  the  N.A.  Review. 
Becoming  interested  in  the  history  of  Holland, 
he  embarked  for  Europe,  to  gather  material,  in 
1851,  and  in  1856  pub.  in  Lond.  3  vols.  8vo, 
entitled  "The  Rise  of  the  Dutch  Republic." 
This  work  was  translated  into  the  Dutch,  Ger- 
man, and  French  languages,  the  latter  with  an 
introduction  by  Guizot.  Mr.  Motley  made  a 
short  visit  to  the  U.S.  in  1858,  and  in  1861 
pub.  "  The  United  Netherlands,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
completed  in  1868  by  two  additional  vols.  He 
has  been  elected  a  member  of  various  learned 
societies  in  Europe  and  America,  among  them 
the  Institute  of  France.  He  m.  a  sister  of 
Park  Benjamin.  In  1861  he  pub.  in  the  Lon- 
don TiiiK's  an  elaborate  essay  entitled  "  Causes 
of  the  American  Civil  War;"  and,  16  Dec. 
1868,  del.  before  the  N.Y.  Hist.  Soc.  an  ad- 
dress entitled  "  Historic  Progress  and  Amer. 
Democracy."  Nov.  14,  1866,  he  was  app.  min- 
ister-plenipo.  to  Austria;  recalled  in  1867. 
From  April,  1869,  to  Nov.  1870,  he  was  min- 
ister to  England. 

Mott,  Gex.  Gershom,  b.  Mercer  Co.,  N.  J., 
1822.  Was  an  officer  in  the  Mex.  war;  lieut.- 
col.  5th  N.  J.  Regt.  in  1861 ;  col.  6th  N.J.  Regt. 
7  May,  1862;  brig.-gen.  7  Sept.  1862;  brev. 
maj.-gen.  10  Sept.  1864 ;  maj.-gen.  1  Dec.  1865; 
served  in  the  Peninsular  campaign ;  was  wound- 
ed at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run ;  com. 
2d  N.  J.  Brig,  in  Sickles's  division  at  Chancel- 
lorsville,  and  was  again  wounded;  was  disting. 
at  Gettysburg;  com.  2d  div.  3d  corps  in  the 
operations  before  Richmond  in  1864-5;  and 
wounded  a  fourth  time  in  the  pursuit  of  Lee. 

Mott,  LucRETiA  (Coffin),  preacher  of  the 
Society  of  Friends,  b.  Nantucket,  Jan.  3,  1793. 
Her  parents  removed  to  Boston  in  1804,  and 
to  Phila.  in  1809,  where,  in  1811,  she  m.  James 
Mott,  who  became  a  partner  with  her  father ; 
in  1817  she  took  charge  of  a  large  day-school 
in  Phila.,  but  began  preaching  in  her  26th 
year;  she  travelled  through  N.E.,  Pa.,  Md., 
and  a  part  of  Va.,  preaching  against  slavery, 
and  advocating  the  peculiar  tenets  of  the  Soci- 
ety of  Friends, — obedience  to  the  inward  light, 
and  a  firm  adherence  to  peace  principles.  lu 
the  division  of  the  Society  in  1827,  Mrs.  Mott 
adhered  to  the  Hicksite  party.  She  took  an 
active  part  in  organizing  the  American  Anti- 
slavery  Society  in  Phila.  in  1833.  She  was  a 
delegate  to  the  World's  Antislavery  Conven- 
tion in  Lond.  in  1840;  but  was  excluded  from 
a  scat,  a  majority  denpng  the  right  of  women 
to  take  part  in  public  assemblies.  She  has 
talcen  an  active  part  in  woman's-rights  con- 
ventions held  annually  since  1848.  —  Eminent 
Women  of  the  Age,  1868. 

Mott,  Valentine,  M.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1806), 
LL.D.,  surgeon,  b.  Glen  Cove,  L.  I.,  Aug.  20, 
1785;  d.  N.  York,  Apr.  26,  1865.  Henry  his 
father,  a  disting.  phjrsician  of  N.Y.,  d.  1840, 
a.  83.  After  studying  at  Lond.  and  Edin- 
burgh, he  was  app.,  on  his  return  in  1809, 
to  the  chair  of  surgery  in  Col.  Coll.,  which 
post  he  filled  subsequently  in  the  Coll.  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  until  1826,  and  from 
1826  till  1830  in  the  Rutgers  Med.  Coll.  Dr. 
Mott  afterward  lectured  in  the  Coll.  of  Phys. 


MIOT 


643 


MIOXJ 


and  Surgeons,  and  in  the  N. Y.  University  Med. 
Coll.  as  prof,  of  surgery  and  relative  anatomy,  of 
which  latter  branch  of  science  he  is  the  founder. 
In  1818  Dr.  Mott  placed  a  ligature  around  the 
brachio-cephaiic  trunk,  only  two  inches  from 
the  heart,  for  aneurism  of  the  right  subclavian 
artery ;  an  operation  which  the  patient  survived 
26  days.  He  exsected  the  entire  right  clavicle 
for  malignant  disease  of  that  bone,  applying 
40  ligatures,  — the  most  dangerous  and  diihcult 
operation,  as  he  himself  asserted,  that  can  be 
performed  upon  the  human  body.  He  was  the 
first  to  tic  the  primitive  iliac  artery  for  aneu- 
rism, and  was  the  first  who  removed  the  lower 
jaw  for  necrosis.  Sir  Astley  Cooper  says,  "  Dr. 
Mott  has  performed  more  of  the  great  opera- 
tions than  any  man  living,  or  that  ever  did 
live."  In  1 835  he  travelled  extensively  through 
England,  the  Continent,  and  the  East.  He 
pub.  "  Travels  in  Europe  and  the  East,"  8vo, 
N.Y.  1842;  translation  of  Velpeau's  "Opera- 
tive Surgery,"  4  vols.  8vo,  N.Y. ;  "Anniver- 
sary Discourse  "  before  the  graduates  of  the 
N.Y.U._1860;  "Mott's  Cliniqucs,"  and  several 
papers  in  med.  periodicals ;  and  the  "  Transac- 
tions of  the  N.Y.  Acad,  of  Medicine."  He  re- 
ceived many  honors  from  American  and  Euro- 
pean learned  associations. 

Motte,  Rebecca,  a  heroine  of  the  Revol. ; 
d.  in  1815  at  her  plantation  on  the  Santee,  S.C. 
Dan.  of  an  English  gentleman  named  Brewton ; 
m.  Jacob  Motte,  a  planter,  in  1 758,  and  was 
the  mother  of  six  children.  A  widow  of  fortune 
at  the  period  of  the  Brit,  occupancy  of  S.C, 
her  fine  large  mansion  was  occupied  by  a  gar- 
rison of  150  men  under  Capt.  McPherson; 
when  it  was  attacked  by  Marion  and  Lee  in 
May,  1781,  and  the  expedient  was  adopted  of 
setting  fire  to  the  house  by  fastening  lighted 
combustibles  upon  the  roof  by  means  of  arrows. 
Mrs.  Mott  herself  supplied  the  means,  present- 
ing to  Lee  a  fine  bow  and  a  bundle  of  arrows. 
This  measure  was  successful :  the  garrison  capit- 
ulated, and  the  flames  were  extiuguished  with 
little  damage.  Gen.  Thomas  Pinckney  m.  two 
of  her  daughters  in  succession :  a  third  m.  Col. 
Wm.  Alston  of  S.C. 

Moulton,  Ellen  Louise  (Chandler), 
magazine-writer,  b.  Pomfret,  Ct.,  1835;  ni.  in 
1855  Mr.  William  U.  Moulton,  a  Boston  edi- 
tor ;  contrib.  to  periodicals  from  the  age  of 
15,  under  the  signature  of  "  Ellen  Louise." 
She  pub.  "This,  That,  and  the  Other,"  a 
collection  of  stories,  1854  ;  "Juno  Clifford,"  a 
novel,  1855;  "My  Third  Book,"  a  collection 
of  tales,  1859.  She  has  written  many  articles 
in  prose  and  verse  for  Harper's  Mag.  and 
Weekly.  —  Lhiyckinck. 

Moulton,  Col.  Jeremiah,  b.  York,  Me., 
1688;  d.  there  July  20,  1765.  Taken  prisoner 
in  1692  by  the  Indians,  he  was  released,  with 
other  children,  in  gratitude  for  the  release  of 
some  Indian  prisoners  by  Col.  Church.  In 
May,  1724,  he  com.  the  company  which  attacked 
Norridgcwock,  destroying  the  village,  and  kill- 
ing Father  Ralle,  the  French  missionary ;  he 
com.  a  rcgt.  at  the  capture  of  Louisburg  in 
1 745  ;  Avas  afterward  sheriff  of  the  county, 
councillor,  and  judge  of  C.  C.  P.  and  of  pro- 
l>ate. 

Moulton,  Joseph  White,  historian,  b. 


Stratford,  Ct.,  June,  1789;  resided  in  N.Y. 
City,  where  he  practised  law  many  years.  He 
pub.  a  history  of  early  New  York,  "New  York 
70  Years  Ago,"  1849 ;  "  View  of  the  City  of 
Orange  (New  York)  as  it  was  in  1673;" 
"  History  of  the  State  of  N.  Y.,"  with  J.  V.  N. 
Yates,  2  vols.  8vo,  1824-6;  "  Chancery  Prac- 
tice of  N.  Y.,"  1829-32,  3  vols.  8vo ;  "  Mitford's 
Pleadings." 

Moultrie,  William,  maj.-gen.  Revol. 
army,  b.  S.C.  1731 ;  d.  Charleston,  S.C,  Sept. 
27,  1805.  Son  of  Dr.  John  Moultrie,  an  emi- 
nent physician  of  Charleston,  b.  Scotland,  d. 
ab.  1773.  His  education  was  respectable;  and 
in  1761  he  was  a  capt.  of  light  inf.  in  the  Cher- 
okee exped. ;  member  of  the  Prov.  Congress  in 

1775  from  St.  Helena  parish ;  elected  col.  2d 
S.C  Regt.  June  17;  and  Dec.  19,  1775,  by 
planting  a  battery  in  the  night  at  Haddrill's 
Point,  compelled  two  British  vessels  blockading 
Charleston  harbor  to  move  farther  off;  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  safety ;  and  early  in  Mar. 

1776  was  ordered  to  Sullivan's  Island,  where  a 
fort  made  of  palmetto-logs  was  building  for  the 
protection  of  the  harbor.  Here,  June  28, 
1776,  an  attack  was  made  by  a  British  fleet 
under  Sir  Peter  Parker,  and  a  large  land-forc« 
under  Sir  H.  Clinton.  The  gallant  and  suc- 
cessful defence  of  Fort  Moultrie  earned  for  its 
commander  imperishable  renown,  and  saved 
the  South  from  fm-thcr  attack  for  a  long  period. 
He  was  made  a  brig.-gen.  Sept.  16,  1776,  and 
transferred  to  the  com.  of  a  body  of  North- 
Carolinians  at  Haddrill's  Point.  In  Feb.  1 779  he 
defeated  a  superior  British  force,  under  Col. 
Gardner,  near  Beaufort.  In  May,  with  1,000 
militia,  he  opposed  the  advance  of  Gen.  Prevost 
upon  Charleston ;  retired  before  him,  destroying 
bridges,  and  obstructing  his  march ;  threw  him- 
self into  the  city,  and  held  it  until  the  approach 
of  Gen.  Lincoln.  In  the  spring  of  1780  he 
again  disting.  himself  at  Charleston.  On  its 
capitulation  he  was  taken,  and  remained  a 
prisoner  until  exchanged,  Feb.  1782,  for  Gen. 
Burgoyne;  maj.-gen.  Oct.  15,  1782;  gov.  of 
S.C.  in  1785-6  and  1794-6.  While  a  prisoner, 
he  wrote  his  "  Memoirs,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1802. 
His  bro.  John,  M.D.  (U.  of  Edinb.),  eminent 
in  literature  and  medicine,  was  a  loyalist,  and 
was  lieut.-gov.  of  E.  Florida. 

Mount,  William  Sidney,  artist,  b.  Se- 
tauket,  L.I.,  Nov.  26,  1807  ;  d.  tbere  Nov.  19, 
1868.  Bred  a  farmer's  boy,  at  17  be  was  ap- 
prenticed to  his  bro.,  a  sign-painter  in  N.Y. 
Placed  in  1826  at  tlie  school  of  the  Acad,  of 
Design,  of  which  he  became  a  member  in 
1832 ;  he  produced  in  1828  his  first  picture,  — 
a  port,  of  himedf ;  in  1 829  he  established  himself 
as  a  port.-painter  in  N.Y.  A  "  Rustic  Dance,'* 
in  the  Exhib.  of  1830,  attracted  much  atten- 
tion. His  pictures  of  humorous  subjects,  of 
negro  life  and  physiognomy,  have  been  high- 
ly appreciated.  Among  his  best  pieces  are 
"  Husking  Corn,"  "  Walking  the  Crack," 
"  The  Sportman's  Last  Visit,"  "  The  Raffle," 
"  The  Courtship,"  "  Nooning,"  "  Bargaining 
for  a  Horse,"  "  The  Power  of  Music,"  "  Music 
is  Contagious,"  "  Just  in  Time,"  "  California 
News,"  "  Banjo-Player,"  &c.  Among  his 
best  portraits  are  those  of  Bishop  Onderdonk 
and  Gen.  Jeremiah  Johnson. 


MOTJ 


644 


MIOTV 


Mountain,  George  Jehoshaphat,  D.D., 
D.C.L.,  son  of  Bishop  Jacob,  b.  Norwich, 
Enj;.,  27  July,  1789;  d.  near  Quebec,  6  Jan. 
1863.  Trin.'  Coll.,  Camb.,  1810.  Urd.  dea- 
con Aug.  1812,  priest  1813.  He  came  to  Can- 
ada with  his  father  in  1793;  officiated  as  lec- 
turer in  the  Quebec  Cathedral  in  1814;  was 
rector  of  Frederickton,  N.  B.,  in  1814-17, 
when  he  became  rector  of  Quebec  ;  archdeacon 
1821  ;  consec.  bishop  of  Montreal  14  Feb. 
1836,  and  in  18.50  of  Quebec.  While  bishop 
of  Montreal,  he  administered  that  enormous 
diocese  (since  divided  into  six),  travelling 
through  its  entire  area  until  1839.  The  whole 
of  L.  Canada  remained  under  his  supervision 
until  18.50.  In  a  visit  to  the  Red  River  in 
1844,  he  wrote  many  of  those  adniirc<l  pieces 
contained  in  his  "  Songs  of  the  Wilderness," 
Lond.  1846  In  1844  he  founded  Bishops' 
Coll.  Lennoxville.  Author  of  "Journal  of  a 
North-west  American  Mission,"  Lond.  12mo, 
1853.  — Morgan. 

Mountain,  Jacob,  D.D.,  Pr.-Ep.  bishop 
of  Quebec,  b.  Thwaite  Hall,  Norfolk,  1750; 
d.  near  Quebec,  June  16,  182.5.  Educated  at 
the  U.  of  Cambridge,  and  enjoyed  in  early  life 
a  particular  intimacy  with  Mr.  Pitt,  who  in 
1793  app.  him  to  the  see  of  Quebec.  He  had 
previously  held  the  livings  of  St.  Andrew's, 
Norwich,  of  Buckden,  and  of  Holbeach,  as 
well  as  a  stall  in  Lincoln  Cathedral.  He  was 
the  first  Prot.  prelate  in  the  Canadas.  He 
promoted  the  formation  of  missions  and  the 
erection  of  churches  in  all  the  more  populous 
townships,  which  he  regularly  visited, — even 
when  age  and  infirmity  rendered  so  vast  and 
fatiguing  a  circuit  a  most  arduous  and  painful 
undertaking.  Heservedupon  some  important 
occasions  as  a  member  ex  officio  of  both  the 
exec,  and  legisl.  councils  of  the  province;  sat 
frequently  in  the  former  capacity  in  the  Court 
of  Appeals ;  and  was  a  faithful  and  laborious 
servant  of  the  public  and  of  the  crown.  — 
Morgan. 

Mountford,  William,  Unitarian  divine, 
b.  Worcestershire,  Eng.  Educated  at  Manches- 
ter Coll.,  York.  Ord.  1838.  In  18.50  became  a 
minister  at  Gloucester,  Ms.  Author  of  "  Chris- 
tianity the  Deliverance  of  the  Soul,"  1846; 
"Martyria,"  a  legend,  1846;  "  Euthanasy," 
1850;  "Beauties  of  Channing,"  with  an  Es- 
say; "  Thorpe,  a  quiet  English  Town,  and  Life 
Therein,"  1852;  and  "Miracles,"  12mo,  1870, 
a  timely  book.  He  has  contrib.  to  the  Christ. 
Examiner  and  the  Monthly  Rdiqious  Maq.  — 
AUihont^. 

Mountfort,  John,  brev.  major  U.S.A., 
h.  Boston,  2  Nov.  1789;  d.  there  22  Oct.  1851. 
Lieut.  3d  Art.  24  Mar.  1812;  brev.  capt.  for 
battle  of  Plattsburg  11  Sept.  1814;  brev.  maj. 
Aug.  1829.     Disting.  also  in  Seminole  war. 

Mourt,  G.  (supposed  by  Drs.  Young  and 
Dexter  to  be  George  Morton),  pub.  a  Rela- 
tion, or  Journal,  of  the  English  Plantation 
settled  at  Plymouth  in  New  Eng.,  Lond  1622. 
This  was  abridjjed  by  Purchas,  which  abr.  was 
rcpub.  in  Ms.  Hist.  Colls,  viii.  The  parts  of 
the  original  relation  which  are  omitted  in  the 
abridgment  are  in  Hist.  Colls,  ix.  26-74.  An 
ed.  with  notes  and  an  introd.  by  Rev.  H.  M. 
Dexter  was  pub.  1865,  and  another,  by  Rev. 


Geo.  B.  Cheever,  in  1848,  entitled  "Journal 
of  the  Pilgrims." 

Mouton,  Alfked,  gen.  C.S.A. ;  killed  in 
the  battle  of  Mansfield,  Ark.,  April  9,  1864. 
Son  of  Alex.,  acting  gov.  of  La.  1841-5,  and 
U  S.  senator  1837-42.  He  was  wounded  at 
Shiloh,  and,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  com.  a 
division  in  Dick  Taylor's  army. 

Mowatt  (Ritchie),  Anxa  Cora,  actress 
and  author,  b.  Bordeaux,  France,  1819;  d. 
Eng.  July  28,  1870.  Her  father,  S.  G.  Ogden, 
a  merchant  of  N.Y.,  and  a  leading  spirit  in 
Miranda's  exped.,  m.  a  grand-dau.  of  Francis 
Lewis,  signer  of  the  Decl.  of  Indcp.,  and  went  to 
France  to  recuperate  his  fallen  fortunes.  Fail- 
ing in  this,  the  family  returned  to  N.Y.,  and 
suffered  shipwreck  on  the  passage.  While  at 
school,  she  attracted  the  attention  of  James 
Mowatt,  a  lawyer  of  N.Y.,  with  whom  she 
made  a  runaway  match  before  she  was  17. 
She  soon  after  pub.  "Pelayo,"an  epic  in  5 
cantos  ;  and  "  The  Reviewers  Reviewed,"  a 
satire  against  the  critics  of  the  former  poem. 
Her  health  failing,  she  visited  Europe,  and 
wrote  "  Gulzara,  or  the  Persian  Slave."  Fi- 
nancial reverses  overtaking  her  husband,  Mrs. 
Mowatt,  who  had  appeared  in  private  theatri- 
cals, resolved  to  give  public  readings.  Her 
first  was  given  at  Boston,  Oct.  28,  1841.  An 
attractive  person,  a  sweet  voice,  and  ladylike 
manners,  achieved  for  her  a  decided  success; 
and  she  continued  her  readings  throughout 
the  country.  This  occasioned  a  serious  illness 
of  two  years,  during  which  time  she  pub., 
under  the  pseudonyme  of  "  Helen  Berkley," 
"  Evelyn,"  a  novel,  and  "  Fashion,"  a  5-act 
comedy.  Under  the  tuition  of  W.  H.  Crisp 
and  Tlios.  Barry,  she  prepared  herself  for  the 
stage,  and  June  13,  1845,  made  her  debnt  as 
Pauline,  in  the  "  Lady  of  Lyons,"  at  the  Park 
Theatre.  She  became  a  favorite  with  the  pub- 
lic, and  began  an  enjragement  at  the  Howard 
Athenaeum,  Boston,  Nov.  30,  1845.  In  Nov. 
1847,  she  went  to  Europe;  played  successful 
engagements  at  Manchester,  London,  and 
Dublin;  and  was  at  onetime  leading  lady  at 
the  Marylebone  Theatre.  Her  husband  died 
abroad  ;  and  her  success  in  Eng.  was  at  the 
time  largely  due  to  Mr.  E.  L.  Davenport,  with 
whom  she  acted  for  many  months.  After 
her  return  to  America  in  July,  1851,  she  ap- 
peared in  all  the  leading  cities,  but  took  leave 
of  the  stage  on  being  married,  June  7,  1854, 
to  W.  F.  Ritchie,  editor  of  the  Richmond  En- 
quirer. She  afterward  lived  in  Eng.,  and 
corresp.  with  several  American  papers.  ILr 
other  writings  are  "  Armand,"  a  drama,  1847  ; 
"The  Fortune-Hunter,"  1854;  "Autobiog- 
raphy of  an  Actress,"  1854;  "Mimic  Life," 
1856;  "Twin  Roses,"  1857;  "Fairy  Fin- 
gers," "  The  Clergyman's  Wife  and  Other 
Sketches,"  1867  ;  and  "  Tiie  Mute  Singer." 

Mowatt,  Henry,  capt.  R.N. ;  d.  Hampton 
Roads,  March,  1797.  Lieut.  M.,  with  Gov. 
Pownal,  selected  a  site  for  the  fort  on  the  Pe- 
nobscot in  the  spring  of  1759.  Oct.  18,  1775, 
he  set  on  fire  and  destroyed  a  great  portion  of 
Falmouth  (now  Portland),  Me.  He  continued 
on  the  Amcr.  coast  throughout  the  war;  be- 
came a  post-captain  26  Oct.  1782 ;  and  was  at 
Nova  Scotia  in  1796. 


]yLO^w 


645 


IVtXTII 


Mower,  Joseph  A., brev.maj. -gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Vt.  ab.  1830;  d.  N.  Orleans,  6  Jan.  1870. 
He  received  a  plain  education,  and  learned  the 
trade  of  a  carpenter-  Private  in  an  engr.  com- 
pany in  the  Mexican  war;  app.  from  Ct.  lieut. 
1st  Inf.  18  June,  1855;  capt.  9  Sept.  1861 ;  in 
the  opening  battles  of  the  war  in  Ky.  and  Tenn. ; 
prominent  in  the  capture  of  Island  No.  Ten ; 
conspicuous  at  Corinth,  severely  wounded,  and 
was  for  a  time  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy ;  dis- 
ting.  for  his  gallant  defence  of  Milliken's  Bend; 
brig.-gen.  of  vols.  29  Nov.  1862;  major-gen.  12 
Aug.  1864;  com.  a  brigade  in  the  attack  on 
Vicksburg  in  May,  1863,  and  in  the  Chatta- 
nooga operations ;  com.  a  division  under  Gen. 
Banks  in  La.  in  Apr.  1864,  and  xmder  Sherman 
in  the  Atlanta  campaign  and  in  the  Ga.  and 
Carolina  campaigns,  and  rose  to  the  com,  of 
the  20th  corps ;  brevs.  of  col.  for  capture  of 
Jackson,  Mpi.,  14  May,  1863;  brig.-gen.  for 
Fort  do  Russy,  La. ;  and  maj.-gen.  for  passage 
of  the  Salkehatchie,  Ga.,  13  Mar.  1865.  Col. 
25th  Inf.  28  July,  1866. 

Mowry,  Sylvester,  author  of  "  Geogra- 
phy and  Kesourcee  of  Arizona  and  Sonora," 
1866,  b.  R.L  ab.  1830.  West  Point,  1852.  Lst 
lieut.  3d.  Art. ;  resigned  31  July,  1858.  Dele- 
gate to  Congress  from  Arizona  in  1857  and  '59 ; 
U.S.  comm.  to  run  boundary-line  bet.  Cal.  and 
the  U.S.  Ter.  1860-1.     D.  Lon.  17  Oct.  1871. 

Moylan,  Stephen,  brcv.  brig.-gen.  Revol. 
army,  b.  Ireland,  1734 ;  d.  Phila.  Apr.  11, 1811. 
A  bro.  of  the  R.  C.  bishop  of  Cork.  He  was  a 
resident  of  Phila. ;  was  among  the  first  to 
hasten  to  the  camp  at  Cambi'idge ;  and,  being  a 
man  of  education  and  gentlemanly  address,  was 
selected  by  Washington,  March  5,  1776,  to  be 
one  of  his  aides-de-camp  ;  and  June  5  was  app. 
commiss.-gen.  Want  of  exact  business-habits 
unfitted  him  for  that  duty,  and  he  soon  resigned, 
and  re-entered  the  line  as  a  vol.  Early  in  1777 
he  com.  the  4th  Light  Dragoons ;  Oct.  4,  1777, 
was  at  Germanto-\vn ;  July  20,  1780,  accomp. 
Wayne  in  the  exped.  to  Bull's  Ferry;  in  1781, 
with  the  Pa.  troops,  accomp.  Gen.  Greene  to 
the  South ;  and  was  made  brig.-gen.  by  brev. 
Nov.  3,  1783.  After  the  peace,  he  resided  on 
a  farm  in  Goshen ;  was  register  and  recorder 
of  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  in  I792"and  '93;  and  until 
his  death  commiss.  of  loans  for  the  dist.  of  Pa. 
Vice-pres.  Pa.  Soc.  Cincinnati,  1800. 

Mozier,  Joseph,  sculptor,  b.  Burlington, 
Vt.,  Aug.  22, 1812 ;  d.  Faids,  Switzerland,  Oct. 
1870.  Engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  in  New 
York  from  1831  to  1845;  then  visited  Europe, 
and  studied  his  art  at  Florence  and  at  Rome, 
where  he  long  resided.  His  best  works  are  a 
statue  of  "  Pocahontas ;  "  the  "  Wept  of  Wish- 
ton- Wish,"  in  the  International  Exhibition  at 
London  in  1862;  statues  of  "Truth"  and  "Si- 
lence," in  the  possession  of  the  N.  Y.  Merc.  Lib. 
Assoc;  "Rebecca  at  the  Well ;"" Esther ; " 
a  group  illustrating  "  The  Prodigal  Son ;  "  an 
"  Indian  Girl  at  the  Grave  of  her  Lover ; " 
"Jephthah's  Daughter;"  the  "White  Lady 
of  Avenel ; "  and  "  Rizpah."  —  Tuckerman. 

Mugford,  Capt.  James,  a  brave  naval 
ofiicerof  the  Revol.,  b.  Marblehead,Ms.,  1725  ; 
killed  while  returning  from  Boston  to  Marble- 
head,  in  repelling  a  boat-attack  on  his  vessel, 
Jan.  12,  1778.    He  rendered  most  essential  ser- 


vice to  the  cause  of  liberty  by  capturing  a  Brit* 
ish  ship,  just  arrived  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston, 
richly  laden  with  arms,  ammunition,  and  other 
warlike  stores,  intended  for  the  British  troops 
in  Boston,  and  greatly  needed  by  the  Ai^jeri- 
cans  at  that  early  stage  of  the  Revol.  contest. 

Muhlenberg,  Frederick  Augustus,  b. 
at  the  Trappe,  June  2, 1750;  d,  Lancaster,  Pa., 
June  4,  1801.  Son  of  Rev.  Henry  M.  Ord, 
to  the  ministry  of  the  Lutheran  Church  in  Ger- 
many ;  officiated  in  Pa.  and  N.  Y.  City  until 
the  British  entered;  member  Old  Congress 
1779-80;  member  and  speaker  of  the  State  Ic- 
gisl.  1781-4;  member  and  pres.  of  the  council 
of  censors ;  was  treas.  of  the  State ;  pres.  of  the 
conv.  which  ratified  the  U.  S.  Constitution ; 
M.C.  1789-97 ;  and  receiver-gen.  of  the  land  of- 
fice ;  and  speaker  of  the  1st  and  3d  Congresses. 
His  casting  vote  carried  Jay's  Treaty  into 
effect. 

Muhlenberg,  Gotthilf  Henry  Ernst, 
D.D.,  clergyman  and  botanist,  b.  Ncav  Provi- 
dence, Pa.,  Nov.  17,  1753;  d.  Lancaster,  May 
23,  1815.  Son  of  Rev.  Henry  M.  Sent  m 
Apr.  1763  to  Halle,  with  his  two  elder  bros.,  to 
complete  his  education.  He  left  the  U.  in  1770; 
travelled  through  a  considerable  part  of  Ger- 
many and  Eng. ;  and,  returning  to  Amcr.,  was 
ord.,  and  app.  in  1774  third  minister  and  assist. 
to  his  father  in  the  Phila.  cong.  Minister  of 
Lancaster  from  1780  to  his  death.  In  1786  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Am.  Phil.  Soc, 
for  whom  his  herbarium  was  purchased ;  in 
1798  member  of  the  Naturforschender  Freunde 
in  Berlin ;  of  the  Philos.  and  Phys.  Societies 
of  Gottingen  in  1802 ;  and  was  also  a  member 
of  various  other  scientific  associations.  He 
pub.  "  Catalogus  Plantarum  Amer.  Septent.'* 
1813;  "  Descriptio  Uberior  Graminium,"  &c., 
1816;  and  left  in  MS.  "Flora  Lancastriensis." 

Muhlenberg,  Henry  Augustus,  cler- 
gyman and  statesman,  b.  Lancaster,  Pa.,  May 
13,  1782;  d.  Reading,  Pa.,  Aug.  11, 1844.  He 
was  educated  under  the  supervision  of  his  fa- 
ther, Rev.  Ernst.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Lu- 
theran church  at  Reading,  Pa.,  from  1802  until 
1828,  when  he  resigned  in  poor  health,  and  re- 
tired to  a  farm.  M.C.  in  1829-38,  and  chair- 
man of  several  important  committees ;  candi- 
date of  the  Democ  party  for  gov.  in  1835,  he 
was  unsuccessful;  and,  after  declining  in  1837 
the  secretaryship  of  the  navy  and  the  mission 
to  Russia,  was  minister  to  Austria  in  1838- 
Dec  1840.  One  of  his  sons,  Henry  A.,  M.C. 
1853-4,  d.  9  Jan.  1854.  Ho  pub.  the  Life  of  his 
uncle.  Gen.  Muhlenberg,  Phila.  1849. 

Muhlenberg,  Henry  Melchior,  D.T)., 
patriarch  of  the  Lutheran  Church  in  America, 
b.  Eimbeck,  Hanover,  Sept.  6,  1711  ;  d.  Oct. 
7,  1787.  He  was  a  pastor,  and  also  gave  in- 
struction in  Francke's  Orphan  House  at  Halle. 
In  the  fall  of  1742  he  came  a  missionary  to 
Phila.;  but  afterward  lived  at  the  Trnppe, 
Montgomery  Co.  He  devoted  himself  to 
preaching,  searching  out  and  relieving  the  des- 
titute, building  up  churches,  and  visiting  dis- 
tant points  as  far  even  as  Ga.  In  1748  he  was 
instrumental  in  organizing  the  first  Lutheran 
synod  in  Amer.,  —  that  of  Pennsylvania.  "  The 
Life  and  Times  of  Muhlenberg,"  by  M.  L. 
Stoever,  has  been  pub.  by  the  Lutheran  Board 


ISTXTBL 


646 


MTTN" 


of  Pablication.  He  was  the  principal  contrib. 
to  the  Hallische  Nachrichten,  Halle,  1747-63. 

Muhlenberg,  John  Petek  Gabriel, 
maj.-gen.  Revol.  army,  b.  at  the  Trappe,  Pa., 
Oct.  1,  1746;  d.  near  Schuylkill,  Pa.,  Oct.  1, 
1807.  Son  of  the  preceding,  and, with  his  bros., 
was  educated  in  Germany.  While  at  Halle, 
he  ran  away  from  college,  and  was  for  a  year, 
and  until  discovered  by  a  friend  of  his  family, 
a  private  in  a  regt.  of  dragoons.  His  father 
prepared  him  for  the  ministry  of  the  Lutheran 
Church.  Ord.  in  1772,  and  officiated  as  a 
clergyman  at  Woodstock,  Va.,  for  a  few  years, 
but,  after  the  commencement  of  the  Revol.,  re- 
solved to  lay  aside  his  clerical  robes,  and,  enter- 
ing the  pulpit  for  the  last  time,  in  the  course 
of  his  sermon  told  his  hearers  that  there  was 
a  time  for  all  things,  —  a  time  to  preach,  and  a 
time  to  fight,  —  and  now  was  the  time  to  fight. 
After  the  services,  he  stripped  off  his  gown  in 
the  pulpit,  and,  appearing  in  full  uniform,  read 
his  commission  as  col.,  and  ordered  the 
drummers  to  beat  up  for  recruits.  Large  num- 
bers of  his  parishioners  joined  his  standard ; 
and  the  "  German  regt."  (8th  Va.)  was  dis- 
ting.  for  its  discipline  and  bravery.  He  had 
been  in  1774  chairman  of  the  com.  of  safety 
in  his  county,  and  also  a  member  of  the  house 
of  burgesses,  and  in  1776  a  member  of  the 
State  convention.  He  was  in  the  battle  at 
Charleston  in  1776;  Feb.  21,  1777,  was  made 
brig.-gen.,  and  ordered  to  take  charge  of  the 
Va.  line  ;  joining  the  army  at  Middlebrook  in 
May  following,  he  was  in  the  battles  of  Bran- 
dywine,  Germantown,  and  Monmouth,  and 
was  at  the  capture  of  Stony  Point;  holding 
the  chief  com.  in  Va.,  in  1780,  until  the  arrival 
of  Steuben,  he  opposed  the  invasions  of  Leslie 
and  Arnold,  and,  when  Cornwallis  entered  Va., 
he  was  next  in  com.  to  Lafayette;  he  com. 
the  first  brigade  of  light  inf.  at  Yorktown,  and 
at  the  close  of  the  war  was  made  a  maj.-gen. 
Removing  to  Pa.,  he  was  immediately  elected  a 
member  of  the  council ;  in  1 785  was  chosen 
vice-pres.  of  Pa. ;  was  M.C.  1789-91,  '93-5, 
and  1799-1801  ;  was  U.S.  senator  in  1801-2  ; 
and  was  app.  by  Jefferson  supervisor  of  the 
revenue  for  the  Dist.  of  Pa.;  in  1803  he  was 
made  collector  of  the  port  of  Phila. — See 
Life  of  Gen.  M.,  by  H.  A.  Muhlenberg,  1849. 

Muhlenberg,  Rev.  William  Aug., 
D.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1834),  was  for  many  years 
the  head  of  St.  Paul's  Coll.,  Flushing,  L.  L  ; 
now  rector  of  the  Epis.  Church  of  the  Holy 
Communion,  N.Y.  In  1823  he  pub.  "  Church 
Poetry ; "  and  has  since  pub.,  in  connection  with 
Dr.  Wainwright,  "  Music  of  the  Church  ;  " 
"  The  People's  Psalter,"  new  ed.  1858;  and 
has  also  produced  several  highly-esteemed 
hymns,  the  best  known  of  which  is,  "  I  would 
not  live  alvvay." 

MuUaney,  J.  R.  Madison,  commo.  U. 
S.N.,  b.  N.Y.  Oct.  26,  1816.  Midshipra.  Jan. 
7,  1832  ;  lieut.  Feb.  29,  1844  ;  capt.  July  25, 
1866;  commo.  1870.  Engaged  at  the  capture 
of  Tabasco  in  the  Mexican  war  ;  com.  steam- 
er "  Wyandotte  "  at  Pensacola,  in  Apr.  and 
May,  1861  ;  and  aided  in  protecting  Fort  Pick- 
ens from  rebel  attacks,  and  also  in  its  re-enforce- 
ment;  com.  steamer  "  Bienville,"  Apr.  1862- 
Aug.   1864 ;    occasionally  engaged  with    the 


forts  on  the  coast ;  com.  steam-sloop  "  Onei- 
da" during  attack  on  Forts  Morgan  and 
Gaines,  rebel  iron-clad  "  Tennessee,"  and  gun- 
boats. Mobile  Bay,  Aug.  5,  1864;  lost  left 
arm,  and  received  a  wound  in  the  leg,  by  a 
shell  from  "  The  Tennessee  "  in  that  battle  ; 
com.  Medit.  squad.  1869-71.  —  Hamershf. 

MiuUigan,  Col.  James  A.,  b.  Utica"  N.Y., 
of  Irish  parents,  June  25,  1830;  d.  of  wounds 
in  Winchester,  Va.,  July  2fl,  1864.  His  fomily 
removed  to  Chicago  in  1836 ;  and  he,  after  grad- 
uating at  the  U.  of  St.  Mary  of  the  Lake  in 
1850,  began  to  study  law.  In  1851  he  accomp. 
J.  L.  Stephens,  the  explorer,  to  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama.  Returning  to  Chicago,  he  re- 
sumed his  studies,  and  edited  a  weekly  Catho- 
lic paper,  the  Western  Tablet.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  in  Nov.  1855;  in  the  winter  of  1857  he 
was  a  clerk  in  the  dept.  of  the  interior  at  Wash- 
ington. Soon  after  the  war  broke  out,  he  be- 
came col.  23  III.  Inf.;  Sept.  1,  1861,  he  left 
Jefferson  City  for  Lexington,  Mo.,  took  the 
com.,  and  defended  the  place  heroically  for  9 
days  against  an  attack  in  overwhelming  force 
by  Gen.  Price;  he  surrendered  Sept.  20,  and 
was  exchanged  Nov.  25.  Returning  to  Chica- 
go, he  re-organized  his  regt.,  and,  after  a  short 
lecturing-tour  in  the  Eastern  States,  took  com. 
of  camp  Douglas,  and  afterward  participated 
in  several  hard-fought  battles  in  Va.  He  was 
offered  a  commission  as  brig.-gen.,  but  declined 
it. 

Munford,  William,  lawyer  and  poet,  b. 
Mecklenberg  Co.,  Va.,  Aug.  15,  1775  ;  d. 
Richmond,  Va.,  June  21,  1825.  Wm.  and 
Mary  Coll.  His  father.  Col.  Robert  Munford, 
a  Revol.  patriot,  was  the  author  of  two  dra- 
matic compositions,  entitled  "The  Candidate," 
and  "  The  Patriots,"  pub.  at  Petersburg,  Va., 
1798.  The  son  studied  law  under  George 
Wythe;  was  in  1797-1801  a  member  of  the 
house  of  delegates  ;  served  four  years  as  sena- 
tor ;  was  then  a  member  of  the  privy  council 
until  1811  ;  and  was  clerk  of  the  house  of  del- 
egates from  1811  to  his  death.  He  was  also 
for  several  years  the  reporter  of  the  decisions 
of  the  Sup.  Court  of  Appeals  in  Va.,  of  which 
4  vols.  (1806-9)  were  prepared  in  conjunction 
with  W.W.  Hening;  and  6,  from  1810  to  1820, 
were  from  his  own  pen.  In  1819  he  assisted 
in  revising  the  Va.  statute  laws.  Also  author 
of  an  early  vol.  of  Poems,  &c.,  Richmond, 
1798;  and  a  translation  of  the  Iliad  into 
blank  verse,  1846.  In  1806  he  delivered  in 
the  capitol  at  Richmond  a  funeral  eulogium 
on  his  friend  Chancellor  Wythe. 

Munoz,  John  Baptist,  a  Sj^anish  histo- 
rian, b.  Museno,  near  Valencia,  in  1745;  d. 
Apr.  1800.  Educated  in  the  U.  of  Madrid.  He 
acquired  considerable  reputation  by  his  writings 
on  theology  and  philosophy.  App.  cosmogra- 
pher  of  the  Indies  by  order  of  the  king,  he  be- 
gan a  history  of  America,  of  which  he  lived  to 
pub.  only  one  vol.,  under  the  title  of  "  Histo- 
ria  del  Nnova  Mundo,"  Madrid,  folio,  1795. 

Munroe,  John,  brev.  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  Scot- 
land ;  d.  N.  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Apr.  26,  1861. 
West  Point,  1814.  Entering  the  art.,  he  be- 
came capt.  2  March,  1825  ;  brev.  maj.  for  cam- 
paigns against  the  Florida  Indians,  Feb.  15, 
1838  ;  major  2d  Art.  Aug.  18,  1846;  chief  of 


MIXJI^ 


647 


MXJR 


art.  to  Gen.  Taylor,  July,  1846  ;  brev.  lieut.- 
col.  for  Monterey,  Mcx.,  May,  1847  ;  brev. 
col.  for  battle  of  Buena  Vista,  Feb.  23,  1847  ; 
military  and  civil  gov.  of  N.  Mexico,  Oct. 
1849-1850;  lieut.-col.  4th  Art.  Nov.  11,  1856. 

Muusell)  Joel,  printer  and  editor,  b. 
Northtield,  Ms.,  Apr.  14,  1808.  Established 
himself  in  Albany,  1827 ;  pub.  and  edited 
"The  New- York  State  Mechanic,"  1841-3; 
compiled  "  Annals  of  Albany,"  10  vols.  12mo, 
Albanv,  1850-9  ;  "  Chronology  of  Paper  and 
Papertnaking,"  3ded.,  8vo,  1864;  "  E very-day 
Book  of  History  and  Chronology,"  8vo,  1858; 
"  Collections  on  the  History  of  Albanv,"  3 
vols.  8vo,  1865-70;  "Outline  of  the  Hist,  of 
Printing,  and  Sketches  of  Early  Printers," 
8vo,  1 839.  He  has  also  pub.  "  Historical  Series," 
10  vols.,  partly  edited  and  annotated  by  himself, 
and  other  hist,  works  ;  and  has  pub.  also  the 
Unionist,  Albany  Daily  State  Register,  Albany 
Morning  Express,  and  Statesman.  His  large  coll. 
of  works  on  printing  was  in  part  purchased  by 
the  State  for  its  library.  Mr.  Munsell  has  also 
contrib.  papers  to  "  The  Trans."  of  the  Albany 
Institute.  Few  if  any  of  our  hist,  writers  have 
done  so  much  as  he  in  publishing  Amer.  docu- 
mentary history  ;  and  much  of  it  has  been  done 
without  remuneration. 

Munson,  ^neas,  M.D.,  physician,  b.  N. 
Haven,  June  24,  1734  ;  d.  there  June  16, 1826. 
Y.  C.  1753.  Pie  studied  divinity  under  Dr. 
Stiles ;  was  chaplain  to  Lord  Gardner,  sta- 
tioned at  Long  Island  in  tbe  French  war  of 
1755;  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  John  Dar- 
ly  ;  entered  upon  practice  at  Bedford,  N.Y.,  in 
1756;  and  in  1760  removed  to  New  Haven, 
where,  for  more  than  50  years,  he  enjoyed  a 
high  reputation.  Pres.  of  the  Med.  Soc,  of 
Ct.,  and  was  a  prof,  in  the  Med.  School  of  Y. 
C.  from  its  organization  until  his  death.  Dur- 
ing the  Revol.  war,  he  was  often  in  the  legisl. 
His  son  -^NEAS  (Y.  C.  1780),  assist,  surgeon 
Revol.  army  1780-3,  afterward  a  merchant  of 
N.  H.,  d.  there  22  Aug.  1852,  a.  89.  —  Thacher. 

Murat,  Prince  Charles  Louis  Napo- 
leon AciiiLLE,  son  of  the  king  of  Naples,  b. 
Paris,  Jan.  21, 1801 ;  d.  in  Jefferson  Co.,  Fla., 
Apr.  15,  1847.  After  the  expulsion  of  his 
family  from  Italy,  Prince  Murat  resided  in 
Austria  until  1821,  when  he  removed  to  the 
U.S.,  and  settled  in  Florida.  He  m.  a  grand- 
niece  of  Washington,  and  wrote  "  A  Moral 
and  Political  View  of  the  U.  S.,"  1832; 
"America  and  the  Americans,"  1849. 

Murdoch,  James  Edward,  elocutionist 
and  comedian,  b.  Phila.  25  Jan.  1811.  He 
made  his  debut  upon  the  Phila.  stage  in  1829 ; 
first  appeared  in  the  Tremont  Theatre,  Boston, 
in  Aug.  1836;  and  at  the  Park  Theatre,  N.Y., 
in  1838,  as  Benedick,  in  "Much  Ado  about 
Nothing;"  and  in  1840-1  was  manager  of 
the  Chestnut-st.  Theatre,  Phila.  He  played 
at  the  Haymarket,  London,  in  1856.  In  1858 
he  bought  a  farm  in  Lebanon,  O.  He  has 
played  in  the  principal  theatres  of  the  U.S., 
and  excels  in  genteel  comedy ;  he  is  also  dis- 
ting.  as  an  elocutionist ;  and,  in  conjunction 
with  Wm.  Russell,  pub.  "  Orthophony,  or  Cul- 
ture of  the  Voice,"  12mo,  Boston,  1845.  Dur- 
ing the  Rebellion,  Mr.  Murdock  devoted  him- 
self to  the  care  of  the  sick  and  wounded  sol- 


diers, and  gave  entertainments  all  over  the  coun- 
try in  aid  of  the  Sanitary  Commission,  serving 
for  a  while  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Rousseau. 

Murdock,  James,  D.D.  fH.U.  1819), 
Cong,  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Westbrook,  Ct., 
Feb.  16,  1776;  d.  Columbus,  Mpi.,  Aug,  10 
1856.  Y.C.I797.  Of  Scotch-Irish  descent.  He 
was  left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  14.  He  stud- 
ied theology  under  Timothy  Dwight ;  for  a 
short  time  was  preceptor  of  Hopkins  gram- 
mar-school. New  Haven,  and  also,  for  one  year, 
of  Oneida  Acad.  Licensed  to  preach  in  Jan. 
1801 ;  ord.  ministerof  Princeton,  Ms.,  June  23, 
1802;  in  1815  he  became  prof,  of  ancient  lan- 
guages in  the  U.  of  Vt. ;  and  from  1819  to 
1828  was  prof,  of  sacred  rhetoric  and  eccles. 
hist,  in  the  And.  Theol.  Sem.  In  1829  he 
removed  to  New  Haven.  While  at  Andover, 
he  pub.  two  discourses  on  the  Atonement.  He 
pub.  a  translation  from  the  German  of  Muen- 
scher's  "  Elements  of  Dogmatic  History  "  in 
1830;  a  translation  of  Mosheim's  "Eccles. 
Hist.,"  accomp.  by  notes,  3  vols.  8vo,  1832; 
and  "  Sketches  of  Moral  Philos.,"  1842  ;  a 
literal  translation  of  the  New  Test.,  from  the 
Paschito  Syriac  version  ;  and  a  translation, 
from  the  Latin,  of  Mosheim's  "Commentaries 
on  the  Affairs  of  the  Christians  before  the 
Time  of  Constantino  the  Great,"  8vo,  N.Y. 
2  vols.  1 852.  Pres.  of  the  Ct.  Acad,  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  vice-pres.  of  the  Ct.  Philolog. 
Society,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Amer. 
Oriental  Society.  A  notice  of  him  is  in 
"Brief  Memoirs  of  the  Class  of  1797,"  by 
Thos.  Day  and  James  Murdock. 

Murphy,  Henry  Crude,  politician  and 
author,  b.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  3  July,  1810,  Col. 
Coll.  1830.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1833;  prac- 
tised in  Brooklyn  ;  was  city  atty. ;  mayor  in 
1842;  M.C.  1843-9;  member  of  the  State 
Const.  Conv.  in  1846;  minister  to  Holland  in 
1 857-61 ;  and,  since,  a  member  of  both  branches 
of  the  State  legisl.  In  early  life  he  was  a  con- 
trib, to  the  Amer.  Quarterly  Revieio  and  other 
periodicals.  He  has  written  much  in  illustra- 
tion of  the  early  Dutch  history  of  N.Y.  For 
the  N.Y,  Hist,  Colls,  he  translated  De  Vrie's 
"Voyages  from  Holland,  1632-44," and  "  Broad 
Advice  to  the  United  Netherland  Provinces ; " 
"  Anthology  of  New  Netherland,  or  Transla- 
tions from  the  Early  Dutch  Poets  of  N,Y,, 
with  Memoirs,"  1865.  In  1868  he  pub.  a 
transl.  of  a  Journal  of  a  Voyage  to  N.Y.  in 
1679-80.  — See  Notice  in  Democ.  Rev.  xxi.  78  ; 
Duyckinck. 

Murphy,  John,  gov.  of  Ala.  1825-9,  b. 
S.C.  1786;  d.  Clark  Co.,  Ala.,  Sept.  21,  1841. 
S.C.  Coll.  1808.  He  was  clerk  of  the  senate 
of  S.C.  ;  and  M.C.  from  Ala.  in  1833-5. 

Murrah,  Pendleton,  gov.  Texas  1863-5 ; 
b.  Ala. ;  d.  Monterey,  Mex.,  23  Sept.  1865. 
Brown  U.  1848. 

Murray,  Com.  Alexander,  senior  officer 
of  the  U.S.N.,  b.  Chestertown,  Md.,  1755;  d. 
at  his  seat  near  Phila.  Oct,  6,  1821.  His 
grandfather,  who  settled  in  Barbadoes,  was  an 
adherent  of  the  Pretender;  and  his  father  was 
a  physician.  He  went  to  sea  early,  and  com. 
a  vessel  in  the  European  trade  at  the  age  of  18. 
App.  a  lieut.  in  the  Revol,  navy  at  21 ;  and,  no 
vsesel  being  in  readiness  to  receive  him,  he 


MXTR 


648 


MlUR 


served  in  Smallwood's  Md.  regt.  at  White 
Plains,  Flatbush,  and  N.Y. ;  was  made  a  capt., 
and  served  bravely  to  the  close  of  the  campaign 
of  1777.  About  the  time  of  the  evacuation  of 
New  York,  he  was  severely  injured  by  the 
bursting  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  in  a  battery  at 
which  he  was  stationed.  He  com.  at  different 
periods  several  letters-of-marque,  and  in  a 
number  of  well-fought  naval  actions  exhibited 
intrepidity  and  skill.  Having  been  captured 
by  an  English  fleet,  and  soon  afterwards  ex- 
changed, he  volunteered  his  services  as  a  lieut. 
on  board  the  frigate  "Trumbull,"  which,  after 
clearing  the  capes  of  Delaware,  and  during  a  ter- 
rible storm  at  night,  was  attacked  and  taken 
by  two  British  vessels  of  war.  In  this  san- 
guinary engagement  Murray  behaved  with  die- 
ting, gallantry,  and  was  severely  wounded.  On 
his  recovery  and  exchange,  he  was  selected  as 
first  lieut.  of"  The  Alliance  "  frigate,  com.  Bar- 
ry. He  was  in  13  battles  in  the  army  and  navy. 
When  our  govt,  organized  a  navy,  he  was  com- 
missioned capt.  (July  1,  1798) ;  the  com.  of  the 
corvette  "  Montezuma,"  20  guns,  was  given 
him ;  and  he  subsequently  com.  the  frigates 
"Insurgent"  and  "Constellation."  Being 
despatched  with  a  squadron  to  the  Mediterra- 
nean in  1842,  his  ship,  while  alone,  was  at- 
tacked by  a  squadron  of  Tripoline  gunboats, 
which  he  drove  into  their  own  harbor. 

Murray,  Alexander,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Pa.,  Jan.  2,  1818.  Midshipm.  Aug.  22,  1835  ; 
lieut.  Aug.  12,  1847;  com.  July  16,  1862; 
capt.  July  25,  1866;  commo.  1871.  Engaged  at 
Tabasco,  Tuspan,  and  Vera  Cruz,  and  slightly 
wounded  at  Alvarado,  during  the  Mexican 
war;  in  coast  survey  1846-9  and  1857-9; 
com.  steamer  "Louisiana,"  N.A.B.  squad., 
1861-2;  at  repulse  of  rebel  steamer  "York- 
town,"  off  Newport  News,  Sept.  1861  ;  battle 
of  Roanoke  Island,  Feb.  8,  1862;  destruction 
of  Lynch's  fleet,  Feb.  10,  and  battle  of  New- 
born, Feb.  14,  1862  ;  engaged  with  Wise's  di- 
vision, battle  of  Winton,  N.  C,  1862;  com. 
naval  forces  at  battle  of  Kinston,  N.C.,  and  at 
repulse  of  Hill's  forces  from  Newbern,  N.C. ; 
com.  naval  exped.  up  the  York  and  Pamunkey 
Rivers,  destroying  27  vessels,  in  May,  1862; 
on  special  duty  in  the  sounds  of  N.C.  1863  ; 
com.  steamer  "  Augusta,"  special  service,  1866- 
7. —  Hamersly. 

Murray,  James,  a  British  gen. ;  d.  June, 
1794.  He  was  5th  son  of  the  4th  Lord  Eli- 
bank;  was  made  lieut-col.  15th  Foot,  Jan.  5, 
1751  ;  served  with  Wolfe  in  the  exped.  against 
Rochefort;  Jan.  5,  1758,  was  made  col.  in 
America  in  the  exped.  against  Louisburg, 
where  he  com.  the  2d  brigade ;  was  junior  briga- 
dier under  Wolfe  at  Quebec  in  1759,  com- 
manding the  3d  brig,  on  the  Plains  of  Abraham ; 
was  app.  gov.  of  Quebec,  Oct.  23,  1759;  was 
commissioned  col.  com.  1st  batt.  Royal  Amer- 
ican regt.  Oct.  24;  maj. -gen.  July,  1762  ;  gov. 
of  Quebec,  Nov.  21,  1763,  to  1766;  col.  13th 
Foot,  Dec.  1767;  lieut. -gen.  May  25,  1772; 
lieut.-gov.  of  Minorca  in  1774;  gov.  1778; 
gen.  1783;  gov.  of  Hull  1785;  and  col.  21st 
Fusileers,  June  5,  1789.  Though  defeated  by 
De  Levis  in  the  second  battle  of  Quebec,  yet  by 
his  courage  and  ability  he  held  Quebec  until 
aid  arrived  from  Eng.     Gen.  Murray  was  sub- 


sequently disting.  for  his  gallant  though  un- 
successful defence  of  Minorca,  in  1781,  against 
De  Crillon. 

Murray,  James,  a  partisan  officer  in  the 
service  of  the  E.I.  Co.,  b.  Exeter,  R.I.,  ab.  1765 ; 
d.  1806.  In  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  his 
family,  he  went  to  sea  in  early  life,  changing 
his  name  (Lillibridge)  to  that  of  Murray.  In 
1790  he  entered  the  service  of  Holkar,  the  fa- 
mous Mahratta  chief,  and  soon  became  noted 
for  his  bravery  and  military  skill.  Incurring  the 
displeasure  of  Holkar  by  his  humanity  to  some 
British  officers,  after  15  years'  service  he  aban- 
doned him,  and,  raising  a  large  force,  occupied 
as  a  sovereign  a  large  dist.  When  the  war 
broke  out  between  the  British  govt,  and  Sciu- 
dia,  Murray  joined  Lord  Lake  with  a  liody  of 
7,000  cavalry,  and  was  employed  by  him  in  many 
dangerous  and  important  services.  At  the 
siege  of  Bhurtpore  he  was  in  continual  action, 
and  attained  the  character  of  being  the  best 
partisan  officer  in  the  army.  At  the  close  of 
the  war,  having  acquired  a  large  fortune,  he  de- 
termined to  return  to  America.  At  a  splendid 
entertainment  given  by  him  a  few  days  before 
his  intended  departure  from  Calcutta,  he 
mounted  a  favorite  Arabian  horse  to  leap  over 
the  dining-table, — a  feat  which  he  had  often 
performed  for  the  entertainment  of  his  guests; 
but  the  horse,  having  his  feet  entangled  in  the 
carpet,  tlirew  his  rider,  who  died  from  his  inju- 
ries soon  after.  He  was  the  best  horseman  in 
India,  and  unrivalled  in  the  use  of  the  broad- 
sword. 

Murray,  James,  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
a  dissenting  divine  and  author;  d.  Eng.  1782. 
Author  of  "  History  of  the  American  War,"  4 
vols.  8vo,  London,*  July  29,  1778;  "Sermons 
to  Asses,"  12mo ;  and  "A  Historv  of  the 
Churches  of  England  and  Scotland,  3  vols. 
Svo,  1771. 

Murray,  John,  the  founder  of  Universalisra 
in  Amer.,  and  an  eloquent  preacher,  b.  Alton, 
Hampshire,  Eng.,  Dec.  10,  1741 ;  d.  Boston, 
Ms.,  Sept.  3,  1815.  His  pious  parents,  who 
brought  him  up  strictly,  removed  with  him  to 
Cork,  Ireland,  in  1752.  He  early  became  a 
convert  to  Methodism,  and  an  occasional 
preacher  in  Wesley's  connection.  Returning 
to  Eng.  ab.  1760,  he  adopted  Universalism ; 
emig.  to  the  U.S.  in  1770;  and  preached  in 
N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  subsequently  in  Newport, 
Boston,  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  and  other  places  in 
New  Eng.,  where  his  doctrines  occasionally 
subjected  him  to  violence.  He  resided  in 
Gloucester,  Ms.,  in  1774,  and  was  ordered  to 
depart  on  suspicion  of  being  a  British  emissary ; 
but,  through  the  exertions  of  his  friends,  he  was 
enabled  to  remain  and  preach.  In  the  spring 
of  1775  he  was  chaplain  of  the  R  I.  brigade  be- 
fore Boston  ;  but  a  severe  illness  terminated  this 
connection,  and  he  returned  to  Gloucester, 
where  he  was  established  over  a  society  of 
Universalists.  He  took  part  in  the  first  Uni 
versalist  convention  at  Oxford,  Ms.,  1785,  and 
for  a  number  of  years  was  a  delegate  to  the 
gen.  convention  of  that  body.  In  1788  he 
visited  Eng. ;  and  in  1793  was  installed  over  a 
society  in  Boston,  where  he  passed  the  rest  of 
his  life.  He  published  3  vols,  of  Letters,  and 
Sketches  of  Sermons.  1812-13:  and  wrote  an 


3VITJR 


649 


MITJS 


Autobiography,  of  which  the  8th  edition  was 
pub.  in  1860,  i2mo,  Boston.  His  widow,  Ju- 
dith Sargent,  sister  of  Winthrop  Sarirent,  a 
native  of  Cape  Ann,  d.  Natchez,  Mpi.,  June  6, 
1829,  a.  69.  She  wrote  "  The  Repository  and 
Gleaner,"  3  vols.  1798,  over  the  nom  de  plume 
"  Constantia ;"  also  poetical  essays,  signed 
"  Honoria  Martesia,"  in  the  Boston  Weekly 
Maqazine. 

Murray,  John,  Presb.  minister,  b.  Antrim, 
Ireland,  22  May,  1742;  d.  Newburyport,  Ms., 
13  Mar.  1793.  Educated  at  Edinburgh.  He 
came  to  Araer.  in  1763  ;  settled  first  as  a  pas- 
tor at  Phila.  ;  from  1767  to  1779  in  Boothbay, 
;Me. ;  and  from  4  June,  1781,  till  his  d.,  at  New- 
buryport. Such  was  his  eloquence,  that  a  full 
company  was  raised  for  the  Revol.  army  in 
two  hours  after  his  address  for  that  purpose. 
He  acquired  great  ascendency  over  the  people 
of  his  district  by  his  powers  as  a  preacher  and 
his  patriotic  activity.  In  Aug.  1777  he  held  a 
corresp.  with  Cora.  Collier  about  an  exchange 
of  prisoners.  He  pub.  3  sermons  on  Justifica- 
tion, 1780;  3  sermons  on  the  Original  Sin  im- 
puted, 1791. 

Murray,  Lindley,  grammarian  and  au- 
thor, b.  Swetara,  near  Lancaster,  Pa.,  1745  ;  d. 
near  York,  Eng.,  Feb.  16,  1826.  His  father, 
who  removed  to  New  York  in  1753,  was  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  a  mer- 
chant. The  son,  after  receiving  a  good  educa- 
tion, studied  law  ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1 766, 
and  soon  after  married.  His  limited  practice 
was  temporarily  interrupted  by  a  visit  to  Eng. ; 
but,  on  his  return  to  New  York  in  1771,  he  re- 
newed it  with  more  success.  Mr.  Murray's 
religious  principles  preventing  him  from  tJiking 
part  in  the  Revol.  struggle,  he  retired  to  Islip, 
L.I.,  and  employed  his  leisure  in  an  abortive 
attempt  to  make  salt.  The  bar,  at  this  period, 
holding  out  little  prospect,  he  became,  like  his 
father,  a  general  merchant  in  N.Y.  City,  and 
with  such  success,  that  he  was  enabled,  near  the 
close  of  the  war,  to  retire  from  business  with  a 
handsome  competency.  In  1784  he  made  a 
second  voyage  to  Eng.  for  his  health,  and  pur- 
chased a  small  estate  at  Holdgate,  about  a  mile 
from  York,  upon  which  he  resided  till  his  death. 
In  1787  he  pub.  a  tract  entitled  "  The  Power  of 
Religion  on  the  Mind,"  which  passed  through 
1 7  editions.  His  next  work,  and  that  by  which 
he  is  principally  known,  was  his  "  English 
Grammar,"  first  pub.  in  1795 ;  succeeded  by  his 
"English  Exercises "  and  "  Key,"  an  abridg- 
mentof  which  treatises  was,  in  1797,  pub.  in 
one  volume.  His  other  writings  are  "  The 
English  Reader,"  with  an  introduction  and  se- 
quel ;  "  The  Eng.  Spelling-Book ;  "  a  new  edi- 
tion of  his  Grammar,  Exercises,  and  Key,  in 
2  8vo  vols. ;  a  selection  from  Home's  "  Com- 
mentary on  the  Psalms ;  "  and  "  The  Duty  and 
Benefit  of  Reading  the  Scriptures."  He  wrote 
a  memoir  of  his  own  life,  pub.  after  his  decease, 
with  a  continuation  by  Elizabeth  Frank,  York, 
1826.  His  bro.  John,  Jun.,  philanthropist  of 
N.Y.,  b.  3  Aug.  1758,  d.  4  Aug.  1819. 

Murray,  Nicholas,  D.D.  (Wms.  Coll. 
1843),  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Ballynaslow, 
Ireland,  25  Dec.  1802;  d.  Elizabethtown,  N.J., 
4  Feb.  1861.  Wms.  Coll.  1826.  He  came  to 
the  U.S.  in  1818,  and  was  apprenticed  in  the 


printing-house  of  Harper  &  Bros.  He  studied 
theology  at  Princeton,  N.  J.  ;  was  settled  pastor 
of  a  Presb.  church  in  Wilkcsbarre,  Pa.,  in 
1829  ;  and  from  June,  1833,  to  his  death,  was 
pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Elizabethtown,  N  J. 
Moderator  of  the  Presb.  Gen.  Assembly  (O.S.) 
in  1849.  In  1853,  and  again  in  1860,  he  visited 
Europe.  His  "  Letters  to  Archbishop  Hughes," 
under  the  signature  of"  Kirwan,"  pub.  in  1847, 
controverting  with  shrewdness  and  ability  some 
of  the  doctrines  and  practices  of  the  R.C. 
Church,  were  extensively  reprinted  in  other 
lands,  and  gave  him  considerable  reputation. 
He  also  pub.  "  Notes,  Historical  and  Biog., 
concerning  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,"  1844  ;  "  Ro- 
manism at  Home,"  1852;  "Men  and  Things 
as  I  saw  them  in  Europe  in  1853  ;  "  "  Parish 
and  other  Pencillings,"  1 854 ;  "  Happy  Home," 
1859;  "Preachers  and  Preaching,"  1860; 
"  American  Principles,  and  National  Prosperi- 
ty ;  "  and  a  series  of  Letters  to  the  N.  Y.  Observ- 
er during  his  last  visit  to  Europe.  A  posthu- 
mous vol.  of  his  sermons,  entitled  "A  Dying 
Legacy,"  was  pub.  1861.  An  interesting  me- 
moir of  Murray  is  in  a  vol.  of  Memoirs  by 
S.  I.  Prime. 

Murray,  Rev.  William  Hen.  Harrison, 
Cong,  clergyman,  b.  Guilford,  Ct.,  26  Apr. 
1840.  Y.C.  1862.  Licensed  to  preach  in  1863, 
he  officiated  several  years  in  Greenwich  and 
other  places  in  Ct.  Since  Nov.  1868  he  has 
been  pnstor  of  Park-st.  Church, Boston.  Author 
of  "  Camp-Life  in  the  Adirondack  Mountains," 
1868  ;  "  Music-hall  Sermons,"  1870.  Eminent 
as  a  pulpit-orator  and  a  lyceum-lecturer. 

Murray,  William  Vans,  diplomatist  and 
orator,  b.  Md.  1762;  d.  Dec.  11,  1803,  at  his 
seat  in  Cambridge,  Md.  Receiving  a  classical 
education,  he  went  to  Lond.  after  the  peace  of 
1783,  and  studied  law  in  the  Temple.  The  ob- 
servations of  Price,  Turgot,  and  Mably,  sug- 
gested his  pamphlet  on  "  The  Constitutions 
and  Laws  of  the  U.S.,"  which  was  much  com- 
mended. He  returned  to  Md.  ab.  1785,  and 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  the  law.  Member 
of  the  Md.  legisl.,  and  of  Congress  in  1791-7. 
His  name  is  conspicuous  in  the  legislative  an- 
nals of  that  period,  few  equalling  him  in  elo- 
quence, or  the  other  qualifications  of  a  member 
of  a  deliberative  assembly.  App.  by  Washing- 
ton minister-plenipo.  to  the  Batavian  repub- 
lic, he  restored  the  harmony  which  had  been 
interrupted  by  the  influence  of  France,  and  was 
app.  by  Pres.  Adams  sole  envoy-extraordinary 
to  the  French  republic.  Judge  Ellsworth  and 
Gov.  Davie  were  afterwards  assoc.  with  him. 
Mr.  Murray  assisted  in  making  the  convention 
which  was  signed  at  Paris,  Sept.  30,  1 800,  be- 
tween America  and  France  ;  then  returned  to 
his  station  as  minister  resident  at  the  Hague, 
and  in  Dec.  1801  to  his  own  country. 

Musgrave,  Sir  Thomas,  5th  hart.,  a 
British  gen.,  b.  1738  ;  d.  Dec.  31, 1812.  Capt. 
64th  Regt.  1759;  brev.  major  1772;  lieut.-col. 
40th  Regt.  Aug.  28, 1 776 ;  col.  and  aide-de-camp 
to  the  king  1782;  brig.-gen.  in  Amer.  1782; 
maj.-gen.  1790;  gen.  1802.  lie  was  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Pel  ham  Manor,  Oct.  18,  1776. 
At  the  battle  of  Germantown,  Oct.  4,  1777,  he 
saved  the  day  by  throwing  himself  with  5  com- 
panies into  Chew's  stone  house,  where  he  sue- 


m:tjs 


650 


Njh..a- 


cessfully  held  the  Araer.  forces  at  bay  until  the 
repulsed  British  columns  could  rally  ;  and  the 
Americans  were  compelled  to  abandon  the  field 
on  which  they  came  so  near  success. 

Muspratt,  Susan  Webb,  well  known  to 
the  theatrical  world  as  Miss  Susan  Cushman, 
particularly  famed  for  her  delineation  of 
Juliet;  b.  Boston,  Mar.  17,  1822;  d.  Liver- 
pool, Eng.,  May  II,  1859.  Younger  sister  of 
Miss  Charlotte  Cushman:  m.,  1st,  N.  M.  Mer- 
riman  of  Boston,  Mar.  14,  1836;  2d,  Prof.  J. 
S.  Muspratt  of  the  Liverpool  Royal  Coll.  of 
Chemistry,  Mar.  22,  1848.  She  first  appeared 
upon  the  stage  in  N.Y.  City  in  1837,  and,  after 
a  brilliant  career  of  10  years'  acting  in  Europe 
and  America,  retired  from  the  stage  in  Liver- 
pool in  1847. 

Mussey,  Reuben  Dimond,  M.D.,  LL.D. 
(Dartm.  Coll.  1854),  surgeon,  b.  Pelham,  N.H., 
June  23,  1780;  d.  Boston,  June  21,  1866. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1803;  Phila.  Med.  School  1809. 
He  practised  in  Salem  from  1809  to  1814  ;  was 
prof,  of  physic  at  Dartm.  from  1814  to  1819, 
and  of  anatomy  and  surgery  until  in  1838  he 
became  prof,  of  surgery  in  the  Ohio  Med.  Coll. 
He  resigned  in  1852,  and  until  1860  was  prof, 
of  surgery  in  the  Miami  Med.  Coll. ;  he  then 
settled  in  Boston,  and  pub.  "  Health,  its  Friends 
and  its  Foes."  In  1830  he  proved  what  Sir 
Astley  Cooper  had  said  was  impossible,  —  that 
intra-capsular  fractures  could  be  re-united.  He 
was  the  first  to  tie  both  carotid  arteries.  In 
1837  he  removed  the  entire  shoulder-blade  and 
collar-bone  of  a  patient  suffering  from  osteo 
surcoma,  —  the  first  operation  of  the  kind  on 
record.  He  was  an  early  laborer  in  the  temper- 
ance cause,  and  applied  the  same  principle  to 
articles  of  diet.      Pres.  of  the  N.H.  Med.  Soc. 

Muter,  George,  chief  justice  of  Ky. ;  d. 
May  9,  1811.  App.  in  1777  lieut.-col.  of 
Marshall's  Va.  Art.  Regt.,  Revol.  army. 

Mutis,  Don  Jose  Celestino,  Spanish 
botanist  and  physician,  b.  Cadiz  1732 ;  d.  1808, 
leaving  unfinished  his  "  Flora  of  New  Grana- 
da," —  a  most  valuable  work.  He  brcame  prof, 
of  anatomy  at  Madrid  in  1757;  and  in  1760 
accomp.  the  Spanish  viceroy  to  S.  Amer.  as* 
his  physician,  and,  devoting  himself  to  scientific 
explorations,  was  the  first  to  distinguish  the 
various  species  of  cinchona,  the  different  prop- 
erties of  which  he  has  described  in  his  "  Historia 
de  los  Arboles  del  Quina."  App.  in  1790  director 
of  the  Royal  Acad,  of  Nat.  Hist,  at  Santa  Fe'. 

Muy,  Jean  Baptiste  Louis  Philippe 
DE  Felix,  Comte  du,  a  French  gen.,  b.  Olieres, 
Dec.  25,  1751  ;  d.  Paris,  in  June,  1820.  He 
entered  young  into  the  service,  and  in  1775 
received  from  his  uncle.  Marshal  Du  Muy,  sec. 
of  war,  the  com.  of  the  regt.  of  Soissonnais. 
Succeeding  to  the  title  of  his  father,  Oct.  10, 
1775,  he  made,  at  the  head  of  his  regiment, 
three  campaigns  of  the  American  war,  1780-2, 
and  disting.  himself  at  Yorktown.  Made  mare- 
chal-de-camp  in  1788;  served  in  1792  in  the 
Army  of  the  South,  being  named  gen.  of  divis- 
ion ;  in  1795  was  insp.-gen.  of  art.  in  the  Array 
of  the  North  ;  served  in  Egypt;  was  captured 
by  the  English  while  on  his  return  to  France ; 
was  soon  afterwards  exchanged ;  made  the  cam- 
paign of  1 806  against  the  Prussians  and  Rus- 
sians ;  disting.  himself,  and  obtained  the  govt. 


of  Silesia.  In  Jan.  1811  he  was  elected  to  the 
senate  ;  com.  the  2d  military  division  at  Mar- 
seilles in  1812-14,  and  was  called  to  the  cham- 
ber of  peers  in  1815. 

Myers,  Albert  J.,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  N.Y.  Geneva  Coll.  1847.  M.D.  U.  of 
Buffalo,  1851.  Assist,  surgeon  U.S.A.  Sept. 
1854;  maj.  and  chief  signal-officer  U.S.A. 
July,  1860;  aide  to  Gen.  McDowell  at  Bull 
Run;  com.  signal  corps,  Army  of  Potomac; 
col.  signal  corps.  Mar.  1863;  introd.  study 
of  railit.  signals  at  West  Point,  1863  ;  chief 
sig.  off.  div.  W.  Mpi.  May,  1864;  brev.  lieut.- 
col.  for  services  at  Hanover  C.  H.,  Va.  ;  col. 
for  Malv.  Hill,  and  brig.-gen.  for  dist.  services 
in  the  signal  cori)s,  especially  Oct.  5,  1864,  in 
saving  by  timely  signals  the  post  and  garrison 
of  Allatoona,  Ga.  Author  of  "Manual  of 
Signals  for  U.S.A.  and  Navy,"  1868.—  Henri/. 

Myers,  Peter  Hamilton,  novelist, 
member  of  the  Brooklyn  bar;  b.  Herkimer, 
N.Y.,  Aug.  1812.  He  has  written  "  The  First 
of  the  Knickerbockers,  a  Tale  of  1673,"  1848  ; 
"  The  Young  Padrone,  or  Christmas  in  1690," 
1849 ;  "  The  King  of  the  Hurons,"  1850,  rcpuh. 
in  Eng.  as  "  Blanche  Montaigne  ;  "  and  "  The 
Prisoner  of  the  Border,  a  Tale  of  1838,"  1857. 
He  has  also  written  5  prize  tales,  for  3  of  which 
("Bell  Brandon,"  "The  Miser's  Heir,"  and 
"  The  Van  Veldons  ")  he  received  prizes  of 
$200  each.  In  1841  he  delivered  a  poem  on 
science  before  the  Englessian  Society  of  Hobart 
Free  College. 

Nack,  James,  poet,  b.  N.Y.  City  ab.  1807. 
Deaf  and  dumb  in  consequence  of  an  accident 
in  childhood.  Author  of  "  The  Legend  of  the 
Rock,  and  other  Poems,"  1827  ;  "  Earl  Rupert, 
and  other  Poems,"  with  a  memoir  of  Nack  by 
P.  M.  Wetmore,  12mo,  1839 ;  "  The  Immortal, 
and  other  Poems,"  1850;  "Poems,"  1852,  with 
introd.  by  Geo.  P.  Morris ;  also  translations 
from  the  Dutch,  German,  and  French.  His 
"Minstrel-Boy  "  is  autobiographical.  — AUibone. 

Nadal,  Bernard  H.,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Meth. 
clergyman  and  scholar,  b.  Md.  1815;  d.  Madi- 
son, N.  J.,  20  June,  1870.  Dick.  Coll.  Joining 
the  Baltimore  conf.  in  1835,  he  preached  in 
Md.,  Va.,  and  Del.,  afterwards  in  Washington, 
Phila.,  Brooklyn,  and  N.  Haven ;  became  a 
prof,  in  Asbury  (Ind.)  U.  ab.  1850;  was  for 
one  session  chaplain  to  Congress ;  and  on  the 
organization  of  the  Drew  Theol.  Sem.  became 
prof,  of  church  history,  and,  on  the  death  of 
Dr.  McClintock,  acting  pres.  While  in  Ind. 
he  pub.  "  Essays  upon  Church  History  "  in 
the  Meth.  Quart.  Review,  which  marked  him  as 
one  of  the  ablest  writers  of  his  denomination. 
He  was  a  forcible  writer,  and  a  chief  contrib. 
to  the  Methodist. 

Naglee,  Gen.  Henry  Morris,  b.  Phila. 
Jan.  15,  1815.  West  Point,  1835.  He  sei-ved 
a  few  months  in  the  5th  Inf.;  was  a  civil 
engineer  until  the  Mexican  war,  in  which  he 
served  as  capt.  1st  N.  Y.  Vols. ;  afterward  en- 
gaged in  commercial  pursuits  in  San  Francisco, 
where  he  is  now  (1870)  a  banker;  14  May, 
1861,  he  was  made  lieut.-col.  16th  Inf. ;  resigned 
Jan.  10,  1862;  brig.-gen.  vols.  Fel).  4,  and 
joined  Hooker's  div.  on  the  Lower  Potomac ; 
on  the  Peninsula  he  com.  the  1st  brigade, 
Casey's  div.,  at  Williamsburg  and  Fair  Oaks, 


NJS.G- 


651 


ISTEA. 


where  he  was  wounded ;  in  Oct.  he  was  attached 
to  Kcyes's  army  corps  at  Yorktown,  Va.,  of 
which  he  was  made  military  gov. ;  com.  div. 
dcpt.  of  N.C.  and  dcpt.  of  South  1863;  com. 
7th  army  corps  July  Aug.  1863 ;  mustered  out 
4  Apr.  1864. 

Naglee,  Gen.  James,  b.  Pa. ;  d.  Pottsville, 
Pa.,  Aug.  22,  1866.  Capt.  1st  Pa.  Vols, 
during  the  Mexican  war;  and  in  Apr.  1861 
became  col.  6th  Pa.  (3  months)  Vols.,  serving 
at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run ;  as  col.  48th  Pa. 
fought  gallantly  at  South  Mountain,  where  he 
com.  a  brigade  in  Sturgis's  div.  of  Burnside's 
corps;  made  brig.-gcn.  Sept.  10,  1862;  maj.- 
gen.  29  Nov.  1862.     Res.  May  9,  1863. 

Narvaez  (nar-va-gth'j,  Pamphilo  de,  a 
Spanish  adventurer,  b.  Valladolid,  and  went 
to  America  soon  after  its  discovery.  He  served 
under  Esquibal,  gov.  of  Jamaica,  and  was  in 
1520  com.  of  the  unsuccessful  exped.  sent 
against  Cortes  by  Velasquez,  gov.  of  Cuba ; 
ho  was  defeated,  and  made  prisoner  by  Cortes 
at  Zamprala.  He  sailed  in  Apr.  1528  with 
400  men,  intending  to  establish  a  colony  in 
Fla. ;  discovered  the  Bay  of  Pensacola,  and 
having  marched  into  the  country,  where  he 
passed  nearly  6  months,  embarked  with  his  men 
in  boats  of  their  own  manufacture,  and  perished 
in  a  storm  near  the  moutli  of  the  Mpi.  in  Sept. 
Four  survivors  of  this  exped.  succeeded,  after 
extraordinary  hardships,  in  reaching  Mexico 
by  land  in  1536. 

Nash,  Abner,  statesman,  b.  Prince  Edward 
Co.,  Va. ;  d.  N.Y.  Dec.  2,  1786.  At  an  early 
age  he  went  to  Newbern,  N.C.,  Avhere  he 
studied  and  practised  law  many  years ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Prov.  Congress  in  Aug.  1774,  of  the 
council  in  1775,  and  of  the  Congress  and 
com.  that  formed  the  State  constitution  in  1776 ; 
member  of  the  house  of  commons  in  1777-8 ; 
speaker  of  the  Senate  in  1779 ;  gov.  from  1780 
until  the  spring  of  1781,  when  he  resigned; 
again  a  member  of  the  Assembly  in  1782-5, 
he  was  sent  by  that  body  a  delegate  to  Con- 
gress in  1782-4  and  1785-6.  Both  his  health 
and  property  were  sacrificed  to  his  country. 
His  first  wife  was  the  widow  of  Gov.  Arthur 
Dobbs.  Bro.  of  Gen.  Francis,  and  father  of 
Judge  Frederick  Nash. 

Nash,  Gen.  Francis,  bro.  of  Abner;  d. 
Oct.  7,1777.  While  clerk  of  the  Superior  Court 
for  Orange  Co.,  N.C.,  he  was  a  capt.  under 
the  Crown,  and  served  under  Gov.  Tryon 
against  the  regulatora  at  the  battle  at  Alla- 
mance,  in  1771 ;  member  of  the  Prov.  Congress 
at  Hillsborough,  Aug.  21, 1775 ;  and  was  app. 
by  that  body  a  lieut.-col.  in  the  Continental 
service;  in  Feb.  1777  he  was  made  a  brig.-gen. 
by  Congress;  joined  Gen.  Washington,  and 
com.  a  brigade  at  the  battles  of  the  Brandy- 
wine,  Sept.  11,  and  Germantown  Oct.  4  of  the 
same  year,  where  he  was  mortally  wounded. 

Nash,  Frederick,  jurist,  b.  Newbern, 
N.C.,  Feb.  9, 1781 ;  d.  Hillsborough,  N.C.,  Dec. 
4,  1858.  N.  J.  Coll.  1799.  Son  of  Gov. 
Abner.  Studied  law ;  represented  Newbern  in 
the  h.  of  commons  in  1804-5 ;  removed  to  Hills- 
borough in  1808 ;  represented  Orange  Co.  in  the 
legisl.  in  1814-15,  and  Hillsborough  in  1827-8; 
was  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  in  1818-26, 
and  in  1836-44,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the 


supreme  bench,  which  he  occupied  till  his 
death. 

Nash,  Simeon,  b.  S.  Hadley,  Ms.,  1804. 
Arab.  Coll.  1829.  Began  to  practise  law  at 
Gallipolis,  0.,  1833;  in  Ohio  Senate  1839  and 
'41;  member  const,  convent.  1850;  elected 
judge  7th  dist.  1851.  Author  of  "Digest  of 
Ohio  Reports,"  8vo,  1853;  "Pleading  and 
Practice  under  the  Civil  Code,"  8vo,  1856; 
contrib.  to  Western  Law  Journal. 

Nason,  Rev.  Elias,  b.  Wrentham,  Ms., 
Apr.  21,  1811.  Brown  U.  1835.  His  boy- 
hood was  passed  at  Hopkinton,  a  portion  of  it 
at  the  celebrated  "  Frankland  Place,"  the  his- 
tory of  which  he  has  written.  He  has  devoted 
much  time  to  the  study  of  music  and  the  lan- 
guages. In  1836  he  lectured  on  the  Southern 
flora,  in  the  South;  in  1837  pub.  the  Georgia 
Cotfner  in  Augusta ;  then  taught  the  acad.' at 
Waynesborough,  Ga. ;  in  1840-9  was  a  teacher 
in  Newburyport ;  was  licensed  to  preach  in 
1849;  and  has  been  pastor  of  Cong,  churches 
at  Natick,  Medford,  and  Exeter,  N.H.  He  has 
pub.,  besides  sermons,  and  collections  of  music, 
Lives  of  Sir  Charles  H.  Frankland  (1868)  and 
Susanna  Rowson  (1870)  ;  and  Eulogies  on 
Lincoln,  Everett,  and  Gov.  Andrew,  delivered 
bcf.  the  N.  E.  Hist,  and  Geneal.  Soc.  Boston. 
His  Lives  of  Frankland,  Rowson,  and  of  Rev. 
Nathaniel  Howe,  are  good  specimens  of  anti- 
quarian biography.  He  has  been  editorially 
connected  with  the  N.E.H.  and  G.  Reg.,  and  is 
a  popular  lecturer.  —  Duyckinck. 

Nast,  Thomas,  artist,  b.  Landau,  Bavaria, 
1840.  Son  of  a  musician  in  the  Bav.  army, 
who  brought  him  to  the  U.S.  in  1846.  The 
only  art-instruction  he  received  was  in  draw- 
ing for  6  months  with  Kaufman.  At  15  he  be- 
gan drawing  for  an  illust.  paper,  and  made  mon- 
ey enough  to  enable  him  to  visit  Europe  in  1 860. 
In  1862  he  began  his  remarkable  series  of  illus- 
tration for  Harper's  Weekly.  In  1 866  he  de- 
signed a  series  of  grotesques  for  the  hat  d'opera, 
each  of  which  was  a  palpable  hit.  Among  his 
best  eiforts  are  his  "  Union  Advance  arriving 
at  a  Plantation,"  "  The  Chicago  Platform," 
"  Compromise  with  the  South,"  and  "Amphi- 
theatrura  Johnsonianum."  His  best  pictures 
are  of  an  allegoric-political  character,  and  evince 
both  originality  and  power. 

Nauman,  George,  lieut.-col.  U.S.A.,  b. 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  7  Oct.  1802;  d.  Phila.  Aug.  II, 
1863.  West  Point,  1823.  Disting.  in  battle  of 
Wahoo  Swamp,  Fla. ;  capt.  4  Feb.  1837  ;  brev. 
maj.  for  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo,  Apr.  18, 1847 ; 
brev.  lieut.-col.  for  the  battles  of  Contreras  and 
Churubusco,  Aug.  20, 1847;  wounded  in  battle 
of  Chapultepec;  maj.  3d  Art.  Dec.  24,  18.53  ; 
lieut.-col.  1st  Art.  July  23,  1861. 

Neagle,  John,  portrait-painter,  b.  Boston, 
Nov.  4,  1799;  d.  Phila.  1865.  Apprenticed  to 
a  coach-painter  in  Phila.,  he  began  taking  like- 
nesses there  in  1818.  In  1826  his  "Patrick 
Lyon,  the  Blacksmith,"  gave  him  reputation. 
He  ra.  a  dau.  of  Sully  the  painter  in  1820.  He 
was  8  years  pyes.  of  the  Artists'  Fund  Soc.  of 
Phila.  Among  his  portraits  are  Washington 
in  Independence  Hall,  Phila.,  Gilbert  Stuart, 
Mrs.  Wood  as  Amina,  Mathew  Carey,  Henry 
Clay,  Dr.  Chapman,  and  Com.  Barron. 

Neal,   Daniel,   historian  and  divine,   h 


N-E-A. 


652 


nSTEI 


Lond.  Dec.  U,  1678;  d.  Bath,  Eng.,  Apr.  4, 
1743.  P'ducated  at  Rowe's  dissenting  school, 
and  at  the  U.  of  Utrecht ;  and  from  1 706  till 
his  death  was  minister  of  a  cong  in  London. 
In  1720  he  puh.  a  "  History  of  New  England," 
2  vols.  8vo.  His  most  considerable  work,  "  The 
History  of  the  Puritans,"  appeared  in  1732-8 
in  4  vols.,  and  is  highly  creditable  to  his  abili- 
ties. It  has  been  replied  to  by  Warburton, 
Maddox,  and  Grey,  whose  objections  were  an- 
swered by  Toulmin  in  a  new  edition  of  the 
work  in  1797.  He  also  wrote  "A  Narrative 
of  the  Method  and  Success  of  inoculating  for 
th€  Small-Pox  in  New  England,"  8vo,  1722, 
which  led  to  an  interview  with  the  Prince  and 
Princess  of  Wales.  An  edition  of  "  The  Hist, 
of  the  Puritans,"  revised  and  enlarged,  with 
notes  by  J.  0.  Choules,  was  pub.  in  two  vols. 
8vo,  1844. 

Neal,  John,  author  and  poet,  b.  Portland, 
Me.,  Aug.  2.5,  1793.  Brought  up  in  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends,  at  25  he  received  his  dis- 
missal from  that  body.  At  the  age  of  12  he 
was  a  shop-boy  in  Portland ;  a  few  years  later, 
he  taught  drawing  and  penmanship  in  the  prin- 
cipal towns  of  Maine.  In  1814-15  he  was  a 
dry -goods  joblier  in  Boston  and  New  York; 
then  established  himself  in  Baltimore  as  a 
wholesale  dealer  in  partnership  with  John  Picr- 
pont;  failed  in  1816;  studied  law;  but  deter- 
mined to  support  himself  by  his  pen,  and  wrote 
for  the  Portico  several  years  ;  in  1 81 7  he  pnb.  his 
first  novel,  "  Keep  Cool ;  "  in  1818  "  The  Battle 
of  Niagara,  Goldau,  and  other  Poems;"  in  1819 
"  Otho,  or  the  Bastard,"  a  5-act  tragedy ;  and 
about  the  same  time  he  assisted  in  writing  "  The 
History  of  the  American  Revolution,"  by  Paul 
Allen.  Adm.  to  the  Md.  bar  in  1819;  pre- 
pared an  index  to  *'  Niles's  Register "  of  50 
vols,  in  1823;  pub.  "  Seventy-six,"  "Logan," 
"Randolph,"  and  "Errata,"  written  severally, 
according  to  Iiis  own  account,  in  periods  of  from 
27  to  30  days.  He  went  to  Eng.  in  Jan.  1 824  ; 
wrote  for  Blackwood's  Mag.  and  other  periodi- 
cals, and  resided  with,  Bentham  during  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  his  career  in  Eng.  After 
a  brief  visit  to  Paris  and  the  Continent  in  1827, 
he  returned  to  America.  He  settled  at  Port- 
land ;  was  an  active  contrib.  to  various  periodi- 
cals and  newspapers,  a  practitioner  in  the  courts 
of  law,  and  a  public  lecturer;  and  also  estab- 
lished gymnasiums,  and  gave  lessons  to  large 
classes  in  sparring  and  fencing.  He  gave  up 
his  profession  in  1850.  His  chief  productions 
are  "  Brother  Jonathan,"  3  vols.  Lond.  1825; 
"Rachel  Dyer,"  1828;  "  Bentham's  Morals 
and  Legislation,"  1830;  "Authorship,  aTale," 
1833  ;  "  The  Down-Easters,"  2  volumes,  1833  ; 
"One  Word  More,"  1854;  "True  Woman- 
hood, a  Tale,"  1859 ;  and"  Wandering  Recollec- 
tions of  a  somewhat  Busy  Life,"  1870. 

Neal,  Joseph  Clay,  humorist,  b.  Green- 
land, N.H.,  Feb.  3,  1807 ;  d.  Phila.  July  18, 
1 847 .  James,  his  father,  was  minister  of  Green- 
land. Joseph,  after  several  years'  residence  in 
Portsmouth,  Avent  to  Phila.  in  1831 ;  became 
editor  of  the  Pennsylvanian ;  ancl,  after  a  tour 
in  Europe  and  Africa  for  his  health  in  1841-2, 
assumed  in  1844  the  editorship  of  the  Saturdai/ 
Gazette,  which  he  continued  till  his  death.  He 
was  remarkable  for  humor  and  caustic  satire. 


His  first  humorous  compositions  were  "The 
City  Worthies,"  a  series  of  sketches  which  ap- 
peared in  the  Pennsi/lvanian.  In  1837  he  pub. 
"  Charcoal  Sketches,"  reprinted  in  London  un- 
der the  auspices  of  Charles  Dickens;  in  1844 
he  pub.  "  Peter  Ploddy  and  other  Oddities," 
and  subsequently  a  new  series  of  "  Charcoal 
Sketches." 

Neale,  Leonard,  D.D.,  R.  C.  archbishop 
of  Baltimore,  b.  Md.  1746;  d.  Georgetown, 
D.C.,  June  18,  1817.  Conscc.  coadjutor  to 
Archb.  Carroll,  Dec.  7, 1800 ;  succeeded  him  as 
archbishop  in  1815. 

Neale,  Rollin  Hebek,  D.D.  (B.U.  1850), 
b.  Southington,  Ct.,  Feb.  23,  1808.  Col.  Coll., 
Wash.,  1829.  Pastor  First  Bapt.  Ch.,  Boston, 
since  1838.  Author  of  "  The  Burning  Bush," 
and  occasional  sermons  and  discourses. 

Neckere,  Leo  de,  D.D.,  R.  C.  bishop  of 
New  Orleans,  consec.  1829;  d.  Sept.  4,  1833. 

Needhara,  Francis,  Earl  of  Kilmorey, 
a  British  gen.,  b.  Apr.  15,  1748;  d.  Nov.  21, 
1 832.  Cornet  1 8th  Dragoons  1 762 ;  capt.  1 7th 
Dragoons,  May  1774;  served  through  the  Amcr. 
war,  and  was  present  at  the  blockade  of  Bos- 
ton, the  actions  in  the  Jerseys,  White  Plains, 
]\Ionmouth,  Germantown,  Elizabethtown,  in 
Va.,  and  finally  at  Yorktown  on  its  surrender. 
App.  in  1793  aide-de-camp  to  the  king,  and  col. 
in  the  array;  in  1794  adj. -gen.  to  Lord  Moira 
in  the  exped.  to  the  coast  of  France ;  served 
during  the  Irish  rebellion,  and  Avas  present  at 
the  battle  of  Vinegar  Hill;  maj.-gen.  1795; 
lieut.-gcn.  1802;  gen.  1812;  and  received  the 
patent  of  his  earldom  in  1822. 

Neely,  Henry  Adams,  D.D. ,Pr.-Ep.  bish- 
op of  Me.  (consec.  25  Jan.  1867),  b.  Favette- 
ville,  N.Y.,  May,  1830.  Hob.  Coll.  1849';  tu- 
tor there  1849-51.  Ord.  deacon  19  Dec.  1852, 
and  assist,  rector  of  Calvary  Church,  Utica; 
ord.  priest  18  June,  1854,  having  in  Mar.  1854 
become  rector.  Rector  of  Christ  Church,  Roch- 
ester, from  Oct.  1, 1855,  to  the  autumn  of  1862, 
when  he  became  1st  chaplain  of  Hob.  Coll ; 
two  years  later,  he  became  assist,  min.  of  Trin. 
Ch.,  N.  y.  City,  with  the  full  pastoral  care  of 
Trin.  Chapel.  He  m.  in  1858  Mary,  dau.  of 
John  Delafield  of  Geneva. 

Negley,  Gen.  James  S.,  b.  East  Liberty, 
Alleghany  Co.,  Pa.,  Dec.  26,  1826.  Enlisting 
as  a  private  in  the  1st  Pa.  Regt.,  he  took  part 
in  the  siege  of  Pucbla,  the  battle  of  Ccito  Gor- 
do, and  other  engagements  in  the  Mexican  war, 
and  afterward  applied  himself  to  agriculture 
and  horticulture.  He  com.  a  brigade  of  State 
militia  when  the  civil  war  began,  and  aided  in 
organizing  and  disciplining  volunteers.  He 
com.  a  brigade  under  Patterson  on  the  Upper 
Potomac;  was  made  brig.-gen.  vols.  Oct.  1, 
1861  ;  served  under  Gen.  O.  M.  Mitchell  in 
Northern  Ala. ;  was  afterward  com.  of  the  8th 
division  of  Buell's  Army  of  the  Ohio,  and  sta- 
tioned at  Nashville,  Tenn. ;  Oct.  7, 1862,  he  de- 
feated at  Lavergne  a  Confed.  force  under  An- 
derson and  Forrest ;  and  took  part  in  the 
bloody  battle  of  Stone  River,  receiving  for  his 
gallantry  the  grade  of  maj.-gen.  Nov.  29,  1862; 
at  Chickamauga  he  held  the  position  of  Owen's 
Gap  Sept.  19-20,  1863.  M.C.  1869-71  from 
Pittsburg. 
Neill,  Rev.  Edward  Duffield,  sec.  of 


NE3I 


653 


NKH, 


the  Minn.  Hist.  Soc,  h.  Phila.  1823.  U.  of  Pa. 
and  Amh.  Coll.  Son  of  Henry  Neill,  M.D., 
of  Phila.  From  Apr.  1849  a  Presb.  divine  at 
St.  Paul,  Minn.  Sec.  to  President  Johnson 
1867-8 ;  now  (1871 )  consul  at  Dublin.  Author 
of  "Annals  of  the  Minn.  Hist.  Soc.,"  8vo,  1856 ; 
"Hist,  of  Minnesota,"  8vo,  1858;  "Hist,  of 
the  Virginia  Comp.,"  1869;  "Fairfaxes  of 
England  and  Amer.,"  1868;  " Eng.  Coloniza- 
tion of  Amer.  during  the  17th  Century,"  1871; 
"  Terra  Marine,  or  Threads  of  Md.  Colonial 
Hist."  Contrib.  to  Bibliotheca  Sacra  and  Pres- 
hytermn  Quarterly  Review. 

I^eiU,  William,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll.  1812),  b. 
near  Pittsburg,  1779;  d.  1860.  KJ.  Coll. 
1803  ;  tutor  there  until  Oct.  1805.  Minister 
at  Cooperstown,  N.  J.,  Get.  1805-Sept.  1809; 
at  Albany,  Sept.  1809-Sept.  1816;  at  6thProsb. 
Phila.  Sept.  1816-24;  pres.  Dick.  Coll.  1824- 
9 ;  sec.  and  gen.  agent  Presb.  Board  of  Educ. 
1829-31 ;  minister  of  Germantown,  Pa.,  1831- 
42 ;  afterward  a  resident  of  Phila.  Author  of 
"Lects.  on  Bibl.  Hist.,"'  1846;  "Exposition  of 
the  Epistle  to  the  Ephesians,"  1850;  "Divine 
Grigin  of  the  Christian  Religion,"  1854;  "Min- 
istry of  50  Years,  with  Anecdotes  and  Remi- 
niscences," 8vo,  1857.  Dr.  N.  edited  the  Presb. 
Ma(].  for  some  years,  and  contrib.  to  religious 
periodicals.  —  AlUbone. 

Neilson,  Col.  John,  Revel,  oilicer,  b.  near 
N.  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  March  11,  1745;  d.  there 
Mar.  3,  1833.  Educated  in  Phila.  and  a  mer- 
chant in  N.  BrunsAvick  in  1769-75.  He  raised 
a  company  in  1775 ;  was  app.  col.  Aug.  31  of 
a  rcgt.  of  minute-men,  and  was  actively  en- 
gaged in  repelling  British  inroads  until  Sept. 
18,  17S0,  when  he  was  made  dcp.  qmr.-gen.  for 
N.J.  Early  in  1777  he  planned  and  success- 
fully executed  the  surprise  of  a  British  post  at 
Bennett's  Island.  Member  Old  Congress  1778- 
9 .  In  the  N.  J.  convention  to  ratify  the  Federal 
Constitution,  Col.  N.  was  its  zealous  and  influ- 
ential advocate. 

Nelson,  Albert  Hobart,  judge,  b.  Mil- 
ford,  Ms.,  March  12,  1812;  d.  McLean  Asy- 
lum, Somerville,  Ms.,  June  27,  1858.  H.U. 
1832.  Son  of  Dr.  John  Nelson.  Adm.  to  the 
bar,  he  practised  law  in  Concord  until  1842, 
when  he  removed  to  Wobum,  and  had  his  office 
in  Boston.  He  was  .several  years  dist.  atty.  for 
Middlesex  and  Essex;  Slate  senator  1848-9;  in 
1 855  one  of  the  exec,  council ;  and  a  few  months 
afterward  was  app.  chief  justice  of  the  Superior 
Court. 

Nelson,  David,  M.D.,  clergyman,  b.  near 
Jonesboroiigh,  Tenn.,  Sept.  24,  1793;  d.  Oak- 
land, 111.,  Oct.  17,  1844.  Wash.  Coll.,  Va., 
1810.  He  studied  medicine  in  Danville,  Ky., 
and  the  Phila.  Med.  School.  As  surgeon  of  a 
Ky.  regt.,  he  went  to  Canada  in  the  war  of  1812. 
On  his  return  he  was  found  nearly  dead  of  fa- 
tigue and  hunger  by  his  relative  Col.  Allen. 
Returning  from  infidelity  to  his  first  religious 
convictions,  he  forsook  a  lucrative  professional 
career  to  become  a  Presb.  minister ;  and  was 
licensed  to  preach  Apr,  1825.  He  preached  3 
years  in  different  parts  of  Tenn.,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  the  publication  of  the  Calvinistic 
May.  In  1828  he  succeeded  his  bro.  Samuel 
as  pastor  of  the  Presb.  church  in  Danville, 
Ky. ;  in  1830  he  removed  to   Mo.,  and   was 


greatly  instrumental  in  establishing  a  college 
in  Marion  Co..  of  which  he  became  first  pres. 
In  1836  Dr.  Nelson,  who  was  a  warm  emanci- 
pationist, owing  to  a  disturbance  growing  out 
of  the  .slavery  question,  removed  to  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Quincy,  III.,  and  established  an  in- 
stitute for  the  education  of  young  men  as  mis- 
sionaries. This,  like  the  former  institution, 
failed,  partly  from  Dr.  Nelson's  want  of  busi- 
ness qualificiUions.  Author  of  "  Cause  and 
Cure  of  Infidelity,"  which  has  passed  through 
many  editions;  besides  many  contributions  to 
the  public  journals  of  the  day.  —  Sprague. 

Nelson,  Hugh,  minister" to  Spain  in  1823, 
b.  Va.  ;  d.  Albemarle  Co.  Mar.  18,  1836. 
Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  1785-90.  He  had  been 
speaker  of  the  house  of  delegates  of  Va. ; 
judge  of  the  Gen.  Court;  and  M.C.  1811-23. 

Nelson,  Capt.  John,  a  patriotic  citizen  of 
Ms,,  who  headed  the  party  that  took  prisoner 
Gov.  Andros  in  1689.  Was  a  near  relative  to 
Sir  Thos.  Temple.  Hutchinson  tells  us  that 
he  was  not  allowed  any  share  in  the  subsequent 
govt.,  on  account  of  his  being  an  Episcopalian. 
While  on  a  trading-voyage  to  Nova  Scotia,  he 
was  taken  by  the  French,  and  imprisoned  in 
Quebec.  While  there,  he  wrote  a  letter,  dated 
Aug.  26,  1692,  to  the  court  of  Ms.,  which  gave 
particular  information  of  the  designs  of  the 
French,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  sent 
to  France,  where  he  remained  in  prison  two 
years.  Having  found  means  to  inform  Sir 
Purbeck  Temple  of  his  condition,  a  demand 
was  soon  after  made  for  his  release  or  exchange. 
The  immediate  effect  of  this  was  his  transfer 
to  the  Bastille  as  a  person  of  consequence ;  but 
he  was  finally  discharged,  and  returned  to  his 
family  after  an  absence  of  10  or  11  years.  Sav- 
age says  he  d.  prob.  4  Dec.  1721.  —  Eliot. 

Neison,  John,  lawyer,  b.  Frederick,  Md., 
1791;  d.  1860.  AVm.  and  Mary  Coll.  1811. 
M.C.  1821-3  ;  charg€  d'affaires  to  the  Two  Si- 
cilies 1831-3;  U.S.  atty. -gen,  Jan.  2,  1844,  to 
Mar.  5,  1845  ;  A.M.  of  N.  J.  Coll.  1825. 

Nelson,  Joseph,  LL.D.  (Rutgers  Coll. 
1805),  the  blind  prof  of  Latin  and  Greek  in 
Rutgers  Coll.,  N.Y. ;  d.  1830,  a.  46.  Col. 
Coll,  1804.  Such  was  his  power  of  memory, 
that  he  was  an  excellent  teacher. 

Nelson,  Robert,  Revol,  patriot,  and  chan- 
cellor of  Va. ;  d.  Malvern  Hills,  Va.,  Aug.  4, 
1818,  a,  65.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  1769.  He 
was  the  last  of  5  bros.  of  whom  Gov.  Thos. 
was  the  eldest,  all  of  whom  disting.  themselves 
by  their  zeal  and  their  sacrifices  for  their  coun- 
try. Robert  and  Wm.  were  captured  by  Tarle- 
ton  in  June,  1781.  Prof,  of  law  in  Wm.  and 
Mary  Coll.  1813-18. 

Nelson,  Gen.  Roger,  Revol,  soldier,  and 
M.C.  from  Md.  1804-10;  d.  Frederick  town, 
June  7,  1815.  At  the  battle  of  Camden  he 
received  several  severe  wounds,  and  was  left  on 
the  field.  After  the  war  he  studied  and  prac- 
tised law  with  success.  Many  years  in  the 
Va.  legisl.,  and  from  1810  to  1815  was  judge 
of  the  Upper  Dist.  of  Va. 

Nelson,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (Mid,  Coll,  and 
Gen.  Coll,),  jurist,  b.  Hebron,  N.Y.,  Nov.  10, 
1792.  Mid.  Coll.  1813.  Of  Irish  descent. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  of  N.Y.  in  1817;  practised 
successfully  in  Cortland  Co, ;  delegate  to  the 


NEXj 


654 


NJffiS 


State  Const.  Conv.  of  1821  ;  and  postmaster  of 
Cortland  ;  judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  1823-31, 
of  the  State  Supreme  Court  1831-7  ;  chief  jus- 
tice ia37-45  ;  app.  judge  U.S.  Supreme  Court, 
Feb.  14,  1845. 

Nelson,  Thomas,  Revol.  statesman  and 
soldier,  b.  York  Co.,  Va,,  Dec.  26,  1738;  d. 
there  Jan.  4,  1789.  His  father  Wm.,  many 
years  pres.  of  the  council  (d.  Nov.  19,  1772,  a. 
60),  sent  him  in  his  14th  year  to  Cambridge, 
Eng.,  where  he  was  educated  at  Trinity  Coll. 
While  on  his  way  home,  he  was  elected,  though 
scarce  21 ,  a  member  of  the  house  of  burgesses. 
In  his  24th  year  he  m.,  and  settled  at  Yorktown, 
where  his  family  possessed  valuable  estates. 
Member  of  the  first  convention  at  Williams- 
burg, in  Aug.  1774;  in  1775  he  was  again  a 
member  of  the  prov.  convention;  and  in  July 
he  was  app.  col.  of  the  2d  Va.  Regt.,  which  he 
resigned  upon  being  elected  to  the  Cont.  Con- 
gress. A  conspicuous  member  of  the  conven- 
tion which  in  May,  1776,  framed  a  constitution 
for  the  State ;  and,  July  4,  signed  the  Decl.  of 
Indep.  He  resigned  his  seat  in  Congress  in 
May,  1777  ;  in  Aug.  was  app.  com.-in-chicf 
of  the  State  forces,  and  soon  after  raised  a 
troop  of  cavalry,  with  which  he  repaired  to 
Phila.  Resuming  his  duties  in  the  Icgisl.,  he 
strongly  opposed  the  proposition  to  sequestrate 
British  property,  on  the  ground  that  it  would 
be  an  unjust  retaliation  of  public  wrongs  on 
private  individuals.  Again  in  Congress  in 
Feb.  1779,  he  was  again  obliged  by  indisposi- 
tion to  resign.  In  May,  however,  he  was  sud- 
denly called  upon  to  organize  the  militia  to  re- 
pel a  marauding  exped.  of  the  enemy.  A  loan 
of  $2,000,000  being  called  for  by  Va.  in  June, 
1780,  Gen.  Nelson,  on  his  personal  security, 
raised  a  great  portion  of  the  loan.  He  also 
advanced  money  to  pay  2  Va.  regts.,  ordered 
South,  which  had  refused  to  march  until  their 
arrears  were  discharged.  His  ample  fortune  was 
now  so  seriously  impaired,  that  he  was  involved 
in  pecuniary  embarrassments  in  the  latter  part 
of  his  life.  From  June  until  Nov.  1781  he 
was  gov.  of  the  State,  opposing  the  enemy, 
who  were  ravaging  the  State,  with  all  the  mi- 
litia he  could  muster.  At  the  siege  of  York- 
town,  where  he  com.  the  Va.  militia,  he  again 
displayed  his  disinterested  patriotism  by  direct- 
ing that  his  own  splendid  mansion,  the  sup- 
posed headquarters  of  Lord  Cornwallis,  should 
be  boml)arded.  His  services  and  those  of  his 
troops  were  highly  commended  in  General  Or- 
ders, Oct.  20,  1781.  With  an  impaired  con- 
stitution, he  passed  the  rest  of  his  days  in  retire- 
ment. He  d.  so  poor,  that  his  remaining  pos- 
sessions were  sold  to  pay  his  debts.  His  statue 
is  one  of  the  6  placed  around  the  Washington 
Monumentat  Richmond, Va.  Twoof  his  bros. 
were  officers  of  the  Revol.  army,  —  Maj.  John 
and  Wm.  (maj.  7th  Va.  Regt.  Feb.  29,  1776). 

Nelson,  Thomas  H.,  diplomatist,  b.  Ma- 
son Co.,  Ky.,  ab.  1824.  Bro.  of  Gen.  Wm. 
Removed  early  in  life  to  Rockville,  and  subse- 
quently to  Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  where  he  has 
been  prominent  in  law  and  in  politics.  An 
advocate  and  debater  of  great  address  and 
power,  and  one  of  the  founders,  in  the  West,  of 
the  Repub.  party.  Minister  to  Chili  1861-6; 
minister  to  Mexico  since  March,  1869. 


Nelson,  William,  chancellor;  d.  Wil- 
liamsburg, Va.,  Mar.  8,  1813,  a.  53.  Wm. 
and  Mary  Coll.  1776-81.  Prof,  of  law  there 
in  1804-13. 

Nelson,  Gen.  William,  b.  Maysville, 
Ky.,  1825;  d.  Louisville,  Ky.,  Sept.  29,  1862. 
Bro.  of  Thomas,  minister  to  Chili.  Entering 
the  navy  in  1840,  he  com.  a  naval  battery  at 
the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  afterward  served 
in  the  Mediterranean.  Promoted  to  master  in 
1854,  and  lieut.  in  1855;  in  1858  he  was  or- 
dered to  "  The  Niagara"  when  she  carried  back 
to  Africa  the  negroes  taken  from  the  slaver 
"  Echo."  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  he 
was  on  ordnance-duty  at  Washington ;  pro- 
moted to  licut.-com.,  and  detailed  to  command 
the  gunboats  on  the  Ohio,  he  was  soon  detached 
from  this  duty,  placed  under  the  authority  of 
the  sec.  of  war,  and  ordered  to  Ky.  He  organ- 
nized  camp  "  Dick  Robinson,"  between  Gar- 
rardsville  and  Danville,  and  another  at  Wash- 
ington, Mason  Co. ;  was  very  successful  in 
raising  troops ;  and  had  several  contests  with 
the  Confederates  in  Eastern  Ky.  Made  brig.- 
gen.  Sept.  16,  1861 ;  he  com.  the  2d  division  of 
Gen.  Buell's  army  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh  ;  was 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Richmond,  Ky. ;  and 
took  com.  at  Louisville  when  it  was  menaced 
,by  Gen.  Bragg's  army;  maj.-gen.  of  vols.  July 
17,  1862.  lie  was  shot  by  Gen.  Jefferson  C. 
Davis  in  a  personal  quarrel,  occasioned  by  his 
overbearing  disposition,  and  his  harsh  and  un- 
just treatment  of  that  officer. 

Nelson,  Wolfred,  M.D.,  a  Canadian 
physician  and  patriot,  b.  Montreal,  July  10, 
1792  ;  d.  June  17,  1863.  The  son  of  an  Eng- 
lish commissariat  officer.  He  studied  medicine, 
and  began  practice  in  1811  at  St.  Denis  on  the 
Richelieu  River.  During  the  war  of  1812  he 
was  surgeon  of  a  batt.  raised  in  that  dist.  In 
1827  he  represented  Sorel  in  parliament.  Be- 
lieving his  Canadian  countrymen  entitled  to  the 
same  rights  as  their  fellow-subjects  in  Great 
Britain,  he  took  up  arms  in  1837,  the  year  of 
the  rebellion,  and  won  the  victory  of  St.  Denis ; 
but  was  captured,  and  exiled  to  Bermuda.  He 
settled  in  Plattsburg,  N.Y.,  in  1838  ;  but,  when 
the  amnesty  was  declared  in  Aug.  1842,  went 
to  Montreal.  Elected  to  parliament  from 
Richelieu  in  1844,  and  agai^n  in  1845  ;  declin- 
ing a  third  election,  he  was  in  1851  made  insp. 
of  prisons,  becoming  chairman  of  the  board  in 
1859.  He  was  also  pres.  of  the  Coll.  of  Phvs. 
and  Surgeons  for  Lower  Canada,  and  twice 
mayor  of  Montreal.  Robert  his  bro.,  also  a 
physician,  in  1838  led  an  invading  force  into 
Canada,  which  was  speedily  overthrown.  He 
withdrew  to  Cal.,  and  subsequently  practised 
in  New  York. 

Nesmith,  John,  manufacturer,  b.  Lon- 
donderry, N.H.,  Aug.  3,  1793;  d.  Oct.  15, 
1869.  He  began  life  poor;  was  an  apprentice 
in  acountry  store  ;  afterward  went  into  business 
for  himself  with  his  bro.  Thomas,  and,  remov- 
ing to  N.Y.,  built  up  a  lucrative  business.  In 
1831  they  removed  to  Lowell,  Ms.,  and  invested 
largely  in  real  estate  and  in  manufactures.  He 
was  a  large  owner  in  the  Merrimack  Woollen 
Mills  Co.,  and  made  a  large  sum  by  securing  the 
supply  of  water  in  Winnipiseogee  and  Squam 
Lakes  as  reservoirs  for  the  Lowell  mills  in  dry 


NET 


655 


NEW 


seasons.  lie  secured  the  site  where  the  city 
of  Lawrence  now  stands,  and  the  control  of 
the  water-power  there.  Among  his  inventions 
were  those  of  machinery  for  making  wire  fence 
and  shawl-fringe.  He  held  various  offices  in 
the  city  govt,  of  Lowell;  waslieut.-gov.  of  Ms. 
in  1862,  and  U.S.  revenue  coll.  for  the  dist. 
He  was  a  firm  supporter  of  the  temperance 
cause,  and  made  liberal  donations  to  charitable 
and  benevolent  objects. 

Nettleton,  Asahel,  D.D.  (Hamp.  Sid. 
1839),  clergyman,  b.  N.  Killingworth,  Ct.,  Apr. 
21,  1783;  d.  May  16,  1844.  Y.C.  1809.  Hav- 
ing studied  theology,  he  was  licensed  to  preach 
May,  1811  ;  and  in'l817  was  ord.  by  the  South 
Consociation  of  Litchfield  Co.  His  preaching 
was  so  effective,  that  he  gave  up  his  intention 
of  being  a  missionary  ;  and  from  1812  to  1822 
brought  about  revivals  in  32  villages  of  Ct.,  in 
Western  Ms.,  and  the  adjacent  towns  in  N.Y. 
In  1827  he  pub.  a  vol.  of  "  Village  Hymns." 
He  went  to  Va.  for  his  health  in  1827;  re- 
turned in  1829,  and  preached  in  N.  Eng.  and 
N.Y.  until  1831.  In  the  spring  of  that  year 
he  made  a  voyage  to  Eng.,  also  visiting  Scot- 
land and  Ireland.  Returning  in  1832,  he  was 
shortly  after  app.  prof  of  pastoral  duty  in  the 
newly-organized  thcol.  sem.  at  E.  Windsor; 
and,  though  he  did  not  accept  the  office,  he 
took  up  his  residence  in  the  place,  and  lectured 
occasionally  to  the  students.  Dr.  Nettleton's 
sermons  were  chiefly  extemporaneous.  In 
later  life  he  opposed  the  doctrinal  views  of  tlie 
New-Haven  school  of  theology.  —  See  Memoir 
by  Bennett  Tijler,  D.D. ;  Remains  and  Sermons, 
ed.  bi/  Rev.  B.  Tyler,  12mo,  Hartford. 

Neuman,  John  Nepomucene,  D.D., 
R.C.  bishop  of  Phila.  ;  consec.  Mar.  28,  1852; 
b.  Bohemia,  Mar.  28,  1811;  d.  Jan.  5,  1860. 
U.  of  Prague.  Ord.  priest  at  N.Y.  Jan.  25, 
1836  ;  and  subsequently  entered  the  order  of 
the  Most  Holy  Redeemer. 

NeuwiedjOr  Wied,  Maximilian  Alex- 
ander Philippe,  Prince  of,  a  German  natu- 
ralist and  traveller;  b.  Sept.  23,  1782.  He 
held  the  rank  of  maj.-gen.  in  the  Prussian 
army,  and  explored  Brazil  from  1815  to  1817. 
He  pub.  "  Reise  nach  Brasilien,"  2  vols.,  Frank- 
fort, 1819-20  ;  "  Abbildungen  zur  Naturcjeschi elite 
Bfasi/iens,"  Weimar,  1823-31 ;  and  "  Beitruge 
zur  Naturgeschichte  Brasiliens,"  4  vols.,  Weimar, 
1824-33.  He  subsequently  travelled  in  the 
U.S.,  and  wrote  "  Reise  durch  Nordamerika," 
with  81  plates,  2  vols.,  Coblentz,  1838-43; 
Loud.  1843.  He  is  the  uncle  of  the  present 
Prince  Herman  of  Wied. 

Neville,  Edmund,  D.D.,  b.  London.  Ord. 
Prot.-Epis.  Ch.,  Phila.,  1840.  Had  charge  of 
St.  Thomas's  Ch.,  Taunton,  Ms.,  until  1842; 
rector  of  St.  Philip's,  Phila.,  1842-50;  of 
Christ  Ch.,  N.  Orleans,  18.50-2 ;  of  St.  Thomas's 
Ch.,  N.Y.,  1852-6;  returned  in  1856  to  Taun- 
ton ;  and  in  1857  became  rector  of  Trinity  Ch., 
Newark,  N.  J.  Author  of  "  Autumnal  Leaves," 
1845  ;  "  George  Selwood,"  1848  ;  "  Questions 
on  the  Morn,  and  Even.  Services,"  1849  ;  on 
"Nevin's  Bihl.  Antiq.,"  1849  ;  Sermons,  and 
contribs.  to  National  Preacher.  — Allibone. 

Neville,  Gen.  John,  Revol.  soldier,  b.  on 
the  head-waters  of  the  Occaquan,  Va.,  1731 ; 
d.  Montours  Island,  near  Pittsburg,  29  July, 


1803.  He  engaged  in  Braddock's  cxped.  in 
1755;  settled  near  Winchester,  where  he  was 
some  time  sheriff;  was  in  1774  a  dcleg.  from 
Augusta  Co.  to  the  Prov.  Convention;  was 
col.  4th  Va.  Re^t.  in  the  Revol.  war,  and  served 
at  Trenton,  Pnnceton,  Germantown,  and  Mon- 
mouth ;  after  the  war  he  was  a  member  of  the 
exec,  council  of  Pa.,  and,  being  a  U.  S.  insp. 
under  the  excise  law,  was  engaged  in  suppress- 
ing the  Whiskey  Insurrection  in  1794. 

Neville,  Joseph,  Revol.  officer,  and  M.C. 
1793-5,  b.  1730;  d.  Hardy  Co.,  Va.,  4  Mar. 
1819.  Commiss.  to  run  the  boundary-line  be- 
tween Va.  and  Pa.     Brig.-gen.  State  militia. 

Neville,  Morgan,  author,  b.  1786;  d. 
1839.  Son  of  Presley.  He  was  some  time 
editor  of  the  Pittsburg  Gazette;  removed  to 
Cincinnati  ab.  1824;  became  sec.  of  an  ins- 
comp.,  and  contrib.  to  the  periodicals  of  that 
city.  "  Mike  Fink,  the  Last  of  the  Boatmen," 
was  pub.  in  the  Western  Souvenir  for  1829. 

Neville,  Col.  Presley,  Revol.  ofBcer, 
son  of  Gen.  John,  b.  Pittsburg,  1756  ;  d.  Fair- 
view,  O.,  1  Dec.  1818.  U.  of  Phila.  1775. 
He  served  through  the  Revol.  war,  part  of  the 
time  as  aide-de<'amp  to  Lafayette  ;  was  made 
prisoner  at  the  capture  of  Charleston ;  afterward 
brigade  insp.,  and  member  of  the  Assembly;  a 
merchant  of  Pittsburg  in  1792-1818.  He  m.  a 
dau.  of  Gen.  Daniel  Morgan. 

Nevin,  Alfred,  D.D.,  Presb.  divine  of 
Pa.  Jeff.  Coll.  1838.  Author  of  "Spiritual 
Progression;"  "Hist.  Sketch  of  the  Congs.  of 
Franklin  and  Cumberland  Counties,  Pa.," 
12mo,  1853;  "Guide  to  the  Oracles,"  1857. 

Nevin,  John  Williamson,  D.D.,  theo- 
logian, b.  Franklin  Co.,  Pa.,  Feb.  20,  1803. 
Uu.  Coll.  1821.  He  studied  3  years  in  the 
Princeton  Theol.  Sem. ;  was  assist,  teacher  there 
two  years,  during  which  he  wrote  "Biblical 
Antiquities,"  2  vols.,  1828 ;  and  was  licensed  to 
preach  by  the  presbytery  of  Carlisle  in  1828; 
fi-om  1829  to  1839  he  was  assist,  teacher  and 
prof,  of  Hebrew  and  biblical  lit.  at  the  theol. 
sem.  in  Alleghany  City,  and  in  the  meanwhile 
was  ord. ;  in  1833-4  he  edited  the  Friend,  a 
weekly  literary  journal ;  in  1840  he  removed  to 
Mercersburg,  Pa. ;  took  charge  of  the  thcol. 
sem.  there ;  and  from  March,  1841,  to  1853,  was 
pres.  of  Marshal  Coll.  In  1843  he  pub.  "The 
Anxious  Bench,"  and  a  translation  of  Dr. 
SchafTs  "Principle  of  Protestantism,"  with 
an  introduction,  and  a  sermon  on  "  Catholic 
Unity ;  "  in  1846  he  published  "  The  Mystical 
Presence ; "  in  1847  the  "  History  and  Genius 
of  the  Heidelberg  Catechism; "  in  1848  "Anti- 
Christ,  or  the  Spirit  of  Sect  and  Schism ; " 
"  Summary  of  Bible  Antiquities,"  8vo,  Phila. 
1853.  From  Jan.  1849  to  Jan.  1853  he  edited 
the  Mercersburg  Review,  to  which  he  is  still  a 
contrib.  He  resigned  his  professorship  at  the 
close  of  1851,  and  now  resides  near  Lancaster. 
Dr.  Nevin  was  the  originator  and  exponent  of 
the  "  Mercersburg  System  of  Theology." 

New,  Col.  Anthony,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Gloucester  Co.,  Va.,  1747;  d.  near  Elkton, 
Todd  Co.,  Ohio,  2  Mar.  1833.  M.C.  from  Va. 
1793-1805,  when  he  removed  to  Ky. ;  and  was 
M.C.  from  Ky.  1811-13,  1817-19,  and  1821-3. 

Newberry,  J.  S.,  M.D.  (Cleve.  Med.  Coll. 
1348),    LL.D.,    geologist,    b.    Windsor,    Ct. 


ISTE-W 


656 


N"E"W 


W.  Ees.  Coll.  1846.  His  emi:?.  ancestor  went 
in  1635  from  Dorchester,  Ms.,  to  W.  In 
1849-50  he  studied  and  travelled  abroad ;  estab- 
lished himself  in  practice  in  Cleveland  in  1851 ; 
accomp.  as  assist,  surgeon  an^l  geol.  a  U.S. 
surveyor  N.  California  and  Oregon  in  1855; 
and  pub.  a  vol.  on  the  geology,  botany,  and 
zoology  of  that  region ;  explored  with  Lieut. 
Ives  the  Colorado  River  in  1857-8,  and  again 
wi^h  Capr.  Macomb  in  1859.  During  the 
Rebellion  he  performed  much  labor  in  the 
Western  U.S.  Sanitary  Com.  Since  1866 
prof,  of  geology  Col.  Coll.,  N.Y. ;  and  since 
1^69  State  geologist  of  0.  Pie  has  been  pres. 
of  the  Amcr.  Assoc,  for  the  Adv.  of  Science ;  is 
now  (1870)  pres.  of  the  N.Y.  Lyceum  of 
Natural  History,  and  is  a  member  of  many 
learned  societies. 

Newcastle,  Thomas  Pelham  Clinton, 
2d  Duke  of,  b.  July  1752;  d.  May  17,  1795. 
He  entered  the  army  as  ensign  12th  Foot,  Mar. 
1769;  became  capt.  1st  Drag.  Guards,  July, 
1770;  exchanged  into  the  1st  Foot  Guards 
Apr.  1775,  and  came  to  Amcnca,  where  he 
served  as  aide-de-camp  to  his  second  cousin. 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  with  whose  despatches,  an- 
nouncing the  fall  of  Charleston,  S.C.,  he  went 
to  England  in  1780 ;  he  was  shortly  after  made 
a  col.,  and  aide-de-camp  to  the  king;  maj.-gen 
1787 ;  and  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  in  1794. 

Newcomb,  Harvey,  D.D,,  author,  b. 
Thetford,  Vt.,  1803;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Aug. 
30,  1 863.  Removing  to  Alfred,  N.Y.,  in  1818, 
he  taught  school  8  years ;  edited  and  pub.  the 
Western  Star  in  "Westfield,  N.Y.,  1826-8;  edited 
the  Buffalo  Patriot  1828-30,  the  Pittsburg 
Christian  Herald  1830-31  ;  and  for  the  next  10 
years  wrote  Sabbath-school  books.  Licensed 
to  preach  in  1 840,  he  had  charge  of  the  West 
Roxbury  Cong.  Church  in  1841,  and  afterward 
of  those  of  Necdham  and  Grantville ;  in  1 849 
he  was  assist,  editor  of  the  Traveller,  and  1850- 
51  of  the  N.Y.  Observer;  preached  some  time 
at  the  Park-street  Mission  Church,  Brooklyn  ; 
and  in  1 859  took  charge  of  the  church  in  Han- 
cock, Pa.  He  wrote  178  vols.,  mostly  for 
children,  among  them  14  vols,  of  church  his- 
tory; "Young  Ladies' Guide,"  1853;  "Four 
Pillars,  or  the  Truth  of  Christianity  Demon- 
strated," 12mo,  1842;  "  Manners  and  Customs 
of  the  N.A.  -Indians,"  2  vols.  I8mo;  and 
"  Pastor's  Gift."  His  largest  work  was  "  The 
Cyclopaedia  of  Missions,"  8vo,  1855.  He  was 
a  regular  contrib.  to  the  Boston  Recorder  in 
1837-42,  and  to  the  Youth's  Companion  for  a 
much  longer  period ;  he  also  contrib.  to  the 
Puritan  Recorder  and  the  N.  Y.  Evangelist. 

Newell,  Robert  Henry  ("  Orpbens  C. 
Kerr  "),  humorist  and  poet,  b.  N.  Y,  City,  13 
Dec,  1836.  Educated  liberally  with  a  view  to 
a  profession.  After  a  brief  trial  of  mercantile 
life,  he  became  in  1858-9  literary  ed.  of  the 
N.Y.  Mercurij,  to  which  he  contrib.  those  bur- 
lesque and  satirically  fanciful  letters  on  the 
war  of  secession,  under  the  signature  of  Or- 
pheus C.  Kerr  ("office-seeker"),  which  have 
since  appeared  in  4  vols.,  and  which  stamped 
him  as  a  genuine  humorist.  He  relinquished  his 
editorship  in  1863,  and  visited  Cal.  He  has 
also  pub.  "The  Palace  Beautiful,"  a  vol.  of 
serious  and  descriptive  verses  ;    "Avery  Gli- 


bun,"  &c.,  a  romance  in  2  vols. ;  "  The  Cloven 
Foot,"  an  adaptation  of  the  "Mystery  of 
Edwin  Drood,"  1870;  and  "Versatilities,"  a 
coll.  of  poems,  1871.  Now  preparing  a  hu- 
morous and  eccentric  novel  to  be  entitled 
"  The  Thief  of  Time,"  and  contrib.  to  the 
Sunday  issue  of  the  N.  Y.  World  *'  Social 
Studies." 

Newell,  Samuel,  missionary,  b.  Durham, 
Me.,  July  25,  1785  ;  d.  Bombay,  May  30,  1821. 
H.U.  1807.  He  studied  theology  at  Andover. 
Offered  himself  as  a  missionary,  June  27,  1810 ; 
was  ord.  at  Salem  with  Judson,  Nott,  Rice, 
and  Hall,  Feb.  5,  1812;  m.  Harriet,  dau.  of 
Moses  Atwood,  Feb.  9,  1812,  with  whom,  and 
in  company  with  Judson,  he  sailed  for  Calcutta 
two  weeks  later.  Ordered  by  the  Bengal 
govt,  to  leave  on  his  arrival,  he  sailed  to  the 
Isle  of  France,  thence  to  Ceylon,  and  finally, 
in  1817,  joined  Mr.  Hall  at  Bombay.  He  was 
one  of  the  first  of  our  foreign  missionaries,  and 
a  signer  of  the  paper  which  led  to  the  formation 
of  the  A.B.C.F.M.  He  wrote,  with  Mr.  Hall, 
"  The  Conversion  of  the  World,  or  the  Claims 
of  Six  Hundred  Millions,"  Andover,  1818 ;  and 
"A  Memoir  of  Harriet  Newell"  (b.  10  Oct. 
1793,  d.  30  Nov.  1312),  a  memoir  of  whom 
was  also  wi'itten  by  Dr.  Woods. 

Newell,  William  A.,  statesman,  b.  Ohio. 
Rutgers  Coll.  1836.  Adopted  the  medical 
profession,  and  settled  in  N.  J. ;  M.C.  1847-51; 
gov.  of  N.  J.  1857-60;  deleg.  to  the  Bait.  conv. 
1864. 

Newhall,  Isaac,  writer  of  a  volume 
ascribing  the  authorship  of  "  Junius  "  to  Earl 
Temple,  b.  Lynn,  Ms.,  24  Aug.  1782  ;  d.  there 
July  6,  1858.  A  merchant  in  Salem  in  1S12- 
15,  he  afterward  lived  in  Macon,  Ga.,  but 
finally  settled  in  Lynn.  He  was  well  informed 
upon  British  politics  and  literature. 

Newman,  Francis,  gov.  of  New  Haven 
from  1658  until  his  d.  1 8  Nov.  1660;  was  in  1653, 
together  with  several  others,  app.  an  agent  to 
wait  on  Gov.  Stuyvesant  at  Manhadoes,  and 
obtain  satisfaction  for  the  injuries  which  the 
Dutch  had  inflicted  on  the  Colony.  He  had 
previously  been  sec.  of  the  Colony  during  the 
administration  of  Gov.  Eaton ;  assist,  in  1 653  ; 
and  in  1654  and '58  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
of  the  United  Colonies.  Settled  at  N.H.  in  1 638. 

Newman,  Samuel,  first  minister  of  Re- 
hoboth,  b.  Banbury,  Eng.,  1602;  d.  July  5, 
1663.  U.  of  Oxf.  1620.  At  first  a  minister  of 
the  Established  Church.  He  came  to  N.E.  ab. 
1636;  spent  a  year  and  a  half  at  Dorchester, 
ab.  5  years  at  Weymouth;  and  in  1644  re- 
moved to  Rehoboth.  He  compiled  a  "  Con- 
cordance," the  5th  ed.  of  which,  with  consid- 
erable improvements,  was  pub.  Lond.  fol.  1720. 

Newman,  Samuel  P.,  prof,  of  rhetoric 
and  oratory  at  Bowd.  Coll.  1824-39,  b.  An- 
dover, 1796;  d.  Bane,  Ms.,  while  in  charge 
of  the  State  Normal  School,  Feb.  10,  184v>. 
Bowd.  Coll.  1816.  Son  of  Mark.  Pub. 
"  Rhetoric,"  and  a  treatise  on  "  Political  Econ- 
omy," Southern  Eclectic  Readers,  pts.  i.,  ii.,  iii. 

Newnan,  Col.  Daniel,  b.  N.  C. ;  d. 
Walker  Co.,  Ga.,  1851.  App.  licut.  4th  U.S. 
Inf  March,  1799  ;  resigned  Jan.  I,  1802  ;  adj. 
and  insp.-gen.  of  Ga. ;  col.  com.  Ga.  Vols,  in 
two  actions  with  E.  Fla.  Indians,  Sept.  and 


NETV 


657 


ist:o 


Oct.  1812  ;  disting.  in  attack  on  Creek  Indians 
in  Autossee  towns  under  Gen.  Floyd,  Nov.  29, 
1813;  lieut.-col.  com.  Ga.  Vols. "Dec.  1813; 
severely  wounded  in  battle  under  Gen.  Floyd 
with  Creeks  at  Camp  Defiance  Jan.  27, 1814; 
M.  C.  1 8'i  1  -3.  —  Gardner. 

Newport,  Capt.  Christopher,  an  Eng- 
lish navigator,  who  commanded  the  first  suc- 
cessful exped.  for  the  settlement  of  Va.  He 
had  previously  acquired  reputation  in  expeds. 
ajrainst  the  Spaniards  in  the  W.  Indies.  With 
3  vessels  he  set  sail  from  Blackwall,  Dec.  19, 
1606;  Apr.  26,  1607,  they  saw  and  named 
Cape  Henry  and  Cape  Charles  in  honor  of  the 
sons  of  King  James;  landing  Apr.  30,  they 
named  the  spot  Point  Comfort,  having  recent- 
ly experiencel  a  severe  storm.  They  landed 
at  Jamestown,  the  first  permanent  settlement 
effected  by  the  English  in  N.A.,  May  13. 
Newport,  in  June,  returned  to  Eng.  Early  the 
next  year,  he  arrived  opportunely  with  ad-^ 
ditional  settlers  and  supplies.  He  soon  after 
visited  Powhatan  at  Werowocomoco,  accomp. 
by  Capt.  Smith  and  a  party  of  30  or  40  men  ; 
and  next  visited  Opccancanough  at  Pamunkey. 
He  returned  to  Eng.  after  a  delay  of  3  and  a 
half  months,  but  visited  Va.  again  late  in  1608, 
bringing  a  second  supply,  including  presents 
for  Powhatan.  He  subsequently  came  back 
to  Va.  in  the  fleet  convoying  Lord  Delaware 
and  the  new  charter  to  the  Colony,  but  was 
wrecked  at  Bermudas,  where  they  built  a  ves- 
sel, with  which  they  reached  their  destination. 
Before  returning  to  Eng.  for  the  last  time,  he 
attempted,  with  RatclifFe,  to  depose  Smith 
from  the  presidency,  but  was  defeated  in  the  at- 
tempt, and  acknowledged  himself  in  the  wrong. 
Newport's  "  Discoveries  in  Amer."  were  first 
pub.  in  1860,  in  "  Archceologia  Americana," 
vol.  iv.  p.  25,  edited  by  Rev.  E.  E.  Hale. 

Newton,  Gilbert  Stuart,  artist,  b. 
Halifax,  N.S.,  Sept.  2,  1795;  d.  5  Aug.  1835. 
Henry  his  father,  a  loyalist,  left  Boston  in 
1776  ;  became  collector  of  customs  in  Halifax; 
and  d.  1803.  The  son  was  then  brought  to 
Boston  ;  became  the  pupil  of  his  uncle,  Gil- 
bert Stuart;  visited  Italy;  and  in  1817  went 
with  Leslie  to  London.  Social  intercourse 
and  ill-health  limited  his  work,  and  for  several 
years  a  mental  disorder  blighted  and  isolated 
his  life.  He  was  a  good  colorist;  had  humor, 
genius,  and  pathos.  Among  his  works  is  the 
"  Dull  Lecture,"  "  The  Poet  reading  his 
Verses,"  portraits  of  John  Adams  and  Wash- 
ington Irving,  and  scenes  from  "  Gil  Bias  "  and 
Moliere.  —  Tuckerman. 

Newton,  Isaac,  naval  architect,  b.  Scho- 
dack,  N.Y.,  Jan.  10,  1794;  d.  N.Y.  Nov.  22, 
1858.  Son  of  a  Revol.  soldier;  pursued  the 
occupation  of  a  ship-builder ;  and  over  90  ves- 
sels have  been  constructed  under  his  super- 
vision. The  splendid  Hudson-river  boats, 
"  Hendrick  Hudson  "  and  the  "  New  World," 
were  built  by  him  ab.  1851.  —  Hist.  Mag.  iii. 
27. 

Newton,  John,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b. 
Va.  ab.  1820.  West  Point,  1842.  Entering 
the  engr.  corps,  he  was  assist,  prof,  of  eng.  at 
West  Point  1843-6;  1st  lieut.  16  Oct.  1852; 
capt.  1  July,  1856;  maj.  6  Aug.  1861;  brig.- 
gen.  vols.  23  Sept.   1861 ;   maj.-gen.  vols.  30 


Mar.  1863;  lieut.-col.  engrs.  28  Dec.  1865. 
He  was  engaged  in  various  services,  including 
the  Utah  exped.  in  1858;  the  construction  of 
Ft.  Delaware,  and  repair  of  Ft.  Mifflin,  1858- 
61  ;  com.  a  brigade  in  the  Peninsular  camp. ; 
and  engaged  at  Gaines's  Mill  and  Glendale; 
also  at  South  Mountain  and  Antietam,  for 
which  brev.  lieut.-col.  17  Sept.  1862;  com.  a  di- 
vision at  Fredericksburg  and  at  Gettysburg,  for 
which  brev.  col.  3  July,  1863;  com.  1st  corps 
from  2  July,  1863,  to  Dec.  1863  ;  com.  2d  div. 
4th  corps  in  invasion  of  Ga.  May-Sept.  1864; 
and  engaged  at  Rocky-faced  Ridge,  Resaca, 
Dallas,  Kenesaw,  Peach-tree  Creek,  Jonesbor- 
ough,  and  siege  and  capture  of  Atlanta;  com. 
Dist.  of  Key  West  and  Tortugas,  Oct.  1864- 
June,  1865;  brev.  brig.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865  for 
Peach-tree  Creek  and  Atlanta,  Ga. ;  and  brev. 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  for  gallant  and  merit,  services 
during  the  Rebellion. —  CuUum. 

Newton,  John  Thomas,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Va.;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  July  28,  1857. 
Midshipman,  Jan.  16,  1809;  lieut.  July  24, 
1813;  master,  March  3,  1827;  capt.  Feb.  9, 
1837  ;  acting  lieut.  of  "  The  Hornet  "  in  the  ac- 
tion with  "The  Peacock,"  Feb.  24,  1813;  and 
1st  lieut.  in  that  with  "  The  Penguin,"  Mar.  23, 
1815. 

Newton,  Roger  ;  d.  Milford,  Ct.,  Jan.  15, 

1771,  a.  86.  Col.  and  disting.  in  the  expeds.  of 
1709-10;  many  years  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil, and  33  years  judge  of  C.C.P.  In  his  epi- 
taph are  these  lines  :  — 

"  Newton,  as  steel,  inflexible  from  right 
In  faith,  in  law,  in  equity,  in  light." 

Newton,  Thomas,  lawyer,  b.  Eng.  Jan. 
10,  1661  ;  d.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  May  28,  1721. 
He  was  educated  in  Eng.;  was  atty.-gen.  for 
Ms.  Bay  1720-1  ;  dep.  judge  and  judge  of  the 
admiralty  ;  comptroller  of  the  customs ;  «ec. 
of  N.H.  until  1690;  and  for  many  years  one 
of  the  chief  lawyers  of  Boston. 

Nicholas,  Gen.,  Revol.  officer,  b.  Ireland, 
1724;  d.  Alexandria,  Va.,  9  Aug.  1807.  He 
was  a  scholar,  and  translated  from  the  French 
a  work  on  nn'litary  tactics. 

Nicholas,  George,  statesman  and  jurist, 
eldest  son  of  Robert  Carter  N.,  b.  Hanover, 
Va. ;    d.   Ky.  1799.      Wm.    and   Mary    Coll. 

1772.  Was  disting.  during  the  Revol.  in  the 
field  and  in  the  council;  maj.  2d  Va.  Regt. 
1777,  and  afterward  col.;  was  a  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  convention  which  ratified  the  Federal 
Constitution  ;  was  a  member  of  the  house  of 
delegates,  whose  deliberations  he  almost  entirely 
controlled.  Emigrating  from  Va.  in  1790,  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  convention  for 
framing  a  constitution  for  Ky.,  which  met 
April  1, 1792,  at  Danville,  and  of  which  instru- 
ment he  may  be  called  the  author.  He  was 
the  first  atty.-gen.  of  the  State. 

Nicholas,  Robert  Carter,  patriot  and 
statesman,  b.  Va.  1715  ;  d.  at  his  seat  in  Han- 
over, Va.,  1780.  Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  Son  of 
Dr.  George,  who  emig.  to  Va.  ab.  1700,  and  m. 
a  widow,  Mrs.  Burwell,  nde  Carter.  He  was 
named  for  Robert  Carter,  pres.  of  the  council 
in  1726,  and  studied  and  practised  law,  in 
which  he  rose  to  eminence.  While  young  he 
represented  James  City  in  the  house  of  bur- 
gesses, in  which  he  continued  till  the  house  of 


NIC 


658 


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delegates  was  or;ranized  in  1777,  and  sat  in  that 
body,  till,  in  1779,  app.  a  judge  of  the  High 
Court  of  Chancery,  and  consequently  of  the 
Court  of  Appeals.  From  1764  to  1776  he 
was  a  conspicuous  member  of  the  party  of 
which  Bland,  Peyton  Randolph,  and  Pendle- 
ton were  prominent  leaders ;  and  in  1765  voted 
against  the  Stamp-Act  resolutions  of  Henry  ; 
treasurer  of  the  Colony  in  1766-77;  in  1773 
was  of  the  com.  of  corresp ;  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  all  the  conventions,  and  pres.  pro  tempore 
of  that  of  July,  1775.  He  was  a  strong  and 
ready  rather  than  an  eloquent  speaker,  a  sound 
lawyer,  and  a  good  financier.  His  sons,  all 
educated  at  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.,  and  all 
disting.,  were  George,  John  (M.C.  1793- 
1801,  who  afterward  removed  to  N.Y.),  Wil- 
son Cary  (gov.  of  Va.),  and  Philip  Nor- 
BORNE  (many  years  atty .-gen.  of  Va.,  pres.  of 
the  Farmers'  Bank,  member  of  the  convention 
of  1829-30,  and  a  judge  of  the  Gen.  Court).  — 
Grigshi/. 

Nicholas,  Robert  Carter,  U.S.  senator 
1835-41,  b.  Va.;  d.  Terrebonne,  La.,  24  Dec. 
1857.  App.  capt.  20th  Inf.  12  Mar.  1812;  maj. 
12th  Inf.  March,  1813;  lieut-col.  Aug.  1814; 
charge  d'affaires  to  Naples;  subsequently  sec. 
of  state  of  La. ;  and  in  1 851  became  State  supt. 
of  public  instruction. 

Nicholas,  Samuel  Smith,  jurist,  son  of 
George,  b.  Lexington,  Ky.,  1796;  d.  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  27  Nov.  1869.  At  first  a  merchant 
in  N.  Orleans,  afterward  practised  law  in 
Louisville,  Ky.,  with  success,  and  in  Dec. 
1831  was  app.  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals. 
Subsequently  member  of  the  State  legisl. 
Author  of  a  series  of  essays  on  Constitutional 
Law,  and  assisted  in  preparing  the  revised  code 
*  of  Kentucky. 

Nicholas,  Col.  Wilson  Cart,  statesman, 
son  of  Robert  Carter,  b.  Hanover,  Va. ;  d.  Mil- 
ton, Va.,  Oct.  10,  1820.  Wm.  and  M.  Coll. 
An  officer  of  the  Revol.  army;  commanded 
Washington's  Life  Guard  until  its  diSbandment 
in  1 783 ;  and  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
ratified  the  U.S.  Constitution.  He  was  a  dis- 
ting. M.C.  in  1807-9;  U.S.  senator  in  1799- 
1804,  and  ably  supported  the  administration  of 
Jefferson ;  collector  of  the  ports  of  Norfolk  and 
Pt)rtsmouth  in  1804-7;  and  gov.  of  Va.  in 
1814-17.  He  pub.  a  letter  to  his  constituents 
in  1809. 

Nichols,  Edward  T.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Ga. 
Mar.  1, 1822.  Midshipm.  Dec.  14, 1836 ;  lieut. 
Mar.  13, 1850;  com.  July  16, 1862;  -capt.  July 
26,  1866.  Com.  steamer  "Winona,"  W.  Gulf 
block,  squad.,  1861-2;  bombardment- of  Forts 
Jackson  and  St.  Philip ;  received  the  surrender 
of  the  latter  Apr.  28,  1862 ;  at  the  attack  and 
passage  of  Vicksburg  batteries,  June  28,  1862; 
engagement  with  rebel  ram  "  Arkansas  ; " 
bombardm.  and  passage  of  Vicksburg  batteries, 
July  15,  1862;  com.  steamer  "Alabama,"  W. 
I.  squad.,  1 863 ;  steamer  "  Mcndota,"  N.  Atl. 
block,  squad.,  1 864-5 ;  engaged  with  rebel  bat- 
tery at  Four-mile  Creek,  James  River,  June  1 6, 
1 864 ;  chief  of  staff",  Asiatic  squadron,  1 870.  — 
Hamersly. 

Nichols,  Edward  W.,  landscape-painter, 
b.  Orford,  N.H.,  1820;  d.  Peekskill,  N.Y.,  20 
Sept.  1871.     Son  of  a  Baptist  clergyman.    He 


taught  sacred  music  in  N.E. ;  afterward  studied 
law  at  Burlington,  Vt.;  and  subsequently  stud- 
ied art  under  Cropsey  in  N.Y.,  and  for  2  years 
in  Italy.  His  sympathy  with  and  appreciation 
of  the  beauties  of  Nature  eminently  fitted  him 
for  his  profession ;  and  his  pictures  are  highly 
valued  h^  good  judges. 

Nichols,  ICHABOD,  D.D.  (Bowdoin  Coll. 
1821  ;  H.U.  1831),  clergyman,  b.  Portsmouth, 
N.H.,  July  5,  1784;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  Jan. 
2,1859.  H.U.  1802.  After  studying  theology 
at  Salem,  he  was  from  1 805  to  1 809  tutor  in 
mathematics  at  Cambridge;  Jan.  7,  1809,  was 
ord.  assoc.  pastor  with  Rev.  Dr.  Dcane  of  the 
First  Cong.  Church,  Portland,  at  whose  de- 
cease in  1814  he  became  sole  pastor,  continuing 
so  till  1855,  when  he  received  a  colleague,  and 
removed  to  Cambridge.  Several  years  vice- 
pres.  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 
In  his  theology  he  was  a  Unitarian  of  the  con- 
servative school.  He  pub.  in  1 830  a  work  on 
Natural  Theology,  containing  some  original 
views  and  illustrations.  "Remembered  Words 
from  the  Sermons  of  Rev.  I.  Nichols "  ap- 
peared in  Boston,  1860;  "Hours  with  the 
Evangelists,"  2  vols.  1861. 

Nichols,  Mrs.  Mary  Sergeant  Gove 
(NEAL),MD.,b.  Goffstown,N.H.,  1810.  Wide- 
ly known  as  a  practitioner  of  the  water-cure 
system,  and  author  of  "  Lectures  to  Ladies  on 
Anatomy  and  Physiology,"  1 844 ;  under  the 
nom  de  plume  of  "  Mary  Orme,"  "  Uncle  John, 
or  is  it  too  much  Trouble  ?  "  "  Agnes  Norris," 
and  "Eros  and  Anteros,"  "Amer.  Eclective 
Papers"  in  the  Amer.  Review,  and  many  pieces 
in  Godey's  Lady's  Book.  —  See  Mrs.  Hale's 
Woman's  Record. 

Nichols,  Moses,  physician,  and  gen.  of 
militia;  d.Amherst,  N.H.,May,l790,  a.49.  At 
Bennington,  Aug.  17,  1777,  he  commanded  the 
troops  sent  by  Stark  to  attack  the  rear  of  the 
enemy's  left.  He  practised  physic  many  years, 
and  held  various  offices.  His  son  Moses,  phys. 
and  judge,  lived  in  Canada. 

Nichols,  Mrs.  Rebecca  S.,  dan.  of  Dr. 
Reed  of  Greenwich,  N.  J.,  and  wife  of  W.  Nich- 
ols of  Cincin.  Has  pub.  "Bemice,  and  other 
Poems,"  1844;  "Songs  of  the  Heart  and  the 
Hearthstone,"  8vo,  1 852 ;  and  has  contrib. 
verses  to  the  Guest,  a  journal  edited  by  herself, 
and  to  other  periodicals.  Her  earliest  pieces 
appeared  in  the  Louisville  Journal  and  the 
News-Letter,  ab.  1840,  over  the  signature  "El- 
len." A  series  of  sprightly  papers,  under  the 
nom  deplume  "Kate  Cleaveland,  were  contrib. 
by  her  to  the  Cin.  Herald. — See  Poets  and  Po- 
etry of  the  West. 

Nichols,  Richard,  gov.  of  N.Y.  and  N.J.; 
was  one  of  the  four  commissioners  app.  in  1 664 
to  inquire  into  the  state  of  the  Colonies,  to  de- 
termine complaints  in  the  various  govts,  of 
N.E.,  and  subdue  the  Dutch  at  Manhadoes. 
They  reached  Boston  in  July,  and  soon  pro- 
ceeded against  the  Dutch,  who  surrendered  in 
Aug.  After  an  administration  in  N.Y.,  con- 
ducted with  great  prudence,  integrity,  and  mod- 
eration, Nichols  returned  to  Eng.,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Col.  Lovelace  in  1667.  The  govt,  of 
N.J.  he  resigned  to  Carteret  in  1666. 

Nichols,  William  A.,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
US.  A.,  b.  Pa.  1817;  d.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Apr.  8, 


NIC 


659 


NIC 


1 869.  West  Point,  1 838.  Entering  the  2d  Art., 
he  served  with  distinction  in  the  Mexican  war, 
first  as  aide  to  Gen.  Quitman,  and  then  as  as- 
sist, adj.-gen  to  Gen.  Garland.  Disting.  at 
Monterey,  Churubusco,  and  Molino  del  Rey, 
and  brev.  capt.  and  raaj. ;  assist,  adj.-gen.  (rank 
of  capt.)  July  29,  1852;  lieut.-col.  Aug.  3, 
1861 ;  col.  June  1,  1864;  brev.  brig.-gen.  Sept. 
24,  1864;  and  brev.  maj.-gen.  March  13, 1865. 

Nicholson,  Alfred  Osborn  Pope,  law- 
yer and  politician,  b.  Williantson  Co.,  Tenn., 
Aug.  31,  1808.  U.  of  N.C.  1827.  Settled  in 
Tenn.  as  a  lawyer  in  1831 ;  in  1832-5  he  ed- 
ited the  Western  Mercury,  a  Deinoc.  paper,  at 
Columbia,  Tenn.;  from'  Dec.  1844  to  1846  he 
edited  the  Nashville  Union ;  was  a  member  of 
the  legisl.  in  1833-9;  U.S.  senator  in  1840-2; 
State  senator  in  1843-5 ;  chancellor  of  the  mid- 
dle division  of  the  State  in  1845  and  '51 ;  pres. 
of  the  Bank  of  Tenn.  in  1846-7 ;  printer  of  the 
house  during  the  33d,  and  of  the  senate  during 
the  34th,  Congresses ;  and  in  1853-6  editor  of 
the  Washington  Daily  Union.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  convention  which  met  at  Nashville 
in  1850,  and  delivered  there  an  elaborate  speech 
in  favor  of  the  "  compromise  movement,"  then 
before  Congress  ;  member  of  the  Dcmoc.  nat. 
convention  of  1852;  and  was  offered  by  G^n. 
Pierce  a  cabinet  appointment,  which  he  de- 
clined. Elected  U.S.  senator  in  1859,  he  was 
expelled  in  July,  1861. 

Nicholson,  Sir  Francis,  a  colonial  gov. ; 
d.  Lond.  March  5,  1728.  He  was  by  profes- 
sion a  soldier,  and  was  lieut.-gov.  of  N.Y.  un- 
der Andros,  and  at  the  head  of  the  administra- 
tion in  1687-9  ;  gov.  of  Va.  1690-2  and  1699- 
1705;  gov.  of  Md.  1694-9.  In  1710  he  was 
com.  of  the  forces  that  captured  Port  Royal 
Oct.  2.  He  returned  to  Eng.  to  urge  another 
attempt  on  Canada,  taking  with  him  5  Iroquois 
chiefs,  who  were  presented  to  Queen  Anne.  He 
also  com.  the  unsuccessful  exped.  of  the  next 
year.  Oct.  12, 1712,  to  Aug.  1717,  he  was  gov. 
of  Nova  Scotia.  He  was  knighted  in  1720; 
gov.  of  S.C.  1721-5 ;  returned  to  Eng.  in  June, 
1 725 ;  and  made  a  lieut.-gen.  Author  of  "  An 
Apology  or  Vindication  of  F.N.,  Gov.  of  S.C," 
liond.,  folio,  1724;  "Journal  of  an  Expcd.  for 
the  Reduction  of  Port  Royal,"  Lon^.,  4to,  1711. 

Nicholson,  James,  com.  U.S.N.,  b.  Ches- 
tertown,  Md.,  1737  ;  d.  N.  York,  Sept  2,  1804. 
He  was  trained  to  the  sea  with  his  two  bros., 
Samuel  and  John,  afterwards  capts.  in  the  na- 
vy; was  at  the  capture  of  Havana  in  1762; 
resided  in  New  York  in  1763-71 ;  entered  the 
Revol.  navy  in  "  The  Defence,"  a  Md-  vessel, 
in  1775,  in  which,  in  Mar.  1776,  he  recaptured 
several  vessels  which  had  been  taken  by  the 
British ;  was  app.  to  com.  "  The  Virginia,"  of 
28  guns,  in  June,  1776 ;  and  in  Jan.  1777  suc- 
ceeded Com.  Esek  Hopkins  as  com.-in-chief  of 
the  navy,  holding  that  post  until  its  dissolu- 
tion. A  strict  blockade  of  the  Chesapeake  pre- 
vented "  The  Virginia  "  from  getting  to  sea ; 
and  Capt.  Nicholson  and  his  crew  joined  the 
army,  and  were  present  at  the  battle  of  Tren- 
ton. In  a  subsequent  attempt  to  get  to  sea, 
his  ship  struck  upon  a  bar,  and  was  captured, 
the  captain  and  most  of  his  crew  escaping.  An 
inquiry,  instituted  by  Congress,  acquitted  him 
of  all  blame.     lie  afterward  com.  the  frigate 


"Trumbull,"  of  38  guns;  and  June  2,  1780, 
had  a  severe  action  of  3  hours  with  "  The  Wy- 
att,"  losing  30  men  before  the  ships  parted.  In 
Aug.  1781  she  was  captured  off  the  Capes  of 
Delaware  by  "  The  Ins  "  and  "  Gen.  Monk," 
after  a  gallant  resistance,  being  completely  dis- 
mantled. Capt.  N.  after  the  war  resided  in 
New  York,  where  he  was  in  1801-4  U.S.  com- 
miss.  of  loans.  His  three  daughters  were  m. 
to  Albert  Gallatin,  Wm.  Few,  and  John  Mont- 
gomery, an  M.C.,  and  mayor  of  Baltimore. 

Nicholson,  J.  W.  A.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Ms., 
Feb.  10,  1821.  Midshipm.  Feb.  10,  1838; 
iieut.  Apr.  24,  1852  ;  com.  July  16,  1862  ;  capt. 
July  25, 1866  ;  in  sloop  "  Vandalia,"  Japan  ex- 
ped., 1853-5 ;  in  engagement  with  Confied.  bat- 
teries at  Aquia  Creek,  Potomac  River,  1861  ; 
com.  steamer  "  Isaac  Smith,"  S.  A.  blockade 
squad.,  1861-2  J  action  with  Confed.  fleet,  Nov. 
1861 ;  battle  of  Port  Royal,  Nov.  7,  1861  ;  ac- 
tion with  Confed.  flotilla  in  the  Savannah  River, 
Feb.  1862;  engagement  with  Confed.  infantry 
near  Jacksonville,  Fla. ;  com.  ironclad  "Man- 
hattan," W.  Gulf  block,  squad.,  1864;  in  bat- 
tle of  Mobile  Bay,  Aug.  5,  1864  ;  bombard,  of 
Fort  Morgan,  Aug.  1864 ;  com.  steamer  "  Mo- 
hongo,"  Pacific  squad.,  1865-6;  com.  "  Wam- 
panoag,  1867-8.  —  Ilamersly. 

Nicholson,  John  B.,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Richmond,  Va.,  1783;  d.  Washington,  D.C., 
Nov.  9,  1846.  Midshipm.  July  4,  1800;  Iieut. 
May  20,  1812;  com.  March  5,  1817;  capt. 
Apr.  24, 1 828.  At  the  capture  of  "  The  Mace- 
donian "  frigate,  he  served  as  4th  Iieut.  of"  The 
United  States ;  "  he  was  the  first  Iieut.  of  "  The 
Peacock,"  and,  after  her  brilliant  fight  with 
"  The  Epervier,"  brought  the  prize  safely  into 
port. 

Nicholson,  Joseph  Hopper,  jurist,  and 
M.C.  1799-1806,  b.  Md.  1770;  d.  4  Mar.  1817. 
He  received  a  good  education  ;  was  a  lawyer ; 
app.  chief  judge  6th  dist. ;  and  was  also  a  judge 
of  the  Court  of  Appeals. 

Nicholson,  Joseph  J.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Md.  ;  d.  Baltimore,  Dec.  12, 1838.  Midshipm. 
Apr.  2,  1804;  Iieut.  June  4,  1810;  master, 
March  5,  1817;  capt.  March  3, 1827. 

Nicholson,  Samuel,  senior  oflBcer  U.S.N., 
bro.  of  James,  b.  Md.  1743;  d.  Charlestown, 
Ms.,  Dec.  29,  1811.  He  was  a  Iieut.  with 
Paul  Jones  in  the  battle  between  the  "  Bon 
Homme  Richard  "  and  "  Serapis ;  "  was  made 
a  capt.  Sept.  17,  1779;  and  early  in  1782  com. 
the  frigate  "  Deane  "  of  32  guns,  in  which  he 
cruised  successfully,  taking  among  other  prizes 
3  sloops  of  war  with  an  aggregate  of  44  guns. 
Commiss.  capt.  on  the  re-organization  of  the 
navy,  June  10,  1794;  and  was  the  first  com. 
of  the  frigate  "  Constitution."  Another  bro., 
John,  was  commiss,  Iieut.  in  the  Revol.  navy 
Aug.  17,  1776;  capt.  Sept.  17,  1779. 

Nicholson,  William  C,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  Md,  Midshipman  June  18,  1812;  Iieut. 
Mar.  3,  1821 ;  com.  Sept.  8,  1841  ;  capt.  Aug. 
22,  1855;  commo,  (retired  list)  July  16,  1862. 
Com.  schooner  "  Boxer,"  Pacific  squadron, 
1850;  sloop  "Preble,"  Mcdit.  squad,,  1843; 
fleet-capt.  Pacific  squad.  1855 ;  com.  steam-frig- 
ate "Mississippi,"  .E.I.  squad,,  1858-60;  steam- 
frigate  "  Roanoke,"  1861. 
Nicklin,  PHump  Holbrook,  bookseller 


NTC 


660 


isriisr 


and  author,  b.  Phila.  1786  ;  d.  there  March  2, 
1842.  N.J.  Coll.  1804.  After  studyins;  law 
h(j  became  a  bookseller,  first  in  Baltimore  in 
1809,  and  in  1814  in  Phila.;  member  of  the 
Philos.  Society,  and,  while  a  trustee  of  the  U. 
of  Pa.,  visited  En<:.,  makiu};,  on  his  return  in 
1834,  a  report  to  the  board  on  the  condition  of 
the  Universities  of  Cambridge  and  Oxford. 
He  contrib.  articles  on  conchology  to  Silliman's 
Journal  and  to  other  periodicals  ;  pub.  Letters 
Descriptive  of  Va.  Springs,  "  Remarks  on 
Literary  Property,"  various  papers  on  free 
trade  and  the  tariff  system  in  relation  to  l)ooks, 
which  were  pub.  among  the  documents  annexed 
to  the  report  of  the  Phila.  Free-trade  Conven- 
tion in  1831,  of  which  he  was  a  member. 

Nicollet,  Joseph  Nicolas,  a  French 
astronomer  and  geologist,  b.  Savoy  ab.  1795; 
d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Sept.  11,  f843.  Sec. 
and  librarian  of  the  Observatory  at  Paris  in 
1817.  He  came  to  the  U.S.  ab.  1833;  ex- 
plored the  Southern  States,  especially  the  great 
basin  embraced  by  the  sources  of  the  Red, 
Arkansas,  and  Mo.  Rivers;  and  in  1836  had  ex- 
tended his  explorations  to  the  sources  of  the 
Mpi.  He  collected  many  interesting  details  of 
the  history  and  dialects  of  the  Indians,  and  of 
the  products  and  natural  history  of  tlie  coun- 
try. He  was  engaged  by  the  war  dept.,  and 
instructed  by  Mr,  Poinsett  to  revisit  the  Far 
West,  and  prepare  a  general  report  and  map 
for  the  govt.  Fi-euiont  accomp.  him  as  assist. 
In  1841  Nicollet  presented  to  the  Assoc,  of 
Amer.  Geologists  at  Phila.  an  interesting  com- 
munication upon  the  geology  of  the  Upper 
Mpi.  region,  and  of  the  cretaceous  formation  of 
the  Upper  Missouri. 

Nieolson,  Samuel,  inventor  of  the 
"  Nicolson  pavement;"  d.  Jan.  6,  1868,  a. 
76. 

NileS)  Hezekiah,  journalist,  b.  Chester 
Co.,  Pa.,  Oct.  10,  1777;  d.  Wilmington,  Del;, 
Apr.  2,  1839.  Learning  the  trade  of  a  printer, 
he  was  ab.  1800  one  of  the  firm  of  Bonsall  and 
Niles,  printers  and  pubs.,  Wilmington,  Del., 
but  was  unsuccessful ;  afterward  became  a  con- 
trib. of  amusing  essays,  entitled  "  Quilldriv- 
ing,"  to  a  periodical ;  and  then  for  six  years 
edited  a  daily  paper  in  Baltimore.  He  is 
chiefly  known  as  the  founder,  in  181 1 ,  of  Niks' s 
Register,  a.  weekly  journal  pub.  at  Baltimore, 
of  which  he  was  the  editor  till  Aug.  1836. 
The  Register  was  repub.  by  him  in  32  vols.,  ex- 
tending from  1812  to  1827,  and  was  continued 
by  his  son  W.  0.  Niles,  and  others,  till  June 
27, 1849  ;  making  76  vols,  in  all.  He  also  com- 
piled a  vol.,  "Principles  and  Acts  of  the  Rev- 
ol.,"  8vo,  1822.  He  advocated  protection  to  our 
national  industry,  and,  with  Mathew  Carey.was 
one  of  the  ablest  champions  of  the  "  American 
System." 

Niles,  Joim  MiLTOx,  author  and  politi- 
cian, b.  Windsor,  Ct.,  Aug.  20,  1787  ;  d.  Hart- 
ford, May  31,  1856.  He  received  a  common- 
school  education ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar,  and, 
removing  to  Hartford  in  1817,  he,  in  connection 
with  his  professional  labor,  established  atid  prin- 
cipally edited  the  Hartford  Times,  to  which  he 
contributed  for  30  years.  He  was  an  active 
Democ.  politician,  a  supporter  of  state-rights 
doctrines,  and  received  from  1821  for  several 


years  the  annual  app.  of  judge  of  the  Hartford 
Co.  Court ;  was  a  State  representative  in  1826; 
app.  postmaster  of  Hartford  in  1829  by  Jack- 
son ;  from  Dec.  1835  until  1839  and  in  1843-9 
U.S.  senator;  postmaster -general  in  1840. 
With  Dr.  John  C.  Pease,  he  edited  a  Gazetteer 
of  Ct.  and  R.L,  pub.  in  1819.  He  pub.  "The 
Civil  Officer,"  a  history  of  S.  America  and 
Mexico,  1838;  "Life  of  Com.  Perry,"  1820; 
and  a  number  of  orations,  addresses,  &c.,  upon 
a  great  variety  of  subjects;  also  an  improved 
edition  of  Robbins's  Journal;  edited  for  repub- 
lication in  1816  a  large  Eng.  work,  "  The  In- 
dependent Whig."  He  passed  his  later  years 
in  horticultural  pursuits.  In  his  will  Senator 
Niles  bequeathed  $20,000  to  be  held  in  trust 
for  the  poor  in  Hartford.  His  library  he  gave 
to  the  Ct.  Hist.  Society. 

Niles,  Nathanael,  clergyman,  inventor, 
and  politician,  b.  South  Kmgston,  R.  I.,  Apr. 
3,  1741  ;  d.  Oct.  31,  1828,  at  West  Fairlce,  Vt. 
N.J.  Coll.  1766.  He  studied  medicine  and 
law,  taught  a  while  in  N. Y.  City,  studied  theol- 
ogy under  Dr.  Bellamy,  and  preached  in  sev- 
eral places  in  N.E.  Becoming  a  resident  of 
Norwich,  Ct.,  he  invented  a  process  of  making 
wire  from  bar-iron  by  water-power,  and  con- 
nected it  with  a  wool-card  manufactory.  Re- 
moving after  the  Rcvol.  to  Orange  Co.,  Vt., 
he  filled  several  public  offices  in  that  State ;  was 
speaker  of  the  house  in  1784;  several  years 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court;  M.  C.  in  1791-5; 
one  of  the  censors  for  the  revision  of  the 
State  constitution.  He  pub.  four  discourses 
on  "Secret  Prayer,"  1773;  two  discourses  on 
"  Confession  of  Sin  and  Forgiveness ; "  two 
sermons  on  "  The  Perfection  of  God,  the  Foun- 
tain of  Good,"  1774;  a  sermon  on  "  V.iin 
Amusements ;  "  and  a  "  Letter  to  a  Friend," 
1809;  he  also  wrote  "The  American  Hero,"  a 
Sapphic  ode,  once  very  popular  in  Nonvich.  — 
Sprague. 

Niles,  Samuel,  minister  of  Braintrcc,  Ms., 
b.  Block  Island,  May  1,  1674;  d.  May  1,  1762. 
H.U.  1699.  He  preached  in  Kingston,  R.L, 
1702-10;  installed  at  2d  Church,  Brain  tree. 
May  23,  1711.  He  pub.  "A  Brief  and  Sor- 
rowful Account  of  the  Present  Churches  in 
N.E.,"  1745  ;  "  Vindication  of  Divers  Impor- 
tant Doctrines,"  8vo,  1752  ;  "Scripture  Doc- 
trine of  Original  Sin,"  8vo,  1757;  "God's 
Wonder-working  Providence  for  N.E.  in  the 
Reduction  of  Louisburg,"  1747;  and  a  "His- 
tory of  the  French  and  Indian  Wars,"  in 
"  Hist.  Colls."  3d  sen,  vol.  vi.  —  Spragm. 

Ninigret,  Sachem  of  Niantic,  a  chief  of 
the  Narragansctts  at  the  settlement  of  R.  I.  by 
the  whites.  He  was  the  uncle  of  Miantonomoh, 
but  did  not  participate  in  his  war  with  the 
Pequots  in  1632.  In  the  Pequot  war  of  1637 
he  aided  the  English ;  having  visited  the  West- 
ern Indians,  and  the  Dutch  gov.  Stuyvesant, 
he  was  suspected  of  plotting  with  them  the 
destruction  of  the  English  ;  and  Sept.  20, 1653, 
the  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies  de- 
clared war  with  him.  It  was  not  prosecuted, 
however,  owing  to  the  opposition  of  Ms.  Nini- 
gret meanwhile  waged  war  with  the  Long- 
Island  Indians;  and,  refusing  to  appear  at 
Hartford,  war  was  again  declared  m  Sept. 
1654.    Maj.  S.  Willard  led  the  exped.,  and 


NTN- 


661 


ISIOA. 


brought  oIT  100  Pequots;  but  Ninigrct  had  fled. 
Oct.  13, 1660,  he,  with  Scutt.ip  and  other  chiefs, 
mortgaged  their  territory  to  H.  Atherton  and 
others,  and  gave  possession  at  Pottequamscot  in 
1062.  He  kept  aloof  from  Philip's  war  1675- 
6,  and  escaped  the  ruin  which  overtook  the 
other  tiibcs. 

Nino  (ncn'-yo),PEDRO  Alonzo,  a  Spanish 
navigator,  surnamed  El  Negro  (the  Black),  b. 
Andalusia,  1463;  d.  ab.  1505.  One  of  the 
companions  of  Columbus  in  his  third  voyage ; 
afterward  com.  a  caravel,  and  made  discoveries 
on  and  near  the  S.  American  coast. 

Nisbet,  CiiARLES,D.D.  (N.  J.  Coll.  1783), 
scholar  and  divine,  b.  Haddington,  Scotland, 
21  Jan.  1733  ;  d.  Carlisle,  Pa.,  Jan.  18,  1804. 
Edinb.  U.  1754.  Licensed  to  preach  24  Sept. 
1 760.  He  was  long  a  clergyman  at  Montrose, 
Scotland,  and  influential  in  the  Gen.  AsscmMy 
from  his  powers  of  wit  and  argument.  He  openly 
favored  the  cause  of  the  Colonies  in  their  revol. 
struggle.  Chosen  pres.  of  Dick.  Coll.  on  its 
establishment  in  1 783,  he  yielded  to  the  urgen- 
cy of  Dr.  Rush,  and  arrived  at  Phila.  in  June, 
1785.  Unable  to  prevail  with  the  trustees  for 
a  proper  system  of  education,  he  resigned  the 
next  year,  designing  to  return  to  Scotland ; 
changing  his  mind,  he  was  re-elected  in  May, 
1 786 ;  entered  vigorously  on  the  prosecution  of 
his  duties,  performing  the  great  labor  of  de- 
livering four  concurrent  series  of  lectures  on 
logic,  the  philosophy  of  the  mind,  belles-let- 
tres, and  systematic  theology,  and  struggled 
ineffectually  to  bring  the  education  of  the 
times  up  to  his  standard.  He  was  a  man  of 
decided  ability  and  scholarship ;  possessed  great 
humor,  and  an  extraordinarv  memory.  His 
posthumous  works  were  pub.  m  1806 ;  his  Me- 
moirs, by  Dr.  Miller,  1840.  — Sprague. 

Nisbet,  James,  editor  and  author,  b.  Scot- 
land ab.  1800 ;  d.  30  July,  1865,  by  the  wreck 
of  the  "  Bro.  Jonathan  "  off  Oregon.  An  un- 
successful novelist  and  journalist  in  Eng.  and 
Australia,  in  1855  he  went  to  Cal.,  where  he 
pub.  *'  Annals  of  San  Francisco,"  and  was 
connected  with  the  Chronicle  and  the  Bulletin, 
of  which,  on  the  assassination  of  Mr.  King,  he 
became  editor. 

Nixon,  Gen.  John,  Revol.  officer,  b.  Fra- 
mingham,  Ms.,  Mar.  4,  1725;  d.  Middlebury, 
Vt.,  Mar.  24,  1815.  He  served  as  a  soldier  at 
the  capture  of  Louisburg  in  1745  ;  returned  to 
his  native  place  after  7  years'  service  in  the 
army  and  navy  ;  again  entered  the  army  as  a 
capt.,  and  fought  at  Ticonderoga  when  Aber- 
crombic  was  defeated,  and  in  the  battle  of  Lake 
George.  Afterward,  falling  into  an  ambuscade, 
he  cut  his  way  through  the  enemy,  and  es- 
caped, but  with  the  loss  of  nearly  all  his  party. 
In  the  Revol.  he  led  a  company  of  minute-men 
at  Lexington ;  and  at  Bunker's  Hill,  where  he 
com.  a  regt.,  he  received  a  wound  from  which 
he  never  entirely  recovered.  Made  a  brig.-gen. 
Aug.  9,  1776.  At  the  battle  of  Stillwater, 
where  he  com.  the  first  brigade,  Ms.  line,  a 
cannon-ball  passed  so  near  his  head  as  to  im- 
pair permanently  the  sight  of  one  eye  and  the 
hearing  of  one  car.  In  poor  health,  he  re- 
signed his  commission,  Sept.  12,  1780;  in  1803 
li  i  removed  with  his  children  to  Middlebury,  Vt. 

NiXDn,  Col.  John,  Revol.  officer,  b.  West- 


chester, Pa. ;  d.  Phila.  1  Jan.  1809.  A  mer- 
chant and  an  ardent  patriot  of  Phila.,  he  com. 
a  regt.  on  Long  Island  and  at  Valley  Forge. 
Pres.  of  tho  Bank  of  JST.A.  1782-1809. 

Nixon,  Col.  Thomas,  bro.  of  Gen.  John, 
b.  Framingham,  Ms.,  Apr.  27,  1736;  d.  on  the 
passage  from  Boston  to  Portsmouth,  N.II., 
Aug.  12,  1800;  ensign  in  the  French  war  in 
1756;  com.  acompany  of  minute-men  in  1775; 
was  afterward  commissioned  col.  6th  Ms.  Regt., 
and  served  through  the  war  with  bravery  and 
eflicicncy.  He  removed  to  Southborough  ab. 
1784. 

Noah,  Major  Mordecai  Manuel,  editor 
and  politician,  b.  Phila.  July  19, 1785  ;  d.  New 
York,  Mar.  22,  1851.  His  parents  were  Jews, 
and  to  that  faith  he  adhered  through  life. 
Commencing  life  as  an  apprentice,  he  soon  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  of  the  law ;  removed 
to  Charleston,  and  took  an  active  part  in  pub- 
lic aH'airs.  In  1811  he  was  app.  consul  to 
Riga,  and  in  1813  to  Morocco,  with  a  mission 
to  Algiers;  he  returned  to  the  U.S.  ab.  1816, 
and  pub.  the  incidents  of  his  foreign  travel, 
8vo,  N.Y.,  1819.  Editor  of  the  National  Advo- 
cate, aDemoc.  journal  in  N.Y.,  until  1826;  he 
was,  while  thus  engaged,  elected  sheriff  of  the 
city  and  CO.;  in  1826  he  established  the  N.Y. 
Inquirer,  subsequently  merged  into  the  present 
Courier  and  Inquirer;  in  1834  he  established 
the  Evening  Star,  but  withdrew  from  the  daily 
press,  and  established,  in  connection  with 
Messrs.  Deans  and  Howard,  a  weekly  paper, 
named  the  Sundaif  Times.  In  addition  to  the 
ollice  of  sheriff,  Maj.  Noah  was  at  one  time  the 
surveyor  of  the  port,  and  judge  of  the  Court 
of  Sessions.  He  endeavored  to  form  a  settle- 
ment of  Jews  on  Grand  Island,  in  the  Niagara 
River;  but  the  scheme  failed.  In  1845  he  de- 
livered a  discourse  upon  the  Restoration  of  the 
Jews,  and  pub.  a  collection  of  his  newspaper 
essays,  entitled  "  Gleanings  from  a  Gathered 
Harvest,"  12mo,  N.Y. ;  he  also  pub.  a  translar 
tion  of  the  "  Book  of  Jasher,"  8vo,  1840  ;  and 
was  the  author  of  several  successful  dramas,  — 
"  The  Fortress  of  Sorrento,"  "  Paul  and  Alex- 
is," "  She  would  be  a  Soldier,"  "  Marion,  or 
the  Hero  of  Lake  George,"  "  The  Grecian 
Captive,"  and  "  The  Siege  of  Tripoli." 

Noailles  de  (deh  no'-al'),  Louis  Marie, 
vicomte,  b.  17  Apr.  17.56;  d.  9  Jan.  1804. 
Second  son  of  the  Marshal  De  Mouchy.  Adopt- 
ing the  military  career,  he  became  an  excellent 
tactician,  and  com.  the  regt.  Soissonnais  in  the 
army  of  Rochambeau,  distinguishing  himself  at 
the  capture  of  Yorktown,  and  being  one  of  the 
commissioners  to  arrange  the  articles  of  capit- 
ulation. He  was  a  bro.-in-law  of  Lafayette, 
and,  imbibing  an  enthusiasm  for  liberty,  was 
one  of  the  nobles  who,  13  July,  1789,  resolved 
to  divest  themselves  of  their  exclusive  privi- 
leges, and  sit  with  the  tiers  €tat.  He  had  a 
principal  share  in  the  early  part  of  the  French 
revol.  struggle;  but  in  May,  1792,  hopeless  of 
the  success  of  constitutional  liberty,  he  resigned 
the  com.  of  the  advanced  posts  of  the  camp 
of  Valenciennes,  and  withdrew  to  the  U.S. 
Re-entering  the  French  sei-vice,  he  went  to  St. 
Domingo  in  1803  as  gen.  of  brigade,  but  was 
mortally  wounded  in  an  action  with  an  English 
vessel.  His  wife  was  a  victim  of  the  guillotine. 


N-OB 


662 


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Noble,  Louis  Legrand,  b.  Otsego  Co., 
N.Y.,  1812.  Removed  with  his  parents  to 
Michigan  in  1824.  Ord.  in  Prot.-Ep.  eh.  1840 ; 
officiated  in  N.C.,  at  Catskill,  N.Y.,  and  became 
in  1854  rector  of  a  church  at  Chicago.  Au- 
thor of  "  Ne-mah-min,"  an  Indian  story  in  3 
cantos,  in  Graham's  Mag.;  " Life,  Character, 
and  Genius  of  Thos.  Cole,"  1853  ;  "  The  Lady 
Angeline,  and  other  Poems,"  1 857  ;  "  After  Ice- 
bcrjrs  with  a  Painter,"  —  Church. 

Noble,  Noah,  gov.  Indiana  1831-7  ;  b.  Va. 
Jan.  15,  1794;  <1.  Indianapolis,  Feb.  1844. 

Noble,  Oliver,  minister  of  Coventry,  Ct., 
1759-61 ;  of  Newbury,  Ms.,  1762-83;  and  of 
Newcastle,  N.H.,  from  1784  to  his  d.  1792,  a. 
56;  b.  Hebron,  Ct.  Y.C.  1757.  He  pub.  a 
discourse  on  Church  Music,  1774  ;  on  Boston 
Massacre,  1775. 

Noble,  Patrick,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Abbeville  Dist.,  S.C,  1787  ;  d.  there  Apr.  7, 
1840.  N.J.  Coll.  1806.  He  became  a  lawyer, 
a  partner  of  Mr.  Calhoun,  and  in  1812  a  State 
representative ;  in  1818-24  speakerof  the  legisl., 
and  again  in  1832  and '36  ;  was  pres.  of  the 
State  senate  ;  and  gov.  in  1838-40.  In  politics 
he  was  a  state-rights  Democ,  and  was  popular 
with  the  masses. 

Noel,  Nicolas,  M.D.,  formerly  surgeon- 
major  of  the  French  and  American  armies  ; 
member  of  the  Amer.  Philos.  Society ;  prof,  of 
anatomy  and  physiology  at  Rheims ;  b.  Rheims, 
May  a7,  1746 ;  d.  there  May  11,  1832.  Noel, 
sympathizing  in  the  American  struggle  for 
independence,  left  Paris  for  the  U.S.  Dec.  1, 
1776,  with  Tronson  du  Coudray,  and  furnished 
with  a  brevet  of  surgeon-major  of  the  Colonies, 
given  him  by  Franklin.  He  served  in  that 
capacity  until  Jan.  1778,  when  he  was  app.  to 
the  ship  of  war  "  Boston  "  to  accompany  the 
ambassador  John  Adams  to  France;  subse- 
quently cruised  in  her,  until  ordered  to  return 
to  America,  where  he  rejoined  the  army.  He 
was  afterwards  charged  with  the  hospitals  of 
the  fleet  and  army  of  Rochambeau.  During  the 
French  Revolution  he  was  actively  employed  in 
the  array,  but  returned  to  Rheims  in  1794,  and 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  the  labors 
incident  to  his  profession.  —  Biog.  Univ. 
Suppt. 

Nordheimer,  Isaac,  Dr.  Phil,  of  the  U. 
of  Munich,  prof,  of  Hebrew  and  teacher  of 
German  in  Union  Theol.  Sem. ;  d.  New  York, 
Nov.  1842.  Author  of  Hebrew  Grammar,  2 
vols.  8vo,  N.Y.  18.38;  "  Chrestomathy,"  Svo, 
N.Y.  1838;  History  of  Florence  ;  N.  and  Tur- 
ner's Heb.  and  Chaldee  Concordance,  1842. 

Nordhoflf,  Charles,  b.  Erwitte,  Prussia, 
1830.  His  father  was  a  disting.  officer  at 
Waterloo.  He  came  to  Amer.  in  1834 ;  entered 
the  navy  in  1845  ;  and  has  been  editorially  con- 
nected with  Harper's  and  other  periodicals. 
Author  of  "  Man-of- War  Life,"  1855;  "Mer- 
chant-Vessel," 1855  ;  "  Whaling  and  Fishing," 
1856;  "Stories  of  the  Island  World,"  1857; 
"Nine  Years  a  Sailor,"  1857;  "Cape  Cod, 
and  all  Along  Shore."  He  edited  Kern's 
"Landscape-Gardening,"  1855.  Author  of  the 
article  on  Arctic  Adventure  in  Appleton's 
"  New  Amer.  Cyclopaedia." 

Norman,  Benjamin  Moore,  author,  b. 
Hudson,  N.Y.,  Dec.  22,  1809 ;  d.near  Summit, 


Mpi.,  Feb.  1,  1860.  The  death  of  his  father, 
a  bookseller  at  Hudson,  called  him  from  a  clerk- 
ship in  New  York  to  take  charge  of  the  busi- 
ness there.  He  established  a  bookstore  in  N. 
Orleans  in  1837,  after  conducting  the  business 
for  a  time  in  Phila.  The  loss  of  his  wife  by  yel- 
low-fever in  1841  caused  in  him  an  unusual  sym- 
pathy with  the  sufferers  by  this  pestilence  in 
subsequent  seasons;  and  he  became  one  of  the 
most  self-sacrificing  and  philanthropic  men  in 
that  city.  As  the  result  of  his  travels  in  Yuca- 
tan, he  pub.  in  1842  "  Rambles  in  Yucatan," 
a  work  of  great  value ;  also  "  New  Orleans  and 
its  Environs,"  1845;  "Rambles  by  Land  and 
Water,"  1845.  —  Duyckinck. 

Norris,  Edward,  minister  of  Salem,  Ms., 
from  Mar.  18,  1640,  to  his  d.  Apr.  10,  1659  ; 
b.  Eng.  ab.  1589.  He  was  a  teacher  and  min- 
ister in  Gloucestershire,  and  came  to  N.E.  in 
1639.  He  was  tolerant;  did  not  join  in  perse- 
cuting Gorton  and  the  Anabaptists ;  and  with- 
stood the  witchcraft  delusion  of  1651-4;  but 
in  1653  wrote  in  favor  of  making  war  on  the 
Dutch.  He  pub.  in  Lond.,  1636,  a  treatise  on 
Asking  for  Temporal  Blessings,  and  "  The  New 
Gospel  not  the  True  Gospel,"  &c.,  4to,  1638, 
a  reply  to  John  Trask's  "  True  Gospel  Vindi- 
cated," Lond.  1636.  — Felt's  Ecc.  Hist.  387. 

Norris,  Isaac,  chief  justice  of  Pa. ;  a  Qua- 
ker; d.  Germantown,  Pa.,  June  3,  1735.  He 
m.  a  dau.  of  Gov.  Lloyd. 

Norris,  John,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
And.  Theol.  Sem.,  to  which  he  gave  $10,000 
Mar.  21, 1808;  d.  Dec.  22,  1808,  a.  57.  Many 
years  a  merchant  in  Salem,  and  several  years 
in  the  senate  of  Ms.  Mary  his  widow  be- 
queathed, in  1811,  $30,000  to  the  sem.,  and  a 
like  sum  to  foreign  missions. 

North,  Col.  Caleb  ;  d.  Coventry,  Pa.,  Nov. 
7,  1840,  a.  88.  He  raised  a  company  in  Ches- 
ter Co.,  Pa. ;  was  acapt.,  and  afterwards  a  lieut.- 
col.,  in  the  Rcvol.  army  till  the  close  of  the  war ; 
many  years  a  merchant  in  Phila ;  at  one  time 
high  sheriff  of  the  city  and  Co.  of  Phila. ;  and 
at  the  time  of  his  death  pres.  of  the  Pa.  Society 
of  the  Cincinnati. 

North,  Frederick,  2d  Earl  of  Guildford, 
an  English  statesman,  b.  13  April,  1732;  d. 
Lond.  5  Aug.  1792.  Succeeded  to  the  earldom 
in  1790.  Educated  at  Oxford  and  Leipsic. 
Entering  parliament  from  Bunbury  in  1761,  he 
represented  that  place  30  years.  He;  was  at  the 
head  of  the  treasury  in  1763-5;  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer  1767-70;  first  lord  of  the  treas- 
ury 1770-82.  During  his  administration,  the 
American  Colonies  threw  off  their  allegiance  to 
the  British  crown,  becoming  independent  after 
a  struggle  of  8  years,  — 1775-83.  He  supported 
the  Stamp  Act  and  the  right  of  taxing  the  Colo- 
nies, but,  during  the  last  3  years  of  the  war,  per- 
severed in  it  only  in  deference  to  the  wishes  of 
the  king.  He  possessed  great  good-temper,  wit, 
and  political  ability.  Though  fiercely  assailed 
by  Chatham,  Burke,  and  Fox,  he  maintained  his 
position  with  eminent  tact  and  ability  until  Mar. 
1782,  when  he  resigned ;  the  surrender  of  Corn- 
wallis  having  termmated  the  war. 

North,  Simeon,  D.D.  (Wesl.  U.  1849), 
LL.D.  (W.  Res.  Coll.  1842),  b.  Berlin,  Ct. 
Y.C.  1825  ;  tutor  there  1827-9.  Prof,  of  Ian- 
guages  in  Ham.  Coll.,  N.Y.,  1829-39;  pres.  of 


NOR 


663 


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that  inst.  1839-57.     Author  of  a  number  of 
sermons,  discourses,  and  orations. 

North,  Gen.  William,  b.  Fort  Frederick, 
Pemaquid,  Mc.,  1755;  d.  New  York,  Jan.  3, 
1836.  Son  of  Capt.  John  of  St.  George's  Fort, 
Thomaston,  Me.  Entering  the  Revol.  army  in 
1775,  he  was  a  capt.  in  Jackson's  regt.  at  the 
battle  of  Monmouth;  became  aide  to  Baron 
Steuben  in  1779,  assisting  him  in  introducing 
his  system  of  discipHne  into  the  army ;  accomp. 
him  in  Va.,  and  at  the  surrender  of  Comwallis, 
and,  gaining  the  esteem  of  the  baron,  became 
heir  to  one-half  his  property.  Adj.  and  insp.- 
gen.  U.S.A.  from  July  19,  1798,  to  June,  1800 
( rank  of  brig.-gen. ) .  He  was  a  conspicuous  Fed- 
eralist; was  once  speaker  of  the  N.Y.  Assem- 
bly ;  one  of  the  fii-st  canal  commiss.  of  the  State ; 
and  U.S.  senator  in  1798.  App.  adj. -gen.  of  the 
army  in  1812,  but  declined.  He  m.  Polly,  dau. 
of  James  Duane.  —  MS.  Memoir,  by  Miss  H. 
E.  North. 

North,  William,  b.  Eng.,  some  time  a  resi- 
dent of  N.York  City ;  d.  there  by  suicide,  1854. 
Contrib.  many  pieces  in  prose  and  verse  to  the 
periodicals.  After  his  death,  "  The  Slave  of 
the  Lamp,"  a  novel  by  him,  was  pub.  1855. 

Northend,  Charles,  b.  Newbury,  Ms. 
Principal  of  the  Eppes  School,  Salem ;  teacher 
and  supt.  of  schools  at  Danvers  many  years. 
Author  of  "  Teacher  and  Parent,"  12mo,  1853 ; 
Speakers  and  other  school  text-books.  Wil- 
liam D.,  his  bro.,  is  noted  as  a  lawyer  and 
poHtician  of  Salem. 

Norton,  Andrews,  an  eminent  Unitarian 
scholar,  b.  Hingham,  Ms.,  Dec.  31,  1786;  .d- 
Newport,  R.  I.,  Sept.  18,  1853.  H.  U.  1804. 
Descendant  of  Rev.  John  of  Ipswich.  He 
studied  divinity,  but  never  had  charge  of  a  con- 
gregation. Tutor  in  Bowd  Coll.  in  1809; 
and  in  1811  at  H.U.,  where  he  was  also  libra- 
rian in  1813-21;  in  1813  succeeded  Chan- 
ning  as  lecturer  on  biblical  criticism  and  inter- 
pretation ;  and  was  Dexter  prof,  of  sacred  lit- 
erature in  1819-30;  afterwards  residing  at 
Cambridge,  devoting  himself  to  intellectual  pur- 
suits. In  1833  he  pub.  his  "  Statement  of 
Reasons  for  not  believing  the  Doctrine  of  the 
Trinity  ;  "  in  1837  "Evidences  of  the  Genuine- 
ness of  the  Gospels,"  succeeded  by  three  other 
volumes ;  a  treatise  on  "  The  Latest  Form  of 
Infidelity"  (1839),  which  was  answered  by  a 
champion  of  Transcendentalism,  to  whom  Nor- 
ton ably  replied ;  and  "  Tracts  concerning  Chris- 
tianity," 8vo,  1 852.  He  was  also  a  writer  of 
verse  of  a  devotional  cast,  and  of  great  beauty 
and  sweetness.  He  left  in  manuscript  a  Transla- 
tion of  the  Gospels,  pub.  after  his  death;  contrib. 
many  valuable  articles  to  the  N.A.  Review  and 
the  Christian  Examiner;  and  edited  in  1833-4,  in 
connection  with  Charles  Folsom,  the  Select. Jour- 
nal of  Foreifjn  Periodical  Literature.  In  1814  he 
edited  the  Miscellaneous  Writings  of  his  friend 
Charles  Eliot,  and  in  1823  performed  a  similar 
friendly  duty  for  Levi  Frisbee.  "  In  his  theologi- 
cal views  and  writings  Mr.  Norton  united  op- 
posite schools  of  thought,  and  belonged,  by  an 
almost  equal  title,  to  the  extreme  right  and  the 
extreme  left  as  to  matters  of  religious  belief. 
He  was  radical  as  a  critic  and  interpreter,  con- 
servative as  an  expositor  of  Christian  doctrine. 
While  leading  the  van  in  the  Unitarian  protest 


against  Calvinism,  he  was  foremost  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  naturalistic  school,  of  which  Theo- 
dore Parker  was  the  principal  representative. 
As  a  lecturer  on  the  interpretation  of  Scripture 
he  has  had  few  equals,  and  no  superior,  in  this 
country."  In  1812  he  edited  the  General  Repos- 
itory and  Review,  illustrating  and  defending  with 
ability  the  views  of  the  liberal  school  of  theol- 
ogy. His  son  Charles  Eliot  (H.  U.  1846) 
has  been  editor  of  the  N.A.  Review,  and  has 
pub.  "  Notes  of  Travel,"  and  "  Study  in  Italy," 
and  a  transl.  of  Dante's  "  New  Life." 

Norton,  Asahel  Strong,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll. 
1815),  b.  Farmington,  Ct.,  20  Sept.  1765;  d. 
Clinton,  N.Y.,  May  10,  1853.  Y.Coll.  1790. 
Ord.  at  Clinton  1793.  Son  of  Col.  Ichabod, 
and  Ruth  Strong.  For  40  years  he  exerted  an 
important  influence  in  Westcra  N.Y.,  and  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  Ham.  Coll.  at  Clinton. 

Norton,  Chapple,  a  British  gen.,  b.  1746; 
d.  Mar.  19,  1818.  Son  of  Fletcher  Norton,  1st 
Lord  Grantley.  App.  capt.  19th  Foot,  June, 
1763;  maj  July,  1769;  capt.  and  lieut.-col. 
Coldstream  Guards,  June,  1774 ;  brev.  col.  Nov. 
17,  1780;  gen.  April,  1802.  He  came  to  New 
York  in  Aug.  1779,  and  was  prominent  in  all 
the  principal  subsequent  occurrences  of  the  war, 
receiving  frequent  and  honorable  mention.  He 
was  long  the  representative  of  Guildford  in 
parliament ;  gov.  of  Charlemont,  and  col.  56th 
Regt. 

Norton,  John,  clergyman,  b.  at  Bishops 
Stortford,  Hertfordshire,  Eng.,  May  6,  1606; 
d.  Boston,  Ms.,  April  5,  1663.  Educated  at 
Cambridge  U.  He  was  afterward  curate  of 
Stortford.  Becoming  a  Puritan,  he  came  to 
Plymouth,  N.E.,  in  Oct.  1635;  preached  there 
during  the  winter;  went  to  Boston  in  1636; 
and,  before  the  close  of  the  year,  became  min- 
ister of  the  church  at  Ipswich.  He  assisted 
in  forming  the  Cambridge  platform  in  1648; 
returned  to  Boston  in  1652;  and  in  1662 
went  with  Simon  Bradstreet  as  agent  to  address 
Charles  II.  after  his  restoration.  The  king 
assured  them  that  he  would  confirm  the  char- 
ter, but  required  that  justice  should  be  admin- 
istered in  his  name;  and  that  all  persons  of 
good  moral  character  should  be  admitted  to 
the  Lord's  Supper,  and  their  children  to  bap- 
tism. This  was  exceedingly  offensive  to  the 
colonists,  who  treated  the  agents  on  their  re- 
turn so  coolly,  that  it  is  said  to  have  hastened 
the  death  of  Mr.  Norton.  He  wrote  an  an- 
swer to  a  number  of  questions  relating  to 
church  govt,  sent  over  from  Holland  by  Apol- 
lonius,  —  the  first  Latin  prose  book  written  in 
this  country;  also  a  treatise  against  the  Qua- 
kers, entitled  "  The  Heart  of  New  England  rent 
by  the  Blasphemies  of  the  Present  Generation," 
encouraging  the  magistrates  in  the  persecution 
of  the  Quakers,  which  so  exasperated  them, 
that,  after  his  death,  they  represented  to  the 
king  and  parliament  that  "  John  Norton,  chief 
priest  in  Boston,  by  the  immediate  power  of 
the  Lord  was  smitten,  and  died."  He  also 
wrote  the  "  Life  and  Death  of  that  Deservedly 
Famous  Man  of  God,  Mr.  John  Cotton,"  Lond. 
1658  ;  "  Doctrine  of  Godliness,"  1648;  "  Suf- 
ferings of  Christ,"  8vo,  16.53;  "The  Ortho- 
dox Evangelist,"  4to,  1654. 
Norton,  Rkv.  John,  b.  Berlin,  Ct.,  1716; 


NOR 


6U 


3sroT 


d.  East  Hampton,  Ct.,  March  24,  1778.  Y.C. 
1737.  Ord.  at  Deerfield  1741,  and  settled  in 
Bernardstown,  Ms.  He  was  chaplain  at  Fort 
Massachusetts  at  the  time  of  its  capture ;  was 
taken  to  Canada,  where  he  remaiiied  one  year, 
arriving  in  Boston  Au^'.  1747.  Installed  pas- 
tor of  the  Cong,  church  at  East  Hampton, 
Ct.,  Nov.  30, 1748,  where  he  labored  nearly  30 
years.  He  pub.  a  narrative  of  his  captivity, 
Boston,  1748,  a  new  ed.  of  which,  with  notes 
by  S.  G.  Drake,  app.  in  1870. 

Norton,  John,  Tryoninhokaraven,  an 
Indian  chief  of  the  Six  Nations.  Translated  the 
Gospel  of  John  into  Mohawk  ab.  1807.  It  was 
printed  in  London  by  the  Bible  Society,  and 
distributed  among  the  Mohawks  on  Grand 
River,  Canada.  His  mother  was  Scotch.  He 
was  educated  at  an  English  school. 

Norton,  John  N.,  D.D.  (Hob.  Coll.  1863), 
b.  N.Y.  Gen.  Coll.  1842 ;  Genl.  Theol.  Sem. 
1845.     Ord.  deacon  Prot.-Epis.  Ch.  July  20, 

1845,  and  after  being  assist,  at  St.  Luke's, 
Rochester,  for  6  months,  became  rector  of  the 
Ch.  of  the  Ascension,  Erankfort,  Ky.,  Dec. 

1846.  In  1856  he  pub.  "Life  of  Bishop 
White,'*  since  followed  by  biographies  of  many 
distinguished  Churchmen  ;  that  of  Laud  ap- 
pearing in  1864.  He  has  also  pub.  Lives  of 
Washington  and  Franklin,  lectures  on  the 
Life  of  David,  short  sermons,  and  several  re- 
ligious books.  —  Dui/ckinck: 

Norton,  John  Pitkin,  first  prof,  of  agric. 
chemistry  at  Y.C,  b.  1822;  d.  5  Sept.  1852. 
Y.C.  1846.  Son  of  Hon.  John  Treadwell 
of  Farmington,  Ct.  Author  of  "Elements  of 
Scientif,  Agriculture,"  12mo,  1850;  "Appen- 
dix to  Stephen's  Book  of  the  Farm,"  2  vols. 
1858.  He  also  pub.  a  number  of  essays  on 
agric.  subjects. 

Norton,  William  Augustus,  teacher  and 
author,  b.  E.  Bloomfield,  N.Y.,  25  Oct.  1810. 
West  Point,  1831  ;  assist,  prof.  nat.  philos. 
there  1831-3.  Prof.  nat.  philos.  and  astron. 
U.  of  N.Y.  1833-9,  and  in  Del.  Coll.,  Newark, 
N.J.,  1839-.50;  pres.  Del.  Coll.  1850-2;  prof, 
civil  engr.  in  Y.C.  since  1852.  Author  of 
"  Elem.  Treatise  on  Astronomy,"  1839;  "First 
Book  of  Nat.  Philos.,"  1857  ;  and  of  articles 
in  Amer.  Journal  of  Science  and  other  periodi- 
cals, 

Norton,  William  E.,  marine-painter  of 
Boston,  b.  Boston,  28  June,  1843.  After  leav- 
ing school,  he  was  clerk  to  a  Southern  packet- 
line;  at  16  was  apprenticed  to  a  house,  sign,  and 
fresco  painter ;  and  helped  to  form  the  "  Life 
School,"  composed  of  the  older  members  of 
the  Lowell  Institute ;  went  to  sea  at  18,  study- 
ing his  art  at  intervals,  and  at  the  age  of  22 
began  a  successful  prof,  career,  making  another 
sea-voyage  for  study  the  following  summer. 
Among  his  works  are  "  The  Fog-Horn," 
"The  Funeral-Fleet"  (Geo.  Peabody),  "The 
Fishing-Fleet,"  "  Good-By,"  dnd  "  Running 
Free." 

Notman,  John,  architect,  b.  Edinburgh, 
Scotland,  22  July,  1810;  d.  Phila.  3  Mar. 
1865.  In  1831  he  settled  in  Phila.  He  laid 
out  and  embellished  Laurel -hill  Cemetery. 
Among  his  chief  works  are  St.  Mark's  Church 
in  Locust  St.,  the  fa9ade  of  the  R.C.  Cathe- 
dral on  Logan  Square,  and  the  Church  of  the 


Holy  Trinity,  near  Walnut  and  19th  Streets, 
Phila.,  of  which  the  noble  doorway  is  especial- 
ly admired.  —  Thomas. 

Nott,  Abraham,  judge  and  politician,  b. 
Saybrook,  Ct.,  1767;  d.  Fairfield,  S.C,  June 
19,  1830.  Y.C.  1787.  He  studied  for  the 
ministry,  but  did  not  take  orders.  Ab.  1788  he 
taught  in  Ga.  a  year  ;  studied  law  in  Camden, 
S.C;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1791;  m.  in 
1794,  and  settled  on  a  plantation  on  the  Paco- 
let  River,  but  continued  the  practice  of  his 
profession.  He  was  a  Federalist  M.C.  in  1799- 
1801 ;  practised  law  with  eminent  success  in 
Columbia,  S.C,  from  1804  to  1810,  when  he 
was  elected  a  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals. 

Nott,  Edward,  gov.  of  Va.  from  1705  to 
his  d.,  23  Aug.  1 706,  a.  49,  at  Williamsburg,  Va. 

Nott,  Eliphalet,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1805), 
LL.D,  (B.U.  1828),  divine  and  educator,  b. 
Ashford,  Ct.,  June  25,  1773;  d.  Schenectady, 
N.Y.,  Jan.  29,  1866.  B.U.  1795.  Losing 
both  parents  while  a  boy,  he  lived  with  his 
bro.,  the  Rev.  Samuel  Nott,  at  Franklin,  Ct., 
where  he  taught  school  in  the  winter.  Li- 
censed to  preach  in  1795,  he  labored  during 
the  first  year  of  his  ministry  at  Cherry  Valley, 
in  the  double  relation  of  pastor,  and  principal 
of  the  acad.  From  1798  to  1804  he  was  pas- 
tor of  a  Presb.  church  at  Albany,  and  in  1804 
was  elected  pres.  of  Union  Coll. ;  after  which 
period  his  history  was  identified  with  that  of 
the  institution.  While  at  Albany,  he  acquired 
popularity  as  a  preacher ;  and  among  his  most 
successful  pulpit-efforts  was  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  Hamilton.  In  1854  the  semi-cen- 
tennial anniversary  of  his  presidency  was  cele- 
brated, when  between  600  and  700  of  those 
who  had  graduated  under  him  came  together 
to  do  him  honor.  Dr.  Nott,  by  his  experi- 
ments in  heat,  and  the  improvements  he  intro- 
duced in  stoves,  effected  an  entire  change  in 
the  mode  of  warming  buildings.  His  publica- 
tions consist  principally  of  sermons  and  ad- 
dresses, delivered  in  the  middle  period  of  life, 
when  his  reputation  as  a  pulpit-orator  was  at 
its  height.  He  was  an  earnest  advocate  of 
the  temperance  cause,  and  pub.  "  Lectures  on 
Temperance,"  1847.  He  also  pub.  "  Counsels 
to  Young  Men,"  miscellaneous  works,  8vo, 
1810. 

Nott,  Henry  Junius,  scholar  and  author, 
son  of  Judge  Abraham,  b.  on  the  Pacolet  River, 
Union  Dist.,  S.C,  Nov.  4,  1797  ;  drowned  off 
the  coast  of  N.C  Oct.  13,  1837.  S.C.  Coll. 
1812.  On  his  return  from  a  brief  visit  to  Eu- 
rope in  1818,  he  was  adm.  to  the  bar,  and  be- 
came law-partner  with  D.  J.  Maccord,  with 
whom  he  edited  2  vols,  of  Reports  of  Cases  in 
the  Constitutional  Court  in  1818,  '19,  and  '20. 
Sailing  again  to  Europe  in  1821  for  his  health, 
while  absent  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  criti- 
cism, logic,  and  the  philos.  of  language,  in  the 
SC.  Coll.  Here  he  remained  13  years ;  at  the 
same  time  being  a  contrib.  to  the  Southern  Re- 
view. He  made  a  collection  of  his  "  Novellettes 
of  a  Traveller,"  2  vols.  N.Y.  1834,  chiefly 
humorous ;  and  left  nearly  completed,  at  his 
death,  an  historical  romance.  In  1837  ho 
visited  New  York  ;  took  passa^  thence  in  the 
steamer  "  Home,"  and,  with  his  wife,  perished 
in  its  wreck. 


NOT 


665 


isroY 


Nott,  JosiAH  Clark,  ethnologist,  bro.  of 
H.  J.,  b.  Columbia,  S.C.,  Mar.  31, 1804.  S.C. 
Coll.  1824.  lie  took  the  degree  of  M  D.  at 
Phila.  in  1827;  remained  there  two  jesiTS  as 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  to  Dr.  Physick ;  re- 
turned to  COiUmbia,  and  commenced  practice ; 
the  years  1835-6  he  spent  in  Europe  in  the 
study  of  medicine  and  nat.  hist.,  since  practis- 
ing medicine  in  Mobile,  Ala.,  except  during 
the  winter  of  1857,  when  prof,  of  anatomy  at 
the  U.  of  La.  Besides  many  articles  in  the 
medical  journals,  he  has  produced  several  eth- 
nological works ;  among  these  are  two  lec- 
tures on  "  The  Connection  between  the  Biblical 
and  Physical  History  of  Man,"  8vo,  NY. 
1849 ;  "  The  Physical  History  of  the  Jewish 
Race,"  Charleston,  1850;  "Types  of  Man- 
kind," 4to,  Phila.  1854;  and  "Indigenous 
Races  of  the  Earth,"  Phila.  1857.  The  last 
two  were  prepared  \sdth  the  aid  of  Mr.  George 
R.  Gliddon  He  established  in  Mobile  a  mod. 
coll.,  which  the  legisl.  of  Ala.  endowed  with 
$50,000,  and  made  a  branch  of  the  State  uni- 
versity.    Since  1868,  has  resided  in  N.Y.  City. 

Nott,  Samuel,  D.D.  (Y.C.  1825),  clergy- 
man, bro.  of  Rev.  Eliphalet,  b.  Saybrook,  Ct., 
Jan.  23, 1754;  d.  Franklin,  Ct.,  May  26,  1852. 
Y.C.  1780.  Mar.  18,  1782,  he  was  chosen  pas- 
tor of  the  church  in  Franklin,  Ct.,  and  spent 
in  that  office  the  remainder  of  his  long-pro- 
tracted life.  He  was  long  regarded  as  the  pa- 
triarch of  the  clergy  of  N.E.,  and  was  also 
prominent  as  an  instructor.  Dr.  Nott's  publi- 
cations included  two  sermons,  one  delivered  on 
the  50th  anniversary  of  his  ordination,  and  the 
other  on  the  60th.  Although  thus  outliving 
his  generation,  he  was  feeble  and  sickly  when 
young. 

Nott,  Samuel,  son  of  the  preceding,  last 
survivor  of  the  first  band  of  missionaries  sent 
out  by  the  American  Board  to  India  in  1812, 
b.  Franklin,  Ct.,  1788;  d.  Hartford,  Ct.,  June 
1,  1869.  Un.  Coll.  1808;  And.  Theol.  Sem. 
1810.  Ord.  Feb.  6,  1812.  On  his  return  he 
was  from  1816  to  1822  a  teacher  in  New  York; 
preached  in  Galway,  N.Y.,from  1823  to  1829,  and 
m  Wareham,  Ms.,  from  1829  to  1849 ;  he  then 
taught  school  in  Wareham  until  1850.  Author 
of  "  Slavery  and  the  Remedy,"  &c.,  8vo,  1856, 
reviewed  in  the  N.Y.  Tribune,  Jan.  22,  1856 ; 
"  Sixteen  Years'  Preaching  and  Procedure  at 
Wareham,  Ms.,"  8vo,  1845. 

Nourse,  James  D.,  journalist  and  author, 
b.  Bardstown,  Ky.,  1816;  d.  St.  Louis,  1854. 
At  dilTcrcnt  times  he  edited  3  newspapers  at 
Bardstown,  and  afterwards  the  Intelligencer  at 
St.  Louis.  Author  of  the  "Philosophy  of 
History ;  "  "  The  Forest  Knight,"  a  novel, 
Phila.,  ab.  1846;  "Leavenworth,  a  Story  of 
the  Mississippi  and  the  Prairies ; "  "  The  Past, 
and  its  Legacies  to  Amer.  Society,"  12mo, 
1852.  —  AUihone. 

Nourse,  Joseph,  register  of  the  U.S. 
treasury  from  1789  to  1829,  a  vice-pres.  of  the 
Amer.  Bible  Society,  b.  Lond.  1754;  d.  near 
Georgetown,  D.C.,  Sept.  1,  1841.  He  emig. 
with  his  family  to  Va.  in  1769 ;  entered  the 
Revol.  army  in  1776  as  sec.  to  Gen.  Ch.  Lee ; 
was  clerk  and  auditor  of  the  board  of  war  from 
1777  until  app.  assist,  auditor-gen.  Sept.  19, 
1781. 


No  well,  Increase,  secretary  of  Ms.  1636- 
49 ;  d.  Nov.  1, 1655.  Chosen  an  assist,  in  1629, 
he  came  to  N.E.  with  Winthrop  in  1630,  and 
was  ruling  elder  fi-om  Aug.  27, 1630,  to  1632 ;  a 
founder  of  the  church  in  Charlestown,  1632; 
and  in  1634  commiss.  for  military  affairs. 
Samuel  his  son  (preacher,  chaplain  at  Gen. 
Winslow's  Indian  battle,  Dec.  19,  1674;  an 
assist.  1680-6 ;  trcas.  of  H.U.),  b.  Charlestown, 
Ms.,  Nov.  12,  1634,  d.  Lond.  Sept.  1688.  H. 
U.  1653.  He  was  a  supporter  of  the  old  char- 
ter, and  went  to  Eng.  on  its  behalf  in  16S8. 

Noyes,  Eli,  D.D.  (Ham.  Coll.  1851), 
scholar  and  missionary,  b.  Jefferson,  Me.,  Apr. 
27,  1814;  d.  Lafayette,  Ind.,  Sept.  10,  1854. 
Self-educated.  He  commenced  preaching  in 
1834;  and  Sept.  22,  1835,accomp.  by  his  wife, 
sailed  for  Calcutta.  At  Orissa,  whore  he  was 
located,  he  had  very  gratifying  success  both  as 
an  evangelist  and  a  school-teacher,  also  becom- 
ing a  skilful  linguist,  and  pub.  a  Hebrew  Gram- 
mar and  Reader.  He  returned  home  with 
impaired  health  in  1841  ;  was  for  four  or  five 
years  a  pastor  in  Boston ;  and  edited  for  10 
years  the  Morning  Star,  the  Freewill  Baptist 
organ;  he  also  delivered  and  pub.  in  1853 
"  Lectures  on  the  Truths  of  the  Bible." 

Noyes,  George  Rapall,  D.D.  (H.U. 
1839),  divine,  b.  Newburyport,  Ms.,  Mar.  6, 
1798 ;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  June  3, 1868.  H.U. 
1813.  He  studied  at  the  Divinity  School,  Cam- 
bridge ;  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1822;  was 
tutor  in  H.U.  in  1825-7 ;  was  then  ord.  pastor 
of  a  church  in  Brookfield,  Ms. ;  and  afterwards 
became  pastor  of  a  church  at  Petersham,  Ms. 
Hancock  prof,  of  Hebrew  and  other  Oriental 
languages,  and  Dexter  lecturer  on  biblical  lit- 
erature at  H.U.  1840-68.  He  pub.  new  trans- 
lations of  the  Book  of  Job,  1 827  ;  the  Psalms ; 
the  Prophets,  3  vols.  12mo ;  and  Proverbs, 
Ecclcsiastes,  and  Canticles,  1846;  also  several 
occasional  sermons,  and  numerous  articles  in 
the  Christian  Examiner ;  edited  a  series  of  theol. 
essays  from  various  authors,  and  prepared  a 
Hebrew  Reader.  His  translation  of  the  N. 
Testament  was  complete,  and  passing  through 
the  press,  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Noyes,  James,  minister  of  Newbury,  Ms., 
from  1635  to  his  d.,  Oct.  22,  1656,  b.  Wiltshire, 
Eng.,  1 608.  He  studied  at  Oxford  U. ;  preached  a 
while ;  came  to  N.E.  in  May,  1634,  and  preached 
a  year  at  Mystic,  now  Medford.  Author  of 
"The  Temple  Measured,"  Lond.  4to,  1647;  a 
Catechism,  reprinted  in  1797;  "Moses  and 
Aaron,"  1661. 

Noyes,  James,  first  minister  of  Stoning- 
toii,  Ct.,  from  Sept.  10,  1674,  to  his  d.  Dec.  30, 
1719,  b.  Newbury,  Mar.  11,  1640.  H.U.  1659. 
Son  of  Rev.  James  of  Newbury.  He  began  to 
preach  at  S.  in  1664.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
trustees  of  Yale  Coll.  ;  was  a  councillor  in  civil 
affairs  in  critical  periods,  and  had  a  large  prac- 
tice as  a  physician. 

Noyes,  James  0.,M.D.,  b..Owasco,  N.Y., 
1829.  Formerly  surgeon  in  the  Ottoman 
army,  since  prop,  and  assoc.  editor  of  the  Knick- 
erbocker Mag.,  and  contrib.  to  others.  Author 
of  "  Roumania,"  1857;  "The  Gypsies,  their 
Historv,"  &c.,  1858. — Allibone. 

Noyes,  Josiah,  M.I).  (D.C.  1806),  phy- 
sician and  medical  professor,  b.  N.H.;  d.  Clin- 


NOY 


666 


O^K 


ton,  N.Y.,  Nov.  1,  1853.  Dartrn.  Coll.  1801. 
Two  years  tutor  in  D.C.,  after  which  he  was 
prof,  of  chemistry  and  pharmacy  in  Fairfield 
Coll.;  and  in  1812,  on  the  or^^anization  of 
Ham.  Coll.,  N.Y.,  he  was  invited  to  fill  its 
chair  of  chemi.stry  and  natural  science,  which 
he  resi^med  in  1830.  He  was  the  life-long  friend 
of  Mr.  Webster ;  and,  at  the  request  of  the 
literary  executors  of  that  eminent  statesman, 
he  wrote  reminiscences  of  his  college-life. 

Noyes,  Nicholas,  minister  of  Salem,  Ms., 
from  Nov.  14,  1683,  to  his  d.  Dec.  13,  1717,  b. 
Newbury,  Dec.  22,  1647.  H.U.  1667.  Nephew 
of  Rev.' James  of  Newbury.  He  preached  13 
years  at  Haddam  after  gradt»ating.  He  was  a 
promoter  of  the  witchcraft  persecution,  after- 
ward publicly  confessing  his  error.  A  letter 
of  his,  with  an  account  of  James  Noyes,  is  in 
Mather's  "  Magnalia.^'  He  pub.  a  poem  on 
the  death  of  Joseph  Green  of  Salem  1715. 

Noyes,  William  Curtis,  LL.D.  (Ham. 
Coll.  1856),  lawyer,  b.  Schodack,  N.Y.,  Aug. 
19,  1805 ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Dec.  25,  1864.  Adm. 
to  the  bar  in  1827,  he  gained  a  high  reputation 
in  Oneida  Co.,  and,  removing  to  N.Y.  City  in 
1838,  held  high  rank  in  his  profession.  Dele- 
gate to  the  Peace  Convention  in  Feb.  1861.  He 
was  many  years  an  almoner  of  the  N.  Eng.  Soc. 
and  was  chosen  pres.  the  day  before  his  death. 
He  prepared  a  codification  of  the  laws  of  N.Y. 
for  publication.  His  law-library,  valued  at 
$60,000,  he  bequeathed  to  Ham.  College. 

Nugent,  SiK  George,  an  English  fieM- 
marshal,  b.  June  10,  1757;  d.  Mar.  11,  1849. 
Educated  at  the  Roy.  Acad,  at  Woolwich.  He 
joined  the  7th  Regt.  as  lieut.  in  Sept.  1777,  in 
N.Y.,  and  was  present  at  the  storming  of  Forts 
Montgomery  and  Clinton  ;  was  app.  a  capt.  in 
the  57th  in  Apr.  1778,  and  did  duty  with  it  in 
the  Jerseys  and  Ct.  until  May,  1782,  when  he 
became  major  ;  he  served  under  the  Duke  of 
York  in  Flanders;  served  as  maj.-gen.  in 
Ireland  during  the  rebellion  ;  was  created  a 
baronet  in  1806  ;  and  in  1811  was  com.-in-chiif 
in  India.  Hem.,  Nov.  15, 1797,  Maria,  dau.  of 
Cortland  Skinner,  atty.-gen.,  and  speaker  of 
the  N.J.  Assembly,  and  attained  the  rank 
of  field-marshal  in  1842.  His  bro.,  Adm.  Sir 
Charles  Edmond  (1759-1844),  served  as  a 
lieut.  and  capt.  in  the  R.N.  during  the  Amer. 
war,  at  Fort  Moultrie,  at  N.Y.,  and  R.X. ;  full 
adm.  1808. 

Nufiez,  Alvab  (Cabeca  De  Vaca),  the 
earliest  and  most  remarkable  explorer  of  N.  A. ; 
d.  1 564.  With  Nunez  as  chief  officer,  Pamphilo 
de  Narvaez  sailed  for  Florida  from  San  Lucar 
de  Barrameda,  with  5  ships  and  600  men,  July 
17,  1527;  landing  on  its  coast  Apr.  12,  1528. 
Directing  the  flotilla  to  follow  the  coast  west- 
ward to  a  certain  haven,  and  there  await  his 
coming,  Narvaez,  accompanied  by  Nunez,  en- 
tered the  interior.  They  found  the  Indians 
hostile;  a  country  possessing  few  attractions  ; 
suffered  much  from  sickness ;  were  disappointed 
in  their  expectation  of  finding  gold ;  and  reached 
the  coast,  sick  and  disheartened,  only  to  find  no 
fleet  there ;  the  officer  in  charge  of  the  ships 
having  sailed  for  Havana  without  making  any 
effort  to  reach  the  place  of  rendezvous,  leaving 
the  gov.  and  his  companions  to  their  fate. 
The  party,  reduced  to  242  men,  embarked, 


Sept.  20,  in  6  boats  of  their  own  construction, 
which  were  so  crowded,  that  they  were  managed 
with  the  greatest  diflSculty.  After  much  suffer- 
ing from  hunger  and  thirst,  from  attacks  by 
the  Indians,  from  violent  tempests  and  severe 
cold,  they,  late  in  Oct.,  reached  the  mouth  of  a 
large  river  (supposed  to  be  the  Mpi.),  and 
landed  on  an  island.  Continuing  their  voy- 
age, a  violent  storm  drove  them  out  to  sea, 
wrecking  the  boat  containing  Nufiez  on  a  small 
island,  from  whijch  the  survivors  reached  the 
mainland.  The  rest  of  their  companions  were 
never  afterwards  heard  of.  After  extraordinary 
hardships,  in  which  they  were  driven  to  such 
straits  that  they  lived  upon  one  another,  they 
reached  a  mountainous  country  believed  to  have 
been  New  Mexico.  They  met  with  buffalo ; 
and,  finding  an  epidemic  among  the  Indians, 
were  remarkably  successful  in  curing  them, 
gaining  thereby  a  great  influence  over  the 
natives,  who  imagined  them  to  be  from  the  sun. 
Taking  advantage  of  this,  they  endeavored 
to  instil  into  their  minds  the  doctrines  of  Chris- 
tianity. After  8  months  among  the  Indians 
of  New  Mexico,  Nunez  journeyed  westward  and 
southward  until  1536,  when,  with  3  survivors, 
he  reached  the  Spanish  settlements  in  Culiacan, 
on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific.  An  abridgment 
of  Cabeca  de  Vaca's  "  Narrative  "  may  be 
found  in  Hakluyt's  "  Voyages,"  and  a  French 
version  in  the  collection  of  voyages  pub.  in 
Paris  by  Ternaux  Compans ;  but  the  fullest 
and  best  is  a  translation  by  Buckingham  Smith, 
sec.  of  the  U.S.  legation  in  Spain  (privately 
printed),  folio,  Washington,  1851. 

Nuttall,  Dr.  Thomas,  naturalist,  b.  York- 
shire, Eng.,  1786;  d.  St.  Helen's,  Lancashire, 
Eng.,  Sept.  10,  1859.  Brought  up  a  printer. 
He  came  to  the  U.S.  in  early  life;  devoted  his 
leisure  to  the  study  of  botany  and  geology. 
Travelled  extensively  in  nearly  all  the  States 
of  the  Union  ;  explored  the  Great  Lakes  and 
upper  branches  of  the  Mpi.,  and  in  1810  as- 
cended the  Mo.  as  far  as  the  Mafidan  villages. 
In  1819  he  explored  the  Ark.  River  and  the 
neighboring  regions,  and  pub.  an  account  of 
his  travels,  entitled  "  A  Journal  of  Travels  into 
the  Arkansas  Territory,"  Phila.  1821.  He  pub. 
"  The  Genera  of  North- American  Plants,"  1849 ; 
and  the  "Birds  of  the  U.S.,"  1834;  "  N.  Amer. 
Sylva,"  3  vols.  8vo,  1842  ;  and  was  prof,  of 
botany  and  nat.  hist,  in  H.U.  in  1822-34.  He 
travelled  in  California,  and  pub.  several  papers 
on  the  shells  and  plants  of  that  region.  He 
returned  to  Eng,  to  enjoy  an  estate  devised 
to  hira  on  condition  that  he  should  reside 
upon  it. 

Oakes,  James,  col.  and  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Pa.  West  Point,  1846.  Entering 
the  2d  Drags.,  he  served  through  the  Mex. 
war  ;  was  brev.  1st  lieut.  25  Mar.  1847,  for 
Medellin,  and  capt.  8  Sept.  1847,  for  Molino 
del  Rey ;  severely  wounded  by  Comanche  In- 
dians, 12  Aug.  18.50;  capt.  3  Mar.  1855  ;  maj. 
6  Apr.  1861  ;  lieut.-col.  4th  cav.  12  Nov.  1861 ; 
col.  6th,  31  July,  1866.  During  the  Rebellion 
he  was  engaged  at  the  battles  of  Shiloh  and 
Corinth,  and  was  brev.  brig.-gen.  30  Mar. 
1865.  —  Cu//»nj. 

Oakes,  Thomas,  physician,  bro.  of  Urian, 
b.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  June  18,  1644;  d.  Well- 


OAK 


667 


occ 


fleet,  July  1 5, 1 7 1 9.  H.TJ.  1 662.  He  was  emi- 
nent as  a  physician,  and,  on  first  visiting  a  pa- 
tient, "  persuades  him  to  put  his  trust  in  God, 
the  fountain  of  health."  An  assist,  in  1690; 
a  representative  in  1689,  and  spoak(!r  of  the 
hou.se  ;  councillor ;  and,  as  agent  for  JVIs.,  went 
to  Eng.,  and  aided  in  framing  the  new  charter. 

Oakes,  Urian,  prcs.  of  Harv.  Coll.  (7  Apr. 
1675,  to  his  d.),  b.  Eng.  1631  ;  d.  Cambridge, 
July  25,1681.  II.  U.  1 649.  lie  came  to  Amer. 
in  1634,  and,  while  very  young,  pub.  at  Cam- 
bridge a  set  of  astronomical  calculations.  He 
settled  in  the  ministry  at  Titchficld,  Eng.,  but 
was  silenced  for  nonconformity  in  1662;  and 
afterwards  preached  to  another  congregation. 
His  learning  and  piety  caused  him  to  be  invited 
to  take  charge  of  the  church  at  Cambridge,  Ms., 
where  he  commenced  his  labors  Nov.  8,  1671. 
Formally  installed  pres.  Feb.  2,  1680. 

Oakley,  Thomas  Jacksox,  LL.D.  (Un. 
Coll.  1853),  jurist,  b.  Dutchess  Co.,  N.Y.,  1783; 
d.  N.Y.  City,  May  12,  1857.  Y.C.  1801.  He 
studied  law,  and  practised  at  Poughkcepsie, 
N.Y.  In  1810  he  was  app.  surrogate  of  Dutch- 
ess Co.;  M.C.  1813-15  and  1827-9;  in  1815 
member  of  the  N.Y.  Assembly ;  in  1819  he  suc- 
ceeded Van  Buren  as  atty.-gen.  of  the  State; 
in  1820  he  served  again  in  the  Assembly. 
When  the  Superior  Court  of  N.Y.  Cit^  was 
organized  in  1828,  he  was  app.  an  assoc.  judge, 
and,  upon  its  re-organization  in  1846,  cliief 
justice. 

O'Beirne,  Thomas  Lewis,  D.D.,  clergy- 
man, b.  Longford  Co.,  Ireland,  1748 ;  d.  15  Feb. 
1823.  Though  educated  at  St.  Omer's,  he  took 
orders  in  the  Pr.-Ep.  Church,  and  was  chaplain 
of  Lord  Howe's  fleet  in  the  Amer.  war.  After 
the  great  fire  at  New  York  in  1776,  he  preached 
in  St.  Paul's,  the  only  Episc.  church  saved  from 
the  flames.  Private  sec.  of  the  Duke  of  Port- 
land, lord-lieut.  of  Ireland,  1782,  from  whom 
he  received  in  1783  two  valuable  livings  in 
Northumberland  and  Cumberland ;  chaplain  to 
Earl  Fitzwilliam,  and  made  bishop  of  Ossory ; 
he  was  in  1798  translated  to  the  see  of  Meath. 
Author  of  a  "  Vindication  "  of  the  conduct  of 
his  patrons,  the  bros.  Howe,  and  other  political 
tracts,  and  a  poem  entitled  "  The  Crucifixion," 
1776. 

Obookiah,  Henrt,  b.  Hawaii,  1792;  d. 
Cornwall,  Ct.,  Feb.  17,  1818.  He  was  brought 
to  N.  Haven  in  1809,  and  educated  for  the  min- 
istry. He  had  translated  Genesis  into  his  na- 
tive tongue.    His  Memoirs  were  pub.  1818. 

O'Brien,  Fitzjames,  a  brilliant  writer, 
and  a  poet  of  merit,  b.  Ireland,  1829 ;  d.  in  Va. 
April  6,  1 862.  He  came  to  this  country  about 
1850.  In  April,  1861,  he  entered  the  N.Y.  7th 
Ilegt.,  and  in  Jan.  1862  took  an  app.  on  the 
staff  of  Gen.  Lander,  and,  during  the  short  term 
of  his  service,  was  djsting.  for  courage  and  dar- 
ing. Wounded  in  a  skirmish  Feb.  16,  he  died 
from  tetanus  following  a  severe  surgical  opera- 
tion.    Contrib.  to  the  Atlantic  Monthly. 

O'Brien,  Capt.  Jeremiah,  Rovol.  patriot; 
d.  Machias,  Me.,  Oct.  5, 1818,  a.  78.  One  of  5 
sons  of  Maurice,  a  native  of  Cork.  May  1 1 , 
1775,  on  hearing  of  the  battle  of  Lexington, 
these  bros.,  with  a  few  vols.,  captured  the  Brit- 
ish armed  schooner  "  Margaretta  "  in  Machias 
Bay.    Jeremiah  was  the  leader  in  this  brilliant 


exploit, — the  Jirst  blow  struck  on  the  water 
after  the  war  began.  He  soon  after  captured 
two  small  Eng.  cruisei-s,  and  carried  their  cap- 
tive crews  prisoners  to  the  Piov.  Congress  in 
Watertown,  who  commissioned  him  capt.  in  the 
State  navy.  He  com.  "The  Liberty"  (the 
schooner  with  which  his  first  capture  was  made), 
his  bro.  William  serving  as  his  first  lieut. ;  and 
cniised  successfully  two  years.  He  then  fitted 
out "  The  Hannibal,"  a  20-gun  letter-of-marque, 
and  took  several  prizes,  but  was  captured ;  was 
6  months  in  "  The  Jeraey,"  prison -ship  ;  and 
after  a  year's  confinement  in  Mill  Prison,  Eng., 
escaped,  and  retired  to  Brunswick,  Me.  He 
was  at  the  time  of  his  death  coll.  of  the  customs 
at  Machias.  His  bro.  John  was  a  successful 
com.  of  privateers  in  the  Revolution. 

O'Brien,  John  P.  J.,  brev.  major  U.S.A., 
b.  Phila.  ab.  1817  ;  d.  Indianola,  Texas,  Mar. 
31,  1850.  West  Point,  1836.  He  served  with 
honor  in  the  Florida  war ;  disting.  himself  in 
the  command  of  his  battery  at  the  battle  of 
Buena  Vista,  where,  by  losing  his  cannon,  he 
saved  the  battle;  was  brev.  maj.,  and  wounded; 
capt.  16  May,  1849.  Author  of  a  treatise  on 
"Courts-Martial,"  1846. 

O'Brien,  Richard,  seaman ;  d.  Washing- 
ton City,  Feb  14,  1824,  a  72.  In  youth  he  fol- 
lowed the  sea;  and  in  1781,  when  Arnold  in- 
vaded Va.,  he  was  1st  lieut.  of  the  State  brig 
"Jefferson;"  consul-gen.  to  Algiers  (where  he 
had  previously  been  held  in  slavery)  1797-1802. 
Ho  Avas  1 9  years  on  the  Algerine  coast,  and 
afterward  a  negotiator  in  Com.  Preble's  fleet 
in  the  attacks  on  Tripoli.  He  subsequently 
resided  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  legislature. 

0'Callaghan,.EDMUND  B.,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
author,  b.  Ireland,  was  at  one  time  a  promi- 
nent member  of  the  Provincial  Parliament,  and 
editor  of  the  Vindicator,  the  national  organ  at 
Montreal.  He  was  active  in  the  agitation  of 
1837,  since  when  he  has  been  a  resident  of  N.Y., 
and  has  rendered  valuable  service  in  editing 
the  historical  documents  of  the  State.  He  has 
been  some  years  in  the  office  of  the  sec.  of  state. 
He  has  pub.  "  History  of  New  Netherlands," 
1846-8;  "Jesuit  Relations,"  1847;  "Docu- 
mentary History  of  N.Y.,"  4  vols.  4to,  1849-51 ; 
"Documents  relating  to  the  Colonial  History 
of  N.Y.,"  11  vols.  1855-61;  "Remonstrance 
of  New  Netherland,"  1856;  "Commissary 
Wilson's  Orderly-Book,"  1857;  "Orderly- 
Book  of  Gen.  John  Burgoyne,"  1860;  "Names 
of  Persons  for  whom  Marriage-Licenses  were 
issued  previous  to  1784,"  1860;  "Journals  of 
the  Lcgisl.  Councils  of  N.  Y.,"  2  vols.  8vo ; 
"  Origin  of  the  Lcgisl.  Assemblies  of  the  State 
of  N.Y.,"  4to,  1861 ;  WooUey's  "Two  Years' 
Journal  in  New  York,"  4to,  1860;  "The  Re- 
gister of  New  Netherland,"  1626-74,  8vo,  1865; 
"Calendar  to  the  Laud  Papers,"  8vo,  1864; 
"  Calendar  of  Hist.  MSS.  in  the  Office  of  the 
Sec.  of  State,"  4to,  1865;  "Voyage  of  George 
Clarke  to  America,"  with  Introd.  and  Notes, 
1867;  "Voyages  of  the  Slavers  St.  John  and 
Arms,"  1867  ;  "Journal  of  the  Voyage  of  the 
Sloop  Mary  from  Quebeck,"  &c.,  1866.-— 
Duuckinck. 

Occum,  Rev.  Sampson,  an  Indian  preach- 
er, b.  Mohegan,  N.  Lond.  Co.,  Ct.,  ab.  1723 ; 


OCH 


668 


OGH3 


d.  New  Stockbridgc,  N.Y.,  July  14, 1792.  Ord. 
29  Aug.  1759.  He  was  the  first  Indian  pupil 
educated  by  Rev.  Mr.  Wheclock,  in  whose 
family  at  Lebanon  he  continued  4  years.  In 
1748  he  kept  a  school  in  N.  London,  and  after- 
ward officiated  as  teacher  of  the  Indian  tribe  at 
Montauk,  L.I. ;  was  subsequently  employed  on 
several  missions  to  various  tribes  of  Indians  ; 
and  preached  "to  good  acceptance  in  N.  York, 
Boston,  and  other  poj)ulous  places."  His  in- 
fluence among  the  Indians  was  for  a  long  time 
great.  In  1766  he  accomp.  Rev.  Mr.  Whittaker 
to  Eng.  for  the  purpose  of  soliciting  aid  for  Dr. 
Wheelock's  Indian  school  at  Lebanon,  where 
he  was  successful  in  attracting  large  audiences 
and  obtaining  donations.  The  last  few  years 
of  his  life  were  passed  with  the  Indians  at  New 
Stockbridge.  He  wrote  an  account  of  the  Mon- 
tauk Indians,  pub.  in  the  "Ms.  Hist.  Soc. 
Colls. ; "  and  pub.  a  sermon  on  the  execution  of 
an  Indian  in  New  Haven  in  1772.  —  Sprague. 

Ochterlony,  Sir  David,  bart.,  a  British 
gen.,  b.  Boston,  Feb.  12,  1758;  d.  Meerut,  In- 
dia, July  15,  1825.  Eldest  son  of  David,  a 
loyalist  of  Boston;  his  paternal  great-grand- 
father, Alexander,  was  laird  of  Pitforthy,  in 
the  Co.  of  Angus.  Having  completed  his  edu- 
cation, he  was  at  the  age  of  18  sent  to  India 
as  a  cadet;  became  a  lieut.  inl778;  in  1803 
he  was  lieut.-col. ;  and  dep.  adj. -gen.  at  the 
great  battle  of  Delhi,  immediately  after  which 
he  was  envoy  at  the  court  of  Shah  Alum  ; 
col.  Jan.  1, 1812 ;  maj.-gen.  June  4, 1814 ;  and, 
for  his  skilful  conduct  in  the  Nepaulese  war, 
was  created  a  knt.  com.  of  the  Bath  in  Apr., 
and  in  Nov.  1815  was  made  a  bart.  He  subse- 
quently disting.  himself  in  the  great  Mahratta 
and  Pindarry  war  of  1817-18,  and  performed 
various  other  important  services. 

O'Conor,  Charles,  a  prominent  N.Y. 
lawyer,  I).  N.Y.  City,  1804.  His  father,  a  man 
of  education  and  of  good  family,  came  from 
Ireland  to  N.Y.  early  in  this  century.  Chas. 
lost  his  mother  in  1816  ;  received  only  a  com- 
mon-school education;  and  in  1824  was  adm. 
to  the  bar  of  N.Y.,  at  which  he  has  long  held 
the  first  place.  He  has  never  held  office,  ex- 
cepting that  of  dist.-atty.  for  15  months  at  the 
request  of  Pres.  Pierce,  and  as  a  member  of 
the  Const.  Conv.  of  1864.  Besides  the  famous 
Forrest  divorce-case  (1851),  his  greatest  cases 
are  the  Lispenard  will-case  (1843),  the  John 
Mason  will-case  (1853),  the  Parish  will-case 
(1862),  the  Lemmon  slave  case  (1856),  and 
the  case  of  the  slave  Jack  in  1835. — Sears' s 
Nat.  Quart.  Review,  vol.  xi. 

Odenheimer,  William  Henry,  D.D., 
b.  Phila.  Aug.  11,1817.  U.  of  Pa.  1835; 
Gen.  Theol.  Sem.  (Pr.-Ep.  Ch.),  N.Y.,  1838. 
Ord.  deacon  1838,  priest  1841;  consec.  bish- 
op of  N.  J.  Oct.  13,  1859  ;  made  rector  of  St. 
Peter's,  Phila.,  1840.  Author  of  "  The  Origin 
of  the  Prayer-Book,"  1841 ;  "  Devout  Church- 
man's Companion,"  1841 ;  "  The  True  Catho- 
lic no  Romanist,"  1842;  "Thoughts  on  Im- 
mersion," 1843;  "Young  Churchman  Cate- 
chised," 1844;  "Ringelburgius  on  Study,  Bp. 
White's  Opinions,"  1846 ;  essay  on  "  Canon 
Law,"  1847;  "Clergyman's  Assist.,"  1847;  "The 
Private  Prayer-Book,"  1851 ;  "Jerusalem  and 
Vicinity,"  1*855,  the  result  of  a  visit  in  1853. 


Odin,  John  Mart,  D.D.,  R.C.  archbishop 
of  N.  Orleans,  b.  Ambicre,  Dept.  of  the  Loire, 
France;  d.  N.  Orleans,  25  May,  1870.  Join- 
ing the  Lazarists,  he  was  sent  as  a  missionary 
to  Mo.  Consec.  bishop  of  Claudiopolis,  and 
vicar  apost.  of  Texas,  Mar.  6,  1842;  trans- 
ferred to  Galveston  1847,  and  to  N.  Orleans  in 
1861. 

Odiorne,  Thomas,  b.  Exeter,  N.H.,  Apr. 
26,  1769  ;  d.  Maiden,  Ms.,  May  18,  1851. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1791.  Bookseller  in  Exeter 
till  1800;  then  in  the  dry-goods  trade  in  Boston, 
removing  ab.  1811  to  Maiden,  where  he  was 
an  iron  manuf.  He  pub.  "  The  Progress  of 
Refinement,"  a  poem  ;  "  Fame  and  Miscella- 
nies," 18mo,  1792.  —  D.  C.  Alumni. 

Oexmelin,  Alexander  Oliver,  a  trav- 
eller, who  was  probably  a  Fleming.  In  July, 
1666,  he  was  at  Tortola,  in  Amcr.,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  W.L  Co.,  where  he  was  sold  to  a 
planter  for  30  crowns.  After  3  years'  servitude, 
he  joined  some  free-booters,  and  remained  with 
them  till  1674,  when  he  embraced  an  oppor- 
tunity to  return  to  Europe,  thanking  God,  as 
he  says,  that  he  had  been  enabled  to  relinquish 
such  a  miserable  kind  of  life.  He  afterwards 
made  3  other  voyages  to  Amer.,  with  the 
Dutch  and  with  the  Spaniards;  and  was  at 
the  taking  of  Carthagena  in  1697.  His  ac- 
count of  his  adventures  was  pub.  in  French  at 
Paris  in  1686,  2  vols.  12mo;  at  Trevoux  1746 
and  1775,  4  vols.  12 mo.  From  some  passages 
in  his  narrative,  it  seems  probable  that  he  exer- 
cised the  profession  of  a  surgeon.  —  Biog. 
Univ. 

O'Fallon,  Col.  John,  a  prominent  citizen 
of  St.  Louis,  b.  Louisville,  Ky.,  23  Nov.  1791. 
Son  of  Dr.  James  (who  emig.  to  Wilmington, 
N.C.,  in  1774,  and  served  in  the  Revol.  army) 
by  a  sister  of  Gen.  Geo.  Rogers  Clark.  John 
served  with  distinction  under  Harrison  in  the 
war  of  1812;  was  severely  wounded  at  Tippe- 
canoe; afterwards  acquired  great  wealth  as  a 
merchant,  and  distributed  it  freely  in  benevolent 
and  educational  enterprises.  He  endowed  the 
O'Fallon  Polytechnic  Inst,  with  property  worth 
$100,000;  gave  liberally  to  Wash.  Univ.;  built 
the  Dispensary  and  Med.  Coll. ;  and  has  given 
over  a  million  dollars  to  advance  the  cause  of 
education,  and  to  relieve  suffiiring  humanity. 

Ogden,  Aaron,  LL.D.,  soldier  and  states- 
man, b.  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  Dec.  3,  1756  ;  d. 
Jersey  City,  Apr.  19,  1839.  N.J.  Coll.  1773. 
While  a  teacher  in  his  native  place,  in  the  win- 
ter of  177.5-6,  he  assisted  in  capturing,  off 
Sandy  Hook,  a  vessel  laden  with  munitions  for 
the  British  army  at  Boston.  App.  capt.  in 
the  first  N.J.  Regt.  com.  by  his  bro.  Matthias 
early  in  1777,  he  was  engaged  at  Brandy  wine ; 
was  brigade  maj.  in  Lee's  corps  at  Monmouth, 
acting  also  as  assist,  aide-de-camp  to  Lord 
Stirling.  While  reconnoitring  near  Bergen 
in  the  winter  of  1778-9,  he  came  unexpectedly 
upon  a  party  of  the  enemy,  from  whom  he  es- 
caped with  a  severe  bayonet-wound.  He  was 
aide  to  Gen.  Maxwell'  in  Sullivan's  exped. 
against  the  Indians  in  1779,  and  at  the  battle 
of  Springfield  in  1780  ;  he  was  with  Lafayette 
in  the  Va.  campaign  of  1781,  and  at  Yorkiown 
gallantly  led  his  light  inf.  to  the  storm  of  a  re- 
doubt, receiving  the  commendation  of  Wash- 


OG-D 


669 


OG^L 


ington.  After  the  peace  he  j^ractised  hiw ;  was 
app.  lieut.-eol.  1 1th  Inf.  sind  dep.  quarterm.- 
<;en.  Jan.  8,  1799  ;  a  corainiss.  for  settling  the 
houndary  between  N.  J.  and  N.Y. ;  U.S.  sena- 
tor 1801-3;  and  gov.  of  N.J.  1812-13.  Dur- 
ing  the  war  of  1812  he  com.  the  militia  of 
N.  J.,  and  declined  a  commission  of  maj.-gen. 
tendered  by  the  Pres.  At  thii  time  of  his  death 
he  was  prcs.-gen.  of  the  Cincinnati. 

Ogden,  David,  judge,  b.  Newark,  N.  J., 
1707;  d.  Queen's  Co.,  L.I.,  1800.  Y.C.  1728. 
He  studied  law  in  New  York,  and  practised  in 
N.  J.,  soon  attaining  the  head  of  his  profession. 
App.  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1772; 
retired  to  the  city  of  New  York  on  the  break- 
ing-out of  the  war,  where  he  was  a  member  of 
the  board  of  refugees.  He  drew  up  the  outlines 
of  a  plan  for  the  govt,  of  the  Colonies  in  the 
event  of  their  submission  to  Great  Britain. 
He  withdrew  to  Eng.  in  1783,  his  property  in 
N.  J.  having  been  confiscated,  but  returned  to 
the  U.S.  in  1790.  He  had  the  reputation  of 
being  one  of  the  "giants  of  the  law"  in  N.  J. 
Of  his  sons,  Abraham,  a  disting.  lawyer,  was 
U.S.  dist.-atty.  under  Washington;  Isaac  was 
many  years  judge  of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench. 

Ogden,  David  B.,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1837), 
an  eminent  lawyer,  b.  N.J.  1769;  d.  N.Y., 
July  15, 1849.  He  came  to  N.Y.  in  1802,  and 
practised  chiefly  in  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court. 

Ogden,  Henry  W.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.N.J.; 
d.  there  Aug.  25,  1860.  Midshipm.  Sept.  1, 
1811;  lieut.  Mar.  5,  1817  ;  com.  Jan.  31, 1838; 
capt.  Feb.  5,  1848. 

Ogden,  Jacob,  physician,  b.  Newark, 
N.  J.,  1721  ;  d.  Jamaica,  L.I.,  1779.  Ho  was 
of  English  parentage,  received  a  classical  educa- 
tion at  Yale,  and,  after  studying  medicine,  com- 
menced practice  at  Jamaica,  L.  I.,  where  he 
enjoyed  extensive  patronage  nearly  40  years. 
He  pub.  in  1769  and  1774  letters  to  Hugh 
Gaine  on  "  The  Malignant  Sore-throat  Dis- 
temper." Dr.  Francis  says  he  was  the  first 
who  in  the  U.S.  availed  himself  of  the  free  use 
of  mercurials  in  the  treatment  of  inflammatory 
diseases.  —  Thacher. 

Ogden,  John  Cosins,  b.  N.  J. ;  d.  Ches- 
tertown,  Md.,  1800.  N.  J.  Co!l.  1770.  He  re- 
sided in  N.  Haven  in  1770-85  ;  m.  a  dau.  of 
Gen.  Wooster ;  and  in  1786-93  was  rector  of 
the  Pr.-Ep.  church,  Portsm.,  N.H. ;  afterward 
subject  to  mental  derangement.  Author  of 
"  Excursion  into  Bethlehem  and  Nazareth, 
Pa.,  in  1799,  with  a  Hist,  of  the  Moravians," 
Phila.  180r);  letters  occasioned  by  a  corresp. 
with  Dr.  MrtcClintock,  Masonic  address,  and 
sermons. 

Ogden,  Matthias,  soldier  (bro.  of  Aaron); 
d.  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  Mar.  31,  1791,  a.  36. 
He  joined  the  army  at  Cambridge ;  took  part  in 
Arnold's  expedition  to  Quebec,  in  which  he 
was  wounded ;  and  afterward  commanded  the 
1st  N.J.  Regiment  till  the  close  of  the  war, 
when  he  was  brevetted  brigadier-general. 

Ogden,  UzAL,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1798), 
rector  of  Trinity  Church  (1788-1805),  b.  New- 
ark, N.J.,  ab.  1744;  d.  there  Nov.  4,  1822. 
Ord.  Pr.-Ep.  priest  21  Sept.  1773.  He  pub.  a 
Masonic  Sermon,  1784;  "The  Reward  of 
Iniquity;"  "Antidote  to  Deism,"  1795.  He 
became  a  Presbyterian  in  1805.  —  Spragm, 


O^e  (o'-zha'),  Vincent,  a  creole  of  St. 
Domingo,  b.  ab.  1750;  executed  26  Feb.  1791. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  French  revol.  he 
was  engaged  in  commerce  at  Cape  Franpais. 
Mercantile  aff*airs  having  drawn  him  to  Paris, 
he  was  adm.  into  the  Society  of  Friends  of  the 
Negroes,  and,  aided  by  some  of  the  most  active 
members,  warmly  solicited  the  National  Assem- 
bly in  favor  of  his  brethren.  He  headed  an 
insurrection  in  Nov.  1790  at  Grande  Riviere. 
The  insurgents  demanded  freedom  and  political 
equality ;  but  their  cause  was  ere  long  disgraced 
by  crimes  equally  useless  and  atrocious.  These 
however,  were  not  attributable  to  Oge,  but  to 
his  lieut.  Chavannes,  Obliged  to  give  way  to 
superior  force,  Oge,  with  a  few  followers,  took 
refuge  in  the  Spanish  territory,  and,  being  given 
up  to  the  French,  was  tried  before  the  Superior 
Council  at  Cape  Fran9ais,  and  condemned, 
with  Chavannes,  to  be  broken  on  the  wheel. 

Ogilby,  John,  master  of  his  Majesty's 
revels  in  Ireland,  b.  Edinburgh,  1600  ;  d.  1676. 
Pub.  "  America,  being  the  most  Accurate  De- 
scription of  the  New  World,"  &c.,  folio,  Lond. 
1671.  He  lived  many  years  in  London;  pub. 
translations  of  Homer,  Virgil,  &c.,  with  Hol- 
lar's Illustrations,  and  Atlases,  with  descriptions 
of  different  countries. 

Ogilby,  John  D.;  d.  Paris,  1851.  Col. 
Coll.  1829.  Prof  lang.  Rutg.  Coll.  1832-40; 
rector  of  Columb.  Coll.  Grammar  School  1829- 
30;  a  Prot.-Ep.  clergyman,  and  prof,  of  eccl.  hist. 
in  the  Gen.  Theol.  Sem.,  N.Y.,  1841-51.  Author 
of  "Argument  against  the  Validity  of  Lay 
Baptism,"  1842;  "The  Catholic  Church  in 
England  and  America,"  1844. 

Ogilvie,  James,  scholar,  b.  of  a  noble 
Scotch  family  ab.  1760  ;  d.  Aberdeen,  Sept.  18, 
1820.  Emig.  to  America,  he  founded  a  classi- 
cal acad.  at  Richmond,  Va.,  where  he  taught 
many  pupils  afterwards  celebrated,  among  them 
Gen.  Scott  and  Hon.  W.  S.  Archer.  He  retired 
some  years  afterward  to  the  backwoods  of  Ky., 
where,  alone  in  a  log-cabin,  he  composed  a 
series  of  lectures,  which  wei'e  given  with  great 
applause  in  Va.  and  the  Atlantic  States.  His 
relative,  the  Earl  of  Findlater  and  Airy,  dying 
without  children,  he  returned  to  Scotland,  and 
claimed  the  title;  but  the  habitual  use  of  nar- 
cotics had  undermined  his  intellect,  and  the 
attempt  failed.  Soon  after  reaching  Scotland, 
worn  out  in  body  and  mind,  he  perished,  proba- 
bly by  his  own  hand.  Author  of  "  Philosophical 
Essays,"  1816,  8vo,  Phila. 

Ogilvie,  John,  D.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1770), 
minister  in  New  York;  d.  there  Nov.  26,  1774, 
a.  51.  Y.  C.  1748.  He  was  some  time  a  mis- 
sionary to  the  Indians  on  the  Mohawk,  but 
preached  mostly  at  Albany;  and  from  1765  to 
his  death  was  assist,  minister  of  Trinity  Church, 
New  York.  He  left  300  pounds  to  a  charity- 
school,  and  other  benefactions. 

Ogle,  Benjamin,  gov.  Md.  1798-1801,  b. 
Md.  1749;  d.  Annapolis,  July  6,  1809.  Be- 
fore the  Revol.  he  was  a  member  of  the  Md. 
Council. 

Ogle,  Samuel,  gov.  Md.  1737-42  and  1747; 
d.  1751.  He  had  previously  held  a  command 
on  the  Irish  Establishment. 

Oglesby,  Richard  James,  gov.  of  III. 
1865-9,  b.  Oldham  Co.,  Ky.,  June  24,   1824. 


OG-L 


670 


OLI 


He  studied  law  at  Springfield,  HI.,  and  began 

Sractice  at  Sullivan,  Moulton  Co.  During  the 
lexican  war  he  served  as  lieut.  4th  111.  Vols. 
In  the  spring  of  1849  he  joined  an  overland 
company  on  their  way  to  California,  where  he 
remained  two  years,  when  he  returned  to  Deca- 
tur, 111.,  and  resumed  practice;  in  1860  he  was 
chosen  State  senator.  Made  col.  8th  III.  Vols. 
in  1861,  he  led  a  brigade  at  the  capture  of  Fort 
Donelson ;  and  was  made  brig.-gen.  vols.  Mar. 
21,  1862,  for  his  gallantry  in  that  engagement. 
He  was  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh ;  was  severely 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Corinth,  Oct.  4, 1 862  ; 
maj.-gen.  Nov.  29,  1862. 

Oglethorpe,  James  Edward,  a  British 
gen.,  founder  of  the  Colony  of  Georgia,  b.  Lon- 
don, 21  Dec.  1698;  d.  1  July,  178.5.  Son  of 
Sir  Theophilus  of  Godalraing,  Surrey.  En- 
tered Oxford  in  1714;  obtained  a  commiss.  in 
the  Guards  ;  served  under  Marlborough  and 
Prince  Eugene;  and  in  1722  took  his  seat  in 
parliament.  Made  a  trustee  for  the  liberation 
of  poor  debtors,  he  obtained  a  govt,  grant  of 
.£10,000,  and  a  liberal  subscription,  to  found  a 
colony  of  liberated  insolvents  in  Ga.,  whither 
he  proceeded  in  Jan.  1733;  in  17.34  he  re- 
turned to  Eng.  with  some  Indian  chiefs,  who 
were  presented  to  the  king;  in  1735  he  sailed 
again  for  Ga.  with  John  and  Charles  Wesley  ; 
in  1736  he  again  went  thither  with  a  regt.  for 
its  defence,  and  quelled  a  mutiny  which  nearly 
cost  him  his  life.  He  successfully  repelled  the 
attacks  of  the  Spaniards,  but  was  unsuccessful 
in  an  exped.  against  St.  Augustine,  of  which 
he  pub.  an  acct.,  London,  8vo,  1742.  He  met 
with  many  difficulties  in  establishing  his  govt., 
expending  large  sums  from  his  private  fortune, 
and  finally  left  the  Colony  in  1743.  Made  a 
maj.-gen.  in  1745,  he  was  employed  to  pursue 
the  rebels  under  the  Pretender,  but,  unable  to 
overtake  them,  was  tried  by  court-martial,  and 
acquitted;  in  1752  he  resigned  the  charter  of 
Ga.  to  the  British  govt.;  in  1754  left  parlia- 
ment, and  retired  to  his  seat  in  Essex  ;  and  22 
Feb.,  1765,  was  placed  on  half-pay  as  a  gen.  in 
the  army.  When  Gen.  Gage  returned  to  Eng. 
in  1775,  the  com.  in  America  was  offered  to 
Oglethorpe,  whose  merciful  conditions  did  not 
please  the  British  ministry.  He  was  one  of 
the  first  to  wait  on  John  Adams  after  his 
arrival  as  ambassador  to  Eng.,  and  to  express 
his  regard  for  America,  and  his  gratification  at 
the  termination  of  the  war.  Oglethorpe,  who 
was  a  man  of  great  benevolence,  has  been  eulo- 
gized by  Thomson,  Pope,  and  by  Dr.  Johnson, 
who  wished  to  write  his  life.  —  See  Lives  of 
Oylethorpe  by  Harris  and  by  Wrir}ht. 

O'Hara,  Charles,  a'British  gen.;  d.  gov. 
of  Gibraltar,  Feb.  21,  1802.  App.  lieut.  and 
capt.  Coldstream  Guards,  Jan.  1756  ;  lieut.-col. 
Feb.  1762;  col.  2d  Foot  Guards,  Aug.  1777; 
maj.-gen.  Oct.  19, 1797.  He  came  to  N.  Amer- 
ica in  1780  in  com.  of  the  Guards;  served  in 
Va.  under  Leslie;  com.  the  vanguard  in  the 
pursuit  of  Morgan  and  Greene  in  Jan.  1781 ; 
and  at  Guilford,  where  he  was  severely  wound- 
ed, com.  the  left  of  Cornwall is's  army,  in  the 
surrender  of  which  he  was  included.  He  was 
again  severely  wounded  at  Toulon  in  Nov. 
1795.  After  having  been  gov.  of  several  colo- 
nies, he  was  made  lieut.-gov.  of  Gibraltar  in 


1787,  and  gov.  in  1795.  He  was  a  brave  and 
enterprising  soldier,  and  a  strict  disciplinarian. 

Ojeda  de  (da  o-ha'-da),  Alonzo,  a  Span- 
ish explorer,  and  lieut.  of  Columbus,  b.  Cuen- 
ca  ab.  1465.  He  accomp.  Columbus  in  hia 
second  voyage  to  America  in  1493,  and  com. 
an  exped.  sent  to  explore  the  interior  of  His- 
paniola,  where  he  captured  the  chief  Caonabo. 
Having  returned  to  Spain,  he  received  com.  of 
an  exploring  exped.  sent  out  in  1499.  Ameri- 
go Vespucci  was  among  his  officers  or  passen- 
gers. He  discovered  a  part  of  the  new  conti- 
nent, which  he  named  Venezuela,  and  returned 
to  Spain  in  1500;  in  1508  he  attempted  to 
colonize  New  Andalusia,  and  to  conquer  the 
natives,  but  was  not  successful. 

Olcott,  Simeon,  jurist,  b.  Ct.  1737;  d. 
N.  H.  Feb.  1815.  Y.C.  1761.  Hecommenced 
practice  at  Charlestown,  N.H. ;  became  chief 
justice  of  the  C.C.P.  Dec.  25,  1784  ;  judge  of 
the  Superior  Court,  Jan.  25,  1790  ;  chief  justice 
March  28,  1795;  and  was  U.  S.  senator  in 
1801-5. 

Oldham,  John,  murdered  by  the  Indians, 
who  came  on  board  his  vessel  to  trade  in  1636. 
This  event  brought  on  the  Pequot  war.  He 
came  to  Plymouth  in  1623;  associated  with 
Lyford  in  1624,  and  set  up  a  separate  worship 
on  the  sabbath,  intending  to  alter,  perhaps  to 
assume,  the  govt.  He  afterward  lived  at  Hull 
and  at  Cape  Ann,  and  represented  Watertown 
in  16.34.  In  1633,  with  Samuel  Hall  and 
others,  he  travelled  from  Dorchester  to  a  place 
on  the  Ct.  River  now  called  Windsor.  This 
exploration  led  to  its  settlement. 

Oldham,  Col.  William,  b.  Berkeley  Co., 
Va. ;  killed  at  St.  Clair's  defeat,  Nov.  4,  1791. 
He  attained  the  rank  of  capt.  in  the  Revol. 
army;  resigned  in  1779,  and  settled  at  the 
Falls  of  the  Ohio.  He  was  very  efficient  in  the 
Indian  warfare  of  the  day,  and  com.  a  Ky. 
regt.  in  St.  Clair's  army.  —  Collins. 

Oldmixon,  John,  d.  England,  1742,  a.  69. 
A  native  of  Somersetshire ;  collector  of  cus- 
toms at  Bridgewater.  Author  of  "  The  British 
Empire  in  America,"  2d  ed.  2  vols.  1741 ;  and 
other  historical  works  and  poems.  Pope  pillo- 
ries him  in  "  The  Dunciad."  He  is  supposed 
to  have  visited  America. 

Oldmixon,  Mary  (George),  a  celebrated 
singer,  a  contemporary  of  Garrick  ;  d.  Phila. 
Feb.  1835  at  an  advanced  age.  Wife  of  Sir 
John  Oldmixon,  an  English  bart.,  who  d.  on 
a  farm  near  Phila.  in  1818.  She  was  many- 
years  on  the  Phila.  stage,  having  made  her 
debut  at  the  Chestnut-st.  Theatre,  May  14, 
1793,  as  Clorinda,  in  "  Robin  Hood."  She  at 
one  time  kept  a  seminary  for  young  ladies -at 
Philadelphia. 

Olds,  Gamaliel  S.,  b.  Granville,  Ms.,  1 777  ; 
d.  Circleville,  O.,  June  13,  1848.  Wms.  Coll. 
1801.  Tutor  there  several  years;  prof,  of 
mathematics  there  in  1 806-8,  at  the  U.  of  Vt. 
1819-21,  at  Amh.  Coll.  1821-5,  afterwards  at 
the  U.  of  Ga.  Ord.  colleague  with  Dr.  New- 
ton of  Greenfield  1813-16,  and  preached  in 
Ohio  from  1841  till  his  death.  He  pub.  "  In- 
aug.  Oration,"  1806  ;  8  sermons  on  "  Episcopa- 
cy and  Presbyterian  Parity,"  1815  ;  statement 
of  Facts  as  to  Professor  at  Middlebury,  1818. 

Olid  de,  Christoval,  a  Spanish  officer 


OTLJL 


671 


OLI 


under  Cortes  in  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  1519- 
21,  who  afterward  attempted  to  make  himself 
independent,  b.  ab.  1492;  taken  prisoner  by 
the  soldiers  of  Cortes,  and  executed  in  Hondu- 
ras in  1524. 

Olin,  Henry,  judge;  d.  Salisbury,  Vt., 
1837,  a.  70.  His  boyhood  was  spent  in  Addi- 
son Co.,  Vt. ;  member  of  the  Vt.  Gen.  As- 
sembly in  1 799-1 825,  excepting  4  years ;  of  the 
State  Const.  Convs.  of  1814,  '22,  and  '28  ;  as- 
soc.  judge  of  Addison  Co.  in  1801-6;  chief 
judge  in  1807  and  in  1810-24  ;  M.C.  in  1824- 
5  ;  lieut.-gov.  1827-9  ;  councillor  1820-2.  Fa- 
ther of  Rev.  Stephen. 

Olin,  Stephen,  D.D.  (Wesl.  U.  1834), 
LL.D.  (Y.C.  1845.),  an  eloquent  divine,  b. 
Leicester,  Vt.,  March  3,  1797  ;  d.  Middletown, 
Ct.,  Aug.  16,  1851.  Mid.  Coll.  1820.  His 
father,  Judge  Henry,  directed  his  education. 
Entering  the  ministry  of  the  M.  Ep.  Church  in 
1824,  he  spent  two  years  in  Charleston  ;  be- 
came pres.  of  the  Abbeville  Sem.,  S.C. ;  re- 
sumed his  itinerant  labors  in  1829  ;  was  prof 
of  Eng.  literature  in  Franklin  Coll.,Ga.,  1826- 
33 ;  pres.  of  the  Randolph  and  Macon  Coll. 
1832-7;  and  from  1839  to  1841  and  from  1842 
till  his  death  was  pres.  of  the  Wesl.  U.  of  Mid- 
dletown. Deleg.  to  the  Gen.  Conf.  of  M.E. 
Church  1844  and  1852;  deleg.  to  Evang.  Al- 
liance, London,  Eng.,  1846.  He  visited  Eu- 
rope for  his  health  in  1 837,  and  on  his  return 
in  1843  pub.  "  Travels  in  the  East;"  he  was 
also  author  of  various  sermons,  lectures,  and 
discourses.  His  works  were  pub.  in  2  vols. 
12mo,  N.Y.  1852;  and  his  "Life  and  Let- 
ters," 2  vols.  8vo,  1853. 

Olinda,  Pedro  de  A  ran  jo  Lima,  Mar- 
quis de,  Brazilian  statesman,  b.  Pernambu- 
00,  1790;  d.  Rio  Janeiro,  7  June,  1870.  Ed- 
ucated atPernambuco,  and  in  law  at  the  U.  of 
Coimbra;  member  of  the  Constituent  Assem- 
bly of  Portugal  in  1821  ;  and  from  1823  to  his 
death  was  a  member  of  that  of  Brazil ;  pres. 
of  the  chamber  of  deputies  in  1825-7,  1831-3, 
and  1835-7  ;  twice  regent  of  the  empire  dur- 
ing the  minority  of  Pedro  II. ;  minister  of  state 
in  1823, '27, '32, '37  ;  made  Viscount  Olinda  in 
1841,  and  marquis  in  1854;  member  of  the 
council  of  state  from  1842  ;  a  moderate  liber- 
.al,  and  tolerant  in  politics. 

Oliver,  Andrew,  colonial  statesman,  b. 
Boston,  March  28,  1706;  d.  there  March  3, 
1774.  H.U.  1724.  Son  of  Daniel,  and  a  de- 
scendant of  Elder  Thomas  of  Boston,  who  d.  in 
1657.  He  was  a  representative  of  Boston  at 
the  Gen.  Court  1743-6;  one  of  his  majesty's 
council  1746-65;  sec.  of  the  province  in  1756- 
70 ;  and  succeeded  Hutchinson  as  lieut.-gov. 
In  1765  he  was  app.  distributer  of  stamps  ;  but 
was  compelled  by  the  citizens,  who  hung  him 
in  effigy  on  the  "  Liberty  Tree,"  to  resign. 
His  fondness  for  wealth  and  power  induced 
him  to  pursue  a  political  course  similar  to  that 
of  his  bro.-in-law  Hutchinson,  whose  unpopu- 
larity he  fully  shared  ;  and  his  letters  which 
Franklin  obtained  in  Eng.,  and  sent  over  in 
1772,  evinced  his  subserviency  to  the  British 
ministry.  He  wrote  well  upon  theological  and 
political  subjects ;  and  some  of  his  productions 
are  extant.  His  son  Daniel  (H.U.  1762)  d. 
Ashsted,  Warwickshire,  Eng.,  May  6,  1826,  a. 


82.     Another  son,  Peter,  M.D.  (H.U.  1769), 
d.  Lond.  Apr.  6,  1795,  a.  45. 

Oliver,  Andrew,  judge  of  the  C.  C.  P.  for 
Essex  Co.  before  the  RevoL,  b.  Nov.  13,  1731;  d. 
Salem,  Ms.,  Dec.  1799.  H.U.  1749.  Eldest  son 
of  the  preceding.  He  possessed  fine  talents  and 
good  scholarship ;  he  was  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sci- 
ences, to  whose  "  Ti-ansactions  "  he  made  seve- 
ral valuable  contribs. ;  was  a  member  of  the 
Philos.  Society  of  Phila. ;  and  in  1772  pub.  an 
essay  "  On  Comets."  He  represented  Salem 
in  the  Gen.  Court-  in  1766 ;  but  was  a  Tory  at 
the  Revolution. 

Oliver,  Bcnjamin  Lynde,  M.D.  (1815), 
1788-1843.  H.  U.  1808.  Nephew  of  Dr.  B. 
L.  Oliver,  and  son  of  Rev.  Thos.  Fitch.  Au- 
thor of  "  Rights  of  an  Amer.  Citizen,"  8vo, 
1832;  "Law  Summary,"  8vo,  1833;  "Prac- 
tical Conveyancing,"  8vo ;  "  Forms  of  Prac- 
tice," Svo,  1841;  "Forms  in  Chancciy,  Ad- 
miralty, and  Common  Law,"  1842  ;  "  Hints  on 
the  Pursuit  of  Happiness,"  1818.  He  was  a 
noted  chess-player.  —  Allibone. 

Oliver,  Daniel,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1810), 
LL.D.,  b.  Marblehead,  Sept.  9,  1787  ;  d.  Cam- 
bridge, June  1,  1842.  H.U.  1806.  After 
practising  medicine  for  some  years  in  Salem,  he 
was  from  1815  to  1820  lecturer  on  chemistry, 
and  from  1820  to  1837  a  prof,  in  the  mod. 
school  at  Hanover ;  from  1840  until  March, 
1 842,  a  prof,  in  the  Med.  Coll.  at  Cincinnati. 
Author  of  "  First  Series  of  Physiology,"  1835 ; 
2d  edition,  improved,  in  1840;  "Address  at 
D.  Coll.,"  19  May,  1825. 

Oliver,  Peter,  LL.D.  (Oxon.  1776),  jurist, 
bro.  of  Lieut.-Gov.  Andrew,  b.  March  26, 1 7 1 3  ; 
d.  Birmingham,  Eng.,  Oct.  13,  1791.  H.U. 
1 730.  He  resided  on  a  family  estate  in  Middle- 
borough;  and,  after  holding  several  offices  in 
Plymouth  Co.,  he  was,  though  not  educated  to 
the  law,  raised  to  the  Supreme  bench,  Sept.  14, 
1756.  He  was,  in  1771,  made  chief  justice ; 
and  when  called  upon  in  1774  to  receive  the 
grant  for  his  services  as  usual  from  the  treas- 
ury of  the  province,  and  to  engage  to  receive 
no  pay  or  emolument  except  from  the  Assem- 
bly, he  peremptorily  refused  ;  was  impeached 
by  the  house  of  representatives  ;  and,  when  the 
British  troops  abandoned  Boston,  he,  with  other 
loyalists,  accomp.  them.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  lived  for  some  years  on  a  salary, 
or  pension,  from  the  crown.  He  was  a  talented 
writer  both  of  prose  and  poetry,  and  pub. 
"  Speech  on  the  Death  of  Isaac  Lothrop," 
1 750 ;  "  Poem  on  the  Death  of  Sec.  Willard," 
&c.,  1 757 ;  "  Scriptural  Lexicon,"  Birming. 
8vo,  1784-5.  He  was  a  contrib.  (as  was  his 
brother  also)  to  the  Censor,  a  Tory  paper.  His 
son  1'eter,  a  physician  of  Middleborough, 
Ms.  (H.U.  1761),  also  a  loyalist,  d.  Shrews- 
bury, Eng.,  July  30,  1822,  aged  81. 

Oliver,  Peter  (alias  Wm.  Pynchon  Oli- 
ver), b.  Hanover,  N.H.,  1821  ;  d.  1855,  while 
on  a  voyage  for  his  health.  A  descendant  of 
Thos.,  first  ruling  elder  of  the  First  Church, 
Boston,  1632;  son  of  Dr.  Daniel.  Educated 
for  the  bar.  Edited  his  uncle's  (B.  L.  Oliver) 
"  Practical  Conveyancer ; "  contrib.  articles  to 
the  A^.  Y.  Church  Review;  and  left  in  MS. 
"  The  Puritan  Commonwealth,"  pub.  by  his 


03L.I 


672 


OUN 


bro.  F.  E.  Oliver,  8vo,  1856.  This  work,  which 
severely  criticises  the  Puritans,  was  reviewed  in 
a  pamphlet  of  79  pages ,  by  J.  W.  Thornton, 
1857,  and  by  Rev.  Geo.  E.  Ellis  in  the  N.  A. 
Review,  April,  1857. 

Oliver,  Col.  Robert,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Boston,  1738;  d.  Marietta,  O.,  May,  1810. 
Removed  to  Barre  while  young,  A  lieut.  in 
1775;  he  marched  to  Cambridge  as  capt.  in 
the  3d  Regt. ;  in  1777  he  was  major,  and 
in  1 779  lieut.-col.,  10th  Ms.  Cont.  Regt. ;  and  in 
1782  brcv.  col.  At  Saratoga  he  was  disting.  in 
storming  the  German  intrenchments  ;  acted  as 
adj. -gen.  to  the  Northern  army,  and  excelled  as 
a  disciplinarian.  He  was  among  the  first  set- 
tlers of  Marietta,  0.,  in  1788 ;  a  representative 
to  the  Terr,  legisl.  in  1798;  councillor  in 
1799;  prcs.  of  the  council  1800-3;  and  judge 
C.  C.  P.  —  inidreth. 

Oliver,  Thomas,  last  royal  lieut.-gov.  and 
pres.  of  the  council  of  Ms.,  b.  Dorchester,  Ms., 
Jan.  5,  1734;  d.  Bristol,  Eng.,  Nov.  29,  1815. 
H.U.I  753.  Descended  from  Elder  Thomas. 
After  the  death  of  Lieut.-Gov.  Andrew  Oliver, 
of  a  different  family,  in  Mar.  1774,  he  was 
nominated  his  successor ;  Sept.  2  he  was  com- 
pelled by  the  people  to  resign  his  seat  at  the 
council  board,  and  took  refuge  with  the  troops 
in  Boston;  he  accomp.  them  to  Halifax  in 
1776,  and  went  thence  to  Eng.  He  contrib. 
poem  29  to  the  "  Pietas  et  Gratulatio,"  Boston, 
1761. 

Olmstead,  James  Munson,  D.D.,  Presb. 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  Stillwater,  NY., 
17  Feb.  1794;  d.  Phila.  16  Oct.  1870.  Un.Coll. 
1819;  Princet.  Theol.  Sera.  1822.  Licensed 
in  1822,  and  performed  missionary- work  until 
ordained  in  June,  1825,  over  the  churches  of 
Landisburg  and  Centre;  subsequently  pastor 
at  Middle  Tuscarora,  Fiemington,  N.  J.,  and 
Snow  Hill,  Md.  Besides  sermons  and  essays, 
he  pub.  "  Thoughts  and  Counsels  for  the  Im- 
penitent," 1846;  "Our  First  Mother,"  1852; 
and  "  Noah  and  his  Times,"  1853. 

Olmsted,  Denisox,  LL.D.  (U.  of  N.  Y. 
1845),  astronomer,  b.  E.  Hartford,  Ct.,  June 
18,  1791 ;  d.  New  Haven,  May  13, 1859.  Y.C. 
1813;  tutor  there  181.5-17.  He  was  carefully 
instructed  by  his  mother;  became  a  member 
of  Gov.  Treadwell's  family,  and  a  clerk  in  the 
store  of  one  of  his  sons  ;  and  subsequently  took 
charge  of  the  union  school  at  New  London. 
App.  in  1817  prof,  of  chemistry,  mineral.,  and 
geol.,  in  the  U.  of  N.C.  Here  he  proposed  and 
executed  the  first  State  geolog.  survey  ever 
attempted  in  this  country.  The  report  was 
pub.  in  1824-5.  In  1825  he  was  app.  prof,  of 
mathematics  and  nat.  philos.  in  Y.C. ;  and  in 
1836  prof  of  nat.  philos.  and  astronomv.  He 
pub.  in  1831-2  a  treatise  on  nat.  philos.,' which 
soon  became  a  popular  coll.  text-book;  and, 
soon  after,  an  abridgment  of  it;  in  1839  a 
treatise  on  astronomy;  in  1840  a"  School  As- 
tronomy ;  "  in  1842  "  Rudiments  of  Nat.  Phi- 
los. and  Astronomy  ;  "  '  Letters  on  Astrono- 
my," prepared  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Ms. 
Board  of  Education  ;  Memoir  of  E.  P.  Mason, 
1842;  of  J.  Treadwcll,  1843  ;  "  Student's  Com- 
monplace Book  ;  "  and  many  articles  in  peri- 
odicals. In  1830  he  pub.  an  elaborate  theory 
of  hail-storms.     The  extraordinary  shower  of 


shooting-stars  which  fell  in  Nov.  1833  led  to 
his  investigations  into  their  history  and  phe- 
nomena; and  he  satisfactorily  demonstrated 
their  cosmical  origin.  In  1835  Profs.  Olmsted 
and  Loomis  were  the  first  American  observers 
of  Halley's  Comet.  The  results  of  a  series  of 
observations  for  several  years  on  the  aurora 
borealis  he  has  given  in  the  8th  vol.  of  the 
"  Smithsonian  Contribs."  Inventor  of  the 
Olmsted  stove.  Francis  Allyn,  M.D.  (Y.C. 
1844),  his  son,  b.  Chapel  Hill,  N.C,  1819,  d. 
N.  Haven,  1844.  Y.C.  1839.  After  his  return 
from  a  voyage  to  the  Sandwich  Islands  for  his 
health,  1841,  he  pub.  "  Incidents  of  a  Whaling- 
Voyage,"  12mo. 

Olmsted,  Frederick  Law,  author  and 
landscape-gardener,  b.  Hartford,  Ci.,  Nov.  10, 
1822.  He  studied  engineering  and  the  sciences 
bearing  on  agriculture  at  Y.C.  in  1845-6,  and 
then  worked  on  a  farm  in  Central  N.Y. ;  sub- 
sequently he  carried  on  a  farm  of  his  own  at 
Staten  Island,  at  the  same  time  writing  for 
periodicals  on  rural  subjects.  In  1850  he 
made  a  pedestrian  tour  in  Great  Britain  and 
on  the  Continent,  the  results  of  which  he  pub. 
as  "  Walks  and  Talks  of  an  American  Farmer 
in  Eng.,"  1852.  In  1852-3  he  travelled  ex- 
tensively in  the  Southern  and  South-eastern 
States,  and  pub.  his  observations  in  "  A  Journey 
in  the  Seaboard  Slave  States,  with  Remarks 
on  their  Econon)y,"  1856  ;  "  A  Journey  through 
Texas,"  1857  ;  and  "  A  Journey  in  'the  Back 
Country,"  1860;  a  resume  of  the  entire  series 
was  pub.  by  him  in  1861,  entitled  "  The  Cot- 
ton Kingdom,  a  Traveller's  Observations,"  «S:c., 
2  vols.  "  The  Englishman  in  Kansas,"  by 
T.  H.  Gladstone,  edited  by  him,  was  pub.  1857. 
In  1855  he  made  another  tour  through  France, 
Italy,  and  Germany;  and  in  1856  was  app,  to 
superintend  the  construction  of  the  N.Y.  City 
Central  Park.  In  1857  the  highest  prize  for 
the  best  plans  for  the  ground  was  awarded  to 
that  of  Messrs.  Olmsted  and  C.  Vaux,  which 
was  adopted.  He  was  in  1858  app.  architect 
and  chief  engr.  Mr.  Olmsted  made  another 
short  European  journey  in  1859,  and  was  long 
engaged  on  the  Central  Park,  as  well  as  in 
laying  out  the  upper  part  of  N.  Y.  Island  and 
other  similar  enterprises.    A.M.  of  H.U.  1864. 

Olney,  Col.  Jeremiah,  Revol.  officer, 
d.  Providence,  R.I.,  Nov.  10,  1812,  a.  62.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  war  he  was  made 
lieut. -col.  in  Angell's  regt.,  of  which  he  was 
afterwards  col.,  frequently  being  the  chief  officer 
of  the  R.I.  forces.  His  heroism  was  conspicu- 
ous at  Red  Bank,  Springfield,  Monmouth,  and 
Yorktown.  Many  years  coll.  of  customs  at 
Providence,  and  pres.  of  the  Cincinnati,  of  R.I. 

Olney,  Stephen,  Revol.  officer,  b.  North 
Providence,  Oct.  1755;  d.  there  Nov.  23,  1832. 
A  descendant  of  Rev.  Thomas,  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Baptist  Church  in  America,  b. 
Hertford,  Eng.,  1631 ;  d.  Prov.  11  June,  1722. 
Entered  the  army  in  1775  as  lieut.  in  Capt 
J.  Olney's  company  ;  was  at  the  battles  of 
Long  Island,  White  Plains,  Brandywine,  Ger- 
mantown,  and  Monmouth,  and  in  the  retreat 
through  N.J. ;  received  a  ball  in  the  arm  at 
the  battle  of  Springfield;  was  at  the  gallant 
defence  of  Red  Bank,  and  was  promoted  to 
capt.    Detached  to  join  Lafayette,  he  served 


o:srD 


673 


OTlT> 


under  that  officer  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown, 
where  he  was  specially  disting.  in  the  capture 
of  a  British  redoubt,  and  received  several  bayo- 
net-wounds. He  represented  his  native  town 
20  years  in  the  Gen.  Assembly,  besides  holding 
numerous  town-offices.  —  See  Lives  of  Barton 
and  Oheij,  bi/  Cath.  Williams,  Prov.  1839. 

Onderdonk,  Benjamin  Treadwell, 
D.D.,  LL.D.,  clergyman,  b.  N.Y.  City,  1791  ; 
d.  there  Apr.  30,  1861.  Col.  Coll.  1809.  Ord. 
priest  in  1813,  and  app.  assist,  at  Trinity 
Church ;  became  disting.  as  a  preacher.  Prof, 
in  the  Gen.  Theol.  Sem.,  N.Y.,  1826-30;  made 
sec.  of  the  Diocesan  Convention  ;  he  was,  Nov. 
26,  1830,  conscc.  bishop  as  successor  of  Bishop 
Hobart  in  the  diocese  of  Eastern  N.Y.  He 
was  eminently  useful  and  industrious  in  this 
exalted  position.  In  1844,  serious  charges, 
which  caused  great  scandal,  led  to  his  trial 
by  the  house  of  bishops ;  and  though  the  worst 
charges  were  not  proved,  yet  the  convention 
deemed  him  guilty  of  such  indiscretions,  that 
they  suspended  him  from  his  episcopal  func- 
tions Jan.  3,  1845.  Strenuous  efforts  were 
made  by  his  friends  to  re-instate  him,  but  with- 
out success. 

Onderdonk,  Henry,  Jun.,  educator  and 
author,  b.  Manhasset,  N.Y,,  11  June,  1804. 
Col.  Coll.  1827.  Fifth  in  descent  from  Adrian 
Andrewse,  who  emig.  from  Holland  to  Flatbush, 
L.I.,  bef.  1672.  Henry  was  brought  up  on  his 
father's  farm,  and  from  1832  to  186.5  was  prin- 
cipal of  Union-hall  Academy,  Jamaica,  L.I. 
Author  of  Re  vol.  Incidents  of  Queen's  Co., 
N.Y.,  1846;  of  Suffolk  and  King's  Counties, 
1849;  "Queen's  Co.  in  Olden  Times,"  1865; 
"  Long  Island  in  Olden  Times,"  1870;  "Bibli- 
ography of  L.I.,"  1866;  "  Hist,  of  the  Soc.  of 
Priends  in  Queen's  Co.  1657-1790,"  &c.  Lec- 
turer on  temperance,  local  history,  &c.  Hon. 
member  of  various  historical  and  genealogical 
societies. 

Onderdonk,  Henry  Ustic,  M.D.  (U.  of 
Edinb.  1810),  D.D.,  bishop  Prot.-Ep.  Church, 
b.  N.Y.  City,  1789 ;  d.  Phila.  Dec.  6, 1 858.  Col. 
Coll.  1805.  He  studied  medicine  at  London 
and  Edinb.  After  pi-actising  this  profession  a 
few  years,  he  studied  for  the  ministry;  was 
ord.  deacon  in  1815;  went  as  missionary  to 
Canandaigua  in  Jan.  1816,  which,  under  his 
care,  grew  into  a  flourishing  parish,  of  which 
he  became  rector  in  1818  ;  in  1820  he  became 
rector  of  St.  Ann's  Chu.rch,  Brooklyn ;  and  Oct. 
25,  1827,  was  consec.  assist. bishop  of  Pa.;  sus- 
pended Oct.  21,  1844;  restored  Oct.  1856.  He 
was  a  popular  preacher  and  an  eminent  contro- 
versial writer.  He  pub.  two  vols,  of  sermons  ; 
an  essay  on  "  Regeneration,"  8vo,  1835;  "Ap- 
peal to  the  Religious  Public,  &c.,  of  Canandai- 
gua," 1818;  "Episcopacy  Examined  and  Re- 
examined," 1835;  "Family  Devotions,"  1835; 
and  an  important  tract,  "  Episcopacy  tested  by 
Scripture,"  1 830.  Though  he  had  been  restored 
to  the  ministry,  he  did  not  resume  the  discharge 
of  episcopal  functions.  Assoc,  edit.,  with  Dr.  V. 
Mott,  of  the  N.  Y.  Med.  Jowiial  in  1 81 5.  Con- 
trib.  to  many  periodicals,  and  aulhor  of  some 
choice  hymns. 

O'Neall,  John  Belton,  LL.D,,  jurist,  b. 
Bush  River,  S.C,  Apr.  10,  1793.  S.C.  Coll. 
1812.      He  taught  in  an  acad.  at  Newberry; 

43 


studied  law ;  and  was  a  short  time  in  active  mil- 
itary service  during  the  war  with  Great  Britain, 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1814,  he  soon  had  a  large 
practice ;  was  a  member  of  the  State  legisl.  in 
1816,  '22,  '24,  and  '26 ;  speaker  during  the  last 
tAvo  terms;  in  1828  an  assoc.  judge;  in  1830 
judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals;  in  1850  pres. 
of  this  court  and  the  Court  of  Errors ;  and  was 
subsequently  made  chief  justice  of  the  State. 
Abandoning  in  1832  the  use  of  spirituous  li- 
quoi's  and  tobacco  "  in  order  to  save  a  friend," 
he  in  1841  became  pres.  of  the  State  Temper- 
ance Society,  and  in  1852  the  head  of  the  Sons 
of  Temperance  of  N.A.  He  furnished  reminis- 
cences of  the  Revol.  for  the  Southern  Literary 
Messenger ;  pub.  a  "  Digest  of  the  Negro  Law 
of  S.d,"  1848;  "Annals  of  Newberry,"  1858; 
"  Biographical  Sketches  of  the  Bench  and  Bar  of 
S.C,"  2  vols.  1859 ;  and  several  pub.  addresses. 

Ord,  Edward  Otiio  Cresap,  brev.  maj.- 
general  U.S.A.,  b.  Alleghany  Co.,  Md.,  1818. 
West  Point,  1839.  James,  his  father,  was  an 
officer  in  the  war  of  1812.  Entering  the  3d 
Art.,  he  served  in  1839-42  against  the  Seminole 
Indians ;  was  employed  in  coast-survey  duty  in 
1845-6,  when  he  was  ordered  to  Cal.,  where  he 
contrib.  to  the  preservation  of  law  and  order  by 
the  execution  of  several  noted  desperadoes. 
Capt.  7  Sept.  1850 ;  in  1855  he  returned  to  Cal., 
serving  there  and  in  the  Territories  until  1861, 
taking  part  in  several  Indian  expeds. ;  brig.- 
gen.  vols.  Sept.  14,  1861 ;  and  com.  a  brigade 
in  the  Pa.  Reserves  under  Gen.  McCall.  Dec. 
20  he  defeated  a  Confed.  force,  under  Stuart, 
at  Dranesville,  Va.,  near  the  Potomac,,  for  which 
he  was  made  maj.-gen.  May  2,  1862.  Ordered 
to  the  Army  of  the  Mpi.,  he  was  placed  in  com. 
of  Corinth,  and  subsequently  of  the  2d  division 
of  the  dist.  of  W.  Tenn.  He  participated  iu 
the  battle  of  luka  19  Sept.  1862,  for  which  he 
was  brev.  col. ;  com,  and  was  severely  wounded 
in  the  battle  of  Hatchie  5  Oct.  1862;  com. 
13th  corps  at  siege  and  capture  of  Vicksburg, 
and  at  capture  of  Jackson;  com.  18th  corps, 
July  21  to  Sept.  30,  1864,  in  operations  before 
Richmond ;  and  wounded  in  assault  and  cap- 
ture of  Ft.  Harrison,  29  Sept.  1864;  com.  dept. 
of  Va.  Jan.-June,  1865 ;  and  engaged  in  siege 
of  Petersburg,  and  pursuit  and  capture  of  Lee, 
9  April,  1865;  brev.  brig.-gen.  for  battle  of 
Hatchie,  and  maj.-gen.  for  Ft.  Harrison;  maj. 
4th  Art.  21  Nov.  1861 ;  lieut.-col.  1st  Art.  Dec. 
11,  1865;  brig.-gen.  of  regular  army,  July  26, 
1866. 

Ord,  George,  naturalist,  b.  Phila.  1781 ; 
d.  there  24  Jan.  1866.  Pres.  of  the  Phila. 
Academy  of  Nat.  Science,  1851-66.  Author  of 
Supplement  to  Alex.  Wilson's  Ornithol.,  and 
Memoir  of  his  Life,  1825;  Memoir  of  C.  A. 
Leueuer,  in  Am.  Journal  of  Sciences  and  Arts, 
ser.  ii.  v.  viii.  23 ;  Memoir  of  Thos.  Say,  read 
before  Philos,  Soc.  Dec.  19,  1834.  Contrib.  to 
scientific  journals.  Member  Amer.  Philos.  Soc. 
and  of  the  Linnsean  Soc.  of  London. 

Ordaz  (or-dath'),  Don  Diego,  Spanish  cx- 
plbrer,  served  under  Cortes  in  the  conquest  of 
Mexico;  d.  1533.  He  was  the  first  white  man 
that  ascended  Popocatapetl.  Authorized  by 
Charles  V.  to  conquer  the  country  between 
Cape  Vela  and  the  Bay  of  Venezuela,  he  as- 
cended the  Orinoco  160  leagues,  ab.  1531. 


ORT^ 


674 


ORT 


O'Reilly,  Bernard,  D.D.,  E.G.  bishop 
of  Hartford.  Consec.  10  Nov.  1850;  d.  at  sea 
Jan.  1856. 

Orellana,  Francisco,  a  Spanish  officer, 
who  discovered  the  great  river  of  the  Amazons, 
b.  Truxillo,  ab.  1500;  d.  1549.  He  accomp. 
Pizarro  to  Peru  in  1531,  and  took  part  in  its 
conquest.  When,  in  1540,  Gonzalo  Pizarro  set 
out  to  explore  the  regions  east  of  the  Andes, 
Orellana  was  his  second  in  command.  After 
several  weeks  passed  in  the  descent  of  the  Napo, 
one  of  the  upper  affluents  of  the  Amazon,  their 
provisions  were  entirely  exhausted  ;  and  Pizarro 
despatched  Orellana  and  50  soldiers  in  a  brig- 
antmc,  with  orders  to  proceed  to  the  confluence 
of  the  waters,  procure  a  supply  of  provisions, 
and  return  to  his  relief.  In  3  days  he  reached 
the  Amazon,  but  finding  the  country  a  wilder- 
ness, and  being  scarce  able  to  subsist  his  own 
party,  he  followed  the  course  of  the  river  to  the 
sea  (the  voyage  occupying  7  months)  amid  al- 
most incredible  hardships.  He  reached  the 
ocean,  Aug.  1641,  and,  sailing  to  Spain,  ex- 
cited great  wonder  by  relating  that  he  had 
passed  through  a  country  inhabited  only  by 
women  who  were  warriors,  and  that  he  had  re- 
ceived authentic  information  of  the  existence 
of  an  El  Dorado,  where  gold  was  so  plentiful, 
that  houses  were  roofed  with  it.  He  obtained 
from  the  Spanish  crown  a  commission  to  con- 
quer and  colonize  the  region  he  had  discovered, 
and  afterwards  organized  an  exped.  for  the 
purpose,  but  died  on  his  voyage. 

Ormsby,  Stephen,  an  early  settler  of 
Ky. ;  d.  Louisville,  1 846.  Brigade-maj.  in  Bar- 
mar's  campaign  against  the  N.W.  Indians  in 
1790;  a  disting.  lawyer;  afterward  circuit 
judge;  M.C.  1811-17.  His  son  Stephen  was 
col.  of  the  "  Louisville  Legion  "  in  the  Mexican 
war.  —  A.  T.  Goodman. 

Orne,  Azor,  Revol.  patriot,  b.  Marblehead, 
1732 ;  d.  Boston,  June  7,  1796.  He  was  a  suc- 
cessful merchant ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Essex 
Co.  convention  in  Sept.  1774,  and  to  the 
Prov.  Congress ;  was  long  one  of  the  com.  of 
safety ;  and  was  an  active  member  of  com.  on 
military  affairs,  in  organizing  the  forces,  and 
collecting  arms  and  ammunition.  In  Jan.  1 776 
the  Prov.  Congress  app.  him  one  of  the  three 
maj.-gens.  of  militia ;  he  had  previously  been  a 
member  of  the  Gen.  Com-t;  and,  after  the 
adoption  of  the  State  constitution  in  1780,  was 
many  years  in  the  senate  and  council.  He 
was  a  zealous  advocate  for  education,  his  own 
deficiency  in  that  respect  causing  him  to  decline 
high  offices. 

Orne,  Joseph,  physician,  b.  Salem,  July 
6,  1747;  d.  there  Jan.  28,  1786.  H.U.  1765. 
He  studied  with  Dr.  Holyoke;  practised  in 
Beverly  in  1770-7;  then  removed  to  Salem. 
He  was  a  superior  poet,  a  fellow  of  the 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  wrote  for 
the  Medical  Society.  —  Thacher. 

Orr,  Benjamin,  lawyer,  b.  Bedford,  N.H., 
Dec.  1,  1772 ;  d.  Brunswick,  Mc,  Sept.  5, 1828. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1798.  Son  of  Hon.  John.  In 
his  youth  he  worked  at  a  trade,  and  taught 
school ;  he  studied  law  with  Judge  "Wilde ; 
began  practice  at  Topshara,  Me.,  in  1801 ;  and 
afterward  removed  to  Brunswick,  where  he 
was  eminent  in  chancery  practice;  M.C.  1817- 


19.  Author  of  an  "  Oration  on  the  Death  of 
Washington,"  1800. —  Willis's  Lawyers  of  Me. 

Orr,  Hector,  M.D.,  physician,  b.  E.  Bridge- 
water,  Ms.,  Mar.  24,  1770;  d.  there  Apr.  29, 
1855.  H.U.  1792.  Son  of  Col.  Robert.  Pub. 
a  "  History  of  Freemasonry ; "  "  A  Discourse," 
1797;  "Oration,"  1801. 

Orr,  Hugh,  inventor,  b.  Scotland,  Jan.  13, 
1717;  d.  Bridgewater,  Ms.,  Dec.  6,  1798.  Son 
of  Robert  of  Lochwinoch,  Renfrewshire.  He 
was  a  gunsmith,  who,  in  June,  1740,  settled  at 
Bridgewater,  where  he  erected  a  trip  hammer, 
and  manufactured  scythes  and  other  tools; 
ab.  1748  he  made  500  muskets  for  the  State, 
believed  to  have  been  the  first  made  in  this 
country ;  and  during  the  Rcvol.  cast  iron  and 
brass  cannon,  and  cannon-balls  ;  he  invented  a 
machine  for  cleaning  flax-seed,  which  he  sent 
to  Scotland ;  and  constructed  a  machine  lor  the 
manuf  of  cotton.  He  was  some  years  a  State 
senator.  His  son.  Col.  Robert,  was  armorer 
at  Springfield. 

Orr,  Isaac,  b.  Bedford,  N.H.,  1793;  d. 
Amherst,  Ms.,  28  Apr.  1844.  Y.C  1818. 
Son  of  John,  a  Revol.  officer.  Some  years  a 
teacher  in  the  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb, 
Hartford ;  labored  as  a  preacher  and  missionary 
in  Washington  City,  and  in  the  service  of  the 
Coloniz.  Soc. ;  was  a  proficient  in  mathematics 
and  nat.  philos.,  and  invented  an  air-tight 
stove.  Coutrib.  45  letters  of  "  Hampden  "  to 
the  Commercial  Advertiser,  and  80  letters  of 
"  Timoleon  "  to  the  Boston  Courier.  He  left 
a  MS.  commentary  on  Daniel  and  Revelation. 

Orr,  James  Lawrence,  lawyer  and  states- 
man, b.  Craytonville,  S.C,  May  12,  1822. 
U.  of  Va.  1 842.  He  received  a  good  education, 
but  until  his  1 8th  year  was  obliged  to  employ 
a  part  of  his  time  beliind  the  counter  of  his 
father,  a  country  shopkeeper.  Ho  studied  law ; 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  May,  1 843,  and  opened 
an  office  at  Anderson,  S.C;  in  1843  he  edited 
the  Andei-son  Gaz'tte;  in  1844  and  '45  he  was 
a  member  of  the  State  legisl. ;  and  in  1 849-59 
was  M.C.  A  member  of  the  Southern-Rights 
Convention  held  at  Charleston  in  May,  1851, 
he  opposed  the  policy,  while  maintaining  the 
right  of  secession  on  the  part  of  the  several 
States.  During  the  32d  Congress  he  was  fre- 
quently chairman  of  the  com.  of  the  whole  on 
the  state  of  the  Union ;  during  the  next  Con- 
gress was  chairman  of  the  com.  on  Indian 
affairs ;  and  was  speaker  of  the  35th  Congress. 
As  a  member  of  the  S  C.  convention  which 
mot  in  Dec.  1 860,  he  recorded  his  vote  in  favor 
of  the  immediate  and  separate  secession  of  his 
State  ;  and  was  subsequently  one  of  the  three 
commiss.  to  Washington  to  treat  with  govt,  for 
the  surrender  of  U.S.  forts  in  Charleston 
harbor,  and  to  transact  other  business.  Senator 
of  the  Confed  States  1862-5 ;  gov.  S.C  1866-9. 

Orr,  John,  Revol.  ofiicer ;  d.  Bedford,  N.H., 
Dec.  23,  1 822,  a.  75.  At  the  battle  of  Benning- 
ton he  received  a  ball  just  above  the  knee-joint, 
which  crippled  him  for  life.  For  many  years 
he  was  a  State  representative  and  senator ;  was 
also  State  councillor ;  and  20  years  a  justice  of 
the  peace.    Father  of  Benjamin  and  Isaac,  ante. 

Orton,  AzARiAH  G.,  D.D.,  Presb.  clergy- 
man, b.  Tyringham,  Ms.,  1789;  d.  Lisle, 
Broome  Co.,  N.Y.,  28  Dec.  1864.    Wms.  Coll. 


ORT 


675 


OSE 


1813;  Princet.  Sem.  1820.  Ord.  1822  ;  pastor 
Presb.  church,  Seneca  Falls,  N.Y.,  1822-35 ;  at 
Greene,  N.Y.,  1838-52  ;  and  at  Lisle  in  1852- 
60.  In  1838  he  pub.  a  reply  to  Prof.  Stuart 
on  slavery,  and  wrote  ably  against  the  aboli- 
tion of  capital  punishment. 

Orton,  Jason  Rockwood,  M.D.,  physi- 
cian, poet,  and  editor,  b.  Hamilton,  Madison 
Co,  N.Y.,  1806;  d.  Brooklyn,  L.I.,  Feb.  13, 
1867.  He  practised  medicine  successfully 
several  years,  but,  finding  his  physical  powers 
overtaxed,  removed  in  1 850  to  New  York,  and 
devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits.  He  wrote 
for  the  Musical  World,  and  at  one  time  edited 
the  WeeJdy  Review  and  the  Bingham  ton 
Courier.  Among  his  publications  are  "  Po  ti- 
cal  Sketches,"  &c.,  1829;  "Arnold  and  other 
Poems,"  1 854 ;  "  The  Camp-Fires  of  the  Red 
Men;"  and  ** Confidential  Experiences  of  a 
Spiritualist,"  1858. 

Osborne,  Ethan,  Presb.  minister,  b. 
Litchfield,  Ct.,  Aug.  21,  1758;  d.  Fairfield, 
N.  J.,  May  1,  1858.  D.C.  1784.  At  the  a^e 
of  seventeen,  he  volunteered  as  a  private  in 
the  Revol.  anny ;  served  in  the  campaign  of 
1776,  and  in  the  retreat  through  N.  J.  Licensed 
as  a  minister  at  the  age  of  27  ;  and  from  Dec. 
1789  to  1844  was  settled  at  the  old  stone 
church,  Fairfield,  N.  J.  —  D.  C.  Alumni. 

Osborn,  John,  poet,  b.  Sandwich,  Ms., 
1713;  d.  Middletown,  Ct.,  May  31,  1753.  H. 
U.  1735.  Son  of  Rev.  Samuel,  minister  of 
Eastham.  He  studied  divinity,  but  subsequent- 
ly settled  at  Middletown  in  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine. Among  his  pieces,  which  evince  consid- 
erable talent,  is  an  epistle  written  in  1735,  and 
addressed  to  one  sister  on  the  death  of  another; 
and  a  whaling-song,  which  was  long  in  vogue. 
His  son  John,  a  physician  of  Middletown  (b. 
17  Mar.  1741,  d.  June,  1825),  was  a  surgeon 
in  the  army  at  Ticondci-oga  in  1753;  was 
disting.  as  a  chemist,  and  pub.  La  Conda- 
mine's  treatise  on  the  Small-Pox,  with  an 
Appendix.  His  son  John  Churchill,  M.D., 
b.  Middletown,  Ct.,  Sept.  1766,  d.  St.  Croix, 
Mar.  5,  1819.  N.  J.  Coll.  1801.  He  prac- 
tised in  Newbum,  N.C.,  in  1787-1807;  then 
went  to  New  York,  where  he  was  prof,  of  the 
institutes  of  medicine  in  Col.  Coll.,  and  after- 
wards prof,  of  obstetrics  in  the  Coll.  of  Phys. 
and  Surgeons.  He  was  eminent  in  his  profes- 
sion, and  was  a  connoisseur  in  poetry,  belles- 
lettres,  and  painting. 

Osborne,  Laughton,  poet,  of  N.Y.  Col. 
Coll.  1827.  Has  pub.  anonymously  "Sixty 
Years  of  the  Life  of  Jeremy  Levis,"  N.Y., 
1831 ;  "  The  Dream  of  Alla-ad-Dean ;  "  "  The 
Confessions  of  a  Poet,"  Phila.  1835;  "The 
Vision  of  Rubeta,  an  Epic  Story  of  the  Island 
of  Manhattiin,  with  Illustrations  done  on 
Stone,"  a  satire  ;  "  Arthur  Carryl,  a  Novel," 
the  author's  best  work ;  a  poem  of  the  "  Don 
Juan  "  class ;  and  a  treatise  on  "  Oil  Paint- 
ing." From  a  poetical  fragment  entitled 
"  England  as  She  Is,"  he  appears  to  have  been 
a  resident  there  in  1833.  Also  author  of 
"Calvary;"  "Virginia  Tragedies,"  12rao, 
1867.—  Duyckinck. 

Osborn,  Samuel,  minister  of  Eastham, 
Ms.,  1718-37,  b.  Ireland  ab.  1690;  d.  Boston 
ab.    1785.    Dismissed    for    Arminianism,    he 


taught  a  private  school  in  Boston  about  10 
years.  He  introduced  the  use  of  peat  on  Cape 
Cod.     He  pub.  his  case  and  complaint,  1743. 

Osborn,  Selleck,  poet,  b.  Trumbull, 
Fairfield  Co.,  Ct.,  1783  ;  d.  Phila.  Oct.  1.  1826. 
He  received  an  ordinary  English  education, 
and  at  12  years  was  placed  in  a  newspaper 
printing-office  at  Danbury.  At  21  he  became 
editor  of  a  JelFersonian  paper,  the  Litchfield 
Witness.  Found  guilty  of  a  libel,  he  defaulted 
payment  of  a  heavy  fine,  and  was  confined  a 
year  in  Litchfield  jail.  After  his  release  he 
resumed  his  paper,  which  he  edited  some  years. 
During  the  war  of  1812-15  he  served  as  a  capt. 
in  the  U.S.  army ;  was  stationed  on  the  Cana- 
da frontier;  and  was  in  the  battle  of  Plattsburg. 
After  the  peace  he  again  edited  a  paper,  first  at 
Bennington,  Vt.,  and  then  the  Amer.  Watchman 
at  Wilmington,  Del.  In  1825  he  edited  a 
paper  supporting  Calhoun  for  the  presidency, 
and  soon  after  removed  to  Phila.  His  small 
volume  of  "  Poems,  Moral,  Sentimental,  and 
Satirical,"  Boston,  1823,  contains  selections 
from  his  fugitive  pieces.  —  Dm/ckinck. 

Osborne,  Thos.  O.,  lawyer  and  soldier,  b. 
Jersey,  Licking  Co.,  0.,  11  Aug.  1832.  U.  of 
0.  1854.  Studied  law  at  Crawfordsville,  Ind. ; 
was  adm.  to  the  bar,  and  settled  in  Chicago  in 
1858.  Col.  39th  111.  Regt.  Dec.  1861,  serving 
in  W.  Va.,  at  the  battle  of  Winchester,  23 
Apr.  1862 ;  sei*ved  in  the  operations  in  Charles- 
ton harbor  in  1863 ;  took  part  in  Butler's  exped. 
up  the  James  River  in  May,  1864 ;  at  Drury's 
Bluff  was  severely  wounded,  losing  the  use  of 
his  right  arm ;  at  the  siege  of  Petersburg  ho 
com.  1st  brigade,  1st  division,  24th  corps; 
and  2  Apr.,  1865,  captured  Fort  Gregg,  the 
key  to  the  works  about  Petersb.  and  Richmond, 
by  one  of  the  most  gallant  and  successful 
charges  of  the  war.  For  this  service  he  was 
made  brig.-gen.  By  his  prompt  movement  he 
cut  olF  the  Confed.  troops  from  the  Lynchburg 
road,  and  contrib.  to  the  capture  of  Lee's  army, 
and  was  brev.  maj.-gen.  2  Apr.  1865.  Now 
practises  law  in  Chicago.  —  Leading  Men  of 
Chicago. 

Oseola  (As-se-se-he-ho-lae,  or  Black 
Drink),  a  celebrated  Seminole  warrior,  b.  on 
the  Chattahoochee  River,  Ga.,  1804;  d.  Fort 
Moultrie,  S.C,  30  Jan.  1838.  Son  of  Wm. 
Powell  —  an  Englishman,  and  a  trader  with  the 
Indians  —  by  an  Indian  woman.  In  1808  the 
mother  and  her  boy  settled  in  Fla.  Though 
of  humble  rank,  he  was  the  governing  spirit  of 
the  Seminoles  ;  was  disting.  in  all  dances  and 
games,  and  was  noted  for  independence  and 
self-possession.  Oseola  vehemently  opposed 
the  removal  of  the  Indians  from  Fla. ;  and 
having  in  June,  1835,  used  insulting  language 
to  Gen.  Thompson,  the  U.S.  agent  at  Fort 
King,  he  was  confined  in  irons  under  guard  for 
six  days.  Dec.  28  he  avenged  himself  by 
killing  Thompson  and  4  others  outside  the 
fort-  Dec.  31  he  led  the  Indians  in  the  battle 
of  the  Withlacoochie  against  Gen.  Clinch,  and 
was  wounded  in  the  arm.  This  band,  the  same 
that  had  massacred  Maj.  Dade's  com.  3  days 
before,  was  put  to  flight.    He  had  several  en- 

fagements  with  the  troops  under  Gen.  Gaines; 
une  9,  1836,  was  repulsed  in   a  daring  and 
skilful  assault  on  Fort  Micanopy ;  made  an 


OS& 


676 


OSG^ 


unsuccessful  attack  on  Fort  Dranc,  Aug.  12  ; 
and  contended  with  skill  and  energy  for  more 
than  a  year  against  overwhelming  odds ;  but 
22  Oct.  1837,  while  holding  a  conference,  under 
a  flag  of  truce,  with  Gen.  Jcsup,  near  St.  Au- 
gustine, was  treacherously  seized,  and  confined 
at  Fort  Moultrie  until  he  died  broken-hearted. 
He  was  a  brave  and  generous  foe,  and  always 
protected  wom(m  and  children. 

Osgood,  David,  D.D.  (Y.C.  1797),  Cong, 
clergyman,  I).  Andover,  Ms.,  Oct.  14,  1747  ;  d. 
Medtbrd,  Dec.  12,  1822.  H.U.  1771.  Ord. 
Sept.  14,  1774.  Descended  from  John,  one  of 
the  founders  of  Andover.  Until  he  was  19,  ho 
worked  on  his  father's  farm ;  he  then  studied 
theology  with  Rev.  Mr.  Emerson  of  HoUis,  and 
afterward  at  Cambridge.  He  settled  as  minis- 
ter of  Medford,  where  he  continued  nearly  50 
years,  and  became  a  distinguished  preacher.  A 
zealous  Federalist,  one  of  his  sermons  in  1794, 
upon  Genet's  appeal  to  the  people  against  the 
govt.,  attracted  great  attention,  and  passed  rap- 
idly through  several  editions.  His  election  ser- 
mon in  1809  was  the  most  celebrated  of  his  dis- 
courses. He  was  a  thorough  Calvinist,  "  a 
truly  good  and  great  man,  and  an  earnest  and 
fearless  preacher."  A  vol.  of  his  sermons  was 
pub.  in  Boston  in  1824.  —  Sprague. 

Osgood,  Frances  Sargent,  poetess,  b. 
Boston,  18  June,  1811 ;  d.  Hingham,  Ms.,  May 
12,  1850.  Dau.  of  Joseph  Lock,  a  merchant 
of  Boston.  Early  attracting  the  notice  of  Mrs. 
L.  M.  Child,  she  contrib.  to  her  Juvenile  Mis- 
ceUanif  poems  under  the  signature  of  "  Flor- 
ence.'' In  1835  she  m.  Samuel  Stillman  Os- 
good, a  portrait-painter,  with  whom  she  soon 
afterwards  visited  London,  where  he  pursued 
Lis  art-studies.  She  was  not  only  a  contrib.  to 
the  Eng.  periodicals,  but  also  pub.  a  small  vol. 
called  the  "  Casket  of  Fate ; "  a  collection  of 
her  poems  under  the  title  of  "  A  Wreath  of 
Wild-Flowers  from  N.  England,"  8vo,  1839;  a 
3-act  drama  entitled  "Elfrida;"  and  a  play 
writt' ;n  at  the  request  of  Sheridan  Knowlcs,  en- 
titled "  The  Hapi)y  Release,  or  the  Triumphs 
of  Love."  They  returned  to  Boston  in  1840, 
where  she  pub.  "  The  Poetry  of  Flowers  and 
the  Flowers  of  Poetry,"  together  with  "  The 
Floral  Offering."  In  1849  the  poems  of  Mrs. 
Osgood  were  pub.  at  Phila.  in  8vo,  illustrated. 
Soon  after  her  death,  a  "  Memorial "  by  her 
friends,  with  a  Life  by  Dr.  Griswold,  was  pub. 
(N.Y.  1851). 

Osgood,  Helen  Louise  (Gilson),  phi- 
lanthropist, b.  Boston  ab.  1835  ;  d.  Newton 
Centre,  Ms.,  April  20,  1868.  After  the  death 
of  her  parents,  she  was  the  ward  of  F.  B.  Fay 
of  Chols-a ;  was  well  educated ;  and  was  en- 
dowed with  great  musical  and  conversational 
talent.  When  the  civil  war  commenced,  she 
was  among  the  first  to  organize  Soldiers'  Aid 
Societies,  and  provided  employment  for  the 
wives  and  daughters  of  soldiers  who  were  in 
straitened  circumstances.  Early  in  1862  she 
went  to  the  army  as  a  nurse,  endearing  herself 
to  the  men  by  her  gentle  attentions,  her  sweet 
voice,  and  her  great  executive  power.  During 
the  bloody  years  of  1864-5  she  administered 
comfort  and  relief  to  thousands  of  the  severely 
wounded  and  dying.  She  also  organized  and 
conducted  for  many  months  a  hospital  for 


1,000  patients  of  the  sick  and  wounded  colored 
soldiers  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  In  1866 
she  was  m.  to  Mr.  Osgood,  a  laborer  in  the 
sanitary  work  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac ; 
but  her  overtasked  powers  failed,  and  she  died 
a  martyr  to  her  patriotism  and  philanthropy. 

Osgood,  Samuel,  A.A.S.,  statesman,  b. 
Andover,  Ms.,  Feb.  14, 1748  ;  d.  N.  York,  Aug. 
12,1813.  H.U.  1770.  A  descendant  of  John 
of  Andover.  He  studied  theology,  but,  losing 
his  health,  became  a  merchant.  He  was  otlen 
a  member  of  the  legisl. ;  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Essex  Co.  convention  in  Sept.  1774;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Prov.  Congress,  and  on  many  im- 
portant committees.  He  was  a  capt.  at  Lex- 
mgton  and  Cambridge  in  April,  1775  ;  aide  to 
Gen.  Ward  in  1775-6;  member  of  the  board 
of  war;  and  left  the  army  in  1776  with  the  rank 
of  col.  and  assist,  commissary.  Member  of  the 
house  till  1780,  when  he  was  a  senator;  dele- 
gate to  the  Old  Congress  1780-4;  first  corn- 
miss,  of  the  U.S.  treas.  in  1785-9  ;  and  U.S. 
postmaster-gcn.  1789-91.  Afterwards  member 
of  the  N.Y.  legisl.,  and  speaker  of  the  house  ; 
supervisor  of  N.Y.  in  1801-3;  and  from  1603 
till  his  death  naval  officer  of  the  port  of  New 
York.  He  pub.  several  vols,  on  religious  sub- 
jects, and  a  work  on  chronology;  was  well 
versed  in  science  and  literature,  and  distiug. 
for  integrity,  public  spirit,  and  piety. 

Osgood,  Samuel, D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1827), 
pastor  1st  Cong.  Church,  Springfield,  from  25 
June,  1809,  to  his  d.  8  Dec.  1862;  b.  Fryeburg, 
Me.,  3  Feb.  1784.  D.C.  1805.  He  was  an  able 
preacher,  and  an  active  reformer.  He  pub. 
some  sermons  and  addresses,  "  Half-Century 
Sermon,"  1859. 

Osgood,  Samuel,  D.D.  (H.U.  1857),  cler- 
gvman  and  author,  b.  Charlestown,  Ms.,  Aug. 
30, 1812.  H.U.  1832;  Camb.  Divinity  School, 
1835.  After  travelling  and  preaching  2  years, 
he  was  ord..  May  6,  1838,  over  the  Unitarian 
church  in  Nashua,  N.H.;  Dec.  29, 1841,  he  was 
called  to  the  Westminster  Church,  Prov.,  R.  I. ; 
and  in  1849  to  the  Church  of  the  Messiah,  N.Y., 
where  he  remained  until  1869.  Ord.  deacon  in 
the  Pr.-Ep.  Church  Aug.  5,  1870.  Dr.  Osgood 
has  pub.  translations  from  Olshausen  and  Do 
Wetto;  "The  History  of  the  Passion,"  1839; 
and  "  Human  Life,"  1842.  Author  of  "  Stud- 
ies in  Christian  Biography,"  1851 ;  '*  The 
Hearthstone,"  1854  ;  "  God  with  Men,"  1854 ; 
"Milestones  in  our  Life-Joumey,"  1855;  and 
"  Student-Life,"  1860.  He  edited  the  Western 
Messenger,  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  1836-7 ;  and  the 
Christian  Inquirer,  N.Y.,  1850-4.  He  has  con- 
trib. to  the  Christian  Examiner,  the  N.  A.  Re- 
view, the  BiUiotheca  Sacra,  and  the  leading 
monthly  magazines.  His  printed  sermons, 
speeches,  and  orations  are  numerous :  among 
them  is  his  discourse  at  Meadville  Theological 
School  on  "  The  Coming  Church  and  its  Cki'- 
gy,"  1858;  and  his  oration  bctbre  the  alumni 
of  H.U.  in  1 860.  He  has  been  active  in  lirerary 
and  educational  objects.  His  theological  sym- 
pathies, before  becoming  an  Episcopalian,  were 
with  what  Avas  called  the  "Broad  Church." 
Many  years  corresp.  sec.  of  the  N.Y.  Historical 
Society. 

Osgood,  Thaddeus,  philanthropist,  b. 
Methuen,  Ms.,  Oct.   24,   1775;   d.  Glasgow, 


OSS 


677 


OTI 


Scotland,  Jan.  19,  1852.  Dartm.  Coll.  1803. 
He  studied  divinity  with  Drs.  Lothrop  and 
Emmons.  Ord.  ab.  1806;  was  stated  supply- 
in  Southbury,  Ct. ;  and  was  a  missionary  in 
N.  Y.  and  Canada.  He  organized  the  first 
church  in  Buffalo,  N.Y.,  and  many  others ;  in 
1812  collected  $9,000  in  Eng.  for  a  school  in 
Quebec,  and  gathered  there  200  boys  in  a  sab- 
bath school ;  went  again  to  Eng.  in  1825,  and 
collected  $5,000  for  a  society  to  promote  edu- 
cation and  industry;  in  1837  formed  another 
society  in  Canada  to  supply  Bibles  for  seamen 
and  emigrants ;  was  many  years  a  distributer 
of  tracts,  and  founder  of  sabbath  schools ;  went 
a  third  time  to  Eng.  for  benevolent  objects ; 
and  closed  his  useful  life  in  Scotland. 

Ossoli.  —  See  FuLLt;R,  Sarah  Margaret. 

Osterhaus,  Gen.  Peter  Joseph,  b.  Prus- 
pia.  Served  as  an  officer  in  the  Prussian  army; 
afterward  settled  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Entered 
the  Union  service  in  1861  as  maj.  2d  Mo.  Vols. ; 
took  part  in  the  battles  of  Dug  Spring  and 
Wilson's  Creek;  became  col.  12th  Mo.  Vols. ; 
com.  a  brigade  under  Gen.  Fremont;  took  part 
in  the  exped.  under  Gen.  Curtis  which  resulted 
in  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  where  he  com.  a  divis. 
and  greatly  disting.  himself;  was  made  brig.- 
gen.  June  9, 1862 ;  in  Dec.  com.  a  divis.  in  the 
13th  corps  at  Helena,  Ark.,  with  which  he  par- 
ticipated in  the  capture  of  Arkansas  Post,  1 1 
Jan.  1863,  and  in  the  Vicksburg  campaign ;  com. 
1st  div.  15th  corps  in  the  operations  at  Chatta- 
nooga and  battle  of  Mission.  Ridge ;  in  the  At- 
lanta campaign  in  1864,  and  in  that  of  Ga.  and 
S.C.  com.  the  15th  corps;  maj.-gen.  23  July, 
1864;  chief  of  staff  to  Gen.  Canby  at  Ivirby 
Smith's  surrender  in  May,  1865. 

Oswald,  CoL.  Eleazer,  b.  Eng.  ab.  1755 ; 
d.  New  York,  Oct.  1 ,  1795,  of  yellow-fever.  He 
was  of  good  family,  being  related  to  Richard  of 
Auchencruive.  His  sympathies  were  awakened 
by  the  action  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty  in  America 
as  early  as  1770,  and  he  soon  after  came  to 
America ;  served  as  a  capt.  under  Arnold,  and 
at  the  capture  of  Ticonderoga,  and  became  Ar- 
nold's sec. ;  he  exhibited  great  bravery  at  the 
siege  of  Quebec  at  the  close  of  1775,  where  he 
com.  the  forlorn  hope  after  Aniold  was  wound- 
ed ;  in  1777  he  was  made  a  lieut.-col.  in  Lamb's 
regt.  of  artillery,  and  soon  afterwax-ds  disting. 
himself  with  Arnold  at  Compo.  For  his  bra- 
very at  the  battle  of  Monmouth  he  was  highly 
commended  by  Generals  Knox  and  Lee ;  soon 
after  this  engagement  he  left  the  service.  He 
engaged  in  the  printing  and  publishing  busi- 
ness at  Phila.,  and  was  app.  public  printer. 
Upon  constitutional  questions  he  was  an  oppo- 
nent of  Hamilton,  whom  in  1789  he  challenged 
to  fight  a  duel ;  their  friends  adjusted  the  mat- 
ter, and  the  meeting  was  prevented.  In  1792, 
being  in  Eng.  on  business,  he  went  to  the  Con- 
tinent, joined  the  French  army,  and  com.  a 
regt.  of  art,  at  the  battle  of  Jemappes. 

Oswald,  Richard  of  Auchencruive,  b. 
1 705  ;  d.  Nov.  6,  1784.  One  of  the  framcrs  of 
the  treaty  of  peace  which  closed  the  Revol.  war. 
He  was  a  merchant  of  Lond.,  and  gave  bail 
for  Henry  Laurens  in  the  sum  of  £50,000.  He 
m.  Mary  Ramsay,  celebrated  by  Burns  in  one 
of  his  songs. 

Otey,  James  Hervey,  D.D.  (Col.   Coll. 


1833),  Pr.-Ep.  bishop  of  Tenn.,  b.  Liberty, 
Va.,  Jan.  27,  1800;  d.  Memphis,  Tenn.,  Apr. 
23,  1863.  U.  of  N.  C.  1820.  Ord.  1825,  and 
was  the  first  Prot.-Episc.  minister  who  settled 
in  Tenn.;  consec.  bishop  Jan.  14,  1834;  and 
did  duty  in  Mpi.,  La.,  and  Ala.,  among  the  In- 
dians, &c.  Throughout  the  South  and  South- 
west his  title  was,  "  the  Good  Bishop." 
Though  strongly  opposed  to  secession,  he  was 
persuaded  to  write  his  famous  letter  to  the  sec. 
of  state,  remonstrating  against  coercive  meas- 
ures on  the  part  of  the  Federal  govt. :  the  able 
reply  to  this  letter  changed  the  views  of  "  the 
Good  Bishop,"  who  thenceforth  acted  with  the 
Northern  diocese.  Author  of  numerous  ad- 
dresses, sermons,  charges,  speeches,  &c.,  and  a 
vol.  entitled  "  Unity  of  the  Church,"  &c.,  8vo, 
1852. 

Otis,  Harrison  Gray,  statesman  and  ora- 
tor, b.  Boston,  Oct.  8,  1765;  d.  there  Oct.  28, 
1848.  H.U.  1783.  Son  of  Samuel  A.,  and 
nephew  of  James  Otis.  Adm.  to  the  bar  1786, 
he  soon  became  a  successful  lawyer,  and  entered 
upon  public  life,  where  his  brilliant  talents, 
graceful  oratory,  and  extensive  acquirements, 
gained  him  great  ec/at.  Aide  to  Gen.  Brooks 
in  the  Shays  Insurrection  in  1786  ;  member  of 
the  legisl.  in  1796;  M.C.  and  a  prominent 
leader  of  the  Federal  party  in  1797-1801  ;  U.S. 
dist.-atty.  1801 ;  member  of  the  legisl.  and 
speaker  1803-5  ;  pres.  of  the  State  senate  1805- 
11 ;  judge  of  C.  C.  P.  1814-18  ;  U.S.  senator 
1817-22  ;  mayor  of  Boston  1829-32.  He  was 
a  prominent  member  of  the  Hartford  Conven- 
tion in  Dec.  1814,  the  views  and  proceedings 
of  which  he  afterwards  wrote,  and  pub.  a  series 
of  letters  upon.  In  the  U.S.  senate  he  made 
an  eloquent  speech  in  reply  to  Pinckney  on  the 
Mo.  Question  in  Jan.  1820.  He  pub.  an  ora- 
tion, July  4,  1788;  letter  to  W.  Heath  1798; 
eulogy  on  Hamilton  1804  ;  speech  on  the  Mo. 
Question  1820;  on  the  Sedition  Law;  addresses 
in  Boston  1824  and  1830. 

Otis,  James,  col.  and  judge,  b.  Barnstable, 
June  14,  1702;  d.  Nov.  9,  1778.  Son  of  Judge 
John  Otis,  and,  without  the  advantages  of  a 
regular  education,  rose  by  the  native  energy  of 
his  mind  to  distinction.  A  diligent  study  of 
the  principles  of  law,  as  connected  with  politi- 
cal institutions,  had  prepared  him  as  an  oppo- 
nent of  the  ministerial  plans  against  the  Colo- 
nies, and  he  ardently  engaged  in  asserting  their 
rights  ;  a  member  of  the  Prov.  legisl.  in  1758  ; 
made  speaker  of  the  house  in  1760;  and  con- 
tinued in  that  office  two  years,  when  he  was 
negatived  by  Gov.  Bernard.  On  the  death  of 
Chief  Justice  Sewall  in  1760,  Col.  Otis,  sec- 
onded by  his  son  James,  applied  to  Gov.  Ber- 
nard for  the  app.  of  assoc.  judge.  Mr.  Hutchin- 
son, who  was  nominated,  attributes  to  their 
disappointment  the  "  flaming  patriotism  "  of 
the  father  and  son.  In  1763  he  was  app.  judge 
of  probate  for  Barnstable  Co. ;  chief  justice  of 
the  C.  C.  P.  Feb.  1764 ;  the  same  year  he  was 
chosen  speaker  of  the  house,  and  also  one  of  his 
Majesty's  council,  but  was  negatived  by  the 
gov.,  owing  to  his  opposition  to  the  measures 
of  govt.  He  was  elected  to  the  council  every 
succeeding  year,  and  was  negatived  regularly 
until  1770,  when  Lieut.-Gov.  Hutchinson  appro- 
bated the  choice.     During  the  first  years  of  the 


OTI 


678 


OTJS 


war,  Mr.  Otis  sat  at  the  council  board,  of  which 
he  was  pros,  and  the  oldest  member. 

Otis,  James,  orator  and  Kevol.  patriot,  b. 
W.  Barnstable,  Ms.,  5  Feb.  1725;  d.  Andover, 
Ms.,  23  May,  1783.  H.U.  1743.  Son  of  the 
preceding.  He  studied  law  with  J.  Gridley  ; 
«,t  21  began  practice  at  Plymouth ;  removed  to 
Boston  in  1750,  and  acquired  a  high  reputation 
at  the  bar ;  in  1755  he  m.  Ruth  Cunnmgham. 
In  1760  he  pub.  "  Rudiments  of  Latin  Proso- 
dy." Otis's  public  career  dates  from  his  fa- 
mous speech  against  the  "  Writs  of  Assist- 
ance" in  1761  ;  chosen  to  the  legisl.  in  May, 
1761,  he  became  the  leader  of  the  popular  par- 
ty; in  1764  he  pub.  a  pamphlet,  "  The  Rights 
of  the  Colonies  Vindicated,"  a  masterpiece  of 
argument.  June  6, 1765,  he  moved  the  calling 
of  a  congress  of  delegates  from  the  several  Colo- 
nies, which  was  adopted,  and  to  which  he  was 
in  Oct.  a  delegate,  and  one  of  the  com.  to  pre- 
pare an  address  to  the  commons  of  Eng. 
■Elected  speaker  of  the  house  in  May,  1767,  he 
was  negatived  by  the  gov.,  and  resigned  his 
office  of  judge-advocate.  Upon  the  require- 
ment of  Gov.  Bernard  that  the  legisl.  should 
rescind  its  Circular  Letter  requesting  the  Colo- 
nies to  unite  on  some  suitable  mode  of  redress, 
Otis  made  a  speech,  pronounced  by  his  enemies 
as  the  "  most  violent,  abusive,  and  treasonable 
declaration  that  perhaps  was  ever  uttered." 
The  house  refused  to  rescind  by  a  vote  of  92  to 
17.  In  the  summer  of  1769  he  denounced  in 
the  Gazette,  in  severe  terms,  the  calumnies  of 
some  of  the  customs-officers ;  who  attacked  him 
Sept.  9,  and  inflicted  a  deep  cut  on  his  head, 
to  which  has  been  partly  attributed  the  derange- 
ment under  which  he  afterwards  labored.  He 
obtained  a  verdict  against  Robinson,  one  of  his 
assailants,  for  £2,000,  which  he  gave  up  on  re- 
ceiving a  written  apology,  and  withdrew  to  the 
country  in  1770  on  account  of  his  health.  He 
was  again  a  representative  in  1771,  but  took  no 
active  part  in  affairs  subsequently,  his  mind 
having  become  seriously  impaired.  During  a 
brief  lucid  interval  he  resumed  practice  in  Bos- 
ton, but,  6  weeks  after  his  return  to  Andover, 
was  killed  by  a  stroke  of  lightning,  —  a  fate  for 
which  he  had  often  expressed  a  wish.  Otis's 
great  defect  was  his  irascibility.  He  was  a 
man  of  powerful  genius  and  ardent  temper,  of 
impetuous  and  commanding  eloquence,  and,  as 
a  lawyer,  stood  at  the  head  of  the  profession. 
He  pub.,  besides  the  works  named,  "  Vindica- 
tion of  the  House  of  Representatives,"  1762; 
and  "Considerations,"  &c.,  1765. —  /See  Tu- 
dor's  Life  of  Otis,  8vo,  1823. 

Otis,  CoL.  John,  judge,  b.  Hingham,  Ms., 
1657;  d.  BaiTistable,  Ms.,  Sept.  23, 1 727.  John 
his  father  was  in  Hingham  in  1635;  went  to 
Scituateab.  1662;  and  d.  1684,  a.  64.  Col.  Otis 
was  20  years  the  representative  of  Barnstable ; 
councillor  1706-27;  many  years  com.  the 
militia  of  the  county ;  was  chief  justice  of  the 
C.C.P.,  and  first  judge  of  probate.  He  had 
fine  talents,  and  possessed  great  wit  and 
humor. 

Otis,  Samuel  Alletkb,  bro.  of  James, 
b.  Barnstable,  Nov.  24, 1 740 ;  d.  at  Washington, 
Apr.  22,  1814.  H.U.  1759.  He  commenced 
the  study  of  law,  but  abandoned  it,  and  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  pursuits  in  Boston ;  repre- 


sentative to  the  Gen.  Court  in  1776,  and  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  framed  the 
State  constitution;  during  the  Revol.  he  was 
a  member  of  the  board  of  war,  and  in  1784 
speaker  of  the  house;  in  1787  he  was  app.  one 
of  the  com  miss,  to  negotiate  with  the  insurgents 
in  the  Shays  Rebellion ;  member  of  Congress 
in  1788 ;  and,  after  the  adoption  of  the  Federal 
Constitution,  was  chosen  sec.  of  the  U.S. 
senate.  He  m.  Elizabeth,  only  dau.  of  Harrison 
Gray,  receiver-gen.  of  Ms.  (who  d.  1794,  a.  84), 
and  was  the  father  of  H.  G.  Otis. 

Otterbein,  Philip  William,  founder  of 
the  Church  of  the  United  Brethren,  b.  Dillen- 
burg,  Germany,  June  4,  1726;  d.  Baltimore, 
Md.,  Nov.  17,  1813.  Ord.  to  the  ministry 
in  the  Reformed  Church  at  Herborn  in  1 749  ; 
sent  in  1752  missionary  to  America  by  the 
synod  of  Holland,  he  settled  first  at  Lancaster, 
Pa. ;  officiated  at  Tulpehockea  and  York,  Pa., 
and  Frederick,  Md.,  and  in  1774  established 
himself  at  Baltimore;  shortly  after  liis  settle- 
ment at  Lancaster  he  adopted  "new  measures," 
such  as  prayer-meetings,  class-meetings,  and 
open-air  meetings  held  in  groves;  he  made 
many  itinerant  tours,  associating  with  himself 
other  preachers  of  like  faith  and  zeal ;  and  at 
the  time  of  his  death  there  Avcre  united  to  his 
church  ab.  100  preachers  and  20,000  members. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  piety,  and 
zeal.  His  church  is  spread  over  large  portions 
of  the  Northern  and  Southern  States,  and 
numbers  about  90,000  communicants. 

Otto,  John  C,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1796), 
physician,  b.  N.  J.  1 775 ;  d.  Philadelphia,  June 
30,  1845.  N.  J.  Coll.  1792.  His  father.  Dr. 
Bodo  Otto,  was  a  disting.  physician  and  Revol. 
officer.  John  C.  was  a  successful  practitioner 
in  Phila.  for  nearly  50  years ;  was  an  attending 
physician  in  the  Pa.  Hospital,  and  for  many 
years  clinical  lecturer  in  that  institution.  He 
pub.  med.  papers  in  the  N.Y.  Med.  Repos.,  and 
m  the  N.  A.  Med.  and  Surg.  Journal  1828-30. 
—  See  Memoirs  by  I.  Parrish,  Phila.  1845. 

Otto,  Louis  William,  Count  de  Moslot, 
French  diplomatist,  b.  1754  in  the  duchy  of 
Baden;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  9,  1817.  Educated  at 
the  U.  of  Strasburg;  in  1777  app  sec.  of  lega- 
tion at  Bavaria.  The  ambassador  Luzerne, 
being  app.  minister  to  the  U.S.  in  1779,  took 
with  him  M.  Otto,  who  remained  as  sec.  and 
charged' affaires  till  1792 ;  he  was  then  employed 
by  the  com.  of  public  safety,  but,  on  the  fall  of 
the  Girondists,  was  sent  to  the  Luxembourg 
Prison,  where  he  remained  till  the  9th  thermi- 
dor;  in  1798  he  wont  to  Berlin  as  sec.  to  the 
ambassador  Sieyes;  in  1800  he  was  sent  to 
Eng.  to  treat  for  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  and 
acted  as  ministcr-plenipo.  till  the  peace  of 
Amiens;  after  the  campaign  of  1809  he  was 
ambassador  to  Vienna,  where  he  negotiated  the 
marriage  of  Napoleon  with  the  archduchess ; 
he  became  a  minister  of  state  on  his  return  to 
Palis  in  1813,  and  during  the  hundred  days 
was  under-sec.  of  state  for  foreign  affairs.  He 
m.  a  Miss  Livingston. 

Ouseley,  Sir  William  Gore,  D.C.L. 
(of  Oxon.),  son  of  Sir  William,  b.  Lond.  1797 ; 
d.  there  6  Mar.  1866.  Attache  at  Stockholm 
1817;  at  Washington  in  Nov.  1825;  and  m. 
there  the  dau.  of  C.  P.  Van  Ness.    Author  of 


OVA 


679 


OTVE 


"Remarks  on  the  Statistics  and  Polit.  Insti- 
tutions of  the  U  S./'  8vo,  1832 ;  "  Views  of  S. 
America/*  1852,  &c. 

Ovando,  Nicolas,  a  Spanish  officer,  and 
commander  of  the  order  of  Alcantara,  b.  ab. 
1460;  d  1518.  He  succeeded  Bobadilla  as  gov. 
of  Ilispaniola  in  1501 .  Though  just  and  kind 
to  the  Spanish  colonists,  he  perpetrated  great 
cruelties  upon  the  Indians,  many  of  whom 
were  massacred  at  Xaraqua  by  his  orders ;  he 
also  treated  Columbus  Avith  great  injustice, 
thwarting  him  upon  all  occasions.  He  was  re- 
called in  1 503,  and  succeeded  by  Diego  Colum- 
bus, son  of  the  great  admiral. 

Overman,  Eredeeick,  mining  engr.  of 
Phila. ;  d.  1 852.  Author  of  "  Manuf.  of  Iron," 
1850;  of  "Steel,"  1851;  "MouldeiV  and 
Founders'  Pocket-Guide,"  1851;  "Pract.  Min- 
eralogy, Assaying,  and  Mining,"  1851  ; 
"Mechanics  for  the  MillAvright,  Machinist," 
&c.,  1852;  "Metallurgy,"  \ S52.  —  Allibone. 

Oviedo,  Y  Valdes  (o-ve-a'do  e  val-d6s'), 
Gonzalez  Hebxando,  a  Spanish  chronicler, 
b.  Madrid,  1478;  d.  Valladolid,  1557.  Of 
noble  descent.  Pie  spent  several  years  of  his 
youth  at  court,  and  saw  the  final  campaigns 
of  the  Moorish  war.  In  1514  ho  was  sent  to 
St.  Domingo  as  supervisor  of  gold  smeltings  ; 
became  insp.-gen.  of  commerce,  and  passed 
most  of  his  days  in  America.  Author  of 
"  Cronica  de  las  bid/'as,"  1535,  repub.  at  Sala- 
manca, with  additions,  in  1547,  —  one  of  the 
scarcest  and  most  valuable  records  of  early 
Spanish- American  history;  also  of  a  valuable 
work,  still  in  MS.,  "  Quinquagenus,"  or  50 
dialogues ;  his  "  History  of  Nicaragua  "  was 
pub.  by  Tcrnaux  Compans,  Paris,  8vo,  1 840. 

Owen,  CoL.  Abraham,  b.  Prince  Edward 
Co.,  Va.,  1769  ;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Tippe- 
canoe, Nov.  7,  1811.  He  moved  to  Shelby  Co., 
Ky.,  in  1785  ;  served  in  the  campaigns  of  Wil- 
kinson and  St.  Clair  in  1791,  and  in  Col.  Har- 
din's exped.  to  White  River.  Surveyor  of 
Shelby  Co.  in  1796;  afterward  a  magistrate, 
and  col.  of  militia;  member  of  the  Ky.  Const. 
Conv.  in  1799,  and  of  both  branches  of  the 
State  legisl.  ;  aide-de-camp  to  Harrison  at  Tip- 
pecanoe. —  CoUins's  Hist.  Ky. 

Owen,  David  Dale,  geologist,  son  of 
Robert,  b.  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  June  24, 
1807;  d.  New  Harmony,  Ind.,  Nov.  13,  1860. 
He  was  educated  with  his  bro.  R.  D.  Owen  at 
Hofwyl,  Switzerland,  and  in  1826  accomp.  his 
father  to  New  Harmony.  He  spent  2  years  in 
the  study  of  geology  and  other  branches  of 
natural  science  in  Europe,  and  in  1833  took  up 
his  permanent  residence  in  the  U.  S.  In  1835 
he  received  the  degree  of  M.D.  from  the  Ohio 
Med.  Coll.,  and  2  years  later  was  employed  by 
the  legisl.  of  Ind.  in  a  geological  survey  of  the 
State,  the  results  of  which  were  pub.,  and  re- 
printed in  1859.  He  next  made  a  minute  ex- 
amination of  the  mineral-lands  of  Iowa,  under 
instructions  from  the  gen.  land-office;  and  in 
1848  he  was  employed  by  govt,  to  conduct  the 
geol.  survey  of  Wis.,  Iowa,  and  Minn.,  the  re- 
sult of  which  was  pub.  in  1852.  Of  a  survey 
of  Ky.,  from  1852  to  1857,  3  vols,  have  been 
pub.  In  1857  he  was  app.  State  geologist  of 
Ark.,  and  in  1858  pub.  a  report  of  his  survey, 
1  vol.  8vo. 


Owen,  George  W.,  politician,  b.  Bruns- 
wick Co.,  Va.,  1796  ;  d.  Mobile,  Ala.,  Aug.  18, 
1837.  He  was  speaker  of  the  Ala.  house  of 
representatives;  M.C.  1823-9  ;  mayor  of  Mo- 
bile, and  afterwards  coll.  of  that  port. 

Owen,  Griffith,  an  eminent  Quaker 
preacher  and  physician  to  the  early  settlers  of 
Pa.;  d.  Phila.  1717.  He  held  several  civil 
stations. 

Owen,  John,  gov.  N.C.  1828-30,  b.  Bladen 
Co.,  N.C,  Aug.  1787;  d.  Pittsborough,  Oct. 
1841.  Educated  at  the  U.  of  N.C.  Devoted 
himself  to  agriculture ;  member  of  the  house  in 
1812,  and  of  the  senate  in  1827  ;  and  pres.  of  the 
conv.  at  Harrisburg  which  nominated  Harrison 
in  1840. 

Owen,  John  Jason,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  scholar 
and  author,  b.  Colebrook,  Ct.,  Aug.  13,  1803; 
d.  N.Y.  Apr.  18,  1869.  Mid.  Coll.,  Vt.,  1829 ; 
And.  Sem.  1831.  Ord.  in  1832,  and  connected 
with  the  Presb.  Educ.  Soc.  On  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Cornelius  Inst.,  he  took  charge  of 
it,  withdrawing  in  Nov.  1848  to  become  prof, 
of  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages  and  lit.  at 
the  N.Y.  Free  Acad.  July  7,  1853,  he  became 
vice-principal ;  and  May  2,  1866,  when  it  be- 
came a  coll.,  he  was  made  vice-pres.  He  made 
excellent  translations  of  Homer's  "  Iliad  "  and 
"  Odyssey,"  Thucydides,  and  Xcnophon's 
"  Anabasis  "  and  "  Cyropaedia ; "  and  translated 
the  Acts  of  the  Apostles  into  Greek.  He  also 
pub.  3  vols,  of  Commentaries  on  the  Gospels. 

Owen,  Robert,  philanthropist,  b.  New- 
town, Montgomeryshire,  Scotland,  14  March, 
1771  ;  d.  there  19  Nov.  1858.  Ho  acquired 
wealth  by  the  manuf.  of  cotton,  and,  sympa- 
thizing with  the  working-classes,  he,  with  his 
father-in-law  and  partner,  David  Dale,  intro- 
duced reforms  in  regard  to  their  dwellings, 
their  hours  of  labor,  and  the  education  of  their 
children.  In  1812  he  pub.  "  New  View  of  So- 
ciety," maintaining  a  theory  of  modified  com- 
munism. Wishing  to  test  his  system  on  a  large 
scale,  he  in  1825  purchased  New  Harmony, 
Ind.,  and,  with  the  assistance  of  his  son  Robert 
Dale  Owen,  tried  it  there.  It  flourished  for  a 
time ;  but  as  asocial  experiment  it  was  a  failure, 
as  was  also  his  effort  to  establish  in  London  a 
"  labor  exchange."  In  1828  he  went  to  Mex., 
but  could  effect  nothing  there;  in  1829  he 
held  a  public  debate  at  Cincin.  with  Alexander 
Campbell  of  Bethany  on  "  The  Evidences  of 
Christianity,"  pub.  2  vols.  8vo,  1829.  He  and 
his  followers,  the  "  Owenites,"  originated  the 
labor-leagues,  from  which  sprung  the  Chartist 
movement.  In  his  later  years  he  was  a  Spirit- 
ualist. Among  his  works  are  "  Essays  on  the 
Formation  of  Human  Chai'acter,"  and  "  The 
Book  of  the  New  Moral  World,"  presenting  a 
system  of  religion  and  society  according  to 
reason.  His  Autobiography  gives  much  of  in- 
terest in  his  career.  —  ^e  Life  of  Owen  by  F.  A. 
Packard,  Phila.  12mo,  1866. 

Owen,  Robert  Dale,  author  and  politi- 
cian, son  of  Robert,  b.  Glasgow,  7  Nov.  1801. 
Educated  at  Hofwyl,  Switzerland.  Accom- 
panying his  father  to  Amer.  in  1825,  he  edited 
with  Madame  D'Arusemont  the  New-Harmony 
Gazette,  afterward  called  the  Free  Inquirer, 
Oct.  182.5- Dec.  1834.  Member  of  the  Ind. 
legisl.    1835-8  ;   M.C.  1843-7  ;   chairman  of 


O^WE 


680 


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&' 


the  Ind.  Const.  Con  v.  in  1849  ;  charrj€  d' affaires 
at  Naples  in  1853-8.  After  15  years'  labor,  he 
procured  the  passage  of  laws  in  Ind.  securing  to 
women  independent  rights  of  property,  and 
during  the  Rebellion  served  on  two  important 
govt,  commissions.  He  was  prominent  in  the 
organization  of  the  Smithsonian  Inst.,  and  one 
of°  its  first  regents.  Author  of  "  Popular 
Tracts,"  1830  ;  "  Moral  Physiology,"  1831  ; 
"Pocahontas,"  a  drama,  1837;  "Hints  on 
Public  Architecture,"  in  Smithsonian  Contribs., 
4to,  1849;  "  Plank-Roads,"  1856  ;  "Footfalls 
on  the  Boundaries  of  Another  World,"  1849; 
"  The  Wrong  of  Slavery,  and  the  Right  of 
Emancipation,"  1864;  "Policy  of  Emancipa- 
tion," 1863  ;  "  Beyond  the  Breakers,"  1869. 

Owens,  John  E.,  comedian,  b,  Liverpool, 
1823;  brought  to  the  U.S.  in  1826,  and  was 
afterwards  in  business  in  Phila.  His  first  ap- 
pearance was  at  the  National,  Phila. ;  Aug.  20, 
1846,  he  played  at  Masonic  Hall,  Phila.  Joint 
manager  of  the  Baltimore  Museum  in  1849; 
made  an  extensive  European  tour  in  1852; 
manager  of  the  Charles-st.  Theatre,  Baltimore, 
1854,  and  of  the  N.  Orleans  Varieties  1859-61  ; 
layed  a  brilliant  engagement  at  Wallack's, 
.Y.  1864-5  ;  opened  at  the  London  Adelphi, 
July  3,  1865,  as  Solon  Shingle,  his  great 
part ;  was  at  the  Broadway  in  Jan. -Apr.  1866  ; 
and  in  1869  played  John  Unit,  in  "  Self,"  at 
Wallack's,  N.Y.  —  Brown's  Ame.r.  Stage. 

Owsley,  William,  gov.  Ky.  1844-8,  b. 
Va.  1782;  d.  Danville,  Ky.,  Dec.  1862.  His 
father  settled  in  Lincoln  Co.,  Ky.,  in  1783. 
He  taught  school ;  studied  law  with  Judge 
Boyle ;  represented  Garrard  Co.  for  several 
years  in  the  legisl. ;  judge  of  the  Supreme  Ct. 
1812-28.     Removed'to  Boyle  Co.  in  1843. 

Oxenbridge,  John,  'minister  of  Boston, 
b.  Daventry,  Eng.,  Jan.  30,  1609 ;  d.  Dec.  28, 
1674.  Educated  at  Oxford,  and  also  at  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  degree  in  1631  ;  be- 
came a  preacher  ;  made  several  voyages  to  the 
W.  Indies ;  was  ord.  pastor  of  a  church  in  Bev- 
erly, Eng.,  in  1644,  and  chosen  fellow  of  Eton 
Coll. ;  and  afterwards  settled  at  Berwick-on- 
Tweed,  where  he  was  silenced  in  1662.  He 
next  went  to  Surinam  ;  in  1667  was  at  Barba- 
does;  and  in  1669  came  to  Boston,  where  he 
was  ord.  April  10,  1670,  over  the  First  Church 
as  coll.  with  Mr.  Allen.  He  was  a  very  pop- 
ular preacher.  His  publications  are  "The 
Duty  of  Watchfulness  ;  "  "Election  Sermon," 
1671;  "Seasonable  Seeking  of  God;"  and 
"  A  Proposition  for  propagating  the  Gospel  by 
Christian  Colonies  in  Guiana."  —  Eliot. 

Oxendine,  Alexander  W.,  Baptist  cler- 
gyman and  Revol.  veteran,  b,  S.C.  Aug.  26, 
1759;  d.  Benton's  Creek,  Phelps  Co.,  Mo., 
Sept.  3,  1869,  aged  110.  He  was  one  of  Mari- 
on's men,  and  was  many  years  a  minister.  He 
retained  his  sight,  hearing,  and  intellect  to  his 
last  hour. 

Pabodie,  William  Jewett,  poet,  b. 
Providence,  R.I.,  ab.  1812;  d.  there  1870. 
Has  pub.  "  Calidore,"  a  legendary  poem,  and 
many  smaller  pieces. 

Paca,  William,  Revol.  statesman,  b.  "Wye 
Hall,  Harford  Co.,  Md.,  Oct.  31,  1740;  d. 
1799.  Phila  Coll.  1758.  Adm.  a  student  at 
the   Middle  Temple,  Lond.,   Jan.   14,  1762 ; 


practised  law  at  Annapolis;  member  of  the 
legisl.  from  1771,  signalizing  himself  by  his 
opposition  to  the  royal  govt. ;  member  of  the 
com.  of  corresp.  in  1774;  delegate  to  Congress 
1774-9,  and  a  signer  of  the  Decl.  of  Indep. ; 
State  senator  1777-9  ;  chief  justice  1778-80; 
chief  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  1780-2; 
gov.  1782  and  1786;  member  of  the  conven- 
tion which  ratified  the  U.S.  Constitution  in 
1788,  and  U.S.  dist.  judge  from  1789  till  his 
death.  He  contrib.  of  his  private  wealth  to  the 
patriot  cause,  and  served  upon  many  impor- 
tant local  committees.  His  first  wife  was  a 
dau.  of  Samuel  Chew. 

Packard,  Rev.  Alpheds  Spring,  D.D. 
(Bowd.  Coll.  1860),  b.  Chelmsford,  Ms.,  1798. 
Bowd.  Coll.  1816.  Tutor  there  1819-24,  and 
prof,  of  Greek  and  Latin  1824-65  ;  librarian 
1869.  Edited,  with  notes,  Xenophon's  "  Memo- 
rab.,"  1839;  works  of  Rev.  Jesse  Appleton, 
with  Memoir,  2  vols.  8vo,  1837.  Contrib. 
Sketches  of  Appleton,  Samuel  Eaton,  and  Dr. 
Packard,  to  Sprague's  "  Annals,"  and  papers  to 
several  periodicals.  Pub.  "  Hist.  Bunker's- 
Hill-Monument  Assoc,"  1853. 

Packard,  Frederick  Adolphus,  LL.D. 
(N.J.  Coll.  1859),  b.  Marlborough,  Ms.,  Sept. 
28,  1794;  d.  Nov.  11,  1867.  H.U.  1814.  Son 
of  Rev.  Asa.  He  read  law  at  Northampton, 
Ms.;  practised  law  at  Springfield,  Ms.,  1817- 
29 ;  member  State  legisl.  1828-9  ;  edited  the 
Hampden  Federalist  10 years;  removed  in  1829 
to  Phila.,  and  from  1829  to  his  d.  edited  the 
publications  of  the  Sunday-school  Union,  — 
2,000  in  number,  more  than  40  of  which  he 
wrote  or  compiled.  Elected  pres.  of  the  Gi- 
rard  Coll.  for  orphans,  July,  1849,  but  declined. 
He  edited  the  S.  S.  Magazine,  the  S.  S.  Journal, 
and  Youth's  Penny  Gazette  ;  prepared  the  soci- 
ety's annual  reports;  pub.  tracts  and  occasion- 
al papers  on  S.  school,  educational,  and  other 
subjects ;  edited  11  vols,  of  the  Phila.  Jour,  of 
Prison  Discipline,  and  contrib.  to  the  Princeton 
Rev.,  the  N.  Englander,  and  other  periodicals. 
Among  his  pubs,  are  "  Union  Bible  Diction- 
ary," 1837;  "The  Teacher  Taught,"  1839; 
"  Separation  of  Convicts,"  1849  ;  "  The  Teach- 
er Teaching,"  1861  ;  "  The  Rock,"  1861  ; 
"Life  of  Robert  Owen,"  1866  ;  "  Daily  Public 
School  of  the  U.S.,"  1866;  "Visit  to  Euro- 
pean  Hospitals,"  1840. 

Packer,  William  F.,  gov.  Pa.  1858-61, 
b.  Centre  Co.,  Pa.,  1807  ;  d.  Williamsport,  Pa., 
Sept.  27, 1870.  He  became  a  printer ;  studied, 
but  never  practised  law ;  pub.  the  Lycoming 
Gase^e  in  1827-36;  canal  com.  1839-42  ;  State 
auditor  1842-5;  State  senator  1845-8;  then 
pres.  of  the  Susquehanna  R.R.  Co.  until  its 
consolidation  with  the  Northern  Central  R.R. 
Co.,  of  which  he  was  a  director  until  1858. 

Paez  {pa-6th'),  Jose  Antonio,  a  South- 
American  soldier,  b.  San  Felipe,  Caracas, 
1787.  He  fought  on  the  royalist  side  in  the 
beginning  of  the  struggle  for  liberty,  but  joined 
the  patriots  in  1810 ;  defeated  Rafael  Lopez  in 
1816,  and  was  made  a  brig.-gen. ;  recovered 
the  province  of  Apure;  routed  La  Torre  at 
Las  Mercuritas,  28  Jan.  1817  ;  and  thenceforth 
acted  in  concert  with  Bolivar.  For  his  ser 
vices  at  Ortiz  he  was  made  gen.  of  division. 
The  battle  of  Carabobo  in  1821,  which  secured 


FA.G- 


681 


r».Aj: 


the  independence  of  Colombia,  established  his 
military  reputation ;  and  Bolivar  offered  to 
make  him  j^en. -in-chief.  His  capture  of  Puer- 
to Cabello,  in  Nov.  1823,  ended  Spanish  author- 
ity in  Colombia.  He  was  made  a  senator  and 
commandant  of  Venezuela  ;  and  when,  in  Sept. 
1829,  it  became  an  indep.  republic,  Paez  was 
chosen  pres.  In  1839  he  again  became  pres. 
He  led  the  revolutionists  against  the  usurper 
Monagas  in  1848,  but  was  unsuccessful,  and 
was  imprisoned,  but  was  released,  and  resided 
in  New  York,  May,  1850-Dec.  1858,  when  he 
returned  to  Venezuela.  Minister  to  the  U.S. 
in  1860,  but  in  1861  returned  to  Venezuela. 

Page,  Benjamin,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Eng. 
1792;  d.  New  York,  April  16,  1858.  Mid- 
shipra.  Dec.  17,  1810;  lieut.  Apr.  27,  1816; 
master  Dec.  22,  1835;  capt.  Sept.  8,  1841. 

Page,  Charles  Grafton,  M.D.,  physi- 
cist, b.  Salem,  Ms.,  Jan.  28,  1812;  d.  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  May  5,  1868.  H.U.  1832.  He 
constructed  an  electrical  machine  when  only 
ten  years  of  age.  In  1838-40  he  practised 
medicine  in  Va. ;  was  prof,  of  chemistry  in 
Col.  Coll.,  D.C.,  in  1839-40,  and  from  that 
time  till  his  death  was  examiner  in  the  U.S. 
patent-office.  He  was  a  frequent  contrib.  to 
iSillimaii's  Journal,  and  is  the  author  of  a  con- 
cise and  complete  treatise  upon  the  subject  of 
electrical  science  and  discovery.  He  had  been 
for  years  perfecting  machinery  for  the  effective 
and  economical  use  of  electro-magnetism  as  a 
motive-power,  and  had  so  far  succeeded  as  to 
be  able  to  use  it  for  the  propulsion  of  machine- 
ry, and,  to  some  extent,  as  a  locomotive  force. 
Author  of  "  Psychomancy,  or  Spirit-Rappings 
Exposed,"  12mo,  1853. 

Page,  David  P.,  b.  Epping,  N.H.,  1816; 
d.  1848.  Principal  of  the  N.Y.  State  Normal 
School.  Author  of  "  Elem.  Chart  of  Vocal 
Sounds,"  1847 ;  "  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Teaching,"  1847. 

Page,  John,  gov.  of  Va.  1802-5,  b.  Rose- 
well,  Gloucester  Co.,  Va.,  April  17,  1743;  d. 
Richmond,  Oct.  11,  1808.  Wm.  and  M.  Coll. 
1763,  which  he  represented  in  the  house  of 
burgesses.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Colonial  Council.  Disting.  for  talents  and 
patriotism,  he  displayed  during  the  Revol.  an 
ardent  attachment  to  the  cause  of  the  Colo- 
nies ;  was  in  1776  one  of  the  most  conspicuous 
members  of  the  convention  which  formed  the 
constitution  of  Va.,  and  was  app.  one  of  the 
first  councillors ;  member  of  the  com.  of  pub- 
lic safety,  and  lieut. -gov.  of  the  State;  and 
also  contrib.  freely  from  his  private  fortune  to 
the  public  cause.  At  one  time  he  com.  a  mili- 
tia regt.  raised  to  repel  a  British  invasion. 
He  was  among  the  first  representatives  to  Con- 
gress from  Va.  1789-97  ;  and  was  commiss,  of 
loans  for  Va.  from  1806  till  his  death.  He 
pub.  addresses  to  the  people  1 796-9.  His  son 
Octavius  Augustus,  first  lieut.  of  the  frig- 
ate "Chesapeake,"  d.  Boston,  June,  1813,  a.  28. 

Page,  John,  gov.  of  N.H.  1839-42,  b. 
Haverhill,  N.H.,  May  21,  1787;  d.  there  Sept. 
8,  1865.  He  received  an  academical  educa- 
tion ;  was  a  practical  farmer,  and,  during  the 
intervals  of  public  duty,  resided  upon  and  cul- 
tivated the  old  homestead  farm  left  him  by 
his  ancestors.     Assessor  of  the  direct  tax,  5th 


dist.,  N.H.,  1815;  member  of  the  legisl.  1818- 
20  and  1835;  register  of  deeds,  Grafton  Co., 
1828-34;  U.S.  senator  1836-7;  State  coun- 
cillor 1838.     He  Avas  a  leading  Mason. 

Page,  Thomas  Jefferson,  commander 
U.S.N.,  b.  Va.  ab.  1815.  Midshipman  in 
1827;  lieut.  in  June,  1833;  and  com.  Sept. 
1855.  The  early  part  of  his  service  was  in 
the  coast-survey.  In  1853-May,  1856,  hecom. 
an  exped.  to  explore  the  River  La  Plata,  a  nar- 
rative of  which  was  pub.  N.Y.,  8vo,  1859  ;  and 
in  1857-Dec.  1860,  made  an  exploration  of  the 
Parana  and  the  tributaries  of  the  Paraguay. 

Page,  William,  painter,  b.  Albany,  Jan.  23, 
1811.  He  went  with  his  parents  to  N.Y.  City  in 
1819,  and  at  the  age  of  11  received  a  premium 
from  the  Amer.  Institute  for  a  drawing  in 
India  ink.  After  passing  nearly  a  year  with 
Herring,  a  portrait-painter,  he  became  a  pu- 
pil of  S.  F.  B.  Morse ;  was  adm.  a  student  of 
the  acad.,  and  received  the  premium  of  a  large 
silver  medal  for  his  drawings  from  the  antique. 
He  spent  a  year  in  Albany,  painting  portraits, 
excelling  in  the  brillancy  of  his  color  and  the 
accuracy  of  his  drawing.  Adm.  a  member  of 
the  National  Acad.,  he  was  app.  to  paint  the 
portraits  of  Gov.  Marcy  and  John  Quincy 
Adams.  Besides  portraits,  he  has  executed 
several  historical  compositions,  a  "  Holy  Fami- 
ly," now  in  the  Boston  Athenajum ;  "  The 
Wife's  Last  Visit  to  her  Condemned  Husband," 
and  "  The  Infancy  of  Henri  IV."  He  resided 
some  time  in  Boston,  where  he  painted  a  great 
number  of  portraits ;  returned  to  New  York, 
where  he  remained  2  years  ;  and  then  went  to 
Europe,  residing  1 1  yrs.  in  Florence  and  Rome. 
He  returned  in  the  autumn  of  1860  to  New 
York,  where  he  now  resides.  In  Italy  he  painted 
many  portraits,  produced  his  two  "  Vcnuses," 
his  "  Moses  and  Aaron  on  Mount  Horeb,"  the 
"Flight  into  Egypt,"  the  "  Infant  Bacchus," 
and  other  works.  His  copies  of  Titian  were 
so  remarkably  like  the  originals,  that  one 
of  them  was  stopped  by  the  authorities  of 
Florence  under  the  belief  that  it  was  the  origi- 
nal painting.  Since  his  return  to  New  York, 
he  has  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  art, 
and  has  pub.  a  "  New  Method  of  Measuring 
the  Human  Body,"  based  upon  the  models  of 
the  antique. 

Paige,  Alonzo  Christopher,  jurist,  b. 
Scaghticoke,  N.Y.,  July  31, 1797  ;  d.  Schenec- 
tady, N.Y.,  Mar.  31,  1868.  Wms.  Coll.  1812. 
His  father.  Rev.  Winslow,  intended  him  for 
the  ministry  ;  but,  preferring  the  law,  he  was 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1819  ;  was  reporter  of  the 
Court  of  Chancery  in  1828-46,  publishing  in 
the  meanwhile  11  vols,  of  Chancery  Reports; 
member  of  the  N.Y.  legisl.  in  1826-30  ;  senator 
1838-42  ;  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  1847- 
51,  and  1855-7  ;  and  a  member  of  the  Const. 
Conv.  in  June,  1867. 

Paige,  Elbridge  Gerry  ("Dow,  jun"), 
journalist,  author  of  "  Short  Patent  Sermons" 
by  Dow,  jun.,  originally  pub.  in  the  N.Y.  Sun- 
dai]  Mercurij,  of  which  he  was  editor  and  pro- 
prietor; b.  Litchfield,  Ct.,  ab.  1816;  d.  San 
Francisco,  4  Dec.  1859.  Meeting  with  reverses 
in  N.Y.,  he  went  ab.  1849  to  Cal.,  where  he  be- 
came intemperate,  and  d.  in  great  want. 

Paige,    Lucius  Robinson,  D.D.  (Tufts 


FAJL 


682 


T>AJ. 


Coll.  1861),  b.  Hardwick,  Ms.,  Mar.  8,  1802. 
Universalist  preacher  1825-41  ;  since  cashier 
Cambridge  (Ms.)  Bank  ;  and  in  1846-55  city 
clerk  of  C.  Has  pub.  "  Selections  from  Emi- 
nent Commentators,"  1833;  "Centennial  at 
Hardwick,"  Nov.  15,  1838  ;  "  Commentary  on 
N.  Test.,"  6  vols.  1844-69  ;  papers  in  Univer- 
salist periodicals.  He  is  preparing  a  History 
of  Cambridj^e,  Ms. 

Faine,  Charles,  gov.  of  Vt.  1841-3,  b. 
Williamstown,  Vt.,  Apr.  15,  1799;  d.  Waco, 
Texas,  July  6,  1853.  H.  U.  1820.  Son  of 
Elijah.  Engaged  in  manufacturing,  in  v/hich 
he  was  very  successful.  He  rendered  the  State 
great  service  in  the  construction  of  its  rail- 
roads. His  last  railroad  project  was  the  ex- 
ploration of  a  southern  route  for  a  great  Pacific 
railroad,  tjov.  Paine  was  a  liberal  patron  of 
the  U.  of  Vt.  and  the  Northfield  Academy. 

Paine,  Elijah,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1812),  jurist, 
b.  Brooklyn,  Ct.,  Jan.  21,  1757  ;  d.  Williams- 
town,  Vt.,  Apr.  28,  1842.  H.U.  1781.  He 
studied  law,  and  in  1784  settled  in  Vt.  Mr. 
Paine  was  a  scholar,  a  well-read  lawyer,  and 
also  a  farmer,  a  road-maker,  and  a  pioneer  in 
the  manufacture  of  American  cloths,  for  which 
purpose  he  constructed  an  establishment  at 
Northfield.  Member  and  sec.  of  the  conven- 
tion to  revise  the  State  constitution  in  1786  ; 
member  of  the  State  legisl.  1787-91  ;  a  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  1791-5;  U.S.  senator 
1795-1801,  and  U.S.  dist.  judge  for  Vt.  in  1801- 
42.  In  1789  he  was  one  of  the  commiss.  to 
settle  the  controversy  between  N.Y.  and  Vt. ; 
pres.  of  the  Vt.  Colonization  Society,  to  which, 
as  well  as  to  Dartm.  Coll.  and  to  the  U.  of  Vt., 
he  was  a  liberal  benefactor.  Fellow  of  the 
Amer.  and  Northern  Academies  of  Arts  and 
Sciences.  In  1782  he  pronounced  the  first 
oration  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Soc.  of  H.  U., 
and  was  elected  its  pres.  in  1789. 

Paine,  Elijah,  lawyer,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, b.  Williamstown,  Vt.,  Apr.  10,  1796;  d. 
N.Y.  Oct.  6,  1853-  H.U.  1814;  Litchf  Law 
School.  Adm.  to  the  bar,  and  practised  in 
N.Y.  City.  Associated  in  business  with  Henry 
Wheaton,  LL.D.,  he  had  much  to  do  with  the 
Reports  of  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court  which  bear 
Mr.  Wheaton's  name.  He  was  also  the  author 
of  Paine's  "U.S.  Circuit  Reports;"  and  in 
1830,  in  connection  with  John  Duer,  LL.D., 
pub.  Paine  and  Duer's  "Practice  in  Civil 
Actions  and  Proceedings  jn  the  State  of  N.Y.," 
2  vols.  From  1850  to  his  death,  he  was  a  judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  of  N.Y.  His  decision 
in  the  Lemnion  slave  case  was  particularly  able. 

Paine,  Halbert  E.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  vols. ; 
M.C.  186.5-71;  b.Chardon,  O.,  4  Feb.  1826. 
W.  Res.  Coll.  1845.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1848 
at  Cleveland  ;  removed  to  Milwaukie  in  1857  ; 
col.  4th  Wis.  Regt.  1861-3;  brig.-gen.  13  Mar. 
1863  ;  took  part  in  defence  of  Washington, 
D.C.,  during  Early's  raid,  and  lost  a  leg  while 
in  com.  3d  div.  19th  corps  in  the  last  assault  on 
Port  Hudson,  June,  1863. 

Paine,  Martyn.M.D.  (H.U.  1816),  LL.D., 
physician,  son  of  Elijah,  b.  Williamstown,  Vt., 
July  8,  1794.  H.U.  1813.  He  studied  medi- 
cine with  Dr.  John  Warren  of  Boston,  and 
practised  in  Montreal,  Canada,  in  1816-22  ; 
then  removed  to  N.Y.,  and  acquired  a  large 


practice.  In  1832,  during  the  prevalence  of 
cholera,  he  wrote  a  series  of  letters  upon  the 
disease  to  Dr.  J.  C  Warren,  subsequently  pub. 
as  "  The  Cholera  Asphyxia  of  N.  i ."  He  has 
pub.  "  Medical  and  Physiological  Commen- 
taries," 3  vols.  1840-4  ;  "  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics,"  1842;  "The  Institutes  of 
Medicine,"  1847  ;  "  The  Soul  and  Instinct  dis- 
tinguished from  Materialism,"  1848,  subse- 
quently incorporated  in  the  "  Institutes  of 
Medicine  ;  "  and  in  1852  a  Memoir  of  his  son, 
Robert  Troup.  In  1856  Dr.  Paine  contrib.  an 
elaborate  essay  on  "  Theoretical  Geology  "  to 
the  Prot.-Epis.  Quarterly  Review,  controverting 
the  geological  interpretations  of  the  Mosaic 
narrations  of  creation  and  the  flood.  In  1841 
Dr.  Paine  and  others  established  the  University 
Med.  Coll.,  in  which  he  for  many  years  held  the 
chair  of  the  institutes  of  medicine  and  materia 
medica,  and  subsequently  that  of  therapeutics 
and  materia  medica.  In  1 854  he  was  prominent 
in  effecting  a  repeal  of  the  law  prohibiting  dis- 
sections of  the  human  body.  Member  of  many 
of  the  principal  learned  societies  in  Europe  and 
America. 

Paine,  Robert,  D.D.,  bishop  of  the  M.E. 
Church  South,  b.  N.C.  1799.  Emigrated  to 
Tenn.  in  1813.  Nashville  U.  1826.  He  en- 
tered the  Tenn.  conf.  in  1819;  pres.  of  La- 
grange Coll.,  Ala.,  1830-46,  and  then  chosen 
bishop.  Eminent  both  as  a  pulpit  orator,  and 
as  presiding  officer  in  the  annual  conference. 
Resides  in  Mpi.  Author  of  a  work  on  Hop- 
kinsianism,  and  "  Life  and  Times  of  Bishop 
McKendree,"  2  vols.  8vo. 

Paine,  Robert  Treat,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1805),  signer  of  the  Decl.  of  Indcp.,  b.  Boston, 
March  11,  1731;  d.  there  May  11, 1814.  H.U. 
1749.  His  father  Thomas  had  been  pastor  of 
a  church  in  Weymouth,  but  was  afterward  a 
merchant  of  Boston.  His  mother  was  the  dau. 
of  Samuel  Treat,  and  grand-dau.  of  Samuel 
Willard.  After  graduating,  he  kept  school  to 
help  support  his  parents,  for  whose  mainte- 
nance he  also  made  a  voyage  to  Europe.  He 
then  studied  theology,  and  in  1755  acted  as 
chaplain  to  the  Northern  provincial  troops,  but 
afterward  studied  the  law.  On  his  admission 
to  the  bar  in  1759,  he  established  himself  at 
Taunton,  where  he  resided  many  years.  In 
1770  he  conducted  with  great  ability  and  in- 
genuity, in  the  absence  of  the  atty.-gen.,  the 
prosecution  of  Capt.  Preston  and  his  men  for  the 
Boston  Massacre.  In  1773  he  was  a  representa- 
tive ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Prov.  Congress  in 
1774-5;  a  member  of  the  Cont.  Congress  in 
1774-8,  rendering  important  services  upon  vari- 
ous committees.  In  1776  he,  with  2  others,  was 
deputed  by  Congress  to  visit  the  army  of 
Schuyler  in  the  North ;  speaker  of  the  IVIs.  h. 
of  reps,  in  1777;  atty.-gen.  of  Ms.  on  the  or- 
ganization of  the  State,  and  also  a  member  of 
the  exec,  council ;  in  1779  he  was  a  member  of 
the  State  Const.  Conv.,  and  one  of  the  com. 
which  prepared  the  draught  of  it;  and  was 
app.  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1776,  but 
declined.  He  removed  to  Boston  ab.  1780,  and 
was  judge  of  the  Ms.  Supreme  Court  in  1790- 
1804.  Paine's  legal  attainments  were  great :  ho 
ranked  high  as  a  lawyer ;  was  an  able  and  im- 
partial judge  j  an  excellent  scholar;  and  was 


1*^1 


683 


I>.AJ[ 


noted  for  the  brilliancy  of  his  wit.    A  founder 
of  the  Aracr.  Acad,  of  Ms.  in  1780. 

Paine,  Robert  Treat,  poet,  b.  Taunton, 
Ms.,  Dec.  9,  1773;  d.  Boston,  Nov.  13,  1811. 
H.TJ.  1792.  Son  of  the  preceding,  and  was 
originally  named  Thomas,  but,  desirous  of  pos- 
sessing a  "Christian"  name,  had  it  changed  by 
the  Icgisl.  in  1801.  Abandoning  mercantile 
pursuits  after  a  brief  trial,  he  established  in  Oct. 
1794  a  political  and  literary  paper,  the  Federal 
Orrery,  in  which  appeared  "  The  Jacobiniad," 
and  also  "The  Lyai-s;"  their  personalities  pro- 
curing him  many  enemies,  and  occasioning  as- 
saults on  his  person.  He  had  written  verses  for 
the  Ms.  Mag.,  and  subsequently  wrote  theat- 
rical criticisms.  In  Feb.  1 795  he  m.  Miss  Ba- 
ker, an  actress.  Paine  had  a  prolific  imagina- 
tion, was  bold  in  his  views,  quick  at  retort, 
witty,  and  exceedingly  sarcastic,  llis  "  Inven- 
tion of  Letters,"  1795,  was  greatly  admired;  and 
Washington  expressed  in  a  letter  to  him  his  ap- 
preciation of  its  merits.  He  received  for  this 
poem  $1,500;  and  for  "The  Ruling  Passion," 
intended  as  a  gallery  of  portraits,  $1,200.  In 
1798  Paine  wrote  the  celebrated  national  song, 
"Adams  and  Liberty," — a  patriotic  ell'usion 
which  brought  him  more  than  1 1  dollars  a  line. 
In  1799  he  delivered  an  oration  on  the  first  an- 
niversary of  the  dissolution  of  the  alliance  with 
France ;  and,  turning  his  attention  to  the  study 
of  law  under  Judge  Parsons,  was  adm.  to  the 
Sutlblk  bar  in  1802 ;  retired  from  the  profession 
in  1809;  and  soon  after  became  an  inmate  of 
his  father's  mansion  in  Boston,  where  he  wrote 
"  The  Steeds  of  Apollo,"  his  last  famous  effu- 
sion. Jan.  2,  1800,  he  delivered  at  Newbury- 
port  a  eulogy  on  Washington.  His  writings, 
with  a  Biography  by  Charles  Prentiss,  were 
pub.  8vo,  1812. 

Paine,  ThomaSj  political  and  deistical 
writer,  b.  Thetford,  Norfolk,  Eng.,  29  Jan. 
1737  ;  d.  New  York,  8  June,  1809.  His  father 
was  a  Quaker,  and  brought  up  his  son  to  his 
own  trade,  that  of  stay-maker.  At  the  gram- 
mar-school of  Thctford'he  obtained  some  knowl- 
edge of  mathematics.  He  worked  at  his  trade, 
preached  occasionally  as  a  dissenting  minister, 
married,  and  settled  in  Sandwich  iu  1759.  In 
1764  he  became  an  exciseman;  was  afterward  a 
teacher,  then  a  tobacconist ;  failed  in  business 
in  1774,  and  went  to  London.  By  the  advice 
of  Dr.  Franklin  he  came  to  America,  arriving 
inPhila.  in  Dec.  1774.  In  1775  he  edited  the  Pa. 
Mag.;  Oct.  18  he  pub.  in  Bradford's  Pa.  Jour- 
nal "  Serious  Thoughts  upon  Slavery,"  &c., 
expressing  the  hope  that  the  legisl.  would  put 
a  stop  to  the  importation  of  negroes,  ameliorate 
the  condition  of  the  slaves,  and  ultimately  pro- 
vide for  their  fi'eedom.  In  his  celebrated  pam- 
phlet called  "  Common  Sense,"  which  appeared 
in  Jan.  1776,  he  advocated  independence,  con- 
tributing in  an  extraordinary  degree  to  the  dis- 
semination of  republican  ideas.  It  procured 
him  a  reward  of  £500  fi-om  the  legisl.  of  Pa., 
the  honorary  degree  of  M.A.  from  its  univer- 
sity, and  membership  in  the  Philos.  Society. 
Joining  the  army  in  the  autumn  of  1776,  he 
was  a  short  time  aide  to  Grcn.  Greene.  Dec.  19, 
1776,  —  a  most  gloomy  period  of  the  war, — 
Paine  pub.  his  first  "  Crisis,"  opening  with  the 
since  familiar  phrase,  "These  are  the  times  that 


try  men's  souls."  It  revived  the  drooping  ar- 
dor of  the  people,  was  read  at  the  head  of  every 
regt.,  and  bore  fruit  in  the  battles  of  Trenton 
and  JPrinceton  a  few  days  later.  This  publica- 
tion was  continued  till  April,  1783.  He  was 
sec.  to  the  com.  on  foreign  affairs  in  Congress 
from  Apr.  1777  to  Jan.  1779,  losing  his  place 
for  having  in  the  Phila.  Packet  denied  the  va- 
lidity of  Silas  Deane's  claims  upon  the  govt. 
Iu  Jan.  1780,  when  financial  ruin  impended,  he 
gave  $500,  tlie  amount  of  his  salary  as  clerk 
of  the  Assembly  of  Pa.,  to  start  a  relief-fund. 
In  Feb.  1781  he  went  with  Col.  Laurens  to 
France  to  negotiate  a  loan,  and  returned  Aug. 
25  with  $2,500,000  in  silver.  In  1782  he  pub. 
a  "  Letter  to  the  Abbe  Raynal,"  correcting  the 
mistakes  in  his  account  of  the  Amer.  Revol., 
and  soon  afterwards  a  "Letter  to  the  Earl  of 
Shelburne,"  who  had  prophesied,  that,  "when 
Britain  shall  acknowledge  Amer.  independence, 
the  sun  of  Britain's  glory  is  set  forever."  For 
his  Revol.  services,  Congress  in  1785  gave  him 
$3,000;  and  the  State  of  N.Y.  granted  him  500 
acres  of  land  in  New  Rochelle.  In  Apr.  1787 
he  went  to  England,  and  invented  an  iron 
bridge,  the  prototype  of  so  many  similar  struc- 
tures, one  of  which  was  built  at  Rothcrham, 
Yorkshire.  Visiting  Paris,  he  pub.,  under  the 
name  of  Duchatelet,  a  tract  recommending  the 
abolition  of  royalty.  In  Mar.  1791  he  wrote,  in 
answer  to  Burke's  "Reflections  on  the  French 
Revol.,"  his  celebrated  "Rights  of  Man,"  which 
attained  great  popularity.  For  this  work  he 
was  outlawed  in  Eng.,  but  in  Sept.  1792  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  French  National  Con- 
vention. Acting  with  the  Girondists,  and  op- 
posing the  execution  of  the  king,  he  incurred 
the  hatred  of  the  Jacobins,  and  ab.  the  end  of 
1794  was  expelled  from  the  Convention  as  a 
foreigner ;  was  cast  into  prison,  and  narrowly 
escaped  death  in  the  Reign  of  Tcri'or.  In  Nov. 
1794  he  was  released  through  the  influence  of 
Mr.  Monroe,  in  whose  house  he  resided  18 
months,  and  resumed  his  seat  in  the  Conven- 
tion Dec.  8.  In  1795  appeared  his  "Age  of 
Reason,"  which,  though  denounced  as  atheisti- 
cal, expressly  inculcates  a  belief  in  God.  He 
came  to  the  U.S.  in  Oct.  1802,  finally  settling 
ii!  New  York,  and  occasionally  passing  a  few 
months  on  his  estate  at  New  Rochelle.  At 
MonticeUo,  whither  he  was  invited  by  JelFerson, 
he  left  a  favorable  impression,  and  was  cordial- 
ly received  at  Washington.  He  was  intemper- 
ate in  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  which  was 
passed  in  comparative  obscurity.  In  1 81 9  Wm. 
Cobbett  took  his  remains  to  Eng.  A  monu- 
ment was  erected  to  his  memory  in  1839,  near 
his  original  burial-place.  The  Avritings  of 
Paine  have  the  merit  of  sincerity  and  boldness, 
and  have  been  the  object  of  vituperation  rather 
than  of  controversy.  His  services  to  mankind 
as  a  political  writer,  and  especially  his  power- 
ful exertions  to  promote  the  independence  of 
America,  constitute  a  high  claim  upon  the  grat- 
itude of  his  adopted  country.  Among  his  other 
writings  are  "  The  Decline  and  Fall  of  the 
English  System  of  Finance,"  "Letter  to  Geo. 
Washington"  (accusing  him  of  ingratitude  in 
not  attempting  to  procure  his  liberation  from 
the  Luxembourg  Prison),  "Agrarian  Justice," 
&c.    The  most  complete  edition  of  his  works 


IPJ^lJ. 


684 


FA.L 


(Boston,  1856)  contains  several  pieces  not  by 
him.  —  See  Lives  by  Cheetham,  1809;  Carlile, 
1814;  G.  Chalmers,  1791;  G.  Vale,  1841;  W. 
T.  Sherwin,  1819;  and  Wm.  Cohbctt;  Atlantic 
Monthly,  July  and  Dec.  1859 ;  New  Am.  Cyclop. 

Paine,  Thomas,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  R.  1. ;  d. 
Washington,  D.C.,  9  Nov.  1859.  Siiiling-mas- 
tcr  U.S.N.  10  Oct.  1812;  licut.  1  Dec.  1815; 
com.  3  Mar.  1825  ;  capt.  8  Sept.  1841. 

Paine,  William,  M.D.  (Marischal  Coll. 
1775),  physician,  b.  Worcester,  Ms.,  5  June, 
1750;  d.  therc  19  Apr.  J  833.  H.U.  1768.  Son 
of  Hon.  Timo.  Paine,  loyalist.  Proscribed  as 
a  loyalist  in  1778,  he  became  surgeon  to  the 
British  forces  in  K.  I.  and  N.Y.,  and  surgeon- 
gen,  in  1782.  After  the  Revol.  he  settled  in 
N.  Brunswick ;  was  a  member  and  clerk  of  the 
Assembly  for  the  County  of  Charlotte,  and 
dep.  surveyor  of  the  King's  Forests  in  Amer. 
He  removed  to  Salem,  Ms.,  in  1787,  and  in 
1793  to  Worcester. 

Painter,  Gamaliel,  judge,  b.  New  Haven, 
Ct.,  May  22,  1743  ;  d.  Middlebury,  Vt.,  May 
21,  1819.  He  received  a  common-school  edu- 
cation ;  erected  the  first  house  in  Middlebury, 
Vt.,  in  1773  ;  served  as  a  capt.  and  qmr.  in  the 
Revol.  army ;  delegate  to  the  convention  that 
in  1777  declared  the  independence  of  Vt.;  was 
a  representative,  judge  of  the  County  Court, 
and  councillor,  1813-14;  a  member  of  the  first 
Const.  Conv.  of  Vt.  in  1793;  and  was  a  prin- 
cipal foimder  of  Middlebury  Coll.,  to  which  at 
his  death  he  left  a  bequest  of  about  $10,000. 

Pakenham  (puk'-n-am),  Sir  Edward 
Michael,  G.C.B.,  a  British  gen.,  b.  N.  of 
Ireland ;  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  New  Or- 
leans, Jan.  8,  1815,  a.  36.  Eldest  bro.  of  Lord 
Longford.  Apj).  maj.  33d  Lt.  Drags.  Sept. 
1794;  lieut.-col.  64th  Foot,  Oct.  1799;  col.  Oct. 
1809;  mnj.-gen.  Jan.  1,  1812;  col.  6th  W.  I. 
Rcgt.  May  21,  1813.  He  served  as  quarterm.- 
gen.  in  the  campaigns  in  Spain  and  France  to 
the  army  under  Wellington,  and  was  disdng. 
in  all  the  principal  engagements  of  that  great 
commander.  He  was  specially  noted  at  Sala- 
manca and  Badajos,  and  had  been  badly 
wounded  at  the  assault  of  Morne  Fortunee,  St. 
Lucie,  and  at  the  capture  of  Martinique.  He 
com.  the  expedition  against  N.  Orleans  in  1814, 
and  fell  gallantly  leading  his  men  to  the  attack 
of  Jackson's  lines. 

Palfray,  Warwick,  33  years  editor  of  the 
Essex  liefjister,  and  State  senator  of  Ms.,  b. 
Salem,  1787;  d.  there  Aug.  23,  1838.  Author 
of  "Evangelical  Psalmist,"  1802.  Descended 
from  Peter,  the  first  settler  at  Salem.  Began 
his  apprenticeship  in  the  Register  office  in  1801. 
Meml)er  of  the  city  council  of  Salem,  and  of 
the  Ms.  Icgisl.  for  several  years.  His  son, 
of  the  same  name,  has  since  successfully  carried 
on  the  paper. 

Palfrey,  John  Gorham,  D.  D.  (H.  U. 
1834),  LL.D.  (And.  Sem.  1838),  author,  b. 
Boston,  2  May,  1796.  H.U.  1815.  Grandson 
of  Col.  Wra.,  payra.-gen.  Revol.  army,  aide  to 
Washington,  Mar.-Apr.  1776,  b.  Boston,  24 
Feb.  1741;  lost  at  sea,  Dec.  1780,  while  on  his 
way  to  France  as  consul-gen.  John  was  min- 
ister of  Brattlc-street  (Unitarian)  Church  17 
June,  1818-1830;  Dexter  prof,  of  sacred  lit.  in 
H.U.  1831-9;   editor  N.  Amer.  Review  1835- 


43;  member  Ms.  legisl.  1842-3;  sec.  of  state 
of  Ms.  1844-8;  M.C'.  1847-9;  postmaster  of 
Boston  1861-6,  He  delivered  courses  of  lec- 
tures before  the  Lowell  Institute  in  1839  and 
1842;  was  an  early  advocate  of  antislavery, 
having  liberated  and  provided  for  a  number  of 
slaves  who  had  been  bequeathed  to  him  by  a 
deceased  relative ;  contrib.  to  the  Boston  Whig 
in  1846  a  scries  of  articles  on  "  The  Progress 
of  the  Slave-Power,"  afterwards  collected  in  a 
vol. ;  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Common- 
wealth newspaper  in  1851  ;  and  has  pub.  two 
discourses  on  "  The  History  of  Brattle-street 
Church ;  "  "  Life  of  Col.  Wm.  Palfrey,"  in 
Sparks's  Amer.  Biog. ;  "  Lectures  on  the  Jewish 
Scriptures  and  Antiquities ;  "  "  Lectures  on  the 
Evidences  of  Christianity  ; "  Review  of  Lord 
Mahon's  "Hist,  of  England,"  1852;  "  Relation 
between  Judaism  and  Christianity,"  1854; 
"  History  of  N.  England  to  1688,"  3  vols.  1858- 
64  ;  "  Centennial  Discourse  at  Barnstable," 
1839;  besides  orations  and  addresses.  Sarah 
H.  Palfrey,  his  dau.,  pub.  in  1855  "  Premices," 
a  vol.  of  poems;  "  Agnes  Wentworth,"  1869. 

Palmer,  Benjamin  Morgan,  D.D.  (S.C 
Coll.  1815),  b.  Phila.  25  Sept.  1781 ;  d.  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  9  Oct.  1847.  N.J.  Coll.  1800. 
Grandson  of  Rev.  Samuel  of  Falmouth,  Ms. 
Pastor  of  the  Presb.  church,  Beaufort,  S.C. ; 
and  from  1817  to  July,  1835,  of  the  Circular 
and  Archdale-street  Church,  Charleston,  S.C. 
He  pub.  "  The  Family  Companion,"  &c.,  1835, 
and  some  sermons.  —  Sprague. 

Palmer,  Elihu,  deistic  writer,  b.  Canter- 
bury, Ct.,  1764;  d.  Phila.  Apr.  7, 1806,  Dartm. 
Coll.  1787.  He  studied  divinity,  but  became 
a  deist  in  1791.  He  resided  some  time  in 
Augusta,  Ga.,  where  he  collected  materials  for 
Dr.  Morse's  Geography ;  afterward  lived  in 
New  York  and  Phila.,  all  the  while  advocating 
his  principles  publicly.  Attacked  by  yellow- 
fellow  in  1793,  he  became  totally  blind.  He 
was  the  head  of  the  Columbian  Illuminati,  es- 
tablished in  New  York  in  1801,  He  pub,  a  4th- 
of-July  Oration,  1797  ;  "Principles  of  Nature," 
1802 ;  "  Prospect  or  View  of  the  Moral  World," 
2  vols.  8vo,  1804. 

Palmer,  Erastus  Dow,  sculptor,  b.  Pom- 
pey,  Onondaga  Co.,  N.Y.,  April  2,  1817.  He 
Avas  a  carpenter  in  Utica  until  29  years  of  age, 
when  he  commenced  cameo-cutting,  and  re- 
moved to  Albany,  where  he  still  resides.  Dis- 
satisfied with  this  pursuit,  which  injured  his 
eyesight,  he,  at  the  age  of  35,  became  a 
sculptor.  His  first  work  in  marble  was  an 
ideal  bust  of  the  infant  "  Ceres,"  exhibited  at 
the  N.Y.  Academy  of  Design  :  it  was  followed 
by  two  bas-reliefs,  representing  the  morning 
and  evening  star ;  by  a  statue  of  life-size,  rep- 
resenting an  Indian  girl  holding  a  crucifix  ; 
also  statues  of  "  The  Sleeping  Peri,"  "  The 
Little  Peasant,"  and  "  The  White  Captive," 
a  nude  figure  of  a  girl  bound  to  a  tree.  All 
these  are  original  works,  and  are  disting.  by 
careful  workmanship.  His  largest  work  is  a 
design  of  "  The  Landing  of  the  Pilgrims," 
embodying  15  statues,  and  intended  for  the 
Capitol  at  Washington.  Among  his  bas-reliefs 
are  "Faith,"  "Immutability,"  "The  Spirit's 
Flight,"  "  Sappho,"  and  "  Remorse ;  "  and  of 
his  ideal  busts  the  principal  are  "Resignation," 


r».AJL. 


685 


'E*AJSr 


"  Spring,"  and  "  The  Infant  Flora."  He 
has  also  made  portrait-busts  of  Erastus  Corn- 
ing, Com.  U.  C.  Perry,  and  Gov.  E.  D.  Mor- 
gan. He  has  produced  upwards  of  100  works 
in  marble,  and  has  never  studied  or  practised 
his  art  abroad. 

Palmer,  Ixnis  N.,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  New  York  ab.  1825.  West  Point,  1846. 
Entering  the  mounted  rifles,  he  was  brev.  1st 
lieut,  and  capt.  for  gallantry  at  Contreras, 
Churubusco,  and  at  Chapultepec,  where  he  was 
wounded;  became  1st  lieut.  1853;  capt.  (2d 
Cav.)  Mar.  3,  1855;  major  {5th  Cav.)  3  Aug. 
1861;  lieut.-col.  (2d  Cav.)  Sept.  23,  1863;  col. 
June  9,  1868;  brig.-gen.  vols.  Sept.  23,  1861; 
engaged  at  Bull  Run;  com.  brigade  in  4th 
corps  in  Peninsular  campaign ;  com.  a  divis. 
4th  corps  N.C.  Jan.-July,  1863;  com.  defences 
of  Newbern,  Aug.  1863  to  Apr.  1864;  com. 
dist.  of  N.  C.  Apr.  1864  to  Mar.  1865,  partici- 
pating in  Sherman's  movcmeiits,  and  in  the 
action  of  Kinston ;  brev.  brig.-gen.  13  Mar. 
\S6o.—  CuUum. 

Palmer,  James  S.,  rear-ad m.  U.S.N.,  b. 
N.J.  1810;  d.  St.  Thomas,  W. I.,  of  yellow- 
fever,  Dec.  7,  1867.  Midshipm.  in  1825  ;  lieut. 
Dec.  17,  1836  ;  com.  Sept.  14,  1855;  capt.  July 
16,  1862;  rear-adm.  1866.  In  1838  he  served 
as  lieut.  on  board  "The  Columbia"  in  the 
attack  on  Quallah  Battoo  and  Mu.sliie,  in  the 
Island  of  Sumatra;  in  the  Mexican  war  he 
coin,  the  schooner  "Flirt,"  engaged  in  block- 
ading the  Mexican  coast.  When  the  civil  war 
began,  he  com.  the  steamer  "  Iroquois  "  of  the 
Medit.  squad.,  but  was  soon  after  attached  to 
the  Atlantic  block,  fleet  under  Adm.  Dupont. 
In  the  summer  of  1862  he  led  the  advance  in 
the  passage  of  the  Vicksburg  batteries  ;  was 
engaged  in  the  fight  with  the  Confed.  ram 
"  Arkansas; "  and  again  led  the  advance  in  the 
passage  of  the  Vicksburg  batteries  later  in  the 
same  year.  At  the  battles  of  New  Orleans  and 
Mobile  he  was  Adm.  Farragut's  flag-capt.,  and 
won  from  him  disting.  commendation.  As- 
signed in  Dec.  1865  to  the  com.  of  the  North 
Atlantic  squadron. 

Palmer,  Gen.  John  McCaulet,  b.  Eagle 
Creek,  Scott  Co.,  Ky.,  Sept.  13,  1817.  He  re- 
moved to  111.  in  1832;  settled  in  Carlinville  in 
1839;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1840;  was  a 
delegate  to  the  State  Const.  Conv.  in  1847; 
member  of  the  State  senate  in  1852-4;  dele- 
gate to  the  Nat.  Repub.  Conv.  at  Phila.  1856; 
delegate  to  the  Peace  Convention  at  Washing- 
ton, Feb.  4,  1861 ;  col.  14th  111. Vols.  Apr.  1861; 
accomp  Gen.  Fremont  in  his  exped.  to  Spring- 
field, Mo.;  and  Dec.  13  was  made  brig.-gen. of 
vols.  He  was  with  Gen.  Pope  at  the  capture 
of  New  Madrid  and  Island  No.  10,  and  at  the 
battle  of  Farmington,  and  com.  the  1st  brigade, 
1st  division,  of  the  Army  of  the  Mpi.  In  Nov. 
1862  he  was  with  Gen.  Grant's  army  in  tem- 
porary com.  of  a  division.  He  subsequently 
com.  a  division  at  the  battle  of  Stone  River, 
and  was  j)romoted  to  maj.-gen.  for  gallantry  at 
that  battle,  Nov.  29,  1862.  He  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Chickamauga  Sept.  19-20,  1863;  and 
com.  the  14th  corps  under  Sherman  in  the  At- 
lanta campaign,  May-Sept.  1864  ;  gov.  of  111. 
1869-71. 

Palmer,  John  William,  M.D.",  b.  Balti- 


more, April  4,  1825.  City  physician  of  San 
Francisco  1849.  In  1852-3  served  as  surgeon 
in  an  E.I.  Co.'s  war-steamer  through  the  Bur- 
mese campaigns.  Since  his  return  in  June, 
1853,  he  has  contrib.  to  Harper's  and  Putnam's 
Mags.,  Atlantic  Monthly,  the  Criterion,  the 
N.  Y.  Tribune,  the  New  World,  and  the  Nat. 
Intelligencer.  He  pub.  "  The  Golden  Dagon," 
1853;  "The  Queen's  Heart,"  comedy  in  3 
acts,  1858;  "The  New  and  the  Old,"  1859; 
"  Folks-Songs,"  1860;  "  The  Poetry  of  Com- 
pliment and  Courtship,"  1867  ;  translation  of 
Michelet's  "  U Amour,"  1859;  and  contrib.  to 
Appleton's  New  Cyclopaedia  a  number  of  Ori- 
ental articles. 

Palmer,  Joseph,  Revol.  patriot,  d.  Rox- 
bury,  Ms.,  Dec.  25,  1788,  a.  70.  Member  of 
the  Prov.  Congress  in  1774  and  '75 ;  one  of  the 
com.  of  safety  app.  by  that  body.  As  col.  of 
militia,  he  was  often  in  the  field  in  the  vicinity 
of  Boston  for  the  defence  of  the  coast ;  and  in 
1777,  with  the  rank  of  brig.-gen.,  com.  the  M^!. 
militia  in  the  unsuccessful  attempt  to  defend  R.I. 

Palmer,  Joseph,  M.D.  (H.U.  1826),  b. 
Needham,  Ms.,  3  Oct.  1796  ;  d.  Boston,  3  Mar. 
1871.  H.U.  1820.  Son  of  Rev.  Stephen,  min. 
of  Needham  from  1792  to  his  d.  in  1821,  a.  55. 
For  some  years  Joseph  taught  at  Roxbury,  and 
at  the  Latin  School,  Boston  ;  resided  in  Cuba 
in  1829-30;  and  was  afterward  engaged  in 
editorial  labors  in  Boston.  Historiographer 
of  thcN.E.  Hist,  and  Geneal.  Soc.  1856-1861. 
He  pub.  annually  the  Necrology  of  H.U.,  which 
was  pub.  in  the  Dost.  Daily  Advertiser  1851-68, 
and  in  the  Christ.  Reg.  1869.  In  1864  a  vol.  of 
these  nee.  (1851-63)  was  reprinted  at  Boston. 

Palmer,  Rev.  Ray,  D.  D.  (Un.  Coll. 
1852),  Cong,  minister  and  poet,  b.  R.I.  1808. 
Y.C.  1830.  Settled  over  the  church  in  Bath, 
Me.,  in  1835-50;  and  was  pastor  of  the  First 
Church,  Albany,  from  1850  to  1865,  when  he 
became  sec.  of  the  Congregational  Union,  New 
York.  In  1865  he  pub.  "Hymns  and  Sacred 
Pieces;"  "Memoirs  of  Charles  Pond,"  1829; 
"Hints  on  the  Formation  of  Religious  Opin- 
ions," 1 860 ;  "  Memoirs  of  Mrs.  C.  L.  Wat- 
son," 1839;  "Doctrinal  Text-Book,"  1839; 
"  Spiritual  Improvement,"  1839;  "Reminis- 
cences for  15  Years,"  1865;  "The  Spirit's 
Life,"  a  jjoem,  1837. 

Palmer,  William  Adams,  gov.  of  Vt. 
1831-5  ;  d.  Danville,  Vt.,  Dec.  1860.  M.  A.  of 
Vt.  U.  1817.  Six  years  member  Vt.  legisl. ; 
8  years  clerk  of  the  courts;  2  years  a  State 
senator;  judge  of  Probate  and  of  the  Co. 
Court;  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  1816; 
U.S.  senator  1818-25;  and  member  of  the 
Const.  Convs.  of  1828  aiul  1835. 

Palmer,  William  Pitt,  poet,  b.  Stock- 
bridge,  Ms,,  22  Feb.  1805.  Long  a  resident  of 
N.Y.  City,  and  successively  a  medical  student,  a 
teacher,  a  writer  for  public  journals,  and  a  clerk 
in  a  public  oince.  He  wrote  a  hymn  or  ode 
entitled  "  Light,"  and  other  short  poems. 

Paneoast,  Joseph,  M.D.,  surgeon,  b. 
Burlington  Co.,  N.  J.,  1805.  U.  of  Pa.  1828. 
He  began  to  teach  anatomy  and  surgery  in 
1831  ;  elected  physician  of  the  Phila.  Hospital 
in  1834,  and  physician  in  chief  to  the  Children's 
Hospital;  visiting  surgeon  in  the  hosp.  1838- 
45 ;   app.  in  1838  prof,  of  surgery,  and  in  1861 


FA^IP 


686 


I>AR 


prof,  of  anatomy,  in  JefF.  Med.  Coll.  Author 
of"  Treatise  on  Operative  Surgery,"  4to,  1852; 
"  Essays  and  Lectures."  Editor  of  "  Wistar's 
Anatomy,"  and  other  medical  works ;  and 
contrib.  to  med.  journals. 

Papineau,   Louis  Joseph,  a  Canadian 

Solitical  leader,  b.  Montreal,  Oct.  1789;  d. 
lonticello,  23  Sept.  1871.  His  father,  anotary- 
public,  and  a  member  of  the  first  legisl.  Assem- 
bly of  Lower  Can.  after  the  establishment  of 
the  constitution  of  1791,  educated  him  at  the 
Sera,  of  Quebec.  Adm.  to  the  bar;  entered 
parliament  in  1809;  succeeded  his  father  in 
1814  as  a  dep.  from  Montreal;  and  in  1815 
was  speaker  of  the  house.  Already  a  leader 
of  the  radical  party,  Lord  Dalhousie,  to  neu- 
tralize his  popularity,  app.  him  to  the  exec, 
council ;  but  he  never  api)eared  at  its  sittings, 
and  continued  in  opposition.  In  1823,  when 
the  English  party  aimed  at  the  union  of  the 
two  Canadas,  he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to 
London  to  remonstrate  against  that  measure. 
In  1827  he  was  re-elected  to  the  house,  and  re- 
chosen  speaker.  Rather  than  sanction  this 
choice,  Lord  Dalhousie  adjourned  the  parlia- 
ment. A  list  of  the  demands  and  grievances 
of  L.  Canada  were  introduced  by  him  to  the 
house  in  1834,  and  known  as  the  92  resolutions. 
He  supported  them  energetically,  ux-ged  a  con- 
stitutional resistance  to  the  imperial  govt., 
and  recommended  commercial  non-intercourse 
with  Eng.  The  new  governor,  Gosford,  having 
decided  in  1837  upon  administering  the  prov- 
ince without  the  assistance  of  the  colonial 
parliament,  its  sudden  prorogation  brought 
on  the  crisis;  and  the  liberal  party  took  up 
arms.  This,  however,  Papineau  did  not  approve ; 
and  in  a  great  popular  meeting,  Oct.  23,  1837, 
he  insisted  that  constitutional  and  peaceful 
resistance  would  alone  be  of  avail  to  Canada. 
His  advice  was  not  heeded,  and,  after  the  events 
of  Nov.  and  Dec.  1837,  he  took  refuge  in  the 
U.S.,  and  in  1839  went  to  France,  engaging 
for  some  years  in  literary  pursuits.  After  the 
union  of  the  Canadas  in  1840,  a  general 
amnesty  for  political  offences  was  granted ;  and 
Papineau,  against  whom  a  warrant  for  high 
treason  had  been  issued,  returned  in  1847  to 
his  native  country.  His  popularity  secured 
his  return  to  the  Canadian  parliament ;  but  he 
had  since  1854  taken  no  prominent  part  in 
political  affairs. 

Paredes,  Mariano,  Mexican  gen.,  d.  city 
of  Mexico,  Sept.  11,  1849.  He  was  a  partici- 
pant in  all  the  importan  tevcnts  in  Mexico 
from  the  days  of  Iturbide ;  and  in  1 840,  when 
tlie  overthrow  of  Bustamente  took  place,  he 
took  part  in  the  movement.  When,  upon  the 
annexation  of  Texas  to  the  U.S.,  Pres.  Herrera 
endeavored  to  bring  the  Mexicans  to  acquiesce 
in  this  result,  Paredes  opposed  the  movement, 
and,  with  25,000  men,  defeated  Santa  Ana, 
who  was  banished.  Paredes,  with  the  aid  of 
Arista,  deposed  Herrera;  and  June  12,  1845, 
was  installed  pres.  On  the  following  day  he 
took  com.  of  the  army,  leaving  the  administra- 
tion in  the  hands  of  the  vice-president,  Bravo. 
He  was  at  the  head  of  affairs  on  the  breaking- 
out  of  the  war  with  the  U.S.  in  May,  1846 :  but, 
on  the  return  of  Santa  Ana  in  Aug.  1846, 
Bravo  assumed  the  title  of  provis.-pres. ;  and 


Paredes  was  seized  and  confined,  but  afterwards 
escaped  to  Havana.  He  was  in  Europe  for 
some  time,  seeking  to  place  at  the  head  of  the 
Mexicans  a  Spanish  or  French  prince,  but 
subsequently  returned  to  Mexico. 

Pareja,  Francisco,  a  Franciscan  friar,  b. 
Aunon,  N.  Castile;  d.  Mexico,  July  25,  1628. 
He  came  with  others  of  his  order  to  Havana 
in  1593,  and  in  1594  settled  at  St.  Augustine 
for  the  conversion  of  the  natives  of  Fla.  Dur- 
ing the  remainder  of  his  life  he  was  a  teacher 
of  the  Timuquas,  in  whose  language  he  pub. 
in  1612  and  in  1627  "Catechisms,"  and  a 
"  Confessionario  "  1613.  He  is  said  to  have 
printed  in  Mexico  in  1613  a  grammar  and 
vocabulary.  —  Duyckinck. 

Parent,  Etienne,  b.  Beauport,  near  Que- 
bec, 1801 .  Author  of  "  Travail  cliez  Vllomme," 
1847;  ^' Du  Pretre  et  du  Spiritualisme,"  &c., 
1848;  "  De  V Intelligence  sous  ses  Rapports  avec 
Societe,"  1852. 

Parish,  Elijah,  D.D.  (D.C.  1807),  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  Lebanon,  Ct.,  Nov.  7, 1762; 
d.  Byfield,  Ms.,  Oct.  15,  1825.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1785.  Dec.  20,  1787,  he  settled  as  pastor  of 
the  Cong,  church  at  Byfield.  Theologically 
he  belonged  to  the  Hopkinsians.  In  1810  he 
preached  the  election  sermon,  in  which  he  so 
bitterly  inveighed  against  the  policy  of  the  govt., 
that  the  legisl.  refused  to  ask  it  for  publication. 
Besides  a  number  of  sermons  and  orations  on 
various  occasions,  he  pub.  a  "  Gazetteer  of  the 
Eastern  and  Western  Continents,"  with  Dr. 
Morse,  1802;  "A  History  of  N.  England," 
1809  ;  "  System  of  Modern  Geographv,"  1810; 
"Memoir  of  Dr.  Eleazer  Whcelock,"  1811; 
and  "  Sacred  Geography,  or  Gazetteer  of  the 
Bible,"  1813.  A  vol.  of  his  sermons,  with  a 
Memoir  of  his  life,  appeared  in  1826. 

Parke,  Benjamin,  jurist,  b.  N,  J.  1777 ;  d. 
Salem,  Ind.y  July  12, 1835.  A  Western  pioneer, 
he  settled  in  Ind.  ab.  1800;  was  a  delegate  to 
Congress  from  that  Terr,  in  1805-8;  was  soon 
after  app.  by  Mr.  Jefferson  a  jiidge  of  the  Dist. 
Court,  and  held  the  office  until  his  death.  Pres. 
of  the  Ind.  Hist.  Society. 

Parke,  Bknjamin,  LL.D.,  lawyer,  and  man 
of  letters,  b.  Newport,  R.I.,  Oct.  1, 1801.  Richard 
his  ancestor  settled  at  Cambridge,  Ms.,  in  1635. 
GeofFry  Champlin,  his  maternal  ancestor,  set- 
tled in  Newport  in  1638.  His  early  years  were 
passed  on  a  farm  and  in  school-teaching.  Adm. 
in  1828  to  practise  law,  he  settled  in  Harris- 
burg,  Pa.,  where  he  continued  to  practise,  also 
editing  a  political  journal,  and  contributing  to 
magazines,  journals,  and  reviews,  until  1860, 
when  he  retired  to  the  patemal  farm  of  Park- 
vale,  Susq.  Co.,  Pa.  He  has  pub.  a  Digest,  of 
the  Statutes  of  Pa.  in  1838,  also  some  20  pub- 
lic addresses,  political,  agricultural,  and  ma- 
sonic. 

Park,  Edwards  Amasa,  D.D.  (H.U.  1844), 
b.  Providence,  R.I.,  Dec.  29,  1808.  Son  of 
Dr.  Calvin  (tutor  and  prof,  in  B.  U.  1804-25  ; 
pastor  at  Stoughton,  Ms.,  1826-40;  b.  North- 
bridge,  Ms.,  11  Sept.  1774;  d.  Stoughton, 
5  Jan.  1847;  B.U.  1797).  B.U.  1826;  And. 
Theol.  Sem.  1831.  Ord.  Dec.  21,  1831,  pastor 
of  the  Cong,  church,  Braintree,  Ms. ;  prof,  of 
moral  and  intell.  philos.  in  Amh.  Coll.  May, 
1835-Scpt.  1836  ;  Bartlett  prof,  of  sacred  rhet- 


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oric  in  And.  Sem.  1836-47;  and  since  1847 
Abbot  prof,  of  Christian  theology  there.  He 
has  contrib.  largely  to  periodical  literature,  and 
has  been  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Bibliothfca 
Sacra  from  the  beginning.  He  translated 
with  Prof.  B.  B.  Edwards  a  vol.  of  "  German 
Selections,"  1839;  edited  the  "Writings  of 
Rev.  N.  B.  Homer,"  1842 ;  "  The  Preacher  and 
Pastor,"  1845;  the  "Writings  of  B.  B.  Ed- 
wards, with  a  Memoir,"  2  vols.  1853  ;  and,  with 
Drs.  Phelps  and  Lowell  Mason,  the  "  Sabbath 
Hymn-Book."  In  1859  he  assisted  in  editing  a 
vol.  of  discourses  and  treatises  on  the  Atone- 
ment. In  1861,  with  Dr.  Phelps  and  Rev.  D. 
L.  Furber,  he  pub.  a  volume  on  hymnology,  en- 
titled "  Hymns  and  Choirs."  He  has  also  pub. 
Memoirs  of  Dr.  Sam.  Hopkins,  1852,  and  Dr. 
Nathl.  Emmons,  1861,  and  various  discourses. 
He  is  one  of  the  foremost  preachers  of  N.  E. 

Park,  John,  journalist  and  educator,  b. 
Windham,  N.H.,  Jan.  7,1775;  d.  Worcester, 
Ms.,  March  2,  1852.  Dartm.  Coll.  1791.  He 
spent  some  time  in  teaching ;  then  studied  med- 
icine ;  was  surgeon  of  the  U.  S.  ship  "  War- 
ren" in  1797-1801,  when  he  relinquished  prac- 
tice; and  in  1803  established  the  N.E.  Rep- 
ertorif,  a  semi-weekly  journal,  supporting  the 
Federal  party.  In  1811  he  withdrew  from  jour- 
nalism, and  established  in  Boston  a  female 
school  of  the  highest  grade,  which  he  conducted 
successfully  for  20  years  In  1814  he  published 
"  The  Boston  Spectator."  His  son,  John  C. 
Park,  is  a  lawyer  of  Boston. 

Parke,  Joiix,  poet,  b.  Del.  ab.  1750;  was 
in  the  Coll.  of  Phila.  1768.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war  entered  the  American  army  as 
assist,  quarterm.-gen.,  and  was  attached,  as  is 
supposed,  to  Washington's  division  ;  for  some 
of  his  pieces  are  dated  at  camp  near  Boston, 
and  others  at  Whitemarsh  and  Valley  Forge. 
After  the  peace  he  was  some  time  in  Phila.,  and 
is  last  heard  of  in  Arundel  Co.,  Va.  In  1786 
appeared  in  Phila.  "  The  Lyric  Works  of 
Horace,  translated  into  English  Verse,  to  which 
are  added  a  number  of  Original  Poems  by  a 
Native  of  America."  —  Dui/ckinck. 

Parke,  John  G.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Pa.  1827.  West  Point,  1849.  Entering  the 
topog.  engrs.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  1  July,  1856 ; 
astronomer  and  surveyor  of  the  N.  W.  bounda- 
ry commiss.  Feb.  14, 1857  ;  capt.  Sept.  9, 1861 ; 
brig.-gen.  vols.  Nov.  23,  1861 ;  maj.-gen.  July 
18,  1862;  maj.  engineer  corps  17  June,  1864. 
He  com.  a  brigade  in  Gen.  Burnside's  exped. 
to  N.C. ;  fought  at  Roanoke  Island,  Ncwbern, 
and  at  the  capture  of  Fort  Macon;  accomp. 
Gen.  Bm-nside  when  he  joined  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac ;  served  in  his  corps  through  the  cam- 
paign under  Gen.  Pope,  and  that  under  Mc- 
Clellan  in  Md.  and  Va. ;  and,  when  Burnside 
assumed  chief  com.,  became  his  chief  of  staff. 
Engaged  at  South  Mountain,  Antietam,  and 
Fredericksburg;  at  the  siege  and  capture  of 
Vicksburg ;  com.  left  wing  of  Sherman's  army 
at  Jackson,  for  which  brev.  col.  12  July,  1863 ; 
engaged  in  defence  of  Knoxville,  and  in  opera- 
tions against  Gen.  Longstreet ;  in  Richmond 
campaign  com.  9th  corps,  taking,  part  in  the 
siege  of  Petersburg,  and  various  actions  until 
Lee's  surrender ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  capture  of 
Ft.  Macon  26  Apr.  1862;   brev.  brig.-gen.  13 


Mar.  1865  for  defence  of  Knoxville ;  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  13  Mar.  1865  for  repulse  of  Ft.  Steadraan. 
With  A.  H.  Campbell  pub.  vol.  7  of  Reports 
of  Explorations  *and  Surveys  for  the  Pacific 
R.R.  4to,  1857.— CW/Mm. 

Parke,  Rev.  Joseph,  b.  Newton,  Ms  ,  Mar. 
12,1705;  d.  Westerly,  R.L,  Mar.  1,1777.  H.U. 
1724.  Great-grandson  of  Richard  of  Camb. 
1635.  Ord.  1732.  Sent  in  1733  as  a  mission- 
ary to  Westerly,  R.I. ,  where  he  labored  9  years, 
both  among  the  English  and  Indians,  with 
good  success;  and  in  1752-6  had  charge  of  a 
church  at  Southold,  R.I.  Rev.  Mr.  Parke  or- 
ganized a  Sunday  school  in  connection  with  his 
church  at  Westerly  in  1752,  —  nearly  30  years 
before  the  experiment  of  Robert  Raikes  in 
Eng.  Having  cared  for  a  woman  sick  of  small- 
pox who  had  been  driven  away  by  the  town-au- 
thorities, he  was  fined  for  contempt ;  whereupon 
he  preached  a  sermon  in  vindication  of  his  course, 
which,  with  a  narrative  of  the  transaction,  was 
pub.  Hisson  Capt.  Bcnj.joined  the  patriot  army, 
and  was  never  heard  of  after  the  battle  of  Bun- 
ker's Hill.  —  MS.  o/Benj.  Parke  of  Parkvale. 

Park,  RoswELL,  D.D.  (Norwich  U.,  Vt., 
1860),  teacher  and  author,  b.  Lebanon,  Ct., 
Oct.  1,  1807  ;  d.  Chicago,  111.,  July  16,  1869. 
West  Point,  1831.  Resigned  Sept.  30,  1836. 
Prof.  nat.  phil.  and  chemistry  in  U.  of  Pa. 
1 836-42 ;  ord.  Pr.  Ep.  clergyman  1 843 ;  principal 
of  Christ-Church  Hall  (high  school),  Ct.,  1846- 
52;  pres.  of  Racine  Coll.,  Wis.,  1852-9;  chan- 
cellor of  the  coll.  in  1859-63.  In  1863  he 
founded  at  Chicago  a  literary  and  scientific 
school,  "  Immanuel  Hall,"  of  which  he  was 
rector  and  proprietor  until  his  death.  Author 
of  "  Selections  of  Juvenile  and  Misc.  Poems," 
Phila.  1836;  "Pantology,  or  Systematic  Sur- 
vey of  Human  Knowledge ; "  "  Sketch  of  the 
History  of  West  Point,"  1840;  "Handbook  for 
American  Travellers  in  Europe,"  1853;  "Jeru- 
salem and  other  Poems,"  1 857  ;  and  some  occa- 
sional addresses,  lectures,  &c. 

Parker,  Amasa  J.,  LL.D.  (Gen.  Coll. 
1846),  jurist,  b.  Sharon,  Ct.,  June  2,  1807.  Un. 
Coll.  1825.  Son  of  Rev.  Daniel,  minister  of 
Ellsworth,  who  in  1816  removed  with  his  fami- 
ly to  Greenville,  N.Y.,  to  take  charge  ofirs  acad- 
emy. Amasa  became  principal  of  the  Hudson 
Acad,  in  1823;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1828, 
and  to  partnership  with  his  uncle.  Col.  Amasa, 
at  Delhi,  N.Y. ;  member  of  the  legisl.  in  1833  ; 
elected  a  regent  of  the  State  U.  in  1835  ;  M.C. 
in  1837-9  ;  app.  a  circuit  judge,  and  vice-chan- 
cellor of  the  Court  of  Equity,  Mar.  6,  1844; 
at  the  first  election  under  the  new  State  Const, 
was  chosen  a  judge  of  this  Supreme  Court; 
U.S.  dist.-atty.  for  N.Y.  1859.  Author  of  6 
vols,  of  "  Reports  of  Criminal  Cases,"  8vo, 
1855-69;  with  Wolford  and  Wade,  "  The  Re- 
vised Statutes  of  N.Y.,"  &c.,3  vols.  8vo,  1859. 

Parker,  Daniel,  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b. 
Shirlev,  Ms.,  Jan.  29,  1782;  d.  Washington, 
D.C'Apr.  .5,  1846.  Dartm.  Coll.  1801.  Bro. 
of  Leonard  M.  Judge-advocate  1814  ;  he 
read  law,  and  began  practice  at  Charlostown, 
Ms.  ;  previous  tQ  1812  was  chief  clerk  in  the 
war  dept.  at  Washington.  Was  app.  adj.  and 
insp.-gen.  Nov.  22,  1814  ;  paym.-gen.  June  1, 
1821  ;  again  app.  chief  clerk  war  dept.  Nov. 
1841.     He  pub.  Army  Register  1816. 


i>^ri 


688 


F^Tl 


Parker,  Edgar,  artist,  b.  Framinghnm, 
Ms.,  June  7,  1840.  Norwich  lyiilit.  U.  1859, 
M.D.  of  H.U.  1863.  Family  came  from  Eng. 
in  1640,  and  were  among  the  original  settlers 
of  Salem.  Entered  the  army  as  assist,  surgeon 
13th  Ms.  Inf.  Was  taken  prisoner  twice,  and 
severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg. 
Relinquished  the  practice  of  medicine  in  1867, 
and  adopted  portrait-painting  as  a  profession, 
in  which  he  is  successfully  engaged  in  Boston. 
Visited  Europe  in  1868,  and  also  in  1870,  for 
purposes  of  study. 

Parker,  Edward  Griffin,  b.  Boston, 
Nov.  16,  1825;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Mar.  30,  1868. 
Y.C.  1847.  Lawyer  of  Boston ;  and  in  Ms. 
senate  1859.  Vol.  aide  on  Gen.  Butler's  staff 
in  May,  1861  ;  and  in  1862  assist,  adj.-gcn.  on 
the  staff  of  Gen.  Martindale.  After  the  war, 
he  had  charge  of  the  Amer.  Literary  Bureau 
of  Reference.  Author  of  **  Golden*  Age  of 
Amer.  Oratory,"  1857;  "Reminiscences  of 
Rufus  Choate,"  8vo,  1 860.  Contrib.  to  various 
mags.,  and  in  1857  edited  the  polit.  articles  in 
the  Bos^ton  Traveller. 

Parker,  Edward  Lutwyche,  b.  Litch- 
field, N.H.,  July  28,  1785;  d.  Londonderry, 
July  14,  1850.  "Dartm.  Coll.  1807.  Grandson 
of  Rev.  Thomas  of  Dracut.  Minister  of  the 
Cong.  Ch.,  Londonderry,  from  Sept.  12,  1810, 
to  his  death.  Author  of  "  Ordination  Ser- 
mons," 1824;  "A  Century  Sermon,"  1819 ; 
"  Hist,  of  Londonderry,"  I2mo,  1851.  — 
Sprague;  D.  C.  Alumni. 

Parker,  Foxhall  A.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  son 
of  C;ipt.  F.  A.  Parker,  U.S.N.,  b.  N.Y.  Aug. 
5,  1821.  Grad.  Naval  School,  1843.  Lieut. 
Sept.  28, 1850;  com.  July  16,1862;  capt.  July 
25, 1866.  He  served  in  Florida  against  the  In- 
dians ;  com.  steam-gunboat  "  Mahaska,"  1863  ; 
naval  battery  on  Morris  Island  during  bombard, 
of  Fort  Sumter,  Aug.  1863 ;  engaged  with  Con- 
fed,  batteries  on  Potomac  and  Rappahannock 
Rivers,  and  off  Wilmington,  N.C.,  and  with 
Confed.  troops  on  shore  while  com.  "  The  Ma- 
haska "  in  1863,  and  Potomac  flotilla  in  1 864-5-. 
He  is  the  author  of  "Squadron  Tactics  under 
Steam,"  1864;  "Naval  Howitzer  Ashore  and 
Afloat,"  186.5-6  ;  and  has  contrib.  to  the  Knick- 
erbocker Mag. 

Parker,  Henry  Webster,  b.  Danby,  N. Y., 
1822.  Amh.  Coll.  1843.  Prcsb.  divine,  son 
of  Rev.  Samuel  of  Ithaca.  Author  of"  Poems," 
12mo,  1850  ;  "  The  Story  of  a  Son1,"  a  poem, 
1852;  "Verse,"  by  H.  W.  P.,  Boston,  12mo, 
1862.  Contrib.  to  various  periodicals. — AUi- 
bone. 

Parker,  Sir  Hyde,  a  British  adm.,  b. 
17;59;  d.  Mar.  16,  1807.  He  was  second  son 
of  the  unfortunate  vice-adm.  of  the  name,  and 
went  to  sea,  when  a  mere  child,  under  his  father. 
In  1763  he  became  a  post-capt. ;  and  in  1776 
served  in  "The  Phoenix"  (44),  on  the  Amer. 
station,  where  he  disting.  himself  in  the  attack 
on  New  York ;  and  in  Dec.  1778,  with  a  small 
squad.,  conveyed  the  force  which  captured  Sa- 
vannah. In  "l779  he  was  knighted  for  these 
services.  He  was  present  in  the  action  off  the 
Dogger  Bank;  in  Feb.  1793  was  made  rear- 
adm.  of  the  White ;  was  present  at  the  sur- 
render of  Toulon  and  the  reduction  of  Corsica  ; 
in  1796  he  took  the  com.  at  Jamaica;  in  1799 


was  made  adm.  of  the  Red;  and  in  1807  he 
com.  at  the  memorable  attack  of  Copenhagen. 

Parker,  Isaac,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1814),  jurist, 
b.  Boston,  June  17,  1768;  d.  May  26,  1830. 
H.U.  1786.  He  was,  for  a  time,  teacher  in  tho 
grammar-school,  but  studied  law;  established 
himself  in  practice  at  Castine,  Me.,  and  soon 
became  popuhir;  M.C.  1797-9;  marshal  for 
the  dist.  of  Me.  1797-1801.  After  practising 
for  a  while  in  Portland,  he,  in  1806,  accepted 
a  seat  on  the  Supreme  bench ;  and  in  1814,  on 
the  decease  of  Sewall,  succeeded  him  as  chief 
justice.  He  was  pres.  of  the  Const.  Conv.  of 
Ms. of  1820,  and,  when  relieved  fiom  the  duties 
of  the  chair,  took  a  spirited  part  in  the  debates. 
Prof  of  law  in  H.U.  in  1816-27.  Author  of 
Oration  on  Washington,  1800 ;  "  Sketch  of  the 
Character  of  Judge  Parsons,"  8vo,  1813. 

Parker,  James,  legislator,  b.  Bethlehem, 
N.  J.,  Mar.  3,  1776;  d.  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J., 
Apr.  1,  1868.  Col.  Coll.  1793.  James  his 
father,  one  of  the  Prov.  Council  before  the 
Revol.,  and  a  leading  member  of  the  board  of 
proprietors  of  the  Colony,  removed  with  his 
family  to  Perth  Amboy  in  1783,  and  d.  1797. 
The  son  then  assumed  the  care  of  his  large 
landed  estate;  was  a  member  of  the  N.J.  As- 
sembly in  1806-14,  1815-19,  and  1827-8,  and 
active  in  establishing  the  free-school  system  in 
the  State,  and  in  abolishing  the  exportation  of 
slaves  thence;  commiss.  to  fix  the  boundary- 
line  between  N.J.  and  N.Y.  in  1827-9  ;  collect- 
or of  the  Port  of  Perth  Amboy  1829-32  ;  M.C. 
1833-7;  member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  in 
1844 ;  vice-pres.  of  the  N.  J.  Hist.  Soc.  from  its 
formation  to  the  death  of  Judge  Hornblower, 
and  pres.  from  that  time  until  his  death.  He 
gave  to  Rutgers  Coll.  the  land  at  New  Bruns- 
wick on  which  its  buildings  are  erected. 

Parker,  Joel,  LL.D.  (Danm.  1837;  H.U. 
1848),  jurist,  b.  Jaffrey,  N.H.,  Jan.  25,  1795. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1811.  He  began  to  practise  law 
at  Keene  in  Sept.  1815;  member  N.H.  legisl. 
in  1824-6  ;  app.  assoc.  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  N.H.  Jan.  8,  1833,  and  chief  justice 
June  25,  1838;  prof  of  nied.  jurisprudence 
D.artin.  Coll.  1847-57;  chairman  of  the  com- 
miss. to  revise  the  N.H.  laws  in  Nov.  1840; 
and  since  Nov.  6,  1847,  has  been  Roy  all  prof, 
of  law  at  H.U.  He  has  pub.,  exclusive  of  law- 
reports  and  periodical  essays,  a  Charge  to  a 
Grand  Jury,  including  Memoirs  of  Ch.  Justice 
Wm.  M.  Richardson;  an  Oration  befoie  the 
Phi  Beta  Kappa  of  N.H.  in  1856 ;  "  The  Three 
Powers  of  Government,"  lectures  in  1867-9, 
8vo,  paper;  "Progress,"  an  address  at  Han- 
over, N.H.,  1846  ;  "Daniel  Webster  as  a  Ju- 
rist," 1853;  "Non-Extension  of  Slavery," 
1856;  "  Personal-liberty  Laws  and  Slavery  in 
the  Territories,"  8vo,  1861;  "The  Right  of 
Secession,"  1861  ;  "Habeas  Corpus  and  Mar- 
tial Law,"  1861  ;  "  Constitutianal  Law,"  1862; 
"  International  Law,  Case  of  the  Trent,"  1862  ; 
"  War-Powers  of  Congress  and  of  the  Presi- 
dent," 1863;  "Revolution  and  Reconstruc- 
tion,"  1866.  "His  Conflict  of  Decisions"  is 
now  (1871)  in  press. 

Parker,  Joel,  D.D.,  b.  Bethel,  Vt.,  Aug. 
27,  1799.  Ham.  Coll.  1824.  Ord.  Presb. 
minister  1826;  settled  at  Rochester,  N.Y., 
1826-30;  Dey-st.  Church  1830-33;  at  N.  Or- 


I>^R 


689 


I>^R 


leans  1833-8;  Broadway  Tabernacle,  N.  Y., 
1838-40;  Clinton-st.  Ch.,  Phila.,  1842-52; 
Bleeker-st.  Ch.,  N.Y.,  1852-4;  Fourth-avenue 
Presb.  Ch.  1854.  Frcs.,  and  prof,  of  sacred 
rhetoric,  Un.  Theol.  Sem.,  N.Y.,  1840-2.  Au- 
thor of  "Lectures  on  Universalism,"  1829; 
"Morals  for  a  Young:  Student,"  1832;  "Invi- 
tations to  True  Happiness,"  1843  ;  "  Courtship 
and  Marriage,"  "  Reasonings  of  a  Pastor,"  &c., 
"  Notes  on  12  Psalms,"  1849;  "Sermons," 
1852;  "Pastor's  Initiatory  Catechism,"  1855. 
Edited  sermons  of  John  W.  Adams,  D.D., 
with  Memoir,  1851;  Burder's  Relig.  Cerem. 
of  all  Nations.  Assoc,  editor  of  Presb.  Qnar. 
Review.  —  AUihone. 

Parker,  Nathan,  D.D.  (Bowd.  Coll. 
1823),  Cong,  minister,  b.  Reading,  Ms,,  June 
5,  1782;  d.  Portsmouth,  Nov.  8,  1833.  H.U. 
1803.  He  spent  one  year  in  teaching  at  Wor- 
cester, Ms. ;  studied  theology  ;  in  1805  was 
app.  tutor  in  Bowd.  Coll.  ;  was  settled  in 
Portsmouth,  Sept.  14,  1808  ;  and  in  1833  Rev. 
Andrew  P.  Peabody  was  ord.  his  colleague; 
when  the  division  of  the  Cong,  body  in  N.E. 
into  two  parties  was  recognized,  he  took  part 
as  a  professed  Unitarian.  Henry  Ware,  jnn., 
pub.  a  vol.  of  his  sermons  with  a  Memoir,  1835. 

Parker,  Sir  Peter,  a  British  adm.,  b. 
1723;  d.  1811.  Son  of  Adm.  Christopher 
Parker.  He  became  a  post-capt.  in  1747;  and 
in  1775,  in  "  The  Bristol,"  of  50  guns,  proceeded 
with  a  squadron  under  his  com.  to  co-operate 
with  Gen.  Clinton  in  the  attack  of  Charleston, 
S.C.  Arriving  at  Cape  Fear  in  May,  on  June 
28, 1776,  he  made  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Fort 
Moultrie,  resulting  in  great  loss  and  damage 
to  his  fleet,  and  to  the  abandonment  of  the 
enterprise.  For  his  bravery  in  this  affair  he 
received  the  honor  of  knighthood.  He  aided 
Lord  Howe  in  the  capture  of  New  York,  and 
com.  the  squadron  which  took  possession  of 
R.  I.  in  the  latter  part  of  1776.  He  held  the 
chief  com.  on  the  Jamaica  station  in  1777-82  ; 
was  made  a  hart.  26  Dec.  1782;  subsequently 
became  com.  in  chief  at  Portsmouth ;  M.P.  for 
Maldon  ;  admiral  of  the  White;  and  on  the 
death  of  Lord  Howe,  as  the  oldest  admiral  in 
the  navy,  he  became  admiral  of  the  fleet.  His 
grandson  Sir  Peter  (b.  1786)  disting.  him- 
self as  capt.  of  "  The  Menclaus,"  frigate ;  and  in 
1814  sailed  up  the  Chesapeake  to  destroy  an 
Amer.  camp  at  Bellair.  He  landed  his  men, 
and  gallantly  attacked  the  Am:)ricans,  but  was 
killed  in  the  aflair  30  Aug.  1814. 

Parker,  Col.  Richard,  Revol.  ofBcer  of 
Va. ;  d.  at  the  siege  of  Charleston,  S.C,  24 
Apr.  1780;  capt.  2d  Va.  Regt.  24  Jan.  1776  ; 
afterward  col.  8th  Va.  Rcgt. 

Parker,  Richard  E.,  jurist,  of  Va.,  b. 
1777 ;  d.  Nov.  1840 ;  member  of  the  h.  of  dele- 
gates ',  many  years  a  judge  of  t^c  Gen.  and 
Circuit  Courts  of  Va.,  also  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Appeals;  and  in  1836-7  U.S.  senator. 

Parker,  Richard  Green,  b.  Boston,  1798. 
H.U.  1817.  Son  of  Bishop  Samuel.  After 
teaching  in  various  places,  he  was  master  of  a 
grammar-school  in  Boston  in  1827-53,  and  of 
a  girl's  school  in  1853-8.  Among  his  many 
school  text-books  arc  "  Aids  to  Eng.  Composi- 
tion," 1846;  "Natural  Philosophy,"  1837; 
and  with  J.  M.  "Watson,  "  National  Series  of 
44 


Readers  and  Spellers ;  "  also  author  of  Hist, 
of  the  Grammar-School  in  E.  Parish,  Rox- 
bury,  1826  ;  "  Tribute  to  the  Life  and  Charac- 
ter of  Jonas  Chickering,"  12mo,  1854. 

Parker,  Samuel,  D.D.,  Prot.-Episcopal 
bishop  of  the  eastern  diocese  (consec.  14  Sept. 
1804),  b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  Aug.  28,  1744;  d. 
Dec.  6, 1 804.  H.U.  1 764.  Son  of  Wm.  ( 1 703- 
81),  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  N.H. 
1771-6.  He  was  9  years  a  teacher;  was  in 
1773  assist,  rector  of  Trinity  Church,  Bos- 
ton; was  ord.  by  the  bishop  of  London  in  Feb. 
1774;  and  2  Nov  following  he  entered  upon 
the  discharge  of  his  duties.  During  the  Revol. 
many  of  the  Epis.  clergy  withdrew  to  Nova 
Scotia ;  but  Mr.  Parker  retained  his  post.  In 
1779  he  was  elected  rector  of  the  parish,  an 
office  which  he  held  until  his  death.  His  son 
Rev.  Benj.  Clark  Cutler  (ILU.  1822,  b. 
Boston,  June  6,  1796,  d.  N.Y.  City,  Jan.  28, 
1859;  ord.  priest,  May  17,  1826)  preached  in 
various  places,  and  finally  took  charge  of  the 
"  Floating  Chapel  for  Seamen  "  in  New  York, 
where  he  labored  15  years  with  ability  and 
fidelity. 

Parker,  Rev.  Samuel,  clergyman  and 
author,  b.  Ashfield,  N.H.,  Apr.  23,  1779;  d. 
Ithaca,  N.Y.,  Mar.  24,  1866.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1806;  And.  Sem.  1810.  He  was  a  missionary 
in  Western  N.Y.  until  ord.  minister  of  Danby 
in  1812;  dism.  1827;  settled  at  Apulia,  N.Y., 
1830-2;  one  year  pastor  at  Middlefield,  Ms. ; 
and  afterward  resided  at  Ithaca.  He  pub. 
"Exploring  Tour  beyond  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains in  1835-7,"  made  under  the  direction  of 
the  A.B.C.F.M.  He  claimed  to  be  the  first  to 
suggest  the  possibility  of  a  railroad  through  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific.  — Alumni  D.  C. 

Parker,  Theodore,  Unitarian  clergyman 
and  author,  b.  Lexington,  Ms.,  Aug.  24J  1810; 
d.  Florence,  Italy,  May  10,  1860.  M.A.  of 
H.U.  1840.  His  grandfather,  Capt.  John,  com- 
manded the  company  of  minute-men  at  Lex- 
ington who  were  fired  upon  by  the  British 
troops,  Apr.  1 9, 1 775.  Theodore  inherited  from 
his  parents  an  earnest  and  thoughtful  mind. 
At  10  he  began  to  study  Latin;  at  11  Greek; 
and  metaphysics  —  the  pursuit  of  his  life — at 
12.  His  memory  was  so  retentive,  that  he 
could  repeat  whole  volumes  of  poetry.  Before 
the  age  of  10  he  knew  all  the  shrubs  and  trees 
of  Ms.  He  studied  at  Lexington  Acad,  in 
1827  ;  taught  school  in  the  winter  of  1827-8  ; 
entered  Harv.  Coll.  in  1830,  but  did  not  grad- 
uate ;  taught  school  in  Boston  and  AVatertown ; 
in  1834-7  studied  divinity  at  Cambridge; 
was  settled  over  the  Unitarian  Society  at  West 
Roxburyin  June,  1837.  In  May,  1841,  in  his 
sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Rev.  C.  C.  Shack- 
ford  of  South  Boston,  he  first  uttered  those 
sentiments  which  led  to  the  theol.  controver- 
sies that  marked  the  active  years  of  his  life, 
prominent  among  which  was  the  assumption 
of  the  humanity  and  natural  inspiration  of 
Christ.  In  the  autumn  of  1841  he  delivered 
in  Boston  5  lectures,  which  formed  a  vol.  en- 
titled "  A  Discourse  of  Matters  pertaining  to 
Religion,"  1842.  In  Sept.  1843  he  visited 
Europe.  Was  invited  to  preach  in  Boston,  Feb. 
16,  1845;  and  Feb.  16,  1846,  became  minister 
of  the  28th  Cong.  Society  in  Boston,  which,  in 


T>AJR 


690 


IPJ^lEl 


Nov.  1852,  occnpied  for  the  first  time  the  great 
Music  Hall,  which  was  crowded  every  Sunday. 
Strangers  came  from  every  part  of  the  country, 
attracted  by  his  fame.  Jan.  1859,  an  attack  of 
bleeding  at  the  lungs  terminated  his  public 
8er\'ices.  He  sailed  for  Santa  Cruz,  Feb.  3 ; 
whence,  in  May,  he  sent  a  letter  to  his  parish, 
entitled  "Theodore  Parker's  Experience  as  a 
Minister."  From  that  island  he  sailed  to 
Europe,  spent  some  time  in  Switzerland,  and 
went  to  Home,  where  he  passed  the  winter  of 
1859.  Setting  out  thence  in  April,  1860,  he 
with  difficulty  reached  Florence,  where  he  died. 
He  vigorously  opposed  the  Mexican  war,  and 
was  one  of  the  earliest  advocates  of  temperance 
and  antislav(;ry,  Avriting  and  speaking  much, 
for  the  latter  cause  especially.  After  the  pas- 
sage of  the  fugitive-slave  law  in  1850,  he  be- 
came widely  known  as  its  uncompromising 
opponent.  His  sympathy  was  so  marked  at  the 
rendition  of  Anthony  Burns,  in  Jan.  1854,  as  to 
cause  his  indictment  in  the  U.S.  Court.  The 
indictment  was  quashed ;  but  Mr.  Parker  had 
prepared  an  elaborate  defence,  which  was 
printed.  He  bequeathed  his  valuable  library  of 
13,000  volumes  to  the  Public  Library  of  Bos- 
ton. He  pub.  in  1852  "Sermons  on  Theism, 
Atheism,  and  Popular  Theology;"  "Mis- 
cellaneous Writings,"  12mo,  1843;  "Occa- 
sional Sermons  and  Speeches,"  2  vols.  12mo, 
1852;  "Additional  Speeches  and  Addresses," 
2 vols.  12mo,  1855;  "Trial  of  Theodore  Par- 
ker for  the  Misdemeanor  of  a  Speech  in  Faneuil 
Hall  against  Kidnapping,"  1855.  In  addition 
to  these  he  wrote  for  the  Dial,  Boston  Quarterly 
Review,  Christian  Register,  Christian  Examiner  ; 
edited  the  Ms.  Quarterly  irova  1847  to  1850,  and 
was  also  actively  engaged  as  a  lecturer.  His 
"  Life  and  Correspondence,"  by  John  Weiss, 
was  pub.N.Y.,  2  vols.  8vo,  1864.  A  complete 
edition  of  his  works,  edited  by  Frances  Power 
Cobbe,  was  pub.  Lond.  12  vols.  1863-5.  He 
was  plain,  outspoken,  and  uncompromising  in 
the  utterance  of  his  convictions,  but  in  the 
intercourse  of  private  life  exhibited  an  almost 
feminine  gentleness  and  affectionateness.  He 
was  remarkable  for  the  extraordinary  extent 
and  precision  of  his  knowledge. 

Parker,  Thomas,  first  minister  of  New- 
bury, Ms.,  from  1635  to  his  d.  Apr.  24, 1677,  b. 
June  8, 1 595.  He  studied  some  time  at  Oxford, 
and  in  Ireland  under  Dr.  Usher,  receiving  his 
degree  of  M.A.  while  at  Leyden  in  1617.  He 
taught  and  preached  in  Newbury,  Eng. ;  came 
to  N.E.  in  May,  1634^  was  co-pastor  with  Mr. 
Ward  of  Ipswich  about  a  year ;  and  then  began 
the  settlement  of  Newbury,  Ms.  A'bitter  con- 
troversy on  church  govt.,  lasting  for  years,  un- 
happily divided  his  church.  He  was  eminent 
for  learning  and  piety.  He  pub,  a  Letter  to  a 
member  of  the  Westminster  Assembly  on 
Church  Govt.,  1644 ;  and  "  The  Prophecies  of 
Daniel  Expounded,"  4to,  1646;  "  Methodus 
Gratice  Divince,"  1657 ;  and  "  Theses  de  Tra- 
ductione  Peccatoris  ad  Vitam,"  with  some  works 
of  Dr.  Ames. 

Parker,  Gen.  Thomas,  b.  Frederick  Co., 
Va. ;  d.  there  24  Jan.  1820.  A  capt.  in  the 
Revol.  army ;  app.  lient.-rol.  com.  8th  Inf.  8 
Jan.  1799  ;  col.  12th  Inf.  12  Mar.  1812  ;  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.  1813-14. 


Parkinson,  Richard,  of  Doncaster,  Eng., 
and  subsequently  of  Orange  Hill,  near  Balti- 
more. Some  time  in  the  employ  of  Washington 
as  agriculturist  at  Mount  Vernon.  Pub.  "  The 
Experienced  Farmer,"  2  vols.  Lond.  1798; 
"  A  Tour  in  America  1798-1800,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
1805 ;  "  Management  of  a  Farm  in  Ireland," 
8vo,  1806;  "Breeding  and  Management  of 
Live  Stock,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1809;  "Survey  of 
Rutlandshire,"  1809;  "  View  of  the  Agricult. 
of  Huntingdonshire,"  1811,  8vo.  —  Al/ihone, 

Parkinson,  William,  Baptist  divine,  b. 
Frederick  Co.,  Md.,  1774;  d.  1848.  Author 
of  "Public  Ministry  of  the  Word,"  1818; 
Sermons  on  Deut.  xxxii.,  2  vols.  8vo,  1831.  — 
Spragne's  Annals. 

Parkman,  Ebenezer,  first  minister  of 
Westborough,  Ms.,  from  Oct.  28,  1724,  to  his 
d.  Dec.  9,  1782;  b.  Boston,  Sept.  5,  1703. 
H.U.  1721.  A  short  account  of  Westborough 
by  him  is  in  "  Ms.  Hist.  Colls."  He  pub.  "  Re- 
formers and  Intercessors,"  1752 ;  "  Convention 
Sermon,"  1761. 

Parkman,  Francis,  D.D.  (H.U.  1834), 
a  Unitarian  minister,  b.  Boston,  June  4, 
1788  ;  d.  there  Nov.  12, 1852.  H.U.  1807.  He 
studied  theology  under  Dr.  William  E.  Chan- 
nino:  and  at  the  U.  of  Edinburgh.  Ord.  Dec.  8, 
1813;  from  1813  to  1849  he  was  pastor  of 
the  New  North  Church  in  Boston.  He  pub. 
"The  Offering  of  Sympathy,"  1829,  and 
some  occasional  sermons  and  addresses.  The 
Parkman  professorship  of  pulpit  eloquence  and 
pastoral  care  in  the  Camb.  Theol.  School  was 
founded  by  his  munificence ;  and  he  took  an 
active  pan  in  nearly  all  the  most  important 
charitable  institutions  of  his  native  city. 

Parkman,  Francis,  author,  b. 'Boston, 
Sept.  16,  1823.  H.U.  1844.  Son  of  Rev. 
Francis.  He  visited  Europe  in  1844;  and  in 
1846  made  a  journey  across  the  prairies,  and 
explored  the  Rocky  Mountains.  An  account 
of  this  expedition  was  given  in  a  series  of  ar- 
ticles in  the  Knickerhomer  Mag'.,  collected  and 
pub.  under  the  title  of  "  The  California  and 
Oregon  Trail,"  N.Y.  1849.  He  has  also  pub. 
a  "  History  of  the  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac," 
Boston,  1851;  "Vassal  Morton,"  a  novel; 
"  France  and  England  in  N.  Amer.,"  2  vols. 
186.5-7  ;  "  Discovery  of  the  Great  West,"  1869. 
Mr.  Parkman  labors  under  the  serious  disadvan- 
tage of  an  affection  of  the  eyes,  which  often 
renders  him  wholly  unable  to  read  or  write. 

Parris,  Albion  Keith,  gov.  of  Me.  in 
1821-6;  b.  Auburn,  Me.,  Jan.  19,  1788;  d. 
Portland,  Me.,  Feb.  11,  1857.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1806.  Son  of  Samuel,  a  Revol.  officer;  sev- 
eral years  judge  of  the  C.C.P.,  and  member  of 
the  legisl.  of  Me. ;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Sept. 
10,  1847,  a.  92.  The  son  was  engaged  in  farm- 
ing until  the  age  of  14 ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar 
in  Sept.  1809,  and  located  himself  at  Paris, 
Me;  in  1811  he  was  county  atty. ;  and  M.C. 
181 5-1 9,  after  serving  one  year  asrepresentative, 
and  one  as  senator  in  the  Massachusetts  legis- 
lature; in  1818  appointed  judge  of  the  U.S. 
District  Court,  at  which  time  he  removed  to 
Portland;  in  1819  he  was  a  member  of  the 
convention,  and  of  the  committee  for  forming 
a  State  const.  ;  was  in  1820  app.  judge  of 
probate  for  Cumberiand  Co. ;  was  U.S.  senator 


IPJ^Tl 


691 


P^R 


1826-8;  in  1828-36  a  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Me.;  and  in  1836-50  was  a  comp- 
troller of  the  U.S.  treasury.  He  retired  to 
Portland  in  1850,  and  was  mayor  of  the  city 
in  1852. 

Parris,  Samuel,  first  minister  of  Dan  vers, 
Ms.,  from  Nov.  19,  1689,  to  June,  1696,  b.  Lon- 
don, 1653  ;  d.  Sudbury,  Ms.,  27  Feb.  1720.  He 
studied  at  H.U.,  but  did  not  grad.  At  first  a 
merchant  in  Boston,  afterward  a  minister.  The 
Salem  witchcraft  commenced  in  his  family  in 
1692.  His  dau.,  and  his  niece  Abigail  Williams, 
aged  11,  accused  Tituba  (a  South- Amer.  slave), 
living  as  a  servant  in  the  family,  of  bewitching 
them.  Mr.  Parris  beat  her,  and  compelled  her 
to  confess  herself  a  witch.  John,  Tituba's 
husband,  for  his  own  safety  turned  accuser  of 
others.  19  were  hung,  and  Gyles  Cory  pressed 
to  death.  The  delusion' lasted  16  months.  As 
Mr.  Parris  had  been  a  zealous  prosecutor,  his 
church  in  Apr.  1693  brought  charges  against 
him.  He  acknowledged  his  error,  and  was 
dismissed.  After  preaching  two  or  three  years 
at  Stow,  he  removed  to  Concord,  and  preached 
6  months  in  Dunstable  in  1711.  —  See  Life  of 
Parris  bi/  S.  P.  Fowler  {read  to  Essex  inst'), 
8vo,  1857. 

Parrish,  Edward,  b.  Phila.  1822.  Prin- 
cipal of  the  School  of  Practical  Pharmacy, 
Phila.,  and  since  1864  prof,  of  materia  medica 
there.  Son  of  Joseph,  M.D.  Has  contrib.  to 
the  Journal  of  Pharmacy,  and  pub.  "  In  trod,  to 
Practical  Pharmacy,"  8vo,  1856  ;  "  The  Phan- 
tom Bouquet,"  1863  ;  "  Essay  on  Education  in 
the  Soc.  of  Friends,"  1866. 

Parrish,  Joseph,  M.D.,  physician,  b. 
Phila.  Sept.  2,  1779;  d.  Mar.  18,  1840.  M.D. 
U.  of  Pa.  1816.  He  was  brought  up  a  Quaker. 
Studied  languages,  and  afterward  medicine ; 
was  a  resident  physician  in  tlie  Phila.  Yellow- 
fever  Hospital ;  in  1806-12  was  one  of  the  phy- 
sicians of  the  Phila.  Dispensary;  in  1806-22 
surgeon  to  the  Phila.  Almshouse;  in  1816-29 
surgeon  to  the  Pa.  Hospital ;  and,  from  1835  to 
his  death,  consulting  physician  to  the  PhiUi. 
Dispensary.  He  was  an  active  member  of  va- 
rious philanthropic  or  benevolent  institutions  ; 
was  a  contrib.  to  the  periodical  journals  of  his 
profession,  and  repub.  "  Lawrence  on  Hernia," 
with  an  Appendix.  His  son  Isaac  (1811-52), 
also  eminent  as  a  physician,  pub.  "  Memoir  of 
J.  C.  Otto,  M.D.,"  and  many  papers  in  medical 
journals. 

Parrott,  Enoch  G.,  commodore  U.S.N., 
b.  Portsmoutli,  N.H.,  Dec.  10, 1 814.  Midshipm. 
Dec.  10, 1831 ;  liout.  Sept.  8, 1841  ;  com.  Apr. 
1861;  capt.  July  25,  1866;  commo.  1870. 
Engaged  vinder  Com.  Perry  in  the  operations 
against  Boraly,  W.  coast  of  Africa,  Dec.  1843 ; 
in  the  frigate  "  Congress ; "  and  with  Fremont 
at  the  capture  of  Guaymas  and  Mazatlan  during 
the  Mexican  war;  with  the  exped.  which 
destroyed  the  Norfolk  navy-yard,  Apr,  1861 ;  in 
brig  "Perry  "  at  the  capture  of  the  privateer 
"  Savannah ; "  com.  steamer  "  Augusta  "  in  cap- 
ture of  Port  Royal ;  engaged  the  Confed.  rams 
on  their  sortie  from  Charleston,  Jan.  13,  1863 ; 
com.  iron-clad  "  Canonicus  "  In  engagement 
with  Howlett's  battery  and  the  iron-clads  on 
James  River,  June  21,' 1864,  and  in  subsequent 
engagement  there ;    com.   **  Monadnock "   in 


attacks  on  Fort  Fisher,  Dec.  1864,  and  Jan. 
1865 ;  and  present  at  surrender  of  Charleston. 

Parry,  Sir  William  Edward,  arctic 
navigator,  b.  Bath,  Eng.,  Dec.  10,  1790 ;  d. 
Ems,  July  7,  1855.  He  entered  the  British 
navy  in  1803  ;  from  1813  to  1817  was  attached 
to  the  N.A.  station;  with  the  boats  of  the 
"La  Hogue"  (74),  in  the  spring  of  1814  he 
ascended  the  Ct.  River  about  20  miles,  and 
destroyed  27  privateers  and  other  vessels ;  and 
in  1818  joined  Sir  John  Ross's  exped.  as  a 
lieut.  He  commanded  in  1 819  a  second  exped., 
in  which  he  crossed  the  meridian  at  110°  W., 
lat.  74°  44'  20",  and  became  entitled  to  the 
reward  of  £5,000  offered  by  parliament  for 
reaching  thus  far  west  within  the  arctic  circle. 
Upon  his  return  in  1820  he  was  promoted  to 
commander;  and  was  knighted  in  1829.  He 
made  another  exped.  in  1821-3 ;  and  in  a  third, 
in  1 826,  attained  by  boats  and  sledges  the  lat. 
of  82°  45', — the  nearest  point  to  the  north  pole 
that  had  been  reachied.  In  1 852  he  became  rear- 
adm.  of  the  White,  and  in  1853  lieut.-gov.  of 
Greenwich  Hospital.  He  pub.  narratives  of 
his  voyages. 

Parsons,  Jonathan,  minister  of  Newbury- 
port,  Ms.,  from  1746  to  his  d.  July  19, 1776  ;  b. 
W.  Springfield,  Ms.,  Nov.  30, 1705.  Y.C.  1729. 
Grandson  of  Benjamin,  who  settled  in  Spring- 
field ab.  1635.  Ord.  at  Lyme  in  March,  1731, 
and  continued  there  until  1745.  He  possessed 
great  oratorical  powers,  was  a  powerful  reason  er, 
an  eminent  scholar,  and  was  skilled  in  Latin, 
Greek,  and  Hebrew.  Besides  occasional  ser- 
mons, he  pub.  in  2  vols.  8vo,  1780,  "Sixty 
Sermons  on  Various  Subjects ; "  "  Letters  in 
the  Christian  Hist.,"  1741;  "On  Baptism," 
1770;  "Lectures  on  Justification,"  1748. — 
Sprague. 

Parsons,  Gen.  Monroe  M.,  b.  Va.  1819; 
killed  near  Camargo,  Mexico,  Aug.  17,  1865, 
in  a  fight  between  the  liberals  and  imperialists. 
Removing  early  in  life  to  Cole  Co.,  Mo.,  he 
practised  law;  held  oifice  as  a  Dem.  politician; 
was  atty.-gen.  of  Mo.  in  1853-7,  and  member 
of  the  State  senate  subsequently;  in  the  Mcx. 
war  he  was  a  capt.  in  Doniphan's  mounted 
regt.,  and  was  disting.  in  the  battle  of  Sacra- 
mento. Acting  in  concert  with  Gov.  C.  F.  Jack- 
son at  the  outset  of  the  Rebellion,  he  was  app. 
brig.-gen.  C.S.A.,  and  was  active  in  organizing 
the  State  militia ;  he  was  present  at  the  skirmish 
at  Booneville;  afterward  raised  a  brigade  of 
mounted  men,  with  whom  he  served  at 
Carthage,  Springfield,  Pea  Ridge,  and  else- 
where ;  and,  being  promoted  to  the  com.  of  a 
division,  served  under  Price  to  the  end  of  the 
war,  excepting  in  the  last  invasion  of  Mo.  in 
1 864.  After  the  surrender  of  I^rhy  Smith,  he 
went  with  some  followers  to  Mexico,  and  joined 
the  forces  of  Juarez. 

Parsons,  Samuel  Holden,  maj.-gen. 
Rovol.  army,  b.  Lyme,  Ct.,  May  14,  1737; 
drowned  in  the  rapids  of  the  Big  Beaver  River, 
O.,  Nov.  17,  1789.  H.U.  1756.  Son  of  Rev, 
Jonathan.  He  studied  law  at  Lyme,  in  the 
office  of  his  uncle.  Gov.  Matthew  Griswold; 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1759 ;  settled  at  Lyme ; 
was  elected  representative  to  the  Assembly  in 
1762,  and  successively  for  18  sessions  ;  in  1774 
he  received  the  app.  of  king's  atty.,  and  -re- 


:e*ajr 


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:e*jljr 


moved  to  New  London ;  he  was  one  of  the 
com.  of  corrcsp. ;  in  1775  he  was  app.  col.  of 
the  6th  Ct.  Regt. ;  was  at  the  siege  of  Boston 
and  the  battle  of  Long  Island;  made  brig.-gen. 
by  Congress,  Aug.  9,  1776,  and  maj.-gen.  Oct. 
23,  1780;  in  1779  he  succeeded  Gen.  Putnam 
in  the  com.  of  the  Ct.  line ;  and,  at  the  close  of 
the  war,  resumed  practice  in  Middletown.  In 
1785  he  was  app.  by  Congress  a  commiss.  to 
treat  with  the  Indians  at  Miami ;  was  an  active 
member  of  the  conv.  of  Ct.  in  Jan.  1788  which 
ratified  the  U.S.  Constitution;  was  app.  by 
Washington  first  judge  of  the  N.  W.  Terr. ; 
and  was  in  1789  app.  by  Ct.  a  commiss.  to 
treat  with  the  Wyandottes  and  other  Indian 
tribes  on  Lake  Erie  for  extinguishing  the 
aboriginal  title  to  the  Ct.  Western  Reserve. 
Gen.  Parsons  went  early  in  1787,  with  others, 
to  the  North-west,  and  settled  on  or  near  the 
Ohio  River.  He  pub.  a  paper  on  the  Anti- 
quities of  the  Western  States  m  "  Trans.  Amer. 
Acad.,"  vol.  2. 

Parsons,  Theophilus,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1804),  an  eminent  jurist,  b.  Byfield,  Ms.,  24 
Feb.  1750;  d.  Boston,  30  Oct.  1813.  H.U. 
1769.  Son  of  Rev.  Moses.  In  1774  he  was 
adm.  to  the  Portland  bar,  and  kept  the  gram- 
mar-school there.  Upon  the  destruction  of 
tlic  town  in  Oct.  1775,  he  returned  to  Byfield, 
where  he  enjoyed  the  intercourse  of  the  eminent 
jurist  Trowbridge;  In  1777  he  began  practice 
in  Newburyport;  and  was  a  delegate  to  the 
State  convention  at  Ipswich  to  consider  the 
sulject  of  a  State  constitution.  His  draught, 
slightly  modified,  and  known  as  the  "Essex 
Result,"  contains  the  principles  incorporated 
in  the  best  constitutions  of  govt,  in  our 
republic.  In  1 780  he  was  one  of  the  framers  of 
the  State  constitution,  and  one  of  the  ablest 
in  that  body.  Removing  to  Boston  in  1800, 
he  was  engaged  in  most  cases  of  magnitude 
until  made  chief  justice  of  Ms.  in  1806;  in 
1788  he  was  the  powerful  and  zealous  advocate 
of  the  U.S.  Constitution,  to  which  he  proposed 
certain  amendments.  In  legal  knowledge  he 
was  among  the  first  of  his  time;  and  the  accura- 
cy of  his  reasoning,  and  his  profound  knowledge 
of  the  law,  statutes,  and  constitutions  of  the 
country,  are  shown  in  the  6  vols,  of  Reports 
embracing  his  decisions ;  he  was  versed  also  in 
classical  literature  and  mathematical  science ; 
possessed  a  wonderful  memory,  and  was  a 
forcible  and  powerful  speaker ;  he  was  no  less 
remarkable  for  his  wit  than  for  his  legal  attain- 
ments. His  pub.  opinions  were  so  highly 
esteemed,  that  a  collection  of  them  was  pub. 
in  N.Y.  in  1836,  entitled  "Commentaries  on 
Amer.  Law."  —  ^ee  Memoir  by  his  Son,  12nio, 
1859. 

Parsons,  Theophilus,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1849),  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Newburyport, 
Ms.,  May  17,  1797.  H.U.  1815.  He  studied 
law  with  Judge  Wni.  Prescott,  and  practised 
in  Taunton,  and  afterward  in  Boston.  For 
some  years  he  contrib.  to  the  N.  A.  Review; 
wrote  occasionally  for  the  American  Review  of 
Phila.,  and  for  the  Free  Press  and  N.E.  Galaxu, 
newspapers  ;  and  founded  and  edited  the  U.S. 
Literary  Gazette.  He  has  written  two  vols,  of 
essays  and  other  smaller  works  in  exposition 
of  the  doctrines  of  the  New-Jerusalem  Church, 


also  contributing  to  its  periodical  publications. 
Since  1847  he  has  been  Dane  prof,  of  law  in 
the  Law  School  of  H.U.  at  Cambridge.  He 
has  pub.  "Law  of  Contracts,"  2  vols.  1853, 
5th  ed,  3  vols.  1864;  "Elements  of  Mercan- 
tile Law,"  1856  ;  "Laws  of  Business  forBusi- 
nessMen,"  1857 ;  "Maritime  Law,"  2  vols. 
1859;  "Memoir  of  Chief  Justice  Parsons," 
1859  ;  "  Notes  and  Bills  of  Exchange,"  2  vols. 
8vo,  1862;  "Law  of  Partnership,"  1867; 
"Deus  Homo,"  1867;  "Marine  Insurance 
and  Gen.  Average,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1868;  "  Ship- 
pinir  and  Admiralty,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1869. 

Parsons,  Thomas  William,  M.D.,  den- 
tist and  poet,  b.  Boston,  Aug.  18, 1819.  H.U. 
1853.  Son  of  Dr.  T.  W.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Boston  Latin  School;  and  in  1836-7 
visited  Italy,  where  he  studied  Italian  litera- 
ture, and  translated  the  first  10  cantos  of 
Dante's  "  Inferno,"  pub.  in  Boston  1843.  In 
1854  a  vol.  of  his  poems  appeared  containing 
"  Ghetto  di  Roma,"  and  other  pictures  of  life 
in  Italy,  together  with  pieces  on  American 
subjects.  His  translation  of  the  "  Inferno  "  was 
pub.  Boston,  1867,  4to.  His  friends  in  1867 
printed  privately  a  vol.  of  his  poems  entitled 
"The  Magnolia."  He  has  contrib.  to  the 
Galaxy,  Atlantic  Monthly,  &c. 

Parsons,  Usher,  M.D.,  physician,  b.  Al- 
fred, Me.,  Aug.  18,  1788  ;  d.  Providence,  R.I., 
Dec.  19,  1868.  He  studied  under  Dr.  John 
Warren.  Entering  the  navy  as  surgeon's  mate 
in  1812,  he  was  acting  surgeon  of  "  The 
Lawrence,"  Perry's  flagship,  at  the  battle  of 
Lake  Erie,  Sept.  10,  1813.  He  served  in  1814 
on  the  Upper  Lakes,  and  was  at  the  attack  on 
Mackinac,  but  resigned  after  10  years'  service 
in  the  navy,  and  practised  medicine  and  sur- 
gery in  Providence,  R.I.  He  received  degrees 
from  H.U.  1818,  Dartm.  1821,  and  from  Brown 
in  1825.  He  was  a  prof,  in  Brown  and  other 
colleges ;  pres.  of  the  R.  I.  Med.  Soc.  ;  first 
V.  P.  of  the  National  Med.  Assoc.  Author  of 
several  medical  works,  and  of  a  "Life  of  Sir 
Wm.  Pepperrell,"  1 856.  He  also  pub.  a  speech 
at  Put-in  Bay,  Sept.  10,  1858,  on  the  45th  an- 
niv.  of  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie,  and  a  number 
of  biog.  sketches  and  speeches  in  pamphlet 
form,  and  papers  in  periodicals. 

Parton,  James,  author,  b.  Canterbury, 
Eng.,  Feb.  9,  1822.  At  the  &^e  of  5  he  was 
brought  to  New  York,  and  at  19  taught  in  an 
acad.  at  White  Plains,  where  he  had  been  edu- 
cated. He  afterward  taught  in  Phila.  and 
New  York  ;  and  was  3  years  on  the  literary 
staff"  of  the  Home  Journal.  His  "Life  of 
Horace  Greeley  "  appeared  in  1855,  ot  "  Aaron 
Burr"  in  1857,  and  of  "Andrew  Jackson," 
3  vols.  8vo,  in  1859-60;  all  of  which  met  with 
great  success.  In  1856  he  pub.  a  collection  of 
"  Humorous  Poetry  of  the  English  Language 
from  Chaucer  to  Saxe."  He  pub.  in  1864  a 
Biography  of  Franklin,  2  vols. ;  "  Gen.  But- 
ler in  New  Orieans,"  1863 ;  "Life of  J.  J.  As- 
tor,"  8vo,  1865;  "Manual  for  tiie  Instruction 
of  Rings,  Railroad  and  Political,"  1866; 
"How  New  York  City  is  Governed,"  1866; 
"Famous  Americans,"  1867  ;  "  People's  Book 
of  Olograph V,"  8vo,  1868;  "Smoking  and 
Drinking."  1 868 ;  "  Topics  of  the  Time ; "  "  The 
Danish  islands,"  1869.     Contrib.  toiV^.^.  Re 


P-AJR 


693 


FAjr 


view,  Atlantic  Montlili/,  &c.  He  is  a  brilliant 
writer  and  a  successful  lecturer.  He  ra.  Sara 
Pavson  Willis  ("  Fanny  Fern  ")  in  1856. 

Parton,  Sara  Payso-v  ("Fanny  Fern"), 
b.  Poriland,  Me.,  July  7,  1811.  Sister  of  N. 
P.  Willis.  Her  father  Nathaniel  removed 
with  his  family  to  Boston  when  she  was  6 
years  old.  She  was  educated  in  a  school  at 
Hartford  taught  by  Catharine  and  Harriet 
Beecher  ;  and  in  1834  ra.  Charles  Eldridge  of 
Boston,  upon  whose  death  in  1846  she  was 
thrown  upon  her  own  resources  to  provide  for 
herself  and  two  children.  She  was  subsequent- 
ly m.  to  Mr.  Farrington,  a  merchant  of  Bos- 
ton; but  their  union  was  of  brief  duration. 
Not  succeeding  in  obtaining  employment  in 
teaching  or  in  other  vocations,  she  in  1851  as- 
sumed the  pen  for  a  livelihood.  Her  first 
essay  proved  successful,  and  was  followed  by 
others,  which  were  widely  copied,  until  the 
pseudonyme  of  "  Fanny  Fern  "  was  familiar 
in  all  parts  of  the  U.S.  These  pieces  were 
pub.  in  1853  under  the  title  of  "Fern-Leaves," 
of  which  70,000  copies  were  sold  ;  and  were 
followed  by  her  "Little  Ferns,"  1853;  "Fern- 
Leaves,"  2d  series,  1854;  "Ruth  Hall," 
"Rose  Clark,"  "Fresh  Leaves,"  1857  ;  "Fol- 
ly as  it  Flies,"  12mo,  1868;  and  the  "Play- 
day  Book,"  —  some  of  which  have  been  re- 
pub,  in  Eng.  and  elsewhere.  The  "Life  and 
Beauties  of  Fanny  Fern "  was  pub.  Lond. 
1855.  Her  chief  employment  since  1854  has 
been  in  writing  for  the  N.  Y.  Ledger.  Soon 
after  commencing  her  literary  career,  she  went 
to  New  York ;  and  was  m.  to  James  Parton, 
the  author,  in  Jan.  1856. 

Partridge,  Alden,  milit.  instructor,  b. 
Norwich,  Vt.,  1785;  d.  there  16  Jan.  1854. 
West  Point,  1806;  Dartm.  Coll.  1812.  As- 
sist, prof,  of  math.  W.  P.  Nov.  1806  ;  prof. 
of  math.  Apr.-Sept.  1813;  of  eng.  Sept. 
1813;  capt.  engr,  corps  23  July,  1810;  and 
supt.  W.  P.  Acad.  Sept.  1812-Apr.  1818. 
Principal  of  exploring  survey  under  the  5th 
article.  Treaty  of  Ghent.  Established  in  1820, 
in  Norwich,  Vt.,  a  milit.  acad.,  incorp.  in 
1834  as  the  Norw.  U.,  of  which  he  was  pres. ; 
and  founded  milit.  schools  in  Portsmouth, 
Va.  (1840),  Reading,  Pa.  (1850),  and  in  Pem- 
broke, N.H.  He  lectured  on  milit.  affairs  in 
the  large  cities ;  was  a  member  of  the  Vt. 
legist,  in  1833,  '34,  and  '39  ;  and  was  surv.-gen. 
of  Vt.  in  1832.  Author  of  "An  Excursion," 
1822;  Letters  on  Education,  and  on  National 
Defence ;  Journal  of  a  Tour  of  Cadets,  &c., 
8vo,  1827. 

Partridge,  George,  Revol.  patriot,  b. 
Duxbury,  ^ls.,  Feb.  8,  1740;  d.  there  July  7, 
1828.  H.  U.  1762.  He  studied  divinity,  but 
never  preached ;  and  was  some  years  a  teacher 
at  Kingston,  Ms.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Prov.  Congress  1774-5,  in  which  he  was  very 
active;  was  a  State  rcpi-esentative  1775-9; 
a  delegate  to  the  Cont.  Congress  1779-82  and 
1783-5;  M.C.  1789-91;  and  sheriff  of  Plj^m- 
outh  Co.  1780  and  several  years  followmg. 
He  bequeathed  a  large  part  of  his  estate  for  re- 
ligious and  educational  uses. 

Partridge,  Oliver,  member  of  the  first 
Colonial  Congress  in  1765,  b.  Hatfield,  Ms., 
13  June,  1712  ;  d.  there  July  21,  1792.     Y.  C. 


1730.  His  ancestor  Wm.,  an  early  settler 
on  the  Ct.  River,  came  from  Berwick-on-Tweed, 
and  died  in  Hadley. 

Pascalis,  Felix  A.  OuviiRE,  M.D.,  phy- 
sician, b.  France  ab.  1750;  d.  New  York,  July 
27,  1833.  After  completing  his  medical  educa- 
tion, he  established  himself  in  practice  in  St. 
Domingo.  After  the  insurrection  of  the  blacks 
there,  in  1793,  he  resided  in  Phila.,  and  subse- 
quently, for  near  30  years,  in  New  York.  His 
observations  on  the  yellow-fever  at  Cadiz  in 
1805  produced  in  him  a  conviction  that  the  dis- 
ease was  not  contagious  :  this  result  was  made 
known  to  the  public  in  the  Medical  Reposifon/, 
a  journal  which  he  edited  jointly  with  Drs. 
JNIitchell  and  Ackerby,  and  to  which  he  was  a 
frequent  contrib.  In  1798  he  pub.  an  Account 
of  the  Contagious  and  Epidemic  Yellow-Fever 
in  Phila.  in  1797 ;  in  1812  an  essay  on  syphi- 
litic diseases;  and  in  1829  "Instructions  for 
Silk-worm  Nurseries,  and  Culture  of  the  Mul- 
berry-Tree." 

Pasehall,  Nathaniel,  editor,  b.  Knox- 
ville,  Tenn.,  April  4,  1802 ;  d.  St.  Louis,  Dec. 
12,  1866.  He  went  to  St.  Louis  an  orphan  in 
1814,  and  apprenticed  himself  to  Joseph  Char- 
less  of  the  Mo.  Gazette;  in  1827  he  started 
with  Edward  Charless,  the  son  of  his  patron, 
the  Missouri  Republican,  of  which,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  1843,  when  clerk  of  St.  Louis  Coun- 
ty, he  was  editor  and  half-owner  till  he  died. 
He  was  master  of  a  terse  and  vigorous  style. 
His  paper,  while  conspicuous  for  its  ability, 
advocated  slavery,  and  opposed  the  Republican 
party. 

Passaconaway  (Papisseconewa),  the 

Merrimack  sachem,  and  the  great  sagamore  of 
Pamunkog,  or  Pennacook ;  d.  1663-9  at  a  very 
great  age.  He  held  control  over  the  tribes  of 
Southern  N.H.  and  a  portion  of  Ms.,  and  was 
at  the  head  of  a  powerful  confederacy  when  the 
whites  first  settled  the  country.  May  17,1 629, 
he  conveyed  to  John  Wheelwright  and  his  asso- 
ciates at  Squamscut  (now  Exeter)  the  tract 
of  land  extending  from  the  Piscataqua  to  the 
Merrimack  westward,  and  from  the  line  of  Ms. 
30  miles  north.  In  1648  he  invited  the  Indian 
apostle  Eliot  to  take  tip  his  abode  near  his  tribe, 
so  that  they  might  be  taught  Christianity,  at  the 
same  time  avowing  his  belief  in  God.  He  was 
sagacious  and  cunning,  and  had  a  great  reputa- 
tion as  a  powwow,  or  sorcerer.  At  a  great  dance 
and  feast  in  1660  he  made  his  farewell  speech 
to  his  people,  and  exhorted  them  to  live  in  peace 
with  the  English,  as  he  had  ti'icd  his  arts  as  a 
powwow  against  them  in  vain.  —  C.  E.  Potter 
in  Farmer's  Monthly  Visitor,  Feb.  1852. 

Passmore,  Rev.  Joseph  C,  D.D.,  b. 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  1818;  d.  Racine,  Wis.,  12  Aug. 
1866.  Ord.  deacon  P.  E.  Ch.  1848;  priest 
1849.  In  1844-62  prof,  of  mental  philos.  and 
polit.  econ.  in  St.  James's  Coll.,  Md. ;  after- 
ward at  Racine  until  his  death.  Author  of 
"Footprints,  or  Fugitive  Poems,"  Phila.  1843. 
Editor  of  Bp.  Butler's  "  Etliical  Discourses," 
Phila.  1855. 

Patrick,  Gen.  Marsena  R.,  b.  Jefferson 
Co.,  N.Y.,  Mar.  15,  1811.  West  Point,  1835. 
Joining  the  2d  Inf.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  in 
1839;  capt.  22  Aug.  1847;  brev.  maj.  in 
1849  "for  meritorious  conduct  in  Mexico;'* 


FAJT 


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resigning  30  June,  1850,  he  retired  to  his 
farm;  and  in  1859-61  was  pres.  of  the  State 
Agric.  Coll.  When  civil  war  broke  out,  he 
was  made  insp.-gen.  of  the  N;  Y.  militia ; 
brig.-gen.  vols.  March  17,  1862;  in  Dec.  he 
com.  a  brigade  in  Doubleday's  division,  1st 
army  corps,  with  which  he  took  part  in  the  bat- 
tle of- Antietam ;  prov.-mar.-gen.  Army  of  the 
Potomac  6  Oct.  1862,  to  17  Mar.  1865;  re- 
signed 12  June,  1865  ;  pres.  N.  Y.  Agric.  Soc. 
since  14  Feb.  1867.  Besides  at  Geneva,  N.Y. 
—  Cullum. 

Patten,  George  W.,  licut.-col.  U.S.A.,  b. 
Newport,  U.I.,  1808.  Brown  U.  1825.  West 
Point,  1830.  Son  of  Dr.  Wm.  of  Newport. 
Lieut.  1830;  capt.  18  June,  1846;  brev.  maj. 
for  gallantry  at  Cerro  Gordo,  where  he  lost 
his  hand,  18  Apr.  1847  ;  maj.  9th  Inf.  30  Apr. 
1861  ;  lieut.-col.  2d  Inf.  7  June,  1862  ;  retired 
17  Feb.  1864.  Author  of  "Army  Manual," 
1863  ;  "  Tactics  and  Drill  for  Inf.,  Art.,  and 
Cav.,"3  vols.  1861-3;  "Voicesof  the  Border ;  " 
"  Poems,"  1867.  He  has  conirib.  many  poetical 
pieces  to  periodicals. 

Patten,  Maj.  John,  Revol.  officer,  b.  Kent 
Co.,  Del. ;  d.  Dover,  June,  1801,  a.  55.  He 
fought  in  nearly  every  battle  from  L.  I.  to  Cam- 
den ;  was  a  member  of  the  Old  Congress  in 
1785-6,  and  M.C.  1792-3  and  1795-7. 

Patten,  William,  D.D.  (B.  U.  1807), 
minister  of  Newport  1786-1834  ;  d.  Hartford, 
Ct.,  Mar.  9,  1839,  a.  76.  Dartm.  Coll.  1780. 
Son  of  Rev.  Wm.  He  was  a  disting.  theolo- 
gian, and  a  kind,  benevolent  man.  He  pub. 
several  sermons,  "  Christianity  the  True  The- 
ology," against  Paine,  12mo,  1795  ;  "Remi- 
niscences of  Rev.  S.  Hopkins,"  18mo,  1843; 
"  Memoir  of  Mrs.  Ruth  Patten,"  12mo,  1834. 
Ho  m.  Hannah  Hurlbut  of  N.  London,  who  in 
1815  set  up  the  first  ragged  school  in  the  U.S., 
at  Newport :  she  d.  Brooklyn,  Aug.  30,  1855, 

a.  86.  —  D.  C.  Alumni. 

Patterson,  Daniel  T.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
N.Y.  1871 ;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Aug.  25, 
1839.^  Midshipm.  Aug.  20,  1800;  attached  to 
the  frigate  "  Philadelphia,"  Capt.  Bainbridge, 
when  she  ran  upon  a  reef  off  TrijDoli,  and  was 
taken  by  a  flotilla  of  gunboats,  and  remained 
a  prisoner  in  Tripoli  until  1805.  Lieut.  Jan. 
24,  1807;  master  com.  July  24,  1813;  capt. 
Feb.  28,  1815;  navy  commiss.  1828-32;  and 
com.  a  squad,  in  the  Mediterranean  in  1832-5. 
In  1814  he  com.  the  U.S.  naval  forces  at  New 
Orleans,  and  co-operated  so  ably  with  Gen. 
Jaekson  in  the  defence  of  that  city,  that  he  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  Congress. 

Patterson,  John,  brig.-gen.  Revol.  army, 

b.  New  Britain,  Ct.,  1744;  d.  Lisle,  Broome 
Co.,  N.Y.,  July  19,  1808.  Y.C.  1762.  He 
taught  school,  and  was  a  practising  atty.  and 
justice  of  the  peace  in  New  Britain.  He 
moved  to  Lenox,  Ms.,  in  1774.  His  father, 
Maj.  John,  d.  of  yellow-fever  at  the  taking  of 
Havana,  Sept.  5, 1762,  a.  54.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  Prov.  Congress  of  Ms.  in  1774, 
and  of  the  second  in  1775.  The  news  of  the 
battle  of  Lexington  reached  Berkshire  at  noon 
the  next  day,  and,  at  sunrise  the  following  morn- 
ing, Patterson's  regt.  of  minute-men  was  on 
the  way  to  Cambridge,  where  it  was  employed 
in  the  erection  of  the  first  redoubt  thrown  up 


on  the  lines  ab.  Boston  ;  after  the  evacuation 
of  Boston,  Col.  Patterson  was  ordered  to  Cana- 
da, and  a  part  of  his  regt.  was  engaged  in  the 
disastrous  battle  of  the  Cedars ;  after  the  re- 
treat from  Canada,  the  regt.  joined  Washing- 
ton just  in  time  to  take  part  in  the  battles  of 
Trenton  and  Princeton;  Feb.  21,  1777,  Col. 
Patterson  was  app.  a  brig.-gen.,  and  attached 
to  the  northern  dept.  A  part  of  his  brigade 
was  at  the  battle  of  Stillwater,  in  which  severe 
conflict  he  rendered  important  service  ;  present 
at  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  and  at  the  battle 
of  Monmouth ;  he  remained  in  service  imtil 
the  close  of  the  war.  During  Shays's  Rebellion 
in  1786,  Gen.  Patterson  headed  a  detachment 
of  the  Berkshire  militia  ordered  out  for  its  sup- 
pression. After  the  Revol.  he  removed  to  Lisle, 
where  he  was  chief  justice  of  the  Co.  Court;  4 
years  member  of  the  N.Y.  legisl. ;  member  of 
the  N.Y.  Const.  Conv.  of  1801 ;  and  M.C.  in 
1803-5. 

Patterson,  Robert,  LL.D.,  b.  in  north 
of  Ireland,  May  30,  1743;  d.  Phila.  July  22, 
1824.  He  came  to  Phila.  in  1768.  Became 
principal  of  the  acad.  at  Wilmington,  Del.,  in 
1774;  was  a  brigade  maj.  in  the  Revol.  war; 
prof,  of  mathematics,  U.  of  Pa.,  in  1779-1814, 
and  some  time  vice-provost.  In  1805  he  was 
made  director  U.S.  mint;  from  1819,  till  his 
death,  he  was  pres.  of  the  Amer.  Philos.  Soc, 
to  whose  "  Transactions  "  he  was  a  frequent  con- 
trib.  He  pub.  "  The  Newtonian  System,"  8vo, 
1808;  "Treatise  on  Arithmetic,"  1819;  and 
edited  Ferguson's  "  Mechanics,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
1806;  his  "Astronomy,"  8vo,  1809;  John 
Webster's  "  Nat.  Philos.,"  1808 ;  Ewing's  "  Nat. 
Philos.,  with  Biog.  Sketch,"  8vo,  1809.  A 
record  of  the  families  of  Robert  Patterson 
(the  elder)  was  priv.  printed,  1847. 

Patterson,  Col.  Robert,  b.  Pa.  1753 ; 
d.  near  Dayton,  0.,  Aug.  5,  1827.  He  emig. 
to  Ky.  in  1775.  In  1804  he  settled  near  Day- 
ton, O.  Original  proprietor  of  Lexington, 
Ky.,  and  one-third  owner  of  Cincinnati  when 
it  was  laid  out.  He  was  in  Col.  Clarke's  111. 
campaign  in  1 778 ;  in  Bowman's  exped.  against 
old  Chillicothe  in  1779;  capt.  in  Clarke's  ex- - 
ped.  against  the  Shawnees  in  Aug.  1780;  sec- 
ond in  com.  to  Col.  Boone  (Aug.  19,  1782)  at 
the  battle  of  the  Lower  Blue  Licks ;  col.  in 
Clarke's  second  exped.  into  the  Miami  country, 
Sept.  1782 ;  and  col.  in  1786  in  Logan's  exped. 
against  the  Shawnees. 

Patterson,  Gen.  Robert,  b.  Co.  Tyrone, 
Ireland,  Jan.  12,  1792.  He  came  while  young 
to  the  U.S.,  and  was  placed  with  a  merchant 
of  Phila.  He  received  a  collegiate  education, 
and  early  manifested  military  predilections. 
Capt.  32d  Inf.  Apr.  1814.  Returning  to  com- 
mercial life,  he  became  largely  engaged  in 
manufs.,  and  owned  several  mills.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Mexican  war,  in  1S46,  he  was  made 
a  maj  .-gen.  of  vols.  He  com.  his  division  jit 
Cerro  Gordo ;  led  the  cavalry  and  advanced 
brigades  in  the  pursuit ;  and  the  next  morning 
entered  and  took  Jalapa,  receiving  the  thanks 
of  Gen.  Scott.  He  com.  the  3-mos.  Pa.  vols, 
in  1861  ;  was  assigned  to  a  milit.  dept.  com- 
posed of  the  States  of  Pa.,  Del.,  and  Md.,  and 
the  Dist.  of  Col. ;  and  crossed  the  Potomac, 
June   15,  at  Williamsport.     When  Gen.  Mc- 


F^T 


695 


F^tj 


Dowell  advanced  into  Va.,  Patterson  was  in- 
structed to  remain  at  Winchester  to  hold  in 
chccli  the  superior  forces  of  Gen.  J.  E.  John- 
ston. His  failure  to  do  this,  in  consequence  of 
which  Johnston,  re-enforcing  Beauregard  on  the 
field  of  Bull  Run,  July  21,  gave  the  victory  to 
the  Confederates,  exposed  him  to  severe  criti- 
cism ;  and  he  was  discharged  from  the  service, 
July  27,  1861.  He  pub.  in  186.5  "  A  Nar- 
native  of  the  Campaign  in  the  Valley  of  the 
Shenandoah  in  1861,"  in  vindication  of  his 
conduct. 

Patterson,  Robert  M.,  M.D.,  pres.  of 
the  Amer.  Philos.  Society  1849-5-3,  b.  PhiUi. ; 
d.  there  Sept.  5,  1854,  a.  68.  U.  of  Pa.  1804. 
M.D.  1808.  Son  of  Robert,  director  U.S.  Mint. 
Educated  as  a  chemist  under  Sir  Humphry 
Davy  ;  returned  home  in  1812  ;  was  soon  after 
elected  prof,  of  nat.  philos.,  chemistry,  and  math. 
in  the  U.  of  Phila.  ;  prof  in  the  U.  of  Va.  in 
1828-3?;  director  of  the  U.S.  Mint,  Phila., 
1835-53.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Philos.  Society  in  1809  ;  was  a  most  active  par- 
ticipant in  its  labors,  and  contrib.  largely  to 
its  "  Proceedings."  He  delivered.  May  25, 1 843, 
while  its  vice-pres.,  "A  Discourse  on  the  Early 
History  of  the  Amer.  Philos.  Society ; "  and  an 
address  before  the  Franklin  Institute,  Svo., 
1843.  —  Duychinck. 

Patterson,  Thomas  H.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
La.,  May  10,  1819.  Midship.  Apr.  5,18-36; 
lieut.  June  2,  1849;  com.  July  16,  1862;  capt. 
July  25,  1866.  Attached  to  brig  "  Oregon," 
survey  of  Tampa  Bay,  1842-4;  coast  survey 
1844-8  ;  com.  steam-gunboat "  Chocura,"  N.  A. 
B.  squad.,  1862  ;  in  constant  co-operation  with 
Army  of  the  Potomac;  in  steamer  "James 
Adger,"  1862-5;  cut  out  steamer  "Kate" 
from  the  batteries  at  New  Inlet,  N.C.,  July  31, 
1863;  participated  in  the  capture  of  a  tfying 
battery  near  Fort  Fisher,  Aug.  23,  1863  ;  cap- 
tured "  The  Cornubia  "  and  "The  R.  E.  Lee," 
both  filled  with  arms  and  stores  for  the  Confed. 
army ;  com.  steam-sloop  "  Brooklyn,"  flagship 
Brazil  squad.,  1865-7.  — HamersI//. 

Patterson,  William,  LL.D.'  (H.U.  1806), 
statesman  and  jurist,  b.  at  sea,  of  Irish  parents, 
in  1745  ;  d.  Albany,  Sept.  9,  1806.  N.  J.  Coll. 
1763.  He  studied  law,  and  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1769  ;  was  a  member  of  the  first  N.  J. 
Const.  Conv.  in  1776;  in  1776-86  was  atty.- 
gen.  of  the  State;  was  U.S.  senator  in  1789- 
90,  having  previously  been  a  member  of  the 
convention  which  formed  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion; gov.  of  N.J.  in  1791-4;  judge  of  the  U.S. 
Supreme  Court  from  1794  to  his  death.  In 
1798-9  he  revised,  by  authority  of  the  legisl., 
the  laws  of  N.  J- 

Patti,  Adelina  {Adele  Juana  Maria), 
vocalist,  b.  Madrid,  Spain,  Apr.  9,  1843.  Her 
father  Salvator  was  a  tenor  of  some  repute ; 
and  her  mother.  Mad.  Barilli  Patti,  a  prima 
donna.  The  family  came  to  the  U.S.  in  1844. 
At  the  age  of  9,  Adele  made  a  tour  in  the 
British  Provinces  with  Strakosch  and  Ole 
Bull,  singing  popular  opera  music.  Mar.  3, 
1854,  she  made  her  dSut  at  Jullien's  concert, 
N.Y. ;  she  soon  after  made  a  concert-tour  to 
the  W.  Indies  with  Gottschalk  the  pianist. 
Nov.  24,  1859,  she  app.  as  Lucia  at  the  N.Y. 
Acad,  of  Music,  and  saved  the  season  and  the 


managers  from  ruin.  First  app.  in  the  Ital. 
Opera  House,  London,  14  May,  1861.  July 
29,  1868,  she  m.  the  Marquis  de'Caux. 

Patti,  CarLotta,  sister  of  Adele,  b.  Flor- 
ence, 1840  ;  made  her  debut  in  concert  in  N.Y. 
First  app.  there  in  opera  at  the  Acad,  in  Aug. 
1862.  Apr.  16,  1863,  she  app.  at  the  Italian 
Opera  House,  London.  The  Queen  of  Eng. 
said  to  her,  "  Never  in  my  life  has  any  singer 
so  charmed  and  pleased  me."  She  was  equally 
successful  in  Paris  and  on  the  Continent.  She 
returned  to  the  U.S.  in  Sept.  1869,  and  ap- 
peared at  Steinway  Hall  in  concert.  Her  exe- 
cution is  wonderful ;  and  her  voice,  a  beautiful 
high  soprano,  has  a  compass  of  over  two 
octaves. 

Pattison,  Granville  Sharpe,  M.D., 
anatomist,  b.  Glasgow,  1791  ;  d.  N.Y.  Nov.  12, 
1851.  Educated  at  Gla.sgow,  he  commenced 
his  career  as  a  lecturer  at  the  Andersonian  Inst. ; 
he  then  emig.  to  Amer.,  and  was  for  some 
years  prof,  of  anatomy  in  the  Med.  Coll.  of 
Baltimore.  Subsequently  he  returned  to  Eu- 
rope, and  became  the  first  prof,  of  anatomy  in 
the  Lond.  U. ;  but  a  few  years  later  he  again 
visited  Amer. ;  was  app.  prof  of  anatomy  in 
the  JefF.  Med.  Coll.  of  Phila.  ;  and  in  1840,  on 
the  opening  of  the  U.  of  N.Y.,  was  app.  lO  a 
similar  chair  in  that  institution,  where  he  re- 
mained until,  his  death.  He  pub.  a  translation 
of  Masse's  "  Anatomical  Atlas ;  "  an  edition 
of  Cruvelhier's  "  Anatomy,"  Svo  ;  papers  in 
the  Med.  Recorder,  and  some  pamphlets. 

Pattison,  Gen.  James,  a  British  officer, 
b.  1724;  d.  Lond.  Mar.  1,  1805.  Capt.  of  art. 
Aug.  1, 1747;  lieut.-col.  1761 ;  col.  com.  of  art. 
Apr.  25, 1777 ;  maj.-gen.  Feb.  19,  1779 ;  lieut.- 
gen.  Sept.  28,  1787  ;  gen.  Jan.  26,  1797  ;  app. 
adjt.-gen.  in  America,  July  11, 1776 ;  sent  bome 
with  despatches  after  the  battle  of  Monmouth. 
He  accomp.  the  expcd.  against  Charleston  in 
1780,  and  com.  at  New  York  after  the  capture 
of  that  city. 

Pattison,  Robert  Everett,  D.D.  (B.U. 
1838),  clergyman  and  teacher,  b.  Benson,  Vt., 
Aug.  19,  isOO.  Amh.  Coll.  1826.  Tutor  in 
Col.  Coll.,  D.C. ;  ord.  as  a  Baptist  minister  at 
Salem  in  Sept.  1829;  and  in  Mar.  1830  settled 
as  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  in  Prov- 
idence R.I. ;  he  was  afterward  prof.,  and  in 
1836-40  pres.,  of  Watcrville  Coll.,  Me.  Re- 
suming his  pastoral  charge  at  Providence,  he 
was  elected  a  corrcsp.  sec.  of  the  Board  of 
Foreign  Missions  in  1 843 ;  and  in  1 846-8  he  was 
pres.  and  prof,  of  theology  of  the  Baptist  Theol. 
Inst,  at  Covington,  Ky. ;  he  was  a  prof,  in  the 
Newton  Theol.  Sem.,  Ms.,  in  1848-53;  was 
again  for  a  few  years  pres.  of  Watcrville  Coll. ; 
was  subsequently  at  the  head  of  the  Oread  Fe- 
male Inst,  at  Worcester,  Ms.;  now  (1871)  prof, 
in  the  Chicago  Coll.  Besides  contributions  to 
periodicals,  and  addresses,  be  has  pub.  a  "  Com- 
mentary on  the  Epistle  to  the  Ephcsians,"  1859 ; 
"Eulogy  on  Rev.  J.  Chaplin,  D.D.,"  1841. 

Paul,  Gabriel  Rene,  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Mo.  West  Point,  1834.  Entering  the  7th 
Inf.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  Oct.  26,  1836  ;  capt. 
Apr.  19,  1846 ;  disting.  himself  in  the  Florida 
war  in  1842,  and  at  Cerro  Gordo  and  Contreras ; 
was  brev.  maj.  for  gallantry  at  Chapultepec, 
Scot.  13,  1847;  became  maj.  8th  Inf.  Apr.  20 


FATJ 


696 


F-A.Y 


1861  ;  licut.-col.  Apr.  25,  1862;  col.  14th  Inf. 
Sept.  13, 1864 ;  retired,  with  rank  of  bri^r.-gen., 
28  July,  1866.  He  exhibited  great  gallantry 
in  expelling  the  Confederates  from  New  Mexico 
in  1861-2;  was  made  brig -gen.  vols.  Sept.  5, 
1862 ;  engaged  at  Fredericksburg,  ChanccUors- 
ville,  and  at  Gettysburg,  where  he  was  severely 
wounded,  and  deprived  of  the  sight  of  both 
eyes  ;  brov.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  for  Gettysburg. 
Paulding,  Hikam,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Westchester  Co.,  N.Y.,  Dec.  11, 1797.  Son  of 
John,  one  of  the  captors  of  Andre'.  Midshipm. 
Sept.  1,  1811,  and  was  in  Com.  Macdonough's 
victory  on  Lake  Champlain,  for  which  service 
he  received  a  sword  from  Congress.  Lieut. 
Apr.  27,  1816;  master  com.  Feb.  9,  1837; 
and  accompanied  Porter  in  his  exped.  against 
the  W.  India  pirates  in  1823 ;  attained  the  rank 
of  capt.  Feb.  29,  1844;  and,  in  com.  of  "The 
Vincennos,"  cruised  3  years  in  the  W.  Indies. 
In  1857,  Avhilc  commanding  the  home  squadron, 
he  broke  up  an  exped.  against  Nicaragua, 
headed  by  Gen.  William  Walker,  who  sur- 
rendered with  his  followers,  who  were  disarmed, 
and  sent  to  the  US.  In  Dec.  1860,  Nicaragua 
presented  him  with  a  sword,  and  also  offered  a 
tract  of  land  (which  latter,  however,  the  U.S. 
senate  did  not  allow  him  to  receive),  for  the 
important  service  he  had  rendered  the  republic. 
He  pub  a  "  Journal  of  a  Cruise  among  the 
Islands  of  the  Pacific,"  N.Y.  1831.  He  was 
made  a  rear-adm.  on  the  retired  list  21  Dec. 
1861  ;  com.  N.Y.  navy-yard  1862-5,  and  ren- 
dered great  service  in  preparing  ships  for  the 
different  squadrons,  fitting  and  equipping^  them 
expeditiously  and  efiiciently,  and  also  in  the 
protection  of  public  property  there  during  the 
draft  riots  of  1 863 .  Gov.  Phila.  Naval  Asylum 
1866. 

Paulding,  James  Kirke,  author  and 
politician,  b.  Dutchess  Co.,  N.Y.,22  Aug.  1779 ; 
d.  Hyde  Park,  N.Y.,  5  Apr.  1860.  His  father, 
an  active  Rcvol.  patriot,  a  member  of  the  first 
com.  of  safety  in  Westchester  Co.,  subsequently 
commiss.-gen.  of  N.Y.  Cont.  troops,  retired 
from  service  a  ruined  man,  govt,  refusing  to 
redeem  his  pledges,  and  he  was  imprisoned. 
James,  removing  in  early  life  to  NY.  City, 
became,  by  the  marriage  of  his  sister  to  Wm. 
Irving,  acquainted  with  Washington  Irving, 
with  whom  he  began  in  1807  "Salmagundi," 
which  proved  highly  popular.  His  pamphlet, 
"The  U.S.  and  England,"  introduced  hira  to 
the  political  arena,  and  to  the  notice  of  Pres. 
Madison.  In  1814  he  was  made  sec.  of  the 
board  of  navy  commiss. ;  was  subsequently  for 
12  years  navy  agent  at  NY. ;  and  was  sec.  of 
the  navy  in  1839-41.  He  was  an  elegant  and 
facile  essayist,  and  excelled  in  humorous 
satire.  "  Among  his  works  arc  "  The  Divert- 
ing Hist,  of  John  Bull  and  Bro.  Jonathan," 
1812  ;  "John  Bull  in  America,"  1824  ;  "Let- 
ters from  the  South,"  1815  ;  "  The  Backwoods- 
man," a  poem,  1818;  "Sketch  of  Old  Eng- 
land by  a  N.  Eng.  Man,"  12mo,  1822;  "  Ko- 
nigsmark ;  "  "  Three  Wise  Men  of  Gotham," 
1826;  "Dutchman's  Fireside;"  "Westward 
Ho ; "  "  Life  of  Washington,"  1835  ;  "  Slavery 
in  the  U.S.,"  1836;  "The  Old  Continental;" 
"The  Painter  and  his  Daughter;  "  and  with 
his  son,  William  I.  Paulding,  a  vol.  of  Araer. 


Plays,  1847.  He  contrib.  to  the  periodicals  of 
the  day.  Several  of  his  works  have  been 
translated,  and  pub.  abroad.  — See  Lit.  Life  of, 
by  his  Son  Win.  I,  12mo,  1867. 

Paulding,  John,  one  of  the  captors  of 
Andre,  b.  1 758  ;  d.  Staatsburg,  N. Y.,  Feb.  1 8, 
1818.  Three  times  a  prisoner  during  the  war ; 
he  escaped  the  second  time  4  days  before  Andre 
was  taken ;  the  third  time  he  was  released  by 
the  peace.  Paulding,  Van  Wart,  and  Williams 
received  from  Congress  a  silver  medal,  inscribed 
on  one  side  "  Fidelity,"  and  on  the  other 
"  Vincit  Ainor  Patrice,"  also  an  annuity  of 
$200.  A  marble  monument  was  in  1 827  erected 
to  his  memory  in  the  churchyard  near  Peekskill 
village  by  the  corporation  of  New  York. 

Pauw,  Cornelius  de,  sometimes  called 
Nicolas,  a  Dutch  hist,  writer,  b.  Amsterdam, 
1739;  d.  Xanten,  1799.  He  was  educated  at 
Gottingen  ;  was  for  a  time  canon  of  Xanten  in 
the  duchy  of  Cleves,  and  afterward  reader  to 
Frederick  11.  of  Prussia,  He  was  a  man  of 
great  learning,  and  pub.  "  Recherches  sur  les 
Americains,"  8vo,  1770,  Berlin,  followed  by  a 
defence  of  the  same. 

Paxton,  Charles,  loyalist;  d.  Norfolk 
Co.,  Eng.,  Mar.  1788,  a.  84.  One  of  the  most 
active  and  efficient  of  the  agents  of  the  crown 
in  suggesting  and  carrying  out  the  measures 
which  brought  on  the  lievol.  In  1769  he  and 
his  associates  were  posted  in  the  Boston  Ga- 
zette by  James  Otis.  This  card  caused  the  as- 
sault by  Robinson,  resulting  in  injuries  which 
deprived  Otis  of  reason.  Paxton  was  the  head 
of  the  commissions  of  customs  at  Boston,  and, 
though  a  man  of  finished  politeness  and  cour- 
teous manners,  was  exceedingly  obnoxious. 
He  made  frequent  visits  to  Eng.,  and  was  in 
the  confidence  of  the  minister  Charles  Towns- 
bend,  and  was  one  of  the  writers  of  the  famous 
letters  sent  home  by  Franklin  in  1773.  He 
went  to  Eng.  in  1776;  was  proscribed,  bau- 
ished,  and  his  estate  confiscated,  —  Sabine. 

Paxton,  Elisha  Franklin,  brig.-gen. 
C.S.A.,  b.  Rockbridge  Co.,  Va.,  Mar.  4,  1828  ; 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville,  Va., 
M:iy  2,  1863.  Y.C.  1847.  He  was  educated 
at  theVa.  Milit.  Acad,  at  Lexington.  He  was 
pres.  of  a  bank  in  Lynchburg  when  the  Rebel- 
lion broke  out,  and  shortly  after  com.  a  Va. 
regt.  "  Stonewall "  Jack.son,  who  was  strong- 
ly attached  to  him,  made  him  his  adj. -gen.,  and, 
when  promoted  to  com.  an  army  corps,  ob- 
tained for  him  the  grade  of  brig.-gen.  and  the 
com.  of  the  "  Stonewall  Brigade."  He  served 
at  Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  and  Chancellors- 
ville, and  was  killed  on  the  same  evening  on 
which  Jackson  was  mortally  wounded.  —  Ob. 
Rec.  Yale  Coll. 

Paxton,  Joseph  Rupert,  b.  1827.  U.  of 
Pa.  Member  of  the  Pa.  bar;  in  U.S.  milit. 
service  1861-5.  Author  of  "Jewelry  and  the 
Pi'ecious  Stones,"  8vo,  1856  ;  translation  into 
French  of  "  Reveries  of  a  Bachelor ; "  dramatic 
versions  of  Dickens's  stories  for  the  Phila. 
theatres  ;  translator  of  French  plays ;  and  con- 
trib, to  periodicals.  Edited  the  Biza)re,  1854- 
5,  and  pub.  in  1856  Nott's  translation  of  the 
Epithalamium  of  Johannes  Secundus. 

Payne,  Col.  Duval,  b.  Fairi'ax  Co.,  Va., 
1764;   d.  Mason  Co.,  Ky.,  21  June,  1830.     A 


-PATS^ 


697 


FKA 


soldier  of  the  Revol.,  after  which  he  m.  adau. 
of  Maj.  Huf^h  Brent  of  Pr.  Wm.  Co.,  and  in 
1789  settled  on  i\  farm  near  Lexington,  Ky. 
He  served  under  Gen.  C.  Scott  in  the  Indian 
campaign  of  1791,  and  com.  a  batt.  of  cav.,  and 
was  disting.  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  5  Oct. 
1813. 

Payne,  John  Howard,  actor  and  drama- 
tist, b.  New  York,  June  9,  1792;  d.  Tunis, 
Africa,  Apr.  10,  18.52.  His  precocity  was  won- 
derful. At  13,  while  clerk  in  a  counting-house, 
he  edited  a  weekly  paper,  the  Thespian  Mirror; 
in  1807  he  pub.  2.5  Nos.  of  a  periodical  called 
the  Pastime;  Feb.  26,  1809,  he  made  a  highly 
successful  debut  at  the  Park  Theatre  as  Young 
Norval ;  he  next  appeared  in  Boston,  and  in 
the  following  spring  played  Hamlet  and  other 
leading  parts  in  New  York;  in  1812-13  he 
played  successfully  at  Drury  Lane,  also  in  Ire- 
land and  in  the  provincial  theatres.  While  in 
London,  he  produced  a  host  of  dramas,  chiefly 
adaptations  from  the  French,  in  one  of  which, 
"  Clari,  or  the  Maid  of  Milan,"  occurs  his  fa- 
mous song  of  "  Home,  Sweet  Home,"  which 
made  the  fortunes  of  all  concerned  except  the 
author.  In  1826-7  he  edit,  in  Lond.  a  dramatic 
paper  called  the  OperaGlass.  He  was  a  corresp. 
of  Coleridge  and  Charles  Lamb.  His  tragedy 
of  "Brutus"  was  successfully  produced  at 
Drury  Lane,  Dec.  4,  1818.  He  returned  home 
in  Aug.  1832  ;  was  a  contrib.  to  the  Democ.  Re- 
view in  1838;  was  app.  consul  to  Tunis  in 
1841 ;  was  recalled  in  1845,  and  re-appointed  in 
1851.  An  interesting  Memoir  of  Payne,  by 
his  friend  T.  S.  Fay,  appeared  in  the  N.  Y.  Mir- 
ror in  1832.  Also  author  of  "Lisping  of  the 
Muse,"  juvenile  poems,  1815;  Account  of 
East  Hampton  in  Democ.  Review;  and  a  series 
of  papers  on  our  Neglected  Poets;  the  plays 
of  Virginius,  and  Charles  the  Second.  The 
U.  S.  govt,  has  erected  a  monument  over  his 
remains  in  the  cemetery  of  St.  George  at  Tu- 
nis. 

Payne,  Matthew  Modntjot,  col. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Goochland  Co.,  Va.  App.  lieut. 
20th  Inf.  March,  1812;  capt.  March,  1814; 
maj.  2d  Art.  Dec.  17,  1836  ;  lieut.-col.  4th  Art. 
June  27,  1843;  acting  insp.-gen.  to  Gen.  Tay- 
lor ;  brev.  col.  for  battles  of  Palo  Alto  and  R. 
de  la  Palma,  May  9,  1846,  in  the  latter  of 
which  he  was  severely  wounded  ;  col.  2d  Art. 
Nov.  11,  1856;  gov.  Military  Asylum,  D.C., 
Nov.  18.54-March,  1858;  resigned  July  23, 
1861.  He  resided  in  Richmond,  and,  during 
the  Rebellion,  avowed  his  loyalty  to  the  Union. 

Payson,  Edward,  D.D.  (Bowd.  1821), 
clergyman,  b.  Rindge,  N.H.,  July  25,  1783  ;  d. 
Portland,  Me.,  Oct.  22, 1827.  H.U.  1803.  He 
had  charge  of  an  acad.  in  Portland  3  years ; 
then  studied  theology  under  his  father.  Rev. 
Seth  of  Rindge.  Licensed  to  preach  May  20, 
1807  ;  and  Dec.  16  was  ord.  colleague  of  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Kellogg  of  the  Cong.  Church  in 
Portland,  where  he  remained  until  his  death. 
He  was  a  man  of  exalted  piety  and  unquench- 
able zeal.  His  Works,  with  a  Memoir  by  Asa 
Cummings,  D.D.,  were  pub.  in  3  vols.  8vo,  1 846. 

Payson,  Phillips,  D  D.  (H.U.  1800), 
minister  of  Chelsea,  Ms.,  from  Oct  26, 1757,  to 
his  d.  Jan.  11, 1801 ;  b.  Walpole,  Ms.,  Jan.  18, 
1736.     H.U.  1754.    A  descendant  of  Edward 


of  Roxbury,  1649.  He  was  a  zealous  patriot 
of  the  Revol. ;  disting.  as  a  classical  scholar, 
an  energetic  and  pathetic  preacher.  His  tracts 
on  astron.  and  nat.  philos.  are  in  the  "  Trans. of 
the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences."  He  pub.  some 
sermons,  among  them  Battle  of  Lexington, 
1782  ;  Death  of  Washington,  1800. 

Payson,  Seth,  D.D.  (Dartm.  1809),  min- 
ister of  Rindge,  N.H.,  from  Dec.  4,  1782,  to 
his  d.  Feb.  26,  1820  ;  b.  Walpole,  Ms.,  Sept. 
29,  1758.  H.U.  1777.  Bro.  of  Rev.  Phillips. 
He  pub.  "  Proofs  of  Illuminism,"  an  abstract 
of  Robinson  and  Barruel,  12mo,  1802;  and 
some  sermons.  —  Sprafjue. 

Peabody,  Andrew  Preston,  D.D.  (H.U. 
1852),  LL.D.  (Roch.  1863),  clergyman  and 
scholar,  b.  Beverly,  Ms.,  Mar.  19,  1811.  H.U. 
1826;  tutor  1832-3.  He  spent  3  years  in 
teaching,  then  studied  3  years  at  the  Camb. 
Divinity  School.  From  Oct.  23,  1833,  until 
Sept.  1, 1860,  he  was  settled  in  the  South  Parish 
Church  of  Portsmouth,  N.H.  He  then  became 
preacher,  and  Plummer  prof,  of  Christian  mor- 
als in  H.U.  He  was  for  several  years  a  leading 
wiiter  for  the  American  Monthl//  and  N.  E. 
Mag.,  and  long  a  principal  contrib.  to  the 
Christian  Examiner.  For  nearly  a  quarter 
of  a  century  he  was  connected  with  the  N.  A. 
Review,  which  he  edited  in  1852-61.  He  has 
pub.  more  than  100  sermons,  orations,  tracts, 
&c. ;  a  vol.  of  "  Lectures  on  Christian  Doc- 
trine," 1844  ;  "  Sermons  of  Consolation,"  1847; 
"  Conversation,  its  Faults  and  Graces,"  1856  ; 
"Christianity  the  Religion  of  Nature,"  1864; 
"Sermons  for  Children,"  1866;  "Reminis- 
cences of  European  Travel,"  1868;  also  com- 
piler of  a  Sunday-school  Hymn-Book.  He  has 
written  Memoirs,  and  edited  the  writings  of 
Rev.  Jason  Whitman  ;  James  Kinnard,  jun. ; 
J.  W.  Foster  ;  Charles  A.  Cheever,  M.  D. ; 
and  Gov.  Wm.  Plumer.  His  review  articles 
cover  most  of  the  social  and  educational  ques- 
tions of  the  day,  with  the  discussion  of  many 
miscellaneous  topics. 

Peabody,  Elizabeth  Palmer,  b.  Bilie- 
rica,  Ms.,  1804,  dau.  of  Dr.  N.  Peabody,  resided 
at  Salem ;  in  1822,  became  a  teacher,  and  sub- 
sequently a  bookseller  in  Boston.  Author  of 
"  Records  of  a  School ; "  "  Spiritual  Culture  ;  " 
"The  Present;"  "Introd.  to  Grammar;" 
"  First  Steps  to  History  ; "  "  Keys  to  Gre- 
cian and  Hebrew  History ;  "  Memorial  of  Dr. 
Wm.  Wesselhocft,"1859;  translations  and  pa- 
pers in  various  [leriodicals ;  with  her  sister  Mary 
(Mrs.  Horace  Mann),  "Moral  Culture  of  In- 
fancy ;  "  and  "  Kindergarten  Guide,"  1863. 

Peabody,  Ephraim,  D.D.,  Unitarian  cler- 
gyman and  writer,  b.  Wilton,  N.H.,  Mar.  22, 
1807;  d.  Boston,  Nov.  28,  1856.  Bowd.  Coll. 
1827;  D.D.  1848.  He  studied  theology  at 
Cambridge;  began  to  preach  in  1830  at  Mead- 
ville.  Pa. ;  preached  4  years  in  Cincinnati,  and 
in  the  Federal-st.  Church  during  Dr.  Gannett's 
absence  in  Europe  in  1837  ;  and  was  settled  in 
New  Bedford  from  May,  1838,  to  Jan.  18, 1846, 
when  he  became  pastor  of  King's  Chapel,  Bos- 
ton. He  took  the  deepest  concern  in  devising 
measures  for  the  relief  of  the  poor.  The  Boston 
Provident  Society  owed  its  original  establish- 
ment to  his'suggestion  and  his  efforts.  During 
the  spring  and  summer  of  1853  he  travelled 


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PE^ 


over  Europe  for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  and 
spent  the  winter  of  1855-6  in  St.  Augustine 
with  the  same  object.  As  a  preacher,  he  was 
in  the  hij^hest  degree  impressive.  His  sermons, 
with  a  Memoir,  were  pub.  8vo,  1857  ;  "  Chris- 
tian Davs  and  Thoughts,"  1858. 

Peabody,  Geouge,  D.C.L.  (Oxon.  1867), 
banker  and  philanthropist,  b.  S.  Danvers,  Ms., 
18  Feb.  1795  ;  d.  Lond.  4  Nov.  1869.  At  the 
age  of  1 1  he  became  a  clerk  in  a  grocery-store  ; 
in  1812-13  he  was  a  clerk  in  his  uncle's  store 
in  Georgetown,  D.C. ;  he  became  a  partner 
with  Elisha  Riggs  in  the  dry-goods  trade  in 
New  York,  afterward  in  Baltimore  ;  and  in 
July,  1843,  established  himself  in  London  as  a 
banker,  his  house  becoming  the  headquarters 
of  his  countrymen  in  that  city.  His  benefac- 
tions were  numerous,  and  were  on  a  princely 
scale.  In  1852  he  gave  to  his  native  town 
$20,000  towards  founding  an  institute,  lyceum, 
and  library,  afterward  increasing  it  to  $200,000. 
He  contrib.  $10,000  to  the  first  Grinnell  expcd. 
to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  and  in  1 857  gave  $300,000 
to  found  an  institute  of  science,  literature,  and 
the  fine  arts,  in  Baltimore,  which  he  subse- 
quently increased  to  $1,400,000.  For  the  bene- 
fit of  the  poor  of  London  he  gave  in  1862 
j6500,000  ;  in  recognition  of  which  the  Queen 
presented  Mr.  Peabody  with  her  portrait,  the 
city  of  London  gave  him  its  freedom  in  a 
gold  box,  and  the  citizens  erected  to  his  mem- 
ory a  fine  statue.  In  Oct.  1866  he  gave  to 
H.U.  $150,000  to  establish  a  museum  and 
professorship  of  Araer.  archaeology  and  ethnol- 
ogy ;  to  the  Southern  Educational  Fund, 
created  in  1866,  he  gave  $2,000,000;  and  to 
found  a  geol.  branch  at  Yale  Coll.,  $150,000. 

Peabody,  Nathaniel,  physician,  soldier, 
and  statesman,  b.  Topsfield,  Ms.,  Mar.  1, 1741 ; 
d.  Exeter,  June  27, 1823.  He  studied  and  prac- 
tised with  his  father,  a  physician,  who  had 
removed  to  Leominster  in  1745,  and  who  d. 
there  in  1758.  He  settled  at  Plaistow,  N.H., 
ab.  1761,  and  soon  acquired  extensive  practice. 
He  was  comrais.  a  lieut.-col.  in  1774,  and  was 
the  first  man  in  N.H.  to  resign  the  king's  com- 
mission on  account  of  political  opinions.  In 
Dec.  1774  he  was  one  of  the  captors  of  Fort 
William  and  Mary  at  Newcastle.  He  was 
constantly  employed  in  the  legisl,  in  committees 
and  in  conventions  during  the  early  part  of 
the  war;  and  was  some  time  chairman  of  the 
com.  of  safety  and  other  committees,  to  whom 
were  referred  subjects  of  the  greatest  impor- 
tance. App.  in  July,  1777,  adj.-gen.  of  the  State 
militia,  he  served  in  that  capacity  in  1779,  in 
R.I.,  under  Gen.  Whipple;  delegate  to  the 
convention  at  New  Haven,  1779,  for  regulating 
the  price  of  labor,  manufactures,  produce,  &c., 
and  for  other  purposes  ;  delegate  to  Congress 
in  1779-80;  delegate  to  the  convention,  and 
chairman  of  the  com.,  to  form  the  State  con- 
stitution in  1782-3  ;  was  for  several  successive 
years  in  the  legisl.;  councillor;  senator;  brig.- 
gen.;  chairman  of  various  committees,  &c. ; 
speaker  of  the  house  in  1793;  and  maj.-gen.  of 
militia  from  1793  to  1798.  One  of  the  founders 
of  the  N.H.  Med.  Society  in  1790.  During 
several  of  the  last  years  of  his  life,  he  was  con- 
fined to  the  limits  of  the  prison  at  Exeter  for 
debt.  — N.H.  Hist.  Colls. 


Peabody,  Oliver  William  Bouen,  twin- 
bro.  of  W.  B.  O.,  journalist  and  clergyman,  b. 
Exeter,  N.H.,  July  9, 1799 ;  d.  Burlington,  Vt., 
July  5,  1848.  H.U.  1816.  He  practised  law 
in  Exeter  1 1  years,  at  the  same  time  editing 
the  Rockinf/hum  Gazette  and  Exeter  News-Letter, 
and  serving  in  the  State  legisl. ;  and  removed 
to  Boston  in  1830,  assisting  his  bro.-in-law,  A. 
H.  Everett,  in  editing  the  N.  A.  Review.  He 
was  for  several  years  assist,  editor  of  the  Bos- 
ton Daily  Advertiser.  From  1836  to  1842  he 
was  register  of  probate  in  Suftblk  Co.;  in  1842 
he  accepted  the  professorship  of  Eng.  literature 
in  Jeff.  Coll.,  La.,  hoping  to  repair  his  shattered 
health  by  a  residence  in  a  milder  climate.  Fail- 
ing in  this,  he  returned  to  Boston,  where  in 
1845  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Unitarian 
Assoc.  He  soon  after  became  the  minister  of 
a  cong.  in  Burlington,  Vt.  Both  brothers  were 
men  of  eminent  natural  endowment,  of  ripe 
scholarship,  of  gentle  and  affectionate  tempers. 
He  edited  Shakspeare,  7  vols.  Svo,  Boston, 
1844;  contrib.  to  Goodrich's  "  Token  ;  "  also 
Lives  of  Putnam  and  Sullivan  to  Sparks^s 
"American  Biography.'' 

Peabody,  William  Bourn  Oliver, 
D.D.  (H.U.  1842),  Unitarian  clergyma,n,  b. 
Exeter,  N.H.,  July  9, 1799 ;  d.  Springfield,  Ms., 
May  28,  1847.  H.U.  1816.  Son  of  Judge 
Oliver,  and,  with  his  twin-bro.  O.  W.  B.,  was 
educated  at  Phillips  Acad,  and  at  H.U.  Wm. 
studied  theology  at  Cambridge;  and  in  1820 
was  settled  over  the  new  Unit,  society  in  Spring- 
field, where  he  ministered  to  the  close  of  his 
life.  He  was  an  accomplished  belles-lettres 
scholar  and  poet.  Contrib.  to  the  N.  A.  Re- 
view, among  other  articles,  the  review  of  Au- 
dubon's magnificent  work,  beside  contrib.  to 
the  Christian  Examiner.  He  contrib.  to  Sparks's 
Biograph.  Lives  of  Alex.  Wilson,  Cotton 
Mather,  David  Brainerd,  James  Oglethorpe, 
and  John  Sullivan.  In  1837,  Gov.  Everett  se- 
lected Dr.  Peabody  to  prepare  a  Report  on  the 
Birds  of  Ms.  After  his  death,  a  vol.  of  his  ser- 
mons was  pub.,  together  with  a  Memoir  of  his 
life  by  his  bro.  Oliver;  and  in  1850 his  Literary 
Remains  were  edited  by  his  son  Col.  Everett 
Peabody  (killed  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  April 
6, 1862,  a.  31;  H.U.  1849).  The  latter  was  made 
col.  of  13th,  afterwards  25th,  Mo.  Vols,  Sept.  1, 
1861.  Before  the  war,  he  was  an  engineer  and 
constructor  of  railroads  in  the  West. 

Peale,  Charles  Wilson,  portrait-painter, 
b.  of  Eng.  parents  at  Chestertown,  Md.,  April 
16,  1741 ;  d.  Phila.  Feb.  22, 1827.  He  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  saddler ;  carried  on  successively 
the  trades  of  saddler,  harness-maker,  silver- 
smith, watchmaker,  and  carver;  and  after- 
wards, as  a  recreation  from  his  sedentary  prac- 
tice of  portrait-painting,  became  a  sportsman, 
naturalist,  and  preserver  of  animals;  made 
himself  a  violin  and  guitar ;  invented  and  exe- 
cuted a  variety  of  machines  ;  and  was  the  first 
dentist  in  the  country  that  made  sets  of  enamel 
teeth.  At  the  age  of  26  he  obtained  instruc- 
tion in  painting  from  Hesselius,  and  afterwards 
from  Copley  in  Boston.  By  friendly  aid  he 
was  enabled  in  1770-1  to  study  in  the  Royal 
Acad,  at  London  under  the  direction  of  West. 
In  1772  he  painted  the  first  picture  of  Wash- 
ington as  a  Va.  col ;  on  his  return  he  opened 


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699 


I»KO 


a  picture-gallery  in  Phila.,  and  was  for  ab.  15 
years  the  only  portrait-painter  in  N.  A.  Dur- 
ing the  war  he  was  often  employed  in  confiden- 
tial services,  and  at  Trenton  and  Germantown 
headed  a  company  Avliich  he  had  raised.  He 
represented  Phila.  in  the  State  Icgisl.  in  1777. 
He  painted  the  portraits  of  many  disting.  Revol. 
officers ;  opened  the  first  museum  in  the  coun- 
try, for  which  he  procured  almost  an  entire 
skeleton  of  the  mammoth ;  and  was  the  first  to 
lecture  on  the  interesting  and  now  popular  sub- 
ject of  nat.  history.  He  was  prominent  in  the 
early  attempts  to  establish  an  acad.  of  the  fine 
arts,  and,  when  that  of  Pa.  was  founded,  he  co- 
operated zealously,  and  contrib.  to  17  annual 
exhibitions.  He  pub.  an  essay  on  "  Building 
Wooden  Bridges,"  8vo,  1797  ;  "Lectures  on 
Nat.  History,"  8vo,  1800;  "Preservation  of 
Health;"  "Domestic  Happiness,"  8vo,  1813; 
"Address  to  the  Corp.  of  Phila.,"  1816;  "Econ- 
omy in  Fuel,"  in  "  Trans.  Amer.  Soc,"  v.  320. 
Raphael,  his  eldest  son,  also  a  painter,  d. 
Phila.  March,  1825,  a.  52. 

Peale,  Rembrandt,  painter,  son  of  the 
preceding,  b.  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  Feb.  22, 1778 ;  d. 
Phila.  Oct.  3,  1860.  He  early  evinced  talent 
as  a  draughtsman,  and,  having  a  strong  desire 
to  paint  the  portrait  of  Washington,  accom- 

f)lished  his  purpose  in  Sept.  1795.  He  estab- 
ished  himself  as  a  port.-pamter  in  Charleston, 
S.C,  in  1796,  and,  between  1801  and  1804,  stud- 
ied under  West  in  London.  He  next  went  to 
Paris,  where  he  passed  several  years,  and  exe- 
cuted portraits  of  eminent  men  tor  his  father's 
museum.  Returning  to  Phila.  in  1809,  he 
painted  many  portraits,  and  also  two  well- 
known  pictures,  the  "  Roman  Daughter  "  and 
the  "  Court  of  Death."  The  latter,  24  feet  in 
length  by  13  in  breadth,  contained  23  figures, 
and,  by  exhibition  in  the  chief  cities  of  the  U.S., 
brought  him  a  large  sum  of  money.  During 
the  winter  of  1859-60  he  lectured  in  the  princi- 
pal cities  on  the  portraits  of  Washington.  He 
pub.  "  Hist.  Disquis.  on  the  Mammoth,"  8vo, 
1803;  "Notes  on  Italy,"  1831;  "Portfolio  of 
an  Artist,"  1839;  "Biog.  of  C.  W.  Peale;" 
"Reminiscences  on  Art  and  Artists;  and  a 
small  treatise  on  elementary  drawing,  entitled 
"  Graphics,"  1845.  He  contrib.  to  the  Cincin. 
Literary  Gazette  in  1824. 

Pearce.  —  See  also  Peirce  and  Pierce. 

Pearee,  Col.  Cromwell,  b.  Willistown, 
Pa.,  Aug.  13,  1772;  d.  April  2,  1852.  He  was 
brought  up  a  farmer ;  was  a  capt.  of  militia  in 
1793;  1st  lieut.  10th  Inf.  1799;  and  col.  16th 
U.S.  Inf.  in  July,  1812.  He  took  a  disting. 
part  in  the  capture  of  York,  April  27,  1813; 
and  at  Chrystler's  Field,  on  the  fall  of  his  lead- 
er, took  the  com.  In  1816  he  became  sheriff 
of  Chester  Co.;  and  in  1825-39  was  associate 
judge  of  the  County  Court.  —  Notce  Cestriensis. 

Pearce,  Dutee  J.,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Apr.  1789;  d.  Newport,  R.  I.,  9  May,  1849. 
Brown  U.  1808.  A  prominent  lawyer ;  served 
in  the  R.  I.  legisl.;  atty.-gen.  of  R.I.  1819-25; 
afterward  U.S.  dist.-atty. ;  M.C.  1825-33  and 
1835-7. 

Pearce,  James  Alfred,  LL.D.,  U.S.  sen- 
ator in  1843-62,  b.  Alexandria,  Va.,  Dec.  14, 
1805;  d.  ChestertOAvn,  Md.,  Dec.  24,  1862. 
N.J.  Coll.  1822.    He  was  bred  to  the  law,  but 


was  much  engaged  in  agriculture ;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Md.  legisl.  in  1831 ;  M.C.  in  1835-9 
and  1841-3 ;  prof,  of  law  in  Wash.  Coll.,  Ches- 
tertown ;  and  a  regent  of  the  Smithsonian  Inst. 
In  the  senate  he  was  an  earnest  advocate  of 
the  coast-survey ;  and,  though  a  memb(ir  of  the 
Democratic  party,  was  ardently  devoted  to  the 
preservation  of  the  Union. 

Pearson,  Elipiialet,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  I802), 
b.  Newbury,  Ms.,  June  11,  1752;  d.  Greenland, 
N.H.,  Sept.  12,  1826.  H.U.  1773.  Prof,  of 
Hebrew  and  Oriental  languages  at  H.U.  1786- 
1806;  ord.  Sept.  28,  1808;  first  prof,  of  sacred 
lit.  at  And.  Theol.  Sem.  1808-9.  He  delivered 
a  valuable  course  of  lectures  on  language  at 
Cambridge,  where  he  also  lectured  on  gram- 
mar and  taught  rhetoric  with  great  success. 
He  pub.  some  occasional  discourses,  and  a 
Lecture  on  the  death  of  Pres.  Willard,  1804. 

Pearson,  George  F.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N., 
b.  Exeter,  N.IL,  1799;  d.  Portsmouth,  N.H., 
June  30,  1867.  Midshipm.  March  11,  1815; 
lieut.  Jan.  13,  1825;  com.  Sept.  8,  1841 ;  capt. 
Sept.  14,  1855;  rear-adm.  July  25,  1866;  re- 
tired July  16, 1862.  In  1837,  while  at  Constan- 
tinople in  com.  of  the  U.S.  schooner  "  Shark," 
he  was  offered  by  the  Sultan  the  com.  of  his 
navy,  with  the  rank  of  adm.  and  the  salary  of 
$10,000  per  annum.  Lieut.  Pearson  promptly 
declined  the  honor.  He  disting.  himself  by 
breaking  up  the  haunts  of  pirates  who  infested 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  seizing  and  sinking  their 
vessels,  and  clearing  our  waters  effectually  of 
those  marauders.  In  1865-6  he  com.  the  Pa- 
cific squadron. 

Pease,  Calvin,  D.D.  (Mid.  Coll.  1855), 
clerjiyman,  b.  Canaan,  Ct.,  Aug.  12,  1813;  d. 
Burlington,  Vt.,  Sept.  17,  1863.  U.  of  Vt. 
1838.  He  worked  on  his  father's  farm  in 
Cliarlotte,  Vt.,  from  1826  to  1832;  was  princi- 
pal of  the  Montpelier  Acad,  in  1838-42  ;  prof, 
of  Greek  and  Latin  in  the  Vt.  U.  1842-Dec. 
1855,  when  he  became  pres.  of  that  institu- 
tion. In  Jan.  1862  he  took  charge  of  the  1st 
Presb.  Church,  Rochester,  N.Y. ;  in  1863  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Amer,  Philos.  Socie- 
ty. He  pub.  a  "Discourse  on  the  Import  and 
Value  of  the  Popular  Lecturing  of  the  Day," 
1842;  "Classical  Studies,"  in  the  Bibliotheca 
Sacra,  July,  1852  ;  "  The  Distinctive  Idea  of 
Preaching,"  1853;  "Characteristics  of  the 
Eloquence  of  the  Pulpit,"  1838;  "The  Idea 
of  the  N.E.  College,"  1856 ;  and  a  number  of 
occasional  sermons. 

Pease,  Calvin,  jurist,  b.  Suffield,  Ct., 
Sept.  9,  1776;  d.  Warren,  0.,  Sept.  17,  1839. 
He  studied  law  with  Gideon  Grainger,  and, 
after  practising  in  his  native  State,  went  to 
Ohio  in  1800.  He  was  in  the  Ohio  legisl.; 
was  active  in  forming  the  State  govt. ;  in  1 803- 
10  was  pres.  judge  of  the  C.C.P. ;  and  in 
181G-30  was  judge,  and  some  time  chief  judge, 
of  the  Supreme  Court;  State  senator  in  1812. 

Peaslee,  Edmund  Randolph,  M.D.  (Y.C. 
1840),  b.  Newtown,  N.H.  1814.  D.C.  1836. 
Prof,  of  anat.  and  physiol.  D.C  1840-2;  of 
anat.  and  surgery  in  the  Me.  Med.  School 
1843-51  ;  and  of  physiol.  and  pathology  in 
N.Y.  Med.  Coll.  since  1851.  Author  of  "Hu- 
man  Histology,"  &c.,  1857. — Allibone. 

Peck,  George,  D.D.  (Aug.  Coll.),  clergy- 


FEC 


700 


i>Er) 


man  and  author,  b.  Auj?.  8, 1797.  He  entered 
the  ministry  of  theM.E.  Church  in  1816  ;  was 
principal  of  the  Oneida  Conf.  Sem.  in  1835-9  ; 
was  in  1840  app.  editor  of  the  Quarterly  Re- 
view, and  of  the  books  of  the  Meth.  Book  Con- 
cern ;  and  editor  of  the  Christ.  Advocate  and 
Joumal'm  \ 848-52.  He  has  been  a  member 
of  9  successive  gen.  conferences,  and  represent- 
ed 4  annual  conferences.  He  has  pub.  "  An 
Examination  of  Universalism  ;  "  "  The  Lives 
of  the  Apostles  and  Evangelists  ;"  "  Christian 
Perfection ; "  "  Rule  of  Faith ; "  "  Reply  to  Dr. 
Lectures  to  Young  Men  ;  "  "  Elarly  Methodism 
Bascom  on  Slavery ;  "  "  Wyoming,  its  History 
and  Incidents,"  1858;  "Manly  Character, 
in  the  Genesee  Conference,  from  1788  to  1828," 
1860 ;  "  Our  Country,  its  Trials  and  Tri- 
umphs," 12mo,  1865. 

Peck,  George  W.,  editor  and  author,  b. 
Rehoboth,  Ms.,  Dec.  4,  1817;  d.  Boston,  June 
6, 1859.  B.U.  1837.  His  boyhood  was  passed 
on  his  father's  farm.  After  graduating,  he 
was  a  teacher  at  the  West;  edited  in  Cincin- 
nati the  Daily  Sun,  and  Republican ;  next 
studied  law  in  Boston,  and  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1843.  He  was  frequently  a  public  lec- 
turer; was  musical  and  dramatic  critic  for 
the  Boston  Post;  in  1845  issued  the  Boston 
Musical  Review ;  was  afterward  connected  with 
the  N.  Y.  Courier  and  Inquirer,  and  Colton's 
Amer.  Review,  Literary  World,  Art  Union  Bul- 
letin, &c.,  till  Feb.  1853,  when  he  went  to 
Australia.  He  pub.  "  Melbourne  and  the 
Chincha  Islands,"  N.Y.  1854.  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  writing  an  essay  on  Shak- 
Bpearc,  a  part  of  which  was  printed  in  the 
Atlantic  Monthly.  —  Duyckinck. 

Peck,  Gex.  John  Jay,  b.  Manlius,  Onon- 
daga Co.,  N.Y.,  Jan.  4,  1821.  West  Point, 
1843.  Entering  the  2d  Art,  he  served  in 
Duncan's  battery  at  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  de  la 
Pal  ma,  and  at  the  siege  of  Monterey ;  in 
1847  he  joined  the  array  of  Scott  at  Vera 
Cruz,  and,  at  the  assault  of  Molino  del  Rey, 
turned  a  captured  gun  upon  the  enemy  with 
great  effect ;  for  this  he  was  brev.  major,  hav- 
ing the  previous  brev.  of  capt.  for  Contreras 
and  Churubusco.  Resigning  31  Mar.  1853, 
he  settled  in  Syracuse  as  a  banker,  and  was  a 
member  of  theDemoc.  nat.  convs.  of  1856  and 
1860.  On  the  breaking-out  of  the  civil  war, 
he  was  made  brig.-gen.  vols.  Aug.  9,  1861, 
and  maj.-gen.  July  4,1862;  he  accomp.  his 
brigade  to  Yorktown  with  the  4th  (Keyes's) 
corps;  arrived  with  re-enforcements  at  a  criti- 
cal period  of  the  battle  of  Williamsburg  ;  was 
at  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks  ;  and,  at  the  siege  of 
Richmond,  defended  the  Chickahominy  below 
the  railroad.  During  the  movement  from 
Tui-key  Creek  to  Harrison's  Landing,  he  com. 
the  rear-guaid.  He  was  engaged  in  defence 
of  Suffolk,  Va.,  Apr.-May,  1863;  and  com. 
and  was  engaged  in  numerous  skirmishes  and 
minor  actions  in  N.C.  in  1863-4  ;  com.  on  the 
Canada  frontier  in  1864-5;  mustered  out  24 
Aug.  1865;  pres.  N.Y.  State  Life  Ins.  Co., 
Syracuse,  since  1866.  —  Cullum. 

Peck,  John  Mason,  D.D.  (H.U.  1852), 
Baptist  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Litchfield, 
Ct.,0ct.31,  1789;  d.  Rock  Spring,  111,  March 
15,  1858.     At  the  age  of  20,  though  very  illite- 


rate, he  resolved  to  devote  himself  to  the  minis- 
try. Removing  to  Greene  Co.,  N.Y.,  in  1811, 
he  was  licensed  to  preach;  was  ord.  at  Cats- 
kill  in  June,  1813  ;  and  in  1814  became  pastor 
of  the  church  in  America,  Duchess  Co.,  N.Y. 
He  went  to  St.  Louis  in  1817;  was  for  the 
next  9  years  an  itinerant  in  Mo.  and  111. ;  or- 
ganized the  first  Bapt.  society  in  St.  Louis  in 
1 826 ;  and  erected  the  edifice  for  the  Rock 
Spring  Sem.,  of  which  he  became  principal.  In 
Apr.  1829  he  began  to  pub.  the  Pioneer,  the  first 
Bapt.  journal  in  the  West.  He  aided  in  found- 
ing Shurtleff  College  in  1835,  and  subsequently 
a  theol.  sem.  in  Covington,  Ky.  He  pub. 
"  Emigrant's  Guide,"  1832  ;  "  Gazetteer  of  Illi- 
nois," 1834;  "Life  of  Daniel  Boone,"  in 
Sparks's  "  Amer.  Biog. ; "  and  a  "  Memoir  of 
Father  Clark,"  a  Western  preacher,  1855;  ed- 
ited "Annals  of  the  West;  "  and  aided  in  es- 
tablishing hist,  societies  in  the  North-western 
States  and  Territories.  —  Forty  Years  of  Pioneer 
Life ;  Memoir  of  J.  M.  Peck,  edited  from  his 
Journals  and  Corresp.  by  Rufus  Babcock,  Phila. 
12mo,  1864. 

Peck,  William  Dandridge,  prof,  of  nat. 
history  at  H.U.  from  Mar.  27,  1805,  to  his  d. 
Oct.  3,  1822  ;  b.  Boston,  May  8,  1763.  H.U. 
1782.  He  passed  some  years  in  a  counting- 
house  in  Boston,  and  then  for  20  years  devot- 
ed himself  to  the  study  of  natural  history. 
Like  his  father  John  Peck,  the  eminent  ship- 
builder of  the  Revol.,  he  was  an  ingenious 
mechanic ;  made  a  microscope  and  the  most 
delicate  instruments  for  which  he  had  occasion. 
He  pub.  an  account  of  the  sea-serpent  in  Me- 
moirs of  the  Amer.  Acad.,  iv. ;  a  catal.  of 
Amer.  and  For.  Plants,  1818;  and  some  other 
articles. 

Peck,  William  G.,  LL.D.,  b.  Litchfield, 
Ct.,  Oct.  16, 1820.  West  Point,  1844.  Lieut, 
of  U.S.  topog.  engrs.,  res.  1855  ;  assist,  prof, 
of  math,  at  W.P.  1847-55  ;  prof,  of  physics 
and  eng.  U.  of  Mich.  1855-7;  prof,  of  math, 
in  Columb.  Coll.  since  1857.  Author  of  "  Ele- 
ments of  Mechanics,"  1859;  (fault's  "Nat. 
Philos.,"  1860;  with  Ch.  Davies,  "  Mathem. 
Dictionary  and  Cyclop,  of  Math.  Science," 
8vo,  1855, 

Pedder,  James,  agriculturist,  b.  Newport, 
Isle  of  Wight,  Eng.,  July  29,  1775;  d.  Rox- 
bury,  Aug.  30,  1859.  He  came  to  Amer.  ab. 
1832  ;  was  engaged  in  the  manuf.  of  sugar  in 
Phila.  several  years ;  and  for  7  years  conducted 
the  Parmer's  Cabinet,  an  agric.  journal  of  great 
merit.  From  1844  till  his  death  he  was  active- 
ly engaged  in  contributing  to  and  editing  the 
Boston  Cultivator.  Several  editions  of  his  fa- 
mous conversations,  entitled  "F'rank,"  have 
been  pub. ;  and  "  The  Yellow  Shoestrings  " 
ran  rapidly  through  1 7  editions  in  Lond.,  and 
two  or  more  in  America  ;  also  author  of  "  Far- 
mer's Land-Measurer,"  18mo,  1854. 

Pedro  I.,  Antonio  Jose  D'Alcantara, 
emperor  of  Brazil,  b.  Oct.  12,  1798;  d.  Sept 
24,  1834.  He  was  taken  to  Brazil  with  the 
rest  of  the  royal  family  in  1808;  m.  the  arch- 
duchess Leopoldine  in  1817;  was  made  re- 
gent on  the  departure  of  his  father.  King  John, 
for  Portugal,  in  1821  ;  became  emperor  of  Bra- 
zil Oct.  12,  1822;  and  on  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther, in  1826,  became  king  of  Portugal,  but  im- 


FEE 


701 


FEI 


mediately  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  infant 
daughter  Donna  Maria,  on  account  of  the  jeal- 
ousies of  the  Brazilians ;  and  was  app.  regent 
of  Portugal  during  her  minority.  Internal  dis- 
sensions caused  him  to  abdicate  in  favor  of  his 
son  Pedro  II,  in  1831 ;  and  he  lived  a  while  in 
Eng.  in  retirement.  His  bro.  Don  Miguel  hav- 
ing usurped  the  throne  of  Portugal,  Pedro's 
fleet,  under  the  com.  of  Admiral  Napier,  sig- 
nally defeated  that  of  Miguel  in  July,  1813;  and 
Donna  Maria  was  restored  to  the  throne.  His 
son  Pedro  II.,  the  present  emperor,  b.  2  Dec. 
1825,  was  crowned  18  July,  1841,  and  Sept. 
4, 1843,  m.  the  princess  Theresa  Christina  Ma- 
ria, dan.  of  Francis  I.,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies. 
Under  his  rule,  Brazil  has  steadily  increased  in 
power  ;  and  internal  improvements  have  been 
actively  carried  on.  Don  P.  possesses  consid- 
erable literary  and  scientific  acquirements, 
and  has  the  enthusiastic  affection  of  his  sub- 
jects. 

Peet,  Harvey  Prindle,  LL.D.,  b.  Beth- 
lehem, Ct.,  1794.  Y.  C.  1822.  From  1822  to 
1831  assoc.  with  Gallaudet  as  an  instructor  in 
the  Hartford  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  ; 
and  since  then  principal  of  the  N.  Y.  Inst,  for 
the  Deaf  and  Dumb.  Author  of  "  Course  of 
Instruction  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,"  4  parts, 
1 844-6 ;  also  author  of  addresses,  reports, 
memoirs,  &c.,  and  contrib.  to  the  "Annals 
for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,"  "  Journal  of  Insan- 
ity," &,c.  A  biog.  sketch  of  Dr.  Peet  is  in 
Barnard's  Journal  of  Education. 

Peet,  Stephen,  missionary  of  Wisconsin, 
b.  Sandgate,  Vt.,  1795;  d.  Chicago,  Mar.  21, 
1855.  Y.C.I  823.  He  preached  seven  years  at 
Euclid,  near  Cleveland,  O, ;  was  afterward  a 
chaplain  at  Buffalo,  editing  the  Bethel  Mag. 
and  Buffalo  Spectator;  became  minister  of 
Green  Bay,  Wis.,  in  1837;  assisted  in  found- 
ing Beloit  Coll.  and  30  churches ;  was  settled 
as  minister  of  Milwaukie ;  afterwards  took 
charge  of  an  institute  at  Batavia,  111.,  and 
was  then  made  agent  of  an  association  in 
Mich,  to  found  a  theol.  seminary.  Author  of 
"  Hist,  of  the  Presb.  and  Cong.  Churches  and 
Ministers  of  Wisconsin,"  18mo,  1851. 

Pegram,  Gen.  John,  b.  Richmond,  Va., 
1832 ;  d.  Petersburg,  Feb.  6, 1865,  of  a  wound 
received  at  the  battle  of  Hatcher's  Run.  West 
Point,  1856.  Son  of  John  Pegram,  M.C.  from 
Va.  1818-19.  A  lieut.  of  dragoons  before  the 
civil  war  began,  he  resigned  when  Va.  seceded ; 
received  the  com.  of  a  regt.,  and  in  1862  became 
a  brig  .-gen. ;  taken  prisoner  at  Rich  Mountain 
by  Gen.  McClellan.  He  was  in  most  of  the 
severe  battles  of  the  Array  of  Va.,  and  was 
made  maj.-gen.  in  1864.  His  division  was 
noted  in  the  campaign  of  1864-5  for  desperate 
fighting  ;  and  Pegram  was  regarded  as  one  of 
the  ablest  division  commanders  in  the  Confed. 
army. 

Pegram,  Gen.  William  Johnson,  b. 
Petersburg,  Va.,  1841  ;  killed  in  the  battle  of 
Petersburg,  April  2,  1865.  Son  of  G^n.  James 
W.,  nephew  of  Col.  George  H.  Pegram,  the 
Confed.  com.  at  Rich  Mountain.  He  left  the 
study  of  law  at  the  U.  of  Va.  to  fight  in 
the  Confed.  army  as  a  private  of  art.  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Manassas,  and  won  distinction  and  pro- 
motion in  that  arm  of  the  service  at  Cedar  Run, 


Chancellorsville,  and  Gettysburg  ;  and  attained 
the  rank  of  gen.  shostly  before  his  death. 

Peirce.  —  See  Peahce  and  Pierce. 

Peiree,  Benjamin,  librarian  of  H.  U.  from 
1826  to  his  death,  b.  Salem,  Sept.  30,  1778  ;  d. 
Cambridge,  Ms.,  July  26,  1831.  H.  U.  1801. 
Member  of  the  State  senate  in  1811  ;  and  for 
several  years  a  representative  of  Salem.  He 
pub.  the  valuable  Catalogue  of  the  Library,  in 
4  vols.  8vo ;  and  wrote  a  "  Hist,  of  the  Uni- 
versity," pub.  in  1833. 

Peiree,  Benjamin,  LL.D.  (U.  of  N.C. 
1847),  mathematician,  son  of  the  preceding,  b. 
Sulem,  Ms.,  Apr.  4,  1809.  H.U.  1829.  After 
teaching  2  years  at  the"  Rand  Hill  School, 
Northampton,  he  was  app.  tutor  in  math,  at 
Camb.  in  1831 ;  prof,  of  math,  and  nat.  philos. 
in  1833  ;  and  was  Perkins  prof,  of  astron.  and 
math,  in  1842-67,  and  also  consulting  astron. 
to  "  The  Amer.  Ephemeris  and  Nautical  Al- 
manac "  since  its  establishment  in  1 849.  Mem- 
ber of  the  leading  scientific  societies  ;  an  asso- 
ciateof  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  of  Lond. 
since  1849  ;  member  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Lond.  since  1852;  pres.  of  the  Amer.  Assoc, 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science  in  1853,  and 
one  of  the  scientific  council  which  established 
the  Dudley  Observatory  in  1855  ;  supt.  of  the 
U.S.  coast-survey  since  27  Sept.  1867.  He 
was  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Bowditch,  and  read  the 
proof-sheets  of  the  translation  of  the  Mdcamque 
Celeste  while  it  was  going  to  press.  He  was  a 
contrib.  to  Mr.  GiWs  Mathematical  Miscellany, 
and  afterward  pub.  5  numbers  of  the  Camb. 
Misc.  of  Math.,  Physics,  and  Astronomy.  He  also 
pub.  a  series  of  valuable  text-books  during  the 
years  1836-46;  "Treatise  on  Analytic  Me- 
chanics," 4to,  1857;  "Associative  Algebra," 
1870;  theory  of  the  tails  of  comets  in  the  ^.s- 
tron.  Journal ;  methods  of  investigating  terres- 
trial longitudes,  &c.,  in  the  Report  of  the 
Supt.  of  the  Coast  Survey;  and  the  singular 
and  valuable  "Criterion  for  the  Rejection  of 
Doubtful  Observations."  His  first  important 
investigation  was  his  criticism  of  the  compu- 
tations and  results  of  Leverrier  upon  the  irregu- 
larities observed  in  the  motions  of  the  planet 
Uranus.  He  discovered  and  announced  in 
1851  the  fluidity  of  Saturn's  rings;  in  1852 
he  prepared  a  vol.  of  lunar  tables  for  the  Nau- 
tical Almanac.  —  Appleton. 

Peiree,  Bradford  Kinney,  D.D.  (Wesl. 
U.  1868),  philanthropist  and  author,  b.  Royal- 
ton,  Vt.,  Feb.  3,  1819.  Wesl.  U.  1841.  In 
1843  he  was  a  Meth.  minister  in  the  N.E. 
Conf ,  stationed  at  Waltham,  and  subsequently 
at  Newburyport,  Charlestown,  and  Boston. 
His  health  failing,  he  spent  the  next  10  years  at 
Roxbury,  where  he  prepared  a  series  of  Sun- 
day-school Question-Books,  a  "Bible-Scholar's 
Manual,"  "  A  Commentary  on  Acts."  A  vol. 
entitled  "  The  Eminent  Dead  "  had  a  very 
large  sale.  In  1850  he  was  app.  agent  for  N. 
E.  of  the  Sunday-school  Union  ;  in  1855-6, 
while  State  senator  from  Norfolk  Co.,  he  en- 
tered zealously  into  a  movement  for  establish- 
i;ig  a  reform  school  for  girls  at  Lancaster,  Ms., 
of  which  he  was  app..  Mar.  1856,  supt.  and 
chaplain.  Chaplain  of  the  House  of  Refuge, 
Randall's  Island,  N.Y.,  since  1863.  Also  au- 
thor of  "Trials  of  an  Inventor;"  "A  Half- 


I>EI 


702 


fem: 


Century  with  Juvenile  Delinquents,"  1869; 
"  Stories  from  Life ; "  "  Sequel  to  Stories  from 
Life,"  &c. 

Peirce,  Cyrus,  teacher,  b.  Waltham,  Ms., 
Auii;.  15,  1790;  d.  West  Newton,  Ms.,  Apr.  5, 
1860.  H.U.  1810.  He  taught  a  private  sclaool 
in  Nantucket  2  years;  then  studied  theology 
at  Cambridge  3  years,  and  resumed  his  school 
at  Nantucket.  He  commenced  preaching  in 
1818;  was  minister  of  a  Cong,  church  at  North 
Readingfrom  May,  1819,  to  May,  1827,  but,  pre- 
ferring the  vocation  of  a  teacher,  opened  a 
school  at  N.  Andover  ;  from  1830  to  1836  he 
managed  a  large  school  at  Nantucket ;  became 
principal  of  its  high  school  in  1837  ;  and  from 
1839  to  1842  was  principal  of  the  first  Normal 
School  in  Amer.,  at  Lexington,  Ms.  After  2 
years  of  rest,  he  took  charge  of  the  Female 
Normal  School  at  W.  Newton,  where  he  con- 
tinued till  his  death.  He  pub.  "  A  Letter  on 
Normal  Schools,"  addressed  to  Hon.  Henry 
Barnard,  1851  ;  and  a  prize  essay  on  "  Crime, 
its  Cause  and  Cure,"  1853. 

Peirce,  Gen.  Ebenezer  Weaver,  b. 
Freetown,  Ms.,  5  Apr.  1822.  Descended  from 
Abraham,  who  was  of  Plymouth  in  1623.  Re- 
ceived an  academical  education,  and  held  vari- 
ous local  offices ;  was  a  brig.-gen.  of  State 
militia  in  1855-61  ;  com.  three-months  troops 
in  Va.  in  May,  1861  ;  app.  col.  29th  Ms. 
Regt.  13  Dec.  1861  ;  lost  an  arm  at  the  battle 
of  White-oak  Swamp  30  June,  1862  ;  was  in 
the  battle  of  Manassas  30  Aug.  1862;  com. 
2d  brig.  1st  div.  9th  army  corps,  Sept.  1863- 
Nov.  1864,  when  he  resigned,  having  served  in 
Ky.,  Tenn.,  and  Va.  App.  Aug.,  1866,  coll. 
int.  rev.  1st  dist.  Ms.  Author  of  a  hist,  of  the 
Peirce  Family,  8vo,  1870. 

Peirce,  Thomas,  poet,  and  merchant  of 
Cincinnati,  b.  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  Aug.  4,  1786; 
d.  Cin.  1850.  Losing  his  father  at  an  early 
age,  he  supported  himself  by  various  labors ; 
taught  a  school  in  Phila. ;  and  in  1813  went  to 
Cincinnati.  In  1821  he  contrib.  a  series  of 
satirical  odes  to  the  Western  Spy,  entitled 
"Horace  in   Cincinnati,"  collected   and   pub. 

1822.  In  1825  a  second  satirical  series  appeared 
in  the  National  Republican,  entitled  "  Billy 
Moody."     His  "  Muse  of  Hesperia,"  pub.  in 

1823,  is  his  chief  work.  He  wrote  a  number 
of  prize-poems,  and  contribs.  to  literary  jour- 
nals. --  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West. 

Peirce,  William,  an  early  shipmaster  in 
N.E. ;  killed  at  Providence,  one  of  the  Baha- 
mas, in  1641.  He  was  master  of  "  The  Ann  " 
in  1623,  afterward  of  "The  Mayflower"  and 
"  The  Lyon,"  and  was  shipwrecked  in  Va.  in 
1633.  In  1638  he  carried  captive  Pequot  Indi- 
ans for  sale  to  the  W.  Indies,  and  brought 
back  negro  slaves  from  Tortugas,  —  the  first 
slave-traffic  in  N.E.  Author  of  the  first  alma- 
nac printed  in  the  Eng.  Amer.  Colonies  (Camb. 
1639). 

Peirson,  Mrs.  Lydia  Jane  (Wheeler), 
b.  Middletown,  Ct.  Many  years  a  resident  of 
Tioga  Co.,  Pa. ;  has  contrib.  prose  and  poetry 
to  the  Southern  Lit.  Messenger,  the  New  -  Yorker, 
and  other  periodicals.  Author  of  "  Forest- 
Leaves  and  other  Poems,"  1845 ;  and  the  "  For- 
est-Minstrel," 1847.  —  Allibone. 

Peissner,  Elias,    instructor,  col.   119th 


N.Y.  Vols. ;  fell  at  Chancellorsville,  Va.,  May 
2,  1863;  b.  Vilseck,  Bavaria,  1826.  Grad.  at 
Munich,  where  he  studied  philos.  and  law,  and 
came  to  Amer.  in  1849.  Prof,  of  modern  lan- 
guages at  Un.  Coll.  Author  of  a  "  German 
Grammar,"  "  German  Literature,"  "  Romaic 
Languages,"  "  The  Amer.  Question,"  1861  ; 
"  Lectures  on  Political  Economy  ; "  "  Elements 
of  the  English  Language ;  "  address  at  the 
great  Turner  Festival,  Albany,  June  28,  1858. 

Pelby,  Rosalie  (French),  actress,  b.  Kin- 
derhook,  N.Y.,  Mar.  17,  1793;  d.  on  the  pas- 
sage from  San  Francisco  to  N.Y.  June,  1855. 
From  her  father,  the  capt.  of  a  North-River 
sloop,  she  inherited  much  personal  beauty. 
Her  education  was  limited;  but  she  had  a 
strong  mind,  and  great  perceptive  faculties. 
She  was  early  m.  to  an  English  agent,  a  Mr. 
Brown,  bywhom  she  had  one  child,  —  the  late 
Mrs.  Anderson,  an  actress  of  great  merit. 
Left  a  widow  a  few  years  after,  she  m.  in  Bal- 
timore Mr.  Wm.  Pelby,  the  well-known  tra- 
gedian and  manager ;  thence  she  came  to 
Boston,  and  was  wrecked  on  her  passage  in  the 
great  Sept.  gale  of  1815.  She  made  her  first 
appearance  at  the  Federal-st.  Theatre,  Boston, 
as  a  chorus-singer,  in  1813,  but  rapidly  rose  to 
a  high  position  as  an  actress,  and  in  some  char- 
acters had  no  superior,  and  in  others  no  equal, 
on  the  Amer.  stage.  In  1847,  with  Mrs.  An- 
derson, she  started  for  Eng.  on  a  pi  ofessional 
tour,  but  was  wrecked  on  the  passage,  and  re- 
turned to  Boston.  Apr.  1,  1853,  she  received 
a  farewell  benefit  at  the  National  Theatre,  and 
went  to  California,  where,  after  acting  a  while, 
she  opened  an  exhibition  of  wax  statuary,  in 
the  manuf.  of  which  she  had  great  taste,  and 
which  she  had  also  exhibited  in  Boston.  She 
was  an  ornament  to  her  profession  ;  and  her 
charities  were  numerous.  Her  husband  (b. 
Boston,  Mar.  16,  1793),  after  being  many  years 
proprietor  and  manager  of  the  National  Thea- 
tre, Boston,  d.  May  28,  1850.  Her  dau.  Julia 
Pelby,  also  an  actress,  m.  James  Pearson  of 
San  Francisco. 

Pelham,  Herbert,  one  of  the  founders 
of  Ms.,  and  a  connection  of  the  family  raised 
in  1756  to  the  dukedom  of  Newcastle,  b.  Lincoln 
Co.,  Eng.,  1602  ;  d,  Suffi)lk,  Eng.,  June,  1673. 
Magd.  Coll.,  Oxf.,  1619.  He  was  one  of  the  Ms. 
Company  in  Eng.  in  1629;  came  to  Ms.  itil638, 
and  settled  in  Sudbury ;  was  an  assist,  in  1645- 
9 ;  and  a  commiss.  of  the  United  Colonies  of 
N.E.  in  making  a  treaty  with  the  Narragansett 
and  Niantick  Indians  in  1646;  in  1(549  he 
returned  to  Eng.,  and  engaged  in  the  formation 
of  a  society  for  the  religious  instruction  of  the 
Indians.  First  treas.  H.  Coll.  1643.  His  dau. 
Penelope  m.  the  second  Gov.  Winslow. 

Pell,  Robert  Conger,  of  New  York,  b. 
1835;  d.  Interlachen,  Switzerland,  1868.  Au- 
thor of  "  The  Companion,"  1850  ;  "  Milledul- 
cia,"  1857  ;  and  contribs.  to  periodicals. 

Pemberton,  the  name  of  a  philanthropic 
Quaker  family  of  Phila.  Phineas,  the  grand- 
father of  Israel,  James,  and  John,  came  over 
with  Penn,  and  settled  near  the  Falls  of  Del. 
Israel  his  grandson,  a  man  of  eloquence  and 
liberality,  devoted  the  latter  part  of  his  life  to 
acts  of  benevolence,  especially  to  the  Indians. 
He  d.  Phila.  1779,  a.  63.    John,  the  youngest. 


pem: 


703 


I>EIT 


"an  eminent  example  of  devotion  and  self- 
denial  as  a  gospel  minister,"  d.  Pyrmont, 
AVestphalia,  ab.  1795,  a.  66.  James,  b.  1724, 
d.  9  Feb.  1809,  was  one  of  the  last  of  his  sect 
who  held  a  seat  in  the  legisl.,  and  succeeded 
Franklin  as  pres.  of  the  Society  for  the  Aboli- 
tion of  Slavery,  1790-1800.  He  pub.  atPhila., 
in  1757,  "An  Apology  for  the  People  called 
Quakers,"  &c.  —  Portfolio,  1809. 

Pemberton,  Ebenezer,  minister  "  Old 
South  Ch.,"  Boston,  from  Aug.  28,  1700,  to 
his  d.  Feb.  13,  1717.  Bapt.  Boston,  Feb.  11, 
1672.  H.U.  1691.  Son  of  James,  one  of  the 
founders  of  that  church.  Tutor  and  fellow  of 
H.U.  He  pub.  a  number  of  occas.  sermons, 
three  prefatory  epistles,  «S;c.,  1701-1 1 ;  pub.  col- 
lectively in  1727,  Svo.  The  Election  Sermon 
of  1710  was  highly  esteemed.  —  Spracjue. 

Pemberton,  Ebenezer,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1770),  clergyman,  b.  Boston,  1704;  d,  there 
Sept.  9,  1779.  H.U.  1721.  Son  of  the  pre- 
ceding. He  was  chaplain  at  Castle  William,. 
Aug.  9,  1727  ;  was  called  by  the  First  Presb. 
Church,  New  York;  dismissed  in  175-3;  and 
installed  in  the  new  brick  church  (Old  North), 
Boston,  Mar.  6,  1754,  where  he  remained  until 
it  was  closed  by  the  Revol.  in  1775.  Though 
one  of  the  most  popular  preachers  of  his  time, 
his  friendship  for  Gov.  Hutchinson,  one  of  his 
flock,  caused  an  imputation  of  loyalty,  and 
created  difficulties  in  the  church.  He  pub. 
"Sermons  on  Several  Subjects,"  Svo,  1738; 
"Practical  Discourses,"  12mo,  1741  ;  "Salva- 
tion by  Grace  through  Faith,"  8  sermons,  Svo, 
1774;  and  9  occasional  sermons,  1731-71. 

Pemberton,  John  C,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b. 
Phila.  ab.  1818.  West  Point,  ISaT.  Entering 
the  4th  Art.,  he  served  in  the  Florida  war; 
became  1st  lieut.  Mar.  19,  1842;  aide-de-camp 
to  Gen.  Worth  during  the  Mexican  war  ;  brev. 
capt.  and  maj.  (for  gallantry  at  Monterey  and 
at  Molino  del  Rey)  Sept.  S,  1847  ;  disting.  also 
at  Contreras  and  Churubusco,  and  at  the  cap- 
ture of  the  city  of  Mexico,  where  he  was 
wounded;  capt.  16  Sept.  1850;  and  resigned 
Apr.  29,  1861.  He  entered  the  Confcd.  service 
as  a  col.  of  cavalry  and  assist,  adj. -gen.  to  Joe 
Johnston;  brig.-gcn.  1862;  was  subsequently 
made  a  lieut.-gen. ;  com.  the  army  opposed  to 
that  of  Gon.  Grant  in  N.E.  Mpi.  ;*  and  was  de- 
feated at  Champion  Hills  16  May,  1863.  In- 
trusted with  the  com.  of  Vicksburg,  he  made  a 
gallant  defence,  but  was  compelled  to  surrender 
to  Gen.  Grant,  July  4,  1863.  He  resigned  his 
com.,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  was  inspector 
of  artillery,  commanding  at  Charleston. 

Pemberton,  Thomas,  historian,  b.  Bos- 
ton, 1728;  d.  there  July  5,  1807.  A  merchant. 
He  contributed  largely  to  the  "  Colls."  of  the  Ms. 
Hist.  Society,  of  which  he  was  a  member,  and  at 
his  death  left  to  it  all  his  MSS.  His  "  Chronol- 
ogy of  Ms.,"  in  5  MS.  volumes,  was  made  great 
use  of  by  Dr.  Holmes.  His  journal  of  the  Ke- 
vol.  war  is  in  "  Hist.  Colls.,"  vol.  ii. 

Pender,  William  D.,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b. 
N.C.  1833  ;  killed  at  Gettysburg,  July  3, 1863. 
West  Point,  1854.  Entering  the  4th  Art.,  he 
was  transferred  to  the  1st  Dragoons,  3  March, 
1855,  and  was  disting.  in  several  conflicts  with 
Indians  in  Washington  Terr,  in  Sept.  1858, 
and  in  Oregon  in  1860;   resigned  21  March, 


1861.  Joining  the  Confeds.  early  in  1861,  he 
rose  rapidly  from  col.  to  major-gcn.  (May  20, 
1863),  and  led  a  division  in  Gen.  Hill's  corps 
at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg. 

Pendergrast,  Garrett  J.,  capt.  U.S.N., 
b.  Ky.  Dec.  5,  1802;  d.  Phila.  Nov.  7,  1862. 
Midshipm.  Jan.  1,  1812;  lieut.  Mar,  3,  1821 ; 
com.  1841;  capt.  May  24,  1855;  flag-officer 
of  the  home  squadron  in  1 860 ;  and,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  civil  war,  protected  the  im- 
portant harbor  of  Hampton  Roads. 

Pendleton,  Edmund,  statesman,  b.  Caro- 
line Co.,  Va.,  Sept.  9,  1721 ;  d.  Richmond, 
Va.,  Oct.  23,  1803.  His  grandfather  Philip 
emig.  from  Norwich,  Eng.,  ab.  1674.  He  had 
few  educational  advantages,  but  at  21  was 
adm.  to  practise  law.  Entering  the  h.  of 
burgesses  in  1752,  he  became  a  leading  mem- 
ber, and  at  the  period  of  the  Revol.  was  speaker; 
in  1764  he  was  one  of  the  com.  to  memorialize 
the  king ;  member  of  the  com.  of  coiTesp.  in 
1773;  presiding  magistrate  and  county  lieut. 
of  Caroline  Co.  in  1774;  member  of  Cong,  in 
1774-5;  pres.  of  the  Va.  convs.  of  Dec.  1775, 
and  of  May,  1776  ;  and  drew  up  the  resolutions 
instructing  the  delegates  of  Va.  to  propose  in 
Cong,  a  decl.  of  indep.  As  the  representative 
of  the  conservatives,  he  was  the  opponent  of 
Patrick  Henry,  the  great  popular  lender.  He 
was  the  head  of  the  com.  of  safety  during  tho 
early  part  of  the  war,  the  body  which  controlled 
the  military  and  naval  operations  as  well  as 
the  foreign  corresp.  of  Va.  On  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  State,  he  was  chosen  speaker  of  the 
house,  and  app.,  with  Wythe  and  Jefferson,  to 
revise  the  col.  laws.  He  was  crippled  for  life 
by  a  fall  from  his  horse  in  March,  1777.  Was 
again  elected  speaker  and  pres.  of  the  Chancery 
Court;  and  in  1779  pres.  of  the  Court  of  Ap- 
peals. In  1788  he  presided  over  the  con  v. 
which  adopted  the  U.  S.  Constitution.  His 
masterly  advocacy  of  this  great  national  com- 
pact gained  for  him  this  high  encomium  from 
Jefferson  :  "  Taken  all  in  all,  he  was  the  ablest 
man  in  debate  I  ever  met  with."  App.  judge 
of  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court  of  Va.  in  1789,  but  de- 
clined ;  in  1798,  when  a  rupture  with  France 
was  imminent,  he  pub.  a  pamphlet  protesting 
against  a  war  with  a  sister  republic. 

Pendleton,  George  H.,  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician, b.  Cincinnati,  July  25,  1825.  Son  of 
N.  G.  Pendleton.  Member  of  the  Ohio  senate 
in  1854-5;  M.C.  1855-61  and  1863-5;  Democ 
nominee  for  vice-pres.  in  1864,  he  received  21 
votes  out  of  233  ;  candidate  for  gov.  of  Ohio  ia 
1869,  but  was  defeated. 

Pendleton,  Henry,  jurist,  b.  Va.  ab.  1750; 
d.  S.C.  Jan.  1789.  Emigrating  to  S.C,  he 
was  made  a  judge  in  April,  1776.  In  1780, 
when  the  British  overran  the  State,  he  joined 
the  patriot  forces,  and  fought  at  Eutaw.  Re- 
suming his  seat  <m  the  bench  in  1782,  he 
originated  the  County-Court  Act  of  S.C. ;  one 
of  3  judges  app.  to  revise  the  laws  of  the  State 
in  1785,  and  in  1788  a  member  of  the  conv. 
which  ratified  the  U.S.  Constitution. 

Pendleton,  Major  Nathaniel,  Revol. 
soldier  and  judge  ;  d.  New  York,  Oct.  20, 1821. 
Entering  the  army  in  1775,  he  became  aide  to 
Gen.  Greene,  andVeceived  the  thanks  of  Cong, 
for  gallantry  at  Eutaw  Springs.     He  was  after- 


i>e:n- 


704 


r»EN 


ward  a  prominent  lawyer  and  judge  in  N.Y. 
His  son  Nathaniel  Greexe,  b.  Savannah, 
Aug.  1793,  d.  June  16,  1861.  Col.  Coll. 
1813.  Aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Gaines  in  1813- 
16;  member  of  the  Ohio  senate  1825-6;  M.C 
1 840-2.     Father  of  George  H. 

Pendleton,  William  N.,  brig.-gen. 
C.S.A.,  and  Frot.-Epis.  clergyman,  b.  Va. 
West  Point,  1830.  Assist,  prof,  of  math,  at 
W.P.  1831-2  ;  resigned  lieutenancy  4th  Art. 
31  Oct.  1833;  prof.  Bristol  Coll.,  Pa.,  1833, 
and  in  Del.  Coll.,  Newark,  Del.,  1837-8 ;  Prot.- 
Ep.  clergyman  1837-61 ;  rector  of  Ep.  Diocesan 
School,  Alexandria,  Va.,  1839-44;  capt.  of 
battery  in  Joe  Johnston's  army  in  July,  1861 ; 
col.  of  reserve  art.  at  Manassas  1863 ;  chief 
of  art.,  Army  of  the  Valley,  and  surrendered 
with  Lee,  9  Apr.  1865.  Author  of  "  Science  a 
Witness  for  the  Bible,"  1860. 

Penhallow,  Samuel,  b.  Cornwall,  Eng., 
July  2,  1665;  d.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  Dec.  2, 
1726.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1686,  and 
settled  at  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  where  he  was  a 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court  in  1714,  and 
chief  justice  from  1717  till  his  death.  Several 
years  treasurer  of  the  province.  His  wife  was 
Mary,  dau.  of  Pres.  Cutt.  Author  of  "  Indian 
Wars  of  N.  E.  from  1703  to  1726,"  printed 
1726,  reprinted  in  "  N.H.  Hist.  Colls." 

Penington,  John,  M.D.,  physician,  b. 
1768;  d.  of  yellow-fever  1793.  He  studied  in 
Europe ;  began  practice  at  Phila.  in  1 792.  Pub. 
in  1790  "  Chemical  and  Economical  Essays," 
8vo ;  and  "  Inaug.  Dissert,  on  Fermentation." 

Penington,  John,  b.  Monmouth  Co.,  N.  J., 
1799 ;  d.  Mar.  18, 1867.  Descended  from  Isaac, 
an  eminent  Quaker  writer  and  preacher.  Has 
pub.  "An  Exam,  of  B.  Plantagenet's  Dcscrip. 
of  New  Albion,"  8vo,  Phila.  1840;  "Scraps, 
Ostcologic  and  Archseological,"  8vo,  1841. 
Editor  of  Denton's  New  York,  Phila.  8vo,  1845. 
— Allibone. 

Penn,  John,  called  "  the  American  Penn," 
son  of  Richard,  and  grandson  of  William,  and 
gov.  of  Pa.  in  1763-71  and  1773-5,  b.  Phila.; 
d.  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  Feb.  1795.  He  continued 
in  the  coimtry  after  his  govt,  was  ended  by  the 
Kevol.;  and  in  1777,  having  refused  to  sign  a 
parole,  was  confined  by  the  Whigs  at  Fred- 
ericksburg, Va.  The  Penn  estate  is  said  to 
have  been  by  far  the  largest  that  was  forfeited 
in  Amer.  The  amount  claimed  of  the  British 
govt,  by  the  proprietors  was  £944,817  sterling, 
a  portion  only  of  which  was  allowed. — Sabine. 

JPenn,  John,  a  signer  of  the  Dccl.  of  Indcp., 
b.  Caroliiie  Co.,  Va.,  May  17,  1741 ;  d.  Sept. 
1 788.  His  education  was  deficient,  but  possess- 
ing genius  and  eloquence  of  a  high  order,  and 
having  read  law  with  Edmund  Pendleton,  who 
was  a  relative,  he  was  adm.  to  the  bar  at  the 
age  of  21 ,  where  his  forensic  efforts  were  rcmark- 
aL)le  for  their  force  and  pathos.  In  1774  he 
removed  to  Greenville  Co.,  N.C. ;  and  was  a 
member  Cont.  Congress,  Sept.  8,  1775-6,  and 
1778-80.  When  Comwallis  invaded  N.C,  he 
was  placed  in  charge  of  public  affairs,  and 
acquitted  himself  with  great  credit  In  1 784  he 
was  app.  receiver  of  taxes  for  the  State  of  N.C. 

Penn,  Richard,  bro.  of  John,  gov.  of  Pa. 
in  1771-3;  d.  Eng.  May  27,  1811,  a.  77. 
Unlike  his  bro.,  ho  held  intercourse  with  the 


members  of  Congress ;  won  general  confidence 
by  his  liberal  course;  and  when,  in  1775,  he 
embarked  for  Eng.,  he  was  intrusted  with  the 
second  petition  of  Congress  to  the  king ;  after 
his  arrival  at  Lond.,  he  was  examined  in  the 
h.  of  lords  as  to  American  affairs.  While  John 
Penn  was  gov.,  Richard  was  a  member  of  his 
council,  and  naval  officer  of  Pa. ;  aftenvard 
M.P. ;  and  remarkable  for  classical  attainments 
and  power  of  memory.  —  Sabine. 

Penn,  Thomas,  last  surviving  son  of  Wm., 
the  founder  of  Pa.,  b.  Mar.  8,  1702;  d.  Lond. 
March  21,  1775.  In  1741  he  left  the  province, 
and  went  to  Eng.,  and  in  1746  succeeded,  on 
the  death  of  his  bro.  John,  to  the  proprietary- 
share  previously  owned  by  him.  He  had  the 
principal  direction  of  its  affairs  for  half  a  cen- 
tury ;  was  a  principal  founder  of  the  college  at 
Phila. ;  and  the  Hospital,  Library,  and  other  lit- 
erary, charitable,  and  religious  societies  shared 
his  bounty.  His  wife  was  a  dau.  of  the  Earl 
of  Pomfret.  His  son  Grexville  wrote  the 
Life  of  his  great-grandfather.  Admiral  William 
Penn.  Another  son,  John,  LL.D.,  was  author 
of  critical,  poetical,  and  dramatic  works. 

Penn,  William,  founder  of  Pennsylvania, 
b.  Lond.  14  Oct.  1644;  d.  Rushcourt,  30  July, 
1718.  Son  of  Adm.  Penn.  While  a  student 
at  Oxford,  he  became  deeply  impressed  by  the 
preaching  of  Thomas  Loe  the  Quaker.  For  a 
violation  of  the  laws  of  the  university,  Penn 
and  some  of  his  associates  were  expelled.  His 
father,  a  proud  and  ambitious  man,  finding  him 
firm  in  his  convictions  of  duty,  beat  him,  and 
turned  him  out  of  doors  :  relenting,  however, 
he  sent  his  son  to  Paris ;  whence  he  returned, 
skilled  in  the  language  and  polite  accomplish- 
ments of  the  French.  He  studied  law  at  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  but  in  1665  went  to  Ireland  to 
manage  an  estate  of  his  father's.  He  acquired 
military  renown  as  a  vol.  at  the  siege  of  Car- 
rickfergus,  and  caused  himself  to  be  painted  in 
military  costume.  Curiously  enough,  this  is 
the  only  genuine  portrait  of  the  great  apostle 
of  peace.  He  soon  after  joined  tlie  Quakers ; 
and,  at  a  meeting  at  Cork  in  1767,  he  was  ar- 
rested and  taken  to  prison,  but,  on  application 
to  the  Earl  of  Orrery,  was  soon  released.  Ab. 
1668  he  began  to  preach,  and,  for  writing  "The 
Sandy  Foundation  Shaken,"  was  for  months 
confined  in  the  Tower,  where  he  wrote  his  cele- 
brated work,  "No  Cross,  No  Crown,"  and  a 
vindication  of  himself,  entitled  "Innocency 
with  her  Open  Face."  Liberated  by  the  influ- 
ence of  his  father,  to  whom  he  was  soon  after- 
wards reconciled,  he  was  in  1670  arrested  for 
street-preaching,  committed  to  Newgate,  and 
tried  at  the  Old  Bailey.  He  pleaded  his  own 
cause,  and  was  acquitted,  but  was  detained  in 
prison,  and  the  jury  were  fined.  His  father  again 
liberated  him,  and,  dying  soon  afterward,  left 
him  a  large  fortune,  and  an  admonition  not  to 
wrong  his  conscience.  While  imprisoned  in 
Newgate,  he  wrote  "  The  Great  Case  of  Liber- 
ty of  Conscience,"  and  some  other  religious 
tracts.  He  also  wrote  "England's  Present  In- 
terest Considered,"  1674, — a  most  able  defence 
of  freedom  of  conscience  and  the  rights  of 
Englishmen.  In  1672  he  m.  Gulielma  Maria 
Springett,  who,  after  his  death,  m.  Isaac  Pen- 
ington.   In  1677,  Penn,  with  Barclay  and  oth- 


I>KN- 


705 


f>ER 


era,  preached  in  Holland  and  Germany;  in 
1676  he  became  concerned  in  the  settlement  of 
West  Jersey,  drew  up  a  constitution,  and  invit- 
ed settlers  ;  in  1680  he  obtained  from  the  king, 
in  payment  of  a  claim  of  his  father's  estate, 
a  patent  for  Pennsylvania,  for  which,  aided  by 
Algernon  Sidney  and  others,  he  drew  up  a 
masterly  scheme  of  govt.  He  then  pub.  "A 
Brief  Account  of  the  Province  of  Pa.,  propos- 
ing the  easy  purchase  of  lands,  and  good  terms 
to  settlers  thereon.  Having  established  a  govt, 
allowing  perfect  liberty  of  conscience,  Pcnn 
visited  his  province,  arriving  in  Delaware  Bay 

27  Oct.  1682.  Ab.  the  end  of  Nov.  was  held 
the  famous  treaty  with  the  Indians ;  and  he 
founded  Phila.,  the  "  city  of  brotherly  love." 
Committing  the  govt,  to  a  provis.  council,  he 
returned  to  Eng.  in  Aug.  1684.  Through  his 
influence  with  James  II.,  who  had  been  his  fa- 
ther's firm  friend,  he  obtained  in  1686  the  lib- 
eration of  over  1,200  imprisoned  Quakers,  and 
aided  in  procuring  in  1687  the  "Toleration 
Act."  After  the  accession  of  William  III.,  in 
1638,  Pcnn,  having  incurred  suspicion  on  ac- 
count of  his  intimacy  with  James,  was  tried  for 
treason,  but  was  honorably  acquitted.  He 
made  in  1699-1701  a  second  visit  to  America, 
lie  was  committed  to  the  Fleet  Prison  for  debt 
ill  1708,  where  he  remained  a  long  time,  but 
was  at  length  released  by  the  intervention  of 
friends.  Worn  out,  at  length,  with  the  inces- 
sant labors  and  cares  of  a  life  spent  almost 
wholly  in  the  service  of  others,  he  died  of 
paralysis.  The  charge  of  Macaulay,  that  Penn 
dishonorably  irapiicated  himself  in  his  support 
of  James  II.,  was  replied  to  by  Hepworth  Dix- 
on in  his  Biography  of  Penn  in  1851.  —  See 
Lives  of  Penn  by  S.  Janney,  1852  ;  Clarkson, 
1813;  ,/.  MassiUac,  1791;  Jacob  Post,  1850; 
and  IVeems,  1829;  Corresp.  between  W.  Penn 
and  James  Logan,  with  ISotes  by  Mrs.  Deborah 
Lojan,  ed.  by  Armstrong,  8vo. 

Pennington,  "William,  gov.  of  N.J. 
1837-43,  b.  Newark,  N.J.,  4  May,  1796;  d. 
there  Feb.  16, 1862.  N.  J.  Coll.  1813.  Son  of 
Wm.  S.  He  became  a  prominent  lawyer,  and 
chancellor  of  the  State;  U.S.  dist.  clerk  1815- 
26  ;  app.  gov.  of  Minnesota  by  Pres.  Taylor, 
but  declined  that,  and  also  an  app.  as  one  of 
the  judges  to  settle  claims  under  the  Mexican 
treaty;  M.C.  1859-61;  chosen  speaker  of  the 
house  in  Feb.  1860,  after  a  long  and  severe  con- 
test. He  was  a  Whig,  and  finally  a  Republi- 
can, in  politics. 

Pennington,  William  S.,  gov.  of  N.J. 
1813-15,  b.  1757;  d.  Newark,  N.  J.,  Sept.  17, 
1826.  Adm.  to  the  bar  1802;  member  of  the 
Icgisl. ;  app.  assoc.  justice  Sup.  Court  of  N.  J. 

28  Feb.  1804 ;  judge  U.S.  Dist.  Court  1815-26. 
Maj.  2d  N.J.  Art.  in  Revol  war.  Chancellor 
of  N.  J.  Author  of  N.  J.  Sup.  Court  Reports 
1803-16,  8vo,  1825.  — iV.  E.  II.  and  G.  Peg. 
1870. 

Pennock,  Alexander  M.,  com  mod  ore 
U.S.N.,  b.  Va.  Nov.  1,  1813.  Midsliipin. 
Apr.  1,  1828;  lient.  Mar.  25,  1839  ;  com.  Dec. 
15,  1855  ;  capt.  Jan.  2,  18G3  ;  commo.  May  6, 
1868.  Com.  steamer  "  Southern  Star,"  Rrnzil 
squad,  and  Paraguay  ex ped.,  1859-60;  flect- 
capt.  Mpi.  squadron  1862-4,  gaining  a  repu- 
tation for  executive  ability  of  the  highest  or- 
45 


der.  Com.  "Franklin  "  (flag-ship),  European 
squadron,  1868-9, — Ilamersly. 

Pennock,  Caspar  Wistar,  M.D.,  phy- 
sician, b.  1800;  d.  Howellville,  Del.  Co.,  Pa., 
16  Apr.  1867.  Some  time  physician  to  the 
Phila.  Hospital.  Author  of  a  valuable  work 
on  diseases  of  the  heart. 

Penny,  Virginia,  b.  Louisville,  Ky.,  1826. 
Grad.  Steubenville  Female  Sem.  Author  of 
"  The  Employments  of  Woman,"  12mo,  1862  ; 
"  500  Employments  adapted  to  Women,"  12mo, 
1868;  "Think  and  Act,  or  Men  and  Wo- 
men ;  "  "  Work  and  Wages,"  12mo,  1869. — 
AUibone. 

Pennypaeker,  Galusha,  soldier,  b.  Pa. 

Private  9th  Pa.  Vols.  Apr.  1861  ;  maj.  97th, 
Oct.  1861 ;  engaged  in  Florida  and  Charleston 
harbor ;  wounded  at  Drury's  Bluff,  Va.,  May, 
1864;  col.  Aug.  1864;  engat^ed  on  the  James 
River  and  in  front  of  Petersburg  to  Sept. 
1864;  com.  brigade  in  10th  corps,  and  wound- 
ed, at  Fort  Flarrison,  Va.,  and  in  the  action  of 
Darbytnwn  Road,  Va. ;  com.  2d  brig.  2d  divis- 
ion, 24th  corps,  and  severely  wounded,  at  cap- 
ture of  Fort  Fisher,  for  which  brevetted  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A. ;  and  brev.  maj. -gen.  for  gallant 
and  merit,  services  during  the  war;  col.  34th 
U.S.  Inf.  July  28,  1866;  transf.  to  16.th  Inf. 
15  Mar.  \^m.  — Henry. 

PepperreU,  Sir  William,  bart.,  soldier, 
b.  Kittery  Point,  Me.,  June  27,  1696;  d.  there 
July  6,  1759.  Of  Welsh  origin.  Wm.  his  fa- 
ther Qame  to  N.E.  as  apprentice  to  a  fisher- 
man. The  son,  originally  a  merchant,  pos- 
sessed those  characteristics  of  body  and  mind 
which  fitted  him  for  a  military  career,  in  which, 
in  a  country  exposed  to  Indian  hostility,  he  at- 
tained distinction.  Member  of  the  council 
from  1727  till  his  death,  and  was  app.  chief 
justice  of  the  C.C.P.  in  1730.  He  com.  the 
exped.  which  captured  Louishurg,  June  16, 
1745,  for  which  he  was  in  1746  made  a  baro- 
net. Visiting  Eng.  in  1749,  he  was  made  a 
col.  in  the  British  army;  became  maj.-gen.  in 
175.5,  and  lieut.-gen.  1759.  He  was  for  30 
years  one  of  the  commiss.  to  treat  with  the 
Eastern  Indians  ;  and,  as  pres.  of  the  council, 
was  acting  gov.  of  Ms.  from  the  death  of  Phipps, 
in  Mar.  1756,  until  the  arrival  of  Pownall  in 
1758.  He  pub.  "Conference  with  the  Penob- 
scot Tribe,"  Boston,  8vo,  1753.  His  grandson 
William  P.  Sparhawk  (H.  U.  1766)  d. 
Lond.  Dec.  17,  1816,  a.  70;  assumed  his  name, 
and  was  created  a  bart.  Oct.  29,  1 774.  He  was 
a  loyalist,  and  the  vast  PepperreU  estates  were 
in  1778  confiscated.  He  was  allowed  £500  by 
the  British  govt.  One  of  the  founders  of  the 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society.  —  See  Par- 
sons's  Life  of  Sir  Wm.  PepperreU. 

Perce,  Elbert,  b.  New  York  1831.  Au- 
thor of  "  Gulliver  Joe,"  1851-3  ;  "  Old  Karl 
the  Cooper,"  1854  ;  "  The  Last  of  his  Name ; " 
"  The  Battle  Roll,"  an  encyclop.  of  battles  and 
sieges,  8vo,  1857-8;  novels  transl.  from  the 
Swedish  of  E.  F.  Carlen. 

Percival,  James  Gates,  M.D.,  poet  and 
geologist,  b.  Berlin,  Ct.,  Sept.  15,  1795;  d.  Ha- 
zelgrove,  Wis.,  May  2,  1856.  Y.  Coll.  1815, 
where  his  tragedy  of  "Zaraora"  formed  a  part 
of  the  commencement-exercises.  In  1820,  hav- 
ing finished  his  med.  studies,  he  commenced 


FKR 


706 


FBR 


practice  at  Charleston,  S.C.,  where  he  pub.  the 
first  of  the  three  numbers  of  his  "  Clio; "  in  1821 
"  Prometheus  and  other  Poems  ;  "  and  in  1822 
another  vol.  of  poems,  and  became  one  of  the 
most  popular  of  American  poets.  Assist,  sur- 
geon in  the  army  1824;  and  was  stationed  at 
West  Point  as  lecturer  on  chemistry,  but  re- 
signed in  a  few  months,  and  was  made  surgeon 
in  connection  with  the  recruiting-service  in 
Boston.  Here  he  contrib.  frequently  to  the 
U.  S.  Lit.  Gazelle,  and  edited  an  edition  of 
Knox's  "  Elegant  Extracts."  In  1827  he  re- 
moved to  N.  Haven,  and  pub.  a  third  vol.  of 
poetry,  and  a  final  vol.  in  1843,  entitled  "  The 
bream  of  a  Day,  and  other  Poems  ;  "  in  1834 
he  pub.  an  edition  of  Make  Brun's  Geography, 
with  annotations  and  additions;  in  1835,  in 
conjunction  with  Charles  U.  Shepard,  he  was 
app.  to  make  a  geolog.  and  mineral,  survey  of 
Ct.,  the  report  of  which  was  pub.  in  1842. 
Dr.  Percival  was  partial  to  philological  stud- 
ies, and  had  a  critical  knowledge  of  many  of 
the  modern  languages  of  Europe.  He  spent 
two  years  in  assisting  Noah  Webster  to  com- 
pile his  quarto  Dictionary.  In  1854  he  was 
app.  State  geologist  of  Wis. ;  and  at  the  time 
of  his  death  held  the  office  of  State  geologist  in 
111.  His  1st  III.  Report  was  pub.  in  1855. 
He  was  a  man  of  scholarly  tastes  and  eccentric 
habits.  A  coll.  of  his  poems  was  pub.  Boston, 
I860,  2  vols. 

Percival,  John,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Barn- 
stable, Ms.,  Apr.  3,  1779  ;  d  Dorchester,  Ms., 
Sept.  17, 1862.  Quitting  the  merchant-service, 
he  entered  the  navy  as  sailing-master,  March  6, 
1809;  became  lieut.  Dec.  9,  1814;  master 
March  3,  1831 ;  capt.  Sept.  8,  1841.  He  dis- 
played daring  and  intrepidity  in  the  capture 
of  the  British  tender  "  Eagle  "  off  New  York, 
and  skill  and  good  conduct  in  the  engagement 
between  "The  Peacock"  and  "Epervier" 
Apr.  29,  1814.  His  last  cruise  was  in  "  The 
Constitution"  in  1843-7.  His  professional 
skill  was  of  the  highest  order,  and  he  was  a 
strict  disciplinarian.  "  Mad  Jack,"  as  the 
sailors  called  him,  was  rough  in  his  manners, 
and  very  eccentric. 

-Percy,  Earl  Hugh,  duke  of  Northum- 
berland, a  British  gen.,  b.  Aug.  25,  1742;  d. 
July  10, 1817.  Entering  the  army  very  young, 
he  first  saw  service  under  Prince  Ferdinand  in 
Germany.  Though  he  did  not  approve  of  the 
Amer.  war,  he  offered  his  services,  and  com.  as 
a  brigadier  in  1775-6.  He  led  the  timely 
re-enforcement,  which,  Apr.  19, 1775,  prevented 
the  destruction  of  Col.  Smith's  command,  on 
the  day  of  the  Lexington  battle.     He  was  not 

S resent  at  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill ;  but  in 
fov.  1776  contrib.  to  the  reduction  of  Fort 
Washington,  the  column  led  by  him  being  the 
first  to  enter  the  American  lines.  He  succeed- 
ed to  the  barony  of  Percy  on  the  death  of  his 
mother  in  Dec.  1776;  returned  to  Eng.,  and 
succeeded  to  the  dukedom  June  6,  1786. 

Perez,  Jose  Joaquin,  Chilian  statesman, 
b.  Santiago  de  Chili  1801.  Sec.  of  legation 
in  France  1829-31 ;  min.-plenipo.  to  Buenos 
Ayres  1832;  subsequently  dep.  to  Congress, 
councillor  of  state,  minister  of  finance  (1844), 
of  the  interior,  of  foreign  affairs  (1849)  ;  pres. 
of  the  chamber  of  deputies,  and  pres.  of  the 


senate;  elected  pres.  of  the  Republic  of  Chili 
7  Sept.  1861;  re-elected  24  July,  1866,  for  the 
term  ending  1871. 

Perham,  Sidney,  gov.  Me.  1870-1 ;  M.C. 
1863-9;  b.  Woodstock,  Me.,  27  Mar.  1819. 
Farmer  and  teacher  until  1852;  member  of  the 
board  of  agric.  1852-4 ;  member  and  speaker 
of  the  legisl.  1855 ;  county  clerk  of  Oxford  1858 
and  1861. 

Perkins,  Elisha,  physician,  b.  Norwich, 
Jan. 16, 1741  ;  d.  New  York,  Sept.  6, 1799.  Ed- 
ucated for  the  profession  by  his  father  Dr.  Jo- 
seph in  Plainfield,  and  possessed  remarkable 
endowments  of  body  and  mind.  He  made  great 
sacrifices  in  establishing  and  supporting  an 
acad.  at  Plainfield,  and  other  useful  improve- 
ments there.  Ab.  1796  he  invented  the  "  Me- 
tallic Tractors."  These  were  brass  and  iron 
pins,  applied  first  to  the  cure  of  gout,  rheuma- 
tism, and  analogous  disorders,  and  attracted 
great  attention  for  a  time,  but  soon  fell  into 
disuse,  being  attacked  as  an  imposture  by 
men  of  science.  He  invented  an  antiseptic 
medicine,  and,  to  test  its  efficacy  against  yel- 
low-fever, went  to  New  York  during  its  pre- 
valence in  1799,  and  fell  a  victim  to  that  dis- 
ease. 

Perkins,  George  Roberts,  LL.D.  (Ham. 
Coll.  1852),  mathematician  and  astronomer, 
b.  Otsego  Co.,  N.Y.,  May  3, 1812.  Principally 
self-educated.  He  taught  mathematics  at  the 
"Liberal  Institute,"  Clinton,  N.Y.,  in  1831-8; 
became  principal  of  the  Utica  Acad. ;  prof,  of 
math,  in  the  State  Normal  School  in  1844-8, 
and  principal  in  1848-52.  He  soon  after  su- 
perintended the  erection  of  the  Dudley  Observa- 
tory; and  in  1858  was  app.  dep.  State  eng.,  and 
surveyor  of  the  State  of  N.Y.  Author  of  a 
series  of  mathematical  text-books,  including 
arithmetics;  "Treatise  on  Algebra,"  1841; 
"  Elements  of  Algebra,"  1844 ;  "  Elements  of 
Geometry,"  1847;  "Trigonometry  and  Sur- 
veying," 1851  ;  "Plane  and  Solid  Geometry," 
1854;  also  a  text-book  on  astronomy.  He  has 
contrib-  to  many  scientific  periodicals. 

Perkins,  Jacob,  inventor,  b.  Newbury- 
port,  Ms.,  July  9,  1766  ;  d.  London,  July  30, 
1849.  At  the  age  of  15  he  carried  on  the  busi- 
ness of  a  goldsmith  in  his  native  tpwn,  also 
inventing  a  method  of  plating  shoe-buckles, 
then  universally  worn ;  at  21  he  made  dies 
for  the  mint ;  at  24  he  invented  the  machine 
for  cutting  and  heading  nails  at  one  operation, 
and  invented  steel  plates  for  bank-notes  which 
it  was  supposed  could  not  be  counterfeited. 
He  resided  some  time  in  Boston  and  New  York ; 
went  to  Phila.  in  1815,  and  in  1818  to  Eng., 
where  he  received  a  generous  patronage,  and 
was  employed  in  perfecting  engines  and  ma- 
chines to  be  worked  bv  steam-power,  and  car- 
ried on  a  lar^e  manuf.  in  Lond.  for  many  years. 
He  also  originated  the  process  of  transferring 
engravings  fi'om  one  steel  plate  to  another; 
invented  the  steam-gun;  the  bathometer,  for 
compressing  water ;  and  the  pleoraeter,  to  mark 
the  speed  with  which  a  vessel  moves.  Many 
of  his  inventions  were  rewarded  by  the  gold 
and  silver  medals  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  Lon- 
don. 

Perkins,  James  Handastd,  author,  b. 
Boston,  July  31,  1810;  d.  Cincinnati,  Dec.  14, 


PER 


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I>ER 


1 849.  Son  of  Samuel  G.,  and  nephew  of  Thos. 
H.  Perkins,  in  whose  counting-room  he  was  a 
clerk  in  1828-30.  After  a  tour  to  Eng.  and 
the  W.  Indies,  he  settled  in  Cincinnati  in  1832, 
Avhere  he  studied  law,  which  he  soon  abandoned 
for  literature.  Hecontrib.tothe  Western  Monthly 
Mag.,  and  edited  the  livening  Chronicle  and  Cin- 
cinnati Mirror.  After  the  failure  of  his  publisher, 
he  became  in  1 839  minister  at  large,  —  a  mission 
of  benevolence  to  which  he  devoted  the  rest  of 
his  life.  Pastor  of  the  Cincinnati  Unitarian 
Society  in  1841-7.  He  also  identified  himself 
with  the  cause  of  prison  discipline  and  reform, 
and  gave  much  attention  to  education.  First 
pres.  of  the  Cin.  Hist.  Soc.  in  1844,  and  was 
afterward  vice-pres.  of  that  of  Ohio.  He  pub. 
"Annals  of  the  West,"  8vo,  1847  ;  a  series  of 
hist,  sketches  of  that  region  in  the  N.  A.  Review 
from  1839  to  1847,  and  Digest  of  the  Const. 
Opinions  of  Judge  Marshall,  and  contrib.  val- 
uable hist,  papcra  on  the  West  to  the  A^.  Y. 
Review.  In  a  fit  of  depression  he  drowned 
himself  in  the  Ohio.  —  See  W.  H.  Channing's 
coll.  of  his  Writings,  2  vols.  12mo,  1851. 

Perkins,  Joxathan  Cogswell,  b.  Ips- 
wich, Ms.,  Nov.  21, 1809.  Phillips  And.  Acad. ; 
Amh.  Coll.  1832.  He  studied  at  the  Canib. 
Law  School;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1835; 
practised  law  successfully  13  years,  when  he 
became  judge  of  the  C.  C.  P.  of  Ms. ;  State 
senator  1847.  He  has  edited  and  annotated 
Pickering's  "Reports,"  vols.  2-10;  Chitty's 
"  Crim.  Law,"  3  vols.  1836  ;  Chitty  on  "Con- 
tracts," 1839;  Jarman  on  "Wills,"  1845; 
Abbot  on  "  Shipping,"  1846 ;  Danicll's  "  Chan- 
cery Practice,'^  3  vols.  1846;  Collycr  on 
"Partnership,"  1848,  &c. ;  and  has  in  press 
a  treatise  on  "  Arbitrations  and  Awards."  Ed. 
with  T.Metcalf  and  G.  T.  Curtis  of  Digest  of 
Decis.  of  the  Courts  of  Com.  Law  and  Admi- 
ral t}^,  6  vols.  1854-6.  Now  (1871)  practises 
law  iu  Salem. 

Perkins,  Justin,  D.D.,  missionary  to  the 
Nestorians,  b.  West  Springfield,  Ms.,  Mar.  12, 
1805  ;  d.  Chicopee,  Dec.  31, 1869.  Amh.  Coll. 
1829.  He  passed  his  youth  on  his  fiathcr's 
farm ;  was  a  teacher  and  tutor  at  Amherst ; 
was  app.  to  the  Nestorian  mission  in  Jan.  1833, 
and  established  himself  at  Oroomiah  in  Nov. 
1834,  where  he  established  schools,  and  trans- 
lated portions  of  the  Scriptures  into  the  Syriac 
tongue.  In  1841  he  visited  this  country,  accom. 
by  Mar  Yohannan,  the  Nestorian  bishop.  In 
Aug.  1869,  worn  out  by  his  toils,  he  came  homo 
to  die.  Author  of  "  Eight  Years  in  Persia," 
&c.,  8vo,  1843;  "Missionary  Life  in  Persia," 
&c.,  1861. 

Perkins,  Nathan,  D.D.  (N.  J.  Colh  1801 ), 
minister  of  W.  Hartford  from  1772  to  his  d. 
Jan.  18,  1838;  b.  Lisbon,  Ct.,  May  14,  1749. 
N.J.  Coll.  1770.  He  pub.  a  vol.  of  sermons 
1795,  Four  Letters  on  the  Anabaptists  1793, 
a  sermon  on  his  60th  anniv.,  many  pieces  in 
the  Ct.  Evangel.  Mag.,  and  several  occas.  ser- 
mons. His  son  Nathan  (Y.C.  1795)  was 
minister  of  the  Second  Cong.  Ch.,  Amherst, 
from  1810  to  his  d.  Mar.  1842,  a.  65.— 
Sprague. 

Perkins,  Samuel,  lawyer  and  historian, 
b.  Lisbon,  Ct.,  1767;  d-  Sept.  1850.  Y.C. 
1785.    Educated  for  the  ministry,  he  was  li- 


censed and  preached,  but  aftenvard  practised 
law  in  Windham.  Author  of  a  "  History  of 
the  Late  War,"  8vo,  1825;  "Hist.  Sketches 
of  the  U.S.  1815-30,"  12mo,  1830;  "Gen. 
Jackson  in  the  Seminole  War,"  8vo,  1828; 
"  The  World  as  it  Is,"  12mo,  5th  ed.,  1840. 

Perkins,  Samuel  E.,  b.  Brattlcborough, 
Vt.,  1811.  Author  of  "  Digest  of  Decis.  Sup. 
Ct.  of  Ind.,"  8vo,  1858 ;  "Pleadings  and  Prac- 
tice under  the  Code  of  Ind  ,"  8vo,  1859. 

Perkins,  Col.  Thomas  Handastd,  a 
philanthropic  merchant  of  Boston,  b.  Boston, 
Dec.  15,  1764;  d.  there  Jan.  11,  1854.  He 
commenced  his  commercial  life  in  partnership 
with  his  elder  bro.  James,  who  was  a  resident 
of  St.  Domingo  when  the  insurrection  of  the 
blacks  occurred,  and  was  compelled  to  flee  for 
his  life.  In  1789  he  went  as  supercargo  to 
Batavia  and  Canton,  and  obtained  a  thorough 
acquaintance  with  the  Oriental  trade.  The 
bros.  afterwards  embarked  in  the  trade  to  the 
north-west  coast,  Canton  and  Calcutta,  in 
which  they  acquired  great  wealth.  Soon  after 
the  death  of  James,  in  1822,  Col.  Perkins  re- 
tired from  active  business.  The  Perkins  fami- 
ly gave  over  $60,000  to  the  Boston  Athenasiim. 
He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  erection  of 
the  Bunker-hill  Monument,  and  gave  his  es- 
tate in  Pearl  St.,  valued  at  $40,000,  for  the 
use  of  the  Asylum  for  the  Blind.  He  was  also 
in  1827  the  projector  of  the  Quincy  Railway, 
the  first  in  the  U.S.  Subsequently  he  was 
much  interested  in  urging  forward  the  comple- 
tion of  the  Washington  Monument ;  and  was 
also  the  largest  contrib.  to  the  Merc.  Lib. 
Assoc.  For  many  years  he  represented  Bos- 
ton in  both  branches  of  the  State  legisl. ;  and, 
during  the  war  of  1812,  he  was  disting.  as  a 
strenuous  opponent  of  Madison's  administra- 
tion. 

Perrein,  Jean,  naturalist,  b.  France, 
1749;  d.  New  York,  1805.  Member  of  the 
Bordeaux  Society  of  sciences  and  belles-let- 
tres. He  explored  Africa  and  most  of  the 
W.  I.  islands,  and  spent  several  months  in 
New  York.  In  Sonnini's  edition  ofBufFon's 
Nat.  Hist.,  credit  is  given  to  Perrein  for  many 
valuable  contribs.  to  that  Avork. 

Perrine,  Matthew  La  Rue,  D.D. 
(AUegh.  Coll.  1818),  b.  Monmouth  Co.,  N.  J., 
4  Mav,  1777  ;  d.  Auburn,  N.Y.,  Feb.  11,  1836. 
N.  J.'  Coll.  1797.  Pastor  of  the  Presb.  Ch., 
Bottle  Hill,  N.  J.,  1802-11  ;  of  Spring-st.  Ch., 
New  York,  1811-20;  prof,  of  eccl.  hist,  and 
ch.  polity  (and  for  2  years  of  theol.  also)  in 
Auburn  Theol.  Sem.  from  1821  to  his  d.  Au- 
thor of  "Plan  of  Salvation,"  1816 ;  "  Abstract 
of  Biblical  Geog.,"  8vo,  1835.  —  Sprague. 

Perrot,  Nicholas,  trader,  discoverer  of 
the  lead  mines  on  the  River  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 
Was  a  man  of  talent  and  education.  Repair- 
ing at  an  early  period  to  the  Indian  country, 
he  soon  learned  the  Algonquin  language>i. 
On  returning  to  Quebec  in  1665  with  a  party  of 
Otfawas,  he  accomp.  St.  Ltis«;on  to  the  Falls  of 
St.  Mary  as  interpreter;  in  1684  he  was  em- 
ployed by  De  La  Barre  in  bringing  the  West- 
ern tribes  to  his  assistance  against  the  Iro- 
quois ;  and  in  1687  did  the  like  service  for 
Denonville.  He  was  several  years  Indian 
agent,  and  in  1697  was  on  the  point  of  being 


PER 


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IJKX 


burned  by  the  Miamis,  and  saved  only  by  the 
Outaj^amis,  by  whom  he  was  much  belovid. 
Under  De  Vaudreuil  he  was  interpreter,  and 
addressed  to  him  a  memoir  rcspectinj^  the 
Western  country.  He  had  a  fort  on  Lake 
Pepin;  had  travelled  over  most  of  New 
France  ;  and  left  an  interesting  manuscript  ac- 
count of"  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  In- 
dians, from  wiiieh  M.  De  La  Potherie  borrowed 
larirely  for  his  "  Histoire  de  VAmerique." 
Cl»arIevoix  also  acknowledges  his  indebtedness 
to  him.  —  0'  Calki(]han . 

Perry,  Amos,  teacher  and  author,  b. 
Natick,  Ms.,  12  Aug.  1812.  H.U.  1837.  Son 
of  Elijah  and  Mary  (Jones)  Perry.  He  was 
first  principal  of  the  Young  Ladies'  High 
School,  N.  London,  Ct. ;  and  was  many  years, 
and  until  1859,  a  teacher  in  Providence,  R.I., 
being  also  a  vice-pres.  of  the  Amer.  Inst,  of 
Instruction;  consul  to  Tunis  in  1862-7,  and, 
having  carefully  examined  tlie  site  of  Ancient 
Carthage,  embodied  the  result  of  his  researches 
in  a  vol.  of  560  pages,  8vo,  pub.  in  1869.  He 
has  been  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  public 
journals,  and  is  a  member  of  several  learned 
societies. 

Perry,  Arthur  Latham,  prof,  of  hist, 
and  polit.  economy  Wms.  Coll.,  b.  Lyme, 
N.H.,  1830.  Wms.  Coll.  1852.  Author  of 
•'  Elements  of  Polit.  Econ.,"  8vo,  1866. 

Perry,  Christopher  Raymond,  capt. 
U.S.N.,'b.  R.L  1760;  d.  Newport,  June  8, 
1818.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the  Re- 
vol.  navy ;  was  in  the  hard-fought  action  of 
"  The  Watt  "  and  "  The  Trumbull ;  "  and 
was  for  some  months  confined  in  the  Jersey 
Prison-ship;  post  capt.  Jan.  7,  1798.  April 
3,  1801,  the  navy  was  nearly  disbanded;  and 
Capt.  Perry  was  app.  coll.  of  Newport.  His  5 
sons  (Oliver  H.,  Raymond  H.,  Mathew  C., 
James  A.,  and  Nathl.  H.),  all  officers  of  the 
navy,  disting.  themselves  during  the  war  of 
1812-15.  A  dau.,  Anna  Muria,  m.  Capt.  Geo. 
W.,  son  of  Com.  John  Rodgers,  and  d.  N. 
London,  Ct.,  Dec.  7,  1858,  a.  60. 

Perry,  Mathew  Calbraith,  commo- 
dore U.S.N.,  b.  Newport,  R  I.,  1794;  d.  New 
York,  March  4,  1858.  Son  of  Christopher 
R.,  and  bro.  of  O.  H.  P^rry.  Midshipm. 
Jan.  16,  1809;  lieut.  July  24,  1813;  com. 
March  21,  J 8*26  ;  .capt.  Feb.  9,  1837.  In  1819, 
in  "  The  Cyane,"  he  fixed  the  locality  of  the 
first  settlement  of  Liberia.  In  the  schooner 
"  Shark "  he  cruised  in  the  W.  Indies  in 
1821-4,  and  captured  several  pirates.  He 
cruised  in  the  Mediterranean  in  1830-3;  on 
his  return  home  was  actively  employed  in  the 
Brooklyn  navy-yard  as  supt.  of  a  school  for 
gun  practice,  and  the  organization  of  a  steam 
navy  ;  in  1838  he  was  sent  to  visit  the  dock- 
yards and  lighthouses  of  Europe;  in  1839- 
41  he  com.  the  Brooklyn  navy-yard ;  then  the 
African  squadron  ;  com.  the  Gulf  squadron  ; 
and  ably  co-operated  in  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz 
during  the  Mexican  war.  He  com.  the  Japan 
expcd.  in  1852-4,  and  negotiated  an  impor- 
tant treaty  with  that  power,  March  21,  1854. 
An  account  of  the  Japan  exped.  from  Perry's 
Notes,  vols.  i.  and  ii.  edited  by  F.  L.  Hawks, 
LL.D.,  vol.  iii.  ed.  by  George  Jones,  A.M.,  was 
pub.  1856. 


Perry,  Oliver  Hazard,  commo.  TJ.S.N., 
b.  So.  Kingston,  R.  I.,  23  Aug.  1785  ;  d.  Port 
Spain,  Trinidad,  23  Aug.  1819.  Son  of  Chrit- 
topher  R. ;  grandson  of  Judge  Freeman  Perry, 
who  d.  Oct.  1813,  a.  82.  Midshipm.  7  April, 
1799,  and  served  in  the  Tripolitan  war;  lieut. 
15  Jan.  1807;  master-com.  28  Aug.  1812;  had 
charge  of  a  flotilla  of  gunboats  in  N.Y.  harbor 
in  1812;  was  in  Feb.  1813  ordered  to  Lake  On- 
tario to  serve  under  Chaunccy,  co-operating 
gallantly,  at  the  head  of  a  body  of  seamen,  in 
the  attack  on  Fort  George;  and  was  soon  after 
ordered  to  com.  the  squadron  on  Lake  Eric. 
Having  equipped  a  fleet  of  9  small  vessels,  he 
attacked  the  British  fleet  on  the  morning  of 
Sept.  10,  1813,  and  gained  a  complete  victory, 
capturing  the  enemy's  entire  sq^uadron.  Tliis 
was  the  first  naval  action  in  which  he  had  been 
engaged.  For  this  brilliant  service  he  was  pro- 
moted to  capt.  (Sept.  10,  1813),  received  the 
thanks  of  Congress  and  a  medal,  and  also  re- 
ceived similar  honors  from  the  senate  of  Pa. 
He  co-operated  with  Gen.  Harrison  in  retaking 
Detroit;  and  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  Oct. 
5,  1813.  He  com.  "The  Java,"  in  Decatur's 
squadron  in  the  Mediterranean,  in  1815;  and 
in  1819  sailed  in  "  The  John  Adams  "  for  the 
W.  Indies,  where  he  died  of  yeliow-fever.  18 
Sept.  1860  a  marble  statue  by  Walcutt  was 
erected  with  great  ceremony  at  Cleveland,  O., 
near  the  scene  of  the  battle,  to  the  memory  of 
Com.  Perry.  —  See  Life  of  Perry  by  A.  S. 
Mackenzie. 

Perry,  William  Stevens,  D.D.  (Amh. 
Coll.),  Pr.-Ep.  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Provi- 
dence, R.L,  1832.  H.U.  1854.  Ord.  deacon 
1857;  priest  1858;  settled  at  Geneva,  N.Y. 
Author  of  "  Hist.  Sketch  of  the  Mission.  As- 
soc, of  the  Eastern  Diocese  of  Ms,"  1859; 
with  F.  L.  Hawks,  "  Journals  of  the  Gen. 
Conventions  of  the  P.  E.  Ch.,"  vol.  i.  1861,  to 
be  completed  in  about  8  vols. ;  "  Hishops  Sea- 
bury  and  Provost,"  8vo,  1862;  "Connection 
of  the  Ch.  of  Eng.  with  Early  American  Dis- 
covery and  Colonization,"  8vo,  1863;  "  Docu- 
mentary Annals  of  the  Colonial  Church,"  4to, 
vol.i.  (Connecticut);  "Questionson  the  Life  and 
Laboiii  of  the  Great  Apostle,"  1868  ;  "  Church- 
man's Year-Book,  &c.,  for  1870,"  12mo,  Hartf 
Contrib.  to  the  Hist.  Mac/,  and  other  periodi- 
cals, and  ed.  of  papers  rela  ing  to  the  Hist, 
of  Va.  1650-1776,  4to,  1870. 

Person,  Thomas,  Revol.  patriot  of  N.C. 
He  strenuously  opposed  the  Stamp  Act ;  was 
a  violent  regulator ;  and,  for  his  zeal  for  liber- 
ty, had  his  estates  ravaged  by  the  Tories.  Del- 
egate to  the  Prov.  Assembly  1774-6,  and  to  the 
convention  that  formed  the  State  constitution 
in  1776 ;  was  app.  a  brig.-gcn.  of  militia,  April, 
1776 ;  and  represented  Granville  Co.  until  1814 
in  the  State  senate.  For  his  liberality  to  the 
university  a  hall  was  erected  at  Chapel  Hill, 
Avhich  bears  his  name.  A  countv  of  N.C.  was 
named  for  him  in  1791.  —  Wheeler. 

Person,  William,  1793-1818  (entered  of 
H.U.  1816).  attracted  attention  by  his  scholar- 
ship, and  the  fact  of  his  parentage  bein^  a  mys- 
tery even  to  himself.  In  1820,  D.  L.  Child  pub. 
his  "Life,  Letters,  and  Poet,  and  Misc.  Pieces." 
—  Allibone. 

Peter,  Robebt,  M.D.,  prof,  of  chemistry 


FKT 


709 


FET 


in  Transylv.  U.  (app.  1837),  b.  Lancaster,  Corn- 
wall, Eng.,  1805.  Some  ycai'S  chemical  assist, 
to  the  geol.  survey  of  Ky.  Author  of  "  History 
of  Lexington,  Ky.,  and  of  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity," 8vo,  1855,  introductory  to  his  course 
of  lectures  in  the  medical  dept.  of  the  U.  Prof. 
P.  was  2  years  editor  of  the  Transylv.  Jour,  of 
Med.,  &c. ;  contrib.  to  the  Western  Lancet  and 
other  periodicals.  —  Allihone. 

Peters,  Absalom,  D.D.  (Mid.  Coll.  1833), 
Cong,  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Wentworth, 
N.H.,  Sept.  19,  1793;  d.  New  York,  May  18, 
1869.  Dartm.  Coll.  1816;  Princeton  Sem. 
1819.  Son  of  Gen.  Absalom  (D.C.  1780),  a 
descendant  of  Wm.  of  Boston,  bro.  of  the  noted 
Hugh  Peters.  Li  1819  he  was  a  missionary  in 
Northern  N.Y.;  pastor  of  the  First  Church, 
Bennington,  Vt.,  from  July  4,  1820,  to  Dec. 
14,  1825;  sec.  of  the  Home  Missionary  Soc. 
until  1837,  and  editor  of  the  Home  Missionan/ 
and  Pastor's  Journal ;  and  in  1 838  began  to  edit 
the  Amer.  Biblical  Repository.  Prof,  of  pastoral 
theol.  and  homiletics  in  the  Union  Theol.  Sera., 
N.Y.,  1842-4 ;  pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Wil- 
liamstown,  Ms.,  in  1844-57.  Here  he  originated 
and  edited  the  Amer,  Eclectic  and  the  Amer. 
Journal  of  Education,  afterward  merged  in  that 
of  Dr.  Henry  Barnard.  When  past  70,  he  pub. 
a  vol.  of  poems.  During  his  long  life,  he  was 
never  ill.  Author  of  "A  Plea  for  Voluntary 
Societies ; "  "  Spiinkling  the  only  Mode  of  Bap- 
tism," &c. ;  "  Sermon  against  Horse-Racing," 
1822;  "  Sacred  Music,"  1823;  "Colleges,  Re- 
ligious Institutions,"  1851. 

Peters,  Col.  Andrew,  Revol.  officer ;  d. 
Westborough,  Ms.,  Feb.  1822,  a.  80.  Maj.  2d 
Ms.  Rcgt.  7  July,  1777;  lieut.-col.  15th,  26 
Nov.  1779. 

Peters,  or  Peter,  Hugh,  clergyman  and 
politician,  b.  Fowey,  Cornwall,  Eng.,  1599; 
executed  in  Lond.  Oct.  16,  1660.  Trin.  Coll., 
Camb.,  1622.  Took  holy  orders,  and  preached 
successfully  for  some  time  at  St.  Sepulchre's, 
Lond.,  but,  after  imprisonment  for  nonconform- 
ity, removed  to  Rotterdam.  He  preached  to  an 
independent  cong.  there  several  years;  then 
came  to  N.E.,  arriving  in  Oct.  1635;  became 
pastor,  Dec.  21, 1636,  of  the  church  in  Salem,  as 
successor  of  Roger  Williams,  whose  doctiines  he 
disclaimed,  and  whose  adhorcnfs  he  excommu- 
nicated. He  was  also  active  in  civil  and  mercan- 
tile alfairs,  suggesting  coasting  and  foreign  voy- 
ages and  the  plan  of  the  fisheries.  In  Mar.  1638 
he  was  app.  by  the  Gen.  Court  to  assist  in  col- 
lecting and  revising  the  colonial  laws;  Aug.  3, 
1641,  he  sailed  to  Eng.  to  procure  an  alteration 
in  the  laws  of  excise  and  trade ;  had  several  in- 
terviews with  Charles  I. ;  and  probably  influ- 
enced the  passage  of  an  act  of  parliament  mod- 
ifying them  in  1643.  He  became  a  preacher  in 
the  parliamentary  arm}',  which  bo  accomp,  to 
Ireland  in  1649,  holding,  it  is  said,  a  colonel's 
commission.  In  1651  he  was  app.  by  parlia- 
ment one  of  the  commiss.  to  amend  the  laws ; 
and  in  1654  was  made  one  of  the  "  trycrs  "  of 
ministers;  in  1658  he  preached  for  some  time 
to  the  Eng.  ganison  in  Dunkirk.  After  the 
restoration,  Peters  was  committed  to  the  Tower, 
and  indicted  for  high  treason,  as  having  been 
concerned  in  the  death  of  the  king.  During  his 
impiisonment  he  wrote  several  letters  of  advice 


to  his  daughter,  subsequently  (1717)  pub.  un- 
der the  title  of  "A  Dying  Father's  Last  Legacy 
to  an  Only  Child."  His  private  character  has 
been  the  subject  of  much  discussion  both  in 
Eng.  and  Amer.  He  was  charged  by  his  ene- 
mies with  gross  immorality,  and  the  most  bit- 
ter epithets  were  applied  to  hhn  by  Bishops 
Burnet,  Kenneth,  and  others;  but  of  late  years 
he  has  been  estimated  more  favorably.  Author 
of  "Good  Work  for  a  Good  Magistrate,"  1651 
(in  which  he  recommends  burning  the  histori- 
cal records  in  the  Tower) ;  and  some  sermons 
and  political  tracts. 

Peters,  Hugh,  poet,  b.  Hebron,  Ct.,  Jan. 
30,  1807  ;  d.  Cincinnati,  O.,  June  9,  1831. 
Y.C.  1826.  Son  of  Judge  John  T.  Adm.  to 
the  bar  in  1828,  he  began  practice  at  Cincin. 
Among  his  contribs.  to  the  N.  E.  Weekly  Re- 
view were  a  scries  of  Yankee  lyrics  of  much 
merit.  —  See  Everest's  Poets  of  Ct.,  and  CoggeS' 
hall's  Poets  ond  Poetry  ofilie  )West. 

Peters,  John  Charles,  M.D.,  physician, 
b.  New  York,  July  6,  1819.  He  commenced 
the  study  of  homoeopathy  in  1837,  and,  visiting 
Europe  in  1 842,  continued  it  in  the  schools  of 
Leipsic,  Berlin,  and  Vienna.  Commencing 
practice  in  New  York  as  a  homoeopathist,  he 
has  endeavoi'cd  to  incorporate  into  that  system 
such  improvements  in  medical  practice  as  aus- 
cultation and  percussion,  microscopy,  the  use 
of  the  ophthalmoscope,  pathological  anatomy 
and  chemistry,  &c.  Author  of  "Diseases  of 
the  Head,"  1850;  "Diseases  of  Females," 
1854;  "Diseases  of  the  Eyes,"  1855;  "Apo- 
plexy," 1853;  "Nervous  Derangement  and 
Mental  Disorders,"  1854;  "Asiatic  Cholera," 
1867.  With  Dr.  Witherspoon,  he  translated 
Rokitansky's  "  Pathological  Anatomy,"  1 849 ; 
and,  with  Dr.  Snelling  and  others,  pub.  a  "  Ma- 
teria Medica,"  1856-60.  He  has  also  edited 
the  N.  A.  Jour,  of  Homoeofiathy.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  N.  Y.  Path.  Soc. ;  and  in 
1859  was  elected  pres.  of  the  Coll.  of  Med. 
Sciences,  and  prof,  of  materia  medica  and 
therapeutics.  — Appleton. 

Peters,  John  Thompson,  jurist,  b.  Hebron, 
Ct.,  11  Oct.  1765  ;  d.  Hartford,  28  Aug.  1834. 
Y.  C.  1789.  Established  himself  in  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  Hebron  in  1786 ;  app.  coll.  of  rev- 
enue 1st  dist.  1813;  judge  Sup.  Court,  May, 
1818. 

Peters,  Richard,  D.D.,  b.  Liverpool, 
Eng.,  1704  ;  d.  Phila.  July  10,  1776.  He  came 
to  America  in  1735  ;  was  in  1735-7  pastor  of 
Christ  Church,  Phila. ;  Oct.  26,  1737,  became 
proprietary  sec. ;  in  Feb.  1743  provincial  sec, 
and  clerk  of  the  council ;  and  in  May,  1 749, 
member  of  theProv.  Council;  Jan.  2,  1762,  he 
resigned  his  civil  offices,  and  was  rector  of  St. 
Peter's  Dec.  1 762-Sept.  1 775.  He  pub.  a  Serm. 
on  Education,  1751.  —  Dorr's  Christ  Church. 

Peters,  Richard,  jurist  and  agriculturist, 
nephew  of  the  preceding,  b.  Blockley,  near 
Phila.,  Aug.  22,  1744  ;  d.  there  Aug.  21,  1828. 
Phila.  Coll.  He  obtained  early  and  consider- 
able success  in  the  legal  profession  ;  spoke  Ger- 
man fluently ;  and  was  disting.  for  wit  and 
humor.  At  the  commencement  of  the  Revol. 
he  became  capt.  of  a  company  of  vols.,  but  was 
soon  transferred  by  Congress  to  the  board  of 
war,  of  which  he  was  sec.  June  13,  1776-Dec. 


PET 


710 


I>ET 


1781 ;  member  Old  Congress  1782-3;  and  from 
1789  to  his  death  was  U.S.  dist.  judge  of  Pa. 
First  pres.  of  the  company  who  built  the  per- 
manent bridge  over  the  Schuylkill  at  PhiFa ; 
and  to  him  the  country  is  also  indebted  for  in- 
troducing the  use  of  gypsum  into  agric,  he 
having  in  1797  pub.  a  relation  of  his  experi- 
ments with  it  on  his  own  farm.  Pres.  of  the 
Phila.  Agric.  Soc,  and  enriched  its  memoirs 
with  many  valuable  contribs.  Author  of  "  Ad- 
miralty Decisions  in  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court  of 
Pa."  (1780-1807),  2  vols.  8vo,  1807.  (See 
Sketch  of  his  Life  by  SamL  Dreck,  Esq.)  His 
son  Richard,  jun.,  succeeded  Henry  Wheaton 
as  reporter  U.S.  Sup.  Court.  He  has  pub. 
"Reports  U.S.  Circuit  Ct.,  3d  Cir.,  1803- 
18,"  8vo,  1819  ;  "Reports  U.S.  Supreme  Ct.," 
1828-43,17  vols.  8vo ;  "Condensed  Reports 
of  Cases  U.S.  Sup.  Ct.  to  1827,"  6  vols.  8vo, 
1835;  "Digest  of  Cases  U.S.  Sup.  Ciircuit, 
and  Dist.  Cts.,  to  1847,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1848  and 
1855;  "  Case  of  the  Cherokee  Nation  against 
the  State  of  Ga.,"  8vo,  1831 ;  editor  of  "  Chit- 
ty  on  Bills,"  1819;  and  Washington's  "Cir- 
cuit Ct.  Reports,  3d  Circuit,  1803-27,"  4  vols. 
8vo,  1826-9. 

Peters,  Samuel  Andrew,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
clergyman  smd  author,  b.  Hebron,  Ct.,  Dec.  12, 
1735;  d.  N.Y.  Apr.  19,  1826.  Y.C.  1757. 
He  travelled  in  Europe  in  1758-9.  Became  a 
Pr.-Epis.  clergyman,  and  in  1762  took  charge 
of  the  churches  of  Hebron  and  Hartford.  His 
imprudence  and  loyalty  involved  him  in  con- 
stant trouble ;  and  probably  no  clergyman  of 
his  time  was  more  obnoxious.  Being  a  Tory, 
he  was  forced  in  1774  to  flee  to  Eng.,  where 
he  pub.  in  1781  "  A  General  History  of  Con- 
necticut," which  has  been  called  the  "  most  un- 
scrupulous and  malicious  of  lying  narratives." 
Its  narrations  are  independent  of  time,  place, 
and  probability.  In  1 794  he  was  chosen  bishop 
of  Vt.,  but  was  never  consec.  In  1805  he  re- 
turned to  Amer.,  and  pub.  in  N.Y.  a  "  History 
of  Rev.  Hugh  Peters,"  his  great-uncle,  in  1807, 
and  also  a  brief  history  of  Hebron.  In  1817 
he  made  a  journey  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Antbony, 
claiming  a  large  tract  of  land  in  that  region. 
He  afterward  lived  in  N.Y.  City  in  poverty  and 
obscurity,  though  he  obtained  a  pension  and  a 
grant  for  property  confiscated  bv  the  patriots. 
He  is  the  "Parson  Peter"  o"f  Trumbull's 
"  M'Fingal." 

Petersen,  John  Eric  Christian,  ma- 
rine painter,  b.  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  3  April, 
1839.  Studied  law  in  the  U.  of  Copenhagen  in 
1859,  and  afterward  learned  the  art  of  painting 
at  the  Roy.  Acad,  of  Copenhagen,  and  with 
Malbve  and  Dahl  ;  serA'ed  as  an  officer  of 
Danish  inf  in  the  war  with  Prussia  and  Aus- 
tria in  1864  ;  arrived  in  the  U.S.  29  July,  1865, 
and  has  a  studio  in  Boston.  Among  his  best 
pictures  are  "  The  Start  of  the  Ocean  Race  of 
1866  from  Sandy  Hook,"  "Phantom  Ship," 
"  Rescue,"  "  Egg  Rock,"  "  Making  Sail  after 
the  Gale,"  "  Capture  of  the  Pirate,"  and  the 
yacht  "  Dreadnaught."  Mr.  Petersen  visited 
the  W.  Indies  during  the  hurricane  season  of 
1867-8,  of  which  he  made  many  graphic 
sketches. 

Peterson,  Charles  J.,  of  Phila.,  co.-edi- 
tor  with  Mrs.  Ann    S.  Stephens   of  Peterson's 


Magazine.  Author  of  "  Military  Heroes  of  the 
Revol.,"  8vo,  1847;  "Military  Heroes  of  the 
War  of  1812  and  the  Mexican  War,"  1848; 
"Naval  Heroes  of  the  U.S.,"  1850;  "Cruis- 
ing in  the  Last  War,"  1849  ;  "  Grace  Dudley ; " 
"Kate  Avlesford;"  "The  Valley  Farm;" 
"  Mabel ;  '*  "  The  Old  Stone  Mansion,"  &c. ; 
"Continuation  from  1840  to  1856  of  Von 
Rotteck's  History  of  the  World."  Contrib.  to 
magazines  and  newspapers.  —  Allibone. 

Peterson,  Henry,  b.  Phila.  1818;  was  a 
short  time  editor  of  Neal's  Gazette,  and  since 
1846  editor  and  co-proprietor  of  the  Phila.  Sat. 
Even.  Post.  Author  of  "  The  Twin-Brothers," 
1843;  Poems,  12mo,  1864. —  ^////>one. 

Petigru,  James  Louis,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1837),  lawver,  b.  Abbeville  Dist.,  S.C,  1789; 
d.  Charleston,  Mar.  9,  1863.  S.C.  Coll.  1809. 
He  was  of  mixed  Irish  and  Huguenot  descent. 
Adm.  to  the  bar,  he  attained  distinc.  as  a  coun- 
try lawyer,  and  subsequently  at  the  Charles- 
ton bar*;  atty.-gen.  of  S.C.  1822-30.  During 
the  nullification  troubles  of  1830-2  he  vigor- 
ously and  eloquently  opposed  the  doctrine  of 
the  State  veto,  and  became  a  leader  in  the 
Union  and  State-rights  party,  upon  whose 
defeat,  he,  from  being  one  of  the  most  popular 
men  in  the  State,  became  an  object  of  dislike. 
His  virtues,  and  his  unquestioned  talent  and 
ability  as  an  advocate,  nevertheless  secured  him 
the  respect  of  the  community  in  which  he  lived  ; 
and  he  held  his  prominence  at  the  bar  with 
scarcely  a  rival.  He  was  subsequently  for  a 
brief  period  U.S.  dist.-atty.,  "which  subjected 
him  further  to  public  odium.  He  also  served 
in  the  State  legisl.,  and  in  1861  was  a  commiss. 
for  codifying  the  laws  and  statutes  of  S.C.  He 
opposed  almost  singly  the  secession  movement 
in  S.C.  in  1860,  though  too  old  to  take  an 
active  part  in  political  controversies,  remain- 
ing unshaken  in  his  convictions  to  the  hour  of 
his  death.  Pres.  S.  C.  Hist.  Soc.  Author  of 
"  Semi-Centenn.  Oration,"  S.C.  Coll.,  1855; 
"Address  bef  the  S.C.  Hist.  Soc,"  1858.— 
See  Biog.  Sketch  by  W.  J.  Grayson,  12mo,  1866. 

Petion,  Anne  Alexander  Sabes,  first 
pres.  of  the  repub.  of  Hayti,  b.  Port  au  Prince, 
Apr.  2,  1770;  d.  29  Mar.  1818.  Son  of  a  rich 
colonist  named  Sabes  by  a  free  mulatto  woman. 
Liberally  educated  at  the  military  school  of 
Paris.  When  the  Revol.  broke  out  at  St. 
Domingo,  he  was  one  of  the  first  who  took 
arms  ;  was  soon  made  an  officer  of  art. ;  and 
obtained  the  rank  of  lulj.-gen.  He  joined 
Rigaud,  a  man  of  color  like  himself,  in  oppos- 
ing the  projects  of  Toussaint  L'Ouverture; 
and,  being  unsuccessful,  embarked  for  France, 
but  returned  with  Gen.  Leclerc,  under  whom 
Petion  held  a  colonel's  commission.  The  vio- 
lent measures  adopted  by  Leclerc  and  his  suc- 
cessor Rochambeau  induced  Petion  to  quit  the 
French  service,  and,  forming  a  union  with 
Dessalincs,  to  declare  war  against  the  French, 
whom  th(  y  at  length  expelled.  Assisted  by 
the  English,  they  succeecded  in  establishing  the 
indep.  of  Hayti  in  1804.  Petion  obtained 
the  govt,  of  the  western  dist.  of  which  Port  au 
Prince  was  the  capital,  Dessalincs  becoming 
chief  of  the  republic.  Christophe,  his  successor, 
behaving  in  a  tyrannical  manner,  was  obliged 
to  submit  to  a  partition  of  his  domains.     All 


PET 


711 


PHE 


the  southern  and  western  part  of  the  island 
acknowledj^ed  the  authority  of  the  senate,  by 
whom  Petion  was  elected  pres.  Jan.  27,  1807. 
A  civil  war  took  place  between  the  rivals;  but 
Petion  retained  his  office,  in  spite  of  all  oppo- 
sition, till  his  death.  He  was  a  skilful  general, 
a  humane  and  just  ruler. 

PetO,  Sir  Sajiuel  Morton,  an  English 
engineer  and  contractor,  b.  Surrey,  Eng.,  1809. 
He  constructed  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway, 
Canada,  with  the  tubular  bridge  near  Montreal, 
and  several  railways  in  Europe.  In  1859  he 
was  returned  to  parliament  from  Finsbury. 
After  visiting  the  U.S.  in  1865,  he  pub.  "  The 
Resources  and  Prospects  of  America,"  1866. 

PettengiU,  Amos,  b.  Salem,  N.H.,  Aug.  9, 
1780;  d.  Salem  Bridge,  Ct.,  Aug.  17,  1830. 
H.U.  1 805.  Minister  in  Cliamplain,  N. Y.,  from 
July  9,  1807,  to  1812;  of  LitchHeld,  Ct.,  from 
Apr.  14,  1816,  to  Jan.  9,  1822  :  and  of  Salem 
from  Jan.  1,  1823,  to  his  d.  As  a  teacher,  and 
in  other  ways,  he  aided  the  cause  of  education. 
He  pub.  a  view  of  the  heavens,  for  schools, 
1826  ;  a  rotary  celestial  map;  "  The  Spirit  of 
Methodism,"  1829;  and  some  discourses.  A 
Memoir  of  him,  by  L.  Hart,  was  pub.  by  the 
Mass.  S.  S.  Society. 

Pettigrew,  Charles,  first  Prot.-Epis. 
bishop  of  N.C. ;  d.  1807  at  Bonarva,  on  Lake 
Scuppernong,  where  he  settled  in  1794.  His 
father,  originally  of  a  Scottish  family,  came 
from  Co.  Tyrone,  Ireland,  to  Pa.,  and  finally 
settled  in  N.C.  Charles  became  a  teacher  at 
Edenton  in  1773  ;  was  ord.  in  the  Prot.-Epis. 
Church  at  Lond.  in  1775 ;  and  m.  Mary,  dau. 
of  Col.  John  Blount.  In  May,  1794,  at  a  conv. 
held  at  Tarborough,  he  was  elected  bishop. 
He  took  a  leading  part  in  establishing  the  U. 
of  N.C.  His  only  son  Ebenezer  was  M.C. 
from  Edenton  dist.  in  1835-7. 

Pettit,  Col.  Charles,  Revol.  patriot;  d. 
Phila.  Sept.  4,  1806,  a.  69.  Having  practised 
law  with  reputation,  he  became  sec.  of  N.  J. 
under  Gov.  Franklin,  and  continued  in  that 
office  under  Gov.  Livingston  until  called  by 
Gen.  Greene  to  the  post  of  assist,  qmr.-gen. 
Conspicuous  in  this  position  for  industry  and 
intelligence,  he  was  tendered,  upon  the  resigna- 
tion of  Greene,  the  succession  to  the  important 
trust  of  quartermaster-gen. ;  but  he  declined. 
At  the  peace  he  became  a  merchant  in  Phila. 
Was  the  author  of  the  funding  system  of  Pa. 
while  a  member  of  its  legisl. ;  a  delegate  to 
Congress  from  1785  to  1787;  and  a  powerful 
advocate,  at  the  general  conference  at  Harris- 
burg,  for  the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Consti- 
tution. 

Pettit,  Thomas  McKean,  judge,  1797- 
18.53.  Member  Pa.  legisl.  1830;  assoc.  judge 
dist.  Ct.  1832-5  ;  pres.  judge  1835-45.  Author 
of  Discourse  bef.  Hist.  8oc.  of  Pa.  1828; 
Discourse  bef.  the  Philomath.  Soc.  of  the  U. 
of  Pa.  1836  ;   "  Memoirs  of  Roberts  Vaux." 

Pettus,  John  J.,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A. ;  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Peach-tree  Creek,  Ga.,  July 
20,  1864  ;  gov.  of  Mpi.  1860-2. 

Peyton,  John  Lewis,  b.  Augusta  Co.,  Va., 
1825;  went  to  Eng.  in  1861  as  an  agent  of 
N.C,  and  still  (1871)  resides  there.  Author 
of  '*  Trade  of  China  and  the  Indian  Islands," 
Svo,  1854  ;  "  Statistical  View  of  Illinois,"  8vo, 


1854  ;  "  The  American  Crisis,"  &c.,  2  vols. 
Svo,  Lond.  1 867  ;  "  Adventures  of  my  Grand- 
father, by  Col.  J.  L.  P.,  late  chief  of  staff  to 
Gen.  Douglass  B.  Layne  of  Va.,"  Svo,  1867.  — 
AUibone. 

Pfeifer,  Carl,  architect,  b.  Brunswick, 
Germany,  1834  ;  came  to  the  IJ.S.  in  1850,  and 
pursued  "his  profession  in  Ohio  and  in  the  West, 
and  in  1864  established  himself  in  N.Y.  City, 
where  he  has  attained  high  reputation.  Among 
his  works  are  the  Church  of  the  Messiah,  the 
Roosevelt  Hospital,  and  the  Barroda  mansion. 
His  plans  for  the  N.Y.  Hospital  and  other  pub- 
lic city  buildings  have  recently  been  accepted.  — 
Thomas. 

Phelps,  Almira  Hart  Lincoln,  teacher 
and  author,  b.  Berlin,  Ct.,  1 793.  Her  father, 
Samuel  Hart,  was  descended  from  Rev.  Thomas 
Hooker.  She  was  educated  chiefly  by  her  sis- 
ter Emma  (Willard);  taught  school  in  her 
father's  house  at  19,  and  soon  after  took  charge 
of  the  Sandy-hill  (N.Y.)  Female  Acad.  In 
1817  she  m.  Simeon  Lincoln,  editor  of  the  Ct. 
Mirror,  who  died  in  1 823.  She  soon  after  became 
associated  with  her  elder  sister,  Mrs.  Emma 
Willard,  in  the  direction  of  the  female  sem.  at 
Troy,  N.Y. ,  until  in  1831  she  m.  Hon.  John 
Phelps  of  Vt.  In  1838  she  took  charge  of  u 
sem.  at  West  Chester,  Pa.,  and  afterwards 
taught  in  Rah  way,  N.J. ;  in  1841  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Phelps  took  charge  of  the  Patapsco  Institute, 
which  after  her  husband's  death,  in  1848,  she 
conducted  alone  till  1856.  She  has  since  resid- 
ed in  Baltimore,  and  at  one  time  edited  the 
Patapsco  Magazine.  She  pub.  "  Familiar 
Lecture  on  Botany,"  1829,  revised  and  enlarged 
1861  ;  "Dictionary  of  Chemistry,"  1830; 
"  Botany  for  Beginners,"  1831  ;  "  Geology  for 
Beginners,"  1832  ;  "  Female  Student,  or  Fire- 
side Friend,"  1833;  "Caroline  Westerley," 
1833 ;  "  Lectures  to  Young  Ladies,"  &c.,  1833 ; 
"  Chemistry  for  Beginners,"  1834;  "Progres- 
sive Education,"  translated  from  the  French, 
1834;  "  Lectures  on  Natural  Philosophy,"  1835; 
"  Lectures  on  Chemistry,"  1 837  and  1 857 ;  "  Nat- 
ural Philcsophy  for  Beginners,"  1837  ;  "  Ada 
Norman,"  18.54;  "Hours  with  my  Pupils," 
1859  ;  and  "  Christian  Households,"  1860. 

Phelps,  Anson  Greene,  a  wealthy  and 
philanthropic  merchant  of  New  York,  b.  Sims- 
bury,  Ct.,  March,  1781 ;  d.  New  York,  Nov.  30, 
1853.  He  learned  the  trade  of  a  saddler;  was 
a  merchant  in  Hartford  until  1815,  when  he 
removed  to  N.Y.  City,  where  he  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life,  engaged  in  the  business  of 
a  merchant  in  tin  plate  and  heavy  metals.  Por- 
tions of  his  annual  accumulations  were  sys- 
tematically devoted  to  the  relief  of  the  needy 
and  to  various  objects  of  Christian  charity. 
His  will  contained  bequests  to  different  chari- 
table institutions,  amounting  .  to  $371,000; 
$100,000  each  to  the  Bible  Society,  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions,  and  the 
Home  Missionary  Society.  Pres.  of  the  N.Y. 
Blind  Asylum,  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  and  the  N.Y. 
branch  of  the  Colonization  Society. 

Phelps,  Austin,  D.D.,  b.  W^est  Brookfield, 
Ms.,  Jan.  7, 1820.  U.  of  Pa.  1837.  Ord.  pas- 
tor of  the  Pine-st.  Cong.  Church,  Boston,  1842 ; 
since  1848  Bartlett  prof,  of  sacred  rhetoric  in 
And.  Theol.  Seminary.    Author  of  "  The  Still 


THE 


712 


pm 


Hour,'*  1859;  with  Dr.  Park  and  Lowell  Ma- 
son, "The  Sabbath  Hymn-Book,"  "Sabbath 
Hymn  and  Tune  Book,"  "  Sabb.  Tune-Book," 
"  Sabbath-school  Hymn  and  Tunc  Book ;  " 
"  Hymns  and  Choirs,"  18G0;  "  The  New  Birth," 
18G7.  —  AlUbone. 

Phelps,  Elizabeth  (Stuart),  writer,  b. 
Andover,  Ms.,  Aug.  13,  1815;  d.  there  Nov. 
30,  1852.  Dau.  of  Prof.  Moses  Stuart.  In 
1842  she  was  married  to  Rev.  Austin  Phelps. 
She  wrote  "  The  Sunny  Side ;  "  "  The  Kitty 
Brown"  series,  4  vols.  1849;  "Peep  at  Num- 
ber Five ; "  "  Tell-Talc ; "  "Angel  over  the  Eight 
Shoulder ; "  and  "  The  Last  Leaf  from  Sunny- 
Side."  Her  dau.,  Elizabeth  Stuart,  is  au- 
thor of  "  Ellen's  Idol,"  1864;  "  Up  Hill,"  1865  ; 
"Tiny,"  1866;  "Mercy  Gliddon's  Work," 
1866;  "Gypsy  Series,"  1867;  "  Tiny's  Sun- 
day Night "  1867  ;  "  I  Don't  Know  How," 
1867  ;  "  Gates  Ajar,"  1868,  a  remarkably  suc- 
cessful production ;  "  Hedged  In  ;  "  "  Men, 
Women,  and  Ghosts,"  1869  ;  and  "  The  Silent 
Partner,"  1870.  Contrib.  to  Our  Young  Folks, 
&c.  —  AlUbone. 

Phelps,  Gen.  John  Wolcott,  b.  Guilford, 
Vt.,  Nov.  13,  1813.  West  Point,  1836.  Enter- 
ing the  4th  Art.,  he  served  in  Fla. ;  was  made 
1st  lieut.  July  7,  1838;  declined  the  brev.  of 
capt.  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churubus- 
co ;  capt.  31  Mar.  1850,  while  member  of  a 
board  for  preparing  a  system  of  heavy -artillery 
instruction,  whieh  was  formed  at  his  sugges- 
tion ;  com.  at  Fort  Brown,  Texas,  and  broke 
up  a  large  filibuster  exped.  against  Mexico  and 
Cuba ;  and  served  in  the  Utah  exped.,  but  re- 
signed Nov.  2, 1859  ;  while  residing  at  Brattle- 
borough,  Vt.,  he  became  (2  May,  1861)  col. 
1st  Vt.  Vols.  He  established  and  long  com. 
the  inti'enched  camp  at  Newport  News ;  was 
made  a  brig.-gen.  May  17,  1861 ;  was  attached 
to  Gen.  Butler's  exped.  to  N.  Orleans  ;  landed 
at  Ship  Island,  Mpi.,  Dec.  4,  and  issued  a  proc- 
lamation hostile  to  slavery,  which  was  at  once 
disavowed  by  Gen.  Butler.  Gen.  Phelps  en- 
listed and  disciplined  the  first  negro  soldiers, 
but  was  ordered  by  Gen.  Butler  to  abandon  the 
project,  and  employ  them  in  felling  trees  and 
similar  labors;  and  resigned  Aug.  21,  1862, 
and  returned  to  Brattleborough.  Vice-pres. 
Vt.  Hist.  Soc.  since  1863. 

Phelps,  Oliver,  a  man  of  extraordinary 
enterprise,  b.  Windsor,  Ct.,  1749;  d.  Canan- 
daigua,  N.Y.,  Feb.  21,  1809.  He  received  a 
mercantile  education  at  Suffield,  Ct. ;  engaged  in 
business  in  Grannllc,  Ms.,  with  great  success  ; 
and  during  the  Revol.  was  in  the  commiss. 
dept.  of  Ms.  In  1 788,  he,  with  Nathl.  Gorham, 
purchased  of  the  State  of  Ms.  a  tract  of  2,200,- 
000  acres  of  land  in  the  Genesee  country, 
N.Y.,  now  comprised  in  the  extensive  counties 
of  Ontario  and  Steuben.  He  opened  in  Canan- 
daigua  the  first  land-office  in  America ;  and  his 
system  of  survey  by  townships  and  ranges 
became  the  model  for  all  subsequent  surveys. 
In  1795,  Phelps,  with  Wm.  Hart  and  their  asso- 
ciates, bought  of  this  State  the  tract  of  land  in 
Ohio  called  the  Western  Reserve,  comprising 
3,300,000  acres.  He  afterwards  removed  to 
Canandaigua,  N.Y. ;  represented  that  dist.  in 
Congress  in  1 803-5 ;  and  was  a  judge  of  the 
Circuit  Court. 


Phelps,  Samuel  Shethar,  jurist  and 
statesman,  b.  Litchfield,  Ct.,  May  13,  1793;  d. 
Middlebury,  Vt.,  Mar.  25,  1855.  Y.C.  1811. 
Son  of  Capt.  John,  a  Revol.  soldier.  He  was 
a  paymaster  in  the  army  at  Plattsburg  late  in 
1814,'  and  after  the  war  settled  as  a  lawyer  in 
Middlebury.  Member  of  the  Council  of  Cen- 
sors in  1827,  and  author  of  the  address  by  that 
body ;  member  of  the  legislative  council  in  1 83 1 ; 
judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  of  Vt.  in  1831-8  ;  and 
U.S.  senator  1839-51  and  1853-4.  His  speeches 
in  the  senate  on  the  Clayton  Compromise  Bill, 
and  on  the  Vt.  Antislavery  Resolutions,  at- 
tracted much  attention.  He  had  a  high  repu- 
tation as  a  jurist  and  advocate.  A  biog.  notice 
is  in  Whig  Jievieiv,  xii.  93. 

Phelps,  Sylvanus  Dryden,  D.D.  (Madis. 
Coll.  1854),  b.  Suffield,  Ct.,  1816.  Brown  U. 
1844.  Pastor  1st  Bapt.  Church,  New  Haven, 
since  Jan.  21,  1846.  Author  of  "Eloquence 
of  Nature,  and  other  Poems,"  1842;  "Sun- 
light and  Heartlight,  and  other  Poems,"  1856 ; 
"Holy  Land,  a  Year's  Tour,"  1863;  "The 
Poet's  Song  for  the  Heart  and  the  Home," 
1867  ;  "  Bible  Lands,"  &c.,  1869.  Also  poems 
and  sermons  in  pamphlet  form ;  "  Introd.  to 
Life  and  Times  of  Bunyan,"  8yo,  1855;  and 
articles  in  periodicals.  —  AlUbone. 

Philes,  George  P.,  linguist,  bibliographer, 
and  scholar,  b.  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  15  Apr.  1828. 
Educated  at  Ithaca  Acad.  Has  resided  in  N.Y. 
City  since  1854,  engaged  as  a  bookseller  and 
publisher.  In  1857  he  m.  Emilena  L.,  dau.  of 
Martin  Sanders  of  Cortland,  N.Y.  M.A.  of 
Dartm.  Coll.  1858.  Contrib.  to  lit.  journals 
under  the  pscudonyme  of  "  Paulus  Silentiarius ; " 
edited  "The  Phiiobiblion,"  2  vols.  4to,  N.Y. 
1862-3 ;  assisted  in  preparing  the  "  Bibl.  Amer. 
Vetust."  (comp.  by  Henry  Harrisse),  N.Y.,  Geo. 
P.  Philes,  1866,  imp.  8vo  and  4to;  edited  "The 
Bhagvat-Geeta,  or  Dialogues  of  Kreeshna  and 
Arjoon,"  &c.,  8vo,  1 867,  and  a  reprint  in  black- 
letter  of  the  "  Proverbes,  or  Adagies,"  &c.,  from 
Erasmus,  by  Rycharde  Tauerner,  London, 
1550,  N.Y.  1867,  8vo.  We  believe  he  is  now 
engaged  in  preparing  a  "  Dictionary  of  Anony- 
mous and  Pseudonymous  Eng.  and  Amer.  Au- 
thors, with  Hist,  and  Critical  Notes." 

Philip,  King  (Metacom),  Sachem  of  Po- 
kanoket.  Youngest  son  of  Massasoit,  and  the 
successor  in  1662  of  his  bro.  Alexander;  killed 
Aug.  12,  1676.  In  1662  he  promised  at  Plym- 
outh to  continue  in  friendship  with  the  English, 
and  not  to  dispose  of  any  of  his  territory  with- 
out giving  notice;  in  1671,  in  consequence  of 
rumors  of  a  plot  against  the  colonists  and  the 
occurrence  of  several  murders,  a  new  agree- 
ment was  finally  entered  into,  by  which  Philip 
admitted  the  superiority  of  the  Plymouth  govt. 
The  Indians  were,  however,  required  to  give  up 
their  arms,  —  a  measure  which  soon  produced 
unfavorable  results.  In  1675,  Sassamon,  a  con- 
verted Indian,  who  had  informed  the  Colony 
that  hostile  preparations  were  going  on,  was 
killed.  His  murderers  were  tried,  convicted, 
and  executed ;  and  in  revenge  the  Indians  mur- 
dered 8  or  9  white  men.  The  war  that  ensued 
was  of  a  most  harassing  character ;  the  Indians 
avoiding  the  whites  in  the  field,  but  rajiidly 
passing  from  one  exposed  point  to  another, 
burning  villages,  cutting  off  detached  parties  by 


Fm 


713 


Fm 


ambuscade,  and  shooting  down  all  who  ven- 
tured outside  of  the  places  of  protection.  Philip 
formed  an  alliance  with  the  powerful  Narragan- 
setts ;  but  an  expedition  under  Winslow  in  Dec. 
1675  resulted  in  the  complete  subjugation  of 
that  tribe.  This  blow,  and  the  complete  de- 
struction of  his  own  tribe,  soon  left  Philip  with- 
out resources.  Deserted  by  all,  he  was  hunted 
from  spot  to  spot ;  and  at  last,  taking  refuge  at 
Mount  Hope,  was  there  attacked  by  a  party 
under  Capt.  Church,  and  was  killed  by  an  In- 
dian while  attempting  to  flee.  In  this  war  13 
towns  were  destroyed ;  many  others  suffered  se- 
verely ;  and  600  colonists  were  slain.  Philip 
was  brave,  crafty,  and  politic ;  had  great  influ- 
ence over  the  neighboring  tribes ;  and  was  im- 
placable in  his  hatred  of  the  colonists. 

Philipps,  Gen.  Richard,  gov.  Nova  Sco- 
tia 1717-49,  b.  1661 ;  d.  1751.  He  joined  the 
army  of  William  of  Orange  as  capt. ;  was  at 
the  battle  of  the  Boyne  in  1690 ;  and  was  made 
lieut.-col.  in  1712.  He  was  in  Nova  Scotia  in 
1720-31,  and  was  an  active  and  intelligent  offi- 
cer.    He  was,  at  his  death,  col.  38th  Regt. 

Philleo,  Calvin  W.,  novelist,  b.  Vernon, 
N.Y.,  June  14,  1822  ;  d.  Suffield,  Ct.,  June  30, 
1 858.  A  lawyer  at  Suffield  from  1 847  to  his  d. 
During  the  last  5  years  of  his  life  he  was  a 
contrib.  to  Graham's,  Putnam's,  Harper's,  and 
the  Atlantic  magazines. 

Phillips,  Adelaide,  vocalist,  b.  Stratford- 
on-Avon,  Eng.,  1833.  Made  her  debut  Sept. 
25,  1843,  at  the  Boston  Museum,  as  Little 
Pickle ;  at  the  Walnut-street  Theatre,  Phila., 
July  17,  1846,  as  Rosa  in  "John  of  Paris;" 
and  was  long  a  great  favorite,  and  a  useful 
member  of  the  Boston  Museum  Company. 
Possessing  a  remarkable  contralto  voice,  she 
resolved  upon  its  cultivation,  and  was  trained 
in  Italy  in  1852-4,  making  a  successful  de'but 
at  the  Carcano,  Milan,  Dec.  17,  1854,  in  the 
"Barber  of  Seville."  In  Oct.  1855  she  app.  in 
concert  at  the  Music  Hall,  Boston ;  first  app.  in 
opera  at  the  N.Y.  Academy,  Mar.  17,  1856,  as 
Azuceni  in  "  II  Troiiatore,"  —  a  part  in  which 
she  is  unrivalled,  and  which  she  played  at  the 
Italian  Opera  House  in  Paris  in  October,  1861. 
She  sang  at  the  great  Peace  Jubilee  in  Boston 
in  June,  1869. 

Phillips,  George,  first  minister  of  Water- 
town,  Ms.,  from  July  30, 1630,  to  hisd.  July  1, 
1644;  b.  Rainham,  Norfolk  Co.,  Eng.,  1593. 
U.  of  Cambridge  1613  and  1617.  Settled  at 
Boxted,  Essex  Co.,  Eng. ;  but  became  a  non- 
conformist, and  came  to  N.  E.  in  June,  1630. 
Ho  was  a  learned  scholar,  and  an  able  disputant. 
His  work  on  "  Infant-Baptism "  was  pub. 
1645.  —  Mather's  MaijiiaUa. 

Phillips,  Henry,  Jun.,  numismatist. 
Member  of  the  Phila.  bar.  Author  of  "  Histo- 
ry of  the  Paper-Money  of  Pa.,"  8vo,  1862; 
"N.  Jersey  Bills  of  Credit,  1723-86,"  8vo, 
1863;  "Paper -Currency  of  the  Colonies," 
1863-6,  2  vols.  4to  ;  "  Early  Currency  of  Mary- 
land," 1867  ;  "  Medicine  and  Astrology,"  8vo, 
1867;  "Pleasures  of  Numismatic  Science," 
8vo,  1867.  —  AlUlmie. 

Phillips,  Col.  John  ;  d.  Charlestown,  Ms., 
Mar.  20,  1726,  a.  93  yrs.  9  mo.  He  was  judge 
of  the  Admiralty  Court ;  treas.  of  the  province ; 
col.  of  the  regt.  1689-1715;   a  justice  of  the 


C.  C.  P. ;  one  of  the  council  1689-1716;  and 
repres.  1683-6.  —  Savar/e. 

Phillips,  John,  LL.D.,  merchant  and 
philanthropist,  b.  Andover,  Ms,,  Dec.  27, 1719  ; 
d.  Exeter,  N.H.,  Apr.  21,  1795.  H.  U.  1735. 
Son  of  Rev.  Samuel  of  Andover.  He  studied 
theology  and  preached  for  a  time,  but  subse- 
quently became  a  merchant ;  and  was  for  some 
years  a  member  of  the  council  of  N.H.  He  en- 
dowed a  professorship  in  Dartm.  Coll. ;  contrib. 
Uberally  also  to  N.  J.  Coll.  April  21, 1778,  he, 
with  hisbro.  Samuel,  founded  Phillips  Acad,  at 
Andover,  giving  to  it  $31,000,  beside  a  third  in- 
terest in  his  estate ;  and  in  1 781  founded  Phillips 
Acad.,  Exeter,  to  which  he  gave  $134,000. 

Phillips,  John,  first  mayor  of  Boston, 
1822-3,  b.  Boston,  Nov.  26, 1770  ;  d.  there  May 
29,1823.  H.  U.  1788.  Nephew  of  Licut.-Gov. 
William.  Studied  law,  and  at  an  early  age 
was  app.  atty.  for  Suffolk  Co.  During  the  last 
20  years  of  his  life  he  was  a  member  of  the 
State  senate,  and  1813-23  its  pres. ;  in  1809 
he  became  a  judge  of  C.  C.  P. ;  member  of  the 
State  Const.  Conv.  in  1820. 

Phillips,  Philip,  vocalist  and  musical 
composer,  b.  Chautauqua  Co.,  N.Y.,  13  Aug. 
1834.  His  youth  was  spent  on  a  farm;  his 
leisure  he  devoted  to  music,  completing  his 
studies  under  Lowell  Mason.  He  has  since 
given  sacred  concerts  in  all  parts  of  the  U.S. 
App.  in  1866  musical  editor  of  the  Meth.  Book 
Concern,  N.Y. ;  visiting  Europe  in  1869,  he 
sang  in  the  principal  cities  there.  Among  his 
most  popular  works  are  "Musical  Leaves," 
"  Singing  Pilgrim,"  "  An  Offering  of  Praise," 
and  "  New  Standard  Singer." 

Phillips,  Samuel,  Jun.,  LL.D.,  b.  N.  An- 
dover, Ms.,  Feb.  7,  1752;  d.  Andover,  Feb.  10, 
1802.  H.U.  1771.  Grandson  of  Rev.  Samuel 
(H.  U.  1708),  minister  of  Andover  (17  Oct. 
1710  to  his  d.  5  June,  1771  ;  b.  Salem,  28  Feb. 
1690).  Son  of  Samuel,  a  councillor  of  state, 
who  d.  July  21,  1790,  a.  76.  He  was  4  years  a 
member  of  the  Ms.  Prov.  Cong.,  and  one  of  its 
best  speakers ;  a  member  of  the  Const.  Conv. 
of  1779 ;  a  State  senator  for  20  years  following 
the  adoption  of  the  constitution,  and  15  years 
pres.  of  that  body ;  a  judge  of  the  C.  C.  P. 
(1781-98);  commiss.  of  the  State  in  Shays's 
Insurrection ;  and  lieut.-gov.  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  was  also  much  engaged  in  agric, 
manuf.,  and  mercantile  pursuits.  He  planned 
and  organized  at  Andover  the  first  incorporated 
academy  in  the  State,  and  one  of  the  first  in  the 
country,  gave  it  some  lands,  and  procured 
endowments  for  it  from  his  father,  uncles, 
and  cousin,  to  the  amount  of  $85,000.  At  his 
death  he  left  to  the  town  of  Andover  a  fund  of 
$5,000,  the  income  to  be  applied  to  the  cause 
of  education.  He  was  a  founder  of  the  Amer. 
Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences  of  Boston. 

Phillips,  Stephen  Clarendon,  philan- 
thi'opist,  b.  Salem,  Nov.  4,  1801;  lost  by  the 
burning  of  "  The  Montreal  "  on  the  River  St. 
Lawrence,  June  26,  1857.  H.  U.  1819.  He  be- 
gan to  study  law,  but  became  a  merchant ;  mem- 
ber legisl.  in  1824-9;  senator  in  1830;  again 
a  representative  in  1832  and  '33;  M.C.  1834- 
8;  mayor  of  Salem  Dec.  1838-March,  1842; 
and  upon  his  voluntary  retirement  devoted  the 
whole  of  his  salary  as   mayor  to  the  public 


PHI 


714 


p»iii 


schools  of  the  city.  In  1848  and  '49  he  was 
the  Free-soil  candidate  for  gov.  He  dis- 
charged several  State  and  private  trusts  with 
ability,  sagacity,  and  integrity ;  and  was  many 
years  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Educa- 
tion. Author  of  "  The  Sunday-school  Service- 
Book." 

Phillips,  Wendell,  orator  and  reformer, 
h.  Boston,  Nov.  29,  1811.  H.U.  1831  ;  Camb. 
Law  School,  1833.  Son  of  John,  first  mayor 
of  Boston.  Adm.  to  the  Sutlolk  bar  in  1834. 
The  agitation  of  the  slavery  question  was  at 
this  time  at  its  height ;  and  Mr.  Phillips  joined 
the  abolitionists  in  1836,  relinquishing  profes- 
sional practice  in  1839  from  unwillingness  to 
act  under  his  attorney's  oath  to  the  Constitu- 
tion of  the  U.S.  His  first  memorable  speech 
was  made  in  Faneuil  Hall  in  Dec.  1837,  at  a 
meeting  "  to  notice  in  a  suitable  manner  the 
murder,  in  the  city  of  Alton,  111.,  of  the  Rev. 
Elijah  P.  Lovejoy,  who  fell  in  defence  of  the 
freedom  of  the  press."  At  a  moment  when 
the  purpose  of  the  meeting  seemed  likely  to  be 
defeated,  and  its  resolutions  rejected,  by  the 
opposition  of  Atty.-Gen.  Austin,  Mr.  Phillips, 
who  was  among  the  audience,  in  an  outburst 
of  indignant  eloquence  at  once  nbuked  Mr. 
Austin  for  the  sentiments  he  had  uttered,  and 
secured  the  passage  of  the  resolutions.  He 
was  a  prominent  advocate  of  the  doctrines  of 
the  Garrisonian  abolitionists,  who,  believing 
the  Constitution  of  the  U.S.  to  be  an  immoral 
compact  between  freedom  and  slavery,  refused 
it  support,  abstained  from  voting,  and  labored 
for  the  dissolution  of  the  Union  as  the  best 
means  of  freeing  the  slaves.  Mr.  Phillips  is 
now  identified  with  the  progress  of  the  temper- 
ance, labor-reform,  and  wonian's-rights  move- 
ments. He  is  a  frequent  public  lecturer,  and  as 
an  orator  ranks  among  the  very  foremost 
America  has  produced.  Pres.  of  the  Amer. 
Antislavery  Soc.  from  1865  until  its  dissolution, 
9  April,  1870;  candidate  of  the  Labor-reform 

Earty  for  gov.  of  Ms.  in  1870.  His  Speeches, 
lectures,  and  Letters  were  pub.  Boston,  1863  ; 
"  The  Constitution  a  Proslavery  Compact," 
8vo,  1844;  "Can  Abolitionists  Vote  or  Take 
Office?  "  184.5  ;  "  Review  of  Spooner's  Uncon- 
stitutionality of  Slavery,"  8vo,  1847  ;  "  Review 
of  Webster's  7th-of- March  Speech,"  1850; 
"Review  of  Kossuth's  Course,"  1851;  "De- 
fence of  the  Antislavery  Movement,"  8vo, 
1853;  "Addresses,"  8vo,  1859.  He  has  con- 
trib.  largely  to  the  Liberator  and  to  the  Anti- 
si  av&'f  I  Standard. 

Phillips,  WiLLARD,  LL.D.,  A.A.S.,  law- 
yer and  author,  b.  Bridgewater,  Ms.,  Dec.  19, 
1784.  H.U.  1810;  tutor  there  1810-15.  He 
j)rocured  the  means  for  his  own  education  by 
teaching.  He  then  began  the  practice  of  law 
in  Boston,  and  at  the  same  time  assisted  in  the 
editorship  of  the  N.A.  Review,  to  which  he  was, 
until  1834,  a  contrib.  In  1825  and  '26  he  was  a 
rnember  of  the  State  legisl.  He  gave  up  prac- 
tice in  1845  ;  was  judge  of  probate  for  Suffolk 
Co.  in  1839-47  ;  and  has  been  pres.  of  the 
N.E.  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co.  since  1843  ;  in 
1837-41  he  was  one  of  the  commiss.  who 
reduced  the  law  of  crimes  and  punishments  to 
a  systematic  code.  He  pub.  in  1 8 1 2  a  pamphlet 
entitled  "An  Appeal  to  the  Public  Spirit  of 


the  Federalists  and  the  Good  Sense  of  the 
Democrats  ;  "  "  Treatise  on  Insurance,"  1823, 
5th  edition,  2  vols.  8vo,  1868;  "Treatise  on 
Patents,"  1837;  "Inventor's  Guide,"  1837; 
"A  Manual  of  Political  Economy,"  1828; 
"Propositions  concerning  Protection  and  Free 
Trade,"  1850.  He  wrote,  among  other  articles 
for  the  "  Encyclopedia  Americana,"  one  on 
"  Political  Economy,"  and  in  1832  pub.  a  digest 
of  the  first  8  vols,  of  Pickering's  "  Reports." 
With  Edward  Pickering  he  edited  the  first 
Amer.  edition  of  "  Collyer  on  Partnership." 
In  1812  he  was  a  contrib.  to  the  Gen.  Repository 
and  Revieiv,  and  for  some  years  edited  and  pub. 
the  A  nterican  Jurist. 

Phillips,  William,  a  British  gen.;  d. 
Petersburg,  Va.,  May  13,  1781.  App.  capt. 
of  art.  May,  1756;  brev.  lieut.-col.  1760;  col. 
May  25,  1772;  and  maj.-gen.  in  June,  1776,  in 
Burgoyne's  cxped.  He  served  with  credit  in 
Germany;  was  taken  prisoner  with  Burgoyne 
in  Oct.  1777;  exchanged  in  Nov.  1779;  and 
was  actively  engaged  at  the  South  until  his 
death.  In  the  spring  of  1781  he  was  sent  from 
New  York  with  2,000  men  to  join  Arnold,  then 
at  the  Chesapeake.  After  a  brief  career  of 
devastation  in  Va.,  he  was  carried  off  by  a  fever. 
He  was  haughty  and  irritable,  and  held  the 
Americans  in  great  contempt. 

Phillips,  William,  lieut.-gov.  of  Ms. 
1812-23,  b.  Boston,  Apr.  10, 1750;  d.  May  26, 
1827.  Son  of  Wm.,  a  benefactor  of  Andover 
Sem.,  who  d.  Jan.  15, 1804,  a.  82.  He  engaged 
in  business  with  his  father,  and  acquired  a  for- 
tune; was  an  ardent  patriot  of  the  Re  vol. ;  was 
several  years  a  representative  after  1800;  and 
at  his  death  bequeathed  large  sums  to  Phillips 
Acad.,  Andover  Theol.  Sem.,  and  other  insti- 
tutions. His  son  Jonathan,  also  a  philan- 
thropic merchant  of  Boston,  and  a  member  of 
the  Ms.  legisl.,  b.  24  Apr.  1 778,  d.  29  July,  1860. 
Phillips,  William  Wirt,  D.  D.  (Col. 
Coll.  1826),  Presb.  clergvman,  b.  Montgomery 
Co.,  N.  Y.,  23  Sept.  1796;  d.  N.  Y.  Citv,  20 
Mar.  1865.  Un.  Coll.  1815;  New  Brunswick 
Theol.  Sem.  Ord.  Apr.  1818  over  the  Pearl- 
street  Church,  New  York;  transferred  in  1826 
to  the  Wall-street  Church ;  afterwards  removed 
to  Fifth  Avenue,  where  he  officiated  till  his 
death.  He  held  many  important  trusts  in  his 
denomination,  and  was  in  1835  moderator  of 
the  Gen.  Assembly. 

Phipps,  Henry,  Earl  of  Mulgrave,  a  Brit- 
ish gen.,  b.  1755  ;  d.  April  7,  1831.  Educated 
at  Eton,  and  intended  for  the  law;  he  entered 
the  army  in  1775;  was  aide-de-camp  to  Knyp- 
hausen  in  1776;  served  through  the  American 
war;  was  disting.  at  the  siege  of  Toulon  in 
1794;  rose  to  the  rank  of  gen.  in  1809;  and 
became  an  earl  in  1812. 

Phips,  Spencer,  lieut.-gov.  of  Ms.,  b. 
Rowley,  Ms.,  June  6,  1685  ;  d.  April  4,  1757. 
H.U.  1703.  Son  of  Dr.  David  Bennet  of  Row- 
ley ;  and  on  being  adopted  by  his  uncle.  Sir 
Wm.  Phips,  took  by  statute  the  latter  name. 
He  was  a  councillor  in  1722  ;  was  9  tinies  re- 
elected ;  was  lieut.-gov.  in  1731-57,  and  admin- 
istered the  govt,  from  Sept.  1749  to  1753,  and 
in  1756-7.  His  son  David  (H.U.  1741)  d. 
Bath,  Eng.,  in  1811,  a.  87.  A  prominent  loyal- 
ist of  Boston;  went  to  Halifax  in  1776. 


pm 


715 


FIG 


PhipS,  or  Phipps,  Sir  William,  gov. 
of  Ms.,  1).  Woolwich,  Me.,  Feb.  2,  1651  ;  d. 
London,  Feb.  18,  1695.  He  was  one  of  26 
children ;  was  at  first  a  shepherd ;  at  the  age 
of  18  bound  himself  to  a  ship-carpenter,  and 
learned  to  read  and  write.  In  1684  he  went  to 
Eng.  to  procure  means  to  recover  the  treasure 
from  a  Spanish  vessel  wrecked  near  the  Baha- 
mas. His  first  search,  for  which  a  national 
vessel  was  furnished  him,  was  unsuccessful ; 
in  a  second  attempt  in  1687,  at  the  cost  of  the 
Duke  of  Albemarle,  he  recovered  from  the 
wreck  treasure  to  the  amount  of  £300,000,  of 
which  £16,000  was  given  him  as  his  shore. 
He  was  also  knighted,  and  app.  high  sheriff  of 
New  Eng.  In  1690  he  com.  the  fleet  which 
captured  Port  Royal,  also  a  much  larger  one 
sent  against  Quebec  without  success.  He 
arrived  in  Boston  in  Nov.,  and  was  made  a 
magistrate  of  the  colony,  but  Soon  revisited 
England  to  induce  the  govt,  to  send  another 
expedition  to  Canada.  Through  the  influence 
of  Increase  Mather,  the  agent  of  Ms.  in  Eng., 
he  was  app.  gov.  of  the  province,  and  arrived 
in  Boston,  May  14,  1692;  in  Aug.  he  sailed 
with  ab.  450  men  to  Pemaquid,  where  he  built 
a  fort.  Summoned  in  1694  to  Eng.  to  answer 
complaints  which  had  been  brought  against 
him,  he  died  there  very  suddenly.  He  was 
a  lover  of  his  country,  a  man  of  uncommon 
enterprise  and  industry,  and  of  an  excellent 
disposition  ;  but  the  violence  of  his  temper 
weakened  his  influence.  He  is  much  eulogized 
by  Cotton  Mather,  his  pastor,  with  whom  he 
co-operated  in  the  witchcraft  delusion.  —  See 
Life  hy  Bowen  in  Sparks' s  Am.  Biog. 

Physic,  Phillip  Syng,  M.D.  CEdinburgh, 
1792),  an  eminent  physician  and  surgeon,  b. 
Phila.  July  7,  1768;  d.  there  Dec.  15,  1837. 
U.  of  Pa.  1785.  Ilis  father,  an  Englishman, 
had  charge  of  the  estates  of  the  Penn  family. 
He  received  his  early  education  at  the  Friends' 
Acad.;  studied  medicine;  went  to  Europe  in 
Nov.  1 788 ;  became  the  private  pupil  of  John 
Hunter,  and  in  1790  was  adm.  to  St.  George's 
Hospital  as  house-surgeon.  On  leaving  it,  he 
received  his  diploma  from  the  Roy.  Coll.  of  Sur- 
geons in  Lond.;  was  invited  by  Dr.  Hunter 
to  assist  him  in  Ids  professional  business,  and 
remained  with  him  a  year.  After  a  year's  at- 
tendance on  the  lectures  of  the  university,  and 
visiting  the  Royal  Infirmary  at  Edinb.,  Dr. 
Physic  returned  to  Phila. ;  commenced  the 
practice  of  medicine;  and  in  1793,  on  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  epidemic,  was  app.  physician  to 
the  Yellow-fever  Hospital  at  Bush  Hill;  in 
1794  one  of  the  surgeons  of  the  Pa.  Hospital; 
on  the  rc-appearanco  of  the  yellow-fever  was 
again  resident  physician  at  the  Bush-hill  Hos- 
pital ;  and  in  1801-16  was  surgeon-extr.  to  the 
Phila.  Almshouse  Infirmary;  in  1805  he  was 
app.  prof,  of  surgery  in  the  U.  of  Pa. ;  in  1819- 
31  he  filled  the  chair  of  anatomy;  in  1821 
was  app.  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Inst,  for 
the  Blind ;  in  1824  was  elected  pres.  of  the  Phila. 
Med.  Soc. ;  in  1825  became  a  member  of  the 
Roy.  Acad,  of  Med.  in  France ;  and  in  1836  an 
hon.  fellow  of  the  Roy.  Med.  and  Chirurgical 
Soc.  of  Lond.  As  a  practical  surgeon.  Dr.  P. 
had  no  rival  in  the  U.S. ;  and  he  was  exceed- 
ingly popular  as  a  lecturer.    Author  of  valua- 


ble communications  to  the  medical  journals.  — 
See  Memoir  by  John  Bell  in  Gross's  Med.  Biog. 

Piatt,  John  James,  poet,  b.  Milton,  Ind.,  1 
Mar.  1835.  Nephew  of  Donn  Piatt,  writer  and 
politician,  and  of  Abram  Sanders  Piatt,  politi- 
cal and  poetical  Aviiter.  He  learned  the  print- 
ing-business, and  attended  the  Columbus  High 
school  and  Kenyon  Coll.  He  became  known 
by  his  poetical  contribs.  to  the  Louisville  .Jour- 
nal in  1858;  became  a  contrib.  to  the  Atlantic 
Monthli/ in  1859;  and  in  1860,  in  conjunction 
with  W.  D.  Howells,  pub.  a  vol.  of  "  Poems 
of  Two  Friends."  —  See  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the 
West. 

Pichon,  Thomas  (alias  Thomas  Signis 
Tyrrell),  b.  France ;  d.  Lond.  1781.  lie  was 
brought  up  a  medical  student  at  Marseilles,  and 
was  insp.  of  hospitals  in  Bohemia  in  1 743 ; 
sec.  to  Count  Raymond,  the  French  gov.  of 
Cape  Breton,  1751-3 ;  and  was  afterAvard  com- 
miss.  of  stores  at  Fort  Beausej our  until  its  cap- 
ture in  1755.  All  the  while  he  held  these 
posts,  he  was  furnishing  information  to  the 
British  officers,  from  whom  he  received  money, 
and  articles  of  dress.  He  was  in  Lond.  from 
1758  till  his  death.  He  pub.  anonymously  a 
work  on  Cape  Breton  and  St.  John  Island, 
containing  accurate  descriptions  of  the  Indians 
and  other  valuable"  information,  Lond.  1760, 
and  Paris  1761.  He  claimed  the  name  of 
Tyrrell  as  that  of  his  mother's  family. 

Pickens,  Andrew,  brig.-gen.  Revol.  ar- 
my, b.  Paxton,  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  13  Sept.  1739; 
d.  Pendleton  Dist.,  S.C,  17  Aug.  1817.  His 
parents,  who  were  of  Huguenot  descent,  re- 
moved in  1752  to  the  Waxhaw  Settlement,  S.C. 
He  was  a  vol.  in  Col.  Grant's  exped.  against 
the  Cherokees  in  Apr.  1761,  after  which  he  re- 
moved to  the  Long  Cane  Settlement.  At  the 
outset  of  the  Revol.  he  was  made  a  capt.  of 
mililia,  but  rose  rapidly,  through  courage,  skill, 
and  zeal,  to  the  rank  of  brig.-gen.  In  the 
darkest  time,  Avhen  the  South  Avas  overnin  by* 
the  enemy,  and  suffered  from  the  Tories  all  the 
horrors  of  civil  Avar,  he,  Avith  Marion  and  Sum- 
ter, kept  alive  the  spirit  of  resistance.  In  Feb. 
1779,  with  400  men,  he  defeated  Col.  Boyd  with 
800  Tories  at  Kettle  Creek;  had  his  horse 
killed  under  him  while  covering  the  retreat  at 
the  battle  of  Stono,  20  June,  1779 ;  and  in  that 
year  inflicted  a  severe  defeat  on  the  Cherokees 
at  Tomassee;  at  the  battle  of  the  Cowpens,  17 
Jan.  1781,  he  com.  the  militia,  whom  ho  rallied 
and  brought  a  second  time  into  action  after  they 
had  been  broken  and  compelled  to  retreat,  for 
which  service  Congress  voted  him  a  sword  ;  in 
June  he  captured  Augusta,  Ga. ;  and  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Eutaw,  where  he  com.  the  Carolina  militia, 
was  struck  by  a  bullet,  which,  but  for  striking 
the  buckle  of  his  sword-belt,  Avould  have  in- 
flicted a  mcfrtal  Avound.  By  a  successful  exped. 
against  the  Cherokees  in  1782,  he  obtained  a 
large  cession  of  territory  now  embraced  in  the 
State  of  Ga.  Member  of  the  S.C.  legisl.  from 
the  close  of  the  war  to  1794;  M.C.  1793-5; 
member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv. ;  made  maj.- 
gen.  of  militia  in  1795  ;  and  again  in  the  legisl. 
until  1801  and  in  1812.  Commiss.  in  many 
treaties  with  the  Southern  Indians;  by  that  of 
HopcAvell  he  obtained  from  the  Cherokees  the 
portion  of  the  State  of  S.C.  noAV  called  Pen- 


PIC 


716 


I>IC 


dleton  and  Greenville.  He  soon  after  settled 
at  Hopewell,  on  Kcowec  Kiver,  where  the  trea- 
ty was  held.  In  1765  he  married  Rebecca  Cal- 
houn, aunt  of  John  C.  He  was  remarkable 
for  simplicity,  decision,  and  prudence,  and  for 
the  scrupulous  performance  of  duty.  His  son 
Andrew,  gov.  of  S.C.  1816-18,  an  able  law- 
yer, d.  Pontotock,  Mpi.,  1  July,  1838. 

Pickens,  Fraxcis  W.,  statesman,  b.  To- 
gadoo,  St.  Paul's  Parish,  S.C,  Apr.  7,  1807  ; 
d.  Edo-efield,  S.C,  Jan.  25,  1869.  Son  of  Gov. 
Andrew.  Educated  at  S.C  Coll.  Was  in  1829 
adm  to  the  bar,  and  began  practice  in  Edge- 
field Dist.  During  the  nullification  excitement 
in  1832,  he  disting.  himself  in  the  legisl.  as  a 
debater ;  was  prominent  on  the  committees  on 
the  judiciary  and  on  foreign  relations  ;  made  a 
report  in  1833,  as  chairman  of  a  sub-corn.,  to 
the  effect  that  Congress,  as  the  agent  and  mere 
creature  of  the  States  severally,  had  no  claim 
to  allegiance,  and  could  exercise  no  sovereignty. 
M.C.  1835-45.  In  1836  he  made  an  elaborate 
speech,  denying  the  right  of  Congress  to  abol- 
ish slavery  in  the  Dist.  of  Col. ;  in  1844  he  was 
elected  to  the  S.C  senate.  He  voted  with  the 
majority  against  the  "  Bluffton  movement," 
a  secession  demonstration  then  in  progress  in 
the  State,  advocated  by  Gov.  Hammond  and 
other  prominent  men ;  was  a  member  of  the 
Nashville  Southern  Con  v.  in  1850-1  ;  presided 
over  the  State  conv.  called  to  elect  delegates  to 
the  gen.  Democ.  conv.  in  1854 ;  was  a  delegate 
to  that  conv. in  1856  at  Cincinnati;  was  minister 
to  Russia  in  1857-60;  and,  when  S.C.  declared 
its  secession  from  the  Union,  was  chosen  its 
gov.  He  immediately  demanded  of  Maj.  An- 
derson the  surrender  of  Fort  Sumter,  and  while 
in  oliice  did  all  in  his  power  in  aid  of  the  Re- 
bellion. He  was  succeeded  by  Bonham  in  1 862. 
He  wp.s  a  planter  of  great  wealth,  gave  much 
attention  to  scientific  agriculture,  and  won 
much  repute  in  the  Southern  States  as  an  ora- 
tor before  colleges  and  literary  societies. 

Pickens,  Israel,  gov.  of  Ala.  1821-5,  b. 
Cabarrus  Co.,  N.C ;  d.  near  Matanzas,  April 
23,  1827.  He  served  one  year  in  the  N.C.  le- 
gisl. ;  was  M.C.  in  1811-17  ;  was  app.  register 
of  the  land-office  of  Mpi.  Terr,  in  1817;  after- 
ward removed  to  Ala. ;  and  was  U.S.  senator 
in  1826. 

Pickering,  Charles,  M.D.  (H.U.  1826), 
naturalist,  grandson  of  Col.  Timothv,  b.  Sus- 
quehanna Co.,  Pa.,  Nov.  10,  1805.  After 
practising  medicine  11  years  in  Phiia.,  he  was 
attached  as  naturalist'  to  Wilkes's  exploring 
exped.  in  1838-42  ;  then  went  to  India  and 
Eastern  Africa,  and  pub.  the  results  of  his  re- 
searches in'o  the  characteristics  of  their  various 
tribes,  in  his  "  Races  of  Man  and  their  Geo- 
graphical Distribution,"  4to,  1848;  and  "Ge- 
ographical Distribution  of  Animals  and  Man," 
1854.  Author,  also,  of  a  work  on  the  "  Geo- 
graphical Distribution  of  Plants,"  pub.  1861. 
In  1858  he  communicated  to  the  Amer.  Orien- 
tal Soc.  an  essay  on  the  Invention  of  the  Art 
of  Writing ;  and,  before  the  Boston  Nat.  Hist. 
Soc,  notes  on  the  Stinging  Power  of  the  Phy- 
salia. 

Pickering,  Charles  W.,commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  NH.  Midshipm.  May  22, 1822  ;  lieut.  Dec. 
8,  1838;    com.  Sept.  14,  1855;   capt.  July  15, 


1862  ;  commo.  (retired  list)  Feb.  1,  1867. 
In  1822-3  he  made  his  first  cruise  with  his  un- 
cle, Capt.  R.  T.  Spencer,  in  "  The  Cyane ; " 
executive  officer  of  this  vessel  in  1854,  convey- 
ing Lieut.  Strain  and  his  explorin<j:-party  to 
Darien,  and  afterward  rescuing,  and  returning 
them  to  N.Y. ;  com.  "  The  Kearsarge  "  in  the 
Medit.  and  W.  I.  islands  1862-3  ;  com.  "The 
Housatonic,"  when  blown  up  off"  Charleston, 
Feb.  17,  1864,  by  a  sub-marine  torpedo  ;  after- 
ward com.  steamer  "  Vanderbilt"  at  capture  of 
Ft.  Fisher.  —  Hamersli/. 

Pickering,  Henry,  poet,  b.  Newburgh, 
N.Y.,  at  the  headquarters  of  Washington,  Oct. 
8,  1781  ;  d.  N.Y.  May  8,  1838.  Third  son  of 
Col.  Timothy.  Eni^aged  in  mercantile  pur- 
suits in  Salem,  and  afterward  in  N.Y.  City. 
An  edition  of  his  poems  was  pub.  in  Boston 
in  1 831 .  —  DuycJcinck. 

Pickering,  John,  LL.D.  (Dartm.  Coll. 
1792),  lawyer  and  jurist,  b.  Newington,  N.H., 
Sept.  22,  1737;  d.  Portsmouth,  Apr.  11,  1805. 
H.U.  1761.  A  prominent  member  of  the  conv. 
which  formed  the  const,  of  N.H. ;  in  1787  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  conv.  which 
framed  the  Const,  of  the  U.S.,  but  declined ; 
he  was  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  N.H. 
in  1790-5,  and  was  at  one  period  chief  justice ; 
subsequently  he  was  judge  of  the  Dist.  Court 
of  the  U.S.  for  N.H. ;  but,  his  reason  becoming 
impaired,  he  was  removed  from  office  by  im- 
peachment in  1804. 

Pickering,  John,  LL.D.  (Bowd.  1822; 
H.U.  1835),  philologist,  and  writer  on  law,  b. 
Salem,  Ms.,  Feb.  17,  1777;  d.  Boston,  May  5, 
1846.  H.  U.  1796.  Son  of  Col.  Timothy. 
He  studied  law  in  Phila, ;  was  in  1797  app.  sec. 
of  legation  to  Portugal ;  was  2  years  in  Lond. 
as  private  sec.  to  Rufus  King,  U.S.  minister; 
in  1801  returned  to  Salem,  resumed  his  legal 
studies,  commenced  practice,  and  remained 
there  until  1827,  when  he  removed  to  Boston  ; 
and  was  city  solicitor  from  1829  until  his 
death.  His  practice  was  large;  but  by  great 
industry,  and  economy  in  the  use  of  time, 
Iiis  labors  in  general  lit.,  and  philology  in  par- 
ticular, made  him  one  of  the  most  profound 
scholars  in  the  country,  and  even  of  the  age. 
He  was  3  times  representative  fiom  Salem, 
twice  a  senator  from  Essex,  and  once  from  Suf- 
folk, and  was  a  member  of  the  Executive 
Council ;  in  1833  he  was  a  member  of  the 
commission  for  revising  and  arranging  the 
statutes  of  Ms.  The  part  entitled  "  Of  the  In- 
ternal Administration  of  Govt."  was  executed 
by  him.  He  contrib.  to  the  Amer.  Jurist ;  to 
the  Law  Reporter  of  1841  an  article  of  singu- 
lar merit,  on  National  Rights  and  State  Rights ; 
to  the  N.  A.  Review  for  Oct.  1840  an  article 
on  Conveyancing  in  Ancient  Egypt.  Author  of 
"  Remarks  on  Greek  Grammars,"  1825  ;  "  The 
Vocabulary  of  Americanisms,"  1816;  an  essay 
on  "  The  Uniform  Orthography  of  the  Indian 
Languasre,"  1820  ;  "  Indian  Languages  of 
Amer. ;  "  an  article  on  the  Chinese  language, 
on  the  Cochin-Chinese  language;  and  many 
productions  of  an  analogous  character.  Hi's 
principal  work  was  a  Greek  and  Eng.  Lexicon, 
begun  in  1814,  but  not  finished  until  1826. 
He  was  more  or  less  familiar  with  22  different 
languages,    the    Egyptian    hieroglyphics,    the 


FIC 


717 


PIE 


Malay  in  several  dialects,  and  particularly  the 
Indian  lan^ruages  of  Amer.  and  of  the  Polyne- 
sian Islands.  In  1806  he  was  elected  Hancock 
prof,  of  Hebrew  in  H.U.,  and  at  a  later  day 
was  invited  to  fill  the  chair  of  Greek  literature. 
Pres.  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
and  of  the  Oriental  Soc.  of  Boston,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  many  scientific  and  literary  societies  in 
Europe. 

Pickering,  Octavius,  LL.D.,  legist  and 
naturalist,  b.  Wvominj^,  Pa.,  Sept.  2,  1792;  d. 
.  Boston,  Oct.  29,' 1868.  HU.  1810.  Adm.  to 
the  Suffolk  bar,  March  6,  1816  ;  opened  an  of- 
fice  in  Boston,  and  assisted  in  rcportinj^  the 
proceedings  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  in  1820 ; 
State  reporter  in  1822-40;  and  Pickering's 
"Reports,"  in  24  vols.  8vo,  form  a  necessary 
part  of  every  good  law-library.  He  resided  in 
Europe  in  1841-8  ;  was  many  years  a  member 
of  tlie  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences ;  and 
in  Dec.  1814  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
organization  now  known  as  the  Boston  Soc.  of 
Nat.  Hist.  He  pub.  in  1867  the  first  vol.  of 
t.'ie  Life  of  Col.  Timo.  Pickering,  his  father; 
with  W.  H.  Gardner,  "  Report  of  the  Trial 
of  Judge  James  Prescott,"  8vo,  1821. 

Pickering,  Timothy,  LL.D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1798),  soldier  and  statesman,  b.  Salem,  Ms., 
17  July,  1745  ;  d.  there  29  Jan.  1829.  H.U. 
1763.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1768,  he  became  the 
champion  and  leader  of  the  Whigs  of  Essex 
Co. ;  was  on  the  com.  of  corresp. ;  and  wrote 
and  delivered  the  address  of  the  people  of  Sa- 
lem to  Gov,  Gage,  in  1774,  on  the  occasion  of 
the  Boston  Port  Bill.  He  first  opposed  an 
armed  resistance  to  the  British  troops,  when, 
26  Feb.  177.5,  he,  while  a  col.  of  militia,  at  a 
drawbridge  in  Salem,  prevented  their  crossing 
to  seize  some  military  stores.  He  had  been 
reg.  of  deeds ;  and  in  1775  was  app.  a  judge  of 
C.C.P.  for  Essex  Co.,  and  sole  judge  of  the 
Maritime  Court  for  the  middle  dist.  He  joined 
Washington  in  N.J.  in  the  fall  of  1776  with 
his  regt.  of  700  men  ;  was  made  adj.-gen.  of 
the  army  in  May,  1777  ;  was  present  at  the 
battles  of  the  Brandy  wine  and  German  town; 
was  made  by  Congress  a  mem!)er  of  the  board 
of  war  in  Nov. ;  and  succeeded  Greene  as  quar- 
termaster-gen. 5  Aug.  1780.  After  the  war  he 
resided  in  Phila.,  and  in  1786  was  sent  by  the 
govt,  to  adjust  a  controversy  between  various 
claimants  to  the  Wyoming  settlement.  During 
this  dispute  he  was  waylaid  near  Wilkesbarre, 
Pa.,  by  a  band  of  disguised  persons,  in  June, 
1788,  im])risoned,  ill-treated,  and  his  life  threat- 
ened ;  20  days  afterward  he  re-appeared,  but 
was  so  much  changed  by  his  sufferings  and 
hardships,  that  his  children  fled  affrighted  from 
his  presence.  (See  account  of  this  in  his  let- 
ter in  Hazard's  "  Register  of  Pa.,"  vol.  vii.) 
In  1787  he  was  the  deleg.  of  Luzerne  Co.  to 
the  Pa.  conv.  for  considering  the  U.S.  Const., 
and  earnestly  favored  its  adoption  ;  U.S.  post- 
master-gen. 7  Nov.  1791-2  Jan.  1795,  and  at 
the  same  time  much  employed  in  negotiations 
with  the  Indians ;  U.  S.  sec.  of  war  2  Jan. 
1794-10  Dec.  1795;  and  U.S.  sec.  of  state  10 
Dec.  1795-12  May,  1800.  He  left  office  poor, 
and,  building  a  log-hut  for  his  family,  settled 
on  some  wild  lands  in  Pa.  The  liberality  of 
friends  enabled  him  to  return  to  Salem  at  the 


close  of  1801 .  Made  chief  justice  of  the  Essex 
Co.  C.C.P.  in  1802;  U.S.  senator  in  1803-11  ; 
member  of  the  council  in  1811;  member  of 
the  board  of  war  of  Ms.  during  the  war  of 
1812-15;  and  M.C.  1815-17.  He  was  one  of 
the  leaders  of  the  Federal  party  in  the  U.S. ; 
member  of  the  Pa.  Const.  Conv.  of  1790;  and 
was  active  in  promoting  the  cause  of  education. 
He  pub.  "  Easy  Plan  of  Discipline  for  a  Mili 
tia,"  Salem,  July,  1775;  "Letter  to  Gov.  Sul- 
livan on  the  Embargo;"  "Addresses  to  the 
People,"  1808;  "Political  Essays,"  &c.,  18mo, 
1812;  and  a  severe  "Review  of  the  Corresp. 
between  John  Adams  and  W.  Cunningham," 
1824.  He  was  a  talented  writer,  a  brave  and 
patriotic  soldier,  and  a  disinterested,  able,  and 
energetic  public  officer.  Plain  and  unassum- 
ing in  manner,  he  excelled  in  conversation.  — 
See  Life  bi/  his  Son  Octavius,  vol.  i.  1867. 

Pickett,  Col.  ALBfeRT  James,  author  of 
a  "  History  of  Alabama,"  2  vols.  Charleston, 
1851  ;  b.  Anson  Co.,  N.C.,  Aug.  13,  1810;  d. 
Montgomery,  Ala.,  Oct.  28,  1858.  He  w^ent 
with  his  father  to  Ala.  in  1818;  studied  law, 
but  never  practised ;  and,  after  his  maniage  in 
1832,  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits  and 
the  care  of  his  plantation. 

Pickett,  Byron  M.,  a  self-taught  sculptor, 
b.  Jordan,  Onondaga  Co.,  N.Y.  Author  of 
several  beautiful  marble  works,  among  others 
"  CEnone,"  exhibited  at  the  Nat.  Acad,  in  1868. 
Has  recently  produced  a  fine  statue  of  S.  F.  B. 
Morse. 

Pickett,  George  E.,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b.  Rich- 
mond, 25  Jan.  1825.  West  Point,  1846.  Served 
in  the  Mexican  war,  earning  the  brevets  of  1  st 
licut.  and  capt. ;  capt.  9th  Inf.  3  Mar.  1855; 
resigned  25  June,  1 861 .  He  joined  the  Confed. 
army  as  col.  in  Sept.  1861 ;  brig.-gen.  14  Feb. 
1862;  niaj. -gen.  10  Oct.  1862;  severely  wound- 
ed at  Gaines's  Mill  27  June,  1862;  com.  a  div. 
at  Fredericksburg,  at  Gettysburg,  attack  on 
Newborn,  N.C. ;  in  Feb.  1864  captured  Plym- 
outh, N.C.;  surrounded  and  lost  most  of  his 
div.  at  Five  Forks ;  and  surrendered  with  Lee. 
Pierce.  —  Sec  also  Pearce  and  Peiuce. 
Pierce,  Ben.jamix,  gov.  of  N.H.  in  1827- 
9,  b.  Chelmsford,  Ms.,  Dec.  25,  1757;  d.  Hills- 
borough,  N.H.,  Apr.  1,  1839.  His  early  years 
were  passed  in  farm-labors.  Hearing  of  the 
conflict  at  Lexington,  he  immediately  joined 
the  patriot  army  at  Cambridge;  was  in  the 
battle  of  Bunker's  Hill ;  earned  his  commis- 
sion of  ensign  at  the  battle  of  Bemis  Heights ; 
subsequently  became  a  lieut.,  and  served  with 
bravery  to  the  close  of  the  war.  Aftenvard  a 
brig.-gen.  of  militia ;  from  1 789  to  1 802  a 
member  of  the  Gen.  Court;  in  1803-9  and  in 
1814-18  councillor;  and  in  1809-14  and  1818- 
23  high  sheriff  of  the  county.  Father  of 
Franklin  Pierce,  14th  pres.  of  the  U.S. 

Pierce,  Franklin,  14th  pres.  U.S.,  b. 
Hillsborough,  N.H.,  23  Nov.  1804;  d.  Con- 
cord, N.IL;  8  Oct.  1869.  Bowd.  Coll.  1824. 
Son  of  Gov.  Benj.  He  studied  law  under  Levi 
Woodbury ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1 827 ;  prac- 
tised first  at  Hillsborough,  and  ab.  1838  moved 
to  Concord.  In  1 834  he  m.  Jane  Means,  dau. 
of  Rev.  Dr.  Appleton.  M.C.  in  1833-7 ;  U.S. 
senator  1837-42  ;  he  refused  the  offices  of  atty.- 
gen.  and  sec.  of  war,  tendered  by  Mr.  Polk; 


I>IE 


718 


PIE 


vigorously  supported  the  annexation  of  Texas; 
was  made  col.  16th  U.S.  Inf.  after  the  breaking- 
out  of  the  Mexican  war;  app.  brig.-gcn.  3 
Mar.  1847;  com.  a  large  re-enforcement  for 
the  army  of  Gen.  Scott,  and  was  severely  in- 
jured by  the  fall  of  his  horse  upon  his  leg  19 
Aug.  1847.  He  presided  over  the  N.H.  Const. 
Conv.  in  the  winter  of  1850-1.  At  the  Na- 
tional Dcmoc.  conv.,  June,  1852,  the  prominent 
candidates  for  the  presidency  were  Cass,  Bu- 
chanan, and  Douglas.  After  35  ballots  with- 
out decisive  result,  the  name  of  Gen.  Pierce 
waa  proposed;  and  he  was  nominated  on  the 
49th  ballot.  He  was  elected  for  the  terra  of 
Mar.  4,  1853-7,  receiving  254  electoral  votes 
to  42  for  his  Whig  competitor.  Gen.  Scott.  In 
his  inaug.  he  denounced  the  agitation  of  slave- 
ry. His  administration  was  signalized  by  the 
acquisition  from  Mexico  of  Arizona ;  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Territories  of  Kansas  and 
Nebraska,  by  which  the  Mo.  Compromise  Act 
was  repealed,  and  slavery  permitted  to  enter 
those  Territories, — a  measure  which  aroused  the 
indignation  of  the  free  States,  and  created 
great  excitement ;  and  by  the  troubles  in  Kan- 
sas, caused  by  the  efforts  to  make  of  it  a  slave 
State,  contrary  to  the  wishes  of  a  large  major- 
ity of  its  citizens.  In  Aug.  1854,  Mr.  Pierce 
directed  the  American  ambassadors,  Buchanan, 
Mason,  and  Soule,  to  confer  on  the  best  means 
of  acquiring  Cuba.  They  met  at  Ostend,  and 
issued  the  "  Ostend  Manifesto,"  the  purport  of 
which  was,  that,  if  Spain  would  not  sell  Cuba, 
the  Americans  would  take  it  by  force.  He 
used  his  official  influence  to  promote  the  de- 
signs of  the  proslavery  party  in  Kansas.  Jan. 
24,  1 856,  he  sent  a  message  to  Congress,  rep- 
resenting the  formation  of  a  free-State  govt, 
in  Kansas  as  an  act  of  rebellion.  During  the 
Rebellion,  he  was  strongly  in  sympathy  with 
the  secessionists.  As  a  lawyer  he  acquired  an 
extensive  practice.  —  See  Us  Life  hy  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne,  1852. 

Pierce,  George  Edmond,  D.D.  (Mid. 
Coll.  1838),  pres.  W.  Res.  Coll.  1834-55,  b. 
Southbury,  Ct.,  9  Sept.  1794 ;  d.  Hudson,  O., 
27  May,  1871.  Y.C.  1816;  And.  Theol. 
Sem.  1 82 1 .  Principal  Fairfield  Acad.  1816-18; 
ord.  pastor  Cong,  church,  Harwinton,  10  July, 
1822. 

Pierce,  George  Foster,  D.D.,  bishop  of 
the  M.  E.  Church,  b.  Greene  Co.,  Ga.,  Feb.  3, 
1811.  Franklin  Coll.  1829.  He  began  to 
study  law,  but  was  adm.  into  the  Ga.  conf.  at 
Macon  in  1830.  With  the  exception  of  the 
year  1834,  during  which  he  was  stationed  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  he  labored  in  the  regular 
ministry  in  various  parts  of  Ga.  until  1838-9, 
when  he  became  first  pres.  of  the  Ga.  female 
(now  Wesleyan)  college  in  Macon.  While 
here,  he  edited,  jointly  with  P.  Pendleton,  the 
Southern  Lady's  Book.  Pres.  of  Emory  Coll., 
Ga.,  from  1848  until  his  election  to  the  episco- 
pacy in  1854.  Author  of  "  Incidents  of  West- 
ern Travel,^'  ed.  by  T.  O.  Summers,  D.D., 
12mo,  1857. 

Pierce,  John,  dep.  pavmaster-gen.  Revol. 
armv;  d.  N.Y.  City,  July,*1788. 

Pierce,  John,  D.D.  (H.U.  1822),  Cong, 
minister,  b.  Dorchester,  Ms.,  July  14,  1773  ; 
d.  Brookline,  Ms.,  Aug.  24, 1849.    H.U.  1793. 


Tutor,  1796.  The  son  of  a  shoemaker.  Ho 
spent  two  years  in  teaching,  and  then  studied 
theology  ;  and  Mar.  15, 1797,  was  ord.  over  the 
First  Cong.  Church,  Brookline,  Ms.,  of  which  he 
was  sole  pastor  for  half  a  century.  Member  of 
the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  of  the  Ms. 
Hist.  Soc.  For  several  years  he  was  pres.  of 
the  Ms.  Bible  Soc.  In  all  matters  appertain- 
ing to  family  and  literary  statistics  he  was  a 
prodigy.  He  had  18  quarto  vols,  of  600  pages 
each,  of  his  own  MS.,  containing  memoirs  and 
memorabilia.  He  pub.  "  Half-century  Dis- 
course at  Brookline,  Mar.  1847  ;  "  Sketch  of 
Brookline,"  in  "  Ms.  Hist.  Colls.,"  2d  ser.  vol. 
ii. 

Pierce,  William,  statesman,  of  Ga.,  aide- 
de-camp  to  Gen.  Greene  in  the  Revol.  war, 
and  presented  with  a  sword  by  Congress  ;  dele- 
gate to  the  Old  Congress  from  Ga.  1786-7  ;  and 
member  of  the  conv.  which  framed  the  U.S. 
Constitution.  He  pub.  his  impressions  of 
the  members  of  that  body  in  a  Savannah  paper 
long  afterward. 

Pierpont,  John,  clergyman  and  poet,  b. 
Litchfield,  Ct.,  Apr.  6,  1785  ;  d.  Medford,  Aug. 
27,1866.  Y.C.  1804.  A  lineal  descendant  of 
Rev.  James  Pierpont,  the  second  minister  of 
New  Haven  (1685-1714),  and  supposed  to  be 
allied  to  the  noble  English  family  of  the  name 
which  held  the  earldom  of  Kingston.  He  was 
an  assist,  in  Dr.  Backus's  acad.  at  Bethlem  ; 
went  to  S.C.  in  the  autumn  of  1805,  and  passed 
nearly  4  years  as  a  private  tutor  in  the  family 
of  Col.  William  Alston.  After  his  return  in 
1809  he  studied  law  at  the  school  in  Litchfield ; 
was  adm.  to  the  Essex  Co.  bar  in  1812,  and 
practised  for  a  time  in  Newburyport.  His 
health  demanding  more  active  employment,  he 
relinquished  his  profession,  and  engaged  in 
mercantile  life,  first  in  Boston,  and  afterwards 
at  Baltimore,  but  quitted  it  in  1816,  and  pub. 
his  "  Airs  of  Palestine,"  which  soon  reached  a 
third  edition.  He  next  studied  theology,  and 
Apr.  14,  1819,  was  ord.  pastor  of  the  HoUis-st. 
Church,  Boston,  In  1835  he  visited  Europe. 
On  his  return  he  resumed  his  pastoral  charge 
in  Boston,  where  he  continued  until  May  10, 
1845.  The  freedom  with  which  he  expressed 
his  opinions,  especially  in  regard  to  the  temper- 
ance cause,  had  given  rise  to  some  feeling  before 
his  departure  for  Europe;  and  in  1838  there 
sprung  up  between  himself  and  a  portion  of  his 
parish  a  controversy  which  lasted  7  years,  when, 
after  triumphantly  sustaining  himself  against 
the  charges  of  his  adversaries,  he  requested  a 
dismissal.  He  then  became  for  4  years  pastor 
of  a.  Unitarian  Church  in  Troy,  N.Y. ;  Aug. 
1,  1849,  was  settled  over  a  church  in  Medford  ; 
resigned  Apr.  6,  1856.  A  zealous  reformer,  he 
powerfully  advocated  the  temperance  and  anti- 
slavery  movements ;  was  the  candidate  of  the 
Liberty  party  for  gov.,  and,  in  1850,  of  the  Free- 
soil  party  for  Congress.  After  the  Rebellion 
broke  out,  though  76  years  of  age,  he  went  into 
the  field  as  chaplain  in  a  Ms.  regt.,  but  was 
soon  employed  in  the  treasury  dept.  at  Wash- 
ington. In  addition  to  his  poetical  works,  pub. 
at  Boston,  12mo,  1840,  he  pub.  several  popular 
school-readers,  and  some  20  occasional  sermons 
and  discourses. 

Pierrepont,  Edwabds,  jurist  and  lawyer. 


FIB2 


719 


r»iK: 


b.  North  Haven,  Ct.,  1817.  Y.C.  1837 ;  New- 
Haven  Law  School.  A  descendant  of  James, 
one  of  the  founders  of  Yale  Coll.  In  1840-5  he 
practised  law  in  Columbus,  O.,  since  practising 
in  N.Y.  City,  where  he  has  for  many  years 
been  eminent  at  the  bar.  Judge  N.Y.  Sup. 
Court  1 857-60 ;  member  Const.  Con  v.  of  1 867  ; 
U.S.  atty.  for  the  south,  dist.  of  N.Y.  1869- 
July,  1870.  Formerly  a  Democ,  in  1861  he 
became  a  Repub.  ;  zealously  supported  the 
admin,  of  Mr.  Lincoln  and  his  re-election  in 
1864,  and  aided  in  the  election  of  Pres.  Grant. 

Pierson,  Abraham,  first  pres.  of  Y.C. 
1701-7,  b.  Lynn,  Ms.,  1641  ;  d.  Mar.  5,  1707. 
H.U.  1668.  "Abraham  his  father,  first  minister 
of  Southampton,  L.I.  (b.  Yorkshire,  Eng.,  1608, 
d.  Aug.  9,  1678),  w;is  one  of  the  first  settlers 
of  Newark  in  1667,  and  was  the  first  minis- 
ter of  that  town.  Preached  to  the  Indians  of 
Long  Island  in  their  own  language,  and  contrib. 
"  Some  Helps  for  the  Indians  in  N.  Haven 
Colony  to  a  Further  Account  of  the  Prog- 
ress of  the  Gospel  in  N.E.,"  1659.  His  son 
was  ord.  colleague  with  him  at  Newark,  N.  J., 
March  4,  1672,  and  was  minister  of  Killing- 
worth,  Ct.,  from  1694  till  his  death.  —  Sprague. 

Pierson,  Hamilton  Wilcox,  D.D.,  b. 
Bergen,  N.Y.  Un.  Coll.;  Union  Thcol.  Sem. 
Pres.  of  Col.  Coll.,  Ky.,  1858.  Author  of 
•■'  Jefferson  at  Monticello,"  8vo,  1862.  Edited 
Amer.  Missionary  Memorial,  8vo,  1853 ;  and 
contrib.  to  periodicals.  — AUibone. 

Pierson,  Isaac,  D.D.,  physician  of  Orange, 
N.  J.,  40  years,  b.  Aug.  15,  1770;  d.  Sept.  22, 
1833.  N.J.  Coll.  1789.  Fellow  of  the  Coll.  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  N.Y.    M.C.  1827-31. 

Pigot,  Sir  Robert,  aBritishgen.,  b.  1720; 
d.  Aug.  1,  1796.  Maj.  10th  Foot,  May  .5, 1758; 
lieut.-col.  Feb.  1764;  col.  38th  Foot,  June,  1776; 
maj.-gen.  Aug.  1777;  lieut.-gen.  Nov.  1782. 
At  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill  he  com.  the  left 
wing  ;  and  to  his  activity,  bravery,  and  firmness 
much  of  the  success  of  that  day  was  owing. 
So  highly  did  he  distinguish  himself,  that  he 
received  as  a  reward  for  this  service  the  colo- 
nelcy of  the  38th  Foot.  Ho  had  a  com.  in  R.I. 
in  Aug.  1778,  and  superseded  Prescott  at  New- 
port soon  after. 

Pike,  Albert,  poet,  b.  Boston,  Dec.  29, 
1809.  H.U.  1859.  Son  of  a  journeyman 
shoemaker.  When  he  was  4  years  old,  t!ie 
family  removed  to  Newbury  port.  He  entered 
H.U.  at  the  age  of  16,  but,  unable  to  support 
himself  there,  taught  at  Newburyport  and  Fair- 
haven  ;  in  the  spring  of  1831  he  went  to  St. 
Louis,  travelling  much  of  the  way  on  foot; 
joined  an  exped!^  to  N.  Mexico ;  and  for  a  year 
was  either  a  merchant's  clerk  or  a  peddler  in 
Santa  Fe;  in  Sept.  1832  he  accomp.  some 
trappers,  from  whom  he  separated  with  4  others  ; 
travelled  500  miles  on  foot,  and  reached  Fort 
Smith,  Ark.,  "  without  a  rag  of  clothing,  a 
dollar  in  money,  or  knowing  a  person  in  the 
territory."  He  contrib.  poetry  to  the  Ark. 
Advocate;  became  a  partner  in  the  concern, 
which  he  bought  out  in  1834,  and  continued  to 
edit  the  paper  until  1836,  when  he  was  adm.  to 
the  bar,  to  which  he  subsequently  devoted 
himself.  He  pub.  "  Prose  Sketches  and  Poems," 
Boston,  12mo,  1834.  The  "  Hymns  to  the 
Gods  "  were  conaposed  wJiile  he  was  teaching 


in  Fairhavcn.  Some  of  his  fugitive  poems 
have  appeared  in  periodicals;  and  in  1854  a 
coll.  of  Ins  poems,  entitled  "  Nugge,"  was  printed 
at  Phila.,  but  never  pub.  He  was  prominent 
as  a  State-rights  man  ;  served  with  distinction 
as  a  vol.  in  the  Mexican  war  ;  and  com.  a  com- 
pany of  Ark.  cavalry.  He  organized  a  body 
of  Cherokee  Indians,  whom  he  led,  in  the  early 
part  of  the  Rebellion,  and  took  part  with  them 
in  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  sharing  in  the  Con 
fed.  defeat.  He  edited  the  Memphis  Appeal  in 
1867-8;  "Reports  of  the  Sup.  Ct.  of  Ark.," 
5  vols.  8vo,  1840-5;  "The  Arkansas  Form- 
Book,"  8vo,  1845  ;  "  Statutes,  &c.,  of  the  An- 
cient and  Accepted  Scottish  Rite,"  1859. 

Pike,  Mrs.  Frances  West  (Atherton), 
b.  Prospect,  Me.,  1819;  wife  of  Rev.  Richard 
Pike.  Author  of  "Step  by  Stop,"  1857; 
"Here  and  Hereafter,"  1858;  "Katharine 
Morris,  an  Autobiography,"  1858.  Contrib. 
to  the  Monthlij  Religions  Mag.  1855,  and  to  the 
Child's  Tnie- 'Friend  lS58.—Allibone. 

Pike,  Mrs.  Mary  H.  (Greene),  b.  East- 
port,  Me.,  1827.  Author  of  "  Ida  May,"  1854  ; 
"  Caste,"  1856  ;  "  Agnes,"  1858;  "  IBond  and 
Free,"  1858;  "Entanglements,"  2  vols.  1863; 
"  Cumworth  House,"  3  vols.  1864;  "The 
Cypresses,"  1867;  "My  Son's  Wife,"  1868. 
Contrib.  to  Graham's,  Harper's,  and  Atlantic 
magazines.  Wife  of  F.  A.  Pike  of  Calais, 
M.C.  1861-9. 

Pike,  Nicholas,  author  of  a  popular  trea- 
tise on  Arithmetic,  pub.  in  8vo,  1788,  b. 
Somersworth,  N.H.,  Oct.  6,  1743;  d.  New- 
buryport, Ms.,  Dec.  9, 1819.  H.U.  1766.  He 
was  the  son  of  Rev.  James,  and  a  descendant 
of  John  of  Newbury,  1635,  and  was  a  justice 
of  the  peace  for  Essex  County. 

Pike,  Zebulon  Montgomery,  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Lamberton,  N.  J.,  5  Jan.  1779; 
killed  at  York,  near  Toronto,  U.C,  27  Apr. 
1813.  Zebulon  his  father  (b.  N.J.  1751,  d. 
Lawrenceburg,  Ind.,  27  July,  1834)  was  a 
capt.  Revol.  army;  also  in  St.  Clair's  defeat  in 
1791 ;  and  was  brcv.  lieut.-col.  U.S.A.  10  July, 
1812.  The  son  was  app.  a  cadet  in  the  regt. 
of  his  father.  3  Mar.  1799  ;  1st  lieut.  in  Nov. ; 
and  was  made  capt.  in  Aug.  1806.  Skilled  in 
mathematics  and  in  the  languages,  he  was  app., 
after  the  purchase  of  La.,  to  conduct  an  exped. 
to  trace  the  Mpi.  to  its  head  ;  leaving  St.  Louis 
9  Aug.  1805,  he  performed  this  service  satis- 
factorily, returning  after  8  months  and  20 
days  of  exploration,  and  exposure  to  constant 
hardship.  In  1 806-7  he  was  engaged  in  gcog. 
explorations  of  La.,  during  which,  being  found 
on  Spanish  territory,  he  with  his  party  was 
taken  to  Santa  Fe,  and  after  a  long  examina- 
tion, and  the  seizure  of  his  papers,  was  escorted 
home,  arriving  at  Natchitoches  1  July,  1807. 
In  1810  he  pub.  a  narrative  of  his  expeditions, 
with  valuable  maps  and  charts.  Receiving 
the  thanks  of  govt.,  he  was  made  maj.  6th  Inf. 
3  May,  1808;  lieut.-coL  4th  Inf.  31  Dec.  1809  ; 
flep.  qnarterm.-gen.  3  Apr.  1812;  col.  15th 
Inf.  3  July,  1812;  brig.-gen.  12  Mar.  1813. 
Early  in  1813  he  was  assigned  to  the  principal 
army  as  adj.  and  insp.-gen..  and  Avas  selected 
to  com.  an  exped.  against  York,  the  capital  of 
Upper  Canada.  Landing  under  a  heavy  fire, 
he  charged  the  enemy  in  person,  and  put  them 


FIL 


720 


FIN" 


to  flight,  carried  one  battery  by  assault,  and 
was  moving  to  the  attack  of  the  main  works, 
wlien  the  explosion  of  the  British  magazine 
mortally  wounded  him,  speedily  causing  his 
death. 

Pillmore,  Joseph,  D.D.,  b.  Tadmouth, 
Yorkshire,  Eng.,  ab.  1734;  d.  Phila.  July  24, 
1825.  Came  to  the  U.S.  a  Meth.  preacher  in 
1769.  Ord.  Pr.-Ep.  Ch.  1785;  assist,  rector 
St.  Paul's  1789-94;  of  Christ  Ch.,  New  York, 
1794-1804  ;  of  St.  Paul's,  Phila.,  from  1804  to 
his  d.  Author  of  "  Narrative  of  Labors  in 
South  Wales,"  1825.  His  MS.,  describing 
his  I  ravels  and  labors  in  the  different  colonies, 
is  in  the  possessicn  of  John  Campbell  of 
Phila.  (1868).  — ^Mone. 

Pillow,  Gen.  Gideon  Johnson,  lawyer 
and  politician,  b.  Williamson  Co.,  Tenn., 
June  8. 1806.  U.  of  Nashville,  1827.  Second 
son  of  Gideon,  and  grandson  of  John  Pillow, 
a  soldier  of  the  Revol.,  who  in  1783  settled  in 
the  present  city  of  Nashville.  His  five  sons 
were  all  disring.  for  activity  and  intrepidity  in 
conflicts  with  the  Indians.  He  studied  law ; 
practised  in  Columbia,  Tenn.,  in  1830;  and  in 
the  course  of  10  years  ranked  with  the  first 
lawyers  of  his  State.  He  contrib.  materially 
in  1844  to  the  nomination  and  election  of  Mr. 
Polk  to  the  presidency,  who,  July  13,  1846, 
made  him  a  brig.-gen.  Proceeding  at  once  to 
Mexico  Avith  his  brigade  of  Tenn.  vols.,  after 
a  severe  illness  at  Camargo  he  joined  Scott 
before  Vera  Cruz ;  had  a  conspicuous  share  in 
the  operations  which  resulted  in  the  fall  of 
that  important  place ;  and  was  one  of  the 
commiss.  to  negotiate  terms  of  capitulation. 
At  Cerro  Gordo  he  led  the  attack  on  the  ene- 
my's right,  and  was  wounded  ;  made  maj.-gen. 
Apr.  13,  1847;  took  part  in  the  subsequent 
o])erations  upon  the  city  of  Mexico,  being 
conspicuous  in  the  battles  of  Contreras  and 
Churubusco  ;  and  at  the  storming  of  Chapul- 
tepec  was  severely  wounded.  He  opposed 
the  convention  at  Tacubaya,  and  incurred  the 
displeasure  of  Gen.  Scott,  whose  pointed  and 
offensive  remarks  constrained  the  former  to 
call  a  court  of  inquiry,  where  every  charge 
was  met  and  disproved,  and  his  fame  cleared 
of  any  reproach.  Retiring  to  private  life,  he 
devoted  himself  to  the  management  of  his  large 
estate.  In  1850  he  was  a  member  of  the  Nash- 
ville Southern  Convention,  where  he  delivered 
a  speech  against  the  extreme  ground  taken  by 
ultra  Southern  men.  In  April,  1 861,  he  offered 
to  raise  a  large  force  in  Tenn  in  aid  of  the 
secession  cause,  and  was  a  maj.-gen.  in  the 
Confed.  army.  He  escaped  from  Fort  Donelson 
previous  to  its  surrender. 

Pinckney,  Charles,  LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1787),statesman,b.  Charleston,  S.C.,1758;  d. 
there  Oct.  29,  1824.  Grandson  of  Wm.,  com- 
miss.-gen.  of  S.C.  (1703-66).  He  was  educated 
for  the  bar.  At  the  capture  of  Charleston  he  was 
made  prisoner,  and  sent  to  St.  Augustine ;  mem- 
ber of  the  legisl.  and  of  the  Old  Congress  in 
1784-7  ;  member  of  the  conv.  which  formed  the 
U.S.  Const,  in  1787  ;  pres.  of  the  S.C.  Const. 
Conv.  of  1788;  gov.  of  S.C.  in  1789-92,1796-8, 
and  1806-8;  U.S.  senator  1798-1801  ;  a  fre- 
quent and  able  speaker  on  the  Republican  side 
in  that  body;  an  active  promoter  of  Jeffierson's 


election  to  the  presidency  in  1800;  minister  to 
Spain  in  1802-5,  and  negotiated  a  release 
from  that  power  of  all  right  and  title  to  the 
terr.  purchased  by  the  U.S.  from  France ;  was 
subsequently,  at  several  times,  in  the  State 
legisl  ;  and  was  an  M.C.  in  1819-21,  and  an 
opponent  of  the  Mo.  Compromise. 

Pinckney,  Charles  Cotesworth, 
LL.D.  (H.U.  1803),  Revol.  soldier  and  states- 
man, b.  Charleston,  S.C,  25  Feb.  1746;  d. 
there  16  Aug.  1825.  Son  of  Chief  Justice 
Charles.  Educated  at  Westminster  and  Ox- 
ford, Eng. ;  read  law  at  the  Temple,  Lond. ; 
and  passed  9  months  in  the  Roy.  Milit.  Acad, 
at  Caen,  France;  returning  in  1769,  he  es- 
tablished himself  in  the  practice  of  law.  Was  a 
member  of  the  first  Prov.  Congress  of  S.C.  in 
June,  1775  ;  was  made  a  capt.,  and  soon  after 
col.  1st  S.C.  regt. ;  after  the  successful  de- 
fence of  Fort  Moultrie,  he  joined  the  Northern 
army,  and  was  an  aide  to  Washington  at 
Brandy  wine  and  German  town  ;  returning 
south  in  the  spring  of  1778,  he  took  part  in 
the  unsuccessful  exped.  to  Fla.  In  Jan.  1779 
he  presided  over  the  senate  of  S.C.  He  dis- 
played great  resolution  and  intrepidity  in  the 
rapid  march  which  saved  Charleston  from  Gen. 
Prevost,  and  in  the  subsequent  invasion  of 
Ga.  and  the  assault  on  the  lines  of  Savannah. 
In  the  attack  on  Charleston,  in  April,  1780,  he 
was  in  favor  of  holding  out  to  the  last  extrem- 
ity ;  and,  on  its  surrender  in  May,  became  a 
prisoner,  and  suffered  a  rigorous  and  cruel 
confinement.  Exchanged  in  Feb.  1782  ;  made 
brig.-gen.  3  Nov.  1783.  He  resumed  practice 
after  the  war.  Was  a  member  of  the  conv.  that 
framed  the  U.S.  Const.,  and  declined  succes- 
sively the  places  of  judge  of  the  U  S  Supreme 
Court,  sec.  of  war,  and  sec.  of  state,  ten- 
dered him  by  Washington;  maj.-gen.  of  the 
State  militia  ;  app.  in  July,  1796,  min.-plenip. 
to  France  ;  the  hostility  of  the  French  Direc- 
tory caused  the  rejection  of  our  conciliatory 
propositions,  and  the  order  to  Pinckney  to 
quit  the  French  territory.  He  withdrew  to 
Amsterdam  in  Feb.  1797.  When  war  became 
inevitable,  the  whole  country  resounded  with 
his  celebrated  sentiment,  "  Millions  for  defence, 
but  not  a  cent  for  tril)ute."  Returning  home, 
he  was  made  by  Washington  a  maj.-gen. 
Many  years  an  active  politician,  and  was  can- 
didate for  the  vice-presidency  in  1800.  As  a 
lawyer  he  was  disting.  for  accurate  learning 
and  strength  of  reasoning. 

Pinckney,  Henry  Laurens,  politician, 
son  of  Gov.  Charles,  b.  Charleston,  Sept.  24, 
1794;  d.  there  Feb.  3,  1863.  S.C.  Coll.  1812. 
He  studied  law  with  his  bro.-in-law  Robert  Y. 
Hayne;  was  adm.  to  the  bar;  member  of  the 
legisl.  in  1816-32;  mavor  of  Charleston  in 
1832  and  1839-40;  M.C.'  in  1833-7;  and  sub- 
sequently collector  of  the  port,  and  a  member 
of  the  legisl.  Editor  of  the  Charleston  Mercury 
in  1 81 9,  and  a  prominent  exponent  of  the  State- 
rights  party.  Author  of  Memoirs  of  Jona- 
than Maxcy,  Robert  Y.  Hayne,  and  Andrew 
Jackson. 

Pinckney,  Gen.  Thomas,  a  Revol.  offi- 
cer, and  gov.  of  S.C.  1787-9,  b.  Charleston, 
Oct.  23,  1750;  d.  there  Nov.  2,  1828.  With 
his  bro.  Charles  C,  he  was  educated  in  Eng. ; 


FTN 


721 


I>IS 


studied  law  in  the  Temple ;  and  was  adm.  to 
the  bar  in  1770.  Joining  the  Cont.  army,  he 
rose  to  the  rank  of  major;  served  as  aide  to 
Lincoln ;  and  then  with  Count  D'Estaing  at 
the  disastrous  siege  of  Savannah  in  Oct,  1779. 
He  disting.  himself  in  the  battle  at  Stono  Fer- 
ry, and  was  aide  to  Gen.  Gates  in  the  battle 
near  Camden,  Aug,  1780,  where  he  was  des- 
perately wounded  and  made  prisoner.  During 
Washington's  administration  he  was  offered 
the  place  of  judge  of  the  U.S.  Court,  which  he 
declined;  minister  to  Great  Britain  in  1792-4, 
In  Nov.  1794  he  was  employed  on  a  mission 
to  the  court  of  Spain,  where  he  made  the 
treaty  of  St.  Ildefonso,  securing  to  the  U.S. 
the  free  navigation  of  the  Mpi.  ;  in  Dec.  1796 
he  returned  to  Charleston  ;  and  was  M.C.  in 
1799-1801.  Mar.  27,  1812,  President  Madison 
app.  him  to  the  command  of  the  6th  milit, 
dist.  His  last  active  field-service  was  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Horse-shoe  Bend,  where  the  military 
power  of  the  Creeks  was  finally  broken.  He 
m,  the  dau.  of  Rebecca  Motte, 

Pine,  Robert  Edge,  portrait-painter,  b. 
Eng.  1742  ;  d.  Phila.  Oct.  1788.  Son  of  John, 
an  Eng.  designer  and  engraver.  In  1760  and 
1762  he  drew  the  prizes  from  the  Society  for 
the  Encouragement  of  the  Arts  for  the  best 
hist,  designs.  He  painted  portraits  with  some 
reputation  ;  and  in  1782  exhibited  a  series  of 
pictures  of  scenes  from  Shakspeare.  He  after- 
ward came  to  America,  and  exhibited  in  Phila., 
where  he  was  befriended  by  the  Hopkinson 
family,  the  earliest  cast  of  the  Venus  de  Medici 
seen  here.  His  best-known  pictures  are  Wash- 
ington (1785),  Gen,  Gates,  Baron  Steuben, 
Charles  Carroll,  Gov,  Colden,  and  Dr.  Ogil- 
vie,  and  "  Canute  on  the  Seashore." 

Pinkney,  Edward  Coate,  poet,  son  of 
Wm.,  b.  Lond.  Oct.  1802  ;  d.  Baltimore,  Apr. 
11,  1828.  Educated  at  St.  Mary's  Coll.,  Bait. 
He  was  in  the  naval  service  in  1816-24;  then 
practised  law  without  success ;  next  failed  in 
an  attempt  to  procure  a  commission  in  the  na- 
val service  of  Mexico;  and  in  1827  assumed 
for  a  brief  period  the  control  of  a  polit,  journal, 
the  Marylander.  Author  of  "Rodolph  and 
other  Poems,"  1825.  An  edition  of  his  poems 
appeared  in  1844  with  a  brief  introd.  by  N.  P, 
Willis,  in  the  series  of  the  Mirror  Library,  en- 
titled "  The  Rococo."  A  biog.  notice  by  Wm, 
Leggett  is  in  A^.  Y.  Mirror,  1827. 

JPinkney,  William,  LL.D.,  lawyer,  ora- 
tor, and  statesman,  b.  Annapolis,  Md.,  March 
17,  1764;  d.  Feb.  25,  1822.  His  father,  a  na- 
tive of  the  north  of  Eng.,  was  a  loyalist;  while 
his  son  manifested  a  decided  attachment  to  the 
cause  of  his  country.  He  quitted  the  study  of 
medicine  for  the  law,  and  in  1783  entered' the 
office  of  Judge  Chase.  Adm.  to  practice  in 
1786,  he  soon  attracted  attention  by  his  ora- 
tory ;  delegate  to  the  State  conv.  to  ratify  the 
Federal  Const,  in  1788,  and  also  to  the  Md.  h. 
of  delegates.  He  was  m.  in  1789  to  the  sister 
of  Com.  Rodgers;  and  in  1790  was  elected  a 
member  of  Congress ;  but  his  seat  was  contest- 
ed on  the  ground  of  his  not  residing  in  the  dis- 
trict for  which  he  was  chosen.  After  making 
a  powerful  argument,  and  obtaining  a  favora- 
ble decision,  he  declined  the  honor  io  conse- 
quence of  the  state  of  his  private  affairs.  Mem- 
40 


ber  of  the  exec,  council  of  Md.  1792-5,  and 
again  in  1795  a  delegate  to  the  legisl.  from 
Anne  Arundel  Co.  While  he  had  thus  at- 
tained a  disting.  political  rank,  he  rose  to  the 
head  of  the  bar.  In  1796-1804  he  was  one  of 
the  commiss.  in  Lond.  under  Jay's  treaty,  and 
at  the  same  time  recovered  for  Md.  a  claim  on 
the  Bank  of  Eng.  for  $800,000,  Atty.-gen.  of 
Md.  1805.  In  1806  he  was  made  minister  ex- 
traordinary to  treat  with  the  British  govt,  in 
conjunction  with  Monroe,  and,  after  his  return, 
was  resident  min.  in  1807-11  ;  in  Sept.  1811, 
he  was  chosen  to  the  State  senate  from  Bait, ; 
was  U.S,  atty,-gen.  Dec.  1811-14.  He  com,  a 
vol.  battalion  at  the  battle  of  Bladensburg,  and 
was  severely  wounded;  M.C.  in  1815-16,  and 
made  an  able  speech  on  the  "treaty-making 
power,"  He  accepted  in  Mar.  1816  an  app. 
as  special  minister  to  Naples,  whence  he  re- 
paired to  the  Russian  capital  as  resident  minis- 
ter, returning  home  in  1818  ;  U.S.  senator  from 
1820  to  his  d. ;  and  made  an  elaborate  and 
powerful  speech  against  the  clause  in  the  bill 
for  the  admission  of  Mo.  into  the  Union,  which 
prohibited  the  introduction  of  slaves  into  the 
new  State,  His  death  was  occasioned  by  over- 
exertion in  the  Supreme  Court  in  1822  in  a 
cause  in  which  he  took  great  interest,  at  a  time 
when  the  state  of  his  health  unfitted  him  for 
application  to  study  and  business,  —  See  Life 
by  Henry  Wheaton,  N.Y.,  1826;  and  bij  his 
Nephew,  Rev.  Wm.  Pinkney,  D.D.,  8vo,  1853, 

Pintard,  John,  LL.D,,  b.  N.Y.  City, 
1759;  d.  there  June  21, 1844.  N.J.  Coll.  1776, 
He  studied  but  never  practised  law;  during 
the  Revol.  was  a  soldier,  and  3  years  clerk  to 
his  uncle,  Lewis  Pintard,  commissary  for  Araer. 
prisoners  in  New  York.  Edited  the  N.  Y.Daily 
Advertiser  a  short  time,  then  engaged  in  com- 
merce; was  long  city  inspector;  and  many 
years  sec.  of  the  Old  Mutual  Ins.  Co.  Found- 
er of  the  N.Y.  Hist.  Society;  a  zealous  pro- 
moter of  other  useful  institutions,  an  intelli- 
gent antiquary,  and  author  of  a  number  of 
papers  in  periodicals ;  among  them  is  an  ac- 
count of  N.  Orleans  in  the  Med.  Repository. 
Vice-pres.  Amer.  Bible  Society. 

Pinzon  (pen-thon),  Vincenzio  Yaxez, 
commanded  "The  Nina"  in  the  voyage  of 
Columbus  (1492).  In  1499  he  led  an  exped., 
and  explored  a  part  of  the  coast  of  Brazil. 
Living  in  1523.  His  elder  bro.,  Martin 
Alonzo,  who  com.  "The  Pinta"  in  the  first 
voyage  of  Coliunl)us,  d.  1493. 

Pise,  Charles  Constantine,  D,D,,  R.C, 
clergyman  and  author,  b,  Annapolis,  Md,, 
1802;  d,  Brooklyn,  May  26,  1866,  Georgct. 
Coll.  His  father  was  an  Italian,  his  mother  a 
native  of  Phila.  He  studied  theology  at  Rome 
2  years;  on  his  return  taught  rhetoric  and 
poetry  in  the  sem.  of  Mount  St.  Mary's,  Em- 
mcttsburg,  and  was  ord.  priest  in  1825.  After 
six  months'  labor  at  Fredericktown,  Md,,  he 
was  called  to  Baltimore,  where  he  wrote  his 
"  History  of  the  Church  to  the  Reformation," 
5  vols.  1830;  "Father  Rowland,"  a  tale  in 
answer  to  "  Father  Clement ; "  and  the  "  Pleas- 
ures of  Religion,  and  other  Poems."  His 
health  failing,  he  again  visited  Rome,  M^here  he 
received  the  degree  of  D.D,,  and  the  honorary 
title  of  Knight  of  the  Roman  Empire.     He 


I>IS 


722 


FTjA. 


was  afterward  associate  pastor  of  St.  Patrick's 
Church,  Washiri'^ton,  and,  through  the  influ- 
ence of  Henry  Clay,  was  app.  chaplain  of  the 
U.S.  senate.  Removing  to  New  York,  he  was 
settled  over  several  churches  successively.  In 
1849  he  resigned  his  position  at  St.  Peter's 
Church,  and  purchased  the  Emanuel  Church, 
Brooklyn.  He  was  eminent  both  as  a  lecturer 
and  preacher.  In  1858  he  delivered  a  Latin 
ode  at  Emmettsburg  on  the  50th  anniv.  of  the 
foundation  of  Mount  St.  Mary's  College.  He 
pub.  a  poem  entitled  "The  Acts  of  the 
Apostles;"  "Zenosius,  or  the  Pilgrim  Con- 
vert ;  "  "  Indian  Cottage ;  "  "  Aletheia,  or 
Letters  on  the  Truth  of  the  Catholic  Doc- 
trines;  "  " Letters  to  Ada ;  "  "Christianity 
and  the  Church ;  "  "  Lives  of  St.  Ignatius  and 
his  First  Companions  ; "  "  Notes  on  a  Protes- 
tant Catechism,"  &c. ;  the  "  Catholic  Bride ; " 
and  "Horae  Vagabondae,"  sketching  Irish 
scenery  and  manners. 

Pison  (pee-son),  William,  a  Dutch  natu- 
ralist and  physician,  accomp.  the  Prince  of 
Nassau  to  Brazil  in  1637.  The  researches  of 
Pison,  and  his  companion  Murograf,  entitled 
"Natural  History  of  Brazil,"  were  pub.  in 
1648. 

Pitcairn  (pit-kam),  John,  a  British  offi- 
cer, killed  at  Bunker's  Hill,  June  17,  1775. 
He  was  of  Fifeshire,  Scotland.  Capt.  of  ma- 
rines Jan.  10,  1765  ;  major  in  April,  1771.  He 
led  the  advance  in  the  exped.  to  Lexington  on 
the  moniing  of  Apr.  19,  1775,  and,  surround- 
ing the  militia  company  there,  ordered  it  to 
disperse.  The  conflict  that  ensued  began  the 
armed  struggle  that  ended  in  Amer.  independ- 
ence. Pitcairn  was  charged  with  having  given 
the  order  to  fire  on  the  Americans,  but  insisted 
to  his  dying  day  that  the  colonists  fired  first. 
He  behaved  with  great  gallantry  at  Bunker's 
Hill,  where  he  was  shot  dead  while  entering 
the  redoubt.  His  eldest  son  David,  an  eminent 
physician  of  Lond.,  d.  in  1 809.  In  the  dis- 
putes between  the  soldiers  and  the  people  of 
Boston,  he  was  the  only  British  officer  who 
dealt  fairly  with  the  latter. 

Pitcher,  Thomas  G.,  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Ind.  West  Point,  1845.  Served 
in  8th  Inf.  through  the  Mexican  war,  and 
brev.  1st  licut.  20 "Aug.  1847,,  for  Contreras 
and  Churubusco;  adj.  8th  Inf  1849-54;  capt. 
19  Oct.  1858;  brig.-gen.  vols.  29  Nov.  1862; 
maj.  16th  Inf.  19  Sept.  1863 ;  col.  44th  Inf.  28 
July,  1866;  1st  Inf.  15  Dec.  1870.  He  served  in 
the  Va.  campaign  June- Aug.  1862,  and  brev. 
maj.  9  Aug.  1862  for  Cedai*  Mountain,  where  he 
was  severely  wounded,  and  brev.  brig.-gen.  13 
Mar.  1865  for  gallant  and  merit,  services  dur- 
ing the  Rebellion.  Superint.  U.S.  Milit.  Acad, 
since  28  Aug.  1866. —  Cullum. 

Pitkin,  Timothy,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1829), 
author,  b.  Farmington,  Ct.,  21  Jan.  1766;  d. 
N.  Haven,  Dec.  18,  1847.  Y.C.  1785.  Son 
of  Timo.,  minister  of  Farmington  in  1752-85. 
A  lawyer  by  profession ;  member,  and  5  times 
speaker,  of  the  legisl. ;  M.C.  1806-20;  and 
again  in  the  State  legisl.  He  was  a  Federalist, 
and  was  in  Confess  esteemed  good  authority 
upon  the  political  history  of  the  country. 
Author  of  "  Statistical  View  of  the  Commerce 
of  the  U.S.,"  Svo,  1816,  and  revised  in  1835  ; 


"Political  and  Civil  History  of  the  U.S.," 
1763-97,  2  vols.  8vo,  1828.  He  left  a  continu- 
ation of  this  work  to  the  close  of  his  own  po- 
litical life,  in  MS. 

Pitkin,  William,  gov.  of  Ct.  1766-9  ;  d. 
East  Hartford,  Oct.  1, 1769.  Son  of  William, 
chief  justice  of  Ct.  (app.  1713),  b.  Middlesex, 
Eng.,  1664;  d.  Hartford,  Ct.,  Apr.  5,  1723. 
Member  of  the  council  from  1 734 ;  apj).  a  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1741,  and  lieut.-gov. 
and  chief  justice  in  1754-66.  In  1754  he  was 
one  of  the  delegates  to  the  conv.  at  Albany, 
and  one  of  the  committee  app.  to  prepare  the 
plan  of  union  which  was  adopted  on  that  oc- 
casion. 

Pizarro,  Francisco,  conqueror  of  Peru, 
b.  Truxillo,  Spain,  ab.  1471 ;  d.  Lima,  Juno 
26,  1541.  Though  the  illegitimate  son  of  a 
gentleman  by  a  peasant-girl,  and  obliged  to 
tend  hogs  for  a  support,  he  possessed  an  un- 
daunted courage,  and,  with  other  adventurers, 
came  to  America.  In  1 51 0  he  was  in  the  exped. 
to  Uraba  under  Ojeda ;  was  with  Balboa  when 
he  discovered  the  Pacific  Ocean ;  was  afterward 
in  several  expcds.  under  Gov.  Pedro  Arias ; 
and  settled  as  a  planter  near  Panama.  In  1524 
he  joined  with  Almagro  and  Luynes  in  a  search 
for  hitherto-undiscovered  countries  ;  explored 
a  part  of  the  Pacific  coast,  and  underwent  ex- 
treme hardship.  In  a  second  attempt,  in  1526, 
he  explored  a  part  of  Peru,  and  entered  the 
wealthy  city  of  Tumbez.  He  went  to  Spain 
in  1528,  and  obtained  from  Charles  V.  author- 
ity to  conquer  the  great  South- Amer.  empire, 
but  was  himself  obliged  to  find  the  means. 
After  incredible  hardships,  and  unceasing  per- 
severance, he  in  1531,  with  177  men,  penetrat- 
ed into  Peru,  and  perfidiously  seized  the  mon- 
arch Atahualpa,  who  had  come  to  the  Spanish 
camp  for  a  friendly  interview,  and  whom  he 
cruelly  and  inhumanly  j)ut  to  death.  With 
this  insignificant  force,  Pizarro,  entering  Cuz- 
co,  the  capital,  in  Nov.  1533,  overthrew  the 
dominion  of  the  Peruvian  incas,  which  ex- 
tended over  35  degrees  of  latitude,  over  many 
millions  of  a  civilized  and  wealthy  population, 
and  which  was  sustained  by  large  armies  of 
well-disciplined  veteran  soldiers.  In  1538  Pi- 
zarro and  Almagro  quarrelled  for  the  supe- 
riority ;  and  the  latter  was  defeated,  and  put  to 
death ;  but  his  son  and  friends,  uniting  against 
the  victor,  assassinated  him  in  his  palace.  He 
founded  the  city  of  Lima.  His  descendants, 
bearing  the  title  of  Marquis  of  the  Conquest,  are 
still  to  be  found  at  Truxillo  in  Spain.  Gon- 
ZALO  and  Hernando,  his  bros.,  assisted  him 
in  his  conquest.  The  former  rebelled  against 
the  successor  of  his  bro.  Francis,  and  was 
executed  at  Cuzco  in  1548.  Hcraaudo  in 
1540  returned  to  Spain,  but  through  the  in- 
fluence of  the  friends  of  Almagro,  whom  he 
had  put  to  death,  was  for  20  years  imprisoned 
in  the  fortress  of  Medina  del  Campo,  and  d, 
ab.  1 565.  Pedro,  a  relative,  wrote  an  "  Ac- 
count of  the  Discovery  and  Conquest  of  Peru," 
pub.  ab.  1847. 

Placide,  Henry,  comedian,  b.  Charleston, 
S.C,  Sept.  8,  1799;  d.  Babylon,  L.I.,  Jan.  23, 
1870.  Son  of  Alexander,  a  dancer  and  panto- 
mimist,  who  d.  1812.  He  was  for  more  than 
20  years  a  favorite  in  New  York,  where  he 


FI^A. 


723 


I>IL.XJ 


was  manager  of  the  old  Park  Theatre  in  its 
palmy  days.  His  first  appearance  was  at 
Charleston  when  he  was  9  years  old.  App.  at 
the  Park  Theatre,  N.Y.,  Sept.  2, 1823,  as  Zckiel 
Homespun  in  "  The  Heir-at-Law."  In  1838 
he  appeared  at  the  Haymarket,  London,  as 
Sir  Peter  Teazle.  He  was  the  original  Sir 
llarcourt  Courtly  in  this  country.  He  played 
successful  engagements  in  the  principal  cities 
of  the  U.S.  and  En^.,  and  was  a  prime  fevor- 
ite  in  and  long  a  resident  of  New  Orleans.  He 
took  leave  of  the  stage  at  the  Winter  Garden, 
New  York,  in  1 865,  in  the  part  of  Corporal 
Cartouche.  Thomas  his  bro.  is  a  comic  actor 
of  merit. 

Plater,  George,  judge  of  the  Md.  Court 
of  Appeals;  member  of  the  Old  Congress  1778- 
81;  prcs.  of  the  con  v.  which  in  1788  ratified 
the  U.S.  Const.,  and  gov.  of  Md.  in  1792;  d. 
Annapolis,  Feb.  10,  1792,  a.  56.  W.  and  M. 
Coll.  1753. 

Piatt,  Jonas,  LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1824), 
judge  N.Y.  Sup.  Court,  and  M.C.  1799-1801 ; 
d.  Peru,  N.Y.,  1834. 

Pleasauton,  Alfred,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Washington,  D.C.,  Jan.  1824.  West 
Point,  1844.  Entering  the  1st  Dragoons,  he 
joined  the  2d  in  1845;  accomp.  the  army  to 
the  Rio  Grande,  and  was  brev.  1st  lieut.  for  a 
gallant  charge  on  the  enemy's  batteries  at 
Resaca  de  la  Palma.  He  afterward  served  in 
Cal.,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas ;  was  acting 
assist,  adj.-gen.  to  Gen.  Harney  during  the 
Sioux  exped. ;  adj.-gen.  in  1856-60  in  his  cam- 
paign in  Florida,  and  his  operations  in  Kansas, 
Oregon,  and  Washington  Territories;  made 
capt.  March  3, 1855  ;  acting  col.  2d  cav.  in  the 
fall  of  1861;  maj.  Feb.  15, 1862  ;  brig.-gen.  vols. 
July  16,  1862;  maj.-gen.  vols.  22  June,  1863. 
He  served  through  the  peninsular  campaign  ; 
took  com.  of  Gen.  Stoneman's  cavalry  brigade; 
and,  when  Gen.  M'Clellan  crossed  the  Potomac 
in  Oct.,  he  led  the  vanguard.  He  was  in  the 
battle  of  Fredericksburg ;  and  at  Chancellors- 
ville  he  saved  the  army  after  the  rout  of  the 
11th  cor*ps  ;  he  com.  the  cavalry  at  Gettysburg, 
and  in  Mo.  during  the  Price  raid,  in  which  he 
did  efficient  service,  finally  routing  Price  at  the 
Marais  des  Cygnes.  Resigned  Jan.  1868.  Brev. 
lieut.-col.  U.S.A.  for  Antietam,  col.  for  Gettys- 
burg, brig.-gen.  for  campaign  against  Price  in 
Mo.,  and  maj.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865,  for  gallant  and 
merit,  services  during  the  Rebellion.  He  after- 
ward embarked  in  manuf.  and  mining  enter- 
prises ;  was  made  collector  of  the  4th  Dist.  in 
1869;  and  was  U.S.  revenue  coll.  Dec.  1870 
to  8  Aug.  1871. 

Pleasants,  James,  gov.  of  Va.  1822-5,  b. 
1 769  ;  d.  Goochland  Co.  Nov.  9, 1 836.  Delegate 
to  the  Assembly  in  1796  ;  clerk  1803-10  ;  M.C. 
in  1811-19;  U.S.  senator  in  1819-22;  and  in 
1829-30  a  member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv. 
Twice  app.  to  the  bench,  he  declined  from  a 
distrust  of  his  qualifications.  His  son  John 
Hampden  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  Feb.  27,  1846, 
from  wounds  in  a  duel  with  Thos.  Ritchie,  jun. 
He  was  a  man  of  disting.  talents,  founder  of 
the  Richmond  Whig,  and  its  chief  editor  22 
years. 

Plessis,  Joseph  Octave,  R.  C.  bishop  of 
Quebec,  b.  Montreal,  March  3,  1762;  d.  Que- 


bec, Dec.  4, 1825.  Son  of  a  blacksmith.  Oid. 
priest,  March  11,  1786;  was  employed  as  prof, 
of  humanity  at  the  Coll.  of  St.  Raphael,  also 
as  secretary  to  the  bishop  of  Quebec,  and 
curate  of  the  capital;  Sept.  6,  1797,  he  was 
made  coadjutor  to  Bishop  Denault ;  Apr.  26, 
1800,  he  was  app.  bishop  of  Canatte,  in  Pales- 
tine, with  the  succession  to  the  seat  at  Quebec, 
of  which  he  became  incumbent,  Jan.  17,  1806. 
He  founded  the  coll.  at  Nicolet,  as  well  as 
primary  schools  at  Quebec.  He  was  called 
by  the  crown  to  the  legisl.  council  in  1818, 
and  proved  himself  a  loyal  and  patriotic  sena- 
tor. In  1799  he  pronounced  an  oration  at 
Quebec  on  the  occasion  of  the  naval  battle  of 
Aboukir.  —  See  Ferland's  Biog.,  Notice  of,  Que- 
bec, 8vo,  1864. 

Plumer,  William,  lawyer  and  politician 
of  N.H.,  b.  Newburyport,  Ms.,  June  25,  1759  ; 
d.  Epping,  N.H.,  Dec.  22,  1850.  A  descendant 
of  Francis  of  Boston  in  1634,  who  d.  in  New- 
bury. With  his  father's  family  he  removed  to 
Epping  in  1768.  Possessing  a  vigorous,  in- 
quisitive mind,  as  well  as  great  industry,  he 
became  one  of  the  best  scholars  in  the  Granite 
State.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1787  ;  acquired  an 
extensive  practice ;  was  a  learned  and  shrewd 
practitioner  ;  and  for  many  years  was  solicitor 
for  Rockingham  Co.  During  8  years,  two  of 
which  he  was  speaker,  he  was  a  rep.  to  the 
State  legisl. ;  was  subsequently  in  the  State 
senate,  of  which  body  he  was  twice  pres. ;  in 
1792  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  State  Const. 
Conv.,  and  was  active  in  embodying  in  that 
instrument  many  of  the  distinctive  features 
still  pertaining  to  it;  U.S.  senator  in  1802-7; 
gov.  of  N.Hi  1812-13  and  1816-19.  During 
the  last  30  years  of  his  life  he  gave  himself  up 
to  literary  pursuits,  being  a  considerable  con- 
tributor to  the  periodical  press,  under  the  sig- 
nature of  "  Cincinnatus."  Author  of  "Ap- 
peal to  the  Old  Whigs,"  1805;  "Address  to 
the  Clergy,"  1814,  &c.  His  Life  was  written 
by  his  son,  and  edited  by  Rev.  A.  P.  Peabody, 
D.D.,  8vo,  1856.  His  son  William  (b.  Oct. 
9,  1789,  d.  Epping,  18  Sept.  1854,  H.U.  1809) 
was  frequently  in  the  house  and  senate  of 
N.H. ;  M.C.  1819-25;  member  of  the  State 
Const.  Conv.  of  1850.  Pub.  "  Youth,  or  Scenes 
from  the  Past,  and  other  Poems,"  12mo,  1841 ; 
"  Manhood,"  &c.,  a  series  of  poems,  Boston, 
12mo,  1843. 

Plumer,  William  Swan,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
b.  Darlington,  Pa.,  1802.  Wash.  Coll.,  Va., 
1825;  Princeton  Theol.  Sem.  Ord.  in  the 
Presb.  church  in  1827;  preached  in  various 
places  in  Va.,  N.C.,  Md.,  and  Pa.  Prof  of 
theol.  in  the  Allegh.  Sem.  in  1854-62,  and  in 
the  Theol.  Sem.,  Columbia,  S.C,  since  1866. 
Author  of  "  Thoughts  on  Relig.  Education," 
&c.,  1836;  "  Argument  against  Indiscriminate 
Incorp.  of  Churches,"  8vo,  1847  ;  "  The  Bible 
True,  and  Infidelity  Wicked  ;  "  "  Plain 
Thoughts  for  Children;"  "The  Church  and 
her  Enemies,"  1856;  "Rome  against  the 
Bible,"  &c.,  1854;  "Vital  Godliness,"  1865; 
"  Jehovah  Jireh,"  1866 ;  "  Studies  in  the  Book 
of  Psalms,"  8vO,  1866;  "Rock  of  our  Salva- 
tion," 1867;  "Words  of  Truth  and  Love," 
&c.  —  AUibone. 

Plumley,  Benjamin  Rush,  b.  Newton, 


FLU 


724 


rOE 


Pa.,  1816.  Author  of  "Kachel  Lockwood;  " 
"Kathaleen  McKinley;  ^'  "Lays  of  the  Earl^ 
Quakers,"  in  the  Knickerbocker ;  and  of  "  On- 
ental  Ballads,  "AbdEl  Hassan,"  &c.,  in  the 
Atlantic  Monthli/ and  Knickerbocker;  and  is  a 
contrib.  to  periodicals.  —  AUibone. 

Piummer,  Gen.  Joseph  B.,  b.  Barre, 
Ms.,  in  1820;  d.  Corinth,  Mpi.,  Aug.  9,  1862. 
West  Point,  1841.  Entering  the  1st  Inf.,  he 
became  1st  lieut.  March  15,  1848;  capt.  May 
1,  1852  ;  and  maj.  8th  Inf.  Apr.  25,  1862.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  Florida  and  Mexico  ; 
rendered  valuable  service  to  Gen.  Lyon  in  the 
capture  of  Camp  Jackson,  Mo.,  May  10,  1861 ; 
com.  a  battalion  of  regulars  in  the  battle  of 
Wilson's  Creek,  Mo.,  Aug.  10,  and  was  severely 
wounded  ;  became  col.  1 1  th  Mo.  Vols.  25  Sept. 
1861  ;  com.  at  Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.,  and  de- 
feated Jeff.  Thompson  at  Fredericktown,  Mo., 
Oct.  21,  killing  158,  and  capturing  42  prisoners 
and  one  cannon  ;  was  made  brig.-gen.  Oct.  22, 
1861 ;  participated  in  the  capture  of  New  Ma- 
drid and  Island  No.  10,  and  served  under  Gen. 
Pope  in  the  campaign  near  Corinth,  Mpi.,  until 
July,  1862. 

Plympton,  Joseph,  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  Sud- 
bury, Ms  ,  March  24,  1787  ;  d.  Staten  Island, 
June  5,  1860.  App.  lieut.  4th  Inf.  Jan.  3, 
18i2  ;  capt.  June,  1821 ;  maj.  2d  Inf.  Sept.  22, 
1840;  lieut.-col.  7th  Inf  Sept.  9,  1846;  col. 
1st  Inf  June  9,  1853.  Disting.  on  the  North- 
ern frontier  in  the  war'of  1812-15  ;  com.  in  at- 
tiick  on  Seminole  Indians,  near  Dunn's  Lake, 
Fia.,  Jan.  25,  1842 ;  com.  liis  regt.  through  the 
campaign  of  Gen.  Scott  in  Mexico  ;  and  won 
brevets  for  gallantry  at  Cerro  Gordo  and  Con- 
trcras.  » 

Pocahontas,  the  celebrated  daughter  of 
the  Indian  chief  Powhatan,  b.  ab.  1 595 ;  d. 
Gravesend,  Eng.,  March,  1617.  She  discov- 
ered the  warmest  friendship  for  the  colonists 
of  Va.,  which  was  remarkably  displayed  in 
1607,  when  Capt.  John  Smith  was  taken  pris- 
oner, and  about  to  be  put  to  death.  She  inter- 
posed herself  between  the  uplifted  war-club  and 
the  intended  victim,  and  prevailed  upon  her 
father  to  spare  his  life.  ( Considerable  doubt 
has  been  thrown  upon  this  romantic  story  by 
Mr.  Charles  Deane ;  see  Preface  to  his  ed.  of 
Smith's  "True  Relation,"  and  Rev.  E.  D. 
Neill's  "  Hist,  of  the  Va.  Comp.  of  Lond." )  She 
w^as  subsequently  a  frequent  visitor  to  the  set- 
tlements, to  which  she  furnished  provisions  in 
times  of  great  need.  Informed  in  1609  of  an 
intended  plot  to  destroy  Smith  and  his  party, 
she  ventured  alone  through  the  forest  at  mid- 
night to  disclose  it  to  Smith.  Ab.  the  year 
1612,  while  on  a  visit  to  Japazaws,  chief  of  the 
Potomac,  the  latter  sold  her  to  Capt.  Argall 
for  a  copper  kettle ;  and,  while  a  negotiation 
was  pending  with  her  father  for  her  ransom, 
she  was  m.  at  York  town,  Apr.  1613,  to  Mr. 
Thomas  Rolfe,  an  Englishman  of  respectable 
character,  with  whom  early  in  1616  she  em- 
barked for  Eng.,  where  she  was  baptized,  ex- 
changing her  Indian  name  for  that  of  Rebecca. 
In  London  she  received  a  visit  from  her  former 
friend,  Capt.  Smith,  who,  for  some  unknown 
purpose,  she  had  been  taught  to  believe  was 
dead.  She  was  introduced  to  the  nobility  and 
gentry  by  Smith,  and  was  introduced  at  court  by 


Lady  De  la  War.  Mr.  Rolfe  was  app.  sec.  and 
recorder-gen.  of  Va.  After  a  short  residence  in 
England,  as  she  was  ab.  to  embark  from 
Gravesend,  in  company  with  her  husband,  to 
revisit  her  native  land,  she  d.  at  the  age  of  22, 
leaving  one  son,  who  was  educated  by  his  uncle 
in  London,  and  afterwards  became  a  wealthy 
and  disting.  character  in  Virginia. 

Poe,  Adam,  D.D.,  a  Meth.  clergyman,  b. 
Columbiana  Co.,  O.,  July  21,  1804;  d.  June 
26,  1868.  His  youth  was  spent  on  his  father's 
farm.  He  became  an  itinerant  in  1826;  was 
adm.  to  the  annual  conf.  in  1827;  was  a  circuit 
preacher  until  1835  ;  pres.  elder  of  the  Woostcr 
dist.  183.''>-9  ;  was  stationed  at  Mansfield  and 
Delaware,  and  presided  over  different  districts 
from  1839  to  1852 ;  assist,  agent  of  the  Western 
Book  Concern  1852-60 ;  and  became  principal 
agent  in  1 860.  Dr.  Poe  was  one  of  the  best- 
known  clergymen  of  his  denomination ;  took  a 
deep  interest  in  education  ;  and  may  almost  be 
said  to  have  founded  the  0.  Wesleyan  Confer- 
ence. 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan,  poet,  b.  Baltimore, 
Jan.  1811 ;  d.  there  Oct.  7,  1849.  His  father, 
who  was  the  son  of  David  Poe,  a  disting.  offi- 
cer of  the  Md.  line  of  the  Revol.  army,  was  a 
lawyer,  but,  marrying  an  actress,  went  himself 
upon  the  stage;  and  in  a  few  years  both  died, 
leaving  3  young  children  entirely  destitute. 
Edgar  was  adopted  by  a  wealthy  citizen  of 
Richmond,  John  Allan ;  was  4  or  5  years  at  a 
school  at  Stoke  Newington,  near  London  ;  and 
was  afterwards  expelled  from  the  U.  of  Va.  for 
bad  conduct.  He  set  out  to  join  the  Greeks  in 
their  struggle  for  indep. ;  and  after  a  year's  stay 
in  Europe  returned  home,  and,  by  Mr.  Allan's 
influence,  received  a  cadetship  at  West  Point; 
ignominiously  expelled  at  the  end  of  ten 
months,  he  was  kindly  received  by  Mr.  Allan, 
who  was,  however,  compelled  to  turn  him  out 
of  doors  on  account  of  his  conduct  towards  his 
wife.  In  1829  he  pub.  "  Al  Aaraaff'  Tamerlane, 
and  minor  Poems."  Not  succeeding  at  first 
in  the  pursuit  of  literature  as  a  profession,  he 
enlisted  as  a  private  soldier,  but  soon  deserted. 
He  next  competed  successfully  for  two  prizes 
of  $100  each,  offered  by  an  editor  in  Baltimore. 
J.  P.  Kennedy  the  novelist  relieved  his  desti- 
tution, and  procured  him  the  editorship  of  the 
Southern  Lit.  Messenrjer  at  Richmond.  While 
here  he  m.  his  cousin  Virginia  Clemm,  with 
whom,  after  being  dismissed  for  his  excesses  by 
the  publisher  of  the  Messenger,  he  removed  to 
New  York  in  Jan.  1837.  Here,  in  1838,  he 
pub.  "  The  Narrative  of  Arthur  Gordon 
Pym ; "  then  edited  Burton's  Gentleman's 
Mag.  one  year  at  Phila. ;  edited  Graham's 
Mag.  for  a  year;  in  1840  pub.  "  Talcs  of  the 
Grotesque  and  Arabesque ; "  and  pub.  in  N. 
York,  in  Feb.  1845,  the  poem  of  "  The  Raven," 
which  made  him  famous.  He  then  edited  the 
Broadivai/  Journal,  but  was  so  poor,  that  public 
appeals  for  pecuniary  aid  were  made  in  his  be- 
half by  the  newspapers.  His  wife  died,  and  in 
1849  he  went  to  Richmond,  where  he  formed 
an  engagement  with  a  lady  of  considerable  for- 
tune ;  but,  before  the  day  app .  for  their  mar- 
riage, he  d.  in  Baltimore  of  delirium  tremens. 
Among  his  prose  productions  are  "  The  Gold 
Bug,"   "  The  Fall  of  the  House  of  Usher," 


FOI 


725 


FOU, 


"  The  Murders  in  the  Kue  Morgue/'  "  The 
Purloined  Letter,"  "  The  Conchologist's  First 
Book."  His  poems  are  characterized  by  in- 
genuity, melody,  and  taste,  though  upon 
gloomy  and  fantastic  topics.  His  works  were 
edited  by  R.  W.  Griswold,  4  vols.  1 850.  —  -See 
Mrs.  IV/iitinan's  "Edgar  Poe  and  his  Critics," 
1860. 

Poindexter,  George,  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician, b.  Loudon  Co.,  Va.,  1779;  d.  Jackson, 
Mpi.,  Sept.  5,  1853.  Of  Huguenot  ancestry; 
left  an  orphan  at  an  early  age.  He  studied  law 
at  Richmond,  In  1802  he  removed  from  Mil- 
ton, Va.,  where  he  had  practised  law  for  a  year 
or  two  with  success,  to  Mpi.,  and  was  in  1803 
made  atty.-gen.  of  the  Territory  ;  was  its  dele- 
gate to  Congress  in  1807-13;  M.C.  1817-19; 
gov.  1819-21;  U.S.  senator  1831-5;  and  af- 
terward  a  commiss.  to  investigate  the  Swart- 
wout  defalcation.  In  one  of  his  many  person- 
al and  political  quarrels,  he  killed  in  a  duel 
Abijah  Hunt,  a  leading  merchant  in  the  South- 
west ;  he  was  accused  of  unfairness  in  this 
quarrel,  out  of  which  grew  bitter  and  pro- 
longed controversies.  In  1813-17  he  was 
U.S.  dist.  judge  for  Mpi.  He  made  the  ablest 
speech  on  the  conduct  of  Gen.  Jackson,  in  the 
house  in  1819,  and  to  it  Jackson  in  great 
measure  owed  his  triumphant  acquittal.  He 
deserted  his  party,  however,  on  the  bank  ques- 
tion ;  and  became  exceedingly  obnoxious  to 
Jackson  by  voting  for  Clay's  resolution  cen- 
suring the  executive.  He  practised  his  profes- 
sion from  1821  to  1831,  and  removed  to  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  in  1835.  He  pub.  "Revised  Code 
of  the  Laws  of  Mpi.,"  8vo,  1824.  —  See  Biog. 
Sketch,  Washington,  8vo,  1835. 

Poinsett,  Joel  Roberts,  LL.D.,  states- 
man, b.  Charleston,  S-C,  Mar.  2,  1779;  d. 
Statesbnrg,  S.C,  Dec.  12,  1851.  Of  Hugue- 
not descent,  and  the  last  of  his  family  ;  he  was 
taken  to  Eng.  by  his  parents  while  a  child,  re- 
turning to  Charleston  in  1788.  Educated  at 
Greenfield,  Ct.,  under  Pres.  D wight,  ki  1793; 
he  went  abroad  for  his  health  in  1796,  travelled 
in  Europe  and  Asia,  and  studied  medicine  and 
miUtary  affairs.  Returning  home  in  1809,  he 
was  sent  by  Pres.  Madison  to  S.  America  to 
ascertain  the  condition  of  the  people,  and  their 
prospects  of  success  in  the  revol.  just  begun. 
After  establishing  friendly  and  commercial  re- 
lations with  Buenos  Ayres,  he  crossed  the 
continent  to  Chili.  The  Spanish  authorities 
of  Peru  having  seized  and  condemned  several 
Amer.  vessels,  invaded  Chili,  and  seized  10 
Amer.  whale-ships  at  Talcahuano,  Mr.  Poin- 
sett, with  a  small  force  of  Chilians,  retook  Tal- 
cahuano, and  liberated  the  vessels.  Hearing 
of  the  declaration  of  war  with  Eng.,  he  de- 
termined to  return  home  and  enter  the  army  ; 
but  peace  was  declared  before  he  arrived.  On 
his  return  to  S.C.  he  was  elected  to  the  State 
legisl.,  and  secured  the  construction  of  the  im- 
portant road  over  the  Saluda  Mountain.  M.C. 
1821-5  ;  and  discharged  an  important  mis- 
cion  to  Mexico  in  1822,  during  the  brief  reign 
of  Iturbide  ;  minister  to  Mexico  in  1825-9, 
and  negotiated  a  treaty  of  commerce;  while 
there  he  maintained  his  personal  independence 
with  spirit  and  courage  during  scenes  of  pecu- 
liar diflficulty  in  the  revol.  outbreaks  of  the 


times.  He  returned  home  to  lead  the  Union 
party  of  S.C.  in  the  nullification  struggle ;  and 
was  sec.  of  war  under  Van  Buren  in  1837-41; 
opposed  to  nullification,  secession,  and  the 
Mexican  war.  He  delivered  a  discourse  on  the 
"  Promotion  of  Science,"  at  the  first  anniv.  of 
the  Nat.  Institution  ;  pub.  '*  Notes  on  Mexico, 
made  in  1822,"  Phila.  1824,  and  some  essays 
and  orations  on  topics  of  manuf.  and  agric.  in- 
dustry. He  endowed  the  Nat.  Institution  with 
a  valuable  museum.  Founder  of  an  Acad,  of 
Fine  Arts  at  Charleston.  — Nat.  Port.  Gall. 

Polk,  James  Knox,  11th  pres.  of  the 
U.S.,  b.  Mecklenburg  Co.,  N.C.,  Nov.  2,  1795; 
d.  Nashville,  Tenn.,  June  15,  1849.  U.  of 
N.C.  1818.  His  family,  originally  named  Pol- 
lock, came  from  Ireland  early  in  the  18th  cen- 
tury; and  his  great-uncle  Thomas  was  (listing. 
in  the  Revol.  His  father  Samuel,  a  farmer, 
and  a  stanch  Jeffersonian,  removed  to  Teim. 
in  the  fall  of  1806.  Mr.  Folk  studied  in  the 
office  of  Felix  Grundy ;  was  adm.  to  the  Co- 
lumbia bar  in  1820,  soon  taking  a  high  posi- 
tion ;  member  of  the  legisl.  in  1823-5;  M.C. 
1825-39,  and  speaker  1835-9;  gov.  of  Tenn. 
in  1839-40;  nominated  to  the  presidency  by 
the  Democ.  conv.  at  Baltimore,  May  29,  1844  ; 
and  elected  by  170  votes  to  105  for  Henry 
Clay,  the  prime  issue  being  the  annexation  of 
Texas.  He  was  the  early  friend  of  Jackson, 
and  strongly  supported  his  measures  while  in 
Congress,  opposing  lisderal  appropriations  for 
internal  improvements,  a  protective  tariff,  and 
a  national  bank;  and  was  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  adversaries  of  the  administration 
of  John  Quincy  Adams.  In  the  session  of 
1833-4,  as  chairman  of  the  com.  of  ways  and 
means,  he  vindicated  with  much  force  the  con- 
duct of  the  pres.  in  ordering  the  removal  of 
the  public  deposits  from  the  Bank  of  the  U.S. 
His  administration  was  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant in  our  history ;  it  covers  the  settle- 
ment of  the  Oregon-boundary  question,  the  cre- 
ation of  the  (lept.  of  the  interior,  the  admission 
of  Wisconsin  as  a  State,  the  annexation  of 
Texas  and  the  consequent  war  with  Mexico, 
and  acquisition  of  New  Mexico  and  California. 
He  labored  to  organize  the  national  treasury 
on  the  principles  of  the  Constitution,  and  in- 
troduced into  the  govt,  many  financial  and 
commercial  reforms.  He  was  an  animated 
speaker,  and  a  ready  debater.  —  See  his  Life  bu 
John  S.  Jenkins,  12 mo,  1850  ;  Hist,  of  his  Ad- 
min istration,  by  L.  B.  Chase,  8vo,  1850. 

Polk,  Leonidas,  Pr.-Ep.  bishop,  and  gen. 
C.S.A.,2d  cousin  of  the  preceding,  b.  Raleigh, 
N.C,  1806;  killed  at  Pine  Mountain,  Ga., 
June  14,  1864.  West  Point,  1 827.  He  served 
a  few  months  as  lieut.  of  art. ;  then  studied  the- 
ology ;  was  ord.  deacon  in  1830;  was  a  cler- 
gyman from  1831  to  1838,  when  he  became 
miss,  bishop  of  Ark.  and  the  Indian  Terr, 
south  of  36^  30' ;  and  in  1841  became  bishop  of 
La.,  residing  in  Lafourche  parish,  where  he  had 
extensive  plantations.  Sympathizing  strongly 
with  secession,  he  early  urged  upon  Davis  and 
the  Confed.  authorities  the  importance  of  fortify- 
ingand  holding  the  strategical  points  of  the  Mpi. 
Valley.  In  July,  1861,  he  became  maj.-gen. 
in  the  Confed.  army.  His  thorough  military 
training  was  evinced  by  his  selection  of  points 


FOXu 


726 


FON 


of  defence,  such  as  Forts  Henry  and  Donel- 
son,  Columbus,  K^-.,  Island  No.  10,  and  Mem- 
phid ;  though  he  did  not  rank  high  as  a  general. 
Evacuating  Columbus,  March  1,  1862,  he 
joined  Beauregard's  army  at  Corinth  ;  took 
part  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  in  com.  of  the 
1st  corps  ;  served  afterward  under  Bragg;  and 
com.  the  2d  army  corps  when  Bragg  invaded 
Ky.  in  Sept.  1862.  lie  saw  much  hard  fight- 
ing in  the  battle  of  Murfroesborough,  and 
shared  in  the  victory  at  Cliickaraauga  ;  for 
disobedience  of  orders  in  this  battle,  whereby, 
as  was  asserted  in  Bragg's  official  report,  the 
federal  army  was  alone  saved  from  annihila- 
tion, he  was  relieved  from  his  com.,  and  placed 
under  arrest.  App.  lieut.-gen.  early  in  1863; 
in  the  winter  and  spring  of  1864  he  had  tem- 
porary charge  of  the  Dept.  of  the  Mpi.  By 
skilful  dispositions,  he  prevented  the  junction 
of  Gens.  Smith  and  Sherman  in  Southern 
Mpi.,  and  took  com.  of  a  corps  in  Johnston's 
army  which  opposed  the  advance  of  Sherman 
to  Atlanta,  participating  in  the  chief  engage- 
ments. He  was  killed  by  a  cannon-shot  while 
reconnoitring  near  Marietta,  Ga.  He  had 
never  resigned  his  diocese,  and  intended  after 
the  war  to  resume  his  episcopal  functions. 

Polk,  Tkusten,  politician,  b.  Sussex  Co., 
Del.,  May  29,  1811.  Y.C.  1831.  He  studied 
law  at  the  Yale  Law  School,  and  began  prac- 
tice in  St.  Louis  in  1835.  Member  of  the 
State  Const.  Conv.  1845;  gov.  of  Mo.  1857; 
U.S  senator  1857-63,  expelled  for  disloyalty 
10  Jan.  1862. 

Pollard,  Edwaed  A.,  editor  Richmond 
Examiner,  and  from  1867  to  May,  1869,  the 
Southern  Opinion,  weekly,  at  Richmond.  Au- 
thor of  "Biaek  Diamonds,"  1859  ;  "  Southern 
Hist,  of  the  War,"  3  vols.  8vo,  1863-5  ;  "  Eight 
Months  in  Prison,"  &c.,  1865;  "  The  Lost 
Cause,"  8vo,  1866 ;  "  Lee  and  his  Lieutenants," 
8vo,  1867  ;  "  The  Lost  Cause  Regained," 
1868;  "Life  of  Jefferson  Davis,"  8vo,  1869; 
"  Va.  Tourist."  Son  of  Maj.  Richard,  soldier 
and  diplomatist,  d.  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb. 
1851.  App.  capt.  20th  Inf.  April  14,  1812; 
maj.  21st  Inf.  Dec.  14,  1813;  duirg^  d'affaires 
to  Chili,  1835. 

Pollock,  James,  LL.D.  (N.  J.  Coll.  1855), 
b.  Pa.  N.J.  Coll.  1831.  Practised  law;  app. 
judge  of  C.C.P. ;  M.C.  from  Pa.  1843-9 ;  gov. 
1855-8;  deleg.  to  Peace  Cong.  March,  1861. 

Pomeroy,  Benjamin,  D.D.  (D.C  1774), 
minister  of  Hebron,  Ct.,  from  Dec,  1735,  to  his 
d.,  Dec.  22,  1784;  b.  Suffield,  1704.  Y.C. 
1733.  Eltweed,  his  ancestor,  settled  at  Wind- 
sor in  1633.  During  Whitefield's  revival,  he 
preached  with  great  zeal  and  power.  He  was 
for  7  years  deprived  of  his  stated  salary  for 
preaching  in  disregard  of  the  laws  of  Ct.  Chap- 
lain in  the  French  and  Revol.  wars ;  an  excel- 
lent scholar,  a  man  of  real  genius,  and  one  of 
the  best  preachers  of  his  day.  —  Spraqut. 

Pomeroy,  John  Norton,  LL.D.  (U.  of 
Vt.  1861),  dean  of  the  Law  School,  and  prof. 
of  polit.  science,  U.  of  N.  Y.,  b.  Rochester, 
N.Y.,  ab.  1826.  Author  of  *'  Introd.  to  Muni- 
cipal Law,"  8vo,  1864;  "Introd.  to  U.S. 
Constitutional  Law,"  8vo,  1868;  contrib.  on 
Criminal  Procedure  to  N.  A,  Review,  April, 
1861,  and  Jan.  1862. 


Pomeroy,  Gen.  Seth;  d.  Peekskill, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  1777.  Son  of  Ebenezer,  and 
grandson  of  Deacon  Medad  Pomeroy,  and  re- 
sided in  Northampton,  Ms. ;  engaging,  while 
young,  in  military  duties.  Capt.  in  1744;  maj. 
at  the  capture  of  Louisburg  in  1745  ;  in  1755 
he  was  lieut.-col.  in  Williams's  regt.,  from 
whose  death  he  was  chief  commander  in  the 
battle  with  Dieskau.  His  regt.  was  the  most 
prominent,  and  suffered  most,  in  gaining  the 
victory  at  Lake  George.  He  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Prov.  Cong,  in  1774-5  ;  in  Oct.  1774  was 
chosen  with  Preble  and  Ward  a  general  officer, 
and  in  Feb.  1775  a  brig.-gen.  He  fought  as  a 
private  soldier  at  Bunker's  Hill,  and  was  in  the 
hottest  of  the  fight.  His  app.  as  senior  briga- 
dier by  Congress,  a  few  days  after,  causing  some 
difficulty  in  the  adjustment  of  questions  of 
rank,  he  declined  it,  and  soon  after  retired  to 
his  farm.  In  the  following  year,  however, 
when  N.J.  was  overrun  by  the  enemy,  he 
headed  the  militia  of  his  neighborhood,  and 
marched  to  the  Hudson  River.  He  was  an 
ingenious  and  skilful  mechanic,  and  manuf.  of 
arms,  and  was  a  zealous  and  devoted  patriot. 
His  son  Lemuel,  40  years  in  the  legisl.,  d. 
Southampton,  Dec.  1819,  a.  82. 

Ponce  de  Iieon  (pon'-tha  da  la-on), 
Juan,  the  Spanish  discoverer  of  Florida;  d. 
Cuba,  1521.  He  disting.  himself  in  the  war 
with  the  Moors  of  Granada ;  accomp.  Colum- 
bus on  his  second  exped.  in  1498 ;  and  became 
com.  of  the  eastern  province  of  Hispaniola. 
Sent  by  Ovando  in  1509  to  conquer  the  Island 
of  Porto  Rico,  he  amassed  there  great  wealth, 
and  hearing  of  an  island  situated  to  the  north, 
in  which  was  a  miraculous  fountain  which 
could  restore  youth  to  the  aged,  he  sailed  in 
quest  of  it  to  the  Bahamas  in  Mar.  1512.  He 
failed  to  find  the  fountain,  but  landed,  8  April, 
1512,  some  miles  north  of  the  site  of  St.  Augus- 
tine, taking  possession  in  the  name  of  the  King 
of  Spain.  He  cruised  there  some  months, 
doublcd,Cape  Florida,  sailed  among  the  Tortu- 
gas,  and  returned  to  Porto  Rico,  leaving  ono 
of  his  n>en  to  continue  the  search.  Returning 
to  Spain  in  1513,  he  received  from  Ferdinand 
permission  to  colonize  the  "  Island  of  Florida," 
and  the  app.  of  gov. ;  in  1514  he  led  an  unsuc- 
cessful exped.  against  the  Carib.  Indians.  Pro- 
ceeding in  1521  to  take  possession  of  his  prov- 
ince, he  encountered  the  determined  hostility 
of  the  natives,  was  driven  back  to  his  ships 
mortally  wounded,  and  d.  soon  after  his  arrival 
in  Cuba. 

Pond,  Enoch,  D.D.,  author,  b.  Wrentham, 
Ms.,  July  29,  1791.  B.U.  1813.  He  studied 
theology  with  Dr.  Emmons;  was  licensed  to 
preach  June,  1814;  ord.  pastor  of  the  Cong, 
church,  Auburn,  Ms.,  March  1,  1815;  and  dis- 
missed in  1828  to  become  the  conductor  of  the 
Spirit  of  the  Pilgrims,  a  monthly  pub.  in  Bos- 
ton. He  was  prof,  of  theology  in  the  sem.  at 
Bangor  from  Sept.  1832  to  1856,  when  he 
became  pres.  prof,  of  eccles.  history,  and  lecturer 
on  pastoral  duties.  He  has  pub.  reviews  of 
"  Judson  on  Baptism,"  "  Monthly  Concert 
Lectures,"  1824;  "Memoir  of  Pres.  Davies," 
1827;  of  "Susanna  Anthony,"  1827;  of 
"  Count  Zinzendorf,"  1839;  of  "John  Wick- 
lifl^c,"  1841;   "Morning  of  the  Reformation," 


i>02sr 


727 


i>oo 


1842  ;  "  No  Fellowship  with  Romanism," 
1843;  "The  Mather  Family"  and  "The 
Young  Pastor's  Guide,"  1844  ;  "  The  World's 
Salvation,"  1845  ;  "  Pope  and  Pagan,"  a  "  Re- 
view of  Swedenborgianism,"  and  "  Plato," 
1846;  "Life  of  Increase  Mather"  and  "Sir 
Wm.  Phipps,"  1847  ;  "  The  Church,"  1848  ;  a 
review  of  Bushnell's  "God  in  Christ,"  1849; 
"The  Ancient  Church,"  1851;  "Memoir  of 
John  Knox,"  1856  ;  "  The  Wreck  and  Rescue," 
1858;  "Bangor  Lectures  on  Pastoral  Theol.," 
1866;  "Lectures  on  Christian  Theology," 
8vo,  1 868 ;  "  Prize  Essay  on  Congregational- 
ism," Sept.  1867. 

Pont  Briand,  Henri  Du  Briel,  de, 
6th  and  last  bishop  of  Canada  under  the  French 
dominion,  b.  Vannes,  France,  1709;  d.  Mon- 
treal, June  8,  1760.  Consec.  April  9,  and  ar- 
rived at  Quebec  Aug.  17,  1741.  On  the 
approach  of  the  English  to  Quebec,  in  1759,  he 
issued  a  Pastoral  Letter,  which  is  in  Smith's 
"History  of  Canada." 

Ponte,  Lorenzo  da,  an  Italian  poet,  b. 
Ceneda,  Venice,  Mar.  10,  1749  ;  d.  New  York, 
Aug.  17,  1838.  He  was  well  educated.  Was  2 
years  prof,  of  rhetoric  in  the  Sem.  of  Ponta 
Guadio  ;  then  removed  to  Venice,  and,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  satirical  sonnet  against  Count 
Pisani,  was  exiled.  He  went  to  Vienna,  where 
he  became  Latin  sec.  to  Joseph  II.,;  wrote  for 
the  Italian  theatres  of  Vienna  and  Prague ;  and 
produced  the  librettos  of  a  number  of  operas, 
among  them  "Don  Giovanni"  and  "  Nozzi  di 
Figaro."  He  passed  several  years  at  London 
as  poet  and  sec.  of  the  Italian  Opera,  under  the 
management  of  Taylor.  In  1805  he  came  to 
America,  teaching  his  native  language  and 
literature  in  New  York ;  in  his  80th  year  he 
was  app.  prof,  of  Italian  in  Col.  College.  Be- 
sides dramas,  he  is  the  author  of  Memoirs  of 
his  own  Life,  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1823  ;  of  a  number 
of  sonnets,  and  of  translations  of  Byron's 
"  Prophecy  of  Dante,"  and  of  Dodsley's  "  Even- 
ing of  Human  Life."  He  possessed  a  tall  and 
imposing  form,  and  a  head  of  antique  beauty, 
with  a  profusion  of  flowing  hair.  His  son 
Lorenzo  L.,  prof,  of  the  Italian  lang.  and  lit. 
in  the  U.  of  N.Y.,  b.  Lond.  1805,  d.  N.Y.  City, 
28  Jan.  1840.  Author  of  "  History  of  the  Flor- 
entine Republic,"  2  vols.  8vo,  N.Y.  1833  ;  and 
"  Almachide,"  a  tragedy,  1830. 

Pontiac,  chief  of  the  Ottawas,  b.  on  the 
Ottawa  River,  1720  ;  d.  1769.  He  settled  near 
Michiliraacinac,  and  was  an  ally  of  the  French. 
In  1746,  at  the  head  of  a  body  of  Indians,  mostly 
Ottawas,  he  successfully  defended  Detroit,  then 
a  French  possession,  against  the  attacks  of 
some  hostile  northern  tribes.  He  is  supposed 
to  have  led  the  Ottawas  at  Braddock's  defeat 
in  1755.  In  1760,  Maj.  Rogers,  with  a  detach- 
ment, took  possession  of  the  western  posts  un- 
der the  treaty  of  Paris.  Hating  the  English, 
the  discontent  of  the  Indians  was  increased  by 
injudicious  usage;  and  Pontiac,  at  the  close  of 
1762,  sent  messengers  to  the  different  nations, 
proposing  that  in  May,  1763,  they  should  rise, 
massacre  the  English  garrisons,  and  destroy  the 
frontier  settlements.  9  forts  were  attacked  on  the 
same  day,  and  their  garrisons  either  massacred 
or  dispersed.  Pontiac  himself  was  to  attack 
Detroit ;  but,  his  intention  being  discovered, 


he  besieged  it,  and,  to  obtain  food  for  his  war- 
riors, issued  promissory-notes  drawn  upon  birch- 
bark,  and  signed  with  the  figure  of  an  otter, 
which  were  all  redeemed.  The  siege  lasted 
from  May  12  to  Oct.  12,  when  it  was  raised,  and 
the  Indians  sued  for  peace.  Pontiac,  unsub- 
dued, endeavored  to  stir  up  the  Indians  on  the 
Miami  and  in  other  places,  and  applied  in  vain 
for  aid  from  the  French  com.  at  New  Orleans. 
His  followers  gradually  fell  off;  and  in  1766  he 
formally  submitted  to  the  English  rule.  He 
was  killed  by  an  Illinois  Indian  at  Cahokia, 
opposite  St.  Louis,  while  drunk. —  See  History 
of  the  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac  by  F.  Parkman, 
1851. 

Poole,  William  Frederick,  b.  Salem, 
Ms.,  1821.  Y.C.  1849.  Librarian  Bost.  Mer. 
Lib.  1852-6,  and  of  the  Bost.  Athenaeum  1856- 
69  ;  now  of  the  Cincin.  Library.  Author  of 
"  Index  to  Subjects  in  Reviews  and  Periodicals,"  . 
8vo,  1848;  "Index  to  Periodical  Literature," 
8vo,  1853  ;  "  The  Battle  of  the  Dictionaries," 
8vo,  1856  ;  "  Websterian  Orthography,"  1857  ; 
"The  Orthographical  Hobgoblin,"  1859; 
"  The  Mather  Papers,"  1868  ;  "  Cotton  Mather 
and  Salem  Witchcraft,"  repr.  from  N.A.Review, 
1869.     Contrib.  to  N.A.  Review,  &c. 

Poor,  Charles  H.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Cambridge,  Ms.,  June  9,  1808.  Midshipm. 
Mar.  1,  1823  ;  lieut.  Dec.  31, 1833  ;  com.  Sept. 
14,  1855;  capt.  1  July,  1862;  commo.  Jan.  2, 
1863;  rear-adm.  Sept.  20,  1868;  retired  9 
June,  1870.  He  com.  exped.  of  sailors  and 
marines  to  re-enforce  Fort  Pickens  in  1861  ; 
frigate  "Roanoke,"  N.  Atlantic  block,  squad., 
1861-2  ;  com.  "  The  Saranac,"  Pacific  squad., 
1863-5 ;  com.  the  N.  Atl.  squad.  Aug.  19, 1869. 

Poor,  Daniel,  D.D.,  missionary  to  India, 
b.  Danvers,  Ms.,  June  27,  1789  ;  d.  of  cholera 
at  Jaffria,  Ceylon,  Feb.  3,  1855.  D.C.  1811  ; 
And.  Sem,  1814.  He  sailed  from  Newbury- 
port  with  other  missionaries,  Oct.  23,  1815  ; 
arrived  at  Colombo  in  Ceylon,  Mar.  23, 1816  ; 
resided  a  while  at  Tillipally,  afterward  at  Bar- 
ricotta,  where  he  opened  a  scientific  sem. ;  re- 
moved to  Madura  in  Mar.  1836  ;  returned  home 
in  Sept.  1848;  spent  about  two  years  in  the 
employ  of  the  A.B.C.F.M.,  visiting  various 
parts  of  the  country,  delivering  addresses,  and 
otherwise  stimulating  missionary  enterprise, 
returning  to  Ceylon  in  1850.  Author  of  vari- 
ous publications  in  the  Tamil  and  English 
languages. 

Poor,  Enoch,  brig.-gen.  Revol.  army,  b. 
Andover,  Ms.,  1736  ;  killed  in  a  duel  with  a 
French  officer,  near  Hackensack,  N.  J.,  Sept.  8, 
1780.  Son  of  Thomas,  and  grandson  of  Daniel 
Poor,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Andover. 
After  receiving  a  common-school  education  at 
that  place,  he  removed  to  Exeter,  N.H.,  where 
he  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits.  Imme- 
diately after  the  battle  of  Lexington,  thePtov. 
Assembly  app.  him  col.  Upon  the  evacuation 
of  Boston,  his  regt.  was  ordered  to  N.Y.,  and 
thence  to  join  in  the  invasion  of  Canada.  He 
was  one  of  the  officers  who  remonstrated  in 
writing  against  the  abandonment  of  Crown 
Point.  Feb.  21, 1777,  he  was  app.  a  brig.-gen. ; 
served  in  that  capacity  in  the  battles  with  Bur- 
goyne,  after  whose  surrender  he  joined  the  army 
under  Washington  in  Pa.  He  was  a  participator 


FOO 


728 


roi* 


in  the  movements  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Dela- 
ware, as  well  as  in  the  sufferings  and  destitution 
of  Valley  Forge  ;  disting.  himself  at  the  battle 
of  Monmouth  in  1778,  and  in  1779  accomp. 
Sullivan  in  his  exped.  against  the  Indians  of 
the  Six  Nations.  When  the  corps  of  light  in- 
fantry was  formed  in  Aug.  1780,  it  was  ar- 
ranged into  two  brigades,  one  of  which  was 
com.  by  Poor,  and  placed  under  the  orders  of 
Lafayette,  by  whom  he  was  highly  esteemed. 
Washington,  in  announcing  his  death  to  Con- 
gress, says  he  was  "  an  officer  of  distinguished 
merit,  who,  as  a  citizen  and  a  soldier,  had  every 
claim  to  the  esteem  of  his  country." 

Poor,  John  Alfred,  lawyer,  father  of  the 
railroad  system  of  Me.,  b.  Andover,  Me.,  8 
Jan.  1808;  d.  Portland,  5  Sept.  1871,  a.  63. 
At  first  a  lawyer  in  Bangor,  and  afterward  in 
Portland.  Some  years  editor  of  the  State  of 
Maine,  newspaper,  and  some  time  a  member 
of  the  Me.  legisl.  Originator  of  the  European 
and  N.A.  Railroad,  and  pres.  of  the  proposed 
Portland,  Rutland,  and  Oswego  Railroad.  An 
active  member  of  the  Me.  Hist.  Soc.,  under 
whose  auspices  he  pub.  in  1862  "  A  Vindica- 
tion of  the  Claims  of  Sir  F.  Gorges,"  &c. ; 
and  he  del.  the  address  at  the  Popham  celeb. 
in  1868. 

Poore,  Benjamin  Perlet,  journalist  and 
author,  b.  Newbury,  Ms.,  Nov.  2,  1820.  He 
was  two  years  in  a  printing-office ;  pub.  and 
edited  the  Southern  Whig,  Athens,  Ga.,  1838- 
40;  attache  to  H.  W.  Hilliard,  Brussels,  1841 ; 
hist,  agent  of  Ms.  in  France,  1844-8,  and  com- 
piled 10  folio  vols,  of  important  documents, 
1492-1780;  foreign  corresp.  of  Boston  Atlas, 
1843-8;  editor  Boston  Daily  Bee,  and  editor 
and  proprietor  of  the  American  Sentinel,  18.50  ; 
Washington  corresp.  Bost.  Journal  since  1854, 
under  the  signature  of  "Perley;"  sec.  U.S. 
Agric.  Soc,  and  editor  of  its  journal,  since 
1854.  Author  of  "Life  of  Gen.  Tavlor," 
1848 ;  "  Rise  and  Fall  of  Louis  Philippe,"'l  848 ; 
"  Early  Life  of  Napoleon,"  1851 ;  Novellettes, 
repub.  from  Gleason's  Pictorial;  "Agricult. 
Hist,  of  Essex  Co.,  Ms.  ;"  "  The  Conspiracy 
Trial,"  1865;  "Congressional  Directory," 
ISai.  —  Allibone. 

Pope,  Charles  A.,  M.D.,  surgeon,  b. 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  15  Mar.  1818;  d.  Paris,  Mo., 
6  July,  1 870.  He  graduated  at  the  universities 
of  Ala.  and  of  Pa.,  and  attended  a  course  of 
lectures  at  the  Cincin.  Med.  Coll.  After  2 
years  of  travel  and  study  abroad,  he  settled  in 
St.  Louis  in  1841 ;  gained  a  large  practice,  and 
filled  successively  the  chairs  of  anatomy  and 
surgery  in  the  St.  Louis  U.  He  aided  in  found- 
ing the  St.  Louis  Med.  Coll.,  and  devoted 
much  time  and  labor  to  promote  the  cause  of 
education.     Pres.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  in  1853. 

Pope,  John,  politician,  b.  Pr.  William  Co., 
Va„  ab.  1770;  d.  Washington  Co.,  Ky.,  July 
12,  1845.  Losing  an  arm  by  accident,  he  deter- 
mined to  study  law;  settled  in  Shelby  Co.,  and 
afterward  in  Lexington,  Ky. ;  many  years  in 
the  Ky.  legist. ;  U.S.  senator  1807-13  ;  M.C. 
1837-43;  gov.  Ark.  Terr.  1829-35;  pres.  pro 
tern.  U.S.  Senate  1811.  —  Collins's  Hitt.  Ky. 

Pope,  John,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  Ms.  Mid- 
shipm.  May  30,  1816;  lieut.  Apr.  28,1826; 
com.  Feb.  15,  1843;   capt.  Sept.  14,   1855; 


commo.  (retired  list)  July  16,  1862.  He  com. 
brig  "Dolphin,"  coast  of  Africa,  1846-7; 
sloop  "  Vandalia,"  E.I.  squad.,  1853-6  ;  steam- 
sloop  "Richmond,  "  Gulf  squad.,  1861  ;  prize 
commis.,  Boston,  1864-5;  light-house  insp. 
1866-9. 

Pope,  John,  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Ky.  Mar. 
16,1823.  West  Point,  1842.  His  father,  Judge 
Nathaniel  (b.  Va.  1785,  d.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  23 
Jan.  1850),  was  a  lawyer  at  Vandalia,  111. ;  a 
del  eg.  to  Congress  from  111.  Terr,  in  1816-18; 
register  of  the  land-office  at  Edwardsville,  III., 
1818;  app.  judge  U.S.  Dist.  Court  of  111.  1819. 
John  entered  the  topog.  engs. ;  was  attached  to 
the  army  of  Gen.  Taylor;  was  brev.  1st  lieut. 
for  Monterey,  and  capt.  for  Buena  Vista,  Feb. 
23,  1847.  He  conducted  the  Minnesota  explor- 
ing exped.  in  1849-50;  then  that  to  test  the  fea- 
sibility of  boring  artesian  wells  in  the  Llano  Es- 
tacado,  between  Texas  and  N.  Mexico ;  and  in 
1 855  that  to  survey  the  route  of  the  Pacific  Rail- 
road. In  1854-9  he  was  exploring  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  He  became  capt.  July  1,  1856.  In 
an  address  in  1860  on  the  subject  of  "  Fortifica- 
tions," del.  at  Cincinnati,  he  denounced  the  pol- 
icy of  Pres.  Buchanan  in  unsparing  terms,  and 
was  'court-martialled ;  but  the  matter  was 
dropped.  He  was  one  of  the  officers  who  escorted 
Mr.  Lincoln  to  Washington ;  was  made  brig.-gen. 
vols.  May  17, 1861 ;  and  app.  to  a  com.  in  Mo., 
where  his  operations  were  very  successful.  In 
an  engagement  at  the  Blackwater,  Dec.  13,  he 
routed  the  enemy,  and  took  a  number  of  pris- 
oners. In  Feb.  1862,  Gen.  Halleck  intrusted 
him  with  the  com.  of  the  land-force  destined 
to  co-operate  with  Flag-Officer  Foote's  flotilla. 
Marching  on  New  Madrid,  he  captured  that 
place.  Mar.  13 ;  and,  after  the  surrender  of 
Island  No.  10  (Apr.  8),  took  a  large  number  of 
prisoners;  Mar.  21,  1862,  he  became  maj.-gen. 
of  vols. ;  in  April  he  took  com.  of  a  grand  divis- 
ion of  Gen.  Halleck's  army ;  vigorously  pur- 
sued the  enemy  in  retreat  from  Corinth*;  and 
was  summoned  to  Washington  to  take  com.  of 
the  Army  of  Va.  June  27,  1862;  made  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.  July  14.  Aug.  17  and  18  Gen. 
Pope  drew  back  his  whole  force  across  the  Rap- 
pahannock ;  from  this  date,  for  1 5  days.  Gen. 
Pope,  re-enforced  by  a  part  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  fought  continuously  a  superior  force 
of  the  enemy  under  Lee,  on  the  line  of  the  Rap- 
pahannock, at  Manassas  Junction,  at  Groveton, 
and  Chantilly.  He  withdrew  his  force  behind 
Difficult  Creek,  and  thence  within  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Washington ;  and,  Sept.  3,  was  at  his 
own  request  relieved  of  the  com.  of  the  Army 
of  Va.,  and  assigned  to  that  of  the  Dcpt.  of  the 
North-west.  In  Dec.  he  testified  at  Washing- 
ton before  the  court-martial  on  Fitz-John 
Porter,  accused  by  him  of  misconduct  before 
the  enemy  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run. 
Brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865  for  cap- 
ture of  Island  No.  10.  Author  of  "Explora- 
tions from  the  Red  River  to  the  Rio  Grande,"  in 
"  Pacif  R.R.  Reports,"  vol.  3 ;  "  The  Campaign 
in  Va.  of  July  and  Aug.  1862,"  8vo,  1863. 

Popham,  George,  pres.  of  the  first  com- 
pany of  settlers  in  New  England ;  d.  5  Feb.  1608. 
He  sailed  from  Plymouth,  Eng.,  31  May,  1607, 
with  2  ships  and  100  men.  Popham  com- 
manded one  ship,  and  Raleigh  Gilbert,  nephew 


FOF 


729 


FOR 


of  Sir  Walter  Ealeigh,  the  other.  Aug.  1 5  they 
landed  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sagadahock  or  Ken- 
nebec River,  "  on  a  western  peninsula ; "  and  a 
storehouse  was  built,  with  a  fort,  which  was 
called  Fort  St.  George.  After  the  death  of 
Popham,  the  colonists  returned  home,  having, 
as  Smith  says,  "found  nothing  but  extreme 
extremities."  His  bro.  Sir  John,  lord  chief 
justice  of  the  King's  Bench,  a  promoter  of  the 
settlement  of  America,  b.  Somersetshire,  1531, 
d.  10  June,  1607.  He  became  chief  justice  ab. 
1592^  Sir  Francis  Popham  was  a  patentee  of 
N.  England,  and  a  member  of  parliament  in 
1 620.  —  See  Memorial  Volume  of  the  Popham 
Celebration. 

Popkin,  JOHX  SPELLING,  D.D.  (H.  U. 
1815),  clergyman  and  scholar,  b.  Boston,  June 
19,  1771  ;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  March  2,  1852. 
Son  of  Col.  John,  Revol.  officer.  H.U.  1792. 
He  exercised  the  vocation  of  a  teacher  for  a 
short  time  in  Woburn  and  in  Cambridge ;  and 
was  Greek  tutor  at  H.U.  in  1795-8.  Member 
of  the  Am.  Academy.  Ord.  pastor  of  the  Fed- 
eral-street Church,  Boston,  July  10,  1799;  dis- 
missed Nov.  28,  1802;  installed  pastor  of  the 
First  Church  in  Newbury,  Sept.  19,  1804;  dis- 
missed Oct.  5,  1815,  having  accepted  the  app. 
of  prof,  of  Greek  in  H.U.  In  1826-33  he  was 
Eliot  professor  of  Greek  literature.  During  his 
ministry,  he  pub.  a  number  of  sermons  of  a 
high  character.  An  interesting  vol.  of  his  pro- 
ductions has  appeared,  consisting  of  lectures, 
and  extracts  from  sermons,  with  a  Memoir  of 
his  Life  by  C.  C.  Felton,  1852. 

Porter,  Alexander  J.,  jurist  and  senator, 
b.  near  Armagh,  Ireland,  1786;  d.  Attakapas, 
La.,  Jan.  13, 1 844.  His  father  fell  in  the  rebel- 
lion of  1 798.  He  came  to  the  U.S.  in  1801;  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  occupations  in  Nashville, 
Tenn. ;  but,  having  studied  law,  was  in  1807 
adm.  to  the  bar.  The  defects  of  his  early  edu- 
cation were  remedied  by  his  own  individual 
efforts;  and  by  his  industry  and  talent  he 
atttained  the  front  rank  of  jurists  and  politi- 
cians. Removing  to  St.  Martinsville,  La.,  in 
1810,  he  was  active  in  forming  the  State  const. 
in  181 1 ;  became  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
in  1821;  and  was  U.S.  senator  in  1834-7. 
Re-elected  in  1843,  ill  health  prevented  his  tak- 
ing his  seat.  A  Whig  in  politics,  he  voted  to 
censure  Pres.  Jackson  for  the  removal  of  the 
deposits;  favored  Calhoun's  motion  to  reject 
petitions  for  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  Dist. 
of  Col. ;  favored  the  division  among  the  States 
of  the  surplus  revenue,  and  the  recognition  of 
the  independence  of  Texas.  To  the  labors  of 
Judges  Porter,  Matthews,  and  Martin,  is  due 
the  system  of  jurisprudence  at  present  existing 
in  Louisiana. 

Porter,  Gen.  Andrew,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Worcester,  Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.,  Sept.  24, 
1743;  d.  Harrisburg,  Nov.  16,  1813.  He 
taught  a  school  at  Phila.  from  1767  till  June 
19,  1776,  when  he  was  made  by  Congress  a 
capt.  of  marines,  and  ordered  on  board  the  frig- 
ate "  Effingham  ;  "  transferred  soon  after  to 
the  art.,  in  which,  from  his  previous  studies,  he 
was  qualified  to  be  eminently  useful ;  he  served 
with  great  reputation  for  science  and  bravery; 
was  in  1782  promoted  to  major ;  and  at  the  end 
of  the  war  was  col.  of  the  4th  or  Pa.  Art.    He 


was  engaged  at  Trenton,  Princeton,  Brandy- 
wine,  and  Gerraantown.  In  the  latter  action 
nearly  all  his  company  were  killed  or  taken 
prisoners;  and  in  the  first,  he  received  on  the 
field,  in  person,  the  commendation  of  Washing- 
ton. Detached  in  Apr.  1779  to  join  the  exped. 
of  Sullivan  against  the  Indians,  he  suggested 
to  Gen.  Clinton  the  idea  of  damming  the  outlet 
of  Otsego  Lake,  by  which  meana-  the  water  was 
raised  sufficiently  to  enable  the  troops  to  be 
transported  by  boats  to  Tioga  Point.  In  1 784- 
8  he  was  a  commiss.  for  running  the  State 
boundary-lines;  was  in  1800  made  brig.-gen. 
of  State  militia,  and  soon  after  maj.-gen. ;  and 
in  1809  was  app.  surv.-gen.  of  Pa.  He  de- 
clined, on  account  of  his  advanced  age,  the  of- 
fices of  brig.-gen.  in  the  army,  and  sec.  at  war  of 
the  U.S.,  otfered  him  by  Madison  during  the 
war  of  1812.  Of  his  sons,  George  B.  d.  gov. 
of  Michigan,  David  R.  was  gov.  of  Pa.,  and 
Gen.  James  M.  see.  of  war.  —  Rogers. 

Porter,  Benjamin  F.,  jurist,  b.  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  Sept.  1808.  He  was  self-educated. 
Was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  Charleston  at  an  early 
age,  afterward  studied  medicine,  which  in 
1830  he  practised  in  Ala.,  but  returned  to  the 
law,  and  was  chosen  to  the  legisl.  in  1832  ;  and 
was  in  1835  reporter  of  the  State.  In  1840  he 
was  elevated  to  the  bench,  but,  doubting  the 
constitutionality  of  his  election,  resigned  the 
office.  He  edited  14  vols,  of  the  Ala.  Reports, 
and  translated  the  "  Elements  of  the  Institutes  " 
of  Heineccius.  He  has  also  contrib.  to  period- 
icals ;  has  been  frequently  an  orator  on  public 
occasions ;  and  has  pub.,  among  other  works,  a 
collection  of  poems,  chiefly  lyrical,  in  Charles- 
ton. 

Porter,  David,  D.D.  (Wms.  Coll.  1811), 
minister  of  Spencertown  1787-1803,  and  of 
Catskill,  N.Y.,  1 803-31,  b.  Hebron,  Ct.,  27  May, 
1761;  d.Catskill,Jan.7,1851.  D.C.  1784.  He 
served  nearly  a  year  in  the  Revol.  army.  He 
pub. "  Dissertation  on  Baptism,"  1 809,  and  some 
sermons.  Agent  of  several  benev.  societies; 
member  of  the  A.B.C.F.M.,  and,  though  eccen- 
tric, a  man  of  great  influence.  — Sprague. 

Porter,  David,  commodore  U.S.N.,  b. 
Boston,  Feb.  1,  1780;  d.  Pera,  near  Constan- 
tinople, March  3,  1843.  Midshipm.  Apr.  16, 
1798;  lieut.  Oct.  8,  1799;  master  com.  Apr. 
20,1806;  capt.  July  2,  1812.  His  father 
Capt.  David  com.  a  Boston  merchant-ship,  and 
was  actively  engaged  in  the  Revol. ;  afterward 
removed  to  Baltimore,  and,  engaging  in  the  W. 
India  trade,  introduced  his  son  to  the  naval 
career  at  the  age  of  16.  The  son  served  in 
"  The  Constellation  "  during  her  famous  ac- 
tion with  "  The  Insurgente  "  in  Feb.  1799  :  his 
good  conduct  in  the  action,  and  in  securing  the 
prize,  caused  his  promotion  soon  after.  In 
Jan.  1800,  he  was  wounded  in  an  engagement 
with  a  pirate.ofF  St.  Domingo;  in  Aug.  1801 
he  was  1st  lieut.  of  the  schooner  "  Enterprise," 
which  captured  a  Tripolitan  cruiser  of  supe- 
rior force.  While  1st  lieut.  of  the  flag-ship 
"  New  York,"  he  com.  a  boat  exped.  which 
destroyed  several  feluccas  laden  with  wheat 
under  the  batteries  of  Tripoli,  and  was  again 
wounded;  transferred  to  "The  Philadel- 
phia," which  was  captured  while  aground  in 
the  harbor  of  Tripoli  in  Oct.  1803,  he  was  18 


POR 


730 


I>OR 


months  a  prisoner.  In  1806,  while  in  com. 
of"  The  Enterprise,"  he  severely  punished  12 
Spanish  gunboats  which  rashly  attacked  hira 
in  sight  of  Gibraltar.  App.  to  the  small  frig- 
ate "Essex"  (32  guns),  he  sailed  from  New 
York,  July  3,  1812,  made  several  valuable  cap- 
tures, and  took,  after  an  action  of  8  minutes, 
H.B.M.  ship  "Alert"  of  20  guns,—  the  first 
ship-of-war  taken  in  the  contest.  Dec.  12,  he 
captured  the  British  govt,  packet  "Nocton," 
with  $55,000  in  specie ;  and,  at  the  close  of  Jan. 
1813,  sailed  to  the  Pacific,  where  he  captured 
a  number  of  British  whaling  and  trading  ves- 
sels. March  28, 1814,  "  The  Essex  "  was  cap- 
tured after  a  severe  fight  in  the  neutral  port  of 
Valparaiso  by  the  British  frigate  "Phoebe" 
(36)  and  "  The  Cherub  "  (28).  He  pub.  a  narra- 
tive of  this  remarkable  cruise  (N.Y.  2  vols.  8vo, 
1822).  From  1815  to  1823  he  was  one  of 
the  navy  commiss.,  and  in  the  latter  year  com. 
a  successful  exped.  to  suppress  piracy  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  Subsequently  made  cogni- 
sant of  an  insult  to  the  American  flag  at  Fox- 
ardo  in  Porto  Rico,  he  obliged  the  authorities 
to  make  an  apology.  This  led  to  his  recall,  to 
court-martial  for  transgressing  orders,  and  sen- 
tence of  suspension  for  6  months.  He  resigned 
Aug.  18,  1826,  entered  the  Mexican  navy  as 
com.-chief,  but  in  1829  took  the  US.  consul- 
ship to  Algiers.  Upon  the  occupation  of  Al- 
giers by  France,  he  was  made  charcj€  d'af- 
faires to  Constantinople,  and  subsequently  resi- 
dent minister.  His  corresp.  with  a  friend  in 
New  York  was  pub.  in  1835  as  "  Constantinople 
and  its  Environs."  While  in  Turkey,  Porter 
negotiated  several  important  treaties,  and 
held  his  position  as  minister  till  his  death.  He 
was  a  humane  as  well  as  a  brave  man,  and  a 
superior  seaman.  —  Duyckink. 

Porter,  David  D.,  adm.  U.S.N.,  younger 
son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Phila.  June,  1813. 
Midshipra.  Feb.  2,  1829;  lieut.  27  Feb.  1841 ; 
com.  22  Apr.  1861  ;  was  attached  to  the  coast- 
survey  in  1836-40;  and  in  "The  Congress" 
cruised  in  Mediterranean  and  Brazilian  waters 
4  years.  In  1845  he  was  ordered  to  the  Wash- 
ington Observatory.  During  the  Mexican  war 
he  had  charge  of  the  naval  rendezvous  at  N.  Or- 
leans ;  was  present  at  Vera  Cruz,  Tuspan,  and 
Tabasco,  also  in  land-fights  at  Taraultee  and 
Chiflon ;  then  returned  to  the  coast-survey ; 
in  1849-53  com.  successively  the  Cal.  mail- 
steamers  "  Panama"  and  "  Georgia; "  and  in 
1861  was  sent  in  the  steam-sloop  "  Powhatan  " 
to  Pensacola  to  join  the  Gulf  block,  squad.  In 
the  exped.  against  New  Orleans  early  in  1862, 
he  was  placed  in  charge  of  a  flotilla  of  21  mor- 
tar-boats and  several  steamers,  with  which  he 
CO  operated  with  Flag-Ofiicer  Farragut  in  the 
capture  of  the  Mpi.  forts  and  the  unsuccessful 
siege  of  Vicksburg.  He  was  afterward  ordered 
with  his  flotilla  to  the  James  River ;  and  in  Oct. 
took  com.  of  the  Mpi.  gunl^at  fleet  with  the 
rank  of  acting  rear-adm.  In  Jan.  1863  his 
fleet  captured  Arkansas  Post,  and,  Apr.  29,  de- 
stroyed the  formidable  batteries  at  Grand  Gulf. 
During  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  his  mortar-fleet 
threw  shells  into  the  city  and  works  40  days 
without  intermission.  Made  rear-adm.  July  4, 
1863,  for  the  capture  of  Vicksburg.  While  co- 
operatiag  with  Gea  Banks's  Bed-river  exped. 


in  Apr.  1864,  his  fleet  was  saved  at  Grand 
Ecore  by  the  skill  of  Lieut.-Col.  Bailey,  who 
constructed  a  dana  across  the  river,  giving  suf- 
ficient water  for  their  passage  over  the  bar. 
Ordered  to  the  com.  of  the  N.  A.  block,  squad., 
he  attacked  Fort  Fisher,  N.C.,  in  Dec.  1864, 
and  again  in  Jan.  1865  when  captured  by  as- 
sault. Vice-adm.  July  25,  1866;  adm.  17 
Oct.  1870  ;  supt.  Naval  Acad.  1866-70. 

Porter,  David  R.,  gov.  of  Pa.  1839-45, 
b.  Pa.  1788;  d.  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Aug.  6, 1867. 
Son  of  Gen.  Andrew.  He  was  a  lawyer ;  often 
a  member  of  each  branch  of  the  State  legisl., 
and  was  extensively  engaged  in  the  manuf.  of 
iron.  Charges  of  irregularity  in  his  election 
as  gov.  in  1838,  in  Phila.  Co.,  gave  rise  to  much 
feeling  in  the  organization  of  the  legisl. ;  and 
disgraceful  proceedings  at  the  State  capital, 
since  famous  as  the  "  Buckshot  War,"  were 
the  consequence. 

Porter,  Ebenbzer,  D.D.  (D.C.  1814), 
pres.  And.  Theol.  Sem.  1827-34,  b.  Cornwall, 
Ct.,  Oct.  5,  1772;  d.  Andover,  Apr.  8,  1834. 
D.C.  1792.  His  father  Thos.  Porter,  a  farmer 
and  a  prominent  politician,  removed  in  1779 
with  his  family  to  Tinmouth,  Rutland  Co.,  Vt. 
He  taught  school  some  months ;  then  studied 
divinity ;  and  Sept.  6, 1796,  was  ord.  pastor  of 
the  Cong,  church  at  Washington,  Ct.  His 
health  becoming  impaired,  he  removed  in  Apr. 
1812  to  Andover  as  prof,  of  sacred  rhetoric. 
Dr.  Porter  pub.,  beside  many  occas.  sermons, 
"The  Young  Preacher's  Manual,"  1819; 
"  Analysis  of  Vocal  Inflection,"  1824 ;  "  Anal- 
ysis of  Rhetorical  Delivery,"  1827;  "Rhe 
torical  Reader  and  Exercises,"  1831 ;  "  Sylla 
bus  of  Lectures,"  1832;  an  "  Abridgment  oi 
Owen  on  Spiritual- Mindedness,"  1833;  "Lec- 
tures on  Homiletics  and  Preaching,"  1 834,  and 
on  "Public  Prayer; "  together  with  "Sermons 
and  Addresses,"  and  an  abridgment  of  Owc» 
on  the  130th  Psalm.  Since  his  death,  "  Tha 
Biblical  Reader,"  and  "  Lectures  on  Eloquence 
and  Style,"  have  also  been  published. 

Porter,  Eliphalet,  D.D.  (ILU.  1807),  a 
Cong,  clergyman,  b.  N.  Bridgewater,  Ms.,  June 
11,  1758;  d.  Roxbury,  Dec.  7,  1833.  H.U. 
1777.  He  studied  theology  with  his  father. 
Rev.  John  Porter,  minister  of  N.  Bridgewater 
1740-1802;  and  Oct.  2,  1782,  was  ord.  over  the 
Cong,  society  of  Roxbury,  where  he  continued 
51  years.  Member  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and 
Sciences.  In  1830  the  Rev.  George  Putnam 
was  settled  with  him  as  colleague.  He  pub. 
a  "Eulogy  of  Washington,"  1800;  and  nine 
single  sermons. 

Porter,  Gen.  Fitz-John,  nephew  of  Com. 
David,  b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  1822.  West 
Point,  1845.  Entering  the  4th  Art.,  he  was 
made  1st  lieut.  May,  1847  ;  won  the  brevets  of 
capt.  and  major  at  Molino  del  Rey  and  Char 
pultepec;  and  was  severely  wounded  at  the 
Bclen  Gate.  He  was  in  1849-53  assist,  inst. 
of  art.  at  West  Point;  adj.  there  in  1853-4, 
and  assist,  inst.  of  cav.  and  art.  in  1854-5  ;  27 
June,  1856,  he  was  made  a.ssist.  adj.-gen.  (rank 
of  capt.);  col.  15th  Inf.  May  14,  1861  ;  brig.- 
gen.  vols.  May  17;  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A. 
June  27,  1862,  and  maj.-gen.  vols.  July  4; 
chief  of  staff  to  Gens.  Patterson  and  Banks, 
Apr.  to  Aug.  1861 J  assigned  to  the  Army  of 


FOR 


731 


FOR 


the  Potomac,  he  was  in  Aug.  placed  at  the 
head  of  a  division ;  and  in  May,  1 862,  took 
com.  of  the  5th  corps.  He  directed  the  siege- 
works  before  Yorktown,  and  was  gov.  of  that 
place  for  a  short  time  after  its  evacuation ; 
com.  the  extreme  right  before  Richmond,  re- 
ceived the  fiercest  attacks  of  the  enemy,  and 
was  promoted  for  his  services.  Temporarily 
attached  to  Gen.  Pope's  com.  during  the  battles 
which  followed  the  evacuation  of  the  Peninsula, 
he  avoided  all  participation  in  them  ;  and,  for- 
mal charges  being  made  against  him,  he  was 
deprived  of  his  com.,  but,  at  the  request  of  Gen. 
McClelian,  was  restored  to  duty,  and  took  part 
in  the  Md.  campaign ;  com.  the  reserve  in  the 
battle  of  Antietam.  In  Nov.  he  was  ordered 
to  Washington  for  trial  by  court-martial,  and 
was  cashiered  21  Jan.,  1863,  for  violation 
of  the  9  th  and  52d  articles  of  war.  The 
grounds  for  his  appeal  to  the  Pres.  in  1870  for 
a  reversal  of  this  sentence  are  stated  in  Old 
and  New  for  June,  1870. 

Porter,  George  B.,  gov.  of  Mich.  Terr. 
1831-4,  son  of  Gen.  Andrew,  b.  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  1790;  d.  Detroit,  Mich.,  6  July,  1834. 
Liberally  educated,  and  a  lavrp^er ;  he  was  an 
active  and  thorough  business-man. 

Porter,  Col.  George  W.,  author  of  many 
valuable  inventions,  especially  the  Porter  rifle ; 
d.  near  Memphis,  Tenn.,  7  Nov.  1856,  a.  ab.  50. 
Lieut.  33th  U.S.  Inf  May,  1814-June,  1815. 

Porter,  James,  the  "  Kentucky  giant ;  " 
d.  Louisville,  Ky.,  23  Apr.  1859.  He  was  7 
feet  9  inches  high,  and  weighed  300  lbs. 

Porter,  James  Madison,  lawyer,  son  of 
Gen.  Andrew,  b.  Selma,  Pa.,  Jan.  6,  1793;  d. 
Easton,  Pa.,  Nov.  11,  1862.  He  was  educated 
for  the  bar ;  served  as  a  vol.  in  the  war  of  1 812 ; 
was  a  member  of  the  Pa.  Const.  Conv.  in  1838, 
having  an  important  share  in  the  revision  of 
the  State  Const.;  was  app.  sec.  of  war  in  Mr. 
Tyler's  cabinet  in  1843,  but  rejected  by  the 
senate.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Laf. 
Coll.  at  Easton ;  25  years  pres.  of  its  board  of 
trustees ;  and  was  pres.  judge  12th  judicial 
dist.,  Pa.,  and  22d  dist. 

Porter,  John  Addison,  chemist,  b.  Cats- 
kill,  N.Y.,  Mar.  15,  1822 ;  d.  N.  Haven,  Ct., 
Aug.  25,  1866.  Y.C.  1842.  He  was  tutor, 
and  then  prof  of  rhetoric,  in  Del.  Coll.  until 
1847 ;  then  studied  at  the  U.  of  Giessen,  Ger- 
many, several  years,  where  he  had  the  instruc- 
tion of  Liebig  in  agricultural  chemistry.  In 
1850  he  became  prof,  of  chemistry  as  applied 
to  the  arts  in  Brown  U.,  and  held  a  similar 
chair  at  Y.C.  in  1852-64.  During  the  seces- 
sion war,  he  wrote  and  spoke  strongly  on  the 
Union  side,  and  edited  the  Connecticut  War 
Record.  He  was  the  author  of  several  text-books 
of  chemistry  ;  selections  from  the  "  Kalevala," 
the  great  Finnish  epic,  1868 ;  and  contribs.  to 
the  scientific  journals.  —  Y.  C.  Oh.  Record. 

Porter,  Moses,  brig.-gen.  U  S.A.,  b.  Dan- 
vers,  Ms.,  1755;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  Apr.  14, 
1822.  Lieut,  in  Trevett's  art.  May  19,  1775; 
served  at  Bunker's  Hill,  and  through  the  Revol., 
the  succeeding  Indian  wars,  and  that  of  1812- 
15  with  Eng.  He  was  at  White  Plains  ;  the 
campaign  in  the  Jerseys,  Trenton,  Brandy- 
wine,  Germantown;  was  an  efiicient  co-adju- 
tor  of   Col.  Smith  in  the  defence  of  Mud 


Island,  in  the  Delaware ;  was  one  of  the  few 
old  officers  selected  for  the  first  peace  estab- 
lishment; lieut.  May  1,  1787;  capt. Nov.  1791, 
serving  under  Wayne  in  1794;  raaj.  1st  Art. 
May  26,  1800;  col.  light  art.  Mar.  12,  1812; 
accomp.  Wilkinson's  army,  and  com.  the  art., 
and  disting.  at  the  capture  of  Fort  George, 
May  27,  1813;  brev.  brig.-gen.  Sept.  10,  1813, 
and  ordered  to  the  defence  of  Norfolk,  Va.,  in 
1814;  col.  1st.  Art.  May,  1821. 

Porter,  Noah,  D.D.  (U.  of  N.Y.  1858), 
LL.D.,  b.  Farmington,  Ct.,  1811 ;  author  and 
educator.  Y.C.  1831.  Clark  prof,  of  moral 
philos.  and  metaphysics  Y.C.  1846-71  ;  now 
(1871)  pres.  Y.C.  Son  of  Rev.  Noah,  min. 
of  Farmington  1806-66.  Author  of  Hist. 
Discourse  at  Farmington,  Nov. 4, 1840;  "Edu- 
cational Systems  of  the  Puritans  and  Jesuits 
Compared,"  1851 ;  "  The  Human  Intellect," 
1868;  "Books  and  Reading,"  1870;  and  an 
abstract  entitled  "Elements  of  Intellectual 
Philos.,"  1870.  Contributor  to  religious  pe- 
riodicals. 

Porter,  Peter  Buel,  politician  and  sol- 
dier, b.  Salisbury,  Ct.,  Aug.  14,  1773  ;  d.  Ni- 
agara Falls,  Mar.  20,  1844.  Y.C.  1791.  His 
father  Dr.  Joshua,  a  physician  in  Salisbury, 
Ct.  (Y.C.  1754,  d.  1825),  was  a  col.  of  militia 
in  the  battle  of  Saratoga.  The  son  began  to 
practise  law  at  Canandaigua,  N.Y,,  in  1795; 
soon  became  popular;  and  was  M.C.  in  1809- 
13  and  1815-16.  He  had  settled  at  Black 
Rock,  where  he  had,  with  his  bros.,  made  large 
purchases  of  land,  when  the  war  of  1812  with 
Eng.  broke  out.  Made  mnj. -gen.  of  N.Y.  and 
Pa.  vols,  in  July,  1813,  he  defended  Black 
Rock  (Buffalo)  against  the  British  in  that 
month ;  and  was  disting.  in  the  battles  of  Chip- 
pewa, Niagara  Falls,  and  Fort  Erie,  receiving 
the  thanks  of  Congress  and  a  gold  medal. 
Both  Gens.  Brown  and  Gaines  speak  of  him 
in  their  reports  as  a  "  brave,  skilful,  and 
gallant  officer."  In  1815  Pres.  Madison  app. 
him  com.  in  chief  of  the  army,  which  he  de- 
clined ;  commiss.  under  the  treaty  of  Ghent  in 
1816  ;  afterward  sec.  of  state  of  N.Y.  ;  sec,  of 
war  under  Pres.  Adams  in  1823.  He  m.  Letitia 
Grayson,  dau.  of  Atty.-Gen.  John  Breckenridge. 
Gen.  Porter  was  identified  with  the  progress 
of  Western  N.Y.,  was  one  of  the  early  project- 
ors of  the  Erie  Canal,  and  one  of  the  first 
board  of  commiss.  His  son  Col.  Peter  Aug. 
was  killed  at  Cold  Harbor,  Va.,  June  3,  1864, 
at  the  head  of  his  regt.  (129th  N.Y.) ;  b.  Black 
Rock,  N.Y.,  July  14,  1827.  H.U.  1845.  He 
studied  at  Heidelberg,  Berlin,  and  Breslau ; 
member  of  the  N.Y.  legisl.  1861  ;  commiss. 
col.  Aug.  17,  1862. 

Porter,  Thomas, judge ;  d.  Granville,  N. Y., 
Aug.  1833,  a.  99yrs.  3mos.  He  was  in  the 
British  army  at  Lake  George  in  1755,  and  was 
active  during  the  Revol.  He  was  10  years 
judge  of  the  Supreme  and  County  Courts  of 
Vt.,  and  was  a  member  of  the  legislatures  of 
Vt.  and  Ct.  35  years.  Dr.  Ebenezer,  of  An- 
dover  Sem.,  was  a  son. 

Porter,  William  A.,  b.  Hunterdon  Co., 
Pa.,  1821.  Laf.  Coll.  1839.  Adm.  to  Phila. 
bar  1842;  sheriff  of  Phila.  1843;  city  solici- 
tor 1856  ;  app.  judge  Sup.  Ct.  1858.  Author 
of  •'  Essay  on  Law  of  Sheriffs,"  1845 ;  "  Life 


POR 


732 


FOB 


of  Ch.  Justice  John  B.  Gibson,"  8vo,  1855; 
"  Addresses."  —  AUibone. 

Porter,  William  David,  commodore 
U.S.N.,  b.  N.  Orleans,  1810;  d.  N.Y.  City, 
May  1, 1864.  Son  of  Com.  David.  App.  to  the 
navy,  Jan.  1,  1823;  lieut.  Dec.  31,  1833.  He 
projected  and  founded  the  present  light-house 
system  ;  served  through  the  Mexican  war  with 
distinction,  but  was  retired  in  1855,  and  re- 
stored in  1859.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Rebel- 
lion he  was  on  the  Pacific  station,  in  the  sloop 
of  war  "  St.  Mary's."  His  loyalty  being  suspect- 
ed, he  wrote  to  the  govt,  a  letter  in  his  defence, 
which  was  pub.,  and  excited  much  comment. 
He  was  subsequently  ordered  to  the  Mpi.  to 
assist  in  fitting  out  the  gunboat  flotilla,  and 
placed  in  com.  of  "  The  Essex,"  which  he  caused 
to  be  covered  with  iron  plates,  and  took  part 
in  the  attacks  on  Forts  Henry  and  Donel- 
6on,  being  severely  scalded  in  the  first-named 
action  ;  and  fought  his  way  past  all  the  batte- 
ries from  Cairo  to  N.  Orleans.  He  took  part 
in  the  attack  on  Vicksburg,  and  afterward 
engaged  the  iron-clad  Confcd.  gunboat  "Arkan- 
sas "  near  Baton  Rouge.  "  The  Arkansas  "  was 
blown  up  ;  and  in  Sept.  he  bombarded  Natchez, 
and  attacked  the  Vicksburg  batteries  and  Port 
Hudson.  For  these  disting.  services,  Com- 
mander Porter  was  made  commodore  July 
16,  1862.  Owing  to  feeble  health,  he  did  little 
subsequent  duty.  He  had  two  sons  in  the 
rebel  service. 

Porter,  William  T.,  editor,  b.  Vt.  1806; 
d.  New  York,  July  19,  1858.  At  first  a  teacher ; 
he  subsequently  became  a  printer,  and,  having 
removed  to  New  York  ab.  1833,  pursued  his 
vocation  in  a  book-printing  establishment  ; 
afterwards  established  the  Constellation,  a  week- 
ly journal,  which  was  merged  into  the  Spirit 
of  the  Times,  a  weekly  paper  devoted  to  sport- 
ing news  and  literature.  Having  sold  out 
his  interest  in  it,  he  began  in  1856,  in  connec- 
tion with  Mr.  George  Wilkes,  the  publication 
of  Porter's  Spirit  of  the  Times,  which  he  con- 
tinued to  edit  until  his  death.  He  was  an 
elegant,  graceful,  and  spirited  writer,  and  was 
connected  at  various  times  with  other  journals. 
He  edited  Col.  Hawker's  "  Instructions  to 
Young  Sportsmen,"  T.  B.  Thorpe's  "  Arkan- 
sas Stories,"  and  J.  M.  Field's  "  Night  in  a 
Swamp,"  and  other  stories.  — See  Life  by  Fran- 
cis Brinlejj,  12mo,  1860. 

Porterfleld,  Col.  Charles  ;  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Camden,  Aug.  16,  1780.  Capt.  Uth 
Va.  Regt.  Feb.  13,  1776;  lieut.-col.  of  the 
State  garrison  regt.  Aug.  14,  1779. 

Porterfleld,  Gen.  Robert, Revol.  officer; 
d.  at  his  residence  in  Augusta  Co.,  Va.,  Feb. 
13, 1843,  a.  90.  He  entered  the  army  an  ensign 
in  Morgan's  rifle  regt.,  and  quitted  it  a  cap- 
tain. In  the  campaign  of  1779,  was  capt.  and 
aide  de-camp  to  Gen.  W.  Woodford  ;  was  cap- 
tured at  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  afterward 
served  at  the  North  under  Washington.  He 
was  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  an 
acting  county  magistrate  over  50  years,  twice 
holding  the  office  of  high  sheriff". 

Portier,  Michael,  D.D.,  Roman-Cath. 
bishop  of  Mobile;  consec.  Nov.  5, 1826;  d.  May 
14,  1859. 

Posey,   Cabnot,  brig.-gen.    C.  S.  A.,   b. 


Mpi.;  d.  Charlottesville,  Va.,  Nov.  13,  1863, 
from  a  wound  received  at  Bristol  Station, 
Oct.  14.  As  1st  lieut.  in  Jeff"  Davis's  regt.  rifles, 
he  was  disting.,  and  wounded  at  Buena  Vista. 

Posey,  Gen.  Thomas,  b.  on  the  banks  of 
the  Potomac,  July  9,  1750;  d.  Shawneetown, 
111.,  March  19,  1818.  He  received  a  plain 
English  education.  Removed  to  Western  Va. 
at  the  age  of  19,  and  was  quartermaster  to 
Lewis's  division  of  Lord  Dunmore's  army ;  par- 
ticipated in  the  bloody  battle  with  the  Indians 
at  Point  Pleasant,  Oct.  10,  1774;  in  1775  he 
was  one  of  the  com.  of  corresp. ;  was  app. 
capt.,  and  raised  a  company  for  the  7th  Va. 
Cont.  Regt.  ;  aided  in  defeating  Dunmore  at 
Gwyn's  Island ;  joined  Washington's  army 
at  Middlebrook  early  in  1777  ;  was  transferred 
to  the  celebrated  rifle  regt.  of  Col.  Morgan ; 
was  soon  after  engaged  in  a  severe  action  with 
the  British  light  troops  at  Piscataway,  N.  J. ; 
joined  Gen.  Gates,  and  rendered  great  service 
at  the  two  battles  of  Bemis  Heights  (Sept.  12) 
and  Stillwater  (Oct.  7) ;  succeeded  to  the  com. 
of  the  regt.  in  the  spring  of  1778;  and  led  his 
regt.  as  maj.  in  Oct.  1778  in  an  exped.  against 
the  Indians.  In  the  spring  of  1779  he  took 
com.  of  the  1 1  th  Va.  Regt. ;  was  soon  after 
transferred  to  the  com.  of  a  batt.  of  Febiger's 
regt.  under  Wayne  ;  and  at  the  brilliant  assault 
on  Stony  Point,  July  15,  1779,  was  one  of  the 
first  toenter  the  enemy's  works.  He  was  present 
at  the  surrender  of  Yorktown  ;  organized  anew 
regt.,  of  which,  with  the  rank  of  lieut.-col.,  he 
took  com. ;  and  served  under  Wayne  in  Ga. 
until  the  evacuation  of  Savannah.  When 
surprised  by  the  Indians  under  Gueristersigo  on 
the  night  of  June  23,  1782,  Posey  rallied  and 
led  his  men  to  the  charge,  exhibiting  great 
bravery  and  skill,  and  defeating  the  enemy 
with  severe  loss.  From  1786  to  1793  he  was 
county  lieut.  of  Spottsylvanla,  Va. ;  app.  btig.- 
gen.  Feb.  14,  1793  ;  settled  in  Ky. ;  was  elected 
State  senator;  was  4  years  lieut.-gov. ;  maj.- 
gen.  of  Ky.  levies  in  1809  ;  U.S.  senator  from 
La.  1812-13;  succeeded  Harrison  as  gov.  of 
Ind.  Terr.  March  3,  1813  ;  and  in  1816  became 
agent  for  Indian  affairs,  which  post  he  held  at 
his  death.  —  See  Life  of  Posey  in  Sparks' s  Amer. 
Bioq. 

Post,  MiNTURN,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1832), 
physician  and  author,  b.  New  York,  June  28, 
1808;  d.  there  April  26,  1869.  Col.  Coll. 
1827.  He  studied  medicine  in  N.Y.  and 
Phila. ;  was  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Mott,  and  com- 
pleted his  studies  under  Louis,  Broussais,  and 
others.  He  acquired  a  lucrative  practice  in 
New  York;  and  was  26  years  medical  exam- 
iner of  the  N.Y.  Mutual  Life  Ins.  Co.  Dr. 
Post  was  thoroughly  familiar  with  diseases  of 
the  chest,  and  was  largely  instrumental  in 
promoting  the  study  of  physical  diagnosis. 
He  was  the  translator  of  a  French  treatise  on 
Auscultation  and  Percussion,  8vo,  1839. 

Post,  Wright,  M.D.,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  surgeon,  b.  North  Hempstead,  L.I., 
Feb.  19,  1766;  d.  Throgs  Neck,  N.Y.,  June 
14,  1828.  After  studing  4  years  under  Dr. 
Richard  Bayly  of  New  York,  and  2  years 
under  Dr.  Seldon  of  London,  he  returned  in 
1786  to  New  York  to  commence  practice. 
App.  in  1792  prof,  of  surgery  in  Col.  Coll., 


I'OS 


733 


POT 


he  visited  the  great  schools  of  Europe,  collect- 
ing a  splendid  anatomical  cabinet,  with 
which  he  returned  to  America  in  1793.  He 
was  for  20  years  prof,  of  anatomy  and  physi- 
ology in  tiiat  institution,  during  which  period 
he  effected  many  difficult  surgical  operations, 
and  attained  high  distinction.  In  1813  he 
was  app.  to  a  similar  professorship  in  the  Coll. 
of  Phys.  and  Surg.,  of  which  he  was  pres.  in 
1821-6.  In  1815  he  again  visited  Europe  for 
his  health.  He  was  for  30  years  consulting 
physician  of  the  N.Y.  Hospital,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  most  prominent  literary  socie- 
ties of  the  city. 

PosteU,  Col.  Benjamin,  Revol.  officer  of 
St.  Bartholomew's  parish;  d.  Charleston,  S.C, 
Jan.  1801,  a.  41.  In  1775  he  was  made  a 
lieut.  1st  S.C.  Regt.,  and,  on  the  capture  of 
Charleston  in  1780,  was  sent  to  St.  Augustine, 
suffering  from  brutal  treatment  during  his  cap- 
tivity of  11  months;  afterward  a  member  of 
the  State  legisl.,  and  col.  of  the  Colleton  Co. 
regt.  With  his  bro.,  Maj.  John  Postell,  he 
rendered  good  service  in  Marion's  brigade. 
Jan.  29,  1781,  the  latter  captured  near  Monk's 
Corner  40  British  regulars.  Col.  James  Pos- 
tell, also  a  disting.  partisan  under  Marion, 
d.  near  Coosawatchie,  S.C,  16  Mar.  1824,  a. 
78. 

Potter,  Alonzo,  D.D.  (H.U.  1846), 
LL.D.  (Un.  Coll.  1846),  Prot.-Ep.  bishop  of 
Pa.,  b.  La  Grange,  Duchess  Co.,  N.  Y.,  July  10, 
1800;  d.  San  Francisco,  July  4,  1865.  Un. 
Coll.  1818.  His  ancestors  were  among  the  ear- 
ly settlers  of  R.I.  He  became  a  tutor  in  Un. 
Coll.  in  1819;  and  was  prof,  of  mathematics 
and  nat.  philos.  in  1821-6.  Ord.  deacon  in 
April,  1821,  and  priest  in  Aug.  1824;  elected 
pres.  of  Geneva  Coll.  in  1825,  he  declined  the 
post ;  rector  of  St.  Paul's,  Boston,  from  Aug. 
29,1826,  till  Aug.  27,1831;  vice-pres.  and 
prof,  of  moral  philos.  in'Un.  Coll.  1831-45; 
consec.  bishop  of  Pa.  Sept.  23,  1845.  He  m. 
the  only  dau.  of  President  Nott.  Bishop  Pot- 
ter was  especially  identified  with  the  organi- 
zation of  the  hospital  of  the  Prot.-Ep.  Ch., 
and  the  establishment  of  the  Divinity  School 
of  the  church  in  Phila.  He  Dub.  "  The  Prin- 
ciples of  Science  applied  to  the  Domestic  and 
Mechanic  Arts,"  1841 ;  "Political  Economy," 
1841 ;  "  Hand-Book  for  Readers  and  Students," 
1847  ;  "  Discourses,  Charges,  Addresses,"  &c., 
1858;  "Religious  Philosophy,"  1870;  "Plan 
of  Temperance  Organization  for  Cities  ;  "  and, 
with  Geo.  B.  Emerson,  "  The  School  and 
Schoolmaster,"  1844.  He  edited  6  vols,  of 
Harper's  "  Family  Library ;  "  Wilks's  "  Chris- 
tian Essays,"  1829;  Maria  James's  "Poems," 
1839  ;  and  15  Lectures  on  the  Evidences  of 
Christianity  by  clergymen  of  the  Prot.-Ep. 
Church,  8vo,  1855.  Between  1845  and  1853 
he  delivered  five  courses  of  Lowell  Inst,  lec- 
tures on  subjects  connected  with  natural  the- 
ology. 

Potter,  Chandler  Eastman,  author,  b. 
Concord,  N.H.,  Mar.  7,  1807  ;  d.  Flint,  Mich., 
Aug.  4,  1868.  Dartm.  Coll.  1831.  After 
teaching,  practising  law,  and  serving  one  terra 
in  the  State  legisl.,  he  in  1844  removed  to  Man- 
chester, where  he  edited  and  pub.  for  4  years 
the  Manchester  Democrat.    He  in  1 852-3  edited 


the  Farmer's  Monthly  Visitor,  and  the  Granite 
Farmer  in  1854-5 ;  was  the  author  of  a  valua- 
ble history  of  Manchester,  and  was  well  versed 
in  the  history  of  N.H.  From  1848  to  1855  he 
was  judge  of  the  Manchester  Police  Court.  For 
some  years  he  com.  the  famous  Amoskeag 
Veterans.  Many  years  an  active  member  of 
the  N.H.  Hist.  Soc,  and  its  pres.  in  185.5-7. 
Author  of  a  valuable  military  history  of  N.H. 
in  the  adj.-gen.'s  reports  for  1866  and  1868, 
of  two  addresses  upon  the  Penobscot  Indians, 
and  other  addresses,  and  papers  in  periodi- 
cals. Contributed  the  article  upon  the  Penob- 
scot and  other  Eastern  Indians  to  School- 
craft's "  History  of  the  Indians,"  and  partially 
prepared  a  new  edition  of  Belknap's  N.  H., 
with  continuation  to  1860.  Co-editor  of  the 
Weeklij  Mirror  and  the  Mirror  and  Farmer  in 
1864-5.  — ,See.iV.  E.  Hist,  and  Geneal.  Reg., 
xxiii.  61. 

Potter,  Elisha  Reynolds,  politician,  b. 
S.  Kingstown,  R.I.,  Nov.  5, 1764;  d.  there  Sept. 
26,  1835.  In  early  life  he  was  a  soldier  and  a 
blacksmith's  apprentice ;  acquired  some  knowl- 
edge of  law,  which  he  practised  with  success 
until  he  was  40,  when  he  entered  political  life. 
From  1793  until  his  death,  he  was  a  rep.  to  tho 
Assembly,  with  the  exception  of  4  terms  in 
Congress  in  1796-7  and  1809-16,  and  in  1818, 
when  a  candidate  for  the  office  of  gov.  He  was 
5  times  speaker  of  the  house.  Few  political 
men  in  Rhode  Island  ever  acquired  or  main- 
tained a  more  commanding  influence.  He  was 
always  a  forcible,  and  sometimes  an  eloquent 
speaker. 

Potter,  Elisha  Reynolds,  b.  S.  Kings- 
town, R.I.,  20  June,  1811.  H.U.  1830.  Com- 
missioner of  public  schools  in  R.I.  1849-54; 
some  years  member  of  the  legisl.;  adj.-gen. 
1835-6;  M.  C.  1843-5.  Author  of  "Early 
History  of  Narragansett,"  8vo,  1835;  "Paper- 
Money  of  the  Colony  of  R.I.,"  8vo,  1837;  "Ex- 
tension of  Suffrage  in  R.L,"  8vo,  1842 ;  "Ad- 
dress bef.  the  R.L  Hist.  Soc.  Feb.  19,  1851 ;  " 
"Reports  on  the  R.L  Public  Schools;"  "The 
Bible  and  Prayer  in  Public  Schools,"  8vo, 
1854,  &c. — R.L  Educational  Mag.,  8vo,  1852-4. 

Potter,  Hazard  Arnold,  M.D.  (Bowd, 
Coll.  1835),  physician  and  surgeon,  b.  Potter 
township,  Ontario  Co.,  N.Y.,Dec.  21, 1811 ;  d. 
Geneva,  N.Y.,  3  Dec.  1869.  After  practising  . 
in  R.L  a  few  months,  he  returned  to  his  na- 
tive town;  in  1853  he  removed  to  Geneva, 
N.Y.,  where  he  had  a  high  reputation  as  a  sur- 
geon and  consulting  physician.  He  performed 
successfully  many  cntical  surgical  operations, 
and  was  one  of  the  first  surgeons  who  called 
attention  to  the  presence  of  arterial  blood  in 
the  veins  of  the  parts  paralyzed  by  depressed 
fracture  of  the  cervical  vertebrae,  which  he  first 
observed  in  1837.  In  1854  he  successfully  per- 
formed the  operation  of  trephining  the  spine. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  to  remove  ovarian  tu- 
mors, and  introduced  a  new  mode  of  amputa- 
tion at  the  hip-joint.  During  the  civil  war  he 
was  a  vol.  surgeon. 

Potter,  Horatio,  D.D.  (Trin.  Coll.  1838), 
LL.D.  (Geneva,  1856),  D.C.L.  (Oxf.  I860), 
Pr.-Ep.  bishop  of  N.Y.,  bro.  of  Alonzo,  b.  La 
Grange,  Duchess  Co.,  N. Y.,  Feb.  9, 1 802.  Un. 
Coll.  1826.     Ord.  deacon  July,  1827 ;  priest  in 


FOT 


734 


ro^^r 


1828 ;  and  in  1828-33  was  prof,  of  mathemat- 
ics and  nat.  philos.  in  Wash.  Coll.,  Hartford. 
While  here,  he  was  invited  by  Bishop  Moore 
to  become  his  assistant  in  the  Monumental 
Church,  Richmond,  Va.,  but  declined.  In  1 853 
he  became  rector  of  St.  Peter's,  Albany,  N.Y.; 
in  1837  he  was  chosen  prcs.  of  Trinity  Coll., 
Hartford,  but  declined.  Dr.  Potter  was  chosen 
provis.  bishop  of  N.Y.,'  and  consec.  Nov.  22, 
1854.  By  the  death  of  Bishop  B.  T.  Onder- 
donk,  April  30,  1861,  he  became  bishop  of  the 
diocese. 

Potter,  Hbv.  Isaiah,  first  settled  minister 
of  Lebanon,  N.H.,  from  July  6, 1772,  to  his  d. 
2  July,  1817;  b.  Plymouth,  Ct.,  1746.  Y.C. 
1767.  Studied  theology  with  Dr.  Smalley  of 
Berlin,  Ct.,  and  was  a  fellow-student  with  Dr. 
Nathaniel  Emmons.  He  m.  Elizabeth,  dau.  of 
John  Barrett  of  Northfield,  Ms.  He  pub.  some 
occasional  sermons. 

Potter,  Gen  Robert  B.,  lawyer  and  sol- 
dier, b.  N.Y.  Son  of  Bishop  P.  of  Pa.,  and 
grandson  of  Pres.  Nott.  In  1861  ho  was  a  suc- 
cessful lawyer  in  New  York ;  became  maj.  51st 
Regt.,  Shepard  Rifles;  led  the  assault  at  Ro- 
anoke Island ;  was  wounded  at  Newbcm  ;  com. 
his  regt.  at  Cedar  Mountain,  Manassas,  Chantil- 
ly ;  and  at  Antictam  carried  the  famous  "stone 
bridge,"  and  was  again  wounded.  He  served 
also  m  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg;  made  brig.- 
gen.  13  Mar.  1863;  com.  2d  div.  9th  corps  at 
Vicksburg,  and  com.  the  corps  against  Long- 
street  in  Tenn.  and  siege  of  Knoxville ;  com. 
his  div.  under  Grant,  and  was  conspicuous  from 
the  Wilderness  to  Petersburg;  and  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  June,  1864,  for  gallantry  in  "several  ac- 
tions since  crossing  the  Rapidan."  In  the  final 
assault  on  Petersburg,  April  2,  1865,  he  was 
shot  through  the  body,  but  recovered. 

Potts,  George,  D.D.,  a  leading  Presb.  cler- 
^man  and  author,  pastor  of  the  University- 
place  Church,  b.  Phila.  1801  ;  d.  N.  Y.  City, 
Sept.  15,  1864.  U.  of  Pa.  1819;  Princeton 
Theol.  Sem.  1822.  Pastor  of  a  church  in  Natch- 
ez, Mpi.,  1823-35 ;  and  of  the  Duane-st.  Church, 
N.Y.  City,  from  May,  1836,  until  the  comple- 
tion of  the  edifice  in  University  Place.  He  was 
brought  prominently  before  the  public  in  1844 
by  a  controversy  with  Dr.  Wainwright  of  the 
Episc.  Church,  pub.  as  "  No  Church  without 
a  Bishop."  He  also  pub.  a  number  of  ser- 
mons, letters,  addresses,  &c. 

Potts,  Jonathan,  M.D.  (Phila.  Coll.  1771), 
b.  Bristol,  Pa.,  1747  ;  d.  1781.  He  began  prac- 
tice at  Reading ;  was  an  active  patriot ;  was 
app.  surgeon  for  Canada  and  Lake  George, 
June,  1776  ;  and  app.  director  of  the  Gren.  Hos- 
pital for  the  Northern  Dept.  Jan.  1777.  — N.E. 
Gen.  and  Hist.  Reg.  1864. 

Potts,  Richard,  LL.D.  (N.  J.  Coll.  1805), 
gov.  of  Md.  1781-1782,  and  U.S.  senator  from 
1792  to  1796.    Member  Old  Congress  1781-2. 

Potts,  Stacy  Gardner,  b.  Harrisburg, 
Pa.,  1800;  d.  Trenton,  N.  J.,  9  April,  1865. 
Bro.  of  Wui.  S.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1827  ; 
member  of  the  legisl.  1828-9  ;  clerk  of  the 
N.  J.  Court  of  Chancery  1831-41  ;  judge  N.  J. 
Sup.  Ct.  1852-9.  Author  of  "  Village  Tales," 
12mo,  1827 ;  "Precedents  and  Notes  of  Practice 
in  the  N.J.  Court  of  Chancery,"  1841.  Edited 
the  Emponum  in  1821,  and  contrib.  to  the  Phila. 


Monthly  Mag.  He  left  in  MS.  "  The  Christ  of 
Revelation.  He  was  in  1845  one  of  the  com- 
mission to  revise  and  pub.  the  laws  of  N.  J. 
M.A.  of  N.J.  Coll.  1844. 

Potts,  William  Stephens,  D.D.,  minis- 
ter in  St.  Louis,  b.  Northumb.  Co.,  Pa.,  13 
Oct.  1802  ;  d.  27  Mar.  1852.  Pres.  of  Marion 
Coll.  1835-9  ;  pastor  1st  Presb.  Ch.,  St.  Louis, 
1828-35  and  1839-52.  He  pub.  a  number  of 
sermons,  addresses,  &c.  —  Sprague. 

Pouchot,  M.,  engineer  officer  under  Mont- 
calm in  Canada,  b.  Grenoble,  France,  1712; 
killed  in  Corsica,  while  reconnoitring,  8  Mav, 
1769.  Entered  the  engrs.  in  1733;  served  in 
Corsica,  Flanders,  and  Germany;  defended 
Niagara  and  Fort  Lewis.  Author  of  "  Me- 
moirs of  the  War  of  1755-60  in  N.A.,"  pub.  in 
3  vols.  1781,  translated  and  edited  by  F.  B. 
Hough,  2  vols.  4to,  1866. 

Poulson,  Zachariah,  editor  and  pub- 
lisher, b.  Phila.  Sept.  5,  1761  ;  d.  there  July 
31,  1844.  He  edited  and  pub.  the  Amer.  Daily 
Advertiser,  the  first  daily  in  the  U.S.,  from  Oct. 
1800  to  Dec.  28,  1839.  He  had  been  for  many 
years  printer  to  the  State  senate.  Pub.  Poul- 
son's  Town  and  Country  Almanac  from  1789  to 
1801;  Proud's  "  History  of  Pa.,"  1797-8;  and 
other  valuable  books.  He  was  connected  with 
many  literary  and  benevolent  societies,  and  for 
nearly  59  years  with  the  Library  Company  of 
Phila.  —  Simpson. 

Poussin,  William  Tell,  major  U.  S. 
topog.  engineers,  b.  France.  Accomp.  Gen. 
Bernard  to  the  U.S.  after  the  downfall  of  Na- 
poleon. App.  assistant  topog.  engr.  (rank  of 
capt.)  March  6,  1817;  aide-de-camp  to  Gen. 
Bernard,  topog.  engr.  (rank  of  major),  Jan.  15, 
1829;  resigned  July  31,  1832,  Author  of 
"  Travaux  d' Amdiorations  Int€neures,  Projete's 
ou  Executes  par  le  Gouv.-Gen.  des  £tats-Unis 
d'Amerique,  1824  a  1831,"  4to,  1834;  "  Con- 
side'rations  sur  le  Principe  Democrat i que,"  &c., 
8vo,  1841  ;  "  De  la  Puissance  Ame'ricaine,"  &c., 
2  vols,  8vo,  1843  ;  also  other  works,  and  con- 
tribs.  to  periodicals.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  the  establishment  of  the  French  republic  of 
1848.  Envoy-extra,  and  minister-plenipo.  from 
France  to  the  U.S.  1849. 

PoweU,  Charles  Stuart,  comedian,  b. 
Eng.  1749;  d.  Halifax,  N.S.,  26  April,  1811. 
He  played  at  the  Covent  Garden,  London ;  had 
been  manager  of  the  Hay  market ;  first  app.  in 
Boston,  13  Aug.  1792;  opened  the  Boston 
Theatre  as  manager  in  Feb.  1794-6;  and  was 
some  years  manager  of  the  Halifax  Theatre. 

Powell,  George,  historical  painter,  b. 
N.Y.  City,  1823.  Among  his  works  is  "The 
Discovery  of  the  Mississippi." 

Powell,  Henry  Watson,  a  British  gen. ; 
d.  Lyme,  Eng.,  July  14, 1814.  App.  a  capt.  in 
the  64th  Foot,  Sept.  1756,  he  served  in  the  W. 
Indies  in  1759,  and  in  America  in  1768;  lieut.- 
col.  53d,  July,  1771  ;  took  part  in  Burgoyne's 
exped.,  with  the  rank  of  brig.-gen.,  1777  ;  and 
when  the  Americans  evacuated  Ticonderoga, 
July  6,  he  was  left  in  com.  of  that  post.  Here 
he  was  attacked  by  a  body  of  N.  H.  and  Ct. 
militia,  Sept.  18,  who  were  obliged  to  retreat. 
He  became  a  gen.  in  the  army  Jan.  t,  1801.  — 
Burgoyne's  Ord.  Book. 

Powell,  Col.  John  Habb,  agriculturist. 


FOTV 


785 


I»OTV 


b.  Phila.  April,  1786;  d.  there  June  14,  1856. 
His  father  Robert  Hare  came  from  England  in 
1773  ;  was  a  member  of  the  first  State  Const. 
Conv.,  and  was  speaker  of  the  State  senate  in 
1827.  John  was  educated  at  Phila.  Coll.;  be- 
came a  successful  merchant;  was  sec.  of  lega- 
tion to  Wm.  Pinkney  in  Lond.  ;  returned  in 
Dec.  1811  ;  was  brigade-major  to  Gen.  T. 
Cadwallader  Sept.  1814;  insp.-gen.  (rank  of 
col.)  Dec.  1814  to  June,  1815.  Turning  his 
attention  to  agriculture,  he  contributed  many 
valuable  essays  to  the  journals  of  that  science ; 
was  a  founder  of  the  Pa.  Agric.  Society,  1823; 
and  was  instrumental  in  improving  the  breed 
of  horned  cattle  and  sheep  in  the  U.S.  He  was 
a  good  speaker  and  debater,  and  a  patron  of 
the  fine  arts.  Author  of  "  Memoirs  of  the  Pa. 
Agric.  Soc,"  and  "  Hints  for  American  Farm- 
ers." —  Simpson, 

Powell,  Lazarus  W.,  politician,  b.  Hen- 
derson Co.,  Ky.,  Oct.  6,  1812  ;  d.  Henderson, 
Ky.,  July  3,  1867.  St.  Joseph's  Coll.,  Bards- 
ton,  1833  ;  Transylv.  Law  School,  1835.  Adm.. 
to  the  bar  in  1835 ;  he  was  energetic  both  as  a 
lawyer  and  a  farmer.  In  1836  he  was  elected 
to  the  legisl.,  of  which  he  proved  a  useful  mem- 
ber; was  gov.  of  Ky.  in  1851-5;  and  was  U.S. 
senator  in  1859-65.  He  was  a  clear  and  forci- 
ble reasoner,  and  an  excellent  working  member 
of  the  senate,  but  was  not  re-elected  on  account 
of  his  extreme  anti-war  views. 

Powell,  Levin,  lieut.-col.  Revol.  army,  b. 
Va.,  1738 ;  d.  Bedford,  Pa.,  Aug.  1810.  Mem- 
ber of  the  Va.  conv.  which  ratified  the  U.S. 
Const.  ;  M.C.  from  Va.  1799-1801  ;  served 
through  the  Revol.  war  in  the  Va.  line,  Cont. 
army.     Resided  in  Loudon  Co.,  Va. 

Powell,  Levin  M.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Va.  ab.  1800.  Midshipm.  Mar.  1,1817;  lieut. 
Apr.  28,  1826  ;  com.  June  24, 1843 ;  capt.  Sept. 
14,  1855;  commo.  July  16,  1862;  rear-adm. 
June  8,  1870.  Served  as  midshipman  in  the 
Medit.,  China  Seas,  and  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
W.  Indies,  for  the  suppression  of  piracy  ;  com. 
several  expeditions  against  the  Seminoles,  and 
wounded  at  the  head  waters  of  the  Jupiter 
River  in  Jan.  1837;  com.  two  surveying  ex- 
peditions in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  1842-3  ;  com. 
sloop-of-war  "  John  Adams,"  coast  of  Africa, 
1849-50;  home  squad.  1856;  frigate  "  Poto- 
mac," block,  squad.,  1861 ;  lighthouse  insp. 
1863-6. 

Powell,  Snelling,  comedian,  bro.  of 
Charles  S.,  b.  Carmathen,  Wales,  1758  ;  d. 
Boston,  8  Apr.  1821.  Feb.  2,  1794,  he  made 
a  successful  d^ut  at  the  Boston  Theatre  as 
Gustavus  Vasa.  He  was  a  successful  man- 
ager of  that  theatre.  His  wife,  a  popular  ac- 
tress, a  Miss  Harrison,  d.  26  Dec.  1843. 

Powell,  WiLi>iAM  DiNSMOOR,  chicf  jus- 
tice of  Upper  Canada,  b.  Boston,  1756;  d. 
Toronto,  6  Sept.  1834. 

Powell,  W.  Byrd,  M.D.,  physiologist,  b. 
Bourbon  Co.,  Kv.,  Jan.  8, 1799  ;  d.  Covington, 
Ky.,  May  13, 1 866.  Transylv.  U.  1 820.  Med. 
School,  1823.  His  father  was  a  pioneer  in  the 
settlement  of  Ky.  He  interested  himself  spe- 
cially in  studying  the  physiology  of  the  brain 
and  the  temperaments.  In  1835  he  became 
prof,  of  chemistry  in  the  Med.  Coll.  of  La. 
In  1836  he  demonstrated  that  the  human  tem- 


perament could  be  read  from  an  examination 
of  the  cranium  alone.  He  prosecuted  this  study 
for  3  years  among  the  Indian  tribes,  and  was 
regarded  by  many  of  his  friends  as  insane.  He 
assisted  in  organizing  the  Memphis  Institute 
in  1 849,  and  occupied  the  chair  of  cerebral  phy- 
siology and  med.  geology.  In  1851  he  removed 
to  Covington,  Ky. ;  in  1856  he  took  the  chair 
of  cerebral  phys.  in  the  Eclectic  Med.  Inst,  of 
Cincinnati,  and  lectured  there  2  or  3  years. 
In  his  "  Natural  Hist,  of  the  Human  Temper- 
aments," 1856,  he  announced  his  discovery  of 
a  measurement  indicating  infallibly  the  vital 
force,  and  also  the  signs  of  vital  tenacity.  He 
was  a  frequent  contrib.  to  scientific  and  litera- 
ry periodicals ;  wrote,  jointly  with  Dr.  R.  S. 
Newton,  "  The  Eclectic  Practice  of  Medicine," 
and  an  "  Eclectic  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  Chil- 
dren." —  Appleton. 

Power,  Tyrone.  Irish  actor  and  author, 
b.  Co.  Waterford,  Nov.  2,  1797  ;  d.  at  sea. 
Mar.  1841.  Another  account  states  that  he 
was  b.  in  Swansea,  Wales,  and  was  a  journey- 
man printer,  changing  his  name  from  Thomas 
Powell  after  he  went  on  the  stage.  His  wid- 
owed mother  having  i-emoved  to  Wales,  Tyrone 
made  his  debut  in  the  Cardiff  Theatre  as  Ro- 
meo. He  played  at  provincial  theatres  till 
1818,  when  he  retired;  but  in  1821  re-appeared 
on  the  London  stage.  His  first  decided  success 
there  was  in  1824,  in  the  part  of  Paddy 
O'Halloran  ;  and  he  thenceforth  devoted  him- 
self to  the  delineation  of  Irish  characters,  in 
which  he  was  unrivalled.  In  1833-5  and  again 
in  1840-1,  he  visited  the  U.S.,  where  he  was 
highly  successful.  He  embarked  for  Europe, 
Mar.  11,  1841,  in  the  steamship  "President," 
which  was  never  heard  of  afterward.  He  pub. 
"Impressions  of  America,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1835; 
"  The  King's  Secret,"  a  novel ;  "  The  Lost 
Heir,"  &c. 

Powers,  Grant,  a  Cong,  clergyman,  b. 
Hollis,  N.H.,  May  31,  1784;  d.  Goshen,  Ct., 
Apr.  10,  1841.  Dartm.  Coll.  1810.  He  stud- 
ied theology ;  was  minister  at  Haverhill  in 
1815-29,  and  at  Goshen  from  Aug.  27,  1829, 
to  his  death.  Author  of  "  Essay  upon  the  In- 
fluence of  the  Imagination  on  the  Nervous 
System,  contributing  to  False  Hopes  in  Reli- 
gion ;  "  a  "  History  of  the  Coos  Country," 
12mo,  1841 ;  and  "  Centennial  Address  at  Hol- 
lis," 8vo,  1830. 

Powers,  Hiram,  sculptor,  b.  Woodstock, 
Vt.,  July  29, 1805.  He  spent  his  youth  on  his 
father's  farm  ;  emigrated  with  his  family  to  O., 
and,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  established  him- 
self in  Cincinnati,  being  successively  employed 
in  a  reading-room,  in  a  produce- store,  and  with 
a  clockmaker.  From  a  German  sculptor  he 
learned  the  art  of  modelling  in  plaster,  and 
for  7  years  he  directed  the  wax- work  dept.  of 
the  museum  at  Cincinnati,  but  in  1835  went  to 
Washington,  where  he  was  for  some  time  prof- 
itably employed  in  modelling  busts  of  disting. 
men.  With  the  assistance  of  Mr.  N.  Long- 
worth  of  Cincinnati,  he  was  able  to  establish 
himself  in  Florence,  where  he  has  since  resided. 
In  1838  he  produced  an  ideal  statue  of  Eve, 
pronounced  by  Thorwaldsen  a  work  which  any 
sculptor  might  be  proud  to  claim  as  his  master- 
piece;  in  1839  he  finished  his  model  of  the 


FOTV 


736 


FRA. 


"Greek  Slave,"  his  most  popular  work,  of 
which  he  has  made  several  duplicates  in  mar- 
ble. Among  his  other  well-known  works  are 
the  "  Fisher-Boy ; "  "  II  Penseroso ;  "  "  Proser- 
pine," a  bust;  "California;"  " America," mod- 
elled for  the  Crystal  Palace  at  Sydenham.  Eng. ; 
a  bronze  statue  of  Webster,  now  erected  in 
the  State-house  grounds  at  Boston  ;  and  por- 
trait-statues of  Washington  and  of  Calhoun. 
The  latter,  his  best  work  of  the  kind,  after  be- 
ing shipwrecked  on  Long  Island,  was  safely 
deposited  in  Charleston.  Among  his  numer- 
ous busts  are  those  of  Adams,  Jackson,  Web- 
ster, Calhoun,  Marshall,  Everett,  and  Van 
Buren.  Mr.  Powers  is  the  inventor  of  a  useful 
process  of  modelling  in  plaster,  which  obviates 
the  necessity  of  taking  a  clay  model. 

Powhatan,  emperor  of  the  Indians  in  Va. 
when  the  English  made  their  first  settlement 
in  1607  ;  d.  Apr.  1618.  He  was  the  most  pow- 
erful of  the  Indian  kings,  swaying  the  sceptre 
over  30  nations  numbering  8,000  souls.  He 
was  remarkable  for  vigor  and  energy,  skilful  in 
intrigue,  courageous  in  battle,  and  magnanimous 
in  victory.  He  lived,  for  a  savage,  in  great  dig- 
nity and  splendor;  was  always  attended  by  a 
guard  of  40  warriors,  and  watched  by  a  sentry 
at  night.  He  was  hostile  to  the  English,  and 
came  near  destroying  them  repeatedly ;  but,  on 
the  marriage  of  his  dau.  Pocahontas  to  Mr. 
Rolfe,  he  became  friendly,  and  remained  at 
peace.  His  principal  residence  was  Werowoco- 
moco,  on  York  River,  in  the  present  county  of 
Gloucester. 

Pownall,  Thomas,  LL.D.,  an  English 
statesman  and  writer,  b.  Lincoln,  1722  ;  d. 
Bath,  Eng.,  25  Feb.  1805.  U.  of  Camb.  1743. 
He  was  made  sec.  to  the  commiss.  for  trade  and 
plantations  in  1745,  and  was  in  the  commissa- 
riat of  the  army  in  Germany;  in  1753  he  came 
to  Amer.  as  sec.  to  Sir  D.  Osborne,  whom  he 
succeeded  as  licut.-gov.  of  N.  J.  in  1755;  mem- 
ber of  the  Congress  at  Albany  in  1754;  gov. 
of  Ms.  1757-60;  gov.  of  S.C.  1760-1 ;  and,  re- 
turning to  Eng.,  was  made  director-gen.  of  the 
office  of  control,  with  rank  of  col.  Entering 
parliament  in  1768,  he  strenuously  opposed  the 
measures  of  the  ministiy  with  respect  to  Ameri- 
ca ;  and  his  speeches,  made  at  various  impor- 
tant crises,  form  an  instructive  comment  upon 
the  mistaken  policy  of  the  times.  He  retired 
from  parliament  in  1780.  Foreseeing  the  dan- 
ger to  Eng.  of  a  union  among  the  Colonies, 
when  the  Congress  met  at  Albany  to  devise 
the  best  means  of  defence  against  the  French, 
he  presented  a  powerful  memorial  to  Lord 
Halifax  upon  the  subject.  As  gov.  of  Ms.  he 
did  not  give  his  confidence  to  Hutchinson,  Oli- 
ver, and  their  party,  which  they  resented  by 
slandering  him  to  the  people  and  the  clergy. 
He  pub.  in  1766  "The  Administration  of  the 
Colonies ; "  "  Topog.  Description  of  such  Parts 
of  N.  Amer.  as  are  contained  in  the  Annexed 
Map  (that  of  L.  Evans,  corrected,  and  contin- 
ued to  1775)  of  the  Middle  British  Colonies," 
&c. ;  besides  a  number  of  works  on  archaeolo- 
gy, antiquities,  and  politics, 

Poydras,  Jdlien,  philanthropist,  first 
delegate  to  Congress  from  the  Terr,  of  Or- 
leans 1809-12;  d.  Point  Coupe'e,  La.,  June  25, 
1824.     He  gave  $100,000  for  the  founding  of 


the  Female  Orphan  Asylum,  and  left  $20,000 
for  a  college  at  Point  Coupe'e. 

Pratt,  Benjamin,  lawyer  and  jurist,  b.  Co- 
hasset,  Ms.,  Mar.  13,  1710;  d.  Jan.  5,  1763. 
H.  U.  1737.  Bred  to  a  mechanical  employ- 
ment by  his  parents,  who  were  poor,  the  loss  of 
a  limb  in  early  life  led  him  to  study ;  and  he 
soon  became  conspicuous  among  the  lawyers 
of  the  day  in  learning  and  eloquence.  He  was 
a  representative  of  Boston  1757-9,  and  was  a 
zealous  lover  of  freedom.  The  friendship  of 
Gov.  Pownall  procured  him  the  app.  of  chief 
justice  of  N.Y.,  which  he  did  not  long  live  to 
enjoy.  He  was  a  man  of  great  research  and 
learning,  wrote  some  fugitive  verses,  and 
had  made  extensive  collections  in  view  of  writ- 
ing a  history  of  N.  Eng.,  but  died  too  soon  to 
accomplish  it.  His  wife  was  the  dau.  of  Judge 
Auchmuty. 

Pratt,  Enoch,  pastor  Cong,  church,  W. 
Barnstable,  Ms.,  1807-35,  b.  Middlcborough, 
Ms.,  1781 ;  d.  Brewster,  2  Feb.  1860.  Brown 
U.  1803.  Ord.  Barnstable  28  Oct.  1807  ;  re- 
signed 1837.  Author  of  a  "  History  of  East- 
ham,  Wellfleet,  and  Orleans,  Ms.,"  8vo,  1844. 

Pratt,  Louisa  Kirby  ;  d.  Cincinnati,  2 
Oct.  1864.  Author  of  a  series  of  essays  in  the 
Ho7ne  Journal  over  the  signature  of  "Bell 
Smith."  Her  Letters  from  Paris  wei-e  pub.  with 
the  title  "  Bell  Smith  Abroad." 

Pratt,  Matthew,  an  early  portrait-painter 
ofPhila.  (1734-1805).  He  studied  4  years  in 
Lond.  with  West;  returned  to  Phila.  in  1768  ; 
assisted  Peale,  his  schoolmate,  in  establishing 
his  museum ;  and  painted  many  of  the  eminent 
men  of  his  time,  among  others  the  prominent 
members  of  the  convention  which  framed  the 
Federal  Constitution  in  1787.  —  Tudcertnan. 

Pratt,  Phinehas,  an  early  settler  of  Wey- 
mouth, Ms.,  d.  Charlcstown,  Ms.,  19  Apr. 
1680,  a.  90.  He  came  to  N.E.  in  June,  1622, 
with  Weston's  colony,  but,  on  its  failure,  fled 
from  the  place  in  Feb.  1623,  and  reached  Plym- 
outh, 30  miles  distant,  pursued  by  Indians  "  in 
times  of  frost  and  snow,  as  a  deer  chased  with 
wolves."  In  1662  he  addressed  a  petition  to 
the  Gen.  Court,  accomp.  with  a  narrative  of  the 
first  planting,  which  he  called  a  "  Declaration 
of  the  Affairs  of  the  English  People  that  first 
inhabited  N.  England."  —  See  Ms.  Hist.  Colls. 
4,  iv.  476;  Drake's  Historij  of  Boston. 

Pratt,  Thomas  G.,  gov.  of  Md.  1844-8, 
b.  Washington,  D.C.,  1805 ;  d.  Baltimore,  Nov. 
9,  1869.  N.J.  Coll.  He  was  bred  a  lawyer; 
frequently  served  in  the  Md.  senate  ;  was  U.S. 
senator  in  1851-7 ;  delegate  to  the  Chicago 
Convention  1864,  and  to  the  Pliila.  National 
Convention  in  1867. 

Pratt,  Zadock,  an  eminent  citizen  of  N.Y., 
b.  Stephentown,  Rensselaer  Co.,  N.Y.,  Oct.  30, 
1790;  d.  Bergen,  N.  J.,  6  Apr.  1871.  He  began 
life  a  poor  boy,  but  by  his  industry  gained  a 
large  fortune.  In  1812  he  began  business  as 
a  saddler  and  harnessmakcr.  Devoting  his 
attention  to  tanning  in  1817,  he  attained  emi- 
nent success ;  and  his  name  will  ever  be  asso- 
ciated with  Prattsville,  where  he  located  a  tan- 
nery in  1824.  Elected  to  Congress  in  1836, 
and  again  in  1842,  he  labored  successfully  for 
the  public  good.  His  career  in  Congress  will 
be  remembered  for  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  the 


f:ra. 


737 


FRE 


reduction  of  postage,  his  plans  for  the  new 
post-office  buildings,  and  the  bureau  of  statis- 
tics, which  owes  its  origin  to  him.  Delegate  to 
the  Baltimore  Convention  of  1862  ;  pros,  of 
many  societies  and  institutions,  including  the 
Mechanics'  Institute,  N.Y. ;  also  col.  of  a  regt., 
and  member  N.Y.  legisl.  His  son,  Gen. 
George,  d.  of  a  wound  at  the  battle  of  Manas- 
sas, a.  32. 

Pratz,  Le  Page  du,  French  traveller,  b. 
Holland;  d.  1775.  Entering  the  French  service, 
he  fought  in  Germany,  and,  having  obtained 
an  interest  in  the  French  Western  Land  Co., 
left  La  Rochelle  in  May,  1718,  to  take  posses- 
sion of  lands  ceded  them  near  New  Orleans. 
After  some  fruitless  efforts  at  colonization,  he 
ascended  the  Mpi.  inl720;  settled  with  the 
Natchez  Indians,  by  whom  he  was  well  re- 
ceived, but  with  whom  he  had  a  conflict  in  Dec. 
1723,  and  his  property  was  burned.  Peace 
restored,  he  explored  the  interior  of  the  coun- 
try, visiting  the  region  watered  by  the  Missouri 
and  the  Arkansas,  and,  after  8  years  of  labor, 
returned  to  N.  Orleans,  where  he  was  treasurer 
of  the  company  until  the  office  was  suppressed, 
when  he  returned  to  France ;  and  25  June, 
1734,  he  landed  at  La  Rochelle,  He  pub.  his 
"  History  of  Louisiana,"  giving  an  account  of 
his  adventures,  3  vols.  12mo,  1758,  Paris,  —  a 
work  of  remarkable  exactness.  — Hoefer,  Nouv. 
Biorj.  Univ. 

Pray,  Isaac  Clark,  editor,  author,  and 
dramatist,  b.  Boston,  1813  ;  d.  N.Y.  Nov.  28, 
1869.  Amh.  Coll.  1833.  Son  of  a  Boston  mer- 
chan  t  of  the  same  name.  Some  time  connected 
with  the  Journal  of  Commerce,  and  afterward 
wrote  for  the  Herald;  was  the  author  of  "  Vir- 
ginius,"  a  play  first  brought  out  at  the  Acad, 
of  Music,  and  was  very  successful  as  a  theatrical 
manager.  He  trained  many  celebrities  for  the 
stage,  among  whom  are  Charlotte  Cushman  and 
Charles  H.  Eaton.  He  was  in  Eng.  in  1846-7, 
and  performed  successfully  at  the  Queen's 
Theatre,  London,  the  Theatres  Royal,  Liver- 
pool and  Cork,  in  the  highest  walks  of  the 
drama.  Author  of  "Prose  and  Verse,"  12mo, 
1835;  "Poems,"  1837,  12mo;  "Book  of  the 
Drama,"  8vo,  1851  ;  "Memoirs  of  J.  G.  Ben- 
nett," 1855;  and  of  several  burlesques  and 
plays.  Edited  the  Shrine,  a  monthly,  pub.  at 
Annherst,  1831-3;  Boston  Pearl,  weekly,  1834  ; 
also  many  other  magazines  and  reviews,  and  in 
1859-60  edited  the  Phila.  Enquirer. 

Pray,  Job,  member  of  the  exec,  council  of 
Ga.,  and  a  brave  naval  commander  of  the 
Revol. ;  d.  Ga.  29  Apr.  1789,  a.  50.  Oct.  18, 
1776,  he  was  sent  by  the  council  of  safety  to 
St.  Thomas  to  procure  arms  and  ammunition. 

Pray,  Publius  Rutilius  R.,  lawyer  and 
jurist;  d.  Pearlington,  Mpi.,  Jan.  11,  1840,  a. 
45.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  one  of 
the  judges  of  tlie  High  Court  of  Errors  and 
Appeals.  He  pub.  "  Revised  Statutes  of  Mpi.," 
8vo,  1836. 

Preble,  Edward,  commo.  U.S.N. ,  son  of 
Gen.  Jedcdiahjb.  Portland,  Me.,  Anir.  15, 1761 ; 
d.  there  Aug.  25,  1807.  From  childhood  he 
discovered  a  firm,  resolute,  and  persevering 
temper,  and  a  strong  disposition  for  perils  and 
adventures,  which  led  him  to  make  a  voyage  to 
Europe  in  a  letter-of-marque  in  1777.  In  1779 
47 


he  served  as  midshipman  under  Capt.  John 
Foster  Williams  in  "  The  Protector,"  and  hav- 
ing been  taken  in  the  Penobscot  exped.,  under 
Capt.  Salton stall,  was  confined  in  the  Jersey 
prison-ship,  but  obtained  his  release  at  N.Y. 
by  the  interest  of  Col.  William  Tyng.  He 
next  served  as  first  lieut.  of  the  sloop-of-war 
"  Winthrop,"  Capt.  Little,  and  boarded  an 
English  armed  brig  of  superior  force,  lying  in 
Penobscot  harbor,  under  circumstances  which 
gave  the  action  great  €dal.  He  remained  in 
this  ship  until  Dec.  1782,  and  occupied  him- 
self as  shipmaster  until  Feb.  9,  1798,  when  ho 
was  named  one  of  the  five  lieuts.  app.  by  the 
govt.,  and  in  the  fall  and  winter  of  that  year 
made  two  cruises  as  com.  of  the  brig  "  Picker- 
ing." Capt.  May  14,  1799,  he  made  in  the 
frigate  "Essex,"  of  36  guns,  in  1800,  a  voy- 
age to  the  E.  Indies  for  the  protection  of  our 
trade.  Near  the  end  of  the  year,  he  arrived  in 
N.Y.  in  feeble  health,  and  so  continued  until 
May,  1803,  when  he  took  com.  of  the  frigate 
"  Constitution  ;  "  and  in  June  took  charge  of 
the  squad,  sent  against  Tripoli.  He  set  snil 
in  Aug.,  and,  arriving  at  his  destination  in 
Sept.,  prevented  a  war  between  the  emperor  of 
Morocco  and  the  U.S.,  and  brought  the  bashaw 
of  Tripoli  to  terms  by  a  series  of  skilful  bom- 
bardments. Having  been  superseded  by  Bar- 
ron, Sept.  8,  1804,  he  obtained  leave  to  return 
home.  Congress  voted  him  the  thanks  of  the 
nation  and  an  emblematical  medal.  —  See 
Preble  Family  h\j  Capt.  Geo.  H.  Preble,  1868. 

Preble,  George  Henry,  capt.  U.S.N., 
b.  Portland,  Me.,  Feb.  25,  1816.  Son  of  Capt. 
Enoch,  and  nepliew  of  the  preceding.  Mid- 
shipm.  Oct.  10,  1835;  lieut.  Feb.  1.5,1848; 
com.  July  16, 1862;  capt.  Jan.  29, 1867  ;  served 
in  the  Seminole  war  1841-2.  During  the  Mexi- 
can war  he  was  in  the  attack  on  Alvarado, 
Aug.  8  and  Oct.  15, 1846  ;  Tampico,  Laguna, 
Vera  Cruz,  Alvarado,  Apr.  1847;  attached  to 
coast-survey  1847-51 ;  in  sloop  "Macedonian" 
in  Oct.  and  Nov.  1854,  in  engagements  with 
Chinese  pirates ;  destroyed  3  piratical  junks, 
July  10,  1855,  and  2  on  Aug.  27,  1855;  com. 
steamer  "  Katahdin,"  W.G.  block,  squad.,  at  the 
capture  of  N.Orleans  ;  and  at  Vicksburg,  Juno 
29,  1862  ;  com.  "  Oneida,"  W.G.  block,  squad., 
1862  ;  sloop  "  St.  Louis,"  S.A.  block,  sqliad., 
1863-5;  with  naval  brigade  served  on  shore 
in  battle  of  Honey  Hill,  S.C,  Nov.  30,1864, 
and  in  3  actions  at  Deveaux's  Neck  (Dec.  6, 
7,  and  9,  1864);  com.  steam-sloop  "  Pensaco- 
la,"  N.P.  squad.,  1868-9.  Author  of  a  "  Gene- 
alogy of  the  Preble  Family,"  8vo,  1808 ;  "  His- 
tory of  the  Amer.  Flag,"  1872. 

Preble,  Gen.  Jedediah,  b.  Wells,  Me., 
1707;  d.  Portland,  Me.,  Mar.  11,1784.  He 
settled  in  Portland  ab.  1748,  and  began  life  as 
a  mariner;  capt.  in  Waldo's  regt.  1746;  was 
with  Gen.  Winslow  as  a  lieut.-col.  in  Acadia 
in  1755 ;  col.  13  Mar.  1758  ;  brig.-gen.  12  Mar. 
1759  ;  was  12  years  a  representative  ;  council- 
lor in  1773;  made  a  brig.-gen.  by  the  Prov. 
Congress  of  Ms.  27  Oct.  1774;  and  afterward 
a  maj.-gen.,  but  declined  on  account  of  age. 
Member  of  the  State  senate  in  1780,  and  judge 
of  the  C.C.P.  in  1778. 

Preble,  William  Pitt,  LL.D.  (Bowd. 
Coll.  1829),  jurist,   b.  York,   Me.,   Nov.   27, 


I>RE 


738 


PRE 


1783;  d.  Portland,  Me.,  Oct.  11,  1857.  H.U. 
1806.  In  1813  he  was  app.  U.S.  dist.-atty., 
and  became  a  leader  of  the  Democ.  party ;  in 
1818  he  removed  to  Portland,  which  he  repre- 
sented in  the  Me.  Const.  Conv.,  of  which  he 
was  one  of  the  most  influential  members.  On 
the  inauguration  of  the  new  State  govt,  in 
1820,  he  was  app.  a  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court ;  in  1829  he  was  app.  minister  to  the 
Netherlands,  and  afterward  held  many  public 
stations.  First  pres.  of  the  Atlantic  and  St. 
Lawrence  Railroad  Co.  in  1847. 

Prentice,  George  Denison,  poet  and 
journalist,  b.  Preston,  Ct.,  Dec.  18,  1802;  d. 
Louisville,  Ky.,  Jan.  22,  1870.  Brown  U. 
1823.  Such  was  his  early  ripeness  of  intellect, 
that  he  was  principal  of  a  public  school  before 
he  was  15.  He  studied  law,  and  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1829,  but  did  not  engage  in  practice; 
and  in  1828  became  editor  of  the  N.E.  Weekly 
Review  at  Hartford,  — a  literary  journal  which 
he  conducted  two  years.  Removing  to  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  he  began  in  Nov.  1830  to  edit  the 
Louisville  Journal,  in  which  he  won  a  high  and 
wide-spread  reputation  for  political  ability  and 
for  wit  and  satire.  For  many  years  a  leading 
advocate  of  the  policy  of  the  Whig  party,  it 
maintained  during  the  Rebellion,  with  great 
zeal  and  ability,  the  cause  of  the  Union  against 
the  secessionists.  Specimens  of  his  verse  are 
to  be  found  in  several  collections  of  American 
poetry;  but  they  have  never  been  gathered  into 
a  volume.  A  selection  of  his  newspaper  para- 
graphs was  pub.  under  the  title  of  "  Prentice- 
ana  "in  1860.  In  1831  he  wrote  a  Life  of 
Henry  Clay.  —  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West. 

Prentiss,  Gen.  Benjamin  Matberry,  b. 
Belleville,  Wood  Co.,  Va.,  Nov.  23,  1819.  In 
1835  he  removed  to  Mo.,  and  in  1841  to  Quin- 
cy.  III.,  where  he  engaged  in  business.  He  was 
a  capt.  in  the  Mexican  war.  In  1860  he  was 
an  unsuccessful  Repub.  candidate  for  Congress. 
Col.  7th  111.  Vols.  Apr.  1861,  and  afterward 
brig.-gen.  3-months'  troops,  having  com.  at  Cai- 
ro, III.,  — at  that  time  a  position  of  the  utmost 
importance;  brig.-gen.  U.S.  vols.  May  17, 
1861  ;  in  Aug.  1861  he  was  detailed  to  the 
com.  at  Iron  ton,  Mo.;  and  Dec.  28  fought  the 
battle  of  Mount  Zion,  routing  a  large  body  of 
secessionists.  He  served  in  Mo.  until  April, 
1862,  when  he  joined  Gen.  Grant  3  days  be- 
fore the  battle  of  Shiloh,  at  the  beginning  of 
which  he  was  taken  prisoner  with  most  of  his 
com.  lie  was  released  in  Oct.,  and  in  Dec. 
was  a  member  of  the  court-martial  on  Gen.  F. 
J.  Porter.  Made  maj.-gen.  Nov.  29,  1862  ;  ab. 
July  3,  1863,  he  defeated  Gens.  Holmes  and 
Price,  who  attacked  him  at  Helena,  Ark. 

Prentiss,  Charles,  editor  and  wit,  b. 
Reading,  Ms.,  Oct.  8,  1774  ;  d.  Brimfield,  Ms., 
Oct.  20,  1820.  H.U.  1795.  Son  of  Rev.  Ca- 
leb of  Reading.  Edited  in  1795  the  Rural  Re- 
pository at  Leominster,  Ms.,  and  pub.  there  in 
1797  "A  Collection  of  Fugitive  Essays  in 
Prose  and  Verse,"  and  the  Political  Focus,  af- 
terward the  Washington  Federalist,  at  George- 
town, the  Anti-Democrat  at  Baltimore,  and  a 
literary  paper,  the  Child  of  Pallas.  In  1804 
he  visited  England.  In  1809  he  pub.  the 
Thistle,  a  theatrical  paper  of  brief  duration; 
after  1810  he  reported  the  congressional  pro- 


ceedings at  Washington,  and  edited  the  Inde- 
pendent American ;  in  1813  he  pub.  at  Brook- 
fickl  the  "  Life  of  Gen.  Eaton,"  "  Life  and 
Writings  of  R.  T.  Paine,"  8vo,  1812 ;  in  1817- 
18  he  edited  the  Virginia  Patriot  at  Richmond. 
"  A  scholar,  a  good  writer,  a  judicious  critic, 
he  studied  no  profession,  and  relied  for  sup- 
port entirely  upon  his  pen."  —  Duyckinck. 

Prentiss,  George  Aldrich,  commodore 
U.S.N.,  b.  Keene,  N.H.,  1808  ;  d.  near  Charles- 
ton, S.C.,  8  Apr.  1868.  Son  of  John  Prentiss, 
formerly  editor  of  the  N.H.  Sentinel.  Mid- 
shipm.  1  Mar.  1825;  lieut.  9  Feb.  1837;  com. 
14  Sept.  1845  ;  commo.  (retired  list)  16  Julv, 
1860. 

Prentiss,  Col.  John  Holmes,  a  promi- 
nent Democratic  editor  of  N.Y.,  b.  1785;  d. 
Cooperstown,  N.Y.,  26  June,  1861.  M.C.  1837- 
41 .     Son  of  Dr.  Samuel.  —  Prentiss  Family. 

Prentiss,  Samuel,  M.D.,  b.  Stonington, 
Ct.,  1759;  d.  Northfield,  Ms.,  1818.  Son  of 
Col.  Samuel  of  the  Revol.  army.  Studied 
with  Dr.  Philip  Turner  of  Norwich  ;  served  in 
the  ai  my  as  an  assist,  surgeon ;  resided  some 
years  in  Worcester,  and  for  20  years  was  an 
eminent  physician  and  surgeon  in  Northfield. 
In  1810  he  resided  at  Bernardston.  Of  his 
sons,  Samuel  was  a  U.S.  senator  and  judge, 
John  H.  a  prominent  editor  and  politician, 
and  Wm.  of  Milvvaukie  has  been  pres.  of  the 
legisl.  council  of  Wisconsin.  —  Williams's  Med. 
Bioj. 

Prentiss,  Samuel,  LL.D.,  senator  and  ju- 
rist, son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Stonington,  Ct., 
Mar.  31,  1782;  d.  Montpelier,  Vt.,  Jan.  15, 
1857.  He  studied  law,  and  commenced  prac- 
tice in  Montpelier  in  1803,  soon  acquiring  the 
reputation  of  a  learned,  eloquent,  and  upright 
lawyer,  and  becoming  one  of  the  foremost  men 
of  the  Vt.  bar.  In  1824-5  he  represented 
Montpelier  in  the  legisl. ;  in  1829  he  was  elect- 
ed chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Vt. ; 
and  was  U.S.  senator  in  1831-42,  where  he 
did  much  to  effect  the  passage  of  a  law  against 
duelling  in  the  Dist.  of  Col. ;  U.S.  dist.  judge 
from  1 842  to  his  death. 

Prentiss,  Sergeant  Smith,  lawyer  and 
orator,  b.  Portland,  Me.,  Sept.  30,  1808  ;  d. 
Longwood,  near  Natchez,  Mpi.,  July  1,  1850. 
Bowd.  Coll.  1826.  He  went  to  Mpi'  in  1827; 
was  tutor  a  year  or  two  in  a  private  family 
near  Natchez ;  studied  law;  and  was  adm.  to 
the  bar  in  1829,  when  his  first  speech  before  a 
jury  is  said  to  have  been  marked  by  that  wit 
and  eloquence  which  never  deserted  him.  He 
was  law-partner  of  Gen.  Felix  Huston.  In  1832 
he  moved  to  Vicksburg,  became  at  once  leader 
of  the  bar  in  that  section  of  the  State,  and,  by 
gaining  a  suit  involving  the  most  valuable  por- 
tion of  the  city,  gained  a  high  reputation  as  a 
lawyer;  while  the  ground  which  he  received  as 
a  fee  made  him  one  of  the  wealthiest  men  in 
the  State.  He  was  elected  to  the  State  legisl.  in 
1835.  His  speech  in  the  U.S.  house  of  repre- 
sentatives in  1837,  which  lasted  3  days,  in  which 
he  claimed  the  seat  held  by  Col.  Claiborne  (which 
claim  was  only  rejected  by  the  casting-vote  of 
the  speaker,  J.  K.  Polk),  established  his  reputa- 
tion as  one  of  the  ablest  parliamentary  debaters 
in  the  country.  The  candidate  thus  sent  back 
to  the  people  canvassed  the  State,  and  was  by 


I»RE 


739 


MiE 


an  overwhelming  vote  returned  to  the  house, 
where  he  disting.  himself  by  his  eloquence. 
His  distaste  for  political  life  led  him  to  resume 

gractice  at  the  close  of  his  term.  Embarrassed 
y  the  financial  troubles  of  1 837,  and  dissatisfied 
with  the  course  of  Mpi.  in  repudiating  her 
bonds,  he  removed  to  New  Orleans  in  1845, 
where  he  led  the  bar  until  broken  down  by  ill- 
health.  He  was  disting.  for  his  love  and  knowl- 
edge of  literature,  and  took  part  in  many 
philanthropic  movements  in  that  city.  — See 
his  Memoirs,  edited  bi/  his  brother  George  L., 
D.D.,  2  vols.,  N.Y.,  18.55. 

Prentiss,  Thomas,  D.D.,  minister  of  Med- 
field,  Ms.,  from  1770  to  his  d.  Feb.  28,  1814, 
b.  Holliston,  Oct.  27,  1747.  H.U.  1766.  He 
was  a  leader  in  temperance  reform,  and  estab- 
lished in  M.  a  large  public  library.  He  pub. 
a  number  of  sermons.  Some  time  a  chaplain 
in  the  Revol.  army. 

Prescott,  Benjamin,  minister  of  Danvers 
1713-i58,  b.  Concord,  Ms.,  16  Sept.  1687;  d. 
Danvers,  May  27,  1777.  H.U.  1709.  Son  of 
Capt.  Jonathan.  Author  of  "  Examination  of 
Certain  Remarks,"  1735;  "Letter  to  Joshua 
Gee."  1743;  "Letter  to  Whitefield,"  1745; 
"  Consideration  of  the  Unhappy  Misunder- 
standing between  Parliament  and  the  Colo- 
nies," 1774.  —  Prescott  Memorial. 

Prescott,  Oliver,  M.D.,  physician  and  a 
Revol.  patriot,  b.  Groton,  Ms.,  Apr.  27,  1731  ; 
d.  there  Nov.  17,  1804.  H.U.  1750.  Son  of 
Judge  Benjamin,  who  was  grandson  of  John 
of  Lincolnshire,  Eng.,  who  was  an  early  settler 
of  Lancaster,  Ms.  He  practised  medicine  in 
his  native  town.  Before  the  Revol.  he  was 
successively  major,  lieut.-col.,  and  col.  in  the 
militia,  and  early  in  1776  was  app.  a  brig.-gen. 
for  the  Co.  of  Middlesex  ;  member  of  the  board 
of  war;  was  in  1777  elected  a  member  of  the 
supreme  exec,  council  of  the  State,  and  served 
3  years;  in  1778  he  became  3d  maj.-gen.  of 
State  militia;  and  in  1781  second,  but  soon 
after  resigned  ;  judge  of  probate  for  Middlesex 
Co.  from  1779  until  his  death.  He  was  very 
influential  in  suppressing  the  Shays  Rebel- 
lion. In  1780  he  became  a  fellow  of  the 
Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  He  was  a  trustee, 
as  well  as  a  patron  and  benefactor,  of  Groton 
Acad.  His  son  Oliver,  M.D.,  b.  Groton,  Ms., 
Apr.  4,  1762,  d.  Newburyport,  Sept.  26, 1827. 
H.U.  1783.  He  studied  physic  with  his  father, 
and  Dr.  James  Lloyd  of  Boston  ;  was  surgeon 
of  tlie  forces  which  suppressed  the  Shays  Insur- 
rection in  1787;  and  was  often  a  representative 
to  the  State  legisl.  He  was  a  founder,  trustee, 
and  treasurer  of  the  Groton  Acad.  Quitting 
an  extensive  practice  in  Groton,  he  removed 
to  Newburyport  in  1811,  where  he  practised 
with  success  till  his  death.  He  contrib.  some 
valuable  articles  to  the  N.  E.  Journal  of  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery,  and  pub.  a  "  Dissertation  on 
the  Natural  History  and  Medicinal  Effects  of 
the  Secale  Cornutum,  or  Ergot."  —  Prescott 
Memorial. 

Prescott,  Richard,  a  British  lleut.-gen.  ; 
d.  Oct.  1788.  App.  major  33d  Foot,  Dec.  20, 
1756;  May,  1762,  lieut.-col.  50th  Foot,  with 
which  he  served  in  Germany ;  brev.  col.  7th 
Foot,  June  22,  1772,  with  which  he  came  to 
Canada  in  1 773.    On  the  reduction  of  Montreal 


by  the  Americans  in  1775,  Col.  Prescott,  who 
had  the  local  rank  of  brig.-gen.,  attempted  to 
descend  to  Quebec  with  the  English  troops 
and  military  stores,  but  was  obliged  to  surren- 
der Nov.  17.  In  Sept.  following  he  was  ex- 
changed for  Gen.  Sullivan  ;  in  Nov.  he  became 
col.  of  his  regt. ;  and  in  Dec.  was  third  in  com. 
of  the  exped.  sent  against  R.I.,  where  he  re- 
mained in  com.  of  the  British  forces  until 
again  made  prisoner  July  10,  1777,  by  the  ad- 
venturous daring  of  Lieut.-Col.  Barton.  He  was 
finally  exchanged  for  Gen.  Lee,  and  resumed 
his  com.  at  R.I.,  continuing  there  till  its  evacu- 
ation, Oct.  25, 1779.  Maj.-gen.  Aug.  29, 1777; 
lieut.-gen.  Nov.  26,  1782.  His  treatment  of 
Amer.  prisoners  was  harsh  and  brutal. 

Prescott,  Robert,  a  British  gen.,  b.  Lan- 
cashire, Eng.,  1725;  d.  near  Battle,  Sussex, 
Eng.,  Dec.  21,  1816.  Capt.  15th  Foot,  Jan. 
22, 1755,  and  served  in  the  exped.  against  Roche- 
fort  in  1757,  against  Louisburg  in  1758  ; 
acted  as  aide-de-camp  to  Amherst  in  1759,  and 
afterwards  joined  the  army  under  Wolfe  ; 
March  22,  1761,  he  was  app.  major  95th  Foot, 
which  formed  part  of  the  force  sent  under  Monk- 
ton  to  reduce  Martinico  ;  lieut.-col.  28th  Regt. 
Sept.  a,  1775,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Brooklyn  and  in  the  several  engagements  in 
Westchester  Co.,  and  in  the  storming  of  Fort 
Washington  in  Nov. ;  in  1777  he  was  attached 
to  the  exped.  against  Phila. ;  was  app.  col.  by 
brev.  Aug.  29,  and  was  in  the  battle  of  Brandy- 
wine;  in  1778  he  was  app.  1st  brig.-gen.  ia 
the  exped.  underGen.  Grant  against  the  French 
W.  Indies;  col.  Oct.  13,  1780;  Oct.  19,  1781, 
maj.-gen.  July  6,  1789,  he  was  app.  col.  of 
the  28th  Regt.,  and  lieut.-gen.  Oct.  12,  1793  ; 
was  ordered  to  Barbadoes,  which  capitulated 
March  22,  1794,  and  of  which,  as  well  as  of 
Guadaloupe,  he  was  made  civil  gov.  July  12, 
1796,  he  succeeded  Lord  Dorchester  in  the  govt, 
of  Lower  Canada,  which  he  administered  until 
July  31,  1799,  when  he  was  recalled  in  conse- 
quence of  a  rupture  with  the  exec,  council. 
Gen.  in  the  army,  Jan.  1,  1798. 

Prescott,  Col.  William,  a  disting.  Re- 
vol. officer,  bro.  of  Oliver,  b.  Groton,  Ms.,  20 
Feb.  1726;  d.  Oct.  13,  1795.  A  provincial 
lieut.  at  the  capture  of  Cape  Breton  in  1 754  ; 
capt.  under  Gen.  Winslow  in  Nova  Scotia, 
1 756.  He  was  oifered  a  commis.  in  the  regular 
army,  which  he  declined.  Inheriting  a  large 
estate  at  Pepperell,  he  resided  there  until  the 
breaking-out  of  the  war,  filling  various  muni- 
cipal offices.  In  1774  he  was  app.  to  com.  a 
regt.  of  minute-men,  with  which  he  marched 
(19  April,  1775)  to  Lexington.  The  British 
having  retreated,  he  proceeded  to  Cambridge, 
where  he  entered  the  pro  v.  army.  June  16, 
1 775,  he  was  ordered  to  Charlestown  with  1 ,000 
men,  and  directed  to  throw  up  works  on  Bun- 
ker's Hill.  On  arriving  at  the  ground,  it  was 
perceived  that  the  neighboring  elevation,  called 
Breed's  Hill,  was  a  more  suitable  station;  and 
on  it  the  defences,  consisting  of  a  redoubt  and 
breastwork,  were  erected  during  the  night. 
The  following  day,  a  large  British  force,  under 
Gen.  Howe,  attacked,  and  (after  a  contest  among 
the  most  memorable  in  American  annals,  and 
after  sustaining  a  loss  equal  to  the  Aracricaij 
force  engaged)  succeeded  in  dislodging  him. 


I>RE 


740 


3?rtE 


Few  of  Prescott*s  men  had  ever  seen  an  action  : 
they  had  been  laboring  all  ni^ht,  and  were  left 
without  supplies  of  ammunition  or  refresh- 
ment, and,  thus  fatigued  and  destitute,  had  to 
bear  the  repeated  assaults  of  a  numerous,  well- 
appointed  vctsran  army.  Col.  Prescott  was 
one  of  the  last  to  leave  the  intrenchments 
when  he  found  it  necessary  to  order  a  retreat. 
Early  in  1777  he  resigned,  and  returned  home, 
but  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  joined  the 
Northern  army  under  Gen.  Gates  as  a  vol- 
unteer, and  was  present  at  the  capture  of 
Burgoyne.  He  subsequently  sat  in  the  Ms. 
legislature  for  several  years. 

Prescott,  William,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1824), 
lawyer  and  jurist,  son  of  the  preceding,  b. 
Pepperell,  Ms.,  Aug.  19, 1762;  d.  Boston,  Dec. 
8,  1844.  H.U.  1783.  He  taught  school  first 
at  Brooklyn,  Ct.,  and  then  at  Beverly,  Ms., 
where,  during  two  years,  he  also  studied  with 
Mr.  Dane,  the  disting.  lawyer,  and  whore,  in 
1787-9,  he  engaged  in  successful  practice.  Re- 
moving to  Salem,  he  served  as  its  representa- 
tive, and  as  senator  of  Essex  Co.  in  the  Icgisl. ; 
in  1806,  and  again  in  1813,  he  was  offered  a 
seat  on  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Ms.,  which  he  declined.  He  removed  to  Bos- 
ton in  180S ;  served  for  some  years  as  one  of 
the  governor's  council ;  was  a  deleg.  to  the 
Hartford  Conv.  in  1814;  in  1818  was  judge  of 
the  C.  C.  P.  for  Suffolk;  and  wa^  in  1820  a 
delegate  to  the  State  Const.  Conv.  Member 
of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 
Two  of  his  sons  survived  him,  one  of  whom 
was  William  H.  Prescott  the  historian.  The 
other,  Edward  Gordon  (b.  Salem,  Jan.  2, 
1804,  H.U.  1825),  was  first  a  lawyer,  but  in 
1837  settled  as  an  Epis.  clergyman  in  N.  J. ; 
d.  11  Apr.  1844. 

Prescott,  William  Hicklixg,  LL.D. 
(Col.  Coll.  1840;  H.U.  1843;  Oxf  U.  1850), 
historian,  b.  Salem,  Ms.,  4  May,  1796 ;  d.  Bos- 
ton, 28  Jan.  1859.  H.U.  1814.  Son  of  Judge 
William  and  Catharine  Greene,  dau.  of  Thomas 
Hickling,  who  for  nearly  50  years  Avas  U.S. 
consul  at  St.  ^Miehael's.  His  grandfather  Col. 
William  com.  at  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill. 
His  preparatory  studies  were  directed  by  Rev. 
J.  S.  J.  Gardiner.  An  injury  to  his  eye  while 
at  college  determined  him  to  adopt  a  literary 
instead  of  a  professional  career.  In  1815-17 
he  travelled  m  England,  France,  and  Italy, 
but,  having  vainly  sought  aid  from  eminent 
oculists,  returned  home  with  his  sight  perma- 
nently impaired,  and  was  obliged  to  use  the 
eyes  of  others  in  his  subsequent  literary  re- 
searches and  labors.  In  May,  1820,  he  m.  Su- 
san Amory.  He  began  in  1824  his  contribs.  to 
the  N.  Amer.  Review,  which  were  pub.  in  one 
volume  in  1845;  in  1834  he  wrote  the  Me- 
moir of  Charles  Brockdcn  Brown  for  Sparks's 
Amer.  Bio-j. ;  in  Jan.  1826  he  began  his  "His- 
tory of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,"  pub.  in  1838 
i:i  3  vols.  8vo,  the  success  of  which  placed  him 
in  the  front  rank  of  historians.  His  "  Con- 
quest of  Mexico  "  app.  in  3  vols.  8vo,  1 843  ; 
♦*  Conquest  of  Peru,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1847  ;  "  His- 
tory of  Philip  II.  of  Spain,"  3  vols.  1855-8, 
which  he  intended  to  issue  in  6  vols.,  but  which 
he  did  not  live  to  complete.  In  1856  he  pub. 
an  edition  of  Robertson's  "  Charles  the  Fifth," 


with  notes  and  a  valuable  supplement.  His 
works  were  translated  into  the  French,  Span- 
ish, Italian,  German,  and  Dutch  languages. 
His  merits  as  an  historian  are  a  spirit  of  thor- 
ough research,  an  unequalled  impartiality,  and 
a  remarkable  clearness,  animation,  and  grace 
of  style.  He  was  a  member  of  the  most  promi- 
nent learned  bodies  of  the  Old  and  New  World, 
and  was  in  the  highest  degree  a  social,  kindly, 
and  generous  man.  —  See  Life  hy  George  Tick- 
nor,  1864. 

Preston,  Isaac  Trimblk,  jurist,  b.  Va. 
in  1793 ;  d.  July  5,  1852,  in  consequence  of  a 
steamboat  disaster  on  Lake  Pontchartrain, 
near  New  Orleans.  Y.C.  1812.  He  studied 
law  at  Litchfield,  Ct.  Was  a  capt.  in  the  Avar 
of  1812-15;  subsequently  completed  his  legal 
studies  with  William  Wirt ;  removed  to  New 
Orleans,  where  he  practised  Avith  great  success, 
and  Avas  at  the  time  of  his  death  a  judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Louisiana. 

Preston,  Col.  James  P.,  gov.  of  Va.  in 
1816-19,  b.  1775;  d.  Smithfield,  Va.,  May  4, 
1843.  W.  and  M.  Coll.  1790-5.  Son  of  Col. 
William.  App.  lieut.-col.  1 2th  Inf  Mar.  19, 
1812  ;  col.  23d,  Aug.  1.5,  1813.  At  the  battle 
of  Chrystlcr's  Field  he  received  a  Avound  in  the 
thigh,  which  crippled  him  for  life.  For  many 
years  he  was  postmaster  of  the  city  of  Rich- 
mond. 

Preston,  John  S.,  orator  and  politician, 
brother  of  William  C,  b.  near  Abingdon,  Va., 
Apr.  20,  1809.  He  was  educated  at  Hamp. 
Sid.  Coll.  and  the  U  of  Va.,  and  aftenvard 
studied  in  the  Law  School  of  H.U.  In  1 830  he 
m.  a  dau.  of  Gen.  Wade  Hampton  of  S.C,  and 
was  an  active  nullifier.  He  was  engaged  for 
many  years  in  sugar-planting  in  La.,  where  he 
OAvned  large  estates,  but  resided  in  Columbia, 
S.C.  He  gained  reputation  as  an  orator  in 
the  State  legisl.  from  1 848  to  1 856,  and  increased 
it  by  addresses  before  the  '76  Association  of 
Charleston,  the  literary  societies  of  the  S.C. 
Coll.,  and  particularly  at  the  celebration  of  the 
75th  anniv.  of  the  battle  of  King's  Mountain. 
In  May,  1860,  he  was  chairman  of  the  S.C. 
delegation  to  the  Dcmoc.  conv.  at  Charleston, 
from  Avhich  he  subsequently  withdrew,  then 
joining  the  secession  movement.  After  the  elec- 
tion of  Mr.  Lincoln  he  Avas  app.  a  commiss.  to 
Va. ;  and  in  Feb.  1861  made  an  elaborate  plea 
in  favor  of  her  immediate  withdrawal  from  the 
Union,  which  is  esteemed  the  croAvning  effort 
of  his  oratory. 

Preston,  Thomas  S.,  pastor  of  St.  Anne's 
R.C.  Church,  and  chancellor  of  the  diocese  of 
N.Y.,  b.  Hartford,  Ct.,  1824.  Trin.  Coll., 
Hartf.,  1843.  Author  of  "Ark  of  the  Cove- 
nant," 1 860 ;  "  Life  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene," 
1861 ;  "  Sermons  for  the  Seasons,"  8a^o,  1864 ; 
"Life  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,"  1866;  "Lec- 
tures on  Christian  Unity,"  1866;  "Purgatorian 
Manual,"  1867;  "Reason  and  Revelation," 
8vo,  1868. 

Preston,  WiLLAiiD,D.D.  (U.  of  Ga.  1839), 
an  eloquent  Presb.  clergyman,  b.  Uxbridge, 
Ms.,  Mav  29,  1785;  d.  Savannah,  April  26, 
1856.  Brown  U.  1806.  Studied  laAv;  prac- 
tised a  few  years  in  Providence,  R.I.,  but  en- 
tered the  ministry  in  1811  at  St.  Alban's,  Vt. ; 
in  1816-20  he  had  charge  of  the  church  in 


I»RE 


741 


FRI 


Richmond  St.,  Providence,  R,I.;  was  chosen 
pres.  of  the  U.  o?  Vt.  in  1825 ;  removed  to  Ga. 
for  the  benefit  of  a  milder  climate  in  1829,  offi- 
ciating in  Powcllton,  Madison,  and  Milledge- 
villc ;  in  1831  became  pastor  of  the  Presb.  ch.  in 
Savannah,  and  there  remained  until  his  death. 

Preston,  William,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b.  near 
Louisville,  Ky.,  Oct.  16, 1816 ;  d.  1862.  Camb. 
Law  School,  1838.  He  studied  at  the  Jesuits' 
Coll.  at  Bardstown,  Kj.,  and  at  New  Haven. 
Practised  law  at  Louisville  until  Oct.  1847, 
when  he  became  lieut.-col.  4th  Ky.  Vols.,  and 
served  through  the  Mexican  war.  Resuming 
his  profession,  he  became  a  member  of  the  State 
CoTist.  Conv.  June  11,  1850;  of  the  State  le- 
gisl.  in  1850  and  1851;  M.C.  1851-3;  after- 
wards attached  himself  to  the  Democ.  party ; 
was  a  member  of  the  conv.  at  Cincinnati  in 
1856  which  nominated  Mr.  Buchanan,  who. 
Mar.  12, 1859,  app.  him  envoy-extr.  to  the  court 
of  Spain.  Resigning  early  in  1 861 ,  he  returned 
to  Ky .  to  induce  the  State  to  secede ;  was  chosen 
in  Nov.,  by  a  convention  held  at  Russellville,  a 
commiss.  to  visit  Richmond,  and  negotiate  for 
the  admission  of  Ky.  into  the  Con  fed. ;  app.  a 
brig.-gen.  in  the  Confed.  army  ;  acted  as  a  vol. 
aide  on  the  staff  of  his  bro.-in-law  Gen.  A.  S. 
Johnston;  was  present  at  Shiloh  when  Gen. 
Johnston  received  his  death-wound ;  and  served 
under  Bragg  during  his  invasion  of  Ky.  in  Sept. 
1862. 

Preston,  William  Ballard,  statesman, 
b.  Va. ;  d.  at  his  residence  in  Montgomery  Co., 
Va.,  Nov.  14,  1862.  M.C.  in  1847-9  ;  sec.  of 
the  navy  under  Pres.  Taylor  1849-50;  and  a 
senator  in  the  Confed.  Congress. 

Preston,  William  Campbell,  LL.D. 
(H.U.  1846),  statesman,  b.  Phila.  Dec.  27, 1794; 
d.  Columbia,  S.C,  May  22,  1860.  U.  of  S.C. 
1812.  His  grandfather  Col.  William  com.  a  mi- 
litia regt.,  was  wounded  at  Guilford,  and  d.  soon 
after  1783.  Francis  his  father,  M.C.  1793-7, 
d.  May  26,  1835,  a.  69.  He  studied  law  in  the 
office  of  Wm.  Wirt  at  Richmond,  and,  while 
visiting  Europe  in  1816-19,  attended  the  lec- 
tures of  Hope,  Play  fair,  and  Brown,  at  Edinb. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1 820,  he  settled  at  Colum- 
bia, S.C,  in  1822,  and  practised  successfully; 
M.C.  in  1824,  he  disting.  himself  by  his  advo- 
cacy of  free  trade  and  State  rights,  and  was  a 
nullification  leader  in  the  State  legislatures  of 
1823  and  1 830-2  ;  U.S.  senator  1834-42,  where 
he  took  high  rank  as  a  debater.  Pres.  of  the 
U.  of  S.C.  1845-51.  He  soon  after  established 
the  Columbia  Lyceum,  which  he  endowed  with 
his  library  of  3,000  vols.  His  oratory  was  or- 
nate and  fluent,  his  elocution  graceful,  and  he 
was  well  versed  in  the  English  classics.  Maj. 
Wm.  and  James  P.  Preston  were  his  sons.  He 
pub.  a  Eulogy  on  Hugh  S.  Legare,  1843  ;  and 
speeches,  addresses,  &c. 

Prevost,  Augustine,  a  Biitish  maj.-gen., 
b.  Geneva;  d.  Bernett,  Eng.,  5  May,  1786.  His 
mother  was  the  dau.  of  Chevalier  Grand.  He 
was  lieut.-col.  in  March,  1761;  col.  Aug.  29, 
1777 ;  maj.-gen.  27  Feb.  1779.  As  a  capt.  60th 
Regt.  ( Hoyal  American),  he  served  under  Wolfe 
at  Quebec.  He  was  highly  disting.  in  the 
American  war  by  his  defence  of  Savannah  in 
Oct.  1779.  He  captured  the  fort  at  Sunbury, 
Ga.,  in  Dec.  1778;  defeated  Gen.  Ashe  at  Brier 


Creek  in  March,  1779  ;  and  in  May  following 
attempted,  unsuccessfully,  to  capture  Charles- 
ton. 

Prevost,  Sir  George,  a  British  lieut.- 
gen.,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  New  York,  May 
19,  1767;  d.  Eng.,  Jan.  5,  1816.  He  entered 
the  army  young ;  served  with  distinction  at  St. 
Vincent's  and  Dominica,  and  at  St.  Lucia; 
was  created  a  baronet  Nov.  20,  1805 ;  maj.-gen. 
Jan.  1805;  lieut.-gen.  June,  1811;  lieut.-gov. 
of  Nova  Scotia  in  1 808 ;  second  in  com.  at 
the  capture  of  Martinique;  and  in  June,  1811, 
succeeded  Sir  James  Craig  in  the  chief  civil  and 
military  com.  of  British  N.  America,  which  he 
held  till  his  return  to  Eng.  in  1814.  His  ser- 
vices in  the  defence  of  Canada  against  the  ar- 
mies of  the  U.S.  in  1812-14  were  of  great  im- 
portance, although  he  was  defeated  by  Macomb 
and  Macdonough  at  Plattsburg,  11  Sept.  1814. 

Price,  Eli  K.,  member  of  the  Phila  bar, 
b.  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  1797.  Author  of  "Me- 
moir of  Philip  and  Rachel  Price"  (his  parents), 
1853;  "Limitations  of  Actions  in  Pa.,"  8vo, 
1857;  "The  Family  as  an  Element  of  Govern- 
ment," 1864.  — AUibone. 

Price,  Richard,  D.D.  (Glasg.  U.  1769), 
LL.D.  (Y.C.  1783),  minister,  and  writer  on 
politics  and  morals,  b.  Glamorganshire,  Wales, 
22  Feb.  1723;  d.  19  Apr.  1791.  Educated  at 
Talgarth  and  at  a  Presb.  acad.  in  Loud.  Set- 
tled in  1758  over  a  dissenting  cong.  at  New- 
ington  Green,  of  which  he  was  many  years 
pastor.  He  was  an  intrepid  assertcr  of  the 
rights  of  man;  and  in  1776  pub.  "Observar 
tions  on  the  Nature  of  Civil  Liberty,"  &c., — the 
best  exposition  of  the  injurious  policy  pursued 
towards  the  Americans.  It  attained  in  two 
years  a  sale  of  60,000.  The  common  council 
of  Lond.  gave  him  the  freedom  of  the  city,  and 
the  Amer.  Congress  afterward  invited  him  to 
become  a  citizen  of  the  U.S.  In  1784  he  pub. 
"Observations  on  the  Importance  of  the  Amer. 
Revol."  From  1763  to  1786  he  contrib.  many 
papers  to  the  "Philos.  Transactions."  F.R.S. 
1764.  Of  his  many  other  works,  that  on  the 
National  Debt  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  best 
upon  political  arithmetic.  Philanthropy  was 
the  leading  characteristic  both  of  his  conduct 
and  his  writings. 

Price,  Rodman  M.,  gov.  of  N.J.  1854-7, 
b.  Sussex  Co.,  N.  J.,  Nov.  5, 1816.  He  studied 
at  N.  J.  Coll. ;  but  illness  prevented  Ms  gradu- 
ation. He  then  studied  law ;  was  app.  purser 
in  the  navy  in  1840;  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  person  to  exercise  judicial  functions  under 
the  American  flag  on  the  Pacific  coast  as  al- 
calde; was  made  navy  agent  there  in  1848; 
was  M.C.  from  N.J.  1851-3;  delegate  to  the 
Peace  Congress,  1861.  He  caused  the  estab- 
lishment in  that  State  of  a  normal  school,  and 
fostered  the  State  militia.  —  Lanman. 

Price,  Sterling,  maj.-gen.  C.  S,  A.,  b. 
Prince  Edward  Co.,  Va.,  Sept.  1809;  d.  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  29  Sept.  1867.  He  settled  as  a  farm- 
er in  Charlton  Co.,  Mo.,  in  1 830.  Good  natural 
abilities,  improved  by  study,  soon  made  him 
known.  He  served  in  the  State  legisl.  ;  was 
M.C.  1845-7  ;  col.  of  Mo.  vol.  cavalry  in  Mex. 
war,  12  Aug.  1846;  brig.-gen.  20  July.  1847; 
promoted  and  made  military  gov.  of  Chihuahua 
for  the  capture  of  Taos ;  com.  and  wounded  at 


I>RI 


742 


i>Ri 


Canada,  New  Mex.,  24  Jan.  1847;  and  com.  in 
battle  of  Santa  Cruz  de  Rosales  16  Mar.  1848. 
Gov.  of  Mo.  1853-7  and  during  the  "  border- 
rutfiiin  war  "  between  the  Missourians  and  the 
settlers  of  Kansas ;  and  was  bank  commiss.  in 
1861,  and  a  leader  of  the  secession  party  of  Mo. ; 
made  pres.  of  the  State  conv.  28  Feb.  1861,  as 
gen. -in-chief  he  sought  to  take  Mo.  out  of  the 
Union.      Retiring   before    Gen.    Lyon,   Price 

auarrelled  with  Ben.  McCullough,  who  with- 
rew  his  forces;  and  the  State  was  saved  to  the 
Union.  Sept.  20  he  captured  Lexington  with 
3,000  prisoners,  and  was  thanked  by  the  Con- 
fed.  Congress.  Transferred  to  the  service  of 
the  Con  fed.  States  in  Mar.  1862,  with  the  rank 
of  maj.-gen. ;  he  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the 
battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  Mar.  6-8,  1862,  where  he 
was  wounded;  fought  at  Iuka20  Sept.,  and  at 
Corinth  Oct.  3-5  ;  com.  the  advance  of  the 
army  in  Northern  Mpi.  under  Pemberton  in 
Dec. ;  was  subsequently  in  com.  of  the  Dept. 
of  the  Ark.;  and  in  Sept.  1864  invaded  Mo., 
but,  after  gaining  some  temporary  success,  was 
driven  from  the  State,  and  pursued  with  great 
loss.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  went  to  Mex- 
ico, where  he  acted  for  a  time  on  the  board  of 
immigration,  but  returned  to  Mo.  in  1867. 

Prideaux,  John,  brig.-gen.,  b.  Devon- 
shire, England,  1718;  accidentally  killed  in  the 
trenches  at  the  siege  of  Niagara,  July  19,  1759. 
Son  of  Sir  John  Prideaux,  bart.  App.  capt. 
of  the  3d  Foot  Guards,  Feb.  24,  1745;  col. 
55th  Foot,  Oct.  28,  1758;  and  brig.-gen.  May 
5,  1759 ;  served  at  the  battle  of  Dettingen.  lie 
was  intrasted  by  Wm.  Pitt  with  the  duty  of 
reducing  Foit  Niagara,  then  one  of  the  most 
formidable  in  the  country.  He  effected  a  land- 
ing, July  7,  1759,  and  at  once  opened  fire  upon 
the  fort;  on  the  11th  he  defeated  a  sortie,  and 
on  the  19th  was  busy  in  the  trenches,  when  he 
was  killed  by  the  bursting  of  a  coehorn. 

Pridgen,  William,  of  Bladen  Co.,  N.C., 
of  remarkable  longevity;  d.  Oct.  14,  1845,  a. 
123.  Although  exempted  by  age  from  military 
duty,  he  served  a  full  term  in  the  Cont.  army, 
and  became  entitled  to  a  pension,  which  he  re- 
ceived during  the  latter  years  of  his  life.  He 
retained  the  use  of  his  limbs  and  his  faculties  to 
the  last,  with  the  exception  of  his  sight,  which 
he  lo.st  a  few  years  before  his  decease. 

Priest,  Josiah;  d.  ab.  1850  in  Western 
N.Y.  Pub.  "American  Antiquities  and  Dis- 
coveries in  the  West,"  8vo,  Albany,  1841  ; 
"  Slavery  in  the  Light  of  History  and  Scrip- 
ture," &c.,  1843;  "  Stories  of  the'Revol.,"&c., 
Bvo,  1836  ;  "  View  of  the  Millennium,"  12mo, 
1828;  "  Wonders  of  Nature,"  &c.,  1826.  He 
was  an  uneducated  man,  by  trade  a  harness- 
maker. 

Priestley,  Joseph,  LL.D.,  philosopher, 
chemist,  and  theologian,  b.  Fieldhead,  York- 
shire, England,  13  Mar.  1733  ;  d.  Northumber- 
land, Pa.,  6  Feb.  1804.  He  studied  at  a  dis- 
senting acad. ;  preached  in  175.V8  at  Needham 
Market;  at  Nantwich,  Cheshire,  in  1758-61, 
when  he  became  tutor  of  languages  and  belles- 
lettres  in  the  sem.  at  Warrington,  where  he 
pub.  "  The  Scripture  Doctrine  of  Remission," 
in  which  he  rejects  the  dogma  of  the  Atone- 
ment; and  in  1767  a  "  History  of  Electricity," 
at  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Franklin.    This  caused 


his  election  into  the  Royal  Society,  and  gainod 
him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Edinburgh  U. 
In  1767  he  became  minister  to  a  large  cong.  at 
Leeds,  and  made  important  pneumatic  discov- 
eries ;  in  1772  he  received  the  Copley  Medal 
for  his  "  Observations  on  Different  Kinds  of 
Air."  He  discovered  the  effect  of  respiration 
on  the  blood,  and  the  tendency  of  vegetation  to 
restore  to  vitiated  air  its  vivifying  principle. 
He  also  discovered  nitrous  gas,  muriatic  gas 
and  oxygen,  which  he  obtained  in  1774  from 
red  precipitate  of  mercury,  calling  it  "dephlo- 
gisticated  air."  "  As  a  physicist  and  chemist," 
says  Cuvier,  "  his  talents  were  of  the  first 
order."  His  researches  and  writings  have  con- 
tributed much  to  the  progress  of  the  sciences. 
Librarian  and  literary  companion  of  the  Earl 
of  Shelburne  1773-80,  he  accomp.  him  in  1774 
in  a  tour  through  Flanders,  Holland,  and  Ger- 
many. While  at  Leeds  he  pub.  some  pieces  in 
favor  of  civil  liberty,  the  chief  of  which  was 
"  An  Address  to  Dissenters  on  the  Subject  of 
the  Differences  with  America,"  written  at  the 
request  of  Drs.  Franklin  and  Fothergill.  In 
1780  he  settled  at  Birmingham  as  minister  of 
the  principal  dissenting  cong.,  and  incurred 
public  odium  by  his  liberal  religious  and  repub- 
lican sentiments;  in  July,  1791,  his  house  was 
fired  by  a  mob,  who  inflicted  great  damage  on 
his  books,  apparatus,  &c.,  he  and  his  family 
escaping  by  flight;  in  April,  1794,  he  settled 
in  Northumberland,  Pa.,  but  was  regarded 
with  hostility  by  the  anti-French  party.  He 
delivered  two  courses  of  lectures  at  Phila.  in 
1796-7  on  "The  Evidences  of  Revelation," 
pub.  in  2  vols.,  and  defended  Socinianism  with 
much  warmth  in  a  controversy  with  Dr.  Linn 
of  Phila.  Besides  the  above-named  works,  ho 
is  the  author  of  "  Institutes  of  Natural  and 
Revealed  Religion,"  1772-4;  "Experiments 
and  Observations  on  Air,"  5  vols.  1774-80; 
"  Defence  of  Socinianism  ;  "  "  History  of  the 
Corruptions  of  Christianity,"  1782  ;  "  Familiar 
Letters  to  the  Inhabitants  of  Birmingham," 
1790;  "Reply  to  Burke's  Reflections  on  the 
French  Revol.,"  1791 ;  "  Disquisitions  on  Mat- 
ter and  Spirit,"  &c.  His  publications  exceed 
70  volumes.  —  See  Corrys  Life  of  Priestley, 
1805;  Autobiographic  Memoirs,  1806;  Allibone. 

Prime,  Benjamin  Young,  M.D.,  b.  Hunt- 
ington, L.I.,  20  Dec.  1733;  d.  31  Oct.  1791. 
N.J.  Coll.  1751;  tutor  there  1756-7.  De- 
scended from  James,  a  first  settler  of  Milford, 
Ct.  Son  of  Ebenezer,  minister  of  H.  1719-79. 
He  took  his  medical  degree  at  Leyden  ;  settled 
in  the  practice  of  medicine  in  New  York  in 
1764;  subsequently  wrote  essays  in  Hebrew, 
Greek,  Latin,  French,  and  Spanish,  and  many 
Revol.  songs  and  ballads,  which  circulated 
widely  during  the  war.  Author  of  "  The  Pa- 
triot Muse,"  poems,  8vo,  Lond.  1764  ;  "  Colum- 
bia's Glory,"  a  poem  on  the  American  Revol., 
1791  ;  and  '^  Muscipu/a  Cambryomachia"  1838. 
—  Sprafjue, 

Prime,  Nathaniel  Scudder,  D.D.  (N.J. 
Coll.  1848),  Presb.  clergyman,  b.  Huntington, 
L.I.,  Apr.  21 , 1 785 ;  d.  Mamaroneck,  N.  Y.,  Mar. 
27,  1856.  N.J.  Coll.  1804.  From  his  grand- 
father. Rev.  Ebenezer,  and  from  his  father,  Dr. 
Benjamin  Young,  he  inherited  a  taste  for  let- 
ters, which  he  cultivated  assiduously,  and  trans- 


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mitted  to  his  children.  Ord.  Oct.  24, 1809,  and 
officiated  for  several  years  at  Sag  Harbor, 
Freshpond,  and  Smithtown ;  and  July  14, 
1813,  became  pastor  of  the  church  in  Cam- 
bridge, Washington  Co.,  N.  Y.,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1830  ;  the  last  three  years  of  this 
time  he  was  principal  of  a  literary  institution. 
In  1830  he  took  charge  of  the  Mount-Pleasant 
Acad.,  Sing  Sing;  and  in  1835  established  a 
female  seminary  in  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  subse- 
quently teaching  and  preaching  in  various 
places.  He  was  an  able  preacher  and  a  suc- 
cessful instiiictor.  He  wrote  for  the  press  a 
Treatise  on  Baptism  ;  and  "  The  History  of 
Long  Island,"  12mo,  184.5. — Sprarjue. 

Prime,  Samuel  Irenmius,  D.D.  (Hamp. 
Sidney  Coll.),  clergyman,  son  of  Rev.  N.  S. 
Prime,  b.  Ballston,  N.  York,  Nov.  4,  1812. 
Wms.  Coll.  1829.  After  studying  at  Prince- 
ton Theol.  Sem.,  he  entered  the  Presb.  minis- 
try. Compelled  by  ill-health  in  1840  to  relin- 
quish the  active  duties  of  his  profession,  he  be- 
came editor  of  the  N.  Y.  Observer,  newspaper, 
the  chief  organ  of  his  denomination,  and  one  of 
the  leading  religious  periodicals  in  the  country. 
Author  of  "  Travels  in  Europe  and  the  East," 
£  vols.  1855;  a  work  on  Switzerland,  the  re- 
sult of  an  extensive  journey  in  1853  ;  "Life  in 
New  York,"  1845;  "Annals  of  the  English 
Bible,"  8vo,  1849  ;  and  of  several  religious 
works,  including  "  Thoughts  on  the  Death  of 
Little  Children  ;  "  "  The  Power  of  Prayer,"  — 
the  latter  a  sketch  of  the  Fulton-st.  (New  York) 
prayer-meeting,  has  been  repub.  in  several  Eu- 
ropean languages ;  "  The  Bible  in  the  Levant," 
&c.,  1859;  "Memoirs  of  Rev.  Nicholas  Mur- 
ray," 1862;  and  "Five  Years  of  Prayer,  with 
the  Answers,"  1864.  —  See  Notice  in  Harper's 
Wee/el  I/,  Sept.  25,  1858. 

Prime,  William  Cowper,  author,  bro. 
of  S.  I.,  b.  Cambridge,  N.Y.,  Oct.  31,  1825. 
N.  J.  Coll.  1843.  Becoming  a  member  of  the 
New- York  bar,  he  has  since  been  also  engaged 
in  literary  pursuits.  He  has  pub  ."  The  Owl- 
Creek  Letters,"  originally  contributed  to  the 
N.  Y.  Jour,  of  Commerce;  "The  Old  House 
by  the  River,"  1853;  and  "Later  Years," 
1854.  In  1855-6  he  travelled  extensively  in 
the  East  and  elsewhere,  and  pub.  on  his  return 
"Boat-Life  in  Egypt  and  Nubia,"  1857;  and 
"Tent-Life  in  the  Holy  Land,"  1857.  He  has 
since  paid  much  attention  to  numismatics  and 
Egyptian  antiquities;  and  in  1860  edited  a 
work  entitled  "  Coins,  Medals,  and  Seals,"  4to. 
In  1865  he  pub.,  with  notes,  the  old  hymn, 
"  0  Mother  Dear,  Jerusalem !  "  "  Passio  Chris- 
ti  "  of  Albert  Durer,  1868.  Contrib.  to  the  New 
Amer.  Cyclop,  and  to  periodicals. 

Prince,  Henry,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U  S.A., 
b.  Eastport,  Me.,  Jan.  19,  1811.  West  Point, 
1835.  Entering  the  4th  Inf.,  he  became  1st 
lieut.  1838;  won  two  brevets  for  gallantry  at 
Contreras,  Churubusco,  and  Molino  del  Rey, 
where  he  was  severely  wounded;  made  capt. 
Sept.  26,  1847;  paymaster  (rank  of  major), 
May  23,  1855;  and  brig.-gen.  vols.  April  28, 
1862.  Assigned  to  the  Army  of  Va.  under 
Grcn.  Pope,  he  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle 
of  Cedar  Mountain,  Aug.  9, 1 862 ;  was  released 
on  parole  in  Sept. ;  served  in  N.  C.  Jan.-June, 
1863 ;   in  the  Rapidan  campaign,  Oct.-Dec 


1 863 ;  in  Mine-Run  operations  Nov.-Dec.  1 863 ; 
in  com.  of  Dist.  Columbus,  Ky.,  Apr.-Aug. 
1864;  brev.  heut.-col.  9  Aug.  1862,  for  Cedar 
Mountain;  and  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865. 
—  Cullum. 

Prince,  John,  LL.D.  (B.  U.  1795),  a 
Cong,  clergyman,  eminent  for  his  scientific  ac- 
quirements, b.  Boston,  July  11,  1751;  d.  Sa- 
lem, June  7,  1836.  H.  U.  1776.  Ord.  at 
Salem  in  1779,  and  pastor  of  the  First  Church 
there  nearly  58  years.  He  especially  disting. 
himself  for  his  improvements  in  the  air-pump  ; 
and  the  one  which  he  made  as  early  as  1784 
gave  him  a  reputation  throughout  the  scien- 
tific world.  He  pub.  sermons.  A  Memoir  by 
C.  W.  Upham  is  in  "Ms.  Hist.  Colls.,"  3d  ser., 
V.  5. 

Prince,  John  Charles,  R.  C.  bishop  of 
St.  Hyacinth,  C.  E.  Consec.  bishop  of  Mar- 
ty ropolis,  and  co-adjutor  of  Montreal,  Ju'y  25, 
1845  ;  transf.  to  St.  H.  June  8,  1852 ;  d.  May 
5,  1860. 

Prince,  Nathan,  scholar,  b.  Sandwich, 
Ms.,  30  Nov.  1698;  d.  minister  of  Ruatan, 
Bav  of  Honduras,  July  25,  1 748,  a.  50.  H.U. 
1 7 \%.  Bro.  of  Rev.  Thomas.  Tutor  of  H.  U. 
1723 ;  fellow  in  1737,  but  was  removed  in  1742. 
He  afterwards  pub.  an  account  of  the  consti- 
tution and  govt,  of  Harv.  Coll.,  from  its  founda- 
tion in  1636  to  1742 ;  and  an  essay  to  solve  the 
difficulties  attending  the  accounts  of  the  resur- 
rection, 1734.  He  became  an  Episcopalian, 
and  ranked  among  the  great  scholars  of  his 
time.  —  Allen. 

Prince,  Oliver  H.,  U.  S.  senator  from 
Ga.  1828-9  ;  lost  Oct.  9, 1837,  in  the  steamboat 
"  Home,"  near  Ocracocke.  He  pub.  "  Digest 
of  the  Laws  of  Ga.,"  &c.,  to  Dec.  1820,  2d'ed. 
8vo,  1837. 

Prince,  or  Prence,  Thomas,  gov.  of 

Plym.  Col.,  b.  Eng.  1601 ;  d.  Plym.,  Ms.,  Mar. 
29^  1 673.  He  arrived  in  Plymouth  in  1 621 ;  was 
gov.  in  1634, 1638,  and  from  1657  to  1673,  and 
was  an  assist,  in  1635-7  and  in  1639-57.  lie 
lived  at  Nauset,  or  Eastham,  of  which  he  was 
one  of  the  first  settlers  in  1644,  until  rechosen 
governor;  and  in  1663  he  removed  to  Plym- 
outh. He  was  a  man  of  eminent  worth  and 
piety,  and  an  impartial  magistrate.  Strict  in 
his  religious  opinions,  he  zealously  opposed 
those  whom  he  believed  to  be  heretics,  particu- 
larly the  Quakers.  He  was  a  friend  of  learn- 
ing, and,  in  opposition  to  the  clamors  of  the  ig- 
norant, procured  revenues  for  the  support  of 
grammar-schools  in  the  Colony. 

Prince,  Thomas,  minister  and  chronolo- 
gist,  b.  Sandwich,  Ms.,  May  15,  1687;  d. 
Boston,  Oct.  22,  1758.  H.C.  1707.  Son  of 
Samuel  of  Sandwich,  and  grandson  of  Elder 
John  of  Hull,  who  came  to  N.E.  in  1633.  He 
went  to  Eng.  Apr.  1,  1709,  and  preached 
some  time  at  Combe,  in  Suffolk  ;  but,  being 
strongly  attached  to  his  native  land,  returned 
to  Boston,  July  20,  1717,  and  was  ord.  over 
the  Old  South  Church,  Oct.  1,  1718,  as  col- 
league of  Dr.  Sewall.  He  was  eminent  as  a 
preacher,  linguist,  and  man  of  learning.  Mr. 
Prince  began  in  1703,  and  continued  more  than 
50  years,  a  collection  of  public  and  private  pa- 
pers relating  to  the  civil  and  religious  history 
of  N.E.     This  he  pub.  in  the  form  of  annals. 


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12mo,  1736,  and  3  numbers  of  the  second  part 
in  1756,  but  spent  so  much  time  uj)on  the  in- 
troductory epitome,  beginning:  at  the  creation, 
that  he  brought  his  history  only  down  to  1633. 
His  collection  of  MSS.  was  deposited  in  the 
Old  South  Church,  and  was  panly  destroyed 
by  the  British,  who  occupied  that  building  in 
1775-6;  many  important  facts  relating  to  the 
history  of  the  country  being  thus  irrecovera- 
bly lost.  His  books  and  MSS.  now  form  part 
of  the  Pub.  Library  of  the  city  of  Boston.  Be- 
sides a  great  number  of  sermons,  he  pub.  an 
"  Introduction  and  Notes  to  Mason's  History 
of  the  Pequot  War,"  1736;  A^arious  biographi- 
cal and  other  papers  in  the  Christian  tlis- 
tory,  1743-4;  "An  Improvement  on  the 
Doctrine  of  Earthquakes,"  &c.,  H.'iS;  "Life 
of  Neheniiah  Walter,  appended  to  his  Ser- 
mons," 1755;  Notes  and  Appendix  to  "  Wil- 
liams's Kodeemcd  Captive,"  1757;  "The 
Psalms,  &c.,  with  Historical  Preface  and 
Notes,"  1758  ;  several  lives  in  "  Mayhew's  In- 
dian Converts,"  1727  ;  and  an  account  of  the 
first  appearance  of  the  Aurora  Borealis. 

Prince,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding,  b. 
Boston,  Feb.  27,  1722;  d.  Oct.  1748.  H.U. 
1740.  He  edited  the  earliest  American  peri- 
odical, the  Christian  History,  containing  ac- 
counts of  the  revival  and  propagation  of  re- 
ligion in  Great  Britain  and  America  for  1743, 
2  vols.  8vo,  pub.  weekly,  1744-6 

Pring,  Daniel,  commodore  R.N. ;  d.  Port 
Royal,  Jamaica,  Nov.  29,  1847.  He  early 
entered  the  navy  ;  was  a  midshipm.  at  the  at- 
tack on  Copenhagen  in  1801  ;  was  made  a 
lieut.  in  1807;  com.  the  schooner  "Paz "on 
the  Halifax  station  in  1812;  was  transferred 
to  service  on  Lake  Ontario  in  1813,  and  pro- 
moted to  commander;  and  in  1814  wasapp.  to 
com.  "  The  Linnet,"  a  brig  of  16  guns,  in  the 
squad,  of  Com.  Downie  on  Lake  Champlain. 
In  the  celebrated  engagement  with  the  fleet  of 
Macdonough,  he  sustained  a  severe  conflict 
with  "The Eagle"  (of  20 guns),  butwasevent- 
ually  compelled  to  strike.  In  1815  he  was 
promoted  to  post-captain,  and  early  in  1846  to 
commodore.  — Morgan's  Celebrated  Canadians. 

Proctor,  Henry  A.,  a  British  lieut.-gen., 
b.  of  an  ancient  family  in  Wales,  1765  ;  d.  Liv- 
erpool, Eng.,  1859.  He  joined  the  army  as  lieut. 
43d  Foot,  Dee.  1781 ;  became  maj.  May,  1795  ; 
lieut.-col.  41st,  Oct.  1800;  col.  July,  1810; 
maj.-gen.  June,  1813  ;  and,  on  the  breaking-out 
of  the  war  of  1812,  came  to  Canada  in  com. 
of  the  41st  Regt.  He  was  despatched  to  Am- 
herstburg  by  Gen.  Brock  to  prevent  the  land- 
ing of  Hull,  whose  forces  he  repulsed  from 
that  place,  and  def«  ated  at  Brownston,  and 
gained  a  brilliant  victory  over  Winchester  on 
the  River  Raisin,  for  which  he  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  brig.-gen.  In  May,  1813,  he 
was  defi  ated  at  Fort  Meigs  by  Gen.  Harrison  ; 
Aug.  2,  he  was  signally  defeated  by  Major 
Croghan  in  defence  of  Fort  Stephenson,  Lower 
Sandusky;  and  Oct.  5,  1813,  was  totally  de- 
feated at  the  battle  of  the  Thames  by  Gen. 
Harrison.  He  was  afterward  tried  by  court- 
martial,  and  suspended  from  rank  and  pay  for 
6  months.  He  com.  again  during  the  war, 
and  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieut.-gen.  —  Morgan's 
Celebrated  Canadians. 


Proctor,  Gen.  Thomas,  Revol.  oflScer,  b. 
Ireland,  1739;  d.  Phila.  16  Mar.  1806.  Col. 
of  Pa.  art.  through  the  Revol. ;  disting.  at 
Brandywine,  and  in  Sullivan's  exped.  against 
the  Indians.     He  was  a  carpenter  by  trade. 

Proud,  Robert,  historian,  b.  Yorkshire, 
Eng.,  May  10,  1728;  d.  Phila.  July  7,  1813. 
Arriving  in  Phila.  in  Jan.  1759,  he  taught 
Greek  and  Latin  in  a  Quaker  acad.  until  the 
Revol.  Firm  in  his  attachment  to  the  crown, 
he  believed  that  the  Revol.  would  cause  the 
decline  of  virtue  and  prosperity  in  America. 
He  pub.  in  1797-8  a  valuable  history  of  Pa. 
(1681-1742),  by  which  he  was  pecuniarily  a 
loser.  —  See  Notice  of  his  Life  in  Pa.  Hist. 
Soc.  Memoirs,  by  C.  W.  Thompson,  vol.  i.  8vo, 
1826. 

Proudfit,  Alexander  Moncrief,  D.D. 
(Wms.  Coll.  1812),  Presb.  clergyman,  b. 
Pequea,  Pa.,  1770;  d.  New  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
Apr.  17,  1843.  Col.  Coll.  1792.  He  was  in 
1794-1835  pastor  of  the  Ref.  Presb.  Church, 
Salem,  N.Y. ;  and  was  subsequently  the  agent 
of  the  Amcr.  Colonization  Society.  He  pub. 
"Ruin  and  Recovery  of  Man,"  12rno,  1806; 
"Theological  Works,"  4  vols.  12mo,  1815; 
a  work  on  the  Parables,  12mo,  1820;  and  ser- 
mons. A  Memoir  by  John  Forsyth,  D.D., 
was  pub.  in  12mo,  N.Y. 

Provoost,  Samuel,  D.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1786), 
Prot.-Ep.  bishop  of  N.  Y.,  h.  New  York, 
March  11, 1742;  d.  there  Sept.  6,  1815.  Col. 
Coll.  1758.  Of  Huguenot  descent;  son  of 
John,  a  merchant  of  New  York.  Educated  at 
Cambridge,  Eng.,  where  he  graduated.  He  be- 
came an  Episcopalian  ;  was  adm.  to  orders  in 
1766;  married  at  Cambridge;  returned  to 
New  York,  and  became  an  assist,  at  Trinity 
Church,  Dec.  1766.  Being  a  warm  advocate 
of  the  Amer.  Revol.,  he  resigned  his  charge  in 
1770 ;  retired  to  a  small  farm  in  Duchess  Co., 
and  refused  all  preferment,  although  proposed 
as  a  delegate  to  the  Prov.  Congress  in  1775; 
invited  in  1777  to  become  chaplain  to  the  con- 
vention which  formed  the  first  const,  of  N.Y. ; 
and  offered  the  same  year  the  rectorship  of  St. 
Michael's  Church  at  Charleston,  and  in  1782 
of  King's  Chapel,  Boston.  In  1783,  when 
New  York  was  evacuated  by  the  British  troops, 
he  left  his  retirement  for  the  rectorship  of 
Trinity  Church;  and  at  the  first  gen.  conv.  of 
the  church  in  1786  was  elected  bishop;  pro- 
ceeded to  Eng.  with  Bishop  White  of  Pa.  for 
consecration;  and  was  adm.  4  Feb.,  1787,  to 
the  holy  order  of  bishops  at  Lambeth,  return- 
ing to  New  York,  April  8,  1787.  He  was 
chaplain  to  the  Cont.  Congress  in  1785,  and  to 
the  U.S.  senate  in  1789.  Overcome  by  domes- 
tic bereavements  and  afflictions,  he  resigned  his 
rectorship  of  Trinity  Church  in  1800,  and  his 
bishopric  in  Sept.  1801. 

Pryor,  Roger  A.,  b.  Dinwiddie  Co.,  Va., 
July  19,  1828.  Hamp.  Sid.  Coll.  1845.  His 
father  was  a  prominent  clergyman.  He  stud- 
ied law;  and  in  1850  edited  the  Sout/iside 
Democrat  at  Petersburg,  Va.  In  1 852-3  ho  was 
on  the  staff  of  the  Union,  newspaper,  at  Wash- 
ington ;  in  1 854  he  was  commiss.  to  Greece ;  in 
1855  resumed  his  editorial  functions  at  Peters- 
burg ;  afterward  edited  the  Soutli  at  Richmond, 
and  the  States^  an  advocate  of  extreme  South- 


FJJG- 


745 


I»UR 


crn  views,  at  Washington.  Elected  to  Con- 
gress in  1859,  he  was  noted  as  a  vehement  advo- 
cate of  secession,  and  for  his  challenge  of  John 
F.  Potter  of  Wisconsin.  On  the  approach  of 
the  civil  war,  Mr.  Pryor  volunteered  as  an  aide- 
de-camp  to  Gen.  Beauregard  during  the  reduc- 
tion of  Fort  Sumter.  He  held  the  rank  of 
brig.-gen.,  and  led  a  division  in  the  battles  be- 
fore Richmond ;  resigned  Aug.  26, 1863.  Mem- 
ber of  the  Confed.  Congress.  Captured  in  Nov. 
1864,  and  for  a  short  time  imprisoned  in  Fort 
Lafayette.     Has  since  been  an  editor  in  Tenn. 

Pugh,  Ellis,  Quaker  preacher,  b.  Dolgel- 
ly,  Merioneth  Co.,  Wales,  June,  1656 ;  d.  Oct. 
10,  1718.  He  began  to  preach  ab.  1680,  and 
in  1687  settled  at  Gwyncdd,  Pa.  He  revisited 
his  native  place  in  1706-8.  Author  of  a  trea- 
tise called  "A  Salutation  to  the  Britains," 
written  in  Welsh.  —  Collection  of  Quaker  Memo- 
rials, 

Pugh,  George  Ellis,  lawyer  and  senator, 
b.  Cincinnati,  O.,  Nov.  28,  1822.  Miami  U. 
1840.  In  1847  he  was  capt.  in  the  4th  Regt.  O. 
Vols,  in  the  Mexican  war;  representative  in 
the  legisl.  in  1848  and  '49;  city  solicitor  of 
Cincinnati  in  1850;  atty.-gen.  of  the  State  in 
1851 ;  and  was  U.S.  senator  in  1855-61. 

Pulaski,  Count  Casimir,  a  Polish  pa- 
triot, and  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  Revol.  army,  b. 
Lithuania,  Poland,  March  4,  1748;  d.  Oct.  11, 
1779.  Son  of  the  patriotic  Count  Pulaski,  who 
formed  the  confederation  of  Barr  in  1768.  He 
was  educated  for  the  law,  but  had  seen  some 
military  service  under  Duke  Charles  of  Cour- 
land,  when,  at  the  age  of  21,  he  joined  his  fa- 
ther in  the  struggle  for  liberty  against  King 
Stanislaus  in  1769.  The  old  count  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  perished  in  a  dungeon.  His  son, 
elected  com.-in-chief  in  1770,  prolonged  the 
contest,  but  with  insufficient  forces.  In  1771,  he, 
with  39  others,  entered  Warsaw,  disguised  as 
peasants,  for  the  purpose  of  seizing  the  king. 
They  bore  him  out  of  the  city,  but  were  com- 
pelled to  leave  him  not  far  from  the  walls,  and 
escape.  His  little  army  was  soon  afterward 
defeated,  himself  outlawed,  his  estates  confis- 
cated, and  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Turks, 
then  at  war  with  Russia.  He  afterwards  went 
to  Paris;  had  an  interview  with  Franklin,  and, 
sympathizing  deeply  with  a  people  struggling 
for  their  liberties,  came  to  America  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1777.  He  joined  the  army  under  Wash- 
ington ;  fought  with  distinction  at  Brandy  wine ; 
and  was  (Sept.  13,  1777)  app.  by  Congress  to 
com.  the  cavalry,  with  the  rank  of  brig.-gen. 
He  was  in  the  battle  of  Germantown ;  and  early 
in  the  spring  of  1778  was  placed  in  com.  of  a 
corps  of  68  light  horse  and  200  foot.  This  was 
called  "Pulaski's  Legion,"  and  was  officered 
mostly  by  foreigners.  Commanding  this  hete- 
rogeneous corps,  badly  equipped  and  worse 
mounted,  this  brave  Pole  encountered  difficul- 
ties and  sought  danger.  Ordered  to  Little  Egg 
Harbor,  he  was  surprised  while  on  the  march, 
—  a  deserter  having  given  information  to  the 
enemy,  —  and  a  large  portion  of  his  inf.  was 
bayonetted.  In  Feb.  1779  he  was  ordered  to 
the  South,  and  was  in  active  service  under  Lin- 
coln until  the  siege  of  Savannah,  in  Sept.-Oct. 
of  that  year,  where  he  was  mortally  wounded  in 
the  p,ssault,  Oct.  9.    He  was  taken  to  the  U.S. 


brig  "  Wasp,"  where  he  died.  Nov.  29,  *79,  Con- 
gress voted  a  monument  to  his  memory,  which 
was  never  erected  ;  but  one  was  raised  by  the 
citizens  of  Savannah,  of  which  Lafayette,  dur- 
ing his  triumphal  progress  through  the  U.S., 
laid  the  comer-stone.  —  A^ee  Sparks's  American 
Biography,  vol.  iv.  2d  scries. 

Pulte,  JosEAH  HippoLYT,  M.D.,  b.  Mcs- 
chede,  Westphalia,  Oct.  6,  1811.  U.  of  Mar- 
burg. He  came  to  the  U.S.  in  1834,  and  prac- 
tised medicine  at  Allentown,  Pa.,  6  years.  Be- 
coming a  homcEopathist,  he  aided  in  establish- 
ing a  homoeop.  coll  at  Allentown.  A  resident 
of  Cincinnati  since  1840.  Prof,  of  clinical  mcd. 
in  the  Western  Homoeop.  Coll.,  Cleveland, 
1852;  and  of  obstetrics,  1853-5.  Contrib.  to 
various  homceop.  journals.  Editor  of  Teste's 
"Diseases  of  Children,"  1857;  and  has  pub. 
"  Organon  of  the  Hist,  of  the  World,"  1859  ; 
"Domestic  Physician,"  1850;  "Reply  to  Dr. 
Metcalf,"  1851 ;  "  Science  of  Medicine,"  1852 ; 
"Woman's  Medical  Guide,"  1853;  "  Civilizar 
tion  and  its  Heroes,  an  Oration,"  1855,  &c. — 
Allibone. 

Pummill,  James,  poet,  b.  Cincinnati,  12 
Dec.  1828.  Pub.  in  1846  a  vol.  of  poems, 
"Fruits  of  Leisure,"  and  in  1852  "Fugitive 
Poems."  He  was  a  contrib.  to  the  Ladies'  Re- 
pos.  and  the  Knickerbocker  Mag.,  and  is  editor 
and  prop,  of  the  Aurora  (Ind.)  Commercial. — 
Sec  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West. 

Purcell,  John  Baptist,  D.D.,  R.C.  arch- 
bishop of  Cincinnati ;  consec.  Oct.  13,  1833. 
Has  ed.,  with  a  memoir,  Macleod's  History  of 
the  Devotion  to  the  Virgin  Mary  in  N.  A., 
8vo,  1866  ;  "  The  Roman  Clergy  and  Free 
Thought,  a  controversy  with  Thos.  Vickers,'* 
1868. 

Purchas,  Samuel,  an  Eng.  divine,  b. 
Thaxted,  in  Essex,  in  1577  ;  d.  London,  1628. 
Educated  at  St.  John's  Coll.  Cambridge.  His 
principal  work  was  entitled  "  Purchas  his  Pil- 
grimages, or  Relations  of  the  World,"  which, 
with  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  led  the  way  to  other 
collections  of  the  same  kind,  and  has  been 
much  valued  and  esteemed.  The  first  vol.  was 
pub.  in  1613  ;  but  the  fourth  edition  of  it,  in 
1626,  contains  numerous  important  additions. 
The  last  4  vols,  appeared  in  1 625.  The  3d  and 
4A\  vols,  of  "  Purchas  his  Pilgrinies  "  relate  to 
Amer.,  and  preserve  the  original  narratives  of 
the  earliest  English  navigators  and  explorers 
of  the  Western  World.  He  also  wrote  "  Micro- 
cosmos,  or  the  History  of  Man  ;  "  "  The  King's 
Tower  and  Triumphal  Arch  of  London." 
Purchas  was  rector  of  St.  Martin's  in  Ludgate, 
and  chaplain  to  Abbot,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. His  works  are  scarce,  and  command  a 
high  price.  —  Allibone. 

Purdon,  John,  adm.  to  the  Phila.  bar, 
1806;  d.  1835.  N.J.  Coll.  1802.  Pub.  8vo, 
Phila.  1811,  an  abridgment  of  the  laws  of 
Pa,  from  1700,  &c.,  4th  ed.  1831;  since  pub. 
as  Brightley's  Digest,  and  continued  to  the 
present  time.  — Allibone. 

Purple,  Norman  H.,  b.  Exeter,  N.Y., 
1808.  Four  years  judge  of  the  111.  Sup.  Ct. 
Has  pub.  Statutes  of  111.  relating  to  Real  Es- 
tate, 8vo,  1847  ;  Statutes  of  III.  in  force  Jan.  1, 
1856,  2  vols.  8vo.  —  Allibone. 

Purple,  Samuel  S.,  M.D.,  co-editor  with 


FUR 


746 


FUT 


S.  Smith,  M.D.,  of  the  Journal  of  Medicine, 
and  contrib.  to  the  Med.  Times.  Author  of 
"  Med.  Observations,"  1852  ;  "  Bibliolheca 
Medicci,"  8vo,  1860,  in  MS.—AUibone. 

Fursh,  Frederic,  botanist,  b.  Tobolsk, 
Siberia,  1774;  d.  Montreal,  Canada,  June  11, 
1820.  Educated  at  Dresden.  Came  to  Amcr. 
in  1799,  and  remained  until  1811,  when  he  vis- 
ited Eng. ;  and  in  1814  pub.  at  Lond.  Flora 
Americce  Septentrionalis,  8vo.  Returning  to 
Amer.,  he  d.  while  collecting  materials  for  a 
flora  of  Canada. 

Purviance,  Hugh  Y.,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Md.  Midshipm.  Nov.  3,  1818;  lieut.  Mar.  3, 
1827  ;  com.  Mar.  7,  1849  ;  capt.  Jan.  28,  1856  ; 
commo.  (ret.  list)  July  16,  1862;  com.  sloop 
"Marion,"  coast  of  Africa,  1852-5;  frigate 
"  St.  Lawrence,"  1861 ;  sunk  Confed.  privateer 
"  Petrel  "  off  Charleston,  and  participated  in 
the  fight  of  "  The  Merrimack,"  gunboats,  and 
batteries  off  Sewell's  Point,  Hampton  Koads. 

Putnam,  Albigence  Waldo,  a  lawyer 
of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  b.  Belpre',  O.,  11  March, 
1799.  U.  of  O.  Grandson  of  Gen.  Putnam. 
Author  of  Hist,  of  Middle  Tenn.,  8vo,  1859  ; 
Life  of  Gen.  John  Sevier,  in  Wheeler's  Hist, 
of  N.C. ;  also  a  number  of  papers  in  periodicals, 
and  contrib.  to  the  Tenn.  Hist.  Soc,  of  which 
he  is  president.  —  Alliborie. 

Putnam,  George  Palmer,  publisher,  b. 
Brunswick,  Me.,  Feb.  7, 1814.  A  descendant  of 
John,  who  came  from  Buckinghamshire,  Eng., 
to  Sulcm,  in  1640.  Great-nephew  of  Gen. 
Putnam,  and  grandson  of  Gen.  Joseph  Palmer. 
He  has  long  been  a  bookseller  in  N.Y.,  and 
in  1836-47,  while  of  the  firm  of  Wiley  and 
Putnam,  resided  in  Lqnd.  His  own  compila- 
tions are,  "Chronology,"  12mo,  1833;  "The 
Tourist  in  Europe,"  12mo,  1838;  "American 
Book  Circular,"  1843;  "Amer.  Facts,"  8vo, 
1845 ;  "  The  World's  Progress,  a  Dictionary 
of  Dates,"  &c.,  8vo,  1850,  and  several  editions 
since.  He  also  pub.  Putnam's  Monthli/  Mag. 
1853-7  and  1868-70;  "  The  Popular  Library," 
24  vols.  12mo;  "Home  Cyclopaedia,"  1850-3, 
5  vols.  12mo.  Between  1848  and  1870  he  pub. 
more  than  300  vols,  by  Amer.  authors  of  the 
first  rank;  and  his  services  to  American  liter- 
ature have  in  various  ways  been  of  great  value. 

Putnam,  Israel,  maj.-gen.  Revol.  army, 
b.  Salem,  Ms.,  7  Jan.  1718  ;  d.  Brookline, 
Ct.,  29  May,  1790.  He  received  little  educa- 
tion, but  was  endowed  by  nature  with  a  power- 
ful frame,  great  courage,  and  an  enterprising 
spirit.  He  m.,  and  in  1739  settled  in  Pomfret, 
Ct.,  where  by  industry  he  acquired  a  good  estate. 
In  1755  he  raised  and  com.  a  company  for  the 
French  war.  Joining  the  army  near  Crown 
Point,  his  bravery,  activity,  and  enterprise 
gained  him,  in  1757,  the  rank  of  maj.  While 
stationed  at  Ft.  Edward,  he  by  personal  exer- 
tions saved  a  powder-magazine  from  fire  after 
it  had  burned  the  outer  planking.  In  Aug. 
1758,  while  returning  to  Fort  Edward  from  a 
scouting  exped.,  he  fell  into  an  ambuscade,  was 
taken,  and  ab.  being  burned  at  the  stake,  when 
Molang,  a  French  partisan,  rescued  him.  He 
was  taken  to  Montreal,  where  Col.  Schuyler  re- 
lieved his  wants,  and  procured  his  exchange. 
He  was  a  lieut.-col.  at  the  siege  of  Montreal 
iu  1760,   and  at  the  capture  of  Havana  in 


1762;  and  in  1764  was  a  col.  in  Bradstieet's 
exped.  against  the  Western  Indians.  He  was 
afterward  an  inn-keeper  in  Brookline,  Ct.,  and 
a  member  of  the  legisl.  In  1773,  with  Gen. 
Lyman,  he  went  to  the  Mpi.  to  explore  a  grant 
of  military  lands,  but  derived  no  benefit  from 
them.  Hearing  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  he 
left  his  plough  where  he  was  using  it,  unyoked 
his  team,  and,  clothed  as  he  was,  set  off  for  Bos- 
ton. He  returned;  raised  a  regt,  with  which 
he  marched  to  Cambridge  ;  was  app.  a  provin- 
cial maj.-gen.,  and  also  on  the  continental  es- 
tablishment, 19  June,  1775.  At  Bunker's  Hill 
he  was  conspicuous,  animating  and  encoura- 
ging the  troops.  On  the  evacuation  of  Boston, 
he  was  intrusted  with  the  com.  at  N.Y.  He 
afterward  superintended  the  fortifications  of 
Phila.,  and,  after  Trenton  and  Princeton,  was 
posted  at  the  latter  place,  performing  great  ser- 
vice with  a  small  force.  App.  in  the  spring  of 
1777  to  com.  a  force  in  the  Highlands  of  N.Y. , 
he  made  the  judicious  selection  of  West  Point 
as  the  site  of  a  fortress.  While  posted  at  Read- 
ing, Ct.,  in  1778,  he  was  attacked  by  Gen.  Try- 
on,  and  escaped  by  plunging  down  a  steep 
precipice,  where  the  British  dragoons  daicd 
not  follow  him.  This  was  his  last  active  ser- 
vice. He  was  a  good  executive  officer,  more 
brave  than  prudent,  frequentl^y  wanting  in  dig- 
nity, but  generous  and  humane.  —  See  Life  by 
David  Humphreys. 

Putnam,  Mary  (Lowell),  authoress, 
dau.  of  Rev.  Charles,  b.  Boston,  Dec.  3,  1810. 
She  was  m.  Apr.  5,  1832,  to  Samuel  R.  Put- 
nam, a  merchant  of  Boston.  From  her  moth- 
er she  inherited  the  faculty  of  acquiring  lan- 
guages to  an  extraordinary  degree.  From 
1851  to  1857  she  resided  with  her  family,  chiefly 
in  France  and  Germany,  prosecuting  her  stud- 
ies in  languages,  and  collecting  materials  for  a 
History  of  Hungary.  She  transl.  from  the 
Swedish  "  The  Neighbors,"  by  Miss  Bremer  ; 
has  pub.  anonymously,  "  Records  of  an  Ob- 
scure Man,"  1861  ;  "  Tragedy  of  Errors,"  and 
"  Tragedy  of  Success ; "  dramatic  poems  illus- 
trative of  slavery  and  the  condition  of  the 
South  ;  and  has  contrib.  many  articles  to  the 
N.A.  Review  and  to  the  Christian  Examiner. 

Putnam,  Rcfus,  brig.-gen.,  b.  Sutton, 
Ms.,  Apr.  9,  1738;  d.  Marietta,  O.,  May  4, 
1824.  He  quitted  the  business  of  a  millwright 
to  serve  as  a  common  soldier  through  the  cam- 
paigns of  1757-60,  and,  on  the  surrender  of 
Montreal,  m.  and  settled  in  New  Braintree, 
Ms.,  to  pursue  his  original  vocation,  devoting 
his  leisure  to  the  study  of  mathematics,  and 
attaining  great  proficiency  in  its  application 
to  navigation  and  surveying.  In  Jan.  1773  he 
sailed  to  E.  Florida  with  a  committee  to  ex- 
plore lands  there  supposed  to  have  been  grant- 
ed by  parliament  to  the  provincial  officers  and 
soldiers  who  had  served  in  the  French  war, 
and  was  app.  by  the  gov.  dep.-surveyor  of  the 
province.  Returning  to  Ms.  he  was  made  a 
lieut.-col.  in  David  Brewer's  regt.  The  abil- 
ity displayed  by  him  as  an  engineer  in  throw- 
ing up  defence's  in  Roxbury  secured  for  him 
the  favorable  consideration  of  Washington, 
who  wrote  to  Congress  that  the  millwright  was 
altogether  a  more  competent  officer  thnn  any 
of  the  French  gentlemen  to  whom  it  had  y;ivea 


I>TJT 


747 


QUI 


appointments  in  that  line.  In  1776,  Putnam, 
as  chief  cn;,^-.,  superintended  all  the  defences  of 
N.Y. ;  was  in  Aug.  upp.  chief  engr.,  with  the 
rank  of  col.,  but  during  the  autumn,  from  some 
dissatisfaction  with  the  action  of  Congress  in 
regard  to  his  corps,  left  it  to  take  com.  of  the 
5th  Ms.  Regt. ;  in  the  following  spring  he  was 
attached  to  the  Northern  army,  and  disting. 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Stillwater;  in  1778, 
with  his  cousin  Gen.  Israel  Putnam,  he  super- 
intended the  construction  of  the  fortifications 
at  West  Point ;  after  the  surprise  of  Stony 
Point,  he  was  app.  to  the  command  of  a  regt. 
in  Wayne's  brigade,  in  which  he  served  to  the 
end  of  the  campaign  ;  Jan.  7,  1 783,  he  was 
made  brig.-gen.  He  was  several  years  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legisl.,  and  acted  as  aide  to  Gen. 
Lincoln  in  quelling  Shays's  Rebellion  in  1787. 
Apr.  7,  1788,  as  supt.of  the  Ohio  Co.,  he 
founded  Marietta,  the  first  permanent  settle- 
ment on  the  eastern  part  of  the  North-west  Ter- 
ritory ;  in  1789  he  was  app.  a  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  N.  W.  Territory ;  May  4, 
1792,  he  was  app.  brig.-gen.  of  Wayne's  army 
to  act  against  the  Indians,  and  from  May, 
1792,  to  Feb.  1793,  was  U.S.  commiss.  to  treat 
for  peace  with  them,  concluding  an  important 
treaty  with  8  tribes  at  Vincennes,  Sept.  27, 
1792.  U.S.  surveyor-gen.  from  Oct.  1793  to 
Sept.  1803.  In  1803  he  was  member  of  the  O. 
Constitutional  Convention. 

Putnam,  Samuel,  LL.D.,  A.A.S.,  jurist, 
b.  Danvers,  Ms.,  Apr.  13,  1768;  d.  Somerville, 
Ms.,  July  3,  1853.  H.U.  1787.  He  studied 
law,  and  commenced  practice  in  Salem  in  1790, 
attaining  a  high  position  at  the  Essex  Co.  bar. 
He  was  senator  from  Essex  in  1808,  '09, '13, '14; 
representative  in  1812;  and  in  1814-42  was  a 
judge  of  the  Ms.  Supreme  Court. 

Pynchon,  William,  leader  in  the  Spring- 
field settlement  in  1636,  b.  Essex  Co.,  Eng.,  ab. 
1590;  d.  Wraisbury,  Buckinghamshire,  Eng., 
Oct.  1662.  He  was  an  assist,  in  1628  and  '29; 
came  over  with  Gov.  Winthrop  in  1630;  and 
was  treasurer  of  the  Colony,  and  a  magistrate, 
until  his  removal  from  Roxbury,  of  which 
town  he  was  one  of  the  principal  founders.  He 
was  chosen  magistrate  of  Springfield  in  1638, 
and  was  an  assist,  in  1643-50.  While  in  Rox- 
bury and  Springfield,  he  was  largely  concerned 
in  the  beaver-trade.  In  1650  his  "  Meritorious 
Price  of  Christ's  Redemption,"  in  opposition 
to  the  Calvinistic  view  of  the  atonement,  was 
pub.  in  Eng.,  causing  his  deposition  from  the 
magistracy.  His  book  was  burned  on  Boston 
Common  by  order  of  the  court ;  and  the  author- 
ities of  Ms.  employed  Norton  to  answer  him. 
In  consequence  of  these  and  other  persecutions, 
he  returned  to  Eng.  in  1652,  and  in  1655  is- 
sued a  new  edition  of  his  book  with  additions. 
He  also  pub.  "  The  Jewes  Synagogue,"  4to, 
1 652  ;  *'  How  the  First  Sabbath  was  ordained," 
&c.,  1654.  His  son  Col.  John,  .50  years  a 
magistrate  of  Springfield,  and  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  Northampton  in  1654,  d.  Jan.  17,  1703, 
a.  76. 

Quackenbos,  George  Payne,  LL.D. 
(Wesl.  U.  1863),  educator,  b.  New  York,  1826. 
Col.  Coll.  1843.  He  commenced  teaching  in 
N.C.  In  1847  he  opened  a  private  school  in 
N.Y.  City,  and  has  been  contrib.  to  or  editor 


of  various  journals.  In  1846-8  he  conducted 
the  Literary  American.  He  has  pub.  many 
popular  school-books,  among  them  "  Advanced 
Course  of  Composition  and  Rhetoric,"  1854 ; 
"  Illustrated  School  History  of  the  U.S.,"  1857; 
"  A  Natural  Philosophy  for  Schools  and  Aca- 
demies," 1859;  "Primary  History  of  the 
U.S.,"  1860;  "English  Grammar,"  1862; 
and  has  prepared  an  American  edition  of 
Spiers  and  Surenne's  French  and  English  Dic- 
tionary, 1852,  and  a  series  of  arithmetics  on 
the  basis  of  the  works  of  Geo.  R.  Perkins. 

Quesuel,  Joseph,  a  Canadian  dramatist 
and  composer,  h.  France,  1750;  d.  Montreal, 
July  3,  1809.  He  produced  Colas  et  CoUnette, 
a  3-act  comedy,  Quebec,  1788;  Lucas  et  Ce- 
cille,  a  musical  operetta ;  and  Les  R€publicains 
Fratigais,  a  comedy.  In  1805  he  wrote  a  trea- 
tise on  the  dramatic  art,  besides  several  musi- 
cal compositions  of  merit,  which  were  extreme- 
ly popular.  His  sons  Jules  and  F.  A.  made 
some  figure  in  the  political  history  of  the  Lower 
Province.  —  Morgan. 

Quinby,  George  W.,  b.  Westbrook,  Me., 
1810.  Has  pub.  fifteen  sermons  and  as  many 
prayers;  "  Exposition  and  Defence  of  Univer- 
salism  ;  "  "  Marriage  and  the  Marriage  Rela- 
tion ; "  Six  Lectures  ;  "  The  Gallows,  the  Pris- 
on, and  the  Poor-House,"  1857,  &c.  Edited 
the  Star  in  the  West,  and  contrib.  to  the 
Trumpet,  &c.  —  Allihone, 

Quinby,  Gen.  Isaac  F.,  b.  N.J.  ab.  1820. 
West  Point,  1843.  He  entered  the  art.;  was 
assist,  prof,  of  philos.  at  West  Point,  Aug. 
1845  to  June,  1847 ;  1st  lieut.  March  3,  1847 ; 
served  with  his  regt.  in  Mexico;  was  adj.  and 
quarterm.  from  Oct.  1848  to  Mar.  1852,  when 
he  resigned,  and  became  prof,  of  math,  and  nat. 
philos.  in  Rochester  U.,  which  post  he  resumed 
m  1864.  When  the  civil  war  broke  out,  he  left 
his  professorship  to  become  col.  13th  N.Y.  Vols. ; 
fought  gallantly  at  Bull  Run,  July  21  ;  subse- 
quently resigned,  and  resumed  his  professorship 
at  Rochester,  until  made  brig.-gen.  Mar.  17, 
1 862,  and  placed  in  com.  of  the  Dist.  of  the  Mpi., 
including  the  important  post  of  Columbus,  Ky. 
He  quitted  this  post  Oct.  26  to  take  com.  of  the 
3d  division  of  the  Army  of  the  Mpi.  at  Corinth ; 
com.  the  Yazoo  Pass  exped.  Mar.  1 863  ;  en- 
gaged at  Champion  Hill  16  May,  and  assaults 
of  Vicksburg  19-22  May,  1863;  resigned  31 
Dec.  1863. —  Cullum. 

Quincy,  Edmund,  jurist,  agent  for  Ms.  at 
the  court  of  Great  Britain,  b.  Braintree,  Ms., 
Oct.  24, 1681 ;  d.  London,  Feb.  23,  1738.  H.U. 
1699.  In  1718  he  was  app.  a  judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court ;  and  for  a  long  time  held  a  seat 
m  the  house  of  representatives,  as  also  in  the 
council;  and  was  col.  of  a  regt.  In  1737  he 
was  selected  as  an  agent  to  the  British  court 
for  the  purpose  of  procuring  a  decision  of  the 
controversy  respecting  the  boundary-line  be- 
tween Ms.  and  N.H.,  but  died  while  thus  em- 
ployed. The  Gen.  Court  testified  the  high  re- 
spect in  which  they  held  him  by  erecting  a  mon- 
ument to  his  memory  in  Bunhill  Fields.  Ed- 
mund his  son  (b.  1703,  d.  July  4,  1788;  H.U. 
1722;  merchant  of  Boston)  pub.  a  treatise  on 
"  Hemp  Husbandry,"  1765.  Father-in-law  of 
John  Hancock. 
Quincy,  Edmund,  polit.  and  miscell.  au- 


QUI 


748 


QUI 


thor,  b.  Boston,  Feb.  1,  1808.  H.U.  1827. 
Has  pub.  "  \7cnsley,  a  Story  without  a  Mor- 
al," 1854;  a  Memoir  of  his  father  Josiah 
(pres.  of  H.U.),  8vo,  18G7;  and  has  been  a 
frequent  contrib.  to  literary  periodicals  and 
political  newspapers.  He  was  long  a  promi- 
nent abolitionist ;  sec  of  the  American'and  Ms. 
Antislavery  Societies. 

Quincy,  Col.  John;  d.  July  13,  1767,  a. 
78.  H.U.  1708.  Son  of  Daniel,  and  grand- 
son of  Licut.-Col.  Edmund.  He  was  maj.,  and 
afterwards  col.,  of  militia;  40  years  a  repre- 
sentative and  councillor ;  and  long  speaker  of 
the  house.  When  that  part  of  Hraintree  in 
which  he  lived  was  incorporated,  the  Gen. 
Court  gave  it  the  name  of  Quincy.  His  pa- 
ternal estate  became  the  property  of  his  great- 
grandson,  John  Quincy  Adams. 

Quincy,  Josiah,  Jun.,  a  disting.  patriot, 
b.  Boston,  Feb.  23,  1744;  d.  Apr.  26,  1775. 
H.U.  1763.  Grandson  of  Judge  Quincy.  His 
father  Josiah,  a  Boston  merchant,  and  a^zealous 
friend  of  his  country,  d.  at  Braintree  in  1784, 
a.  75.  The  son  studied  law  two  years  with 
Oxenbridge  Thatcher,  and,  after  his  adm.  to 
the  bar,  soon  rose  to  distinction  in  his  profes- 
sion. In  Oct.  1769  he  m.  the  eldest  dau.  of 
Wm.  Phillips,  Esq. ;  and  in  the  following  year, 
having  previously  been  conspicuous  as  an  ar- 
dent writer  and  speaker  on  the  side  of  the  peo- 
ple, he  was  called  upon  to  defend,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  John  Adams,  the  perpetrators  of 
the  Boston  Massacre.  So  strong  was  the 
public  feeling  against  the  soldiers,  that,  notwith- 
standing the  approved  patriotism  of  their  de- 
fenders, they  incurred  much  odium  in  the  per- 
formance of  this  trying  duty.  Compelled  by 
ill-health  to  abandon  all  business,  he  embarked 
Feb.  8,  1773,  for  Charleston,  S.C.,  and  in  the 
ensuing  May  returned  home  by  land,  so  much 
benefited  as  to  be  able  to  resume  his  labors. 
In  May,  1774,  appeared  his  "  Observations  on 
the  Act  of  Parliament  commonly  called  the 
Boston  Port  Bill,"  &c.  In  Sept.  1774  he  went 
to  Eng.,  and  labored  unremittingly  while  in  Lon- 
don to  promote  the  interests  of  his  country,  be- 
coming intimate  with  the  principal  Whigs,  and 
maintaining  a  constant  corresp.  with  the  patriot 
leaders  at  home,  which,  together  with  his  interest- 
ing journal  and  the  tract  above  mentioned,  are 
contained  in  the  Memoir  written  by  his  son  Jo- 
siah in  1 825.  He  left  London,  March  1 6, 1775, 
contrary  to  the  counsel  of  his  physician,  grew 
worse  and  worse  during  the  voyage,  and 
breathed  his  last  when  in  sight  of  land,  at  the 
early  age  of  31.  Author  of  Reports  Sup. 
Court  Ms.  Bay,  1761-72,  edited  by  S.  M. 
Quincy,  8vo,  1865.  — <S'ee  Uft  of,  bu  his  Son, 
Svo,  1825. 

Quincy,  Josiah,  LL.D.,  statesman  and 
scholar,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Boston,  4  Feb. 
1772;  d.  Quincy,  Ms.,  1  July,  1864.  H.U. 
1790.  He  studied  law  under  Judge  Tudor; 
began  practice  in  Boston  in  1793 ;  was  a  State 
senator  in  1804;  M.C.  in  1805-13;  again  a 
State  senator  in  1815-20 ;  member  of  the  State 
Const.  Conv.  in  1820 ;  speaker  of  the  house  of 
Ms.  1820-1 ;  judge  of  the  Boston  Municipal 
Court  1822;  mayor  of  Boston  1823-9;  and 
pres.  of  H.U.  in  1 829-Aug.  1845.  As  a  Federal- 
ist, he  opposed  in  Congress  the  measures  of  the 


dominant  party  with  great  vigor,  speaking 
against  the  admission  of  La.  in  1811,  and  op- 
posing the  war  of  1812.  His  readiness  in  de- 
bate, earnestness  and  fervor  of  speech,  quickness 
of  wit,  and  powerful  satire,  made  him  a  con- 
stant thorn  in  the  side  of  the  administrations 
of  Jefferson  and  Madison.  As  a  judge  he  laid 
down  the  rule,  that  the  publication  of  the  truth, 
with  good  intentions,  and  for  a  justifiable  mo- 
tive, was  not  libellous.  Under  his  auspices, 
and  during  his  mayoralty,  great  improvements 
were  made  in  Boston,  and  the  Quincy  Market 
was  built.  His  efficient  management  of  H.U. 
left  it  highly  prosperous.  He  was  one  of  the 
first,  if  not  the  first,  among  Northern  men  to  de- 
nounce the  slaveholding  interest  as  a  rising 
and  dangerous  tyranny.  In  1856,  though  in 
his  85th  year,  he  spoke  and  wrote  in  advocacy 
of  the  election  of  Fremont  to  the  presidency. 
He  took  great  interest  in  the  progress  of  the 
war  for  the  Union,  which  he  viewed  as  the  most 
hopeful  sign  of  the  country's  future  he  had 
ever  seen,  and  predicted  from  the  date  of  its 
close  a  new  and  grander  era  of  national  great- 
ness. Author  of  a  "  Memoir  of  Josiah  Quincy, 
Jun.,"  1825 ;  "  History  of  Harvard  University," 
2  vols.  1840;  "  Speeches  in  Congress  and  Ora- 
tions;" "Life  of  J.  Q.  Adams,"  1858;  "His- 
tory of  the  Boston  Athenaum,"  1851  ;  "Es- 
says on  the  Soiling  of  Cattle,"  1859;  "Me- 
moir of  James  Grahame,"  1846;  "Journals 
and  Memoir  of  Maj.  Samuel  Shaw,"  1847  ; 
"Municipal  History  of  Boston,"  1852;  and 
Centennial  Address  on  the  200th  Anniv.  of 
Boston,  1830.  —  See  Life  by  his  Son  Edmund 
Quina/,  1867. 

Quincy ,  Jo  s  I A  H ,  Jun. ,  an  eminen  t  citizen  of 
Boston,  b.  Jan.  17, 1802.  H.U.  1821.  Son  of 
the  preceding.  He  became  a  counsellor-at-law ; 
member  of  the  city  council  1 833 ;  its  pres. 
1834-7  ;  pres.  of  the  senate  1842  ;  and  mayor 
of  Boston  1 845.  It  was  during  his  mayoralty, 
and  principally  by  his  means,  that  the  Cochitu- 
ate  water  was  brought  into  Boston,  —  the  most 
important  public  work  ever  executed  in  Boston, 
where  he  has  planned  and  forwarded  many  other 
important  improvements.  He  was  many  years 
treasurer  of  the  Western  Railroad  and  of  the 
Boston  Athenajum. 

Quincy,  Josiah  Phillips,  b.  Boston,  1830. 
H.  U.  1850.  Son  of  the  preceding.  Author 
of  "  Lyteria,"  a  dramatic  poem,  1856  ;  "  Char- 
icles,"  a  dramatic  poem,  1856.  Contributed  to 
Sartain's  and  Putnam's  Magazines  and  other 
periodicals. 

Quincy,  Samuel  Miller,  b.  Boston, 
1833.  H.U.  1852.  Bro.  of  preceding.  Member 
of  the  Boston  bar  ;  co  editor,  with  John  Lowell, 
of  the  Monthlif  Law  Reporter  until  May,  1860. 
Capt.  2d  Ms.  Vols.  May  24,  1861  ;  major,  Sept. 
17,  1862  ;  col.  Nov.  9,'l862  ;  resigned  June  2, 
1 863 ;  lieut.-col.  73d  U.S.  (colored)  Oct.  20, 1 863 ; 
col.  May.  24,  1864;  brev.  brig.-gen.  Has  pub. 
"  Reports  of  the  Superior  Court  of  the  Province 
of  Ms.  Bay,  1761-72,"  by  Josiah  Quincy,  jun., 
with  an  Appendix  upon  "  The  Writs  of  As- 
sistance," by  Horace  Gray,  jun.,  8vo,  1865. 

Quint,  Alonzo  Hall,  D.D.,  Cong,  clergy- 
man and  hist,  writer,  b.  Barnstead,  NIL,  Mar. 
22,1828.  D.C.  1846;  And.  Sem.  1852.  Pastor 
Mather  Church,  W.  Roxbury,  1853-63;  chap- 


QUI 


749 


RAl"^ 


lain  2d  Ms.  Regt.  1861-4;  pastor  North  Cong. 
Ch.,  N.  Bedford,  Ms.,  since  July  21,  1864.  He 
has  pub.  "  Army  Notes,  &c.,  1861-3,"  Boston, 
12mo,  1864;  "History  of  the  2d  Ms.  Regt.," 
1867.  A  proprietor  and  editor  of  the  Cong. 
Quarter/i/,  and  a  contrib.  to  the  N.  E.  Hist,  and 
Geneal.  Reg.  and  the  Dover  Enquirer ;  member 
of  the  Ms.  State  Board  of  Education,  1855-61. 

Quintard,  Charles  Todd,  D.  D.  (Col. 
Coll.  1853),  LL.D.,  grad.  M.D.  (U.  of  N.Y.) 
1846,  b.  Stamford,  Ct.,  22  Dec.  1824.  Became 
a  physician  of  the  N.Y.  Dispensatory,  1847; 
prof,  of  physiol.  and  anat.  Memphis  Med.  Coll. 
1851;  ord.  in  Pr.-Ep.  Ch.  1855;  and  became 
in  1858  rector  of  the  Ch.  of  the  Advent,  Nash- 
ville ;  consec.  bishop  of  Tenn,  Oct.  11,  1865. 
Author  of  "  A  Plain  Tract  on  Confirmation," 
"A  Preparation  for  Confirmation;"  and  in 
early  life  contrib.  largely  to  med.  periodicals. 
He  was  an  earnest  secessionist,  and  a  vol. 
chaplain  in  the  Confed  army.  —  History  of 
iStmnford. 

Qiliroga  (ke-ro'-ga),  Jose,  a  Spanish 
Jesuit,  b.  Galicia,  1707;  d.  1804.  Ab.  1745 
he  was  sent  by  the  King  of  Spain  to  explore 
Patagonia.  His  Journal  of  his  Voyage  was 
inserted  by  Charlevoix  in  his  "  History  of 
Paraguay." 

Quitman,  John  Anthony,  LL.D.  (La 
Grange  Coll.),  soldier  and  politician,  b.  Rhine- 
beck,  N.Y.,  Sept.  1,  1799;  d.  Natchez,  Mpi., 
July  17,  1858.  Son  of  Frederick  Henry, 
D.D.  (1760-1832),  Lutheran  pastor  of  Rhine- 
beck,  N.Y. ;  author  of  "  Treatise  on  Magic," 
1810;  "  Evangelical  Catechism,"  1814;  "  Three 
Sermons  on  the  Reformation,"  1817  ;  edited 
Hymn-Book  of  the  N.Y.  Synod,  1817.  The 
son  received  a  good  education ;  was  a  prof,  of 
law  in  Mt.  Airy  Coll.,  Pa.,  in  1819;  began  to 
practise  law  in  1820  at  Chillicothe,  O.,  but  in 
1823  settled  in  Natchez;  became  a  planter, 
and  was  disting.  at  the  bar  and  in  the  politics 
of  the  State  ;  chancellor  of  the  Superior  Court 
1828-31  and  1832-4;  member  of  the  State 
legisl.  in  1828-32,  and,  as  pres.  of  the  State  sen- 
ate in  1835,  was  gov.  pro  tern. ;  member  of  the 
State  Const.  Conv.  in  1831  ;  disting.  in  the 
Texan  struirgle  in  1836;  visited  Europe  in 
1839,  and  on  liis  return  was  app.  judge  of  the 
High  Court  of  Errors  and  Appeals.  App. 
brig.-gen.  of  vols,  by  Pres.  Polk,  July  1,  1846; 
maj.-gen.  Apr.  14,  1847.  He  received  a  sword 
from  Congress  for  gallantry  at  Monterey.  He 
was  subsequently  disting.  at  Chapultepec  and 
the  Belen  Gate,  and  was  app.  by  Gen.  Scott 
gov.  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  Gov.  of  Mpi.  1850- 
1  ;  M.C.  185.5-8,  and  at  the  head  of  the  mili- 
tary committee.  He  was  a  devoted  adherent 
of  Calhoun  and  his  political  doctrines,  and  a 
leader  of  the  party  favorable  to  the  annexation 
of  Cuba.  He  was  a  man  of  high  character  and 
spotless  integrity.  —  See  Life  and  Corresp.  hi/ 
J.  F.  H.  Claiborne,  2  vols.  1*860. 

Raburn,  William,  gov.  of  Ga.  1817-19, 
b.  Halifax  Co.,  N.C.,  Apr.  8,  1771  ;  d.  Han- 
cock Co.,  Ga.,  Oct.  23,  1819.  He  removed  to 
Ga.  at  the  age  of  15,  where,  with  slight  educa- 
tional advantages,  he  rose  to  the  highest  honors 
of  the  State.  Judge  of  the  Inferior  Court,  and 
a  member  of  the  Assembly  and  Senate. 

Hadford,  William,  Vear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 


Va.  Midshipm.  Mar.  1,  1825;  lieut.  Feb.  9, 
1837;  com.  Sept.  14,  1855;  capt.  July  16, 
1862;  commo.  April  24,  1863;  rear-adm.  July 
25,  1866.  Com.  the  party  that  cut  out  "  The 
Malek  Adel,"  a  Mexican  ve,ssel-of-war,  at  Mazat- 
lan  in  1847;  com.  "  The  Cumberland  "in  1861, 
and  was  on  court-martial  duty  at  Old  Point 
when  she  was  sunk  by  "  The  Merrimack ;  " 
com.  "  The  New  Ironsides,"  and  iron-clad  divis- 
ion of  Porter's  squadron  at  the  two  attacks  on 
Fort  Fisher  in  Dec.  1864  and  Jan.  1865.  He 
com.  the  European  squadron  in  1869-70. — 
Hamershj. 

Hae,  John,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  arctic  explorer, 
b.  in  the  Orkneys.  Took  a  surgeon's  diploma  at 
Edinburgh,  and  entered  the  service  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Co.,  as  a  surgeon,  in  1833.  He 
made  many  extensive  journeys  and  explora- 
tions; accomp.  Sir  J.  Richardson,  in  1848,  in 
a  search  for  Sir  John  Franklin;  and  in  1850 
was  placed  by  the  H.  B.  Co.  in  charge  of  a 
similar  exped.  During  an  exped.  to  Repulse 
Bay  in  1853-4,  he  discovered  anew  river,  which 
falls  into  Chesterfield  Inlet ;  and  in  the  follow- 
ing spring  disting.  himself  as  the  first  discov- 
erer of  the  fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin's  party. 
He  had  travelled  1,100  miles,  including  a  pre- 
liminary journey,  when  he  made  this  important 
discovery,  for  which  he  received  the  govern- 
ment reward  of  £10,000  sterling.  In  1852  he 
received  the  founder's  gold  medal  of  the  Royal 
Geog.  Society  of  London,  and  is  an  honorary 
member  of  various  learned  and  scientific  bodies. 
He  was  in  1861  on  an  expedition  to  visit  Red 
River  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  He  has  pub. 
a  work  exposing  the  fallacies  of  free  trade, 
8vo,  1834  ;  "  Exped.  to  the  Arctic  Sea  in  1846- 
7,"  8vo,  London,  1850.  —  Morgan. 

Ila£f,  George  Wertz,  late  probate  judge 
of  Stark  Co.,  O.,  b.  there  1825.  Author  of 
"  Guide  to  Executors  and  Administrators  in 
Ohio,"  1859  ;  "  Manual  of  Pensions,  Bounties, 
and  Pay,"  1862;  "Law  of  Roads  and  High- 
ways," 1863;  "War  Claimant's  Guide,"  8vo, 
1866. 

Rafinesque,  Constantinb  Smaltz,  bot- 
anist, b.  Galatz,  a  suburb  of  Constantinople, 
1784;  d.  Phila.  Sept.  18,  1842.  He  lost  his 
father  when  he  was  ab.  7  years  of  age ;  and,  to- 
gether with  abro.,  was  sent  to  the  U.S.  in  1802 
He  visited  Phila.,  where  his  taste  for  natural 
history  strongly  developed  itself;  travelled 
through  the  adjacent countr}^,  making  numerous 
collections  of  botanic  specimens;  and  in  1805 
went  to  Sicily,  where  he  pub.  "  The  Analysis 
of  Nature,"  in  the  French  language.  After 
losing  by  shipwreck  all  his  effects,  including 
his  books,  manuscripts,  and  drawings,  he  in 
1815  arrived  in  New  York;  but  in  1818  emi- 
grated to  the  West,  and  was  for  a  time  prof,  of 
botany  in  Transylv.  U.  at  Lexington,  Ky. ; 
travelling  also,  and  lecturing  elsewhere,  until 
he  finally  settled  in  Phila.  In  1 836,  after  a  life 
of  great  vicissitude,  which  was  marked  by  but 
a  small  amount  of  enduring  achievements  com- 
pared with  his  aims  and  hopes,  Rafinesque 
pub.  "  Life,  Travels,  and  Researches,"  which 
was  mostly  a  narrative  of  his  own  journeys  and 
observations.  He  ^ub.  8  numbers  of  the  Atlan- 
tlr  Journal  and  Friend  of  Knowledge,  begun  in 
the    spring    of   1832;  '"American    Florist," 


TULB- 


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R^L 


1832  ;  "  The  American  Nations,"  12mo,  1836; 
"  Ancient  Hist,  of  Ky.,"  &c.,  8vo,  1824 ;  "  Medi- 
cal Flora  of  the  U.S.,"  1828-30,  2  vols. ;  "  The 
World,"  a  poem,  8vo,  1836  ;  "  Safe  Banking," 
1837  ;  "The  American  Monuments  of  N.  and 
S.  America,"  8vo,  1838;  "Genius  and  Spirit 
of  the  Hebrew  Bible,"  1838;  "Pleasures  and 
Duties  of  Wealth,"  1840 ;  "  The  Good  Book," 
8vo,  1840.  His  "  Complete  Conchology,"  ed- 
ited by  Binney  and  Tryon,  was  pub.  Phila., 
Svo,  1864.— AUibone. 

Ilafn,  Carl  Christian,  P.D.,  a  Danish 
archaeologist,  b.  Brahesborg,  Island  of  Funen, 
Jan.  16,  1795;  d.  20  Oct.  1864.  Educated  at 
the  U.  of  Copenhagen,  of  which  in  1821  he 
was  made  an  assist,  librarian,  and  while  there 
undertook  a  general  revision  of  all  the  Icelandic 
and  Norwegian  MSS.  yet  unpub.  belonging  to 
the  collection.  Through  his  efforts  the  So- 
ciety of  Northern  Antiquities  was  founded, 
which  has  pub.  more  than  70  vols,  on  the  hist, 
and  antiquities  of  the  North.  His  "  Antiquitates 
Americance  seu  Scriptores  Septentrional es  Rerum 
Antp-Cohimhianorum  in  America"  (Copenhagen, 
1837)  attempts  to  prove  that  the  Scandinavians 
discovered  America  in  the  10th  century,  and 
subsequently  effected  settlements  in  what  is 
now  Ms.  and  R.I.  An  important  sequel  to 
this  work  is  "  The  Historical  Monuments  of 
Greenland,"  3  vols.  1838-45.  Of  his  ''Antiqui- 
ties Russris"  2  vols.  app.  in  1850-2.  As  sec.  of 
the  Society  for  Northern  Antiquities,  he  pre- 
pared various  works  for  the  press,  and  also 
translated  and  edited  ofher  works.  —  Appleton. 
Raguet,  CoNDY,  LL.D.  (St.  Mary's  Col- 
lege, Bait.),  merchant  and  political  economist, 
b.  Phila.  Jan.  28,  1784;  d.  there  March  22, 
1842.  U.  of  Phila.  He  studied  law,  but,  en- 
tering a  counting-house,  was  at  the  age  of  20 
sent  to  St.  Domingo  as  supercargo  of  a  vessel. 
On  his  return  from  a  second  voyage  thither  in 
1805,  he  pub.  "  A  Short  Account  of  St.  Domin- 
go, and  a  Circumstantial  Account  of  the  Mas- 
sacre there."  Embarking  in  1 806  in  business 
on  his  own  account,  he  was  prosperous,  became 
one  of  the  founders  and  managers  of  the  Phila. 
Saving  Fund,  pres.  of  the  Pa.  Life-Annuity 
Co.,  and  also  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce. 
He  took  an  active  part  during  the  war  of  1812 
in  concerting  measures  for  the  defence  of  the 
city  ;  and  was  in  1815  a  member  of  the  Assem- 
bly, and  subsequently  of  the  State  senate.  In 
1822  he  was  app.  consul  at  Rio  Janeiro  ;  soon 
afterwards  was  intrusted  with  the  negotiation 
of  a  commercial  treaty  with  Brazil,  to  which  he 
was  the  first  charge  d'affaires,  and  remained 
there  5  years.  After  his  return  to  the  U.S.,  he 
became  the  editor  of  several  journals  devoted 
to  the  advocacy  of  the  doctrines  of  free  trade, 
and  was  a  contrib.  to  the  Portfolio;  member 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  He  pub.  "Principles  of 
Free  Trade,"  Svo,  1836  ;  and  "A  Treatise  on 
Currency  and  Banking,"  in  1839,  repub.  in 
Lond.,  also  translated  into  French,  and  pub. 
in  Paris  in  1840.  —  IlunVs  Merck.  Man.,  vii. 
542.  ^ 

Rains,  Gabriel  James,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b. 
N.C.  West  Point,  1827.  Entering  the  7th 
Inf.,  he  became  capt.  Dec.  25,  1837  ;  brev.  maj. 
for  gallantry  in  action  with  the  Seminoles  near 
Fort  King,  Fla.,  April  28,  1840,  where  he  com. 


and  was  severely  wounded;  maj.  4th  Inf.  Mar. 
9,  1851  ;  in  Nov.  1855  was  app.  by  the  acting 
gov.  brig.-gen.  Washington  Terr.  Vols. ;  lieut.- 
col.  5th  Inf.  5  June  1860;  resigned  July  31, 
1861.  At  the  battle  of  Wilson's  Creek,  Aug. 
2,  he  was  in  com.  as  brig.-gen.  of  the  advance 
guard  of  the  army  which  fought  the  battle  of 
Aug.  10,  in  which  Gen.  Rains  com.  a  division. 
Disting.  at  Shiloh  and  at  Perryville. 

Rains,  James  Edward,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A., 
b.  Nashville,  Tenn.,  10  Apr.  1833  ;  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Stone  River  31  Dec.  1862.  Y.C. 
1854.  He  was  a  prominent  lawyer  and  Whig 
politician,  and  at  one  time  editor  of  its  organ 
in  Tenn.,  the  Doilij  Repub.  Banner.  Disting.  at 
Shiloh  and  at  Perryville.  Though  an  active 
Unionist  before  the  war,  he  then  resigned 
the  attorney-generalship  of  his  dist.,  took  com. 
of  a  regt.,  and  was  for  a  time  in  com.  at  Cum- 
berland Gap. 

Rainsborow,  Gen.  William,  a  parlia- 
mentary officer ;  killed  at  Doncaster,  Eng., 
1648.  He  resided  in  Charlcstown,  Ms.,  in 
1639;  had  an  estate  at  Watertown  in  1640; 
was  a  member  of  the  A.  and  H.  Art.  Co.  of  Bo.s- 
ton,  and  was  a  relative  of  the  AVinthrops.  Re- 
turning to  Eng.  in  1644,  he  was  app.  capt.  of  a 
troop  of  horse  intended  for  Ireland;  and  in 
1646  gov.  of  Worcester.  He  was  highly  fa- 
vored by  Cromwell ;  was  col.  of  a  regt.  in  which 
Israel  Stoughton  was  lieut.-col.,  Nehemiah 
Bourne  major,  and  John  Leverett  capt.  He 
was  surprised  and  slain  at  his  quarters. 

Rale  (sometimes  erroneously  written 
RIle,  Ralle,  and  Rasles),  Sebastien,  a 
French  missionary  to  the  Indians,  b.  Franche 
Comte,  1658;  killed  at  Norridgevvock,  Me., 
Aug.  12,  1724.  Joining  the  Jesuits,  he  for  a 
time  taught  Greek  at  the  Coll.  of  Nismes.  He 
came  to  Quebec  in  Oct.  1689;  was  first  sta- 
tioned at  the  Abenaki  Mission  of  St.  Francis, 
near  the  falls  of  the  Chaudiere,  then  in  the 
Illinois  country ;  and  finally  at  Norridgewock, 
on  the  Kennebec,  as  early  as  1695.  Raleaccomp. 
the  Indians  on  all  their  hunting  and  fishing  ex- 
cursions, and  obtained  great  influence  over  the 
Abenakis.  The  English  accused  him  of  insti- 
gating the  forrays  of  the  savages  upon  the  settle- 
ments along  the  coast,  and  seta  price  upon  his 
head.  His  church  was  burned  in  1705,  and  a 
second  exped.  (in  1722)  pillaged  his  cabin  and  the 
church,  which  had  been  rebuilt,  carrying  off, 
amongotherpapers,  his  Dictionary  ofthe  Al)ena- 
ki  Language,  which  is  now  preserved  in  the  libra- 
ry of  Harv.  Coll.,  and  has  been  printed  in  the 
Memoirs  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
with  an  introd.  and  notes  by  John  Pickering, 
4to,  1833.  In  1724  a  party  from  Fort  Rich- 
mond surprised  Norridgewock,  killed  a  number 
of  the  Indians,  and  shot  Rale  at  the  foot  of  the 
mission  cross ;  7  chiefs  who  endeavored  to  pro- 
tect him  sharing  his  fate.  His  body  was  after- 
ward disgracefully  mutilated.  A  monument 
was  erected  to  his  memory  by  Bishop  Fenwick, 
29  Aug.  1833.— >See  Memoir  by  C.  Francis,  D.D., 
in  Sparks's  Amer.  Biug.,  2d  series,  vol.  7. 

Ralegh,  Sir  Walter,  soldier,  statesman, 
and  writer,  b.  Budleigh,  Devon,  Eng.,  1552  ;  d. 
18  Oct.  1618.  Educated  at  Oxford.  In  1569- 
75  he  fought  for  the  Huguenots  in  France ;  and 
in  1576-9,  under  Sir  John  Norris,  in  the  Low 


TIAJL, 


751 


ram: 


Countries.    In  1579  he  set  out  with  Sir  Hura- 

Shrey  Gilbert,  his  half-bro.,  on  an  exped.  to 
rewfoundland;  but  it  was  frustrated  by  a  Span- 
ish fleet.  He  next  served  in  Ireland.  From 
another  exped.  to  Newfoundland  with  Gilbert, 
in  1 583,  he  was  forced  to  return  by  the  break- 
ing-out of  a  contagious  disease  on  board  his 
ship.  Ralegh  determined  to  plant  a  colony  in 
America,  obtained  an  extensive  patent,  sent 
out  two  ships  under  Barlow  that  brought  back 
good  cargoes,  and  sent  in  1585  a  second  exped. 
under  Greenville;  but  the  colony  was  badly 
governed,  and  returned  in  1 586.  Tobacco  and 
potatoes  were  introduced  into  Europe  by  these 
voyages.  Wisely  determining  to  found  an  agri- 
cultural colony,  in  April,  1587,  he  sent  a  large 
body  of  emigrants,  with  their  wives  and  families, 
to  make  a  settlement  in  Chesapeake  Bay.  Grant- 
ing them  a  charter,  and  app.  a  municipal  govt, 
for  the  city  of  Raleigh,  he  intrusted  the  ad- 
ministration to  John  White,  with  11  assistants. 
They  founded  their  city  on  the  site  of  the  old 
settlement  at  Roanoke  Island,  and  sent  back 
for  re-enforcements.  They  never  came ;  and  2 
of  Ralegh's  ships  were  taken  by  the  French. 
His  means  were  exhausted,  and  the  colonists 
all  perished.  Having  expended  £40,000  in  his 
efforts  at  colonization,  Ralegh  in  1589  formed 
under  his  patents  a  company  of  "  Merchants 
and  Adventurers"  to  continue  them.  After 
receiving  many  marks  of  royal  favor,  he  in  1589 
accomp.  the  expelled  king  of  Portugal  in  his 
attempt  to  re-instate  himself,  but  rendered  him- 
self obnoxious  by  taking  bribes  for  the  exertion 
of  his  influence.  In  Feb.  1595  he  made  an 
exped.  to  Guiana,  and  reached  the  great  River 
Orinoco.  In  1596  he  had  a  naval  command 
under  Essex  in  the  attack  on  Cadiz,  but  became 
his  enemy,  and  promoted  his  downfall  and  exe- 
cution. He  was  deprived  of  his  posts  by  James  I., 
and,  upon  suspicion  of  being  implicated  in  a 
conspiracy  to  place  Arabella  Stuart  upon  the 
throne,  was  declared  guiJty  of  high  treason, 
and  was  12  years  confined  in  the  Tower,  during 
which  period  he  composed  his  "  History  of  the 
World."  To  retrieve  his  fortunes,  he  under- 
took a  settlement  in  Guiana,  but,  having  at- 
tacked the  Spanish  settlement  of  St.  Thomas, 
offended  King  James,  who  was  then  seeking  the 
hand  of  the  infanta  for  his  son  Charles,  and 
who,  upon  his  return,  caused  his  arrest  and  trial, 
which  resulted  in  sentence  of  death,  and  his 
speedy  execution. 

Hall,  or  Rahl,  a  Hessian  col.  in  the  British 
service ;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Trenton,  Dec.  26, 
1776.  He  had  seen  service  in  the  seven-years' 
war,  and  with  his  regt.  (de  Rati)  formed  part 
of  the  contingent  hired  of  the  elector  of  Hesse 
Cassel  by  George  III.,  and  landed  at  Staten  Is- 
land in  Jnne,  1776.  He  took  part  in  the  battle 
of  White  Plains,  in  the  capture  of  Fort  Wash- 
ington, where  he  was  particularly  disting., 
and,  after  the  Americans  evacuated  N.  J.,  was 
placed  in  com.  of  an  advanced  post  at  Trenton. 
Here  he  was  surprised  and  slain  on  the  morn- 
ing after  Christmas. 

Ralph,  James,  polit.  writer,  b.  Phila. ;  d. 
Chiswick,  Eng.,  24  Jan.  1762.  He  was  a 
schoolmaster,  and  went  to  Eng.  with  Franklin 
in  1724  as  a  literary  adventurer,  leaving  behind 
him  his  wife  and  child.    In  1728  he  pub.  a 


poem  entitled  "  Night,"  which  Pope  alludes  to 
m  "  The  Dunciad."  He  wrote  plays  and  politi- 
cal pamphlets,  attaching  himself  to  the  party  of 
Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales,  and  received  a  pen- 
sion from  George  III.  Author  of  "  Use  and 
Abuse  of  Parliaments,"  2  vols.  8vo ;  "  Hist,  of 
Eng.  during  the  Reigns  of  Charles  II.,  James 
II.,  William  III.,"  &c.,  2  vols,  fol.,  &c.  —  See 
Franklin's  Autobiography. 

Ralston,  Samuel,  D.D.  (Wash.  Coll. 
1822),  b.  Donegal  Co.,  Ireland,  1756;  d.  Car- 
roll, Pa.,  Sept  25,  1851.  U.  of  Glasgow.  Ho 
came  to  America  in  1794,  and  in  1796  took 
charge  of  the  congregations  of  Mingo  Creek 
and  Williamsport,  continuing  there  till  he  d. 
Author  of  "  Baptism,  a  Review  of  Campbell 
and  Walker's  Debate ;  "  *'  A  Brief  Examina- 
tion of  the  Prophecies  of  Daniel  and  John," 
1842;  "The  Seven  Last  Plagues,"  1842;  "De- 
fence of  Evangelical  Psalmody,"  1844. — 
Sprague. 

Ramage,  Adam,  inventor  of  the  Ramage 

Erinting-press,  a  native  of  Scotland,  who  came 
ere  about  the  year  1800;  d.  Phila.  July  9, 
1850,  a.  80.  His  improvement,  the  first  that 
was  made  in  the  printing-press  of  a  century 
ago,  consisted  in  a  modification  of  the  shape 
of  the  screw,  and  to  this  day  is,  for  some  puj:- 
poses,  the  best  that  has  been  invented. 

Ramirez,  Rt.  Rev.  Francisco,  D.D., 
bishop  of  Caradro,  and  vicar  apostolic  of  Ta- 
maulipas,  Mexico,  b.  Mexico,  1823  ;  d.  Brazos 
Santiagos,  Texas,  July  18,  1869.  Educated  a 
priest,  he  took  an  active  part  against  Juarez, 
and  while  in  Europe  was,  through  the  influence 
of  the  archbishop  of  Morclia,  made  a  bishop. 
Attaching  himself  to  the  Emperor  Maximilian, 
he  was  his  almoner,  and  subsequently  cabinet 
councillor.  He  was  a  true  friend  of  the  Mexi- 
can race.  On  the  dowwnfall  of  the  emperor,  he 
escaped  to  Texas,  where  he  lived  in  obscurity 
and  want, 

Ramsey,  Alexander,  M.D.,  anatomist, 
b.  Eng.  ab.  1754;  d.  Parsonsfield,  Me.,  Nov. 
24,  1824,  of  the  bite  of  a  rattlesnake  two  years 
before.  He  had  resided  long  in  the  U.S.  as  a 
lecturer  on  anatomy  and  physiolof^y.  He  pub. 
"  Anatomy  of  the  Heart,  Cranium,  and  Brain," 
2ded.,  Edinb.,  1813;  "  Plates  on  the  Brain," 
4to,  Lond.  1812. 

Ramsey,  Alexander,  statesman,  b.  near 
Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Sept.  8,  1815;  clerk  in  the 
office  of  the  register  of  Dauphin  Co.  in  1838  ; 
clerk  of  the  Pa.  h.  of  representatives  in  1841  ; 
M.C.  1843-7;  chairman  of  the  State  central 
committee  in  1848  ;  gov.  of  Minn.  Terr.  1849- 
53,  and  negotiated  treaties  by  which  the  govt, 
secured  large  tracts  of  lands  from  the  Sioux 
Indians  ;  made  treaties  with  the  Chippewas ; 
mayor  of  the  city  of  St.  Paul  in  1855  ;  gov.  of 
Minn.  1860-4;  and  U.S.  senator  in  1863-9. 

Ramsay,  David, M.D.  (Phila.  Coll.  1772), 
phvsician  and  historian,  b.  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa., 
2  Apr.  1749  ;  d.  Charleston,  S.C,  8  May,  1815. 
N.  J.  Coll.  1765.  His  father  was  an  Irish  emi- 
grant and  a  farmer.  He  was  for  two  years  tutor 
in  a  wealthy  family  in  Md.  Removing  to 
Charleston  in  1773,  he  soon  acquired  celebrity 
as  a  physician  ;  labored  zealously  with  his  pen 
in  the  cause  of  his  country  ;  was  a  leading 
member  of  the  S.C.  legisl.  in  1776-83 ;  served 


ram: 


752 


RAN- 


as  a  surgeon  in  the  army,  and  was  at  the  siege 
of  Savannah  ;  was  a  member  of  the  council ; 
and  on  the  capture  of  the  city  in  May,  1780, 
was  confined  11  months  at  St.  Augustine.  He 
disting.  himself  in  the  legisl.  by  opposing  the 
confiscation  acts ;  member  of  the  Old  Congress 
in  1782-6 ;  21  years  member  of  the  State  legisl., 
the  last  7  of  which  he  was  pres.  of  the  senate. 
During  the  progress  of  the  Revol.,  Dr.  Ramsay 
collected  materials  for  its  history;  and  his 
great  impartiality,  his  fine  memory,  and  his  ac- 
quaintance with  many  of  the  actors  in  it,  emi- 
nently qualified  him  for  the  task.  His  death  was 
occasioned  by  wounds  received  two  da^s  pre- 
vious from  the  pistol  of  a  maniac.  In  Jan. 
1787  he  m.  Martha,  dau.  of  Henry  Laurens, 
disting.  for  learning  and  piety,  b.  3  Nov.  1759, 
d.  10  June,  1811.  Among  his  writings  is  a 
"  History  of  the  Revol.  in  S.C,"  2  vols.  1 785  ; 
"  History  of  the  Amer.  Revol.,"  2  vols.  1790  ; 
"  Life  of  Washington,"  1801 ;  "  History  of 
S.C,"  1808;  "Memoirs  of  Martha  L.  Ram- 
say," 1811;  Medical  Register  for  1 802 ;  "  Means 
of  preserving  Health  in  Charleston ;  "  "  His- 
tory of  the  Indep.  Church  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
from  its  Origin  to  1814;  "  and  a  "  Hist,  of  the 
U.S.  to  1808,"  pub.  from  his  MS.,  with  con- 
tinuation by  Rev.  S.  S.  Smith,  3  vols.  1816. 
His  "  Universal  Hist.  Americanized  "  was  pub. 
in  8  vols.  1819.  He  also  pub.  "Oration,  4 
July,  1778;"  an  "  Oration  on  the  Acquisition 
of  Louisiana,"  1804;  and  "  Eulogium  on  Dr. 
Rush,"  1813. 

Kamsay,  George  D.,  brevt.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Va.  West  Point,  1820.  Entering 
the  art.,  he  became  capt.  of  ordnance  25  Feb. 
1835;  maj.  22  Apr.  1861  ;  lieut.-col.  3  Aug. 
1861  ;  col.  1  June,  1863;  brig.-gen.  and  chief 
of  ordn.  15  Sept.  1863  ;  retired  12  Sept.  1864  ; 
brev.  maj.  23  Sept.  1846  for  gallantry  at  Mon- 
terey ;  brev.  maj.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865  for  long 
and  faithful  services.  —  Cullum. 

Ramsay,  Col.  Nathaniel,  Revol.  pa- 
triot of  Md.,  bro.  of  David  the  historian  ;  d. 
25  Oct.  1817.  N.J.  Coll.  1767.  At  Mon- 
mouth he  with  his  regt.  checked  the  British 
column  until  Washington  could  rally  his  troops, 
and  fell  pierced  with  wounds.  Made  prisoner 
at  Charleston;  exchanged  14  December,  1780. 
Deleg.  of  Md.  to  the  Old  Congress  178.5-7. 

Ramseur,  StephenD.,  maj.-jren.  CS.A., 
b.  N.C  1837.  West  Point,  1860.  Died  21  Oct. 
1864  of  a  wound  received  at  Cedar  Creek,  Va., 
while  com.  a  division  under  Early. 

■Rand,  Asa,  Cong,  clergvman  and  editor, 
b.  Rin.lge,  N.H.,  Aug.  6,  1783  ;  d.  Ashburn- 
ham,  Ms.,  24  Aug.  1871.  D.C  1806.  Son 
of  Col.  Daniel,  an  early  settler  of  Rindge,  who 
d.  1811,  a.  69.  Ord.  at  Gorham,  Me.,  Jan.  18, 
1809;  edited  the  Christian  Mirror  at  Portland, 
Me.,  in  1822-5  ;  then  took  charge  of  the  female 
sem.  at  Brookfield.  In  July,  1826,  he  became 
editor  of  the  Boston  Recorder,  also  editing  the 
Youth's  Companion,  and  the  Volunteer,  a  reli- 
gious monthly.  Removing  to  Lowell  in  1833, 
he  was  connected  with  a  bookstore  and  printing- 
office,  and  pub.  the  Lowell  Observer,  weekly.  On 
the  restoration  of  his  health  in  1835,  he  re- 
turned to  his  chosen  vocation  of  preaching ; 
lectured  on  antislavery  in  Me.  and  Ms. ;  in 
Sept.  1837-42  he  ministered  in  Pompey,  N.Y. ; 


afterward  pastor  of  the  Presb.  church  in  Peter- 
borough, N.Y.  While  at  Gorham,  he  assisted 
in  conducting  a  religious  quarterly  pub.  at 
Portland  1814-18.  Mr.  Rand's  publications 
are,  besides  occas.  sermons,  a  vol.  of  "  Familiar 
Sermons,"  a  "  Review  of  Finney's  Sermon," 
"New  Divinity  Tried,"  a  vindication  of  the 
same,  and  a  letter  to  Rev.  Dr.  Beecher. 

Rand,  Benjamin  Howard,  M.D.,  b. 
Phila.  1827.  Jeff.  Med.  Coll.  1848.  Son  of 
B.  H.  Rand,  writing-master  in  Phila,  (1794- 
1862).  Prof,  of  chemistry,  Phila.  Med.  Coll., 
1853,  and  lecturer  on  chemistry  in  the  Frank- 
lin Institute  ;  prof,  of  chemistry  in  Jeff.  Med. 
Coll.  1864.  Author  of  "Med.  Chem.  for  Stu- 
dents," 1855;  "Elements  of  Med.  Chem.," 
1866.  Edited  Metcalfe's  "Caloric,"  2  vols. 
1859,  and  contrib.  to  med.  periodicals.  His 
sister  Marion  H.,  a  contrib.  of  poetry  to  peri- 
odicals, b.  1824,  d.  Grahamville,  S.C,  1849.  — 
See  Specimen  of  her  verse  in  Read's  and  also  in 
May's  Female  Poets  of  Amer. 

Rand,  Edward  Sprague,  Jun.,  b.  Bos- 
ton, Oct.  20,  1834.  H.U.  1855;  Camb.  Law 
School,  1857.  Law-partner  of  his  father,  E.  S. 
Rand,  a  disting.  lawyer  of  Boston.  Author 
of  "  Life-Memories  and  other  Poems,"  1859; 
"Flowers  for  the  Parlor  and  Garden,"  1863; 
"  Garden-Flowers,  How  to  Cultivate  Them," 
1866  ;  a  vol.  on  "  Greenhouse  Plants,"  and  on 
"  Orchids."  He  assisted  in  Flint's  edition  of 
Harris's  "  Insects  of  Ms.,"  edited  the  floral  dept, 
of  the  Homestead,  and  is  a  contrib.  to  many 
scientific  journals.  —  AUibone. 

Rand,  Isaac,  M.D.,  an  eminent  physician, 
b.  Charlestown,  Ms.,  Apr.  27, 1743;  d.  Boston, 
Dec.  11,  1822.  H.U.  1761.  He  studied  medi- 
cine with  his  father  Dr.  Isaac  of  Charlestown 
(1718-90),  and  settled  in  Boston  in  1 764.  Dis- 
ting. for  his  attainments  in  the  exact  sciences, 
he,  with  Samuel  Williams,  was  selected  to  ac- 
comp.  Prof.  Winthrop  to  Newfoundland  in 
1761  to  ohserve  the  transit  of  Venus.  He 
rose  rapidh  in  reputation,  and  in  a  few  years 
shared  largely  in  the  best  business  of  the  town. 
Pres.  of  the  Ms.  Med.  Soc,  1798-1804.  He 
pub.  essays  on  the  Yellow  Fever  of  1798,  and 
on  Hydrocephalus  Intemus,  written  in  1785, 
as  well  as  a  discourse  on  the  Use  of  the  Warm 
Bath,  and  Digitalis  in  Pulmonary  Consump- 
tion, delivered  in  1804  before  the  Med.  So- 
ciety. —  Thacher. 

Randall,  Alexander  W.,  politician,  b. 
Montgomery  Co.,  N.Y.,  Oct.  1819.  Received  a 
good  education ;  studied  law ;  went  to  Wiscon- 
sin in  1840;  practised  at  Waukesha,  of  which 
place  he  was  postmaster ;  in  the  legisl.  in  1854; 
judge  of  the  2d  dist.  1856 ;  gov.  of  Wis.  1857- 
61 ;  minister  to  Italy  1861-5 ;  U.S.  assist,  post- 
master-gen. 1865-6;  postmaster-gen.  1866-9. 

Randall,  Archibald,  lawyer  and  jurist; 
d.  Phila.  May  30,  1846,  a.  46.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1818,  he  practised  with  success  for  more 
than  25  years.  In  1834  he  was  app.  a  judge 
of  the  CC.P. ;  in  1842  he  was  raised  to  the 
bench  of  the  U.  S.  Dist.  Court  for  the  Eastern 
Dist.  of  Pa. ;  and  in  1844  he  presided  over  both 
the  Dist.  and  Circuit  Courts  of  Eastern  Pa. 
His  decisions  in  bankruptcy  are  in  Pa.  Law 
Journal,  1842-6,  5  vols.  8vo. 

Randall,  Henry  Stephens,  LL.D.,  b. 


TIJ^N 


753 


RAJl^ 


Madison  Co.,  N.  Y.,  1811.  Un.  Coll.  1830. 
Adm.  to  the  bar,  but  never  practised.  Sec.  of 
state  and  supt.  of  public  instruction,  N.Y.  1851. 
Author  of  "Sheep  Husbandry,"  8vo,  1849; 
"  The  Practical  Shepherd,"  8vo ;  "Life  of  Jef- 
ferson," 3  vols.  8vo,  1857;  "Fine-wool  Sheep 
Husbandry,"  8vo,  1863;  "First  Principles  of 
Popular  Education,"  &c.,  8vo,  1868.  Assoc, 
editor  of  Moore's  Rural  New-Yorker,  and  con- 
trib.  to  many  periodicals.  Author  of  a  number 
of  educational  reports. — Allibone. 

Randall,  John  Witt,  M.D.  (1839),  b. 
Boston.  II.U.  1834.  Member  of  the  scientific 
corps  in  Wilkes's  exploring  exped.  Has  pub. 
papers  on  nat.  hist,  in  the  "  Trans."  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  and  Boston  Nat.  Hist.  Soc. ;  "  Consola- 
tions of  Solitude,"  a  vol.  of  poems,  1856. 

Randolph,  Beverly,  member  of  Assem- 
bly during  the  Revol.,  and  gov.  of  Va.  1788- 
91;  Wm.andM.  Coll.  1771;  d.  Feb.  1797,  a.  43. 

Randolph,  Edmund,  statesman,  b.  Va. 
10  Aug.  1753;  d.  Frederick  Co.,  Va.,  12  Sept. 
1813.  Son  of  John,  atty.-gen.  of  Va.,  and  a 
loyalist  (b.  1728,  d.  Lond.  31  Jan.  1784),  con- 
sidered the  ablest  lawyer  in  Va.  Bro.  of  Pey- 
ton. Edmund  became  eminent  as  a  lawyer; 
was  a  warm  friend  of  the  Revol.;  Aug.  15, 
1775,  became  aide  to  Washington ;  was  the  del- 
egate of  Williamsburg  to  the  conv.  of  May, 
1 776  ;  became  atty.-gen.  of  the  State  in  July ; 
delegate  to  Congress  in  1779-82;  gov.  of  Va. 
1786-8;  member  of  the  conv.  that  formed  the 
Federal  Const.,  and  introduced  what  was  called 
the  "  Va.  Plan ; "  voted  against  the  instrument, 
but  in  the  Va.  conv.  urged  its  acceptance;  U.S. 
atty.-gen.  1789-96;  U.S.  sec.  of  state  1794-Aug. 
1795,  having  lost  the  confidence  of  the  admin- 
istration in  consequence  of  an  intrigue  with  the 
French  minister.  He  was  disinherited  by  his 
father  for  refusing  to  adhere  to  the  royal  cause. 
His  person,  mode  of  speaking,  and  the  cast  of 
his  eloquence,  are  described  by  Wirt  in  his 
"  British  Spy."  He  m.  the  dan.  of  R.  C.  Nich- 
olas. Author  of  "A  Vindication"  of  his  res- 
ignation, 8vo,  1795. 

Randolph,  Edward,  an  agent  sent  from 
Great  Britain  to  ascertain  the  condition  of  the 
N.  Eng.  Colonies,  and  who  gave  them  great 
trouble  by  his  hostility  to  their  interests ;  came 
to  Boston  in  1676,  and  vras  the  principal  means 
of  depriving  Ms.  of  her  charter.  He  M'as  a 
member  of  the  council  during  the  govt,  of  An- 
dros,  and  in  1689  was  imprisoned  with  him  as 
a  traitor.  Subsequently  released,  he  went  to 
the  West  Indies,  where  he  died. 

Randolph,  George  Wythe,  politician, 
b.  Edge  Hill,  Va.,  ab.  1802 ;  d.  Albemarle  Co., 
Va.,  Apr.  4,  1867.  Son  of  Gov.  Thos.  M.  He 
was  a  grandson  of  Jefferson.  Entered  the  na- 
vy at  the  age  of  13 ;  attained  a  lieutenancy, 
which  he  resigned ;  began  to  practise  law  at 
Charlottesville  in  1845,  and  at  Richmond  in 
1850.  lie  was  considered  a  leader  in  the  seces- 
sion war  in  Va. ;  was  a  major  at  Bethel,  and 
for  gallantry  there  was  made  a  brig.-gen.;  sec. 
of  war  for  the  Confed.  Mar.  17-Nov.  17,  1862. 
Resuming  the  practice  of  law,  he  in  Dec.  1 863 
went  to  France  as  agent  for  the  Confed.  trcas. 
dept.,  and  returned  home  in  Sept.  1865  with 
shattered  health.  His  bro.,  T.  J.  Randolph, 
edited  the  Jefferson  Papers. 
48 


Randolph,  Jacob,  M.D.  (U.of  Pa.  1817), 
physician,  b.  Phila.  Nov.  25,  1796;  d.  ther§ 
Feb.  29,  1848.  Plis  ancestor  Edward  Fitz  Ran- 
dolph emig.  to  N.E.  in  1630,  and  afterward 
settled  in  N.  J.  His  father,  of  the  same  name, 
was  an  officer  of  the  4tli  Pa.  Rcgt.  in  the  Revo\ 
war.  Jacob  began  practice  in  Phila. ;  m.  the 
eldest  dau.  of  Dr.  Physiek  in  1 822  ;  and  soon 
attained  eminence  as  a  surgeon.  Surgeon  to 
the  almshouse  in  1830;  a  surgeon  of  the  Pa. 
Hospital  from  1835  to  his  death;  and  in  1847, 
after  having  been  some  time  lecturer  upon  clin- 
ical surgery  in  the  Pa.  U.,  was  made  prof,  of 
that  branch.  He  pub.  a  Memoir  of  Dr.  Phys- 
iek in  1839,  and  contrib.  many  valuable  papers 
to  medical  journals.  Member  of  the  American 
Philos.  Soc.  and  of  the  Coll.  of  Surgeons,  and 
a  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Phila.  Dispensary. 
—  Gross's  Amer.  Med.  Biog, 

Randolph,  John,  of  Roanoke,  orator,  b. 
Cawsons,  Chesterfield  Co.,  Va.,  2  June,  1773 ;  d. 
Phila.  24  May,  1833.  John  his  father  was  the 
son  of  Col.  Richard  of  Curies,  who  m.  Jane  Boil- 
ing, gr.-granddau.  of  Pocahontas,  and  who  was 
trcas.  of  the  Colony.  His  father  d.  in  1775, 
and  in  the  autumn  of  1778  his  mother  m.  St. 
George  Tucker.  In  1 784  he  was  sent  to  Ber- 
muda for  his  health,  which  was  much  improved 
there ;  and  he  passed  his  time  in  reading  the 
best  English  authors.  In  1787  he  studied  at 
N.  J.  Coll.,  and  in  1788-90  at  Col.  Coll.,  N.  Y. 
In  1799  he  entered  Congress  from  the  Charlotte 
Dist.,  which  he  represented  till  1829  with  the 
exception  of  4  years,  holding  in  1825-7  a  seat 
in  the  U.S.  senate.  He  was  a  Democ,  a  par- 
tisan of  State  rights,  and  a  political  friend  of 
Jefferson.  About  the  end  of  1804  he  Avas  app. 
chief  manager  of  the  impeachment  trial  of 
Judge  Chase ;  became  estranged  from  Jellerson 
about  1 806  ;  separated  from  his  political  asso- 
ciates ;  tried  to  defeat  the  election  of  Madison ; 
opposed  the  embargo  and  the  war  of  1812,  and 
was,  in  consequence,  defeated  in  the  election  of 
1813.  He  opposed  the  recharter  of  the  U.S. 
Bank  in  1816,  and  the  Mo.  Compromise  Bill 
of  1820,  because  it  prohil)ited  the  exttnaon  of 
slavery,  at  the  same  time  stigmatizing  the 
Northern  men  who  voted  for  it  as  "dough- 
faces." One  of  his  most  marked  efforts  was 
his  speech  in  1822  against  a  resolution  of  sym- 
pathy for  the  Greeks,  then  struggling  for  inde- 
pendence. In  1826,  after  the  app.  by  Pros.  Ad- 
ams of  Mr.  Clay  as  sec.  of  state,  he  insulted 
Clay  in  a  speech,  alludin,^  to  the  affair  as  a 
"combination  of  the  Puritan  with  the  black- 
leg." His  apologist  Garland  admits  that  "he 
indulged  in  language  of  the  grossest  personal 
insult."  In  the  duel  that  ensued,  Randolph's 
pistol  went  off  before  the  word :  Clay  fired  with- 
out effect,  and  his  adversary  then  threw  away 
his  fire.  He  supported  Jackson  for  the  presi- 
dency in  1828,  and  in  1830-1  was  minister  to 
Russia,  returning  home  in  feeble  health.  He 
sympathized  with  the  nullificrs  of  S.C.  He 
died  as  he  was  about  taking  passage  for  Europe. 
By  his  wi.l  he  manumitted  his  300  slaves,  mak- 
ing provision  for  their  support.  He  was  never 
married.  He  was  a  man  of  genius,  of  ready 
wit,  and  a  master  of  sarcasm  and  invective. 
"  He  was  like  an  Ishmaelite,"  says  Garland ; 
"  his  hand  against  every  man,  and  every  man's 


:rajn 


754 


RAlI? 


hand  a^^ainst  him."  His  personal  appearance 
and  voice  were  peculiar,  and  his  speeches  were 
more  fully  and  correctly  reported  than  those  of 
any  other  member  of  Congress.  —  See  Life  by 
Garland,  2  voLs.  1850 ;  Parton's  Famous  Amer- 
icans, 1 867  ;  Letters  of  John  Randolph  to  a 
Young  Relative,  1834. 

Handolph,  Peyton,  first  pres.  of  Con- 
gress, b.  Va.  1723;  d.  Phila.  Oct.  22,  1775. 
Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  He  went  to  Eng. ;  studied 
law  at  the  Temple ;  com.  practice  on  his  return ; 
and  in  1 748  was  king's  atty.-gen.  for  the  Colony; 
member  of  the  house  of  burgesses,  and  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  a  com.  to  revise  the  colo- 
nial laws ;  in  1 764  he  drcAv  up  an  address  from 
the  h.  of  burgesses  to  the  king  against  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Stamp  Act;  was  chosen  speaker  in 
April,  1766,  and  resigned  the  office  of  atty.-gen. 
He  was  prominent  in  all  the  measures  of  oppo- 
sition to  the  English  govt. ;  and  was  chairman 
of  the  com.  of  corresp.  in  1773,  which  by  its 
recommendations  brought  about  the  meeting  of 
the  first  Gen.  Cong,  at  Phila.  He  was  sent  a  del- 
egate to  that  assembly,  and  was  elected  its  first 
pres.  Sept.  5,  1774.  March  20,  1775,  he  pre- 
sided at  a  convention  of  delegates  assembled  at 
Richmond,  and  was  again  elected  to  Congress. 
He  resumed  his  situation  as  speaker  of  the  h. 
of  burgesses  for  a  short  time  in  May,  and  re- 
turned to  Congress  after  its  adjournment ;  but 
a  stroke  of  apoplexy  soon  closed  his  patriotic 
career.  Bro.  of  John,  atty.-gen.  of  Va.,  and 
a  loyalist,  who  d.  London,  Jan.  1784,  a  56. 

Randolph,  Col.  Thomas  Mann,  gov. 
Va.  1819-22,  b.  Va. ;  d.  Monticello,  June  20, 
1828.  His  grandfather.  Col.  Wm.  of  Tucka- 
hoe,  d.  1745,  in  which  year  his  father  was  born. 
He  m.  a  dau.  of  Pres.  Jefferson ;  was  app.  col. 
20th  Inf.  March  3,  1813;  and  was  M.C.  from 
Va.  in  1803-7,  and  a  member  of  the  Va.  legisl. 
His  father,  T.  M.  Randolph ,  was  a  member  of 
the  Va.  conv.  of  1775  from  Goochland,  and  a 
member  of  the  committee  of  safety. 

Ranney,  Rurus  Percival,  jurist,  b. 
Blandford,  Ms.,  30  Oct.  1813.  Ilis  early  edu- 
cation was  limited.  He  worked  on  his  father's 
farm  in  Freedom,  Portage  Co.,  0.;  attended  a 
coll.  at  Pludson  for  a  short  time ;  studied  law ; 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  1838 ;  became  a 
partner  of  B.  F.  Wade  in  1839;  member  of 
the  0.  Const.  Conv.  of  1850,  and  prominent  in 
its  debates;  judge  of  the  Sup.  Ct.  of  0.  1851-6 
and  1862-4;  U.S.  dist.-atty.  of  Ohio  1857;  re- 
moved to  Cleveland  in  1857  ;  and  in  1859  was 
the  unsuccessful  Democ.  candidate  for  gov.  of 
Ohio.  His  bro.  John  L.,  a  disting.  lawyer  of 
Ohio,  b.  14  Nov.  1815,  d.  Ravenna,  22  Feb. 
1866.  —  ^.  T.  Goodman. 

Ransom,  Gen  .Thomas  Edward  Green- 
field, b.  Norwich,  Vt.,  Nov.  29,  1834;  d. 
Rome,  Ga.,  Oct.  29,  1864.  At  12  he  entered 
the  Norwich  U.,  a  military  coll.  in  charge  of 
his  father.  He  was  taught  engineering.  Left  the 
U.  in  1851 ;  removed  to  Peru,  111. ;  was  a  civil 
engr.  and  land-agent  until  the  Rebellion  broke 
out,  when  he  became  major  11th  111.  Vols.,  and 
on  its  re-organization  licut.-col.  On  the  night  of 
Aug.  19,  in  a  brilliant  dash  on  Charleston,  Mo., 
he  was  severely  wounded.  He  led  his  regt.  at 
the  attack  on  Fort  Donelson,  where  he  was 
again  severely  wounded ;  Avas  promoted  to  col. ; 


and  was  wounded  in  the  head  at  Shiloh ;  in  Juno, 
1862,  he  became  chief  of  Gen.  McClcrnand's 
staff,  and  insp.-gen.  of  the  Army  of  Tcnn. ;  Oct. 
10  he  was  made  brig  .-gen.  vols. ;  in  Nov.  he  or- 
ganized a  successful  expcd.  against  Col.  Wood- 
ruffs Confed.  force  near  Gettysburg ;  disting. 
at  Vicksburg ;  he  led  a  division  during  the  Red- 
river  campaign,  and,  when  McClernand  was 
ill,  com  his  corps;  at  the  battle  of  Sabine 
Cross  Roads,  April  8,  1864,  he  was  severely 
wounded  in  the  knee.  Subsequently  assigned 
to  com.  the  4th  div.  16th  corps,  he  was  thence 
promoted  to  com.  the  1 7th  corps.  He  manifested 
m  his  brief  but  brilliant  career  great  military 
capacity. 

Ransom,  Truman  B.,  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  Vt. ; 
killed  Sept.  13, 1847,  at  the  head  of  his  regt.  in 
storming  Chapultepec  At  one  time  a  maj.- 
gen.  of  militia.  Pres.  of  Norwich  U.,Vt.  App. 
major  9th  Inf.  Feb.  16,  1847 ;  col.  March  16, 
1847. —  Gardner. 

RantOUl,  Robert,  Jun.,  lawyer  and  politi- 
cian, b.  Beverly,  Ms.,  13  Aug.  1805;  d.  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  7  Aug.  1852.  H.U.  1826.  Son 
of  Robert  (b.  Salem,  Ms.,  23  Nov.  1778;  d. 
Beverly,  24  Oct.  1858),  a  meml)er  of  the 
legisl.  in  1809-33,  excepting  in  1827;  of  the 
Const.  Convs.  of  1820  and  1853;  an  honest 
politician,  and  a  friend  of  temperance,  educa- 
tion, and  peace.  The  son  began  practice  at 
So.  Reading  in  1827  ;  removed  to  Gloucester 
in  1833,  and  in  1838  to  Boston,  and  had  a  very 
successful  career  at  the  bar.  Member  of  the 
legisl.  from  Gloucester  in  1833-7  ;  member  of 
the  Board  of  Education  from  1837,  devoting 
to  it  his  most  useful  labors  ;•  collector  of  the 
port  of  Boston  1843-5  ;  U.S.  dist.-atty.  for  Ms. 
in  1845  ;  U.S.  sen.  for  a  part  of  the  unexp.  term 
of  Mr.  Webster  in  1851 ;  and  M.C.  from  1851 
to  his  death.  He  was  an  ultra  reformer,  car- 
rying his  Democ.  principles  even  into  the  code 
of  jurisprudence ;  and  sympathized  with  the 
masses,  with  whom  he  was  exceedingly  popu- 
lar. He  pub.  an  address  to  the  working-men ; 
made  a  report  and  speech  in  the  legisl.  on  cap- 
ital punishment;  and  delivered  speeches  against 
the  Fugitive-slave  Law,  and  on  other  exciting 
topics.  He  wrote  with  great  force  and  clear- 
ness for  the  period,  press.  A  vol.  of  his  writ- 
ings, with  a  Memoir,  was  pub.  by  Luther  Ham- 
ikon,  8vo,  1854. 

Raphall,  Rev.  Morris  Jacob,  Ph.  Dr., 
pastor  of  the  Cong.  "Bnai  Jeshurun,"  b. 
Stockholm,  Sept.  1798;  d.  New  York,  June 
23,  1868.  Educated  at  the  Jewish  Coll.  in 
Copenhagen,  he  went  to  Eng.  in  1812;  stud- 
ied at  the  U.  of  Geissen  from  1821  to  1824; 
returned  to  Eng.  in  1825;  and  in  1834  began 
the  Hebrew  Revieiv,  the  first  Jewish  periodical 
pub.  in  Eng.  In  1840,  during  the  persecution 
of  the  Jews  in  Syria,  he  v/as  sec.  to  the  chief 
rabbi  in  Eng.  In  conjunction  with  Dr.  Sola, 
he  translated  18  treaties  of  the  "Mishna."  In 
1841  he  was  app,  rabbi  of  the  Birmingham 
Synagogue,  and  concerned  in  the  building  of 
the  Hebrew  National  School.  He  afterward 
pub.  a  number  of  treatises  in  defence  of  Juda- 
ism. In  1847  he  wrote  an  address  to  the  elect- 
ors of  London,  contributing  greatly  to  the 
election  of  Rothschild  to  parliament;  in  1849 
he  came  to  the  U.S.,  and  was  called  to  ihu 


TIJLP 


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TIASW 


Greene-st.  Synagogue,  afterward  to  that  of 
West  34th  St.  He  transhued  "  Maimonides," 
"The  Book  of  Principles,"  some  works  on 
ethics,  and  portions  of  the  Bible ;  and  pub. 
"The  Festivals  of  the  Lord,"  1840;  "Devo- 
tional Exercises  for  the  Daughters  of  Israel ;  " 
"  The  Path  to  Immortality,"  1859  ;  "  The  Bible 
Viewof  Slavery,"  1861  ;  "Judaism  Defended," 
8vo,  1849;  "Post  Biblical  History  of  the 
Jews,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1856.  On  leaving  Birming- 
ham in  1849,  a  purse  of  100  sovereigns  was 
presented  to  him  by  the  mayor  and  principal 
inhabitants,  with  an  address  acknowledging 
his  eminent  services  in  the  cause  of  education 
and  to  the  public  institutions  of  the  city. 

Happ,  George,  the  founder  of  the  Har- 
mony Society,  Economy,  Pa.,  b.  Wurtemberg 
in  1770;  d.  Aug.  9,  1847.  In  his  youth  he 
believed  that  he  had  experienced  a  divine  call, 
and  that  he  was  charged  with  the  restoration 
of  the  Christian  religion  to  its  original  purity. 
He  did  not  long  confine  himself  to  spiritual 
matters,  but  formed  the  plan  of  a  community 
organized  on  the  model  of  the  primitive  church, 
with  goods  in  common.  Being  hindered  in 
this  project  by  the  State,  he  emig.  to  Amcr.  in 
1803  with  a  band  of  followers  of  his  own  pecu- 
liar religious,  social,  and  political  views.  They 
first  settled  in  Butler  Co.  in  1805  ;  from  there 
they  removed  in  1815  to  the  Wabash,  and  built 
the  village  of  New  Harmony,  which  was  pur- 
chased in  1824  by  Robert  Owen ;  andRapp  and 
his  followers  established  themselves  at  Econo- 
my, Pa.  They  own  3,500  acres  of  land,  and 
carry  on  the  manuf.  of  wool,  cotton,  silk,  and 
flour. 

Rarey,  John  S.,  horse-tamer,  b.  Franklin 
Co.,  O.,  1828;  d.  Cleveland,  0.,  Oct.  4,  1866. 
At  an  early  age  he  displayed  tact  in  the  man- 
agement of  horses,  and  by  degrees  worked  out 
his  own  system,  gaining  profit  and  celebrity. 
In  1856  he  went  to  Texas,  and  on  his  return 
to  0.  began  to  give  public  exhibitions,  which 
he  extended  to  Europe.  One  of  his  greatest 
triumphs  was  in  Eng.  over  the  racing  colt 
"  Cruiser,"  which  was  so  vicious  that  he  had 
killed  one  or  two  grooms,  but  was  completely 
tamed  and  brought  to  America  by  Mr.  Rarey. 
In  1863  he  was  employed  by  govt,  to  inspect 
and  report  on  the  horses  of  the  Potomac  Army. 
Author  of  a  treatise  on  Horse-Taming,  repub. 
in  Eng.  in  1858. 

Hathbun,  Valentine,  b.  Stonington, 
Ct,  17  23,  was  a  clothier,  and  pastor  of  a  Baptist 
church  in  Pittsfield,  Ms.,  in  1772-80;  then 
joined  the  Shakers  in  Hancock,  but  left  them 
3  months  after,  and  pub.  against  them  "  Some 
Brief  Hints  of  a  Religious  Scheme,"  &c.,  Hartf., 
1781,  of  which  5  editions  were  issued.  His 
bro.  David  remained  with  them  4  years,  and 
in  1785  pub,  a  more  full  account  of  their  delu- 
sion. 

Bauch,  Frederick  Augustus,  D.D.,  b. 
Kirchbracht,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  1806  ;  d.  Mer- 
cersburg,  Pa.,  Mar.  2,  1841.  U,  of  Marburg, 
1827.  Prof. extraor.U. of Geissen,  1830.  Came 
to  America  in  1831  ;  prof,  of  German  in  Laf. 
Coll. ;  principal  of  the  high  school  of  York, 
and  then  of  Mercersburg  1832-6  ;  pres.  of  Mar- 
shall Coll.  1836-41.  Author  of  Psychology, 
1840;    "The    Inner  Life  of  the  Christian." 


Pub.  one  or  two  works  in  Germany,  and  left 
unfinished  a  work  on  ethics.  —  AUihone. 

Haum,  Green  B.,  soldier  and  politician, 
b.  Golconda,  111.,  Dec.  3,  1829.  With  a  com- 
mon-school education,  he  studied  law,  and 
practised  16  years,  acquiring  a  lucrative  busi- 
ness. An  antislavery  Democrat,  he  made  the 
first  war  speech  in  Southern  Illinois,  Apr.  23, 
1861,  at  Metropolis  ;  was  made  raaj.  46th  Regt. 
in  Sept. ;  participated  in  the  siege  and  subse- 
quent battle  at  Corinth,  where  he  led  his  regt.; 
was  made  col.  July  31,  1862;  brev.  brig.-gen. 
Aug.  1864;  brig.-gen.  Dec.  1864  ;  in  the  cam- 
paign of  Central  Mpi. ;  that  of  Vicksburg,  com. 
the  2d  brig.  7th  div.  17th  corps  at  its  surren- 
der; was  severely  wounded  at  Mission.  Ridge; 
rejoined  his  command  at  Huntsville,  Ala.,  Feb. 
15,  1864;  held  Resaca  against  Hood's  army; 
accomp.  Sherman  in  the  march  to  the  sea ;  and 
resigned  May  6,  186.5.     M.C  1867-71. 

Ravenscroft,  John  Stark,  D.D.,  bishop 
of  N.C.,  b.  Blandford,  Prince  George  Co.,  Va., 
1772;  d.  Raleigh,  Mar.  5,  1830.  Son  of  Dr. 
John,  who  removed  with  his  family  to  Great 
Britain  two  months  after  he  was  born.  He  re- 
turned to  Va.  at  the  age  of  16,  after  receiving  a 
good  classical  education  in  Scotland,  to  secure 
the  remains  of  his  father's  property.  Entered 
Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  with  a  view  to  the  study  of 
law;  m.  and  settled  in  Lunenburg  Co.,  Va. 
Becoming  a  member  of  the  Epis.  Church  in 
1815,  he  was  adm.  to  holy  orders  in  1817  ;  be- 
came minister  of  St.  James's  Church,  Mecklen- 
burg Co.,  where  he  labored  until  1823,  when  he 
was  elected  bishop  of  N.  C,  and  was  consec. 
May  22.  He  took  charge  of  the  congregation 
at  Raleigh,  which  in  1828  he  gave  up  for  that 
at  Williamsburg.  Two  vols,  of  his  sermons, 
with  a  Memoir,  were  pub.  8vo,  1830. 

Rawdon,  Francis,  Marquis  of  Hastings, 
a  British  gen.,  b.  9  Dec.  1754  ;  d.  28  Nov.  1826. 
Son  of  Earl  Moira.  Was  grad.  at  Oxford ; 
entered  the  army  in  1771  ;  embarked  for 
America  as  a  lieut.  5th  Foot  in  1775  ;  and 
at  Bunker's  Hill  received  two  shots  in  his  cap. 
He  became  aide  to  Sir  H.  Clinton;  disting. 
himself  at  the  battles  of  L.I.  and  White  Plains, 
the  attacks  on  Forts  Washington  and  Clin- 
ton ;  was  made  adj. -gen.  in  1778,  and  raised 
and  com.  a  corps  called  the  Volunteers  of  Ire- 
land. Disting.  himself  at  Monmouth,  he  was 
sent  with  a  small  army  to  S.  C. ;  effected  a 
junction  with  Lord  .CornwalHs.;  and  at  Cam- 
den, 16  Aug.  1780,  led  a.division.  After  Corn- 
wallis's  departure  for  Va.j  Rawdon  fortified 
himself  at  Camden.  At  the  battle  of  Hob- 
kirk's  Hill,  25  Apr.  1781,  he  attacked  Greene, 
and  compelled  him  to  retrep,t;  he  then  re- 
lieved Ninety-six,  and  took  post  at  Orange- 
burg. Rawdon's  last  act,  previous  to  leaving 
this  country,  was  his  ordering  the  execution  of 
Col.  Hayne,  —  a  cruel  and  unjustifiable  act,  for 
which  he  has  been  generally  condemned.  While 
on  his  return-voyage,  he  was  taken  by  the 
French,  and  carried  to  Brest;  March  5,  1783, 
he  was  made  a  baron,  and  aide-de-camp  to  the 
king;  in  Oct.  1789  he  succeeded  to  the  title 
of  his  uncle,  the  Earl  of  Huntington ;  and  in 

1793  became  Earl  Moira  and  a  maj.-gen. ;  in 

1794  he  served  under  the  Duke  of  York  in  the 
Netherlands.    Intrusted  in  1812  with  the  for- 


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raation  of  a  ministry,  he  was  rewarded  with 
the  order  of  the  Garter,  and  the  gov.-generalcy 
of  British  India,  which  he  held  9  years,  return- 
ing in  ill  health  in  1822;  in  March,  1824,  he 
was  made  gov.  and  com. -in-chief  of  Malta;  but, 
his  health  failin;,^  he  left  his  govt.,  and  died  on 
board  "  The  Revenge"  in  the  Bay  of  Bala. 

Rawle,  William, LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1827), 
an  eminent  jurist,  b.  Fhila.  April  28,  1759;  d. 
April  12,  1836.  After  pursuing  his  legal  stud- 
ies in  N.Y.,  Lond.,  and  Paris,  on  his  return,  in 
I  783,  he  established  himself  in  practice  in  Phila., 
where  he  passed  his  life,  disting.  for  scientific 
and  classical  as  well  as  legal  attainments.  In 
1789  he  was  elected  to  the  legisl.,  and  in  1791 
was  app.  by  AVashington  dist.-atty.  for  the 
State,  but  was  decidedly  averse  to  politics,  and 
resigned  in  1799.  He  was  an  active  member 
of  many  lit.  and  scientific  associations,  and  was 
tiie  first  pres.  of  the  Pa.  Hist.  Society,  to  whose 
printed  Colls,  he  made  repeated  contributions. 
In  1822  he  was  chosen  chancellor  of  the  Phila. 
bar,  before  whom  he  delivered  several  discourses, 
which  were  pub.  His  other  writings  comprise 
"  A  View  of  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.," 
and  a  New  Civil  Code,  prepared  by  a  commiss. 
appointed  to  revise,  collate,  and  digest  the  Pa. 
statutes.  A  Memoir  by  T.  J.  VVharton  was 
pub.  Phila.  8vo,  1840.  His  son  William, 
Jun.  (1789-1858),  pub.  several  vols,  of  Pa.  Re- 
ports, and  an  Address  before  the  Phila.  Law 
Acad.  1835.  William  Henry,  son  of  Wm., 
Jun.,  b.  Phila.  1823.  Author  of  "Law  of 
Covenants  for  Title,"  8vo,  3d  ed.  1860.  Editor 
of  J.  W.  Smith's  "  Law  of  Contracts,"  8vo, 
1853;  and  of  William's  "Law  of  Real  Prop- 
erty," 8vo,  1857;  "  Equity  in  Pa.,"  8vo,  1868. 
— 'Allibone. 

RawlingS,  Col.  Moses,  Revol.  oificer ;  d. 
Hampshire  Co.,  Va.,  May,  1809.  He  com.  a 
Md.  rifle  regt.  at  Fort  Washington,  and,  after 
a  brave  resistance,  was  captured  on  the  fall  of 
that  fort,  16  Nov.  1776. 

Rawlins,  Gen.  John  A.,  b.  Guilford,  111., 
Eeb.  13,  1831  ;  d.  Washington,  Sept.  6,  1869. 
He  was  a  farmer  and  charcoal-burner  until 
1854,  but  improved  every  opportunity  for  read- 
ing and  study.  He  studied  law  at  Galena ;  was 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1855,  an<l  practised  success- 
fully until  the  war  began.  Though  a  decided 
Democrat,  and  opposed  to  the  war,  yet,  when 
Sumter  fell,  he  gave  his  support  to  the  Govt., 
and  Sept.  15  went  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Gnmtas 
assistant  adj.-gen.  (rank  of  capt.).  Brig.-gen. 
Aug.  II,  1863;  brev.  maj.-gen.  Feb.  24,  1865; 
(hief  of  staff  to  the  lieut.-gen.  March  5,  1865 
(rank  of  brig.-gen.);  and  maj.-gen.  March  13, 
1865.  He  remained  upon  the  staff  of  his  chief 
through  all  the  trying  scenes  of  the  war  until 
the  victory  was  won  ;  and  was  sec.  of  war  from 
March  11,  1869,  until  a  few  days  before  his 
death. 

E-awson,  Edward,  Secretary  of  Ms.  1650- 
86,  b.  Gdliiigham,  Dorset,  Eng.,  April  16, 
1615;  d.  Boston,  Aug.  27,  1693.  He  was 
connected  by  marriage  with  the  two  great 
divines  of  N.E.,  Hooker  and  Wilson,  and  set- 
tled in  Newbury  ab.  1636.  He  represented 
that  town  in  the  Gen. 'Court  several  years.  He 
is  believed  to  have  been  one  of  the  authors  of  a 
small  book,  pub.  in  1691,  entitled  "  The  Revolu- 


tion in  N.  England  Justified,"  &c.,  signed  by 
"  E.R."  and  "  S.S."  Author  of  "  The  General 
Laws  and  Liberties  concerning  the  Inhabitants 
of  the  Ms.,"  &c.,  fol.  1660.  A  Memoir,  with 
Genealogical  Notices  of  his  Descendants,  by 
Sullivan  S.  Rawson,  was  pub.  8vo,  1849.  His 
son  Grindall,  minister  of  Mendon  (1680- 
1715,  H.  U.  1678,  d.  Feb.  6,  1715,  a.  56), 
preached  to  the  Indians  in  their  own  tongue, 
and  was  a  talented  and  benevolent  man.  He 
pub.  Election  Sermons,  Boston,  16mo,  1709. 

Ray,  Isaac,  M.D.,  physician,  b.  Beverlv, 
Ms.,  Jan.  1807.  Bowd.  Coll.  1827  (A.  M. 
1846).  He  commenced  practice  in  Portland, 
Me.,  in  1827.  In  1829  he  removed  to  East- 
port,  where  he  studied  insanity,  and  prepared 
his  treatise  on  "  The  Medical  Jurisprudence  of 
Insanity,"  1838,  the  5th  edition  of  which,  much 
enlarged,  is  announced  (1871)  as  in  press;  in 
1841  he  was  app.  supt.  of  the  State  Insane 
Hospital  at  Augusta,  but  in  1845  was  made 
supt.  of  the  newly-established  Butler  Hospital 
for  the  Insane  at  Providence,  R.I. ;  now  (1871 ) 
a  resident  of  Phila.  Dr.  Ray  has  been  a  fre- 
quent contrib.  to  medical  and  lit.  periodicals. 
Author  of  "  Conversations  on  Animal  Econ- 
omy," 1829;  "Education  in  Relation  to  the 
Health  of  the  Brain,"  8vo,  1851  ;  "Mental 
Hygiene,"  12mo,  1863;  "  Homicide,  Epilepsy," 
8vo  (from  Amer.  Jour.  Insan.  Oct.  1867). 

Ray,  Joseph,  M.  D.,  physician  and  in- 
structor, b.  Va.  Nov.  25,  1807;  d.  Cincinnati, 
April  17,  1855.  Self-educated,  he  became  at 
the  age  of  16  a  schoolmaster;  subsequently 
studied  at  Wash.  Coll.,  Pa.,  at  Athens  Coll., 
O.,  and  at  the  Ohio  Med.  College,  whence  he 
graduated,  and  became  a  surgeon  in  the  Cin- 
cinnati Hospital.  In  1834  Dr.  Ray  was  app. 
prof,  of  mathematics  in  Woodward  Coll. ;  and, 
on  its  re-organization  in  1851  as  a  high  school, 
he  became  its  principal.  During  the  last  five 
or  six  years  of  his  life,  he  was  pres.  of  the  board 
of  directors  of  the  House  of  Refuge  in  the  same 
city.  Author  of  several  standard  text-books 
of  arithmetic  and  algebra. 

Ray,  William,  poet,  b.  Salisbury,  Ct., 
Dec.  8,  1771 ;  d.  Auburn,  N.Y.,  1827.  With 
bat  little  education,  he  tried  teaching,  and,  en- 
gaging in  trade,  became  a  bankrupt.  He  then 
joined  the  frigate  "  Philadelphia"  in  1803,  and 
was  made  a  prisoner  off  the  harbor  of  Tripoli 
by  the  Turks  when  that  vessel  ran  aground, 
Oct.  31,  and  detained  for  more  than  a  year  and 
a  half.  During  the  war  of  1812  he  was  a  bri- 
gade major  at  Plattsburg,  and  finally  settled  at 
Onondaga.  In  1808  he  published  "Horrors  of 
Slavery,  or  the  American  Tars  in  Tripoli ; " 
and  in  1821  he  pub.  a  vol.  of  poems  containing 
also  a  brief  narrative  of  his  sufferings  in  Tripoli. 
—  Litchfield  Biog. 

Raymond,  Henry  Jarvis,  LL.D.  (Un. 
Coll.),  journalist  and  politician,  founder  of  the 
N.Y.  times,  b.  Lima,  N.Y.,  Jan.  24,  1820;  d. 
New  York,  June  18,  1869.  U.  of  Vt.  1840. 
His  youth  was  passed  on  his  father's  farm.  He 
studied  law  in  N.  Y.,  maintaining  himself  by 
teaching  and  by  contributions  to  the  New-York- 
er, a  literary  journal.  On  the  establishment  of 
the  Tribune  in  Apr.  1841,  he  became  assistant 
editor,  and  gained  extraordinary  distinction  as 
a  reporter.     He  made  a  specialty  of  lectures, 


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REA. 


speeches,  and  sermons;  and  reported  Dr.  Lard- 
ner's  lectures  so  correctly,  that  the  lecturer 
consented  to  their  publication,  with  very  slight 
alterations,  in  two  octavo  vols.,  with  his  certi- 
ficate of  their  accuracy.  He  was  on  the  staff 
of  the  Courier  and  Enquirer  from  1848  to  1851, 
and  in  1847  formed  a  literary  connection  with 
the  publishers  Harper  and  Bros.,  which  con- 
tinued 10  years.  During  this  period  he  carried 
on  with  Horace  Greeley  a  controversy  upon 
Socialism,  afterward  pub.  in  a  pamphlet.  In 
1849  he  was  elected  to  the  State  legisl.  by  the 
Whigs  ;  re-elected  in  1850,  he  was  chosen 
speaker,  and  manifested  special  interest  in  the 
school  system  and  the  canal  policy  of  the  State. 
After  the  adjournment  he  sailed  for  Europe  for 
his  health,  and  soon  after  his  return  pub.  (Sept. 
18,  1851)  the  first  number  of  the  N.Y.  Tines. 
At  the  Whig  nat.  con  v.  at  Baltimore  in  1852, 
he  made  a  long  speech  in  exposition  of  Northern 
sentiment.  In  1854  he  was  elected  licut.-gov. 
of  the  State  by  a  large  majority.  He  was 
active  in  organizing  the  Republican  party,  and 
drew  up  the  "  Address  to  the  People  "  promul- 
gated at  the  nat.  conv.  at  Pittsburg  in  Feb. 
1856,  and  spoke  frequently  in  the  following 
pres.  canvass  for  Fremont.  He  also  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  pres.  canvass  of  1860  for 
Mr.  Lincoln,  and  warmly  supported  the  war 
against  the  seceding  States.  Elected  to  Con- 
gress in  1864,  he  sustained  the  reconstruction 
policy  of  Mr.  Johnson.  Author  of  "  A  History 
of  the  Admiiiistrati(m  of  President  Lincoln," 
1864;  "A  Life  of  Pres.  Lincoln,"  1865;  and 
"  Life  of  Daniel  Webster,"  2  vols.  12mo,  1853. 
As  a  journalist,  he  had  no  superior  in  the 
country. 

Raynal,  William  Thomas  Francis,  a 
French  political  Avriter,  b.  St.  Genies,  1714;  d. 
Passy,  Mar.  6, 1 796.  lie  became  at  an  early  age 
a  Jesuit,  but  quitted  them  in  1 748,  and  went  to 
Paris,  where  he  disting.  himself  as  a  writer. 
Embarking  in  commercial  pursuits,  he  was  led 
to  compose  his  "  Histoire  Philosophique  et  Po- 
litique aes  I^tablissemens  et  du  Commerce  dcs 
Europeans  dans  les  deux  Indes,"  first  pub.  in 
1770,  of  which  a  greatly  improved  edition  was 
pub.  in  10  vols,  some  years  later.  Its  freedom 
of  opinion,  and  boldness  of  remark  upon  au- 
thority of  every  description,  caused  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris  to  order  it  to  be  burnt,  and  its 
author  to  be  arrested.  In  1781  he  pub.  his 
"  Tableau  et  Re'volutions  des  Colonies  Anglaises 
dans  VAmerique  Sept.,"  2  vols.  12mo.  Its  blun- 
ders were  at  once  pointed  out  in  a  pamphlet  by 
Thomas  Paine.  In  1 790  the  National  Assem- 
bly cancelled  the  decree  passed  against  him, 
and  in  1791  he  addressed  a  letter  to  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly  in  defence  of  the  rights  of 
property.  He  escaped  the  tyranny  of  Robes- 
pierre, but  was  stripped  of  his  property,  and 
died  in  indigence. 

Hea,  Gex.  John,  Revol.  officer ;  often  a 
member  of  the  State  legisl.;  M.C.  1803-11  and 
1813-15;  d.  Chambersburg,  Pa.,  6  Feb.  1829, 
a.  74. 

Read,  Daniel,  musical  composer,  b.  Re- 
hoboth,  Ms.,  2  Nov.  1757;  d.  N.  Haven,  1836. 
Pub.  "Amer.  Song-Book;"  "New  Coll.  of 
Psalm-Tuncs,"  Dedham,  1805;  "Columbian 
Harmonist,"   1793;   author  also  of  "Green- 


wich," "  Windham,"  and  other  popular  tunes. 
He  was  a  comb  manuf.  in  New  Haven.  —  Reed 
Family. 

Head,  George,  si^jner  of  the  Decl.  of  In- 
dep.,  b.  Cecil  Co.,  Md.^  18  Sept.  1733 ;  d.  New- 
castle, Del.,  21  Sept.  1798.  His  father  came 
from  Ireland  ab.  1726,  and  settled  in  Newcas- 
tle Co.,  Del.  George  was  carefully  educated 
at  Chester,  Pa.,  and  at  New  London  under  Dr. 
Allison ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  at  19,  and  in  1754 
began  practice  at  Newcastle;  atty.-gen.  of  Kent, 
Sussex,  and  Delaware  Counties  1763-74;  mem- 
ber of  the  legisl.  of  Del.  1765-76  ;  member  of 
the  Cont.  Congress  1774-7,  and  a  member  of 
its  first  naval  committee  in  1775;  vicc-pres. 
of  Del.  in  1777,  and  acting  pres.  after  the  cap- 
ture of  Pres.  Mcffinley;  pres.  of  the  convention 
which  in  1776  form3d  the  first  const,  of  Del., 
of  which  Read  was  the  author;  and  also  a 
member  of  the  conv.  that  framed  the  U.S.  Con- 
stitution ;  again  member  of  the  Assembly  in 
1779-80;  app.  in  1782  judge  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals  in  Admiralty  Cases;  in  1785  one  of 
the  justices  of  a  special  court  in  a  territorial 
dispute  between  Ms.  and  N.Y. ;  U.S.  senator 
1789-93 ;  and  from  1793  to  his  d.  chief  justice 
of  Del.  His  son  George,  dist.-atty.  for  Del. 
1789-1809,  d.  Newcastle,  3  Sept.  1836,  a  70. 
John,  another  son  (b.  7  July,  1769,  d.  13  July, 
1854,  N.J.  Coll.  1757),  succeeded  N.  Biddle 
in  the  Pa.  senate.  Pub.  "Arguments  on  the 
British  Debts,"  Phil.  1798.  —  See  Life  and  Cor- 
respondence by  Wm.  Thompson  Read,  8vo,  1870. 

Read,  George  Campbell,  rear-admiral 
U.S.N.,  b.  Ireland;  d.  Phila.  Aug.  22,  1862. 
Midshipm.  Apr.  2,  1804  ;  lieut.  Apr.  25,  1810; 
com.  Apr.  27,  1816;  capt.  Mar.  3,  1825 ;  rear- 
adm.  July  31,  1862.  After  the  action  between 
the  U.S.  frigate  "  Constitution  "  and  tho  Brit- 
ish frigate  "Guerriere,"  Aug.  19,  1812,  in 
which  his  gallantry  was  conspicuous,  he  was 
selected  to  receive  the  sword  of  Capt,  Dacrcs. 
Oct.  25,  1812,  ho  was  present  in  the  action  be- 
tween "The  United  States"  and  "Macedo- 
nian." At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  gov. 
of  the  Phila.  Naval  Asylum.  He  was  a  gal' ant 
and  courteous  officer,  and  of  a  commanding 
personal  appearance.  "Around  the  World," 
a  narrative  of  a  voyage  in  the  E.  I.  squadron 
under  Read,  by  an  officer  of  the  navy,  was 
pub.  2  vols.  8vo,  N.Y.  1840. 

Head,  Henrietta  Fanning,  b.  Jamaica 
Plains,  N.Y.  Pub.  8vo,  1848,  a  vol.  of  dra- 
matic poems,  "  Medea  Erminia,"  and  "  The 
New  World;  "  and  in  Feb.  1848  made  her  de- 
hut  as  an  actress  at  the  old  Boston  Theatre.  — 
May's  Female  Poets. 

Read,  Gen.  Jacob,  Revol.  officer,  b.  S.C. 
1752  ;  d.  there  17  July,  1816.  Descendant  of 
"  one  who  held  high  office  in  Ga."  He  studied 
law  in  Eng.,  and  practised  on  his  return.  ]\Iem- 
ber  State  legisl. ;  of  the  Old  Congress  1783-6; 
U.S.  senator  1795-1802;  pres.  pro  tem.  1797; 
app.  judge  of  the  Dist.  Court  of  S.C.  in  1801. 

Head,  John,  a  disting.  lawyer  of  Boston ; 
d.  Feb.  7, 1749,  a.  ab.  72.  "H.U.  1697.  He  stud- 
ied divinity,  and  was  for  some  time  a  popular 
preacher ;  but  studied  law,  and  became  an  emi- 
nent practitioner.  He  was  the  first  to  reduce 
the  redundant  and  obscure  phraseology  of  the 
English  deeds  of  conveyance  to  the  simple 


maA. 


758 


RED 


form  now  in  use.  He  also  held  for  some  time 
a  conspicuous  place  in  the  house  of  representa- 
tives and  council  during  Shirley's  administra- 
tion.— Knapp. 

Head,  Johx  Meredith,  LL.D.  {B.TJ. 
1860),  son  of  John,  and  grandson  of  George, 
signer  Decl.  of  Indep.,  b.  Phila.  July  21,  1797. 
U.  of  Pa.  1812.  Called  to  the  bar  in  1818; 
member  Pa.  legisl.  1823-4;  city  solicitor;  atty.- 
gen.  of  the  State,  and  judge  advocate  of  the  ct. 
of  inquiry  on  Com.  Elliott ;  judge  Sup.  Court 
of  Pa.  since  I860.  Vice-pres.  Pa.  Hist.  Soc.; 
member  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Assoc,  counsel 
with  Thad.  Stevens  in  1851  in  defence  of  C. 
Hanway  for  constructive  treason.  Ab.  1 854  he 
began  to  advocate  the  principles  of  the  Repub- 
lican party.  Author  of  a  great  number  of  pub. 
addresses,  legal  opinions,  speeches,  &c. ;  for  a 
list  of  which,  see  Allibone's  "Diet,  of  Authors." 
His  son  JoHX  Meredith,  Jun.,  consul-gen. 
to  Paris  1869,  b.  Pliila.  1837.  B.U.  1858;  Al- 
bany Law  School,  1859.  Adm.  to  Phila.  bar 
1859,  and  removed  to  Albany.  Adj.-gen.  of 
N.Y.  during  the  Rebellion ;  incorp.  and  origi- 
nal trustee  of  Cornell  U.  Author  of  "  The 
Relation  of  the  Soil  to  Plants  and  Animals," 
1860;  "Hist.  Inquiry  concerning  Hendrick 
Hudson,"  &c.,  8vo,  1866.  He  is  now  employed 
on  a  new  Life  of  Hudson,  to  be  illustrated  by 
Bierstadt.  Author  also  of  occasional  poems, 
and  other  contribs.  to  periodicals,  newspapers, 
&c.,  and  member  of  many  literary  and  scientific 
bodies.  —  AUibone. 

Head,  Nathan,  jurist  and  inventor,  b.  War- 
ren, Ms.,  July  2,  1759;  d.  Belfast,  Me.,  Jan. 
20, 1 849.  H.U.  1 781 ;  tutor  there  1 783-7.  Son 
of  Maj.  Reuben  Read  of  the  Revol.  army.  In 
1795  settled  in  Danvers,  Ms.,  and  engaged  in 
the  manuf  of  anchors,  chain-cables,  &c.,  whence 
in  1807  he  removed  to  Belfast.  M.C.  1800-3, 
and  was  subsequently  for  some  years  a  judge 
and  chief  justice  of  the  C.C.P.  He  was  the 
first  petitioner  for  a  patent  invention,  before  the 
patent-law  had  been  enacted ;  one  of  the  first 
who  applied  steam  to  the  purposes  of  navig., 
having  (Aug.  1791)  experimented  on  Wenham 
Pond  with  a  boat  propelled  by  steam  with  pad- 
dles, instead  of  wheels.  He  also  invented  a 
method  of  equalizing  the  action  of  windmills ; 
a  plan  of  using  the  force  of  the  tide  by  means 
of  reservoirs  alternately  filled  and  emptied  in 
such  a  way  as  to  produce  a  constant  stream ; 
different  forms  of  pumping-engines  and  thresh- 
ing-machines ;  and  a  plan  for  using  the  expan- 
sion and  contraction  of  metals  multiplied  by 
levers  for  winding  up  clocks  and  other  pur- 
poses. It  is  also  claimed  for  him  that  he  in- 
vented tubular  (or  multi-tubular)  steam-boilers 
and  high-pressure  engines,  having  patented  this 
inv.  as  early  as  1788-91.  He  was  also  the  in- 
ventor of  many  agric.  implements.  Member  of 
the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  —  See  Nathan 
lieed,  his  Invention,  ^c,  by  David  Reed  his 
Nephew,  1870. 

Head,  Thomas  Buchanan,  painter  and 
poet,  b.  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  Mar.  12,  1822.  At 
the  age  of  17  he  went  to  Cincinnati,  and  en- 
tered a  sculptor's  studio,  but  soon  after  studied 
painting.  In  1841  he  removed  to  N.Y.,  and 
soon  after  to  Boston,  where  he  occupied  him- 
self chiefly  in  portrait-painting.     Establishing 


himself  in  Phila.  in  1846,  he  visited  Europe  in 
1850 ;  returned  to  Cincinnati,  and  in  1853  went 
to  Florence.  After  a  long  residence  there,  he 
returned  to  Cincinnati  in  1858.  He  pub.  his 
first  vol.  of  poems  at  Boston  in  1847  ;  "  Lays 
and  Ballads,"  Phila.  1848;  an  illustrated  edi- 
tion of  his  poems,  1853  ;  "  The  New  Pastoral," 
his  first  long  poem,  1855  ;  "  The  House  by  the 
Sea,"  1856;  "Poetical  Works,"  2  vols.,  Bos- 
ton, 1 860 ;  "  The  Wagoner  of  the  AUeghan  ies," 
1862;  "Sheridan's  Ride,  and  other  Poems," 
8vo,  1865  ;  "  Poems,"  new  ed.  3  vols. ;  "  Good 
Samaritans,"  a  poem,  1867  ;  and  in  1848  edit- 
ed a  coll.  of  "  Specimens  of  the  Female  Poets 
of  Amer."  Among  his  best  pictures  are  the 
"  Lost  Pleiad,"  the  "  Water-Sprite,"  and 
"  Longfellow's  Children." 

Heagan,  John  H.,  postm.-gen.  of  the  Conf 
States,  b.  Sevier  Co.,  Tenn.,  Oct.  8,  1818.  He 
studied  law,  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar.  Settled 
at  Palestine,  Texas  ;  was  app,  dep.  surveyor  in 
1840;  in  1846  probate  judge,  and  col.  of  mili- 
tia; member  of  the  legisl.  in  1847  :  judge  of 
the  Dist.  Court  1852-7;  Democ.  M.C.  1857- 
61 ;  and  from  Mar.  1,  1861,  to  Apr.  1865,  post- 
master-gen. of  the  Confed.  States.  Some  time 
a  prisoner  at  Fort  Warren. 

JEleddon, Laura  C.  ("Howard  Glyndon"), 
b.  Somerset  Co.,  Md.  Lost  her  hearing  at  the 
age  of  12,  and  is  still  deaf  Author  of  "  Nota- 
ble Men  of  the  37th  Cong.,"  1862 ;  "  Idyls  of 
Battle,  and  Poems  of  the  Rebellion,"  N.Y., 
1864.  Edited  in  1860  a  department  of  the  St. 
Louis  Presbyterian,  and  has  contrib.  to  the  Mo. 
Republican  and  Harper's  Weekly  and  Monthly. 
Some  of  her  poems  are  in  "  Loval  Lyrics,"  and 
in  "  Ballads  of  the  War."  —  AUibone. 

Redfleld,  Isaac  Fletcher,  LL.D.,  jurist, 
b.  Wethersfield,  Vt.,  Apr.  10,  1804.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1825.  Began  practice  at  Derby,  Vt.,  in 
1827,  afterward  in  Windsor,  Vt. ;  and  in  1861 
removed  to  Boston.  States  atty.  for  Orleans 
Co.  1832-5;  judge  of  the  Vt.  Sup.  Jud.  Ct. 
1835-58  ;  chief  justice  1858-61  ;  prof  of  med. 
jurisprudence  at  Dartm.  Coll.  1857-61 ;  acom- 
miss.  to  adjust  U.S.  claims  on  Great  Britain 
1867.  Author  of  a  treatise  on  "  The  Law  of 
Railways  ;  "  "  Law  of  Carriers,"  "  Leading 
Amer.  Cases,"  "  Law  of  Wills,"  3  vols.  8vo. 
Editor  of  "  Greenleaf  on  Evidence,"  3  vols. 
8vo,  1868  ;  with  W.  A.  Herrick,  "Treatise  on 
Civil  Pleading  and  Practice,"  1868.  N.E.  ed. 
of  the  Phila.  Law  Register. 

Hedfield,  William  C,  mechanic  and  me- 
teorologist, b.  Middletown,  Ct.,  Mar.  26, 1789  ; 
d.  N.Y.  City,  Feb.  12,  1857.  He  was  in  early 
life  a  mechanic,  but,  engaging  in  steamboat 
navigation,  removed  in  1825  to  N.Y.  City.  He 
investigated  thoroughly  the  whole  subject  of 
the  connection  of  steam  with  navigation  ;  and 
in  pamphlets,  essays,  and  published  letters,  dis- 
cussed the  causes  of  steamboat  explosions,  the 
means  of  safety,  the  necessity  of  careful  and 
frequent  inspection,  the  improvement  of  the  law 
relative  to  steam-navigation,  its  adaptation  to 
the  purposes  of  national  defence,  and  the  sim- 
plification and  improvement  of  marine  engines. 
First  pres.  of  the  Amer.  Assoc,  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science  in  1848.  He  is  chiefly  known  as 
a  meteorologist,  and  especially  for  his  successful 
researches  into  the  phenomena  of  violent  storms 


REX) 


759 


HtHuiij 


and  gales,  which  he  showed  to  be  large  pro- 
gressive whirlwinds.  In  1828  he  pub.  a  pam- 
phlet urging  the  importance  of  a  system  of 
railways  to  connect  the  Hudson  and  the  Mpi. 
He  pub  during  his  life  62  essays,  of  which  40 
pertain  to  meteorology ;  also  the  circular  the- 
ory of  storms  ;  "  Genealogy  of  the  Redfield 
Family  in  the  U.S.,"  1839.  A  biog.  sketch  by 
Denison  Olmsted  was  pub.  in  1857.  His  son 
John  H.  is  known  by  his  investigations  into 
hurricanes,  the  Bahamas,  &c. 

Red  Jacket  (Sagoyewatha),  chief  of  the 
Senecas,  and  a  celebrated  orator,  b.  1751,  near 
Buffalo,  N.y. ;  d.  there  Jan.  20, 1830.  During 
the  Revol.  the  Senecas  fought  under  the  Brit, 
standard  ;  and  his  activity  and  intelligence  at- 
tracted the  notice  of  the  officers.  At  a  council 
held  at  Fort  Stanwix  in  1784  to  negotiate  a 
treaty  between  the  U.S.  and  some  of  the  Six 
Nations  for  the  cession  of  lands,  he  spoke  very 
eloquently  against  the  treaty,  which  was,  never- 
theless, ratified.  A  few  years  later.  Red  Jacket 
had  an  interview  with  Washington,  who  gave 
him  a  silver  medal,  which  he  wore  ever  after- 
ward. In  1810  he  gave  information  to  the  In- 
dian agent  of  the  attempt  made  by  Tccumseh 
to  draw  the  Senecas  into  the  Western  combina- 
tion. He  possessed  talents  of  the  highest  order, 
and  was  a  thorough  Indian  in  his  costume,  as 
well  as  in  his  contempt  for  the  dress,  language, 
and  every  thing  else  belonging  to  the  English. 
He  was  second  to  none  in  the  authority  of  his 
tribe,  and  maintained  his  position  with  great 
dignity.  He  excelled  as  an  orator,  using  beau- 
tiful and  figurative  language,  conjoined  with 
easy,  graceful,  and  impressive  gesticulations. 
In  the  war  of  1812  he  fought  for  the  U.  S. 
with  the  utmost  intrepidity ;  and  the  bravery 
of  Red  Jacket  was  particularly  conspicuous  in 
an  action  near  Lake  George,  Aug.  13,  1812. 
In  his  later  years  he  was  a  confirmed  drunkard. 
—  See  Life  by  W.  L.  Stone,  8vo,  1841. 

Redman,  John,  M.D.,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, b.  Phila.  Feb.  27,  1722  ;  d.  there  Mar. 
19,  1808.  He  studied  at  the  Rev.  Mr.  Ten- 
nent's  acad.,  and  under  Dr.  John  Kearsley ; 
spent  some  years  in  Bermuda,  and  then  went  to 
Europe.  He  remained  1  year  at  the  medical 
school  in  Edinburgh,  attended  Guy's  Hospital 
one  year,  and  also  attended  lectures,  dissections, 
and  hospitals  in  Paris.  He  grad.  at  the  U.  of 
Leyden,  July  15,  1748  ;  "  Abortion  "  beihg  the 
subject  of  his  inaugural  dissertation.  Return- 
ing to  Phila.,  he  rose  to  celebrity  in  his  profes- 
sion. In  1759  he  pub.  a  defence  of  inocu- 
lation, and  advised  the  use  of  mercury.  He 
was  elected  a  physician  of  the  Pa.  Hospital  on 
its  establishment,  and  afterward  the  first  pres. 
of  the  Coll.  of  Physicians.  —  Thacher. 

Redwood,  Abraham,  founder  of  the  Red- 
wood Library ;  d.  Newport,  R.  I.,  Mar.  3, 1788, 
a.  78.  He  was  a  Quaker  from  Antigua,  and 
gave  £500  for  the  Library.  Its  building  was 
finished  in  17.50. 

Reed,  Caleb,  Swedenborgian  writer,  b. 
W.  Bridgewater,  Ms.,  Apr.  22, 1797;  d.  Boston, 
Oct.  14,  1854.  H.U.  1817.  He  practised  law 
at  Yarmouth  until  1827.  Son  of  Rev.  John 
Reed,  He  pub.  "The  General  Principles  of 
English  Grammar,"  1821.  Over  20  years  edi- 
tor of  the  N.  Jerusalem  Mag.     Member  of 


the  firm  of  Cyrus  Alger  &  Co.,  Boston,  1827- 
.54. 

Reed,  David,  founder  of  the  Christian 
Register  (20  Apr.  1821),  b.  Easton,  Ms.,  6  Feb. 
1790;  d.  Boston,  7  June,  1870.  B.  U.  1810. 
Son  of  Rev.  Wm.,  Cong,  pastor  of  Easton  from 
1784  to  his  d.  16  Nov.  1809;  b.  Abington, 
Ms.,  8  June,  1755.  David  took  charge  of  the 
Bridgewater  Acad,  in  1810;  was  licensed  to 
preach  in  1814;  and  until  1819  preached  in 
various  places  in  N.  E.  From  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Register  until  1866  he  had  the  as- 
sistance, editorially  and  as  contributors,  of 
man^  of  the  ablest  men  of  the  Unitarian  de- 
nommation ;  and  his  journal  exercised  a  pow- 
erful influence  upon  the  public  mind.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Amer.  Antislavery 
Soc.  in  1 828  ;  and  was  one  of  the  earliest  mem- 
bers of  the  N.  E.  H.  Gcncal.  Society. 

Reed,  Henry,  LL.D.,  author,  b.  Phila. 
July  11,  1808;  d.  on  his  return  from  Europe 
in  the  steamer  "Arctic,"  Sept.  27,  1854.  U. 
of  Pa.  1825.  Grandson  of  Joseph  and  Esther 
Reed.  He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  John 
Sargent;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1829;  in 
1831  was  app.  assist,  prof,  of  English  lit.  in 
the  U.  of  Pa. ;  a  short  time  subsequently  as- 
sist, prof,  of  moral  philos. ;  and  in  1835  prof, 
of  rhetoric  and  Eng.  lit.  He  superintended  the 
pub.  of  an  edition  of  Wordsworth's  Poems, 
furnished  the  Lifeof  his  grandfather  for  Sparks's 
"  Amer.  Biog.,"  and  also  numerous  essays  and 
reviews  for  the  periodical  press.  His  principal 
work  was  entitled  "Lectures  on  English  Lit.," 

1855.  In  1845  he  pub.  an  improved  edition  of 
"Alex.  Reid's  Diet,  of  the  Eng.  Language," 
in  1847  an  edition  of  "Graham's  English  Syn- 
onymes,"  of  "  Arnold's  Lectures  on  Modern 
Hist.,"  "Lord  Mahon's  History  of  Eng.,"  and 
the  poetical  works  of  Gray.  Also  author  of 
"  Lectures  on  the  British  Poets,"  1857  ;  "  Lec- 
tures   on    English    Hist.,    Shakspeare,"   &c., 

1856.  Prof.  Reed  m.  a  grand-dan.  of  Bishop 
Wm.  White.  After  his  death,  his  bro.  Wm.  B. 
pub.  a  vol.  of  his  miscellaneous  productions, 
to  which  a  Memoir  of  his  life  was  prefixed. 

Reed,  Hollis,  clergyman  and  author,  b. 
Newfane,  Vt.,  Aug,  26.  1802.  Wms.  Coll. 
1826.  He  studied  theology  at  Princeton.  Ord. 
at  Park  St.,  Boston,  Sept.  24,  1829  ;  and  from 
Dec.  1830  to  1835  was  a  missionary  in  India; 
from  Nov.  1838  to  1845  was  settled  at  Derby, 
Ct. ;  and  at  New  Preston  from  June  1,  1845, 
to  1851.  He  has  pub.  "  The  Christian  Brah- 
min," 2  vols.  12mo;  "Reed  and  Ramsay's 
Journal  in  India,"  12mo,  1836  ;  "  God  in  His- 
tory," 2  vols.  12mo;  "Memoirs  and  Sermons 
of  W.  J.  Armstrong,  D.D.,"  12mo;  "India 
and  People,  Ancient  and  Modern,"  &c.,  8vo; 
"  Palace  of  the  Great  King;"  "  Commerce  and 
Christianity,"  18mo;"  "The  Coming  Crisis 
of  the  World,"  12mo ;  and  "  The  Negro  Prob- 
lem Solved,"  12mo. 

Reed,  Col.  Isaac,  Revol.  officer,  b.  Lunen- 
burg, Va. ;  d.  Phila.  Sept.  1778.  Son  of  Col. 
Clement  Reed.  Was  a  resident  of  Greenfield ; 
was  many  years  a  member  of  the  h.  of  bur- 
gesses ;  a  signer  of  the  non-importation  and 
mercantile  associations  in  1769  and  '70;  a 
member  of  the  State  conventions  of  1774  and  of 
March  and  June,  1775,  by  which  last  body  he 


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760 


jti  Ji.lii 


was  app.  lieut.-col.  4th  Va.  Regt.  Feb.  13, 1776; 
and  was  promoted  to  col.  Aug.  13,  1776. — 
Griqsby ;  SqffelL 

Reed,  James,  brig.-gen.  Revol.  army,  b. 
Wobm-n,  Ms.,  1724;  d.  Fitchburg,  Ms.,  13 
Feb.  1807.  He  com.  a  company  under  Col. 
Brown  in  the  French  and  Indian  war  in  1755; 
was  with  Abercrombie  at  Ticonderoga  in  1758, 
and  with  Amherst  in  1759.  In  1765  he  settled 
in  the  town  of  Fitzwilliara,  N.H.,  of  which  he 
was  an  original  proprietor.  Made  a  lieut.-col. 
in  1770;  in  May,  1775,  he  com.  the  2d.  N.  H. 
Regt.  at  Cambridge,  with  which  he  did  good 
service  at  Bunker's  Hill,  holding  the  rail-fence 
with  Stark,  and  protecting  the  retreat  of  the 
main  body  from  the  redoubt.  Joining  the  army 
in  Canada  under  Sullivan  early  in  1776,  his 
regt.  suffered  severely  from  small-pox,  and 
Reed  himself  was  attacked,  and  ultimately  lost 
his  sight.  Made  brij^.-gen.  9  Aug.  1776,  he 
quitted  his  sick-bed,  incapacitated  for  further 
service,  and  retired  to  his  former  residence. 
His  son  Sylvanus  served  through  the  war ; 
was  adj.  in  Sullivan's  campaign  of  1778 ;  after- 
wards col.  ;  d.  1798. 

Reed,  John,  D.D.  (B.U.  1803),  Unitarian 
clercryman,  and  M.C.  1795-1801,  b.  Framing- 
hani,  Ms.,  Nov.  11,  1751 ;  d.  Feb.  17,  1831,  in 
West  Bridgewater.  Y.  C.  1772.  Son  of 
Solomon,  minister  of  Middleborough.  After 
spending  one  year  as  chaplain  in  the  U.S.  naval 
service,  he  was  settled  at  W.  B.,  Ms.,  June  7, 
1780,  preaching  there  for  51  years.  His  two 
predecessors,  I).  Perkins  and  J.  Keith,  occu- 
pied 116  years.  His  opinions  on  ecclesiastical 
affairs  were  so  just  and  accurate  as  to  have  re- 
ceived the  approbation  of  courts  and  judges. 
A  result  of  an  ecclesiastical  council  drawn  up 
by  him  has  been  in  substance  adopted  as  the 
foundation  of  an  important  decision  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Ms.  He  pub.  beside  occas.  ser- 
mons a  treatise  on  Baptism,  12mo.  He  ex- 
celled as  a  metaphysician  and  controversialist. 

Reed,  John,  M.C.  1813-17  and  1821-41, 
son  of  Rev.  John,  b.  W.  Bridgew^ater,  Sept.  2, 
1781 ;  d.  there  Nov.  25,  1860.  B.  U.  1803. 
He  was  preceptor  of  Bridgewater  Acad,  one 
year;  tutor  in  Brown  U.  2  years  ;  then  studied 
law,  and  settled  in  Yarmouth,  Ms.,  where  he 
acquired  a  lucrative  practice;  and  was  from 
1844-51  lieut.-gov.  of  Ms. 

Reed,  Joseph,  statesman,  b.  Trenton, 
N.  J.,  27  Aug.  1741;  d.  Phila.  5  Mar.  1785. 
N.  J.  Coll.  1757.  He  studied  law  at  the  Tem- 
ple, Lond. ;  returaed  in  1765  ;  began  a  success- 
ful practice  at  Trenton;  and  in  1767  was  app. 
dep.  sec.  of  N.  J.  Revisiting  Eng.  in  1770,  he 
m.  Esther,  dau.  of  Dennis  De  Berdt,  agent  for 
Ms.,  and  on  his  return  settled  in  Phila. ;  took 
an  active^  part  in  politics,  corresponding, 
through  his  English  connections,  with  Lord 
Dartmouth,  colonial  sec.  Member  of  the  com. 
of  corresp.  in  1774  ;  pres.  of  the  first  Pa.  con- 
vention in  Jan.  1775;  deleg.  to  Congress  in 
May ;  and  in  July,  at  the  solicitation  of  Wash- 
ington, resigned  a  lucrative  practice,  and  ac- 
corap.  him  to  Cambridge  as  his  sec.  and  aide-de- 
camp. Adj.-gen.  during  the  campaign  of 
1776,  he  contributed  to  the  successes  of  Tren- 
ton and  Princeton.  In  1777  he  was  app.  chief 
justice  of  Pa.,  and  named  by  Congress  brig.- 


gen.  ;  he  declined  both  ofiices,  but  was  present 
as  a  vol.  at  the  battles  of  Brandywine,  White 
Marsh,  German  town,  and  Monmouth.  Mem- 
ber of  Congress,  and  in  1778  sij^iied  the  arti- 
cles of  confed.  In  reply  to  the  offers  of  Gov. 
Johnstone,  one  of  the  Bi'itish  peace  commission- 
ers. Reed  answered,  "  I  am  not  worth  purchas- 
ing ;  but,  such  as  I  am,  the  king  of  Groat  Brit- 
ain is  not  rich  enough  to  do  it."  Pres.  of  Pa. 
1 778-81 ;  active  in  suppressing  the  revolt  of  the 
Pa.  line  of  the  army  m  1781.  He  detected  and 
exposed  the  character  of  Arnold,  whom  he 
brought  to  trial  for  malpractice  while  in  com. 
at  Phila.  He  resumed  his  profession  at  the 
close  of  1781  ;  and  in  1784  visited  Eng.  for 
his  health,  but  without  beneficial  result.  Dur- 
ing his  administration,  he  aided  in  founding  the 
U.  of  Pa. ;  favored  the  gradual  abolition  of 
slavery,  and  the  doing-away  with  the  proprie- 
tary powers  vested  in  the  Penn  family.  Bancroft 
quotes  Count  Donop's  report  to  the  Bri.^sh 
Gen.  Grant,  that  Col.  Reed  received  a  British 
protection  in  1776.  (See  also  Hist.  Mag.  for 
Jan.  1869,  and  Gen.  Cadwalader's  "Reply" 
to  the  pub.  "  Remarks  "  of  Reed,  addressed  to 
the  former  in  1783,  sustaining  the  allegation.) 
Reed  also  pub.  "Remarks  on  Johnstone's 
Speech,  with  Papers  relative  to  his  Proposi- 
tions," &c.,  1779.  Esther  his  wife  (b.  Lond. 
1 747,  d.  Phila.  18  Sept.  1780)  took  an  active  part 
in  providing  for  the  sick  and  destitute  soldiers 
of  the  army.  Her  grandson  Wm.  B.  Reed  pub. 
her  Memoirs,  8vo,  1853.  His  you.ngest  son, 
George  W.,  an  officer  in  the  U.S.N.,  d.  Span- 
ishtown,  Jamaica,  4  Jan.  1813,  a.  32.  N.  J. 
Coll.  2d  lieut.  of  "  The  Nautilus  "  in  the  attack 
on  Tripoli  in  Aug.  1 804 ;  co-operated  with 
Gen.  Eaton  on  the  African  coast,  and  com. 
"  The  Vixen  "  in  the  war  of  1812.  —  See  Life 
and  Corresp.  of  Reed  by  his  Grandson  Wm.  a. 
Reedy  2  vols.  1847. 

Reed,  Col.  Philip,  senator,  d.  Hunting- 
ville,  Kent  Co.,  Md.,  Nov.  2,  1829.  A  capt.in 
the  Revol.  army;  U.S.  senator  1806-13  ;  M.C. 
1817-19  and  1821-3  ;  col.  of  militia ;  com.  in  a 
fight  with  a  superior  force  of  British  seamen 
under  Sir  Peter  Parker,  who  were  defeated, 
and  Sir  Peter  killed,  at  Moorfields,  East  Shore, 
Md.,  Aug.  30,  1814.—  Gardner. 

Reed,  Sampson,  b.  W,  Bridgewater,  Ms., 
10  June,  1800.  H.U.  1818.  Merchant  of 
Boston.  Editor  New-Church  Mag.,  and  co- 
editor  New-Jerusalem  Mag.  Author  of  "  Ob- 
servations on  the  Growth  of  the  Mind,"  8vo, 
1826. 

Reed,  William,  a  philanthropic  merchant, 
d.  Marblehead,  Ms.,  Feb.  18,  1837,  a.  60. 
M.C.  1811-15;  pres.  of  the  S.S.  Union,  and 
of  the  Amer.  Tract  Society ;  vice-pres.  of  the 
Education  Society.  Besides  liberal  bequests  to 
heirs  and  relatives,  he  left  $68,000  to  various 
benevolent  objects. 

Reed,  William  Bradford,  LL.D., 
grandson  of  Gen.  Joseph,  b.  Phila.  30  June, 
1806.  U.  of  Pa.  1822.  Atty.-gen.  of  Pa. 
1838 ;  envoy-extr.  and  minister  to  China  1857- 
8,  and  negotiated  the  treaty  ratified  Jan.  26, 
1860.  Author  of  "Life  and  Correspondence 
of  Joseph  Reed,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1 847  ;  "  Life  of 
Esther  Reed,"  8vo,  1853;  "Vindication  of 
Joseph  Reed,"  in  reply  to  Bancroft's  History, 


£v£j£Q 


761 


REI 


in  several  pamphlets.  He  edited  the  posthu- 
mous works  of  his  bro.  Henry,  and  has  pub.  a 
large  number  of  hist,  addresses  and  jjolitical 
pamphlets.  Contrib.  to  the  Airier.  Quarterly 
and  N.  A.  Review. 

Reeder,  Axdrew  H.,  lawyer  and  politi- 
cian, b.  near  Trenton,  N.J.,  ab.  1808;  d.  Eas- 
ton.  Pa.,  July  5,  1864.  He  passed  most  of  his 
life  at  Easton,  where  he  practised  law,  and  was 
influential  as  a  Ueraoc.  politician,  but  would 
never  accept  office  until  in  1854  app.  first 
gov.  of  Kansas.  The  election  frauds  there 
made  him  a  Republican;  and  in  July,  1855,  he 
was  removed  from  office,  but  was  unanimously 
elected  by  the  people  as  their  delegate  to  Con- 
gress, and  afterward,  under  the  Topeka  Con- 
stitution, first  U.S.  senator.  The  constitution 
was  not  ratified  by  Congress,  and  he  did  not 
take  his  seat.  One  of  the  first  to  be  app.  a 
brig.-gen.  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  he  de- 
clined the  honor.  Three  of  his  sons  served  in  the 
army.  With  Hon.  Marcus  J.  Parrott,  he  pub. 
"  Kansas,  a  Description  of  the  Country,"  &c. 

Reese,  David  Meredith,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
superint.  of  public  schools  in  New  York,  b. 
Phila.  1800;   d.  N.Y.  City,  18G1.     U.  of  Md. 

1820.  He  practised  many  years  in  N.Y.  City, 
and  was  physician-in-chief  to  the  Bcllevue  Hos- 
pital. He  pub.  "  Observations  on  Yellow- 
Fever,"  1819;  "Strictures  on  Health,"  1828; 
"Epidemic  Cholera,"  1833;  "Humbugs  of 
New  York,"  1833  ;  "Review  of  the  First  Rep. 
Antislavery  Soc,"  1834;  "Quakerism  versus 
Calvinism,  a  Reply  to  Dr.  Cox,"  1834;  "Let- 
ters to  Wm.  Jay  in  Reply  to  his  Inquiry," 
12mo,  1835;  "Phrenology  known  by  its 
Fruits,"  1838  ;  "  Medical  Lexicon,"  1845.  He 
edited  Chambers's  Educ.  Course,  12  vols. ; 
Cooper's  Surgical  Diet. ;  Neligau  on  Medicines ; 
and  Good's  "Book  of  Nature  ;  "  Amer.  Med. 
Gazette,  1850;  contrib.  to  periodicals. 

Hees,  James,  b.  Morristown,  Pa.,  1802. 
He  was  a  contrib.  to  the  Sat.  Evening  Post  in 

1821,  to  the  Picayune  1834,  to  the  Flome 
Weekly,  and   other  periodicals ;   was  co-editor 

of  the  Mechanics'  Free  Press  1831  ;  editor  of 
the  Dramatic  Mirror  1842,  and  of  the  Philan- 
thropist 1 854  ;  has  pub. "  The  Dramatic  Authors 
of  America,"  1842;  "Beauties  of  Daniel  Web- 
ster," 12mo,  1839;  "Mysteries  of  City  Life," 
1849;  "The  Tinker  Spy,  a  Romance  of  the 
Revol.,"  1855  ;  "  Foot-Prints  of  a  Letter-Car- 
rier,"  1-866 ;  and  a  number  of  plays.  He  has 
ready  for  the  press  a  work  on  the  Origin  of 
Phrases,  the  Etymology  of  Words,  &c.  —  Alli- 
bone. 

Heese,  Thomas,  D.D.,  Presb.  clergyman, 
b.  Pa.  1742;  d.  Charleston,  S.C,  Aug.  1796. 
N.J.  Coll.  1768.  Ord.  1773.  He  became  pas- 
tor of  the  church  of  Salem,  S.C,  and  in  1793 
of  two  churches  in  Pendleton  Dist.  He  was  a 
disting.  scholar  and  an  able  preacher.  He  pub. 
an  "  Essay  on  the  Influence  of  Religion  on 
Civil  Society,"  and  sermons  in  the  American 
Preacher.  —  Sprague. 

Reeve,  Isaac  V.  D.,  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y. 
West  Point,  1835.  Entering  the  4th  Inf.,  he 
became  1st  lieut.  8th  Inf.  7  July,  1838  ;  capt. 
18  June,  1847;  maj.  1st  Inf.  14  May,  1861; 
lieut.-col.  16th,  13  Sept.  1862;  col.  (retired  list) 
14   Oct.  1864.    He  served  against  the  Sem- 


inoles  of  Fla.  in  1836-7  and  1840-2  ;  in  the 
Mexican  war  1846-7  ;  was  at  the  siege  of 
Vera  Cruz,  battles  of  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  de  la 
Palma,  Cerro  Gordo,  Chapultepec,  and  capture 
of  city  of  Mexico;  and  was  brev.  maj.  and 
lieut.-col.  for  Contreras  and  Churubusco  20 
Aug.,  and  for  Molino  del  Rey  8  Sept.,  1847. 
Made  prisoner  of  war  by  treachery  of  Gen. 
Twiggs  at  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  9  May,  1861; 
exchanged  20  Aug.  1862.—  C»//«;h. 

Reeve,  Tapping,  LL.D.,  lawyer,  b.  Brook- 
haven,  L.I.,  Oct.  1744;  d.  Litchfield,  Ct.,  Dec. 
13,  1823.  N.J.  Coll.  1763.  In  1772  he  re- 
moved to  Litchfield,  where  he  began  to  prac- 
tise law.  In  1784  he  instituted  the  Litchfield 
Law  School,  which  soon  became  celebrated 
throughout  the  Union,  and  of  which  he  was 
the  sole  instructor  until  1798,  when  he  associated 
with  himself  James  Gould,  continuing  to  give 
lectures  himself  until  1820.  In  1798-1814  he 
was  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court.  He  was 
the  first  eminent  Amer.  lawyer  who  endeavored 
to  effect  a  change  in  the  laws  regarding  the 
property  of  married  women,  and  was  a  Feder- 
alist in  politics.  He  m.  Sarah,  sister  of  Aaron 
Burr.  He  pub.  the  Law  of  Baron  and  Femme, 
of  Parent  and  Child,  of  Guardian  and  Ward, 
&c.,  8vo,  1816 ;  treatise  oti  the  Law  of  Descents, 
8vo,  1825. 

Reid,  David  Boswell,  M.D.,  F.R.S., 
physicist,  b.  Edinburgh,  1805;  d.  Washington, 
D.C.,  5  Apr.  1863.  Educated  at  the  U.  of 
Edinb.  He  became  eminent  as  a  teacher  of 
chemistry,  and  in  the  application  of  proper 
ventilation  to  public  buildings.  In  1856  he 
came  to  the  U.S. ;  was  some  time  prof,  of  ap- 
plied chemistry  in  the  U.  of  Wis.,  and  after- 
ward resided  at  St.  Paul,  Minn. ;  one  of  the 
inspectors  of  the  U.S.  sanitary  com.  Author 
of  "  Ventilation  in  American  Dwellings,"  N.Y. 
1863  ;  "  A  Short  Plea  for  the  Revision  of 
Education  in  Science,"  1861  ;  and  contrib. 
manv  papers  to  scient.  journals. 

Reid,  David  S.,  gov.  of  N.C.  in  1851-5, 
b.  Rockingham  Co.,  N.C,  Apr.  19,  1813. 
Studied  law,  and  was  adm.  to  practice  in  1833  ; 
was  a  member  of  the  State  legisl.  in  1835-42; 
M.C  in  1843-7  ;  U.  S.  senator  1856-61 ;  dele- 
gate to  the  Peace  Congress,  Feb.  1861. — 
Lanman. 

Reid,  Gen.  George,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
N.H.  1733  ;  d.  Londonderry,  N.H.,  Sept.  1815. 
His  early  education  was  scanty.  He  was  a 
capt.  in  Stark's  regt.  at  Bunker's  Hill ;  lieut.- 
col.  of  Patterson's  regt.  Nov.  4,  1775;  col. 
N.H.  2d  at  the  battle  of  Bemis  Heights,  Oct. 
1777  ;  and  was  present  at  the  surrender  of  both 
Cornwallis  and  Burgoyne ;  in  1785  he  was  a 
brig.-gen.  of  militia;  and  in  1791  was  made 
sheriff  of  Rockingham  County. 

Reid,  John,  a  British  gen.,  b.  Scotland, 
Jan.  13,  1722;  d.  Lond.  Feb.  6,  1807.  Son 
of  Alexander  Robertson  of  Straloch.  Educated 
at  the  U.  of  Edinburgh,  and  entered  the  army 
as  a  lieut.  in  Loudon's  Highlanders,  June  8, 
1745  ;  app.  June  3,  1752,  capt.  in  the  42d  ;  in 
1758  he  became  major.  He  served  under  Am- 
herst in  the  French  war ;  was  wounded  in  the 
exped.  against  Martinico,  1762,  and  promoted 
to  a  lieut.-col;  in  1763  he  was  sent  to  the 
relief  of  Fort  Pitt,  then  besieged  by  the  Indians, 


E-EI 


762 


REN 


who  were  defeated  in  the  well-fought  battle  of 
Bushy  Run.  In  the  following  summer  the42d 
again  formed  part  of  another  exped.  under 
Bouquet  against  the  Muskingum  Indians.  In 
1765  Lieut.-Col.  Reid  com.  all  his  Majesty's 
forces  in  the  dist.  of  Fort  Pitt ;  and  in  1766  an 
oflScer  of  the  same  name  is  mentioned  as  com- 
mandant at  Fort  Chartres,  III.  In  1771  Lieut.- 
Col.  Reid  obtained  a  large  tract  of  land  on 
Otter  Creek  in  Vt.,  from  which,  however,  his 
tenants  were  expelled  in  1772  by  the  people 
of  Bennington.  He  became  maj.-gen.  Oct. 
1781;  lieut.-gen.  Oct.  12,  1793;  gen.  Jan.  1, 
1798. 

Held,  Capt.  Mayne,  novelist  and  soldier, 
b.  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  1818.  The  son  of 
a  Presb.  minister,  he  was  intended  for  the 
church  ;  but  a  fondness  for  adventure  led  him 
in  1838  to  Amer.  Arriving  at  N.  Orleans,  he 
engaged  in  trading  and  hunting  excursions  up 
the  Red  and  Mo.  Rivers,  and  travelled  through 
nearly  every  State  in  the  Union.  He  after- 
ward settled  in  Phila. ;  wrote  for  magazines  ; 
served  in  the  Mexican  war  ;  and  was  wounded 
in  the  assault  upon  Chapultepec,  where  he  led 
the  forlorn  hope.  He  afterward  resided  in 
Lond.,  and  has  written  a  series  of  very  popular 
books  for  boys.  Among  the  best  are  "  The 
Rifle-Rangers,"  1849;  "The  Scalp-Hunters," 
1850;  "The  Quadroon,"  1856;  and  "Os- 
ceola," 1858.  An  edition  of  his  works  in  15 
vols,  was  pub.  in  1868.  He  established  a 
monthly  magazine  in  Jan.  1869. 

Reid,  Robert  Raymond,  jurist,  b.  Pr. 
William  Parish,  S.C,  Sept.  8,  1789;  d.  near 
Tallahassee,  July  1,  1841.  In  early  life  he  re- 
moved to  Ga. ;  was  M.C.  in  1819-23;  after- 
ward mayor  of  Augusta.  He  was  also  a  judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  of  Ga.  in  1816-19  and 
1823-5.  In  1832  Pres.  J.  Q.  Adams  app.  him 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court  for  the  eastern 
dist.  of  Fla. ;  and  in  1839  Pres.  Van  Buren 
app.  him  gov.  of  Fla.  While  holding  his  ju- 
dicial office  in  that  State,  he  was  a  member  of 
the  conv,  which  formed  a  State  constitution, 
over  which  body  he  presided  in  a  creditable 
manner.  — Miller,  Bench  and  Bar  of  Ga. 

Reid,  Samuel  Chester,  a  naval  officer, 
b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  Aug.  25,  1783 ;  d.  N.Y.  City, 
Jan.  28,  1861.  He  went  to  sea  at  11  ;  was 
captured  by  a  French  privateer,  and  was  6 
months  a  prisoner  at  Basseterre.  He  served  as 
acting  midshipman  on  the  U.S.  ship  "  Balti- 
more," in  Com.  Truxton's  W.  I.  squad. ;  and 
during  the  war  of  1812  com.  the  privateer  brig 
"  Gen.  Armstrong,"  with  which  he  fought  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  naval  battles  on  record, 
at  Fayal,  Sept.  26  and  27,  1814.  Her  force 
was  7  guns  and  90  men.  She  was  attacked  by 
the  boats  of  the  "  Plantagenet  "  (74),  "  Rota  ^' 
(44),  and  "  Carnation"  (18).  Reid  succeeded  in 
thoroughly  disabling  and  defeating  the  enemy, 
and  scuttled  his  own  vessel  to  prevent  her 
capture.  The  British  lost  120  killed  and  130 
wounded.  The  Americans  had  2  killed,  7 
wounded.  The  attack  upon  "  The  Armstrong  " 
in  a  neutral  port  led  to  a  protracted  diplomatic 
corresp.  ;  but  the  arbitration  of  Louis  Napo- 
leon decided  the  ease  against  the  Americans. 
Capt.  Reid  was  app.  a  sailing-master  in  the 
navy,  and  held  the  office  till  his  death.    He 


was  also  warden  of  the  port  of  N.Y.,  and  in 
vented  and  erected  the  signal-telegraph  at  the 
battery  and  the  Narrows,  communicating  with 
Sandy  Hook,  and  regulated  and  numbered  the 
pilot-boats.  He  is  also  disting.  as  the  designer 
of  the  present  U.S.  flag.  —  Appkton. 

Raid,  Whitelaw,  b.  Xenia,  0.,  1837. 
Miami  U.  1856.  Editor  Xenia  News;  co-edi- 
tor Cincinnati  Gazette  now  (1871)  managing 
ed.  N.  Y.  Tribune.  Author  of  "  After  the  War, 
a  Southern  Tour,"  1865-6,  12mo  ;  "Ohio  in 
the  War,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1%^%.  —  Allihone. 

Reinagle,  Alexander,  musical  com- 
poser, and  manager  of  Phila.  and  Bait,  theatres ; 
d.  Bait.  21  Sept.  1809,  a.  61. 

Reno,  Gen.  Jesse  L.,  b.  Va.  1823  ;  killed 
at  the  battle  of  South  Mountain,  Sept.  14, 
1862.  West  Point,  1846.  Entering  the  ord- 
nance dept.,  he  was  brev.  1st  lieut,  for  gallantry 
at  Cerro  Gordo ;  com.  a  howitzer  battery  at 
the  storming  of  Chapultepec,  where  he  was 
severely  wounded,  and  brev.  capt.  He  was 
afterward  assist,  prof,  of  math,  at  West  Point ; 
sec.  of  the  board  of  artillery  ;  was  employed  in 
the  coast-survey  and  in  the  construction  of  a 
military  road  from  Big  Sioux  to  St.  Paul.  He 
accomp.  Gen.  Johnston  to  Utah  as  ordnance 
officer;  was  made  1st  lieut.  of  ordnance,  Mar. 
3,1853;  capt.  July  1,  1860;  brig.-gen.  vols. 
Nov.  12,  1861  ;  and  maj.-gen.  18  July,  1862. 
He  com.  the  2d  brigade  in  Burnside's  exped. 
to  N.C. ;  was  disting.  at  the  battle  of  Roanoke 
Island  for  gallantry  in  leading  the  attack  on 
Fort  Bartow ;  participated  in  the  capture  of 
Newbern  and  other  important  military  opera- 
tions ;  was  ordered  to  re-enforce  Gen.  McClel- 
lan  on  the  peninsula  in  July,  1862;  afterward 
joined  Gen.  Pope's  army  of  Va.,  and  took  part 
in  the  actions  near  Manassas  at  the  close  of 
Aug.  1862,  and  com.  the  9th  corps.  At  the 
battle  of  South  Mountain  he  was  in  advance, 
and  engaged  during  the  whole  day  ;  was  con- 
spicuous for  his  gallantry  and  activity  ;  and 
the  success  of  the  day  was  greatly  owing  to 
his  efforts. 

Renshaw,  James,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Pa., 
1784;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  May  29,  1846. 
Midshipra.  July  7,  1800;  lieut.  Feb.  25,  1807; 
com.  Dec.  10,  1814;  capt.  Mar.  3,  1825. 

Renshaw,  Richard  T.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Pa.  March  22,  1821.  Midshipm.  Feb.  26, 
1838;  lieut.  1861  ;  com.  Sept.  22,  1862  ;  capt. 
1869;  com.  steamer  "  Lousiana,"  N.  Atl. 
block,  squad.,  1861-4;  at  capture  of  Roanoke 
Island,  Feb.  8,  1862  ;  Washington,  N.C,  Sept. 
6,  1862;  defence  of  Washington,  N.C,  Apr. 
1863;  and  several  minor  actions.  Com.  steam- 
er "  Massasoit,"  N.A.B.  squad.,  1864-5  ;  in 
several  engagements  on  James  River ;  com. 
steamer  "  Agawara,"  Atl.  squad.,  1865-6. — 
Hamersli/. 

Renshaw,  William  B.,  com.  U.S.N.,  b. 
N.Y.  ab.  1815  ;  d.  Jan.  1863.  Midshipm.  1831 ; 
lieut.  1841  ;  com.  1861.  He  com.  the  squad, 
blockading  Galveston,  and  blew  up  his  ship, 
which  had  run  aground  near  that  city,  rather 
than  surrender  it,  and  was  killed  by  the  ex- 
plosion. 

Renwick,  James,  LL.D.,  physicist,  b. 
New  York  1792  ;  d.  there  Jan.  12, 1863.  Col. 
Coll.  1807,  and  from  1820  to  1853  was  prof. 


REQ 


763 


REY 


of  chemistry  and  physics  there.  The  mother 
of  Prof.  Rcnwick  was  a  friend  and  pet  of  the 
poet  Burns,  who  addressed  to  her  some  of  his 
sweetest  poems.  In  1838  he  was  app.  by  govt. 
one  of  the  conimiss.  for  the  exploration  of  the 
N.  East  boundary  between  the  U.S.  and  New 
Brunswick.  Ho  was  a  valuable  contrib.  to  the 
N.  Y.  Review  and  to  the  Whig  Review ;  wrote 
Biographies  of  Fulton,  Rittenhouse,  and  Rum- 
ford,  for  Sparks'ri  "  Araer.  Biog. ;  "  a  "  Memoir 
of  De  Witt  Clinton,"  N.Y.  1834;  a  Treatise 
on  the  Steam-Eiigine,  and  one  on  the  practi- 
cal applications  of  the  principles  of  mechanics, 
N.Y.  1840.  His  "Outlines  of  Nat.  Philos.," 
2  vols.  Phila.  1832,  was  the  earliest  extended 
work  on  that  subject  in  the  U.S. ;  and  his  "  Out- 
lines of  Geology,"  N.Y.  1838,  preceded  by 
several  years  any  other  text-book  on  that  sub- 
ject. He  also  pub.  text-books  on  chemistry  and 
philosophy  for  the  use  of  schools  ;  "Lives  of 
Jay  and  Hamilton  ;  "  and  "  Elements  of  Me- 
chanics," 8vo,  1832. 

Hequier,  Augustus  Julian,  poet  and 
lawyer,  b.  Charleston,  S.C,  May  27,  1825. 
His  father  was  of  Marseilles  ;  his  mother  the 
dan.  of  a  Haytien  lady,  who  fled  to  the  U.S. 
upon  the  servile  outbreak  there.  In  1844  he 
commenced  the  practice  of  law;  in  Oct.  1850 
removed  to  Mobile,  Ala. ;  was  in  1853  app.  by 
Pres.  Pierce  dist.-atty.  for  the  Southern  Dist. 
of  Ala. ;  was  re-app.  by  Buchanan ;  resigned  the 
office  on  the  secession  of  Ala.  in  Jan.  1861  ; 
and  again  received  the  app.  from  the  govt,  of 
the  Confed.  States  a  few  months  later.  In  1842 
he  wrote  "  The  Spanish  Exile,"  a  3-act  play, 
successfully  performed  in  Charleston  and  other 
places,  and  soon  after  pub.  "The  Old  Sanc- 
tuary," a  romance,  was  pub.  Boston,  1846. 
Between  1845  and  1850  many  of  his  minor 
poems  apeared  in  the  magazines.  A  coll.  of 
his  poems  was  pub.  in  Phila.  in  1860;  and 
"  Marco  Bozzaris,"  written  in  1846,  was  suc- 
cessfully produced  at  the  Mobile  Theatre. — 
Appleton. 

Revere,  Paul,  engraver  and  patriot,  b.  Bos- 
ton, Jan.  1,  1735  ;  d.  there  May  10,  1818.  Of 
Huguenot  descent,  and  was  brought  up  to  his 
father's  trade  of  goldsmith.  In  1756  he  was  a 
lieut.  of  art.,  and  was  stationed  at  Fort  Edward, 
near  Lake  George.  On  his  return,  he  established 
himself  as  a  goldsmith,  and  acquiring,  unaided, 
the  art  of  copperplate  engraving,  was,  at  the 
revolutionary  outbreak,  one  of  the  4  engravers 
then  in  America.  In  1766  he  engraved  a  print 
emblematic  of  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act, 
which  was  very  popular,  as  was  also  that  called 
"The  17  Rescinders  ;  "  in  1770  he  pub.  a  print 
of  "The  Boston  Massacre;"  in  1774  another 
representing  the  landing  of  the  British  troops 
in  Boston  ;  and  was  one  of  the  grand  jury  which 
refused  to  act  because  of  the  action  of  parlia- 
ment in  making  the  judge  independent  of  the 
people.  In  1775  he  engraved  the  plates,  made 
the  press,  and  printed  the  bills,  of  the  paper- 
money  ordered  by  the  Ms.  Prov.  Congress. 
By  that  body  he  was  sent  to  Phila.  to  visit  the 
powder-mill  there,  and  learn  the  art  of  making 
powder,  and  on  his  return  set  up  a  mill  with 
complete  success.  He  was  one  of  those  who 
planned  and  executed  the  destruction  of  the 
tea  in  Boston  harbor ;    and  on  the  night  of 


April  18,  1775,  Warren  despatched  him  byway 
of  Charlestown  to  give  notice  of  the  British 
exped.  to  Concord.  "  The  Midnight  Ride  of 
Paul  Revere  "  is  the  title  of  one  of  Longfellow's 
poems.  He  was  in  the  unfortunate  Penobscot 
exped.  of  1779.  He  was  lieut.-col.  of  a  regt. 
of  art.  in  the  State  service,  and,  as  grand  mas- 
ter of  Freemasons,  had  extensive  influence. 
After  the  war,  he  was  engaged  in  the  casting 
of  church-bells  and  cannon;  and  in  1795  as- 
sisted at  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of  the 
Boston  State  House.  He  erected  the  extensive 
works  at  Canton,  Ms.,  for  the  rolling  of  copper, 
which  business  is  continued  by  his  successors, 
the  "  Revere  Copper  Co."  First  pres.  of  the 
Ms.  Charitable  Assoc.  Paul  Joseph  his  grand- 
son, b.  Boston,  Sept.  10,  1832,  d.  Westmin- 
ster, Md.,  July  4,  1863,  of  a  wound  received  at 
Gettysburg.  H.U.  1852.  Maj.  20th  Ms.  Vols. 
July  1,  1861  ;  col.  Apr.  14,  1863;  wounded  and 
made  prisoner  at  Ball's  Bluff;  exchanged  in 
Apr.  1862,  and  served  in  the  Army  oi  the  Po- 
tomac until  his  death.  His  bro.  E.  H.  R.  Re- 
vere, surgeon  of  his  regt.,  was  killed  at  Antie- 
tam,  Sept.  17,  1862;  b.  July  23,  1827  ;  M.D. 
Harv.  Med.  School,  1849.  —  Harv.  Mem.  Biog. 

Reynolds,  Ignatius  Aloysius,  D.D., 
R.  C.  bishop  of  Charleston,  S.C,  b.  near  Bards- 
town,  Ky.,  of  an  old  Md.  family,  Aug.  22, 
1798;  d.  Charleston,  March  6,  1855.  His  par- 
ents were  among  the  early  settlers  of  Ky. 
He  completed  his  education  at  St.  Mary's  Coll., 
Bait. ;  filled  various  eccles.  offices  in  his  native 
State;  was  long  vicar-gen.  to  Bishop  Flaget; 
rector  of  St.  Joseph's  Coll.,  and  pres.  of  the 
Nazareth  Female  Institute  of  Ky.  ;  consec. 
bishop  of  Charleston,  March  18,  1844. 

Reynolds,  John,  a  British  admiral,  and 
colonial  gov.  of  Ga. ;  d.  a  rear-adm.  of  the  Blue, 
Jan.  1776.  App.  gov.  of  Ga.  Aug.  6,  1754, 
he  landed  at  Savannah  Oct.  29,  and  resigned 
Feb.  1757  on  account  of  disagreement  with  the 
council.  He  secured  the  friendship  of  the  In- 
dians; established  courts  of  judicature  there; 
and  Jan.  7, 1755,  called  together  the  first  legisl. 
of  Georgia. 

Reynolds,  John,  politician,  gov.  111.  1830- 
4,  b.  Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.,  Feb.  26,  1789, 
of  Irish  parents,  who  landed  at  Phila.  in  1786 ; 
d.  Belleville,  111.,  May  8,  1865.  He  belonged 
to  a  company  of  scouts  in  the  campaigns 
of  1812-13  against  the  Indians;  practised 
law  in  Cahokia;  was  a  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  HI.  in  1818;  was  a  member  of  the 
legisl.  in  1826-30,  1846-8,  18.52-4;  speaker  of 
the  house  1852-4.  Com.  111.  volunteers  in 
May  and  June,  1832,  during  the  Black  Hawk 
war;  was  M.C.  in  1835-7  and  1839-43.  He 
pub.  "Pioneer  History  of  Illinois,"  1848; 
"  Glance  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  and  Sketches 
of  Travel,"  1854  ;  "  My  Life  and  Times,"  1855; 
and  at  one  time  conducted  the  Belleville  Eagle, 
a  daily  paper.  He  was  a  Democ.  of  the  con- 
servative school. 

Reynolds,  Gen.  John  Fulton,  b.  Lan- 
caster, Pa.,  1 820 ;  killed  at  Gettysburg  1  July, 
1863.  West  Point,  1841.  Entering  the  3d 
Art.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  18  June,  1846  ;  brev. 
capt.  for  Monterey  23  Sept.  1846,  and  major 
for  Buena  Vista  23  Feb.  1847  ;  capt.  13  Mar. 
1855,  and  disting.  in  actions  with  Indians  near 


REY 


764 


RHO 


Rogue  River,  Oregon,  in  1856  ;  lieut.-col.  I4th 
liif.  14  May,  1861  ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  20  Aug. 
1861;  maj .-gen.  vols.  29  Nov.  1862;  and  col. 
5th  U.S.  Inf.  1  June,  1863.  He  com.  at  Cheat 
Mountain,  where  Lee  was  repulsed,  and  Oct. 
3  drove  back  the  Confeds.  at  Greenbrier.  At- 
tached to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  he  fought 
at  Mechanicsville,  Gaines's  Mill,  Savage  Sta- 
tion, and  at  Glcndale,  where  he  was  captured, 
and  for  these  services  was  brev.  col.  and  brig.- 
geu.  U.S.A.  Released  soon  alter,  he  com.  his 
div.  at  the  battle  of  Manassas,  Aug.  29,  30 ; 
and  took  com.  of  the  1st  army  corps  in  Dec, 
and  led  it  at  Fredericksburg.  With  the  right 
wing  of  Meade's  army,  consisting  of  about 
8,000  men,  he  led  the  van,  and,  attacking  the 
entire  Confed.  army,  brought  on  the  decisive 
battle  of  Gettysburg,  but  fell  in  the  first  day's 
action. 

Reynolds,  John  N.,  author  of  a  "  Voyage 
of  the  U.  S.  Frigate  Potomac,  1831-4,"  N.Y. 
1835;  "Pacific  and  Indian  Oceans,"  &c.,  8vo, 
1841.  A  prominent  advocate  of  the  exploring 
exped.  to  the  Pacific  and  South  Seas,  on  which 
subject  he  pub.  an  address  in  1836;  and  has 
contrib.  several  spirited  nautical  sketches  to 
the  Knickerbocker  Magazine. 

Reynolds,  Joseph,  M.D.  of  H.U.  1827, 
b.  Wilmington,  Ms.  Author  of  "  Prize  Essay 
on  Manures;  "  "Agricultural  Survey  of  Mid- 
dlesex Co.,  Ms. ;  "  "Peter  Gott,  the  Cape- Ann 
Fisherman,"  1856;  "Gen.  Hist,  of  the  Indep. 
Odd  Fellows'  Soc,"  8vo,  1842.  He  contrib. 
many  articles  to  the  Boston  Med.  Jour,  and 
Jour,  of  National  Med.  Assoc.  —  Allibone. 

Reynolds,  Joseph  Jones,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Ky.  West  Point,  1843.  Assist, 
prof,  there  1846-55  ;  1st  lieut.  3d  Art.  3  Mar. 
1847;  resigned  28  Feb.  1857;  prof,  mechanics 
and  engr.  Washington  U.,  St.  Louis,  1856-60; 
col.  10th  Ind.  Vols.  27  Apr. ;  brig.-gen.  vols. 
17  May,  1861;  maj.-gen.  vols.  29  Nov.  1862; 
col.  26th  Inf.  28  July,  1866.  He  was  in  vari- 
ous actions  in  West  Va.  in  1861 ;  in  campaign 
of  Army  of  the  Cumberland  1862-3;  engaged 
at  Hoover's  Gap,  Chickamauga,  as  chief  of 
staff,  Oct.-Dec.  1863;  com.  19th  corps  7  July, 
1864,  and  organized  forces  for  capture  of  Mo- 
bile and  Fts.  Gaines  and  Morgan  ;  com.  dept. 
of  Ark.  Nov.  1864  to  Apr.  25,  1866;  brev. 
brig.-gen,  and  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  2  Mar.  1867, 
for  Chickamauga  and  for  Missionary  Ridge; 
tr.  to  3d  Cav.  16  Dec.  1870.— Cullum. 

Reynolds,  Thomas,  jurist,  and  gov.  of 
Mo.  1840-4,  b.  Bracken  Co.,  Ky.,  March  12, 
1796;  d  Jefferson  City,  Feb.  9,  1844.  He  es- 
tablished himself  in  Illinois  when  young,  and 
was  elevated  to  the  bench  of  the  Supreme 
Court  after  filling  the  posts  of  clerk  of  the 
house,  atty.-gen.,  and  speaker  of  the  house.  In 
1828  he  removed  to  Mo.,  where  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  legisl.,  and  pres.  judge  of  a 
court  of  justice.  He  subsequently  became  a 
monomaniac;  and,  to  escape  the  fancied  or 
real  opposition  of  political  rivals,  he  committed 
suicide. 

Reynolds,  William  Morton,  D.D.,  b. 
Fayette  Co.,  Pa.,  1812.  Jeff.  Coll.  1832.  He 
took  orders  in  the  Lutheran  Church.  Prof,  in 
Pa.  Coll.  1833-50;  pres.  of  Capital  U.,  Ohio, 
1850-7,  and  of  111.    State  U.  1857  ;   ord.  in 


Prot.-Ep.  Church  1864.  In  1840  he  estab. 
and  edited  the  Evang.  Mug.;  edited  the  Literarif 
Record  in  1845;  and  in  1849  established  and 
edited,  until  July,  1862,  the  Evang.  Review. 
He  has  contrib.  to  other  ]jeriodicals.  Author 
of  "  Discourses  on  the  Swedish  Churches," 
the  "  Captivi  of  Plautus,"  with  introd.  and 
notes,  1846;  "  Thou;ihts  in  relation  to  the 
111.  State  University  ;  "  and  addres.ses  and  dis- 
courses on  several  occasions. — Allibone. 

Rhees,  Morgan  John,  D.D.,  b.  Glamor- 
ganshire, Wales,  1760  ;  d.  Somerset,  Pa.,  1804. 
Baptist  minister  at  Peny-Garn.  Emig.  to  the 
U.S.  in  1794,  and  settled  in  Beulah,  and  after- 
ward in  Somerset.  Editor  of  the  Welsh  Treas- 
ury, and  the  author  of  Welsh  Lyrics,  pub.  in 
Wales,  and  of  some  orations  and  discourses 
pub.  in  Pa.  His  son  Morgan  J.,  D.D.,  an 
eminent  Baptist  minister  of  Phila.,  d.  Williams- 
burg, N.Y.,  Jan.  15,  1853,  a.  49.  —  Allibone. 

Rhett,  Robert  Barnwell,  lawyer  and 
M.C,  b.  Beaufort,  S.C,  Dec.  24,  1800.  Son 
of  James  and  Marianna  Smith,  and  adopted 
the  name  of  Rhett,  a  colonial  ancestor,  in  1837. 
Received  a  liberal  education,  and  adopted  the 
law  as  a  profession ;  was  elected  to  the  State 
legisl.  in  1826;  inl832atty.-gen.of  S.C,  acting 
with  the  ultra  wing  of  the  State-rights  party 
during  the  nullification  movement ;  M.C.  1838- 
49  ;  and  U.S.  senator  in  1850  and  '51.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  the  first  man  who  proposed 
and  advocated  on  the  floor  of  Congress  a  dis- 
solution of  the  Union.  He  was  a  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  State  convention,  which,  Dec.  20, 
1860,  passed  an  ordinance  of  secession.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  convention  of  seceding 
States  at  Montgomery,  and  was  chairman  of 
the  committee  by  which  the  constitution  of  the 
Confederate  States  of  America  was  report- 
ed ;  afterward  a  member  of  the  Confed.  Con- 
gress. His  political  views  have  been  given  to 
the  public  in  the  Charleston  Mercury,  a  news- 
paper owned  by  himself,  and  conducted  by  his 
son,  R.  B.  Rhett,  jun. 

Rhiud,  Alexander  Colden,  captain 
U.N.S.,  b.  N.Y.  Sept.  3,  1821.  Midshipm. 
Sept.  3,  1838;  lieut.  Feb.  17,  1854;  com.  Jan. 
2,  1863;  capt.  1870.  Attached  to  the  home 
squadron,  and  present  at  Alvarado  and  Tabas- 
co, Mexican  war;  coast-survey  1849-50  and 
1851-4;  com.  gunboat  "Crusader,"  and  en- 
gaged in  various  affairs  off  S.C.  in  1862;  com. 
iron-clad  "  Keokuk  "  in  attack  on  defences  of 
Charleston,  Apr.  17,  1863,  which  received  19 
shots  at  and  near  her  water-line,  and  sunk  next 
day;  com.  "Paul  Jones,"  S.A.B.  squad.,  1863, 
and  took  part  in  various  attacks  on  Fort  Wag- 
ner and  other  defences  of  Charleston ;  com. 
"Agawam,"  N.A.B.  squad.,  1864-5,  and  en- 
gaged 3  Confed.  batteries  at  Deep  Bottom,  Va., 
Aug.  13,  1864,  for  which  he  was  thanked  by 
the  dept. ;  engaged  in  the  perilous  explosion 
of  the  powder-boat  "Louisiana,"  near  Fort 
Fisher,  Dec.  23,  18Q4.—Hamersly. 

Rhodes,  Gen.  Robert  E.,  b.  Lynchburg, 
Va.,  1826  ;  killed  in  battle  at  Winchester,  Va., 
Sept.  19,  1864.  Va.  Milit.  Inst.  1848;  prof, 
in  that  institution  until  his  removal  to  Ala. 
Capt.  of  the  Mobile  cadets  in  1861 ;  then  col. 
5th  Ala.  Regt. ;  promoted  to  brig.-gen.  soon  af- 
ter the  first  battle  of  Manassas ;  wounded  at 


RLA. 


765 


RTC 


Seven  Pines  and  Sharpsbnrg ;  fought  at  Fred- 
ericksburg and  Chancellorsville,  where  he  be- 
came maj.-gen. ;  served  through  the  Pa.  cam- 
paign; with  Early  in  the  defence  of  Lynch- 
burg ;  and  with  the  Army  of  the  Valley,  com- 
manding one  of  its  two  army  corps,  until  he 
fell. 

Hiall,  SiK  Phineas,  a  British  gen.;  d. 
Paris,  Nov.  10,  1851.  Ensign  92d  Foot,  Jan. 
1794 ;  Jan.  1, 1800,  lieut.-col.  by  brev. ;  com.  a 
brigade  in  the  expedition  against  Martinique, 
against  Saintes  in  1809,  and  at  the  capture  of 
(iuadaloupo  in  Feb.  1810;  June  4, 1813,  he  be- 
came maj.-gon. ;  in  Sept.  he  was  ordered  to 
Canada,  serving  on  the  Niagara  frontier ;  com. 
at  the  battle  of  Chippewa,  where  he  was  wound- 
ed, and  at  the  severely-contested  battle  of  Lun- 
dy's  Lane,  24  July,  f814.  In  Feb.  1816  he  was 
app.  gov.  of  Granada,  and  attained  the  full  rank 
of  gen.  in  1841.  —  Morrjan. 

Ribault  (re-bd),  Jean,  a  French  navigator, 
who  led  the  first  colony  to  Florida,  b.  Dieppe 
ab.l520;  killed  in  Fla.  1565.  Admiral  Coligny, 
having  determined  to  found  a  Huguenot  colony 
in  Amer.,  littcd  out  two  vessels  for  an  expcd. 
to  Fla.,  giving  the  com.  to  Ribault,  who  sailed 
from  Plavre  de  Grace,  Feb.  18,  1562,  and  early 
in  May  anchored  in  Port-Royal  harbor.  A 
fort  was  built  south  of  the  present  site  of  Beau- 
fort, and  named  Caroline,  in  honor  of  the  king 
of  France ;  and  26  colonists  were  left  in  pos- 
session, who,  when  reduced  to  the  point  of  star- 
vation, set  sail  in  a  crazy  bark,  and  were  picked 
up  by  an  English  ship.  An  expedition  under 
Laudonniere  sailed  in  April,  1564,  and  on  the 
River  May,  now  called  the  St.  John's,  built  a 
fort,  also  called  Caroline.  After  great  suffer- 
ing, they  were  on  the  point  of  returning  to 
France,  when  Ribault,  who  left  Dieppe  May  22, 
1565,  arrived  with  a  fleet  of  7  vessels.  Scarce- 
ly had  he  anchored,  when  a  Spanish  fleet,  un- 
der Menendez,  appeared,  with  orders  from  the 
king  to  "gibbet  and  behead  all  the  Protestants 
in  those  regions."  The  French  fleet,  unpre- 
pared for  battle,  cut  its  cables,  and  escaped. 
The  Spaniards  repaired  to  St.  Augustine,  where 
Ribault,  against  the  advice  of  his  otHcers,  de- 
termined to  attack  them.  A  terrible  storm 
wrecked  his  vessels  on  the  coast  of  Fla.,  near 
Cape  Canaveral,  ab.  100  miles  S.  of  St.  Augus- 
tine. In  the  mean  time,  Menendez  surprised 
the  garrison  of  Fort  Caroline,  and  massacred 
near  200  of  both  sexes.  Ignorant  of  their  fate, 
Ribault  endeavored  to  reach  the  fort,  but  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Menendez,  and,  with  nearly 
all  his  party,  was  massacred.  A  French  cxped. 
under  Do  Gorgues,in  1567,  in  retaliation,  seized 
two  forts  near  the  St.  John's,  and  the  important 
fort  of  St.  Mateo,  and  hanged  all  their  prisoners 
on  the  same  tree  upon  which  his  conntrjoricn 
had  been  executed  by  Menendez.  A  vol.  of  42 
pages,  now  extremely  rare,  being  an  Eng.  trans- 
lation of  the  report  of  his  first  voyage,  made 
by  Ribault  to  Coligny,  was  pub.  in  London  un- 
der the  title  of  "  The  Whole  and  True  Discov- 
erye  of  Terra  Florida,  &e. ;  written  in  French 
by  Capt.  Ribauld,  the  first  that  vehollye  discov- 
ered the  same,  and  now  newly  set  forthe  in 
Englishe  the  XXX.  of  May,  1563." 

Rice,  Alexander  Hamilton,  a  leading 
merchant  of  Boston,  and  M.C.  1859-67,  b.  New- 


ton L.  Falls,  Ms.,  30  Aug.  1818.  Un.  Coll.  1844. 
Son  of  Thomas,  a  papcr-manuf.  Three  years 
a  clerk  in  the  paper-store  of  Wilkins  &  Carter 
of  Boston,  in  which  firm  he  became  a  partner 
after  graduating  in  1 844 ;  the  present  style  of 
the  firm  being  Rice,  Kendall,  &  Co.  Member 
com.  council  in  1856 ;  its  pres.  in  1857;  mayor 
of  Boston  in  1857-9,  and  identified  with  sev- 
eral important  measures  for  city  improvements ; 
and  chairman  of  the  naval  com.  of  the  3'3th  and 
39th  Congresses,  —  a  position  of  great  labor 
and  responsibility  during  the  Rebellion.  Mr. 
Rice  is  a  man  of  scholarly  tastes,  and  is  a 
graceful  and  fluent  speaker. 

Rice,  David,  b.  Hanover  Co.,  Va.,  20  Dec. 
1733;  d.  18  June,  1816.  N.J.  Coll.  1761.  Ord. 
by  the  presbytery  of  Hanover  in  Nov.  1762, 
and  was  settled  successively  in  Hanover,  Va., 
1763-8,  and  in  Ky.,  where  he  was  the  pioneer 
preacher,  having  cmig.  thither  in  Oct.  1783. 
Active  in  estab.  Hamp.  Sid.  Coll.  Author  of 
"Essay  on  Baptism,"  1789;  '"  Lects.  on  Di- 
vine Decrees,"  1791 ;  "Slavery  Inconsistent," 
&c.,  a  speech,  1793;  "Letters  on  Christianity," 
Weekly  Recorder,  1814;  also  sermons  and  epis- 
tles. —  Sprague. 

Rice,  Geokge  Edwaed,  wit  and  poet,  b. 
Boston,  July  10,  1822  ;  d.  insane  at  Roxbury, 
Ms.,  Aug.  10,  1861.  H.U.  1842.  He  studied 
and  practised  law.  Contrib.  to  the  N.  A.  Re- 
view and  other  leading  periodicals ;  wrote  sev- 
eral humorous  plays,  which  were  acted  with  ap- 
plause ;  pub.  several  humorous  works,  and  a 
vol.  of  serious  poems,  called  "Nugamenta." 
His  poem,  "  The  Present  Time,"  was  frequent- 
ly delivered  by  him  in  public. 

Rice,  Harvey,  poet,  b.  Conwav,  Ms.,  June 
11,1800.  Wins.  Coll.  1820.  He  emlg.  to  Cleve- 
land in  1824;  opened  a  classical  school;  was 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1826 ;  became  a  representa- 
tive in  1830,  and  agent  for  the  sale  of  the  W. 
Reserve  school-lands;  Democ.  candidate  for 
Congress  in  1834  and  1836;  established  the 
Cleveland  Plain-Dealer  in  1 829 ;  member  of  the 
State  senate  in  1852-3 ;  and  author  of  the  com- 
mon-school system  then  enacted.  His  poems 
were  collected  in  1859,  entitled  "Mt.  Vernon 
and  other  Poems."  Contrib.  to  the  Western 
Mag.,  Nineteenth  Century,  Great  Republic,  &c. 
Author  of  address  at  the  Centennial  Ceieb.  at 
Conway,  Ms.,  1867.  —  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the 
West. 

Rice,  Gen.  James  Clay,  b.  Worthington, 
Ms.,  Dec.  27, 1829 ;  d.  from  wounds  at  the  bat- 
tle near  Spottsylvania  C.  H.,  May  11,  1864. 
Y.C.  1854.  In  1855  he  taught  in  Natchez, 
Mpi. ;  was  editor  of  a  paper  there ;  and,  after 
studying  law,  was  adm  to  the  bar.  Returning 
North  in  1856,  he  practised  in  N.  York.  When 
the  war  broke  out,  he  enlisted  as  a  private,  but 
by  merit  attained  the  colonelcy  of  the  44th 
N.Y.  (Ellsworth's)  Regt. ;  was  in  the  battles 
of  YorktOAvn,  Hanover  C.  H.,  Gaines's  Mill, 
Malvern  Hill,  Manassas,  Fredericksburg,  Chan- 
cellorsville,  and  at  Gettysburg,  where  he  com. 
a  brigade,  and  displayed  great  skill  and  gal- 
Ian  tr.y ;  brig.-gen.  Aug.  17,  1863.  He  took 
part  'in  the  operations  of  Mine  Run  and  the 
terrible  battles  of  the  Wilderness.— r.C.  Obit. 
Record. 

Rice,  John  Holt,  D.D.  (N.J.  1819),  a 


RIC 


766 


RIO 


Presbyterian  clergyman,  b.  New  London,  Bed- 
ford Co.,  Va.,  Nov.  28,  1777;  d.  Prince  Ed- 
ward Co.,  Va.,  Sept.  3, 1831.  Wash.  Coll.,  Va. 
He  was  in  1796-9  a  tutor  at  Hamp.  Sid.  Coll.; 
was  the  founder  of  Un.  Theol.  Sem.  in  1824,  at 
the  head  of  which  he  passed  his  last  years ;  and 
in  1817  originated  and  edited  the  Evangelical 
and  Lit.  Mag.  The  prime  of  his  life  was  spent 
as  a  pastor  in  Richmond.  He  labored  much, 
and  with  success,  among  the  negro  slaves.  Emi- 
nent as  a  writer  and  as  a  pulpit-orator.  He 
pub.  "Memoirs  of  S.  Davies;  '^  "An  Illustra- 
tion of  the  Presb.  Church  in  Va.,"  1816;  "Me- 
moir of  Rev.  J.  B.  Taylor,"  1830;  "  Consid- 
erations on  Religion,"  1832.  His  Life  by  Dr. 
Wm.  Maxwell  was  pub.  Phila.  1835. — Sprague. 

Rice,  Luther,  a  Baptist  clergyman,  b. 
Northborough,  Ms.,  Mar.  25,  1783;  d.  Edge- 
field Dist.,  S.C,  Oct.  25,  1836.  Wms.  Coll. 
1810;  And.  Theol.  Sem.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  who  devoted  themselves  to  the  missionary 
service  in  Asia.  Ord.  at  Salem,  Feb.  6,  1812, 
and  sailed  for  Calcutta  a  few  days  after ;  be- 
came a  Baptist,  and  returned  to  Amer.  in  Mar. 
1813  to  enlist  the  Baptist  denomination  in  the 
cause  of  foreign  missions.  He  labored  in  that 
cause  several  yeara  with  success ;  then  settled 
in  Va. ;  was  instrumental  in  founding  Colum- 
bian Coll.,  D.C.,  and  was  for  10  or  12  years  its 
agent  and  manager.  He  wrote  many  appeals 
and  addresses.  —  See  Memoir  in  Chris.  Review, 
vi.  321. 

Rice,  N.  L.,  D.D,  pastor  Central  Presb.  Ch., 
Cin.,  and  afterward  of  the  Second  Presb.  Ch., 
St.  Louis,  and  the  Fifth-ave.  Ch.,  New  York. 
Has  pub.  Debates, — on  Baptism,  with  Rev. 
Alex.  Campbell ;  on  Universal  Salvation,  with 
Rev.  E.  Pringree ;  and  on  Slavery,  with  Rev. 
J.  A.  Blanchard,  1845;  "Romanism  the  Ene- 
my of  Free  Listitutions,"  1851;  "The  Signs 
of  the  Times,"  1855;  "Baptism,"  1855;  "Our 
Country  and  the  Church,"  1861;  "The  Pul- 
pit," 1862;  "Discourses,"  1862;  "God  Sove- 
reign, Man  Free,"  1870. 

Rice,  Gen.  Samuel  A.,  b.  N.Y. ;  d.  Os- 
kaloosa,  lo.,  6  July,  1864,  of  wounds  at  the 
battle  of  Salem  River,  Ark.  Col.  33d  Iowa 
Vols.,  and  conspicuous  at  the  battle  of  Helena, 
where  he  com.  a  brigade ;  brig.-gen.  4  Aug. 
1863;  took  an  honorable  part  in  every  battle 
of  the  campaigns  of  1863-4  in  Ark.  until  fatally 
wounded. 

Rice,  Thomas  D.  ("  Jim  Crow  "),  b.  N.Y. 
May  20,  1808;  d.  there  Sept.  19,  1860.  A 
carver  by  trade.  He  joined  a  theatrical  com- 
pany in  1829,  and,  by  his  excellent  imitations 
of  the  negro,  soon  attained  celebrity.  In  1836 
he  played  Jim  Crow  at  the  Surrey,  Lond.,  with 
extraordinary  success.  After  his  return  to  the 
U.S.,  he  played  as  a  star  in  the  principal  cities. 
He  composed  "  Bone  Squash,"  a  burlesque 
opera,  and  a  negro  extravaganza  on  the  plot 
of  Othello,  both  of  which  were  very  successful. 
—  Brown's  Amer.  Stage. 

Rich,  Obadiah,  a  Lond.  bookseller,  b. 
Boston,  Ms.,  1783;  d.  London,  Jan.  20,  1850. 
He  went  to  Spain  when  young,  and  for  some 
time  filled  the  situation  of  U.S.  consul  at 
Valentia.  While  in  Spain,  he  formed  a  rich  col- 
lection of  rare  and  valuable  works  relating  to 
Spanish  America.     Mr.  Ticknor,  in  his  "  His- 


tory of  Spanish  Literature,"  makes  honorable 
mention  of  his  services  and  knowledge.  He  pub. 
"Bibliotheca  Americana,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1835. 

Richard,  Gabriel,  a  French  missionary, 
b.  Saintes,  Oct.  15,  1764;  d.  Detroit,  Sept.  13, 
1832,  of  cholera.  Educated  at  the  Coll.  of 
Augers.  He  became  a  priest  in  1790;  came 
to  the  U.S.  in  1792  to  teach  mathematics  at 
the  Coll.  of  Baltimore,  but  was  sent  by  Bishop 
Carrol  as  a  missionary  to  Kaskaskia,  111.  He 
went  to  Detroit  in  1798,  where  he  officiated  as 
grand  vicar  of  the  bishop  of  O.,  and  under- 
took for  a  short  time  the  publication,  in  French, 
of  a  periodical  entitled  Essais  du  Michigan. 
During  the  war  of  1812,  he  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  English;  was  sent  to  Sandwich,  U.C. ; 
and  was  the  means  of  saving  several  prisoners 
from  the  cruelty  of  the  Indians.  Sent  as  a 
delegate  to  Congress  in  1823,  he  consecrated  his 
salary  to  pious  purposes.  He  spoke  and  wrote 
7  different  languages ;  was  a  man  of  great  benev- 
olence, and  was  ardently  attached  to  Ameri- 
can institutions  and  the  principles  of  liberty. 
He  pub.  in  French  some  Catholic  books,  and 
the  Laws  of  the  Territory. 

Richards,  James,  D.D.  (Y.C.  1815), 
Presb.  clergyman,  b.  New  Canaan,  Ct.,  29  Oct. 
1766  ;  d.  Auburn,  Aug.  2,  1843.  Descended 
in  the  4th  generation  from  Samuel,  a  Welsh- 
man, who  settled  near  Stamford,  Ct.  Edu- 
cated at  Yale,  from  which  in  1794  he  received 
an  hon.  degree.  In  1794  he  became  the  pastor 
of  the  First  Presb.  Church  in  Morristown,  N.  J., 
and  in  1809  of  the  church  of  Newark,  N.  J. ; 
app.  prof  in  the  Theol.  Sem.,  Auburn,  N.Y., 
in  1823.  His  Lectures,  with  a  Memoir  by  S. 
H.  Gridley,  were  pub.  in  N.Y.  in  1846.  A 
selection  of  20  sermons,  with  an  essay  on  his 
character  by  William  B.  Sprague,  D.D.,  was 
pub.  1849. 

Richards,  Major  John,  b.  Eng. ;  d.  Bos- 
ton, Apr.  2,  1694.  Son  of  Thomas  of  Dor- 
chester in  1630.  Was  a  member  of  the  A.  &  H. 
Art.  Co.,  Boston,  1644.  In  1649-53  was  an 
Indian  trader  at  Arrowsic  Island,  Kennebec, 
but  became  an  opulent  merchant  in  Boston. 
He  was  sergeant-miijor  of  the  Suffolk  regt.  in 
1683-9;  treasurer  of  H.U.  1672-85;  represen- 
tative for  Newbury  1671-3,  for  Hadley  1675, 
Boston  1679-80,  and  speaker;  assist.  1680-6; 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court  1692  ;  and  coun- 
cillor from  1692  till  his  death.  He  had  been 
with  Dudley  an  agent  in  Eng.  He  bequeathed 
legacies  of  £100  each  to  H.U.,  the  town  of 
Boston,  and  the  Second  Church. 

Richards,  John,  D.D.  (D.C.  1845),  a 
prominent  Cong,  clergyman,  b.  Farmington, 
Ct.,  May  14,  1797;  d.  Hanover,  N.H.,  Mar. 
29,  1859.  Y.C.  1821  ;  Andover,  1824.  Ord. 
at  Windsor,  Vt.,  1827,  having  been  for  3  jrears 
an  agent  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions. 
In  1830-9  he  was  assoc.  editor  of  the  Vermont 
Chronicle;  was  installed  at  Hanover  in  1841  ; 
had  been  for  several  years  sec.  of  the  N.H.  Edu- 
cation Society ;  wrote  extensively  for  periodi- 
cals ;  and  began  a  series  of  biogs.  (completed 
and  pub.  by  Dr.  Chapman)  of  graduates  of  D.C. 

Richards,  William,  missionary,  b.  Plain- 
field,  Ms.,  Aug.  22,  1792 ;  d.  Honolulu,  Dec. 
7,  1847.  Williams  Coll.  1819  ;  And.  Sem. 
1822.    Nov.  19,  1822,  he  embarked  from  N. 


RIC 


767 


I^IC 


Haven  as  a  missionary  to  the  Sandwich  Is- 
lands. In  1838  he  became  councillor,  as  well 
as  interpreter  and  chaplain  to  the  king,  and, 
after  the  recognition  of  the  independence  of 
the  islands  by  foreign  powers,  was  sent  as  am- 
bassador to  Eng.  and  other  courts.  Returning  in 
1845,  he  was  app.  minister  of  public  instruction. 

Richards,  William  C,  Baptist  minister, 
b.Lond.  1817.  Madison  U.,  N.Y.,  1840.  Emig. 
to  Amer.  in  1831  ;  lived  15  years  in  Ga.  and 
S.C.,  and  has  since  1853  been  stationed  in  N.Y. 
Author  of  "  A  Day  in  the  Crystal  Palace," 
1853  ;  "  Harry's  Vacation,"  1854 ;  "  Election," 
1858  ;  "  Memoir  of  George  N.  Briggs,"  1866. 
He  edited  the  Orion  Mag.  3  years;  Georgia. 
Illustrated,  1842;  Southern  Lit.  Gazette  5 
years  ;  Schoolfellow  6  years.  Contrib.  to  vari- 
ous periodicals.  His  wife  (formerly  Cornelia 
H.  Bradley,  b.  Hudson,  N.Y.,  1822,  m.  in 
1841)  has  contrib.  to  the  periodicals  edited  by 
her  husband,  and  has  pub.  some  books  under 
the  noin  deplume  of  Mrs.  Manners. — Allihone. 

Hichardsou,  Albert  Deane,  author  and 
journalist,  b.  Franklin,  Ms.,  1833 ;  assassinated 
in  New  York,  Dec.  2,  1869.  At  17  he  went  to 
Pittsburg,  Pa.,  where  he  taught,  and  wrote  for 
the  press ;  he  afterwards  wrote  for  the  Cincin. 
papers  ;  went  to  Kansas  as  corresp.  of  the  Bos- 
ton Journal,  and  while  there  acted  as  sec.  of  the 
Terr,  legisl.,  and  adj.-gen.  He  was  afterward 
a  corresp.  of  the  Tribune  during  the  war,  and, 
after  20  months  in  Confed.  prisons,  escaped  Dec. 
18,  1864.  His  account  of  this  is  in  his  "  Field, 
Dungeon,  and  Escape."  He  visited  California 
in  1865,  and  on  his  return  wrote  "  Beyond  the 
Mississippi,"  which  had  a  large  sale.  He  also 
pub.  in  1868  a  "Life  of  General  Grant."  In 
1867  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Mrs.  McFar- 
land,  and  by  his  attentions  excited  the  jealousy 
of  her  husband,  who  attempted  to  murder  him 
in  March,  1868.  Mrs.  McFarland  obtained  a 
divorce  in  the  autumn  of  1869.  Nov.  26  Mc- 
Farland shot  Richardson  in  the  Tribune  office, 
and  was  tried  for  murder,  but  acquitted  on 
the  ground  of  insanity.  Before  Richardson's 
death,  the  marriage-ceremony  was  performed 
between  him  and  Mrs.  McFarland.  This  lady, 
nee  Abby  Sage>  pub.  in  1871  "  Stories  from 
Old  Eng.  Poetry.^' 

Richardson,  Gen.  Israel  B.,  b.  Burling- 
ton, Vt.,  1819;  d.  Sharpsburg,  Md.,  Nov.  3, 
1862.  West  Point,  1841.  He  was  a  descend- 
ant of  Gen.  Israel  Putnam.  Entering  the  3d 
Inf.,  he  served  in  the  Florida  war;  became  1st 
lieut.  Sept  21,  1846;  brev.  capt.  and  major  for 
gallantry  at  Contreras,  Churubusco,  and  Cha- 
pultepec;  capt.  March  5,  1851  ;  resigned  Sept. 
30,  1855,  and  settled  in  Mich.  When  the  civil 
war  broke  out,  he  became  col.  2d  Mich.  Vols. ; 
took  a  prominent  part  at  the  battles  of  Black- 
burn's Ford,  July  18,  and  Bull  Run,  July  21,  in 
both  of  which  he  com.  a  brigade;  brig.-gen. 
vols.  May  17,  1861;  com.  a  division  in  Sum- 
ner's army  corps  in  the  Peninsular  campaign 
with  great  gallantry  ;  was  made  maj.-gen.  July 
4,  1 862 ;  covered  the  retreat  of  the  army  after 
the  second  battle  of  Manassas,  Aug.  30  ;  fought 
at  South  Mountain  and  Antietam,  in  the  latter 
of  which  he  rendered  the  most  important  ser- 
vices, and  received  a  wound  in  the  shoulder, 
from  the  effect  of  which  he  died. 


Richardson,  Sir  John,  a  British  natu- 
ralist, b.  Dumfries,  Scotland,  1787;  d.  1865. 
Surgeon  in  Capt.  Franklin's  arctic  expeds.  of 
1819  and  '25.  In  1848  he  led  an  exped.  in 
search  of  that  navigator.  He  pub.  "  Zoology  of 
the  Northern  Parts  of  Brit.  America,"  2  parts, 
1829-37  ;  "Journal  of  a  Boat- Voyage  through 
Rupert's  Land  to  the  Arctic  Sea,"  &c.,  1851; 
and  "  Notes  on  the  Natural  Hist,  of  the  Last 
Arctic  Voyages,"  &c.,  1852-4. 

Richardson,  Maj.  John,  b.  Brit.  Ameri- 
ca. Was  made  a  prisoner  in  the  battle  of  the 
Thames  ;  subsequently  served  in  Spain,  in  the 
British  Legion ;  resided  some  yeai's  in  Paris, 
where  he  wrote  "Ecart€;"  and  removed  to 
Canada,  and  finally  to  the  U.S.,  where  he 
wrote  for  the  press  until  his  death.  Also  au- 
thor of  "Wacousta,  or  the  Prophecy,"  1833; 
"War  of  1812,"  8vo,  1842;  "Eight  Years  in 
Canada,"  8vo,  1847  ;  "  Matilda  Montgomerie," 
8vo,  1851;  "Westbrook,  or  the  Outlaw;" 
"  Wau-man-gec,  or  the  Massacre  of  Chicago," 
1852  ;  "  The  Fall  of  Chicago,"  1856 ;  "  Cana- 
dian Brothers."  He  established  a  newspaper 
in  Upper  Canada.  —  Allibone. 

Richardson,  John  Peter,  gov.  of  S.C. 
1840-2,  b.  Hickory  Hill,  Sumter  Dist.,  S.C, 
Apr.  14,  1801.  S.  C.  Coll.  1810.  Grandson 
of  Gen.  Richard.  Member  of  the  State  legisl. 
in  1824-36  ;  M.C.  in  1836-40 ;  during  the  nul- 
lification excitement  he  was  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  Union  party,  and,  in  the  convention 
which  passed  the  ordinance  of  nullification, 
steadily  opposed  that  measure;  in  1850  he  was 
one  of  the  delegates  at  large  from  S.C.  to  the 
Southern  convention;  and  in  1851  presided 
over  the  meeting  of  the  Southern-Rights  Assoc. 
in  Charleston.  He  opposed  the  separate  seces- 
sion of  the  State  in  the  State  convention  at 
Columbia  in  1852. 

Richardson,  Nathaniel  Smith,  D.D. 
(Rac.  Coll.  1857),Prot.-Ep.  clergyman,  b. Mid- 
dlebury,  Ct.,  1810.  Y.  C.  1834.  Author  of 
"  Pastor's  Appeal ;  "  "  Reasons  why  I  am  a 
Churchman,"  1843;  "Hist,  of  Watertown, 
Ct.,"  1845;  "Churchman's  Reasons,"  &c., 
1 845  ;  "  Reasons  why  I  am  not  a  Papist," 
1847;  "Evidences  of  Religion,"  1850;  "Spon- 
sor's Gift,"  1852.  Founder  and  editor  Amer. 
Ch.  Review  since  1848.  —  Allibone. 

Richardson,  Gcn.  Richard,  Revol.  pa- 
triot, b.  near  Jamestown,  Va.,  1704;  d.  near 
Salisbury,  S.  C,  in  Sept.  1781.  He  was  a  land- 
surveyor  in  Va. ;  afterwards  a  farmer  in  Cra- 
ven Co.,  S.C. ;  and,  during  the  Indian  border 
wars,  com.  a  regt.  Member  of  the  council  of 
safety  at  Charleston  in  1775;  and,  for  his  ser- 
vices in  quelling  a  dangerous  loyalist  revolt  in 
the  "  back  country,"  received  the  thanks  of  the 
Prov.  Congress,  and  was  promoted  to  brig.-gen. 
Member  of  the  legisl.  council  of  1 776 ;  and  in 
the  Prov.  Cong,  of  S.C.  assisted  in  forming  her 
constitution.  Lord  Cornwallis  made  fruitless 
efforts  to  gain  him  over  to  the  royal  cause. 
Made  prisoner  at  the  capture  of  Charleston, 
he  returned  from  the  prison  of  St.  Augustine 
only  to  die.  His  son  James  B.  was  gov.  of 
S.C.  in  1802-4.  His  eldest  son  com.  Marion's 
right  wing  at  Eutaw,  and  was  wounded. 

Richardson,  William  A.,  lawyer  and 
politician,  b.  Fayette  Co.,  Ky.    Transyl.  U. 


RIC 


768 


RID 


Studied  law,  and  came  to  the  bar  at  19  ;  State 
attorney  in  1835  ;  member  State  legisl.  1836, 
'38,  and  '44;  speaker  of  the  house  in  1844. 
Having  removed  to  111.,  he  was  capt.  in  Hardin's 
rcgt.  vols,  in  Mexican  war ;  disting.  in  battle 
of  Buena  Vista,  and  elected  maj.  in  Feb.  1847. 
M.C.  from  111.  1847-55;  gov.  of  Nebraska 
Terr.  1858-60;  re-elected  to  Congress  in  1860, 
and,  on  the  death  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  suc- 
ceeded him  in  the  U.S.  senate. 

Richardson,  William  Merchant, 
LL.D.  (D.C.  1827),  jurist,  b.  Pelham,  N.H., 
Jan.  4,  1774;  d.  Chester,  N.H.,  March  23, 
1838.  H.U.  1797.  Practised  a  few  years  at 
Groton,  Ms.;  was  M.C.  1811-14,  and  removed 
to  Portsmouth,  N.  II.  Disting.  at  the  bar,  he  was 
chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  N.H. 
1816-38;  author  of  the  N.H.  Justice  and  the 
Town-Officer.  A  considerable  portion  of  the 
N.H.  Reports,  vols.  1  and  2,  was  drawn  up  by 
him ;  he  furnished  nearly  all  the  cases  of  the 
3d,  4th,  and  5th,  and  he  prepared  a  large  share 
of  the  matter  for  several  volumes  more.  —  See 
Life  of,  18mo,  Concord,  N.H.,  1839. 

Riehe  (re'-sha'),  Jean  Baptiste,  pres.  of 
Hayti,  Mar.  1846  to  his  d.  Feb.  1847 ;  b.  Cape 
Hay  tien  ab.  1 780.  He  served  as  a  general  under 
Christophe. 

Richings,  Caroline  Mart,  vocalist,  b. 
Eng. ;  came  with  her  parents  to  the  U.S.  when 
quite  young,  and  was  the  adopted  dau.  of  the 
veteran  actor,  Peter  Richings.  First  appeared 
as  a  pianist,  Nov.  20,  1847,  in  Phila. ;  and  in 
the  opera  of  "  The  Child  of  the  Regiment,"  at 
the  Walnut-st.  Theatre,  Feb.  9,  1852.  First 
app.  as  a  comedienne.  Mar.  21,  1853,  at  the 
Walnut  St.,  as  Stella  in  the  comedy  of  "  The 
Prima  Donna,"  for  the  benefit  of  Peter  Rich- 
ings. First  app.  in  Italian  opera  at  the  Phila. 
Acad.  Mar.  7,  1857,  as  Adalgisa  in  "Norma." 
A  member  of  the  Walnut-st.  company  in  1 857- 
9  ;  since  then  a  star ;  and  now  manageress  of 
the  Richings  Eng.  Opera  Troupe.  Married  Dec. 
25,  1867,  to  P.  Bernard,  at  Boston.  — Brown's 
Amor.  Stage. 

Richings,  Peter,  actor,  b.  Kensington, 
Eng.,  19  May,  1797;  d.  Media,  Pa.,  19  Jan. 
1871.  Son  of  a  capt.  in  the  British  navy,  and 
liberally  educated.  Made  his  Amer.  debut  at 
the  Park  Theatre,  N.Y.,  25  Sept.  1821,  as 
Henrj^  Bertram,  and  many  years  a  leading 
favorite  there.  In  1 840  he  became  stage-man- 
ager of  the  Chestnut-st.  Theatre,  Phila. 

Richmond,  Charles  Gordon  Lennox, 
fourth  duke  of,  b.  1764;  gov.-gen.  of  Canada 
from  Jiily  29,  1819,  to  his  d.  Aug.  28,  1820. 
He  had  previously  been  lord-licut.  of  Ireland. 

Richmond,  Dean,  political  manager,  b. 
Barnard,  Vt.,  March  31,  1804;  d.  N.Y.  City, 
Aug.  27,  1 866.  He  was  named  after  his  grand- 
father, Elkanah  Dean  of  Taunton,  Ms.  His 
educational  advantages  were  few ;  but  he  had 
a  retentive  memory,  and  was  a  great  reader. 
Early  in  life,  he  took  an  active  part  in  politics, 
and  became  a  Democ.  leader,  but,  while  he  aided 
in  the  bestowal  of  office,  would  never  accept 
office  or  public  honors  of  any  kind.  At  the 
age  of  15  he  began  the  manuf.  of  salt  at  Salina, 
N.Y. ;  made  money,  and  in  1842  removed  to 
Buffalo,  where,  enaging  in  the  produce-business, 
he  became  quite  wealthy.     He  became  a  direct- 


or in  the  Attica  and  Buffalo  Railroad,  and,  on 
the  consolidation  of  the  N.Y.  Central  Roads  in 
1853,  vice-pres.  of  that  corporation,  and  in 
1864  president. 

Richmond,  James  Cook,  an  Epis.  cler- 
gyman, b.  Providence,  R.I.,  1808;  murdered 
at  Poughkeepsie,  N.Y.,  20  July,  1866.  H.U. 
1828.  Author  of  a  "Visit  to  lona,"  1846; 
"A  Midsummer  Day  Dream  ;  "  and  "Meta- 
comet,"  canto  1  of  an  epic  poem.  He  studied 
at  Gottingcn  and  Halle.  Ord.  deacon  at  St. 
John's  Ch.,  Providence,  R.  I.,  12  Oct.  1832; 
priest  13  Nov.  1833  ;  was  a  missionary  in  Me. 
and  111.  1834-5;  was  rector  of  churches  in 
different  cities,  and,  while  settled  at  Milwaukie, 
became  in  1861  chaplain  2d  Wis.  Vols.  He 
had  at  various  times  travelled  over  a  great  part 
of  Europe.  He  pub.  a  pamphlet  at  Boston 
under  the  anagram  of  "  Admonish  Crime." 

Ricketts,  James  Brewerton,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y.  City.  West  Point,  1839. 
Entering  the  1st  Art.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  21 
Apr.  1 846  ;  served  in  Mexico,  participating  in 
the  battles  of  Monterey  and  Buena  Vista ;  be- 
came capt.  3  Aug.  1852;  was  engaged  against 
the  Mexican  bandit  Cortinas  in  Nov.  1859; 
placed  in  com.  of  the  first  battery  of  rifled 
guns  when  the  civil  war  began,  he  disting. 
himself  in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  where  he 
was  severely  wounded,  taken  prisoner,  and 
confined  8  months  in  Richmond.  He  was 
then  exchanged  ;  made  brig.-gen.  of  vols.,  dat- 
ing from  the  battle  of  Bull  Run ;  was  placed  in 
com.  2d  div.  3d  army  corps  in  the  Army  of 
Va. ;  was  wounded  in  the  second  Bull-Run  bat- 
tle ;  and  at  Antietam  led  Gen.  Hooker's  corps 
after  that  general  was  wounded.  Maj.  June  1, 
1863.  He  was  engaged  in  the  Richmond  cam- 
paign, Mar.-July,  1864,  and  in  the  Shenandoah 
campaign,  July-Oct.  1864;  brcv.  licut.-col.  21 
July,  1861,  for  Bull  Run;  col.  3  June,  1864, 
for  Cold  Harbor ;  brig.-gen.  for  Cedar  Creek, 
and  maj.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865 ;  retired  (as  a  maj.- 
gen.)  3  Jan.  1867.  —  Ciillum. 

Ricord,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  teacher  in 
Genesee,  N.Y.,  1828-47,  and  subsequently  in 
N.Y.  City  until  her  d.  10  Oct.  1865,  a.  78. 
Author  of  "Philosophy  of  the  Mind,"  12mo, 
and  other  publications. 

Riddell,  John  L.,  M.D.  (Cin.  Coll.  1836), 
b.  Ley  den,  Ms.,  1807.  App.  in  1830  a  lecturer, 
and  since  1836  prof,  of  chemistry  in  the  La. 
Med.  Coll.  Author  of  "  Flora  of  the  Western 
States,"  8vo,  1836;  "Nature  of  Miasm  and 
Contagion,"  Svo,  1836;  "Monograph  of  the 
Silver  Dollar,"  Svo,  1845;  "Constitution 
of  Matter,"  Svo,  1847;  "Epidemic  of  1853," 
and  papers  in  many  scientific  journals.  In- 
ventor of  the  binocular  microscope  and  mag- 
nifying-glass.  —  See  Geneal.  of  the  Riddell 
Family. 

Riddle,  George  Reade,  U.S.  senator 
1864-7,  b.  Newcastle,  Del.,  1817;  d.  Wash- 
ington, Mar.  30,  1867.  Del.  Coll.  He  was 
long  engaged  in  constructing  roads  and  canals, 
the  last  of  which  was  at  Harper's  Ferry  ;  was 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1848;  dep.  atty.-gen.  of 
Newcastle  Co.  1848-50;  M.C.  1851-5;  corn- 
miss,  of  Del.  to  retrace  Mason  and  Dixon's 
line  in  1849;  and  delegate  to  the  Democ.  Nat. 
Conv.  of  1844.  1848.  and  1856. 


Rm 


769 


RI^S" 


Rider,  George  Thomas,  Epis.  clergyman, 
b.  Coventry,  K.L,  1829.  Trin.  Coll.  1850. 
Author  of  "  Plain  Music  for  the  Cora.  Praycr- 
Book,"1854;  "Lyra  Anglican  a,"  1864;  "Lyra 
Americana,"  1864.  Contrib.  to  Lit,  World, 
N.Y.  Churchman,  &c. — ALlihone. 

Ridgely,  Charles,  phvsi(  ian,  b.  Dover, 
Del.,  Jan.  26,  1738;  d.  there  Nov.  25,  1785. 
Educated  at  the  Pliila.  Acad.  Studied  medi- 
cine under  Dr.  Phineas  Bond ;  commenced 
practice  at  Dover  in  1758,  and  continued  there 
in  successful  practice  through  his  life.  From 
1765,  with  few  intervals,  till  the  close  of  his  life, 
lie  was  a  member  of  the  legisl.  of  Del.  ;  was 
]ires.  judge  in  Kent  Co.  in  the  C.C.P.,  and  of 
Quarter  Sessions  before  the  Revol. ;  was  a 
member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  in  1776; 
and  was  again  called  to  the  bench,  which  he 
occupied  as  long  as  he  lived.  By  his  first  wife 
he  had  Nicpiolas,  chancellor  of  Del. ;  by  his 
second  wife  he  had  Henry  Moore,  U.S.  sena- 
tor 1826-9,  M.C.  1811-15,  b.  1778,  d.  7  Aug. 

1847.  —  77,f7c/ier. 

Ridgely,  Charles,  of  Hampton,  gov. 
Md.  1815-18;  d.  July  17,  1829,  a.  69.  Often 
member  of  the  State  legisl. ;  a  man  of  large  in- 
herited fortune,  lii)eral  and  hospitable.  By 
his  will  he  manumitted  his  slaves,  300  or  400 
in  number. 

Ridgely,  Charles  G.,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  Baltimore,  July  2,  1784;    d.  Phila.  Feb.  4, 

1848.  Midshipm.  Oct.  19,  1799;  was  with 
Commo.  Preble  at  the  battle  of  Tripoli,  and  for 
his  gallant  conduct  in  that  war  received  a  gold 
medal  from  Congress;  lieut.  Feb.  2,  1807; 
master  com.  July  24,  1813;  capt.  Feb.  28,  1815. 

Ridgely,  Daniel  B.,  commo.  U.S.N. ;  d. 
Phila.  May  5,  1868;  b.  Ky.  .  Entered  the 
navy  1828;  commo.  1866. 

Riedesel  (ree'-deh-zdl),  Baron  Fried- 
rich  Adolph,  a  German  gen.  in  the  British 
service,  b,  Lauterbach,  Rhinehesse,  June  3, 
1 738 ;  d.  Brunswick,  Jan .6,1 800.  After  study- 
ing at  the  College  of  Marburg,  he  became 
ensign  of  inf.  in  the  English  service;  served 
under  Prince  Ferdinand  in  the  7-years'  war, 
and  in  1760  was  capt.  of  the  Hessian  Hussars; 
made  lieut.-col.  of  the  Black  Hussars  1762  ; 
adj.-gen.  of  the  Brunswick  army  in  1767  ;  col. 
of  carbineers  1772;  and  early  in  1776,  as 
maj.-gen.,  took  com.  of  the  division  of  4,000 
Brunswickers  hired  by  Great  Britain  to  aid  in 
the  reduction  of  her  revolted  American  Colo- 
nies. He  arrived  at  Quebec,  June  1  ;  actively 
aided  in  the  taking  of  Ticonderoga,  July  6 ; 
secured  the  British  victory  at  Hubbardton  the 
next  day  by  bringing  up  re-enforcements  ;  and, 
taking  part  in  the  subsequent  movements  of 
liurgoyne,  was  made  prisoner  at  Saratoga, 
Oct.  17;  was  exchanged  in  the  autumn  of 
1780;  and  in  Aug.  1783  returned  home. 
Made  lieut.-gen.  March,  1787,  he  com.  the 
Brunswick  contingent  serving  in  Holland; 
retired  to  Lauterbach  in  1793  ;  and  in  1794  be- 
came com.  of  Brunswick.  His  Memoirs,  Let- 
ters, and  Journals  in  America,  by  Max  Von 
Eelking,  were  translated  by  Wm.  L.  Stone, 
and  pub.  2  vols.,  1868.  His  wife  Frederica 
Charlotte  Louisa,  b.  Brandenburg,  1746, 
d.  Berlin,  29  Mar.  1808.  Dan.  of  the  Prus- 
sian minister  Massow  ;  m.  at  the  age  of  16,  and 
49 


accomp.  her  husband  in  his  Amer.  campaigns. 
Her  son,  the  Count  de  Reuss,  pub.  "  Voi/ar/e  de 
Mission  en  Amerique,  on  Lettres  de  Mme.  Riede- 
sel," Berlin,  1799,  an  Eng.  translation  of  which 
was  pub.  in  N.Y.  1827,  and  a  complete  edition 
transl.  by  Wm.  L.  Stone,  8vo,  1867. 

Riley,  Gen.  Bennet,  b.  Baltimore,  1786; 
d.  Buffalo,  June  9,  1852.  Entering  the  army 
at  an  early  age,  he  was  app.  ensign  in  the  Ri- 
fles Jan.  19,  1813;  capt.  5th  Inf.  Aug.  1818; 
maj.  4th  Inf.  1837;  lieut.-col.  2d  Inf.  Dec. 
1839;  col.  1st  Inf.  Jan.  31,  1850.  In  Aug. 
1823  he  (listing,  himself  in  an  engagement 
under  Col.  Leavenworth  with  the  Arickaree  In- 
dians ;  in  the  l)attle  of  Chakachatta  in  Fla., 
June  2,  1840,  Col.  Riley  was  particularly  dis- 
ting.  He  com.  the  2d  Inf.  under  Gen.  Scott ; 
and  in  the  Valley  of  Mexico  was  the  com.  of 
the  2d  brigade  of  Twiggs's  division  ;  was  dis- 
ting.  at  Cerro  Gordo,  for  which  he  was  brev. 
brig.-gen.,  and  owed  his  brev.  of  maj.-gen.  to 
his  gallantry  at  Contreras.  In  1849  and  '50 
he  com.  the  military  dept.  of  Upper  California. 

Riley,  Capt.  James,  noted  for  his  ship- 
wreck and  captivity  among  the  wild  Arabs  on 
the  southern  coast  of  Africa,  b.  Middletown, 
Ct.,  1775  ;  d.  at  sea,  Mar.  15, 1840.  After  his 
escape  from  the  Arabs,  and  the  kindness  shown 
to  him  by  Mr.  Wiltshire  at  Mogadore,  Captain 
Riley  had,  with  the  exception  of  a  residence 
in  Van  Wert  County  (1821-8),  Ohio,  con- 
stantly traded  to  tha't  port.  Member  of  the 
Ohio  legisl.  1823.  He  had  a  strong  mind, 
great  energy  and  perseverance,  not  easily 
daunted  by  danger,  and  possessed  many  excel- 
lent traits  of  character.  His  narrative  was 
drawn  up  by  Anthony  Bleecker,  and  pub.  1816. 
A  sequel,  containing  Riley's  subsequent  career, 
was  pub.  by  his  son,  W.  "Wiltshire  Riley,  8vo, 
1851. 

Rimmer,  William,  sculptor,  and  lecturer 
on  art-anatomy,  b.  Boston,  20  Feb.  1821.  Dr. 
R.'s  medical  education,  together  with  his  taste 
for  art,  led  him  into  the  career  of  lecturer  on 
art-anatomy,  which  he  has  successfully  culti- 
vated in  various  cities,  his  present  residence 
and  studio  being  in  Boston.  He  delivered  the 
first  course  of  lectures  on  art  before  the  Lowell 
Institute,  Boston ;  and  has  lectured  in  the 
university  at  Cambridge,  and  before  the  Nat. 
Acad,  of  N.Y.  (1870).  Director  of  the  School 
of  Design  in  N.Y.  1866-70.  He  has  produced 
statues  of  "The  Falling  Gladiator,"  "  Osiris," 
Alex.  Hamilton,  and  a  head  of"  St.  Stephen." 
Author  of  "Elements  of  Design,"  8vo,  1864. 

Rincon,  Axtoine  del,  b,  Pueblo  de  los 
Angelos  ;  d.  Mexico,  1641.  Author  of  "J?7e 
de  la  Lengna  Mexicana,"  12mo,  Mexico,  1595. 
He  was  a  Jesuit,  who  devoted  his  entire  life  to 
the  conversion  of  the  Mexicans. 

Ringgold,  Cadwaladbr,  rear-admiral 
U.S.N.,  I).  Md.  1802;  d.  N.Y.  City,  April  29, 
1867.  Son  of  Gen.  Samuel.  Midshipm.  Mar. 
4,1819;  licut.  May  17.  1828;  com.  July  16, 
1849;  capt.  Apr.  2,  1856;  commo.  July  16, 
1862  ;  rear-adm.  Mar.  1867.  While  a  com.,  he 
was  for  a  short  time  in  charge  of  the  surveying 
and  exploring  expedition  to  the  N.  Pacific  and 
China  seas.  At  the  breaking-out  of  the  Rebel- 
lion he  was  transferred  to  the  frigate  "  Sabine;" 
was  engaged  in  blockading  the  Southern  ports, 


:rtn 


770 


RIT 


and  in  the  various  operations  of  the  navy  against 
Port  Royal  and  other  ports  on  the  Atlantic; 
retired  Dec.  1864.  Author  of  a  series  of 
charts,  with  sailing-directions,  4to,  1852. 

Hinggold,  George  Hay,  lieut.-col. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Hagerstown,  Md.,  1814;  d.  San 
Francisco,  April  4,  1864.  West  Point,  1833. 
Major  and  paymaster  in  the  Mexican  war,  and 
in  1862  became  dep.  paym.-gen.  (rank  of  lieut.- 
col.).  He  was  a  scholar,  an  accomplished 
draughtsman,  and  amateur  painter,  and  pub. 
in  1860  a  vol,  of  poetry  entitled  "  Fountain 
Rock,  Amy  Weir,  and  other  Metrical  Pa.s- 
times." 

Ripley,  Eleazer  Wheelock,  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Hanover,  N.H.,  April  15,  1782  ;  d. 
West  Feliciana,  La.,  Mar.  2, 1839.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1800.  Nephew  of  Pros.  John  Wheelock.  His 
fiUher  Svlvanus,  D.  D.,  prof,  of  divinitv  in 
Dartm.  Coll.  1782-7,  d.  Feb.  5,  1787.  'The 
son  practised  law  on  the  Kennebec  and  in  Port- 
land, Me.,  where  he  went  in  181 1 ;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legisl.  of  Ms.  in  1810-11,  speaker  in 
1812;  was  State  senator  1812;  and  was  app. 
lieut.-col.  21st  Inf. ;  col.  March  12,  1813;  and 
was  wounded  in  the  attack  on  York,  \J.  C, 
April  27,  1813 ;  was  actively  engaged  on  the 
frontier  until  April  15,  1814,  when  he  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  brig.-gen. ;  was  in  the 
following  July  app.  to  com.  the  second  brigade 
of  Gen.  Brown's  army,  taking  part  in  the  bat- 
tles of  Chippewa  and  Niagara ;  was  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  as  a  reward  for  his  gallant  conduct  and 
the  severe  wounds  received  in  the  latter  of 
those  battles.  In  the  defence  of  Fort  Erie, 
Aug.  15,  and  the  sortie  of  Sept.  17,  in  which 
he  was  shot  through  the  neck,  he  acted  a  con- 
spicuous and  gallant  part,  and  for  his  services 
during  the  campaign  was  honored  by  Congress 
with  a  gold  medal  inscribed  "  Niagara,  Chip- 
pewa, Erie."  Gen.  Ripley  resigned  Feb.  1, 
1820  ;  practised  law  in  La. ;  was  a  member  of 
the  State  senate  ;  and  M.C.  in  1835-9.  He  pub. 
an  oration,  July  4,  1805. 

Ripley,  Ezra,  D.D.  (H.U.  181^),  a  Uni- 
tarian minister^  b.  Woodstock,  Ct,,  May  1, 
1751  ;  d.  Concord,  Ms.,  Sept.  21,  1841.  H.U. 
1776.  He  spent  some  time  in  teaching  ;  offici- 
ated a  short  time  as  a  chaplain  in  the  army ; 
andJS^ov.  11,  1778,  was  ord.  pastor  of  one  of 
the  largest  congregations  of  Ms.,  located  in 
Concord,  preaching  for  the  last  time.  May  1, 
1841,  his  rifnetieth  birth-day.  He  pub.  several 
occas.  sermons,  a!id  "  A  History  of  the  Fight 
at  Concord,"  1827. 

Ripley,  George,  critic,  and  man  of  let- 
ters, b.  Greenfield,  Ms.,  Oct.  3,  1802.  H.U. 
1823;  Camb.  Divinity  iSchodl,  1826.  Pastor 
of  the  13th  Cong.  (Unit.)  Church,  Boston,  8 
Nov.  1826-28  Mar.  1841.  Prominent  in  the 
socialist  experiment  at  Brook  Farm  (Roxbury, 
Ms.)  in  1844-6,  and  in  1847  removed  to  N.Y. 
City.  Associate  editor,  with  R.  W.  Emerson 
and  Margaret  Fuller,  of  the  Dial,  1840-1  ; 
editor  of  the  Harbinger  (a  Fourierite  organ) 
1844-8;  and  since  1840  lit.  editor  of  the  iV.  Y". 
Tribune.  Assoc,  editor  with  C.  A.  Dana  of 
Appleton's  New  American  Cyclopaedia  (1857- 
62).  Author  of  Discourses  on  the  Philos.  of 
Religion,  8vo,  1836;  Letters  to  Andrews  Nor- 
ton on  "  The  Latest  Form  of  Infidelity,"  1840. 


Edited  "  Specimens  of  Foreign  Standard  Lite- 
rature," 1 838-42, 14  vols. ;  with  Bayard  Taylor, 
"  Hand-Book  of  Literature  and  the  Fine  Arts," 
1852  and  1857. 

Ripley,  Henry  Jones,  D.D.  (U.  of  Ala. 
1844,  H.U.  1845),  clergyman,  b.  Boston,  Ms., 
June  28,  1798.  H.U.  1816  ;  And.  Sem.  1819. 
He  was  ord.  in  Boston  in  1819  ;  and  for  7  years 
(excepting  one  spent  in  Eastport)  was  pastor  of 
the  North  Newport  Baptist  Church  in  Libertv 
Co.,  Ga.  In  Sept.  1826  he  was  app.  prof,  of 
bibl.  lit.  in  the  Newton  Theol.  Inst.,  Ms.;  be- 
came, seven  years  after,  prof,  of  bibl.  lit.  and 
interpretation  ;  and,  later  still,  prof,  of  sacred 
rhetoric  and  pastoral  duties.  He  resigned  in 
1860,  but  still  resides  at  Newton  Centre.  Be- 
sides sermons,  tracts,  and  numerous  articles  in 
reviews,  magazines,  &c.,  he  has  pub.  "Memoir 
of  Rev.  Thomas  S.  Winn,"  Boston,  1824; 
"Christian  Baptism,"  1833;  "Notes  on  the 
Four  Gospels,"  2  vols.  1 837-8  ;  "  Notes  on  the 
Acts  of  the  Apostles,"  1 844 ;  "  Sacred  Rhetoric, 
or  Composition  and  Delivery  of  Sermons," 
1849;  "  Notes  on  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans," 
1857;  "Notes  on  Hebrews,"  1868;  "Church 
Polity,"  1867;  "  Exclusiveness  of  the  Bap- 
tists," 1857. 

Ripley,  James  W.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Windham,  Ct.,  10  Dec.  1794;  d.  Hartford, 
Ct,  16  Mar.  1870.  West  Point,  1814.  Enter- 
ing the  art.,  he  became  cupt.  1  Aug.  1825  ; 
capt.  of  ordnance  30  May,  1832  ;  maj.  7  July, 
1838 ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  merit,  conduct  in  the 
Mex.  war  30  May,  1848;  lieut.-col.  31  Dec. 
1854;  brig.-gen.  and  chief  of  ordnance  dept.  3 
Aug.  1861  ;  brev.  maj.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865;  re- 
tired 15  Sept.  1863.  He  served  under  Jackson 
in  the  Seminole  war  of  1817-18;  in  1823  was 
a  commiss.  for  running  the  bottndary-line  of 
the  Fla.  Indian  Reservation  ;  was  two  years 
chief  of  ordnance  of  the  Pacific  Dept. ;  supt. 
of  the  Springfield  Armory  in  1841-54;  and 
member  of  the  ordnance  board  from  29  June, 
1847. 

Ripley,  Roswell  Sabin,  brig.-gen. 
C.S.A.,  b.  Ohio  ab.  1823  ;  d.  Charleston,  S.C., 
Aug.  1863.  West  Point,  1843.  Nephew  of 
Gen.  J.  W.  Ripley.  Entering  the  3d  Art.,  he 
became  1st  lieut.  2d  Art.  Mar.  3,  1847  ;  was 
aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Pillow  in  1847-8  ;  brev. 
capt.  for  gallantry  at  Cerro  Gordo,  and  major 
for  gaUantry  at  Chapultepec ;  resigned  Mar.  2, 
1853,  and  took  up  his  residence  in  Charleston, 
S.C.,  wliere  he  had  married.  Before  the  civil 
war,  he  had  actively  engaged  in  the  military 
service  of  S.C. ;  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
siege  of  Fort  Sumter,  became  a  brig.-gen.,  and 
was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Antietam.  Au- 
thor of  "  The  War  with  Mexico,"  2  vols. 
N.Y.  1849. 

Ritchie,  Anna  Cora.  —  See  Mowatt. 

Ritchie,  Robert,  commo.  U  S.N.,  b.  Pa. 
18U0;  d.  Phila.  6  Julv,  1870.  Midshipman  1 
Feb.  1814;  lieut.  13  Jan.  1825  ;  com.  8  Sept. 
1841;  capt.  14  Sept.  1855;  commo.  (retired 
list)  1867.  He  com.  the  steam-sloop  "  Sara- 
nac,"  1861 -Mar.  1862. 

Ritchie,  Thomas,  journalist,  b.  Tappa- 
hannock,  Va.,  Nov.  5,  1778;  d.  Richmond, 
July  12,  1854.  His  father,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, and  a  merchant,  died  when  Thomas  was 


RIX 


771 


Rrv 


6  years  old.  In  addition  to  his  academical 
studies,  he  devoted  some  time  to  medicine ; 
commenced  school- i^eeping  at  the  age  of  21  in 
Fredericksburg;  removed  to  Richmond  in 
1803;  and  in  1804  became  editor  of  a  Demo- 
cratic newspaper,  subsequently  called  the  Rich- 
mond Enquirer.  Of  this  paper  he  was  the  editor 
and  proprietor  forty  years,  exercising  an  influ- 
ence, which,  considering  its  duration,  was  un- 
equalled by  that  of  any  other  publication  in  the 
Union.  In  1845  he  relinquished  the  Enquirer 
to  his  two  sons,  having  consented,  at  the  soli- 
citation of  Pres.  Polk,  to  assume  the  editorial 
control  of  the  organ  of  his  administration,  — 
a  new  paper  called  the  Union,  from  which  he 
retired  in  1849.  Thomas,  his  son,  editor  of 
the  Enquirer,  d.  May  21,  1854. 

Ritner,  Joseph,  gov.  of  Pa.  1835-9,  b. 
1779;  d.  Carlisle,  Pa.,  16  Oct.  1869.  He  served 
in  the  Pa.  legisl.  in  1820-7  ;  was  the  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  of  the  anti-Masons  for  gov. 
in  1829  ;  was  an  efficient  promoter  of  common 
schools,  and  a  disting.  opponent  of  slavery. 

Rittenhouse,  David,  LL.D.  (U.  of  Pa. 
1782),  F.K.S.  (1795),  mathematician  and  as- 
tronomer, b.  near  Germantown,  Pa.,  Apr.  8, 
1732;  d.  Phila.  June  26,  1796.  His  great- 
grandfather, a  Hollander,  established  at  Ger- 
mantown ab.  1690  the  first  paper-mill  in  Amer. 
While  working  on  his  father's  farm  at  Norriton, 
he  came  into  possession  of  the  tools  and  mathe- 
matical books  of  a  deceased  uncle,  and  thor- 
oughly mastered  Newton's  ^'  Principia."  Before 
he  was  19,  he  discovered  the  method  of  fluxions, 
and  for  some  time  supposed  it  was  original  with 
himself.  He  made  a  clock  before  he  was  17 
without  instruction,  and  in  1751  applied  him- 
self to  that  art,  which  he  followed  for  some 
years,  attracting  public  attention  by  his  skill 
and  knowledge.  At  23  he  planned  and  exe- 
cuted an  orrery,  which  was  purchased  by 
Princeton  Coll.  A  second  and  larger  one  was 
afterward  constructed  by  him  for  the  U.  of  Pa. 
In  1763  he  was  employed  to  determine  the 
initial  and  most  difficult  portion  of  the  boun- 
dary-line since  known  as  Mason  and  Dixon's, 
which  he  did  accurately  with  instruments  of  his 
own  construction.  He  afterward  fixed  the 
boundaries  between  N.Y.,  N.  J.,  and  Pa.,  and 
several  other  States.  App.  by  the  Amer. 
Pliilos.  Society  to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus, 
June  3,  1769,  he  was  completely  successful; 
though,  at  the  moment  of  apparent  contact,  his 
emotion  was  so  great,  that  he  fainted.  His 
account  was  pub.  in  the  "  Transactions  "  of 
the  society.  In  1770  he  removed  to  Phila., 
where  he  continued  his  clock  and  mathematical- 
instrument  making  with  high  reputation.  In 
1777-89  he  was  treasurer  of  Pa.;  succeeded 
Franklin  as  pres.  of  the  Philos.  Soc.  in  1791; 
was  director  of  the  U.S.  mint  in  1792-5  ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences  at  Boston. 
A  number  of  his  pieces  are  to  be  found  in  the 
first  four  vols,  of  the  "  Trans."  of  the  Philos. 
Soc. ;  and  an  "  Address  "delivered  before  this 
body  in  1775,  upon  the  history  of  astronomy, 
was  pub.  by  him.  A  Life  of  Rittenhouse  was 
pub.  in  1813  by  his  relative  William  Barton; 
and  another,  by  Prof.  James  Renwick,  is  in 
Sparks's  "  Amer.  Biog." 

Ritter,  Abraham,  of  Phila. ;  d.  1860,  a. 


68.  Author  of  "  Hist,  of  Moravian  Church  in 
Phila.  1742-1757,"  8vo,  1857;  "Philadelphia 
and  her  Merchants,"  &c.,  8vo,  1860.  —  AUi- 
bone. 

Rivera  (re-va'-ra),  Jose  Fructdoso,  a  S. 
Amer.  general  and  a  Guacho,  pres.  of  the  Re- 
pub,  of  Uruguay  1830-4;  b.  ab.  1790;  d. 
1854. 

Rivers,  William  James,  educator,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C,  1822.  S.C  Coll.  1841,  of 
which  in  1 856  he  was  chosen  prof,  of  Greek  lit., 
having  for  a  number  of  years  previous  conduct- 
ed a  large  private  school.  Author  of  a  "  Sketch 
of  the  History  of  S.C.  to  the  Close  of  the. 
Proprietary  Govt.,"  1856  ;  "  Catechism  of  the 
Hist,  of  S.C,"  1850;  and  of  a  number  of  con- 
tributions to  the  periodical  press  of  S.C.  He 
has  much  local  reputation  as  a  poet.  —  Apple- 
ton. 

Rives,  John  C,  editor  Congressional  Globe, 
h.  Ky.  ab.  1796;  d.  Georgetown,  D.C.,  April 
10,  1864.  Removed  to  Washington  in  1824. 
He  was  a  self-made  man,  and  during  the  early 
part  of  Jackson's  administration,  with  Frank 
Blair,  sen.,  founded  the  Globe.  He  was  never 
a  partisan,  and  was  generous  in  the  extreme. 

Rives,  William  Cabell,  statesman,  b. 
Nelson  Co.,  Va.,  May  4,  1793;  d.  near  Char- 
lottesville, Va.,  April  26,  1868.  Grandson  of 
Col.  Wm.  Cabell.  Educated  at  Hamp.  Sid. 
and  Wm.  and  Mary  Colls.  Studied  law  and 
politics  under  the  direction  of  Thos.  Jefferson  ; 
was  aide-de-camp  in  1814-15  with  a  body  of 
militia  called  out  for  the  defence  of  Va. ;  was 
in  1816  a  member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv. ; 
member  of  the  legisl.  in  1817-19  and  1822; 
M.C.  in  1823-9;  in  1829-32  minister  to 
France;  U.S.  senator  1832-45  ;  again  minister 
to  France  in  1849-53;  member  of  the  peace 
conf.  in  Feb.  1861.  After  the  secession  of  Va., 
Mr.  Rives  became  a  member  of  the  Provis. 
Confed.  Congress  at  Montgomery.  Author  of 
"  Life  and  Times  of  James  Madison,"  Boston, 
1859-69,  3  vols.  8vo;  on  "  Agriculture,"  1842; 
"  Life  of  John  Hampden,"  8vo,  1845  ;  "  Ethics 
of  Christianity,"  8vo,  1855;  and  "Discourse 
on  the  Uses  and  Importance  of  History." 
Mrs.  Wm.  C.  Rives,  b.  Castle  Hill,  Albemarle 
Co.,  Va.,  1 802,  is  the  author  of  "  The  Canary- 
Bird,"  1835-6;  "  Residence  in  Europe,"  1842; 
"  Epitome  of  the  Bible,"  1846-7  ;  "  Home  and 
the  World,"  1857. 

Rivington,  James,  ro;^alist  printer  and 
bookseller  of  New  York  during  the  Revol.,  b. 
Lond.  ab.  1724;  d.  N.Y.  July,  1802.  As  a 
bookseller  in  Lond.,  he  acquired  some  property, 
but  lost  it  at  Newmarket.  In  1760  he  came 
to  Amer.,  opened  a  shop  in  Phila.,  but  in  1761 
established  himself  in  New  York,  where,  April 
22,  1773,  he  began  to  publish  the  New-\ork 
Gazetteer.  "  His  ever  open  and  uninfluenced 
press"  advocated  the  cause  of  the  English 
govt,  with  great  zeal,  and  severely  attacked  the 
patriots.  In  May,  1775,  he  seems  to  have  been 
placed  in  confinement  by  order  of  Congress, 
to  which  body  he  addressed  a  remonstrance,  in 
which  he  solemnly  declares,  "that,  however 
wrong  and  mistaken  he  may  have  been  in  his 
opinions,  he  has  always  meant  honestly  and 
openly  to  do  his  duty  as  a  servant  of  the  public." 
Nov.  1775,  in  consequence  of  his  constant  at- 


RO^ 


772 


ROB 


tacks  upon  the  patriots,  Capt.  Isaac  Sears, 
with  a  troop  of  horse,  destroyed  his  press  and 
other  apparatus,  and,  carrying  off  the  types, 
converted  them  into  bullets.  Rivington  then 
went  to  Eng. ;  was  app.  king's  printer  in  N.Y. ; 
returned  with  a  new  press  after  the  city  had 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  Bi-itish ;  and,  in 
Oct.  1777,  resumed  the  publication  of  his  pa- 
per, the  title  of  which  he  soon  changed  to 
Rivington's  N.  Y.  Loijnl  Gazette,  and,  on  Dec. 
13,  to  the  Rofjal  Gazette.  In  1781,  when  British 
success  looked  very  doubtful,  he  turned  spy, 
funiishing  Washington  with  important  infor- 
mation ;  and,  when  New  York  was  evacuated, 
Rivington  remained  in  the  city.  He  changed 
the  title  of  his  paper  to  Rivinnton's  N.  Y.  Gazette 
and  Universal  Adoertiser.  His  business,  how- 
ever, declined;  his  paper  was  stopped  in  1783  ; 
and  he  passed  the  rest  of  his  life  in  compara- 
tive poverty.  He  possessed  much  talent,  fine 
manners,  and  was  well  informed.  His  was  the 
most  influential  royalist  journal  of  the  times. 

Koane,  Spencer,  jurist,  b.  Essex,  Va., 
April  4,  17G2;  d.  Sept.  4,  1822.  He  studied 
law  with  Chancellor  Wythe  and  in  Phila. ;  was 
successively  a  member  of  the  assembly,  of  the 
council,  and  of  the  senate ;  was  app.  a  judge 
of  the  Gen.  Court  in  1789,  and  in  1794  a  judge 
of  the  Court  of  Errors.  In  1819  he  was  one  of 
the  commiss.  for  locating  the  University  of  Va. 
His  wife  was  a  dau.  of  Patrick  Henry.  He  was 
a  Jeffcrsonian  Republican,  and  in  several  essays 
in  the  liiduuond  Enqnirer,  signed  "Algernon 
Sidney,"  asserted  the  supremacy  of  the  State 
in  a  question  of  conflicting  authoritv  between 
Va.  and  the  U.S. 

Roane,  John  Selden,  gov.  of  Ark.  1848- 
52,  and  a  brig.-gen.  C.S.A.;  d.  Pine  Bluff, 
Ark.,  April  8,  1857.  ^  Lieut.-col.  of  Yell's  Ark. 
cavalry  in  the  Mexican  war;  disting.  at  the 
battle  of  Buena  Vista;  and  com.  theregt.  after 
Yell  was  killed;  made  col.  Feb.  28,  1847. 

Robbins,  Am3ii  Ruhamah,  minister  of 
Norfolk,  Ct.,  from  1761  to  his  d.  Oct.  30, 1813; 
b.  Branford,  Sept.  1740.  Y.  C.  1760.  Son  of 
Rev.  Philemon.  Chaplain  in  the  army  in 
Canada  in  1776.  He  pub.  a  half-century  ser- 
mon 1811. 

Robbins,  Ashur,  LL.D.  (B.U.  1835), 
lawyer  and  statesman,  b.  Wethersfield,  Ct., 
1757;  d.  Newport,  R.I.,  Feb.  25,  1845.  Y.  C. 
1782.  Tutor  in  R.  I.  Coll.  (now  Brown  U.) 
1783-90;  then  studied  law  in  Newport,  where 
he  estab.  himself  in  practice,  and  continued  to 
reside,  attaining  a  high  rank  in  his  profession. 
U.S.  dist.-atty.  in  1812;  member  State  legisl. 
1818-25;  and  U.S.  senator  1825-39.  Author 
of  Oration,  July  4,  1827;  addresses  and 
speeches. 

Robbins,  Chandler,  D.D.  (H.  U.  1855), 
b.  Lynn,  Ms.,  14  Feb.  1810.  H.  U.  1829. 
Pastor  of  the  Second  (Unit.)  Church,  Boston, 
since  4  Dec.  1833.  Author  of  "  Dedication 
Sermon  at  Boston,"  1845;  "History  of  the 
Second  Church,  and  of  the  New  Brick  Church," 
8vo,  1 852 ;  "  Liturgy  for  a  Christian  Church," 
1854;  "Hymn-Book,"  1854;  Memoir  of  Ma- 
ria Elizabeth  Clapp,  1858;  of  William  Ap- 
pleton,  1863;  also  sermons.  Co-editor  with 
Oeo.  Livermore  of  vols.  i.  and  ii.  Proceed.  Ms. 
Hist.  Soc. ;  and  co-editor  Cat.  of  Lib.  of  Ms. 


Hist.  Soc,  2  vols.  8vo.  Conti'ib.  to  Christ. 
Exam.,  Knickerbocker,  <S:c. — Aliibone. 

Robbins,  Royal,  D.D.,  Cong,  pastor, 
Kensington  Parish,  Berlin,  Ct.,  b.  Wethers- 
field, Ct.,  Oct.  21,  1788;  d.  Beriin,  Ct.,  March 
26,  1861.  Y.  C.  1806.  Ord.  June  26,  1812; 
dism.  June  26,  1859.  Author  of  "  Outlines  of 
History,"  8vo,  1839;  An  Account  of  American 
Literature,  in  Chambers's  Hist,  of  English  Lit- 
erature ;  "  World  Displayed  ;  "  Memoir  of  J. 
G.  C.  Brainerd,  prefixed  to  an  edition  of  his 
poems,  and  of  Jas.  G.  Percival  in  "  Selections 
of  American  Poetry." —  Oh.  Rec.  Yale,  1861. 

Robbins,  Thomas,  D.D.  (H.  U.  1838), 
clergyman  and  antiquary,  b.  Norfolk,  Ct.,  Aug. 
11,  1777;  d.  Colebrook,  Ct.,  Sept.  13,1856. 
Y.  C.  1796.  He  was  pastor  of  the  church  in 
East  Windsor,  Ct.,  in  1809-27  ;  at  Stamford  in 
1830;  and  in  1832-42  at  Rochester,  Ms.  ;  he 
afterwards  resided  in  Hartford.  In  1844  he  be- 
came librarian  of  the  Ct.  Hist.  Society,  of 
which  he  was  a  founder,  to  whom  he  donated 
his  valuable  library.  In  1811  he  wrote  a  scries 
of  papers  for  the  Ct.  Evangelical  Mag.  on  the 
divmes  and  statesmen  of  our  early  history, 
which  were,  in  1815,  coll.  and  pub.  as  "First 
Planters  of  New  England."  He  also  pub. 
Century  Sermon,  Danbury,  Jan.  1,  1801 ; 
"View  of  all  Religions,"  8Vo,  1824;  Tytler's 
Elements  of  Gen.  History,  revised  and  contin. 
to  1815,  12mo,  1820.  Member  of  several  hist, 
and  antiquarian  societies.  —  A'.  E.  H.  and  Gen. 
Reg.,  xi.  94. 

Roberdeau,  Gen.  Daniel,  Rcvol.  officer, 
b.  Isle  of  France,  1727;  d.  Winchester,  Va., 
Jan.  5,  1795.  Of  Huguenot  ancestry.  He  first 
settled  in  Pa.,  where  he  built  a  fort  at  Wyo- 
ming at  his  own  expense,  which  Avas  destroyed 
by  the  Indians.  He  was  a  lumber-merchant; 
had  a  good  education ;  and  was  a  great  public 
favorite  in  Phila.,  where  he  long  resided.  An 
active  patriot,  he  was  col.  of  a  regt.,  and  mem- 
ber of  Congress  1777-9.  —  Logal  Poetrg  of  Rev. 

Roberdeau,  Isaac,  col.  U.  S.  topog. 
engs. ;  d.  Georgetown,  D.C,  Jan.  15,  1829, 
a.  65. 

Roberts,  Anna  S.,  b.  Phila.  1827;  d. 
1 858.  Dau.  of  Randall  H.  Rickey  ;  in  1852  m. 
Solomon  W.  Roberts,  an  eminent  civil  engi- 
neer. In  1851  she  pub.  a  vol.  of  poems,  "  For- 
est-Flowers of  the  West ;"  con trib.  of  poetry 
to  the  Columbian  and  Great  West  1850-1. — 
See  Poets  and  Poetrg  of  the  West. 

Roberts,  Gen.  Benjamin  Stone,  b. 
Manchester,  Vt.,  1811.  West  Point,  1835. 
Entering  the  1st  Dragoons,  he  became  1st  lieut. 
in  1837,  but  resigned  28  Jan.  1839;  became 
principal  engr.  on  the  Champlaiu  and  Ogdcns- 
burg  Railroad  ;  and  in  1841  assist,  geologist  of 
the  State  of  N.Y.  In  1842  he  visited  Russia 
to  assist  Col.  Whistler  in  the  construction  of 
railroads  there.  Returning  to  the  U.S.  he  was 
ad m.  to  the  bar,  and  settled  in  its  practice  in 
Iowa  in  1843-6.  He  re-entered  the  army  27 
May,  1846,  as  1st  lieut.  mounted  rifles;  became 
capt.  16  Feb.  1847  ;  brev.  major  for  gallantry  at 
Chapultepec,  where  he  com.  a  storming-party  ; 
served  under  Gen.  Lane  against  the  guerillas  ; 
and  was  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  his  conduct  at 
Matamoras  and  the  Pass  of  Gualajara  ;  maj. 
3d  Cav,  May  13,  1861.     When  the  civil  war 


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began,  he  was  with  his  regt.  in  N.  Mexico,  and 
was  assigned  by  Col.  Canby  to  com.  the  south- 
ern dist.  He  defended  Fort  Craig  against  the 
Textin  forces  under  Sibley;  was  brev.  col.  21 
Feb.  1862  for  Valverdc  ;  and  June  1,  1862,  was 
ordered  to  Washington  with  the  trophies  and 
reports  of  the  campaign;  July  16  he  was 
made  brig.-gen.,  and  assigned  to  Gen.  Pope's 
Army  of  Va.  as  chief  of  cavalry;  acting  insp.- 
gen.,  dcpt.  of  the  North-west,  Sept.-Nov.  1862; 
com.  1st.  div.  19th  corps  in  La.  June-July, 
1864  ;  chief  of  cavalry,  dept.  of  the  Gulf,  Oct. 
1864  to  24  Jan.  186.");  and  com.  in  West 
Tenn.  Feb.-July,  1865  ;  lieut.-col.  3d  Cav.,  and 
retired  July  28,  1866;  brev.  brig.-gen.  Mar. 
13,  '6.5,  for' Cedar  Mountain,  Va. —  Galium. 

Roberts,  Col.  George  Washington,  b. 
Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  Oct.  2, 1833  ;  killed  at  Stone 
River,  Dec.  31,  1862.  Y.C.  1857.  He  prac- 
tised law  in  his  native  county  and  in  Chicago 
after  1  March,  1860.  July  22,  1861,  he  was 
made  maj.  42d  III.  Vols.,  lieut.-col.  in  Sept., 
and  col.  at  the  death  of  Col.  Webb.  He  espe- 
cially disting.  himself  by  spiking  a  number  of 
guns  at  Island  No.  10.  An  upper  buttery  of 
the  enemy  prevented  all  boats  from  passing. 
Selecting  a  tlark  and  stormy  night,  he,  with  40 
men  in  small  boats,  bravely  accomplished  this 
daring  exploit.  Also  disting.  at  the  battle  of 
Farmington,  at  the  siege  of  Corinth;  com.  a 
brigade  of  the  Army  of  the  Mpi.  in  the  cam- 
paign of  1862;  and  in  the  battle  of  Stone  Riv- 
er, with  his  brigade,  kept  at  bay  two  divisions 
of  the  enemy.  While  heading  a  successful  bay- 
onet charge  of  the  42d,  he  was  killed.  —  Y.C. 
Obit.  Record. 

Roberts,  Robert  Riciiford,  D.D.,  a 
Methodist  bishop,  b.  Frederick  Co.,  Md.,  Aug. 
2,1776;  d.  Lawrence  Co.,  Ind.,  March  26,1843. 
With  only  the  rudiments  of  a  common  educa- 
tion, he  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1800,  and 
soon  manifested  extraordinary  abilities.  In 
1807  he  was  app.  to  the  Light-st.  Church,  Bal- 
timore ;  was  stationed  at  Georgetown  in  1812, 
at  Phila.  in  1813;  was  in  1815  pres.  elder  of 
Schuylkill  Dist.,  which  then  included  Phila. 
and  its  vicinity  ;  in  1816  was  elected  pres.  of 
the  Phila.  conf.  ;  and  in  tiie  following  May  he 
was  elected  bishop.  His  Life,  abounding  in  in- 
teresting anecdotes,  was  written  by  Rev.  C. 
Elliot. 

Roberts,  William,  pub.  an  Account  of 
the  13iscovery  and  Natural  History  of  Florida, 
4to,  1763. 

Robertson,  Alexander,  painter,  sec.  of 
the  Acad,  of  Fine  Arts  ;  d.  New  York,  May  27, 
1841,  a.  69. 

Robertson,  Anthony  L.,  jurist,  b,  N.Y. 
City,  June,  1808  ;  d.  Dec.  18, 1868.  Col.  Coll. 
1825.  He  ])ractised  law;  became  assist,  vice- 
chancellor  5th  dist.  in  1846  ;  was  afterward 
surrogate  of  the  county  of  N.Y. ;  became  judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  in  1859,  and  chief  justice 
in  1865. 

Robertson,  George,  LL.D.,  jurist,  b. 
Mercer  Co.,  Ky.,  Nov.  18,  1790;  d.  Jan.  1871. 
Alexander  his  father  settled  near  Gordon's 
Station,  Ky.,  in  1779;  was  sheriff  of  Mercer 
Co. ;  d.  1802.  George  studied  at  Transylv. 
Coll.  and  at  Finley's  Classical  School,  Lan- 
caster; began  to  practise  law  in  1809;  M.C 


1817-21  ;  member  of  the  State  legisl.  1822-7; 
speaker  1823  and  1825-7  ;  sec.  of  state  in 
1828;  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  1828; 
chief  justice  of  Ky.  1829-43  ;  prof  of  law  in 
Transylv.  Coll.  23  years.  He  declined  the 
governorship  of  Ark.  and  the  missions  to  Co- 
lombia and  Peru.  Many  of  his  speeches,  ad- 
dresses, and  other  writings,  have  been  pub.  in 
"  The  Scrap-Book,"  8vo,  1856.  He  also  pub. 
"Biog.  Sketch  of  Hon.  John  Bojle,"  8vo, 
1838. 

Robertson,  James,  lieut.-gen.  British 
army,  b.  Fifeshire,  Scotland ;  d.  Eng.  4  Mar. 
1788.  App.  maj.  1st  batt.  of  the  eOih  Regt. 
Dec.  1755 ;  dep.  quarterm.-gen.  under  Gen. 
Abercrombie,  May,  1758,  and  present  at  Louis- 
burg  ;  lieut.-col.  8  July,  1758;  accomp.  Am- 
herst to  Lakes  George  and  Champlain  in  1759; 
app.  to  the  55th  Regt.;  took  part  in  the  expcd. 
against  Martinico  in  1762;  exchanged  into 
the  16th  Regt.  in  1763,  and  was  stationed  in 
N.Y.  until  tiie  Revol.  broke  out;  col.  in  1772; 
ord.  to  Boston  in  July,  1775;  app.  maj.-gen. 
in  Amer.  1  Jan.  1776;  col.  comg.  60th  Regt. 
11  Jan.  1776;  maj.-gen.  29  Aug.  1777  ;  col. 
16th  Regt.  14  May,  1778;  lieut.-gen.  20  Nov. 
1782.  At  the  evacuation  of  Boston,  he  not 
only  shared  in  the  plunder  of  the  place,  but 
connived  at  that  of  others.  He  com.  the  6th 
brigade  of  Howe's  army  at  the  battle  of  Long 
Island;  returned  to  Eng.  in  Feb.  1777 ;  was 
commissioned  gov.  of  New  York  14  May,  1779; 
sworn  in  23  Mar.  1780;  and  returned  to  Eng. 
15  Apr.  1783.  While  the  fate  of  Andre  was 
pending,  he  was  despatched  by  Clinton  to  Gen. 
Greene  with  the  object  of  procuring  his  ex- 
change or  release,  but  without  result. 

Robertson,  Gen.  James,  b.  Brunswick 
Co.,  Va.,  June  28,  1742;  d.  Chickasaw  Agen- 
cy, Tenn.,  Sept.  1,  1814.  He  was  one  of  the 
early  pioneers  to  Tenn.,  having  emig.  to  Wa- 
tauga in  1769  ;  and  was  the  founder  of  the 
Cumberland  settlements;.  In  1790  he  was  app. 
brig.-gen.  and  com.  of  the  Tenn.  militia.  Dur- 
ing the  latter  part  of  his  life,  he  was  U.S.  a<;ent 
at  the  Chickasaw  Nation.  —  See  Hist,  of  Mid, 
Tenn.,  or  Life  and  Times  of  Gen.  Jas.  Robertson, 
bif  A.  IV.  Putnam,  pres.  Tenn.  Hist.  Soc,  Svo, 
1859. 

Robertson,  Thomas  Bolling,  gov.  of 
La.  in  1820-2,  b.  Richmond,  Va.,  1778;  d. 
White  Sulphur  Springs,  Va.,  Oct.  5,  1828. 
Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  1807.  He  was  US.  dist. 
judge  of  La.,  and  the  first  M.C.  elected  in  that 
State  1812-18. 

Robertson,  William,  D.D.,  historian, 
b.  Borthwick,  Scotland,  19  Sept.  1721  ;  d. 
Edinburgh,  11  June,  1793.  Studied  theol.  at 
Edinb. ;  held  various  livings;  became  chaplain 
of  Stirling  Castle  in  1759;  principal  of  the 
U.  of  Edinb.  in  1762;  and  roy.  historiographer 
of  Scotland  in  1764.  Author  of  "  History  of 
Scotland."  1759;  "  History  of  Charles  V.," 
1769;  "History  of  America,"  2  vols.  4to, 
1777;  "Hist.  Disquis.  concerning  the  Knowl- 
edge which  the  Ancients  had  of  India,"  1791. 
He  is  generally  accurate  and  impartial  in  the 
narration  of  events,  and  judicious  in  his  esti- 
mate of  character, 

Roberval,  Jean  FRANgois  de  la  Roque,. 
Sieur  de,  a  nobleman  of  Picardy,  and  the  lirst 


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to  attempt  to  colonize  New  France  after  Car- 
tier;  d.  1547.  He  was  a  dlsting.  soldier,  and 
had  obtained  the  king's  consent  to  govern  and 
colonize  Canada.  He  set  out  in  1542,  and  win- 
tered at  Stadacona  (Quebec).  He  led  an  un- 
successful exped.  into  the  interior  of  the  coun- 
try, losing  58  men  at  Quebec,  and  one  ship, 
which  was  sunk.  Instead  of  sending  succor  to 
him,  the  king  ordered  Carrier  to  bring  him 
home,  as  his  valuable  services  were  required  in 
Picardy,  where  the  war  then  existed.  He  per- 
formed several  gallant  exploits,  but  in  1647 
sailed  a  second  time  for  Canada  with  a  large 
and  valuable  exped.,  but  was  wrecked  on  the 
passage,  and  all  perished. 

Bobeson,  George  Maxwell,  sec.  U.  S. 
navy;  app.  25  June,  1869  ;  b.  N.J.  1824.  N.J. 
Coll.  1847.     Atty.-gen.  N.J.  1866-9. 

Kobie,  Thomas,  M.D.,  b.  Boston,  20  Mar. 
1689;  d.  28  Aug.  1729.  H.U.  1708;  tutor  there 
1714-23,  and  librarian.  He  pub.  "  The  Knowl- 
edge of  Christ,"  1721  ;  and  in  Phila.  Trans.. 
"  Alkaline  Salts,"  and  "  Venom  of  the  Spider," 
1720-4.  Comrib.  to  mags.  Son  of  Wm.  of 
Boston.  At  first  a  preacher,  afterward  a  phy- 
sician. 

Kobin,  Claude  C.  Abbe,  a  chaplain  in 
Kochain beau's  army  in  Amer.  during  the  Revol. 
war.  Author  of  "  New  Travels  through  N. 
America  in  1781,"  &c.,  8vo,  1782,  Phila.; 
"  Voyages  dans  l'Int€neur  de  la  Louisiane,"  &c., 
Paris,  3  vols.  8vo,  1807. 

Robinson,  Col.  Beverley,  loyalist,  b.  Va. 
1723;  d.Thornbury,Eng.,1792.  Son  of  John, 
pres.  of  the  council  of  Va.  in  1734,  and  after- 
wards speaker  of  the  house  of  burgesses.  Was 
a  major  under  Wolfe  at  the  storming  of  Que- 
bec in  1759,  and  became  very  wealthy  by  his 
marriage  with  the  dau.  of  Frederick  Phillipse, 
the  owner  of  an  immense  landed  estate  on  the 
Hudson.  Though  opposed  to  the  measures 
which  led  to  the  separation  of  the  Colonies 
from  the  mother-country,  he  took  sides  with  the 
loyalists  when  independence  was  declared.  He 
removed  to  N.  York,  and  raised  the  Loyal 
American  Regt.,  of  which  he  was  col.  He  was 
conceined  in  the  treason  of  Arnold ;  and  his 
country-mansion  was  the  headquarters  of  the 
latter  while  arranging  his  nefarious  project. 
At  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  he  went  to  Eng- 
with  a  portion  of  his  family.  His  son  Bever- 
ley (Col.  Coll.  1773,  and  a  lieut.-col.  British 
array)  settled  near  St.  John,  N.B.,  was  a 
member  of  the  council,  and  d.  New  York*  in 
1816.  This  family  was  one  of  the  largest  losers 
by  its  loyalty. 

Robinson,  Conway,  b.  Richmond,  Va., 
1805.  Author  of  "  Forms  of  Practice  in  Va.," 
Svo,  1826 ;  "  Law  and  Equity  Practice  in  Va.," 
3  vols.  8vo,  1832-9  ;  "  Reports  Ct.  of  Appeals 
and  Gen.  Ct.,"  1842-4,  2  vols.  8vo ;  "  Account 
of  Discoveries  in  the  West,"  &c.,  Svo,  1848 ; 
"  Views  of  the  Constitution  of  Va.,"  8vo,  1850 ; 
"Practice  in  English  and  U.S.  Cts.,"  4  vols. 
Svo,  1 860.  One  of  the  revisers  of  the  Va.  code, 
1849,  and  a  contrib.  to  Amer.  Jurist,  Law  Mag., 
and  So.  Lit.  Messenger.  — Allibone. 

Robinson,  Edward,  D.D.  (D.C.  1831, 
U.  of  Ilalle  1842),  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1844),  bibli- 
cal scholar,  b.  Southington,  Ct.,  Apr.  10, 
1794;  d.  New  York,  Jan. 27, 1863.  Ham.  Coll. 


1816;  tutor  there  1817.  Married  a  dau.  of  S. 
Kirkland  the  missionary,  who  died  in  1819. 
Continuing  his  studies  at  Clinton  till  1821,  he 
went  to  Andover  to  pub.  the  first  6  books  of  the 
"Iliad,"  which  he  had  edited;  studied  Hebrew ; 
assisted  Prof.  Stuart  in  his  literary  labors ;  and 
was  app.  an  assist,  instructor  there.  From  1826  to 
1830  he  travelled  and  studied  in  Europe,  where 
he  married  Therese,  dau.  of  Prof.  Jakob  ol  Hulle. 
He  was  prof,  extraordinary  of  sacred  literature, 
and  librarian  at  Andover  in  1830-3;  and  from 
1837  till  his  death  was  prof,  of  bibl.  lit.  in  the 
Un.  Theol.  Sem.  in  N.Y.  City.  In  1838  he 
visited  Palestine,  of  which  he,  with  Rev.  Eli 
Smith,  made  a  minute  and  careful  survey.  His 
"Biblical  Researches  in  Palestine"  were  pub. 
in  Halle,  Lond.,  and  Boston,  in  1841.  The  re- 
sults of  a  second  visit  in  1852  were  pub.  in  1856, 
with  a  revision  of  his  previous  researches.  Dur- 
ing the  latter  part  of  his  life,  he  was  engaged 
upon  a  physical  and  historical  geography  of  the 
Holy  Land.  He  visited  Germany  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1862  for  surgical  treatment  of  his  eyes, 
being  threatened  with  loss  of  sight.  He  was 
an  active  and  efficient  member  of  the  geo- 
graphical, oriental,  and  ethnological  societies. 
His  other  works  are  a  translation  of  "  Butt- 
man's  Greek  Grammar,"  1832  and  1850;  a 
"  Greek  and  English  Lexicon  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament," 1836  and  1850;  "The  Hartnony  of 
the  Four  Gospels,"  in  Greek,  1845,  and  in  Eng- 
lish, 1846.  From  1831  to  1834  he  edited  the 
Biblical  Repository,  which,  when  united  with 
the  "  Bibliotheca  Sacra,"  he  established  and 
edited  one  year  in  N.  York.  He  has  also  edited 
Calmet's  "  Biblical  Diet.,"  and  a  translation  of 
Gesenius's  "Hebrew  Lexicon."  In  1859  he 
pub.  a  Memoir  of  his  father.  Rev.  Wm.  Robin- 
son, with  some  account  of  his  ancestors.  —  See 
his  Life  hij  H.  B.  Smith,  D.D.,  and  R.  D.  Hitch- 
cock, D.D.,  12mo.  1863. 

Robinson,  Ezekiel  Gilman,  D.D.,  prof. 
Rochester  Theol.  Sem.,  b.  Attleboro*,  Ms.,  1815. 
B.U.  1838.  Editor  Christ.  Review  1859-64. 
Translator  of  Neander's  "  History  of  the  Plant- 
ing of  the  Church,"  Svo,  1865;  he  pub.  Address 
on  the  Relation  of  the  Church  and  the  Bible, 
1866.  — Allibone. 

Robinson,  Fayette,  author,  b.  Va. ;  d. 
New  York,  March  26,  1859,  from  poison.  Au- 
thor of  "  Mexico  and  her  Military  Chieftains," 
Phila.  1847;  "Organization  of  the  U.S.  Ar- 
my," 2  vols.  1848;  and  "California  and  its 
Gold  Regions,"  N.Y.  1849;  "Spanish  Gram- 
mar ;  "  "  Wizard  of  the  Wave,"  a  romance, 
Svo,  1853.  Translated  Brill  at  Savarin's"  Physi- 
ology of  Taste,"  Svo,  1854. 

Robinson,  Sir  Frederick  Phillipse, 
gen.  in  the  British  army,  b.  in  the  Highlands 
of  New  York,  Sept.  1763 ;  d.  Brighton,  Jan.  1, 
1852.  Son  of  the  loyalist  Col.  Beverly.  He 
was  attached  to  his  father's  (Loyal  American) 
regt.,  and  in  Feb.  1777  received  a  commission 
as  ensign,  being  then  but  14  years  of  age.  At 
the  capture  of  Stony  Point,  he  was  wounded 
and  taken  prisoner ;  was  subsequently  ex- 
changed ;  left  the  U.S. ;  served  in  the  W.  Indies, 
Spain,  and  lastly  in  Canada,  passing  through 
all  the  gradations  of  rank.  He  com.  a  brigade 
at  the  battle  of  Vittoria ;  at  the  siege  of  St. 
Sebastian,  where  ho  was  wounded:  and  at  the 


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passage  of  the  Nive.  At  the  termination  of  the 
Peninsular  war  he  went  to  Canada  as  com. 
in  chief  of  the  forces  ;  in  the  war  of  1812-15 
he  had  t!ie  com.  of  two  brigades  intended  for 
the  attack  of  the  works  at  Plattsburg  on  Lake 
Champiain,  Sept.  1814;  and  from  July  1,  1815, 
until  1816,  was  gov.  of  Upper  Canada  ;  in  1815 
he  received  tlie  order  of  knighthood,  and  in 
1838  was  advanced  to  that  of  the  grand  cross  ; 
he  attained  the  full  rank  of  gen,  in  1841. 

Robinson,  Horatio  N.,  LL.D.,  author 
of  mathematical  text-books,  b.  Hartvvick,  N.Y., 
Jan.  1,  1806  ;  d.  Elbridge,  N.Y.,  Jan.  19,  1867. 
He  had  an  ordinary  education,  but  at  the  age 
of  16  made  the  calculations  for  an  almaiiac, 
which  attracted  the  attention  of  a  wealthy 
gentleman  in  the  vicinity,  who  sent  him  to 
N.  J.  Coll.  App.  a  prof,  of  mathematics  in  the 
navy  at  19,  he  filled  that  post  for  10  years  ac- 
ceptably. He  took  charge  of  an  acad.  at  Ca- 
nandaigua  in  1835,  and  afterward  of  one  at 
Gene^iee.  Impaired  health  led  him  to  remove 
in  1844  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  produced  his 
"  University  Algebra," —  a  work  of  much  ori- 
ginality, the  great  success  of  which  encouraged 
him  to  prepare  several  other  works.  He  re- 
moved to  Syracuse,  N.Y.,  in  1850,  and  in 
1854  to  Elbridge.  Some  of  the  best  practical 
talent  of  the  country  was  employed  to  assist 
him  in  completing  his  scries  by  adding  a  full 
course  of  elementary  text-books,  numbering  22. 
The  merit  of  these  text-books  is  attested  by 
their  very  large  and  increasing  circulation,  and 
the  testimony  of  the  best  educators  of  the 
country.  His  latest  work,  "  Differential  and 
Integral  Calculus,"  1861,  was  in  1868  edited 
by  I.  F.  Quinby.  —  AUibom. 
'  Robinson*,  Gen.  James  S.,  b.  near  Mans- 
field, O.,  Oct.  14,  1828.  Entering  the  4th  Ohio, 
he  participated  in  the  Rich-Mountain  cam- 
paign, June,  1861 ;  maj.  82d  0.  Oct.  26,  1861 ; 
lieut.-col.  Apr.  1862 ;  served  in  the  Shenan- 
doah under  Fremont;  at  the  second  Bull  Run; 
col.  Aug.  29,  1862;  in  the  Chancellorsville, 
Gettysburg  (where  he  was  severely  wounded), 
Atlanta,  and  Ga.  campaigns  ;  com.  3d  brigade, 
1st  div.  20th  corps,  from  May  1,  1864;  and 
in  the  battles  of  Rcsaca,  Dallas,  New-hope 
Church,  Peach-tree  Creek,  Averyborough,  and 
Benton ville;  brev.  brig.-gcn.  Dec.  12,  1864; 
brig.-gen.  Jan.  12,  1865;  brev.  maj. -gen.  Mar. 
13,  IS^b.  —  Reid's  Ohio  in  the  War. 

Robinson,  John,  an  English  dissenting 
clergyman,  b.  1575;  d.  Leyden,  March  1,  1625. 
Educated  at  Cambxndge,  and  for  a  time  held  a 
benefice  near  Yarmouth  in  Norfolk,  but  be- 
came pastor  of  a  dissenting  cong.  in  the  north 
of  England  in  1602.  "Beset  by  the  agents  of 
the  prelacy,"  its  members  (in  1 607 )  attempted  to 
leave  for  Holland,  but  were  prevented,  and  kept 
under  aiTCst  for  a  month;  in  1608  they  re- 
moved to  Amsterdam,  and  ab.  1609,  by  advice 
of  Robinson,  they  removed  to  Leyden.  Here 
they  became  by  arrivals  from  Eng.  a  great  con- 
gregation. Here  Robinson  accepted  the  chal- 
lenge of  Episcopius,  the  successor  of  Arminius, 
and  defender  of  his  doctrines.  A  public  disputa- 
tion was  held  in  the  presence  of  a  large  assem- 
bly ;  and  the  friends  of  the  former  assert  that 
"the  Truth  had  a  famous  victory."  In  1617 
Robinson  entered  heartily  into  the  plan  of  form- 


ing a  settlement  in  America.  A  minority  of 
his  congregation,  under  Brewster,  set  out  July 
22, 1620;  but  Robinson,  whose  intention  it  was 
to  follow  with  the  remainder,  d.  before  the  con- 
sent of  the  association  of  English  merchants 
who  controlled  the  enterprise  could  be  obtained. 
The  rest  of  his  church  emig.  soon  after  his  death. 
His  son  Isaac  came  here  as  early  as  1630.  A 
complete  ed.  of  his  writings  was  pub.  at  Boston 
in  1851,  in  3  vols.,  with  Memoir  and  Annota- 
tions by  Robert  Ashton.  —  See  Geneal.  Reg., 
April,  1866. 

Robinson,  Sir  John  Beverley,  bart. 
(created  1854),  D.C.L.,  b.  Berthier,  L.C,  July 
26,  1791;  d.  Toronto,  30  Jan.  1863.  Christo- 
pher his  father,  a  British  ofiicer  who  served  in 
the  Revol.  war,  afterward  resided  in  N.B.  John 
was  adm.  to  the  bar;  was  clerk  of  the  Assembly 
one  year;  atty.-gen.  at  the  age  of  21 ;  solicitor- 
gen.  1815-18;  again  atty.-gen.  1818-29;  chief 
justice  of  Upper  Canada  from  July  15,  1829, 
to  his  d. ;  18  yeare  a  member  of  the  legisl.  A 
vol.  under  Gen.  Brock  at  the  capture  of  De- 
troit. Author  of  some  valuable  works  on  Can- 
ada. Chancellor  of  Trinity  College,  Toronto. 
—  Morgan. 

Robinson,  John  Cleveland,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Binghamton,  N.Y.,  April  10, 
1817.  Entering  the  Military  Acad,  in  1835,  he 
left  it  in  1838  to  study  law;  but  in  1839  was 
made  lieut.  5th  Inf  During  the  Mexican  war 
he  was  disting.  at  Monterey,  and  made  1st  licut. 
June,  1846;  capt.  Aug.  1 850 ;  maj.  2d  Inf.  Feb. 
20,  1862;  col.  43d  Inf.  July  28,  1866.  He 
served  against  the  Indians  of  Fla.  and  Utah. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  com.  at 
Fort  McHenry,  Baltimore;  app.  col.  1st  Mich. 
Vols.,  he  became  brig.-gen.  Apr.  28, 1862;  took 
com.  of  the  1st  brigade  of  Kearney's  division 
in  the  corps  of  Heintzelman,  and  Avas  disting. 
in  the  battles  before  Richmond,  especially  those 
on  June  30  and  July  1,  1862;  also  at  the  sec- 
ond Bull  Run,  Chantilly,  and  Fredericksburg; 
com.  div.  and  engaged  at  the  second  Freder- 
icksburg, Chancellorsville;  Gettysburg,  Mine 
Run,  Mitchcirs  Station,  battles  of  the  Wilder- 
ness, Spottsylvania  C.  H.,  and  Todd's  Tavern, 
where  he  lost  a  leg;  brev.  maj  .-gen.  vols ;  brev. 
lieut.-col.  U.S.A.  for  Gettysburg ;  brev.  col.  for 
the  Wilderness ;  brev.  brig.-gen  for  Spottsylv. ; 
and  brev.  maj.-gen.  for  gallant  and  merit,  ser- 
vices during  the  war.  Retired  as  a  maj.-gen. 
May  6,  1869. 

Robinson,  John  Staniford,  gov.  of  Vt. 
1853-4,  b.  Bennington,  Vt.,  Nov.  10,  1804;  d. 
Charleston,  S.C,  Apr.  25,  1860.  Wms.  Coll. 
1824.  He  settled  as  a  lawyer  in  his  native 
town,  and  rose  to  eminence  in  the  profession. 
Was  many  years  in  the  legisl.  of  Vt.,  and  was 
a  deleg.  to  the  Charleston  Democ.  Convention. 

Robinson,  Jonathan,  chief  justice  of  Vt. 
1801-7;  U.S.  senator  1807-15;  bro.  of  Gov. 
Moses  ;  d.  Bennington,  Vt.,  3  Nov.  1819,  a.  64. 

Robinson,  Matthew,  Lord  Rokeby,  b. 
near  Hythe,  Kent  Co.,  1713;  d.  Nov.  30, 1800. 
Son  of  Matthew,  and  received  his  education  at 
Westminster  and  Cambridge.  M.P.  for  Can- 
terbury in  1747,  and  again  in  1754,  conducting 
himself  with  singular  integrity  and  independ- 
ence. During  the  Amer.  war  he  remonstrated 
with   peculiar  energy  against   the  measures 


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taken  against  the  colonists.  He  foresaw  the 
evil  consequences  which  must  proceed  from 
coercion,  and  he  reprobated  taxation  without 
rcpresen ration.  By  the  death  of  his  uncle,  the 
Archbi  hop  of  Armagh,  in  Oct.  1794,  he  ac- 
quired the  title  of  Lord  Rokcby.  His  eccen- 
tricity was  such  as  to  excite  much  curiosity. 
He  wore  his  beard  reaching  nearly  to  the  niid- 
of  his  body :  his  manners,  and  habits  of  life, 
approached  to  primitive  simplicity.  He  was 
disting.  for  his  ardent  love  of  freedom;  was 
inimical  to  measures  which  in  his  opinion  en- 
croached on  the  liberties  of  mankind,  and  ceased 
not  to  lift  up  his  voice  against  every  species  of 
oppression.  Author  of  "  Considerations  on  the 
Measures  with  respect  to  the  British  Colonies," 
1774;  "Considerations,"  &c.,  1775;  "Further 
Examination  of  American  Measures,"  1776; 
"  Peace  the  Best  Policy,"  1777. 

Robinson,  Merritt  M.,  legist ;  d.  La.  5 
June,  1850.  Reporter  of  the  Supieme  Court 
of  La.,  he  prepared  for  the  press  16  volumes 
of  Reports,  accompanied  by  marginal  notes ; 
also  "  Digest  of  the  Penal  Laws  of  La.,"  8vo, 
1841. 

Robinson,  Moses,  statesman,  b.  Hard- 
wick,  Ms.,  Mar.  26,  1741  ;  d.  Bennington,  Vt., 
May  26,  1813.  A.M.  of  Y.C.  1789.  His  father 
Capt.  Saml.  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Vt. 
Bro.  of  Judge  Jonathan.  Chief  justice  of  Vt. 
Oct.  1778;  gov.  1789-90;  US.  senator  1791- 
6.     Fie  was  an  opponent  of  Jay's  Treaty. 

Robinson,  Solon,  b.  near  Tolland,  Ct., 
180.3.  Has  contrib.  largely  to  agric.  journals, 
to  the  N.Y.  Tribune,  and  to  periodicals.  He 
has  pub.  "Hot  Corn,  Life-Scenes  in  N.  Y.," 
1853 ;  "  How  to  Live,"  1 860 ;  "  Facts  for  Farm- 
ers," &c.,  8vo,  1864  ;  "  Me-won-i-toc,"  1867. 
—  Burif/di/s  Offhand  Takings. 

Robinson,  Stuart,  D.  D,,  pastor  2d 
Presb.  Ch.,  Louisville,  Ky.  Has  been  prof,  of 
theology  at  Danville  Sem.,  Ky.  Has  published 
"  The  Church  of  God,"  &c.,  12mo,  1858;  "Dis- 
courses of  Redemption,"  &c.,  8vo,  1866. 

Robinson,  Therese  Albertine  Louise 
(Vox  Jacob),  authoress,  known  under  the 
name  of  "  Talvi  "  (her  initials),  b.  Halle,  Ger- 
many, Jan.  26,  1797;  d.  Hamburg,  April  13, 
1869.  In  1807  she  accomp.  her  f\Uher  to  Rus- 
sia, where  he  became  prof,  in  the  U.  of  Khar- 
kov. Here  she  studied  the  Slavic  language, 
and  wrote  her  first  poems.  She  afterward  stud- 
ied at  St.  Petersburg ;  returned  to  Halle  in 
1816,  and  studied  Latin.  A  few  of  her  tales, 
under  the  title  of"  Psyche,"  appeared  at  Halle 
in  1825.  In  1822  she  translated  Scott's  "  Old 
Mortality  "  and  "  The  Black  Dwarf."  She 
translated,  from  the  Servian,  poems  under  the 
title  of  "  VolksUeder  der  Serben,"  2  vols.  1825-6  ; 
in  1828  she  m.  Prof  Ed.  Robinson,  and  in  1830 
came  with  him  to  America.  She  translated 
into  German  Pickering's  work  on  "  The  Indian 
Tongues  of  N.A.,"  Leipsic,  1834  ;  in  1834  she 
wrote  for  the  Biblical  Repository  "An  Hi>*torical 
View  of  the  Slavic  Languages,"  repub.  in  1850 
by  itself  She  visited  Germany  in  1837-40, 
and  pub.  there  "  An  Essay  on  the  Historical 
Characteristics  of  the  Popular  Songs  of  the 
Germanic  Nations,"  &c.,  1840;  also  a  small 
work  entitled  "  The  Poems  of  Ossian  not 
Genuine."     She  afterward  pub.  "  A  History 


of  Captain  John  Smith  "  in  German ;  "  The 
Colonization  of  New  Eng.,"  1847;  "  Heloise, 
or  the  Unrevealed  Secret,"  1850;  "  Life's  Dis- 
cipline, a  Tale  of  the  Annals  of  Hungary," 
1851  ;  and  "  The  Exiles,"  1853,  afterward  pub. 
as  "Woodhill;"  and  she  contrib.  to  various 
American  and  German  periodicals.  After  the 
death  of  her  husband,  in  1863,  she  returned  to 
Germany. 

Roehambeau  (ro'-shon'-bo),  Jean  Bap- 
TiSTE  DoNATiEN  ViMEUR,  Couut  dc,  marshal 
of  France,  b.  Vendome,  1  July,  1725;  d.  10 
May,  1807.  Entering  the  army  at  16,  he 
served  under  Broglie;  became  in  1745  aide  to 
Louis  Philip,  Duke  of  Orleans  ;  afterward  com. 
the  regiment  La  Manche,  and  was  disting.  and 
wounded  at  Lafeldt.  He  attained  fresh  laurels 
at  Crevelt,  Mindeti,  Corbach,  and  Clostercamp. 
Made  lieut.-gcn.  in  1780,  and  sent  with  a  corps 
of  6,000  men  to  theassistanceof  the  Americans, 
he  disembarked  at  H.I.  in  July,  1780;  acted  in 
concert  with  Washington,  fii-st  against  Clinton 
in  N.Y.,  and  then  against  Coruwallis,  render- 
ing important  services  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown, 
and  receiving  the  surrender  of  the  British  army 
19  Oct.  1781.  Roehambeau  was  presented 
with  the  captured  cannon.  He  received  the 
decoration  of  the  Saint-Esprit  in  1783;  was 
made  a  marshal  in  1791;  and  early  in  1792 
com.  the  Army  of  the  North.  He  narrowly 
escaped  the  guillotine  during  the  Reign  of  Ter- 
ror. In  1804  Bonaparte  gave  him  a  pension 
and  the  cross  of  grand  olficer  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor.  His  "  Memoirs  "  were  pub.  2  vols. 
8vo,  1809,  and  translated  by  M.  W.  E.  Wright, 
Paris,  8vo,  ltr38.  His  son  Joseph  Marie, 
Vicomte  de,  aide-de-camp  to  his  father  in  the 
American  Revol.,  and  col.  Regt.  Auxonne, 
served  in  the  W.  Indies,  Italy,  St.  Domingo, 
&c. ;  became  a  gen. ;  and  was  killed  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Leipsic  18  Oct.  1813,  a.  63. 

Rochefoucauld  Liancourt  (rosh'-foo'- 
ko'le'-on-koor'),  Francois  Alexandre  Fred., 
Duke  de  la,  b.  14  Jan.  1747;  d.  Paris  27  Mar. 
1829.  Grand-master  of  the  wardrobe  to  Louis 
XV.  and  XVI.  ;  dep.  to  the  States-Gen.,  and 
the  advocate  of  just  and  necessary  reforms  ; 
pres.  of  the  national  assembly  after  the  taking 
of  the  Bastille  in  July,  1789;  member  of  the 
constituent  assembly ;  military  com  at  Rouen 
in  1792.  After  the  10th  of"  August  lie  left 
France,  resided  in  Eng.,  and  travelled  through 
the  U.S.,  but  returned  to  France  after  the  18th 
Brumaire,  devoting  himself  to  the  ])rosecution 
of  the  useful  arts  and  to  benevolent  offices. 
He  was  23  years  insp.-gen.  of  the  School  of 
Arts  and  Trades  at  Chalons.  He  established 
the  first  savings-bank  in  France,  and  was  influ- 
ential in  introducing  vaccination  there.  Created 
a  peer  after  the  restoration  in  1815.  Author 
of  "  Voyage  dans  les  ^tats-Unis"  (17i*5-7), 
8  vols,  ismo  ;  and  "  Account  of  the  Prisons  of 
Phila.,"  8vo,  1796.  His  Life  by  his  son  was 
pub.  in  1827. 

Rockingham,  Charles  Watson  Went- 
worth,  marquis,  statesman,  b.  May  13,  1730; 
d.  1  July,  1782.  He  succeeded  to  the  title  in 
1750;  entered  the  house  of  peers  in  1751;  re- 
signed his  offices  in  1763;  was  app.  first  lord 
of  the  treasury  in  July,  1765;  resigned  1  Aug. 
1766.      When  the  Lord  North  ministry  sue- 


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cumbed,  he  again  took  the  chief  direction  of 
affairs  in  March,  1782,  but  died  shortly  after, 
I)urin<;  the  Stamp-act  discussions  in  1765,  he 
took  the  middle  course,  of  repealing  the  act,  and 
dechiring  the  right  to  tax  the  Colonies.  Dur- 
ing North's  administration,  he  was  the  leader 
of  the  aristocratic  party  of  the  opposition  in  the 
House  of  Lords. 

Rockwell,  J-  Edson,  D.D.,  b.  Salisbury, 
Vt.,  1816.  Amh.  Coll.  1837.  Has  published 
"  Sketches  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,"  1854  ; 
"  Young  Christian  Warned,"  1857  ;  "  Scenes 
and  Impressions  Abroad,"  1859  ;  "  ]\Iy  Sheet- 
Anchor,"  1864;  also  sermons,  iuldrcsses,  and 
reports;  edited  Sabbatlisr/iool  F/s/^or  1 852-60 ; 
and  contributed  to  periodicals.  —  Allibone. 

Rockwell,  James  Otis,  poet  and  editor, 
b.  Lebanon,  Ct.,  1807;  d.  Providence,  R.I.,  in 
the  summer  of  1831.  At  an  early  age  he  was 
an  operative  in  a  cotton-factory  at  Paterson, 
N.J. ;  at  14  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  printer  at 
Utica ;  four  years  later  he  came  to  Boston  ; 
became  assistant  editor  of  the  Statesman  ;  and 
in  1829  took  the  editorial  charge  of  the  Provi- 
dence Patriot.  His  pieces  are  scattered  through 
his  own  and  other  periodicals,  having  never 
been  collected.  —  See  Everest's  Poets  of  Ct. 

Rockwell,  John  Arnold,  jurist,  b.  Nor- 
wich, Ct.,  Aug.  27,  1803;  d.  Washington, 
IXC,  Feb.  10,  1861.  Y.  C.  1822.  He  prac- 
tised law  in  Norwich ;  was  a  member  of  the 
State  senate  in  1838-9  ;  soon  after  became 
judge  of  the  New-London  County  Court  ; 
M.C.  1847-51,  and  chairman  of  the  committee 
on  claims.  The  Court  of  Claims  at  Washing- 
ton owes  its  establishment  chiefly  to  him,  and 
his  principal  labors  were  in  that  court.  He 
pub.  two  volumes  on  "  The  Mexican  Law  of 
Mines  and  Real  Estate,"  1851-2,  which  are 
now  standard  authorities. 

Rockwell,  Julius,  senator  and  jurist,  b. 
Coleljrook,  Ct.,  Apr.  26,  1805.  Y.C.  1826. 
He  studied  law  at  the  New-Haven  Law  School ; 
Was  adm.  to  the  Litchfield  Co.  bar  in  1829, 
comnjencing  practice  in  1830  at  Pittsficld,  Ms. 
He  was  in  the  legisl.  of  Ms.  in  1834-8;  was 
speaker  for  1835  and  1838  ;  bank  comii.iss.  in 
1838-41  ;  M.C.  in  1847-51;  and  U.S.  senator 
for  two  sessions,  to  succeed  Mr.  Everett ;  in 
1853  he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  ;  in  1858  was  again  a  State  represen- 
tative ;  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Ms. 
1859-71. 

Rodgers,  C.  R.  P.,  commo.  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
N.Y.  Nov.  14,  1818.  Midshipm.  Oct.  5,  1833  ; 
lieut.  Sept.  4,  1844;  com.  Oct.  18, 1861  ;  capt. 
July  25,  1866  ;  commo.  1870.  Present  at  the 
capture  of  Vera  Cruz  and  of  Tabasco  ;  at- 
tached to  coast-survey  1850  and  1856-8  ;  com. 
of  midshipm.  Naval  Acad.  1859-61  ;  com. 
steam-frigate  "  Wabash,"  flagship.  So.  Atl. 
squad.,  1861-2  ;  at  battle  of  Port  Royal,  Nov. 
1861;  at  Fort  Pulaski,  in  com.  of  naval  bat- 
tery, Jan.  27,  1862  ;  com.  division  of  gunboats 
in  exped.  to  St.  Augustine  and  up  the  St. 
Mary's  River  in  Mar.  1862;  fleet-capt.  S.A. 
block,  squad.  1 863  ;  com.  steamer  "  Iroquois," 
1864-5;  com.  frigate  "  Franklin,"  European 
nquad.,  1869;  chief  of  bureau  of  docks  and 
yards,  1  Oct.  1871.  —  Hawersly. 

Rodgers,  Capt.  George  W.,  U.S.N.,  b. 


Md.  1787  ;  d.  Buenos  Ayres,  May  21,  1832. 
His  father  was  col.  of  a  Md.  regt.  during'  the 
Revol.  war ;  and  his  bro.  was  Com.  John 
Rodgers.  Midshipm.  Apr.  1804;  lieut.  Apr. 
24,  1810;  master  com.  Apr.  27,  1816;  and 
post-capt.  Mar.  1,  1825  ;  first  lieut.  of  "  The 
Wasp"  in  the  action  with  "  The  Frolic,"  Oct. 
18,  1812.  For  his  gallantry  in  the  war  of  1812 
he  received  a  sword  of  honor  from  his  native 
State,  and  a  gold  medal  from  Congress,  accomp. 
by  a  vote  of  thanks.  In  1832  he  com.  tho 
squadron  on  the  coast  of  Brazil,  having  also  a 
diplomatic  mission  to  that  govt.  His  wife 
Anna  Maria,  sister  to  Com.  Perry,  d.  New 
London,  Ct.,  Dec.  7,  1858,  a.  60.  Three  sons 
fought  bravely  in  the  Mexican  war,  —  Lieut.  A. 
P.  Rodgers,  who  fell  at  Chapultepec ;  Capt. 
Raymond  Hodgers,  U.S.N.,  fieet-capt.  during 
Dupont's  capture  of  Port  Royal  anrl  attack  on 
Charleston  ;  and  Capt.  George  W.,  who  was 
killed  while  commanding  the  monitor  "  Cats- 
kill  "  in  an  attack  on  Fort  Wagner,  Morris 
Island,  Aug.  20,  1863. 

Rodgers,  John,  D.D.  (U.  of  Edinb. 
1768),  Presb.  divine,  b.  Boston,  Ms.,  Aug.  5, 
1727;  d.  N.Y.  City,  May  7,  1811.  In  1728 
his  i^a'cnts  removed  to  Phila.,  where  he  re- 
ceived a  classical  education.  He  was  impressed 
with  religious  truth  by  the  preaching  of  White- 
field  ;  in  Oct.  1747  was  licensed  to  preach,  and, 
after  having  been  a  missionary  in  Va.  and  Md., 
was  settled  in  St.  George's,  Del.,  Mar.  19,  1749, 
where  he  continued  his  popular  and  useful 
labors  until  July,  1765  ;  he  then  removed  to 
N.Y.,  and  Avas  pastor  of  the  Wall-st.  (Presb.) 
Church  until  the  close  of  his  life.  Leaving 
N.Y.  in  Feb.  1776,  he  became  chaplain  of 
Heath's  brigade  in  April ;  then  chaplain  of  the 
State  convention,  then  of  the  council  of  safety, 
and  of  the  first  legisl.  until  Oct.  1777 ;  and  till 
the  end  of  the  war  he  preached  at  Amenia, 
N.Y.,  Danbury,  Ct.,  and  Lamington,  N.J.  His 
Memoirs  were  written  by  Dr.  Samuel  Miller. 
He  pub.  sermons  and  some  fugitive  pieces.  — 
Sprafjne. 

Rodgers,  John,  commo.  U.  S.  N.,  b.  Har- 
ford Co.,  Md.,  1771  ;  d.  Phila.  Aug.  1,  1838. 
Entering  the  navy  as  a  lieut.  Mar.  9,  1798,  he 
was  the  executive  officer  of  the  frigate  "Con- 
stellation," Com.  Truxton,  when  she  captured 
the  French  frigate  "  L'Insurgente  "  off  Nevis, 
Feb.  9,  1799,  and  took  possession  of  the  prize. 
Made  a  capt.  Mar.  5,  1799,  he  cruised  in  "  The 
Maryland  "  (20)  upon  the  W.  I.  station  ;  in 
1802  he  com.  "  The  John  Adams  "  (28),  with 
which  and  "  The  Enterprise  "  (12)  he  success- 
fully attacked,  in  June,  1803,  a  Tripolitan 
cruiser  of  22  guns,  and  several  gunboats  at 
anchor  near  Tripoli;  in  1804  he  com.  "The 
Congress "  (38)  in  the  squadron  employed 
against  Tripoli  under  Com.  Barron,  vrhom  in 
1805  he  succeeded  in  the  com.  After  the  peace 
with  Tripoli,  he  proceeded  with  his  squadron 
to  Tunis,  where  he  engaged  in  negotiations 
which  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  friendly 
relations.  In  the  spring  of  1811,  in  "The 
President"  (44),  off  Annapolis,  he  heard  that 
a  seaman  had  been  impressed  off  Sandy  Hook 
by  an  English  frigate ;  sailing  for  that  point 
without  delay.  May  16  he  hailed,  about  8^,  p.m., 
a  vessel  of  war,  but  received  no  answer.    After 


ROD 


lis 


ROE 


a  little  delay,  the  stranger  hailed,  which  she  fol- 
lowed up  with  a  shot,  which  entered  "  The 
President's  "  mainmast.  After  a  short  engage- 
ment, in  which  his  opponent  was  much  crip- 
pled, he  ceased  firing,  and  on  the  following 
morning  boarded,  discovering  her  to  be  H.B.M, 
ship  "  Little  Belt"  (22  guns),  Capt.  Bingham; 
The  accounts  given  by  the  two  commanders 
of  this  affair  differed  widely,  particularly  as  to 
the  firing  of  the  first  gun  ;  and  it  widened  the 
breach  which  already  existed  between  the  two 
nations.  June  21,  1812,  receiving  official  intel- 
ligence of  the  declaration  of  war  against  Great 
Britain,  Com.  Rodgers  sailed  from  N.Y.  in 
com.  of  a  squadron  ;  June  23,  while  chasing 
the  British  frigate  "  Belvidere,"  during  a  run- 
ning fight,  a  gun  burst,  killing  and  wounding 
16,  Com.  Rodgers  being  among  the  latter :  in 
a  subsequent  cruise  he  took  the  British  packet 
"  Swallow,"  with  a  large  amount  of  specie, 
and  the  schooner  "  Highflyer  ;  "  app.  June  14 
to  the  new  frigate  "  Guerriere,"  he  rendered 
important  service  in  the  defence  of  Baltimore  ; 
from  April,  1815,  to  Dec.  1824,  he  served 
as  pres.  of  the  board  of  navy  commissioners  ; 
acting  sec.  navy,  Sept.  to  Dec.  1823;  and  in 
1824-7  in  com.  of  the  Mediterranean  squadron. 
On  his  return  he  was  again  on  the  board  of 
navy  commissioners,  which  he  relinquished  in 
1837.  R.  Adm.  John  Rodgers,  U.S.N.,  is  his 
son.  Another  son,  Robert,  was  col.  3d  Md., 
Potomac  inf. ;  did  good  service  during  the  civil 
war,  and  was  twice  severely  wounded. 

Rodgers,  John,  rear.-adm.  U.S.N.,  b.  Md. 
Aug.  8,  1811.  Son  of  Com.  John,  U.S.N. 
Midship.  Apr.  18,  1828;  licut.  Jan.  22,  1840; 
com.  Sept.  14,  1855;  capt.  July  16,  1862; 
commo.  June  17,  1863;  rear-adm.  Dec.  31, 
1869.  Com.  steamer  "John  Hancock,"  and 
surv.  and  expl.  exped.  to  N.  Pacific  and  China 
Seas  1853-6;  in  1862  superintended  at  the 
West  the  construction  of  ironclads  ;  May  10, 
1862,  com.  an  exped.  of  gunboats  in  the 
James  River ;  and  in  "  The  Galena  "  attacked 
Fort  Darling,  May  15.  Junel7,  1863,  in  War- 
saw Sound,  Capt.  Rodgers,  in  the  monitor 
"  Weehawken,"  encountered  and  captured  the 
powerful  rebel  ironclad  "  Atlanta"  in  15  min- 
utes ;  in  the  monitor  "  Monadnoc,"  1866-7, 
made  the  passage  around  the  Horn  to  San 
Francisco;  commanded  Asiatic  fleet;  and  in 
August,  1871,  captured  the  Corean  forts. — 
HamersJy. 

Rodinan,  Gen.  Isaac  Peace,  b.  South 
Kingstown,  R.I.,  Aug.  28,  1822;  d.  Sept.  29, 
1862,  from  wounds  at  the  battle  of  Antietam. 
Educated  to  mercantile  pursuits,  he  engaged  in 
manuf.;  was  some  years  col.  of  a  militia  regt., 
and  in  1861  a  member  of  the  State  senate.  He 
resigned  his  seat  to  raise  a  company  of  vols., 
and,  as  capt.  2d  R.I.  Regt.,  participated  in  the 
battle  of  Bull  Run.  Becoming  col.  4th  R.I. 
Vols.,  he  was  at  the  taking  of  Roanoke  Island. 
For  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Newbern,  Mar. 
14,  1860,  where  he  took  the  enemy's  works  at 
the  point  of  the  bayonet,  he  was  made  brig.- 
gen.  Apr.  28, 1862.  His  regt.  also  participated 
in  the  investment  and  reduction  of  Fort  Macon. 
In  the  battle  of  Antietam,  while  leading  his 
brigade  to  a  charge  upon  the  enemy's  guns,  he 
was  mortally  wounded  by  a  cannon-ball  in  the 


terrible  conflict  by  which  the  stone  bridge  was 
carried  and  held. 

Rodney,  Caesar,  signer  of  the  Decl.  of 
Indep.,  b.  Dover,  Del.,  ab.  1730;  d.  early  in 
1783.  His  father  William  came  over  with 
Penn,  and,  after  a  short  residence  in  Phila., 
settled  in  Kent  Co.,  Del.,  leaving  to  his  eldest 
son  a  large  landed  estate.  At  the  age  of  28 
Caesar  was  app.  high  sheriff,  and,  at  the  end 
of  his  term  of  service,  was  created  a  justice  of 
the  peace  and  a  judge  of  the  lower  courts. 
As  early  as  1762  he  represented  his  county  in 
the  legisl.,  by  which,  in  1765,  he  was  sent  to 
the  Stamp-act  Congress  at  N.Y;  in  1769  he 
was  elected  speaker  of  the  house,  continuing 
to  occupy  that  chair  for  several  years  ;  was  app. 
chairman  of  the  com.  of  corresp.  with  the  other 
Colonies  ;  and  in  1774  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Gen.  Congress  ;  in  the  following  year  he  was 
re-elected,  and  also  made  a  brig.-gen.  When 
the  question  of  independence  was  before  Con- 
gress, Rodney  was  on  a  tour  through  the  south- 
ern part  of  Del.,  quieting  the  minds  of  the 
people,  and  preparing  them  for  a  change  of 
govt.  His  colleagues  McKean  and  Read  being 
divided  upon  the  question,  the  former,  who 
knew  him  to  be  favorable  to  the  declaration, 
urged  him  by  express  to  hasten  his  return. 
He  did  so,  and  by  great  exertion  arrived  just 
in  season  for  the  final  discussion ;  and,  by  his 
aflSrmative  vote,  he  secured  that  union  among 
the  Colonies,  so  important  to  the  cause  of  in- 
dependence. The  opposition  of  the  royalists, 
who  abounded  in  the  lower  counties,  prevented 
his  re-election  the  succeeding  year ;  but,  as  a 
member  of  the  councils  of  safety  and  inspec- 
tion, he  displayed  great  activity  in  collecting 
supplies  for  the  troops  of  the  State  then  with 
Washington  in  N.J.  He  repaired  in  person  to 
the  camp  near  Princeton  in  1777,  where  for 
hearly  two  months  he  was  engaged  in  laborious 
services,  and,  commanding  the  Del.  line,  was 
brig.-gen.  In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  he 
was  again  chosen  to  Congress,  but,  before  tak- 
ing his  seat,  was  chosen  pres.  of  his  Srate,  in 
which  station  he  remained  4  years  (1778-82). 
His  nephew  Caesar  A.  (M.C.  1803-5  and 
1819-21,  U.S.  atty.-gen.  1807-11,  U.S.  senator 
1821-3,  minister  to  Buenos  Ayres  1823, 
until  his  death,  June  10,  1824)  pub.  with  J. 
Graham  "  Reports  on  the  Present  State  of  the 
United  Provinces  of  S.  America,"  Lond.  8vo, 
1819. 

Rodney,  Daniel,  M.C.  from  Del.  1822-3  ; 
U.S.  senator  1826-7;  gov.  of  Del.  1814-17; 
d.  2  Sept.  1846,  a.  75. 

Roe,  AzEL  Stevens,  novelist,  b.  N.Y.  City, 
1798.  With  an  academic  education  he  became 
a  merchant's  clerk  in  N.Y. ;  was  afterward  a 
wine-merchant,  and,  on  retiring  from  business, 
settled  at  Windsor,  Ct.  Having  lost  most  of 
his  property  by  the  failure  of  persons  for  whom 
he  had  freely  indorsed,  he  applied  himself  to 
literature  with  success.  He  has  written  *'  James 
Montjoy,  or  I've  been  Thinking,"  1850;  "To 
Love,  and  to  be  Loved,"  1852  ;  "  Time  and 
Tide,  or  Strive  and  Win,"  1852 ;  "  A  Long 
Look  Ahead,"  1855;  "The  Star  and  the 
Cloud,"  1856;  "True  to  the  Last,"  18.59; 
"  How  Could  He  Help  It?  "  1860 ;  "  Like  and 
Unlike,"   1861;    "Looking  Around,"   1866; 


ROE 


779 


ROG- 


"  The  Cloud  on  the  Heart,"  1869  ;  *'  Woman 
our  Angel,"  1866. 

Roebling,  John  A.,  engineer,  b.  Prussia, 
1806,  and  educated  as  a  civil  engineer.  In 
1827-31  he  was  an  assist,  constructor  of  mili- 
tary roads.  Emig.  to  the  U.S.  in  1831,  he  was 
employed  on  various  works  in  O.  and  Pa.,  and 
in.  1842  began  the  manuf.  of  wire-ropes,  first 
used  on  the  Alleghany  Portage  Road,  and  now 
in  general  use.  In  1850  he  erected  extensive 
works  near  Trenton,  N.  J.,  where  2,000  tons 
of  wire-rope  are  annually  made;  in  1844  he 
built  the  wire  suspension  aqueduct  over  the 
Alleghany  River  at  Pittsburg;  in  1852-5  he 
built  the  Niagara  Suspension  Bridge;  and  in 
1856-67  the  Cincinnati  Suspension  Bridge 
over  the  Ohio  River,  said  to  be  the  largest  in 
the  world;  in  1858-60  he  built  the  fine  wire 
suspension  bridge  over  the  Alleghany  River  at 
Pittsburg. 

Rogers,  Hexky  Darwin,  LL.D.,  F.R.S., 
geologist,  bro.  of  James  B.,  b.  Phila.  1 809 ;  d. 
Glasgow,  Scotland,  May  28,  1866.  Became 
prof,  of  physical  sciences  in  Dick.  Coll.  in 
1831,  and  afterward  prof,  of  geology  in  the  U. 
of  Pa.,  which  office  he  long  held.  In  1835  he 
pub.  a  report  and  geolog.  map  of  N.  J.,  and  a 
final  Report,  8vo,  1840.  In  1836-56  he  was 
occupied  in  the  survey  of  Pa. ;  pub.  several 
annual  reports,  the  final  one  in  2  vols.  4to, 
1858.  In  1857  he  became  regius  prof,  of  geol. 
and  nat.  history  in  the  U.  of  Glasgow,  having 
for  some  years  previously  resided  in  Boston. 
Ke  contrib.  many  important  papers  on  geol. 
and  other  scientific  subjects  to  the  **  Transac- 
tions "  of  scientific  associations,  to  the  Journal 
of  Science,  and  to  the  Edinburgh  New  Philos. 
Journal,  of  which  he  is  one  of  the  editors. 
Author  of  a  geological  map  of  the  U.S., 
and  a  chart  of  the  arctic  regions  in  the  "  Physi- 
cal Atlas  ;"  and,  in  conjunction  with  W.  and 
A.  K.  Johnston  of  Edinburgh,  pub.  a  geologi- 
cal atlas  of  the  U.S.,  1861. 

Rogers,  Henry  J.,  electric  teleg.  engineer, 
and  inventor  of  the  marine  signals,  b.  Balti- 
more, Md.,  1811.  Has  pub.  "  Teleg.  Diet,  and 
Seam'an's  Signal-Book,"  8vo,  1845;  "  Sema- 
phoric  Signal-Book,"  1847  ;  "  Code  of  Marine 
Signals,"  1854.  With  W.  F.  Larkins  edited 
"Rogers's  Commercial  Code  of  Signals  for  All 
Nations,"  8vo,  1859. — AlUbone. 

Rogers,  James  Blythe,  M.D.  (U.  of 
Md.  1822),  chemist  and  physician,  eldest  son  of 
Dr.  P.  K.  Rogers,  b.  Phila.  Feb.  ,22,  1803  ;  d. 
there  June  15,  1852.  Prof,  of  chemistry  in 
Washington  Med.  Coll.,  Baltimore;  then  in 
that  of  Cincinnati ;  then  in  the  Franklin 
School  of  Phila.  ;  and  in  1847-52  filled  the 
chair  of  chemistry  in  the  U.  of  Phila.  For 
several  years  he  assisted  in  the  chemical  and 
geol.  surveys  of  Va.  and  Pa.  He  pub.  some 
valuable  papers  in  the  scientific  journals,  and 
was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  last  Amer.  re- 
print of  Turner's  "  Chemistry." 

Rogers,  John,  pres.  of  H.  U.  April  10, 
1682,  to  his  d.  July  2,  1684;  b.  Coggeshall, 
Eng.,  Jan.  1631.  H.U.  1649.  SonofRcv.Na- 
thanicl  of  Ipswich,  and  assisted  in  his  pulpit, 
but  afterward  studied  and  practised  physic. 

Rogers,  John,  chancellor,  member  Old 
Cong.  1775-6;  d.  Annapolis,  Md.,  Oct.  1789. 


Rogers,  John,  sculptor,  b.  Salem,  Ms., 
30  Oct.  1829.  He  left  school  at  16;  was  two 
years  in  a  dry-goods  jobbing-house  in  Bos- 
ton, and  afterward  took  a  trip  to  Spain.  He 
then  learned  the  trade  of  a  machinist ;  made 
sketches  in  clay,  and,  after  a  brief  visit  to 
Europe  in  1858-9,  engaged  as  a  draughtsman 
in  a  surveyor's  office  in  Chicago.  Here  he 
modelled  his  "  Slave-Auction,"  which  he  took 
to  New  York  in  Dec.  1859,  where  his  "Picket- 
Guard,"  and  other  war-subjects,  soon  brought 
him  both  fame  and  money.  He  has  admirably 
modelled  small  groups  illustrating  familiar  sub- 
jects of  daily  life,  and  episodes  of  the  camp  and 
battle-field,  and  has  a  studio  in  New  York. 
Among  his  best  efforts  are  "  The  Returned 
Volunteer,"  "  Sharpshooters,"  "  Town  Pump," 
"  Union  Refugees,  "  The  Country  Postmas- 
ter," "The  Wounded  Scout,"  and  "The 
Home-Guard." 

Rogers,  Nathaniel,  minister  of  Ipswich 
from  Feb.  20,  1639,  to  his  d.  July  3,  1655;  b. 
Haverhill,  Eng.,  1598.  Educated  at  Emanuel 
Coll.,  Camb.  Son  of  Rev.  John.  He  is 
often  erroneously  called  a  grandson  of  John 
the  martyr.  He  preached  at  Bocking  in  Essex, 
and  next  at  Assington,  Suffolk.  Persecution 
drove  him  to  N.E.,  where  he  arrived  Nov.  16, 
1636.  Memberof  the  synod  of  1637.  He  pub. 
"  Cause  of  God's  Wrath  against  the  Nation," 
1644 ;  and  left  in  MS.  a  Latin  Vindication  of 
Cong.  Church  Govt.  —  N.  E.  Hist,  and  Gen. 
Reg.,  V.  122. 

Rogers,  Nathaniel  Peabody,  b.  Plym- 
outh, N.H.,3  June,  1794;  d.  Concord,  N.H., 
16  Oct.  1846.  D.C.  1816.  He  studied  and 
practised  law,  which  he  left  in  ,1838  for  the  edi- 
torship of 'the  untislayery  Herald  of  Freedom. 
He  wrote  under  the  signature  of  "  The  Old 
Man  of  the  Mountain  "  for  the  N.  Y.  Tribune. 
A  vol.  of  his  fugitive  pieces  was  pub.  Concord, 
1847. 

Rogers,  Randolph,  sculptor,  b.  Va. 
Studied  and  practised  a  few  years  at  Rome ; 
became  known  in  New  York  by  his  "  Nydia," 
"  Boy  and  Dog,"  "  Angel  of  the  Resurrection," 
and,  returning  to  Rome  after  his  marriage,  ex- 
ecuted a  marble  statue  of  John  Adams  (now 
at  Mt.  Auburn  Cemetery),  some  good  busts, 
and  attractive  ideal  figures.  His  bass-reliefs  for 
the  doors  of  the  new  Capitol  extension  at  Wash- 
ington represent  events  in  the  life  of  Columbus. 
He  has  furnished  designs  for  the  Washington 
Monument  at  Richmond;  and  he  has  lately 
been  employed  upon  memorial  monuments  for 
R.I.  and  Michigan.  Among  his  smaller  works, 
"  Ruth  "  and  "  Isaac  "  are  favorites.  His  last 
work,  a  colossal  bronze  statue  of  Lincoln,  was 
unveiled  at  Phila.  22  Sept.  1871. 

Rogers,  Major  Robert,  a  famous  par- 
tisan of  the  French  war,  b.  Dunbarton,  N.H., 
ab.  1730;  d.  Eng.  ab.  1800.  The  son  of  an 
early  Irish  settler  of  D.  He  com.  during  the 
French  war  (1755-63)  Rogers's  Rangers,  —  a 
corps  renowned  for  their  exploits.  March  13, 
1758,  with  170  men,  he  fought  100  French  and 
600  Indians  :  after  losing  100,  and  killing  150, 
he  retreated.  In  1759  he  was  sent  by  Amherst 
from  Crown  Point  to  destroy  the  Indian  village 
of  St.  Francis;  which  service  he  performed :  200 
Indians  were  killed.    In  1760  he  was  ordered 


ROG- 


780 


i^om: 


by  Amherst  to  take  possession  of  Detroit  and 
other  Western  posts  ceded  by  the  French,  which 
he  accomplished.  He  next  visited  Enj^land, 
where  he  sutiered  from  want,  until  he  borrowed 
the  means  to  print  his  journal,  and  present  it  to 
the  kinj^,  who  in  1765  app.  him  gov.  of  Michili- 
macinac.  Accused  of  plotting  to  plunder  the 
fort,  and  join  the  French,  he  was  sent  in  irons 
to  Montreal,  and  tried  by  a  court-martial.  In 
1769  he  went  toEng.,was  presented  to  the  king, 
but  soon  afterward  was  imprisoned  for  debt. 
He  afterward,  according  to  his  account  to  Dr. 
Wheclock  at  Dartmouth,  "  fought  2  battles  in 
Algiers  under  the  dey."  At  the  opening  of 
the  Rcvol.,  his  course  was  such,  that  he  was  close- 
ly watched  ;  and  in  1775,  Congress,  whose  pris- 
oner he  then  was,  released  him  on  parole.  Sus- 
pected by  Washington  of  being  a  spy,  he  was 
secured  in  June,  1776,  but,  on  being  released  by 
Congress  soon  after,  openly  joined  the  royal 
side,  and,  notwithstanding  his  parole  of  honor, 
accepted  the  commission  of  colonel,  and  raised 
the  "Queen's  Rangers,"  —  a  corps  celebrated 
throughout  the  contest.  Oct.  21, 1776,  he  nar- 
rowly escaped  being  taken  prisoner  at  Maraaro- 
neck  by  a  party  sent  out  by  Loi-d  Stirling,  and 
soon  after  went  to  Eng.  He  pub.  a  concise  ac- 
count of  N.A.,  Lond.  1765;  "Journals  of  the 
French  War,"  1765,  repub.  at  Concord,  12mo, 
1831,  and  entitled  "  Reminiscences  of  theFrench 
War,"  with  the  Life  of  Stark;  and  in  1766  the 
tragedy  of  "  Ponteach."  His  Diary  of  the 
Siege  of  Deti'oit,  &c.,  was  published  by  F.  B. 
Hough,  1860. 

Rogers,  Robert  Empie,  M.D.  (U.  of 
Pa.),  chemist  and  physician,  bro.  of  James  B., 
b.  lialtimore  18J4-  On  graduating,  his  ex- 
perimental essay  on  Endosmose  was  pub.  by 
request  of  the  faculty.  In  1844-52  he  was  prof, 
of  chemistry  in  the  U.  of  Va. ;  then  succeeded 
his  bro.  in  this  chair  in  the  U.  of  Pa.  He  as- 
sisted in  the  geol.  surveys  of  Va.  and  Pa.  Be- 
side contribs.  on  chemical  subjects  to  scientific 
journals,  he  was  assoc.  with  his  bro.  in  the  edit- 
ing of  Turner's  "  Chemistry,"  and  has  since  ed- 
ited the  reprint  of  Lehmann's  "Physiological 
Chemistry."  Several  years  dean  of  the  med. 
faculty  of  the  U.  of  Pa.' 

Rof^ers,  Gen.  Thomas  J.,  author  of  bio- 
graphical dictionaries  of  Revol.  worthies,  1st 
ed.  12mo,  1813,  4th  ed.  1829;  M.  C.  from 
Pa.  1818-24;  b.  Waterford,  Ireland,  1781; 
came  to  America  in  1784  ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Dec. 
7,  1632.     Edited  a  political  paper. 

Rogers,  William,  D.D.,  Baptist  clergy- 
man, b.  Newport,  R.  I.,  22  July,  1751  ;  d. 
Phila.  31  Mar.  1824.  R.I.  Coll.  1769.  Ord. 
in  May,  1771,  over  the  First  Church,  Phila. ; 
chaplain  in  the  Pa.  line  of  the  Revol.  army  in 
1776-81  ;  proC.  of  belles-lettres  in  Phila.  Coll.  in 
1789-92,  and  in  the  U.  of  Pa.  in  1792-1812; 
was  "stated  supply"  of  the  1st  Bapt.  Church, 
Phila.,  in  1803-5,  and  member  of  the  gen.  as- 
sembly in  1816-17;  an  officer  and  an  active 
manager  of  the  Gradual-abolition  Societies  of 
Pa.  and  Md.,  of  the  Prison  Soc.  of  Phila.,  &c. 
He  pub.  sermons,  addresses,  prayers  on  special 
occasions,  a  circular  letter  on  Justification 
(1785),  and  one  on  Christian  Missions. 

Rogers,  William  Barton,  physicist  and 
geologist,  brother  of  James  B.  and  R.  E.,  b. 


Phila.  1805.  A.  M.  of  H.  U.  1866.  He  first 
leciured  on  science  in  the  Md.  Inst,  in  1 827 ; 
and  in  1829  succeeded  his  father.  Dr.  P.  K. 
Rogers,  in  the  chair  of  nat.  pliil.  and  chemistry 
in  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.;  in  1835-53  he  was 
prof,  of  nat.  philos.  and  geology  in  the  U.  of 
Va.,  but  has  since  resided  in  Boston.  He  or- 
ganized the  geol.  survey  of  the  State  of  Va.  in 
1835,  remaining  at  its  head  till  1 842,  publishing 
6  vols  of  reports.  Author  of  a  short  treatise  on 
the  "  Strength  of  Materials,"  1 838 ;  of  "  Ele- 
ments of  Mechanical  Philosophy,"  1852  ;  and 
of  numerous  papers  in  the  philos.  and  sci.  jour- 
nals of  Great  Britain  and  America ;  a  zealous 
promoter  of  scientific  education  among  the  in- 
dustrial classes.  In  the  beginning  of  1862  he 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures  before  the  Eowell 
Institute,  Boston,  on  the  Application  of  Science 
to  the  Arts ;  and  in  April  of  that  year  was 
chosen  pres.  of  the  new  Institute  of  Technolo- 
gy at  Boston,  which  he  was  instrumental  in 
organizing  ;  and  resigned  in  1868  in  ill  health. 

Rogers,  Capt.  Woodes,  an  English  navi- 
gator and  buccaneer.  Com.  an  exjied.  against 
the  Spaniards  in  the  South  Sea  ab.  1 709 ;  d. 
1732. 

Rolle,  Dennis,  b.  Devonshire,  Eng. ;  d. 
1797.  He  traced  his  descent  from  Rollo,  first 
duke  of  Normandy.  In  1766  he  purchased  a 
whole  district  in  Fla.,  whither  he  proceeded 
with  1,000  persons  to  people  his  new  posses- 
sions; but,  through  the  unhealthiness  of  the 
climate  and  the  desertion  of  those  who  escaped 
disease,  he  soon  found  himself  without  colo- 
nists and  without  money,  and  was  compelled 
to  work  his  passage  back  to  Eng.  in  an  Ameri- 
can vessel.  He  then  settled  on  his  paternal  es- 
tate ;  had  a  seat  in  the  house  of  commons,  and 
filled  the  office  of  sheriff  for  the  county  ;  he  de- 
voted much  of  his  time  to  the  improvement  of 
the  condition  of  the  lower  classes. 

Rolph,  John  A.,  artist  and  landscape-en- 
graver, b.  Essex,  Eng.,  1799;  d.  Brooklyn, 
N.Y.,  30  Mar.  1862.  He  came  to  the  U.S.*^in 
1833,  and  resided  chiefly  in  New  York.  Uncle 
of  Edward  Miall,  M.P.,  and  father  of  Mrs. 
Clara  M.  Brinckerhoffthe  singer.  In  "  Wirkes's 
Explor.  Exped.,"  some  fine  specimens  of  his 
talent  may  be  found. 

Rolphe,  John,  M.D.,  an  eminent  Cana- 
dian physician,  b.  Eng.  1786  ;  d.  Toronto,  19 
Oct.  1870.  Emig.  to  Canada  at  an  early  age. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  the  insurrection  of 
1837,  and,  being  obliged  to  fly,  lived  in  Russia 
some  years,  and  also  in  the  U.S.  Returning  to 
Canada  after  the  amuesty,  he  practised  law  and 
medicine  ;  was  a  member  of  the  Canadian  par- 
liament ;  and  founded  the  People's  School  of 
Medicine,  now  the  med.  dcpt.  of  Victoria  Coll. 

Roman,  Andre  Bienvenu,  gov.  of  La. 
1830-4  and  '38-41,  b.  St.  Landry  Pari.sh,  La., 
1795 ;  d.  St.  James  Parish,  La.,  Jan.  29,  1866. 
His  ancestors  were  from  Provence.  In  1818  ho 
was  chosen  to  the  legisl. ;  was  frequently  re- 
elected;  was  4  years  speaker;  judge  of  St. 
James  Parish  in  1826-8;  again  member  and 
speaker  of  the  house  1828-30  ;  member  of  the 
convention  which  passed  the  ordinance  of  se- 
cession,, which  he  opposed.  With  John  Forsyth 
and  Martin  J.  Crawford,  he  was  app.  by  the 
Confed.  provis.  govt,  to  confer  with  the  govt,  of 


ROM: 


781 


noo 


the  U.S.  at  "Washington.  He  took  no  further 
part  in  public  affairs. 

Romans,  Bernard,  engineer,  b.  Holland; 
d.  ab.  1784.  In  early  life  he  removed  to  Eng., 
where  he  studied  eng.,  and  was  employed  by 
the  British  govt,  in  America  some  time  before 
the  Revol,  Subsequently,  while  in  its  employ 
as  a  botanist  in  N.Y.,  and  engaged  in  the 

{)ublication  of  a  "  Natural  History  of  Florida," 
le  was  olVered  a  position  as  military  en^r.  by 
the  N.Y.  com.  of  safety.  In  this  capacity  he 
submitted  to  Congress  (Sept.  18,  1775)  plans 
for  fortifying  the  Highlands  oppo;>ire  West 
Point.  Col.  Romans  remained  in  service  (capt. 
Pa.  Art.  Feb.  8,  1776)  until  near  the  close  of 
the  war,  when  he  was  captured  at  sea  by  the 
British,  en  route  fi-om  New  London  to  Charles- 
ton. He  was  taken  to  Eng.,  and  in  1784  em- 
barked for  America,  but  is  supposed  to  have 
been  murdered  on  the  passage.  He  pub.  in 
2  vols.,  1778-82,  "Annals  of  the  Troubles  in 
the  Netherlands  from  the  Accession  of  Charles 
v.,"  vol.  i.  dedicated  to  Gov.  Trumbull;  "Map 
of  the  Scat  of  Civil  War  in  America,"  1775; 
"  Corapleat  Pilot  for  the  Gulf  Passage,"  &e., 
Svo,  1779. 

Romayne,  Nicholas,  M.D.,  b.  Hacken- 
sack,  N.  J.,  Sept.  1756 ;  d.  N.Y.  Ciry,  July  21, 
1817.  He  studied  under  Dr.  Peter  Wilson,  and 
completed  his  med.  education  at  Edinburgh ; 
pu!).  a  dissertation  "Z)e  Generatione  Piiris."  He 
spent  2  years  in  Paris,  and  also  visited  Ley  den, 
returning  ab.  1782  to  N.  York,  where  he  com- 
menced his  professional  career.  He  gave  pri- 
vate lectures  on  anatomy,  and  taught  many  pro- 
fessional branches  with  great  success,  but  relin- 
quished this  pursuit,  and  again  visited  Europe. 
Having  embarked  in  the  scheme  of  Blount's 
conspiracy,  he  was  for  a  time  incarcerated.  He 
was  first  pres.  of  the  N.Y.  Medical  Society  in 
July,  1806,  and  in  1807  was  made  first  pres. 
of  the  Coll.  of  Phys.  and  Surgs.,  which  he  had 
been  active  in  founding.  He  gave  instruction 
in  that  institution  in  anatomy  and  the  insti- 
tutes of  medicine. 

Romeyn,  John  Brodheab,  D.D.  (N.  J. 
Coll.  1809),  Presb.  clergyman,  b.  Marbletown, 
N.Y.,  8  Nov.  f778 ;  d.  Feb.  22,  1825.  Son  of 
Rev.  Theodoric  R.  Columb.  Coll.  1795.  Li- 
censed to  preach  in  1 798 ;  was  from  1 799  to 
1800  pastor  of  the  D.  Ref.  church  at  Rhine- 
beck  ;  was  transferred  to  the  church  in  Sche- 
nectady ;  was  4  years  pastor  of  the  Presb.  ch. 
in  Albany;  and  from  1808  until  his  death  was 
the  first  pastor  of  the  church  in  Cedar  St.,  N.Y. 
He  was  an  eloquent  and  impressive  preacher. 
A  coll.  of  his  sermons  was  pub.  in  2  vols.  Svo, 
1816.  —  Spraguc. 

Romeyn,  Theodoric  Dirck,D.D.,  bro. 
of  the  preceding,  prof,  of  theol.  in  the  Reformed 
Dutch  Church,  b.  Hackensack,  N.  J.,  Jan.  23, 
1744;  d.  Schenectady,  Apr.  16,  1804.  N.J. 
Coll.  1765.  Ord.  over  the  Dutch  church  in 
Ulster  Co.  May  14,  1766;  was  afterwards  in- 
stalled at  Hackensack  until  his  removal  to  tJie 
church  in  Schencctad}^  in  Nov.  1784.  He  was 
twice  offered  the  presidency  of  Queen's  Coll., 
N.  J.,  and  was  for  a  consid<'rable  time  a  prof, 
of  thcol.  It  was  chiefly  by  his  efforts  that  Un. 
Coll.  was  founded  at  Schenectady. 

RonckendorfF,  William^  capt.  U.S.N., 


b.  Pa.  Nov.  9,  1812.  Midshipm.  Feb.  17, 1832; 
lieut.  June  28, 1843;  com.  June  29, 1861 ;  capt. 
Sept  27,  1866.  Attached  to  the  Pacific  squad, 
during  the  Mexican  war;  com.  steamer  "M. 
W.  Chapin,"  Paraguay  exped.,  1859;  com. 
steamer  "Water-Witch,"  1861 ;  com.  steam- 
sloop  "  San  Jacinto,"  N.  Atl.  block,  squad., 
1862;  in  battle  of  Sewell's  Point,  and  capture 
of  Norfolk,  May,  1862 ;  in  E.  Gulf  block,  squad. 
1863;  com.  steam-sloop  "  Powhatan,"  W.  1. 
squad.,  1863-4;  com.  ironclad  "Tonawanda," 
I S65.  — Ha  mersly. 

Roorbach,  Orville  A.,  many  years  a 
publisher  in  N.Y.  and  Charleston  ;  d.  N.  York, 
June,  1861.  He  pub.  Bibliotheca,  Americana 
from  1820  to  1861. 

Roosevelt,  Robert  B.,  pres.  N.Y.  Sports- 
men'sClub,  b.  New  York,  1829.  M.C.  1871- 
3 ;  editor  N.  Y.  Citizen,  a  Democ.  print.  Au- 
thor of  "Game-Fish  of  N.  A.,"  1865;  "Su- 
perior Fishing,"  1865;  "Game-Birds  of  the 
N.  States,"  1866;  "Five  Acres  Too  Much," 
1869.  Editor  of  C.  G.  Halpine's  writings,  with 
a  Memoir  and  Notes,  1869.  —  Lanman. 

Root,  Erastus,  politician,  b.  Hebron,  Ct., 
Mar.  16,  1773;  d.  New  York,  Dec.  24,  1846. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1793.  He  taught  school  for  a 
time,  but  studied  law;  and  in  1796  settled  at 
Delhi,  now  the  capital  of  Del.  Co.,  N.Y.,  and 
then  in  Otsego.  In  1798  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  assembly,  and  repeatedlv  re-elected  after- 
wards. He  Avas  elected  to  Cfongress  in  1803, 
1809,  1812,  1815,  and  1831  ;  was  lieut.-gov. 
in  1822;  and  in  1839  was  elected  to  the  sen- 
ate. He  was  an  ardent  disciple  of  Geo.  Clin- 
ton in  politics.  He  pub.  "  Address  to  the  Peo- 
ple," 1824. 

Root,  George  Frederick,  prof,  of  music, 
b.  Sheffield,  Ms.,  30  Aug.  1820.  In  1826  his 
father  removed  to  N.  Reading.  In  1838-43  he 
was  a  partner  with  A.  N.  Johnson  as  teacher  of 
singing,  and  organist ;  in  1 844-55  taught  mi:- 
sic  in  New  York;  and  since  1860  has  been  a 
member  of  the  well-known  Chicago  miisic-firra 
of  Root  &  Cady.  He  has  composed  the  can- 
tatas, "  Flower-Queen,"  "  Daniel,"  "  Pilgrim- 
Fathers,"  "Haymakers,"  and  " Belshazzar's 
Feast;"  "Hazel  Dell,"  "Rosalie  the  Prairio- 
Flower,"  "Battle-Cry  of  Freedom"  (1862), 
and  other  popular  songs ;  has  edited  "  Singer's 
Manual,"  1849 ;  with  J.  E.  Sweetser,  "A  Coll. 
of  Church  Music,"  Svo,  1849;  "Academy  Vo- 
calist," &c.,  1852;  "Young  Ladies'  Choir;" 
"  Musical  Album  ; "  "  Young  Men's  Singing- 
Book,"  with  L.Mason,  1855;  " Sabbath  Bell," 
1856;  "Festival  Glee-Book,"  1857;  "The 
Shawm;"  "The  Diapason,"  1860;  "School 
for  the  Melodeon,  Harmonium,  and  Cabinet 
Organ,"  1863;  "The Bugle-Call,"  1863;  "The 
Comet,"  1865;  "The  Musical  Curriculum," 
1865 ;  "  Silver  Lute ; "  "  The  Forest  Choir ;  " 
"The  Triumph,"  1868. 

Root,  Jesse,  jurist,  b.  Coventry,  Ct.,  Jan. 
1737  ;  d.  there  Apr.  5,  1822.  N.J.  Coll.  1756. 
He  preached  ab.  3  years  ;  but  in  1763  was  adra. 
to  the  bar.  Residing  at  Hartford,  eariy  in 
1777  he  raised  a  company,  with  which  he 
joined  Washington's  army  at  Peekskill,  and 
was  made  a  lieut.-col.  He  was  a  deleg.  to 
Congress  in  1778-83;  was  app.  judge  of  the 
Sup.  Court  in  1789;  chief  justice  from  1796  to 


ROS 


782 


ROS 


1807;  was  afterward  a  member  of  the  legisl.  ; 
member  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  and  of  the  Ct. 
Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  He  pub.  in  1798 
Reports  of  Cases  adjudged  in  the  Court  of 
Errors  of  Ct.  July,  1789-June,  1793,  and  a  sec- 
ond vol.  1802. 

Rosas,  Don  Juan  Manuel  Ortiz  de, 
dictator  of  the  Arg.  Repub.,  b.  Buenos  Ayres 
1793.  Son  of  a  wealthy  land-owner,  he  lived 
with  the  f/uachos  of  the  pampas,  and  imbibed 
the  sanguinary  tastes  which  afterward  devel- 
oped into  frightful  cruelty.  In  1829  Gov. 
Dorrego  app.  Rosas,  his  intimate  friend,  to  the 
com.  of  the  rural  districts,  but  was  soon  com- 
pelled to  surrender  to  Rosas,  who  thenceforth, 
for  23  years,  ruled  despotically  the  Argentine 
Confederation.  He  reduced  the  hostile  Indian 
tribes  of  the  interior,  and  succeeded  in  uniting 
the  whole  of  the  Plata-river  States  into  the 
Argentine  Confed.  in  1835.  He  often  repeat- 
ed the  ill-disguised  farce  of  sending  his  resigna- 
tion to  the  chamber  of  representatives,  when 
every  one  knew  that  whoever  advocated  its  ac- 
ceptance would  be  assassinated  in  24  hours,  as 
was  Maza,  pres.  of  that  body.  He  exhibited 
energy  and  constancy  in  resisting  the  conditions 
which  Eng.  and  France  sought  to  impose  upon 
him.  Among  his  arbitrary  acts  was  his  at- 
tempt to  impose  upon  the  indep.  repub.  of  Uru- 
guay a  gov.  whose  term  had  expired.  This  act, 
and  his  impolitic  conduct  toward  Brazil,  with 
which  empire  he  maintained  hostilities  for  5 
years,  hastened  his  downfall.  Feb.  3,  1852,  his 
forces  having  been  destroyed  at  Monte  Casero, 
6  leagues  from  Buenos  Ayres,  Rosas  fled  to 
Eng.  with  his  family,  leaving  the  country  to 
the  mercy  of  Gen.  Urquiza,  his  conqueror. 

Hose,  Aquila,  poet;  d.  Phila.  Aug.  22, 
1723,  a.  28.  Franklin,  in  his  Autob.,  states, 
that,  on  his  first  visit  to  Keimer  the  printer, 
he  found  him  "  composing  an  elegy  on  Aquila 
Rose,  an  ingenious  young  man,  of  excellent 
character,  sec.  to  the  Assembly,  and  a  pretty 
poet."  His  son  Joseph,  afterward  appren- 
tice to  Franklin,  pub.  in  1740  "Poems  on 
Several  Occasions  by  Aquila  Rose,"  a  pamphlet 
of  56  pages.  —  Duyckinck. 

Roseeranz,  William  Starke,  brev. 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Kingston,  0.,6  Dec.  1819. 
West  Point,  1842.  His  father,  a  farmer  and 
merchant,  served  under  Harrison  in  the  war  of 
1812  as  an  adj.  of  light  horse.  The  son  en- 
tered the  engr.  corps;  was  assist,  prof,  of  engr. 
at  West  Point  1843-4  and  1845-7  ;  assist,  prof, 
of  nat.  philos.  1844-5;  had  charge  of  the  re- 
pairs at  Ft.  Adams,  R.I.,  in  1847-53;  and 
resigned  from  ill  health  1  Apr.  1854.  Civil 
engr.  and  architect,  Cincinnati,  O.,  1854-5; 
supt.  of  Cannel-coal  Co.  1855-7;  manuf.  of 
kerosene-oil  at  Cincinnati  1857-61,  and  so 
badly  burned  by  an  explosion  as  to  be  confined 
to  his  bed  18  months.  Vol.  aide  to  Gen.  Mc- 
Clellan  in  Ohio,  Apr  .-June,  1861;  col.  and 
chief  engr.  of  Ohio,  9  June,  1861  ;  col.  23d 
Ohio  Vols.  10  June,  1861  ;  brig.-gen.  U.S.A. 
16  May,  1861 ;  com.  brigade  in  West  Va.  June- 
July,  1861,  and  engaged  at  Rich  Mountain  11 
July  ;  com.  dept.of  Ohio,  July-Sept.  1861,  and 
of  West  Va.  Sept.  1861-Apr.  1862,  and  en- 
gaged at  Carnifex  Ferry  10  Sept.  1861 ;  com. 
a  division  at  siege   of  Corinth,  Mpi.,  22-30 


May,  1862  ;  com.  Army  of  the  Mpi.  June-Oct. 
1862,  defeating  Gen.  Price  at  luka  19  Sept. 
1862,  and  Van  Dorn  and  Price  at  Corinth  3  and 
4  Oct.  1862;  com.  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
Oct.  '62  to  Oct.  '63  ;  Dec.  31  he  won  the  san- 
guinary battle  of  Stone  River,  near  Murfrees- 
borough,  Tenn.,  over  Bragg's  army.  By  great 
personal  exertions  he  on  that  day  checked  the 
tide  of  a  terrible  disaster,  re-formed  his  army 
in  the  face  of  the  attacking  enemy,  rolled  back 
their  victorious  columns,  and  turned  defeat 
into  victory.  The  result  of  this  battle  was  the 
rescue  of  Middle  Tenn.  and  the  secure  posses- 
sion of  Ky.  24  June,  1863,  he  advanced  on 
Tullahoma  ;  occupied  Bridgeport  and  Steven- 
son 24  July  ;  crossed  the  Tenn.  River  4  Sept. 

1863  ;  19  and  20  Sept.  fought  the  unsuccessful 
battle  of  Chickamauga ;  and  was  relieved  of 
his  com.  30  Oct.  1863.     From  28  Jan.  to  9  Dec. 

1864  he  com.  the  dept.  of  Mo.,  during  which 
time  occurred  the  Price  mid.  Brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865  ;  maj.-gen.  vols.  21  Mar. 
1862;  resigned  28  Mar.  1867.  Minister  to 
Mexico  in  July,  1868,  but  was  recalled  a  few 
months  later.  —  See  Roseeranz' s  Campaign  mth 
the  1 4th  Army  Corps,  12 mo,  1863. 

Rosier,  James,  "a  gentleman  employed 
in  the  voyage,"  pub.  Lond.,  1605,  "A  True 
Relation  of  the  Most  Prosperous  Voyage,"  &c., 
of  Capt.  George  Waymouth  to  Virginia.  Re- 
pub. in  Purchas,  vol.  iv. 

Ross,  Alexander,  a  British  gen.,  b.  1742; 
d.  Lond.  Nov.  29,  1827.  Ensign  in  the  50th 
Foot  in  Feb.  1760;  he  was  in  all  the  actions 
with  the  allied  army  in  Germany  after  that 
date;  became  capt.  in  the  45th  in  May,  1775, 
and  was  in  all  the  principal  actions  in  the 
American  war,  during  a  great  part  of  which  he 
served  as  capt.  of  grenadiers,  and  in  the  latter 
part  of  it  as  aide-de-camp  to  Lord  Cornwallis  ; 
brev.  maj.  in  1781 ;  a  commissioner  with  Col. 
Dundas,  on  the  part  of  Cornwallis,  to  arrange 
the  details  of  the  surrender  at  Yorktown ;  after- 
wards served  as  dep.  adj.-gen.  in  Scotland; 
thence  went  as  adj.-gen.  to  the  E.  Indies  while 
the  Marquis  of  Cornwallis  com.  in  that  country, 
and  was  present  in  every  action  that  took  place 
at  that  time.  He  attained  the  rank  of  gen. 
Jan.  1,  1812.  Cornwallis's  corresp.  was  pub. 
in  3  vols.,  1859,  by  Charles,  son  of  Alex.  Ross. 

Ross,  Edward  C,  LL.D.  (Ken.  Coll. 
1849),  prof  of  mathematics  and  nat.  philos. 
in  the  N.Y.  Free  Acad.  1848-51,  b.  Pa.  1801  ; 
d.  N.Y.  May  16,  1851.  West  Point,  1821  ; 
A.M.  of  Geneva  Coll.  1842.  He  left  the  army 
in  1839,  after  performing  arduous  service  dur- 
ing the  Florida  war ;  and  for  10  years  acted 
as  assist,  prof,  of  math,  at  West-Point  Acad. 
Prof,  of  math,  in  Kenyon  Coll.,  O.,  1840-8. 
He  translated  Bourdon's  Algebra  from  the 
French  in  1831. 

Ross,  George,  judge  and  patriot,  b.  New- 
castle, Del.,  1730;  d.  Lancaster,  Pa.,  July,  1779. 
Son  of  the  pastor  of  the  Epis.  church  in  New- 
castle. Commenced  the  study  of  the  law  at 
Phila.  at  the  age  of  18,  and  establi.shed  him- 
self in  practice  at  Lancaster  in  1751.  He  was 
a  representative  in  the  Assembly  of  Pa.  in 
1768-70;  and  in  1774  he  was  elected  to  the 
first  Gen.  Congress  at  Phila. ;  at  the  same 
time  he  was  app.  to  report  to  the  Assembly 


ROS 


783 


ROS 


instructions  for  himself  and  his  associates.  In 
1775  he  drew  up  a  reply  to  Gov.  Penn's  mes- 
sage, deprecating  any  action  on  the  part  of  the 
Colony.  A  report  on  the  measures  necessary 
for  putting  the  Colony  and  the  city  of  Phila.  in 
a  state  of  defence  was  also  from  his  pen.  He 
signed  the  Decl.  of  Indep.,  but  in  Jan.,  1777, 
was  j^ompelled,  by  indisposition,  to  resign  his 
place  in  Congress.  The  inhabitants  of  Lan- 
caster having  voted  him  a  piece  of  plate  worth 
XI 50  on  this  occasion,  he  declined  the  present. 
The  convention  which  assembled  after  the  dis- 
solution of  the  proprietary  govt.  app.  Mr.  Ross 
to  prepare  a  decl.  of  rights.  After  acting  as  a 
successful  mediator  in  difficulties  with  the  In- 
dians, he  was  app.  a  judge  of  the  Court  of  Ad- 
miralty in  April,  1779. 

HOSS,  James,  scholar,  taught  school  at 
Chambersburg,  Pa.,  1796-1801,  subsequently 
at  Lancaster  and  Phila. ;  and  was  prof,  of  lan- 
guages in  Dick.  Coll.,  Pa.  Author  of  Latin 
and  Greek  grammars,  and  other  text-books  in 
those  languages  ;  of  Latin  poems  in  the  news- 

Sapers,  and  an  Ode  to  the  memory  of  Dr.  C. 
[isbet.  — Hist.  Magazine,  1862. 
B.OSS,  James,  statesman,  b.  York  Co.,  Pa., 
July  12, 1762  ;  d.  near  Pittsburg,  Nov.  27, 1847. 
Educated-  at  Pequea  under  Rev.  Dr.  Robert 
Smith.  He  taught  at  Canonsburg  the  first 
classical  school  opened  in  the  West ;  afterward 
studied  law  in  Phila. ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1784;  rose  to  distinction  in  the  profession  ;  m. 
a  lady  of  fortune,  and  devoted  himself  to  poli- 
tics. He  was  prominent  in  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  of  1790  ;  an  able  defender  of  the  Federal 
Const. ;  was  a  U.S.  senator  in  1794-1803,  and 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Federal  party.  He 
was  one  of  the  commiss.  from  Congress  to  the 
Whiskey  Insurgents.  He  pub.  "  Speech  on  the 
Free  Navigation  of  the  Mpi.,"  1803. 

Ross,  Sir  John,  arctic  explorer,  b.  Scot- 
land, 24  June,  1777  ;  d.  Lond.  30  Aug.  1856. 
Entering  the  royal  navy  in  1786,  he  attained 
the  rank  of  rear-adm.  in  1851,  having  been  13 
times  wounded.  He  began  his  arctic  voyages 
in  1828  with  Capt.  Parry  ;  was  similarly  en- 
gaged in  1829-33 ;  and  in  1850  went  in  search 
of  Sir  John  Franklin  in  a  small  vessel  of  90 
tons,  remaining  one  winter  in  the  ice.  Author 
of  a  "Voyage  of  Discovery,"  2  vols.  1819; 
"  Narrative  of  a  Second  Voyage,"  2  vols.  1835- 
6.  His  nephew  Sir  James'  Clark  Ross,  also 
distiflg.  for  his  arctic  explorations,  d.  3  April, 
1862.  Author  of  "Voyage  of  Discovery  in 
the  Southern  Antarctic  Regions,"  1847. 

Ross,  John  (Kooweskogwe),  a  Cherokee 
chief,  b.  Ga.  ab.  1790;  d.  Washington,  D.C., 
Aug,  1,  1866.  He  was  a  half-breed,  and  at  an 
early  age  had  acquired  a  good  English  educa- 
tion. He  became  principal  chief  of  the  Chero- 
kees  in  1828.  The  proceedings  of  the  Ga.  legisl. 
for  their  removal,  in  1829,  led  to  an  appeal  on 
the  part  of  the  Cherokees,  Ross  acting  as  their 
agent,  to  the  U.S.  Sup.  Court,  which  resulted 
in  a  decision  in  their  favor.  Georgia,  however, 
refused  to  obey,  and  aggressions  upon  the  In- 
dians increased.  In  1835  a  treaty  was  con- 
cluded between  J.  F.  Schermerhorn,  an  agent  of 
the  U.S.,  and  Major  Ridge ;  his  son  John  Ridge, 
and  about  600  other  Cherokees,  agreeing  to 
surrender  their  lands,  and  remove  West  within 


2  years.  Against  this  treaty,  known  as  that 
of  New  Echota,  Ross  and  over  15,000  of  his 
tribe  protested.  The  govt.,  however,  sent  a 
force  under  Gen.  Scott  to  compel  its  fulfilment ; 
and  the  Indians,  with  Ross  at  their  head,  re- 
moved to  their  new  home,  a  moderate  allow- 
ance being  made  them  for  their  losses  by  the 
govt.  In  1861,  Ross,  after  some  hesitation,  en- 
tered into  a  treaty  with  the  seceding  States. 
At  the  time  of  his  death,  he  was  urging  the 
claims  of  his  tribe  for  losses  during  the  war. 
He  pub.  "  Letter  to  a  Gentleman  of  Phila.," 
1836. 

Boss,  Robert,  an  English  maj.-gen.,  b. 
Ross  Trevor,  Devonshire,  Eng.  ;  killed  at 
North  Point,  12  Sept.  1814.  Trinity  Coll., 
Dublin.  Disting.  as  an  officer  of  the  20th 
Foot  in  Holland  and  Egypt;  was  a  lieut.-col. 
at  Maida ;  was  in  the  campaign  of  Corunna, 
under  Sir  John  Moore ;  and  com.  a  brigade  at 
the  battles  of  Vittoria  and  the  Pyrenees,  and 
was  wounded  at  Orthez.  Selected  by  Welling- 
ton to  com.  the  corps  sent  against  Wasliington, 
he  defeated  the  U.S.  troops  at  Bladensburg; 
entered  the  city  of  Washington  24  Aug.  1814, 
and  burned  and  sacked  it;  and,  while  leading 
the  advance  in  the  direction  of  Baltimore,  was 
killed  by  a  rifleman. 

Hossiter,  Thomas  P.,  painter,  b.  New 
Haven,  Ct.,  Sept.  29, 1818.  He  began  to  study 
with  Jocelyn,  and  in  1838  commenced  port.- 
painting.  He  was  in  Europe  1840-6,  studying 
chiefly  in  Rome;  and  in  Paris  in  1853-6,  where 
he  obtained  a  gold  medal  in  the  Exposition  of 
1855.  Since  1860  he  has  resided  at  Cold  Spring, 
Hudson  Highlands.  He  became  an  academi- 
cian in  1849.  He  has  painted  a  number  of 
scriptural  pieces,  among  them  "  Miriam," 
'*  The  Jews  in  Captivity,"  and  "  Noah ;  "  also 
"Joan  of  Arc  in  Prison,  "  House  of  Washing- 
ton," "Representative  Merchants,"  &c. ;  and 
has  latterly  been  engaged  upon  a  series  of 
compositions  on  the  Life  of  Christ.  Died 
1871. —  Tuckerman. 

Host,  Pierre  A.,  jurist,  b.  France  ab# 
1797;  d.  N.  Orleans,  Sept.  6,  1868.  He  re- 
ceived an  academic  and  scientific  education  at 
Paris,  where  he  was  a  pupil  of  the  Polytechnic 
School.  Emigrating  to  the  Red-river  dist.  ab. 
1824,  he  began  to  practise  law,  soon  became 
conspicuous  at  the  bar,  and,  removing  to  St. 
Charles  parish,  became  an  extensive  and  pros- 
perous planter.  In  1845  he  was  placed  upon 
the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court,  where  he 
ranked  among  the  foremost  jurists  of  the 
State.  Commis.  to  Spain  under  the  Confed. 
government. 

Kostaing,  Just  Antoinb  Henri  Marie, 
Marquis  de,  a  French  lieut.-gen.,  b.  Vauchette, 
Nov.  g4, 1 740 ;  d.  1 825.  He  was  at  first  a  page 
to  Louis  XV. ;  made  the  campaigns  of  1760-2 
in  Germany  as  captain  of  cavalry,  and  then  of 
America  (1780-3)  as  col.  successively  of  the 
regts.  of  Auxerois  and  of  Gatinais.  His  con- 
duct in  this  war,  and  particularly  at  the  siege 
of  Yorktown,  procured  him  the  cross  of  St. 
Louis,  that  of  Cincinnati,  and  the  grade  of 
marechal-de-camp  in  1783.  Dep.  to  the  states- 
gen.  ;  sec.  of  the  national  assembly,  Oct.  13, 
1789;  and  then  a  memberof  the  military  com. ; 
but  detached  himself  from  the  party  which  was 


ROT 


784 


ROTV 


seeking  the  destruction  of  the  monarchy,  and 
joined  the  col^  droit;  named  lieut.-gen.  March 
20, 1792.  He  withdrew  from  the  political  arena, 
and  retired  to  his  estate  of  Forez,  where,  thanks 
to  his  opinion  in  favor  of  the  tiers-^tat  in  the 
constituent  assembly,  he  long  survived  the 
epoch  of  terror. 

Rothermel,  Peter  F.,  painter,  b.  Luzerne 
Co.,  Pa.,  July  8,  1817.  He  was  educated  as  a 
land-surveyor;  but,  on  removing  at  the  age  of 
22  to  Phila.,  studied  painting,  and  commenced 
practice  as  a  portrait-painter,  but  soon  engaged 
upon  historical  subjects.  In  1836-7  he  visited 
France,  Germany,  and  Italy,  and  painted  his 
"St.  Agnes,"  now  in  St.  Petersburg.  Among 
his  earlier  works  are  "  Christabel  "  and  "Kath- 
arina  and  Petruchio."  He  has  also  painted 
*'  De  Soto  discovering  the  Mississippi,"  "  Co- 
lumbus before  Isabella  the  Catholic,"  the 
Noche  Triste  from  Prescott's  "  Conquest  of 
Mexico,"  "  Christian  Martyrs  in  the  Colos- 
seum," "  Patrick  Henry  before  the  Virginia 
House  of  Burgesses,"  "  I'he  Battle  of  Gettys- 
burg." 

Ilottenburg,  Baron  de;  d.  Portsmouth, 
Eng.,  April  24,  1832.  App.  major  1795;  col. 
1805;  brig.-gen.  1808;  maj.-gen.  1810;  lieut.- 
gen.  1819.  He  served  in  the  Irish  rebellion  of 
1798;  at  the  capture  of  Surinam,  1799;  com. 
the  light  troops  in  the  Walchcren  exped.  in 
1809;  took  com.  at  Quebec  in  1810;  at  Mon- 
treal in  1812  ;  com.  the  troops  in  U.C.  in  1813, 
and  was  pros,  of  the  Province  ;  and  in  1814-15 
com.  the  left  division  of  the  army  in  (\inada. 

Rouquette,  Adrien  Emmanuel,  poet,  b. 
New  Orleans,  1813.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Roy.  Coll.  of  Nantes,  France,  and  studied  law, 
but  became  a  prof,  in  the  R.C.  Sem.  at  N.  Or- 
leans. He  writes  both  in  French  and  English  ; 
and  his  works  comprise  "  Les  Savanes  Poesies 
Am€ricaines,"  1841  ;  "  Wild-Flowers,"  a  vol. 
of  sacred  poetry,  1848;  a  prose  treatise  in  de- 
fence of  monasticism,  entitled  "  La  Thehaide 
en  Am&ique,"  1852  ;  "  L'Ant07nade,"S:c.,  1860; 
^nd  in  1846  a  Discourse  at  the  Cathedral 
of  St.  Louis  on  the  Anniversary  of  the  Battle 
of  New  Orleans;  "  Poemes  Patriofigues,"  1860. 
His  bro.  FRAN901S  Dominique,  poet,  b.  New 
Orleans,  Jan.  2,  1810,  was  also  educated  at 
Nantes,  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Wm.  liawle 
in  Phila.,  and,  returning  to  France,  pub.  there 
(1838)  a  vol.  of  poems  entitled  "  Z^s  Meschac€- 
heennos;"  "The  Arkansas,"  1850;  '*  Fleurs 
d'Am&ique,"  1857.  He  has  written  a  work 
both  in  French  and  English  on  the  Choctaw 
Nation. 

Rous,  Captain  John  ;  d.  1760.     In  Aug. 

1744  he  com.  an  exped.  sent  to  cut  out  a  fleet 
of  French  vessels  from  the  harbor  of  Fishotte, 
Newfoundland,  which  he  successfully  per- 
formed, and  laid  waste  all  the  French  posts  on 
that  coast.  In  the  exped.  against  Cape  Bre- 
ton in  1745,  he  com.  "  The  Shirley  "  (24),  and, 
after  the  reduction  of  Louisburg,  was  sent  to 
England  with  the  news,  and  rewarded  with  the 
commission  of  capt.  in  the  royal  navy,  Sept.  24, 

1745  ;  in  1755  he  com.  the  fleet  which  conveyed 
the  exped.  against  the  French  in  the  Bay' of 
Fundy,  and  he  afterward  destroyed  their  forts 
and  houses  in  the  River  St.  John's  ;  in  1757  he 
com.  the  frigate  "  Winchelsea"  in  the  unsuc- 


cessful exped.  against  Louisburg,  and  captured 
a  French  sloop  of  16  guns  after  a  stout  resist- 
ance;  in  1758,  in  "The  Sutherland  "  (50),  at 
the  siege  of  Louisburg,  and  in  1759  at  that  of 
Quebec,  he  did  good  service ;  member  of  the 
colonial  council  in  1754. 

Rousseau,  Lovell  Harrison,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  Lincoln  Co.,  Ky.,  4  Aug. 
1818;  d.  N.  Orleans  8  Jan.  1869.  He  lost  his 
father  (who  was  of  Huguenot  descent,  and  who 
was  first  cousin  to  Pres.  Harrison)  when  he  was 
13,  had  no  schooling  after  he  was  10  years  old, 
and  worked  at  road-making.  After  studying 
law  at  Louisville,  and  at  Bloomfield,  Ind.,  he 
was  in  1841  adm.  to  the  bar;  was  a  member 
of  the  legisl.  in  1844-5  ;  was  a  capt.  in  the  2d 
Ind.  Regt.  at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista ;  and 
in  1847  was  chosen  by  the  Whigs  State  sena- 
tor. Returning  to  Louisville  in  1849,  he  took 
a  high  place  at  the  bar  as  a  criminal  lawyer. 
Member  of  the  Ky.  senate  in  1860,  he  took  a 
bold  and  decided  stand  for  the  govt.,  and 
against  the  quasi  neutrality  of  the  legisl.,  and, 
when  the  civil  war  began,  raised  two  Ky.  regts., 
which  he  was  obliged  to  encamp  on  the  Indiana 
side  of  the  Ohio  River,  where  he  established 
"Camp  Joe  Holt."  In  Sept.  1861  he  crossed 
the  river  to  protect  Louisville;  was  made  brig.- 
gen.  vols.  1  Oct.  1861  ;  was  attached  to  Gen. 
Buell's  army,  and  fought  at  Shiloh  ;  led  a  div 
of  McCook's  corps,  and  took  a  leading  part  in 
the  battle  of  Perry ville  8  Oct.  1862,  for  which 
he  was  made  maj.-gen.  vols. ;  was  conspicuous 
at  the  battle  of  Stone  River  31  Dee.  1862  ;  was 
in  the  Tullahoma  campaign,  in  the  movement 
at  Chattanooga,  and  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga ;  com.  the  Dist.  of  Tenn.  in  1864,  and 
made  his  famous  raid  into  Ala.,  destroying  the 
Montgomery  and  Atlanta  lines  of  railroad; 
and  in  Dec.  held  the  important  post  of  Forjt 
Rosecranz  against  Hood.  Brev.  major-gen. 
U.S.A.  for  gallant  and  merit,  services  in  the 
war;  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  Mar.  1867, and  assigned 
to  duty  in  Alaska,  Subsequently  com.  in  New 
Orleans.  M.C.  1865-7.  He  was  a  supporter 
of  the  reconstruction  policy  of  Pres.  Johnson. 

Rowan,  John,  jurist,  b.  Pa.  1773  ;  d. 
Louisville,  Ky.,  July  13,  1843.  His  parents 
went  to  Ky.  in  1783.  John  was  educated  by 
Dr.  Priestley  at  Bardstown  ;  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1795  ;  member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv. 
in  1799;  sec.  of  state  in  1804;  M.C.  1807-9; 
many  years  in  the  State  legi.sl. ;  judge  of  the 
Court  of  Appeals  1819-21  ;  U.S.  senator  1825- 
31 ;  comraiss.  of  claims  against  Mexico  under 
the  treaty  of  April  11,  1839;  pres.  of  the  Ky. 
Hist.  Soc.  1838-43.  In  the  U.  S.  senate  he 
made  able  speeches  on  amending  the  judiciary 
system,  April  10,  1826,  and  on  imprisonment 
for  debt  in  1828.  He  was  acknowledged  to 
have  no  equal  at  the  Ky.  bar  in  criminal  cases. 
He  was  a  man  of  extensive  literary  acquire- 
ments, and  of  commanding  eloquence.  His 
speeches  on  Foote's  Resolutions,  and  on  Im- 
prisonment for  Debt,  were  pub.  1830. 

Rowan,  Stephen  C.,  vice-adm.  U.S.N., 
b.  Ireland,  Dec.  25,  1808.  Midshipm.  Feb.  15, 
1826;  lieut.  Mar.  8,  1837;  com.  Sept.  14, 1855; 
capt.  July  16,  1862  ;  rear-adm.  July  25,  1866  ; 
vice-adm.'Sept.  9, 1870.  Com.  naval  battalion 
under  Com.  Stockton  at  battle  of  Niesa,  Upper 


ROTV 


785 


RTJD 


Cal. ;  exec,  officer  of  "  The  Cyane  "  when  she 
bombarded  Guaymas,  1847;  com.  s!oop-of-war 
"  Pawnee "  in  action  with  batteries  at  Aquia 
Creek,  in  May,  1861,  and  in  capture  of  Hat- 
teras  ;  com.  naval  flotilla  in  attack  on  Roanoke 
Island,  and  in  capture  and  destruction  of  Confod. 
fleet  in  Albemarle  Sound,  Feb.  10,  1862  ;  also 
captured  Elizabeth  City  and  Edenton,  N.  C, 
He  com.  the  naval  forces  at  the  fall  of  New- 
bern;  com.  "  The  New  Ironsides  "  off  Charles- 
ton, and  participated  in  the  different  attacks  on 
P'orts  Wagner,  Gregg,  and  Moultrie;  com. 
Asiatic  squad.  1868-9.  — Hamersly. 

Rowland,  Rev.  Henry  Augustus,  reli- 
gious author,  b.  Windsor,  Ct.,  18  Sept.  1804; 
d.  Boston,  Sept.  4,  1859.  Y.C.  1823.  Grand- 
son of  Rev.  D.  S. ;  son  of  Rev.  H.  A.,  minister 
of  Windsor  1790-1835.  He  studied  theology  ; 
was  one  year  agent  of  the  Am.  Bible  Society  ; 
was  settled  in  Fayetteville,  N.  C,  in  1830,  in 
N.Y.  City  in  1834,  in  Honesdale,  Pa.,  1843-54, 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  at  Newark,  N.  J. 
He  was  a  frequent  contrib.  to  religious  periodi- 
cals, and  was  the  author  of  "  The  Common 
Maxims  of  Infidelity,"  "  The  Path  of  Life," 
"  Way  of  Peace,"  and  "  Light  in  a  Dark  Al- 
ley," 1850. — See  Memorial  of  Rowland,  with 
Funeral  Sermon,  bi/  E.  R.  Fairjidd,  1860. 

Rowlandsou,  Mary,  wife  of  Joseph,  first 
minister  of  Lancaster,  Ms.,  who  d.  24  Nov. 
1678.  Was  made  captive  by  the  Indians  when 
that  town  was  destroyed,  Feb,  10,  1676,  and 
pub.  an  account  of  her  captivity  in  1682.  She 
was  redeemed  by  the  bounty  of  some  ladies  of 
Boston  after  a  captivity  of  11  weeks  and  5 
days.  Her  narrative  passed  through  many 
editions,  the  6th  in  1828.  She  was  dau.  of 
John  White. 

Rowson,  Susanna,  authoress,  b.  Ports- 
mouth, Eng.,  1762  ;  d.  Boston,  March  2,  1824. 
She,  with  her  father  Wm.  Haswell,  a  British 
naval  officer,  was  wrecked  in  1767  on  Lovell's 
Island,  on  the  New-Eng.  coast;  after  which  he 
settled  at  Nantasket,  married  again,  and  on 
the  breaking-out  of  the  war,  being  a  British 
subject,  was  compelled  to  depart.  Susanna 
followed  him  to  London,  where  in  1786  she  m. 
Wm.  Rowson,  leader  of  the  band  attached  to 
the  Royal  Guards.  They  came  to  Phila.  in 
1793  under  engagement  to  Wignell,  manager 
of  the  Phila.  Theatre.  She  had  previously  ap- 
peared successfully  at  the  provincial  theatres 
in  light  comedy  and  musical  pieces.  While  at 
Baltimore,  in  1795,  she  wrote  a  poetical  address 
to  the  armies  of  the  U.S.,  entitled  "  The  Stan- 
dard of  Liberty."  In  1796  she  appeared  with 
her  husband  at  the  Federal-street  Theatre, 
Boston,  where  her  comedy,  "  Americans  in  Eng- 
land," was  played  for  her  benefit,  and  farewell 
of  the  stage.  She  next  taught  school  succes- 
sively at  Medford,  Newton,  and  Boston.  She 
pub.  in  London  "  Victona,"  a  novel,  1786; 
"  Mary,  or  the  Test  of  Honor ;  "  "  A  Trip  to 
Parnassus ; "  " Fille de  Chamhre;"  " Thelnquis- 
itor;"  "Mentoria;"  and  "  Charlotte  Temple," 
a  highly  popular  novel.  In  America  she  pub. 
"Trials  of  the  Heart,"  a  novel;  "Slaves  in 
Algiers,"  an  opera ;  "  The  Volunteers,"  a 
farce;  and  "The  Female  Patriot;"  "  Reuben 
and  Rachel,"  a  novel,  Boston,  1798 ;  and  "  Mis- 
cellaneous Poems,  1804  ;  "  Sarah,  or  the  Exem- 


plary Wife,"  1802 ;  Spelling  Dictionary,  1807  ; 
"Present  for  Young  Ladies,"  1811.  She  also 
compiled  some  educational  works,  a  Dictionary, 
two  systems  of  Geography  and  Historical  Exer- 
cises ;  contrib.  to  the  Boston  Weekly  Mag.  In 
1822  she  pub.  2  vols,  of  "  Biblical  Dialogues." 
"  Charlotte's  Daughter,"  a  sequel  to  "  Charlotte 
Temple,"  app.  in  1828.  —  Memoirs  of  Mrs.  Row- 
son  by  Elias  Nason,  8vo,  1870. 

Royall,  Anne,  authoress,  b.  in  Va.  June 
11,  1769;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Oct.  I,  18.54. 
Ki(lnaj)ped  by  the  Indians  in  childhood,  she 
was  detained  15  years ;  afterwards  m.  Capt.  R., 
a  Revol.  officer,  and  lived  in  Ala.  In  Wash- 
ington, she  established  in  1835  the  papers 
Patil  Pry  and  the  Huntress.  She  published 
"  Sketches,"  1826  ;  "  The  Tennessean,"  1827  ; 
"  1  he  Black  Book,"  1828,  a  narrative  of 
travels  throughout  the  U.S.,  and  criticisms 
of  individual  character,  second  series,  1831  ; 
"Letters  from  Alabama,"  8vo,  1830.  She 
wielded  a  sarcastic  and  often  a  bitter  pen. 

Royall,  Isaac,  loyalist;  d.  England,  Oct. 
1781.  Representative  from  Medford,  Ms.,  to 
the  Gen.  Court,  and  for  22  years  a  member  of 
the  council.  App.  a  brig.-gen.  1761,  he  was 
the  first  who  bore  that  title  here.  He  left  the 
country,  Apr.  16,  1775;  was  proscribed  in 
1778,  and  his  estate  confiscated.  A  dau.  m.  the 
second  Sir  Wm.  Pepperell.  He  bequeathed 
upwards  of  2,000  acres  of  land  in  Worcester 
Co.  to  found  the  first  law  professorship  of  H.U. ; 
and  his  bequests  for  other  purposes  were  nu- 
merous and  liberal. 

Royce,  Stephen,  LL.D.  (U.  of  Vt.  1837), 
gov.  of  Vt.  1854-6,  b.  Tinmouth,  Vt.,  12  Aug. 
1787  ;  d.  E.  Berkshire,  Vt.,  Nov.  11,  1868. 
Midd.  Coll.  1807.  Adge  Sup.  Court  1826-7 
and  1829-52;  chief  justice  1846-51;  member 
legisl.  from  Sheldon  1815-16,  from  St.  Al- 
ban's  1822-4. 

Rucker,  Daniel  H.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S. 
A  ,  b.  on  Grosse  Isle,  Detroit  River.  2d  lieut. 
1st  Dragoons,  Oct.  1837;  capt.  Feb.  1847; 
brev.  maj.  for  gallantry  at  Buena  Vista,  Mex. ; 
transf.  to  quarterm.  dept.  Nov.  30,  1849  ;  maj. 
Aug.  3,  1861  ;  col.  and  aide-de-camp,  Sept. 
1861;  brig.-gen.  U.S.  vols.  May,  1863;  col. 
and  assist,  quarterm. -gen.  July,  1866  ;  brev. 
brig.-gen.  and  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  for  faith- 
ful and  merit,  service  during  the  war.  —  Henry's 
Milit.  Record. 

Rudd,  John  Churchill,  D.D.,  Epis. 
clergyman,  b.  Norwich,  Ct ,  May  24,  1779  ;  d. 
Utica,  Nov.  15,  1848.  He  received  a  good 
academical  education  ;  was  adm.  to  holy  orders 
in  1805;  was  rector  of  St.  John's,  Elizabeth- 
town,  N.  J.,  until  1826  ;  was  rector  of  St.  Pe- 
ter's, Auburn,  N.Y.,  1826-31,  having  likewise 
the  charge  of  an  acad.  for  3  years;  in  1827 
established  the  Gospel  Messenger  and  Church 
Record,  a  weekly  religious  journal,  of  which 
he  continued  to  be  editor  and  proprietor  until 
his  death. 

Rudolph,  Michael,  a  brave  Revol.  officer, 
b.  Md.  ab.  1754;  d.  after  1794.  With  his 
bro.  John  he  joined  Maj.  Henry  Lee,  at  the 
head  of  Elk,  in  1778,  with  rank  of  capt.  in  his 
Legion  ;  disting.  himself  greatly  in  many  of 
the  minor  battles  and  sieges  of  the  war  in  the 
south ;  and  after  its  close  m.  and  settled  in  bn.si- 


liXJIP 


786 


htjm: 


ness  in  Savannah.  He  was  subsequently  col- 
lector at  Sunbury,  Ga.,  where  he  cuhivated  a 
small  farm.  Entering  the  army  again  in  1790 
as  capt.  1st  Inf.,  he  served  under  Harmar  in 
the  North-west ;  became  maj.  of  cav. ;  resigned 
in  1794;  afterward  traded  to  the  W.  Indies, 
and  was  last  heard  of  as  having  embarked  for 
France  to  enter  its  military  service. 

Itu£Q.n,  Edmund,  pres.  Va.  Agric.  Soc, 
b.  Prim-e  Edward  Co.,  Va.,  1794;  d.  by  his 
own  hand  near  Danville,  Va.,  June  17,  186.5. 
He  pul).  "  Essay  on  Calcareous  Manures," 
1831  ;  "  Report,  &c.,  Agric.  Survey  of  S.C," 
Svo,  1843;  "Essays  and  Notes  on  Agric.," 
8vo,  1855.  Also  editor  Farmer's  Register, 
1833-42,  10  vols.,  and  other  agric.  periodicals, 
and  of  tlie  Westover  Manuscripts,  by  William 
Byrd,  8vo,  1841.  He  was  a  noted  secessionist, 
fired  the  first  gun  at  Fort  Sumter,  and  com- 
mitted suicide  because  he  would  not  live  under 
the  U.S.  government. 

Rufiner,  Henry,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  many 
years  pres.  of  Lexington  Coll.,  Va. ;  d.  at  his 
residence  in  Kanawha,  Va.,  Dec.  17,  1861,  a. 
72.  Author  of  an  argument  against  the  con- 
tinuance of  slavery  in  Va. ;  "  The  Fathers  of 
the  Desert,"  2  vols.  12mo,  1850;  "Judith 
Bensaddi,"a  romance;  discourse  on  Future 
Punishment, .  1823  ;  Inaug.  Address,  Lexing- 
ton, Feb.  22,  1837. 

Ruger,  Thomas  H.,  col.  and  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y.  ab.  1833.  West  Point, 
1854.  Resigned  2  dlieut.  engrs.  1  Apr.  1855; 
counsellor-at-law,  Janesville,  Wis.,  1856-61  ; 
lieut.-col.  3d  Wis.  Vols.  29  June;  col.  20  Aug. 
1861  ;  brig.-geii.  29  Nov.  1862  ;  col.  33d  U.S. 
Inf.  28  July,  1866.  He  served  in  the  Shenan- 
doah Valley  in  1861-2;  was  at  Cedar  Moun- 
tain and  Antietara  ;  com.  brigade  of  12th  corps 
at  Chanceilorsville  ;  com.  a  division  at  Gettys- 
burg ;  com.  a  brigade  in  20th  corps  in  Atlanta 
campaign,  May-Nov.'  1864  ;  com.  div.  23d 
corps  in  operations  against  Hood's  army, 
and  in  operations  in  N.  C.  until  Johnston's 
surrender;  brev.  maj.-gen.  vols.  30JNov.  1864 
for  battle  of  Franklin,  Tenn.,  and  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.  2  Mar.  1867  fur  Gettysburg. 
Trans,  to  18th  Inf.  15  Mar.  1869.  — C'ullum. 

Ruggles,  Benjamin,  U.S.  senator  from 
O.  1815-33,  b.  Windham  Co.,  Ct.,  L783  ;  d. 
St.  Clairsville,  O.,  Sept.  2,  1857.  By  .keeping 
school  in  winter,  he  obtained  th^e  .means  for  re- 
ceiving a  classical  education  ;  was  adm.  to  the 
bar;  removed  to  Marietta,  0.,  but  subsequent- 
ly settled  at  St.  Clairsville;  and  in  1810  was 
elected  pres.  judge  of  the  C.C.P.  for  -the  third 
circuit.  —  Lanman. 

Ruggles,  Daniel,  maj.-gen.  CiSuA.,  b. 
Ms.  ab.  1814.  West  Point,  1833.  Entering 
5th  Inf.,  he  became  2d  lieut.  Feb.  18,1836^  1st 
lieut.  July  7,  1838;  capt.  June  18,  1846.;  served 
in  the  Florida  war;  was  disting.  at  Palo  Alto 
and  La  Palma,  and  at  the  storming  ©f  Molino 
del  Rey  ;  brev.  maj.  and  lieut.-col.  respectively 
for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churuhusco 
Aug.  20,  and  at  Chapultepec  Sept.  13,  1847  ; 
and  resigned  May  7,  1861.  Made  brig.-gcn. 
in  the  Confed.  array  in  1861  ;  served  in  N.  Or- 
leans in  the  winter  of  1861-2,  and  retreated 
thence  with  the  forces  under  Gen.  M.  Lovell 
before  the  surrender  of  the  city  to  Flag-Officer 


Farragut;  maj.-gen.  in  1863 ;  surrendered  wiih 
Lee. 

Ruggles,  Edward,  M.D.,  physician  and 
artist,  b.  Fall  River,  Ms.,  1817  ;  d.  Brooklyn, 
N.Y.,  10  Mar.  1867.  While  studying  medicine 
in  Paris,  he  also  acquired  skill  as  an  artist,  and 
after  his  return  had  a  large  medical  practice, 
amusing  his  leisure  hours  at  the  easel.  About 
1867  some  of  his  pictures  were  exhibited;  and 
the  applause  they  received  led  him  to  devote 
himself  to  painting  cabinet-pieces,  which  he 
produced  with  great  rapidity,  and  which  were 
highly  popular. 

Ruggles,  Samuel  Bulkley,  LL.D.,  b. 
Ct.  1800.  Y.C.  1814.  Adm.  to  the  N.Y.  bar 
1821;  member  N.Y.  legisl.  1838;  canal  com- 
miss.  1839;  pres.  of  the  board  1840  and  1858; 
U.S.  commiss.  to  Paris  Exposition  1866,  to 
Internat.  Monetary  Conference,  Paris,  1867,  In- 
ternal. Statist.  Confer,  at  the  Hague,  1869;  has 
pub.  many  pamphlets  on  subjects  of  Law,  Po- 
lit.  Economy,  and  Education. — Allihoiie. 

Ruggles,  Timothy,  lawyer,  politician, 
and  loyalist,  b.  Rochester,  Ms.,  11  Oct.  1711 ; 
d.  Wilmot,  N".  S.,  4  Aug.  1795.  H.U.  1732. 
Son  of  Rev.  Timo.,  min.  of  Rochester  17 IO- 
CS. He  practised  law  successfully  at  Sandwich, 
and  then  at  Hardwick  ;  was  a  member  of  the 
legisl.  in  1736;  and  at  the  battle  of  Lake 
George  in  1755  was  a  brig.-gen.,and  second  in 
com.  App.  judge  of  C.C.P.  in  1756,  and  was 
chief  justice  from  1 762  until  the  Revol. ;  speaker 
of  the  Assembly  in  1762-3 ;  many  years  an  in- 
fluential member  of  that  body ;  delegate  to  the 
Stamp-act  Congress  at  N.Y.  in  1765,  and  its 
pres.,  but  refused  to  concur  in  its  measures, 
and  was  reprimanded  by  the  legisl.  Adhering 
to  the  royal  cause,  he  took  refuge  in  Boston, 
where,  in  1775,  he  endeavored,  without  success, 
to  raise  a  corps  of  loyalists,  and  on  the  de- 
parture of  the  British  troops  accomp.  them  to 
Nova  Scotia,  and  became  one  of  the  proprie- 
tors of  the  town  of  Digby.  A  wit,  scholar, 
lawyer,  he  was  rude  in  speech  and  manner,  but 
was  an  impressive  pleader  and  an  able  debater. 
In  Mrs.  Warren's  dramatic  piece,  "  The 
Group,"  he  figures  as  Brigadier  Hateall. — 
See  Ward's  Life  of  Curwen ;  Sabine's  Loyalists. 

Rumford,  Sir  Benjamin  Thompson, 
count,  physicist  and  statesman,  b.  Woburn, 
Ms.,  March  26, 1753 ;  d.  Auteuil,  France,  Aug. 
21,  1814.  His  emig.  ancestor  James  came  to 
N.E.  ah.  1630,  and  settled  in  Charlestown,  Ms. 
Receiving  a  common-school  education,  he  en- 
tered a  counting-house  in  Salem  at  the  age  of 
13,  and  while  thus  engaged,  and  also  in  school- 
teaching,  employed  much  of  his  leisure  in  in- 
vestigating medicine  and  physics,  attending  the 
lectures  of  Prof.  Winthrop  of  H.U.  He  v.a,3 
a  clerk  in  a  store  in  Boston  at  the  timo  of  the 
massacre  in  March,  1770.  He  next  taught 
an  acad.  in  Rumford,  now  Concord,  N.H.,  and 
in  1772  m.  Mrs.  Rolfc,  a  wealthy  widow  of  that 
place,  and  was  made  major  of  militia.  This 
app.  gave  umbrage  to  older  officera  over  whose 
heads  he  was  placed,  and  was  the  origin  of  the 
persecution  which  afterward  drove  him  into  the 
British  camp.  He  shared  in  the  feelings  of  his 
countrymen,  although  not  one  of  the  intense 
patriots  of  the  day,  and  tried  in  vain  to  obtain 
a  commission  in  the  Cont.  army.     He  was 


RTJM 


787 


RXJS 


charged  with  disaffection,  driven  from  his  home, 
and  afterwards  from  his  step-father's  residence 
in  Woburn.  He  had  a  public  hearing  at  Wo- 
burn,  and,  though  not  condemned,  was  not 
fully  acquitted.  Oct.  10,  1775,  he  loft  the 
Amer.  lines,  and  after  the  fall  of  Boston  was 
sent  to  Eng.  bj  Gen.  Howe  with  despatches. 
Employed  by  Lord  Geo.  Germaine,  sec.  of  state 
for  the  Colonies,  he  became  in  1780  under-sec; 
on  the  retirement  of  Germaine,  he  returned  to 
America,  raised  in  N.Y.  "  The  King's  Ameri- 
can Dragoons,"  and  was  comissioned  licut.-col. ; 
Feb.  24, 1 782,  he  succeeded,  in  the  absence  of  Ma- 
rion, in  surprising  his  brigade,  then  under  Col. 
*Horry,  dispersing  it,  and  destroying  its  stores. 
Returning  to  Eng.  at  the  close  of  the  war,  he 
was  kniglited,  and  in  1784  entered  the  service 
of  the  El(ictor  of  Bavaria  as  aide-de-camp  and 
chamberlain.  Here  he  re-organized  the  military 
service,  suppressed  beggary,  and  introduced 
numerous  retbrms ;  among  others  was  the  con- 
version of  an  old  hunting-ground  near  Munich 
into  a  park,  where,  after  his  departure,  the  in- 
habitants erected  a  monument  in  his  honor. 
For  his  services  he  was  made  a  State  council- 
lor, lieut.-gen.,  minister  of  war,  and  count,  tak- 
ing the  title  of  Rumford,  his  old  residence.  His 
health  becoming  feeble,  he  made  a  tour  in  Ita- 
ly;  went  to  Eng.  in  Sept.  1795,  where  he  was 
robbed  of  all  his  private  papers,  and  original 
notes  and  observations  on  philosophical  sub- 
jects. He  pub.  the  record  of  his  labors  in  Ba- 
varia in  a  series  of  essays.  He  discovered  the 
leading  principles  upon  which  fireplaces  and 
grates  for  coal  are  constructed,  and  many  other 
economies  in  tne  production  and  employment 
of  heat,  which  he  demonstrated  to  be  only  a 
mode  of  motion,  —  one  of  the  great  discoveries 
of  the  age.  Returning  to  Bavaria  in  1796,  he 
was  app.  head  of  the  council  of  regency  during 
the  absence  of  the  elector,  and  maintained  the 
neutrality  of  Munich  during  the  war  between 
France  and  Austria,  and  was  made  supt.  of 
the  gen.  police.  At  the  end  of  two  years,  his 
health  failing,  he  fixed  his  residence  in  Eng., 
where  he  founded  the  Roy.  Institution ;  in  1802 
ho  fixed  his  residence  in  Paris;  and  in  1804  m. 
the  widow  of  Lavoisier,  but  they  soon  sepa- 
rated. He  passed  the  rest  of  his  life  in  philo- 
sophical and  chemical  experiments.  He  con- 
trib.  a  large  number  of  papers  to  scientific  jour- 
nals ;  made  discoveries  in  the  strength  of  ma- 
terials and  the  force  of  gunpowder,  in  light, 
Jieat,  and  illumination ;  instituted  prizes  for 
discoveries  in  light  and  heat  for  the  Roy.  Soc. 
of  Lond.  and  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Sciences,  of 
which  he  himself  received  the  first  on  the  for- 
mer subject  from  the  Roy.  Soc. ;  and  he  be- 
queathed to  H.  U.  the  funds  by  which  was 
founded  its  professorship  of  the  application  of 
science  to  the  art  of  living  in  1816.  He  left 
by  his  first  wife  a  dan.,  who  bore  the  title  of 
countess,  and  who  resided  in  Concord,  where 
she  d.  in  1852.  His  wife  Sarah  d.  Paris,  Feb. 
10,  1836,  a.  81.  His  essays  were  pub.  3  vols. 
8vo,  1796;  Philosophical  Papers,  8vo,  1802. 
His  Life  by  Rev.  Geo.  E.  Ellis,  D.D.,  to  accomp. 
a  complete  edition  of  his  works,  to  be  issued  in 
4  vols.  8vo,  was  pub.  8vo,  Boston,  1871. 

Rumsey,  James,   inventor,  b.  Bohemia 
Manor,  Cecil  Co.,  Md,,  1743;  d.  London  23 


Dec.  1792.  In  Sept.  1784  he  exhibited  on  the 
Potomac  a  boat  which  was  propelled  against 
the  stream  by  machinery.  Washington  wit- 
nessed and  certified  to  the  fact.  In  Mar.  1786 
he  propelled  a  boat  on  the  Potomac  by  a  steam- 
engine  and  machinery  of  his  own  making,  and 
obtained  a  patent  in  Va.  in  1787.  In  1788  the 
Rumsey  Society,  of  which  Franklin  was  a 
member,  was  formed  in  Phila.  to  aid  him.  He 
went  to  London,  where  a  similar  body  was 
formed,  a  boat  and  machinery  built  for  him ; 
and  he  obtained  patents  in  Great  Britain, 
France,  and  Holland.  A  successful  experi- 
ment was  made  on  the  Thames  in  Dec.  I7i»2; 
and  he  was  preparing  another  when  his  death 
occun-ed.  In  1839  the  Ky.  legisl.  presented  a 
gold  medal  to  his  son,  "  commemorative  of  his 
father's  services  and  high  agency  in  giving  to 
the  world  the  benefit  of  the  steamboat."  He 
pub.  a  "  Short  Treatise  on  the  Application  of 
Steam,"  1788.  He  made  important  improve- 
ments in  mill-machinery  about  1784. 

Runkle,  John  Daniel,  Ph.  D.  ( Ham.  Col. 
1870),  LL.D.  (Wesl.  U.  1871),  phvsicist,  b. 
Root,  Montg.  Co.,  N.  Y.,  1 1  Oct.  1 822.  *Law.  Sci. 
School,  Camb.,  1851.  He  worked  on  his  fa- 
ther's farm  until  21,  then  studied  and  taught 
until  he  entered  the  Sci.  School  in  1848.  App. 
in  1 849  assist,  in  the  prep,  of  the  "  American 
Ephemeris  and  Naut.  Almanac,"  with  which 
he  is  still  connected.  In  1856  he  pub.  in  the 
'*  Smithsonian  Contribs."  "  New  Tal)les  for  de- 
termining the  Values  of  the  Co-efficients  in  the 
Perturbative  Function  of  Planetary  Motion," 
&c. ;  and  founded  the  Mathem.  Monthly,  of 
which  3  vols,  were  issued  (1859-61).  Elected 
in  1865  prof,  of  mathematics  and  analytic  me- 
chanics in  the  Ms.  Institute  of  Technology,  act- 
ing-pres.  in  1868,  and  pres.  in  1870. 

Rupp,  Isaac  Daniel,  writer  on  agric, 
history,  &c.,  b.  near  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  10  July, 
1803.  Publisher  of  "  The  Wandering  Soul," 
transl.  from  the  Dutch,  1833  ;  Pfciffer's  "  Voy- 
ages and  Captivity  in  Algiers,"  i  836  ;  "  Prac- 
tical Farmer,"  18*37.  Author  of  *' History  of 
the  Religious  Denominations  of  the  U.S.," 
1844;  histories  of  Lancaster  Co.,  8vo,  1844; 
Berks  and  Lebanon,  8vo,  1844 ;  York  Co., 
8vo,  1845;  Northampton,  Lehigh,  Carbon, 
Monroe,  and  Schuykill,  &c.,  8vo,  1845; 
Dauphin,  Cumberland,  Franklin,  &c.,  8vo, 
1845  ;  Northumberland,  Huntingdon,  Mifflin, 
&c.,  8vo,  1847;  "Early  History  of  Pennsylv. 
and  the  West,"  8vo,  1846.  —  See  for  complete  list 
of  his  puhticatiom  Hist.  Mag.,  Feb.  1871. 

Ruschenberger,  William  S.  W.,  M.D., 
(U.  of  Pa.  1830),  naturalist  and  author,  b. 
Cumberiand  Co.,  N.  J.,  Sept.  4,  1807.  He  was 
educated  in  New  York  and  Phila. ;  studied 
medicine;  became  a  surgeon  in  the  U.S.N.,  and 
between  1826  and  1834  made  two  voyages  in 
the  Pacific;  from  March,  1835,  to  Nov.  1837, 
he  was  fleet-surgeon  for  the  E.  India  squadron- 
which  circumnavigated  the  globe.  While  in 
char^re  of  the  U.S.  naval  hospital  at  Bi'ooklyn, 
N.  Y.  (1843-7),  he  organized  the  naval  labora- 
tory for  supplying  the  service  with  unadulter- 
ated drugs.  After  again  visiting  the  E.  Indies, 
in  1848,  he  was  in  1849  made  a  member  of  the 
board  to  draw  up  plans  and  regulations  for  the 
U.S.  Naval  Acad.    In  Oct.  1854  he  sailed  as 


Rx:s 


788 


RTJS 


surgeon  of  the  Pacific  squadron  ;  retired  with 
rank  of  commodore  4  Sept.  1 8G9.  Among  his 
works  are,  "  Three  Years  in  the  Pacific,"  1834  ; 
"A  Voyage  round  the  World,  inchiding  an 
Embassy  to  Muscat  and  Siam,"  1838;  "Ele- 
ments of  Natural  History,"  1850  ;  "  A  Lexicon 
of  Terms  used  in  Natural  History,"  1850; 
**  Notes  and  Commentaries  during  a  Voyage  to 
Brazil  and  China  in  the  Year  1848,"  1854; 
notice  of  the  origin,  &c.,  of  the  Phila.  Acad. 
of  Nat.  Sciences,  8vo,  1852;  besides  numerous 
<irticlcs,  on  subjects  connected  with  the  navy, 
in  the  South.  Lit.  Messenger  and  Democ.  Review. 
He  has  written  much  on  medical  and  scientific 
subjects  in  various  periodicals.  —  Duyckinck. 

Rush,  Benjamin,  M.D.  (Edinb.  1768), 
LL.D.,  physician,  and  signer  of  the  Decl.  of 
Indep.,  b.  on  Poquestion  Creek,  near  Phila., 
Dec.  24,  1745  ;  d.  Phila.  Apr.  19,  1813.  N.  J. 
Coll.  1760.  He  studied  medicine  in  Phila., 
Edinb.,  Lond.,  and  Paris ;  began  practice  in 
Phila.  in  Aug.  1769,  and  was  made  prof  of 
chemistry  in  the  mcd.  coll.  there;  in  1789  he 
succeeded  to  the  chair  of  the  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  medicine ;  in  1791  was  made  prof  of  the 
institutes  and  practice  of  medicine  and  clinical 
practice,  and  in  1796  received  the  additional 
chair  of  the  practice  of  physic ;  he  was  also  for 
many  years  a  physician  in  the  Pa.  Hospital. 
In  the  provincial  conference  of  Pa.  he  moved 
the  resolution  to  express  in  form  its  sentiments 
on  the  subject  of  a  Decl.  of  Indep.  ;  was  chair- 
man of  the  com.  to  consider  its  expediency, 
and  was  elected  to  Congress  in  season  to  vote 
for  that  measure.  In  the  same  year  he  was  m. 
to  Julia,  dau.  of  Richard  Stockton  of  N.  J., 
who  d.  7  July,  1848,  a.  89.  In  Apr.  1777  he 
was  made  surg.-gen.  of  the  middle  dept. ;  and 
in  July,  1777,  phys.-gen.  He  wrote  4  letters 
to  the  people  of  Pa.  on  their  constitution  of 
1776,  which  he  considered  very  defective,  and 
which  was  soon  after  superseded  by  a  new  form 
of  govt.  In  Feb.  1778  he  resigned  his  position 
in  the  army  on  account  of  wrongs  done  to  the 
soldiers  in*  regard  to  the  hospital-stores.  Re- 
suming practice  in  Phila.,  he  planned  there,  ab. 
1785,  the  first  dispensatory  in  the  U.S.  In  the 
State  conv.  he  was  a  firm  supporter  of  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution  ;  a  member  of  the  convention 
of  Pa.  to  form  a  State  constitution,  and  en- 
deavored to  procure  the  incorporation  in  it  of 
his  views  upon  public  schools  and  a  penal  code, 
upon  which  he  had  previously  written  some  es- 
says. During  the  prevalence  of  yellow-fever 
in  Phila.  in  1793,  Rush  alone  treated  it  success- 
fully ;  Dr.  Ramsay,  in  his  eulogium  upon  Rush, 
estimating  that  he  saved  not  fewer  than  6,000 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Phila.  from  death.  In  a 
single  day  Dr.  Rush  visited  and  prescribed  for 
upward  of  100  patients.  Cobbett,  in  his  Peter 
Porcupine's  Gazette,  assaulted  Rush  and  his 
treatment  of  the  disease,  carrying  his  hostility 
to  such  an  extent,  that  a  suit  was  brought 
against  Cobbett,  and  a  verdict  of  f  5,000  ren- 
dered against  him.  From  the  kings  of  Spain 
and  Prussia,  the  queen  of  Etruria,  and  the  em- 
peror of  Russia,  he  received  marks  of  esteem  for 
his  medical  character.  Treasurer  of  the  U.S. 
mint  from  1799  until  his  death.  From  a  part 
of  his  Journal  written  in  his  17th  year,  and 
which  he  continued  through  life,  we  derive  the 


only  account  of  the  yellow-fever  of  1762  in 
Phila.  His  writings  are  numerous.  Between 
1789  and  1804  he  wrote  5  vols,  of  "  Medical 
Inquiries  and  Observations,"  which  have  been 
reprinted.  His  essays  —  literary,  moral,  and 
philos. — appeared  in  1798,  were  revised  in 
1806;  "Diseases  of  the  Mind,"  1812;  at  an 
early  day  he  had  pub.  a  vol.  of  "  Medical 
Tracts,"  containing  essays  upon  temperance, 
health,  exercise,  &c.  Disting.  for  jDhilanthropy 
and  piety,  and  was  one  of  the  originators,  and 
until  his  death  vice.-pres.,  of  the  Phila.  Bible 
Society.  His  latest  labors  were  upon  a  work 
to  have  been  called  "The  ^Medicine  of  the 
Bible,"  which  he  did  not  live  to  complete. 

Rush,  Jacob,  LL.D.,  many  years  pres.  of 
the  C.  C.  P.  for  Phila.,  b.  1746;  d.  there  Jan. 
5,1820.  Bro.ofDr.  Benj.  N.  J.  Coll.  1765. 
In  Dickinson's  controversy  with  Reed,  he  wrote 
on  the  side  of  the  former.  He  pub.  in  1803 
"  Charges  on  Moral  and  Religious  Subjects ;  " 
"  Character  of  Christ,"  12mo,  1806  ;  "  "  Chris- 
tian Baptism,"  8vo,  1819;  "Resolve  in  Com- 
mittee Chamber,"  Phila.  Dec.  6,  1774.  Re- 
becca Rush,  his  dau.,  pub.  "Kelory,"a  novel, 
1812. 

Rush,  James,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1809),  phy- 
sician, son  of  Dr.  Benj.,  b.  Phila.  Mar.  1,  1786. 
d.  there  May  26,  1869.  N.  J.  Coll.  1805.  He 
achieved  a  high  reputation  as  a  physician,  but 
later  in  life  secluded  himself  among  his  books. 
Author  of  "  Philosophy  of  the  Human  Voice ; " 
"  Hamlet,  a  Dramatic  Prelude,"  1834 ;  "  Analy- 
sis of  the  Human  Intellect,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1865; 
"  Rhymes  of  Contrast  on  Wisdom  and  Folly," 
8vo,  1869.  He  left  about  a  million  of  dollars 
to  the  Philn.  Library  Company  for  the  erection 
of  the  "  Ridgeway  Branch  of  the  Phila.  Li- 
brary." 

Rush,  Richard,  statesman  and  diploma- 
tist, son  of  Dr.  Benj.,  b.  Phila.  Aug.  29,  1780 ; 
d.  there  Julj^  30,  1859.  N.  J.  Coll.  1797.  He 
studied  law  in  Phila. ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1800;  attained  considerable  repute  by  his  de- 
fence of  Duane,  editor  of  the  Aurora,  on  a 
charge  of  libel  upon  Gov.  McKean  ;  was  app. 
atty.-gen.  of  Pa.  in  Jan.  1811;  and  in  Nov. 
comptroller  of  the  U.S.  treasur}' ;  removing  to 
Washington,  he  was  from  1814  to  1817  atty.- 
gen.  of  the  U.S. ;  was  temporary  sec.  of  state 
under  Pres.  Monroe  in  1817;  and  in  1817-25 
was  minister  to  Eng.,  negotiating  several  im- 
portant treaties,  especially  that  of  1818  respect- 
ing our  fisheries,  north-eastern  boundary,  &c. 
In  1825  Pres.  Adams  recalled  him,  and  made 
him  sec.  of  the  treasury;  in  1828  he  was  can- 
didate for  vice.-pres.  on  the  same  ticket  with 
Pres.  Adams;  in  1829  he  negotinted  in  Hol- 
land an  advantageous  loan  for  the  corpora- 
tions of  Washington,  Georgetown,  and  Alex- 
andria; in  1835  he  was  with  Gen.  Howard 
app.  a  commiss.  to  adjust  the  boundary  dis- 
pute between  Ohio  and  Michigan;  in  1836 
Pres.  Jackson  app.  him  commiss.  to  obtain  the 
Smithsonian  legacy,  then  in  the  Engli.sh  court 
of  chancery ;  he  was  successful,  and  in  Aug. 
1838  returned  with  the  entire  amount,  $51 5,1 69. 
Minister  to  France  1847-51.  While  a  member 
of  Mr.  Madison's  cabinet,  he  wrote  frequently 
and  vigorously  for  the  newspapers  in  defence 
of  the  war  with  England  ;  and  in  1833  wrote 


r 


RTJS 


789 


RXJS 


b 


many  able  letters  against  the  U.S.  Bank.  In 
1815  he  compiled  an  edition  of  the  laws  of  the 
U.S. ;  in  1833  he  pub.  "  Memoranda  of  a  Resi- 
dence at  the  Court  of  St.  James ; "  in  184.5  a 
second  vol.,  "  Comprising  Incidents  Official  and 
Personal  from  1819  to  1825;"  "Washington 
in  Doinestic  Life/'  1857;  and  in  1860  a  vol. 
of  his  "  Occasional  Productions." 

Rusk,  Gex.  Thomas  J.,  U.  S.  senator 
1846-56,  b.  S.C.  1802  ;  d.  Nacogdoches,  Texas, 
July  29,  1856.  He  practised  law  with  success 
in  Ga.  Removed  to  Texas  in  the  early  part  of 
1835  ;  was  a  member  of  the  conv.  that  declared 
Texas  independent  in  Mar.  1836 ;  was  the  first 
pcc.  of  war;  participated  in  the  battle  of 
San  Jacinto,  and  took  com.  of  the  army  after 
Gen.  Houston  was  wounded,  and  until  the  or- 
ganization of  the  const,  govt,  in  Oct.  1836, 
when  he  was  again  app.  sec.  of  war.  He  aiter- 
wards  com.  several  expeds.  against  the  Indians ; 
served  in  the  legisl. ;  and  as  chief  justice  of 
the  Sup.  Court,  which  office  he  resigned  eariy 
in  1842.  In  1845  he  was  pres.  of  the  conven- 
tion that  consummated  the  annexation  of  Tex- 
as to  the  U.S.  —  Lanman. 

Russ,  Horace  P.,  inventor  of  the  "  Russ  " 
pavement,  b.  1820;  d.  Halifax,  N.S.,  31  Dec. 
1862.  He  had  been  for  some  time  engaged  in 
gold  mining  in  Nova  Scotia. 

Russell,  Col.  Benjamin,  a  Boston  me- 
chanic and  journalist,  b.  Sept.  13,  1761;  d. 
Jan.  4,  1845.  He  learned  the  trade  of  a  print- 
er with  Isaiah  Thomas.  Served  in  the  Revol. 
army,  and  while  thus  occupied  contrib.  to  the 
columns  of  the  Spy,  pub.  at  Worcester  by  Mr. 
Thomas.  Establishing  himself  at  Boston  in 
the  printing-business.  Mar.  24,  1784,  he  com- 
menced the  pub.  of  the  Columbian  Centind,  a 
semi-weekly  journal,  which  for  a  long  period 
had  no  equal  in  controlling  public  sentiment. 
Himself  a  powerful  writer,  he  was  aided  by 
contributions  from  Ames,  Pickering,  Cabot, 
Lowell,  Higginson,  and  other  writers  of  eminent 
talent  in  the  State.  He  withdrew  from  the 
editorship  Nov.  1,  1828.  He  was  24  years  the 
representative  of  Boston  to  the  General  Court ; 
several  years  in  the  State  senate;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  exec,  ooimcil,  and  of  the  Const. 
Conv.  of  1 820 ;  and  for  some  years  an  alderman 
of  Boston.  His  bro.  John,  editor  of  the  Boston 
Gazette  had  a  son,  John  C.,  afterward  named 
John  B.  F.  Russell  (b.  Boston,  Aug.  1800; 
d.  Chicago,  Jan.  7,  1861  ;  West  Point,  1818), 
attained  rank  of  capt.  Apr.  1830;  resigned 
June,  1837;  afterward  a  land-agent  at  Chi- 
cago. 

Russell,  David  Allen,  brev.  maj.-pren. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Salem,  N.Y.,  Dec.  10,  1820;  killed 
in  battle  of  Opequan,  Va.,  Sept.  19,  1864. 
West  Point,  1845.  Son  of  David,  M.C.  of 
N.Y.  1835-41,  who  d.  24  Nov.  1861,  a.  61. 
Brev.  for  gallantry  at  National  Bridge  and 
Cerro  Gordo;  capt.  4th  Inf.  22  June,  1854; 
maj.  8th  Inf.  Aug.  9,  1862  ;  lieut.-col.  7th  Ms. 
Vols.  Apr.  1861;  col.  31  Jan.  1862;  served 
through  the  important  battlas  of  1862-3  ;  brig.- 
gen.  Nov.  29,  1862;  led  the  advance  at  the 
battle  of  Fredericksburg,  and  subsequently 
com.  Howe's  div.  6th  corps ;  disting.  at  Get- 
tysburg, and  in  Gen.  Grant's  campaign  from 
the  Kapidan  to  the  James ;  was  wounded  in 


the  assault  on  Rappahannock  Station,  Nov. 
7,  1863;  May  6,  1864,  the  second  day's  battle 
in  the  Wilderness,  his  coolness  and  bravciy 
saved  the  6th  corps  from  destruction  ;  May 
9  he  was  put  in  com.  of  the  1st  div.  6lh 
corps,  and  was  severely  wounded  at  Cold  Har- 
bor; in  July,  1864,  he  was  transferred  to  the 
Army  of  the  Shenandoah  ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for 
peninsular  campaign;  col.  1  July,  1863,  for 
Gettysburg ;  brig.-gen.  for  battle  of  Wilderness 
6  May,  1864;  and  brev.  maj  .-gen.  19  Sept., 
1864,  for  Opequan.  —  Cullum. 

Russell,  Jonathan,  LL.D.,  lawyer  and 
politician,  b.  Providence,  R.I.,  1771 ;  d.  Milton, 
Ms.,  Feb.  16, 1832.  Brown  U.  1791.  Bred  to 
the  law,  he  embarked  in  the  pursuits  of  com- 
merce; but  his  taste  leaned  towards  politics. 
He  was  several  years  minister-plenipo.  at 
Stockholm  from  1814 ;  and  was  one  of  the  five 
commissioners  who  negotiated  the  treaty  of 
Ghent  in  that  year.  On  his  return  to  this 
coimtry,  he  settled  at  Mendon,  Ms.,  and  was 
M.C.  in  1821-3.  He  was  a  versatile,  forcible, 
and  elegant  writer.  With  the  exception  of  the 
4th-of-July  oration  delivered  in  Providence  in 
1800,  and  also  his  diplomatic  corresp.  while  in 
Paris,  London,  and  Stockholm,  Mr.  Russell 
left  no  pub.  evidences  of  his  literary  abilities. 

Russell,  Ricii4RD,  came  from  Hereford- 
shire, Eng.,  in  1640;  d.  Charlestown,  May  14, 
1676,  a.  64.  Pie  was  representative  in  1646; 
speaker  of  the  house  1648,  '49,  '54,  '56,  '58 ;  as- 
sist. 1659-76;  and  treasurer  of  the  Colony 
1644-76.  His  son  James,  b.  Charlestown, 
Ms.,  1  Oct.  1640,  d.  28  Apr.  1709.  He  was 
a  representative  in  1679;  assist.  1680-6;  one 
of  Pres.  Dudley's  council ;  member  of  the 
council  of  safety  1689,  and  a  leader  in  the 
revol.  movement  of  that  day;  councillor  under 
the  new  charter  1692 ;  also  a  judge  and  treas- 
urer of  Ms.  1680-6. 

Russell,  Gen.  William,  Revol.  officer,  of 
Fincastle  Co.,  Va.  He  was  a  gallant  and 
efficient  officer  at  the  battle  of  Point  Pleasant ; 
was  a  member  of  the  Va.  Const.  Conv.  of 
June,  1776 ;  com.  a  Va.  regt.  during  the  Revol. 
war;  and  Nov.  8,  1783,  was  iircv.  brig.-gen. 
Revol.  army.  His  son  Robert,  b.  1763,  d. 
Calloway  Co.,  Mo.,  16  Jan.  1842,  sei-vcd  with 
dist.  in  the  Revol.;  afterward  served  several 
years  in  the  Va.  legisl.;  ab.  1792  settled  near 
Lexington,  Ky. ;  and  in  1835  removed  to  Mo. 
He  filled  many  important  offices  in  Ky. 

Russell,  Col.  William,  b.  Va.  1753;  d. 
Fayette  Co.,  Ky.,  July  3, 1825.  At  the  age  of 
16  he  became  a  soldier  in  the  Revol.  army ;  was 
a  lieut.  in  Campbell's  regt.  at  King's  Moun- 
tain, and  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain ;  he 
served  in  St.  Clair's  exped. ;  com.  the  advance 
under  Gen.  Scott ;  was  lieut.-col.  com.  of  a 
regt.  of  Ky.  mounted  volunteers,  July  2,  1793 ; 
served  under  Wayne  in  1794 ;  col.  7lh  Inf. 
May  3,  1808 ;  com.  exped.  against  the  Indians 
at  Pimartains-town,  Oct.  1812;  sei-viiig  in  all 
about  20  campaigns.  He  represented  his 
county  in  both  the  Va.  and  Ky.  legislatures. 

Russell,  William,  educationist,  b.  Glas- 
gow, Scotland,  Apr.  28,  1798.  He  studied  at 
the  U.  of  Glasgow,  and  in  1817  came  to  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  where  in  1819  he  became  the  head 
of  the  Chatham  Acad.    In  1822-5  he  taught 


RUT 


790 


RT7T 


the  New-Township  Acad,  and  the  New-Haven 
Grammar  School.  He  next  instructed  classes 
in  elocution  in  Andover,  Cambridge,  and 
Boston.  In  1826-9  he  edited  tlie  American 
Journal  of  Education,  and  then  removed  to 
Germantown,  Pa.,  where  he  taught  a  school 
for  young  ladies  several  years.  He  afterward 
taught  in  Phila.  and  Boston  and  Andover.  In 
1840  he  established  a  seminary  for  teacliers  in 
N.H.,and  in  1853  removed  it  to  Lancaster,  Ms., 
where  he  now  resides  as  director  of  the  Normal 
Institute.  He  has  prepared  many  treatises  on 
education,  and  text-books  for  schools,  especially 
in  reading  and  elocution.  —  AlUbone. 

Ruter,  Martin,  D.D.  (Trans.  U.  1822), 
pros,  of  Augusta  Coll.,  Ky.,  1827-32,  b.  Charl- 
ton, Ms.,  Apr.  3,  1785;  d.  Texas,  May  16, 
1838.  With  but  a  common-school  education, 
he  was  licensed  to  preach  in  June,  1801,  when 
little  more  than  16  years  of  age,  by  the  Meth. 
conf. ;  was  actively  employed  as  an  itinerant 
preacher,  becoming  well  versed  in  the  lan- 
guages, history,  and  science.  At  one  time  he 
had  charge  of  the  New-Market  Wesleyan  Acad., 
and  in  1820  was  app.  to  the  agency  of  the 
Western  Book  Establishment  at  Cincinnati. 
He  presided  over  Alleg.  Coll.  in  1834-7  ;  after- 
ward supt.  of  the  new  missions  in  Texas,  but 
soon  sank  under  the  toil  and  exposure  to  which 
he  was  subjected.  He  pub.  "  Collection  of 
Miscellaneous  Pieces  ; "  "  Notes  on  the  Ninth 
Chap,  of  Romans  ;  "  "  Sketch  of  Calvin's  Life 
and  Doctrines;  "  "  History  of  Martyrs,"  12mo, 
1834;  "  Eccles.  History,'' 8vo,  &c. 

Rutgers,  Col.  Henry,  patriot  and  philan- 
thropist of  N.Y.  City;  d.  Feb.  17,  1830,  a.  84. 
Col.  Coll.  1766.  A  capt.  in  the  Revdl.  army, 
and  fought  at  Brooklyn.  His  house  was  occu- 
pied by  the  British  as  a  hospital  and  barrack. 
In  1807  he  delivered  an  address  on  laying  the 
corner-stone  of  the  D.  R.  Church  in  brchard 
Street.  He  was  a  useful,  respected,  and  wealthy 
citizen,  a  decided  partisan  in  politics,  and  was 
very  charitable  both  to  public  and  private 
objects.  Member  N.Y.  Assembly,  and  a  regent 
N.Y.S.  University  1802-26. 

Rutherford,  Gex.  Griffith,  b.  in  Ire- 
land ;  d.  in  Tenn.  after  1794.  He  resided  west 
of  Salisbury,  in  the  Locke  Settlement,  N.C., 
and  in  1775  represented  Rowena  Co.  in  the  con- 
vention at  Newbern.  In  1776  he  led  a  large 
force  into  the  Cherokee  country,  and  assisted 
the  people  of  S.C.  in  destroying  their  corn- 
fields and  settlements.  App.  a  brigadier  by 
the  Prov.  Congress  in  Apr.  1776;  com.  a 
brigade  in  the  battle  near  Camden  in  Aug, 
1780;  was  taken  prisoner;  and,  having  been 
exchanged,  com.  at  Wilmington  when  it  was 
evacuated  by  the  British  at  the  close  of  the  war. 
He  was  a  State  senator  in  1784,  and  soon  after 
removed  to  Tenn. ;  pres.  of  the  Tenn.  Icgisl. 
council  in  Sept.  1794.  A  county  in  N.C.  and 
in  Tenn.  bears  his  name.  He  was  brave  and 
patriotic,  but  uncultivated  in  mind  and  man- 
ners. 

Rutledge,  Edward,  signer  of  the  Decl. 
of  Indep.,  b.  Charleston,  S.C.,  Nov.  23,  1749; 
d.  Jan.  23,  1800.  Son  of  Dr.  John,  who  came 
from  Ireland  about  1735.  He  was  the  bro.  of 
John,  in  whose  office  he  studied  law;  to  com- 
plete which,  in  1769  he  went  to  Eng.,  and  was 


entered  at  the  Temple.  On  his  return  in  1773 
he  commenced  practice,  and  was  obtainir.g 
distinction,  when  he  was  chosen  to  the  First 
Congress  assembled  at  Phila.  in  1794.  He 
continued  a  member  until  1777,  taking  an 
active  part  in  the  debates.  In  June,  1776,  he 
was  app.  a  member  of  the  first  board  of  war. 
He  Avas  one  of  the  com.  to  confer  with  Lord 
Howe,  one  of  the  British  commissioners.  Again 
app.  to  Congress  in  1779,  he  was  prevented  by 
indisposition  from  taking  his  seat.  His  native 
State  having  become  the  theatre  of  war,  Mr. 
Rutledge  com.  a  company  of  art.,  which  suc- 
ceeded in  dislodging  a  party  of  regular  troops 
from  Port-Royal  Island.  In  1780  he  was  made 
prisoner  at  Charleston,  and  suffered  a  year's 
confinement  at  St.  Augustine  before  he  was 
exchanged.  He  resided  near  Phila.  until  the 
evacuation  of  Charleston  in  1782,  when,  as  a 
member  of  the  Assembly  convened  at  Jackson- 
borough,  he  assented  to  the  adoption  of  a  bill 
of  pains  and  penalties,  though  leniently  in- 
clined. He  then  returned  home,  and  resumed 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  the  legisl. 
of  the  State  he  drew  up  the  act  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  rights  of  primogeniture ;  he  was 
opposed  to  the  further  increase  of  African 
slavery  in  the  South,  and  an  untiring  advocate 
of  the  Federal  Constitution.  He  was  subse- 
quently col.  of  a  regt.  of  art.,  and  supplied  the 
place  of  Gen.  Pinckney  in  the  senate  in  1794. 
In  1798  he  was  elected  gov.  He  declined  a 
seat  on  the  bench  of  the  tj.S.  Supreme  Court. 

Rutledge,  Rev.  Edward  of  S.C;  d. 
Savannah,  Ga.,  1832.  Y.C.  1817.  Prof,  moral 
philos.  U.  of  Pa.,  and  pres.-elect  of  Transylv. 
U.  Pub.  "  Family  Altar,"  "  History  of  the 
Church  of  England,"  12nio,  \^2^.  —  AUihone. 

Rutledge,  Francis  Huger,  D.D.  (Hob. 
Coll.  1844),  Prot.-Epis.  bishop  of  Florida,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C,  1799;  d.  Tallahassee,  Fla.,  6 
Nov.  1866.  Y.C.  1821.  Son  of  Chancellor 
Hugh.  He  studied  in  the  Prot.-Epis.  Gen. 
Thcol.  Sem. ;  was  ord.  deacon  in  1823,  priest 
20  Nov.  1825,  and  bishop  15  Oct.  1851.  He 
became  rector  of  Trin.  Church,  St.  Augustine, 
in  1839,  and  in  1845  of  St.  John's  Church, 
Tallahassee  —  Y.  C.  Obit.  Record. 

Rutledge,  Hugh,  elder  bro.  of  Edward; 
d.  Jan.  1811.  In  1776  he  was  app.  judge  of 
the  S.C.  Court  of  Admiralty  ;  in  1777  was 
speaker  of  the  legisl.  council,  and  in  1782-5 
of  the  h.  of  representatives,  having  in  1780 
shared  his  brother's  captivity  at  St.  Augustine. 
From  1791  till  his  death  he  was  chancellor  of 
the  State. 

Rutledge,  John,  bro.  of  Edward,  states- 
man and  jurist,  b.  of  Irish  ptirentage,  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  1739  ;  d.  July  23, 1800.  He  studied 
law  at  the  Temple,  Lond. ;  returned  to  Charles- 
ton in  1761,  and  attained  at  once  prominent 
rank  as  an  advocate.  He  was  a  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  Stamp-act  Congress  at  N.Y.  in  1765, 
and  of  the  S.C  convention  in  1774,  by  which 
he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  Congress  at 
Phila.  He  successfully  resisted  the  attempt 
to  limit  the  powers  of  the  delegates,  sustained 
in  Congress  the  boldest  measures,  and  was 
pronounced  by  Patrick  Henry  the  greatest 
orator  there.  He  was  re-appointed  to  Congress 
in  1775;  and  in  the  S.C.  convention  of  1776 


RTJX 


791 


SASD 


was  chairman  of  the  com.  which  prepared  the 
constitution  of  that  State,  and  was  without 
ojjposition  elected  pres.  of  the  new  govt. 
WhOn  Fort  Moultrie  was  attacked  by  the  Brit- 
ish in  June,  Rutledge,  against  the  advice  of 
Gen.  Lee,  sent  to  it  500  lbs.  of  powder,  and  di- 
rected Moultrie  not  to  evacuate  it  without  an 
order  i'roni  him  ;  adding,  "  I  would  sooner  cut 
off  my  right  hand  than  write  one."  He  re- 
signed in  1 778,  but,  on  the  approach  of  the  Brit- 
ish in  1779,  was  chosen  gov.,  and  clothed  with 
dictatorial  power.  When  in  1 780  Charleston  fell, 
Kutledge  retired  to  N.C.,  and  for  nearly  two 
years  accomp.  and  aided  the  Southern  army. 
He  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1782,  having 
retired  from  the  governorship ;  was  chosen 
chancellor  of  the  State  in  March,  1784;  and, 
while  holding  that  office,  became  a  member  of 
the  conv.  for  framing  the  Federal  Constitution, 
in  which  he  bore  a  prominent  part,  and  in  the 
State  convention  strongly  supported  its  ratifi- 
cation. In  Sept.  1789  he  was  app.  an  assoc. 
judge  of  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court;  which  office 
he  resigned  in  1791,  when  he  was  elected  chief 
justice  of  S.C.  In  July,  179.5,  Washington  app. 
him  chief  justice  of  tlie  U.S.,  and  he  presided 
at  the  succeeding  term  of  the  Supreme  Court; 
but  the  senate,  on  assembling  in  Dec,  for  poli- 
tical reasons  refused  to  contirm  the  appoint- 
ment. Previously,  however,  an  attack  of  sick- 
ness had  deprived  Rutledge  of  his  reason,  in 
which  condition  he  died.  He  was  disting.  for 
eloquence,  decision  of  character,  and  integrity. 
His  son  Gen.  John,  M.C.  1797-1803,  d.  Phila. 
Sept.  1,  1819,  a.  53. 

Ruxton,  Geokge  Frederick,  an  Eng- 
lish traveller,  b.  1820  ;  d.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept. 
29,  1848.  At  the  age  of  17  he  left  the  military 
coll.  of  Sandhurst  to  enlist  in  the  Spanish  army 
against  Don  Carlos,  and  rendered  valuable 
services.  On  his  return  to  Eng.  in  1839,  he 
received  a  lieutenant's  commission  in  the  89th, 
with  which  he  went  to  Canada,  but,  soon  re- 
signing, spent  some  years  among  the  Indians 
and  trappers  of  the  West,  graphically  depicted 
in  his  "  Adventures  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  Mexico,"  and  "  Life  in  the  Far  West."  He 
afterward  made  journeys  to  N.  and  S.  Africa  and 
to  Mexico ;  and  in  1848  again  started  from  Eng. 
for  the  Rocky  Mountains,  but  died  on  the  way. 
Ryder,  Jamks,  D.D.,  a  Catholic  divine, 
and  scholar,  b.  Dublin,  Oct.  1800;  d.  Phila. 
Jan.  12,  1860.  He  came  young  to  America ;  in 
1813  entered  the  novitiate  of  the  Society  of 
Jesus,  and  for  5  years  studied  at  Georgetown 
Coll. ;  in  1820  he  went  to  Rome,  where  he 
studied  theology  5  years.  After  his  ordination 
in  1825,  he  was  a  teacher  of  theology  and  the 
Scriptures  in  the  Coll.  of  Spoleto  for  three 
years ;  returned  to  America,  and  was  for  several 
years  vice-pres.  of  Georgetown  Coll.  In  1839 
lie  was  jiastor  of  the  cong.  of  St.  Joseph's 
Church,  Phila.,  and  afterward  of  St.  John's 
Church,  Frederick,  Md.  From  1840  to  1845, 
and  from  1848  to  1851,  he  was  pres.  of  George- 
town Coll.;  and  from  1846  to  1848,  pres.  of  the 
Coll.  of  the  Holy  Cross  at  Worcester,  Ms.  He 
was  exceedingly  popular  as  a  lecturer  and 
pulpit  orator.  A  contrib.  to  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Americana ;  "  and  some  of  his  discourses  have 
been  printed.  -^  Hist.  Magazine,  iv.  94. 


Ryerson,   Adolphus  Egerton,  D.D., 

(Wesl.  U.  1842),  LL.D.,  clergyman  and  educa- 
tionist, b.  Charlotteville,  U.C,  March  24, 1803. 
His  father  Col.  Joseph  was  a  half-pay  officer 
in  the  British  service  in  the  Amer.  Revol., 
and  emigrated  to  N.  Brunswick,  and  afterward 
to  Canada  in  1793.  The  son  became  a  teacher; 
in  1825  was  ord.  deacon  in  the  M.  E.  Church 
of  Canada,  and  for  the  4  years  following  officiat- 
ed as  an  itinerant  minister  ;  in  1829,  after  that 
church  became  independent,  he  aided  in  es- 
tablishing, and  for  some  years  edited,  the  Guar- 
dian, its  official  organ  ;  in  1841  he  was  app. 
principal  of  the  U.  of  Coburg;  app.  in  1844 
supt.  of  public  schools  for  Upper  Canada;  now 
(1871)  pres.  Victoria  Coll.  The  year  1845 
he  spent  in  the  U.S.,  studying  the  methods  of 
public  elementary  education.  In  1849  he  pub. 
a  report  of  his  tour,  and  prepared  the  bill  which 
now  forms  the  basis  of  the  Upper-Canada 
common-school  system.  Dr.  Ryerson  has  pre- 
pared a  history  of  Canada  and  of  the  "  United- 
Empire  Loyalists." 

Sabin,  Joseph,  bibliographer,  b.  Braun- 
ston,  Eng.,  1821.  Some  years  a  bookseller  in 
Oxford,  and  since  1848  in  New  York.  In  1867 
he  began  to  pub.  in  parts  a  dictionary  of  books 
relating  to  Amer. ;  has  reprinted  a  number  of 
rare  American  works,  and  contrib.  to  various 
periodicals.  The  "Amer.  Bibliopolist "  was 
begun  by  Sabin  &  Sons,  1  Jan.  1869.  —  AlUhone. 

Sabine,  Lorenzo,  hist,  writer  (son  of 
Elijah  H.),  b.  Lisbon,  N.  H.,  Feb.  28,  1803. 
Self-educated.  He  was  bred  a  merchant ;  was  for 
many  years  a  bank-officer,  and  subsequently 
sec.  of  the  Boston  Board  of  Trade ;  three  times 
a  member  of  the  Me.  legisl.  from  Eastport; 
was  at  one  time  dep.-coll.  of  the  port  of  Passa- 
raaquoddy ;  has  held  in  Ms.  the  position  of 
agent  of  the  U.S.  treas.  dept.,  and  was  M.C.  in 
1851-3.  Author  of  a  "  Life  of  Commodore  Pre- 
ble," 1847,  in  "  Sparks's  Amer. Biog. ;  "  "The 
American  Loyalists,"  enlarged  to  2  vols.  1864; 
"  Report  on  the  Fisheries,"  1853;  and  "Notes 
on  Duels  and  Duelling,"  1855;  and  has  been 
a  contrib.  to  the  N.  A.  Review  and  to  the  Chris. 
Examiner.  The  degree  of  A.M.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  Bowd.  and  Harv.  Colleges.  Sept. 
13,  1859,  he  delivered  an  address  on  the  100th 
anniv.  of  the  death  of  Gen.  Wolfe,  before  the 
N.E.  Hist,  and  Geneal.  Soc,  Boston  ;  pub.  soon 
after  with  notes.     Resides  in  Boston. 

Sacket,  Delos  B.,  brev.  maj. -gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  N.Y.  West  Point,  1845.  Entering  the  2d 
Dragoons,  he  served  in  Mexico,  and  was  brev. 
for  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palina  ;  capt. 
1st  Cav.  3  Mar.  1855;  maj.  31  Jan.  1861; 
lieut.-col.  2d  Cav.  3  May,  1861;  col.  and  insp.- 
gen.  1  Oct.  1861.  He  served  through  the  Pen- 
insular and  Md.  campaigns  on  McClellan's 
staff,  and  on  that  of  Gen.  Burnside  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Fredrricksburg;  and  was  brev.  brig,  and 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865.  —  Cullum. 

Sadlier,  Mary  Anne  (Madden),  au- 
thoress, b.  Cootehill,  Cavan  Co.,  Ireland,  Dec. 
31,  1820.  At  an  early  age  she  began  to  con- 
tribute to  La  Belle  Assembl€e  in  London. 
After  the  death  of  her  parents,  she  with  a 
younger  bro.  settled  in  Montreal,  where  she 
pub.  "Tales  of  the  Olden  Time."  In  1846 
she  m.  Mr.  James  Sadlier,  Catholic  publisher. 


SA-IP 


792 


&j^ 


and  now  resides  in  N.Y.  She  has  written 
Catholic  tales,  and  contrib.  to  leading  Catholic 
papers  in  America.  —  See  list  of  her  works  in 
KeUi/'s  Amer.  Cat.  of  Books,  1866. 

S'affold,  Redben,  jurist,  b.  Wilkes  Co., 
Ga.,  iStnt.  4,  1788;  d.  Dallas  Co.,  Ala.,  Feb. 
15,184/.  After  practising  law  in  Ga.,  he  in 
1813  removed  to  Jackson,  Ala.,  where,  during 
the  Indian  troubles,  he  com.  a  vol.  company, 
serving  also  several  times  in  tbc  Terr,  legisl. 
of  Mpi.  ;  was  in  1819  in  the  State  Const. 
Conv. ;  in  Dec.  1819  was  app.  one  of  the  cir- 
cuit judges,  becoming  also  a  member  of  the 
Supreme  Court;  in  1832  was  one  of  the  3 
judges  app.  to  the  Supreme  bench,  of  which, 
in  1835-6,  he  was  chief  justice. 

Safford,  Truman  Henry,  mathematician 
and  astron.,  b.  lloyalton,  Vt.,  6  Jan.  1836.  II.U. 
1854.  His  youthful  precocity  was  remarkable. 
In  his  9th  year  he  could  multiply  mentally  four 
figures  by  four  figures  as  rapidly  as  it  could  be 
done  with  slate  and  pencil,  and  could  also  ex- 
tract the  square  and  cube  roots  of  9  or  10 
places  of  figures.  His  first  almanac  was  pre- 
pared in  1845,  at  the  age  of  nine  and  a  half 
years.  At  14  he  astonished  the  learned  world 
by  the  production  of  the  elliptic  elements  of 
the  first  comet  of  1849.  By  a  method  of  his 
own,  young  SafFord  abridged  the  labor  of  cal- 
culating moon  risings  and  settings  by  one- 
fourth,  and  that  of  calculating  eclipses  bvione- 
third.  He  required  the  longest  and  most  dif- 
ficult question  to  be  road  to  him  but  once,  and 
his  answers  were  usually  given  without  effort 
or  fatigue.  Prof.  Pierce  said  of  him  in  1846, 
that  his  knowledge  and  the  capacity  to  acquire 
it  "  is  accompanied  with  powers  of  abstraction 
and  concentration  rarely  possessed  at  any  age 
except  by  minds  of  the  highest  order."  In 
Mar.  1863  he  was  made  adjunct  observer  at 
the  Cambridge  Observatory ,  acting  director  in 
Feb.  1865  ;  and  28  Dec.  1865  he  became  direct- 
or of  the  Chicago  Observatory,  which  post  he 
yet  holds.  In  1863  he  determined  the  right 
ascension  of  1,700  stars,  and  the  declination  of 
450.  In  1865  he  observed  over  6,000  transits, 
an  extensive  series  of  which,  commenced  in 
1862,  is  completed.  After  the  death  of  Prof. 
G.  P.  Bond,  17  Feb.  1865,  the  incomplete  re- 
port of  his  valuable  discoveries  in  the  constel- 
lation of  Orion  was  written  out  in  full  by  Mr. 
SafFord.  constituting  the  5th  vol.  of  the  Annals 
of  the  Ol)scrvatory.  —  See  Ladies'  Repos.,  Cin., 
1849,  for  ace.  ofthediff.  examinatioiis  of  young 
Safford,  and  notice  of  his  life. 

Safford,  William  11.,  b.  Parkersburg, 
Va.,  1821 ;  in  1848  removed  to  Chillicothe,  0. ; 
member  Ohio  senate  1858-60.  Author  of 
"Life  of  Blennerhassett,"  12mo,  1850;  "The 
Blcnnerhassett  Papers,"  8vo,  I86i.  —  Allibone. 

Sahagun  de  (da  sa-a-goon'),  Bernar- 
dino, a  Franciscan  friar,  b.  Sahagun,  Spain  ;  a 
missionary  to  Mexico  in  1529^^  d.  1590.  Au- 
thor of  a  valuable  history,  "  Historia  Univrr- 
sal  de  Nueva  Espana,"  first  pub.  in  Mexico  in 
1829. 

St.  Clair,  Arthur,  maj.-gen.  Revol.  army, 
b.  Thurso,  Caithness,  Scotland,  1 734 ;  d.  Greens- 
burg,  Pa.,  31  Aug.  1818.  U.  of  Edinb. 
Grandson  of  the  Earl  of  Roslyn.  He  studied 
medicine  with  the  celebrated  John  Hunter  in 


Lond.,  but,  inheriting  a  large  sum  of  money  on 
the  death  of  his  mother,  purchased  an  ensigncy 
60th  Foot,  13  May,  1757  ;  came  in  Boscawen's 
fleet  to  Amer.  in  1758  ;  served  under  Amherst 
at  the  taking  of  Louisburg;  was  made  a  licut, 
17  Apr.  1759  ;  and  was  disting.  under  Wolfe  at 
Quebec.  May  14, 1760,  he  ra.  at  Boston  Phe- 
be,  dau.  of  Balthazar  Bayard  and  Mary  Bow- 
doin,  a  half-sister  of  Gov.  James  Bowdoin. 
Resigned  his  com.  16  Apr.  1762,  and  in  1764 
settled  in  the  Ligonier  Valley,  Pa.,  where  he 
erected  mills  and  also  a  fine  residence.  App. 
in  1770 surveyor  of  the  Dist.  of  Cumberland;  a 
justice  of  the  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  and 
of  C.C.P.,  and  a  member  of  the  proprietary 
council  ;  in  1771  a  justice,  recorder,  clerk  of 
the  orphans'  court,  and  prothonotary  of  Bed- 
ford, and  in  1773  of  Westmoreland  County. 
In  July,  1775,  he  became  col.  of  militia,  and  In 
the  fall  accomp.  as  sec.  the  commissioners, 
James  Wilson,  Lewis  Morris,  and  Dr.  Walker, 
to  treat  with  the  Western  tribes  at  Fort  Pitt; 
col.  2d  Pa.  Regt.  3  Jan.  1776,  ordered  to  Cana- 
da Feb.  16 ;  joined  Sullivan,  and,  after  the 
disastrous  affair  at  Three  Rivers,  aided  that 
officer  by  his  counsel  in  saving  his  army  from 
capture;  brig.-gen.  9  Aug.  1776;  maj.-gen.  19 
Feb.  1777.  In  Jan.  1776,  St.  Clair  resigned  all 
his  lucrative  civil  offices.  Joining  Washing- 
ton in  Nov.  1776,  he  was  at  once  app.  to  or- 
ganize the  N.J.  militia.  He  recommended  in 
council  on  the  night  of  2  Jan.  1777  the  flank- 
movement  which  brought  on  the  battle  of 
Princeton,  at  which  he  rendered  valuable  ser- 
vice by  protecting  the  fords  of  Assumpink.  Af- 
ter performing  for  a  short  time  the  duties  of 
adj.-gcn.  of  the  army,  he  in  March  succeeded 
Gates  in  com.  at  Phila.,  and  Apr.  I  took  com. 
of  Ticonderoga,  which,  on  the  night  of  4  July, 
he  was  obliged  to  evacuate,  his  force  being 
wholly  inadequate  to  its  defence.  A  court- 
martial  held  in  Sept.  1778  declared  that  "Maj.- 
Gcn.  St.  Clair  is  acquitted  with  the  highest 
honor  of  the  charges  against  him."  Though 
unemployed,  in  deference  to  the  public  clamor 
against  him,  he  remained  one  of  Washington's 
military  family,  acting  as  his  vol.  aide  at  Bran- 
dywine  (Sept.  11,1777);  assisted  Sullivan  in 
preparing  his  exped.  against  the  Six  Nations  ; 
was  one  of  the  commiss.  to  arrange  a  cartel 
with  the  British  at  Amboy  9  Mar.  1780  ;  Aug. 
1  was  app,  to  com.  the  corps  of  light  inf.  in 
the  absence  of  Lafayette ;  was  a  member  of 
the  court-martial  which  condemned  Maj.  An- 
dre; com.  at  West  Point  from  Oct.  1 ;  aided 
in  suppressing  the  mutiny  in  the  Pa.  line  in 
Jan.  1781 ;  was  active  in  raising  and  forward- 
ing troops  to  the  South ;  and  in  Oct.  joined 
Washington,  and  participated  in  the  capture  of 
Cornwallis  at  Yorktown.  In  Nov.  he  was 
placed  in  com.  of  a  body  of  troops  to  effect  a 
junction  with  Greene,  and  remained  in  the 
South  until  Oct.  1782.  Member  of  the  Pa. 
council  of  censors  1783;  delegate  to  Con- 
gress 2  Nov.  1785-28  Nov.  1787  ;  pres.  of  that 
body  2  Feb.-28  Nov.  1787;  chosen  a  member 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  1786;  app.  jiov.  N.W. 
Terr.  1  Feb.  1788 ;  made  a  treaty  with  Indian 
tribes  at  Fort  Harmar  in  1789;  Jan.  1790  he 
fixed  the  seat  of  justice  of  the  Terr,  at  Cincin- 
nati, giving  it  the  name  in  honor  of  the  soc.  of 


8AJL 


793 


SAL 


which  he  was  pres.  for  Pa.  in  1 783-9  ;  app. 
gen.-in-cliief  of  the  army  4  Mar.  1791,  he 
moved  against  the  Indians  of  the  Miami  and 
the  Wabash,  suffering  so  severely  from  gout 
as  to  have  to  be  carried  about  on  a  litter.  The 
proximity  of  the  foe  was  communicated  by  the 
scouts  on  the  night  of  Nov.  3  to  Gen.  Butler, 
2d  in  com.,  but  not  to  St.  Clair.  About  sun- 
rise on  the  morning  of  the  4th,  an  attack  was 
made  by  the  Indians;  and,  in  spite  of  St.  Clair's 
exertions,  he  was  defeated,  losing  600  men  out 
of  a  force  of  1,400.  A  com.  of  investigation, 
app.  by  Congress,  after  a  thorough  examina- 
tion, completely  vindicated  him.  He  resigned 
his  generalcy  5  Mar.  1792,  and  22  Nov.  1802 
he  was  removed  from  his  governorship  by  Jef- 
ferson. Retiring  to  a  small  log-house  on  the 
summit  of  Chestnut  Ridge,  he  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  his  days  in  poverty,  vainly  endeav- 
oring to  effect  a  settlement  of  his  claims 
against  the  govt.  The  legisl.  of  Pa.  in  1813 
granted  him  an  annuity  of  $400,  and  a  short 
time  before  his  death  he  received  a  jiension  from 
the  govt,  of  $60  per  month.  He  pub.  a  narr. 
of  his  campaign  of  1791,  with  observations  on 
the  statements  of  the  sec.  of  war,  1812.  —  A.  T. 
Goodman's  Memoir,  from  St.  Clair's  papers. 

St.  Leger,  Col.  Barky,  a  British  officer ; 
d.  in  1789.  He  entered  the  army,  Apr.  27, 
1756,  as  ensign  28th  Foot;  accomp.  his  regt. 
to  Amer.  in  1757  ;  served  at  the  siege  of  Louis- 
burg  in  1 758  as  capt.  in  the  48th,  and  afterwards 
under  Wolfe  at  Quebec.  In  July,  1760,  he  was 
app.  brigade  major;  became  major  of  the  95rh, 
Sept.  16,  1662;  lieut.-col.  May,  1772  ;  in  May, 
1775,  was  app.  to  the  34th  Foot,  and  was  sent 
soon  after  to  Canada.  He  com.  the  unsuccess- 
ful exped.  against  Fort  Schuyler  in  Aug.  1777, 
intended  to  co-operate  with  Burgoyne,  when 
he  held  the  local  rank  of  brigadier,  and  be- 
came a  col.  in  Nov.  1780. 

Saint  Simon  (san  se'-mon'),  Claude 
Anne,  Marquis  de,  a  Spanish  gen.,  b.  at  the 
Castle  of  La  Faye,  France,  1743;  d.  3  Jan. 
1819.  He  studied  at  the  school  of  artillery  at 
Strasburg;  disting.  himself  in  Flanders;  was 
made  chief  of  brigade  of  the  body-guard  of 
the  king  of  Poland  in  1758;  Jan.  2,  1770, 
brigadier;  Sept.  12,  Chevalier  of  St.  Louis; 
Aug.  4,  1771,  col.  of  the  regt.  of  Poitiers,  and 
of  tliat  of  Touraiiie  June  29,  1775.  At  the 
close  of  1779  he  sailed  with  his  regt.  for  Mar- 
tinique, and  sustained  during  the  voyage  3  ac- 
tions with  Rodney;  Mar.  1,  1780,  he  entered 
the  service  of  Spain  as  marechal-de-camp,  and 
was  sent  to  America  with  a  corps  of  2,000 
men,  which  he  com.  during  the  remainder  of 
the  war,  receiving  several  wounds,  and  contrib. 
to  the  successful  siege  of  Yorktown.  A  dep. 
to  the  states-gen.  in  1789  ;  he  returned  to 
Spain,  and  at  the  affair  of  Irun  received  a  ball 
through  his  neck  ;  soon  afterwards  made  lieut.- 
gen. ;  he  was  again  wounded  by  a  ball  in  the 
breast  while  defending  the  position  of  Argensu  ; 
and  in  1808,  when  the  French  attacked  Madrid, 
defended  it  courageously,  but  was  made  pris- 
oner, and  condemned  to  death,  which  sentence 
was  afterward  commuted  at  the  intercession  of 
his  dau.  After  the  re-establishment  of  Ferdinand 
VII.,  in  1814,  Saint  Simon  returned  to  Spain, 
and  was  madecapt.-gen.  and  a  grandee  of  Spain. 


Saint  Vallier  (san'  va'-lea'),  Jean  Bap- 
TiSTE  DE  Lacroix,  Chevriere  dc,  sccond 
bishop  of  Quebec,  b.  Grenoble,  Nov.  14,  1653; 
d.  Quebec,  Dec.  26,  1727.  He  was  chaplain  to 
Louis  XIV.  in  1684,  when  he  was  app.  vicar- 
gen,  by  Bishop  de  Laval.  He  arrived  in  Can- 
ada July  30,  1685;  returned  to  Paris  in  Nov. 
1687;  was  consec.  bishop  of  Quebec  Jan.  25, 
1688;  and  in  Aug.  returned  to  Canada.  He 
founded  the  Gen.  Hospital  of  Quebec;  revisit- 
ed France ;  and  on  his  return  to  Canada,  in 
July,  1704,  was  captured  by  the  English,  and 
remained  prisoner  until  1709.  He  pub.  in 
Paris  in  1688,  "  ^tat  present  de  I'^fjlise  et  de  la 
Colonie  Frati^oise  dans  la  Nouve/le  France," 
also  pub.  under  the  title  of  ^'Relation  des  Mis- 
sions de  la  Nouvelle  France." 

Salaberry,  Col.  Charles  Michel,  d'I- 
KAMBERRY,  Seigncur  de  Chambly  et  de  Beau- 
lac,  a  Canadian  soldier,  born  at  the  Manor 
House  of  Beauport,  Canada,  Nov.  19,  1778; 
d.  Chambly,  Feb.  26,  1829.  Son  of  a  member 
of  the  legisl.  council,  and  descended  from  a 
noble  family  of  Navarre.  Entering  the  army 
young,  he  served  11  years  in  the  W.  Indies; 
was  at  the  conquest  of  Martinique  in  1795; 
became  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  de  Rottenburg, 
and  served  in  the  Walcheren  exped. ;  returning 
to  Canada,  he  organized  the  Voltigeurs;  re- 
pulsed Dearborn's  forces  at  Lacolle,  at  the  close 
of  1812;  and  at  Chateauguay,  Oct.  26,  1813, 
gained  a  decisive  victory  over  Gen.  Wade 
Hampton.  For  these  services  he  received  a 
gold  medal,  the  order  of  the  Bath,  and  the 
thanks  of  the  prov.  legisl.  He  was  afterward 
a  senator,  at  the  same  time  entering  the  legisl. 
council  as  Monseigneur  Plessis.  —  Morgan. 

Salomon,  Gen.  Frederick,  b.  near  Hal- 
berstadt,  Prussia,  Apr.  7,  1826.  He  received 
his  early  education  at  the  gymnasium  there; 
became  a  govt,  surveyor;  served  in  the  Prussian 
art. ;  and  in  1848  became  a  pupil  in  the  Royal 
Berlin  Acad,  of  Architecture.  He  soon  after 
emigrated  to  the  U.S.  with  his  bro.  Wm.  (gov. 
of  Wis.  1862-3) ;  settled  at  Manitowoc,  Wis., 
where  he  was  a  surveyor  ;  was  4  years  register 
of  deeds,  and  chief  engr.  on  the  Manitowoc  and 
Mpi.  Railroad  until  1859  ;  in  the  spring  of 
1861  he  became  capt.  in  the  5th  Mo.  Vols., 
and  served  under  Sigel  in  the  battle  of  Wil- 
son's Creek  ;  col.  9th  Wis.  Vols,  in  Aug.  1861 ; 
brig.-gen.  July  16,  1862,  and  assigned  to  a 
brigade  in  Kansas. 

Salomon,  Hayne,  financier,  b.  of  Hebrew 
parents  at  Lissa,  Poland,  ab.  1740;  d.  Phila., 
1785.  Emig.  to  Amer.  before  the  Revol.,  he 
established  himself  as  a  merchant  and  banker 
in  Phila.,  and  accumulated  a  large  fortune, 
which  he  devoted  to  the  use  of  the  Americans 
during  the  war.  He  negotiated  the  war  subsi- 
dies obtained  from  France  and  Holland  ;  acted 
as  paym.-gen.  of  the  French  forces  in  Amer. 
At  the  time  of  his  death,  the  govt,  was  indebted 
to  Mr.  Salomon  $400,000.  His  descendants 
have  urged  the  claim,  which  has  been  several 
times  favorably  reported  upon  by  committees 
of  Congress. 

Salnave,  Silvain,  pres.  of  the  repub.  of 
Ilayti,  b.  city  of  Cape  Haytien,  1832  ;  execut- 
ed at  Port-au-Prince,  Jan.'lO,  1870.  Entering 
the  army  as  a  common  soldier,  he  was  a  capt. 


SAX. 


794 


SAM. 


of  cavalry,  when,  in  Dec.  1858,  Geffrard  over- 
threw the  emperor  Soulouque.  Salnave,  though 
chiefly  instrumental  in  this  revolution,  was  re- 
warded only  with  the  rank  of  rnaj.  Again  his 
services  were  conspicuous  in  the  repulse  of  the 
Spanish  invading  army;  and,  feeling  himself 
aggrieved  by  the  course  of  (jcffiard,  he  com- 
menced a  revolutionary  movement,  which  drove 
the  former  from  Hayti,  and  raised  him  to  pow- 
er in  Mar.  1 867.  Another  revolution,  begun  in 
Nov.  1869  by  Domingue  and  Saget,  resulted  in 
his  overthrow  and  death. 

Salter,  Kichakd,  D.D.  (Y.C.  1782),  min- 
ister of  Mansfield,  Ct.,  from  June  27,  1744,  to 
his  death,  Apr,  14,  1787;  b.  Boston,  1723. 
H.U.  1739.  He  had  studied  l)Oth  medicine 
and  theology.  He  gave  to  Yale  Coll.  a  farm 
worth  $2,000  to  promote  the  study  of  Hebrew 
and  other  languages. 

^  Salter,  William  D.,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b. 
N.Y.  1794;  d.  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  Jan.  5,  1869. 
Midshipin.  Nov.  15, 1809;  lieut.  Dec.  9,  1814; 
master,  Mar.  3,  1831;  capt.  Mar.  3,  1839; 
commo.  (retired  list)  July  16,  1862.  He  served 
in  "  The  Constitution  "  in  her  action  with 
"The  Guerriere,"  Aug.  19,  1812.  Performed 
other  gallant  services;  com.  the  Brooklyn  navy- 
yard  in  1856-9  ;  and  in  1863-6  was  a  commiss. 
to  examine  vessels  for  the  war  department. 

Saltonstall,  Dudley,  commo.  in  the  Con- 
tinental navy,  b.  Sept.  8,  1738  ;  d.  1796,  in  the 
W.  Indies.  Son  of  Gen.  Gurdon  S.  Capt. 
of"  The  Alfred,"  in  Hopkins's  fleet,  Feb.  1776. 

Saltonstall,  Gurdon,  clergyman,  and  gov. 
of  Ct.  from  1707  till  his  death,"  Oct.  1,  1724; 
b.  Haverhill,  Ms.,  Mar.  27,  1666.  H.U.  1684. 
Ord.  minister  of  N.  London,  Nov.  25,  1691. 
1 1  is  father  Col.  Nathan  was  grandson  of  Sir 
Richard.  He  was  disting.  as  an  orator,  divine, 
and  statesman,  and  bequeathed  to  H.U.  £1,000 
to  educate  students  for  the  miiiistr3\ 

Saltonstall,  Gurdon,  b.  Dec.  22,  1708; 
d.  Norwich,  Ct.,  Sept.  19,  1785.  Y.C.  1725.- 
Made  brig.-gen.  Ct.  forces  10  Sept.  1776; 
cashiered  7  Oct.  1779  for  misconduct  in  the 
Penobscot  expedition. 

Saltonstall,  Leverett,  LL.D.  (H.  U. 
1838),  lawyer  and  scholar,  b.  Haverhill,  Ms., 
June  13,  1783  ;  d.  Salem,  May  8,  1845.  H.U. 
1802.  Son  of  Dr.  Nathaniel.  Educated  at 
Phillips  Acad,  and  at  H.U.  Commenced  the 
practice  of  law  at  Salem  in  1805,  and  soon 
secured  a  large  and  profitable  business.  State 
senator  in  1831  ;  mayor  of  Salem  1836-8  ;  M. 
C.  1838-43.  Member  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc. 
as  well  as  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 
In  his  will  he  made  provision  for  increasing 
the  libraries  of  Phillips  Acad,  and  H.  U.  Au- 
thor of  an  "  Hist.  Sketch  of  Haverhill,"  in  Ms. 
Hist.  Colls.,  iv.,  2d  series. 

Saltonstall,  Sir  Richard,  one  of  the 
fathers  of  Ms.  C  olony,  and  ancestor  of  those 
bearing  that  name  in  N.  Emrland,  b.  Halifax, 
Eng.,  1586;  d.  Eng.  ab.  1658.  Son  of  Sir 
Richard,  lord-mayor  of  London  in  1597;  came 
over  with  Gov.  Winthrop  in  1 630 ;  was  an  as- 
sist, in  that  year,  and  commenced  with  Mr. 
Phillips  the  settlement  of  Watenown,  but  re- 
turned, discouraged,  to  Eng.  the  next  year.  A 
lil)erai  Puritan,  he  was  through  life  tlie  friend 
of  the  Colony,  and  also  a  patentee  of  Ct.    In 


1651  he  wrote  a  letter  to  Cotton  and  Wilson,  re- 
proving the  tyrann}  and  persecutions  in«N.K., 
"as  that  they  fined,  whipped,  and  imprisoned 
men  for  their  consciences."  His  son  Richard, 
b.  at  Woodsome,  Yorkshire,  1610,  d.  at  Hulme, 
Eng.,  Apr.  29, 1694,  a.  84.  Settled  at  Ipswich, 
and  was  an  assist,  in  1637.  He  protested 
against  the  introduction  of  negro  slavery,  and 
was  the  friend  of  Goffe  and  Whalley. 

Saltonstall,  Richard,  jurist,  b.  Haver- 
hill, June  14,  1703  ;  d.  Oct.  20,1756.  H.U. 
1722.  Nephew  of  the  gov. ;  was  a  representa- 
tive from  Haverhill  as  early  as  1728;  subse- 
quently a  member  of  the  council ;  and  was  in 
1736  app.  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  which 
he  resigned  a  few  months  before  his  death,  on 
account  of  ill  health.  Chairman  of  the  com. 
for  settling  the  boundary-line  between  Ms.  and 
N.H.  1737.  He  was  a  scientific  and  practical 
farmer.  Of  his  sons,  Richard  (b.  5  Apr. 
1732,  d.  Kensington,  Eng.,  1  Oct.  1785,  H.U. 
1751)  was  a  col.  in  the  French  war  (1756-60), 
sheriff  of  Essex  Co.,  and  as  a  loyalist  went  to 
Eng., where hereceivedapension.  Nathaniel, 
a  dist.  phvsician  and  patriot  of  Haverhill,  b.  10 
Feb.  1746',  d.  15  May,  1815  ;  H.U.  1766.  Lev- 
erett (b.  25  Dec.  1754)  became  a  capt.,  served 
under  Corn wal lis,  and  d.  N.Y.  20  Dec.  1782. 

Salvert,  Perrier  du,  gov.  of  La.  1726- 
32.  In  1730  he  led  an  army  against  the 
Natchez,  and  utterly  subjugated  that  nation. 
He  held  a  commission  in  the  marine,  and  was 
a  knight  of  St.  Louis  ;  on  returning  to  France 
he  was  rewarded  for  his  services  with  the  rank 
of  lieut.-gen.  In  1755  he  was  sent  in  com. 
of  a  fleet  for  the  protection  of  St.  Domingo, 
and  served  at  the  head  of  a  squadron  in  the 
war  declared  in  1756.  —  0' Callaghan. 

Sampson,  Deborah,  who  served  3  years 
as  a  soldier  in  the  Revol.  army,  b.  Plvmpton, 
Ms.,  17  Dec.  1760;  d.  29  Apr.  1827.  Her 
poverty  and  her  patriotism  led  her  to  enlist  in 
the  4th  Ms.  Rcgt.  under  the  name  of  Robert 
ShurtlefF.  She  was  wounded  in  a  skirmish  at 
Tarry  town  ;  was  present  at  York  town ;  and 
after  the  war  m.  Benjamin  Gannett,  a  farmer 
of  Sharon,  and  received  a  pension.  She  pub. 
"Female  Review"  (12mo,  Dedham,  1797), 
probably  written  by  herself.  A  new  ed.,  with 
introd.  and  notes  by  Rev.  John  A.  Vinton,  was 
pub.  1866. 

Sampson,  Rev.  Ezra,  clergyman  and 
author,  b.  Middleborough,  Ms.,  12  Feb.  1749  ; 
d.  N.  York  City,  12  Dec.  1823.  Y.  C.  1773. 
Settled  at  Plympton,  Ms.,  15  Feb.  1775,  and  of- 
ficiated as  chaplain  in  the  army  at  Cambridge  in 
the  1st  Revol.  campaign;  dismissed  4  Apr.  1796. 
He  settled  at  Hudson  1797,  and  associated 
himself  in  180J-4  with  Rev.  Harry  Croswell  in 
the  editorship  of  the  Balance,  one  of  the  first 
literary  journals  of  the  country.  Pub.  "  Beau- 
ties of  the  Bible,"  1802;  "Historical  Diction- 
ary," "  The  Sham  Patriot  Unmasked,"  1803  ; 
and  "  The  Brief  Rcmarker,"  a  series  of  es- 
says collected  from  the  Hartford  Courant,  and 
pub.  1820,  repub.  in  1835;  also  a  "Sermon 
to  Soldiers,"  1775.  Besides  his  clerical  of- 
fices, he  has  sustained  with  ability  several  judi- 
cial and  scientific  appointments ;  app.  judge  of 
the  Columbia  Co.  Court  in  Apr.  1814.  —  See 
Sampson  Familij,  by  Vinton. 


sajm: 


795 


s^js- 


Sampson,  Francis  S.,  D.D.,  b.  1814;  d. 
1854.  U.  of  Va.  1836.  Orel.  1841.  Prof, 
of  Orient,  languages  in  the  Va.  Theol.  Sem.  in 
1848.  He  was  a  scholar  of  repute,  and  author 
of  a  Cornmentarv  on  the  Hebrews,  1856. 

Sampson,  William,  lawyer  and  author, 
b.  Londonderry,  Ireland,  1763;  d.  at  N.Y. 
Dec.  27,  1836.  Son  of  an  Episcopal  clergy- 
man. One  of  the  "  United  Irishmen,"  and  a 
refugee  from  his  native  land  ;  he  came  to  N.Y. 
in  1807,  and  established  himself  in  the  practice 
of  the  law.  He  pub.  his  Memoirs,  1807;  a 
report  on  a  trial  for  libel,  1807  ;  speech  on  the 
trial  of  James  Cheetham,  1810  ;  trial  of  Jour- 
neymen Cordwainers ;  "  Is  a  Whale  a  Fish  ?  " 
being  a  report,  &c.,  1819;  Discourse  before 
N.Y.  Hist.  Society,  1824  ;  "  Sampson  against 
the  Philistines,"  8vo,  1805;  "Catholic  Ques- 
tion in  America,"  1813.  A  collection  of  his 
miscellaneous  writings  appeared  in  1808. 

Samson,  George  Whitefield,  D.D. 
(Col.  Coll.,  D.C,  1858),  Baptist  divine;  b. 
Harvard,  Ms.,  Sept.  29,  1819.  Brown  U. 
1839;  Newton  Theol.  Inst.  1843.  Pastor  of 
the  4^  St.  Baptist  Church,  Washington,  D.C, 
till  Oct.  1849.;  pres.of  Col.  Coll.,  D.C.,1859-71. 
In  1843  he  pub.  a  series  of  letters  on  Egypt, 
Palestine,  and  Italy,  besides  several  articles  on 
Goshen,  Mt.  Sinai,  &c.,  in  reviews ;  and  in 
1852  a  work  entitled  "  To  Daimonian,"  repub., 
much  enlarged,  in  1860,  under  the  title  of 
"  Spiritualism  Tested  ;  "  "  Elements  of  Art- 
Criticism,"  8vo,  1867  ;  "Outlines  of  the  His- 
tory of  Ethics,"  1860;  "Physical  Media  in 
Spiritual  Manifestations,"  1869.  He  has  also 
written  several  hist,  pamphlets,  and  critical 
essays  on  art. 

Sandeman,  Robert,  originator  of  the 
sect  called  Sandeinanians,  b.  Perth,  Scotland, 
1718;  d.  Danbury,  Ct.,  Apr.  2,  1771.  He 
studied  at  Edinburgh,  and  afterwards  engaged 
in  the  linen-trade.  On  marrying  the  dau.  of 
the  Rev.  John  Glass,  he  became  an  elder  in 
his  congregation  ;  and  soon  after  pub.  a  series 
of  letters  addressed  to  Mr.  Hervey  on  his 
"  Theron  and  Aspasio."  His  views  excited 
much  controversy ;  and  those  who  adopted 
them  formed  themselves  into  church  order,  in 
strict  fellowship  with  the  Church  of  Scotland, 
but  holding  communion  with  no  other.  The 
chief  opinions  and  practices  in  which  this  sect 
differs  from  others  are  their  weekly  adminis- 
tration of  the  Lord's  Supper,  washing  each 
other's  feet,  &c.  In  1 762  he  established  a  socie- 
ty in  London.  In  1764  Sandeman  accepted  an 
invitation  to  New  England;  established  a 
society  at  Boston  in  that  year;  and  settled  in 
Danbury,  Ct.,  in  July,  1765.  His  sect  still 
exists  in  both  countrie".  Author  of  "  Cor- 
respondence with  S.  Pike,"  "  Thoughts  on 
Christianity,"  "The  Sign  of  the  Prophet 
Jonah,"  "  Marriage  opposed  to  all  Impurities," 
"On  Solomon's  Song,"  &c.  The  Sandemani- 
ans  were  mostly  loyalists,  and  gave  the  Whigs 
110  little  trouble. 

Sanders,  Daniel  Clarke,  D.D.  (H.U. 
1799),  Unitarian  clergvman,  b.  Sturbridge, 
Ms.,  May  3,  1768;  d.  Medfield,  Ms.,  Oct.  18, 
1850.  H.U.  1788.  Ho  was  preceptor  of  Cam- 
bridge grammar-school ;  studied  theology ;  was 
ord.  and  settled  at  Vergennes,  Vt.,  June  12, 


1794  ;  was,  at  his  own  request,  dism.  in  1799, 
and  removed  to  Burlington  ;  pres.  of  the  U.  of 
Vt.  from  Oct.  17,  1801,  to  March  24,  1814  ;  pas- 
tor of  the  church  at  Medfield,  Ms.,  from  May 
24,  1815,  to  May  17,  1829.  His  last  public 
discourse  was  delivered  April  30, 1848,  at  Sher- 
burne, and  was  a  eulogy  on  John  Quincy 
Adams.  More  than  30  of  his  discourses  have 
been  pub.  In  1828  he  pub.  a  "  History  of  the 
Indian  Wars,"  12mo,  Member  of  the  Ms. 
Const.  Conv.  of  1820. 

Sanders,  Elizabeth  (Elkins),  of  Salem, 
Ms.  (1762-1851),  m.  Thos.  Sanders  in  1782. 
She  was  a  corresp.  of  eminent  persons,  and 
was  esteemed  for  good  sense  and  benevolence. 
She  pub.  "  Conversations  on  the  Aborigines," 
1828;  "First  Settlers  of  N.E.,"  1829  ;  "Re- 
views," 12mo,  1841.  — Allibone. 

Sanders,  Gen.  William  P.,  b.  Ky. ;  d. 
Knoxviile,  Tenn.,  Nov.  19,  1863.  West  Point, 
1856.  Entering  the  1st  Dragoons,  he  became 
capt.  6th  Cav.  May  14,  1861,  and  took  an  ac- 
tive part  in  the  Peninsular  and  Md.  campaigns; 
col.  5th  Ky.  Vols.  4  Mar.  1863  ;  was  engaged 
in  the  pursuit  of  Morgan's  raiders,  July-Aug. 
1863,  and  performed  valuable  service  in  the 
West;  made  brig.-gen.  18  Oct.  1863,  and  as- 
signed to  the  com.  of  the  1st  div.  of  cav.  in  E. 
Tenn.;  and  engaged  at  Blue  Lick  Springs, 
Lenoir,  and  at  Campbell's  Station,  where  he  was 
mortally  wounded  16  Nov.  1863. 

Sanderson,  John,  author,  b.  Carlisle, 
Pa.,  1783  ;  d.  Phila.  5  Apr.  1844.  In  1806  he 
studied  law  in  Phila.,  and  was  a  teacher  in 
Clermont  Sem.  He  was  a  contrib.  to  the  Port- 
folio and  other  periodicals  ;  and  after  his  re- 
turn from  a  European  visit  in  1835  was  prof, 
of  Greek  and  Latin  in  the  Phila.  High  School. 
With  his  bro.  J.  M.  Sanderson,  he  wrote  the 
"Lives  of  the  Signers  of  theDecl.  of  Indep.," 
9  vols.  8vo,  1825  ;  also  author  of  "  Sketches  of 
Paris,"  1838;  "  Defence  of  Classical  Literature 
as  a  Branch  of  Study  in  Girard  College."  To 
the  Knickerhocker  Alaff.  he  contrib.  some  sketch- 
es of  England. 

Sandford,  Edward,  an  eminent  lawyer 
of  N.  Y.,  b.  Ovid,  N.Y.,  1809 ;  perished  in  the 
steamship  "  Arctic,"  on  the  Atnerican  coast, 
Sept.  27,  1 854.  Losing  his  father  at  the  age  of 
10,  he  was  much  indebted  to  his  bro.  Lewis  H. 
for  the  formation  of  his  character.  After  an 
academical  training,  he  went,  at  the  age  of  1 5 ,  to 
Albany;  became  a  teacher  and  lecturer  in  the 
Reus.  Inst. ;  studied  law ;  began  practice  in 
New  York  in  1 833  ;  and  at  the  age  of  33  was 
app.  judge  of  the  Criminal  Court  in  that  city, 
subsequently  returning  to  the  bar,  at  which 
he  held  high  rank  ;  member  N.Y.  senate  1843. 
Contrib.  to  the  Knickerbocker  and  other  period- 
icals. 

Sandford,  Lewis  H.,  jurist,  b.  Onondaga 
Co.,  N.Y.,  ab.  1806;  d.  Toledo,  0.,  1852,  of 
cholera.  Bro,  of  Edward.  He  acquired  his 
profession  at  Syracuse ;  removed  to  N.Y.  City 
in  1833  ;  was  made  assist,  vice-chancellor  of 
the  first  circuit  in  March,  1843;  vice-chan- 
cellor, 1846  ;  and  was  from  1847  till  his  death 
assoc.  justice  of  the  Superior  Court.  Five 
vols,  have  been  pub.  of  his  "  Reports  of  Cases 
in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  City  of  N.Y. ;  " 
4  vols,  of  N.Y.  Chancer/   Reports,  1843-7; 


SAJsr 


796 


s^is- 


and  also  a  Catalogue  of  the  Library  of  the 
N.Y.  Law  Institute. 

Sands,  Alexander  Hamilton,  counsel- 
lor-at-law,  Richmond,  Va. ;  b.  Williamsburo:, 
Va.,  1828.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  Author  of 
"  History  of  a  Suit  in  Equity,"  1854;  "  Rec- 
reations of  a  Southern  Barrister,"  I860.  He 
edited  the  Quart.  Laio  Rev.  (Richmond),  con- 
trib.  to  periodicals,  and  pub.  some  law-treatises. 
—  AUihone. 

Sands,  Benjamin  F.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Md.  Fob.  11,  1812.  Midsliipm.  Apr.  1,  1828  ; 
lieut.  March  16,  1840;  com.  Sept.  14,  1855; 
capt.  July  16,  1862;  corarao.  July  25,  1866; 
rear-adm.  24  May,  1871 ;  attached  to  coast- 
survey  1836-41  and  1851-8;  at  the  capture  of 
Tabasco,  Mexico,  June  15,  1847;  com.  coast- 
survey  steamer  "Active"  1861-2;  com.  steam- 
sloop  "Dacotah,"  N.  Atl.  block,  squad.,  1863; 
engagement  with  Fort  Caswell,  Feb.  23,  1863; 
com.  steamer  "Fort  Jackson,"  N.  Atl.  block, 
squad.,  1864-5 ;  in  both  attacks  on  Ft.  Fisher; 
on  blockade  of  Wilmington,  most  of  the  time 
senior  officer;  com.  that  division  from  Nov.  1862 
to  Feb.  1865  ;  app.  supt.  Naval  Observatory  8 
May,  1867.  —  Ilamersly, 

Sands,  David,  a  minister  of  the  Friends, 
b.  Long  Island,  Oct.  4, 1745 ;  d.  Cornwall,  N.Y., 
June,  1818.  He  at  first  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits,  but,  embracing  the  Quaker  faith,  mar- 
ried into  that  sect,  and  commenced  his  public 
ministry  in  1772  by  visiting  various  parts  of 
N.E.,  N.Y.,  Phila.,  and  Canada.  From  1794 
until  he  was  60  years  of  age,  he  discharged  his 
mission  in  Europe  among  the  English,  Scotch, 
Irish,  and  also  upon  the  Continent,  particu- 
larly ill  Germany  and  France.  An  account  of 
his  life  was  pub.  1848,  12mo. 

Sands,  Joshua  R.,  rear-admiral  U.S.N.,  b. 
New  York.  Son  of  Joshua,  M.C.  1803-4  and 
1825-7.  Midshipm.  June  18, 1812  ;  lieut.  Apr. 
1,  1818;  com.  Feb.  23,  1840;  capt.  Feb.  25, 
1854;  commo.  (retired  list)  July  16,1862;  rear- 
adm.  July  25,  1866;  served  under  Chauncey, 
on  Lake  Ontario,  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  ac- 
tively engaged  at  the  capture  of  Little  York 
and  Fort  George;  com.  "The  Vixen"  during 
the  Mexican  war,  serving  at  Alvarado,  Tabas- 
co, Vera  Cniz,  Tampico,  and  Tuspan,  and  sent 
home  with  despatches,  trophies,  &c. ;  com. 
sloop-of-war  "Alleghany,"  E.  I.  squad.,  1853; 
sloop  "  Susquehanna,"  Medit.  squad.,  1857-8; 
Brazil  squad.  1860;  light-house  insp.  1862-6. 
— Hamerslij. 

Sands,  Robert  Charles,  essavist  and 
poet,  b.  Flatbush,  L.I.,  May  11,  1799;  d.  Ho- 
boken,  N.  J.,  Dec.  17,  1832.  Col.  Coll.  1815. 
Son  of  Comfort  Sands  (b.  26  Feb.  1748,  d.  Ho- 
boken  22  Sept.  1834),  a  merchant  and  active 
Revol.  patriot,  member  of  the  N.Y.  Const.  Conv. 
of  1777,  and  many  years  a  member  of  the  State 
legisl.  He  studied  law,  and  in  1820  was  adm. 
to  practice,  but,  discouraged  by  his  first  attempt 
as  an  advocate,  he  devoted  himself  exclusively 
to  literature.  When  only  14  years  of  age,  he 
pub.  the  "  Academic  Recreations,"  a  work  of 
300  pages;  in  1817,  with  some  literary  friends, 
he  produced  a  series  of  essays  in  the  Daily  Ad- 
vertiser, entitled  "The  Neologist,"  and  in  1819, 
for  the  Commercial  Advertiser,  a  series  entitled 
"  The  Amphilogist," — productions  remarkable 


for  purity  of  taste ;  in  1 822  he  Avas  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Atlantic  Mag.,  and  afierward  of 
the  N.  Y.  Review.  He  was  one  of  three  joint 
authors  of  "  The  Talisman,"  an  excellent  speci- 
men of  fine  writing  and  professional  execution, 
but  discouraged  for  want  of  patronage.  To  this 
he  contrib.  one  of  his  best  and  longest  poems, 
"  The  Dream  of  the  Princess  Papantzin."  In 
1831  he  pub.  the  "Life  and  Correspondence  of 
Paul  Jones."  From  1827  to  his  death  he  was 
assist,  editor  of  the  A^.  Y.  Comviercial  Adver- 
tiser. Among  his  writings  were  an  "  Hist.  No- 
tice of  Ileniando  Cortes,"  which  was  translated 
into  Spanish;  an  "Essay  on  Dramatic  Litera- 
ture ; "  "  Isaac  a  Type  of  the  Redeemer ;  "  a 
notice  of  Caio  Gracco  of  Monti ;  "  The  Gar- 
den of  Venus ; "  "  Yamoydcn,"  a  tale  of  the 
wars  of  King  Philip ;  a  poem  written  by  him- 
self and  the  Rev.  James  W.  Eastbuni;'"  The 
Simple  Story;"  "Salem  Witchcraft;"  and 
*' Monsieur  Vieille  Cam.''  About  a  week  be- 
fore his  death,  his  last  poem,  entitled  "  The 
Dead  of  1 832,"  was  pub.  in  the  Advertiser.  Af- 
ter his  death,  a  selection  was  made  from  his 
writings  by  Gulian  C.  Verplanck,  pub.  in  2 
vols.,  together  with  a  Momoir  of  his  Life. 

Sanford,  Edward,  poet,  essayist,  and  po- 
litical writer,  son  of  Nathan  (chancellor  of 
N.Y.),b.  N.Y.  City,  1805.  Un.  Coll.  1824.  Al- 
ter studying  law  in  the  ofFico  of  B.  F.  Butler, 
he  edited  a  newspaper  in  Brooklyn;  afterward 
the  N.  Y.  Standard ;  then  the  Times,  and  the 
Washington  Globe,  the  organ  of  the  Van  Bu- 
ren  administration.  Returning  to  N.Y.,  he 
became  assist,  naval  officer,  and  in  1843  was 
elected  to  the  State  senate,  where  he  was  an 
active  political  manager  and  leader.  He  has 
been  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  N.  Y.  Mirror, 
Knicherhorher  Mag.,  and  the  Spirit  qftlie  Times. 
Among  his  poetical  pieces  are  his  quaint  "Ad- 
dress to  Black  Hawk,"  "Address  to  a  Mosqui- 
to," and  "  The  Loves  of  the  Shell-Fishes."  Of 
his  essays,  his  humorous  description  of  a  N.Y. 
celebrity,  "Pot-Pie  Palmer,"  is  a  highly  feli- 
citous specimen.  —  Duyckinck. 

Sanford,  Ezekiel,  b.  Ridgefield,  Ct., 
1796;  d.  Columbia,  S.C,  1822.  Y.C.  1815. 
He  pub.  "  History  of  the  U.S.  before  the  Rev- 
olution," 8vo,  1819;  22  vols,  of  an  expurgat- 
ed edition  of  the  "  British  Poets,"  with  Biog. 
Prefaces ;  and  left  in  MS.  a  satirical  novel, 
"  The  Humors  of  Eutopia."  —  AlUbone. 

Sanford,  Joseph,  pastor  of  the  1st  Presb. 
Church,  Brooklyn,  L.I.,  1823-8,  and  of  the  2d 
Presb.  Church,  Phila.,  from  1828  to  his  d.  Dec. 
1831 ;  b.  Vernon,  Ct.,  1797.  Un.  Coll.  1820; 
Princeton  Theol.  Sem.  1823.  He  pub.  farewell 
sermon,  Brooklyn,  1829.  —  See  Memoirs  of,  by 
Rev.  Rolyert  Bafrd,  1836. 

Sanford,  Nathan,  lawyer  and  senator,  b. 
Bridgehampton,  L.I.,  5  Nov.  1779;  d.  there  17 
Oct.  1838.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  Jan.  1799 ;  U.S. 
com.  of  bankruptcy  for  N.Y.  1802;  U.S.  dist.- 
atty.  N.Y.  1803-16;  speaker  N.Y.  Assembly 
1811;  subsequently  State  senator;  member 
State  Const.  Conv.  1821 ;  chancellor  of  N.Y. 
1823-5;  and  U.S.  senator  1815-21  and  1825-31. 

Sanger,  Ralph,  D.D.  (H.U.  1858),  minis- 
ter of  Dover,  Ms.,  b.  Duxbury,  June  22,  1786; 
d.  Cambridge,  May  6, 1860.  H.U.  1808.  Son 
of  Zedekiah,  ministerofDoxbury  1776-86,  of 


S-A.]S- 


79T 


s^vi^ 


Bridgewater,  Dec.  1788-1820  (b.  Sherburne, 
1748;  d.  Nov.  17,  1820;  H.U.  1771).  Ralph 
studied  divinity;  was  tutor  at  II. U.  in  1811; 
and  was  ord.  at  Dover,  Sept.  16,  1812,  where 
he  continued  nearly  50  years.  He  Avas  a  State 
representative  from  Dover  in  1837,  '45,  '47,  '51, 
and  '54.  His  son  George  Partridge,  b.  Do- 
ver, Ms.,  Nov.  27,  1819  (H.U.  1840),  editor 
of  the  "Amer.  Almanac"  lor  many  years; 
"  U.S.  Statutes  at  Large,"  vols.  11-15 ;  and  of 
the  Law  Reporter,  Boston. 

Sangster,  Charles,  Canadian  poet,  b. 
Kingston,  U.C,  July  16,  1822.  He  had  a 
scanty  education,  and  labored  hard  for  a  sub- 
sistence. In  1849  he  edited  the  Amhersthurg 
Courier,  and  has  since  been  connected  with  the 
press  of  Kingston.  Ho  has  pub.  "The  St. 
Lawrence  and  the  Saguenay,"  and  "  Hespcnis 
and  other  Poems."  —  Morgan. 

San  Martin,  Jose  de,  a  (listing.  South 
Amer.  leader,  b.  on  the  banks  of  the  Parana. 
He  left  the  service  of  Spain  wiih  tlie  rank  of 
capt.  in  1811,  and,  returning  to  his  own  coun- 
try, received  from  the  revol.  govt,  of  Buenos 
Ayres  the  com.  of  a  division,  with  the  rank  of 
col.  A  success  over  a  royalist  detachment  at 
San  Lorenzo  in  1813  procured  him  the  com. 
of  the  Province  of  Tucuman,  which  ill-health 
obliged  him  to  resign  in  1814.  Obtaining,  on 
resuming  active  service,  the  com.  of  the  Prov- 
ince of  Cuyo,  contiguous  to  Chili,  he  planned, 
with  O'Higgins  and  other  Chilian  exiles,  its 
liberation.  Feb.  12,  1817,  they  gained  a  com- 
plete victory  over  the  Spanish  forces  at  Chaca- 
buco.  A  final  victory  over  the  viceroy  of  Peru 
at  Mapu,  April  5,  1818,  achieved  the  deliver- 
ance of  Chili,  of  which  O'Higgins  became 
supreme  director.  He  now  conceived  the  plan 
of  liberating  Peru  itself,  the  only  remaining 
possession  of  Spain  in  South  America.  The 
liberating  army  sailed  from  Valparaiso,  Aug. 
21,  1820,  supported  by  a  squadron  under  Lord 
Cochrane,  and,  being  sustained  by  the  Peru- 
vians, gained  possession  of  the  country ;  in- 
stalled a  revol.   govt,  at  Lima;  and  Aug.  3, 

1821,  declared  San  Martin  protector.  A  con- 
gress was  convened  by  him  at  Lima,  Sept.  20, 

1822,  into  whose  hands  he  immediately  resigned 
all  his  authority,  accepting,  in  return,  only 
the  honorary  titles  of  generalissimo  and  founder 
of  the  liberty  of  Peru,  with  a  pension.  He 
withdrew  from  Peru,  first  to  Chili,  and  after- 
wards to  Europe. 

San  Roman,  Gen.  Miguel,  pros,  of  Pe- 
ru from  1862  to  his  d.  Apr.  1863 ;  b.  1802. 

Santa  Alia,  Antonio  Lopez  de,  pres. 
of  Mexico,  b.  Jalapa,  Feb.  21,  1798.  Having 
expelled  the  royalists  from  Vera  Cruz  in  1821, 
he  com.  there  until  deposed  in  Nov.  1822.  He 
immediately  raised  the  banner  of  the  republic 
in  Vera  Cruz,  and  overthrew  Iturbide.  Pla- 
cing himself  at  the  head  of  the  federalists,  he 
was  defeated,  and  retired  to  his  estate  near 
Jalapa  until  1828;  he  then  sided  with  Guer- 
rero, who  in  1829  app.  him  com.  of  his  army. 
When  in  1S30  Bustamente  attained  the  presi- 
dency, he  espoused  the  cause  of  Pedrazza, 
against  whom  he  had  formerly  supported  Guer- 
rero. He  defeated  the  army  sent  against  him, 
and  Pedrazza  was  pres.  until  1833.  In  March, 
Santa  Aiia  was  chosen  pres.,  but  could  not 


gain  the  confidence  of  the  people.  He  defeated 
Arista  and  D'Arran  in  1833;  in  1835  he  de- 
feated at  Zacatecas  the  reform  party,  and  an- 
nounced himself  dictator.  The  discontented 
flocked  to  Texas,  and  proclaimed  a  govt.  The 
ensuing  war  ended  in  his  capture  at  San  Jacinto 
in  Apr.  1836,  and  the  indep.  of  Texas.  In 
Dec.  1838,  he  lost  a  leg  in  the  defence  of  Vera 
Cruz  against  the  French.  Again  pres.  in  1841, 
a  new  revolution  hurled  him  from  power  in 
1845.  The  war  against  the  U.S.  again  placed 
him  in  power.  Feb.  22,  1846,  he  fought  the 
battle  of  Buena  Vista  with  17,000  men:  Gen. 
Taylor,  his  antagonist,  having  4,000  or  5,000, 
gained  the  victory.  Santa  Ana  was  then  de- 
posed by  the  senate.  Recalled  in  1847,  he  lost 
the  decisive  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo,  but  was 
again  proclaimed  pres.  The  Mexicans  were 
unsuccessful ;  a  treaty  signed  Feb.  22,  1848, 
ceded  the  Territory  of  California  ;  and  Santa 
Ana  exiled  himself  to  Jamaica.  In  1853  he 
contrived  to  subvert  the  power  of  Pres.  Arista, 
and  obtained  his  own  recall.  As  pres.  he  gov- 
erned despotically  for  two  years,  but  in  the 
autumn  of  1855,  foreseeing  danger,  he  suddenly 
resigned,  and  escaped  from  the  country.  Upon 
the  fall  of  Maximilian  his  ambition  revived,  and 
he  landed  June  4,  1867,  at  Vera  Cruz,  expect- 
ing to  inaugurate  a  revolution,  but  was  seized 
and  imprisoned  at  Sisal,  tried  by  court-martial, 
and  sentenced  to  be  shot. 

Santa  Cruz,  Andres,  statesman  and  sol- 
dier, b.  Peru  ab.  1800.  Served  in  the  war  of 
independence  in  1823;  succeeded  Sucre  as 
president  of  Bolivia  in  1829;  was  defeated  at 
Yungai  in  1839,  and  compelled  to  quit  the 
country;  and  in  1849  became  minister  from 
Bolivia  to  London,  Paris,  Rome,  and  Madrid. 

Santana,  Gen.  Pedro,  ex-pres.  of  St. 
Domingo;  d.  there  June  14,  1864.  In  1844 
he  acquired  the  title  of  Liberator  by  securing 
the  intlepcndence  of  the  Dominican  republic 
of  the  Island  of  Hayti ;  pres.  in  1844-9,  he  es- 
tablished the  new  nation  on  a  firm  footing. 
On  the  invasion  by  Soulouque,  the  Haytien 
emperor,  in  1849,  he  was  made  dictator,  and 
defieated  him  in  a  decisive  battle  near  Savanna 
Munero,  Apr.  22.  He  was  again  president  in 
1853-7,  defeating  Soulouque  in  1855  and  1856, 
and  in  Sept.  1857  expelled  his  successor  Baez, 
and  restored  liberal  rule.  In  the  spring  of 
1861  Spain  undertook  to  re-annex  the  republic 
to  its  dominions,  and  Santana  was  bribed  into 
adhesion  with  a  lieut.-generalship  in  the  Span- 
ish army,  a  title  of  nobility,  and  various  deco- 
rations. He  died  hated  by  his  countrymen, 
and  neglected  by  those  to  whom  he  had  sold 
them. 

Santander,  Gen.  Francisco  de  Paula, 
b.  Rosario  de  Cucuta,  New  Granada,  April  2, 
1792  ;  d.  Bogota,  May  6,  1840.  Coll.  of  Bogo- 
ta, 1809.  When  the  revol.  began  in  S.  Amer- 
ica, he  immediately  embarked  in  the  cause  of 
independence.  Rising  by  his  talents  to  the 
grade  of  colonel,  Bolivar,  after  the  victory  of 
Bojaca,  app.  him  vice-pres.  of  Cundinamarca. 
He  contrib.  more  than  any  other  person  to  the 
assembling  of  the  Congress  of  Cucuta,  which 
elected  him  vice-president  of  Colombia.  From 
Dec.  1821  until  Sept.  1827  he  was  the  actual 
head  of  the  executive,  Bolivar  being  engaged 


SAH 


798 


S^R 


in  prosecuting  the  war  in  Quito  and  Peru.  In 
this  position  he  acted  with  prudence,  ability, 
and  success.  Entering  upon  his  second  term 
of  office  in  1827,  Santander  was  from  that  time 
opposed  to  Bolivar,  and  was  regarded  as  his 
personal  enemy,  but  in  fact  was  hostile  only  to 
the  design  of  the  liberator  to  suspend  or  sub- 
vert the  constitution.  Bolivar  succeeded  in 
gaining  absolute  authority  ;  and  Santander  was 
subsequently  charged  with  a  share  in  an  un- 
successful plot  to  kill  the  dictator.  He  was 
banished  from  the  country,  and  during  his  exile 
visited  Eng.,  France,  and'  Germany.  In  1832 
Santander  was  elected  pres.  of  the  republic  of 
New  Granada. 

Sargeant,  Nathaniel  Peaslee,  jurist, 
b.  Methucn,  Nov.  2,  1731;  d.  Haverhill,  Oct, 
1791.  H.U.  1750.  Son  of  Rev.  Christopher 
of  Methuen.  He  engaged  in  the  profession  of 
law ;  Avas  a  decided  partisan  of  liberty,  and  a 
delegate  from  Haverhill,  where  he  then  prac- 
tised law,  to  the  Prov.  Congress  of  1775  ;  was 
in  1776  a  representative  and  judge  of  the  Su- 
perior Court;  and  chief  justice  in  1789. 

Sargent,  Epes,  author  and  journalist,  bro. 
of  John  O.,  b.  Gloucester,  Ms.,  Sept.  27,  1812. 
Descended  from  William,  who  came  to  Glouces- 
ter before  1678.  While  a  school-boy  in  Bos- 
ton, his  father  took  him  on  a  visit  to  Europe. 
Returning  liome,  he  studied  2  or  3  years  at 
H.U.,  and  assisted  S.  G.  Goodrich  in  his  vari- 
ous publications.  He  then  became  connected 
with  the  Boston  Dally  Advertiser,  afterward  with 
the  Boston  Atlas,  and  in  1839  with  the  N.  Y. 
Mirror.  He  afterward  resided  at  Roxbury, 
edited  the  Boston  Transcript  for  a  few  years, 
and  has  since  prepared  a  series  of  popular 
school-books,  including  Speakers  and  Read- 
ers. He  has  written  "  The  Bride  of  Genoa," 
a  five-act  play,  1836;  "Velasco,"  a  trage- 
dy, 1837;  "Change  makes  Change,''  a 
comedy;  and  "The  Priestess,"  a  tragedy; 
"Life  of  Henry  Clay,"  1840;  "Songs  of  the 
Sea,  and  other  Poems,"  1847;  "Arctic  Ad- 
ventures by  Sea  and  Land,"  1857;  a  volume 
of  "Original  Dialogues"  for  schools,  1860; 
"  Planchettc,"  a  work  on  Spiritualism,  1869; 
and  "  The  Woman  who  Dared,"  a  poem,  1869. 
He  edited  the  "Modem  Standard  Drama;" 
two  stories  for  the  young,  entitled  "Wealth 
and  Worth,"  and  "  What's  to  be  Done  ?  "  &c. ; 
has  written  Lives  of  several  English  poets  pre- 
fixed to  editions  of  their  writings;  has  also 
contrib.  frequently  to  magazines,  and  pub. 
several  unacknowledged  novels.  His  "  Stand- 
ard Speaker,"  1852,  has  passed  through  many 
large  editions.  He  also  edited  a  "Life  of 
Franklin,"  and  is  known  as  a  lecturer. 

Sargent,  Col.  Hexry,  painter,  b.  Glouces- 
ter, Ms.,  25  Nov.  1770;  d.  Boston,  21  Feb. 
1845.  A.M.  of  H.U.  1826.  Son  of  Daniel, 
a  merc;hant  of  Boston,  and  bro.  of  Lucius  M. 
Educated  at  Dummer  Acad.,  and,  showing  in 
early  life  a  taste  for  art,  was  sent  abroad,  and 
was  for  many  years  a  pupil  of  Sir  Benj.  West 
in  London.  Returning  home,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  his  profession,  and  produced  "  The  Din- 
ncr-Party,^'  perhaps  his  best  work ;  "  Christ's 
Entrance  into  Jerusalem; "  and  "  The  Landing 
of  the  Pilgrims,"  which  he  gave  to  the  Plym- 
outh Soe.    Adj.-gen.  of  Ms.  in  1814,  and  sub- 


sequently aide  to  Govs.  Brooks  and  Strong. 
Col.  S.  invented  an  elevated  railway,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

Sargent,  John  Osborne,  journalist  and 
lawyer,  bro.  of  Epes,  and  a  kinsman  of  L.  M., 
b.  Gloucester,  Ms.,  1810.  H.U.  1830,  and  es- 
tablished there  the  Collegian.  He  studied  law 
in  Boston ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar;  and  in  1834-7 
was  connected  with  the  Boston  Atlas.  He  was 
a  representative  in  the  Ms.  legisl.  in  1835-6, 
and  in  1837  became  an  assoc.  editor  of  the 
N.  Y.  Courier  and  Enquirer,  which  he  left  after 
the  election  of  pres.  Harrison.  He  then  prac- 
tised law  in  N.Y.  till  1848,  when  he  took  charge 
of  the  Battery,  a  campaign  paper  at  Wat-hing- 
ton,  advocating  Gren.  Taylor's  election  to  the 
presidency.  He  afterward  founded  at  Wash- 
ington the  Republic,  newspaper,  with  A.  C. 
Bullitt,  in  which  he  supported  the  compromise 
measures.  He  conducted  this  paper  on  the 
principle  of  hostility  to  both  the  abolition  and 
secession  parties,  until  it  was  discontinued  at 
the  close  of  Fillmore's  administration.  He  has 
since  practised  law  in  Washington  and  New 
York,  where  he  now  resides.  In  1844  he  pub. 
a  pamphlet  (reprinted  in  Eng.,  and  translated 
into  various  languages)  on  improvements  in 
naval  warfare,  with  a  biog.  sketch  of  Capt. 
Ericsson,  and  a  notice  of  his  inventions.  He 
was  a  contrib.  to  "The  Token;"  assisted  S.  G. 
Goodrich  in  several  of  the  Peter  Parley  books ; 
and  has  pub.  translations  from  the  German, 
and  several  legal  and  political  pamphlets. 

Sargent,  Lucius  Manlius,  author,  b.  Bos- 
ton 25  June,  1 786 ;  d.  W.  Roxburv,  Ms.,  2  June, 
1867.  Grandson  of  Col.  Epes  (1690-1762)  and 
son  of  Daniel  Sargent.  Though  not  grad.  in 
course,  he  received  an  hon .  degree  in  1 842  ( H.  U. ) . 
He  studied  law  under  Samuel  Dexter,  but  never 
practised.  A  fine  classical  scholar,  he  in  early 
life  edited  and  transl.  some  minor  Latin  poems. 
In  1813  he  pub.  "  Hubert  and  Ellen,  with  other 
Poems."  His  labors  as  a  writer  in  the  cause 
of  temperance  extended  over  30  years.  One 
of  his  tales  passed  through  130  editions,  and 
was  repub.  in  many  languages.  Upon  this 
theme  he  was  also  a  powerful  and  effective 
lecturer.  He  contrib.  a  scries  of  satirical  and 
antiquarian  sketches,  entitled  "  Dealings  Avith 
the  Dead,  by  a  Sexton  of  the  Old  School" 
(repxib.in  a  vol.  1856),  to  the  Boston  Transcript, 
to  which  he  was  long  a  contrib.  under  the  signa- 
ture of  "  Sigma."  His  writings  were  character- 
ized by  honesty  of  opinions,  and  boldness  and 
vigor  of  style.  Some  of  the  ablest  papers  on 
the  cooly  trade  were  Avritten  by  him,  and  were 
afterwards  repub.,  without  his  knowledge,  by 
reformers  in  England.  He  was  generous  with- 
out ostentation,  and  kind-hearted.  His  "  Tem- 
perance Tales  "  were  coll.  and  pub.  in  3  vols. 
Author  of  "  Life  of  Samuel  Dexter,"  1 858.  By 
his  wife  Mary,  sister  of  Hon.  Horace  Binncy  of 
Phila.,  he  had  Mary,  Horace  B.,  and  Manlius. 
By  his  second  wife,  Sarah  Cutter  Dunn,  he  had 
L.  M.,  jun.,  an  accomplished  surgeon  and  caval- 
ry-ofhcer.  His  son  Horace  Binney  Sargent 
(b.  30  June,  1821;  H.U.  1843)  studied  law, 
com.  1st  Mass.  cavalry,  and  was  brev.  brig-gen. 
21  Mar.  1864.  —  See  Reminiscences  of,  with  gene- 
alogies by  J.  H.  Sheppard. 

Sargent,  Lucius  Manltus,  Jun.,  M.D., 


S^^JR 


799 


SAJU 


son  of  L.  M.,  b.  Boston,  Sept.  15, 1826  ;  killed 
near  Bellcficld,  Va.,  Dec.  9,  1864.  H.U.  1848. 
He  took  his  degree  at  the  Harvard  Med.  School 
in  1857;  and  was  some  time  house-surgeon  at 
the  Ms.  Gen.  Hospital,  and  also  dispensary 
physician.  Com.  surgeon,  2d  Ms.  Vols.,  May 
28,  1861;  capt.  1st  Ms.  Cav.  Oct.  31,  1861; 
maj.  Jan.  2,  1864;  licut.-col.  Sept.  30,  1864.  — 
Harv.  Memorial  Biographies. 

Sargent,  Col.  Paul  Dudley,  Kevol. 
officer,  b.  Gloucester,  Ms.,  1 745 ;  d.  Sullivan, 
Me.,  15  Sept.  1828.  Son  of  Col.  Epes.  He 
com.  a  regt.  at  the  siege  of  Boston ;  was  wound- 
ed at  Bunker's  Hill;  com.  a  brigade  in  the 
summer  of  1776;  fought  at  Harlem,  White 
Plains,  Trenton,  and  Princeton ;  and,  after  the 
war,  was  for  many  years  judge  of  C.C.P.  for 
Hancock  Co.,  Maine. 

Sargent,  Winthrop,  soldier  and  states- 
man, b.  Gloucester,  Ms.,  1  May,  1753;  d.  on 
a  voyage  from  Natchez  to  Phila".  3  June,  1820. 
H.U.  1771.  Grandson  of  Col.  Epes,  and  cou- 
sin of  L.  M.  In  1775  he  was  capt.  of  one 
of  his  father's  ships.  He  entered  the  army 
7  July,  1775.  App.  navy  agent  at  Gloucester 
1  Jan.  1776;  capt.-lieut.  of  Knox's  regt.  of 
art.  16  Mar.  1776,  serving  in  that  line  with 
great  reputation  through  the  Avar,  and  taking 
part  in  the  siege  of  Boston,  battles  of  Long 
Island,  White  Plains,  Trenton,  Princeton, 
Brandy  wine,  Germantown,  Monmouth,  &c., 
and  attaining  the  rank  of  major.  Becoming 
connected  with  the  Ohio  Co.,  he  was  in  1786 
app.  by  Congress  sui-veyor  of  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
its  sec.  in  1787,  and  Avas  its  gov.  in  1798-1801; 
adj. -gen.  of  St.  Clair's  army  in  the  unfortu- 
nate exped.  against  the  Indians  in  1791,  and 
wounded ;  adj.-gcn.  and  insp.  in  Wayne's  cam- 
paign in  1794-5 ;  member  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts 
and  Sciences  and  of  the  Philos.  See.  He  pub. 
"Boston,  a  Poem,"  1803. 

Sargent,  Winthrop,  author,  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  b.  Phila.  Sept.  23,  1825;  d. 
Paris,  18  May,  1870.  U.  of  Pa.  1845  ;  Camb. 
Law  School,  1847.  He  Avi'ote  an  Introd.  Me- 
moir prelixed  to  the  Journals  of  Officers  en- 
gaged in  Braddock's  exped.,  printed  by  the 
Pa.  Hist.  Soc.  in  1855  from  the  original  MSS. 
in  the  British  Museum ;  subsequently  pub.  as  a 
"  Hist,  of  an  Exped.  against  Port  I)uquesne," 
&c.,  8vo.  Also  pub.  a  valuable  "  Life  of 
Andre,"  Boston,  1861;  "Loyalist  Poetry  of 
the  Revol.,"  1857  ;  a  supplementary  volume  in 
1860,  "The Loyal  Verses  of  Joseph  Stansbury 
and  Doctor  Jonathan  Odell ;  "  and  a  "  Jour- 
nal of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  Cincinnati 
in  1784,"  1858,  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Hist.  Soc. 
of  Pa.,  vol.  vi.,  and  Letters  of  John  Andrews, 
Esq.,  1772-6,  8vo,  1866.  He  resided  in  New 
York,  and  practised  law.  Contrib.  to  varioxis 
periodicals,  especially  the  N.  A.  Rrvino. 

Sarmiento,  Don  Domingo  Faustino, 
LL.D.,  pres.  Argentine  Confed.  1868-72,  b. 
San  Juan  1811.  First  disting.  in  opposition  to 
Rosas,  and  was  in  consequence  exiled  to  Chili ; 
returning  in  1836,  he  founded  a  school  for 
young  ladies,  and  edited  a  journal,  La  Yon  da ; 
and  again  exiled  by  Rosas.  Entering  the 
Chilian  service,  he  was  sent  on  a  special  educa- 
tional mission  to  Europe ;  returning  to  Buenos 
Ayres  in  1851,  he  com.  a  regt.  in  the  battle  of 


Monto-Caseros  which  decided  the  fate  of  Rosas, 
and  established  the  Arg.  Confed.  He  assisted 
in  framing  the  const,  of  1853  ;  and  was  minis- 
ter of  instruction  under  Urquiza ;  minister  of 
the  interior  under  Derqui ;  afterward  gov.  of 
San  Juan  ;  minister  to  the  U.S.  1862-5  ;  and 
afterward  gov.  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Author  of 
"  Life  in  the  Arg.  Repub.,"  transl.  with  biog. 
sketch  by  Mrs.  Hor.  Mann,  8vo,  1868. 

Sartain,  John,  b.  Lond.  1808;  emig.  to 
Phila.  in  1830.  The  first  to  introduce  mezzo- 
tinto  engraving  in  America ;  formerly  a  painter 
in  oils,  and  some  time  proprietor  and  editor  of 
the  [Inion  Magazine.  He  pub.  "  Poetical  and 
Prose  Illustrations  of  Celebrated  American 
Painters,"  1852.  Among  his  works  is  the 
granite  monument  in  Monument  Cemetery, 
near  Phila. 

Sartwell,  Henry  Parker,  M.D.  (St. 
Mary's  Coll.  Bait.),  Ph.  D.  (Ham.  Coll.  1864), 
botanist,  b.  Pittsfield,  Ms.,  Apr.  18,  1792;  d. 
Penn  Yan,  N.Y.,  Nov.  15,  1867.  He  began  to 
practise  medicine  in  1811 ;  served  <as  surgeon  in 
the  army  in  the  war  of  1812 ;  and  in  1 821  set- 
tled in  Bethel,  Ontario  Co.,  N.Y.,  and  began 
the  study  of  botanv,  removing  to  Penn  Yan  in 
1832.  Ab.  1846  he  gave  his  whole  time  to  the 
study  of  the  genus  carex ;  and  in  1848  pub. 
in  2  vols.  "  Curiccs  Americamie,  Septentrionalis 
Exsiccatce."  "  Part  Third  "  of  this  work,  to  in- 
clude 50  new  species,  was  begun,  and  over  40 
species  collected  for  it,  Avhen  he  died.  His  herba- 
rium, the  labor  of  40  years,  containing  about 
8,000  species,  is  now  in  Ham.  Coll.,  Clinton, 
N.  Y.  For  40  years  Dr.  S.  kept  records  of  the 
weather,  which  were  pub.  at  home,  and  sent  to 
the  Smithsonian  Inst.  He  was  a  member  of 
several  scientific  bodies. 

Sasnett,  William  J.,  D.D.,  clei-gyman 
and  author,  b.  Hancock  Co.,  Ga.,  Apr.  29,"!  820. 
Oglethorpe  U.  1839.  He  studied  law;  and 
afterward  joined  the  Ala.  Conf ,  in  Avhich  he  be- 
came an  itinerant.  Chosen  prof  of  English 
lit.  in  Emory  Coll.,  Ga.,  in  1849  ;  pres.  of  La 
Grange  Female  Coll.  in  1858;  and  in  1859  of 
the  East  Ala.  Male  College,  Auburn.  He  pub. 
a  work  on  "Progress,"  1855;  and  a  vol.  of 
"Discussions  in  Literature  and  Religion," 
1850. — Applefon. 

Saunders,  Frederic,  b.  London,  1807  ; 
established  him.self  as  a  publislier  in  NY.  in 
1836;  assist,  librarian  Astor  Lib.  since  1859. 
He  has  pub.  "  Memories  of  the  Great  Metropo- 
lis," 1852  ;  "  New  York  in  a  Nutshell,"  1853  ; 
"  Salad  for  the  Solitary,"  1854  ;  "  Salad  for  the 
Social,"  1856;  "Pearls  of  Thought,"  1858; 
"Mosaics,"  1859;  "Festival  of  Song,"  1865; 
"About  Women,  Love,  and  Marriage,"  1868. 
Contrib.  to  the  Democ.  Rev.,  N.  Y.  Quarterly, 
Knickerbocker,  &c.  —  Allibone. 

Saunders,  John,  jurist  and  lovalist,  b. 
Va.  1754  ;  d.  Frederickton,  N.B.,  1834.  His 
grandfather  emig.  to  Va.,  and  acquired  large 
landed  estates.  He  was  liberally  educated,  and 
studied  law;  but  in  1776  raised  a  troop  of 
horse  at  his  own  ex[)ense,  and  joined  the  royal 
standard.  Afterwards  capt.  of  cavalry  in  the 
Queen's  Rangers,  he  served  during  the  war; 
was  often  engaged,  and  was  twice  wounded. 
At  the  peace  he  went  to  Eng. ;  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Middle  Temple,  and  commenced  the 


S-A.XJ 


800 


SATV 


practice  of  the  law  ;  in  1790  he  became  judge 
of  the  Sup.  Court  of  N.B. ;  was  soon  after- 
wards app.  a  member  of  the  council ;  and  in 
1822  chief  justice.  His  only  son,  John  Sim- 
COE,  held  the  offices  of  adj. -gen.,  justice  of  a 
court  of  judicature,  member  of  the  council, 
and  sec.  of  N.B.  —  Sabine. 

Saunders,  Prince,  atty.-gen.  of  the  re- 
public of  Hayti,  and  the  author  of  the  criminal 
code  of  that  country,  h.  Thetford,  Vt.,  ab.  1775  ; 
d.  Hayti,  Feb.  12,  1839.  Pie  was  a  black  man, 
of  excellent  education,  and  extraordinary  ca- 
pacity. About  1806  he  was  employed  to  teach 
a  free  colored  school  at  Colchester,  Ct.,  and 
afterwards  in  Boston.  Emig.  to  Hayti  in  1807, 
he  was  at  once  employed  by  Christophe  to  im- 
prove the  state  of  education  there,  and,  visit- 
ing Eng.  with  that  object,  was  received  into 
the  society  of  the  nobility,  and  was  the  guest 
of  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  pres.  of  the  Roy.  Society. 
The  result  of  his  mission  not  being  satisfactory 
to  the  king,  he  left  Hayti,  and  returned  to  the 
U.S.,  where  he  studied  divinity,  and  was  settled 
over  a  religious  society  in  Phila.  Returning 
to  Hayti  after  a  few  years,  he  was  actively  em- 
ployed in  the  public  service  until  his  death.  He 
pub.  "Haytien  Papers;"  "Memoir  on  Slave- 
ry," 8vo ;  "Address  on  Education,"  1818; 
"  Documents  relative  to  Hayti,"  8vo,  1816. 

Saunders,  Romulus  M.,  lawyer  and 
statesman,  b.  Caswell  Co.,  N.C.,  Mar.  1791  ; 
d.  Raleigh,  21  Apr.  1867.  He  was  educated 
at  an  academy,  and  spent  two  years  in  the  U. 
of  N.C.  Adm.  to  practise  law  in  Tenn.  in 
1812  ;  returned  to  N.C. ;  was  in  the  house  of 
commons  in  1815-20,  two  years  as  speaker; 
was  M.C.  in  1821-7  and  in  1841-5;  was  atty.- 
gen.  of  the  State  in  1828  ;  in  1833  was  pres. 
of  the  board  of  commiss.  to  settle  the  claims 
of  American  citizens  under  the  treaty  of  July 
4,  1831,  with  France;  in  1835  was  elected  a 
jiidge  of  the  Supreme  Court ;  in  1846-50  was 
minister  to  Spain  ;  and  on  his  return  was  again 
elected  to  the  legisl.  of  N.C. 

Savage,  Charles  C,  b.  Middletown,  Ct., 
1820.  Engaged  in  the  stereotyping  business, 
N.  Y.  Has  pub.  "  Illustrated  Biographv,"  8vo, 
1852  ;  "The  World,"  8vo,  18.53.  Contrib.  to 
Amer.  Arjricultunst,  N.Y.  Evangelist,  &c. — 
Allibone. 

Savage,  Edward,  port.-painter,  b.  Prince- 
ton, Ms.,  1761  ;  d.  there  July,  1817.  At  first 
a  goldsmith.  He  studied  a  while  under  West 
at  London,  and  then  in  Italy.  In  1792,  before 
he  went  abroad,  he  painted  the  Washington 
family,  and,  finding  no  engraver,  engraved  the 
picture  himself.  He  was  a  man  of  talent,  but 
too  versatile  to  attain  eminence  as  a  painter. 
He  founded  a  museum  in  N.Y.,  and  brought  it 
to  Boston,  where  it  made  part  of  the  old  New- 
Eng.  Miiseum.  He  was  engaged  on  portraits 
in  N.Y.  in  1789.  He  painted  a  profile  portrait 
of  Washington  on  wood  while  in  Phila.,  dur- 
ing the  presidency  of  the  latter. 

Savage,  James,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1841),  an- 
tiquary and  genealogist,  b.  Boston,  July  13 
1784.  H.U.  1803.  Descended  from  Thomas, 
one  of  the  early  settlers  of  N.E.  He  studied 
law;  commenced  practice  in  1807,  and  was 
subsequently  a  representative  and  senator  in 
the  General  Court,  a  councillor,  and  a  dele- 


gate to  the  State  Const.  Conv.  of  1820.  He 
has  also  been  in  the  city  govt,  as  a  common- 
councilman  and  an  alderman,  as  well  as  one 
of  the  school  com.  Contrib.  to  the  Monthly 
Anthologi/  and  the  N.  A.  Review;  delivered  the 
4th-of-Juiy  oration  in  Boston  in  1811  ;  edited 
Winthrop's  "  History  of  N.  Eng.,"  2  vols. ;  pub. 
in  4  vols.  8vo,  1860-2,  "  A  Geneal.  Diet,  of  the 
First  Settlers  of  N.  England,"  a  work  of  great 
merit  and  research  ;  and  in  the  N.  E.  Magazine 
(1832)  a  "History  of  the  Adoption  of  the 
Federal  Constitution."  Mr.  Savage  was  more 
than  20  years  sec.  or  treasurer  of  the  first 
savings-bank  in  Boston;  19  years  treasurer 
of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc,  of  which  he  has  also  been 
pres.,  and  several  vols,  of  whose  Collections  he 
has  edited ;  is  a  member  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of 
Arts  and  Sciences. 

Savage,  John,  LL.D.  (Un.  Coll.  1829), 
jurist,  b.  1779;  d.  Utica,  N.Y.,  19  Oct.  1863. 
Un.  Coll.  1799.  Member  N.Y.  Assembly  1814; 
M.C.  1815-19;  afterward  dist.-atty. ;  State 
comptroller;  14  years  chief  justice  Supreme 
Court,  anfl  U.S.  treas.  for  New  York. 

Savage,  John,  editor  and  poet,  b.  Dublin, 
Dec.  13,  1828.  He  was  disting.  at  the  art 
school  of  the  Roy.  Dublin  Society.  Imbued 
with  the  revol.  spirit  of  1848,  he  became  active 
in  the  clubs;  started  2  revol. journals,  and  led 
the  armed  peasants  of  Portlaw,  Rathgormuk, 
and  the  Carmeragh  Mountains.  When  the  cause 
was  lost,  he  escaped  to  N.Y. ;  was  proof-reader 
for  the  Tribune;  pub.  in  1850  "Lays  of  the 
Fatherland;"  in  1850-3  wrote  for  the  Whig 
Review  and  the  Denioc.  Review;  was  literary 
editor  of  the  Citizen  in  18.54  ;  pub.  in  1856  "  '98 
and  '48,  the  Modern  Revol.  History  and  Lit. 
of  Ireland ;  "  "  Waiting  for  a  Wife,"  a  comedy, 
1859  ;  "  Sybil,"  a  tragedy,  1858.  In  1857-61 
he  was  connected  with  the  States,  Douglas's 
organ  at  Washington,  and  wrote  "  Under  the 
Rose,"  a  comedy,  and  "  Our  Living  Represen- 
tative Men."  When  the  Rebellion  broke  out, 
he  wrote  the  popular  lyrics,  "  The  Starry  Flag  " 
and  "  The  Muster  of  the  North,"  and  was 
active  in  organizing  the  "  Irish  Brigade"  and 
"  Irish  Legion."  "  Faith  and  Fancy,"  a  col- 
lection of  his  poems,  appeared  in  December, 
1863;  in  1864  he  connected  himself  with  the 
N.  Orleans  Daily  Times;  pub.  a  campaign 
Life  of  Andrew  Johnson  in  1864,  extended 
into  a  "Life  and  Public  Services  "  in  1865; 
"Fenian  Heroes  and  Martyrs,"  1868;  collec- 
tive edition  of  his  poems,  1867.  — DuycUnck. 

Savage,  John  a.,  D.D.,  pres.  of  Carroll 
Coll.,  Wis.,  and  over  23  years  pastor  of  the 
Presb.  church,  Ogdensburg,  N.Y. ;  d.  Wauke- 
sha, Wis.,  1 3  Dec.  1 864,  a.  64.     Un.  Coll.  1 822. 

Savage,  John  H.,  lawver,  and  M.C.  1849- 
53  and  1855-9,  b.  Warren  Co.,  Tenn.  He 
served  as  a  private  soldier  during  a  campaign 
in  Fla. ;  afterwards  studied  law,  and  in  1837 
commenced  practice  at  Smithville,  Tenn. ; 
atty.-gen.  4th  dist.  in  1841-7  ;  major  of  the 
14th  U.S.  Inf.  in  Mexican  war;  was  present 
at  the  battles  of  Contreras,  Churubusco,  and 
Molino  del  Rey,  and  was  wounded  at  Chapul- 
tepec.  Promoted  to  be  lieut.-col.,  he  com.  the 
regt.  after  the  death  of  Col.  Graham. 

Savage,  Samuel  Phillips  ;  d.  Weston, 
Ms.,  Dec.  1797,  a.  79.     Merchant  of  Boston, 


S^TV 


801 


S^Y 


ami  a  selectman  ;  pres.  of  the  Ms.  board  of 
war  during  the  Rcvol.,  and  afterward  judge 
C.C.P.,  Middlesex  Co.  His  son  Maj.  Joseph, 
an  officer  of  art.  in  the  Revol.,  d.  Brunswick, 
Me.,  15  Jan.  1814,  a  58. 

Sawyer, Frederic  William, b.  Saco,Me., 
22  Apr.  1810.  Removed  to  Boston  in  1838, 
where,  since  1840,  he  has  practised  law.  Ori- 
ginator of  the  Pawners'  Bank  of  Boston. 
Author  of  "  The  Merchant's  and  Shipmaster's 
Guide,"  1840;  "  Plea  for  Amusements,"  1847  ; 
"Hits  at  American  Whims,"  &c.,  1860,  origi- 
nally pub.,  under  the  signatures  of  "  Carl "  and 
•'  Canty  Carl,"  in  the  Transcript,  to  which  since 
1847  he  has  contributed.  —  Allibone. 

Sawyer, Horace BucKLiN,capt.  U.  S.N,, 
b.  Burlington,  Vt.,  Feb.  22,  1797;  d.  Wash- 
ington, Feb.  14,  1860.  Midshipm.  June  4, 
1812  ;  lieut.  Apr.  1,  1818  ;  com.  Dec.  9,  1839  ; 
capt.  Apr.  12,  1853.  He  was  in  "The  Con- 
stitution "  when  she  took  the  British  ships 
'•  Cyane  "  and  "  Levant,"  Feb.  20,  1815  ;  lieut. 
of  the  brig  "  Spark"  in  the  W.  I.,  destroying 
piracy  in  those  waters  ;  and  afterward  in  "The 
Warren,"  engaged  in  the  same  service,  in  the 
Mediterranean.  Received  a  sword  from  the 
legisl.  of  Vt.  in  1856  for  services  in  the  war 
of  1812.  —  Vl  Quart.  Gazetteer. 

Sawyer,  Rev.  John,  D.D.  (D.C.  1857), 
b.  Hebron,  Ct.,  Oct.  9,  1755  ;  d.  Bangor,  Me., 
Oct.  14,  1858.  Dartm.  Coll.  1785.  He  was  a 
soldier  at  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne.  Ord. 
pastor  of  the  Cong.  Ch.  at  Orford,  N.H.,  0(jt. 
2,  1787;  dism.  Dec.  17,  1795;  at  Boothbay, 
Me.,  from  Oct.  1798  to  1808;  and  was  afteV- 
ward  more  than  40  years  a  missionary  in  Me. 
In  June,  1857,  he  addressed  a  large  audience 
at  the  Gen.  Conf.  in  Bath,  Me.,  for  nearly  an 
hour,  being  in  his  I02d  year. 

Sawyer,  Leicester  Ambrose,  b.  Pinck- 
ney,  N.Y.  Ham.  Coll.  1828.  Ord.  Presb. 
pastor  1831.  Some  time  pres.  of  Central  Coll., 
Ohio ;  and  became  in  1854  pastor  of  the  Cong. 
Ch.,  Westmoreland,  N.  J.  He  has  pub.  "  Ele- 
ments of  Biblical  Interpretation,"  1836 ; 
"Mental  Philos.,"  1839;  "Moral  Philos.," 
1845  ;  "  Organic  Christianity,"  1854.  In  1858 
he  pub.  a  new  transl.  of  the  New  Testament, 
and  in  18G0  vol.  i.  of  the  Old  Testament; 
"Biblical  Science  Improved,"  1862. — Alli- 
bone. 

Sawyer,  Thomas  Jefferson,  D.D. 
(H.U.),  clergyman,  b.  Reading,  Vt,,  Jan.  9, 
1804.  Mid.  Coll,  1829.  In  1830  took  charge 
of  a  Univ.  society  in  New  York;  in  1845  be- 
came principal  of  the  Clinton  Liberal  Inst., 
Oneida  Co.,  N.Y,,  and  also  taught  classes  in 
theology.  He  resumed  his  former  charge  in 
N.Y.  in  1852,  and  soon  after  held  a  public  de- 
bate with  Rev.  Isaac  Westcott,  a  Baptist  cler- 
gyman, which  was  pub.  with  the  title,  "Dis- 
cussion of  the  Doctrine  of  Universal  Salva- 
tion," 1854.  In  1861  he  retired  to  a  farm  at 
Clinton  ;  and  was  instrumental  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  Tufts  College,  in  which  he  has 
since  1869  held  the  chair  of  theology.  He  also 
aided  in  founding  the  theol.  school  at  Canton, 
N.Y,  His  wife  Caroline  M,  (Fisher),  au- 
thoress, b.  Newton,  Ms.,  Dec.  8,  1812,  now 
edits  the  Ladies'  llepositorij,  and  has  pub.  trans- 
lations in  verse  and  prose  from  the  German. 
61 


Saxe,  John  Godfrey,  LL,D.,   wit  and 

poet,  b,  Highgate,  Vt.,  June  2,  1816.  Mid. 
Coll.  1839.  He  was  a  practitioner  of  law  in  his 
native  State  from  1843  to  March,  1850,  when 
he  removed  to  Burlington,  where  for  5  years  he 
conducted  the  *Se?2^meZ  newspaper ;  in  1851  he 
was  State-atty.  He  has  since  devoted  himself 
wholly  to  literature  and  lecturing.  Now 
(1872)  a  resident  of  Albany,  and  ed.  of  the 
Evening  Journal.  In  1849  he  pub.  a  vol,  of 
poems,  including  "  Progress,  a  Satire,"  origi- 
nally delivered  at  a  college  commencement; 
and  a  number  of  shorter  pieces,  many  of 
which  originally  appeared  in  the  Knickerbocker 
Mag.  The  enlarged  edition  of  1852  includes 
"  The  Times,"  a  poem  delivered  before  the 
Boston  Mercantile-Library  Assoc,  He  is  fre- 
quently the  poet  of  college  and  other  anniver- 
saries. In  the  summer  of  1855  he  pronounced 
a  brilliant  poem  on  literature  and  the  times 
at  the  second  anniversary  of  the  N.  Y,  Free 
Academy.  "The  Money  King  and  Other 
Poems  "  appeared  in  1859  ;  "  Clever  Stories  of 
Many  Nations,"  1863;  "Poetical  Works," 
cabinet  edition,  1864;  "Masquerade,"  1866, 
Saxe -Weimar,  Karl  Bernhard,  duke 

of,  b.  Weimar  1792  ;  d.  31  July,  1862,  Author 
of  "  Travels  through  N, A.  1 825-6,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
1828;  and  Summary  of  the  Campaign  in  Java 
in  1811.  He  served  in  the  principal  campaigns 
of  1806-15  against  the  French,  and  was  made 
lieut.-gen.  in  1831. 

Saxton,  RuFUS,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Deerfield,  Ms.,  Oct.  19, 1824.  West  Point, 
1849.  He  worked  on  a  farm  until  he  was  20; 
entered  the  3d  Art.,  and  became  1st  lieut.  in  ' 
1855.  In  1853-4  he  led  a  surveying-party 
across  the  Rocky  Mountains;  in  1855-9  was 
employed  on  the  coast-survey,  and  made  im- 
provements in  instruments  for  deep-sea  sound- 
ings, one  of  which,  a  self-registering  thermom- 
eter, bears  his  name;  in  1859  he  became  an 
instructor  of  West  Point.  At  the  breaking- 
out  of  the  civil  war,  he  was  at  St.  Louis  under 
Capt.  Lyon,  acting  as  quarterm.  { rank  of  capt. ) ; 
and  was  f)rominent  in  breaking  up  "  Camp 
Jackson;  "joining  Gen,  McClellan  in  Western 
Va.,  he  afterward  accorap.  Gen.  Sherman  to 
Port  Royal  as  quarterm,;  and  April  15,  1862, 
was  made  brig.-gen.  vols.  For  a  short  time 
after  the  retreat  of  Gen.  Banks  from  the  Shen- 
andoah, Gen.  Saxton  com.  at  Har])er's  Ferry. 
Military  gov.  of  the  dept.  of  the  South  in 
1862-5;  quarterm.  (rank  of  maj.)  July  29, 
1866;  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865, 

Say,  Thomas,  naturalist,  b.  Phila,  July 
27,  1787;  d.  New  Harmony,  Ind.,  Oct.  10, 
1834,  Early  abandoning  mercantile  pursuits, 
in  which  he  had  been  engaged  unsuccessfully, 
ho  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  natural 
history;  was  in  1812  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Acad,  of  Nat.  Sciences  of  Phila. ;  and  be- 
came one  of  the  leading  contributors  to  its 
journal.  In  1818  Say  joined  Messrs.  Maclure, 
Ord,  and  Pcale  in  a  scientific  exploration  of 
the  islands  and  coast  of  Ga. ;  in  1819-20  he  was 
chief  zoologist  in  the  exped.  of  Major  Long  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains;  and  in  that  of  1823  to 
the  sources  of  St.  Peter's  River;  in  1825  he  re- 
moved to  New  Harmony,  where  he  spent  the 
rest  of  his  life.     His  principal  work,  "  Ameri- 


SASY 


802 


sen 


can  Entomology,"  was  pub.  Phila.,3  vols.,  1824- 
8.  His  "American  Conchology,"  7  nos.  of 
which  were  pub.  at  New  Harmony,  was  incom- 
plete at  the  time  of  his  decease.  His  discoveries 
of  new  species  of  insects  were,  perhaps,  greater 
than  had  ever  been  made  by  a  single  individ- 
ual. Member  of  the  Linnaean  and  Zoological 
Societies  of  London.  He  was  a  frequent  con- 
trib.  to  the  "Transactions"  of  the  Philos. 
Society,  the  N.  Y.  Lyceum,  Silliman's  Journal, 
and  numerous  other  scientific  pubs.  His  com- 
plete writings  on  the  Conchology  of  the 
U.S.,  edited  by  Wm.  G.  Birney,  were  pub. 
8vo,  1858;  "The  Entomology,"  edited  by  J. 
L.  Leconte,  with  a  Memoir,  2  vols.  8vo,  1859. 
—  S>'e  Biog.  Sketch  in  Waldie's  Lib.,  vol.  v. 

Sayrej  Stephen,  banker  and  patriot,  b. 
Long  Island  1734;  d.  at  the  residence  of  his 
son  in  Va.  Sept.  27,  1818.  N.J.  Coll.  1757. 
Bred  a  merchant,  by  his  activity  and  talents 
he  had  obtained  much  distinction  at  the  period 
of  the  Revol.  Was  sheriff  of  London  with 
Wm.  Lee,  brother  of  Richard  Henry,  in  1774; 
and  was  particularly  in  the  confidence  of  the 
Earl  of  Chatham  at  a  critical  period,  having 
become  a  banker.  His  zeal  for  the  independ- 
ence of  his  native  country  was  unmeasured,  and 
an  officer  of  the  Royal  Guards,  named  Rich- 
ardson, also  an  American,  seized  upon  a  gay 
and  unguarded  expression  of  Mr.  Sayre  to 
bring  a  charge  of  high  treason  for  imagining 
the  death  of  the  king,  and  he  was  committed 
to  the  Tower.  The  charge  soon  ended  in  Mr. 
Sayre's  release ;  but  it  had  already  produced 
his  ruin.  His  banking-house  failed ;  he  lost 
every  thing,  and  was  obliged  to  quit  England. 
He  was  then  employed  by  Dr.  Franklin  upon 
several  important  missions,  acted  for  some 
time  as  his  private  sec.,  and  went  in  the  suite 
of  Mr.  Lee  to  Berlin  at  the  time  of  the  first 
suggestion  of  the  project  of  armed  neutrality. 
After  leaving  Berlin,  Mr.  Sayre  passed  to 
Copenhagen,  Stockholm,  and  St.  Petersburg, 
and  in  each  of  those  capitals  procured  ample 
supplies  for  the  support  of  American  indep.  In 
1795  he  was  an  active  opponent  of  Washing- 
ton's administration. 

Scadding,  Henry,  D.  D.  (1852),  b. 
Dunkeswcll,  Eng.,  1813.  Educated  at  U.C. 
Coll.,  Toronto,  and  St.  John's  Coll.,  Carab., 
Eng.  M.A.  1840.  Classical  prof.  U.C.  Coll. 
1838-62;  rector  Trinity  Church,  Toronto, 
since  1847.  Author  of  "  Memorial  of  Rev. 
W.  H.  Ripley,"  8vo,  1849;  Shakspeare,  the 
Seer,  &c.,  an  address,  Apr.  23,  1864;  "Early 
Notices  of  Toronto,"  1865  ;  "  Truth's  Resur- 
rection," 1865.  Contrib.  of  articles  on  phi- 
lology and  antiquities  to  Brit.  Amer.  Mag., 
Canadian  Jour.,  &c. — Allibone. 

Scanimell,  Alexander,  col.  Revol.  ar- 
my, b.  Mendon,  Ms.,  24  March,  1747 ;  d.  Wil- 
liamsburg, Va.,  6  Oct.  1781.  H.U.  1769.  Son 
of  Dr.  Samuel  Leslie,  who  came  to  Boston  from 
Portsmouth,  Eng.,  in  1738,  settled  in  Mendon 
(now  Milford),  and  practised  until  his  death  in 
1 753.  He  taught  school  in  Kingston  and  Plym- 
outh, Ms. ;  was  a  surveyor  at  Portsmouth  in 
1772;  taught  school  at  Berwick;  and  was  a 
proprietor  of  the  town  of  Shaplcigh,  Me. ;  as- 
sisted Capt.  Holland  in  surveys  for  his  map  of 
N.II.;  and  in  1775  was  a  law-student  with  Gen. 


Sullivan,  and  his  brigade  major  at  Cambridge 
in  1775,  and  on  Long  Island  in  1776.  Made 
col.  3d  N.H.  Regt.  in  Nov.  1776;  took  part  in 
the  battles  of  Trenton  and  Princeton ;  was 
wounded  and  especially  disting.  at  Saratoga; 
was  adj.-gen.  of  the  army  from  early  in  1778  to 
1781 ;  col.  1st  N.H.  Regt.  1  Jan.  1781,  and  in 
July  took  com.  of  a  regt.  of  light  inf.  While 
officer  of  the  day  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  30 
Sept.  1781,  he  was  surprised  while  reconnoi- 
tring, and,  after  surrendering,  was  inhumanly 
wounded,  and  died  in  a  few  days.  He  was  an 
officer  of  great  merit  and  of  amiable  character. 
He  Avas  6  feet  and  2  inches  in  height.  —  See 
Hist.  Mag.,  Sept.  1870. 

fclchaetfer,  the  name  of  several  disting. 
Lutheran  divines.  David  Frederick,  D.D. 
(son  of  Frederick  David,  D.D.,  successively 
pastor  at  Carlisle,  Germantown,  and  Phila., 
1760-1836),  pastor  of  the  Lutheran  church, 
Frederick,  Md.,  from  July,  1808,  to  his  d.  May, 
1837;  b.  Carlisle,  Pa.,  1787.  He  was  3  years 
prcs.  and  sec.  of  the  Md.  synod;  also  of  the 
general  synod.  Pub.  "Hist.  Address  on  the 
Reformation,"  1818;  and  edited  the  Lutheran 
Litelligcncer  1826-31.  Frederick  Christian, 
D.D.,  son  of  F.  D.,  b.  Germantown,  Pa.,  1792 ; 
d.  New  York,  Mar.  1831.  N.J.  Coll.  1818. 
Licensed  to  preach  1812;  was  pastor  at  Ilar- 
risburg,  and  then  in  N.  Y.  City.  He  pub. 
"  Parables  and  Parabolic  Sayings,"  and  two 
sermons.  Prof.  Gcr.  lang.  at  Columbia  Coll. 
1830-1.  Charles  Frederick,  D.D.,  son 
of  F.  D.,  b.  Germantown,  Pa.,  1 807.  U.  of 
Pa.  1827.  Lutheran  pastor  at  Carlisle,  Easton, 
&c.,  and  successively  prof,  of  thcol.  in  the  Lu- 
theran Sem.  at  Columbus,  0. ;  prof,  of  German 
in  Pa,  Coll.,  Gettysburg,  and  of  theol.  in  the 
Ev.  Lutheran  Scm.,  Phila.  He  has  pub.  Kurtz's 
"  Manual  of  Sacred  Hist.,"  from  the  German, 
1855 ;  Luther's  Smaller  Catechism,  with  addi- 
tions, 1856;  "  Antritts-Rede,"  Apr.  16,  1856; 
"Discourses,"  8vo,  1861;  Lechler's  "  Com- 
mentary on  Acts,"  1866;  "True  Christianity," 
&c.,  1869;  "Exegetical  Punctuation  of  the 
N.  Test.,"  1869.  Contrib.  to  the  Evang.  Re- 
view, 1 849-66,  and  other  periodicals.  Charles 
William,  D.D.,  grandson  of  F.  D.,  b.  Ila- 
gerstown,  Md.  Formerly  Lutheran  pastor  at 
Harrisburg.  Has  been  for  some  years  pastor  of 
St.  Michael's  Ch.,  Germantown.  He  has  pub. 
"Discourse  on  the  50th  Anniv.  of  the  Ev.  Luth. 
Ch.,  Harrisb.,"  8vo,  1845;  "Early  History  of 
the  Lutheran  Ch.  in  America,"  1857;  and  oc- 
casional discourses.  Co-editor  of  several  Lu- 
theran periodicals.  —  Sprague ;  Allibone. 

SchaflF(shaf),  Philip,  Ph.D., D.D.  (1854), 
theologian  and  author,  b.  Chur,  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland,  Jan.  1,  1819.  U.  of  Ber- 
lin, 1841.  Educated  at  the  universities  of  Tii- 
bingen,  Halle,  and  Berlin.  He  travelled  as  a 
private  tutor  to  a  Prussian  nobleman  through 
France,  Switzerland,  and  Italy  (1841-2),  and, 
returning  to  Berlin,  lectured  on  theology ;  prof, 
of  theol.  at  Mercersburg,  Pa.,  1844-62 ;  charged 
with  heresy  on  account  of  some  of  his  writings, 
he  was  honorably  acquitted  by  the  synod  at 
York,  Pa.,  in  1845.  From  Nov.  1862  to  1867 
he  was  lecturer  on  eccles.  hist,  at  And.  Sem., 
and  in  1 868-70  was  prof,  of  church  history  in 
the  Hartford  Theol.  Inst.,  and  was  in  1871 


sen 


803 


sen 


prof,  in  the  Union  Theol.  Sem.,  N.Y.  He  has 
pub.  in  German  a  "  History  of  the  Apostolic 
Church,"  1851;  "German  Hymn-Book,  with 
a  Hist.  In  trod.,"  1859;  and  in  English,  "St. 
Augustine,  his  Life  and  Labors,"  1853 ; 
"  America,  its  Political,  Social,  and  Religious 
Character,"  lectures  delivered  at  Berlin,  1854, 
translated  in  1855;  "Germany,  its  Universi- 
ties and  Divines,"  1857;  "Hist,  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church  of  the  First  Three  Centuries," 
1858,  2  vols.  8vo;  essay  on  "  Slavery  and  the 
Bible,"  1861;  "The  Christ  of  the  Gospels," 
1864;  "The  Person  of  Christ  the  Miracle  of 
ffistory,"  1865;  "Lectures  on  the  Civil  War 
in  America,"  1865;  "Christ  in  Song,"  1869; 
besides  many  contributions  to  American  and 
foreign  periodicals.  Dr.  S.  also  pub.  the  Kirch- 
enfreuna,  a  theological  monthly  for  the  German 
churches  of  America,  in  1848-53 ;  and  has  been 
co-editor  of  the  Mercersburg  Review  since  1857. 

Sehanck,  John,  a  British  admiral,  b.  Fife- 
shire,  Scotland,  1740;  d.  Eng.  6  March,  1823. 
He  was  a  lieut.  in  the  navy  in  1776,  and  super- 
intended the  construction  of  "  The  Inflexible," 
which,  in  less  than  6  weeks  from  the  commence- 
ment of  her  construction,  was  the  victor  in  the 
engagement  with  Arnold's  fleet  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  He  was  of  great  service  to  Burgoyne  in 
his  expedition  in  the  construction  of  floating- 
bridges  ;  and  for  his  services  he  was  promoted 
to  commander,  and  in  1783  post-capt. ;  admiral 
ofthe  Blue,  July,  1821. 

Schenck,  James  F.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Ohio,  June  19,  1807.  Bro.  of  Robert  C.  Mid- 
shipm.  Mar.  1,1825;  lieut.  Dec.  22, 1835;  com. 
Sept.  14,  1855;  capt.  1861;  commo.  July  2, 
1863;  rear-adm.  (ret.  list),  July,  1870.  At- 
tached to  frigate  "  Congress  "  during  the  Mcx. 
war ;  chief  aide  to  Com.  Stockton  at  capture 
of  Santa  Barbara  and  Los  Angelos,  and  at 
bombard,  and  capture  of  Guaymas  and  Mazat- 
lan;  com.  mail-steamer  "Ohio,"  1848-52; 
steamer  "Saginaw,"  E.  India  squad.,  1860-1; 
com.  frigate  "  St.  Lawrence,"  block,  squadron, 
1862 ;  steam-sloop  "Powhatan,"  N.  Atl.  squad., 
1864-5;  and  com.  3d  division  Porter's  squad, 
in  both  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher.  —  Uamersly. 

Schenck,  Noah  Hunt,  D.D.,  rector  of 
Emanuel  Ch.,  Baltimore,  and  in  1867  of  St. 
Ann's,  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  b.  Pennington,  N.  J., 
1825.  N.J.  Coll.  1844  ;  Gambler  Theol.  Sem. 
1853.  He  has  pub.  20  or  30  essays,  sermons, 
and  treatises  ;  established  and  edited,  1858-60, 
the  Western  Churchman  (Chicago) ;  was  co-ed- 
itor of  the  Protestant  Churchman  1867 ;  and  con- 
trib.  to  the  Western  Episcopalian,  &c.  —  Alli- 
hone. 

Schenck,  Gen.  Robert  Gumming,  b. 
Franklin,  Warren  Co.,  O.,  Oct.  7,  1809.  His 
father.  Gen.  William  C.  Schenck,  an  officer  of 
Harrison's  army,  d.  Jan.  1821.  Bro.  of  Adm. 
J.  F.  Schenck.  He  grad.  in  1827  at  the  Miami 
U.,  of  which  he  was  afterward  a  prof. ;  was 
adra.  to  the  bar,  and  settled  in  Dayton ;  soon 
after  was  chosen  to  the  legisl.  from  Montgom- 
ery Co.,  serving  three  terms ;  and  was  M.C.  in 
1843-51.  In  this  body  he  was  noted  for  terse 
and  practical  speeches,  keen  and  pungent  wit. 
Minister  to  Brazil  in  1851-3.  Commiss.  brig.- 
gen.  of  vols.  May  17,  1861 ;  June  17,  1861, 
while  his  com.  were  being  transported  to  Vien- 


na, Va.,  over  the  Loudon  and  Hampshire  R.R., 
they  were  fired  upon  while  in  the  cars,  sustain- 
ing a  loss  of  10  killed  and  2  wounded.  He  was 
engaged  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21, 
1861 ;  next  served  in  Western  Va.  under  Rose- 
cranz ;  was  ordered  to  the  Shenandoah  Valley 
to  assist  in  opposing  Stonewall  Jackson ;  and 
for  his  eflicient  services  at  the  battle  of  Cross 
Keys,  June  8,  1862,  he  was  placed  by  Gen. 
Fremont  in  com.  of  a  division.  In  the  second 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  Gen.  Schenck  com.  a  divis- 
ion in  Sigel's  corps,  Aug.  29  and  30,  and  was 
severely  wounded  by  a  ball  which  shattered  his 
right  arm.  Sept.  18,  1862,  he  was  promoted  to 
maj.-gen. ;  Dec.  16,  1862,  he  was  app.  to  com. 
at  Baltimore.  During  the  march  of  Lee  into 
Pa.  in  July,  1863,  Schenck  did  good  service. 
M.C.  1863-71 ;  app.  minister  to  England,  Jan. 
1871. 

Schenck,  William  Edward,  D.D.,  cor- 
resp.  sec.  and  editor  Presb.  Board  of  Educa- 
tion, b.  Princeton,  N.  J.,  1819.  N.J.  Coll. 
1838.  He  has  pub.  "  Historical  Account  of  the 
First  Presb.  Church,  Princeton,"  1850;  "God 
our  Guide,"  1863;  "  Children  in  Heaven,"  8*^o, 
&c.  —  Allibone. 

Schimmelfennig,  Gen.  Alexander, 
b.  Germany,  1824;  d.  Minersville,  Pa,,  Sept.  7, 
1865.  He  was  an  officer  under  Kossuth  in  the 
Hungarian  Avar;  at  the  beginning  of  1861  was 
made  col.  of  a  Pa.  regt. ;  sei'ved  under  Sigel 
in  the  Va.  campaign  of  Gen.  Pope;  was  made 
brig.-gen.  for  his  services  at  Bull  Run,  29  Nov. 
1862;  at  Chancellorsville  he  com.  the  first  bi'i- 
gadeof  Schurz's  division  ofthe  11th  corps,  and 
held  the  same  com.  at  Gettysburg;  in  Feb. 
1864  he  was  sent  to  St.  John's  Island.  His 
forces  were  the  first  to  enter  Charleston,  Feb. 
18,  1865,  when  flanked  by  Gen.  Sherman.  Au- 
thor of  "  The  War  between  Russia  and  Tur- 
key," 8vo,  Phila.  1854. 

Schlatter  (shlat'-ter),  Michael,  mission- 
ary of  the  German  Ref.  Church,  b.  St.  Gall, 
Switzerland,  July  14,  1716  ;  d.  near  Phila. 
Oct.  1790.  He  became  a  clergyman,  and  in 
1746-51  labored  as  pastor  of  the  Ref  cli arches 
of  Phila.  and  Germantown.  He  organized  the 
synod  of  the  G.  R.  Church  in  Amer.  in  Sept. 
1747  ;  went  to  Europe  in  1751,  and  secured 
the  services  of  6  other  ministers  for  the  Amer. 
churches;  in  1755  he  became  supt.  of  the 
German  charity-schools  in  Pa.;  in  1757  he 
accomp.  an  exped.  to  Nova  Scotia  against  the 
French  as  chaplain  to  the  Roy.  Amer.  Regt. 
He  was  imprisoned  by  the  British  in  1777  for 
his  patriotism. 

Schley,  William,  lawyer,  gov.  of  Ga. 
183.5-7,  b.  Frederick  City,  Md.,  Dec.  14,  1786; 
d.  Augusta,  Ga.,  Nov.  20,  1858.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  academies  of  Louisville,  and  Au- 
gusta, Ga. ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1812; 
practised  law ;  was  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  of 
middle  dist.  of  Ga.  in  1825-8;  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  in  1830 ;  and  was  M.C. 
in  1 833-5.  He  pub.  a  "  Digest  of  the  English 
Statutes,"  and  was  pres,  of  the  Med.  Coll.  of 
Georjria. 

Schmucker,  Samuel  Mosheim,  LL.D., 
historian,  sou  of  Samuel  S.,  b.  Newmarket, 
Va.,  Jan.  12,  1823;  d.  Phila.  May  12,  1863. 
Wash.  Coll.  1840.    He  studied  theology  in  the 


sen 


804 


sen 


Gettysburg  Theol.  Sem.,  and  in  1842  was  li- 
censed to  preach  at  Bloomfield.  He  afterward 
preached  in  Lewiston,  Pa.,  and  in  German- 
town,  and  was  dismissed  in  Oct.  1848.  He 
then  studied  law  ;  was  adm.  to  the  Phila.  bar 
in  Jan.  18.50,  and  practised  in  N.Y.  in  1853-5, 
when  he  resumed  practice  in  Phila.,  but  occu- 
pied himself  chiefly  in  literature.  He  pub.  bi- 
ographies of  Catharine  IL,  1855  ;  Nicholas  I., 
1856 ;  Fremont,  1856  ;  Hamilton  and  JefFerson, 
1857  ;  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane  and  Napoleon  III., 
1858;  Washington  and  Clay,  1860;  Histo- 
ries of  the  Mormons,  1858;  "Arctic  Explo- 
rations;" "All  Religions,"  1859;  "  The  Four 
Georges;"  "  The  Modern  Jews,"  1860  ;  "The 
South.  Kebellion,"  1863  ;  "  Errors  of  Modern 
Infidelity,"  1848  ;  "  The  Spanish  Wife,"  1854; 
"The  Yankee  Slave-Driver,"  1857;  "Memo- 
rable Scenes  in  French  History,"  1857  ; 
"  Memorials  of  Daniel  Webster,"  1859  ; 
"Blue  Laws  of  Connecticut,"  1860;  &c.,  &c. 

Schmucker,  Samuel  S.,  D.D.,  b.  Ha- 
gerstown,  Md.,  Feb.  28,  1799.  Ord.  1818. 
Six  years  pastor  of  the  Lutheran  church,  New- 
market, Va. ;  from  Sept.  1826  to  Aug.  1864, 
prof,  of  didactic  theol.  in,  and  pres.  of,  the 
theol.  sem.  at  Gettysburg;  and,  since  then, 
emeritus  prof.  Son  of  John  George,  D.D., 
Lutheran  pastor  of  York  and  Williamsburg, 
Pa.,  1771-1854,  who  pub.  some  works  in  Ger- 
man. Samuel  S.  has  pub.  "  Christian  Tem- 
ple," 1824;  "Popular  Theology,"  8 vo,  1834; 
"  Portraiture  of  Lutheranism,"  8vo,  1840  ; 
'•  Psychology,"  8vo,  1842 ;  "Papal  Hierarchy," 
8vo,  1845;  "Christian  Pulpit,"  1846;  "Spir- 
itual Worship  of  God,"  1860 ;  and  "  True  Hist, 
of  Christ's  Church,"  1870.  He  compiled  the 
Hymn-Book  of  the  General  Synod,  1828;  ed- 
ited Evangelisches  Magazin,  1830;  and  has  con- 
trib.  to  the  BiU.  Repository,  Dr.  Brekenridge's 
Review,  and  the  Evangelist  Review.  —  Allihone. 

Schofleld,  John  McAllister,  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Chautauqua  Co.,  N.Y.,  Sept.  29, 
1831.  West  Point,  1853.  Entering  the  2d 
Art.,  he  was  5  years  an  instr.  in  nat.  philos.  at 
West  Point,  and  was  filling,  under  leave  of  ab- 
sence, the  chair  of  nat.  philos.  in  Washington 
U.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  when  the  civil  war  began. 
App.  capt.  May  14,  1861 ;  inaj.  1st  Mo.  Inf. ;  he 
was  chief  of  staff  to  Gen.  Lyon  when  he  fell  at 
Wilson's  Creek ;  became  brig.-gen.  vols.  Nov. 

21,  1861,  and  was  assigned  to  com.  the  Mo. 
militia;  15  Apr.  1862,  the  dist.  of  Mo.  was 
assigned  to  him  ;  in  Oct.  he  received  the  com. 
of  the  army  of  the  frontier,  comprising  the 
troops  of  Mo.  and  Kansas,  with  which  he  drove 
all  the  organized  Confed.  forces  back  to  the 
Valley  of  the  Ark.,  defeating  Hindman,  Oct. 

22,  at  Maysville,  near  Pea  Ridge,  Ark.,  and 
pursuing  him  beyond  the  Boston  Mountains. 
Maj.-gen.  vols.  Nov.  29,  1862;  brig.-gen.  U.S. 
A.  Nov.  30,  1864;  maj.-gen.  Mar.  4,  1869  ;  2 
May,  1864,  he  joined  Sherman  with  the  Army 
of  the  Ohio,  and  was  conspicuous  in  all  the  bat- 
tles and  operations  of  the  Atlanta  campaign, 
and  until  the  surrender  of  Gen.  J.  E.Johnston, 
comg.  the  23d  corps.  He  left  Sherman  in 
Nov.  1864  to  assist  Gen.  Thomas  at  Nashville, 
repulsing  the  attack  of  Hood;  and  commanded 
at  the  battle  of  Franklin,  and  was  conspicuous 
in  the  decisive  battle  of  Nashville,  15  and"  16 


Dec.  Transferred  to  N.C.,  ho  took  possession 
of  Wilmington,  Feb.  22,  1865,  advanced  into 
the  interior  of  the  State,  beat  the  enemy  in  sev- 
eral engagements,  and  entered  Goldsborough 
just  before  Sherman.  Brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A. 
13  Mar.  1865  for  the  battle  of  Franklin.  App. 
May  2,  1867,  to  the  com.  of  the  first  military 
district,  comprising  the  State  of  Va. ;  sec. 
of  war  ad  interim  on  the  resignation  of  Gen. 
Grant;  confirmed  May 30, 1868;  resigned  Mar. 
1869,  and  assigned  to  com.  the  dep.  of  the 
Missouri. 

Schoolcraft,  Henry  Rowe,  LL.D.,  au- 
thor, b.  Watervliet,  N.Y.,  March  28,  1793;  d. 
Washington,  D.C.,  Dec.  10,  1864.  His  first 
American  ancestor  settled  in  Albany  Co.  in 
the  reign  of  George  II.,  and  taught  school ; 
whence  his  name  of  Calcraft  was  popularly 
changed  to  Schoolcraft.  He  entered  Un.  Coll. 
in  1807,  and  studied  chemistry  and  mineralogy. 
Lawrence  his  father  being  supt.  of  glass-works, 
he  pub.  a  work  on  "  Vitreology  "  in  1817.  He 
made  a  Western  journey  in  1817-18  ;  returned 
with  a  very  complete  mineralogical  and  geo- 
logical collection,  and  pub.  "  A  View  of  the 
Lead  Mines  of  Mo.,"  1819,  and  a  narrative, 
since  enlarged,  entitled  "  Scenes  and  Adven- 
tures in  the  Semi-Alpine  Region  of  the  Ozark 
Mountains  of  Mo.  and  Ark.,"  1853.  In  1820 
he  was  app.  geologist  to  an  exploring-exped., 
under  Gen.  Cass,  to  the  Lake-Superior  copper 
region,  of  which  ho  pub.  a  narrative  in  1821, 
and  also  as  sec.  of  a  commiss.  to  treat  with  the 
Indians  at  Chicago ;  travelled  through  III.,  and 
along  the  Wabash  and  Miami  Rivers,  and  em- 
bodied the  results  in  "  Travels  in  the  Central 
Portions  of  the  Mpi.  Valley,"  1825.  App.  in 
1823  Indian  agent,  he  established  himself  at 
Sault  Ste.  Marie,  and  afterward  at  Micliilimaci- 
nac,  and  m.  a  Miss  Johnston,  the  grand-dau. 
of  an  Indian  chief.  In  1828-32  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Terr,  legisl.  of  Mich. ;  in  1828  founded 
the  Mich.  Hist.  Soc. ;  in  1831  the  Algic  Society 
at  Detroit,  two  of  his  lectures  before  which,  on 
the  Grammatical  Construction  of  the  Indian 
Languages,  were  translated  by  Duponceau,  and 
presented  to  the  French  Institute,  which 
awarded  him  a  gold  medal.  He  pub.  at  this 
time  "  The  Rise  of  the  West,"  a  poem  ;  "  Gee- 
hale,  an  Indian  Lnment;"  "Indian  Melodies;" 
"The  Man  of  Bronze;"  and  "Iosco,  or  the 
Vale  of  Norma;  "  besides  an  Algonquin  Gram- 
mar. He  led  a  second  govt,  exped.  in  1832; 
and  pub.  "  A  Narrative  of  an  Exped.  to  Itasca 
Lake,"  1834.  Commiss.  to  treat  with  the  tribes 
on  the  Upper  Lakes  in  1836,  he  procured  from 
them  the  cession  of  16,000,000  acres  of  land  to 
the  U.  S. ;  he  was  then  app.  acting  supt.  of 
Indian  affairs,  and  in  1839  chief  disbursing 
agent  for  the  Northern  dept.  In  1842  he 
visited  Europe,  and  on  his  return  made  a  tour 
in  Western  Va.,  Ohio,  and  Canada.  App.  by 
the  N.Y.  legisl.  in  1845,  he  made  a  census,  and 
collected  statistics,  of  the  Six  Nations  of  N.Y. ; 
pub.  the  results  in  "  Notes  on  the  Iroquois," 
1847.  Mar.  3,  1847,  by  a  resolve  of  Congress, 
Mr.  Schoolcraft  engaged  in  a  work  entitled 
"  Hist,  and  Statistical  Information  respecting 
the  History,  Condition,  and  Prospects  of  the 
Indian  Tribes  of  the  U.S.,"  of  which  6  vols. 
4to  have  appeared.     He  is  also  the  author  of 


sen 


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[ 


"  Algic  Hesearches,"  2  vols.  1839  (revised  ed. 
1856);  "Talladega,  a  Tale  of  the  Creek  War;" 
"  Oncota,  or  the  Red  Race  of  America/'  1844; 
"  Personal  Memoirs  of  a  Residence  of  30  Years 
with  the  Indian  Tribes  on  the  American  Fron- 
tiers," 1853  ;  and  "  The  Myth  of  Hiawatha  and 
other  Oral  Legends."  His  two  works  on  the 
Upper  Mpi.  have  been  combined"  under  the 
title  of  "  Narrative  of  an  Exploratory  Exped.  to 
the  Sources  of  the  Mpi.  River  in  1820,  resumed 
and  completed  by  the  Discovery  of  its  Ori- 
gin in  Itasca  Lake  in  1832."  "The  Indian 
S'airy-Book,"  compiled  from  his  MS.,  was  pub. 
by  C.  Matthews,  N.Y.,  l86S.—Appleton. 

Schouler,  Gen.  William,  adj.-gen.  Ms. 
1860-6,  b.  at  Kilbarchan,  Scotland,  13  Dec.  1814. 
Came  to  N.Y.  with  his  lather,  a  calico-printer, 
in  1815  ;  soon  removed  to  Ms.,  and  followed  his 
father's  trade  in  Taunton,  Lynn,  and  W.  Cam- 
bridge. Became  propr.  and  ed.  of  the  Lowell 
Courier  1841-7;  one  of  the  proprs.  and  eds. 
Z>a%  ^//as,  Boston,  1847-53;  co.-ed.  Cin.  Ga- 
zette 1853-6;  Ohio  State  Jour.  1856-8;  ed. 
Boston  Atlas  and  Bee,  1858.  Four  times  in  Ms. 
legisl.;  member  Const.  Conv.  1853.  Author 
of  "  Mass.  in  the  Civil  War,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
1868-71;  and  of  a  series  of  "Personal  and 
Polit.  Recoils."  in  the  Boston  Journal  in  1870. 

Schriver,  Edmund,  insp.-gen.,  and  brcv. 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Pa.  West  Point,  1833. 
Entering  2d  Art.,  transferred  to  adj.-gen.  dept. 
as  capt.  7  July,  1838  ;  resigned  31  July,  1846; 
pres.  Rens.  and  Saratoga  R.R.  Co.  185 1-61 ; 
aide-de-camp  to  Gov.  Morgan,  Apr.  1861;  licut.- 
col.  11th  Inf  14  May,  1861;  col.  and  A.D.C. 
18  May,  1862;  col.  and  insp.-gen.  13  March, 
1863;  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  1  Aug.  1864, 
and  maj.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865,  for  services  in  the 
Rebellion  ;  chief  of  staff  (1st  corps)  Mar.  1862 
to  Jan.  1863;  in  the  Siienandoah  campaign 
and  the  Northern  Va.  campaign,  and  present 
at  Cedar  Mountain,  Manassas,  and  Chantilly  ; 
insp.-gen.  (Army  of  the  Potomac)  186-3-5  ;  and 
engaged  at  Chancellorsville,  Gettysburg,  and 
in  the  Richmond  campaign  from  the  Rapidan 
to  its  close  in  June,  1865.  —  Cullum. 

Schroeder,  John  Frederick,  D.  D. 
(Trin.  Coll.  1836),  clergyman  and  author,  b. 
Baltimore,  Apr.  8,  1800  ;''d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y., 
Feb.  26,  1857.  N.J.  Coll.  1819.  He  studied 
at  the  Epis.  Theol.  Sem.  at  New  Haven ;  was 
adm.  to  holy  orders  in  1823,  and  had  charge  of 
a  parish  on  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Md.  for  a  few 
months.  He  was  afterward  assist,  at  Trinity 
Church,  N.  Y.,  14  years,  and  was  a  popular 
preacher.  He  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on 
Oriental  Lit.  before  the  N.Y."  Athenieum  ;  con- 
tributed a  treatise  on  the  Authenticity  and 
Canonical  Authority  of  the  Scriptures  of  the  Old 
Testament,  and  a  treatise  on  the  Use  of  the 
Syriac  Language,  to  a  vol.  of  essays  and  dis- 
sertations on  Biblical  Literature  edited  by  him- 
self; pub.  a  memorial  volume  on  the  death  of 
Bishop  Hobart  in  1830.  In  1839  he  established 
St.  Ann's  Hall,  at  Flushing,  L.  I.,  for  the 
education  of  young  ladies.  He  was  some  time 
pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Crucifixion  in 
N.Y.,  and  St.  Thomas's  Church,  Brooklyn, 
L.I.  He  pub.  in  1855  "  Maxims  of  Wa.vhing- 
ton.  Political,  Social,  Moral,  and  Religious;" 
Memoir  of  Mrs.  Mary  Anna  Boardman,  &.e.,  by 


her  son-in-law,  8vo,  1849.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  he  was  engaged  on  "  The  Life  and  Times 
of  Washington,"  a  serial  work,  2  vols,  of  which 
were  pub.  He  lived  to  complete  only  4  num- 
bers. —  Dui/ckinck. 

Schureman,  James,  Revol.  patriot;  d. 
New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Jan.  23,  1824,  a.  67. 
Rutg.  Coll.  1775.  At  the  head  of  a  vol.  com- 
pany, he  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island  ; 
was  taken  and  imprisoned  in  the  N.Y.  sugar- 
house  in  the  course  of  the  war,  and  suffered 
greatly  from  hunger,  but,  with  a  single  com- 
panion, managed  to  escape,  and  joined  the 
Amer.  army  at  Morristown.  Delegate  to  the 
Cont.  Congress  1786-7;  M.C  '89-91  and  '97- 
9  ;  in  1799-1801  was  a  U.S.  senator,  and  sub- 
sequently became  mayor  of  the  city  of  New 
Brunswick.  He  was  again  a  representative  in 
1813-15. 

Schureman,  John,  D.  D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1801),  minister  of  the  Dutch  Church,  N.Y. 
City;  d.  there  1818,  a.  39.  Rutg.  Coll.  1795. 
Prof,  theol.  in  N.  J.  Theol.  Seminary. 

Schurz  (shoorts),  Carl,  orator  and  poli- 
tical), b.  Lib'iar,  near  Cologne,  Germany,  Mar. 
2,  1829.  He  studied  at  the  Gymnasium  of 
Cologne  and  at  the  U.  of  Bonn  ;  engaged  in 
the  revol.  outbreak  in  1848;  joined  Gottfried 
Kinkel  in  the  pub.  of  a  liberal  newspaper;  but, 
after  an  unsuccessful  attempt  at  insurrection  at 
Bonn  in  the  spring  of  1849,  both  were  obliged 
to  fly.  As  adjutant  he  participated  in  the  de- 
fence of  Rastadt,  and  on  its  surrender  made  his 
way  to  Switzerland.  He  rescued  Kinkel  from 
the  fortress  of  Spandau  on  the  night  of  Nov.  6, 
1850;  crossed  the  frontier  into  Mecklenburg; 
thence  went  to  -Rostock,  and  took  passage  in  a 
schooner  for  Leith.  Schurz  then  went  to 
Paris,  where  he  was  corresp.  for  German  jour- 
nals till  June,  1851,  when  he  went  to  Loudon, 
where  he  was  a  teacher  till  July,  1852.  He 
then  m.,  came  to  Phi  la.,  where  he  remained  3 
years,  and  then  settled  at  Madison,  Wis.  In 
the  presidential  campaign  of  1856  he  became 
known  as  an  orator  in  the  German  language; 
in  1858,  when  Mr.  Douglas  and  Mr.  Lincoln 
were  contesting  the  U.S.  senatorship,  he  deliv- 
ered his  first  English  speech,  which  was  widely 
circulated.  He  next  established  himself  in  the 
practice  of  law  at  Milwaukie,  and  engaged  in  a 
lecturing-tour  in  the  winter  of  1859-60.  In 
the  Repub.  Nat.  Conv.  of  1860  he  exercised 
great  influence,  especially  in  determining  that 
portion  of  the  platform  relating  to  citizens  of 
foreign  origin.  During  the  canvass  which  fol- 
lowed, he  spoke  effectively  throughout  the 
Northern  States.  After  Mr.  Lincoln's  inaugu- 
ration he  was  app.  minister  to  Spain.  He  re- 
turned to  the  U.S.  in  Dec.  1861  ;  resigned  his 
office  as  minister;  became  brig.-gen.  of  vols. 
April  15,  1862;  maj.-gen.  Mar.  14,  1863;  June 
17  he  took  com.  of  a  division  in  the  corps  of 
Siegel,  with  which  he  disting.  himself  at  the 
second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  but  was  routed  by 
Jackson  at  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville.  He 
was  temporarily  in  com.  of  the  11th  corps  at 
the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  July  1,  1863,  where  he 
was  conspicuous,  as  also  at  Fredericksburg. 
A]>p.  a  commiss.  to  examine  and  report  on  the 
conc^ition  of  the  Southern  States,  especially 
upon  the  Freedmen's  Bureau,  his  report  was 


sen 


806 


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extremely  distasteful  to  Pres.  Johnson.  In 
1 865-6  lie  was  N.  Y.  Tribune  corresp.  in  Wash- 
ington ;  in  1867  he  was  editor  of  the  Detroit 
Post.  He  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Chicago 
convention  in  1868,  of  which  he  was  temporary 
chairman ;  labored  zealously  for  the  election 
of  Gen.  Grant;  and  in  Jan.  1869  was  chosen 
U.  S.  senator  from  Mo.  A  vol.  of  his  speeches 
was  pub.  8vo,  1865, 

Schuyler  (ski'-ler),  Col.  Peter,  mayor 
of  Albany,  disting.  for  his  patriotism  and  for 
his  influence  over  the  Indians.  In  1691  he 
headed  a  successful  exped.  against  the  French 
settlements  north  of  Lake  Champlain.  His 
recommendations  had  to  the  5  Nations  of  Indi- 
ans the  force  of  law.  In  1710,  at  his  own  ex- 
pense, he  took  5  Indian  chiefs  to  Eng.  for  the 
purpose  of  exciting  the  govt,  to  vigorous  meas- 
ures against  the  French  in  Canada.  In  1719, 
as  the  oldest  member  of  the  council,  the  chief 
com.  in  N.Y.  devolved  upon  him.  He  often 
warned  the  N.E.  Colonies  of  expeds.  meditated 
against  them  by  the  French  and  Indians. 

Schuyler,  Coi,.  Peter,  b.  Albany  ab. 
1710;  d.  at  his  residence  on  the  Passaic,  near 
Newark,  N.  J.,  Nov.  17,  1762.  Grandson  of 
Philip  Pieterse  of  Alb?ny,  and  second  son  of 
Arent  of  N.  Jersey  by  his  second  wife.  In 
1746,  on  the  projected  invasion  of  Canada,  he 
was  put  in  com.  of  the  N.  J.  regt.  In  Dec. 
1 755  he  attended  the  congress  called  by  Gov. 
Shirley  at  N.Y.,  and  was  stationed  with  his 
regt.  at  Oswego  until  its  reduction  by  the 
French,  Aug.  14,  1756,  when  he  was  released 
on  parole,  after  a  brief  imprisonment  in  Cana- 
da. In  1759  he  again  com.  the  N.J.  regt.  with 
which  he  served  under  Amherst  in  the  conquest 
of  Canada.  While  a  prisoner  in  Montreal,  he 
kept  open  house  for  the  relief  of  his  fellow-suf- 
ferers, and  redeemed  from  the  Indians  many  of 
their  captives. 

Schuyler,  Philip,  maj.-gen.  Revol. 
army,  b.  Albany,  22  Nov.  1733;  d.  there  18 
Nov.  1804.  His  father  dying  while  he  was 
young,  he  was  adopted  into  the  family  of  Col. 
Philip  Schuyler,  whose  estate  in  Saratoga  he 
afterwards  inherited.  Receiving  by  the  law  of 
primogeniture  the  whole  of  his  father's  estate, 
he  divided  it  equally  with  his  brothers  and  sis- 
ters. He  was  a  capt.  of  N.Y.  levies  at  Ft.  Ed- 
ward in  1755  ;  acommiss.  in  the  army  in  1755- 
63;  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  N.Y. 
legisl.,  and,  with  Geo.  Clinton,  was  chiefly  in- 
strumental in  determining  the  early  and  decided 
resistance  of  the  province  to  the  measures  of 
Britain  ;  a  delegate  to  Congress,  he  was  with 
Washington  on  the  committee  to  draw  up 
rules  and  regulations  for  the  army ;  19  June, 
1775,  was  made  a  maj.-gen.,  and  placed  in  com. 
of  the  Northern  array,  but  relinquished  it  to 
Montgomery  in  Sept.  on  account  of  illness. 
Upon  his  recovery  he  devoted  himself  zealous- 
ly to  his  arduous  duties,  particularly  to  the 
superintendence  of  Indian  affairs.  The  energy 
of  his  character,  and  the  dignity  of  his  deport- 
ment, excited  ])opular  jealousy  and  ill-will,  and 
in  Oct.  1776  he  tendered  his  resignation.  Con- 
gress declared  that  it  could  not  dispense  with 
his  services;  and  its  president  requested  him  to 
continue  in  command.  On  the  approach  of 
Bur^joyne'sarmy  in  1777,  he  did  all  in  his  power 


to  impede  its  advance  by  obstructing  the  navi- 
gation of  Wood  Creek,  rendering  the  roads 
impassable,  removing  all  provisions  and  stores 
beyond  its  reach,  and  summoning  the  militia 
of  N.Y.  and  N.E.  to  his  assistance ;  but  the 
necessary  evacuation  of  Ticonderoga  by  St. 
Clair  occasioning  unreasonable  jealousies  in 
regard  to  Schuyler  in  N.E.,  he  was  superseded 
by  Gates  in  Aug.,  though  Congress,  upon  in- 
vestigation, warmly  approved  his  conduct. 
Though  "  sensible  of  the  indignity,"  and 
though  superseded  by  a  man  who  had  ever 
been  his  enemy,  this  patriot  offered  to  serve 
his  country  as  a  private  gentleman  in  any  way 
in  which  he  could  be  useful.  He  was  present 
at  Burgoyne's  surrender,  though  without  com- 
mand, and  resigned  19  Apr.  1779.  Member 
Cont.  Congress  1778-81.  In  Nov.  1779  he 
was  app.  to  confer  with  Washington  on  the 
state  of  the  Southern  dept. ;  U.S.  senator  1789- 
91  and  again  in  1797.  In  the  N.Y,  senate  he 
was  a  principal  contrib.  to  the  Code  of  Laws 
adopted  by  the  State,  and  was  active  and  effi- 
cient in  promoting  the  system  of  inland  navi- 
gation in  N.Y.  —  See  his  Life  and  Times  by  B.  J. 
Lossing,  2  vols.  1860-2. 

Schweinitz  (shwi'-nits),  Edmund  Alex- 
ander DE,  Moravian  divine,  son  of  L.  D.,  b. 
Bethlehem,  Pa.,  1825.  Studied  at  the  Moravi- 
an Sem,  there,  and  at  the  U,  of  Berlin.  Au- 
thor of  an  "  Account  of  the  Moravian  Church," 
8vo,  1859;  "  Systematic  Beneficence,"  8vo, 
1861  ;  "Moravian  Episcopate,"  1865  ;  "  David 
Zeisberger,"  2  vols.  1870.  Editor  of  the  Mo- 
ravian, a  contrib.  to  Appleton's  Cyclopaedia, 
and  one  of  the  translators  of  Herzog's  Real 
Encyclopaedia.  —  Allihone. 

Schweinitz,  Lewis  David  von.  Ph. 
D.  (U.  of  Kiel),  botanist  and  Moravian  clergy- 
man, b.  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  Feb.  13, 1780;  d.  there 
Feb.  8,  1834.  He  studied  in  Germany  from 
1798  to  1812,  when  he  returned,  and  officiated 
at  Salem,  N.C.,  and  at  Bethlehem  from  1821 
till  his  death.  He  added  nearly  1,400  new 
species  to  botanical  science,  more  than  1,200 
of  them  N,A,  fungi  previously  little  known. 
Member  of  various  learned  societies  in  Ameri- 
ca, Germany,  and  France.  He  bequeathed  his 
valuable  herbarium  to  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  Phila.  He  pub.  "  Conspectus  Fiuu/o- 
rum  Lusatice"  and  "Si/nopsis  Fungorum  Caro- 
lince  Supei-ioris  "  at  Leipsic  ;  "  Specimen  Flora 
Amerioje  Septentrionalis  Cryptogamicce,"  1821  ; 
"  Monograph  of  the  Linnaean  Genus  Viola,'* 
1821;  "  Catalogue  of  Plants  collected  in  the 
N.W.  Territory  by  Say,"  1824;  "  Monograph 
upon  the  American  Species  of  the  Genus  Ca- 
rex,"  1824  ;  and  "  Synopsis  Fungorum  in  Ameri- 
ca Boreali  Media  Degantium,"  1831.  — 5ee  Me- 
moir of,  by  W.  R,  Johnson,  Lond.  8vo,  1835. 

Scott,  Charles,  soldier,  and  gov.  of  Ky. 
1808-12,  b.  Cumberland  Co.,  Va.,  1733;  d,  22 
Oct.  1820,  A  non-commissioned  officer  at 
Braddock's  defeat  in  1755  ;  raised  and  com. 
the  first  company  south  of  the  James  for  the 
Revol.  ai-my;  was  app.  col,  3d  Va,  Batt.  12 
Aug,  1776;  was  disting,  at  Trenton;  made  a 
brig.-gen.  2  Apr.  1777;  was  with  Wayne  at 
the  storming  of  Stony  Point  in  1779;  was 
made  prisoner  at  Charleston,  S.C,  in  1780 
and  was  not  exchanged  until  near  the  close  of 


SCO 


807 


SCO 


the  war.  At  Monmouth,  where  he  was  the  last 
to  leave  the  field,  he  was  particularly  disting. 
In  1785  he  settled  in  Woodford  Co.,  Ky. ;  as 
brig.-gcn.  of  Ky.  levies  was  with  St.  Clair  at 
his  defeat  in  1791 ;  com.  in  a  successful  exped. 
to  the  Wabash,  and  in  actions  with  the  Indians 
in  May  and  June,  1791  ;  and  in  1794  com.  a 
portion  of  Wayne's  army  at  the  battle  of  Fallen 
Timbers.  The  shiretown  of  Powhatan  Co. 
was  named  for  him,  also  a  county  in  Ky. 

Scott,  GusTAvus  Hall,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  Va.  June  13,  1812.  Midshipman,  Aug.  1, 
1828;  licut.  Feb.  25,  1841;  com.  Dec.  27, 
1856;  capt.  Nov.  4,  186-3;  commodore  1869. 
Com.  steamer  "  Keystone  State,"  si^ecial  ser- 
vice, 1861;  steam  -  gunboat  "  Maratanza," 
N.A.B.  squad.,  1862-3;  steamer  "De  Soto," 
1864;  steam-sloop  "  Canandaigua,"  blockade 
squad.,  1865;  steam-sloop  "  Sai-anac,"  Pacific 
squad.,  1866-7  ;  lighthouse  insp.  1868.  —  Ham- 
erslt/. 

Scott,  Henry  Lee,  author  of  "Militarv 
Dictionary,"  8vo,  1861,  b.  N.  C.  1814.  Wes't 
Point,  1833.  Son-in-law  and  aide-de-camp  to 
Gen.  Scott ;  brev.  for  gallantry  in  the  Mexican 
war;  lieut.-col.  Mar.  7,  1855;  and  insp.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  and  col.  14  May,  1861 ;  retired  for 
physical  disability  30  Oct.  1861 ;  resigned  31 
Oct.  1862. —  CM//am. 

Scott,  Job,  an  eminent  minister  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends.  Author  of  "  The  Baptism  of 
Christ  a  Gospel  Ordinance,"  1803  ;  "  War  In- 
consistent with  the  Example  and  Doctrines  of 
Christ,"  8vo,  1804.  —  See  "  Journal  of  his  Life, 
Travels,  and  Labors,"  Wilmington,  1797. — 
Alii  hone. 

Scott,  John,  jurist ;  d.  Richmond,  Ya., 
Jan.  7,  1850,  a.  68.  Member  of  the  Va.  senate 
1811-13;  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  in  1829; 
in  1830-1  he  was  app.  judge  of  the  6th  circuit 
and  of  the  General  Court.  In  the  new  organi- 
zation of  this  last  court  and  the  establishment 
of  the  special  Court  of  Appeals,  March,  1848, 
he  was  app.  one  of  the  5  members  of  these  two 
courts,  and  so  continued  until  his  death. 

Scott,  John  Morin,  brig.-gen.  Revol. 
army,  b.  N.  York  1730;  d.  Sept.  14,  1784. 
Yale,  1746.  A  descendant  of  the  baronial 
family  of  Scott  of  Ancram,  he  was  an  early  op- 
ponent of  British  oppression.  He  adopted  the 
profession  of  the  law,  and  married  Helena  Rut- 
gers. With  Wm.  Livingston  of  N.  J,  his  voice 
and  pen  boldly  advocated  extreme  measures, 
and,  because  of  his  ultra  Whig  principles,  the 
timid  ones  defeated  his  election  to  Congress  in 

1774.  He  was  one  of  the  most  active  and  influ- 
ential members  of  the  gen.  com.  of  N.Y.  in 

1775,  and  a  member  of  the  Prov.  Congress 
that  year;  June  9,  1776,  he  was  made  a  brig.- 
gen.,  which  office  he  held  till  March,  1777.  He 
was  with  his  brigade  in  the  battle  of  Long  Is- 
land ;  from  March,  1777,  to  1789,  he  was  sec.  of 
the  State  of  N.  Y. ;  and  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress in  1780-3. 

Scott,  Julia  H.  (Kinney),  b.  Pa.  1809; 
d.  Towanda,  Pa.,  1842.  Married  to  David  L. 
Scott  in  1825.  A  coll.  of  her  poems,  with  a 
Memoir  by  Sarah  C.  Edgarton  (Mrs.  Mayo), 
was  pub.  1843  ;  a  new  ed.by  Mrs.  C.  M.  Saw- 
yer, in  1854.  —  See  Grisioold's  Female  Poets  of 
Amer. 


Scott,  Martin,  lieut.-col.  U.S.A.,  b.  Ben- 
nington, Vt. ;  killed  Sept.  8,  1847,  at  the  head 
of  his  regt.,  in  battle  of  El  Molino  del  Rey. 
App.  lieut  26th  Inf.  Apr.  1814  ;  capt.  5th  Inf. 
Aug.  1828  ;  brev.  maj.  for  battles  of  Palo  Alto 
and  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  May  9, 1846 ;  maj.  5th 
Inf.  June  29,  1846 ;  com.  his  regt.,  and  brev. 
lieut.-col.  for  the  severe  conflicts  at  Monterey, 
Mexico,  Sept.  23,  1846.  He  was  a  famous 
marksman,  and  had  seen  much  hard  service. 

Scott,  Richard,  an  early  settler  in  R.  I., 
b.  Glemsford,  Suffolk,  Eng.,  1607 ;  d.  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  1681-2.  A  lineal  descendant  of 
John  Baliol,  founder  of  Baliol  Coll.,  Oxford. 
Came  to  Boston  in  1634;  m.  Katharine  Mar- 
bury  (sister  of  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson)  ab. 
1637  ;  joined  Roger  Williams  soon  after,  and 
was  a  co-proprietor  in  his  purchase  of  the  In- 
dians, and  one  of  the  signers  and  the  supposed 
author  of  the  celebrated  covenant  between 
themselves  to  be  obedient  "  to  all  such  orders 
and  agreements  as  shall  be  made  for  the  public 
good  only  in  civil  things"  At  first  a  Baptist, 
he  in  1657  became  a  Quaker ;  and  his  wife  and 
daughters  were  whipped  and  imprisoned  in 
Boston  for  Quakerism.  He  was  a  commiss.  to 
settle  the  controversy  with  Ms.  in  regard  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  Shawomet  in  1645  ;  and- was  a 
dep.  to  the  Assembly  in  1666.  He  left  numer- 
ous descendants. 

Scott,  Robert  Kingston,  gov.  S.C.  1868- 
71,  b.  Armstrong  Co.,  Pa.,  8  July,  1826.  M.D. 
of  Starling  Med.  Coll.,  0.  Son  of  a  soldier  of 
the  war  of  1812,  grandson  of  a  soldier  of  the 
Revol.  Settled  in  practice  in  Henry  Co.,  O. 
Lieut.-col.  68th  O.  Vols.  Oct.  1861 ;  col.  5  July, 
1862  ;  at  capture  of  Fort  Donelson,  battle  of 
Shiloh,  and  siege  of  Corinth  ;  com.  brigade  at 
Hatchie  River,  Tenn.,  under  Gen.  Hurlbut ; 
com.  advance  of  Logan's  div.  on  tbe  march 
into  Mpi.;  engaged  at  Port  Gibson,  Raymond, 
Jackson,  and  Champion  Hills  ;  com.  2d  bri- 
gade, 3d  div.  17th  corps,  until  July,  1865;  was 
made  prisoner  near  Atlanta  ;  exchanged  24 
Sept.  1864;  and  was  in  Sherman's  operations 
before  Atlanta,  and  in  the  "  raarrh  to  the  sea  ;  " 
assist,  commis.  bureau  of  R.F.,  S.C,  1865-8. 

Scott,  Thomas,  judge,  b.  Md.  1772;  d. 
Chillicothe,  0.,  Feb.  15, 1856.  Meth.-Epis.  min- 
ister 1789-96;  in  1798  studied  law,  and  settled 
in  Chillicothe  ;  sec.  of  the  conv.  that  framed 
the  const,  of  Ohio  in  1802,  and  of  the  State 
senate  1803-9;  judge  Sup.  Court  1809-10; 
and  chief  justice  1810-15.  —  A.  T.  Goodman. 

Scott,  Thomas  Fielding,  D.D.,  Prot.- 
Epis.  missionary,  bishop  of  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington, consee.  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  Jan.  8,  1854  ; 
b.  1805  ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  July  14,  1867.  Many 
years  a  clergyman  in  Georgia. 

Scott,  William  Anderson,  D.D.,  b.  Tenn. 
Cumberland  U.,  Ky.,  1833.  Formerly  editor 
of  the  N.  Orleans  Presbyterian,  and  pastor  of 
Calvary  Church,  San  Francisco;  was  in  1863 
installed  over  the  42d  Presb.  Church,  New- York 
City.  Author  of  "Daniel  a  Model  for  Young 
Men,"  8vo,  1854;  "Achan  in  El  Dorado," 
1855;  "Trade  and  Letters,"  1856;  "The  Giant 
Judge,"  1858;  "The  Church  in  the  Army," 
1 862  ;  "  The  Christ  of  the  Apostles'  Creed,"  &c., 
8vo,  1867  ;  also  a  number  of  addresses,  papers 
in  periodicals,  &c.  —  AUibone. 


SCO 


808 


SE-A. 


Scott,  WiNFiELD,  lieut.-gcn.  U.S.A.,  b. 
Petersburg;,  Va.,  June  13, 1786;  d.  West  Point, 
N.Y.,  May  29,  1866.  Wm.  and  M.  Coll  1804. 
Left  an  orphan  in  his  boyhood,  he  studied  law, 
and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1806.  App.  capt. 
of  art.  May  3,  1808  ;  lieut.-ool.  2d  Art.  July  6, 
1812  ;  adj.-gen.  (rank  of  col.)  March  18,  1813; 
col.  2d  Art.  March  12,  1813  ;  brig.-gcn.  March 
9,  1814  ;  maj.-gen.  and  gen.  in  chief  of  the  ar- 
my, June  25,  1841  ;  bj-ev.  lieut.-gen.  Feb.  28, 
1855.  Ordered  to  the  Canada  frontier  in  July, 
1812,  he  was  made  prisoner,  Oct.  13,  at  Queens- 
town  Heights  ;  exchanged  in  the  early  part 
of  1813  ;  joined  the  army  of  Gen.  Dearborn  in 
March,  1813  ;  com.  the  advance  in  the  attack 
on  Fort  George,  May  27,  and  was  severely  in- 
jured by  the  explosion  of  a  magazine  at  its 
surrender.  Crossing  the  Niagara  River,  July  3, 
1814,  on  the  5th  he  defeated  the  British  at 
Chippewa ;  on  the  25th  was  fought  the  battle 
of  Lundy's  Lane,  near  Niagara  Falls,  in  which 
Scott  had  2  horses  killed  under  him,  and  re- 
ceived two  severe  wounds,  one  of  which  left  his 
arm  partially  disabled.  These  two  engage- 
ments, fought  with  the  best  British  troops, 
established  the  prestige  of  our  arms.  For  these 
brilliant  services  he  was  awarded  by  Congress 
a  gold  medal,  Nov.  3,  1814,  and  was  offered, 
but  declined,  the  secretaryship  of  war.  Visiting 
Europe  in  a  military  and  diplomatic  capacity, 
he  enjoyed  in  France  the  converse  and  asso- 
ciation of  the  leading  captains  of  Napoleon. 
During  the  nullification  troubles  in  1832,  he 
was  sent  to  Charleston  on  a  confidential  mis- 
sion, which  was  completely  successful.  His 
prudence  and  discretion  were  eminently  shown 
in  procuring  the  removal  of  the  Cherokees 
from  Ga.  in  1838,  in  the  Canadian  rebellion 
of  1837-9,  and  in  the  l)oundai*y  dispute  between 
Me.  and  N.  Brunswick  in- 1839.  The  annexa- 
tion of  Texas  having  resulted  in  war  with 
Mexico,  March  9,  1847,  Scott  landed  with  12,- 
000  men  at  Vera  Cruz,  invested  the  city  and 
the  castle  of  St.  Juan  d'UUoa,  both  which  ca- 
pitulated on  the  26th ;  taking  up  the  march 
toward  the  capital,  he  gained  successively  the 
battles  of  Cerro  Gordo  (April  18),  Contreras, 
San  Antonio,  and  Churubusco  (Aug.  19  and 
20),  Molino  del  Key  (Sept.  8),  Chapul tepee 
(Sept.  13),  and  captured  the  city  of  Mexico 
(Sept.  14).  In  these  engagements,  the  Mexi- 
cans, though  greatly  superior  in  numbers,  and 
having  every  advantage  of  position,  were  sig- 
nally defeated.  In  1 852  he  was  the  unsuccessful 
nominee  of  the  Whig  party  for  the  presidency. 
On  the  breaking-out  of  the  civil  war,  he  urged 
wise  precautions  to  prevent  the  armed  with- 
drawal of  the  1 1  seceding  States  from  the  Union, 
secured  the  safe  inaug.  of  Pres.  Lincoln,  the 
defence  of  the  national  capital,  the  organization 
of  the  Union  army,  and  its  establishment  upon 
the  strategetic  points  of  the  country.  He  re- 
tired from  active  service,  Nov.  1,  1861,  visited 
Europe  in  Nov.,  and  devoted  his  later  days  to 
the  preparation  of  his  "  Autobiography,"  2 
vols.  8vo,  1864.  Also  author  of  "  General  Reg- 
ulations for  the  Army,''  1825;  and  "Infantry 
Tactics,"  1835. 

ScottOW,  Capt.  Joshua,  merchant  and 
author,  of  Boston,  b.  Eng.  1615;  d.  Boston, 
20  Jan.  1698.     He  came  to  Boston  in  1634 


with  his  mother,  a  widow,  and  a  bio.  Thomas. 
Two  of  his  daughters  rn.  Thomas  Savage  and 
Samuel  Checkky.  His  son  Thomas  grad, 
(H.U.)  in  1677.  He  pub.  in  1691  "  Old  Men's 
Fears  ;  "  in  1694  "  A  Narrative  of  the  Plant- 
ing of  the  Ms.  Colony,"  &c.  He  was  a  capt. 
of  militia,  confidential  agent  of  La  Tour  in 
transacts,  with  the  colonial  govt.  1654-7. 

Scranton,  George  W.,  manufiicturer,  b, 
Madison,  Ct.,  May  23,  1811;  d.  Scranton, 
Luzerne  Co.,  Pa.,  Mar.  24,  1861.  Removing 
to  N.  J.,  and  then  to  Pa.,  he  engaged  in  his 
business  of  iron  manuf.  in  the  heart  of  the  coal 
and  iron  region,  where  a  large  town  has  grown 
up  which  perpetuates  his  name.  M.C.  from 
1858  till  his  death. 

Screven,  Gen.  James  ;  d.  of  wounds  re- 
ceived in  a  skirmish  at  Midway,  Ga.,  Nov.  24, 
1778.  Descended  from  William,  a  Baptist 
minister,  who  d.  Georgetown,  S.C.,  1713,  a.  84. 
He  early  engaged  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  and 
in  1774  was  one  of  the  com.  which  drew  up 
articles  of  association  for  its  defence  in  Ga. 
A  brig.-gen.,  commanding  the  Ga.  militia  when 
that  State  was  invaded  from  E.  Fla.,  he  had 
repeated  skirmishes  with  them  between  Sun- 
bury  and  Savannah,  in  one  of  which  he  fell. 
Congress  ordered  the  erection  of  a  monument 
to  his  memory, 

Seudder,  Horace  Elisha,  b.  Boston, 
1838.  Wms.  Coll.  1858.  Author  of  "Seven 
LittlePeople  and  their  Friends,"  1862;  "Dream- 
Children,"  1863  ;  "Life  and  Letters  of  D.  C. 
Seudder,  Missionary,"  &e.,  8vo,  1864  ;  "  Stories 
from  my  Attic,"  1869.  Editor  of  Riverside 
Mag.,  and  contrib.  to  Atlantic  Monthly,  N.A. 
Beview,  &c.  —  AUibone. 

Seudder,  John,  M.D.  (Coll.  of  Phys.  and 
S.  1815),  missionary,  b.  N.  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
Sept.  3,  1793;  d.  Wynberg,  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  Jan.  13,  1855.  N.J.  Coll.  1811.  He 
studied  medicine,  and  settled  in  N.  Y.,  where  he 
had  previously  been  house-surgeon  of  the  city 
hospital.  Giving  up  an  extensive  practice,  he 
offered  himself  as  a  missionary  to  the  Amer. 
Board ;  studied  theology ;  and  in  181 9  was  ord. 
as  a  minister  of  the  D.  R.  Church.  For  19 
years  he  labored  in  Ceylon,  where  he  also  con- 
ducted a  large  hospital,  and  attained  a  high 
reputation  as  a  surgeon  and  physician,  also 
superintending  a  number  of  schools.  He  was 
transferred  to  the  Madras  mission  in  1839; 
revisited  Amer.  in  1842-6  ;  but,  visiting  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  on  account  of  his  health 
in  1 854,  died  there.  He  pub. "  The  Redeemer's 
Last  Command,"  "  The  Harvest  Perishing," 
"  Knocking  at  the  Door,"  "  Letters  to  Children 
on  Missionary  Subjects,"  "Letters  from  the 
East,"  1833  ;  "  Letters  to  Pious  Young  Men," 
8vo,  1846,  &c.  His  children,  8  sons  and  2 
daughters,  all  devoted  themselves  to  missionary 
labors.  —  See  Memoir  by  Rev.  J,  B.  Waterhury, 
12mo. 

Seudder,  Col.  Nathaniel,  long  a  mem- 
ber of  the  N.  J.  Assembly ;  member  of  the  Old 
Congress  1777-9  ;  killed  in  a  skirmish  with  an 
invading-partv  of  the  enemy  at  Shrewsbury, 
N.J.,  Oct.  15",  1781.     N.J.  Coll.  1751. 

Seabrook,  Whitemarsh  Benjamin, 
gov.  of  S.C.  1848-50;  d.  St.  Luke's  Parish, 
S.C,  Apr.  16,  1855,  a.  ab.  60.    N.J.   Coll. 


SSIA. 


809 


SKA 


1812.  He  had  been  a  member  of  the  State 
senate,  and  pres.  of  the  State  Agric.  Society. 

Seabury,  Samuel,  D.D.  (Oxf,  U.  1777), 
first  Frot.-Epis.  bishop  of  the  U.S.,  b.  Groton, 
Ct.,  Nov.  30,  1729;  d.  Feb.  25,  1796.  Y.C. 
1748.  Son  of  a  Cong,  minister  of  Groton. 
In  1751  he  went  to  Scotland  to  study  medicine, 
but  turned  his  attention  to  theology,  and  in 
1753  was  ord.  in  Lond.  '  He  returned  to  Amer. ; 
was  settled  atN.  Brunswick,  N.  J. ;  at  Jamaica, 
L.I.,  1756-66;  and  at  Westchester  until  the 
commencement  of  hostilities,  when  he  went  to 
N.  Y. ;  and  at  one  time  waschaplain  of  the  king's 
Amer.  regt.,  also  practising  medicine.  Being 
the  supposed  author  of  some  Tory  pamphlets, 
he  was  in  1775  seized  by  a  party  of  soldiers, 
carried  to  N.  Haven,  and  imprisoned.  As  the 
fact  of  authorship  could  not  be  proved,  he  was 
suffered  to  return  to  Wesj^-hester,  where  he 
continued  to  exert  himself  in  behalf  of  the  same 
opinions.  He  made  a  voyage  to  Eng.  in  March, 
1784,  to  obtain  consecration  as  bishop  of  Ct. 
Meeting  with  obstacles  to  his  wishes  from  the 
English  prelates,  he  was  consecrated  by  three 
bishops  of  the  Scottish  Epis.  Church,  Nov.  14, 
1784,  and  subsequently  fulfilled  the  duties  of 
his  pastoral  office  at  New  London  till  his  death. 
He  took  part  in  revising  the  Prayer-Book,  and 
framing  the  const,  of  the  church,  which  was 
adopted  in  1789.  He  pub.  in  1791  two  vols. 
of  sermons,  to  which  a  suppt.  was  added  in 
1798;  also  two  religious  tracts. 

Seabury,  Samuel,  D.D.,  clergyman, 
grandson  of  the  preceding,  b.  June  9,  1801. 
Ord.  deacon,  Apr.  12,  1826;  priest,  July  7, 
1828.  Originally  a  school-teacher.  He  was 
for  a  time  missionary  to  Huntington  and 
Oyster  Bay,  L.I. ;  removed  to  Hallett's  Cove 
(now  Astoria),  where  he  founded  St.  George's 
Church ;  became  a  teacher  in  the  Flushing  Inst. 
in  1830;  and  in  18-34  removed  to  N.Y.  to  take 
charge  of  the  Churchman,  newspaper.  This 
journal  attained  great  influence  in  the  Epis. 
Church,  especially  in  the  discussion  respecting 
the  Oxford  tracts  and  kindred  matters.  In 
1849  he  became  rector  of  the  Church  of  the 
Annunciation  in  N.Y.  In  1863  he  succeeded 
Dr.  Turner  as  prof,  of  biblical  learning  in  the 
Epis.  Theol.  Sem.,  N.Y.  He  has  pub.  "  The 
Continuity  of  the  Church  of  Eng.  in  the  16th 
Century,"  N.Y.  1853,  8vo  ;  "Amer.  Slavery 
Justified,"  1861,  and  other  works,  beside  a 
number  of  occas.  sermons  and  addresses.  — 
Dut/ckinck. 

Sealsfleld,  Charles,  novelist,  b.  1797; 
d.  Solothurn,  Switzerland,  26  May,  1864.  He 
resided  in  Amer.  until  1 844,  when  he  went  to 
Switzerland.  Most  of  his  works  were  origi- 
nally written  in  G<jrman.  One  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  them,  "  Tokeah,  or  the  White  Rose," 
app.  first  in  English  at  Phila.  in  1828.  His 
"  Trans- Atlantic  Travelling  Sketches,"  "  Pic- 
tures of  Life  in  both  Hemispheres," and  "South 
and  North,"  are  of  striking  merit ;  while  his 
great  Mexican  novel,  "The  Viceroy  and  the 
Aristocracy,"  is  said  to  be  the  most  powerful 
and  original  of  his  works.  About  1830  he  was 
connected  with  the  press  of  Lond.  and  Paris. 

Seaman,  Valentine,  M.D.  (U.  of  Phila. 
1792),  physician,  b.  N.  Hempstead,  L.I.,  2  Apr. 
1770 ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  July  3,  1817.    Descended 


from  Capt.  John  S.,  who  settled  at  Hempstead 
about  1660.  Studied  medicine  with  Dr.  N. 
Romayne ;  a  surgeon  of  the  N.Y.  Hospital 
from  1 796  to  his  d.  Conspicuous  in  the  introd. 
of  vaccination  in  N.Y.  He  pub.  "Inaug.  Dis- 
course on  Opium,"  Phila.  1792;  "  Waters  of 
Saratoga,"  1 793 ;  "  Midwife's  Monitor,"  1800 ; 
"On  Vaccination,"  1816;  papers  in  Med. 
Repos.,  &c.,  1800;  and  a  pharmacopoeia.  —  See 
Williams's  Med.  Biog. ;  Thompson's  L.I.,  Ap- 
pendix. 

Searle,  George  W.,  scholar,  legist,  and 
member  of  the  Boston  bar  (adm.  1847),  b.  Sa- 
lem, Ms.,  22  Feb.  1 826.  Besides  a  successful  law- 
practice,  he  has  devoted  much  time  to  litera- 
ture, and  has  been  for  many  years  law-critic  of 
the  Boston  Post,  attaining  in  this  department 
of  letters  a  deservedly  high  reputation.  He  has 
prepared  treatises  "  Of  the  Habeas  Corpus ; " 
"Extraord.  Remedies, — Error,  Certiorari,  Pro- 
hibition, Mandamus,  Quo  Warranto,"  &c. ; 
"Legal  Principles,  their  Exceptions  and  Lim- 
itations ; "  on  "  Patents ;  "  and  "  Hints  on  the 
Art  of  Advocacy,"  a  subject  of  which  he  has 
made  especial  study.  Among  his  numerous 
contribs.  to  periodicals  are  "  The  Penal  System 
of  Ms.,"  "  Relations  of  Insanity  to  Crime," 
and  "Chief  Justice  Taney"  (Dec.  1864)  and 
"Edward  Everett"  (Jan.  1865),  Nat.  Quart. 
Rev.,  "Bench  and  Bar  of  the  U.S.  Sup.  Court 
in  1853-4"  {Phila.  Law  Reg.),  and  on  "Rich- 
ard Fletcher  at  the  Bar"  [Amer.  Law  Rev.). 
Through  the  medium  of  the  press  and  the  plat- 
form Mr.  Searle  has  sought  to  elevate  labor, 
and  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  toiling 
and  also  of  the  outcast  classes  of  society.  He 
has  also  lectured  upon  a  variety  of  other  topics, 
and  has  delivered  speeches  and  addresses  upon 
festive  and  other  public  occasions,  mostly  dis- 
cussing social  and  practical  questions. 

Searle,  James,  Revol.  patriot  and  mer- 
chant, b.  N.Y.  City  ab.  1730;  d.  Phila.  Aug. 
7,  1797.  A  merchant  in  the  house  of  his  bro. 
in  Madeira;  he  settled  in  Phila.  about  176»; 
signed  the  non-importation  agreement  of  Oct. 
25, 1765 ;  was  one  of  the  managers  of  the  U.S. 
Lottery  from  Nov.  20,  1776,  to. Aug.  19,  1778, 
when  he  was  for  a  short  time  a  member  of  the 
navy  board;  from  Nov.  1778  to  July,  1780,  was 
a  delegate  to  Congress,  where  he  was  chairman 
of  the  commercial  com.mittee,  and  on  the  com- 
mittees of  foreign  affairs  and  of  the  marine ;  in 
Sept.  1780  he  was  sent  to  Europe  to  negotiate 
a  State  loan  to  Pa.,  but  returned  in  June,  1782, 
unsuccessful.  —  Simpson. 

Sears,  BarxXas,  D.D.  (PLU.  1841),  LL.D. 
(Y.C.  1862),  clergyman  and  scholar,  b.  Sandis- 
ficld,  Ms.,  Nov.  19,  1802.  Brown  U.  1825.  He 
finished  a  course  of  theol.  study  at  Newton  in 
1829 ;  was  2  years  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist 
Church  in  Hartford ;  and  was  app.  prof,  in  the 
Hamilton  Lit.  and  Theol.  Inst.,  now  Madison 
U.,  N.Y.  He  went  to  Europe  in  1833,  and 
studied  for  several  years  at  Halle,  Leipsic,  and 
Berlin.  On  his  return,  he  was  app.  a  prof,  in 
the  Newton  Theol.  Sem.,  where  he  remained 
12  years,  the  latter  part  of  the  time  as  pres.; 
in  1848  he  succeeded  Horace  Mann  as  sec.  of 
the  Ms.  Board  of  Education;  from  Aug.  21, 
1855,  to  Feb.  1867,  he  was  pres.  of  Brown  U. ; 
since  then  gen.  agent  of  the  Peahody  Educ. 


SEA. 


810 


SEE) 


Fund.  His  pubs,  are,  a  new  edition  of  Noh- 
den's  "  Grammar  of  the  German  Language/' 
1842;  "  Classical  Studies,"  1843;  "Ciceronia, 
or  the  Prussian  Mode  of  Instruction  in  Latin/' 
1844;  "Memoir  of  Rev.  Bela  Jacobs/'  12mo, 
1837;  "Life  of  Luther,"  1850,  since  repub- 
lished in  Eng.  with  the  title  "  The  Mental  and 
Spiritual  History  of  Luther,"  1 850 ;  numerous 
reports  on  education,  occas.  addresses,  and  con- 
tribs.  to  reviews  and  other  periodicals,  and  to 
Appleton's  "  Amer.  Cyclop."  In  1838,  and  for 
several  years,  he  edited  the  Christian  Review, 
and  has  latterly  edited  the  Bibliotheca  Sacra. 
In  1864  he  pub.  a  discourse  on  the  completion 
of  the  first  century  of  Yale  College. 

Sears,  Rev.  Edmund  Hamilton,  Unita- 
rian clergyman  and  poet,  b.  Sandisfield,  Ms., 
1810.  Un.  Coll.  1834;  H.  U.  Theol.  School, 
1837.  Pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Wayland, 
Ms.,  1839-40;  at  Lancaster,  Ms.,  1840-7  ;  and 
since  1865  at  Weston,  Ms.  He  has  edited,  with 
Rev.  R.  Ellis,  the  Monthly  Religious  Mag.,.  Bos- 
ton ;  and  has  pub.,  besides  hymns,  "  Regenera- 
tion," 8vo;  "Pictures  of  the  Olden  Time," 
1857  ;  "Athanasia,  or  Foregleams  of  Immor- 
tality," 1858;  "Christian  Lyrics,"  1860. 

Sears,  Capt.  Isaac,  a  patriotic  merchant 
ofN.Y.,  b.  Norwalk,  Ct.,  1729;  d.  Canton, 
China,  28  Oct.  1786.  His  ancestor  Richard, 
of  Colchester,  Eng.,  came  to  Plymouth  in 
1630.  In  1758-61  he  com.  a  privateer,  and 
cruised  against  the  French,  but  lost  his  vessel 
by  shipwreck  in  1761.  He  then  engaged  in  the 
European  and  W.  India  trade ;  but,  after  the 
passage  of  the  Stamp  Act,  was  the  foremost  of 
the  Sons  of  Liberty  in  N.  Y.  City,  and  was 
active  during  the  war.  Member  of  the  N.Y. 
Prov.  Congress,  and  of  the  Assembly  in  1783. 

Sears,  Robert,  b.  St.  John,  N.  Brunswick, 
June  28,  1810.  Descended  from  Richard  of 
Plymouth.  Removed  to  N.Y.  City.  Compiler 
of  pictorial  works,  which  have  had  a  large  sale, 
— "Illustrations  of  the  Bible,"  3  vols. ;  "Fami- 
ly Bible,"  4to ;  "  History  of  China  and  India 
"Wars  of  the  U.  S.;"  "Description  of  t 


ipti 
U.S. ; "  "  Treasury  oif  Knowledge  ; 


the 
Hist, 
of  the  Bible; "/' Scenes  and  Sketches  of  Con- 
tinental Europe ; "  "  Description  of  Great  Bri^ 
ain  and  Ireland ; "  "  Information  for  the  Peo- 
ple ;  "  "  Family  Instructor ;  "  "  History  of  the 
Amer.  Revolution ; "  "  Sunday  Book  ; "  "  Bi- 
ble Biography  ; "  "  Wonders  of  the  World ; " 
"Guide  to  Knowledge;"  Description  of  the 
Russian  Empire,"  &c. — Allibone. 

Seaton,  William  Winston,  journalist, 
b.  King  William  Co.,Va.,  Jan.  11,  1785;  d. 
Washington,  D.C.,  June  16,  1866.  Of  Scotch 
descent ;  and  his  mother,  a  Winston,  was  a 
cousin  of  Patrick  Henry.  He  was  educated  at 
Ogilyie's  Acad,  in  Richmond.  He  engaged  in 
politics  at  18 ;  was  assist,  editor  of  a  Richmond 
paper;  subsequently  had  charge  of  the  Peters- 
burg Republican,  hut  soon  purchased  the  N.C. 
Journal  at  Halifax ;  whence  he  removed  to 
Raleigh,  and  became  connected  with  the  Regis- 
ter,—an  influential  journal  edited  by  Joseph 
Gales,  whose  dau.  he  subsequently  married. 
In  1812  he  removed  to  Washington,  and  be- 
came partner  with  his  bro.-in-law,  Joseph  Gales, 
jun.,  in  founding  the  National  Intelligencer,  of 
which,  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Gales  in  July, 


1860,  Mr.  Seaton  was  sole  editor.  Their 
"  Register  of  Debates,"  from  1824  to  1837,  is  a 
standard  source  of  American  history;  and  the 
Intelligencer,  in  ability,  candor,  fairness,  and 
courtesy,  was  conspicuous  among  American 
newspapers.  For  12  years  (1840-51),  Mr.  S. 
was  elected  mayor  of  Washington  City.  G.  & 
S.  pub.  "  Annals  of  Congress,  Debates  and  Pro- 
ceedings in  that  Body  from  Mar.  3,  1798,  to 
May  27,  1824/'  42  vols.  8vo.  His  Life,  prep, 
by  his  dau.,  was  pub.  in  Boston  in  1871,  1  vol. 
12mo. 

Seawall,  Washington,  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Va.  West  Point,  1825.  Entering 
the  7th  Inf.,  he  became  capt.  31  July,  1836; 
brev.  major  for  meritorious  services  in  war 
against  the  Florida  Indians,  July  18,  1841  ; 
was  engaged  in  the  defence  of  Ft.  Brown,  Tex- 
as, May  3-9, 1846^  major  2d  Inf  Mar.  3,  1847 ; 
lieut.-col.  8th  Inf.  Feb.  23,  1852;  col.  6th  Inf. 
Oct.  17,  1860;  retired  Feb.  20,  1862;  brev. 
brig.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865. 

Seccomb,  John,  clergyman  and  poet,  b. 
Medford,  Ms.,  April  25,  1708;  d.  Chester, 
Nova  Scotia,  Jan.  1793.  H.U.  1728.  Minis- 
ter of  Harvard,  Ms.,  from  Oct.  10, 1733,  to  Sept. 
1757,  and  of  Chester  from  1763  to  his  death. 
He  pub.  an  ordination-sermon  in  Nova  Scotia 
1770,  and  a  discourse  on  the  death  of  the  wife 
of  Gov.  Belcher  1771.  His  humorous  poem, 
entitled  "  Father  Abbey's  Will,"  was  pub. 
both  in  the  Gentleman's  and  European  Maga- 
zines in  May,  1782  :  it  was  reprinted  in  the  Ms. 
Mag.  Nov.  1 794  ;  and  in  1854  by  J.  L.  Sibley, 
with  hist,  and  biog.  notes. 

Seddon,  James  A.,  lawyer  and  politician 
of  Va.  Adopted  the  profession  of  law,  and 
represented  the  Richmond  dist.  in  Congress  in 
1845-7  and  1849-51 ;  was  a  member  of  the 
Peace  Congress,  Feb.  4,  1861 ;  was  elected  a 
delegate  to  the  Confed.  Congress,  July  20, 1861; 
and  made  sec.  of  war  on  the  resignation  of  G. 
W.  Randolph,  Nov.  18,  1862.  He  resides  in 
Goochland  County. 

Sedgwick,  Catharine  Maria,  author- 
ess, dau.  of  Judge  Theodore,  b.  Stockbridge, 
Ms.,  28  Dec.  1789;  d.  there  July  31, 1867.  Af- 
ter the  death  of  her  father,  in  1813,  she  super- 
intended the  education  of  the  daughters  of 
some  of  her  intimate  friends,  which  she  contin- 
ued to  do  for  50  years  with  eminent  success. 
Her  first  story,  "  The  New-England  Tale,"  ap- 
peared anonymously  in  1822.  In  1824  she 
pub.  "  Redwood,"  repub.  in  Eng.,  and  trans- 
lated into  French,  Italian,  and  Swedish;  in 
1828  "  Hope  Leslie,"  one  of  the  most  popular 
of  American  novels  ;  in  1830  "  Clarenc-e,  or  a 
Tale  of  our  Own  Times ;  "  in  1832  "  Le  Bos- 
su;"  in  1835  "The  Linwoods,"  a  romance 
of  the  Revol.,  and  also  a  collection  of  short 
tales ;  and  in  the  following  3  years  "  The  Poor 
Rich  Man  and  the  Rich  Poor  Man,"  "  Live 
and  Let  Live,"  "  Means  and  Ends,"  "  Home," 
and  "Love-Token  for  Children."  In  1837 
her  Memoir  of  Lucretia  Davidson  appeared  in 
Sparks's  "  Amer.  Biog."  In  1841,  on  returning 
from  a  European  visit,  she  pub.  "  Letters  from 
Abroad;"  in  1845  "Wilton  Harvey  and  Oth- 
er  Tales ;  "  next  "  Morals  and  Manners ;  "  and 
in  1857  her  latest  novel," Married,  or  Single?  " 
in  1858  she  pub.  the  Life  of  Joseph  Curtis 


SED 


811 


SED 


of  New  York ;  "  Hist.  Sketches  of  the  Old 
Painters,"  1841 ;  "  Letters  to  My  Pupils,"  1862. 
She  wrote  much  for  the  magazines.  A  selec- 
tion of  her  works  was  pub.  in  3  vols,  in  1849 
and  in  1856.  —  Memoir  by  Mary  E.  Dwight, 
12mo,  1871. 

Sedgwick,  Henry  Dwight,  member  of 
the  New-York  bar,  son  of  Theodore,  b.  Shef- 
field, Ms.,  Sept.  22,  1785  ;  d.  Stockbridge, 
Dec.  23,  1831.  Wms.  Coll.  1804.  He  pub. 
Appeal  to  the  City  of  New  York  on  the  Pro- 
posed Alteration  of  its  Charter;  English  Prac- 
tice, &c.,  of  the  Common  Law,  8vo,  1822; 
Refutation  of  the  Reasons,  &c.,  in  the  Award 
in  the  Case  of  the  two  Greek  Frigates,  1826. 
Contrib.  to  N.  A.  Review,  and  articles  on  poli- 
tics and  religion  in  the  journals  of  the  day.  — 
Allihone. 

Sedgwick,  John,  maj.-gen.  U.S.  Vols.,  b. 
Cornwall,  Ct.,  Sept.  13, 1813.  Killed  at  Spott- 
sylvania,  May9, 1864.  West  Point,  1837.  En- 
tering the  2d  Art.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  in  1839 ; 
brev.  capt.  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and 
Churubusco,  where  he  com.  his  company ;  was 
highly  disting.  for  his  conduct  in  the  battles  of 
Molino  del  Rey  and  Chapultepec,  and  the  at- 
tack on  the  San  Cosme  Gate,  for  which  he  was 
brev.  major;  capt.  26  Jan.  1849;  major  1st 
Cav.  8  Mar,  1855;  col.  Apr.  25,  1861 ;  brig.- 
gen.  vols.  Aug.  si,  1861  ;  and  maj.-gen.  vols. 
May  31,  1862  ;  engaged  in  the  Florida  war  in 
1837-8;  in  the  Cheyenne  exped.  1857;  in  the 
Utah  exped.  1857-8,  and  in  the  Kiowa  and 
Comanche  exped.  1860;  assigned  the  com.  on 
the  Upper  Potomac ;  in  Feb.  1862,  and  during 
the  Chiekahominy  campaign,  led  a  division  in 
Sumner's  army  corps  ;  greatly  disting.  himself 
at  Fair  Oaks,  and  wounded  at  Glendale.  At 
the  battle  of  Antietam  he  was  seriously 
wounded,  and  on  his  recovery  in  Dec.  was  as- 
signed to  com.  the  9th  (late  Burnside's)  army 
corps.  Feb.  5,  1863,  he  took  com.  of  the  sixth 
corps;  at  its  head  he  carried  the  heights  near 
Fredericksburg  in  the  Chancellorsville  cam- 
paign, May,  1863;  com.  the  left  wing  during 
the  Gettysburg  campaign,  where  he  was  of 
great  service.  At  the  passage  of  the  Rapidan, 
Nov.  7, 1863,  he  captured  a  whole  Confed.  divis- 
ion, and  was  thanked  in  a  General  Order.  He 
com.  his  corps  in  the  battles  of  the  Wilderness 
during  the  hardest  of  the  fighting,  and,  while 
placing  some  artillery  in  position,  was  struck 
by  a  sharpshooter's  bullet,  and  instantly  killed. 
He  was  one  of  the  oldest,  ablest,  and  bravest  of 
the  soldiers  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  His 
simplicity  and  honest  manliness  endeared  him 
to  all.     Brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  May  31, 1862. 

Sedgwick,  Gen.  Robert,  b.  Eng. ;  d. 
Jamaica,  May  24,  1656.  He  had  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Artillery  Co.  in  London  ;  was  one  of 
the  first  settlers  of  Charlestown,  Ms.,  in  1635  ; 
and  was  an  enterprising  merchant.  He  was 
many  years  a  dep.  from  Charlestown  to  the  Gen. 
Court ;  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  A.  and 
H.  Art.  Co.  in  1638,  its  capt.  1640;  com.  the 
Castle  in  1641,  and  the  Middlesex  regt.  in  1643 ; 
and  was  in  1652  promoted  to  the  highest  mili- 
tary rank  in  the  Colony.  He  was  associated 
with  John  Winthrop,  jun.,  in  the  establishment 
of  the  first  furnace  and  ironworks  in  this  coun- 
try in  1643-4.     He  went  to  Eng.,  and  was  em- 


ployed by  Cromwell  to  expel  the  French  from 
Penobscot  in  1654;  was  engaged  in  the  great 
exped.  against  the  Spanish  W.  Indies  when 
Jamaica  was  taken,  and,  just  before  his  death, 
was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  maj.-gen.  by  the 
Protector. 

Sedgwick,  Theodore,  LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1799),  judge,  b.  Hartford,  Ct.,  May,  1746;  d. 
Boston,  Jan.  24,  1813.  Y.  C.  1765.  His  fa- 
ther Benjamin,  merchant,  a  descendant  of  Gen. 
Robert,  d.  when  he  was  13  years  of  age.  Hav- 
ing been  rusticated  for  a  boyish  misdemeanor, 
he  left  college  without  finishing  his  course. 
Abandoning  the  study  of  divinity  for  the  law, 
he  was  in  April,  1766,  adm.  to  the  bar;  prac- 
tised in  Great  Bamngton,  and  afterwards 
in  Sheffield.  He  engaged  with  ardor  in  the 
Revol.  struggle ;  in  1776  served  as  aide  to  Gen. 
Thomas  in  the  exped.  to  Canada ;  and  subse- 
quently exerted  himself  to  procure  supplies  for 
the  array.  He  represented  Sheffield  several 
times  in  the  Ms.  legisl.  before  and  after  the 
Revol. ;  was  a  member  of  the  Cont.  Congress 
in  1785  and  '6,  and  in  1788-97  of  the  Fed- 
eral Congress.  His  exertions  in  putting  down 
Shays's  Rebellion  were  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance. In  1788  he  was  a  representatiA^e  of 
Stockbridge  in  the  State  conv.  that  adopted 
the  Federal  Const.,  of  which  he  was  a  principal 
advocate  ;  he  was  speaker  of  the  house  in  the 
same  year ;  and  a  member  of  the  U.S.  senate 
from  1796  to  March,  1799,  acting  as  prcs.  pro 
tem.  in  1707  ;  in  1799  he  was  again  speaker  of 
the  house ;  and  from  1802  to  his  d.  was  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ms.  He  was  one  of 
the  counsel,  who,  soon  after  the  adoption  of  the 
Const,  of  Ms.,  procured  a  decision  by  which 
such  a  construction  was  given  to  that  instru- 
ment as  to  abolish  slavery  in  the  State.  He 
was  an  active  member  of  the  old  Federal  party, 
and  an  intimate  associate  of  Hamilton,  Jay, 
Rutledge,  Ames,  King,  and  its  other  leaders. 
Member  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

Sedgwick,  Theodore,  lawyer  and  pub- 
licist, eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Sheffield, 
Ms.,  Dec.  31,  1780;  d.  Pittsfield,  Nov.  7,  1839. 
Y,  C.  1798.  He  studied  law  with  his  father; 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1801 ;  and  practised  at 
Albany,  but,  from  declining  health,  he  retired 
in  1822  to  Stockbridge,  the  family  residence. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  State  legisl.  in  1824, 
'25,  and  '27,  and  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Democ.  party ;  was  a  ready  and  effective  speak- 
er, and  enjoyed  a  successful  practice,  as  well  as 
a  high  position  at  the  bar.  In  1 827  he  intro- 
duced into  the  State  legisl.  a  project  of  a  rail- 
road across  the  mountains  from  Boston  to 
Albany,  which  was  then  derided  as  visionary, 
but  which  he  succeeded  in  finally  carrying 
through.  He  was  devoted  to  the  causes  of  free 
trade,  temperance,  and  antislavery.  He  pub. 
"Hints  to  my  Countrymen,"  1826;  "Public 
and  Private  Economy,"  1836;  and  addresses  to 
the  Berkshire  Agric.  Soc,  of  which  he  was  pres. 
in  1823  and  '30.  He  m.  a  gr.-dau.  of  Gov.  Wm. 
Livingston,  author  of  some  works  of  fiction, 
who  d.  1867. 

Sedgwick,  Theodore,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, lawyer  and  author,  b.  Albany,  Jan.  27, 
1811 ;  d.  Stockbridge,  Ms.,  Dec.  8,  1859.  Col. 
Coll.  1829.    Adm.  to  the  bar  in  May,  1833; 


SEin 


812 


sem: 


he  passed  the  next  15  months  in  Europe,  chief- 
ly in  Paris,  where  he  was  attached  to  the  lega- 
tion of  Edward  Livingston.  On  his  return,  he 
practised  law  in  N.  York  with  great  success 
till  iil-health  compelled  him,  ab.  1850,  to  sus- 
pend his  labors.  Pres.  Buchanan  tendered  him 
the  mission  to  the  Hague  in  1857;  and  the 
office  of  assist,  sec.  of  state  was  twice  offered 
him,  but  declined.  In  Jan.  1858  he  received  an 
unsolicited  app.  as  U.S.  atty.  for  the  southern 
dist.  of  N.  Y.,  which  he  held  till  his  death.  In 
1833  he  pub.  a  Life  of  his  maternal  great-grand- 
father, Wm.  Livingston  ;  "  What  is  Monopo- 
ly ?  "  1835;  "Annexation  of  Texas,"  1844; 
"The  American  Citizen,"  a  discourse,  Un. 
Coll.,  1847  ;  edited  the  Political  Writings  of 
Wm.  Leggett  (2  vols.  8vo,  N.  Y.  1840);  pub. 
a  "Treatise  on  the  Measure  of  Damages," 
N.  Y.,  1847,  5th  ed.  1869,  a  standard  authority 
in  America  and  England;  and  in  1857  a 
"Treatise  on  Statutory  and  Constitutional 
Law."  First  pres.  of  the  N.  Y.  Crystal-Palace 
Company,  lie  was  a  leading  contrib.  to  Har- 
per's Macjazine  and  Weekly.  His  political  es- 
says, many  of  which  were  contrib.  to  the  Even- 
ing Post  under  the  signature  of  "Veto,"  were 
remarkable  for  their  independent  spirit,  their 
soundness  of  judgment,  and  their  clearness  and 
vigor  of  style. 

Sefton,  John,  comedian,  b.  Liverpool, 
Eng.,  Jan.  15,  1805;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  Sept.  19, 
1868.  Educated  for  the  bar.  His  taste  for  the 
stage  led  him  at  16  to  enter  that  career,  in 
which,  in  certain  comic  parts,  he  had  no  supe- 
rior. He  came  to  the  U.S.  in  1827  ;  played  for 
two  seasons  at  the  Walnut-st.  Theatre,  Phila.; 
and  in  New  York,  in  the  part  of  Jemmy 
Twitcher,  in  "  The  Golden  Farmer,"  achieved 
great  success  and  popularity.  Sefton  was 
stage-manager  at  the  Astor-place  Opera-House 
during  the  celebrated  Macready  riot.  He  was 
afterward  stage-manager  at  Richmond  ;  at  the 
Walnut,  Phila. ;  at  Charleston  and  Columbia, 
S.C. ;  and  at  N.  Orleans  under  Placide.  His 
last  app.  was  at  the  Broadway  Theatre,  for  the 
benefit  of  Barton  Hill,  in  Oct.  1867. 

Seguin,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  Ed- 
ward Shelden,  vocalists.  He  was  b.  Lond., 
Eng.,  Apr.  7,  1809 ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Dec.  9, 1852. 
Member  of  the  Lond.  Acad,  of  Music.  First 
appeared  at  the  Queen's  Theatre  in  1831  as 
Polyphemus  in  Handel's  "Acs  and  Galatea." 
First  app.  at  the  Old  National,  N.Y.,  Oct.  15, 
1838,  in  the  opera  of  Amelie;  and  afterward 
performed  in  the  principal  cities  with  considera- 
ble repute  as  a  bass-singer  and  comic  actor. 
His  wife,  Ann  Child,  first  app.  at  a  concert  in 
London ;  was  long  a  member  of  the  Italian 
Opera  Co.,  London ;  and  first  app.  at  Drury 
Lane  in  1836,  in  Fidelio.  She  was  a  great  fa- 
vorite in  the  U.S.,  but  retired  from  the  stage, 
and  taught  music  in  New  York,  where  she  is 
now  (1871)  living.  —  Brown's  Amer.  Stage. 

Segur  (sa'-giir),  Louis-Philippe,  Count 
DE,  diplomatist  and  historian,  b.  Paris,  Dec. 
10,  1753  ;  d.  there  Aug.  27,  1832.  Eldest  son 
of  Marshal  Se'gur.  Entered  the  army  in  1767, 
and  in  1781  received  the  brev.  of  2d  col.  of  the 
regt.  Soissonnais  in  America;  embarked  in 
April,  in  the  frigate  "  Gloire,"  with  his  friends 
Laurettc,  Broglie,  and  Lauzun,  and  took  part 


in  the  capture  of  Yorktown.  After  his  return 
to  France,  he  was  successively  ambassador  to 
St.  Petersburg  and  Berlin.  He  was  ruined  by 
the  revolution,  and  during  a  considerable  period 
supported  his  father,  as  well  as  his  family,  by 
the  productions  of  his  pen.  Napoleon  app.  him 
a  member  of  the  council  of  state  1803,  grand- 
master of  the  ceremonies,  and  a  senator.  On 
the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  he  was  created 
a  peer  of  France,  and  sided  with  the  liberals. 
His  principal  works  are  a  "  History  of  the 
Keign  of  Frederick  Wm.  II. ; "  "  Moral  and 
Political  Gallery  ; "  "  Ancient  and  Modern 
History ; "  also  M^molres,  Souvenirs,  et  Anec- 
dotes, 3  vols.  8vo,  1824. 

Seiss,  Joseph  Augustus,  D.D.,  b.  near 
Emmittsburg,  Pa.,  1823.  Lutheran  pastor  in 
Baltimore,  and  in  1869  pastor  of  St.  John's 
Ch.,  Phila.  Author  of  "  Lectures  on  Hebrews," 
1846;  "Baptist  System  Examined,"  1854; 
"  The  Last  Times,"*  &c.,  1856  ;  "  Threatening 
Ruin,"  1861;  "Day  of  the  Lord,"  1861; 
"Book  of  Worship,"  1865;  "The  Lutheran 
Church,"  1868;  "Lectures  on  the  Gospels," 
1868-9;  "Plain  Words,"  &c.,  1869.  He 
edited  "Digest  of  Christian  Doctrine,"  8vo, 
1857;  "Evangelical  Psalmist,"  I860.  Also 
pub.  sermons  and  addresses,  and  is  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Lutheran  and  Missionary,  and  the 
Prophetic  Times.  —  Allibone. 

Selfridge,  Thomas  O.,  rear-adm.U.  S.N., 
b.  Ms.  10  Oct.  1804.  Son  of  Thomas  Oliver, 
a  prominent  Federalist  and  lawyer  (H.U.  1797, 
d.  1816),  who  shot  Charles  Austin  in  Boston 
in  1806;  was  tried  and  acquitted.  Midship. 
Jan.  1,  1818;  lieut.  Mar.  3,  1827;  com.  Apr. 
11,  1844;  capt.  Sept.  .14,  1855;  commo.  July 
16,  1862;  rear-adm.  (retired  list)  July,  1870. 
Attached  to  the  exploring-exped.  1829;  com. 
sloop  "Dale,"  Pacific  squad.,  1848;  steamer 
"  Mississippi,"  1861  ;  com.  Mare-Island  Navy- 
Yard,  Cal.,  1862-4;  Phila.  Navy-Yard,  1867-8; 
pres.  examining  board  1869.  His  son  Thomas 
0.,  com.  U.  S.  N.  (b.  1836,  Naval  Acad.  1854), 
was  app.  lieut.  in  1860;  was  in  the  frigate 
"  Cumberland"  at  the  capture  of  Cape  Hat- 
teras  and  the  fight  with  "  The  Merrimack  "  in 
Hampton  Roads  ;  served  on  the  Mpi.  and  Red 
Rivers  ;  com.  "  The  Huron  "  in  the  attack  on 
Fort  Fisher,  and  led  a  division  of  sailors  to  its 
assault ;  com.  of  Darien  exploring-expedition, 
1870.  —  Hamersly. 

Selkirk,  Alexander,  a  Scottish  sailor, 
b.  Largo,  1676  ;  d.  1723.  A  lieut.  in  the  navy. 
Having  quarrelled  with  his  capt.,  he  was  left 
on  the  uninhabited  island  of  Juan  Fernandez 
in  1704,  and  was  rescued  by  Capt.  Woodes 
Rogers  in  1709,  who  made  him  liis  mato. 
Selkirk's  adventures  suggested  to  De  Foe  the 
celei)rated  romance  of  "  Robinson  Crusoe." 

Selkirk,  Thomas,  earl  of,  founder  of  the 
Red-river  settlements  in  Western  Canada,  b. 
1774  ;  d.  Pau,  south  of  France,  Apr.  6,  1820. 
Author  of  a  treatise  on  Emigration,  State- 
ment respecting  his  Settlement,  8vo,  London, 
1817. 

Semmes,  Raphael,  capt.  of  the  Confed. 
cruiser  "Alabama,"  b.  Md.  ab.  1810  of  Irish 
and  Scotch  parentage.  Midsh.  U.  S.  N.  1  Apr. 
1826;  lieut.  9  Feb.  1837;  com.  coast-survey 
steamer  "  Poinsett "  in  1843;  the  bris:  "  Por- 


SEivr 


813 


SS]12 


poise"  in  1846;  served  as  vol.  aide  to  Gen. 
Worth  in  the  battles  in  the  Valley  of  Mexico; 
com.  1855;  sec.  light-house  board  1859-61  ; 
resigned,  and  app.  com.  Confed,  navy  on  the 
breaking-out  of  the  Rebellion;  com.  the  steamer 
"  Sumter,"  and  cruised  successfully  against 
Amcr.  commerce  in  the  W.  Indies;  blockaded 
at  Tangier,  and,  obliged  to  sell  his  vessel  there, 
went  to  Eng.,  where  the  fast  steamer  "  290  " 
was  built  for  him,  and  in  Aug.  1863  he  put  to 
sen,  inflicting  great  injury  on  our  commerce. 
This  vessel  was  sunk  off  Cherbourg,  France, 
by  the  U.S.  steamer  "  Kearsarge,"  Capt.  Wins- 
low,  19  June,  1864.  Claims  to  a  large  amount 
against  the  Briti.sh  govt.,  growing  out  of  its  dis- 
regard of  international  comity  in  permitting 
the  sailing  of  this  vessel,  are  now  (1872)  in 
course  of  arbitration  at  Geneva.  Semraes  has 
been  app.  prof,  of  moral  philos.  in  the  State 
seminary  of  La.  at  Alexandria.  Author  of 
"Service  Afloat  and  Ashore  during  the  Mexi- 
can War,"  8vo,  1851  ;  "Campaign  of  Gen. 
Scott  in  the  Valley  of  Mexico,"  1852 ;  "  Crui.se 
of  the  Alabama,"  1864. 

Semple,  Gen.  James,  senator  and  jurist, 
b.  Ky.  1799;  d.  Elsah  Landing,  111.,  Dec.  1866. 
He  practised  law  in  Louisville ;  removed  to 
111.  ab.  1827,  and  practised  at  Edwardsville, 
Madison  Co.  Elected  to  the  legisl.,  he  became 
speaker  for  several  sessions;  in  18.3-3  atty.- 
gen.  of  the  State,  and  gen.  of  militia ;  was 
charge  (T affaires  to  New  Granada  in  1837-41  ; 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  111.  in  1842; 
and  U.S.  senator  in  184-3-7. 

Semple,  Robert,  gov.  of  Earl  Selkirk's 
settlement  on  Red  River,  U.C. ;  was  murdered 
near  that  place  in  1816.  Author  of  several 
books  of  travel. 

Semple,  Robert  Baylor,  D.D.  (B.U. 
1816),  a  Baptist  clergyman,  b.  Jan.  20,  1769  ; 
d.  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  Dec.  25,  1831.  He 
received  a  classical  education  ;  became  a  teacher 
at  the  age  of  16,  and  studied  law,  which  at  the 
age  of  20  he  relinquished  for  divinity,  becom- 
ing in  1790  pastor  of  the  Bruigton  Baptist 
Church.  In  1805  he  was  offered  the  presidency 
of  Transylv.  U.,  but  did  not  accept.  He  pub. 
a  "Catechism  for  Children,"  1809;  "A  His- 
tory of  the  Va.  Baptists  in  1810;"  "  Memoir 
of  Elder  Straughan,"  "  Letters  to  Alexander 
Campbell,"  and  some  minor  works.  In  1827 
he  became  the  financial  agent  of  Columbia  Coll., 
retaining  his  pastorate.  From  1820  to  his  d. 
he  was  pres.  of  the  triennial  convention  of  the 
Baptist  denomination  in  the  U.S. 

Senter,  Isaac,  M.D.  (Y.C.  1792),  phy- 
sician, b.  N.H.  1755  ;  d.  Newport,  R.I.,  Dec.  20, 
1799.  He  went  to  Newport  early  in  life  ;  stud- 
ied medicine  with  Dr.  Thomas  Moffat ;  was 
a  surgeon  in  the  Revol.  army,  and  accom]). 
Arnold's  exped.  to  Quebec,  an  interesting  ac- 
count of  which,  prepared  by  him,  is  pub.  in 
'*  Hist.  Soe.  of  Pa.  Bulletin,"  vol.  i.  He  after- 
ward practised  in  Pawtucket,  but  removed  to 
Newport,  and  became  the  most  disting.  prac- 
titioner both  of  physic  and  surgery  in  the  State. 
He  contrib.  to  the  medical  journals  of  the  day, 
and  pub.,  in  the  "  Trans,  of  the  Coll.  of  Phy- 
sicians of  Phila.,"  "  Remarks  on  Phthisis 
Piilmonalis."  An  hon.  member  of  the  medical 
societies  of  Lond.,  Edinb.,  and  Ms.,  and  was  for 


manv  years  pres.  of  the  Society  of  Cincinnati 
of  R.I.  —  Thacher. 

Sergeant  (saZ-jant),  Erastus,  M.D. 
(H.U.  1811),  physician,of  Stockbridge,  Ms.,b. 
Stockbridge,  Aug.  7,  1742;  d.  there'Nov.  14, 
1814.  A.M.  of  Y.C.  1784.  Son  of  Rev.  John. 
Spent  two  years  at  N.  J.  Coll.,  and  studied  medi- 
cine with  his  uncle.  Dr.  Thomas  Williams  of 
Deerfield.  He  was  a  skilful  surgeon,  and  became 
the  principal  operator  within  a  circle  of  30  miles. 
Major  in  the  7th  Regt.  of  the  county,  with 
which  he  did  duty  at  Lake  Charaplain  from 
Dec.  1776  to  Apr.  1777,  and  until  Burgoyne's 
surrender. 

Sergeant,  John,  missionary  to  the  Indians, 
b.  Newark,  N.  J.,  1710;  d.  Stockbridge,  July 
27,  1749.  Y.C.  1729.  Tutor  there  1731-5. 
Ord.  31  Aug.  1735.  He  began  to  preich  at 
Houssatonnuc,  an  Indian  village  in  Western 
Ms.,  in  Oct.  1734.  With  great  labor,  he  trans- 
lated the  New  Testament,  and  some  portions 
of  the  Old,  into  the  Indian  tongue,  and  also 
pub.  a  Letter  on  the  Indiftns,  and  a  Sermon, 
1743.  These  Indians  emigrated  to  New  Stock- 
bridge,  N.Y.,  and  were  60  years  under  the  care 
of  his  son  John,  who  died  there  Sept.  8,  1824, 
a.  77. 

Sergeant,  John,  LL.D.  (Dick.  1826; 
H.U.  1844),  an  eminent  lawyer  and  statesman, 
son  of  Jonathan  Dickinson,  b.  Phila.  Dec.  5, 
1779  ;  d.  there  Nov.  23, 1852.  N.  J.  Coll.  1795. 
Abandoning  his  intention  of  becoming  a  mer- 
chant, he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  law, 
and  was  adm,  to  the  Phila.  bar  in  July,  1799. 
For  more  than  half  a  century  he  was  exten- 
sively known  as  one  of  the  most  honorable  and 
profound  members  of  his  profession,  and  one 
of  its  acknowledged  leaders.  He  entered  public 
life  in  1801,  when  he  was  app.  commiss.  of 
bankruptcy  by  Jefferson.  He  was  afterwards 
dep.  atty.-gen.  of  Pa. ;  member  of  the  legisl. ; 
in  1838* pres.  of  the  Pa.  Const.  Conv.  ;  M.C! 
in  1815-23,  1827-9,  and  1837-42.  In  1820,  as 
the  leading  champion  of  the  Northern  States, 
he  displayed  his  great  intellectual  powers  in 
procuring  the  passage  of  the  Mo.  Compromise. 
Mar.  4, 1826,  he  was  app.  one  of  the  two  envoys- 
extr.  and  ministers-plenipo.  to  the  Panama 
Congress  ;  in  1832  he  was  the  Whig  candidate 
for  the  vice-presidency,  but  was  defeated  ;  and 
when,  in  1840,  Gen.  Harrison  became  pres.  of 
the  U.S.,  the  mission  to  Eng.  was  tendered  to 
Mr.  Sergeant,  but  declined.  His  last  office  was 
that  of  arbitrator,  app,  by  Sec.  Marcy  to  deter- 
mine a  long-pending  and  vexatious  controversy 
between  the  U.S.  and  the  State  of  N.J.  He 
acted  as  pres.  of  the  House  of  Refuge  from  the 
date  of  its  establishment,  and  was  also  pres.  of 
the  Apprentices'  Library  Co.  His  "Select 
Speeches"  were  pub.  Phila.  8vo,  1832. 

Sergeant,  Jonathan  Dickinson,  lawyer 
and  patriot,  lather  of  the  preceding,  b.  Newark, 
N.  J.,  1746;  d.  Phila.  Oct.  1793.  N.J.  Coll. 
1762.  He  studied  law,  and  commenced  practice 
in  his  native  State.  Was  a  member  of  the 
Cont.  Cong,  in  1776-7;  took  his  seat  a  few 
days  after  the  Dccl.  of  Indep. ;  and  in  July, 
1777,  became  atty.-gen.  of  Pa.;  which  post  he 
resigned  in  1780,  and  devoted  himself  to  his 
profession.  Before  the  close  of  the  war,  he 
transferred  his  residence   to  Phila. ;  soon  be- 


SER 


814 


SETV 


came  conspicuous  at  its  bar,  continuing  to  re- 
side there  until  he  fell  a  victim,  during  the  prev- 
alence of  the  yeilow-fever,  to  his  benevolent 
exertions  as  one  of  the  board  of  heaUh.  He 
pub.  a  eulogy  on  Adams  and  Jefferson,  and  a 
speech  on  the  Missouri  question  1820. 

Sergeant,  Thomas,  jurist,  b.  Phila.  Jan. 
14,  1782;  d.  there  May  5,  1860.  N.J.  Coll. 
1798.  Son  of  the  preceding.  He  studied  law; 
was  app.  clerk  of  the  mayor's  court ;  was  a  rep. 
in  the  State  legisl.  in 'l812-14  ;  in  1814-17 
judge  of  the  Dist.  Court;  in  1817-19  sec.  of 
Pa.;  1819-20  atty.-gen. ;  postmaster  of  Phila. 
1824-32;  and  assoc.  justice  of  the  Sup.  Court 
of  Pa.  Feb.  1834-46.  In  connection  with 
Wm.  Riiwle  he  reported  the  decisions  of  the 
Sup.  Court  from  1814  to  1828.  He  pub. 
"Treatises  on  the  Land  Law  of  Pa.,"  1838; 
on  "Constitutional  Law,"  1822;  on  "Attach- 
ment," 1811;  and  "Sketch  of  the  National 
Judiciary  Powers ;  "  and  in  early  life  was  a  con- 
trib.  of  prose  and  poetry  to  periodicals.  He 
was  long  pres.  of  the  Hist.  Soc.  of  Pa.,  mem- 
ber of  the  Philos.  Soc,  and  of  the  N.E.  Hist, 
and  Geneal.  Soc.  He  m.  Sarah  Bache,  a  gr.-dau. 
of  Franklin. — N.  E.  Hist,  and  Geneal.  Reg., 
xiv.  292. 

Sessions,  Darius,  patriot  and  lieut.-gov. 
of  R.I. ;  d.  Providence,  Mar.  1 809,  a.  92.  Y.C. 
1737. 

Seton,  Eliza  Ann,  founder  of  the  Sisters 
of  Charity  in  the  U.S.,  b.  N.Y.  Aug.  28,  1774 ; 
d.  Emmitsburg,  Md.,  Jan.  4,  1821.  Dau.  of 
Dr.  Richard  Bayley,  and  in  her  20th  year  was 
m.  to  Mr.  Wm.  Seton,  upon  whose  death  at 
Leghorn,  in  1803,  she  returned  to  N.Y. ;  was 
received  into  the  R.C.  Church,  and  for  support 
opened  a  school  in  Baltimore,  whither  she 
removed  with  her  children.  In  1809  she  was 
enabled,  by  an  ample  endowment  from  a  Mr. 
Cooper,  to  open  a  semi-conventual  establish- 
ment at  Emmitsburg.  Their  first  charge  out- 
side of  their  own  house  was  that  of  an  orphan 
asylum  in  Phila.,  to  which  3  sisters  were  sent 
in  1814.  In  1817  an  act  of  incorporation  of 
the  sisterhood  was  passed  by  the  legisl.  of  Md. 
Her  Life,  by  Rev.  Charles  J.  White,  was  pub. 
in  N.Y.  1853.  —  Appleton. 

Severance,  Luther,  journalist  and  poli- 
tician, b.  Montague,  Ms.,  Oct.  28,  1797;  d. 
Augusta,  ^le.,  Jan.  2.5,  1855.  In  1825  he 
quitted  his  apprenticeship  to  Gales  and  Seaton 
of  Washington,  and  established  the  Kennebec 
Journal  in  Augusta,  which  he  printed  and  edit- 
ed himself.  Five  years  later  he  was  sent  to 
the  State  legisl.,  and  was  repeatedly  a  mem- 
ber of  the  senate  ar.d  of  the  house.  M.C.  in 
1843-7;  and  was  commiss.  to  the  Sandwich 
Islands  in  1850-4. 

Sevier,  Ambrose  H.,  lawyer  and  senator, 
b.M  iddle  Tenn.  in  1802  ;  d.  Little  Rock,  Ark., 
Dec.  31,  1848.  Fatherless,  poor,  and  scantily 
educated,  he  emig.  in  1 820  to  the  newly-organ- 
ized Terr,  of  Ark.,  where  he  managed  to  be 
adrii.  to  the  bar  before  attaining  the  age  of  21. 
Was  also  app.  clerk  of  the  Terr,  legisl. ;  was 
elected  to  the  legisl.  in  1823  and  '25  ;  represent- 
ed the  Terr,  of  Ark.  in  Congress  in  1827-36, 
and  the  State  as  a  U.S.  senator  in  1837-48, 
when  he  was  selected  by  Pres.  Polk  to  negotiate 
a  treaty  of  peace  with  Mexico.     Chairman  of 


the  com.  on  Indian  affairs  for  many  years,  and 
afterwards  of  the  com.  on  foreign  relations. 

Sevier,  Gen.  John,  b.  of  French  parent- 
age (Xavier),  on  the  Shenandoah,  Va.,  1745; 
d.  near  Fort  Decatur,  Ga.,  Sept.  24,  1815, 
Went  with  an  exploring-party  to  the  liolston 
River,  E.  Tenn.,  in  1769 ;  built  Fort  Watauga, 
and  aided  in  its  defence  against  the  Indians ; 
served  as  capt.  in  Dunmore's  exped.,  and  was 
in  the  battle  of  Point  Pleasant ;  a  delegate  in 
1772  to  a  conv.  at  Halifax,  N.C. ;  member  of 
the  Assembly  in  1777,  and  procured  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  district,  and  the  extension  of 
State  laws,  establishment  of  courts,  &c.  After 
much  successful  Indian  fighting,  in  1777  made 
lieut.-col. ;  in  1779  he  fought  with  them  the 
successful  battle  of  Boyd's  Creek ;  com.  a  regt. ; 
and  was  one  of  the  leaders  at  King's  Mountain, 
Oct.  7,  1780,  and  received  sword  and  thanks 
from  N.C.  legisl.  Was  in  the  battle  of  Mus- 
grove's  Mills,  and  in  1781  he  was  attached  to 
Marion's  command,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war 
was  a  brig.-gen.  In  1784  he  was  made  gov.  of 
the  State  of  "  Franklin,"  the  name  by  which 
the  Tenn.  settlements  first  became  j)olitically 
known.  In  1786  he  again  chastised  the  Cher- 
okees  for  disregarding  treaty  ol)ligations. 
When  Tenn.  was  organized  in  1788,  he  was 
gov.  until  1801,  and  in  1803-9;  M.C.  1811-15; 
accepted  a  mission  to  the  Creek  Indians  in 
1815,  but  d.  while  engaged  in  its  performance. 

Sewall,  David,  LL.D.  (Bowd.  Coll.  1812), 
jurist,  b.  York,  Me.,  Oct.  7,  1735;  d.  there 
Oct.  22,  1825.  H.U.  1755.  Son  of  Samuel, 
who  d.  Apr.  28,  1769,  a.  81.  Classmate  and 
friend  of  John  Adams.  Established  himself 
at  York  in  1759  ;  practised  law  several  years  ; 
was  app.  justice  of  the  peace  1762,  register  of 
probate  1766  ;  took  an  active  part  in  the  Rev- 
ol. ;  was  chosen  councillor,  and  was  app.  in 
1777  a  justice  of  the  Superior  Court;  and  irom 
1789  to  1818  wasjudgeof  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court 
of  Me.  He  represented  York  in  the  Ms.  legisl. 
in  1776. 

Sewall,  Jonathan,  LL.D.,  jurist  and  loy- 
alist, b.  Boston,  Aug.  24,  1728  ;  d.  St.  John, 
N.B.,  Sept.  26,  1796.  H.U.  1748.  His  father 
Jonathan  was  a  nephew  of  Chief  Justice 
Stephen.  In  early  life  he  was  the  intimate 
friend  and  associate  of  John  Adams.  He  was 
several  years,  and  until  1756,  a  teacher  in 
Salem.  Commenced  the  practice  of  law  in 
Charlestown,  and  in  1767  was  app.  atty.-gen. 
of  Ms.  In  May,  1769,  he  commenced  a  suit  in 
behalf  of  a  negro  to  obtain  his  freedom  from 
his  master,  —  James  vs.  Richard  Lechmere  of 
Cambridge.  The  suit  terminated  the  follow- 
ing year  in  favor  of  the  negro,  —  two  years  pre- 
viously to  the  settlement  of  the  case  of  the 
negro  Somerset,  which  Blackstone  commends 
so  highly.  In  1768  he  was  app.  judge  of  the 
Admiralty  Court  for  Nova  Scotia,  but  did  not 
remove  thither.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
Revol.  he  resided  at  Cambridge  in  the  Vassal 
Plouse,  subsequently  Washington's  headquar- 
ters. Early  in  1775  he  went  to  Eng.,  and  was 
among  those  proscribed,  April  30,  1779;  in 
1788  he  removed  to  St.  John,  N.B.,  where  he 
was  judge  of  the  Vice-Admiralty  Court  until  his 
death.  Author  of  a  number  of'political  papers. 
To  him  was  ascribed  for  some  time  the  author- 


SETV 


815 


STCT^ 


ship  of  the  Letters  of  "  Massachusettensis  "  (see 
John  Adams's  reprint  of  the  Letters  of  Novan- 
glus  and  M.),  although  Trumbull,  in  his  bur- 
lesque of  Gage's  proclamation  (the  foundation 
of  McFingal)  in  1775,  assigned  the  authorship 
properly  to  Daniel  Leonard. 

Sewall,  Jonathan  Mitchell,  lawyer  and 
poet,  b.  Salem,  Ms.,  1745;  d.  Portsmouth, 
N.H.,  March  29, 1808.  He  was  adopted  by  his 
uncle,  Chief  Justice  Stephen  Sewall.  Studied 
law;  was  disting.  at  the  bar;  and  in  1774  was 
register  of  probate  for  Grafton  Co.,  N.  H., 
afterward  removing  to  Portsmouth,  N.H.  For 
many  years  previous  to  his  death  he  was  in- 
temperate. His  occasional  poetic  pieces,  some 
of  which  attained  great  popularity,  were  col- 
lected and  pub.  in  1801 ;  many  were  of  a  poli- 
tical cast,  and  were  printed  in  most  of  the 
Federal  gazettes  from  Maine  to  Georgia.  He 
was  noted  for  wit,  and  was  eminent  in  social 
qualities.  In  his  epilogue  to  the  tragedy  of 
"  Cato,"  written  in  1778,  occurs  the  well- 
known  couplet :  — 

<'  No  pent-up  Utica  contracts  your  powers ; 
But  the  whole  boundless  continent  is  yours." 

His  lyrics,  especially  his  "  War  and  Washing- 
ton," warmed  the  patriotism  and  cheered  the 
hearts  of  the  soldiers  of  the  Revol.  In  1 798  he 
printed  "  The  Versification  of  Washington's 
Farewell  Address;"  and  in  1788  delivered 
"  The  Fourth-of-July  Oration  "  in  Portsmouth, 
which  was  published. 

Sewall,  Joseph,  D.D.  (U.  of  Glasg.  1 731 ), 
divine,  b.  Aug.  15,  1688;  d.  June  27,  1769. 
H.  U.  1707.  Son  of  Chief  Justice  Samuel. 
Ord.  colleague  with  Pemberton  at  the  Old 
South  Church,  Boston,  Sept.  16,  1713;  in 
1724  was  offered  the  pres.  of  H.U.,  which  he 
declined.  Corresp.  member  of  the  Society  in 
Scotland  for  promoting  Christian  Knowledge; 
and  was  also  a  commiss.  of  the  London  corp. 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  N.E.  and 
Parts  Adjacent.  A  man  of  great  benevolence, 
a  friend  of  learning,  and  donated  to  H.  U.  a 
fund  to  be  appropriated  to  indigent  scholars. 
He  pub.  23  funeral  and  other  sermons,  also 
"Four  Sermons,"  1741.  —  Eliot. 

Sewall,  RuFus  King,  b.  Edgecomb,  Me., 
1814.  Bowd.  Coll.  1837.  Author  of  "  The 
Christian's  Miniature,"  1844;  "Sketches  of 
St.  Augustine,"  1848;  "Ancient  Dominions 
of  Maine,"  8vo,  1859  ;  "Appeal  to  the  Sons  of 
Temperance,"  1850.  —  AlUbone. 

Sewall,  Samuel,  jurist,  b.  Bishop-Stoke, 
Eng.,  March  28,  1652  ;  d.  Jan.  1,  1730.  H.U. 
1671.  His  grandfather  Henry,  b.  in  1576, 
came  to  N.  E.,  lived  in  Newbury  or  Rowley, 
Ms.,  and  d.  ab.  1655.  His  father  Henry  came 
over  in  1634,  began  the  settlement  at  New- 
bury, and,  returning,  finally  settled  there  in 
1659,  being  followed  by  his  wife  and  children 
in  1661.  Samuel,  after  studying  divinity,  and 
preaching  for  a  short  time,  came  into  possession 
of  great  wealth  by  his  marriage,  Feb.  28,  1676, 
with  Hannah,  dau.  of  John  Hull,  goldsmith  of 
Boston.  An  assist,  in  1B84-6,  he  made  a  voy- 
age to  England  in  1688,  and,  returning  in  1689, 
resumed  his  seat  at  the  board  of  assistants. 
He  was  annually  chosen  to  the  council  from 
1692  until  1725;    was  a  judge  from   1692  to 


1718,  when  he  was  made  chief  justice  ;  and  in 
1728  resigned,  in  consequence  of  age  and  infirm- 
ity, this,  as  well  as  the  office  of  judge  of  probate 
for  Suffolk.  Sharing  in  the  then  general  belief 
in  witchcraft,  he  concurred  in  the  condenma- 
tions  in  1692  ;  but  at  a  public  fast,  Jan.  14, 
1697,  a  "  bill "  was  read  by  his  minister,  Rev. 
Samuel  Willard,  before  the  cong.,  in  which  he 
acknowledged  his  own  guilt,  asked  the  pardon 
both  of  God  and  man,  and  deprecated  the 
divine  judgments  for  his  sin.  He  contributed 
liberally  to  the  spread  of  the  gospel  among  the 
Indians;  and  in  1699  was  chosen  one  of  the 
commiss.  of  the  Society  in  Eng.  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel  in  N.E.,  and  soon  after 
their  sec.  and  treasurer.  His  sympathy  for 
African  slaves  prompted  him  in  1700  to  pub.  a 
tract  entitled  "  The  Selling  of  Joseph,"  in 
which  he  advocated  their  rights ;  it  being  his 
opinion  that  there  would  "  be  no  progress  in 
gospelling  "  until  slavery  was  abolished.  His 
benevolence  and  charity  were  great,  and  his 
house  was  a  seat  of  hospitality.  He  published 
"  Answer  to  Queries  respecting  America," 
1690;  "Accomplishment  of  Prophecies,"  1713; 
"A  Memorial  relating  to  the  Kennebec  In- 
dians," 1721;  "A  Description  of  the  New 
Heaven,"  &c.,  1727.  His  Diary  and  other  papers 
are  now  in  possession  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Society. 

Sewall,  Samuel,  LL.D.,  A.A.S.,  jurist, 
b.  Boston,  11  Dec.  1757  ;  d,  Wiscasset,  Me.,  8 
June,  1814.  H.  U.  1776.  Grandson  of  Rev. 
Joseph.  His  mother  was  a  dau.  of  Edmund 
Quincy.  He  practised  law  in  Marblehead ; 
soon  became  eminent ;  was  a  member  of  the 
State  legisl. ;  M.C  1797-1800;  judge  of  the 
Sup.  Court  1800-13;  chief  justice  from  Nov. 
1813  to  his  death. 

Sewall,  Samuel,  bro.  of  Stephen,  mecha- 
nician, and  constructor  of  bridges ;  d.  York,  Me., 
July  28,  1815,  a.  91.  He  possessed  a  vigorous 
and  inventive  mind;  was  well  versed  in  the 
principles  of  mechanics  and  nat.  philos. ;  and 
was  the  author  of  a  number  of  improvements 
in  the  arts,  among  which  is  the  construction 
of  bridges  on  piles,  which  he  first  introduced 
at  York,  Me.,  in  1761.  In  1786  he  superin- 
tended the  erection  of  the  Charlcstown  bridge 
on  this  plan. 

Sewall,  Samuel,  pastor  of  a  Cong,  church 
at  Burlington,  Ms.,  Apr.  13,  1814,  to  his  d.  18 
Feb.  1868;  b.  Marblehead,  Ms.,  1  June,  1785. 
H  U.  1804.  Son  of  Judge  Samuel  (H.U.  1776). 
Studied  theol.  at  Cambridge,  and  was  fond  of 
antiquarian  pursuits.  Author  of  "  History  of 
Woburn,  Ms.,"  pub.  with  a  Memorial  Sketch 
by  Rev.  C.  C.  Sewall,  8vo,  1868. 

Sewall,  Stephen,  jurist,  b.  Salem,  18  Dec. 
1704;  d.  Sept.  10,  1760.  H.U.  1721;  tutor 
there  1728-39.  Son  of  Maj.  Stephen  of  New- 
bury. He  taught  school  in  Marblehead,  and 
preached  acceptably ;  was  judge  of  the  Supe- 
rior Court  1739-52;  chief  justice,  and  member 
of  the  council,  from  1 752  till  his  death. 

Sewall,  Stephen,  Hebraist,  b.  York,  Me., 
April  4,  1734;  d.  July  23,  1804.  H.U.  1761. 
Son  of  Nicholas.  He  earned  the  means  of  en- 
tering college  by  working  as  a  joiner;  taught 
the  grammar-school  at  Cambridge;  became 
Hebrew  tutor  at  the  college  in  1762 ;  and  when 
the  Hancock  professorship  was  founded,  June 


SET^ 


816 


SEY 


17, 1765,  continued  more  than  20  years  in  that 
chair.  He  took  an  early  part  in  the  Revoh ; 
and  was  a  representative  from  Cambridge  in 
1777.  He  pub.  a  Hebrew  grammar,  1763; 
some  translations  and  obituary  discourses; 
"  Carmina  Sacra,"  &c.,  1789 ;  "  Scripture  His- 
tory of  Sodom  and  Gomorrah,"  1796;  and 
left  in  MS.  a  Chaldee  and  English  Dictionary. 
He  contrib.  7  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  poems  in 
the  "  Pletas  et  Gratulatio,"  4to,  1761,  and  was 
an  accomplished  scholar. 

SewaU,  William  Baktlett,  journalist, 
and  member  of  the  Portland  bar,  son  of  Dan- 
iel, b.  York,  Me.,  1782;  d.  1869.  H.U.  1803. 
Author  of  the  "  Maine  Register ; "  assisted  his 
father  in  almanac-making;  was  a  contrib.  to 
many  papers,  and  editor  of  the  Portland  Adver- 
tiser.—  Willis's  Lawyers  of  Maine. 

Sewell,  Jonathan,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1832),  b. 
Cambridge,  Ms.,  1766;  d.  Quebec,  Nov.  12, 
1839.  Son  of  Jon.  Sewall  (ante).  Educated 
at  the  grammar-school,  Bristol,  Eng.  Went 
to  New  Brunswick  in  1785;  to  Quebec  in 
1789  ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar,  Oct.  30,  1789  ;  was 
solicitor-gen.  in  1793;  advocate  and  atty.-gen. 
and  judge  of  vice-admiralty  in  1795-1808; 
member  of  3  successive  parliaments;  cliief-jus- 
tice  in  1808-38,  and  pres.  of  tlie  exec,  council 
1808-29  ;  speaker  of  the  legisl.  council  from 
Jan.  9,  1809,  to  his  d.  Author  of  a  Memoir  of 
Sir  Jas.  Cruig,  and  an  essay  on  French  Cana- 
dian Law,  1834. 

Sewell,  William  Grant,  journalist  and 
author,  b.  Quebec,  1829;  d.  there  Aug.  9, 
1862.  Grandson  of  Jonathan,  chief  justice  of 
L.C.  Educated  for  the  law,  he  preferred  jour- 
nalism, and  in  1852  became  connected  with  the 
New- York  'daily  press,  and  was  for  some  time 
one  of  the  principal  editors  of  the  N.  Y.  Daily 
Times.  Some  years  passed  in  the  West  Indies 
in  search  of  health  resulted  in  his  publishing 
"  The  Ordeal  of  Free  Labor  in  the  West  In- 
dies," 1861. 

Seward,  William  Henry,  LL.D.  (Y.C. 
1854),  statesman,  b.  Florida,  Orange  Co.,  N.Y., 
1 6  May,  1 801 .  Un.  Coll.  1 820.  Son  of  Saml. 
S.  Seward,  M.D.  (who  d.  1849),  and  Mary  Jen- 
nings. In  1819  he  taught  school  6  months  in 
Ga.  He  studied  law  under  John  Ducr  and 
Ogden  Hoffman;  was  adra.  to  the  bar  in  1822; 
began  practice  at  Auburn  in  1 823,  and  acquired 
a  high  reputation  as  a  criminal  lawyer.  In 
rS24  he  m  Frances  Adeline,  dau.  of  Judge 
Elijah  Miller.  In  1828  he  was  pres.  of  a  State 
conv.  of  young  men  who  favored  the  re-election 
of  J.  Q.  Adams ;  member  of  the  State  senate  in 
1830-4,  he  made  in  1832  an  able  speech  in  favor 
of  the  U.  S.  Bank,  and  became  a  leader  of  the 
opposition  party  afterward  known  as  Whigs. 
In  1 833  he  made  a  tour  in  Europe,  and  pub.  his 
observations  in  a  series  of  letters.  The  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  for  gov.  of  N.Y.  in  1834,  but 
elected  in  1838,  and  again  in  1840 ;  he  favored 
internal  improvements,  reform  in  the  courts  of 
law  and  chancery,  and  the  extension  of  educa- 
tion. In  1842  he  resumed  his  profession,  prac- 
tising extensively,  chiefly  in  the  U.S.  courts. 
He  supported  Henry  Clay  in  1844,  and  Gen. 
Taylor  in  1848;  opposed  the  annexation  of 
Texas;  and  was  U.S.  senator  in  1849-61,  and 
sec.  of  state  under  Presidents  Lincoln  and  John- 


son in  1861-9.  He  was  the  friend  and  adviser 
of  Pres.  Taylor,  and  disting.  himself  by  his 
firm  resistance  to  the  extension  of  slavery.  In 
March,  1850,  he  made  a  speech  in  favor  of  the 
admission  of  California  into  the  Union,  in 
which  occurs  his  famous  phrase,  "  the  higher 
law."  He  opposed  the  compromise  of  1850, 
and  was  denounced  as  a  seditious  agitator. 
His  speeches  on  the  repeal  of  the  Mo.  Compro- 
mise and  the  admission  of  Kansas  were  widely 
circulated.  He  opposed  the  Native- American 
party,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the 
Republican  party.  In  a  speech  at  Rochester 
in  Oct.  1858,  he  declared  that  the  antagonism 
between  freedom  and  slavery  is  "  an  iirepressi- 
ble  conflict "  between  opposing  and  enduring 
forces.  In  1856  he  labored  earnestly  and  ef- 
fectively in  support  of  Fremont  for  the  presi- 
dency, and  was  himself  a  prominent  candidate 
for  that  honor  in  the  Republican  Convention 
of  1 860.  He  advocated  Mr.  Lincoln's  election 
in  1860,  during  an  extended  tour,  in  a  scries  of 
speeches.  As  sec.  of  state,  he  exhibited  much 
ability  in  relation  to  foreign  policy  during  the 
civil  war.  Among  the  important  sul  jects  of  his 
diplomacy  were  the  liberation  of  Mason  and 
Slidell,  and  the  French  invasion  of  Mexico  in 
1862.  In  the  spring  of  1865  he  was  thrown 
from  his  carriage,  and  his  arm  and  jaw  were 
broken.  While  lying  in  this  crippled  state, 
April  14,  1865,  Lewis  Payne,  alias  Powell,  an 
accomplice  of  J.  Wilkes  Booth,  entered  his 
house,  broke  the  skull  of  Frederick  Seward, 
and  with  a  knife  inflicted  several  severe  wounds 
on  the  neck  and  face  of  the  secretary.  Mr. 
Seward  sustained  President  Johnson's  recon- 
struction policy  against  the  nearly  unanimous 
sentiment  of  the  Republican  party.  Author 
of  a  "Life  of  John  Quincy  Adams,"  1849.  His 
complete  works,  including  selections  from  his 
corresp.,  and  his  valuable  Notes  on  New  York, 
speeches,  addresses,  &c.,  were  pub.  in  4  vols. 
8vo, N.Y.  1853-62. 

Seybert,  Adam,  M.D.,  b.  Phila.  1773  ;  d. 
Paris,  May  2,  1825.  M.C.  1809-15  and  1817- 
19.  In  1793  he  went  to  Europe,  and  studied 
at  Lond.,  Edinb.,  Paris,  and  Gottingcn,  giving 
special  attention  to  chemistry  and  mineralogy. 
Author  of  "Inang.  Dissert,  on  Putrefaction 
of  the  Blood,"  8vo,  1793;  "Statistical  Annals 
of  the  U.S.,"  1789-1819,  4to,  1818;  "Experi- 
ments and  Observations  on  Land  and  Sea  Air, 
and  on  the  Atmosphere  of  Marshes,"  in  the 
"  Transactions  "  of  the  Amer.  Philos.  Society. 

Seymour,  Horatio,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1847), 
U.S.  senator  1821-33,  b.  Litchfield,  Ct.,  May 
31,  1778;  d.  Middlebury,  Vt.,  Nov.  21,  1857. 
Y.C.  1797.  Son  of  Major  Moses  of  Litchfield, 
a  Revol.  soldier,  and  many  years  a  representa- 
tive to  the  State  legisl.,  who  d.  Sept.  17,  1826, 
a.  84.  Horatio  studied  law  at  the  Litchfield 
Law  School,  and  settled  in  Middlebury,  Vt.,  in 
1799 ;  member  of  the  council  1809-17.  He  re- 
sumed practice  in  1 833 ;  was  the  Whig  candi- 
date for  gov.  of  Vt.  in  1836;  and  in  Oct.  1847 
was  app.  judge  of  probate. 

Seymour,  Horatio,  LL.D.  (Ham.  Coll. 
1858),  gov.  N.Y.  1853-5  and  1863-5,  b.  Onan- 
d;iga  Co.,  N.Y.,  1811.  Studied  law,  and  prac- 
tised at  Utica,  but  soon  gave  his  whole  time 
to  the  care  of  the  large  estates  left  by  his  father 


SEY 


817 


SUA 


and  father-in-law.  Strongly  attached  to  the 
])cmoc.  party,  he  was  in  1841  chosen  to  the 
State  Assembly ;  mayor  of  Utica  1 842 ;  speaker 
of  the  legisl.  in  1845.  In  Jan.  1861  he  deliv- 
ered a  speech  at  Albany  strongly  advocating 
concessive  and  conciliatory  measures  toward 
the  seceding  States,  which  position  he  main- 
tained in  numerous  public  addresses.  Pres.  of 
the  Nat.  Democ.  Convention  at  Chicago,  Aug. 
1864;  candidate  for  gov.  in  Nov.  1864,  and 
defeated  ;  pres,  of  the  Nat.  Democ.  Convention 
in  N.  Y.  4  July,  1868,  and  nominated  to  the 
presidency  of  the  U.S.,  but  received  only  80 
electoral  votes,  and  was  defeated  by  Gen.  Grant. 

Seymour,  Thomas  Hart,  soldier  and 
politician,  b.  Hartford,  Ct.,  1808  ;  d.  there  3 
Sept.  1868.  Educated  at  the  Middletown 
Milit.  Acad.  He  practised  law ;  edited  the  Jef- 
fersonian,  a  Democ.  newspaper,  in  1837 ;  was  a 
judge  of  probate;  M.C.  1843-.5;  served  in 
the  Mexican  war  as  maj.  9th  Regt.  1847 ;  lieut.- 
col.  12th  Inf.  12  Aug.  1847;  com.  the  9th  Inf. 
on  the  fall  of  Col.  Ransom  ;  brev.  col.  for 
Chapultepec  13  Sept.  1847;  gov.  of  Ct.  1850- 
3  ;  minister  to  Russia  1853-7.  His  sympa- 
thies were  strongly  with  the  South  during  the 
Rebellion. 

Seymour,  Truman,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Burlington,  Vt.,  Sept.  24, 1824.  West  Point, 
1846.  Entering  the  1st  Art.,  he  was  brev.  1st 
lieut.  and  capt.  for  gallantry  at  Cerro  Gordo, 
Contreras,  and  Churubusco ;  was  in  1850-3 
assist,  prof  of  drawing  at  West  Point ;  served 
in  the  last  Florida  war  (1856-8)  ;  became  capt. 
1st  Art.  22  Nov,  1860  ;  and  under  Maj.  Ander- 
son  served  at  Fort  Sumter  in  April,  1861  ; 
transferred  to  the  5th  Art.,  he  joined  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac  in  March,  1862,  and  was  made 
chief  of  art.  of  M'Call's  division.  Brig.-gen. 
vols.  Apr.  28,  1862,  he  com.  the  left  wing  at 
the  battle  of  Mechanicsville,  June  26.  In  the 
battles  of  Manassas,  South  Mountain,  and  An- 
tictam,  he  led  a  brigade  in  Meade's  division. 
Com.  division  at  the  assault  of  Fort  Wagner, 
iind  severely  wounded,  18  July,  1863;  com. 
exped.  to  Florida,  Feb.  1864,  and  fought  the 
battle  of  Olustee  20  Feb.  1864;  com.  a  bri- 
gade 6th  corps  in  battle  of  the  Wilderness, 
and  captured  6  May,  1864;  com.  division  6th 
corps  in  Shenandoah  Valley,  Oet.-Dec.  1864, 
and  in  the  Richmond  campaign,  Dec.  1864  to 
16  Apr.  1865.  Brev.  maj.  for  Fort  Sumter, 
lient.-col.  for  South  Mountain,  col.  for  Antie- 
tam,  brig.-gen.  (13  Mar.  1865)  for  capture  of 
Petersburg,  and  maj.-gen.  for  services  during 
the  Rebellion.  Maj.  5th  Art.  13  Aug.  1866. 
A.M.  of  Wms.  Coll.  1865.  —  Cullum. 

Shaler,  Gen.  Alexander,  major  N.Y.  7th 
Regt.  before  the  Rebellion  ;  lieut.-col.  65th  N.Y. 
Regt.  11  June,  1861 ;  col.  17  July,  1862;  brig.- 
gen.  vols.  26  May,  1863.  Served  in  Peninsular 
campaign ;  under  Pope  in  Va.,  and  under 
M'Clellan  in  Md. ;  was  at  Fredericksburg  in 
Dec.  1862  ;  com.  a  brigade,  and  disting.  in 
storm  of  Marye's  Heights,  May,  1863  ;  was  at 
Gettysburg,  iiappahannock  Station  (Nov.  8, 
1863) ;  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  the 
Wilderness,  in  May,  1S64,  and  confined  at 
Charleston,  S.C. ;  exchanged  in  Aug.  1864; 
com.  2d  div.,  7th  corps,  and  post  of  Duval's 
Bluff,  Ark.,  in  Jan.  1865;  and  brev.  maj.-gen. 


27  July,  1865  ;   app.  maj.-gen.  1st  div.  national 
guard,  S.N.Y.,  23  Jan.  1867. 

Shaler,  William,  U.S.  consul  at  Hava- 
na ;  d.  there  29  Mar.  1833,  a.  55.  A.M.  of  N.J. 
Coll.  1828.  Formerly  consul-gen.  at  Algiers. 
He  displayed  signal  abilities  in  trying  circum- 
stances, and  was  commissioned  to  negotiate  a 
treaty  with  the  latter  power  in  18f5.  His 
"Sketches  of  Algiers,"  pub.  1826,  was  very 
serviceable  to  the  French  in  their  operations 
against  that  place.  He  also  pub.  in  the  Philos. 
Trans,  a  paper  on  the  Language  of  the  Ber- 
bers in  Africa. 

Shank,  David,  a  British  gen.,  b.  Va. ;  d. 
Glasj^ow,  Oct.  16,  1831.  App.  a  lieut.  of 
loyalists  under  Lord  Dunmore  in  Va.  in  1775  ; 
was  at  Gwynn's  Island  and  other  skirmishes; 
was  a  vol.  at  the  battle  of  Long  Island,  Aug. 
27,  1776  ;  was  app.  a  lieut.  in  the  Queen's 
Rangers,  March,  1777;  engaged  at  Brandy- 
wine,  Sept.  11,  1777,  when  14  out  of  its  21 
officers  were  killed  and  wounded  ;  disting.  him- 
self at  Germantown  and  Monmouth ;  succeeded 
to  a  company,  Oct.  1778;  and  was  engaged  at 
the  battle  of  Springfield,  N.J.  In  Aug.  1779 
he  com.  a  troop  of  dragoons;  afterward  com. 
the  cavalry  of  the  Queen's  Rangers  in  Va., 
with  which  he  sustained  a  severe  action  at 
Spencer's  Ordinary;  in  1792  he  raised  a  light- 
inf.  corps  for  Canada,  called  the  Queen's  Ran- 
gers; and  corn,  the  ti'oops  in  Upper  Canada  in 
1796.  He  went  to  Europe  in  1799  ;  was  made 
col.  in  1808,  maj.-gen.  1811,  and  a  lieut.-gen. 
in  1821.  —  Morr/an. 

Shanly,  Walter,  engineer,  b.  Queen's 
Co.,  Ireland.  Came  to  Canada  in  1836  ;  mem- 
ber Canadian  parliament ;  was  prominently 
engaged  in  the  construction  of  the  Welland 
Canal ;  was  engineer  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Rail- 
way ;  and  employed  with  his  bro.  Francis  since 
Mar.  1869,  under  an  appropriation  of  five  mil- 
lions, to  complete  the  tunnel  through  the  Hoo- 
sac  Mountain. 

Shannon,  Mary  Eulalie  Fee,  b.  Flem- 
ingsburg,  Ky.,  9  Feb.  1824;  d.  Auburn,  Cal., 
26  Dec.  1855  ;  m.  31  Jan.  1854  to  John  Shan- 
non, editor  at  Auburn,  Cal.  Descended,  on 
the  mother's  side,  from  John  Carver  the  Pil- 
grim ;  on  the  father's,  fi-om  the  family  to  which 
belonged  John  Philpot  Curran.  She  was  a 
contrib.  of  verses  to  Arthur's  Home  Mag.  and 
to  Western  papers.  A  vol.  of  her  poems,  en- 
titled "Buds,  Blossoms,  and  Leaves,"  was 
pub.  Cin.  1854.  —  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the 
West. 

Shannon,  Wilson,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Belmont  Co.,  O.,  Feb.  24,  1802.  Athens 
Coll.,  O.,  and  Transylv.  U.,  Ky.  Adopted 
the  profession  of  law,  and  in  1835  was  pros, 
atty.  for  O. ;  gov.  of  the  State  in  1838-40,  and 
again  in  1842-4;  was  minister  to  Mexico  in 
1844;  M.C.  1853-5;  Terr.  gov.  of  Kansas 
185.5-July,  1856.  He  has  since  practised  law 
at  Lawrence,  Kansas. 

Sharp,  Daniel,  D.D.  (B.  U.  1828),  Bap- 
tist minister,  b.  Huddersfield,  Eng.,  Dec.  26, 
1783 ;  d.  Md.  June  23,  1853.  In  1802  he  came 
to  America  as  a  commercial  agent,  and  estab- 
lished himself  in  N.Y.  He  had  previously  re- 
ceived a  good  academic  education,  and,  having 
studied   theology,  took    charge    of  a  Baptist 


L 


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cong.  in  Newark,  N.,T.,  in  1809,  but  in  1811 
removed  to  Boston,  and  became  pastor  of  the 
Baptist  Church  in  Charles  Street,  in  which  po- 
sition he  continued  from  April  29,  1812,  to 
June  23,  1853.  An  active  member  of  the  Ms, 
Missionary  Society,  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
Arner.  Baptist  Magazine,  a  founder  of  the 
Northern  Baptist  Education  Society,  and  of 
the  Newton  Theol.  Scm.  His  pub.  writings 
consist  entirely  of  sermons  and  addresses,  of 
which  about  20  are  extant. 

Sharpe,  William,  b.  Cecil  Co.,  Md.,  Dec. 
13,  1742;  d.  Iredell  Co.,  N.C.,  July,  1818.  At 
21  he  moved  to  Mecklenburg,  N.C.;  was  a 
lawyer,  and  active  in  the  patriot  cause.  A 
delegate  to  the  Prov.  Congress  in  1775-6,  and 
of  the  Cont.  Congress  in  1779-82;  aide-de- 
camp to  Gen.  Rutherford  in  the  Indian  cam- 
paign of  1776  ;  and  was  one  of  the  commiss. 
who  made  a  treaty  with  them  in  1777. 

Sharswood,  George,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll. 
1856),  jiu-ist,  b.  Phila.  7  July,  1810.  U.  of 
Pa.  1828.  Adm.  to  the  Phila.  bar  1831 ;  app. 
judge  dist.  court  of  Pa.  1845;  pres.  judge 
1851-67;  app.  judge  Sup.  Court  of  Pa.  1867; 
prof  of  the  Law  School,  U.  of  Pa.  Author  of 
a  work  on  professional  ethics,  8vo,  1854  and 
1869;  "Popular  Lectures  on  Coml.  Law," 
1856;  "Lectures  Introd.  to  the  Study  of  the 
Law,"  12mo,  1870;  editor  of  Blackstone's 
Commentaries,  Byles  on  Bills,  Starkie  on  Evi- 
dence, Russell  on  Crimes,  Leigh's  Nisi  Prius, 
Roscoe  on  Crim.  Evidence,  and  Smith  on  Con- 
tracts. 

Sharswood,  William,  Ph.  D.  (U.  of 
Jena  1859),  b.  Phila.  1836.  U.  of  Pa.  1856. 
Author  of  "Stadia  Phi/sica,"  2  parts,  4to ; 
"Elenore,"  a  drama,  1862,  afterward  pub.  as 
"  The  Betrothed,"  8vo,  1865  ;  "  Misc.  Writings 
of  Wm.  Sharswood,"  8vo,  vol.  i. ;  "  In  Memori- 
ara,"  1862.  Contrib.  to  scientific  journals.  — 
AUihone. 

Shattuck,  Aaron  D.,  landscape-painter, 
b.  Francestown,  N.H,,  Mar.  9,  1832.  At  19  he 
began  to  paint  portraits  in  Boston;  then  stud- 
ied at  the  Acad.,  New  York  ;  visited  the  White 
Mountains;  then  opened  a  studio  in  New 
York ;  was  favorably  noticed  in  the  exhibition 
in  1856  of  the  Nat.  Acad.,  and  in  1861  became 
an  academician.  He  has  painted  spirited  sea- 
coast  scenes,  "  Sunset  on  the  Lake,"  "  Autum- 
nal View  of  Androscoggin  Scenery,"  and  a 
fine  "  Glimpse  of  Lake  Champlain;" —  Tucker- 
man. 

Shattuck,  George  Chetne,  M.D.  (U. 
of  Pa.  1807),  LL.D.  (D.C.  18.53),  physician,  b. 
Templeton,  Ms.,  July  17,  1783;  d.  Boston, 
Mar.  18,  1854.  Dartm.  Coll.  1803.  Son  of 
Dr.  Benj.  (H.U.  1765,  b.  II  Nov.  1742,  d.  14 
Jan.  1794).  His  practice  in  Boston  was  exten- 
sive and  lucrative.  Pres.  of  the  Ms.  Medical 
Soc,  member  of  that  of  N.  H.,  and  of  the 
Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  By  his  will  he 
devised  more  than  $60,000  to  charitable  ob- 
jects. He  contrib.  largely  to  the  library  of 
Dartm.  Coll.,  and  built,  and  furnished  with 
valuable  instruments,  its  observatory.  Author 
of  "Structure  and  Physiol,  of  the  Skin,"  1808; 
"  Causes  of  Biliary  Secretions,"  1808  ;  "  Yel- 
low-Fcvcr  of  Gibraltar  in  1828,"  8vo,  1839. 

Shattuck,  Lemuel,, historical  and  statis- 


tical writer,  b.  Ashby,  Ms.,  Oct.  15,  1793  ;  d. 
Boston,  Jan.  17,  1859.  As  a  teacher  he  re- 
sided at  various  times  in  New  Ipswich,  Troy, 
Albany,  and  Detroit,  Mich.;  was  a  merchant 
in  Concord,  Ms.,  from  1823  to  1833,  and  after- 
wards a  bookseller  and  publisher  in  Boston. 
Member  of  the  common  council  of  Boston 
1837-41,  and  was  for  some  years  a  representa- 
tive to  the  legisl.  In  1844  he  was  one  of  the 
founders,  and  for  five  years  vice-pres.,  of  the 
N.E.  Historic-Genealogical  Society ;  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Amer.  Statistical  Assoc,  of 
the  Amer.  Antiquarian  and  Ms.  Hist.  Socie- 
ties. He  pub.  a  "  History  of  Concord,  Ms.," 
8vo,  Boston,  1835;  in  1855,  "Memorials  of 
the  Descendants  of  William  Shattuck;"  "The 
Census  of  Boston,"  1845  ;  "  Vital  Statistics  of 
Boston,"  1841;  and  "Report  on  the  Sani- 
tary Condition  of  Ms.,"  18.50. 

Shaw,  Charles,  b.  Bath,  Me.,  1782;  d. 
judge  of  a  court  at  Montgomery,  Ala.,  1828. 
H.U.  1805.  Author  of  "Topog.  and  Hist. 
Descript.  of  Boston  from  its  First  Settlement," 

1817.  He  practised  law  some  years  in  Lincoln 
Co.,  Me.,  before  he  removed  to  Ala.  He  was 
a  good  classical  scholar  and  writer. 

Shaw,  Henry  W.  ("  Josh  Billings  "), 
humorist,    b.    Lanesborough,    Berkshire,  Ms,, 

1818.  Grandson  of  Dr.  Samuel  (M.C.  from 
the  Rutland-Co.  dist.,  Vt.,  during  the  war  of 
1812),  and  son  of  Henry  (M.C),  whose  vote  in 
favor  of  the  Mo.  Compromise  in  1820  terminat- 
ed his  political  career.  His  uncle  John  Savage 
was  chief  justice  of  N.Y.  At  the  age  of  15  he 
went  to  the  West,  where  he  engaged  in  farming 
and  auctioneering  for  25  years  ;  and  afterward 
settled  in  Poughkeepsie,  N.Y.,  in  the  latter  vo- 
cation. He  never  wrote  a  line  for  the  public 
until  past  45  years  of  age  ;  his  first  production, 
under  the  name  of  "Josh  Billings,"  having 
been  written  25  May,  1863.  Since  then  he  has 
pub.  4  vols,  of  comic  sketches,  establishing  for 
himself  a  high  reputation  for  originality,  and  a 
deep  insight  into  human  nature.  His  "  Allmi- 
nax"  has  attained  an  immense  circulation;  and 
he  is  also  a  successful  lyceum  lecturer. 

Shaw,  John,  capt.'U.S.N.,  b.  Mt.  Mellick,      i 
Queen's  Co.,  Ireland,  1773  ;    d.  Phila.   Sept.      ' 
17,1823.    The  son  of  an  En  - 1  ish  officer.    With 
only  an  ordinary  education,  he  with  an  elder 
bro.  emig.  to  Amer.  in  Dec,  1790;  settled  in 
Phila. ;  udopted  a  seafaring  life;  and  in  1797 
was  master  of  a  brig  sailing  to  the  W.  Indies. 
App.  lieut.  U.S.N.  Aug.  3,  1798,  on  the  break- 
ing-ou't  of  hostilities  with  France;  he  became 
master  com.   May  22,  1804  ;    and  capt.  Aug.      J 
27,  1807.     He  sa'iled  in   "The  Montezuma,"      | 
Capt.  Alex.   Murray',   in   Nov.  1798;    and   in        ■ 
Dee.  1799  took  com.  of  the  schooner  "Enter- 
prise;" in  May,  1800,  he  took,  after  a  smart 
action,  the  French  privateer  "  La  Seine,"  and 
two  weeks.later  the  privateer  "  La  Citoyenne; " 
in  June  he  captured  "L'Aigle,"  a  privateer  of 
nearly  equal  force,  after  a  short  contest;  and 
in  July  "  Le  Flambeau,"  a  vessel  of  superior 
force,  after  one  of  the  warmest  actions  of  the 
war.     He  reached  home  in  Jan.  1801,  having 
in  6  months  captured  8  privateers  and  letters- 
of- marque,  and  fought  5  spirited  actions,  2 
with   vessels   of  superior  force.      He  cruised 
in  the  Mediterranean  in  "The  George  Wash- 


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ington"  in  1801,  and  in  "  The  John  Adams  " 
in  1805  ;  in  1814  he  com.  the  squadron  block- 
aded in  the  Thames  between  N.  London  and 
Norwich;  in  1816-17  com.  the  Mediterranean 
squadron ;  and  afterward  had  charge  of  the 
navy-yards  of  Boston  and  Charleston,  S.C.  — 
Cooper's  Nuv.  Biog. 

Shaw,  John,  M.D.,  poet,  h.  Annapolis, 
Md.,  May  4, 1778;  d.  Jan.  10, 1809,  on  a  voyage 
from  Charleston  to  the  Bahamas.  St.  John's 
Coll.  1795.  He  studied  medicine;  was  app. 
surgeon  in  the  fleet  ordered  to  Algiers  in  Dec. 
1798  ;  and  was  sec.  to  Consul  Eaton  at  Tunis. 
Returning  in  1800,  he  went  in  1801  to  pursue  his 
.»;tu(lies  in  Edinb.  He  sailed  with  the  Earl  of 
Selkirk  in  1803  to  Canada,  where  that  noble- 
man was  founding  a  settlement  on  St.  John's 
Island,  in  Lake  St.  Clair.  In  1805  he  returned 
home,  and  began  practice;  m.  in  1807,  and  re- 
moved to  Baltimore.  His  poems,  with  a  Me- 
moir containing  extracts  from  his  foreign  cor- 
resp.  and  journals,  were  pub.  in  1810.  He  was 
a  contrib.  to  the  Fhila.  Port-FoUo. 

Shaw,  Lemuel,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1831;  B.U. 
1850),  an  eminent  jurist,  b.  Barnstable,  Jan. 
9,  1781;  d.  Boston,  March  30,  1861.  H.U. 
,1800.  Son  of  Kev.  Oakes  Shaw.  He  became 
an  usher  at  the  Franklin  School,  Boston,  and 
assist,  editor  Boston  Gazette ;  studied  law ;  en- 
tered the  Suffolk  bar  in  Sept.  1804;  was  a 
representative  in  1811-16,  and  again  in  1819  ; 
was  a  valuable  member  of  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  in  1820;  State  senator  in  J821-2,  1828, 
and  1829;  andwaschief  justice  of  the  Ms.  Sup. 
Court,  Aug.  23,  1830-31  Aug.  1860.  He 
was  undoubtedly  the  profoundest  judge  since 
Theophilus  Parsons  in  N.E.  His  sagacity  and 
penetration  were  proverbial ;  and  his  influence 
on  the  bench  was  almost  unlimited.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  of  the 
Ms.  Hi.<t.,  and  the  N.E.  Historic-Genealogi- 
cal Societies.  His  reported  decisions  are  found 
in  the  last  16  vols,  of  Pickering's  Reports,  and 
in  those  of  Metcalf,  Cushing,  and  Gray,  —  in  all 
ab.  50  vols.  Few  men  have  contrib.  more  to 
the  growth  of  the  law  as  a  progressive  science. 
In  1822  he  prepared  the  charter  for  the  city  of 
Boston.  He  pub.  "Oration,  July  4,  1815;" 
"  Inaug.  Address,"  1830;  Charge  to  the 
Grand  Jury,  Ipswich,  1832  ;  Address  at  the 
opening  of  the  New  Court  House,  Worcester, 
1845  ;  charge  to  the  jury  in  the  trial  of  Prof. 
J.  W.  Webster.  In  1811  he  delivered  a  dis- 
course before  the  Boston  Humane  Society. 

Shaw,  Oliver,  composer  and  teacher  of 
music  at  Providence,  R.I.  ;  d.  there  31  Dec. 
1848,  a.  70.  Among  the  best  of  his  pieces  are 
*'  Mary's  Tears,"  "Nothing  True  but  Heaven," 
"  Arrayed  in  Clouds,"  and  "  Home  of  My 
Soul."  —  Moore's  EncfjcL  of  Music. 

Shaw,  Rouert  Gould,  a  philanthropic 
merchant  of  Boston,  b.  Gouldsborough,  Me., 
June  4,  1776  ;  d.  Boston,  May  3,  1853.  Edu- 
cated in  the  Boston  schools;  subsequently  filled 
a  situation  in  the  counting-room  of  his  uncle ; 
and  at  the  age  of  21  engaged  in  business  for 
himself  with  success,  acquiring  great  wealth, 
which  he  liberally  dispensed.  He  bequeathed 
$1 10,000  to  be  set  apart  at  interest  by  his  execu- 
tors until  it  should  amount  to  $400,000.  This 
sum  is  to  be  designated  the  "  Shaw  Fund," 


and  is  designed  to  sustain  an  institute  or  asy- 
lum for  mariners'  children.  He  also  bequeathed 
$10,000  for  the  purchase  of  a  site  for  the  insti- 
tution. 

Shaw,  Col.  Robert  Gould,  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  b.  Boston,  Oct.  10,  1837  ;  killed 
in  the  assault  on  Fort  Wagner,  July  18,  1863. 
H.  U.  1860.  He  was  a  private  in  the  N.Y.  7th 
Regt.  in  April,  1861 ;  2d  licut.  Ms.  2d,  May 
28,  1861  ;  capt.  Aug.  10,  1862;  and  com.  the 
first  regt.  of  colored  soldiers  from  a  free  State 
ever  mustered  into  the  U.S.  service.  Col.  54th 
Ms.  Apr.  17, 1863.  —  Harv.  Memorial  Biogs. 

Shaw,  Maj.  Samuel,  A.A.S.,  soldier  and 
merchant,  b.  Boston,  Oct.  2,  1754 ;  d.  May  30, 
1794,  on  the  voyage  from  Canton  to  Boston. 
Educated  by  Master  Lovell,  and  in  the  counting- 
house  of  his  father  Francis  Shaw.  Commiss. 
Jan.  1,  1776,  a  lieut.  of  art.;  he  served  from 
Dorchester  Heights  to  Yorktown ;  and  at  the 
peace  was  a  major  of  art.,  and  aide-de-camp  to 
Gen.  Knox.  He  went  to  Canton  in  Feb.  1784 
as  supercargo;  on  his  return  in  May,  1785, 
Gen.  Knox  gave  him  the  post  of  first  sec.  of 
the  war  dept. ;  in  Feb.  1786  he  was  app.  U.S. 
consul  at  Canton,  and  made  several  voyages 
between  Canton  and  N.  York.  His  Journals, 
with  a  ^lemoir  by  Josiah  Quincy,  were  pub. 
8vo,  1847. 

Shays,  Daniel,  leader  of  the  Shays  Re- 
bellion in  1786-7  in  Ms.,  b.  Hopkinton,  1747; 
d.  Sparta,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29,  1825.  He  was  an 
ensign  in  Woodbridge's  regiment  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Bunker's  Hill,  and  attained  the  rank  of 
captain  in  the  Revol.  army.  Shays,  though 
not  prominent  in  the  commencement  of  the  in- 
surrection, was  chosen  leader  of  the  insurgents. 
They  complained  that  the  governor's  salary  was 
too  high,  the  senate  aristocratic,  the  lawyers 
extortionate,  and  taxes  too  burdensome  to 
bear;  and  they  demanded  an  issue  of  paper- 
money,  and  the  removal  of  the  Gen.  Court  to 
Boston.  Bodies  of  armed  men  interrupted  the 
sessions  of  the  courts  in  a  number  of  counties  ; 
and  in  Dec.  1786,  Shays,  with  a  large  force,  pre- 
vented the  holding  of  courts  at  Worcester  and 
Springfield;  in  Jan.  1787  he  marched  with  ab. 
2,000  men  to  capture  the  arsenal  at  Spring- 
field ;  but,  being  tired  upon  by  the  militia  under 
Gen.  Shepherd,  the  insurgents  fled,  the  leaders 
making  their  way  to  N.Pl.  Sha3i3  remained  in 
Vt.  about  a  year,  and,  at  his  petition,  was  after- 
ward pardoned,  and  removed  to  Sparta,  N.Y. 
He  was  allowed  a  pension  for  services  in  the 
Revol.  war.  — Minot's  Hist,  of  the  Ins.  in  Ms. 

Shea  (sha),  John  Augustus,  b.  Cork,  Ire- 
land, 1802;  d.  New  York,  Aug.  15,  1845. 
Emig.  to  the  U.S.  in  1827,  and  was  editor  and 
contrib.  to  mags,  and  newspapers  in  N.Y., 
Phila.,  and  Georgetown,  D.C.  Author  of 
"  Rudekki,"  a  romance  in  verse,  1826 ; 
"  Adolph,  and  Other  Poems,"  1831 ;  "  Parnas- 
sian Wild-Flowers,"  1836;  "  Clontarf,"  1843; 
"Poems,"  1846,  12mo,  posthumous,  pub.  by 
his  son  George  Aug.  Shea.  —  Allibone. 

Shea,  John  Gilmary,  LL.D.,  author,  b. 
N.Y.  City,  July  22,  1824.  Educated  to  the 
law,  and  adni.  to  the  bar ;  he  has,  however,  de- 
voted himself  chiefly  to  historical  studies.  He 
edited  7  vols,  of  the  Hist.  Mag.  (1859-65) ;  ed. 
and  pub.  from  early  MSS.  the  Cramoisy.  se- 


SHE 


820 


SHE 


ries  of  "  Memoirs  and  Relations  concerning 
the  French  Colonies  in  N.A.,"  20  vols.  1857- 
62  ;  and  "  The  Library  of  American  Linguist- 
ics," a  series  of  grammars  and  dictionaries  of 
American  languages,  of  which  13  vols,  have 
been  pub.  Author  of  "  The  Discovery  and 
Exploration  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  8vo, 
1853  ;  "  Hist,  of  the  Catholic  Missions  among 
the  Indian  Tribes  of  the  U.S.,"  1854;  "Perils 
of  the  Ocean  and  Wilderness,"  1857;  "Early 
Voyages  up  and  down  the  Mpi.,"  1862 ;  "  The 
Fallen  Brave,"  biographies  of  officers  who  have 
fallen  in  the  war  for  the  Union  ;  "The  Catholic 
Church  in  the  U.S.,"  1856;  "The  Catholic 
Authors  of  Amer.,"  8vo,  1853;  "Life  of  St. 
Angela  Merici  of  Brescia,"  16mo,  1857  ;  "  Le- 
gendary Hist,  of  Ireland,"  1857.  A  series  of  bi- 
ographies of  Catholic  missionaries  killed  on  the 
Indian  missions  in  the  U.S.,  which  app.  in  the 
Catholic  Mag.,  were  coll.,  revised,  and  pub.  in 
Germany.  He  has  edited  Washington's  Private 
Diaries,  1861;  Miller's  N.Y.  in  1695;  Novum 
Belgium,  1862 ;  "  Operations  of  the  French  Fleet 
under  De  Grasse  in  1781-2,"  1864 ;  "  The  Lin- 
coln Memorial,"  1864,  &c. ;  the  Catholic  Alma- 
nac; Frank  Leslie's  periodicals.  Of  his  trans- 
lation with  notes  of  Charlevoix's  "  Hist,  of  New 
France"  (6  vols.),  5  vols.  (1866-71)  have  app. 

Sheafie,  Sir  Roger  Hale,  a  gen.  in  the 
British  army,  b.  Boston,  15  July,  1763;  d. 
Edinburgh,  f7  July,  1851.  Son  of  Wm.  (dep. 
compt.  of  customs  at  Boston),  who  d.  1772,  and 
Susannah  (dau.  of  Thos.  Child),  who  d.  Aug. 
1810.  Earl  Percy,  whose  quarters  were  at  his 
mother's  house  in  Bo.-jton,  procured  for  him  a 
military  education,  and  a  coramiss.  in  the  5th 
Foot  in  May,  1778.  He  became  a  lieut.-col. 
in  1798;  served  in  Holland  in  1799  ;  in  the  ex- 
pod,  to  the  Baltic  in  1801  ;  niaj.-gen.  4  June, 
1811 ;  served  in  Canada  in  1812-13  ;  com.  the 
British  forces  after  the  fall  of  Gen.  Brock  at 
Queenstown,  where  he  defeated  the  American 
troops  who  had  crossed  the  Niagara,  and  for 
this  service  was  made  a  bart.  16  Jan.  1813. 
Defended  York  (now  Toronto)  when  attacked 
in  Apr.  1813.     Full  gen.  28  June,  1828. 

Shedd,  William  Greenough  Thayer, 
D.  ]).,  clergyman,  b.  Acton,  Ms.,  June  21, 
1820.  Vt.  U.  1839;  And.  Theol.  Sem.  1843. 
He  became  pastor  of  the  Cong,  church  in  Bran- 
don, Vt.,  in  1844;  prof,  of  Eng.  lit.  iu  the  U. 
of  Vt.  in  1845;  of  sacred  rhetoric  in  Aub. 
Theol.  Sem.  in  1852;  and  in  1854  prof  of 
church  history  at  Andover.  In  1862  he  was  in- 
stalled assist,  pastor  of  the  Presb.  ("Brick") 
church  in  N.Y. ;  in  1863  prof,  of  biblical  litera- 
ture Union  Theol.  Sem.,  N.Y.  City.  He  has 
edited  and  pul).  a  translation  of  Theremin's 
"Rhetoric,"  N.Y.  1850,  2d  edit.,  with  introd. 
essay,  1859;  Coleridge's  works,  with  introd. 
essay,  7  vols.,  N.Y.  1853;  "  Discourses  and  Es- 
says," 1856  ;  "  Lectures  on  the  Philosophy  of 
Hist.,"  1856;  transl.  of  Guericke's  "Church 
Hist.,"  2  vols.  1857-63  ;  Augustine's  "  Confes- 
sions," with  introd.  essay,  1860;  "  History  of 
Christian  Doctrine,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1863  ;  "  Trea- 
tise on  Homilctics,"  8vo,  1867;  "Orthodox 
Cong,  and  the  Christ.  Sects,"  1871  ;  and  con- 
trib.  to  various  theol.  reviews. 

Shelby,  Isaac,  soldier  and  statesman,  b. 
near  iiagerstown,  Md.,  11   Dec.  1750;  d.  Lin- 


coln Co.,  Ky.,  18  July,  1826.  Of  Welsh  ex- 
traction. Son  of  Gen.  Evan  Shelby.  He  re- 
ceived an  ordinary  Eng.  education,  and  became 
a  surveyor  in  Western  Va.  In  1774  he  was  a 
lieut.  in  his  father's  company  at  the  battle  with 
the  Indians  at  Pt.  Pleasant,  Va. ;  capt.  in  1776  ; 
app.  commissary  in  1777;  member  of  the  le- 
gisl.  of  Va.  in  1779,  and  commiss.  a  major  by 
Gov.  Jefferson;  col.  in  1780;  and  at  Cedar 
Spring,  in  conjunction  with  Sevier  and  Clarke, 
inflicted  severe  loss  oh  Maj.  Ferguson,  the  dar- 
ing British  partisan,  whom  he  defeated  in  the 
battle  at  King's  Mountain,  7  Oct.  1780.  The 
force  he  com.  here  consisted  of  undisciplined 
riflemen ;  and  to  Shelby  belongs  the  merit  of 
originating  this  important  exped.,  which  exer- 
cised such  a  powerful  influence  upon  the  result 
of  the  war  in  the  South.  He  was  in  the  action 
of  Musgrove's  Mills ;  served  in  the  campaign  of 
1781  under  Marion;  was  in  the  skirmi.sh  at 
Monk's  Corner,  and  subsequently  joined  Greene 
with  500  mounted  vols.  Member  of  the  legisl. 
of  N.C.  1781-2,  and  received  from  that  body  a 
vote  of  thanks  and  a  sword.  In  1 788  he  ni. 
and  settled  at  "  Travellers'  Rest,"  Lincoln  Co., 
Ky.  After  the  se])aration  of  Ky.  from  Va., 
and  the  formation  of  a  constitution  for  the  for- 
mer State  by  a  convention  of  which  he  was  a 
member,  he  was  gov.  in  1792-6,  and  again  in 
1812-16.  In  1813,  at  the  head  of  4,000  men, 
he  joined  Gen.  Harrison,  whom  he  aided  in  the 
victory  of  the  Thames.  For  his  bravery  at 
that  battle,  Congress  honored  him  with  a  gold 
medal.  App.  see.  of  war  by  Monroe  in  1817, 
he  declined  on  account  of  his  age.  In  1818  he 
acted  as  a  commiss.  in  conjunction  with  Gen. 
Jackson  in  forming  a  treaty  with  the  Chicka- 
saw Indians.  A  county  in  Ky.,  and  a  roll,  at 
Shelbyville,  perpetuate  his  name.  His  son 
Gen.  James,  a  mnj.  in  the  campaign  of  1813, 
b.  1784,  d.  Sept.  1848. 

Sheldon,  David  Ne-wton,  D  D.  (B.U. 
1847),  clergyman,  b.  Suffield,  Ct.,  June  26, 
1807.  Wms.  Coll.  1830.  Newton  Theol. 
Sem.  Baptist  missionary  to  France  in  1835-9, 
chiefly  in  Paris  and  vicinity.  He  returned 
home,  and  was  for  2  years  pastor  of  a  Baptist 
church  in  Halifax,  N.  S.  In  the  spring  of 
1842  he  became  pastor  at  Waterville,  Me. ;  and 
from  1843  to  1853  was  pres.  of  Waterville  Coll. 
Pastor  of  the  Elm-st.  (Baptist)  Church,  Bath, 
till  1856,  when  he  was  excommunicated  from 
it  on  a  charge  of  heresy  ;  and  in  Sept.  1857  be- 
came pastor  of  the  Summer-st.  (Unitarian) 
Church,  Bath;  and  since  1862  pastor  at  Wa- 
terville, Me.  Many  years  a  contrib.  to  the 
Christian  Review;  has  pub.  occasional  sermons, 
and,  since  his  change  in  theol.  views,  "  Sin  and 
Redemption,"  a  vol.  of  discourses,  N.Y.  1856. 

Shellabarger,  Samuel,  M.C.  1861-3  and 
186.5-71,  b.  Clark  Co.,  O.,  10  Dec.  1817. 
Miami  U.,  0.,  1841.  Lawyer,  member  Ohio 
legisl.  1852-3,  and  a  prominent  Republican. 

Shelton,  Frederic  William,  LL.  D., 
author,  b.  Jamaica,  L.  L,  N.  Y.,  1814.  N.J. 
Coll.  1834.  Ord.  to  the  Epis.  ministry  in 
1847,  he  has  been  successively  settled  at  Hunt- 
ington, L.L,  at  Fishkill  on  the  Hudson,  and 
at  Montpelier,  Vt.,  whither  he  went  in  1854. 
He  has  pub.  "  The  Trollopiad,  or  Travelling 
Gentleman  in  America,"  N.Y.,  1837,  a  satire  ; 


SHE 


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3JJJS1 


"  Salander  and  thcDragon,"  a  romance,  1851  ; 
"  Chi-ystalline,  or  the  Heiress  of  Fall-down 
Castle,"  1854;  "  The  Rector  of  St  Bardolph's, 
or  Superannuated,"  1853;  "Up  the  River," 
1853,  a  series  of  rural  sketches,  originally  con- 
trib.,  like  many  of  his  writings,  to  the  Knicker- 
bocker Mtvi. ;  and  "  Peeps  from  the  Belfry,  or 
the  Parish  Sketch-Book,"  1855.  He  has  also 
pub.  two  lectures  on  "  The  Gold-Mania,"  and 
•'  The  Use  and  Abuse  of  Reason." 

Shepard,  Charles  Upham,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
physicist,  b.  Little  Compton,  R.  I.,  June  29, 
1804.  Amh.  Coll.  1824.  He  received  at  Cam- 
bridge a  year's  instruction  of  Thomas  Nuttall, 
and,  after  giving  private  lessons  in  botany  and 
mineralogy  for  some  months  in  Boston,  was 
for  2  years  an  assist,  in  the  laboratory  of  Prof. 
Silliman  at  Y.C.  He  then  took  charge  for  one 
year  of  an  institution  at  New  Haven  for  furnish- 
ing thecitizicns  with  popular  lectures  on  science. 
In  1832-3,  under  a  commission  from  the  U.S. 
govt.,  he  investigated  the  culture  and  manuf. 
of  sugar  in  the  Southern  States,  the  results  of 
which  are  embodied  in  Prof.  Silliman's  report 
to  the  sec.  of  the  treasury  in  1833.  Lecturer 
on  nat.  history  in  Y.  Coll.  in  1830-47  ;  prof, 
of  chemistry  in  the  Charleston  Med.  College, 
S.C,  in  1854-61;  in  1835  he  was  app.  associ- 
ate of  Dr.  Percival  in  the  State  geol.  survey  of 
Ct. ;  prof,  of  chemistry  and  natural  history  in 
Amh.  Coll.  in  184.5-52.  In  the  investigation 
of  minerals  and  meteorites  Prof.  S.  has  ex- 
plored the  greater  part  of  N.  Amer.,  and  has  7 
times  visited  Europe.  His  collection  of  min- 
erals and  meteorites  at  Amh.  Coll.  is  the  best 
in  the  U.S.,  and  is  only  surpassed  by  those  of 
the  British  Museum  and  the  Imperial  Cabinet 
of  Vienna.  Besides  scientific  papers  in  period- 
icals, addresses,  pamphlets,  &c.,  he  pub.  in 
1832  his  "  Treatise  on  Mineralogy,"  of  which 
a  3d  ed.,  greatly  enlarged,  appeared  in  1855  ; 
and  in  1837  a  Report  on  the  Geology  of  Ct. — 
Appleton. 

Shepard,  Samuel,  D.D.  (Un.CoU.  1819), 
Cong,  jjustor  of  Lenox,  Ms.,  from  30  April, 
1795,  to  his  d.  5  Jan.  1846,  b.  Chatham  (now 
Portland),  Ct.,  Nov.  19,  1772.  Y.C.  1793. 
He  was  in  1834-46  vice-pres.,  and  many  years 
one  of  the  trustees,  of  Wms.  Coll.  His  pulpit- 
oratory  was  of  a  high  order,  and  he  pub.  some 
occasional  sermons. 

Shepard,  Thomas,  clergyman  and  author, 
b.  Towcester,  England,  Nov.  5,  1605  ;  d.  Cam- 
bridge, Ms.,  Aug.  25,  1649.  Educated  at 
Eman.  Coll.,  Camb.  On  obtaining  his  degree 
of  A.M.  in  1627,  he  became  a  preacher  at 
Earls  Coin,  Essex,  remaining  until  silenced 
for  nonconformity  in  1630.  After  passing 
some  time  "  with  the  kind  family  of  the  Harla- 
kendens,"  he  removed  to  Buttercrambe,  near 
York,  where  he  resided  in  the  family  of  Sir 
Richard  Darby,  whose  dau.  he  m.,  and  preached 
in  the  vicinity  until  again  silenced.  After  a 
similar  result  at  Heddon,  Northumberland,  he 
resolved  to  emigrate  to  N.  England.  He  sailed 
from  Gravesend  with  Messrs.  Wilson  and 
Jones  in  "  The  Defence,"  which  landed  them 
safely  at  Boston,  Oct.  3,  1635.  Succeeding 
Messrs.  Hooker  and  Stone  as  minister  of  Cam- 
bridge, Feb.  1,  1636,  he  remained  there  till  his 
death.     He  was  active  in  foundhig  Harv.  Coll., 


and  was  one  of  its  most  efficient  patrons.  Its 
location  at  Cambridge  was  due  to  him.  He 
pub.  "  Theses  Sabbatic£E,"  "  The  Matter  of 
the  Visible  Church,"  "  The  Church-Member- 
ship of  Little  Children,"  a  letter  entitled 
"  New  England's  Lamentation  for  Old  Eng- 
land's Errours,"  several  sermons,  "  The  Sincere 
Convert,"  "The  Sound  Believer,"  and  "The 
Parable  of  the  Ten  Virgins  Opened,"  pub.  after 
his  death  in  a  folio  volume.  The  two  latter, 
with  his  "Meditations  and  Spiritual  Experi- 
ence," and  a  treatise  on  Evangelical  Conver- 
sion, have  been  lately  reprinted  in  Eng.  in  a 
popular  form.  Shepard's  Autobiog.  was  first 
printed  in  1832  for  the  Shepard  Cong.  Society 
at  Cambridge.  It  also  appears  in  Young's 
"  Chronicles."  His  works  were  pub.  Boston, 
1853,  3  vols.  8vo.  A  MS.  vol.  by  him  is  in 
the  library  of  the  N.  E.  Hlstorlc-Geneal.  Soc, 
Boston. 

Shepard,  Gen.  William,  b.  Dec.  1, 1737; 
d.  Westfield,  Ms.,  Nov.  11,  1817.  He  served 
six  years  in  the  Provincial  army  (1757-63) ; 
was  a  captain  under  Amherst,  and  was  in  the 
battles  at  Fort  Wm.  Henry  and  Crown  Point. 
Entering  the  Revol.  army  as  lieut.-col.  in  Col. 
T.  Danielson's  regt.,  he  was  transferred  to  Col. 
Learned's  regt.;  was  in  1777  app.  col.  of  the 
4th  Ms.  Regt.,  and  continued  in  the  service 
with  the  reputation  of  a  brave  and  efficient 
officer  till  1783,  participating  in  22  engage- 
ments. Summoned  from  his  farm  by  the 
Shays  Insurrection  in  1786,  at  which  time  he 
was  a  brig.-gen.  of  militia,  he  prevented  the  in- 
surgents from  capturing  the  arsenal  at  Spring- 
field. Member  of  the  exec,  council  in  1788-90, 
and  held  other  public  trusts.  He  was  a  major- 
gen,  of  militia,  and  M.C.  in  1797-1803.  Like 
many  of  his  brave  companions  in  arms,  he 
was  in  his  old  age  poor  and  destitute,  an  obitu- 
ary notice  speaking  of  his  equanimity  under 
"  Bellsarian  "  sufferings. 

Shepherd,  Nathaniel  G.,  poet  and  ar- 
tist, b.  New  York,  1835;  d.  there  May  23, 
1869.  He  studied  in  his  native  city;  taught 
writing  and  drawing  in  Ga.  several  years,  and, 
on  his  return  to  New  York,  engaged  in  the  ins. 
business,  devoting  his  leisure  to  study  and  to 
poetry.  As  a  war  corresp.  for  the  Tribune,  he 
•visited  Va.  and  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Sumter, 
returning  in  the  fall  of  1863.  "The  Dead 
Drummer-Boy,"  which  appeared  in  Harper's 
Magazine,  was  one  of  the  finest  poems  of  the 
war.  He  wrote  successfully  for  the  periodicals 
and  illustrated  papers  of  the  day. 

Shepherd,  Oliver  Lathrop,  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  N.  Y.  West  Point,  1840. 
I2nterlng  the  3d  Inf.,  he  became  1st  licut.  3 
Nov.  1845  ;  capt.  1  Dec.  1847  ;  licut.-col.  (18th 
Inf.)  14  May,  1861;  col.  (15th)  21  Jan.  1863. 
He  served  in  the  Florida  war  1841-2;  in  the 
Mexican  war  in  the  battles  of  Palo  Alto, 
Resaca  de  la  Palma  ;  was  brev.  capt.  20  Aug. 
1847  (for  Contreras  and  Churubusco);  and 
major  13  Sept.  1847  (for  Chapul tepee)  ;  was 
engaged  against  the  Apache  Indians  in  Mar. 
1856;  in  the  Gila  exped.  1857;  was  engaged 
in  the  Tenn.  and  Mpi.  campaign,  Dec.  1861- 
June,  1862 ;  and  in  the  siege  of  Corinth,  rout 
of  Confed.  camp,  17  May;  pursuit  of  Confeds. 
to  Baldwin,  Mpi.,  May  30-31;  in  Buell's  cam- 


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SUES 


paign  in  Ky.  July-Sept.  1862;  in  Gen.  Kosc- 
cranz's  Term,  carapai^ijn,  com.  a  brigade  of 
regulars  in  battle  of  Stone  River  31  Dec.  1862, 
for  which  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865; 
brev.  col.  17  May,  1862,  for  siege  of  Corinth, 
Mpi.  ;  retired  July  1.5,  1870.  —  Callwn. 

Shepley,  Ether,  LL.D.  (D.C.  1845), 
judge  and  senator,  b.  Groton,  Ms.,  Nov.  2, 
1789.  Dartm.  Coll.  1811.  He  commenced  the 
practice  of  law  in  Saco,  but  subsequently  set- 
tled in  Portland ;  was  in  the  Ms.  legisl.  in  1819  ; 
a  member  of  the  Me.  Const.  Conv.  in  1820;  was 
in  1821-33  U.S.  atty.  for  Me. ;  was  U.S.  sena- 
tor in  18.'53-6;  Sept.  23, 1836,  he  was  chosen  a 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Me. ;  and  Oct. 
20,  1848,  chief  justice,  which  position  he  held 
until  1855.  While  on  the  bench,  he  furnished 
material  for  26  vols,  of  Reports,  and,  as  sole 
commissioner,  was  app.  to  revise  the  statutes 
of  Me.,  published  1857. 

Shepley,  George  Foster,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  Saco, Me.,  Jan.  1,1819.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1837.  He  studied  at  the  Harvard  Law  School 
and  at  Portland ;  began  to  practise  law  at  Ban- 
gor in  1840;  removed  to  Portland,  and,  under 
Pres.  Polk,  was  app.  U.  S.  dist.-atty.,  which 
post  he  held  till  1861.  When  civil  war  broke 
out,  he  became  col.  12th  Me.  Vols.,  and,  taking 
part  in  Gen.  Butler's  exped.,  acted  as  com.  of 
a  brigade.  On  the  surrender  of  N.  Orleans, 
he  was  made  commandant  of  the  city,  and  July 
18,  1862,  brig.-gen.,  and  military  gov.  of  La. 
from  June  2,  1862,  to  1864 ;  milit.  gov.  of  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  on  its  surrender  3  Apr.  1865.  Re- 
signed July  I,  1865,  and  resumed  practice  in 
Portland.  Now  (1871)  U.S.  circ.  judge  1st 
circuit. 

Sheppard,  John  H.,  b.  Cirencester,  Eng., 
Mar.  17,  1789.  H.U.  1808.  His  parents  came 
to  America  in  1793,  and  settled  at  HallowcU, 
Me.  Adm.  to  the  Me.  bar  in  1810;  settled  in 
Wiscasset ;  was  register  of  probate  for  Lincoln 
Co.  1817-34;  removed  to  Boston  1842;  libra- 
rian N.  E.  H.  G.  Soc.  1861-9.  Author  of  a 
"  Life  of  Com.  Tucker  of  the  Re  vol.  Navy," 
12mo,  1868  ;  of  contribs.  to  the  N.E.H.G.  Re- 
gister ;  of  several  Masonic  addresses ;  "  Vindi- 
cation of  Masonry,"  1831  ;  an  elegy  on  Benj. 
Vaughan,  LL.D.;  and  of  occasional  and  other 
fugitive  poems. 

Sherbrooke,'  Sir  John  Co  ape,  a  British 
gen.;  d.  Feb.  14,  1830,  at  Calverton,  Notts. 
App.  a  captain  in  1783;  lieut.-col.  1794;  col. 
1798;  lieut.-gen.  1811  ;  col.  of  the  33d,  1818; 
full  gen.  May,  1825.  He  disting.  himself  in  the 
taking  of  Seringapatam  in  1797.  In  1809  he 
was  app.  to  the  staff  of  the  army  in  the  Penin- 
sula; and  at  the  battle  of  Talavera  was  second 
in  command.  For  his  conduct  in  that  situation 
he  was  app.  soon  afterwards  lieut.-gov.  of 
Nova  Scotia ;  and  from  there  he  was  removed, 
in  the  beginning  of  1816,  to  the  govt,  of  Lower 
Canada.  He  returned  to  England  in  Aug. 
1818. 

Sherburne,  Andrew,  a  pensioner  of  the 
Revol.  navy,  afterwards  a  Baptist  minister,  b. 
Rye,  N.H.,  Sept.  30,  1765  ;  d.  Augusta,  Oneida 
Co.,  N.Y.,  after  March,  1831.  Author  of  an 
Autobiography,  pub.  in  1828;  2d  ed.  Provi- 
dence, 1831,  12mo. 

Sherburne,  Col.  Henby,  Revol.  officer, 


d.  collector  of  Newport,  1824.  N.  J.  Coll. 
1759.  Maj.  in  Varnum's  regt.,  and  taken  pris- 
oner at  the  "  Cedars;"  afterwards  a  col.  in  tho 
army ;  commiss.  to  settle  the  accounts  of  R.I. 
with  the  U.S. ;  representative  of  Newport  in 
the  R.I.  Asseml)ly,  and  treas.  of  R.I.  1792-1818. 

Sherburne,  Col.  John  Henry,  register 
of  the  navy  dept.  Washington,  D.C,  1825,  b. 
Portsmouth,  N.H.  Son  of  Judge  John  Sam- 
uel. Author  of  "  Life  of  Paul  Jones,"  8vo,  1 825 ; 
"  Tourist's  Guide  in  Europe,"  8vo,  1 847 ;  "  Sup- 
pressed History  of  the  Administration  of  John 
Adams,  1797-1801,"  1846;  "Osceola,"  a  tra- 
gedy ;  "  Naval  Sketches  ;  "  "  Erratic  Poems ;  " 
"Etiquette." 

Sherburne,  John  Samuel,  judge,  b. 
Portsmouth,  N.H.,  1757;  d.  2  Aug.  1830. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1776.  He  attended  the  H,  Coll. 
Law  School.  Served  as  aide  to  Gen.  Whipple 
in  the  Revol.  war,  and  lost  his  left  leg  by  a  can- 
non-shot at  the  battle  of  Butt's  Hill,  R.I.,  29 
Aug.  1778.  Judge  N.H.  Sup.  Ct. ;  M.C.  1793- 
7;  U.S.  dist.-atty.  1801^;  judge  U.S.  Dist. 
Ct.  1804-30. 

Sheridan,  Philip  Henry,  lieut.-gen.  U.S. 
A.,  b.  Somerset,  Perry  Co.,  O.,  Mar.  6,  1831. 
West  Point,  1853.  Entering  the  1st  Inf.,  he 
served  in  Texas  until  in  1855  he  joined  the  4th 
Inf.,  with  which  he  served  in  Oregon,  receiving 
special  mention  for  gallantry  in  action  with  the 
Indians  at  the  Cascades  of  the  Columbia,  Apr. 
28,  1856,  and  for  meritorious  conduct  in  the 
settlement  of  the  difficulty  with  the  Coquillo 
Indians  on  Yakima  Bay.  Capt.  13th  Inf.  May 
14,  1861  ;  pres.  of  the  milit.  commiss.  to  audit 
claims  in  Mo.  during  the  summer  of  1861  ; 
Dec.  24,  1861,  made  quartermaster  and  chief 
commissary  of  the  Army  of  the  South-west;  tak- 
ing the  same  duties  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Halleck 
at  Corinth,  May  10,  1862.  App.  col.  2d  Mich. 
Cav.  May  25,  he  took  part  in  the  successful 
exped.  to  destroy  the  Mobile  and  O.  Railroad 
at  Booneville,  Mpi. ;  defeated  Forrest's  cavalry, 
June  6;  took  com.  of  the  2d  brig,  of  cavalry, 
with  which  he  repulsed  and  defeated  a  superior 
Confed.  force  under  Chalmers  at  Booneville, 
July  1,  the  date  of  his  commission  of  brig.-gen. 
In  Aug.  he  defeated  Faulkner's  Cav.  near  Rien- 
zi,  Mj)i. ;  Sept.  20  he  took  com.  of  the  3d  div. 
of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio ;  and  Oct.  1  he  was 
transferred  to  the  1  Itli  division,  which  he  led  at 
Perryville.  In  the  advance  to  Murfreesborough,  < 
Dec.  26,  he  led  a  division  under  Gen.  M'Cook, 
and  contributed  greatly  to  the  successful  issue 
of  the  battle  of  Stone  River ;  maj.-gen.  vols. 
Dec.  31,  1862.  He  rendered  signal  service  at 
the  battles  of  Mission.  Ridge  and  Chickamauga ; 
was  transf.  to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  as 
chief  of  cav.  4  Apr.  1864;  routed  the  Confed. 
cav.  in  several  engagements;  Aug.  1,  1864,  was 
detached  to  the  Shenandoah  Valley ;  defeated 
Early  at  Winchester  Sept.  19,  Fisher's  Hill 
Sept.  22,  and  at  Cedar  Creek  Oct.  19,  where 
he  turned  disaster  into  victory ;  and  finally,  in 
co-operation  with  Gen.  Grant,  compelled  Lee's 
surrender  at  Appomattox  C.H.,  after  gaining 
the  decisive  victory  of  Five  Forks,  Apr.  1, 1865, 
and  capturing  ab.  6,000  men  at  Sailor's  Creek, 
April  6.  After  the  war  he  performed  valuable 
service  in  Texas  and  La.,  enforcing  the  recon- 
struction acts,  for  which  he  was  removed  by 


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Pres.  Johnson  in  Aug.  1867.  Brig.-gen.  U.S.A. 
20  Sept.  1864;  maj.-gen.  8  Nov.  1864;  lieut.- 
gen.  Mar.  4,  1869. 

Sherman,  Charles  R.,  jurist,  b.  Norwalk, 
Ct.,  26  Sept.  1788;  d.  Lebanon,  O.,  24  June, 
1829.  Son  of  Taylor  Sherman,  well  known  in 
the  political  and  civil  annals  of  Ct.  Charles 
R.  settled  in  Fairfield  Co.,  0.,  in  1810,  in  the 
practice  of  the  law.  lie  was  eminently  suc- 
cessful at  the  bar,  and  soon  had  a  wide-spread 
reputation  and  practice.  He  held  tlic  office  of 
revenue  collector  for  Fairfield  Co.,  but  became 
poor  through  the  frauds  of  his  deputies.  Judge 
of  the  Sup.  Court  of  Ohio  from  1S25  to  his  d. 
Judge  Sherman  left  three  sons,  — Wm.  Tecum- 
seh,  now  gen.-in-chief  U.S.A. ;  John,  now  U.S. 
senator  from  O. ;  Charles  T.,  now  U.S.  dist. 
judge  Northern  Dist.  of  Ohio. 

Sherman,  John,  minister  of  Watcrtown, 
Ms.,  from  1647  to  his  d.  Aug.  8,  1685,  b.  Dcd-- 
ham,  Eng.,  26  Dec.  1613.  ^  A.M.  of  Camb.  U., 
Eng.,  1633.  His  Puritanism  took  him  to  N. 
Eng.  in  1634.  He  preached  some  time  in  Ct., 
and  was  chosen  a  magistrate  of  that  Colony  27 
May,  1641.  He  was  a  disting.  divine,  an  emi- 
nent mathematician,  and  pub.  a  number  of  alma- 
nacs enriched  with  pious  reflections.  He  was  a 
fellow  of  H.U.,  and  delivered  lectures  there. 

Sherman,  John,  grandson  of  Roger,  b. 
N.  Haven,  Ct.,  1772;  d.  Aug.  2,  1828,  at  the 
"Rural  Resort,"  Trenton  Falls,  N.Y.,  built  by 
him  in  1822.  Y.C.  1792.  Pastor  of  the  First 
Church,  Mansfield,  Ct.,  Nov.  1797-Oct.  1805, 
and  of  the  Unitarian  church,  Trenton  Falls,  for 
a  short  time  from  Mar.  9,  1806.  Author  of 
"  One  God  in  One  Person  Only,"  &c.,  8vo, 
1805,  the  first  formal  and  elaborate  defence 
of  Uniiarianism  that  appeared  in  N.E. ;  "  A 
View  of  Eccles.  Proceedings  in  Windham 
Co.,"  1806;  "Philosophy  of  Language  Illus- 
trated," 1826;  "Description  of  Trenton  Falls, 
N.Y.,"  1827.  —  Sprague. 

Sherman,  John,  statesman,  son  of  Chas. 
R.,  and  bro.  of  Gen.  Wm.  T.,  b.  Lancaster,  O., 
May  10,  1823.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1844  ;  dele- 
gate to  the  Whig  convs.  of  1844  and  '48 ;  M.C. 
1855-61 ;  U.S.  senator  since  1861.  A  leading 
member  of  the  finance  committee  through  the 
civil  war,  and  for  some  time  its  chairman. 
Sherman  and  Thad.  Stevens  were  the  authors 
of  the  bill  enacted  in  18G6-7  for  the  recon- 
struction of  the  seceded  States. 

Sherman,  Roger,  signer  of  the  Decl.  of 
Indep.,  b.  Newton,  Ms.,  Apr.  19,  1721 ;  d.  New 
Haven,  Ct.,  July  23,  1793.  He  was  a  shoe- 
maker till  after  he  was  22  years  old,  and  after 
his  father's  death  in  1741  supported  his  mother 
and  several  younger  children,  devoting  all  his 
leisure  to  study,  especially  of  mathematics.  In 
1743  he  went  to  N.  Milford,  Ct.,  and  soon  after- 
ward joined  an  elder  bro.  in  keeping  a  small 
store;  in  1745  he  was  app.  county  surveyor  of 
lands,  and  for  several  years  from  1748  fur- 
nished the  astronomical  calculations  for  an  al- 
manac pub.  in  N.Y.  Having  studied  law,  he 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1754 ;  was  several  times 
elected  to  the  Assembly;  and  in  1759  was  app. 
iudge  of  the  C.C.P.  He  removed  to  N.  Haven 
m  1761 ;  became  judge  of  C.C.P.  there  in  1765; 
an  assist,  in  1766,  holding  the  latter  ofiicc  19 
years,  and  the  judgeship  till  1789,  a  portion  of 


the  time  on  the  bench  of  the  Superior  Court ; 
in  1774  he  was  app.  a  member  of  Congress, — 
a  post  in  which  he  continued  till  his  death,  at 
which  time  he  held  a  scat  in  the  U.S.  senate; 
he  was  also  a  member  of  the  council  of  safety, 
and,  from  1734  till  his  death,  mayor  of  New 
Haven;  and  he  was  many  years  treas.  of  Y.C. 
In  the  Congress  of  1776  he  was  one  of  the  com. 
app.  to  draught  the  Decl.  of  Indep. ;  and  dur- 
ing the  war  he  served  on  many  important  com- 
mittees, and  was  successively  a  member  of  the 
board  of  war  and  ordnance,  and  of  the  board  of 
treasury.  In  1783  he  was  associated  with  an- 
other judge  in  codifying  the  laws  of  Ct.  He 
had  been  one  of  the  com.  which  framed  the  old 
Articles  of  Confederation,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  elficient  members  of  the  Const.  Conv.  of 
1787,  and  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  securing 
the  ratification  of  the  Constitution  by  the  State 
Conv.  of  Ct.  His  services  to  the  country  were 
invaluable.  He  was  a  man  of  great  common 
sense,  and,  according  to  Jefferson,  "  never  said 
a  foolish  thing  in  his  life." 

Sherman,  Roger  Minot,  LL.D.  (Y.C. 
1S29),  jurist,  b.  Wobura,  Ms.,  May  22,  1773; 
d.  Fairfield,  Ct.,  Dec.  30,  1844.  Y.C.  1792; 
tutor  there  in  1795.  A  nephew  of  the  preced- 
ing. Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1796,  and  opened  an 
olhce  in  Fairfield,  where  he  passed  the  rest  of 
his  life,  soon  obtaining  an  honoral^le  and  lu- 
crative practice.  Member  of  the  Gen.  Assem- 
bly in  179S  ;  of  the  State  senate  in  1814-18 ;  a 
delegate  in  1814  to  the  Hartford  Convention; 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court  and  the  Supremo 
Court  of  Errors,  May,  1840-2. 

Sherman,  Thomas  W.,  brev.  major-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Newport,  R.I.,  26  Mar.  1813..  West 
Point,  1836.  Entering  3d  Art.,  he  became  1st 
lieut.  Mar.  14, 1838;  capt.  May  28,  1846;  brev. 
major  for  gallantry  at  Buena  Vista,  Feb.  23, 
1847  ;  lieut.-col.  5th  Art.  May  14,  1861 ;  brig.- 
gcn.  vols.  May  17,  1861  ;  col.  3d  Art.  June  1, 
1863;  retired  maj.-gen.  31  Dec.  1870.  He 
com.  a  division  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and 
the  land-forces  of  the  Port-Royal  exped.  1861- 
2,  landing  at  Hilton  Head  Nov.  7, 1 761 ;  in  Mar. 
1862  he  was  superseded  by  Gen.  Hunter,  after 
which  he  was  ordered  to  the  army  under  Gen. 
Hal  leek  before  Corinth.  He  com.  a  div.  above 
N.  Orleans  Sept.  1862-May,  1863 ;  com.  2d  div. 
19th  corps  in  siege  of  Port  Hudson,  and  lost  a 
leg  in  the  assault  of  the  works  there  27  May, 
1863;  brev.  brig.-gen.  and  maj.-gen.  13  Mar. 
1865  for  capture  of  Port  Hudson  and  for 
merit,  services  in  the  war.  — N.  E.  H.  G.  Reg., 
xxiv.  163. 

Sherman,  William  Tecumskh,  LL.D., 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Mansfield,  O.,  8  Feb.  1820. 
West  Point,  1840.  Son  of  Judge  Charles 
R.,  a  descendant  of  Samuel,  who  came  from 
Essex  Co.,  Eng.,  in  1634,  and  settled  in  Ct., 
and  brother  of  Senator  John  Sherman.  His 
mother  was  Mary  Iloyt.  His  father  dying  in 
1829,  he  was  adopted  by  Thomas  Ewing,  M.C, 
whose  dau.  Ellen  he  m.  in  May,  1850.  Enter- 
ing the  3d  Art.,  he  served  in  Fla. ;  became  1st 
lieut.  in  Nov.  1841  ;  was  made  commissary 
(rank  of  capt.)  27  Sept.  1850;  resigned  6  Sept. 
1853;  became  a  broker  in  San  Francisco; 
afterward  practised  law  in  Leavenworth,  Ks. ; 
and  in  1860  became  supt.  of  a  new  military 


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acad.  founded  by  the  State  of  La.,  resigning 
when  the  t-ecession  ordinance  was  passed  in  Jan. 
18G1.  App.  col.  13th  U.S.  Inf.  May  14,  he 
corn,  a  brigade  at  the  battle  of  Bull  liun,  July 
21 ;  was  made  brig.-gen.  of  vols,  from  May  17, 
and  succeeded  Gen.  Anderson  in  com.  of  the 
dept.  of  Ky.  Oct.  8,  1861.  When  asked  by 
the  sec.  of  war  how  many  men  he  should  re- 
quire, he  replied,  "  60,000  to  drive  the  enemy 
from  Ky.,  and  200,000  to  finish  the  war  in  this 
section."  His  estimate  was  considered  as  wildly 
extravagant ;  and  he  was  reported  insane,  and 
relieved  from  the  com.  Feb.  14, 1862,  he  took 
com.  of  the  5th  division  of  Gen.  Grant's  Army 
of  the  Tenn.  His  services  at  Shiloh,  Apr.  6-7, 
were  thus  acknowledged  by  Grant:  "On  the 
first  day  he  held  with  raw  troops  the  key-point 
of  the  landing.  .  .  .  To  his  individual  ctForts  I 
am  indebted  for  the  success  of  that  battle." 
He  was  wounded  in  the  hand,  and  had  three 
horses  shot  under  him.  Made  maj.-gen.  1  May, 
and  was  prominent  in  the  siege  of  Corinth.  He 
com.  at  Memphis  from  July  to  Nov.  1862.  In 
the  Vicksburg  campaign,  which  began  in  Dec, 
he  com.  the  first  division,  and  attempted,  un- 
successfully (Dec.  27),  to  capture  that  place 
from  the  north  side.  He  rendered  important 
services  in  several  battles  preceding  the  siege, 
and  com.  one  of  the  3  corps  which  made  an 
unsuccessful  assault  on  the  works,  May  22. 
After  the  surrender  of  Vicksburg,  4  July,  1863, 
Sherman  marched  against  Gen.  Johnston,  and 
occupied  Jackson,  from  which  the  enemy  were 
driven  July  17.  App.  com.  of  the  dept.  of  the 
Tenn.  in  Oct.  1863,  he  joined  Grant  at  Chat- 
tanooga ab.  Nov.  15;  he  occupied  Mission. 
Ridge  on  the  24th ;  rendered  valuable  services 
at  the  battle  of  Chattanooga,  Nov.  25  ;  and  im- 
mediately moved  to  the  relief  of  Burnside,  who 
was  besieged  at  Knoxville.  The  enemy  raised 
the  siege,  and  fled  on  his  approach.  Arriving 
at  Memphis  in  Jan.  1864,  he  marched  from 
Vicksburg  eastward,  destroying  the  railroads  ; 
and,  ab.  Feb.  14,  entered  Meridian,  destroying 
depots,  arsenals,  &c.  App.  in  March,  1864,  to 
com.  the  military  division  of  the  Mpi. ;  May  6, 
1864,  he  moved  from  Chattanooga  with  the 
armies  of  the  Cumberland,  Tenn.,  and  Ohio, 
numbering  98,797  men,  with  254  cannon. 
Turning  Johnston's  position,  thelatter  fell  back 
to  Resaca,  whence,  after  a  severe  battle  (May 
15),  he  retreated  to  Alaioona.  Sherman  again 
turned  his  flank  by  moving  to  Dallas ;  fought 
him  at  Dallas  and  New-Hope  Church  about 
May  28,  driving  him  upon  the  strong  positions 
of  Kcnesaw,  Pine,  and  Lost  Mountains;  June 
27,  he  attacked  the  works  at  Kenesaw,  but  was 
repulsed  with  severe  loss.  Another  flank  move- 
ment caused  Johnston's  withdrawal  across  the 
Chattahoochee,  July  3  ;  and,  July  17,  he  drove 
the  enemy  to  Atlanta.  Gen.  Hood,  having 
Buperseded  Johnston,  attacked  Sherman  22 
July,  and  was  repulsed  with  great  loss.  Ab. 
Aug.  28  he  gained  victories  at  Jonesborough 
and  Lovejoy's,  forcing  Hood  to  evacuate  At- 
lanta Sept.  1.  Hood  then  invaded  Middle 
Tenn.,  opening  the  way  for  Sherman  to  march 
through  Ga.  to  the  sea.  Abandoning  his  com- 
munications with  Chattanooga,  and  leaving 
Atlanta  in  ruins,  Sherman  began  his  fiimous 
march,  Nov.  16,  with  66,000  men,  moving  in 


three  columns ;  passed  between  Macon  and 
Augusta,  destroying  railroads  and  other  pu!)lic 
property  ;  and  arrived  at  the  outworks  of  Sa- 
vannah, ])ec.  10.  His  loss  in  this  march  was 
63  killed  and  245  wounded.  He  occupied  Sa- 
vannah Dec.  21  ;  marched  north-west  Jan.  15, 
1865;  took  Columbia,  S.C^  Feb.  17,  compel- 
ling the  enemy  to  evacuate  Charleston  ;  and 
moved  by  way  of  Cheraw  and  Fayctteville 
towards  Goldsborough,  N.C.  He  dcleated  the 
enemy  at  Avery sborough.  Mar.  16,  and  at 
Bentonville  on  the  18th ;  entered  Goldsborough 
Mar.  23,  and  formed  a  junction  with  the  army 
of  Gen.  Schofield.  Apr.  17  he  agreed  with 
Gen.  Johnston  on  a  memorandum  or  basis  of 
peace,  which  was  disapproved  by  the  pres.  and 
cabinet.  Apr.  26  Johnston  surrendered  at 
Durham  Station,  N.C,  on  the  same  terms  as 
were  granted  to  Lee ;  and  the  war  ended.  Made 
brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  4  July,  1863;  maj.-gen.  12 
Aug.  1864;  lieut.-gen.  25  July,  1866;  gen.-in- 
chicf  of  the  army  4  Mar.  1869.  — See  Sherman 
and  his  Campaigns,  Bowman  and  Irwin,  1865; 
Reid's  Ohio  in  the  War,  1868. 

Sherwin,  Thomas,  LL.D.,  instructor,  b. 
Westmoreland,  N.H.,  Mar.  26,  1799;  d.  Bos- 
ton, July  23,  1869.  H.U.  1825.  In  his  boy- 
hood he  worked  on  a  farm  in  Temple,  N.H. 
In  1825-6  he  taught  the  acad.  at  Lexington, 
Ms. ;  was  tutor  in  mathematics  at  H.U.  in 
1826-7;  was  engaged  some  months  in  engineer- 
ing and  surveying  ;  taught  a  private  school  lor 
boys  in  Boston  one  year,  when  he  became  sub- 
master  of  the  English  High  School,  Boston; 
and  from  1838  till  his  death  had  charge  of  the 
institution,  "  the  model  school  of  the  US." 
He  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Amcr. 
Inst,  of  Instruction  in  1830,  and  its  pres.  in 
1853-4,  as  well  as  of  the  Ms.  State  Teachers' 
Assoc,  in  1845,  of  which  he  was  the  third  pres. 
He  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Ms.  Teacher, 
and  pub.  "  Elements  of  Algebra,"  and  "  Com- 
mon-school Algebra."  He  was  active  in  estab- 
lishing the  Ms.  Inst,  of  Technology ;  member 
of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  His 
son  Thomas,  lieut.-col.  of  the  22d  Ms.  Regt.  in 
the  late  civil  war,  was  afterward  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  —  See  N.  E.  Histoiic- Genealogical  Reg., 
xxiv. 

Shew,  Joel,  M.D.,  hydropathist,  b.  Provi- 
dence, Saratoga,  N.Y.,  Nov.  13,  1816;  d. 
Oyster  Bay,  N.Y.,  Oct.  6,  1855.  Ab.  1841  he 
commenced  the  study  of  medicine,  and,  soon 
after  obtaining  his  degree,  visited  the  water- 
cure  establishment  of  Priessnitz  in  Germany; 
adopted  liis  views,  and  on  his  return  com- 
menced the  practice  of  hydropathy.  Besides 
superintending  a  large  establishment,  visiting 
numerous  patients,  and  contributing  to  tho 
Water-Cure  Journal  (wliich  he  establislied)  and 
other  hydropathic  periodicals,  he  pub.  "  Hy- 
dropathy, or  Water  Cure,"  1848;  "  Water-Cure 
Manual,"  1856;  "  Management  of  Children," 
1852  ;  "  Midwifery,  and  Diseases  of  Women," 
1852  ;  "  Hydropathic  Family  Physician,"  1854  ; 
"Tobacco,  its  History,  Nature,  and  Effects," 
&c. ;  "  Curiosities  of  Common  Water; "  "  Con- 
sumption, its  Prevention  and  Cure;"  "Chol- 
era, &.C.,  treated  by  Water." 

Shields,  Charles  Woodruff,  D.D.,b.N. 
Albany,  Ind.,  1825.    N.  J.  Coll.  1844;  Princct. 


sm 


825 


sm 


Theol.  Scm.  Some  j^ears  pastor  2d  Presb. 
Cliurch,  Phila.,  and  since  Dec.  1865  prof,  of 
tlie  relations  of  science  to  religion  in  N.  J. 
Coll.  Author  of  Eulogy  on  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane, 
1857;  Philosophia  Ultima,  8vo,  1861;  "A 
Manual  of  Worship,"  1862;  "Directory  for 
Public  Worship,"  &c.,  1863;  Book  of  "Com- 
mon Prayer,  &c.,  as  amended  for  the  Presb. 
Church,  1864 ;  "The  Book  of  Remembrance," 
1867 ;  Memoir  of  Joel  Jones,  LL.D.,  pre- 
fixed to  his  Notes  on  Scripture,  1860;  Re- 
view of  Comte,  1 858,  &c.  —  AUibone. 

Shields,  Gen.  James,  politician,  b.  Dun- 
gannon,  Tyrone  Co.,  Ireland,  1810;  emig.  to 
America  ab.  1826.  He  pursued  his  studies 
till  1832,  when  he  went  to  111.,  and  commenced 
the  practice  of  law  at  Kaskaskia.  In  1 836  he 
was  in  the  legisl. ;  State  auditor  in  1 839 ; 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1 843 ;  and  in 
1845  commiss.  of  the  gen.  land-office.  He 
had  sei-ved  as  a  lieut  in  the  Florida  war ;  app. 
byPrcs.  Polk  a  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  1847;  and 
for  his  disting.  services  in  the  battle  of  Cerro 
Gordo,  in  which  he  was  dang,  wounded,  was 
brev.  maj.-gen;  also  severely  wounded  in  battle 
of  Chapultepec.  In  1848  he  was  app.  gov.  of 
Oregon  Terr.,  which  he  resigned;  U.S.  sena- 
tor from  Illinois  in  1849-55  ;  subsequently  took 
up  his  residence  in  the  Terr,  of  Minnesota, 
and  in  1858-60  was  U.S.  senator  from  that 
State ;  at  the  end  of  his  term  he  went  to  Cali- 
fornia. Made  brig.-gen.  vols.  Aug.  19,  1861 ; 
on  the  death  of  Gen.  Lander,  he  was  assigned 
to  his  command.  He  gained  the  battle  of  Win- 
chester Mar.  23,  in  the  movements  preparatory 
to  which  (on  the  22d)  he  was  severely  wounded. 
At  the  battle  of  Port  Republic,  June  9,  1862, 
he  was  worsted  by  Gen.  T.  J.  Jackson. 

Shillaber,  Benjamin  P.  ("Mi-s.  Parting- 
ton "),  b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  1814.  Entered  a 
printing-office  in  1830;  came  to  Boston  in 
1832;  became  editorially  connected  with  the 
Boston  Post  (1847-50)  and  Evening  Gazette, 
and  edited  the  Car  pet-Bag  1850-2;  and  in 
1856  connected  himself  with  the  Saturdaij-Even- 
ing  Gazette.  Author  of  "Rhymes  with  Rea- 
son and  Without,"  12mo,  1853;  "Poems;" 
"Life  and  Sayings  of  Mrs.  Partington,"  1854  ; 
"  Knitting- Work,"  by  Ruth  Partington,  1859. 

Shindler,  Mary  Stanley  Bunce,  poet, 
b.  Beaufort,  S.C.,  Feb.  15,  1810.  Dau.  of 
Rev.  Benj.  F.  Palmer,  D.D.,  who  in  1814  re- 
moved to  Charleston.  Educated  by  the  Misses 
Ramsay,  daughters  of  the  historian,  and  at  the 
eeminarics  of  Wethersfield,  Ct.,  Elizabethtown, 
N.  J.,  and  of  Rev.  E.  C.  Herrick,  New  Haven. 
She  m.  Charles  E.  Dana  of  New  York,  19  Dec. 
1835.  They  removed  to  the  West  in  1838, 
where  she  lost  her  husband  in  1839.  She  be- 
gan her  literary  career  by  writing  for  the  Rose- 
bud, ed.  by  Mrs.  Caroline  Gilman  of  Charles- 
ton, S.C.     She  pub.  the  "  Southern  Harp  "  in 

1841,  and  "The  Parted  Family,  and  Other 
Poems,"  1 842 ; "  The  Northern  Harp; "  "  Charles 
Morton,"  1843;  "The  Young  Sailor,"  1845; 
*'  Forecastle  Tom ;  "  "  The  Temperance  Lyre," 

1 842.  Having  become  a  Unitarian,  she  pub.  in 
1845  "Letters  to  Relatives  and  Friends,"  re- 
pul).  in  Lond. ;  "  Southern  Sketches  "  appeared 
m  1847.  In  May,  1848,  she  m.  Rev.  Robert 
D.  Shindler,  who  since  1851  has  been  a  prof. 


in  Shelby  Coll.,  Shclbyville,  Ky.  Some  of 
her  lyric  poems  have  much  merit.  —  HaH's 
Prose  Writers, 

Shippen,  Edward,  LL.D.,  jurist,  a  de- 
scendant of  Edward  Shippen,  the  first  mayor 
of  Phila.,  b.  there  Feb.  16,  1729 ;  d.  April  16, 
1806.  Having  studied  law  in  Phila.,  he  fin- 
ished his  education  at  the  Temple  in  London, 
where  he  was  adm.  a  barrister  in  1750.  On 
his  return  to  Phila.  he  devoted  himself  to  his 
profession ;  at  the  age  of  24  he  was  app.  pro- 
thonotary  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  judge 
of  the  Admiralty  Court  for  the  province ;  was 
afterwards  member  of  the  Council  until  the 
cessation  of  the  office  at  the  Revol. ;  and  was 
after  that  event  app.  pres.  of  the  Courts  of 
Quarter  Sessions  for  the  county  of  Phila.  In 
1791  he  was  app.  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
and  in  1799  chief  justice ;  which  office  he  re- 
signed in  Feb.  1806.  His  dau.  Margaret  m. 
Gen.  Arnold. 

Shippen,  William,  physician,  b.  Phila. 
Oct.  1,  1712;  d.  there  Nov.  4,  1801.  He  was 
a  skilful  and  successful  practitioner;  one  of  the 
founders  and  trustees  of  the  Coll.  of  N.  J. ;  a 
vice-pres.  of  the  Philos.  Society  of  Phila. ;  the 
first  physician  to  the  Pa.  Hospital ;  a  delegate 
to  the  Cont.  Congress  in  1778-80;  and  was  ono 
of  the  founders  of  the  first  Presb.  church  of 
Phila.,  of  which  he  was  a  member  70  years. 

Shippen,  William,  M.D.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  b.  Phila.  1735;  d.  Germantown, 
July  11,  180S.  N.J.  Coll.  1754.  He  received 
his  early  education  at  the  grammar-school  of 
Dr.  Finley  at  Nottingham;  studied  medicine 
under  his  father,  and  also  at  Lond.  and  Edinb., 
where  he  grad.  M.D.  Returning  to  Phila.  in 
May,  1762,  he  commenced  in  the  autumn  the 
first  course  of  anatomical  lectures  ever  given 
in  this  country.  In  Sept.  1765  he  was  chosen 
prof,  of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  the  Phila. 
Med.  School,  of  which  he  was  a  founder.  He 
entered  the  med.  dept.  of  the  army  in  1776; 
and  from  Apr.  11,  1777,  to  Jan.  1781,  was  its 
director-gen.  He  subsequently  practised  as 
accoucheur-surgeon  and  physician  until  1798. 

Shirley,  William,  one  of  the  ablest  of 
the  colonial  governors  of  Ms.  (1741-56),  lieut.- 
gen.  British  army,  b.  Preston,  Sussex,  Eng., 
1693;  d.  Roxbury,  Ms.,  Mar.  24,  1771.  He 
was  bred  to  the  law;  came  to  Boston  in  1734, 
and  practised  his  profession.  At  the  time  of 
his  app.,  he  was  a  commiss.  for  the  settlement 
of  the  boundary  between  Ms.  and  R.I.  He 
planned  the  successful  exped.  against  Cape 
Breton  in  1745  ;  was  in  Eng.  in  1745-53;  was 
one  of  the  commiss.  at  Paris  for  settling  the 
limits  of  Nova  Scotia  and  other  controverted 
rights  in  America  in  1750;  treated  with  the 
Eastern  Indians  in  1754;  and  explored  the 
Kennebec,  erecting  2  or  3  forts  ;  was  com. -in- 
chief  of  the  British  forces  in  N.A.  in  1755; 
planned  the  exped.  against  Niagara,  and  him- 
self proceeded  as  fur  as  Oswego.  In  1759  he 
was  made  lieut.-gen.  He  was  afterward  gov. 
of  one  of  the  Bahama  Islands,  but  returned  to 
Ms  in  1770.  He  built  the  spacious  mansion 
in  Roxbury,  afterward  the  residence  of  Gov. 
Eustis.  He  pub.  "  Electra,"  a  tragedy ;  "  Birth 
of  Hercules,"  a  mask  ;  a  Letter  to  the  Duke 
of   Newcastle,  with  a  Journal  of  the  Siege 


SJEIO 


826 


SHTJ 


of  Lonisburtj,  1745;  and  the  Conduct  of 
Gen.  Wm.  Shirley  briefly  stated,  London,  8vo, 
1758.  His  son  'William,  an  officer  in  the 
armv,  was  killed  with  Braddock  in  1755. 
TH03IA8,  a  maj.-gen.  in  the  army,  created  a 
bart.  in  1786,  gov.  of  the  Leeward  Islands,  b. 
Boston,  d.  Mar.  \ 800.  —  See  Drake's  Partic. 
Hist,  of  the  Five  Years'  French  and  Lid.  War, 
1744-9. 

Short,  Charles,  LL.D.,  scholar,  b.  Ha- 
verhill, Ms.,  1S21.  JLU.  1846.  Assist,  instr. 
Phillips  Acad.  1847  ;  master  of  the  Roxbury 
Classical  School  1847-53,  and  of  a  private 
classical  school  in  Phila.  1853-63;  pres.  of 
Kcnyon  Coll.,  0.,  1 863-7;  prof,  of  Latin  in  Co- 
lumbia Coll.,  N.Y.,  since  Mar.  2, 1868.  He  ed- 
ited, with  additions.  Advanced  Latin  Exercises 
in  Schmitz  and  Zumpt's  Classical  Series,  and 
Mitchell's  Ancient  Geoj,'.  1860;  assisted  in  the 
preparation  of  several  classical  works ;  contrib- 
uted many  valuable  papers  to  reviews  ;  and  has 
translated"  articles  from  the  German  for  Her- 
zofr's  Keal  Encyclop.  —  AllUwie. 

Short,  WiLLAM,  diplomatist,  b.  Spring 
Garden,  Va.,  Sept.  30,  1759;  d.  Phila.  Dec.  5, 
1849.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  He  was,  at  an 
earlv  age  a  member  of  the  exec,  council  of  Va., 
and,'  on  the  app.  of  Jefferson  as  minister  to 
France  in  1784,  was  joined  with  him  as  sec. 
of  legation.  In  1789  Mr.  Short  was  appointed 
charge  d'affaires  to  the  French  republic  by 
Washington  ;  and  he  had  the  honor  of  holding 
the  first  exec,  commission  signed  by  him,  and 
of  being  the  first  citizen  app.  to  office  under 
the  Federal  Constitution.  During  the  admin- 
istration of  Gen.  Washington  he  was  succces- 
sively  minister  res.  at  the  Hague,  and  com- 
miss.  and  subsequently  minister  to  Spain.  His 
State  i)apers,  and  especially  those  connected 
with  the  important  negotiations  relative  to  the 
Spanish  boundaries  and  rights  in  connection 
with  Fhi.  and  the  Mpi.,  which  resulted  in  the 
treaty  of  1795,  are  marked  by  great  clearness, 
ability,  good  temper,  and  research. 

Shreve,  Capt.  Henry  M.,  a  pioneer  in  the 
steam  navigation  of  the  West ;  d.  St.  Louis, 
Mar.  6,  1851.  He  was  for  nearly  40  years 
constantly  connected  with  commerce  in  that 
region.  U.S.  supt.  of  Western  river  improve- 
ments, and  by  the  use  of  the  steam  snag-boat, 
of  which  he  was  the  inventor,  added  largely  to 
the  safety  of  Western  commerce.  He  was  also 
employed  by  Gen.  Jackson  in  several  hazard- 
ous enterprises  during  the  war  of  1812.  On 
the  memorable  8th  of  Jan.  1815  he  superin- 
tended one  of  the  field-pieces,  which  was  so  de- 
structive to  that  column  of  the  British  army 
which  was  led  by  Gen.  Kean. 

Shreve,  Thomas  H.,  editor  and  poet,  b. 
Alexandria,  D.C.,  1808;  d.  Louisville,  Ky., 
Dec,  23,  1853.  At  first  a  merchant,  he  moved 
to  Cincinnati  in  1830;  became  associate  editor 
of  the  Mirror  in  1834  ;  removed  to  Louisville 
in  1838  ;  and  ab.  1842  became  an  editor  of  the 
fjouisville  Journal.  Besides  his  contribs.  to  pe- 
riodicals, he  wrote  "  Drayton,  an  American 
Tale,"  pub,  in  1851.  He  was  a  Quaker  in  his 
religious  faith,  and  a  man  of  high  and  noble 
character.  —  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West, 

Shubrick,  the  name  of  several  gallant 
officers  of  the  U.S.  navy,  natives  of  S,C,,  sons 


of  Col,  Thomas,  aide  to  Gens,  Greene  and 
Lincoln  in  the  Revol,  war,  b,  1755,  d.  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  4  Mar,  1810.  John  Taylor,  b.  12 
Sept,  1788,  d.  July,  1815,  Midshipm.  20  June, 
1806;  lieut,  28  May,  1812,  He  was  in  "The 
Chesapeake "  in  her  affair  with  "  The  Leo- 
pard" in  1807  ;  in  the  action  of"  The  Consti- 
tution "  with  "  The  Guerriere"  in  Aug, ;  and 
with  "The  Java,"  29  Dec,  1812;  of  "The 
Hornet"  with  "  The  Peacock,"  24  Feb.  1813 
(for  which  he  received  medals  from  Congress); 
of  "  The  President"  when  captured  by  a  British 
squad,  in  Jan,  1815;  and  on  the  conclusion  of 
pe;ice  was  despatched  to  the  U,S,  in  com.  of 
"  The  Epervier  "  with  the  treaty.  This  vessel 
was  never  afterward  heard  from,  William 
Branford,  b,  31  Oct,  1790,  Midshipman  20 
June,  1806;  lieut,  6  Jan,  1813;  com,  28  Mar. 
1820;  capt.  21  Feb.  1831;  rear-adm.  (ret,  list)  16 
July,  1862,  Cora,  battery  of  1  gun  on  Craney 
Island  in  the  repulse  of  the  British  forces  22 
June,  1813;  lieut.  in  "The  Constitution"  in 
action  with  "  The  Cyane  "  and  "  Levant,"  20 
Feb.  1815  ;  com,  squad,  in  the  Pacific  in  1847, 
and  captured  Mazatlan  and  other  ports  from 
the  Mexicans  ;  com,  Brazil  squad,  and  Para- 
guay exped,  1859.  Chairman  light-house 
board  1860-70.  Edward  Rdtledge  d.  at 
sea  12  Mar.  1844,  a.  ab.  50.  Midshipm.  16 
Jan.  1809;  lieut.  9  Oct.  1813;  com.  24  Apr. 
1828  ;  capt.  9  Feb.  1837.  Served  under  Com. 
Rodgers  in  the  war  of  1812-15;  app.  to  com. 
the  Columbia,  Brazilian  squad.,  May,  1842. 
Irvine,  b.  1797,  d.  Phila.  5  Apr.  1849,  Mid- 
shipm. 12  May,  1814;  lieut.  13  Jan,  1826; 
com,  8  Sept,  1841.  Served  under  Decatur  in 
the  action  of  "  The  President  "  with  the  Brit- 
ish squad,  in  1815,  also  in  the  war  with  Algiers 
in  1816;  as  1st  lieut.  of  "  The  Potomac"  in 
1832,  headed  the  sailors  and  marines  in  the  de- 
struction of  Quallah  Battoo. 

Shulze,  John  Andrew,  gov.  of  Pa.  in 
182.3-9,  b.  Tulpehocken,  Berks  Co,,  July  19, 
1775  ;  d.  Lancaster,  Nov,  18,  1852,  Son  of  a 
Lutheran  clergyman.  He  represented  Lebanon 
County  for  several  years  in  the  State  legisl. ; 
chosen  gov.  by  the  Dcmoc,  party. 

Shunk,  Francis  R.,  gov.  of  Pa.  1845-8, 
b,  Montgomery  Co,,  Pa.,  Aug,  7,  1788;  d. 
Harrisburg,  July  30,  1848.  He  became  a 
teacher  at  the  age  of  15;  in  1812  was  app.  a 
clerk  in  the  surveyor-general's  dept,,  at  the 
same  time  studied  law ;  assisted  as  a  soldier  in 
the  defence  of  Baltimore  in  1814;  was  soon 
afterwards  assist,  and  then  principal  clerk  in 
the  house  of  representatives  for  several  years ; 
next  became  sec,  to  the  board  of  canal  com- 
mis.;  in  1838  was  sec,  of  state;  next  established 
himself  in  the  practice  of  law  at  Pittsburg. 

Shurtleflf,  Nathaniel  Bradstreet, 
M,D,,  antiquary,  mayor  of  Boston  1868-70,  b. 
Boston,  June  29,  1810,  H,U,  1831,  Son  of 
Dr,  Benjamin.  Has  pub.  "  Epitome  of  Phre- 
nology," 1835;  "Perpetual  Calendar  for  Old 
and  New 'Style,"  1848  ;"  Passengers  of  the 
May  Flower  in  1620,"  1849 ;  "  Brief  Notice  of 
Wm,  ShurtlefF  of  Marshfield,"  1850  ;  "  Gene- 
alogy of  the  Leverett  Family,"  1850  ;  "  Thun- 
der and  Lightning,  and  Deaths  in  Marshfield 
in  1658  and  1666,"  1850;  "Records  of  Ms. 
Bay,  1628-86,"  6  vols,  4to  ;  "  Topog,  Descrip- 


SHxr 


827 


SIG- 


tion  of  Boston,"  8vo,  1871 ;  edited,  with  David 
Pulsifer, "  Records  of  New  Plymouth,"  12  vols. 
4to. 

Shute,  Daniel,  D.D.,  minister,  of  Hing- 
ham,  Ms.,  from  Dec.  10,  1746,  to  1800,  h. 
Maiden,  July  19,  1722;  d.  Aug.  30,  1802. 
H.U.  1743.  Member  of  the  convention  to 
adopt  the  Constitution  of  the  U.S.  He  pub. 
occasional  sermons. 

Shute,  Samuel,  gov.  of  Ms.  1716-23,  b. 
Lond.  1653;  d.  Eng.  Apr.  15,  1742.  Educat- 
ed at  Leyden.  He  served  in  the  army  of  King 
William  ;  was  a  lieut.-col.  under  Marlborough, 
and  was  wounded  in  one  of  the  great  battles 
in  Flanders.  During  his  administration  he 
had  a  warm  controversy  with  the  legisl.,  who 
would  not  fix  his  salary,  denied  his  right  to 
negative  the  speaker,  and  assumed  his  powers 
as  com.  in  chief.  After  his  return  to  Eng.,  an 
explanatory  charter  was  procured  in  1724,  con- 
firming the  gov.  in  the  rights  for  which  he  had 
contended. 

Siamese  Twins,  Chang  and  Eng,  b. 
Bangesau,  on  the  north-west  corner  of  the  Gulf 
of  Slam,  1810.  The  father  was  a  Chinaman, 
the  mother  a  Siamo-Chinese  woman.  They 
were  brought  to  the  U.S.  at  the  age  of  18  by 
Capt.  Abel  Coffin,  and  exhibited  throughout 
this  country  and  Europe;  realized  a  compe- 
tence; married  2  sisters  (mnlattoes)  in  1842, 
and  settled  in  Surrey  Co.,  N.C.  Each  has  9 
children.     They  revisited  Europe  in  1868-9. 

Sibley,  Ma  j.  George  Champlain,  b.  Great 
Barrington,  Ms.,  1782;  d.  Elma,  Mo.,  31  Jan. 
1863.  Son  of  Dr.  John,  a  surgeon  in  the 
Kcvol.  war.  His  youth  was  spent  in  N.C. 
Pres.  Jefferson  app.  him  an  Indian  agent,  and, 
with  100  Osage  warriors,  he  explored  the 
Grand  Saline  and  Salt  Mountain,  a  report  of 
which  exped.  was  pub.  Afterward  acommiss. 
to  lay  out  a  road  from  Mo.  to  N.  Mexico,  and 
made  several  treaties  with  the  Indians.  Many 
years  president  of  the  St.  Charles  Co.  Bible 
Society  of  Mo. ;  trustee  and  patron  of  Linden- 
wood  College. 

Sibley,  Henry  H.,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b.  La. 
ab.  1815.  West  Point,  1838.  Entering  2d 
Dragoons,  he  served  in  the  Fla.  war ;  became 
capt.  Feb.  16,  1847  ;  brev.  major  for  gallantry 
at  Medellin,  Mexico,  March  25,  1847 ;  Feb.  7, 
1761,  became  major  1st  Dragoons,  being  then 
in  service  against  the  Navajoes  in  N.  Mex- 
ico ;  and  resigned  May  13,  1861.  He  was  app. 
brig.-gen.  in  the  Confed.  army,  and  led  a  force 
from  Texas  for  the  conquest  of  New  Mexico. 
He  attacked  Fort  Craig,  Jan.  5,  1862,  but  was 
repulsed,  and  obliged  to  retreat.  In  1870  he 
entered  the  service  of  the  khedive  of  Egypt  as 
gen.  of  brigade  of  artillery. 

Sibley,  Gen.  Henry  H.,  b.  Detroit,  Mich., 
Feb.  1811.  Son  of  Judge  Solomon.  Many 
years  an  Indian  trader  in  the  employ  of  the 
Amer.  Fur  Company  at  Mackinaw  and  Fort 
Snelling  ;  delegate  to  Congress  from  Minne- 
sota Terr,  in  1849-53  ;  first  gov.  of  Minn,  in 
1858;  brig.-gen.  of  vols.  29  Sept.  1862;  com. 
an  exped.  against  the  Minnesota  Indians  in 
1863;  and  afterward  brev.  maj.-gen.  of  vols. 
Delegate  to  the  Cleveland  Soldiers'  Conven- 
tion of  1866. 

Sibley,  John  Langdon,  b.  Union,  Me., 


Dec.  29,  1804.  H.U.  1825.  Assist,  lib.  there 
1825-6  and  1841-56;  librarian  since  1856; 
ord.  at  Stow,  Ms.,  May  4,  1829  ;  dism.  Mar.  31, 
1833.  Author  of  "History  of  Union,  Me.," 
1851;  "Notices  of  the  Triennial  Catalogues 
of  H.U.,  with  a  Reprint  of  the  Catalogues  of 
1674,  1682,  and  1700,"  1865.  In  1837  he  be- 
came the  editor,  and  afterward  proprietor,  of 
the  American  Mag.  of  Use/,  and  Entert.  KnoivL, 
and  since  1841  has  edited  the  Triennial  Cata- 
logues of  H.U.,  and  since  1850  all  its  Annual 
Catalogues.  He  is  now  (1871)  about  pub.  a 
biog.  record  of  the  early  graduates  of  H.U. 

Sibley,  Solomon,  judge,  b.  Sutton,  Ms., 
Oct.  7,  1769;  d.  Detroit,  Apr.  4,  1846.  He 
studied  law.  Removed  to  Ohio  in  1795 ;  estab- 
lished himself  first  at  Marietta,  and  then  at  Cin- 
cinnati. He  removed  to  Detroit  in  1797  ;  was 
in  1799  elected  to  the  first  Terr,  legisl.  of  the 
N.  W.  Terr. ;  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  from 
Mich.  Terr,  in  1820-3;  and  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  1824-36. 

Sickles,  Gen.  Daniel  E.,  b.  N.  Y.  City, 
Oct.  20,  1821.  U.  of  N.Y.  He  studied  law; 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1844  ;  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legisl.  in  1847,  and  took  a  prominent 
position  among  the  leaders  of  the  Democ.  party; 
in  1853  he  became  corporation  atty. ;  and  was 
sec.  of  legation  in  Eng.  to  Mr.  Buchanan  until 
1855;  he  was  then  elected  State  senator,  and 
in  1856  a  representative  in  Congress.    Feb.  27, 

1859,  he  killed  Philip  Barton  Key,  U.S.  dist. 
atty.  for  D.C.,  shooting  him  in  the  streets  of 
Washington,  for  criminal  connection  with  Mr. 
Sickles 's  wife.  He  was  tried  for  murder,  but 
acquitted.     He  was  re-elected  to   Congress  in 

1860.  In  1861  he  raised  the  Excelsior  13rigade 
in  New  York,  and  was  made  colonel.  His  com- 
mission as  brig.-gen.  was  dated  Sept.  3,  1861. 
He  fought  in  the  battles  of  the  Chickahominy 
campaign,  his  brigade  forming  part  of  Hooker's 
division  of  Heintzelman's  (3d)  army  corps. 
He  succeeded  to  Gen.  Hooker's  command  when 
that  officer  took  the  1st  army  corps,  and  led 
that  division  at  Antietam  and  Fredericks- 
burg. He  com.  the  3d  army  corps  in  the 
battles  near  Chancellorsville,  Va.,  May  2,  1863 ; 
and  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  where  he  lost  a  leg, 
July  2,  1863.  Maj.-gen.  Nov.  29,  1862;  col. 
42d  Inf.  July  28,  1866;  retired  as  maj.-gen. 
Apr.  14,  1869;  minister  to  Spain  1869;  now 
(1871)  coll.  int.  rev.  4th  dist.  Pa.  Sec.  gen. 
sup.  council  of  Freemasons.  Author  of  Ma- 
sonic Monitor,  1864;  General  Ahiman  Rezon 
and  Freemason's  Guide,  1866. 

Sigel,  Gen.  Franz,  b.  Zinsheim,  Baden, 
Nov.  18,  1824.  Was  grad.  at  the  military 
school  of  Carlsruhe;  entered  the  service  of 
Baden  ;  but  in  1848  resigned,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  German  unity  and  republicanism.  The 
revol.govt.,  June.  1, 1848,  app.  him  minister  of 
war.  After  the  defeat  of  Mieroslawski  by  the 
Prince  of  Prussia,  Sigel,  who  had  taken  part 
in  these  battles,  at  the  head  of  this  beaten  and 
dispirited  force,  by  a  skilful  retreat  placed  it 
safely  within  the  walls  of  the  fortress  of  Ras- 
tadt.  Upon  the  flight  of  the  provis.  govt., 
Sigel  (July  1 1 )  withdrew  to  Switzerland  ;  ex- 
pelled by  the  Swiss  govt.,  he  came  in  1850  to 
New  York,  taught  mathematics  in  the  acad.  of 
Dr.  Rudolph  Dalon,  and  afterward  ra.  his  dau. 


SIG- 


828 


SIX. 


He  interested  himself  in  the  State  militia,  and 
was  maj.  of  the  5th  Regt.  Removing  in  Sept. 
1 858  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  was  a  teacher  in  the 
college  of  that  city,  he  became  early  in  1861 
col.  3d  Mo.  Vols.  Under  Gen.  Lyon  he  took 
part  in  the  capture  of  Camp  Jackson  ;  was 
Bent  into  S.W.  Missouri,  June  23  ;  fought  the 
battle  of  Carthage,  July  5,  when,  with  ab.  1,200 
men,  he  engaged  5,000*,  upon  whom,  in  retreat- 
ing, he  inflicted  very  severe  loss  ;  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  Wilson's  Creek,  and  directed  the 
retreat  from  Springfield,  arriving  at  Rolla 
Aug.  19.  Made  brig.-gen.,  dating  from  May 
17, 1861,  he  commanded  a  division  in  Fremont's 
army,  which  in  Oct.  pursued  the  Confederates 
under  Price ;  was  again  sent  to  the  South-west 
bv  Gen.  Halleck,  Feb.  1862,  commanding  a 
division  ;  and  bore  a  prominent  part  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Pea  Ridge.  Plis  relations  with  Gen.  Hal- 
leck, commander  of  the  department,  becoming 
unsatisfactory,  he  resigned  in  May,  but  was 
made  major-gen.,  dating  from  March  21,  and 
ordered  to  the  com.  of  flarper's  Ferry,  where  he 
arrived  .fune  2.  Succeeding  to  the  com.  of 
Fremont's  army  corps  June  26,  he  served 
through  the  campaign  of  Va.  under  Gen.  Pope ; 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  second  battle  of 
Bull  Run,  Aug.  29-30;  and  Sept.  14  was  put 
at  the  head  of  the  11th  army  corps.  Early  in 
Mar.  1864  he  was  placed  in  com.  of  the  dept. 
of  West  Virginia.  He  was  defeated  by  Gen. 
Breckenridge  at  New  Market  1 5  May,  and  was 
relieved  of  the  com.  by  Gen.  Hunter.  He 
evacuated  Martinsburg  2  July,  and  on  the  3d 
was  driven  from  Leetown,  and  took  a  position 
at  Maryland  Heights.  Elected  register  of  N. Y. 
City  and  Co.  Nov.  1871. 

Signay,  Joseph,  Catholic  archbishop  of 
Quebec;  d.  Oct.  3,  1850,  a.  71.  Made  bishop 
in  1833,  archbishop  in  1844. 

Sigourney,  Lydia  Howard  Huntley, 
authoress,  b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  Sept.  1,  1791;  d. 
Hartford,  June  10,  1865.  She  enjoyed  special 
educational  advantages.  At  the  age  of  18  she 
engaged  in  teaching  a  young  ladies'  school  at 
Norwich  ;  opened  a  select  school  at  Hartford  in 
1814  ;  and  in  1815  pub.  "  Moral  Pieces  in  Prose 
and  Verse."  She  earl^  manifested  poetic  tal- 
ent, and  had  pub.  articles  in  periodicals.  In 
1819  she  ra.  Charles  Sigourney,  a  merchant  of 
Hartford.  Her  poems,  generally  lyrical,  are 
mostly  on  religious  or  serious  topics ;  and  her 
publications  number  59  vols.  In  1840  she  vis- 
ited Europe;  and  in  1842  pub.  her  "Pleasant 
Memories  of  Pleasant  Lands."  She  has  pub. 
"Traits  of  the  Aborigines,"  a  poem,  1822; 
"  Lays  from  the  West,"  pub.  in  London ;  "  A 
Sketch  of  Connecticut  Forty  Years  Since,"  a 
prose  volume,  1824;  "Letters  to  Young  La- 
dies ;  "  "  Letters  to  Mothers ;  "  "  Poetry  for 
Children  ;  "  "  Zinzendorf  and  Other  Poems," 
1835;  "Pocahontas  and  Other  Poems,"  1841  ; 
a  choice  collection  of  her  miscellaneous  poems, 
illustrated  by  Darley,  in  1848  ;  "  Scenes  in  my 
Native  Land,"  1845;  "How  to  be  Happy ,'^' 
1833  ;  "  Biography  and  Writings  of  Nancy  M. 
Hyde,"  1816 ;  "  Select  Poems,"  1834 ;  "  Poems 
for  the  Sea,"  1845  ;  "  Voice  of  Flowers,"  1845  ; 
"Letters  to  my  Pupils,"  1851 ;  "Memoirs  of 
Mrs.  Harriet  N.  Cook,"  1852;  "Past  Meri- 
dian,"   18554    "The  Man  of  Uz,   and  other 


Poems,"  1862;  "Gleanings,"  1860;  "Selec- 
tions from  Various  Sources,"  1863  ;  and  a  pos- 
thumous vol.,  "  Letters  of  Life,"  1866. 

Sill,  Gen.  Joshua  Woodrow,  b.  Chilli- 
cothe,  O.,  Dec.  6,  1831 ;  killed  in  battle  at 
Murfreesborough,  Dec.  31, 1862.  West  Point, 
1853.  Son  of  Hon.  Joseph  Sill.  Entering  the 
ordnance  dept.,  he  was  instructor  at  West 
Point  1854-7;  resigning  25  Jan.  1861,  he  ac- 
cepted the  professorship  of  mathematics  and 
civil  eng.  in  the  Brooklyn  Coll.  and  Polyt.  In- 
stitution. This  post  he  resigned  when  Sumter 
fell;  was  made  assist,  adj. -gen.  of  O.  in  May, 
and  27  Aug.  col.  33d  Ohio  Vols. ;  and  was  in 
the  combat  of  Rich  Mountain  11  July,  1861, 
He  com.  a  bi-igade  in  Gen.  Mitchell's  division 
in  Ky. ;  and  was  made  brig.-gen.  16  July, 
1862,  having  taken  part  in  the  Huntsville  ex- 
ped.  and  the  action  at  Battle  Creek,  Tenn. 
When  Gen.  McCook  took  com.  of  an  army 
corps.  Sill  was  assigned  to  the  com.  of  a  divis- 
ion, and  was  in  the  battle  of  Perryville  8  Oct., 
the  pursuit  of  Bragg's  forces,  and  the  move- 
ment to  Nashville.  On  the  re-organization  of 
the  army  under  Maj. -Gen.  Rosecranz,  he  was 
placed  in  com.  of  a  brigade  in  Sheridan's  divis- 
ion. He  fell  at  the  head  of  this  brigade,  with 
which  he  had  three  times  checked  the  furioiis 
onset  of  the  foe  upon  the  right  wing  on  the  dis- 
astrous Wednesday  of  the  battle  of  Stone  River. 

Silliman,  Benjamin,  LL.D.  (Mid.  Coll. 
1826),  physicist,  b.  N.  Stratford,  Ct.,  Aug.  8, 
1779;  d.  N.  Haven,  Nov.  24, 1864.  Y.C.  1796; 
tutor  there  1799-1804.  Son  of  Gold  Selleck 
Silliman.  He  studied  law,  and  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1802 ;  app.  in  1802  prof,  of  chemistry  in 
Y.  C,  a  science  then  in  its  infancy  in  the  U.S. 
After  2  years'  study  in  Phila.  with  Dr.  Wood- 
house,  he  delivered  at  N.  Haven  in  1S04  a  par- 
tial course  of  lectures  on  chemistry  to  the  stu- 
dents of  the  coll. ;  in  the  winter  of  1805  he  gave 
his  first  full  course  of  lectures,  and  then  visited 
Europe  to  prosecute  his  studies ;  after  an  ab- 
sence of  14  months  he  resumed  his  professor- 
ship. He  pub.  "Journal  of  Travels  in  Eng- 
land, Holland,  and  Scotland  in  1805-6,"  pub.  in 
1810  (2  vols.  8vo)  and  in  1820  (3  vols.  12mo). 
Soon  after  his  return  he  made  a  geological  sur- 
vey of  a  part  of  Ct.,  which  is  believed  to  hare 
been  the  first  of  these  explorations  made  in  the 
U.S.  He  pub.  a  full  account  of  a  meteorite  of 
great  size  and  splendor,  which  in  Dec.  1807 
threw  otr  large  fragments  in  the  town  of  Wes- 
ton, Ct.  In  1813  he  pub.  in  the  "Memoirs  of 
the  Ct.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences  "  an  account 
of  his  exjjcriments  with  the  oxy-hydrogen  blow- 
pipe of  Dr.  Hare,  by  which  he  had  greatly  ex- 
tended the  list  of  bodies  known  to  be  fusible. 
In  1818  Prof.  Silliman  founded  the  American 
Journal  of  Science  and  Art,  of  which  for  20  years 
he  was  sole,  and  for  8  years  more  senior,  editor. 
In  1838  his  son  Benjamin,  jun.,  became  asso- 
ciated with  him  in  editing  the  work ;  and  in 
1846  it  was  transferred  by  the  senior  editor  to 
Profs.  J.  D.  Dana  and  B.  Silliman,  jun.  Prof. 
S.  was  a  frequent  lecturer  upon  chemistry  and 
geology  in  most  of  the  populous  towns  and 
cities  of  the  Union.  In  1830  he  pub.  a  text- 
book on  Chemistry,  2  vols. ;  and  in  1829  an 
edition  of  Bakewell's  Geology,  with  Notes. 
An  "Account  of  a  Journey  between  Hartford 


sit. 


829 


sim: 


and  Quebec "  appeared  from  his  pen  in  1 820. 
He  spent  6  months  of  1851  in  Europe,  and  in 
1853 pub.  "A  Visit  to  Europe  in  1851,"  2  vols. 
12mo.  In  1853  he  resigned  his  professorship, 
and  was  made  prof,  emeritus ;  but  at  the  request 
of  his  colleagues  he  continued  to  lecture  on  ge- 
ology till  June,  1855,  when  he  gave  his  closing 
academic  course.  He  was  a  member  of  numer- 
ous American  and  European  scientific  societies. 
—  See  Life  of  S'dUman  by  Prof.  Geo.  P.  Fisher, 
2  vols.  8vo,  1866. 

Silliman,  Benjamin,  Jun.,  M.D.  (U.  of 
S.C.  1849),  physicist,  son  of  the  preceding,  b. 
New  Haven,  Ct.,  Dec.  4,  1816.  Y.C,  1837.  He 
was  an  instructor  at  Yale  in  chemistry,  miner- 
alogy, and  geo'ogy  in  1838-47,  and  in  1842 
opened  a  laboratory  for  instruction  in  analyti- 
cal chemistry;  in  1846  he  was  app.  prof,  of 
chemistry  applied  to  the  arts  in  the  scientific 
school  of  the  coll.,  which  he  was  chiefly  instru- 
mental in  organizing.  He  became  assoc.  editor 
of  the  Journal  of  Science  with  his  father  in  1838, 
and  in  1846  was  assoc.  with  Prof.  Dana  as  edi- 
tor and  proprietor.  In  1849-54  he  was  prof. 
of  medical  chemistry  and  toxicology  in  the  U. 
of  Louisville,  Ky. ;  and  in  1 854  succeeded  his 
father  as  prof,  of  chemistry  in  Y.C,  which  po- 
sition he  now  holds.  In  1853  he  had  charge 
of  the  dcpts.  of  chemistry,  mineralogy,  and  ge- 
ology in  the  Crystal-Palace  Exhibition  in  New 
York,  and,  in  connection  with  Mr.  C.  B.  Good- 
rich, prepared  the  "  Illustrated  Record "  and 
the  "  Progress  of  Science  and  Art  "  then  pub. 
In  1851  he  visited  Europe  with  his  father,  and 
prepared  from  his  notes  the  "Visit  to  Europe," 
pub.  in  1853.  He  was  several  years  sec.  of  the 
Amer.  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  and  had  charge  of  the  publication  of 
its  "Proceedings."  He  is  well  known  as  a  lec- 
turer on  scientific  topics.  Besides  about  60 
papers  in  the  Journal  of  Science,  he  has  pub. 
"  First  Principles  of  Chemistry,"  1 846,  revised 
in  1856;  and  "Principles  of  Physics,"  1858.— 
AppJeton. 

Silliman,  Gold  Selleck,  b.  near  Fair- 
field, Ct.,  ab  1730 ;  d.  there  July,  1790.  Y.C. 
1752.  A  lawyer  on  the  breaking-out  of  the 
Revol.,  and  a  col.  of  local  cavaliy,  he  served  as 
brig.-gen.,  and  during  most  of  the  war  charged 
with  the  defence  of  the  south-western  frontier  of 
Ct.  adjoining  N.Y.  He  served  in  the  battle  of 
Long  Island  at  the  head  of  his  regt.,  and  at 
White  Plains;  and  was  very  efficient  in  re- 
pelling the  raid  on  Danbury  in  1777.  Cap- 
tured by  a  party  of  Tories,  May  1, 1779,  and 
held  captive  one  year.  Father  of  Prof.  Silli- 
man. 

Silsbee,  Joshua  S.,  comedian,  the  first  to 
introduce  Yankee  characterizations  into  Eng., 
b.  Litchfield,  Ct.,  Jan.  4,  1815;  d.  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  Dec.  22,  1855.  Made  his  debut  in 
the  winter  of  1837  in  Natchez,  Mpi.  Sept.  23, 
1851,  he  opened  at  the  Adelphi,  London,  as 
Jonathan  Ploughboy. 

Silsbee,  Nathaniel,  senator,  and  mer- 
chant of  Salem,  Ms.,  b.  Essex  Co.,  1773;  d. 
Salem,  July  1,  1850.  His  father  Nathaniel 
was  a  shipmaster  in  the  employ  of  E.  H.  Der- 
by of  Salem.  The  son  amassed  a  fortune  by 
honorable  dealing;  frequently  served  in  each 
branch  of  the  State  legisl. ;  in  1823-6  was  pres. 


of  the  State  senate ;  M.C.  1816-20 ;  and  was  a 
U.  S.  senator  in  1826-35. 

Simeock,  John,  Quaker  preacher ;  d.  Ches- 
ter Co.,  Pa.,  Jan.  27, 1703.  He  was  40  years 
a  minister,  and  was  endowed  with  great  wis- 
dom and  spiritual  discernment.  He  was  a 
great  sulFercr  in  Eng.  for  his  opinions,  both  by 
imprisonment,  and  loss  of  goods.  He  settled 
early  in  Chester  Co.,  Pa.;  was  active  in  en- 
deavoring to  recover  Georj^c  Keith  to  the  true 
faith,  and  afterward  in  testifying  against  him 
and  his  party.  —  Coll.  of  Quaker  Memorials. 

Simcoe,  John  Graves,  a  British  lieut.- 
gen.,  b.  near  Exeter,  Eng.,  25  Feb.  1752;  d. 
Torbay,  26  Oct.  1806.  His  father,  a  capt.  in 
the  navy,  was  killed  at  Quebec  during  its  siege 
by  Wolfe.  He  entered  the  army  an  ensign  in 
1770,  and,  on  the  breaking-out  of  the  Amer. 
war,  purchased  a  company  in  the  40th  Foot, 
which  regt.  he  com.  at  the  battle  of  Brandy- 
wine,  where  he  was  wounded,  as  also  at  Mon- 
mouth. He  raised  a  battalion  called  the 
Queen's  Rangers,  drilled  and  disciplined  in  a 
superior  manner  for  light  and  active  service, 
and  with  which  he  performed  important  ser- 
vices to  the  royal  cause  in  the  South.  Clinton 
gave  him,  23  June,  1779,  the  local  rank  of  lieut.- 
col.  In  Oct.  1779,  while  on  an  cxped.  to  de- 
stroy some  boats,  he  was  taken  prisoner,  and 
narrowly  escaped  death.  His  corps  was  con- 
stantly m  advance  of  the  army,  and  performed 
a  series  of  gallant,  skilful,  and  successful  en- 
terprises. Simcoe  was  included  in  the  capitu- 
lation at  Yorktown.  A  "Journal"  of  his 
campaigns,  printed  only  for  his  friends,  was 
reprinted  8vo,  N.Y.,  1844.  After  the  war,  the 
corps  was  disbanded,  and  the  ofiicers  placed  on 
half-pay.  Gov.  of  Upper  Canada  in  1791-4,  ho 
retained  his  old  enmity  against  the  U.S.,  and, 
if  he  did  not  promote,  certainly  did  nothing 
to  prevent,  Indian  hostilities  on  our  borders. 
Col.  18  Nov.  1790;  maj.-gen.  3  Oct.  1794; 
lieut.-gen.  3  Oct.  1798;  gov.  and  com.-in-chiof 
of  St.  Domingo,  Dec.  1796-July,  1797,  and  ex- 
erted himself  successfully  to  oppose  the  French, 
and  to  establish  the  financial  and  other  inter- 
ests of  the  Colony. 

Simiti^re,  Pierre  EugIine  du,  painter 
and  antiquarv,  b.  Geneva;  d.  Phila.  1788. 
A.M.  of  N.  J.*  Coll.  1781.  From  1760  to  his 
death  he  practised  his  profession  in  Pliila. ; 
painted  miniatures  in  water-colors,  and  was 
also  a  collector  of  specimens  of  natural  history. 
He  had  many  of  his  portraits  engraved  in 
Paris,  among  them  Washington,  Arnold,  Silas 
Deane,  Gates,  Laurens,  Huntington,  Morris, 
Steuben,  Charles  Thomson,  Gerard,  and  Jos. 
Reed.  He  was  an  ardent  patriot  and  a  well- 
informed  man,  and  collected  materials  for  a 
Hist,  of  the  Amer.  Revolution. 

Simmons,  (jeorge  Frederick,  clergy- 
man, b.  Boston,  Mar.  24,  1814;  d.  Concord, 
Ms.,  Sept.  5,  1855.  H.U.  1832.  Son  of  Judge 
Wm.  of  Boston,  who  d.  1843.  He  was  disting. 
for  brilliant  scholarship,  and  was  ord.  Oct.  9, 
1838.  lie  preached  at  Mobile,  Ala.,  in  1838- 
40;  at  Waltham,  Ms.,  in  1841-5;  and  at 
Springfield  in  1848-51  (each  of  which  places 
his  antislavery  preaching  and  opinions  caused 
him  to  leave),  and  afterward  in  Albany.  He 
was  twice  in  Europe,  —  once  (on  graduation)  as 


sim: 


830 


SIIM 


a  tutor  in  a  private  family ;  and  again  in  1 843-5, 
when  he  went  to  Germany,  and  studied  theolo- 
gy.    A  vol.  of  his  sermons  was  pub.  1855. 

Simmons,  James  F.,  senator,  b.  Little 
Conipton,  R.  I.,  Sept.  10,  1795;  d.  Johnson, 
R.  I.,  July  14,  1864.  A  farmer  and  manufac- 
turer. A  member  of  the  Gen.  Assembly  in 
1828-41  ;  U.S.  senator  in  1841-7,  and  again 
in  1857-63. 

Simmons,  John,  merchant  of  Boston,  b. 
Little  Compton,  R.  L,  Oct.  1796 ;  d.  there  29 
Aug.  1870.  By  his  will  he  provided  for  the 
founding  of  the  "  Simmons  Female  Coll.,"  for 
the  education  of  indigent  young  women. 

Simms,  Jeptha  Root,  b.  Canterbury, 
Ct.,  1807.  Author  of  "History  of  Schoharie 
Co.,  N.Y.,"  8vo,  1845;  "The  American  Spy, 
Nathan  Hale,"  8vo,  1846;  "  Trappers  of  N.Y.," 
1850.     Contrib.  to  periodicals.  — AlUbone. 

Simms,  Wm.  Gilmore,  LL.D.,  author,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C,  Apr.  17,  1806  ;  d.  there  June 
11,  1870.  His  father  was  of  Irish  descent.  At 
the  age  of  7  he  began  to  write  verses.  Owing 
to  the  limited  means  of  his  family  and  a  sickly- 
childhood,  his  early  education  was  slight.  Af- 
ter a  clerkship  of  sevei-al  years  in  a  store  in 
Charleston,  he  at  18- began  to  study  law.  At 
20  he  m.  Was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1828,  which 
he  quitted  after  a  year's  practice,  and  became 
editor,  and  part  proprietor,  of  the  Charleston 
Citi/  Gazette,  which,  favoring  the  Union  dur- 
ing the  nullification  excitement,  became  a 
losing  concern,  and  in  1832  left  Mr.  Simms 
nearly  penniless.  Losing  by  death,  about  this 
time,  his  grandmother,  father,  and  wife,  he 
came  north,  and  passed  the  summer  at  Hing- 
ham,  Ms.,  where  he  finished  the  longest  and 
best  of  his  imaginative  poems  "  Atalantis  "  (N. 
Y.  1833).  He  had  previously  pub.  a  "Mono- 
dy on  the  Death  of  Charles  C.  Pinckney," 
1825;  2  vols,  of  Poems,  and  "Early  Lays," 
1827  ;  "  Vision  of  Cortes,  Cain,  and  other  Po- 
ems," 1829;  and  in  1830  "The  Tricolor,  or 
Three  Days  of  Blood  in  Paris."  His  other 
poetical  works  are  "  Southern  Passages  and 
Picture's,"  1839  ;  "  Donna  Anna,"  1843  ; 
"  Grouped  Thoughts  and  Scattered  Fancies," 
1845;  "Lays  of  the  Palmetto,"  1848;  "Po- 
ems," 2  vols.  1 854 ;  "  Areytos,  or  Songs  and 
Ballads  of  the  South,"  1860  ;  and  in  1867  edit- 
ed "  War  Poetry  of  the  South."  He  also  pro- 
duced two  dramas,  "  Norman  Maurice,"  and 
"  Michael  Bonham,  or  the  Fall  of  the  Alamo ;  " 
and  adapted  Shakspeare's  "  Timon  of  Athens  " 
for  the  stage,  with  numerous  additions  of  his 
own.  He  is  best  known  by  his  romances, 
founded  upon  local  or  revol.  history.  His  nov- 
els are  "  Martin  Faber ; "  a  m€lancie  entitled 
"  The  Book  of  My  Lady,"  1833  ;  "'Carl  Wer- 
ner," 1838  ;  "  Confession,  or  the  Blind  Heart," 
1842;  "Castle  Dismal,"  1845;  "The  Wig- 
wam and  the  Cabin,"  1845-6  ;  "  Marie  de  Ber- 
niere,"  1853;  "The  Yemassee,"  1835;  "  Pela- 
yo,"  1838, and  its  sequel,  "Count  Julian,"  1845; 
"The  Damsel  of  Darien,"  1845;  "The  Lily 
and  the  Totem,"  "  The  Maroon  and  Other 
Tales,"  1855;  "  Vasconcelos,"  1867;  "The 
Cassique  of  Kiawah,"  1860  ;  "  The  Partisan," 
1835;  "  Mellichampe,"  1836,  and  "  Katherine 
Walton,"  1851 ;  "  The  Scout,"  originally  pub. 
as  the  "Kinsmen,"  1841  ;  "  Woodcraft,"  ori- 


ginally entitled  "  The  Sword  and  the  Distaff," 
"  The  Forayers,  a  Raid  of  the  Dogdays,"  1855, 
and  its  Sequel,  "Eutaw,"  1856;  "  Guy  Rivers," 
1834;  "Richard  Hurdis,"  1838;  "Border 
Beagles,"  1840;  "Beauchampe,"  1842  ;  "Hel- 
en Halsey,"  1845;  "  The  Golden  Christmas," 
1852  ;  and  "  Charlemont,  or  the  Pride  of  the 
Village,"  1856.  His  hist,  and  biog.  works  are 
a  "Hist,  of  S.C.;"  "S.C.  in  the  Revol.," 
1854 ;  and  Lives  of  Marion,  Capt.  John  Smith, 
Chevalier  Bayard,  and  Gen,  Greene;  also  a 
"Geography  of  S.C,"  and  a  number  of  arti- 
cles on  the  "  Civil  Warfare  of  the  South,"  and 
the"  Amer.  Loyalists  of  the  Revol.,"  pub.  in  the 
South.  Lit.  Messenger  and  Quarterly  Review.  His 
other  works  are,  "  Views  and  Reviews  in  Amer. 
Literature  ;  "  "  Egeria,"  a  collection  of  apho- 
risms ;  "  Father  Abbot,  or  the  Home  Tourist, 
a  Medley,"  "  Southward  Ho  !  "  1854  ;  "  The 
Morals  of  Slavery,"  &c.  He  also  edited,  with 
notes,  the  7  dramas  ascribed  to  Shakspeare, 
but  not  pub.  among  his  works,  under  the  title 
of  "  A  Supplement  to  Shakspeare's  Plays," 
and  contrib.  much  to  periodical  literature,  be- 
sides delivering  occasional  orations.  Many  of 
the  biographies  of  South  Carolinians  in  the 
New  Amer.  Cyclop,  are  from  his  pen.  He  re- 
sided on  his  plantation  of  woodlands  near 
Midway,  S.C.  A  uniform  edition  of  his  works 
was  pub.  by  Redfield,  in  N.Y.,  in  19  vols. 

Simonds,  William,  b.  Charlestown,  Ms., 
Sept.  1822;  d.  Winchester,  Ms.,  July  7,  1859. 
Established  the  Saturday  Rambler  in  1846,  and 
was  editorially  connected  with  the  iV.^.  Farmer, 
in  which  the  Rambler  was  merged  in  Dec. 
1850,  until  his  death.  In  1848-9  he  pub.  and 
edited  the  Pictorial  National  Library,  monthly. 
Author  of  the  "  Aimwell  Stories,"  6  vols.,  and 
other  juvenile  books. 

Simonson,  John  S.,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S. 
A.,  b.  Pa.  Served  in  Dobbins's  regt.  N.Y. 
vols.;  in  campaign  on  the  Niagara  1814.  A 
resident  of  Clark  Co.,  Ind.,  since  1817. 
Member  of  both  branches  of  the  legisl. ;  speak- 
er of  the  house  in  1845.  App.  capt.  mounted 
rifles.  May  27,  1846  ;  brev.  maj.  for  battle  of 
Chapultepec,  Sept.  13,  1847,  in  which  he  was 
wounded  ;  com.  his  regt.  on  the  fall  of  Loring, 
and  disting.  in  attack  on  De  Belen  Gate  ;  maj. 
mounted  rifles  1853  ;  col.  3d  Cavalry,  May  13, 
1861  ;  retired  Sept.  28,  1861.  Brev.  brig.- 
gen.  for  long  and  faithful  service  in  the  army 
13  Mar.  1865. 

Simpson,  Edmund,  actor  and  manager, 
b.  1784;  d.  New  York,  July  31,  1848.  Made 
his  debut  in  Towcester,  England,  in  May,  1806  ; 
at  the  Park,  New  York,  Oct.  22,  l"809,  as 
Harry  Dornton  in  "  Road  to  Ruin."  Manager 
of  the  Park  Theatre  from  1810  to  June  5, 1848. 
While  playing  Faustus,  in  1828,  he  broke  one 
of  his  legs,  causing  permanent  lameness.  Re- 
tired from  the  stage  in  1833,  and  last  appeared 
in  1841  as  Dazzle  in  "London  Assurance." 

Simpson,  Sir  George,  gov.  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Co.,  b.  Ross-shire,  Scotland,  ah. 
1796;  d.  Montreal,  Sept.  7,  1860.  From  1809 
to  1820  he  was  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits 
in  London,  when  he  was  employed  by  the  Earl 
of  Selkirk,  who  was  engaged  in  founding  in 
Canada  the  Red-river  Settlement,  to  take  the 
lead  in  the  operations  of  the  company;  with 


srM: 


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whom,  in  1820,  he  sailed  from  Eng.,  and  in 
May  left  Montreal  for  the  North-west.  Set- 
tling at  Lake  Athabasca,  he  carried  on  a  great 
competition  with  the  North-west  Co. ;  but  in 
1821  the  two  coalesced,  when  he  was  app.  gov.- 
in-chief  of  Rupert's  Land,  and  gen.  supt.  of  all 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Co.'s  affairs.  He  planned 
in  1836  the  expcd.,  under  his  nephew  Thomas 
Simpson,  to  connect  the  discoveries  of  Captains 
Ross  and  Buck,  evincing  such  forethought  and 
zeal,  that  the  expedition  was  perfectly  success- 
ful. It  lasted  3  years,  and  traced  the  arctic 
coast  of  America  from  the  mouth  of  the  Mac- 
kenzie River  to  Point  Barrow,  and  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Coppermine  River  to  the  Gulf  of 
Boothia.  For  these  services  he  was  knighted 
by  the  queen  in  1855.  He  soon  after  made  an 
overland  journey  round  the  world,  of  which  he 
pub.  a  very  interesting  narrative,  Lond.Svo,  1847. 

Simpson,  Henry;  d.  Phila.  1868,  a.  77. 
]\;Iember  of  the  legisl.  of  Pa.,  and  apf)raiser  of 
the  port  of  Phila.  Author  of  "  The  Lives 
of  Eminent  Philadelphians,"  Svo,  1859. — 
AlUhone. 

Simpson,  James  H.,  brig.-gen.,  and  col. 
of  engineer  cor})S  U.S.A.,  b.  N.J.  ab.  1812. 
West  Point,  1832.  A.M.  of  N.J.  Coll.  1848. 
Entering  the  3d  Art.,  he  was  aide  to  Gen. 
Eustis  in  the  Florida  war  1837-8;  1st  lieut. 
topog.  engrs.  7  July,  1838;  capt.  3  March, 
1853;  maj.  engr.  corps  3  Mar.  1863;  lieut.- 
col.  June,  1863  ;  col.  7  March,  1867  ;  col.  4th 
N.  J.  Vols.  12  Aug.  1861,  and  in  the  Peninsu- 
lar campaign  ;  was  engaged  at  West  Point  and 
Gaines's  Mills,  where  he  was  captured  27  June, 
1862  ;  chief  eng.  dept.  of  the  Ohio  Aug.  1862 
to  June,  1865  ;  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar. 
1865.  Author  of  "Journal  of  a  Military  Re- 
connoissance  from  Santa  Fe  to  the  Navajo 
Country  in  1849,"  8vo,  1852  ;  "  Shortest  Route 
to  California,"  Svo,  1869  ;  "  Report  on  the 
U.  P.  Railroad  and  Branches,"  Svo,  1S65. — 
CidJam. 

Simpson,  Mathew,  D.  D.  (Wesl.  U. 
1841),  l)ishop  M.E.  Church,  b.  Cadiz,  0.,  21 
June,  1810.  Madison  Coll.  1829;  M.D.  1833. 
While  an  infant  he  lost  his  father,  and  the  care 
of  his  education  devolved  upon  his  mother. 
Though  he  had  studied  medicine,  yet  he  felt  it 
his  duty  to  preach;  was  licensed  as  a  local 
preacher;  ord.  deacon  in  1835,  and  elder  in 
1837;  was  pres.  of  the  Ind.  Asb.  U.  in  1839-41  ; 
vice-pres.  of  Alleghany  Coll.  1841-51,  and  prof, 
of  natural  science;  app.  in  1848  editor  of  the 
Western  Christian  Advocate;  elected  bishop  in 
1852.  The  intimate  personal  friend  of  Pres. 
Lincoln,  he  contributed  greatly  by  his  zeal  and 
eloquence  to  sustain  the  cause  of  the  Union  in 
the  great  civil  war. 

Simpson,  Gen.  Michael,  who  served  in 
Arnold's  Quebec  exped.  in  1775  ;  d.  near  Har- 
risburg,  Pa.,  June  15,  1813,  a.  80. 

Simpson,  Stephen,  editor,  b.  Phila.  July 
24,  1789  ;  d.  Aug.  17,  1854.  George  his 
father  was  cashier  of  the  Bank  of  the  U.  S., 
and  afterward  of  Girard's  Bank.  Under  the 
signature  of  "Brutus,"  Stephen  wrote  against 
the  U.S.  Bank  for  the  Aurora.  He  was  with 
his  bro.  George  engaged  in  the  battle  of  New 
Orleans  ;  was  chief  editor  and  proprietor  of  the 
Portico;  and  in  1822,  with  John  Conrad,  edited 


the  Columbian  Observer,  in  the  interest  of  Gen. 
Jackson.  He  wrote  "A  Life  of  Stephen 
Girard,"  12mo,  1832,  and  many  other  works. 
Contrib.  to  the  Philadelphia  Book.  —  Simpson. 

Sims,  Clifford  Stanley,  b.  Pa.  17  Feb. 
1839.  Adm.  to  Phila.  bar  1860.  Now  (1871) 
U.  S.  consul  at  Preston,  Ontario  (Dom.  of 
Can.).  Author  of  "  Stemmata  Roijcllana," 
1859;  "Origin  and  Significance  of  Scottish 
Surnames,"  Svo,  1862  ;  "  Hist,  of  the  N.  J. 
Soc.  of  the  Cincinnati,"  Svo,  1866.  Contrib. 
to  "  Heroes  and  Martyrs,"  and  the  N.E.  Geneal. 
and  Hist.  Ilcfj.,  &c.  —  Allibone. 

Sims,  Riiv.  Edward  Dromgoole,  scholar, 
b.  Brunswick  Co.,  Va.,  March  24,  1805;  d. 
Tuscaloosa,  Ala.,  April  13,  1845.  U.  of  N.C. 
1824.  Tutor  there  in  182.5-7  ;  subsequently 
principal  of  an  acad.  at  La  Grange,  Ala. ;  and, 
when  the  coll.  was  established  there,  was  elected 
prof,  of  mathematics  and  nat.  philos.  At  a 
later  period  he  was  prof  of  languages  in  Ran- 
dolph Macon  Coll.  In  1836  he  made  a  Euro- 
pean tour,  and  spent  nearly  two  years  in  the 
U.  of  Halle ;  prof,  of  English  lit.  U.  of  Ala. 
1841-5. 

Sinclair,  Arthur,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Va. 
ab.  1780;  d.  Norfolk,  \'a.,  7  Feb.  1831.  Mid- 
shipm.  under  Com.  Truxton  at  the  capture  of 
the  French  frigate  "  LTnsurgente,"  1  Feb. 
1799  ;  lieut.  10  Jan.  1807  ;  com.  2  July,  1812  ; 
capt.  24  July,  1813. 

Sinnickson,  Thomas,  Revol.  soldier  and 
judge,  b.  Salem  Co.,  N.  J.,  1745;  d.  there  May 
15,  1817.  Received  a  classical  education,  and 
was  bred  a  merchant.  Member  of  the  first 
Prov.  Congress  in  1775.  He  served  in  the 
Revol.  war,  at  the  battles  of  Trenton  and 
Princeton  as  capt.  ;  was  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  council  and  assembly  of  N.  J., 
and  pres.  judge  of  the  C.C.P. ;  member  of  the 
first  Congress"  1 789-91,  and  again  in  1797-9. 

Sitgreaves,  John,  Revol.  patriot ;  d. 
Halifax,  N.C,  March  4,  1802.  He  resided  at 
Newbern ;  was  a  lieut.  in  1776;  was  aide  to 
Caswell  at  the  battle  of  Camden,  Aug.  1780; 
member  Old  Congress  1784-5;  member  legisl. 
1786-9;  and  U.S.  dist.  judge  1789-1802. 

Skene,  Col.  Philip;  d.  Oct.  9,  1810, 
near  Stoke  Goldington,  Bucks,  Eng.  Grand- 
son of  John  Skene  of  Halyards  in  Fifcshirc, 
Scotland.  He  entered  the  army  in  1739,  and 
served  in  the  exped,  against  Portobello ;  in 
1741  was  at  the  taking  of  Carthagena;  and 
was  also  at  the  battles  of  Fontcnoy,  Culloden, 
and  Loflfeldt.  He  came  to  Amer.  in  1756;  Feb. 
2, 1757,  became  capt.  27th  Regt. ;  was  wounded 
in  the  attack  on  Ticonderoga,  July,  1758;  was 
app.  maj.  of  brigade  31  July,  1759 ;  and  in  Oct. 
following  was  left  in  charge  of  Crown  Point, 
and  projected  a  settlement  at  Wood  Creek  and 
South  Bay,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Champlain ; 
in  1762  he  accomp.  the  exped.  against  Marti- 
nico  and  Havana,  and  was  one  of  the  first  to 
enter  the  breach  at  the  storming  of  the  Moro 
Castle.  On  his  return  to  N.Y.  in  1763  he  re- 
newed his  efforts  to  complete  his  settlement  at 
Wood  Creek,  for  which  a  patent  was  granted 
March,  1765,  and  it  was  formed  into  a  town- 
ship under  the  name  of  Skenesborough ;  and  in 
1770  he  established  his  residence  there.  In 
June,  1775,  he  was  arrested  at  Phila.  as  a  loy- 


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alist;  was  exchanged  in  Oct.  1776;  accomp. 
Bnrgoyne's  exped. ;  was  with  Baiim  in  his  ex- 
ped.  and  defeat  at  Bennington;  and  he  was 
taken  prisoner  at  Saratoga.  In  1779  he  was 
attainted,  and  his  property  confiscated  by  the 
legislature  of  New  York. 

Skinner,  Charles  W.,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  Me.;  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  Nov.  15,  1860. 
Midshipm.  1809;  lieut.  July  24,  1813;  com. 
Mar.  3,  1827;  capt.  Feb.  9,  1837;  retired  1855. 

Skinner,  Cortlandt,  a  loyalist  brig.-gen. 
of  the  Revol.;  d.  Bristol,  Eng.,  1799,  a.  71. 
His  mother  was  a  dau.  of  Stephen  Van  Cort- 
landt,  and  he  was  therefore  cousin  to  Gen.  De 
Lancey.  Was  atty.-gen.  of  N.J.  in  1775,  and 
in  the  performance  of  his  official  duties  evinced 
both  ability  and  integrity.  He  organized  3 
battalions,  called  the  N.  J.  Volunteei-s.  At 
the  peace  he  went  to  Eng.,  where  he  received 
compensation  for  losses  as  a  loyalist.  One  of 
his  (laughters  m.  Sir  Wm.  Robinson,  commiss.- 
gen.  in  the  British  army.  Another  m.  Field- 
Marshal  Sir  George  Nugent.  His  son  Philip 
Kearney,  lieut.-gcn.  British  army,  b.  Amboy, 
N.  J.,  d.  Lond.  Apr.  9,  1826.  He  entered  the 
service  as  ensign  1st  N.  J.  Vols,  (loyalist) ;  M^as 
made  prisoner  in  the  exped.  to  Ostend ;  served 
in  Ireland,  E.  and  W.  Indies,  and  Spain ;  and 
attained  rank  of  lieut.-gcn.  in  1825.  —  Sabine. 

Skinner,  John,  an  English  licut.-gen.,  b. 
N.  J.;  d.  Eng.  Oct.  10,  1827.  Entered  the  ser- 
vice as  ensign  16th  Regt.  Sept.  4,  1772;  capt. 
70th,  June  10, 1778.  In  the  campaigns  of  1779- 
81  he  was  at  the  actions  of  Beaufort  and  Stono 
Ferry,  the  defence  of  Savannah  against  Lin- 
coln and  D'Estaing,  the  successful  siege  of 
Charleston;  and  com.  a  troop  in  Col.  Tarle- 
ton's  Legion  in  the  battles  of  Blackstocks,  Cow- 
pens,  and  Guilford.  In  1795,  reducing  the  re- 
volted Maroons  to  submission,  he  saved  Ja- 
maica from  the  fate  of  St.  Domingo;  in  1804 
he  com.  the  16th  Regt.  in  the  exped.  against 
Surinam;  and  aftenvards,  while  major-gen., 
acted  as  gov.  in  succession  of  St.  Martin's, 
Santa  Cruz,  and  Guadaloupe  in  the  W.  Indies, 
at  the  capture  of  which  latter  island,  in  1810, 
he  com.  a  brigade,  and  for  that  sendee  received 
a  gold  medal. 

Skinner,  John  Stuart,  writer  on  agri- 
culture, b.  Md.  Feb.  12,  1788;  d.  Baltimore, 
Mar.  21,  1851.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1809.  He 
was  agt.  of  the  govt,  to  conduct  some  negotia- 
tions with  the  British  forces  in  Chesapeake 
Bay  in  1812,  and,  removing  to  Baltimore  in 
the  fall  of  1813,  held  the  office  of  postmaster  of 
that  city  1822-37.  He  began  in  1819  the  pub. 
of  the  Old  Amer.  Farmer,  —  the  first  periodical 
in  the  U.S.  devoted  solely  to  agriculture ;  and 
was  the  first  to  propose  and  organize  the  agric. 
shows  in  the  Middle  and  Southern  States. 
Third  assist,  postmaster-gen.  1841-5.  He  sub- 
sequently edited  the  Amer.  Turf  Register,  the 
Farmer's  Library  and  Agric.  Journal,  and  from 
1 848  a  monthly  journal  called  The  Plough,  the 
Loom,  and  the  Anvil.  SIcraber  of  many  foreign 
agric.  societies.  He  received  a  vote  of  thanks 
from  the  Chilian  Congress  for  services  rendered 
them  in  their  struggle  for  indep.  Author  of 
"A  Christmas  Gift  to  Young  Agriculturists," 
Svo,  1841 ;  "  The  Dog  and  the  Sportsman," 
1845;  "Letter  on  Nautical  Education,"  1841. 


—  See  Memoir  of,  by  B.  P.  Poore,  in  the  P.,  L., 
and  A.,  July,  1854. 

Skinner,  Otis  Ainsworth,  D.D.,  Univ. 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  Royalton,  Vt.,  Jvily 
3, 1807 ;  d.  Napicrvillc,  111.,  Sept.  18, 1861.  At 
19  he  began  teaching  school  and  preaching ; 
settled  in  Baltimore  in  1831 ;  in  Haverhill  in 
1836 ;  over  the  5th  Society  in  Boston,  Jan.  26, 
1837 ;  over  the  Orchard-st.  Society,  N.Y.  City, 
in  1846  ;  over  his  old  society  in  Boston  from 
Jan.  1,  1849,  to  April,  1857,  when  he  settled  in 
Elgin,  III. ;  Aug.  1857  became  pres.  of  Lom- 
bard U.,  Galesburg,  III. ;  and  in  Oct.  1858  be- 
came pastor  of  the  society  at  Joliet,  111.  In 
Baltimore  he  edited  a  religious  paper,  the  South- 
ern Pioneer ;  in  Haverhill,  the  Gospel  Sun ;  in 
Boston,  the  Universalist  Miscellany,  a  monthly 
mag.  He  pub.  "  Universalism  Illustrated  and 
Defended,"  "Doctrinal  Sermons,"  "Letters 
on  the  Knapp  Excitement,"  "Letters  to  Par- 
ents," and  "  Family  Worship."  He  was  an 
efficient  worker  in  the  cause  of  temperance,  of 
education,  and  other  reforms.  —  See  Lfe  by  T. 
B.  Thayer,  Svo,  1861. 

Skinner,  Richard,  LL.D.  (Midd.  Coll. 
1817),  statesman  and  jurist,  b.  Litchfield,  Ct., 
May  30,  1778;  d.  Manchester,  Vt.,  May  23, 
1833.  Son  of  Gen.  Timothy.  Educated  at 
the  Litchf.  Law  School.  Adm.  to  the  bar  of 
Litchfield  Co.  in  1800,  and  passed  the  remain- 
der of  his  life  in  Manchester,  Vt.  He  soon  be- 
came the  ablest  lawyer  in  the  S]bate ;  v/as.  app. 
in  1 801  State-atty .  for  Bennington  Co. ;  was  m 
1806-12  judge  of  probate ;  was  M.C.  1813-15 ; 
app.  assoc.  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  in  1815; 
chief  justice  in  1 816 ;  in  1 81 8  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber, and  subsequently  speaker,  of  the  h.  of  rep- 
resentatives;  gov.  in  1820-3  ;  and  agrin  chief 
justice  in  1824-9.  He  was  an  officer  of  various 
local  benevolent  associations,  and  pres.  of  the 
N.  E.  branch  of  the  Amer.  Education  Society. 

Skinner,  Thomas  Harvey,  D.D.  (VVms. 
Coll.  1826),  LL.  D.  (1855),  clergyman,  b.  Har- 
vey's Neck,  N.C.,  Mar.  7,  1791.  N.J.  Coll. 
1809.  He  began  the  study  of  law,  but  was  li- 
censed to  preach  in  Dec.  1812,  and  ord.  Juno 
1813  as  co-pastor  of  the  2d  Presb.  Church  in 
Phila.  In  1816  he  was  settled  over  the  5th 
(New-School)  Presb.  Church,  Phila.;  in  1832 
he  became  prof,  of  sacred  rhetoric  in  Andover 
Theol.  Sem.;  in  1835  pastor  of  the  Mcrcer-st. 
Presb.  Church,  N.Y.  ;  and  was  in  1848-71 
prof  of  sacred  rhetoric  and  pastoral  theology 
in  the  Union  Theol.  Sem.  there.  In  1836  he 
pub.  "  The  Religion  of  the  Bible,"  "  Preach- 
ing and  Hearing,"  and  "  Hints  to  Christians," 
and  in  1854  translations  of  Vinet's  "Homi- 
letics  "  and  "  Pastoral  Theology."  He  has  also 
pub.  0(  casional  discourses,  Religious  Life  of 
F.  Markoe,  "  Thoughts  on  Evangelizing  the 
World,"  and  "  Discussions  in  Theologv,"  Svo, 
1868.    Died  Feb.  1,  1871. 

Slack,  Elijah,  M.D.,  LL.D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1863),  Presb.  clergyman,  b.  Bucks  Co.,  Pa., 
1784;  d.Cincin.,0.,29Mav,  1866.  N.J.  Coll. 
1808.  Principal  of  Trenton  Acad.  1808-12; 
vice-pres.  and  prof,  of  math,  and  philos.  N.  J. 
Coll.  1812-17;  removed  to  Cincin.  ;  was  at 
one  time  prof,  of  chemistry  in  Oliio  Med.  Coll. ; 
in  the  fall  of  1837  removed  to  Brownsville, 
Tenn.,  where  he  established  a  high  school  of 


SLA. 


833 


SLO 


great  excellence,  and  returned  to   Cincin.   in 
1844;  pres.  of  the  Coll.  of  Cincinnati. 

Slade,  William,  gov.  of  Vt.  1844-6,  b. 
Cornwall,  Vt.,  May  9,  1786;  d.  Middlebury, 
Vt.,  Jan.  18,  1859.  Mid.  Coll.  1807.  He  com- 
menced the  practice  of  law  at  Middlebury,  Vt., 
in  1810;  and  in  1814-15  pub.  and  edited  the 
Columbian  Patriot,  in  connection  with  booksell- 
ing and  jol)-printing,  but  was  unsuccessful. 
In  181.5-2.3  he  was  sec.  of  state;  in  1816-22 
judge  of  Addison  Co.  court;  in  1823-9  was 
a  clerk  in  the  state  dopt.  at  Washington  ;  re- 
enmed  the  practice  of  law  in  Middlebury  in 
1829;  was  state's  attv.  in  1830-1  for  Addi- 
son Co.;  M.C.  in  1831-43;  in  1844  was  re- 
porter of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Vt.;  in  1846- 
58  he  was  sec.  of  the  National  Board  of  popu- 
lar education.  In  1823  he  pub.  the  "  Vermont 
State  Papers,"  a  valualile  comjnlation.  In 
1825  he  compiled  the  statutes  of  Vt. ;  and  in 
1844  the  Vermont  Reports,  vol.  xv.  He  also 
wrote  many  pamphlets.  —  Hist.  Mag.,  iii.  95. 

Slater,  Samuel,  the  father  of  cotton 
inanuf.  in  the  U.S.,  b.  Belpre,  Eng.,  June  9, 
1768;  d.  Webster,  Ms.,  Apr.  20,  1835.  The 
son  of  a  farmer.  He  received  a  good  education, 
and  served  his  apprenticeship  with  Jedediah 
Strutt,  the  partner  of  Arkwright.  Having 
completed  his  term  of  service,  he  sailed  for  New 
York,  Nov.  13,  1789.  In  the  ensuing  Jan.  he 
proceeded  to  Pawtucket,  R.I.,  where  he  started 
in  Dec.  1790  the  first  successful  cotton-mill  in 
the  U.S.  The  restrictions  of  his  govt,  prevent- 
ed his  taking  with  him  any  patterns  or  draw- 
ings ;  and  he  was  compelled  to  rely  entirely 
upon  his  memory  for  carrying  his  plans  into 
effect  in  all  their  complicated  variety.  Not 
only  was  he  compelled  to  prepare  all  the  plans 
in  the  several  departments  of  the  process  of 
manufacturing,  but  also  to  construct  with  his 
own  hands  the  different  kinds  of  machinery, 
whether  of  wood,  iron,  brass,  tin,  or  leather; 
or  else  teach  others  how  to  do  it.  Later  in  life, 
Mr.  Slater  also  became  interested  in  the  wool- 
len and  iron  manufactures,  and  acquired  great 
wealth.  A  Memoir,  bv  Geo.  S.  White,  was 
pub.  Phila.  8vo,  1836.  ' 

Slaughter,  Gabriel,  gov.  of  Ky.  1816- 
20,  b.  Va.  ab.  1767  ;  d.  Mercer  Co.,  Ky.,  Sept. 
19,  1830.  An  early  emig.  to  Ky. ;  was  a  skil- 
ful and  successful  former,  and  was  frequently 
chosen  to  the  State  legisl.  At  the  battle  of  New 
Orleans  he  was  col.  of  a  Ky.  regt.,  and  received 
the  thanks  of  the  legisl.  He  was  chosen  lieut.- 
gov. ;  but,  on  the  death  of  Gov.  Madison,  the 
chief  magistracy  devolved  on  him. 

Sleeper,  John  Sherburne,  b.  Tyngs- 
borough,  Ms.,  21  Sept.  1794.  For  22  years  a 
sailor  and  shipmaster  in  the  merchant-service 
from  Boston  ;  connected  with  the  N.IL  News- 
Letter,  Exeter,  1 831-2  ;  the  Loivell.  Daily  Jour- 
nal 1833;  and  editor  of  the  Boston  Journal 
1834-54;  mayor  of  Roxbury,  Ms.,  18.56-8. 
Author  of  "  Tales  of  the  Ocean,"  1842  ;  "  Salt- 
water Bubbles,"  1854;  "Jack  in  the  Fore- 
castle," 1860;  "Mark  Rowland,"  1867;  also 
addresses,  &c. — Allibone. 

Slemmer,  Gen,  Adam  J.,  b.  Montgom- 
ery Co.,  Pa.,  ab.  1828;  d.  Fort  Laramie,  Ks., 
Oct.  7,  1868.     West  Point,   1850.     Entering 
the  Ist  Art.,  he  was  promoted  for  gallantry  in 
63 


the  Seminole  war,  and  was  assist,  prof,  of 
ethics  and  mathematics  at  West  Point  in  1855- 
9.  When  the  Rebellion  broke  out,  he  com.  a 
small  garrison  at  Fort  McRea;  Jan.  10,  1861, 
he  threw  himself  into  Fort  Pickens,  which  he 
successfully  held  until  relieved  by  Col.  Brown, 
thus  preserving  the  key  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ; 
maj.  16th  Inf.  May  14,  1861  ;  brig.-gen.  of 
vols.  Nov.  29,  1862;  engaged  at  the  siege 
of  Corinth ;  severely  wounded  in  the  battle  of 
Stone  River,  Dec.  31,  1862,  and  disabled  from 
further  active  service;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  gal- 
lant and  merit,  service  in  that  battle;  lieut.- 
col.  4th  Inf.  Feb.  8,  1864;  13  Mar.  1865,  brev. 
col.  and  hvig.-gen. 

Slidell,  John,  lawyer  and  senator,  b.  N.Y. 
City  ab.  1793  ;  d.  Lond.  July  29,  1871.  Col. 
Coll.  1810.  He  established  himself  as  a 
lawyer  in  N.  Orleans,  and  practised  with  suc- 
cess. U.S.  dist.-atty.in  1829-33;  was  frequent- 
ly elected  to  the  State  legisl.,  and  was  M.C.  in 
1843-5;  in  1845  he  was  app.  by  Mr.  Polk  min- 
ister to  Mexico;  in  1853  was  elected  to  the 
U.S.  senate,  and  was  re-elected  in  1859.  He 
spoke  rarely,  but  served  on  important  com- 
mittees, and  exerted  great  influence.  He  was  a 
strenuous  supporter  of  the  doctrines  of  the 
Southern-rights  party,  and  after  La.  had  passed 
the  ordinance  of  secession,  in  Jan.  1861,  he  with- 
drew (Feb.  4)  from  the  senate.  In  the  fall  of 
1861  he  was  sent  as  a  commiss.  to  France,  to- 
gether with  Mr.  Mason  of  Va.  Embarking  from 
Havana  in  the  English  mail-steamer  "  Trent," 
they  were  both  arrested  (Nov.  8)  by  Capt. 
Wilkes  of  the  U.S.  fri,'ate  "San  Jacinto," 
and  confined  in  Fort  Warren,  Boston  harbor. 
Released  on  the  reclamation  of  the  British 
govt.,  he  sailed  for  Eng.  Jan.  1,  1862,  where 
he  resided  until  his  death. 

Sloan  (slon),  Samuel,  architect,  b.  Chester 
Co.,  Pa.,  7  Mar.  1815.  Establishing  himself 
in  Phila.,  he  designed  many  important  edifices, 
among  them  the  Blockley 'Hospital  for  the  In- 
sane, Phila.,  and  the  State  Insane  Hospital, 
Montgomery,  Ala.  He  pub. "  Model  Architect," 
1850-1;  "  City  and  Suburban  Architecture," 
1859;  "Homestead  Architecture,"  1860;  and 
"Constructive  Architecture,"  4to.  In  1868 
he  began  the  Architectural,  Review.  —  Thomas. 

Sloat,  John  Drake,  rear-admiral  U.S.N., 
b.  New  York  1780;  d.  New  Brighton,  Staten 
Island,  Nov.  28, 1867.  He  entered  the  navy  as 
sailing-master,  Feb.  12,  1800;  was  honorably 
discharged  in  1801;  re-app.  Jan.  10,  1812; 
made  lieut.  July  24,  1813  ;  master  com.  Mar. 
21,  1826;  capt.  Feb.  9,  1837;  commo.  (retired 
list)  July  16,  1862  ;  and  rcar-adm.  July,  1866. 
He  was  in  the  action  of  "  The  United  States  " 
and  "  Macedonian,"  Oct.  25,  1812;  com.  "The 
Grampus"  in  1824-5,  and  engaged  in  exter- 
minating the  W.  India  pirates ;  and  performed 
his  last  active  service  as  com.  of  the  Pacific 
squadron  in  1846-52.  He  was  then  placed  in 
charge  of  the  Norfolk  navy-yard,  and  subse- 
quently superintended  the  construction  of  the 
♦Stevens  Battery  at  Hoboken,  and  the  U.S. 
mail-steamships  sailing  from  New  York. 

Slocum,  Gen.  Henry  Wadsworth,  b. 
Syracuse,  N.Y.,  Sept.  24,  1827.  West  Point, 
1852.  Entering  the  1st  Art.,  he  was  made  Ist 
lieut.  March  3^  1855;  resigned  Oct.  31,  1856, 


SLO 


834 


SMLA. 


and  settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Syracuse,  haying 
previously  prepared  himself  for  the  profession ; 
col.  27th  N.Y.  Vols.  May  21,  1861  ;  he  joined 
McDowell's  army  when  it  was  about  to  ad- 
vance ;  was  assigned  to  Col.  Andrew  Porter's 
brigade,  Hunter  s  division,  and  at  the  battle  of 
Bull  Run  was  shot  through  the  thigh ;  brig.- 
gen.  vols.  Aug.  9, 1861,  and  assigned  a  brigade 
m  Franklin's  div. ;  he  was  at  the  battle  of 
West  Point,  Va. ;  took  com.  of  the  division 
upon  Gen.  Franklin's  being  assigned  to  the 
com.  of  an  army  corps.  May  15,  1862  ;  served 
at  the  battle  of  Gaines's  Mills,  June  27,  being 
ordered  to  re-enforce  Gen.  Fitzjohn  Porter,  then 
severely  pressed  by  the  enemy ;  and  held  the 
right  of  the  main  line  at  the  battle  of  Glendale, 
June  30,  against  superior  numbers.  He  was 
made  maj.-gen.  July  4 ;  took  part  in  the  battles 
of  Manassas,  South  Mountain,  and  Antietara  ; 
and  in  Oct.  was  assigned  to  command  the  12tli 
corps,  previously  under  Gen.  Banks.  This 
corps  he  led  at  Fredericksburg,  Chancellors- 
ville,  and  Gettysburg,  July  1-4,  where  he  com. 
the  right  wing ;  was  occupied  in  guarding  the 
Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad,  Sept. 
1863-Apr.  1864;  com.  20th  corps  in  the  At- 
lanta campaign;  com.  the  army  of  Ga.,  one 
of  the  grand  divisions  of  Sherman's  army  in 
the  great  march  through  Georgia  and  the 
Carolinas,  Nov.  II,  1864,  to  June  9,  1865, 
taking  part  in  the  numerous  skirmishes  and 
battles  of  the  campaign;  resigned  28  Sept. 
1865.  M.C.  from  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  1869-71. 
—  Cullum. 

Slough,  John  P.,  politician,  b.  Cincinnati, 
O.,  1829;  killed  at  Santa  Fe',  N.M.,  Dec.  16, 
1 867.  He  practised  law  in  Cincinnati.  In  1 850 
he  was  elected  to  the  Ohio  legisl.,  from  which, 
as  he  would  not  apologize,  he  was  expelled 
for  striking  one  of  the  members.  In  1852  he 
became  sec.  of  the  Central  Democ.  Conv.  of 
Ohio.  Soon  after  this  he  went  to  Kansas,  and 
in  1860  to  Denver.  On  the  breaking-out  of 
the  Rebellion,  he  raised  a  company  of  vols., 
and  assumed  com.  of  Fort  Garland.  Becom- 
ing col.  1st  Colorado  Rcgt.,  he  was  sent  into 
New  Mexico,  and  took xom.  of  JEort  Union; 
here  he  fought  his  first  battle  at  Pigeon's 
Ranche,  causing  the  retreat  of  the  Texan 
troops  under  Gen.  Sibley.  The  battle  was 
fought  in  direct  opposition  to  the  orders  of 
Gen.  Canby,  but  terminated  successfully,  and 
gave  him  great  popularity.  Repairing  to 
Washington,  he  was  made  a  brig.-gen.of  vols., 
and  was  milit.  gov.  of  Alexandria  till  the  close 
of  the  war.  App.  chief  justice. of  the  Terr,  of 
New  Mexico,  his  imperious  temper  rendered 
him  very  unpopular;  and  a  series  of  resolutions 
were  passed  in  the  legisl.,  advocating  his  re- 
moval, which  led  to  a  personal  encounter  with 
the  senator  who  .introduced  them,  resulting  in 
the  death  of  Mr.  Slough. 

Small,  John,  a  British  gen.,  b.  Strathardle, 
Atholc,  Scotland,  1726 ;  d.  Guernsey,  March 
17,  1796.  After  serving  in  the  Scotch  brigade 
in  the  Dutch  service,  he  was  commissioned  as 
ensign  in  the  42d  Highlanders,  Aug.  29,  1747, 
and  was  employed  hunting  the  rebels  through 
the  Highlands;  in  1756  he  was  app.  lieut.  in 
his  old  regt.  on  the  eve  of  its  departure  for 
America  to  join  the  force  under  Loudon ;  in 


1758  he  served  under  Abercrombie  in  the  attack 
on  Ticonderoga,  and  accomp.  Amherst  the  fol- 
lowing year  in  his  exped. ;  in  1760  he  went  to 
Montreal;  servedintheW.  Indies  in  1762;  and 
Aug.  6  of  that  year  was  made  capt.  June  14, 
1775,  he  received  a  commission  as  maj.  to  raise 
a  corps  of  Highlanders  in  Nova  Scotia  in  aid 
of  the  crown.  Maj.  Small  was  in  the  battle 
of  Bunker's  Hill,  and  is  a  prominent  figure  in 
Trumbull's  picture.  App.  maj.  com.  the  2d 
batt.  of  the  84th  Royal  Emigrants,  with  a  por- 
tion of  which  he  joined  the  army  under  Sir 
H.  Clinton  at  New  York  in  1779,  and  in  1780 
was  app.  lieut.-col.  of  his  regt.  He  became 
col.  Nov.  18,  1790,  and  in  1793  was  app.  lieut.- 
gov.  of  Guernsey  ;  maj  -gen.  Oct.  3,  1794. 

Smalley,  John,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1800), 
Cong,  minister  of  Berlin,  Ct.,  b.  Lebanon,  Ct., 
June  4,  1734;  d.  June  1,  1820.  Y.C.  1756. 
He  studied  theology  with  Dr.  Bellamy,  and 
was  ord.  minister  of  Berlin,  Apr.  19,  1758. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  eminent  of  the  great 
divines  of  New  England,  and  thought  and 
wrote  with  a  logical  accuracy  and  perspicuity 
that  are  seldom  surpassed.  His  celebrated  ser- 
mons on  "  Natural  and  Moral  Inability,"  pub. 
in  1760,  were  repub.  in  Eng,,  and  also,  it  is 
believed,  in  a  German  translation.  He  pub.  a 
sermon  on  "Eternal  Salvation,"  "None  but 
Believers  Saved,"  &c.,  "  Perfection  of  Divine 
Law,"  and  "  Evils  of  a  Weak  Government ;  " 
also  2  large  vols,  of  sermons,  and  contrib.  to 
magazines. 

Smallwood,  William,  maj.-gen.,  b.  Md. ; 
d.  there  Feb.  14,  1792.  He  was  made  a  col.  in 
1776;  Aug.  8  arrived  at  New  York  at  the 
head  of  a  battalion,  composed  of  men  belong- 
ing to  the  best  families  of  Md.,  which  sufiered 
most  severely  in  the  defeat  at  Long  Island,  at 
which  Smallwood  was  not  present ;  was  in  the 
action  at  White  Plains ;  made  brig.-gen.  Oct. 
23,  1776;  and  in  the  summer  of  1777  accomp. 
Gen.  Sullivan  on  his  exped.  to  Staten  Island. 
When  the  British  arrived  in  the  Chesapeake, 
he  was  despatched  to  assemble  the  militia  of 
the  Western  Shore  of  Md.,  with  about  1,000  of 
whom  he  joined  the  main  army,  Sept.  28.  Ho 
led  the  Md.  militia  at  the  battle  of  G^irman- 
town  ;  was  made  maj.-gen.  Sept.  15, 1780,  while 
with  Gates  at  the  South,  and,  after  the  defeat 
at  Camden,  returned  to  the  North,  refusing  to 
serve  under  Baron  Steuben,  who  was  his  senior 
officer,  and  declaring  his  intention  to  leave  the 
service  unless  Congress  should  cause  his  com- 
mission to  be  dated  2  years  before  his  app.,  —  a 
claim  justly  regarded  as  absurd.  Member  of 
Congress  in  1785,  and  in  1785-8  gov.  of  Mary- 
land. 

Smarius,  Rev.  S.  J.,  R.C.  missionary  and 
author,  b.  Teiburg,  Holland,  3  Mar.  1823;  d. 
Detroit,  2  Mar.  1870.  After  completing  his 
studies  at  the  U.  of  North  Brabant,  he  came 
to  the  U.S.  and  joined  the  Society  of  Jesus  at 
Florissant,  Mo.,  13  Nov.  1841.  While  a  prof, 
of  poetry  and  rhetoric  at  Cincinnati  (1843-8), 
he  pub.  anonymously  many  poems  of  much 
beauty.  Ord.  priest  in  1849.  App.  in  1853 
pastor  of  the  Church  of  St.  Francis  Xavier, 
St.  Louis,  he  became  celebrated  for  his  elo- 
quence and  for  controversial  abilitv.  In  1861 
he  was  detailed  for  missionary  labor,  with  a 


SiyLB 


835 


SJVH 


large  field  of  operations;  and  in  1865  visited 
Europe  for  his  health.  His  book,  "  The 
Points  of  Controversy,"  displays  learning  and 
ability. 

Smet,  Fathek  Peter  de,  since  1823  a 
R.C.  missionary  among  the  Rocky-Mt.  Indians. 
Author  of  "  Letters  and  Sketches,  and  Resi- 
dence in  the  Rocky  Mountains,"  1843  ;  "  Ore- 
gon Missions  and  Travels,,  &c.,  in  1845-6," 
1847;  "Western  Missions  and  Missionaries," 
1863  ;  "  Reisen  zu  den  Felsengebiryen,"  &c.,  1865. 
—  Aliibone. 

Smibert,  or  Smybert,  John,  a  Scottish 
painter,  b.  Edinburgh  ab.  1684;  d.  Boston, 
1751-2.  He  had  studied  in  Italy.  Early  in 
life  he  went  to  Lond.,  where  he  had  attained  a 
respectable  position  as  a  portrait-painter,  when 
he  was  induced  in  1728  to  accompany  Dean 
Berkeley  to  America;  and,  upon  the  failure  of 
the  benevolent  scheme  of  the  latter,  he  settled 
in  Boston,  where  in  1730  he  m.  Mary  Wil- 
liams. He  painted  most  of  the  contemporary 
worthies  of  N.  England  and  N. Y.,  and,  accord- 
ing to  Dunlap,  exercised  a  considerable  influ- 
ence upon  Copley,  AUston,  and  Trumbull.  The 
only  portrait  of  Jonathan  Edwards  is  his  pro- 
duction. His  most  celebrated  painting  is  a 
large  piece  representing  Berkeley  and  several 
members  of  his  family,  together  with  the  artist 
himself,  on  their  first  landing  here.  It  is  now 
in  the  possession  of  Yale  Coll.  His  son  Na- 
thaniel, also  a  painter,  d.  aged  21. 

Smiedel  (smee'-del),  or  Schmeidel, 
Ulrich,  a  German  traveller,  b.  Straubingen. 
Was  one  of  the  founders  of  Buenos  Ayros  ab. 
1534.  In  1554  he  pub.  an  account  of  his  trav- 
els in  Peru  and  on  the  Paraguay  River. 

Smilie,  John,  M.C.  1793-5  and  1799- 
1813,  b.  Ireland,  1741  ;  d.  Washington,  D.C., 
Dec.  30,  1812.  Came  to  Pa.  in  1760;  settled 
in  Lancaster  Co. ;  served  during  the  Revol.  in 
both  civil  and  military  capacities,  and  after- 
ward in  the  Pa.  legislature  ;  chairman  of  the 
com.  on  foreign  relations  in  Congress. 

Smillie,  George  D.,  landscape-painter,  b. 
N.Y.  City,  29  Dec.  1840.  Son  of  James,  the 
well-known  landscape-engraver.  He  entered 
the  studio  of  James  M.  Hart  in  1861,  and  in 
the  autumn  of  1862  took  a  studio  and  began 
his  artist  career.  In  1864  his  "  Sunny-Brook 
Farm"  procured  him  a  membership  in  the 
Nat.  Acad.  His  chief  pictures  are,  "The 
Mountain  Side,"  "  A  Mountain  Ravine," 
"  Meadows  at  Conway,"  and  the  "  Bouquet  Riv- 
er and  Hills  from  the  White  Mts.  and  Adiron- 
dacks."  James  D.,  landscape-painter,  bro.  of 
the  preceding,  b.  N.Y.  City  1833.  Learned  the 
art  of  engraving  of  his  father,  and  was  in 
the  employ  of  the  Amer.  Bank-Note  Co.  until 
1862,  when  he  visited  Europe,  and  determined 
to  become  a  painter.  He  took  a  studio  with 
his  bro.  George  in  1864  ;  became  a  member  of 
the  Nat.  Acad,  in  1865;  and  is  treas.  of  the 
Soc.  for  the  Development  of  Water-color 
Painting.  Among  his  pictures  is  "  Ausable 
Lake,"  in  the  Adirondacks.  He  has  been  some 
time  engaged  upon  a  series  of  22  plates  illus- 
trating Bryant's  poem  "Among  the  Trees." 

Smith,  Andrew  Jackson,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  ab.  1814.  West 
Point,  1838.     Entering  the  Ist  Dragoons,  he 


became  1st  lieut.  4  Mar.  1845;  capt.  16  Feb. 
1847;  maj.  13  May,  1861;  1st  Cav.  3  Aug. 
1861;  lieut.-col.  5th  Cav.  9  May,  1864;  coU 
7th  Cav.  28  July,  1866;  brig.-gen.  vols.  17 
Mar.  1862;  maj.-gen.  vols.  12  May,  1864.  He 
served  in  the  Mexican  war  1847-8,  in  the 
Oregon  hostilities  1855  and  1860;  chief  of 
cavalry  (dept.  of  the  Mo.)  Feb.-Mar.  1862,  and 
(of  the  Mpi.)  Mar.-July,  1862,  and  engaged  at 
siege  of  Corinth ;  com.  division  in  assault  of 
Chickasaw  Bluffs  27-29  Dec.  1862;  and  at 
Arkansas  Post  11  Jan.  1863;  com.  div.  13th 
corps  in  Vicksburg  Campaign,  Jan.-July, 
1863;  com.  6th  div.  16th  corps,  Aug.  1863  to 
Jan.  1864,  3d  div.  (same  corps)  Jan.-Mar.  1864, 
In  Red-river  campaign,  Mar.-May,  1864,  he 
com.  detachments  of  16th  and  i7th  corps, 
and  engaged  at  Fort  De  Russy,  Pleasant  Hill, 
and  Cane  River;  com.  right  wing  16th  corps 
in  Mpi.  and  Tenn.  June-Sept.  1864  ;  in  opera- 
tions in  Mo.  during  Price's  raid,  Sept.-Nov. 
1864 ;  com.  detachment  of  Thomas's  army 
against  Hood,  Dec.  1864  to  Jan.  1865  ;  com. 
16th  corps,  Feb.-July,  1865,  in  Mobile  cam- 
paign ;  and  engaged  in  siege  of  Spanish  Fort, 
and  occupation  of  Montgomery ;  brev.  col.  10 
Apr.  1864  for  Pleasant  Hill,  La.;  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  13  Mar.  1865  for  battle  of  Tupelo,  Mis. ; 
and  maj.-gen.  for  battle  of  Nashville;  resigned 
May  6,  1869.  —  Cw/Zum. 

Smith,  Asa  Dodge,  D.D.  (Wms.  Coll. 
1849),  LL.D.  (U.  of  N.Y.  1864),  pres.  of 
Dartm.  Coll.  since  Oct.  18,  1863,  b.  Amherst, 
N.H.,  Sept.  21,  1804.  Dartm.  Coll.  1830; 
And.  Sem.  1834.  Pastor  of  the  14th-st. 
Presb.  Ch.,  N.Y.  City,  Nov.  2,  1834-Oct.  15, 
1863;  lectured  as  prof,  of  pastoral  theol.  at 
the  Un.  Theol.  Sem.  1843-4.  He  has  pub. 
"Letters  to  a  Young  Student,"  1838;  "Dis- 
course on  the  Life  of  Rev.  Charles  Hall,  D.D.^" 
1854;  "  Memoir  of  Mrs.  Louisa  A.  Leavitt," 
1843  ;  and  many  sermons  and  discourses. 

Smith,  Augustus  William, LL.D.  (Ham. 
Coll.  1850),  clergyman  and  teacher,  b.  New- 
port, Herkimer  Co.,  N.Y.,  May  12,  1802  ;  d. 
Annapolis,  Md.,  March  26,  1866.     Ham.  Coll. 
1825.      His   earlier  years   were   passed  on  a 
farm.     He  became  a  teacher  in   the  Oneida 
Conf.  Sem.  atCazenovia;  was  prof,  of  mathe-, 
matics  and  astronomy  in  Wesl.  U.  1831-57} 
and  pres.  in  1852-9;  from  1859  until  his  d. 
he  was  prof,  of  natural  philos.   in  the  U.S. 
Naval  Acad,  at  Annapolis.     He  was  an  excel-, 
lent  mathematician,  and  author  of  some  val-,, 
uable  text-books.     In  1860  he  was  one  of  the 
corps  of  astronomers  sent  by  govt,  to  Labra- 
dor to  observe  the  annular  eclipse  of  the  sun. 

Smith,  Rev.  Azariah,  M.D.,  missionary, 
b.  Manlius,  N.Y.,  Feb.  16,  1817;  d.  Aintab, 
June  3,  1851.  Y.  C.  1837.  To  improve  his 
usefulness  as  a  missionary,  he  studied  medicine 
as  well  as  theology.  In  1 842  he  embarked  for 
Western  Asia ;  early  in  Jan.  1843  arrived  at 
Smyrna,  and,  during  two  months  of  that  year, 
resided  at  Brusa.  He  made  numerous  jour- 
neys into  the  interior  ;  was  the  travelling  com- 
panion of  Layard  ;  and  subsequently,  when  the 
Asiatic  cholera  raged  there,  he  successfully  ad- 
ministered to  those  afflicted  with  it.  In  1848 
he  settled  at  Aintab,  about  70  miles  north  of 
Aleppo.     Author  pf  papers  on  Meteprology 


SMI 


836 


SM3 


and  Syrian  Antiquities,  pub.  in  the  American 
Journal  of  Science. 

Smith,  Benjamin  Bosworth,  D.D., 
bishop  of  the  Pr.-Epis.  diocese  of  Ky.,  b.  Bris- 
tol, R.I.,  June  13, 1794.  Brown U.  1816.  Ord. 
deacon  1817  ;  priest  1818  ;  consec.  bishop  Oct. 
31,1832,  at  N.Y.  Edited  the  Episc.  Reg.  of 
Vt.  1827,  and  Episc.  Recorder,  Phila.  1829. 

Smith,  Buckingham,  hist,  writer,  b.  Cum- 
berhind  Island,  Ga.,  31  Oct.  1810 ;  d.  N.Y.  City, 
Jan.  5,  1871.  Camb.  Law  School,  1836.  He 
practised  law  in  Me.,  where  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Assetnbly;  U.S.  charge  (T affaires  to 
Mexico  1850;  sec.  of  legation  at  Madrid 
1853-9;  judge  of  a  court,  and  State  senator 
of  Fla.  He  pub.  "  Narrative  of  Cabeca  de 
Vaca,"  1851  ;  "  Letter  from  De  Soto  in  Fla. 
of  July  9,  1539,  with  Maps  and  Notes,"  1854  ; 
"  Grammars  of  the  Heve  and  Sonora  Lan- 
guages," 1861-2;  "Inquiry  into  the  Authen- 
ticity of  Verrazani's  Claims  of  Discovery  in 
the  U.S.,"  1864;  "Narratives  of  the  Career 
of  De  Soto  in  Fla.,"  pub.  by  the  Bradford 
Club ;  "  Conquest  of  Florida,"  translated  from 
the  Spanish,"  1866;  and  in  Spanish,  docu- 
ments relating  to  the  history  of  Fla.,  and  a 
geog.  descrip.  of  Sonora,  &c. ;  also  contrib.  to 
Hist.  Mag.  and  to  Duyckinck's  "  CyclopjBdia 
of  American  Literature." 

Smith,  Caleb,  minister  of  Orange,  N.  J., 
from  Nov.  30,  1 748,  to  his  d.  Oct.  20, 1 762  ;  b. 
Brookhaven,  L.L,  Dec.  29,  1723.  Y.C.  1743. 
Author  of  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Rev. 
Aaron  Burr  1757.  An  "Account  of  his  Life, 
from  his  Diary,"  &c.,  was  pub.  1763.  He 
m.  Martha,  dau.  of  Jonathan  Dickinson. — 
Sprague. 

Smith,  Caleb  Blood,  statesman,  b.  Bos- 
ton, Ms.,  Apr.  16,  1808;  d.  Indianapolis,  Jan. 
7,  1864.  His  parents  emig.  to  Ohio  in  1814. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Cincinnati  and  the 
Miami  Colleges.  Studied  law  at  Cincinnati 
and  Connersville,  Ind. ;  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1828;  began  practice  at  Connersville;  estab- 
lished and  edited  the  Sentinel  in  1832;  was  a 
member  of  the  Ind.  h.  of  representatives  in 
1833-6  and  in  1840  ;  speaker  of  the  house  in 
1835-6  ;  and  was  several  years  one  of  the  fund 
commiss.  of  Ind.;  M.C.  1843-9;  and  one  of 
the  commiss.  to  adjust  claims  with  Mexico,  and 
then  resumed  practice  at  Cincinnati.  In  1858 
he  removed  to  Indianapolis,  and  practised  law, 
until,  in  Mar.  1861,  app  by  Pres.  Lincoln  sec. 
of  the  interior.  Dec.  22,  1862,  the  senate  con- 
firmed his  nomination  as  U.S.  circuit  judge  for 
Ind. ;  member  of  the  Peace  Congress  at  Wash- 
ington, Feb.  1861. 

Smith,  Charles,  bookseller  of  N.Y.  City  ; 
d.  1808,  a.  40.  Translated  for  the  stage  plays 
of  Kotzebuu  and  Schiller,  and  pub.  and  edited 
the  AJonthl /  Military  Repository,  N.Y.,  2  vols. 
Svo,  1796-7;  "  Gentleman's"  Polit.  Pocket 
Almanac,"  1797. 

Smith,  Charles,  LL.D.,  jurist,  b.  Phila. 
1770  ;  d.  tliere  Mar.  18, 1836.  Son  of  William, 
prof,  of  the  U.  of  Pa.  He  arranged  and  pub. 
the  Laws  of  Pa.,  5  vols.  8vo,  1810-12. 

Smith,  Gen.  Charles  Ferguson,  b.  Pa. 
ftb.  1805;  d.  Savannah,  Tenn.,  Apr.  25,  1862. 
Son  of  Dr.  Samuel  B.  West  Point,  1825. 
Assist,  instr.  inf.  tactics,  June,  1829-Sept.  1831 ; 


adj.  West  Point,  Sept.  1831-Apr.  1838  ;  in.-.tr. 
inf.  tactics,  and  commandant  of  cadets,  Apr. 
1838-Sept.  1842;  capt.  7  July,  1838;  brev. 
major  "  for  gallant  conduct  in  Jjattles  of  Palo 
Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma,"  9  May,  1846  ; 
brev.  lieut.-col.  for  gallantry  at  Monterey,  Mex., 
23  Sept.  1846;  brev.  col.  "for  gallantry  in 
battles  of  Contreras  and  Churubusco,"  20  Aug. 
1847  ;  major  1st  Art.  Nov.  25, 1854  ;  lieut.-col. 
10th  Inf.  Mar.  3,  1855  ;  acting  insp.-gen.  in 
Mexico,  June,  1848  ;  col.  3d  Inf.  Sept.  9, 1861 ; 
brig.-gen.  vols.  Aug.  31,  1861 ;  maj.-gen.  Mar. 
21,  1862,  He  com.  the  Union  forces  for  some 
time  in  Ky. ;  led  a  division  under  Gen.  Grant 
at  the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson,  in  which  he 
greatly  disting.  himself,  leading  a  charge  that 
was  decisive  of  the  battle,  and  was  afterward 
ordered  to  Savannah,  Tenn.,  where  he  died  of 
dysentery  soon  after  his  arrival. 

Smith,  Charles  H.,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Eastport,  Me.  Capt.  1st  Me.  Cav. 
Sept.  1861;  lieut.-col.  Mar.  1863;  col.  June, 
1863  ;  engaged  at  Cedar  Mountain,  Rappahan- 
nock Station,  Second  Bull  Run,  Stoneman's 
Raid,  Aldie,  Middleburg,  Gettysburg,  Bristoe's 
Station,  and  Mine  Run  ;  in  Sheridan's  cav, 
campaign,  May-June,  1864 ;  at  Todd's  Tavern, 
South  Anna,  Hawe's  Shop,  Trevillian's  Station, 
and  wounded  ;  and  brev.  brig.-gen.  for  disting. 
conduct  at  St.  Mary's  Church ;  com.  cav. 
brigade  at  Reams's  Station ;  com.  3d  brig. 
Gregg's  div.  Oct.  1864,  at  Rowan tz  Creek, 
Gravelly  Run,  Boydton  Plank  Road,  Dinwiddle 
C.H.,  Juttersville  Station,  and  the  operations 
ending  in  the  surrender  of  Lee;  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.  for  Sailor's  Creek,  and  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.  for  gallant  and  merit,  services 
during  the  war;  col.  19th  U.S.  Inf.  15  Mar. 
1869.  — //g;jry. 

Smith,  Cotton  Mather,  minister  of 
Sharon,  Ct.,  from  Aug.  28,  1 755,  to  his  d.  Nov. 
27,1806;  b.  Suffield,  Ct.,  1731.  Y.C.  1751. 
Grandson  of  Rev.  Henry  of  Wethersfield  (1539- 
1648).  A  zealous  patriot,  and  a  chaplain  in 
the  Revol.  army  in  1775.  He  pub.  3  single 
sermons,  1770,  '71,  '93. 

Smith,  Gen.  Daniel,  Revol.  patriot,  and 
an  early  settler  of  Cumberland,  Tenn.,  b. 
Fauquier  Co.,  Va.  ;  d.  Sumner  Co.,  Tenn.,  16 
June,  1818.  He  filled  many  public  offices  ;  was 
a  conspicuous  member  of  the  conv.  that  formed 
the  Tenn.  const. ;  and  was  U.S.  senator  1798- 
9  and  1805-9.  He  pub.  the  first  map  of  Tenn., 
and  a  geography  of  the  country,  printed  by 
Carey  at  Phila.  ab.  1799. 

Smith,  Daniel,  missionary  at  Natchez 
1816-20,  b.  Bennington,  Vt.,  1789;  d.  Loui.s- 
ville,  Ky.,  1822.  Mid.  Coll.  1810  ;  And.  Thcol. 
Sem.  'With  S.  J.  Mills  he  pub.  report  of 
their  tour  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 
Svo,  1815.  —  Sprague. 

Smith,  Edmund  Kirby,  gen.  C.S.A.,  b. 
St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  ab.  1825.  West  Point, 
1845.  Son  of  Joseph  L.  Smith,  first  presiding 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  for  the  eastern 
district  of  Fla.,  formerly  a  lawyer  of  Litchfield, 
Ct.  His  mother  was  JFrances,  dau.  of  Judge 
Ephraim  Kirby.  App.  brev.  2d  lieut.  5th  Inf. ; 
disting.  at  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma, 
May  9,  1846;  2d  lieut.  7th  Inf.  Aug.  9;  won 
thebrevs.  of  1st  lieut.  and  capt.  for  gallantry 


SIMI 


837 


SMI 


at  Ccrro  Gordo  (Apr.  18)  and  Contreras  and 
Churubusco  (Aug.  20,  1847) ;  assist,  prof, 
mathematics  West  Point,  Oct.  23,  1849-52; 
1st  lieut.  9  March,  1851 ;  capt.  2d  Cav.  .3  Mar. 
1855;  major  31  Jan.  1861;  resigned  April  6, 
1861.  He  served  under  Van-  Dorn  in  Western 
Texas  ;  and  was  disting.  and  severely  wounded 
in  action  with  the  Comanches,  May  13,  1859. 
App.  a  brig-gen.  Confed.  army,  he  served  under 
Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston  in  the  Army  of  the  Shen- 
andoah, and  brought  up  the  fresh  brigade 
whose  arrival  decided  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  in 
favor  of  the  Confederates,  on  which  occasion 
he  was  severely  wounded.  Sept.  24,  1861,  he 
was  m.  at  Lynchburg,  Va.,  to  Miss  Cassie  Sel- 
dcn,  after  which  he  com.  the  4th  division  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  Promoted  to  maj.- 
gen.,  he  was  ordered  immediately  after  the 
capture  of  Fort  Donelson,  April  8,  1862,  to 
com.  the  dept.  of  East  Tenn.  He  led  the  ad- 
vance of  Gen.  Bragg  into  Ky.  Aug.  1 862  ;  was 
made  lieut.-gen,  in  Oct. ;  was  in  the  battle  of 
Murfreesborough  ;  and  early  in  1863  took  com. 
of  the  Trans-Mpi.  Army,  which  he  surrendered 
to  Gen.  Canby  26  May,  1865,  at  Baton  Rouge. 
He  com.  the  troops  in  the  Red-river  campaign 
of  Gen.  Banks,  and  was  much  occupied  in  cot- 
ton speculations  in  1864-5. 

Smith,  Edward  Darrell,  M.D.  (Phila. 
Coll.  1800),  prof,  of  chemistry  and  mineralogy 
S.C.  Coll. ;  d.  near  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Aug.  17, 
1819.  N.  J.  Coll.  1795.  Translator  of  De- 
Bault's  "  Surgery,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1814.  He  pub. 
Inaug.  Dissertation  on  the  Circulation,  1800. 

Smith,  Edward  Delafield,  lawyer,  b. 
Rochester,  N.Y.,  8  May,  1826.  U.  of  N.Y. 
1846.  Son  of  Dr.  Archelaus  G.,  whose  grand- 
father emig.  from  Eng.  to  Ct.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1848,  and  began  practice  in  N.Y.  City, 
attaining  a  high  rep.  as  a  mercantile  lawyer. 
U.S.  dist.-atty.  for  N.Y.  1861-5.  Author  of 
"Avida;,"  a  poem,  1843;  "Destiujy,"  a  poem, 
1846  ;  Reports  N.Y.  Court  of  Common  Pleas, 
1850-8,4  vols.  8vo,  1855-9.  Contrib.  to  Knick- 
erbocker  Maqazine,  &c. 

Smith,  Rev.  Eli,  D.D.,  b.  Northford,  Ct., 
Sept.  13,  1801;  d.  Beirut,  Syria,  Jan.  11, 
1857.  Y.  C.  1821  ;  And.  Sem.  Li  May,  1826. 
embarked  as  a  missionary,  and  took  charge  of 
the  printing-establishment  at  Malta.  He  was 
afterwards  transferred  to  the  mission  in  Syria. 
An  account  of  an  exploration  of  Armenia 
made  by  him  in  1830-1  was  pub.  1833  in  2 
vols.  He  afterwards  pub.  a  coll.  of  missionary 
sermons  and  addresses.  In  1838,  and  again  in 
1852,  he  was  the  companion  and  co-adjutor  of 
Prof.  Edward  Robinson  in  his  extensive  and 
thorough  exploration  of  Palestine.  His  great 
knowledge  of  Arabic  enabled  him  to  render  im- 
portant service  in  the  production  of  a  new  and 
improved  form  and  font  of  Arabic  type.  Ab. 
1846  he  commenced  the  great  undertaking  of 
preparing  a  new  translation  of  the  Bible  into 
Arabic,  on  which  he  labored  to  the  close  of  his 
life. 

Smith,  Elias,  preacher  and  author,  found- 
er of  the  first  religious  newspaper  in  the  world, 
b.  Lyme,  Ct.,  June  17,  1769;  d.  Lynn,  Ms., 
June  29,  1846.  In  early  life  he  taught  school, 
though  his  own  education  was  scanty  ;  and  in 
1790  commenced  preaching;  ord.  at' Lee,  Ms., 


Aug.  1792;  at  Woburn,  Nov.  14,  1798,  where 
he  remained  till  Sept.  1801.  He  afterward 
preached  in  various  places.  Rev.  Matthew 
Hale  Smith  (" Burleigh ")  is  his  son.  In  1803 
he  pub.  "  The  Clergyman's  Looking-Glass," 
and  "  The  History  of  Anti-Christ ; "  in  1805  he 
began  the  Christian's  Mag.,  pub.  quarterly  for 
two  years.  He  pub.  22  sermons  on  the  Prophe- 
cies, Exeter,  1808.  Sept.  1,  1808,  he  began 
the  Herald  of  Gospel  Liberty.  This  was  the 
first  religious  newspaper  ever  published,  having 
been  started  5  years  before  the  Religious  Remem- 
brancer of  Phila.,  and  8  years  before  the  Boston 
Recorder  {Prince's  Christian  History,  1743-4, 
was  not  properly  a  newspaper) :  it  was  discon- 
tinued in  Sept.  1817.  Also  author  of  "New- 
Testament  Dictionary,"  Phila.  1812;  essav  on 
"The  Fall  of  Angels  and  Men,"  &c.,  1812; 
"  Life,  Conversion,  Preaching,  Travels,  and  Suf- 
ferings of  Elias  Smith,"  Portsm.  12mo,  1816; 
"  The  Herald  of  Life  and  Immortality,"  8  Nos. 
from  Jan.  1819  to  Oct.  1820,  12mo,  Boston; 
"The  American  Physician  and  Family  Assist.," 
12mo,  1832;  "The  People's  Book/'  Boston, 
1836  ;  "  The  Age  of  Enquiry;"  "  Christian's 
Pocket  Companion,"  Exeter,  1825,  «fcc. 

Smith,  Elihu  Hubbard,  M.D.,  physi- 
cian, b.  Litchfield,  Ct.,  4  Sept.  1771 ;  d.  N.Y. 
City  19  Sept.  1798.  Y.C.  1786.  He  settled 
in  practice  in  New  York  in  1793  ;  soon  became 
disting.,  obtaine  da  lucrative  business,  and  in 
1796  was  app.  a  physician  in  the  N.Y.  Hos- 
pital. He  was  unremitting  in  his  attention  to 
the  sufferers  by  the  yellow-fever  in  1798,  to 
which  he  himself  fell  a  victim.  He  possessed 
practical  talent  of  a  high  order,  as  is  evinced  by 
his  epistle  prefixed  to  the  Amer.  edition  of 
Darwin.  He  pub.  "  Edwin  and  Angelina,"  an 
opera  in  3  acts,  1797;  "Discourse  before  the 
Manumission  Society,"  1798;  Letters  to  Wm. 
Buel  on  the  Fever  which  prevailed  in  New  York 
in  1795;  and  in  1793  pub.  the  first  collection 
ever  made  of  American  poetry.  He  contrib. 
to  the  N.Y.  Med.  Repository  papers  on  Pesti- 
lential Fever  in  Granada  in  1793,  Natural  His- 
tory of  the  Elk,  and  on  Pestilential  Diseases. 
Supposed  author  of  "Andre,"  a  5-act  tragedy, 
1798. 

Smith,  Elizabeth  Cakes  (Prince),  au- 
thoress, b.  Portland,  Me.  She  m.  Seba  Smith 
at  the  age  of  16,  and  about  the  same  time  be- 
came an  anonymous  contrib.  of  poems  to  the 
periodical  press.  Her  husband's  pecuniary  mis- 
fortunes afterward  induced  her  to  make  litera- 
ture a  profession.  Her  children,  it  is  said,  bear 
the  name  of  Oaksmith.  In  1843  appeared  the 
first  considerable  coll.  of  her  poetical  pieces, 
entitled  "The  Sinless  Child  and  Other  Po- 
ems," and  her  contributions  of  verse  to  the 
magazines  have  since  been  numerous.  She  is 
the  writer  of  "  The  Roman  Tribute  "  and  "  Ja- 
cob Leisler,"  tragedies ;  "  The  Western  Cap- 
tive "  and  "  Bertha  and  Lily,"  novels ;  "  The 
Lost  Angel,"  1848,  a  novel ;  "  Riches  without 
Wings;"  "Hints  on  Dress  and  Beauty;" 
"  Shadow  Land  ;  "  "  The  Salamander,  a  legend 
for  Christmas;"  and  many  children's  books  and 
miscellaneous  works.  In  1851  she  pub.  "  Wo- 
man and  her  Needs,"  a  work  devoted  to  the 
ri;,'hts  of  woman,  which  Mrs.  Smith  has  often 
advocated  by  pen  and  public  addresses. 


s]vii 


838 


SMI 


Smith,  Elizub  Goodrich,  b.  Durham, 
Ct.  Y.C.  1822.  Cong,  minister  of  Ogdens- 
burg,  N.  Y.,  1829-31 ;  since  in  the  govt,  service 
at  Washington  for  many  years.  Has  pub.  "  Me- 
moir of  C.  A.  Porter,"  1849  ;  "  Economy  of 
Farming,"  from  the  German  of  Burger,  1842  ; 
"Jean  Marie,"  1850;  "Winter  in  Spitzber- 
gett,"  from  the  German  of  Hildebrandt,  1852  ; 
"  Three  Days  in  Memphis,"  from  the  German 
of  Uhleman,  1858  ;  and  "  Corda  on  Rust  and 
Blight  in  Grain,"  1847.  He  prepared  the 
U.S.  Agric.  Reports  of  1841-8,  and  has  edit- 
ed and  contrib.  to  a  number  of  periodicals.  — 
Allibone. 

Smith,  Mr8.  Emelinb  SnERMAiSr,  wife  of 
James  M.  Smith  of  the  N.Y.  bar,  b.  New  Bal- 
timore, N.Y.,  1823.  Author  of  "  The  Fairy's 
Search  and  Other  Poems,"  1847 ;  and  "  Poems 
and  Ballads,"  8vo,  1859.  Mrs.  Smith  has  con- 
trib. to  the  Home  Journal,  New  -Yorker,  Ladies' 
Companion,  &c.  — Allibone. 

Smith,  Ethan,  minister  and  theol.  writer, 
b.  Belchertown,  Dec.  19,  1762;  d.  Aug.  29, 
1849.  Dartm.  Coll.  1790.  He  was  a  soldier 
at  West  Point  at  the  time  of  Arnold's  treason  ; 
was  minister  at  Haverhill  1792-1800,  and  at 
Hopkinton,  N.H.,from  Mar.  12, 1800,  to  1818 ; 
pastor  of  the  church  at  Hebron,  N.Y.,  in  1818; 
at  Poultney,  Vt.,  from  Nov.  21,  1821,  to  Dec. 
1826;  at  Hanover,  Ms.,  from  May  16,  1827,  to 
Jan.  12,  1832;  and  afterward  city  missionary 
at  Boston.  Besides  sermons,  he  pub.  "  Disser- 
tation on  the  Prophecies,"  "  Lectures  on  Bap- 
tism," "  Memoirs  of  Mrs.  Bailev"  (1815),  "Key 
to  Revelation,"  and  "  View  of  the  Hebrews,  or 
the  Tribes  of  Israel  in  Amer.,"  12rao,  1825. 

Smith,  Francis,  a  British  lieut.-gen. ;  d. 
17  Nov.  1791.  Capt.  10th  Foot  23  June,  1747 ; 
maj.  25  Sept.  1758;  lieut.-col.  Jan.  1762;  col. 
and  aide-de-camp  to  the  king  8  Sept.  1775; 
maj.-gen.  27  Feb.  1779;  lieut.-gen.  25  Sept. 
1787.  Pie  com.  the  troops  sent  19  April,  1775, 
to  destroy  the  Amer.  stores  at  Concord,  and 
was  wounded  in  the  fight  at  Lexington ;  was 
made  a  brig.-gen.  in  America  in  1776 ;  and 
com.  a  brigade  in  the  battles  on  Long  Island 
in  Aug.  1776,  and  at  Quaker  Hill,  R.I.,  in  Aug. 
1778.  ^ 

Smith,  Francis  H.,  mathematician,  b. 
Norfolk,  Va.,  1812.  West  Point,  1833.  Prof, 
mathem.  Hamp.  Sid.  Coll.  1837-9;  and  of 
Va.  Milit.  Institute,  Lex.,  Va.,  1839-61,  and 
supt.  He  has  pub.  with  R.  T.  W.  Duke  a 
treatise  on  Statistical  Arithmetic,  and  is  the 
author  of  text-books  on  Algebra,  Geometry, 
and  Trigonometry,a  report  on  Scientific  Educa- 
tion in  Europe,  and  of  essays  on  College  Re- 
form and  Com.-school  Education;  A.M.  of 
Hamp.  Sid.  Coll.  1838.  Joined  in  the  Rebel- 
lion against  the  U.S.  —  Allibone. 

Smith,  George  William.,  gov.  of  Va. 
1811  ;  lost  his  life  at  the  burning  of  the  Rich- 
mond Theatre,  Dec.  26,  1811. 

Smith,  George  W.,  b.  Phila.  1800.  N.J. 
Coll.  1818.  Author  of  "  Facts  and  Arguments 
in  Favor  of  Railroads,"  8vo,  1824  ;  "Defence 
of  the  System  of  Solitary  Confinement,"  8vo, 
1829 ;  and  of  some  pamphlets  on  similar  sub- 
jects. —  Allibone. 

Smith,  Gerrit,  philanthropist,  b.  Utica, 
N.Y.,  Mar.  6,  1797.    Ilam.  Coll.,  N.Y.,  1818. 


His  father  Peter  left  him  one  of  the  largest 
landed  estates  in  the  U.S.,  the  management  of 
which  has  been  his  principal  occupation.  In 
1853  he  was  adm.  to  practice,  and  subsequentlj 
took  part  in  several  important  trials.  He  earlj 
joined  in  the  benevolent  enterprises  of  his  day, 
and  in  1825  connected  himself  with  the  Amer. 
Colonization  Society,  to  which  he  gave  largely 
for  the  accomplishment  of  its  objects ;  but  in 
1835  withdrew  from  it,  and  joined  the  American 
Antislavery  Society.  He  has  practically  illus- 
trated his  opposition  to  land-monopoly  by  dis- 
tributing 200,000  acres,  partly  among  insti- 
tutions of  learning,  but  mostly  among  poor 
white  and  black  men,  in  parcels  of  ab.  50  acres. 
His  largest  gifts  of  money  have  been  in  aid  of 
emancipation,  and  to  buy  homes  for  the  poor. 
In  1852  he  was  a  member  of  Congress.  He 
Was  long  a  prominent  advocate,  with  both 
tongue  and  pen,  of  a  larger  liberty  of  opinion, 
and  freedom  from  what  he  believed  the  bond- 
age of  sect.  In  1861  he  made  some  speeches 
in  behalf  of  a  vigorous  and  uncompromising 
prosecution  of  the  existing  war,  and  also  wrote 
many  articles  to  this  end  for  the  presd.  He 
has  pub.  many  speeches  and  addresses.  A  vol. 
of  his  speeches  in  Congress  was  pub.  in  1856, 
and  in  1861  another,  entitled  "  Sermons  and 
Speeches  by  Gerrit  Smith ; "  also  "  Theolo- 
gies," 8vo,  1866;  "Nature  the  Base  of  a  Free 
Theology,"  1867;  "  Religion  of  Reason,"  1 864. 
—  Appleton. 

Smith,  GoLDwiN,  LL.D.,  b.  Reading,  Eng., 
1823.  Son  of  a  physician.  Educated  at  Ox- 
ford, where  he  was  a  tutor,  and  in  1858-66  prof, 
of  modern  history.  He  was  called  to  the  bar 
in  1847,  but,  disinclined  to  the  profession,  he 
became  sec.  of  the  Oxford  commission,  and  in 
1859  a  member  of  the  education  commission ; 
in  1868  he  became  prof,  of  history  at  Cornell 
U.,  N.  Y.,  delivering  his  first  lecture  there  Nov. 
17.  He  haS  pub.  soriie  historical  works,  in- 
cluding "  Lectures  on  Modem  History  "  and 
"  Three  English  Statesman,"  and  during  the 
Rebellion  aided  the  Union  cause  by  his  forcible 
tract  on  Slavery  and  his  letter  on  Southern 
Independence.  Also  author  of  "Speeches 
and  Letters  on  the  Rebellion,"  1863-5,  2  vols. 
8vo;  "The  Civil  War  in  America,"  an  ad- 
dress, 1866. 

Smith,  Gen.  Giles  A.,  b.  N.Y.  Col.  8th 
Mo.  Inf.  1862;  com.  brig.  2d  div.  13th  corps, 
Dec.  1862;  in  capture  of  Ark.  Post  11  Jan. 
1863;  Yazoo-Pass  exped.  19-26  March,  1863; 
in  the  assaults  on  Vicksburg  19  and  22  May; 
disting.  and  wounded  at  Lookout  Mountain; 
brig.-gen.  4  Aug.  1863;  com.  div.  in  17th  corps 
in  subsequent  operations  of  Sherman,  includ- 
ing the  campaign  of  Atlanta,  march  to  the  sea, 
and  camp,  of  the  Carolinas.  Brev.  maj.-gen. 
1865. 

Smith,  Gen.  Green  Clat,  b.  Richmond, 
Ky.,  July  2, 1830.  Transylv.  U.  1 849.  Son  of 
John  Speed  Smith.  At  15  he  volunteered  as  a 
private  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  became  lieut. 
1st  Ky.  Cav.,  serving  one  year.  He  studied 
law ;  practised  in  Madison  Co.  until  1859,  when 
he  moved  to  Covington ;  school-commLssioner 
1853-7 ;  a  member  of  the  Ky.  legisl.  1861,  he 
was  a  most  decided  adherent  of  the  govt. ;  app. 
col.  4th  Ky.  Cav.  Feb.  1862 ;  served  under  Gen. 


SMI 


839 


SMI 


Dumont;  was  wounded  at  Lebanon,  Tenn. ; 
made  bri^'.-gen.  vols.  June  11,  1862;  resigned 
Dec.  1,  1863,  having  been  in  some  50  engage- 
ments. M.C.  1863-6;  delcg.  to  the  Baltimore 
Convention  1864  ;  app.  gov.  Montana  1866. 

Smith,  Gen.  Gustavus  Woodson,  b. 
Scott  Co.,  Ky.,  ab.  1820.  West  Point,  1842. 
Assist,  prof.  engr.  West  Point,  Aug.  31,  1844, 
to  Sept.  24, 1346,  and  Nov.  1, 1849-54;  2d  lieut. 
engrs.  Jan.  1,  1845;  brev.  Ist  licut.  for  gal- 
lantry at  Cerro  Gordo  Apr.  18,  and  capt.  for 
gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churubusco  Aug. 
20,  1847;  com.  of  sappers,  miners,  and  pon- 
toniers  from  Mar.  10,  1847,  to  May  22,  1848; 
1st  lieut.  Mar.  3,  1853;  and  resigned  Dec.  18, 
1854,  in  order  to  join  a  projected  exped.  against 
Cuba  under  Gen.  Quitman.  Smith  is  said  to 
have  received  from  the  Cuban  fund  $10,000  in 
consideration  of  resigning  his  commiss.  to  take 
part  in  this  enterprise.  After  its  failure,  he  was 
for  a  time  employed  in  the  iron-works  of  Cooper 
&  Hewitt,  at  Trenton,  N.J,,  but  in  1858  was 
app.  street-commissioner  of  N.Y.  City.  This 
he  resigned  in  Aug.  1861,  having  previously 
joined  the  Confed.  army  by  way  of  Ky.,  with 
his  friend  and  official  dep.  Mansfield  Lovell ; 
was  at  once  made  a  maj.-gen.,  and  served  in 
Va. ;  at  the  battle  of  Pair  Oaks  he  succeeded 
to  the  command  after  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston  was 
wounded ;  in  Dec.  1 862  he  com.  at  Petersburg ; 
in  1 864  at  Augusta,  Ga. ;  and  was  made  pris- 
oner at  Macon,  21  Apr.  1865,  by  Gen.  Wilson. 

Smith,  Henry  Boynton,D.D.  (U.  of  Vt. 
1850),  LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1869),  clergyman  and 
author,  b.  Portland,  Me.,  Nov.  21, 1815.  Bowd. 
Coll.  1834  ;  tutor  there  in  1836-7  and  1840-1. 
He  studied  theology  at  Andover  and  Bangor, 
and  afterward  at  Halle  and  Berlin ;  was  pastor 
of  the  W.  Amcsbury,  Ms.,  Cong.  ch.  in  1842- 
7 ;  was  prof,  of  mental  and  moral  philos.  in 
Amh.  Coll.  in  1847-50;  of  church  history  in 
the  Union  Theol.  Sem.,  N.Y.,  in  1850-5;  and, 
since  then,  of  systematic  theol.  there.  He  re- 
vised and  edited  Gieseler's  "  Church  History  " 
(1849-57)  in  1859;  pub.  "The  History  of  the 
Church  of  Christ,  in  Chronological  Tables,"  in 
I860;  a  "Memorial  of  Anson  G.  Phelps;  "  in 
1860-2  a  revised  edition  of  Hagenbach's  "His- 
tory of  Christian  Doctrines,"  with  valuable 
additions;  "Report  on  Religion  in  the  U.S.,'* 
made  to  the  Evang.  Alliance,  Oct.  1867;  and 
"The  Re-union  of  the  Presbyterian  Churches," 
8vo,  1867.  Many  vears  a  contrib.  to  religious 
periodicals,  and  since  1859  has  edited  the 
Amer.  Theol.  Review.  Has  pub.  many  addresses 
and  sermons,  and  contrib.  to  the  "  New  Amer. 
Cyclopajdia  "  articles  on  Calvin,  Hegel,  Kant, 
the  Reformed  Church,  and  Schelling. 

Smith,  Henry  H.,  M.D.  (U.  of  Phila. 
1837),  prof,  of  surgery  U.  of  Pa.  1855,  surgeon- 
gen,  of  the  State  1861,  b.  Phila.  1818.  After 
spending  4  years  in  the  hospitals  of  Paris  and 
Phila.,  he  settled  in  practice  in  Phila.  Author 
of  "  Minor  Surgery,"  1 843 ;  "  Anatomical  At- 
las," 8vo,  1844;  "Operative  Surgery,"  8vo, 
1854;  "Treatment  of  Fractures,"  1855;  "Pro- 
fessional Visit  to  Lond.  and  Paris,"  8vo,  1 855 ; 
"  Lectures  on  Surgery,"  1 855 ;  "  Practice  of 
Surgery,"  8vO,  1856;  "Principles  and  Prac- 
tice of  Surgery,"  8vo,  2  vols.  1863;  "Influ- 
ence of  the  Alumni  of  the  U.  of  Pa.,"  8vo ; 


translator  of  Civiale  on  "  Stone  and  Gravel,** 
8vo,  1841  ;  editor  of  Horner's  "U.S.  Dissect- 
or," Thompson's  "  Dictionary  of  Surgery  and 
Dom.  Med.,"  and  contrib.  to  medical  journals. 
—  Allibone. 

Smith,  Horace  Wemyss,  son  of  Richard 
Penn,  b.  Phila.  1825.  Has  pub.  "Nuts  for 
Future  Historians  to  Crack,"  8vo,  1856  ; 
"  Works  of  Richard  Penn  Smith,"  1856  ; 
"  York  town  Orderly-Book,"  1865;  poems  in 
Godey's  and  Graham's  Magazines;  and  is  pre- 
paring "  Patriotic  Songs  of  America,"  and  "  Life 
of  Wm.  Smith,  D.D.,"  4  vols.  Bxo.  —  Allibone. 

Smith,  Isaac,  Revol.  patriot;  d.  Trenton, 
N. J.,  Aug.  29,  1807,  a.  71.  N.J.  Coll.  17.55, 
and  a  tutor  there.  Commenced  the  practice 
of  physic,  and  from  the  beginning  of  the  Revol. 
was  disting.  for  his  patriotic  services.  In  1776 
he  com.  a  regt.,  and,  soon  after  the  termination 
of  the  struggle,  received  the  app.  of  judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  N.  J.,  which  post  he 
held  18  years.  M.C.  in  1795-7,  and  was  app. 
by  Pres.  Washington  in  the  latter  year  a  com- 
miss, to  treat  with  the  Seneca  Indians.  Pres. 
of  the  Bank  of  Trenton  at  the  time  of  his 
death.— Por^o/io,  i.  135. 

Smith,  Israel,  Gov.  of  Vt.  1807-8,  b. 
Suffield,  Ct.,  Apr.  4,  1759  ;  d.  Rutland,  Vt,, 
Dec.  2,  1810.  Y.C.  1781.  He  practised  law 
at  Rupert,  Vt. ;  was  soon  after  elected  to  the 
Assembly ;  in  1789  he  was  one  of  the  commiss. 
app.  to  determine  the  boundary  controversy 
with  N.Y,,  and  was  active  in  procuring  the 
admission  of  Vt,  into  the  Union,  M.C.  in 
1791-7  and  1801-3.  Removed  to  Rutland; 
was  again  a  representative  ;  was  chief  justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1797;  and  was  U.S. 
senator  in  1803-7.  Member  of  the  convention 
that  adopted  the  Federal  Constitution  in  1791. 

Smith,  Col.  James,  a  signer  of  the  Decl. 
of  Indep.,  b.  Ireland  ab.  1720;  d.  July  11, 
1806,  York,  Pa.  His  father,  whom  he  had  ac- 
coinp.  to  America  in  1729,  was  a  farmer  on 
the  Susquehanna.  James,  the  second  son,  was 
educated  at  the  Coll.  of  Phila.,  studied  law, 
was  adm.  to  the  bar,  and  settled  near  Shippens- 
burg  as  a  lawyer  and  surveyor,  but  afterwards 
removed  to  York,  where  he  continued  the  prao- 
tice  of  his  profession  during  the  remainder  of 
his  life.  In  1774  he  raised  the  first  vol,  com- 
pany in  the  State  for  the  purpose  of  resisting 
Great  Britain  ;  and  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention to  consider  the  expediency  of  abstain- 
ing from  importing  any  goods  from  Eng,,  and 
also  of  assembling  a  General  Congress,  At  this 
meeting  he  was  one  of  the  com.  to  prepare 
instructions  for  the  representatives;  and  these 
"instructions,"  together  with  Smith's  "Essay  on 
the  Constitutional  Power  of  Great  Britain  over 
the  Colonies  in  America,"  gave  the  first  strong 
impulse  to  the  cause  of  the  Revolution  in  that 
region.  Member  of  the  Pa,  conv.  of  Jan. 
1775;  was  also  a  member  of  the  Prov.  Conf. 
which  assembled  on  the  18th  of  June  ensuing 
to  form  a  new  govt,  for  Pa.,  and  seconded  the 
resolution  moved  by  Dr.  Rush  in  favor  of  a 
decl.  of  indep.  It  was  unanimously  adopted, 
signed  by  the  members,  and  presented  to  Con- 
gress a  few  days  only  before  the  Decl.  of  Indep. 
July  15,  a  convention,  of  which  Col.  Smith  was 
a  member,  was  assembled  in  Phila,  for  the  pur- 


s]va 


840 


SJMI 


pose  of  forming  a  new  constitution  for  the 
State  ;  on  the  20th  of  the  same  month  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  Conjrress,  and  remained 
in  that  body  until  Nov.  1778  ;  in  1780  he  was 
member  of  the  Gen.  Assembly  of  Pa.  He  was 
a  man  of  j^reat  wit,  and  possessed  of  an  original 
species  of  drollery,  which  was  heightened  by 
an  uncouthness  of  gesture,  a  certain  ludicrous 
cast  of  countenance,  and  a  drawling  mode  of 
utterance. 

Smith,  Col.  James,  pioneer,  b.  Franklin 
Co.,  Pa.,  1737;  d.  Washington  Co.,  Ky.,  1812. 
At  18  he  was  taken  by  the  Indians  and  adopted 
by  them,  but  escaped  "in  1759.  His  subsequent 
adventures  as  a  leader  of  the  Blackboys  in 
1763  and  '65,  his  service  as  a  lieut.  in  Bouquet's 
exped.  ill  1764,  his  exploring  excursion  into 
Southern  Ky.  in  1766,  and  his  services  in  the 
Revol.  war,  in  which  he  held  the  rank  of  col., 
are  detailed  in  his  "Remarkable  Occurrences 
in  the  Life  and  Travels  of  Col.  James  Smith," 
Lexington,  Ky.,  1799.  He  settled  in  Cane 
Ridge,  near  Paris,  Ky.,  in  1788;  was  a  member 
of  the  conv.  at  Danville ;  and  afterward  repre- 
sented Bourbon  Co.  in  the  Gen.  Assembly  of 
the  State.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Shakerism 
Developed  "  and  "  Shakerism  Detected,"  and 
in  1812  of  "  A  Treatise  .on  the  Mode  and  Man- 
ner of  Indian  War,"  Paris,  Ky.  His  Narrative, 
edited  by  Wm.  M.  Darlington,  was  ropub.  at 
Cincinnati  in  1870. 

Smith,  James  Y.,  gov.  of  R.I.  1863-5,  b. 
Groton,  Ct.,  15  Sept.  1809.  At  17  he  removed 
to  Providence,  and  engaged  in  the  lumber  busi- 
ness ;  and  in  1838  embarked  in  the  cotton  man- 
ufacture at  Willimantic,  Ct.,  and  at  Woonsock- 
ct,  R.I.,  and  acquired  wealth.  Member  of  the 
R.I.  legisl.in  1843,  and  several  times  re-elected; 
mayor  of  Providence  in  1855-7;  and  as  gov. 
of  the  State  was  an  efficient  supporter  of  the 
Union  cause,  and  a  large  contrib.  ft-om  his  own 
means  in  aid  of  the  soldiers  and  their  families. 

Smith,  Jeremiah,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1807), 
scholar  and  jurist,  b.  Peterborough,  N.II.,  29 
Nov.  1759;  d.  Dover,  Sept.  21,  1842.  Rutg. 
Coll.  1780.  He  early  attained  distinction  at 
the  bar,  and  as  a  general  scholar  had  few  equals. 
M.C.  in  1791-7  ;  was  app.  in  1801,  by  Adams, 
judge  of  the  U.S.  Circuit  Court,  but  did  not 
fill  the  office;  was  in  1809-10  gov.  of  N.II.; 
and  during  several  years  was  chief  justice  of 
the  State  Superior  Court.  His  acquaintance 
with  books  was  extensive,  and  his  literary  taste 
remarkably  correct  and  pure.  He  was  a  patron 
and  friend  of  Daniel  Webster.  He  published 
"Sketch  of  Judge  Caleb  Ellis,"  Haverhill, 
May  21, 1816.  —  See  Memoir  by  J.  H,  Morrison. 

Smith,  Jerome  Van  Crovvninshield, 
M.D.  ( Wms.  Coll.  1822),  physician  and  author, 
b.  Conway,  N.H.,  July  20,  1800.  B.U.  1818. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  physician.  He  was  prof, 
of  anatomy  and  physiology,  and  subsequently 
prof,  of  anatomy,  in  N.Y.'l3th-st.  Med.  Coll. 
Dr.  Smith  estab.  the  Boston  Med.  Intelligencer, 
conducting  it  through  more  than  40  vols. ; 
edited  the  Boston  Weekly  News- Letter,  2  vols. 
8vo,  1825-6;  pub.  anonymously  a  History  of 
the  American  Indians,  and  a  practical  treatise  on 
the  Honey-Bee  ;  edited  6  vols,  scientific  tracts. 
Memoirs  of  Jackson,  American  Medical  Pock- 
et-Book;   contributed   materially   to  Bowen's 


Picture  of  Boston,  and  the  Boston  Almanac. 
One  of  his  best  works  is  on  the  "  Natural 
History  of  the  Fishes  of  Ms.,"  1833.  He  has 
also  pub.  a  class-book  of  anatomy ;  "  Pilgrimage 
to  Egypt,"  1852  ;  "  Turkey  and  the  Turks," 
1852;  "Mechanism  of  the  Eye ;"  "Pilgrim- 
age to  Palestine,"  1851 ;  editor  il/ec/i'ca/  World, 
1857,  2  vols.  8vo.  He  was  port-physician  of 
Boston  in  1826-49,  member  of  the  legisl.  in 
1837  and  '48,  and  mayor  of  Boston  1854. 

Smith,  Capt.  John,  founder  of  Virginia, 
b,  Willoughby,  Lincolnshire,  Eng. ;  baptized  6 
Jan.,  1579-80;  d.  Lond. 21  June,  1631.  Son  of 
George,  who  d.  ab.  1593.  His  parents  sent  him 
to  the  free  schools  of  Alford  and  Louth.  For 
a  short  time  he  was  in  a  counting-house  at 
Lynn ;  but  with  10  shillings,  furnisiied  by  his 
friends,  as  he  says,  "  to  get  rid  of  him," 
he  went  with  a  son  of  Lord  Willoughby  to 
France;  served  in  the  Low-Country  wars  4 
years,  and  then  returned  home.  His  love  of 
adventure  took  him  a  second  time  to  the  Low 
Countries,  where  he  determined  to  join  the 
armies  fighting  the  Turks.  In  1601  he  joined 
the  army  of  Baron  Kissell,  which  was  endeav- 
oring to  relieve  the  garrison  of  a  Transylvanian 
town  besieged  by  20,000  Turks.  Smith  con- 
trived to  open  communication  with  the  be- 
sieged. A  combined  assault  was  successful ; 
and  he  was  rewarded  with  the  command  of  250 
horse  under  Count  Mcldritch.  In  a  subseqiient 
combat  he  was  severely  wounded  ;  and  in  an- 
other siege  he  successively  slew  3  Turks  in 
single  combat.  For  his  exploits  he  was  made 
a  major,  and  received  from  the  Prince  of  Tran- 
sylvania a  patent  of  nobility  and  a  pension  of 
300  ducats.  Later  in  the  war,  he  was  wounded, 
captured,  and  sent  a  slave  to  Constantinople. 
Having  killed  his  master,  who  had  grossly  in- 
sulted him,  he  fled,  attired  in  his  master's- 
clothes,  and,  after  many  adventures,  reached 
Eng.  ab.  1604.  Smith  next  embarked  in  New- 
port's exped.  to  Va.,  which  sailed  Dec.  19, 1606. 
Incurring  the  enmity  of  some  of  his  associates, 
he  was  charged  with  conspiracy,  and  kept  pris- 
oner during  the  remainder  of  the  voyage.  After 
landing,  although  Smith  was  named  one  of  the 
council,  he  was  excluded  on  the  charge  of 
sedition.  Notwithstanding  all  this,  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  interests  of  the  Colony,  Along 
with  Newport,  he  headed  a  party  sent  to  dis- 
cover the  source  of  the  James.  Strong  in  the 
affections  of  the  colonists,  and  in  his  innocence, 
he  demanded  a  trial,  which  resulted  in  his 
triumphant  acquittal,  and  his  taking  his  place 
in  the  council.  Ratcliff  succeeded  the  deposed 
Wingfield  as  pres. ;  but  Smith  became  the  real 
head  of  the  Colony,  and  to  his  almost  unaided 
efforts  the  salvation  of  the  infant  settlement 
was  owing.  He  set  about  the  building  of 
Jamestown,  and  made  fiequent  excursions  into 
the  country  for  corn.  He  prevented  the  escape 
of  Wingfield,  Kendall,  and  other  malecontents 
to  Eng.  by  a  resort  to  arms.  He  states  that  in 
one  of  his  expeds.  he  was  taken  by  the  Indians, 
and  that  his  life  was  saved  through  the  interfer- 
ence of  Pocahontas.  This  story  is  now  general- 
ly disbelieved.  (See  Charles  Deane's  In  trod, 
to  Smith's  "  True  Relation.")  In  June-July, 
1608,  Smith  made  a  survey  of  Chesapeake  Bay 
as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Patapsco.    He  again 


SMI 


841 


SMU 


explored  the  bay,  returning  Sept.  7 ;  having 
sailed  3,000  miles,  and  from  his  surveys  con- 
structed an  accurate  map,  still  extant.  Sept.  10 
he  was  inaug.  pres.  of  the  Colony.  The  men 
were  regularly  drilled  in  military  exercises; 
and  buildings  were  repaired  or  erected.  Every 
man  was  obliged  to  labor  6  hours  a  day.  In 
order  to  prevent  an  apprehended  deficiency  of 
corn,  he  made  an  ineffectual  attempt  to  seize 
the  person  of  Powhatan.  In  this  enterprise 
he  encountered  great  peril,  and  was  nearly 
poisoned.  Having  been  severely  burned  by  the 
explosion  of  a  bag  of  gunpowder,  and  feeling 
the  need  of  surgical  skill,  and  tired  of  strug- 
gling with  malicious  enemies,  he  returnt  d  to 
Eng.  in  the  autumn  of  1609.  In  Mar.  1614 
he  sailed  from  Lond.  with  2  ships  for  trade 
and  discovery  in  N.  England.  He  returned  in 
August,  and  gave  to  Prince  Charles  a  map  of 
the  country  between  the  Penobscot  and  Cape 
Cod.  In  March,  1615,  he  sailed  again,  intend- 
itig  a  permanent  settlement,  but  was  taken  by 
ai  French  man-of-war,  and  carried  to  Rochelle, 
but  escaped  from  the  ship,  and  returned  to 
Eng.  While  on  board  this  ship,  which  was 
really  a  pirate,  he  wrote  an  account  of  his  voy- 
ages* to  N.  Eng.,  which  was  pub.  in  1616;  and 
he  distributed  the  work  in  the  west  of  Eng. 
himself.  The  Plyriiouth  Company  created  him 
admiral  of  New.  Eng.  He  passed  the  rest  of 
his  life  in  Eng.  Smith  spared  neither  time  nor 
labor  to  advance  the  colonization  of  America. 
His  was  an  enthusiastic,  determined,  and  un- 
compromising spirit ;  and  this  made  him  many 
enemies.  Author  of  "  A  True  Relation  of 
Va.,"  1608,  repub.  with  introd.  and  notes  by 
Charles  Deane,  Boston,  1866  ;  "  Map  of  Va.," 
&c.,  1612;  "N.  England's  Trials,"  &c.,  1620; 
"Pathway  to  Experience,"  1626;  a  "Sea 
Grammar,"  1627  ;  "  The  Generall  Historic  of 
Virginia,  New  England,  and  the  Summer 
Isles,"  1624 ;  "  The  True  Travels,  Adventures, 
and  Observations  of  Capt.  John  Smith  in 
Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  from  1593 
to  1629,"  1630  (both  reprinted  at  Richmond  in 
1819) ;  "Advertisements  for  the  Unexperienced 
Planters  of  New  England,"  1631.  —  See  Smith's 
Life  in  Sparks's  Amer.  Bioq. 

Smith,  John,  D.D.  (B.U.  1803),  prof,  of 
languages  at  Dartra.  Coll.  from  1778  to  his 
death,  Apr.  30, 1809,  b.  Rowley,  Ms.,  Dec.  21, 
1752.  Dartm.  Coll.  1773.  Tutor  1774-8.  He 
was  a  preacher  as  well  as  a  linguist ;  pub.  ser- 
mons, also  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin  gram- 
mars. Associate  pastor  of  the  Presb.  Ch.  at 
Dartra.  Coll.  from  Nov.  1772  to  Sept.  5, 
1787,  and  sole  pastor  from  that  time  till  his  d. 
Susan,  his  widow,  author  of  a  Memoir  of  her 
husband  in  1843,  d.  1845,  a.  82. 

Smith,  John,  capt.  UVS.N. ;  d.  Phila.  6 
Aug.  1815  ;  lieut.  8  Mar.  1798  ;  com.  25  May, 
1804  ;  capt.  24  Dec.  1811  ;  com.  the  brig. 
"  Vixen,"  in  the  squadron  of  Com.  Preble  in 
the  attacks  on  Tripoli  in  1804. 

Smith,  John  Augustine,  M.D.,  lecturer 
on  anatomy  in  the  Coll.  of  Phys.  and  Sur- 
geons, N.Y.,  and  pres.  of  Wm.  and  Mary 
Coll.  1814-26  (grad.  there  1800).  Author  of 
"  Introd.  Discourse,  New  Med.  Coll.,  Crosby 
St.,  N.  Y.,"  1837  ;  "  Functions  of  the  Nervous 
System,"  1840;    "Mutations  of  the  Earth," 


1846;  "  Monograph  upon  the  Moral  Sense," 
1847;  "Moral  and  Physical  Science,"  1853. 
Dr.  S.  edited  theiV.  Y.  Med.  and  Phys.  Jour, 
1809.— Allibone. 

Smith,  John  Blair,  D.D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1795),  an  eloquent  preacher,  b.  Pequea,  Pa., 
June  12, 1756  ;  d.  Phila.  Aug.  22,  1799.  N.  J. 
Coll.  1773.  Son  of  Robert,  D.D.,  and  studied 
theology  with  a  bro.,  Samuel  Stanhope,  then 
pres.  of  Hampden-Sid.  Coll.;  and  in  1779  suc- 
ceeded him  in  that  position.  He  became  cele- 
brated as  a  preacher  in  the  Valley  of  Va.  Dr. 
Alexander  thus  pictures  him  in  the  midst  of 
the  revival-scenes  of  his  time  :  "  In  person  he 
was  about  the  middle  size  ;  his  hair  was  un- 
coihmonly  black,  and  was  divided  on  the  top, 
and  fell  down  on  each  side  of  the  face ;  a  large 
blue  eye,  of  open  expression,  was  so  piercing, 
that  it  was  common  to  say  Dr.  Smith  looked, 
you  through."  In  Dec.  1791  he  was  called  to 
the  Third  Presb.  Church,  Phila.,  and  thence  to 
thepresidency  of  Un.  Coll.  upon  its  foundation 
in  1795;  but  in  May,  1799,  returned  to  his 
former  charge  in  Phila.,  where  he  soon  after 
died  of  the  epidemic  then  raging.  —  Sprague. 

Smith,  John  Cotton,  LL.D.,  scholar  and 
statesman,  b.  Sharon,  Ct.,  Feb.  12,  1765  ;  d. 
there  Dec.  7,  1845.  Y.C.  1783.  Son  of  Rev. 
Cotton  Mather  Smith,  a  descendant  of  Rev. 
John  Cotton  and  Rev.  Richard  Mather. 
Adm.  to  practice  at  the  Litchfield  Co.  bar  in 
1786;  was  in  1793  and  in  1796-1800  a  mem- 
ber of  the  lower  house,  of  which  he  was  clerk 
in  1799,  and  speaker  in  1800;  M.C.  in  1800-6  ; 
he  devoted  himself  to  agricultural  and  literary 
pursuits,  at  the  same  time  representing  his  na- 
tive town  in  the  State  legisl.  till  1809,  when 
he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  council ;  was 
nominated  to  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court 
in  Oct.  1809;  was  made  lieut.-gov.  before  the 
second  term  of  the  court ;  and  was  gov.  in 
1 813-1 8.  Member  of  the  Society  of  Northern 
Antiquarians  in  Copenhagen,  as  also  of  the 
Ct.  and  Ms.  Hist.  Societies ;  pres.  Ct.  State 
Bible  Society,  American  Board  for  Foreign 
Missions,  and,  lastly,  of  the  American  Bible 
Society.  In  the  celebrated  discussion  on  the 
Judiciary  in  1801,  he  presided  over  the  com. 
of  the  whole.  Gov.  Smith  was  for  several 
years  an  occasional  contrib.  to  various  scien- 
tific and  literary  periodicals.  —  See  Eulogu  by 
Rev.  W.  W.  Andrews  before  the  Ct.  Hist.  Soc, 
12mo,  N.Y.  1847. 

Smith,  John  E.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Pa.  Aide-de-camp  to  Gov.  Yates  of  111. 
Apr.  1861;  col.  45th  111.  Vols.  July,  1861. 
*  Engaged  at  capture  of  Forts  Henry  and  Don- 
elson,  battle  of  Shiloh,  siege  of  Corinth  ;  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.  Vols.  Nov.  29,  1862;  com.  8th  div. 
16th  army  corps,  Dec.  1862  ;  engaged  at  Ya- 
zoo Pass,  Fort  Gibson,  Raymond,  Jackson, 
Champion  Hill,  and  Big  Black  River ;  com. 
1st  div.  17th  corps,  June,  1863  ;  transferred  to 
15th  corps,  Sept.  1863;  engaged  at  Vicksburg, 
Mission.  Ridge,  Atlanta  campaign.  May  to 
Sept.  1864  ;  Sherman's  Georgia  and  Carolina 
campaign,  Nov.  1864  to  Apr.  1865  ;  and  bat- 
tle of  Bentonville,  N.C. ;  col.  28  July,  1866; 
transf.  to  14th  Inf.  20  Dec.  1870;  brev.  brig,  for 
siege  of  Vicksburg,  and  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  for 
capture  of  Savannah.  —  Henry. 


SMI 


842 


SJMI 


Smith,  John  Gkegory,  gov.  Vt.  1863-5, 
b.  St.  Alban's,  22  July,  1818.  U.  of  Vt.  1838. 
N.  Haven  Law  School.  Son  of  John,  a  lawyer 
and  M.C.,  with  whom  he  be^jan  practice  in 
1841,  and  whom,  on  his  d.  in  1858,  he  succeed- 
ed as  chancellor.  Active  in  railroad  interests 
of  Vt.,  and  made  pres.  N.  Pacific  Railroad  in 
1866 ;  member  Vt.  senate  1858,  '59  ;  rep.  1860- 
2,  and  speaker  in  1862.  An  active  supporter 
of  the  Union  cause  during  the  civil  war. 

Smith,  John  Jay,  great-grandson  of  James 
Logan,  b.  Burlington  Co.,  N. J.,  June  16, 1798. 
In  1829-51  librarian  of  the  Phila.  and  Logani- 
an  Libraries.  Author  of  "  A  Summer's  Jaunt," 
2  vols.  1846 ;  "  Amer.  Hist,  and  Lit.  Curiosities," 
1861 ;  "Notes  for  a  Hist,  of  the  Phila.  Library 
Co.,"  1831  ;  "Guide  to  Laurel-hill  Cemetery,'^' 
1844  ;  Lives  of  Franklin,  Rittenhouse,  Keaton, 
Montgomery,  and  A.  Washington,  in  National 
Port.  Gallery.  Editor  of  a  number  of  works,  — 
of  the  Saturday  Bulletin,  1830-2  ;  Dailt^  Express, 
1832 ;  Waldie's  Select  Library,  1833-49  ;  Wal- 
die's  Portfolio,  2  vols.  4to  ;  Smith's  Weekly  Vol., 
184.5-6,  3  vols. ;  Walsh's  National  Gazette  ;  and 
Downing' s  Horticulturist,  1855-60,  &c. — Alli- 
hone. 

Smith,  John  Speed,  b.  Jessamine  Co., 
Ky.,  July  31,  1792;  d.  Madison  Co.,  Ky., 
June  6,  1854.  He  served  under  Harrison  at 
the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  and  was  his  aide  at 
the  battle  of  the  Thames,  5  Oct.  1813.  In 
1819,  1827,  and  several  subsequent  years,  he 
was  a  member  of  the  State  legisl.,  and  speaker 
in  1827  ;  M.C.  1821-3;  U.S.  atty.  for  the  dist. 
ofKy.  under  President  Jackson  ;  at  one  time 
a  comraiss.  to  the  legisl.  of  Ohio ;  and  for  sev- 
eral years  supt.  of  public  works  in  Kentucky. 

Smith,  Jonathan  Bayard,  member  Old 
Congress  1777-8,  b.  Phila.  1741;  d.  there 
June  16,  1812.  N.  J.  Coll.  1760.  His  father 
was  of  Boston.  He  became  a  successful  mer- 
chant of  Phila. ;  com.  a  company  of  militia  at 
Princeton  ;  many  years  judge  of  C.C.P. ;  and 
a  trustee  of  N.J.  and  Pa.  Colleges. 

Smith,  Joseph,  founder  of  Mormonism,  b. 
Sharon,  Vt.,  1805 ;  murdered  at  Carthage,  111., 
June  27,  1844.  In  his  youth  his  parents  re- 
moved to  Palmyra,  N.Y.  Here  he  pub.  in  1830 
"  The  Book  of  Mormon,  an  Account  written 
by  the  Hand  of  Mormon  upon  Plates  taken 
from  the  Plates  of  Nephi."  Smith  professed 
to  have  translated  this  English  version  from 
the  original  plates  (discovered  to  him  by  an- 
gels), Oliver  Cowdery  acting  as  his  scribe.  This 
"  divine  revelation  "  is  a  corrupt  version  of  a 
religious  romance  ("  The  Manuscript  Found  ") 
by  Solomon  Spaulding,  written  in  1809,  and  left 
in  MS.  by  him.  The  "  Late  Revelations  "  are 
m  a  vol.  entitled  "  Doctrines  and  Covenants 
of  the  Latter-day  Saints."  Having  made 
some  converts,  he  removed  with  them  to  Kirt- 
land,  O.,  in  1831,  atid  afterward  to  Independ- 
ence, Mo.,  whence  they  were  expelled  in  1838. 
They  then  founded  in  Illinois  the  town  of  Nau- 
yoo,  where  they  began  to  build  a  great  temple 
in  1841.  Smith  amassed  a  large  fortune,  took 
the  title  of  lieut.-gen.  and  pres.  of  the  church, 
and  exercised  absolute  authority  over  the 
"  saints."  Popular  indignation  having  been 
aroused  by  his  acts,  he  was  arrested,  and  con- 
fined in  jail  at  Carthage.    The  jail  was  broken 


into  by  a  mob,  and  Smith  was  killed.  —  See 
Autob.  of  Joseph  Smith;  J.  D.  Turner's  Life  of 
Joseph  Smith. 

Smith,  Joseph,  D.D.,  Pres.  clergyman  and 
educator,  b.  Westmoreland  Co.,  Pa.'  July  15, 
1796;  d.  Greensburg,  Pa.,  Dec.  4, 1868.  JefF. 
Coll.,  Pa.,  1815;  Princet.  Theol.  Sem.  1819. 
Licensed  to  preach  in  1819,  he  labored  in  Va., 
and  was  principal  of  an  acad.  at  Staunton  ;  in 
1832  he  took  charge  of  the  church  and  a  large 
acad.  at  Frederick  City,  Md. ;  was  afterward 
pres.  of  Franklin  Coll.,  New  Athens,  O. ;  re- 
signed on  account  of  his  conservative  view  of 
slavery ;  resumed  his  pastoral  charge  at  Fred- 
erick City,  and  was  pres.  of  the  coll.  newly  or- 
ganized there.  In  1847  he  became  gen!  agent 
for  the  synods  embracing  W.  Pa.,  N.  W.  Va., 
and  E.  Ohio.  Subsequently  he  held  pastoral 
charges  in  Roundhill,  Pa.,  and  Greensburg. 
Author  of  "Old  Redstone,  being  Historical 
Sketches  of  Western  Presbyterianism,"  &c., 
8vo,  1853;  "History  of  Jefferson  Coll.,"  &c., 
1857. 

Smith,  Joseph,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b.  Han- 
over, Ms.,  Mar.  30,  1790.  Midshipm.  Jan.  16, 
1809  ;  lieut.  July  24, 1813  ;  com.  Mar.  3,  1827; 
capt.  Feb.  9,  1837;  rear-adm.  (retired  list) 
July  16,  1862.  Lieut.  Smith  was  disting.  and 
wounded  in  MacDoriough's  victory  on  Lake 
Champlain,  Sept.  1 1, 1814  ;  and  was  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Algerine  vessels,  1815.  He  com.  ship- 
of-the-line  "  Ohio,"  Medit.  squad.,  1840 ;  Medit. 
squad.  1 843-5  ;  chief  of  bureau  of  yards  and 
docks  1847-69.  One  of  his  sons  was  killed 
in  the  frigate  "  Congress  "  when  destroyed  by 
the  "  Merrimack,"  near  Fortress  Monroe,  Mar 
1862;  another,  Capt.  Albert  N.,  U.S.N., 
chief  of  bureau  of  equipment,  d.  Sept.  8,  1866, 
aged  43. 

Smith,  Joseph  Mather,  M.D.  (Coll.  Ph. 
and  Surg.  1815),  physician  and  med.  writer,  b. 
New  Rochelle,  N.Y.,  March  14,  1789  ;  d.  N.Y. 
City,  Apr.  22,  1866.  His  father  Dr.  Matstfn 
Smith  was  an  eminent  physician  of  Westches- 
ter Co.,  and  his  mother  a  descendant  of  the  fa- 
mous Mathers  of  M^.  He  studied  medicine; 
was  licensed  to  practise  in  May,  1811;  and  set- 
tled in  New  York.  He  aided  in  founding  the 
Medico-Physidogical  Society,  andcontrib.  to  the 
first  vol.  d'f  its  Transactions,  in  1817,  a  paper 
on  the  "Efficacy  of  Emetics  in  Spasmodic  Dis- 
eases." From  June,  1820,  to  April,  1824,  he 
was  visiting-physician  to  the  N.Y  State  Prison. 
In  1824  he  pub.  "  Elements  of  the  Etiology 
and  Philosophy  of  Epidemics."  App.  in  1826 
to  the  chair  of  theory  and  practice  of  physic  in 
the  Coll.  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  which  he 
filled  near  30  years ;  in  1855  he  was  transferred 
to  the  chair  of  materia  medica ;  in  1 829  he  was 
app.  visiting-physician  of  the  N.Y.  Hospital. 
He  was  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  med.  periodi- 
cals, and  in  1828  became  an  editor  of  the  N.Y. 
Med.  and Phys.  Journal;  in  1831  he  delivered  an 
address  on  the  "  Epidemic  Cholera  of  Asia  and 
Europe,"  afterward  pub.;  in  1854  he  was 
elected  pres.  of  the  N.Y.  Acad,  of  Med. ;  in 
1860  he  read  before  the  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  an 
admirable  report  on  the  Medical  Topography 
and  Epidemics  of  the  State  of  N.Y.  Among 
his  essays  are  "  The  Public  Duties  of  Medical 
Men,"  1846 ;  "  The  Influence  of  Diseases  on  the 


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8^ 


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Intellectual  and  Moral  Powers,"  1848  ;  "Re- 

g)rt  on  Practical  Medicine ; "  "  Report  on 
ublic  Hygiene,"  1850;  "  Illustrations  of  Men- 
tal Phenomena  in  Military  Life,"  1850 ;  "  Puer- 
peral Fever,"  1857;  "Therapeutics  of  Albu- 
minaria,"  1862. 

Smith,  Joseph  R.,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Sandy  Hill,  Wash.  Co.,  N.Y.,  1802;  d. 
Monroe,  Mich.,  Sept.  3,  1868.  West  Point, 
1823.  Adj.  Sept.  1835  to  1838  ;  capt.  26  Apr. 
1838 ;  brev.  maj.  and  lieut.-col.  for  gallantry  in 
battles  of  Cerro  Gordo,  Contreras,  and  Churu- 
busco,  Aug.  20,  1847,  —  twice  wounded  in  the 
latter ;  maj.  7th  Inf.  June  ll,  1851 ;  retired  25 
Sept.  1861.  Brev.  brig.-gen.  9  Apr.  1865.— 
Cullum. 

Smith,  Joshua  Hett,  notorious  for  his 
complicity  in  Arnold's  treason,  and  at  whose 
house,  near  Stony  Point,  Arnold  and  Andre 
held  their  interviews;  d.  N.Y.  1818.  He  was 
tried  by  a  military  court  for  his  connection 
with  this  affair,  and  acquitted;  but,  being  sub- 
sequently impi'isoned  by  the  civil  authorities, 
escaped  to  New  York,  disguised  in  a  woman's 
dress.  Bro.  of  Chief  Justice  William  Smith, 
and  a  man  of  considerable  influence ;  counsel- 
lor-at-law;  and  a  member  of  the  convention  of 
the  State  of  N.Y.  1775.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  went  to  Eng.  In  1808  he  pub.  in  Lon- 
don "  An  Authentic  Narrative  of  the  Causes 
which  led  to  the  Death  of  Major  Andre," — a 
book  held  in  slight  estimation. 

Smith,  JosiAH,  clergyman,  b.  Charleston, 
S.C,  1704;  d.  Phila.  Oct.  1781  while  a  pris- 
oner of  war,  taken  at  Charleston.  H.U.  1725. 
Gi'andson  of  Gov.  Thomas ;  ord.  minister  for 
Bermuda,  July  11, 1726 ;  afterward  of  Cainhoy 
and  of  the  Presb.  church  at  Charleston.  He 
maintained  in  1730  a  learned  disputation  with 
Hugh  Fisher  on  the  right  of  private  judgment. 
He  pub.  a  vol.  of  sermons,  8vo,  1752,  and  a 
iiumber  of  occasional  discourses. 

Smith,  Junius,  LL.D.  (Y.  Coll.  1840), 
pioneer  of  ocean  steam-navigation,  b.  Plym- 
outh, Ct.,  Oct.  2,  1780;  d.  Astoria,  N.Y.,  Jan. 
23,18.53.  Y.  C.  1802.  Son  of  Gen.  David. 
He  studied  at  the  Litchfield  Law  School ;  in 
1803  delivered  the  annual  oration  before  the 
Cincinnati  of  Ct. ;  practised  at  the  New-Haven 
bar  until  1805,  when  he  was  employed  to  prose- 
cute a  claim  against  the  British  govt,  for  a 
large  amount  in  the  Admiralty  Court  of  Lond., 
upon  the  successful  termination  of  which  he 
embarked  in  commercial  pursuits  with  Amer- 
ica, and  conducted  a  prosperous  business  for 
many  years.  In  1 832  he  engaged  in  the  pro- 
ject of  endeavoring  to  secure  the  navigation  of 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  with  steamships ;  pub.  a 
prospectus  pressing  the  enterprise  upon  the 
public  mind  ;  established  in  1836  the  British 
and  Amer.  Steam-Navigation  Company ;  and 
in  the  spring  of  1838  the  feasibility  of  the  pro- 
ject was  proved  by  the  crossing  of  the  small 
steamer  "  Sirius."  Foiled,  from  various  causes, 
in  his  anticipations  of  advantagafrom  this  pro- 
ject, after  years  of  effort,  he  endeavored  to 
introduce  the  tea-plant,  purchased  an  extensive 
plantation  in  Greenville,  S.C,  and  was  engaged 
in  this  enterprise  when  he  was  assaulted,  and 
received  a  fracture  of  the  skull  from  which  he 
never  recovered. 


Smith,  Lyndon  Arnold,  M.D.,  physician, 
b.  Haverhill,  N.H.,  Nov.  11,  1795;  d.  Newark, 
N.J.,  Dec.  15,  1865.  Dartm.  Coll.  1817.  He 
grad.  M.D.  at  Dartm.  and  Wms.  Med.  Colleges 
in  1823  ;  began  practice  at  Williamstown,  Ms., 
in  Mar.  1823;  and  in  July,  1827,  settled  per- 
manently at  Newark.  He  was  made  a  fellow 
of  the  N.Y.  College  of  Phys.  and  Surgeons  in 
1843,  member  of  the  Amer.  Scientific  Assoc, 
in  1855,  vice-pres.  of  the  Am.  Med.  Assoc,  in 
1859,  and  pres.  of  the  N.J.  Med.  Society.  Ho 
pub.  many  articles  in  medical  journals  and 
other  periodicals,  and  a  treatise  on  "  The 
Epidemics  of  New  Jersey."  He  was  prime 
mover  in  establishing  the  lunatic  asylum  of 
New  Jersey. 

Smith,  Marcus,  comedian,  b.  N.  Orleans, 
Jan.  7,  1829.  Son  of  Sol.  Smith.  Made  his 
debut  Nov.  11,  1849,  at  the  St.  Charles,  N.  Or- 
leans, as  Diggory  in  "  Family  Jai-s ; "  at  Phila., 
at  the  National,  Aug.  31,  1857,  as  Bramble  in 
"  The  Poor  Gentleman."  Has  since  played  in 
the  leading  theatres,  been  a  successful  star,  and 
was  long  a  favorite  at  Wallack's.  Lessee  of 
the  N.  Y.  Theatre  in  1866.  Now  (1871)  at  the 
St.  James  Theatre,  London.  Is  a  careful  and 
reliable  actor.  —  Brown's  American  Stage. 

Smith,  Margaret,  b.  Phila.  1778;  d. 
Washington,  D.C.,  1844.  Dau.  of  Col.  John 
Bayard.  She  m.  Samuel  Harrison  Smith  1800. 
Author  of  "  A  Winter  in  Washington,"  2  vols. 
1827  ;  '•  What  is  Gentility  V  1830;  and  tales 
in  "  The  Lady's  Book  "  and  South.  Lit.  Messen- 
ger. —  Mrs.  Hale's  Woman's  Record. 

Smith,  Gen.  Martin  '  Luther,  b.  New 
York  1819  ;  d.  Rome,  Ga.,  July  29,  1866. 
West  Point,  1842.  Entering  the  topog.  engi- 
neers, he  became  2d  iieut.  Nov.  1,  1843  ;  brev. 
1st  Iieut.  for  meritorious  conduct  during  the 
Mexican  war;  1st  Iieut.  Mar.  1853  ;  capt.  July 
1, 18,56  ;  and  resigned  Apr.  1, 1861.  Brig.-gen. 
Confed.  army  from  Florida ;  com.  a  brigade  in 
defence  of  New  Orleans,  and  was  at  the  head 
of  the  eng.  corps  of  the  army,  and  planned  and 
constructed  the  defences  of  VicksDurg ;  after- 
ward made  major-gen.,  and  taken  prisoner  at 
Vicksburg.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was 
chief  engr.  of  the  system  of  railroads  which  was 
to  connect  Selma,  Ala.,  and  Dalton,  Ga. 

Smith,  Rev.  Matthew  Hale  j"  Bur- 
leigh "),  son  of  Rev.  Elias.  Successively  a 
Universalist,  Presbyterian,  Episcopalian,  and 
a  Baptist.  Author  of  "  Text-Book  of  Univer- 
salism,"  1845;  "  Universalism  Exposed,"  8vo, 
1842;  "  Universalism  not  of  God,"  1847; 
•*  The  Bible,  the  Rod,  and  Religion,  in  Common 
Schools,"  a  sermon,  1847;  "Reply  to  Horace 
Mann,"  1847;  "Sabbath  Evenings,"  1859; 
"  Mount  Calvary,"  1866 ;  "  Sunshine  and  Shad- 
ow in  New  York."  Long  a  corresp.  of  the 
Boston  Journal  under  the  pseudonyme  "Bur- 
leigh."^ 

Smith,  Melancthon,  rear-adm.  U.S.N., 
b.  New  York,  May  24, 1809.  Midshipm.  Mar. 
1,  1826  ;  Iieut  March  8,  1837  ;  com.  Sept.  14, 
1855;  capt.  July  16,  1862;  commo.  July  25, 
1866;  light-house  insp.  1856-60;  rear-adm. 
July,  1870  (retired  list).  Served  in  the  Semi- 
nole war  1839-40;  com.  frigate  "  Constitution," 
Medit.  sauad.,  1848-51 ;  com.  steamer  "Massa- 
chusetts,   1861 ;  engaged  with  Confed.  steamer 


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sm:i 


"Florida."  Mpi.  Sound,  Oct.  26,  1861  ;  com. 
steam-sloop  "  Mississippi "  at  the  capture  of  N. 
Orleans,  in  which  fight  he  ran  the  ram  "  Ma- 
iiassas  "  ashore  and  destroyed  her.  He  took 
part  in  all  the  engagements  of  the  squadron 
until  Mar.  14,  1863,  when,  in  passing  the  Port- 
Hudson  batteries, "  The  Mississippi"  grounded, 
and  was  set  on  fire  by  Captain  Smith.  While 
com.  "  The  Monongahela,"  he  participated  in 
the  attacks  on  Port  Hudson  in  June  and  July, 
1863;  com.  steam-sloop  "Onondaga,"  N.  A. 
block,  squad.,  1864  ;  engaged  with  Confed.  ram 
"Albemarle"  in  Albem.  Sound,  May  5,  1864  ; 
Com.  frigate  "Wabash"  in  both  attacks  on 
Fort  Fisher;  app.  chief  of  bureau  of  equipment 
and  recruiting  1866.  —  Hamersltj. 

Smith,  Merriwether,  of  Essex,  Va. ;  d. 
at  an  advanced  age.  He  was  long  a  member 
of  the  h.  of  burgesses,  of  all  the  Va.  conven- 
tions in  1775-6,  and  in  that  of  May,  1776; 
member  of  the  Federal  convention  of  Va. ; 
also  a  member  of  the  Cont.  Congress  1778-82. 

Smith,  Nathan,  M.D.  (H.U.  1790),  sur- 
geon, b.  llehuboth,  Ms.,  Sept.  30,  1762  ;  d.  N. 
Haven,  Jan.  26,  1829.  While  young,  his  fa- 
ther removed  to  Vt.,  where  the  son's  education 
was  limited.  During  the  closing  years  of  the 
Eevol.  war  he  served  in  the  Vt.  militia.  Un- 
til the  age  of  24  he  labored  on  a  farm,  then  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  of  medicine,  prac- 
tised a  few  years  in  Cornish,  N.H.,  and  then 
Attended  the  med.  lectures  at  H.U.  When  in 
1798  the  med.  inst.  connected  with  Dartm. 
Coll.  was  established,  Dr.  Smith  was  app.  its 
prof.  There  were  neither  appliances  nor  funds  : 
so  that  Dr.  Smith  had  to  create  every  thing 
needed  in  the  institution,  as  well  as  to  perform 
his  own  appropriate  duties.  Dr.  Smith  then 
\yent  to  Europe,  where  he  spent  a  year  attend- 
ing the  best  medical  schools  of  Eng.  and  Scot- 
land. In  1813  he  was  invited  to  the  chair  of 
the  infant  med.  school  of  Y.C.,  but  also  con- 
tinued to  lecture  at  Dartm.  Coll.,  besides  deliv- 
ering lectures  at  the  U.  of  Vt.  and  at  Bowd. 
Coll.  Author  of  "Essay  on  Typhus-Fever," 
1824;  "Medical  and  Surgical  Memoirs,  with 
Addenda  by  N.  R.  Smith,"  1831.  His  son, 
Nathan  Ryno,  M.D.  (U.  of  Vt.  1820).  Y.C. 
1817.  Med.  prof,  in  the  U.  of  Md.  Author 
of  "  Physiological  Essays  on  Digestion,"  1825  ; 
"  Diseases  of  the  Ear,"  from  the  French  of 
De  Saissv,  1829;  "  Surgical  Anatomy  of  the 
Arteries,'^'  1832;  "Treatment  of  Fractures," 
1867 ;  papers  in  Amer.  Med.  Jour.,  &c. 

Smith,  Nathan,  lawyer  and  senator,  b. 
Roxbury,  Ct.,  1770;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  6 
Dec.  1835.  Son  of  Richard,  and  bro.  of  Hon. 
Nathaniel  Smith.  Educated  at  the  Litchfield 
Law  School.  He  was  many  years  county-atty. 
for  New  Haven,  and  U.S.  atty.  for  Ct. ;  mem- 
ber of  the  conv.  that  framed  the  State  const., 
and  often  in  the  legisl.  of  the  State;  practised 
law  in  New  Haven  until  his  d. ;  delegate  to  the 
Hartford  conv.  in  1814;  U.S.  senator  1832-5  ; 
M.A.  of  Y.C.  1808. 

Smith,  Nathaniel,  jurist,  b.  Woodbury, 
Ct.,  Jan.  6,  1762  ;  d.  there  Mar.  9,  1822.  His 
education  was  limited.  Studying  law  under 
Judge  Reeve,  he  began  practice  in  his  native 
town  in  1789,  and  soon  became  eminent.  He 
was  repeatedly  a  member  of  the  State  legisl. ; 


was  M.C.  in  1795-9;  State  senator  in  1799- 
1804  ;  judge  Sup.  Court,  Oct.  1806-May,  1819. 

Smith,  Oliver,  a  wealthy  and  benevolent 
farmer,  b.  Hatfield,  Ms.,  Jan.  1766;  d.  there 
Dec.  22,  1845.  He  acquired  great  wealth  by 
stock-raising.  Was  for  40  years  a  magistrate, 
twice  a  representative  to  the  State  legisl.,  and 
in  1820  was  a  member  of  the  Const.  Conv. 
During  his  lifetime,  besides  other  charitable 
acts,  he  gave  marriage-portions  to  several  fe- 
males, and  built  schoolhouses.  At  his  death 
he  bequeathed  his  large  estate  to  charitable  and 
educational  objects. 

Smith,  Oliver  Hampton,  b.  Trenton, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  23,  1794;  d.  Indianapolis,  Mar.  19, 
1859.  Emig.  to  Ind.  1817;  practised  law;  in 
1824  he  was  pros.  atty.  for  the  3d  Dist.  of  Ind. ; 
member  of  State  legisl.  1822  ;  M.C.  in  1827- 
9;  and  U.S.  senator  in  1837-43.  Author  of 
"  Recollections  of  Congressional  Life;  "  "  Early 
Indiana  Trials,  Sketches,  and  Reminiscences," 
Phila.  8vo,  1858.  —  Geiieal.  Reg.,  xiii.  282. 

Smith,  Persifor  Frazer,  brev.  mnj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Phila.  Nov.  1798;  d.  Fort  Leaven- 
worth, Ks.,  May  17,  1858.  N.J.  Coll.  1815. 
His  maternal  grandfather,  Persifor  Frazer,  a 
lieut.-col.  in  the  Revol.  army,  d.  Phila.  May, 
1792.  He  studied  law,  and  practised  at  New 
Orleans.  He  wasadj.-gen.  of  the  State;  a  vol. 
under  Gen.  Gaines  during  two  campaigns  in 
the  Fla.  war  (as  col.  of  La.  Vols.)  in  1836  and 
'38 ;  and  received  the  com.  of  the  brigade  of  La. 
Vols,  under  Taylor  on  the  Rio  Grande,  May, 
1846  ;  col.  mounted  rifles.  May  27,  1846  ; 
com.  a  brigade  of  inf.  from  Sept.  1846  ;  brev. 
brig.-gen.  for  his  services  at  Monterey ;  brev. 
maj.-gen.  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churu- 
busco,  Aug.  20,  1847.  The  official  report  of 
the  battle  of  Contreras  states  that  he  "  closely 
directed  the  whole  attack  in  front  with  his  ha- 
bitual coolness  and  ability ; "  and  he  was  again 
disting.  at  the  Belen  Gate.  He  was  commiss. 
of  armistice  with  Mexico,  Aug.  22,  1847 ;  mili- 
tary and  civil  gov.  of  Mexico,  Oct.  1847,  and 
com.  2d  division  U.S.A. ;  milit.  and  civil  gov. 
of  Vera  Cruz,  May,  1848;  subsequently  com. 
the  depts.  of  Cal.  and  Texas ;  made  brig.-gen. 
Dec.  30,  1856;  and  just  before  his  death  was 
app.  to  com.  the  Utah  expedition. 

Smith,  Persifor  Frazer,  b.  Phila. 
1808.  U.  of  Pa.  1825.  Adm.  to  the  bar  1829. 
Author  of  "  Reports  Sup.  Ct.  of  Pa.,"  1865- 
6;  "Forms  of  Procedure,"  8vo,  1862.  —  Alii- 
hone. 

Smith,  Preston,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A.,  killed 
at  Chickamauga,  Sept.  19,1863.  He  entered 
the  service  as  an  officer  in  a  Tenn.  regt.,  and 
rose  to  the  rank  of  brig.-gen.  He,  and  nearly 
all  his  staff,  were  killed,  while  making  a  rccon- 
noissance,  by  a  volley  from  a  Union  regiment. 

Smith,  Richard  Penn,  lawyer  and  drama- 
tist, b.  Phila.  March,  1799  ;  d.  at  his  residence 
on  the  Schuylkill,  Aug.  12,  1854.  Son  of 
Wm.  Moore  Smith.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1821. 
His  first  production  was  a  series  of  essays,  en- 
titled "  The  Plagiary,"  in  the  Union.  In  1822- 
7  he  edited  the  Aurora  as  the  successor  of 
Duane.  He  then  resumed  his  practice  of  law. 
He  pub.  "The Forsaken,"  a  novel,  1831  ;  "  The 
Actress  of  Padua,  and  Other  Tales ;  "  "  Caius 
Marius,"  a  tragedy  written  for  Forrest;  and 


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many  other  successful  plaj's,  among  them 
"  Quite  Correct,"  "  The  Eighth  of  January," 
"  Tlie  Sentinels,"  "  Wm.  Penn,"  "The  Water- 
Witch,"  "Is  she  a  Brigand?"  &c.  He  fre- 
quently contrib.  poetical  pieces  for  the  news- 
papers. Also  author  of  "  Life  of  David 
Crockett,"  1836.  His  miscellaneous  works, 
coll.  by  his  son  Horace  W.  Smith,  with  a  Me- 
moir by  Morton  McMichael,  were  pub.  18.56.  — 
Duychinck. 

Smith,  Richard  Somers,  h.  Phila.  1813. 
West  Point,  1834.  Railroad  engr.  1836-40; 
prof,  of  drawing,  West-Point  Acad.,  1840-56  ; 
resigned  from  the  army  in  18.56  ;  prof,  math., 
eng.,  and  drawing,  Brooklyn  Inst.,  1855-9; 
director  Cooper  Inst.,  N.Y.  City,  1859-61; 
maj.  12th  U.S.  Inf.  14  May,  '61,  to  30  May, 
1863,  serving  in  the  Rappahannock  campaign, 
and  com.  a  brig,  at  Chancellorsville  in  Mav, 
1863.  Pres.  of  Girard  Coll.  1863  to  Sept.  1867. 
Author  of  "  Manual  of  Topog.  Drawing," 
1854  ;  "  Linear  Perspective,"  1857.  —  Cullnm. 

Smith,  Robert,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1760), 
clergyman  and  scholar,  b.  Londonderry,  Ire- 
land, 1723;  d.  Rockvillc,  Pa.,  Apr.  1.5,*  1793. 
When  a  child,  his  parents  settled  on  the  head- 
waters of  the  Brandywine,  in  Chester  Co.,  Pa. 
Ho  was  educated  at  the  Fogg's  Manor  School 
of  Rev.  Samuel  Blair,  whose  sister  Elizabeth 
he  m.  in  1750.  Licensed  Dec.  27, 1749.  Mar. 
26,  1751,  he  was  settled  pastor  of  Pequea 
Presb.  Church,  Lancaster  Co.  Here  he  estab. 
a  classical  and  theol.  sem.  of  high  character, 
where  was  laid  the  foundation  of  the  eminence 
of  his  two  sons,  Samuel  Stanhope  and  John 
Blair  Smith.  Author  of  some  sermons.  — 
Spragrie. 

Smith,  Robert,  D.D.,  first  Prot.-Epis. 
hishop  of  S.C.,  b.  Norfolk  Co.,  Eng.,  1732  ;  d. 
Charleston,  Oct.  28, 1 801 .  U.  of  Camb ,  Eng., 
1753,  of  which  he  was  elected  a  fellow.  Adm. 
to  deacon's  orders  March  7,  and  to  priest's 
Dec.  21,  1756.  In  1759  he  became  rector  of 
St.  Philip's,  Charleston,  SC. ;  visited  Eng.  in 
1768-7t),  and,  though  loyal  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Revol.,  became  an  ardent  patriot, 
and  went  to  the  lines  armed  as  a  common  sol- 
dier. Banished  in  consequence  by  the  British, 
in  1780  he  took  temporary  charge  of  St.  Paul's 
parish.  Queen  Anne  Co.,  Md. ;  returned  to  his 
former  charge  in  May,  1783,  and,  on  account 
of  their  depressed  condition,  took  charge  of  an 
acad.  incorporated  in  1786  as  Charleston  Coll., 
and  in  which  ho  held  the  office  of  principal 
until  1798.  Elected  bishop  of  S.C.  in  1795, 
he  was  consec.  at  Phila.  Sept.  13. 

Sm.ith,  Robert,  statesman,  bro.  of  Gen. 
Samuel,  b.  Nov.  1757;  d.  Baltimore,  26  Nov. 
1842.  N.J.  Coll.  1781.  Ho  was  present  at  tho 
battle  of  Brandywine  as  a  vol. ;  studied  law, 
and  rose  to  distinction  at  the  bar;  was  some 
years  a  member  of  the  Md.  legisl. ;  sec.  U.S. 
navy  26  Jan.  1802-1805;  U.S.atty.-gen.  Mar.- 
Dec.  1805;  sec.  of  state  6  Mar.  1809-25  Nov. 
181 1 ;  was  some  years  pres.  of  the  Bible  Soci- 
ety and  of  the  Md.  Agnc.  Soc;  and  succeeded 
Archbishop  Carrol  as  provost  of  the  U.  of  Md. 
Author  of  an  "  Address  to  the  People  of  the 
U.S.,"  1811. 

Smith,  RoswELL  C,  b.  Franklin,  Ct., 
1797.    Author  of  school  text-books  on  geog- 


raphy, grammar,  and  arithmetic,  extensively 
used  ;  and  a  "  Reply  to  the  Charges  of  Daniel 
Adams,"  1831. 

Smith,  Samuel,  historian,  b.  Burlington, 
N.J.,  1720;  d.  there  1776.  Member  of  the 
assembly,  treas.  of  West  Jersey,  &c.  He  pub. 
"  History  of  New  Jersey  from  its  Settlement 
to  1721,"  8vo,  1755.  Some  of  his  valuable 
MSS.  were  used  by  Proud  in  his  Hist,  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Smith,  Gen.  Samuel,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Cariisle,  Pa.,  July  27,  1752  ;  d.  April  22, 1839. 
His  father  John  Smith,  who  removed  to  Balti- 
more in  1 760,  was  several  years  a  member  of 
the  legisl. ;  member  of  the  Md.  Const.  Conv. 
of  1776  ;  and  during  nearly  the  whole  war  was 
chairman  of  the  com.  of  ways  and  means  in 
the  house  of  delegates.  Samuel  received  the 
riidiments  of  his  education  at  Carlisle;  then 
attended  school  in  Baltimore,  and  aftenvards 
in  Elkton.  Until  1771  he  was  in  his  father's 
counting-room,  when  he  visited  Europe  in  one 
of  his  father's  vessels.  Early  in  the  struggle 
for  liberty  he  joined  a  vol.  company,  and  in 
Jan.  1776  was  app.  a  capt.  in  Smallwood's  regt., 
which,  at  the  battle  on  Long  Island,  did  emi- 
nent service,  and  lost  one-third  of  its  men. 
Disting.  at  Harlem  and  W^hite  Plains,  where 
he  was  slightly  wounded;  and,  in  the  harassing 
retreat  through  N.  J.,  he  was,  Dec.  10,  1776, 
given  a  major's  commission  in  Gist's  batt. ; 
made  lieut.<ol.  of  the  4th  (Md.)  Regt.  in  1777, 
and  was  at  the  attack  on  Staten  Island  and  at 
Brandywine.  Immediately  afterwards  he  was 
detached  by  Washington  to  the  defence  of  Fort 
Mifflin.  In  this  naked  and  exposed  work  he 
maintained  himself,  under  a  continual  cannon- 
ade, from  Sept.  26  to  Nov.  11,  when  he  was  so 
severely  wounded  as  to  make  it  necessary  to 
remove  him  to  the  Jersey  shore.  For  this 
gallant  defence.  Congress  voted  him  thanks  and 
an  elegant  sword.  Not  entirely  recovered  from 
the  effects  of  his  wound,  he  yet  took  part  in 
the  hardshijjs  of  Valley  Forge.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth.  Re- 
duced, after  a  service  of  three  years  and  a  half, 
from  affluence  to  poverty,  he  was  compelled  to 
resign  his  commission,  but  continued  to  do 
duty  as  a  col.  of  militia  until  the  end  of  the 
war.  Several  years  a  member  of  the  legisl. ; 
he  was  a  member  of  Congress  either  in  the 
house  or  senate,  where  his  services  were  of  the 
utmost  importance,  from  1793  to  1833.  Under 
Mr.  Jefferson  ho  served  a  short  time  as  sec.  of 
the  navy,  though  declining  the  app.  He  was  a 
brig.-gcn.  of  militia,  and  served  as  maj.-gcn.  of 
the  State  troops  in  the  dof  nee  of  Baltimore  in 
the  war  of  1812,  the  success  of  which  was  emi- 
nently due  to  his  talents  and  knowledge.  In  the 
summer  of  1835,  when  in  his  83d  year,  a  com. 
of  his  fellow-citizens  having  called  on  him_  to 
put  down  a  fearful  mob  which  had  possession 
of  the  city,  he  at  once  consented  to  make  the 
attempt,  was  successful,  and  was  elected  mayor 
of  tho  city. 

Smith,  Samuel  Emersox,  jurist,  b.  Hol- 
lis,  N.IL,  March  12,  1788;  d.  Wiscasset,  Me., 
March  3,  1860.  H.U.  1803.  His  father  Ma- 
nasseh  (H.U.  1773),  a  chaplain  in  the  Revol. 
army,  afterward  a  lawyer  at  Wiscasset,  d. 
there  1823.    He  studied  law;  was  adm.  to  the 


sm:i 


846 


SMII 


Boston  bar,  and  settled  in  Wiscasset  in  1812 ; 
representative  in  1 81 9-20.  He  was  chief  justice 
C.  C.  P.,  Me.,  1821;  a  justice  of  the  State 
C.  C.P.  in  1822-^30;  gov.  1831-4;  again  judge 
of  C.  C.  P.  in  1835-7,  and  in  1837  a  commiss. 
to  revise  the  public  statutes  of  Maine. 

Smith,  Samuel  Fbancis,  D.D.  (Colby 
U.  1853),  clergyman,  b.  Boston,  Oct.  21,  1808. 
H.U.  1829.  After  studying  theology  at  An- 
dover,  he  edited  for  18  months  the  Baptist  Mis- 
sionary Magazine  in  Boston.  He  was  at  this 
time  a  large  contributor  to  the  Encyclopoedia 
Americana.  From  Feb.  12,  1834,  to  1842,  he 
was  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church,  Water- 
ville,  Mc.,  and  prof,  of  modem  languages  in 
Waterville  Coll;  from  Jan.  1,  1842,  to  July, 
1 854,  he  was  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church, 
Newton,  Ms. ;  edited  the  Christian  Review  in 
1842-9;  and  since  1854  has  been  engaged  in 
literary  pursuits,  and  editing  the  publications 
of  the  Baptist  Miss.  Union.  He  has  from 
early  youth  been  a  contrib.  to  periodical  litera- 
ture ;  and  the  well-known  hymns, "  My  Country, 
'tis  of  Thee,"  and  "  The  Morning  Light  is 
Breaking,"  are  among  his  early  productions. 
In  1843,  in  connection  with  Rev.  Baron  Stow, 
he  compiled  '*  The  Psalmist,"  a  collection  of 
psalms  and  hymns.  His  other  publications 
are  "Lyric  Gems,"  1844;  and  "Life  of  Rev. 
Joseph  Grafton,"  1 845.  He  also  contrib.  a 
large  portion  of  the  songs  in  the  "Juvenile 
Lyre,    edited  by  Lowell  Mason. 

Smith,  Samuel  Hakrison,  editor;  d. 
Washington,  Nov.  1,  1845,  a.  73.  U.  of  Pa. 
1787.  Son  of  Jonathan  Bayard,  a  Revol.  pa- 
triot. He  edited  the  New  World  at  Phila.  in 
1796 ;  and,  when  the  seat  of  govt,  was  located  at 
Washington,  he  established  there,  Oct.  31, 1800, 
the  National  Intelligencer ,  which  he  relinquished 
in  1810.  Commiss.  of  the  revenue  from  1813 
until  the  abolition  of  the  office.  Author  of 
"Remarks  on  Education,"  &c.,  8vo,  1798. 

Smith,  Samuel  J.,  poet,  b.  Burlington,  N. 
J.,1 771;  d.  1 835.  Grandson  of  Samuel,  the  his- 
torian of  N.  J.  With  largo  inherited  wealth  he 
lived  on  his  estate,  dividing  his  time  between  lit- 
erature, his  farm,  and  public  benefactions.  A 
vol.  of  his  poetry  was  pub.  8vo,  1836.  Two  of 
his  beautiful  lyncs-  are  m  Lyra  Sacra  Americana. 
Smith,  Saeah  Lanman,  missionary,  b. 
Norwich,  Ct.,  1802 ;  d.  Boujah,  near  Smyrna, 
Sept.  30,  1836.  Dau.  of  Jabez  Huntington. 
In  1830-1,  she,  with  Sarah  Breed,  established 
and  conducted  a  sabbath  school  among  the  Mo- 
hegan  Indians;  in  1831  she  m.  Rev.  Eli  Smith; 
embarked  for  Smyrna,  laboring  chiefly  at  Bei- 
rdt ;  in  1836,  in  ill-health,  she  was  wrecked  on 
a  voyage  to  Smyrna,  but  escaped  in  a  boat,  dy- 
ing soon  after.  Her  Memoirs  were  pub.  by  Dr. 
H.  W.  Hooker  in  1839. 

Smith,  Sarah  Louisa  P.  (Hickman),  b. 
Detroit,  Mich.,  30  June,  1811 ;  d.  N.  Y.  City 
12  Feb.  1832.  Grand-dau.  of  Gen.  Wm.  Hull! 
Her  family  resided  at  Newton,  Ms.,  where  she 
was  liberally  educated.  In  1828  she  m.  Saml. 
Jcnks  Smith,  an  editor  in  Providence,  R.I., 
with  whom  she  removed  to  Cincinnati  in  1829. 
He  was  afterward  connected  with  the  N.  Y. 
press,  and  d.  while  on  a  voyage  to  Europe  in 
1842.  Her  poems  were  pub.  12mo,  1828.  —  See 
Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West. 


Smith,  Samuel  Stanhope,  D.D.  (Y.C. 
1783),  LL.D.  (H.U.  1810),  scholar  and  clergy- 
man, b.  Pequea,  Pa.,  Mar.  16, 1750 ;  d.  Prince- 
ton, Aug.  21,1819.  N.  J.  Coll.  1 769.  Son  of 
Robert  Smith,  D.D.,  in  whose  acad.  he  was 
educated.  He  became  an  assist,  in  his  father's 
school,  and  was  in  1770-3  tutor  at  Princeton, 
pursuing  at  the  same  time  the  study  of  theolo 
gy.  Ord.  in  1774.  He  commenced  the  labors 
of  a  missionaiT  in  the  western  counties  of  Va., 
and  was  solicited  to  preside  over  Ilamp.  Sid. 
Coll. ;  in  1779  he  became  prof  of  moral  philos. 
at  Princeton,  where  the  ravages  of  the  war  had 
been  most  severcl}^  felt,  dispersing  the  students, 
reducing  the  building  to  a  state  of  dilapidation, 
and  greatly  embarrassing  the  institution  finan- 
cially. He  made  great  exertions  and  pecuniary 
sacrifices  to  restore  it  to  prosperity ;  accepted  in 
1783  the  additional  office  of  prof,  of  theol.,  and 
in  1786  that  of  vice-pres.  of  the  college.  Mem- 
ber of  a  com.  to  draw  up  a  system  of  govt,  for 
the  Prcsb.  Church  in  1786,  and  in  1795  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Witherspoon,  his  father-in-law,  as 
pres.  of  the  college,  resigning  in  1812.  Dr.  S. 
wrote  with  elegance  and  perspicuity,  was  an 
eloquent  and  popular  preacher,  and  was  elegant 
in  person  and  manners.  Author  of  "  An  Es- 
say on  the  Variety  of  Complexion  in  the  Hu- 
man Species,"  1788,  maintaining  the  idea  of 
the  unity  of  the  race;  "Lectures  on  the  Evi- 
dences of  the  Christian  Religion  and  on  Moral 
Philosophy,"  1809;  and  a  "  System  of  Natural 
and  Revealed  Religion,"  1816.  Also  sermons, 
2  vols.  8vo,  1821,  with  a  memoir.  —  Sprague. 

Smith,  Seba,  author,  b.  Buckfield,  Me., 
Sept.  14,  1792;  d.  Patchogue,  L.I.,  July  29, 
1868.  Bowd.  Coll.  1818.  He  settled  in  Port- 
land as  a  writer  for  the  periodical  press,  where 
he  wrote  the  series  of  humorous  political  letters 
under  the  pseudonyme  of  "  Major  Jack  Down- 
ing," first  pub.  collectively  in  1833.  In  1842 
he  removed  to  New  York.  His  other  publica- 
tions are,  "Dew-Drops  of  the  19th  Century," 
1846;  "My  30  Years  out  of  the  Senate,"  by 
Maj.  Jack  Downing,  1859;  "Powhatan,"  a 
metrical  romance,  1841;  "New  Elements  of 
Geometry,"  1850;  and  "  Way  Down  East,  or 
Portraitures  of  Yankee  Life,"  1855.  He  also 
wrote  many  minor  occasional  poems.  Editor 
of  and  contrib.  to  many  newspapers  and  peri- 
odicals. His  widow  (Elizabeth  Oukes)  resides 
in  New  York. 

Smith,  Solomon  Fbanklin,  actor  and 
manager,  b.  Norwich,  Chenango  Co.,  N.Y., 
Apr.  20, 1801 ;  d.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Feb.  14, 1869. 
He  learned  the  printer's  trade,  and,  while  very 
young,  joined  a  company  of  strolling  players  at 
LouisviUe,  Ky.  He  soon  became  a  leading  ac- 
tor and  great  favorite  in  the  West  and  South, 
then  a  star,  and  finally  a  manager  in  many 
Western  theatres.  July  4,  1822,  he  issued  at 
Cincinnati  a  paper  called  the  Independent  Press, 
continued  one  year;  in  1853  he  quitted  the 
stage,  practised  law  in  St.  Louis,  and  in  1861 
was  a  member  of  the  State  convention  as 
an  unconditional  Union  man.  His  forte  as  an 
actor  was  low  comedy,  in  which  lie  was  un- 
equalled. His  "Autobiography"  and  "Remi- 
niscences of  the  Stage  "  were  pub.  in  N. Y.  in 
1868;  "Theatrical  Apprenticeship,"  in  1845; 
and  "  Theatrical  Journey- Work,"  &c.,  in  1854. 


SIVII 


847 


Siva 


Smith,  Thomas,  first  minister  of  Portland, 
from  Mar.  8,  1727,  to  1784,  b.  Boston,  Mar.  10, 
1702;  d.  Portland,  May  23,  1795.  H.U.  1720. 
In  1725  he  went  to  Falmouth,  now  Portland, 
as  chaplain  to  the  troops  there,  and  preached 
to  the  inhabitants  ;  in  1767  he  received  a  col- 
league, Samuel  Deane.  He  pub.  some  sermons. 
Extracts  from  his  Journals,  1720-88,  with  Ap- 
pendix, were  pub.  by  S.  Freeman,  1821 ;  "Jour- 
nals of  Thos.  Smith  and  Saml.  Deanc,"  with 
Notes,  &c.,  by  William  Willis,  wore  pub.  8vo, 
1849, 

Smith,  Thomas,  jurist,  b.  Scotland;  d. 
Bedford,  Pa.,  June,  1809.  An  emigrant  to 
America  at  an  early  age,  and  a  lawyer  by  pro- 
fession. Feb.  9,  1769,  he  was  app.  dep.  sur- 
veyor, and  established  himself  in  Bedford,  Pa. 
He  became  prothonotary,  clerk  of  the  sessions, 
and  recorder  of  Bedford  Co. ;  col.  of  militia  in. 
the  Revol. ;  member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv. 
in  1776 ;  member  State  legisl. ;  member  of  the 
Old  Congress  1780-2;  pres.  of  the  judicial 
dist.  of  Cumberland,  Mifflin,  Huntingdon,  Bed- 
ford, and  Franklin  Counties,  1791-4  ;  judge  of 
the  Sup.  Court  of  Pa.  1794-1809.— Portfolio, 
1809. 

Smith,  Thomas  Jjbffekson,  judge,  an 
accomplished  scholar  and  vigorous  writer;  d. 
Baltimore,  July  13,  1857.  He  was  at  one 
time  judge  of  a  Marino  Court  in  N.Y.,  and 
had  occupied  a  judicial  position  in  California. 

Smith,  Thomas  L.,  b.  Phila.  1805.  Judge 
Sup.  Court  of  Ind.  1847-53.  Author  of  "  Re- 
ports Sup.  Ct.  of  Ind.  1848-9 ; "  "Elements  of 
the  Laws,"  &c.,  2d  ed.,  1859,  8vo.  —  AUibone. 

Smith,  Thomas  Mather,  D.D.  (Bowd. 
Coll.  1850),  b.  Stamford,  Ct.,  1797;  d.  Port- 
land, Me.,  6  Sept.  1864.  Y.C.  1816 ;  Andover 
Sem.  1 820.  Ord.  1 822.  Son  of  Rev.  Daniel 
of  Stamford,  Ct.  Cong,  pastor  successively  of 
Portland,  Fall  River,  Catskill,  N.Y.,  and  New 
Bedford.  Ord.  priest  in  the  Pr.-Episc.  Church, 
he  was  prof,  of  syst.  divinity  at  Kenyou  Coll., 
O.,  in  1845-63,  and  4  years  president. 

Smith,  Truman,  U.S.  senator,  1849-54,  b. 
Roxbury,  Ct.,  Nov.  27,  1791.  Y.C.  1815.  Ad- 
mitted to  -the  bar  in  1 81 8 ;  was  a  member  of  the 
State  legisl.  in  1831-2  and  '34 ;  M.C.  in  1839t- 
43  and  in  1845-9.  He  has  since  practised  law 
in  N.Y.  City.  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Arbitra- 
tion in  N.  York  under  the  treaty  of  1862  with 
Great  Britain ;  a  judge  of  the  Court  of  Claims 
arising  from  the  Rebellion.  He  pub.  "An  Ex- 
amination of  the  Question  of  Anaesthesia," 
Bvo,  1859;  again,  8vo,  1867.  He  assigns  the 
discovery  to  Dr.  Horace  Wells. 

Smith,  William,  chief  justice  of  N.  Y., 
b.  New  York,  25  June,  1728;  d.  there  3  Dec. 
1793.  Y.C.  1745.  Son  of  an  eminent  lawyer 
of  the  same  name,  who  was  mayor  of  the  city, 
judge  Sup.  Court,  and  influential  in  public  af- 
fairs, and  who  d.  22  Nov.  1769,  a.  73.  The  son 
became  one  of  the  foremost  lawyers  of  his  time 
in  America.  App.  a  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  in  1763  ;  member  of  the  council  as  early 
as  1769;  adhered  to  the  royal  govt,  in  the 
Revol.;  went  to  Eng.  at  the  peace  in  1783; 
and  in  Nov.  1786  was  app.  chief  justice  of 
Canada.  It  is .  believed  that  he  at  first  op- 
posed the  measures  of  Eng.,  and  joined  the 
royal  side  with   many  others  in   1778.     He 


wrote  an  excellent  history  of  New  York  from 
its  settlement  to  1732,  pub.  Lond.  1757,  re- 
pub,  with  additions  in  1814,  and  continued  to 
1762  by  William,  son  of  the  chief  justice, 
also  author  of  the  first  "  English  History  of 
Canada,"  b.  June,  1770. 

Smith,  William,  D.D.  (Oxf.  1759),  Pr.- 
Ep.  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Aberdeen,  Scot- 
land, 1726;  d.  Phila.  May  14,  1803.  U.  of  Aber- 
deen, 1747.  He  emig.  to  Amer.  in  1 7^0  ;  was  a 
private  tutor  in  the  family  of  Gov.  Martin  on 
Long  Island ;  and,  being  invited  to  take  charge 
of  the  coU.  in  Phila.,  revisited  Eng.  to  be  ord. 
in  the  Epis.  Church ;  returned  to  Amer.  in 
Dec.  1 753 ;  and  in  May,  1 754,  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  coll.  This  institution,  of  which  he 
was  founder  and  first  provost,  attained  a  high 
character  in  his  hands,  and  was  subsequently 
erected  into  the  present  U.  of  Pa.  During  his 
long  life  he  was  disting.  for  his  oratorical  pow- 
ers, for  his  sermons  and  political  writings  dur- 
ing the  Revol.,  and  more  particularly  for  his 
devotion  to  the  cause  of  education  and  litera- 
ture. His  orations  on  the  deaths  of  Gen. 
Montgomery  and  Dr.  Franklin,  pronounced 
by  request  of  Congress  and  other  public  bodies, 
were  considered  masterpieces  of  composition. 
Besides  these,  he  pub.  discourses  on  several 
public  occasions  during  the  war,  1759,  2d  cd., 
with  sermons  added,  1763;  "Concerning  the 
Conversion  of  the  Heathen  in  America,"  1760 ; 
"An  Account  of  the  Charitable  Corporation 
for  the  Widows  of  Clergymen,"  1769  ;  an  Ora- 
tion before  the  Amer.  Philos.  Society,  1773  ;  on 
"  The  Present  Crisis  of  American  Affairs," 
June  23,  1775;  on  "Temporal  and  Spiritual 
Salvation,"  1790;  an  essay  entitled  "A  Gen- 
eral Idea  of  the  College  of  Mirania,"  1753. 
One  of  the  earliest  of  his  writings  was  "  A 
Philosophical  Meditation  and  Religious  Ad- 
dress to  the  Supreme  Being,"  Lond.  1754. 
From  Oct.  1757  to  Oct.  1758  he  pub.  a  series 
of  eight  essays  in  the  Amer.  Mag.  at  Phila., 
entitled  "  The  Hermit;  "and  was  the  author 
of  "  Bouquet's  Exped.  against  the  Western 
Indians."  A  selection  of  his  works  was  pub. 
2  vols.  8vo,  1803. 

Smith,  William,  statesman ;  d.  Balti- 
more, 27  Mar.  1814,  a.  85.  A  delegate  to  the 
Old  Congress  1777-8;  M.C.  1789-91 ;  and  af- 
terwards auditor  of  the  treasury. 

Smith,  Wii^LiAM,  D.D.,  *Pr.-Ep.  clergy- 
man, b.  Scotland,  1753 ;  d.  New  York,  Apr.  6, 
1821.  He  emig.  to  America  as  an  ord.  minister 
in  1785;  officiated  in  Md.,  Narragansett  and 
Newport,  R.I.,  Norwalk,  Ct.,  and  New  York ; 
his  unhappy  temperament  preventing  his  long  so- 
journ in  any  jparish,  though  highly  respected  for 
scholarly  attainments.  He  taught  a  grammar- 
school  in  New  York  in  1800 ;  and  in  1802-6  was 
principal  of  the  Epis.  Academy,.  Cheshii-e,  Ct. ; 
he  subsequently  resided  in  New  York,  writing 
for  the  press.  Among  his  publications  were  a 
series  of  essays  on  the  Christian  Ministry,  a 
Book  of  Charts,  and  a  large  work  on  Christian 
Psalmody,  1814.  The  Office  of  Institution  of 
Ministers  into  Parishes  or  Churches,  as  set 
forth  in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  was  his 
production.  His  colloquial  powers  were  ex- 
traordinary. —  B/ake. 

Smith,  WiLLiASi,  LL.D.  (N.  J.  Coll.  1796), 


&mi 


848 


Siva 


senator,  b.  N.C.  1762;  d.  Iluntsville,  Ala.,  26 
June,  1840.  Educated  at  Mount-Zion  Coll. 
Admitted  to  the  bar  in  1792;  M.  C.  from 
Charleston  dist.  1797-9  ;  U.S.  senator  1816-23 
and  1826-31;  member  State  legisl.,  and  judge 
of  the  Sup.  Court.  A  disting.  supporter  of  the 
doctrine  of  State  rights.  Declined  a  seat  on 
the  bench  of  the  U.S.  Sup.  Court;  candidate 
of  S.C.  f9r  vice-pres.  in  1837;  twdce  pres.  po 
tem.  U.S.  senate. 

Smith,  William,  politician,  nicknamed 
"Extra  Billy,"  b.  King  George  Co.,  Va.,  6 
Sept.  1797.  Educated  at  PlainfieldAcad.,  Ct., 
and  in  private  schools  in  Va. ;  and  began  to 
practise  law  in  1818.  By  establishing  a  line 
of  coaches  through  Va.,  the  Carolinas,  and 
Ga.,  he  made  a  fortune.  Was  a  member  of  the 
legisl.  in  1836  and  1840;  M.C.  1842-3;  gov. 
of  Va.  1846-9;  and  again  M.C.  in  1853-61  ; 
made  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  Confed.  army,  and 
wounded  at  Antietam. 

Smith,  William,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  Ky. 
9  Jan.  1803.  Midshipm.  Mar.  4,  1823;  lieut. 
Mar.  3,  1831;  com.  Sept.  12,  1854;  commo. 
July  16,  1862  ;  retired  9  Jan.  1865.  Attached 
to  "The  Sea-Gull"  in  1823,  and  served  in 
Porter's  squad,  against  W.  I.  pirates  ;  in  "  The 
Vandalia"  1835-7,  co-operating  with  the  army 
in  several  expeds.  against  the  Seminole^  In- 
dians, Fla. ;  during  the  Mexican  war  assisted 
at  the  capture  of  Tuspan  and  Tabasco ;  com. 
'"  The  Levant "  in  the  E.  I.  squad.  1854-8 ;  and 
participated  in  the  capture  of  the  barrier  forts, 
Canton,  China,  in  1856;  was  in  the  frigate 
"  Congress  "  when  sunk  by  "  The  Merrimack ; " 
com.  "  The  Wachusett "  and  gunboats  co-op- 
erating with  McClellan's  army  in  1862;  and 
com.  Pensacola  naval  station  in  1862-5. — 
Hamersly. 

Smith,  Gen.  William  Farrak,  b.  St. 
Alban's,  Vt.,  Feb.  17, 1824.  West  Point,  1845. 
Entering  the  topog.  engrs.,  he  became  2d  lieut. 
1849;  1st  lieut.  1853;  capt.  1859;  major  Mar. 
3,  1863;  assist,  prof,  of  mathematics  at  West 
Point  1846-8  and  1855-6  ;  and  also  employed 
on  the  surveys  of  the  Lake-Superior  region, 
of  the  llio  Grande,  Texas,  the  military  road 
to  California,  and  on  the  Mexican-boundary 
commission.  When  civil  war  began,  he  was 
sec.  of  the  lighthouse  board  at  Washington ; 
obtaining  leave  of  absence,  he  took  com.  of 
the  3d  Vt.  Vols.  16  July,  and  became  brig.-gen. 
Aug.  13,  1861;  maj.-gen.  July  4,  1862.  He 
was  in  the  Bull-run  battle  21  July,  1861. 
During  the  Chickahominy  campaign  he  was 
highly  disting. ;  com.  a  division  in  the  corps  of 
Gen.  Franklin ;  participated  in  the  battles  of 
South  Mountain  and  Antietam  ;  com.  the  6th 
corps  in  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg  Dec.  13 ; 
chief  engr.,  dept.  of  the  Cumberland,  Oct.-Nov. 
1 863 ;  of  the  milit.  division  of  the  Mpi.  Nov. 
1863-Mar.  1864;  in  operations  about  Chatta- 
nooga, and  battle  of  Mission.  Ridge ;  com.  18th 
corps.  Army  of  Potomac,  Mav-July,  1864 ;  and 
engaged  at  Cold  Harbor  and  siege  of  Petersburg; 
resigned  7  Mar.  1867  ;  pres.  Internat.  Teleg. 
Co.  since  1 864 ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  White-oak 
Swamp  28  June,  1862;  col.  for  Antietam  17 
Sept.  1862;  brig.-gen.  and  maj.-gen.  13  Mar. 
1865  for  Chattanooga,  and  forgallant  and  merit, 
services  during  the  Rebellion.  —  Cu/lum. 


Smith,  William  Loughton,  LL.D., 
statesman  of  S.C;  d.  1812.  M.C.  from  S.C; 
1789-97  ;  an  able  supporter  of  the  administra- 
tions of  Washington  and  Adams  ;  minister  to 
Portugal  in  1797-1800,  and  to  Spain  1800-01. 
He  pub.  an  oration,  July  4,  1796;  a  com- 
parative view  of  the  Constitutions  of  the  States 
and  the  U.S.,  1797;  a  pamphlet  against  the 
pretensions  of  Jefferson  to  the  presidency ; 
essays  signed  "  Phocion  ;  "  address  to  his  con- 
stituents, 1794.  His  speeches  and  letter  to  his 
constituents  were  repub.  in  London  in  1795. 

Smith,  William  Moore,  lawyer  and  poet, 
b.  Phila.  June  1,1759;  d.  there  1821.  Son 
of  William  Smith,  provost  of  Phila.  Coll.,  and 
pub,  a  vol.  of  poems,  1785,  which  in  1787  was 
repub.  in  Eng.  He  was,  under  Jay's  treaty, 
general  agent  for  claimants,  and  visited  Eng. 
in  1803  to  close  his  commission,  accomp.  by 
his  son  William  Rudolj»h  Smith  as  private  sec. 
Richard  Penn  Smith  was  his  son. 

Smith,  William  Rudolph,  hist,  writer, 
son  of  Wm.  Moore  Smith,  b.  at  the  Trappe, 
Pa.,  31  Aug.  1787;  d.  Quincy,  111.,  29  Aug. 
1868.  Author  of  "  Observations  on  Wis.  Ter- 
ritory," 1838;  "Hist,  of  Wisconsin,"  4  vols. 
8vo;  "Discourse  before  the  Wis.  Hist.  Soc," 
1850.  In  early  life  he  edited  the  Huntingdon 
(Pa.)  Museum,  and  contrib.  the  Memoirs  of 
Wythe  to  "  Sanderson's  Lives."  Many  years 
pres.  of  the  State  Hist.  Soc.  He  went  to  Wis. 
in  1837,  and  in  1853  became  atty.-gen.  of  the 
State. 

Smith,  William  R.  of  Tuscaloosa,  Ala., 
formerly  a  judge;  M.C.  1851-5.  Author  of 
"  The  Alabama  Justice,"  8vo,  1841 ;  "  Uses  of 
Solitude,"  a  poem,  1860 ;  "  As  It  Is,"  a  novel ; 
Condensed  Ala.  Reports,  1862. 

Smith,  Col.  William  Stephens,  Revol. 
officer,  b.  N.Y.  1755  ;  d.  Lebanon,  N.Y.,  June 
10,  1816.  N.J.  (^oll.  1774.  Son  of  Capt. 
John.  He  was  aide  to  Gen.  Sullivan,  Aug. 
15,  1776  ;  lieut.-col.  13th  Ms.  Regt.  from  Nov. 
1778  to  Mar.  1779;  was  several  times  wounded  ; 
was  then  for  a  short  time  attached  to  the  staff 
of  Steuben,  but  left  in  July,  1781,  to  become 
aide-de-camp  to  Washington.  He  m.  the  only 
dau.  of  John  Adams,  whose  sec.  of  legation  ho 
was  in  Eng.  in  1785  ;  was  surveyor  of  N.Y. ; 
3  years  a  member  of  the  Assembly  ;  pres.  of  the 
N!Y.  Cincinnati  in  1804,  and  M.C.  1813-16. 

Smith,  WoRTHiNGTON,  D.D.,  prcs.  of  the 
U.  of  Vt.  1849-56,  b.  Hadley,  Ms.,  1793;  d. 
St.  Alban's,  Vt.,  Feb.  13,  1856.  Wms.  Coll. 
1816.  Minister  at  St.  Alban\  Vt.,  1823-49. 
His  sermons,  and  Memoir  by  Rev.  J.  Torrey, 
D.D.,  were  pub.  1861,  8vo. 

Smithson,  James  Lewis  Macie,  F.R.S., 
an  English  chemist,  and  founder  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  at  Washinirton  ;  d.  Genoa, 
June  27,  1829.  M.A.  of  Pembroke  Coll., 
Oxford,  May  26, 1 786.  The  birth  of  this  gentle- 
man is  thus  described  by  himself  at  the  com- 
mencement of  his  will:  "I,  James  Smithsort, 
son  of  Hugh,  first  duke  of  Northumberland, 
and  Elizabeth,  heiress  of  the  Hungerfords  of 
Stadley,  and  niece  to  Charles,  the  proud  duke 
of  Somerset."  His  brother  Avas  Earl  Percy  of 
Lexington  fame.  He  was  elected  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1787,  and  appears  under  the 
name  of  Macic  in  the  Philosoph.  Transactions 


SiyCY 


849 


SKTE 


for  1791 ;  but,  between  that  date  and  1803,  he 
chose  to  change  his  name  to  Smithson  (the 
family  name  of  his  father).  He  was  at  one 
time  a  vice-pres.  of  the  Hoy.  Soc,  to  whose 
Transactions  he  added  eight  communications, 
and  was  also  deeply  interested  in  geological 
investigations.  Mr.  Smithson's  will,  dated 
Oct.  23,  1826,  devised  the  whole  of  his  prop- 
erty (£120,000)  to  his  nephew  Lieut -Col. 
Dickenson  for  his  life,  and,  after  his  decease,  to 
his  surviving  children  ;  but  in  the  event  of  his 
dying  without  a  child  or  children,  then  the 
whole  of  the  property  "  to  the  United  States,  for 
the  purpose  of  founding  an  institution  at  Wash- 
ington, to  be  called  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge 
among  men."  By  the  death  of  his  nephew 
in  1835  without  heirs,  the  property  devolved 
upon  the  U.S.  Hon.  Richard  Rush,  as  agent 
of  the  U.S.,  received  the  bequest,  and,  Sept.  1, 
1838,  paid  into  the  U.S.  treasury  $515,169.  In 
Aug.  1856  Congress  passed  an  act  to  establish 
the  institution;  and,  up  to  1871,  17  vols,  of 
"  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge  " 
have  been  pub.  In  1862  a  niece  of  Smithson 
bequeathed  to  the  institution  £25,000. 

Smybert.  —  See  Smibert. 

Smyth,  Gen.  Alexander,  b.  Island  of 
Rathlin,  Ireland,  1765  ;  d.  Washington,  D.C., 
26  Apr.  1830.  Member  Va.  legisl. ;  app.  col. 
of  rifles  8  July,  1808  ;  acting  insp.-gen.  30  Mar. 
1812;  insp.-gen.  (rank  of  brig.-gen.)  6  July, 
1812;  undertook  the  invasion  of  Canada  in 
Nov.  1 8 1 2,  but  proved  incompetent,  and  was  soon 
removed  from  the  army;  M.C.  1817-25  and 
1827-30.  He  pub.  "Regulations  for  U.S.  Infant- 
ry," 1812,  and  a  pamphlet  on  the  Apocalypse. 

Smyth,  Clement,  D.D.,  R.C.  bishop  of 
Dubuque,  Iowa;  consec.  3  May,  1857;  d.  22 
Sept.  1865. 

Smyth,  John  F.  D.,  a  loyalist,  who  was 
imprisoned  at  Phila.  for  attempting  to  raise  a 
force  in  Va. ;  escaped,  and  was  retaken  at 
Pittsburg.  He  pub.  in  Lond.  2  vols.  1784, 
"A  Tour  in  the  U.S.,"  which,  though  replete 
with  falsehood  and  calumny,  contains  truthful 
pictures  of  society  and  manners  in  Va.  at  that 

Smyth,  Thomas,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1843), 
clergyman,  b.  Belfast,  Ireland,  14  July,  1808. 
Educated  at  Belfast  and  London  ;  came  to  the 
U.S.  in  1830;  soon  after  entered  the  Princeton 
Theol.  Sem. ;  visited  Charleston,  S.C,  in  Nov. 
1831;  and  in  1832  became  pastor  of  the  2d 
Presb.  Church  there,  where  he  continued  till 
1862.  He  has  written  "Ecclesiastical  Repub- 
licanism," "  On  the  Prelatic  Doctrine  of  Apos- 
tolic Succession,"  "  The  Life  and  Character 
of  Calvin  Defended,"  1844;  "The  History, 
Character,  and  Results  of  the  Westminster 
Assembly  of  Divines,"  1847;  "Bereaved  Fa- 
milies Consoled,"  1845 ;  "The  Unity  of  the 
Human  Races  proved  to  be  the  Doctrine  of 
Scripture,  Reason,  and  Science,"  1850  ;  "  Na- 
ture and  Claims  of  Young  Men's  Christian 
Associations,"  1 857 ;  "  Why  do  I  Live  1 "  1 857  ; 
"  The  Well  in  the  Valley,"  1857  ;  "  Obedience 
the  Life  of  Missions,"  1860;  "The  True 
Origin  and  Source  of  the  Mecklenburg  Dccl. 
of  Indep. ; "  "  How  is  the  World  to  be  Con- 
verted 1  "  &c. 


Smyth,  Gen.  Thomas  A.,  b.  Ireland ;  d. 
Petersburg,  Va.,  Apr.  9,  1865,  being  mortally 
wounded  near  Farmville,  Va.,  while  com.  the 
2d  div.  2d  army  corps,  Apr.  6,  1865.  While 
a  boy,  he  came  to  the  U.S.,  and  settled  at 
Wilmington,  Del.,  and  engaged  in  coach-mak- 
ing. At  the  opening  of  the  war  he  raised  a 
company  in  Wilmington,  and  joined  in  Phila. 
a  3-months'  regt.,  serving  in  the  Shenandoah 
Valley.  Returning  home,  he  was  made  major 
of  a  Del.  regt.,  and  rose  to  the  com.  of  a  brigade. 
Made  brig.-gen.  3  June,  1864,  for  gallantry  at 
Cold  Harbor. 

Smyth,  WiLLiAai,  D.D.,  b.  Pittston,  Me., 
1797  ;  d.  Brunswick,  Me.,  Apr.  3, 1868.  Bowd. 
Coll.  1822.  40  years  a  prof,  of  mathematics 
in  that  institution,  and  author  of  valuable 
school  text-books  on  algebra,  geometry,  trigo- 
nometry, &c. 

Snell,  Thomas,  D.D.  (Amh.  Coll.  1828), 
clergyman,  b.  Cummington,  Ms.,  Nov.  21, 
1774;  d.  N.  Brookfield,  May  4,  1862.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1795.  He  taught  an  acad.  at  Haverhill 
one  year;  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Tol- 
land Association,  Oct.  3, 1797  ;  and  ord.  pastor 
2d  Church,  North  Brookfield,  June  27,  1798. 
Among  his  24  pubs.  —  chiefly  sermons  —  are 
an  oration  at  Brookfield,  July  5,  1813;  sermon 
on  the  Completion  of  the  40th  Year  of  his  Min- 
istry, with  a  brief  History  of  the  Town,  1838; 
sermon  on  the  50th  Anniv.  of  his  Ordination, 
1848  ;  discourse  containing  an  Historical 
Sketch  of  N.  Brookfield,  1850  ;  and  Historical 
Sketch  of  the  1st  Cong.  Church,  N.  Brookfield, 
to  May,  1852. 

Snelling,  Col.  Josiah,  b.  Boston,  1782; 
d.  Washington  City,  Aug.  20,  1828.  App. 
lieut.  4th  Inf  May  3,  1808;  capt.  June,  1809 ; 
disting.  in  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  Oct.  1811 ; 
brev.  major  for  disting.  service  in  the  battle  of 
Brownstown,  Aug,  9,  1812;  assist,  insp.-gen. 
Apr.  25,  1813;  lieut.-col.  4th  Rifles,  Feb.  21, 
1814;  insp.-gen.  (rank  of  col.)  Apr.  12,  1814; 
disting.  in  affair  at  Lyon's  Creek  ;  col.  5th  Inf. 
June  1,  1819.  Author  of  Remarks  on  "Gen. 
Hull's  Memoirs,"  8vo,  1825.  Col.  S.  was  a 
principal  witness  against  Hull  at  his  trial. 

Snelling,  William  Joseph,  poet  and 
journalist,  b.  Boston,  26  Dec.  1804;  d.  Chel- 
sea, Ms.,  24  Dec.  1848.  Son  of  the  preceding. 
Educated  at  West  Point.  Afterward  a  fur- 
trapper  in  Mo.,  and  subsequently  engaged  at 
the  Galena  lead-mines.  He  began  writing  in 
1828;  was  many  years  connected  with  the 
newspapers,  and  at  his  death  was  editor  of  the 
Boston  Herald.  He  was  the  victim  of  intem- 
perance. His  contribs.  to  the  Galaxy,  the  N.E. 
Mag.,  and  "The Boston  Book"  (1837),  evinced 
his  ability  as  a  writer  of  the  first  rank.  His 
principal  poetical  work,  "  Truth,"  is  a  spirited 
but  severe  satire  on  some  of  our  best  poets. 
His  "  Tales  of  the  North-west"  contain  capital 
descriptions  of  Indian  life.  He  also  published 
"  Polar  Regions  of  the  Western  Continent  Ex- 
plored," 8vo,  1831  ;  "The  Rat-Trap,"  &c. 

Snethen,  Nicholas,  clergyman,  b.  Glen 
Cove,  L.I.,  Nov.  15,  1769;  d.  Princeton,  Ind., 
May  30, 1845.  He  labored  on  his  fiUher's  farm ; 
entered  the  itinerant  ministry  of  the  M.  E. 
Church  in  1794  ;  travelled  and  preached  4  years 
in  N.  Eng. ;  labored  at  Charleston,  S.C,  for  a 


eisro 


850 


SOT 


year ;  thence  was  ordered  to  Baltimore  ;  after- 
ward travelled  as  assistant  to  Bishop  Asbury, 
acting  as  his  private  sec.  In  1804-6  he  was 
stationed  in  New  York  ;  whence  he  removed  to 
his  farm  on  Larganore,  Frederic  Co.,  Md.  Be- 
coming by  marriage  an  owner  of  slaves,  he 
emancipated  them  in  1829.  In  1809  he  again 
became  an  itinerant,  and  while  stationed  at 
Georgetown  was  elected  chaplain  to  Congress. 
He  returned  to  farming  in  1814,  and  in  1829 
removed  to  Indiana.  In  1821  he  advocated  the 
introduction  of  lay  representation  into  the 
Church,  and  in  1828  bore  a  prominent  part  in 
the  formation  of  the  Meth.-Prot.  Church,  in 
connection  with  which  he  travelled  and  preached 
till  a  short  time  before  his  death,  residing  prin- 
cipally in  Cincinnati.  He  published  a  vol.  of 
essays  on  Lay  Representation;  Lectures  on 
Biblical  Subjects,  1836  ;  and  was  co-editor  of 
the  Meth.  Protestant  in  1834.  A  volume  of  22 
of  his  sermons  was  pub.  soon  after  his  death, 
and  subsequently  his  writings,  with  a  biogra- 
phy by  his  son,  W.  E.  S.  of  Baltimore. 

Snow,  Caleb  Hopkins,  physician  and 
author,  b.  Boston,  1  April,  1796  ;  d.  there  July 
6,  1835.  Brown  U.  1813.  Son  of  Prince 
Snow,  some  years  deputy-sheriff  of  Suffolk. 
Published  in  1825  "  History  of  Boston,"  Svo; 
"  Geography  of  Boston,"  &c.,  1830. 

Snowden,  James  Ross,  numismatist,  b. 
Chester,  Del.  Co.,  Pa.,  1810.  Speaker  of  the 
house  of  rep.,  Pa.,  1842-4;  State  treas.  1845- 
7;  treas.  U.S.  mint  1847-50,  and  director  of 
the  same  1853-61.  He  has  pub.  "  Description 
of  Coins  in  the  U.S.  Mint,"  8vo,  1860  ;  "  De- 
scription of  Medals  in  the  U.  S.  Mint,"  4to, 
1861 ;  "  The  Mint  at  Phila.,"  Svo,  1861  ; 
"  Coins  of  the  Bible,"  &c.,  1864 ;  "  The  Corn- 
planter  Memorial,"  &c.,  1867.  Author  of  the 
article  on  the  Coins  of  the  United  States 
in  the  National  Almanac  of  1863,  and  of 
many  pamphlets  on  similar  subjects. — AUi- 
bone. 

Snyder,  John  Ludwig,  a  Revol.  soldier 
of  great  longevity,  b.  Michaelstadt,  Germany, 
Aug.  5,  1746  ;  d.  Pa.  March  23,  1860,  a.  113, 
7mos.  18d.  He  came  to  Amer.  in  1758;  entered 
the  army  in  1775,  and  fought  through  the 
whole  war,  being  present  at  Trenton,  Brandy- 
wine,  Paoli,  Germantovvn,  Valley  Forge,  Mon- 
mouth, Stony  Point,  and  under  Lafayette  at 
Yorktown.  He  was  a  gunsmith  by  trade,  and 
made  a  perfect  gun  when  aged  107.  He 
retained  his  sight  and  vigor  to  the  last  year  of 
his  life.  —  Hist.  Mag.,  iv.  157. 

Snyder,  Simon,  gov.  of  Pa.  1808-17,  b. 
Lancaster  Co.,  Nov.  5, 1759  ;  d.  Selira's  Grove, 
in  Northumb.  Co.,  Nov.  9,  1819.  He  rose 
from  the  humble  situation  of  an  apprentice  to 
the  enjoyment  of  the  highest  honors  of  the 
State.  Member  of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  Pa. ;  several  years  speaker 
of  the  house  of  representatives;  and  in  1818 
was  a  member  of  the  State  senate. 

Solger,  Reinhold,  Ph.  D.,  b.  Prussia ; 
some  years  a  resident  of  Eng. ;  came  to  the 
U.S.  with  Kossuth,  and  became  assist,  register 
U.S.  treasury;  d.  13  Jan.  1866.  Author  of 
the  "  States  System  of  Europe,"  1854 ;  "  Schles- 
wig-Holstein  Question,"  Svo,  1862  ;  "History 
of  the  Kebellion   in   the  U.S.,"  in   German, 


1862;  and  of  the  prize-poem  for  the  Schiller 
Centennial,  Nov.  10,  1859. 

Soils,  Antonio  de,  a  Spanish  poet  and 
historian,  b.  Alcala  de  Henares,  18  July,  1610; 
d.  Madrid  19  Apr.  1686.  He  studied  law  at 
Salamanca,  but,  devoting  himself  to  literature, 
produced  a  comedy  at  17,  and  acquired  some 
repute  as  a  poet.  App.  in  1632  to  a  lucrative 
office  under  the  sec.  of  state,  he  became,  after 
the  death  of  Philip  IV.,  historiographer  of  the 
Indies,  but  took  orders  in  the  Church  in  1667, 
and  d.  poor.  His  "*  Historia  de  la  Conquista  de 
Mexico  (fol.  Madrid,  1684)  concluded  with  the 
subjugation  of  the  Mexicans,  that  he  might 
not  have  to  record  the  subsequent  cruelties  of 
his  countrymen.  An  Eng.  translation  was 
pub.  in  1724  ;  and  another,  by  Townshend,  3 
vols.  8vo,  Lond.,  1809.  His  plays  were  collect- 
ed and  pub.  at  Madrid  in  1732. 

Somers,  Richard,  a  brave  naval  oflScer, 
b.  Egg  Harbor,  N.  J.,  1778  ;  d.  Sept.  4,  1804. 
Son  of  Col.  Richard  of  the  Revol.  army,  who 
d.  1794.  Educated  at  a  school  in  Phila.  and 
at  the  Burlington  Acad.  He  went  to  sea  in 
1 794 ;  became  a  midshipm.  in  the  navy  in  1 798 ; 
lieut.  in  1801 ;  and  was  at  his  death  a  master- 
com.  In  1 803  he  com.  the  schooner  "  Nautilus," 
in  Com.  Preble's  squadron,  in  the  Medit.,  and 
bore  a  disting.  part  in  the  several  attacks  on 
the  Tripolitan  gunboats  ;  himself  leading  one 
of  the  attacking  divisions,  and  Decatur  the 
other.  He  vol.  to  take  the  "  Ketch  Intrepid," 
fitted  up  as  a  fireship,  into  the  harbor  of  Tripoli, 
and  with  his  brave  comrades  lost  his  life  by  its 
premature  explosion. 

Sommers,  Charles  G.,  D.D.,  b.  London, 
1791  ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Dec.  19,  1868.  He  came 
in  1802  to  the  U.S.  ;  was  in  1811  in  the  employ 
of  John  Jacob  Astor,  but  soon  turned  his  at- 
tention to  the  ministry,  in  which  he  labored 
over  50  years.  He  was  active  in  mission  and 
reform  work  under  the  auspices  of  the  Tract 
Society  and  the  Bible  Societies ;  founded  the 
American  Baptist  Home-Mission  Society,  and, 
in  connection  with  Rev.  Mr.  Griffiths,  es- 
tablished the  first  Sunday  school  in  America, 
upon  the  plan  of  Robert  Raikes,  in  Division 
St.  He  pub.  some  controversial  papers  in  de- 
fence of  his  sect,  edited  a  vol.  of  psalms  and 
hymns,  and  3  vols,  of  the  Baptist  Library, 
and  a  Memoir  of  John  Stanford,  D.D.,  with 
selections  from  his  Correspondence,  1835. 

Sonntag,  George,  admiral  in  the  Russian 
navy,  b.  Phila.  1786;  d.  Odessa,  Russia,  23 
Mar.  1841.  Son  of  Wm.  Lewis  Sonntag,  a 
French  officer,  who  came  to  the  U.S.  during  the 
Revol.  war,  and  subsequently  established  a 
mercantile  house  in  Phila.  George  went  to 
Russia  in  1815;  was  in  the  allied  army  at  the 
entry  into  Paris,  and  attained  the  grade  of  ad- 
miral, and  of  a  gen.  in  the  Russian  army,  by 
his  talent,  energy,  and  intrepidity. 

Sothern,  Edward  Askew  ("Douglas 
Stewart  '),  b,  Liverpool,  Eng.,  Apr.  1,  1830. 
Made  his  first  appearance  in  Jersey,  Eng. ;  be- 
came stage-manager  for  Charles  Poole.  Made 
his  ddbut  in  Boston  at  the  National,  as  Dr. 
Pangloss,  Sept.  1 852  ;  at  Laura  Keene's  Thea- 
tre, N.Y.,  May  12,  1858,  and  there  made  his 
great  hit  as  Dundreary,  in  "  Our  American 
Cousin,"  —  a  play  of  which  he  is  the  author. 


sou 


851 


sou 


He  performed  this  character  at  the  Haymarket, 
London,  from  Nov.  11,  1861,  for  496  times;  but 
was  not  successful  in  it  at  Paris,  where  he 
opened  July  8,  1867. 

Soublette,  Carlos,  Venezuelan  states- 
man ;  d.  Caraccas,  12  Feb.  1870,  a.  ab.  70.  He 
disting.  himself  in  the  war  for  So.  American 
independence ;  had  been  sec.  of  war,  of  state, 
of  foreign  affairs,  and  of  finance.  Pres.  of 
Venezuela  in  1842-6,  and  had  been  also  am- 
bassador to  Eng.,  France,  and  Spain. 

Soule,  Caroline  A.,  b.  Albany,  N.Y., 
1824.  Author  of  "  Memoir  of  Rev.  H.  B.  Soule, 
1852;  '*  Home-Life,"  1854;  "The  Pet  of  the 
Settlement,"  1860  ;  "  Wine  or  Water,"  1862; 
edited  tlie  Rose- Bud  1854-5  ;  co-editor  of  La- 
dies' Depositor}!  1856-62;  and  contrib.  to  mags, 
and  papers. 

Soule,  Joshua,  D.D.,  bishop  of  the  M.E. 
Church  south,  b.  Bristol,  Me.,  Aug.  1,  1781 ; 
d.  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Mar.  6,  1867.  Licensed 
to  preach  in  1798;  ord.  elder  in  1802;  app.  in 
1804  presiding  elder  of  the  Me.  dist. ;  and  at 
the  gen.  conf.  at  Baltimore,  1808,  drew  up  the 
constitution  of  the  plan  then  adopted  for  a  del- 
egated gen.  conf.  In  1816  he  was  chosen  book- 
agent,  and  editor  of  the  Meth  Mag.;  in  1820 
was  elected  to,  but  declined,  the  episcopate; 
had  charge  of  the  N.Y.  City  station  in  1821, 
and  that  of  Baltimore  in  1822-3;  in  1824  he 
was  re-elected  and  oi'd.  bishop ;  he  was  dele- 
gate to  the  British  Wesl.  Meth.  Conf.  in  1842, 
and  afterward  travelled  extensively  in  the 
British  islands  and  in  France.  On  the  division 
of  the  church,  Bishop  Soule  adhered  to  the 
southern  portion,  and  changed  his  place  of  res- 
idence from  Lebanon,  0.,  to  Nashville,  Tenn. 
In  1853-4,  he  made  an  episcopal  tour  in  Cal. 
Until  forced  by  age  and  infirmity  to  retire  from 
active  business,  he  was  "  abundant  in  labors," 
scorning  ease  and  self-indulgence. 

Soule  (soo'-la'),  Pierre,  lawyer  and  sena- 
tor, b.  Castillon,  in  the  Pyrenees,  1801;  d. 
N.  Orleans,  16  Mar.  1870.  Son  of  a  lieut.-gen. 
in  the  Republican  armies,  who  afterward  filled 
the  office  of  judge,  previously  hereditary  in  the 
family.  Destined  for  the  Church,  he  was  sent 
in  1816  to  the  Jesuits'  Coll.  at  Toulouse,  and 
completed  his  studies  at  Bordeaux.  At  the 
age  of  15  he  took  part  in  a  conspiracy  against 
the  Bourbons,  and,  the  plot  having  been  dis- 
covered, he  was  obliged  to  conceal  himself,  and 
for  more  than  a  year  followed  the  occupation 
of  a  shepherd.  Permitted  to  return,  he  went 
to  Paris,  and,  in  conjunction  with  Barthclemy 
and  Mery,  established  a  paper  advocating  re- 
publican sentiments.  Placed  on  trial  for  a 
bitter  attack  upon  the  ministry,  his  advocate 
appealed  to  the  clemency  of  the  court  in  be- 
half of  the  prisoner  on  the  score  of  his  youth. 
This  line  of  defence  did  not  suit  Soule,  who 
rose  from  his  seat,  and  addressed  the  court,  de- 
nying the  criminality  of  his  opinions  and  con- 
duct. His  eloquence  did  not  save  him  from 
St.  Pelagie,  whence  he  escaped  to  Eng.  He  af- 
terward came  to  Baltimore,  and  in  the  fall  of 
1825  removed  to  N.  Orleans.  Having  deter- 
mined to  make  the  law  his  profession,  he  ap- 
plied himself  assiduously  to  the  study  of  Eng., 
passed  his  examination  for  the  bar  in  that  lan- 
guage, was  adm.,  and  soon  rose  to  great  emi- 


nence in  the  profession.  In  1847  he  was  elect- 
ed a  U.S.  senator  to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  was  re- 
elected in  1849  for  6  years.  He' took  extreme 
Southern  ground,  and  was  a  frequent  partici- 
pant in  the  debates  upon  the  compromise 
measures  of  1850.  In  1853  he  was  app. 
by  Pres.  Pierce  minister  to  Spain.  He  was 
soon  involved  in  a  quarrel  with  M.  Turgot, 
the  French  ambassador,  whom  he  severely 
wounded  in  a  duel.  He  lent  his  influence  to 
the  revol.  outbreak  of  Aug.  1854  in  Madrid, 
and  was  led,  by  his  peculiar  views  on  the  sub- 
ject of  the  acquisition  of  Cuba  by  the  U.S., 
to  exceed  instructions,  and  to  withhold  a  treaty 
for  reciprocity  of  trade  between  the  U.S.  and 
Cuba  which  had  been  concluded  by  our  sec. 
of  legation  at  Madrid  during  the  temporary 
absence  of  the  minister.  He  joined  in  the  Os- 
tend  Conference  in  1854,  returned  to  the  U.S. 
in  1855,  and  is  understood  to  have  opposed  the 
secession  of  La.  In  1862  he  was  arrested  in 
N.  Orleans  for  disloyalty  to  the  govt.,  and  con- 
fined soni«  months  in  Fort  Lafayette,  but  was 
released  on  condition  that  he  would  leave  the 
country.  He  returned  to  N.  Orleans  a  few 
months  before  his  death. 

Soulouque  (soo-look'),  Faustin,  a  Hay- 
tien  general,  and  emperor  under  the  title  of 
Faustin  I.,  b.  in  the  southern  part  of  St.  Do- 
mingo in  1789;  d.  Jamaica,  W.I.,  Aug.  6, 1867. 
A  slave  by  birth,  he  was  fi-eed  b^^  the  decree 
of  1790;  took  part  in  the  negro  insurrection 
against  the  French  in  1803 ;  served  as  capt. 
under  Boyer  in  1820,  as  col.  under  Herard  in 
1844,  as  brig.-^en.  under  Guerrier  in  1845; 
and  com.  a  division  at  the  time  of  the  death  of 
Riche'  in  1846.  While  the  generals  Soufi'ran 
and  Paul  were  disputing  and  plotting  for  the 
succession,  the  senate  unexpectedly  elected 
Soulouque  to  the  presidency,  March  1,  1847. 
He  belonged  to  the  mulatto  party ;  but,  jealous 
of  their  power,  he  began  to  attach  the  blacks 
to  his  interest,  and  to  pursue  a  system  of  ter- 
ror toward  the  citizens,,  who  were  decimated 
in  1848  by  confiscations,  proscriptions,  and  ex- 
ecution. He  attempted,  unsuccessfully,  to 
subjugate  the  republic  of  St.  Domingo.  In 
1849  he  caused  the  restoration  of  the  empire, 
ostensibly  by  the  will  of  the  people;  was  chosen 
emperor  (Aug.  26) ;  surrounded  himself  with  a 
numerous  court ;  and  issued  a  constitution,  re- 
serving to  himself,  however,  the  right  at  any 
juncture  to  rule  as  he  pleased.  He  was 
crowned  with  great  pomp,  Apr.  18,  1852,  imi- 
tating on  the  occasion  the  ceremonial  at  the 
coronation  of  Napoleon  I.  In  1855,  while  re- 
peating his  attempt  to  conquer  St.  Domingo 
with  10,000  men,  he  was  completely  defeated 
by  Santana.  He  was  also  defeated  in  the  next 
campaign.  A  commercial  crisis  in  1858  in- 
creased the  general  discontent ,  and  Gen.  Gef- 
frard,  an  enterprising  mulatto,  led  a  rebellion, 
and  was  recognized  as  pres.  of  the  republic  of 
Hayti  by  the  clerk  and  officials.  Souloucjue 
took  refuge,  Jan.  15,  1859,  on  board  a  British 
frigate,  and  afterward  resided  in  Jamaica. 

Southard,  Samuel  Lewis,  LL.D.  (U.  of 
Pa.  1832),  an  eminent  lawyer  and  statesman, 
b.  Basking  Ridge,  N.  J.,  June  9, 1787;  d.  Fred- 
ericksburg, Va.,  June  26,  1842.  N.J.  Coll. 
1804.     Son  of  Henry,  Revol.  soldier  and  M.C. 


sou 


852 


SFJL 


(1801-11  and  1815-21),  b.  L.I.  Oct.  1747,  d.  22 
May,  1842.  Samuel  taught  school  18  months 
in  his  native  State ;  was  tutor  in  the  family  of 
Hon.  John  Taliaferro  of  Va.  until  1810;  stud- 
ied law,  and  was  adm.  to  practice  in  that 
State;  in  1811  ho  located  himself  at  Heming- 
ton,  N.  J.;  in  1814  was  adm.  as  counsellor-at- 
law,  and  app.  law-rcportcr  by  the  legisl. ;  in 
1815  was  app.  assoc.  justice  of  the  Sup.  Court 
of  N.  J. ;  U.S.  senator,  Jan.  22,  1821-March  4, 
1827;  was  app.  sec.  U.S.N,  in  1823;  was  also 
acting  sec.  of  the  treasury  during  5  or  6  months 
of  1825 ;  for  a  short  period  acted  as  sec.  of  war; 
in  1829  was  app.  atty.-gen.  of  N.  J.;  in  1832 
was  gov.  of  the  State ;  and  again  U.S.  senator 
from  1833  to  his  death,  becoming  in  1841  pres. 
of  that  body.  In  1831  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Philos.  Society.  He  is  remembei'cd 
in  N.  J.  as  the  "  favorite  son  "  of  that  State. 
He  pub.  "Reports  Sup.  Ct.  of  N.  J.,"  1816- 
20,  2  vols.  8vo,  addresses,  discourses,  speeches, 
&c.  Samuel  Lewis,  his  son,  b.  Trenton, 
1819,  d.  1859.  N.J.  Coll.  1836.  Prot.-Epis. 
divine.  Author  of  "The  Mystery  of  Godli- 
ness," 8vo,  1 848 ;  "  Pastoral  Letter  to  Calvary 
Church,  N.Y.,"  1849;  "  Sermon  on  the  Death 
of  Henry  Clay,"  1852. 

Soutngate,  Horatio,  D.D.,  b.  Portland, 
Me.,  1812.  Bowd.  Coll.  1832;  And.  Tbeol.  Sem. 
1835.  Ord.  Prot.-Epis.  Ch.  1836;  bishop  of 
Constantinople  1 844-50 ;  elected  bishop  of  Cal. 
in  1850,  but  declined;  rector  of  St.  Mark's, 
Portland,  1851-2;  of  the  Ch.  of  the  Advent, 
Boston,  1852-8.  Horatio  his  father,  a  lawyer 
of  Portland  (b.  Scarborough,  Me.,  1781;  regis- 
ter of  probate  for  Cumb.  Co.  1815-36),  pub.  in 
1830  "  The  Probate  Manual."  ^  The  son  is  the 
author  of  "Tour  in  Armenia,  Kurdistan," 
&c.,  1841,  2  vols.  8vo;  "Practical  Directions 
for  Lent,"  1850;  "Visit  to  the  Church  of 
Mesopotamia,"  &e.,  12mo,  1844;  "The  War 
in  the  East,"  1855;  "Parochial  Sermons," 
1859 ;  also  of  some  pamphlets,  and  contribs.  to 
periodicals. 

Southwick,  Solomon,  editor  and  politi- 
cian, b.  R.I.  ab.  1774 ;  d.  Albany,  N.Y.,  Nov. 
18,  1839.  He  was  brought  up  to  the  trade  of 
a  baker ;  but,  after  having  been  a  journeyman- 
printer  in  Albany,  about  the  beginning  of  the 
century  he  became  sole  editor  of  the  Albany 
Register,  which  under  his  management  became 
the  leading  Repub.  or  Democ.  paper  in  tbe 
State ;  but  Mr.  Southwick  quarrelled  with  his 
party,  and  alienated  his  friends,  and  the  Rofjis- 
ferdied  in  1817.  He  afterwards  entered  into 
numerous  wild  speculations,  and  finally  became 
b.inkrupt.  Though  a  fatalist  in  religion,  he 
nevertheless  established  a  religious  paper  called 
the  Christian  Visitant,^  which,  in  addition  to  his 
political  paper,  he  edited  with  talent ;  also,  for 
a  time,  carrying  on  an  a:,ndcultural  paper  called 
the  P/oughhoi/,  which  died  Irom  want  of  support. 
He  aftenvard  prepared  an  able  course  of  lec- 
tures in  behalf  of  the  temperance  cause,  an- 
other upon  biblical  literature,  and  another 
upon  self-education,  which  he  delivered  exten- 
sively throughout  the  State. 

Southworth,  Emma  D.  E.  (Nevitte), 
novelist,  b.  Washington,  D.C.,  Dec.  26,  1818. 
She  was  married  in  1841,  and  in  1843  was 
obliged  to  resort  to  her  pen  for  support,  and 


made  her  d^but  as  a  writer  in  the  National  Era, 
a  newspaper  of  Washington,  to  which  she  be- 
came a  regular  contrib.  of  tales  and  sketches. 
Her  first  novel,  "  Retribution,"  written  while 
engaged  in  school-teaching  in  Washington,  ap- 
peared in  1849.  She  has  since  produced  "  Tbe 
Deserted  Wife,"  Shannondale,"  "  The  Curse 
of  Clifton,"  "  The  Lost  Heiress,"  "  The  Dis- 
carded Daughter,"  and  many  others,  which 
have  attained  considerable  popularity.  Her 
novels  display  strong  dramatic  power,  and  con- 
tain many  excellent  descriptive  passages  of 
the  Southern  life  and  scenery  to  which  tbey  are 
chiefly  devoted.  In  1853  she  removed  to  a 
charming  villa  on  the  Potomac  Heights,  near 
Georgetown ;  and  has  since  been  engaged  as  a 
regular  contributor  to  the  N.  Y.  Ledger. 

Southworth,  Nathaniel,  miniature- 
painter,  b.  Scituate,  Ms.,  1806;  d.  Dorchester, 
Apr.  25,  1858.  He  early  manifested  talent  in 
drawing,  and,  establishing  himself  in  Boston, 
ranked  as  one  of  the  best  in  his  dept.  of  the  art. 
His  likenesses  were  characterized  by  accuracy 
in  drawing  and  great  delicacy  in  execution. 
After  visiting  Europe  in  1848,  he  practised  his 
profession  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 

Sower,  Christopher,  printer  and  pub- 
lisher of  Phila.,  b.  Germany;  d.  Sept.  1758. 
He  pub.  in  1 735  a  quarterly  journal  in  Ger- 
man,—  the  first  of  its  kind  in  a  foreign  lan- 
guage issued  in  Pa. ;  established  the  first  type- 
foundry  and  printers'-ink  manuf.  in  the  coun- 
try; and  in  1743  printed  a  German  quarto  Bi- 
ble. He  possessed  great  influence  among  his 
countrymen,  frequently  acting  as  their  repre- 
sentative in  their  intercourse  with  the  govt. 
About  1744  he  resigned  his  business  to  his  son 
Christophek,  b.  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Germany, 
Sept.  26,  1721,  d.  Aug.  1784.  He  emigrated 
with  his  father  to  Pa.  in  1 726,  and  conducted 
by  far  the  most  extensive  book-manuf.  then, 
and  for  many  years  subsequently,  established 
in  America.  He  is  supposed  to  be  the  invent- 
or of  cast-iron  stoves,  and  it  is  certain  that 
he  introduced  the  use  of  them.  He  was  noted 
for  philanthropy,  and  during  the  Revol.  dis- 
tributed flour  and  potatoes  by  the  wagon-load 
among  the  destitute  families  of  the  militia  in 
service.  He  was  subsequently  known  as  *^Das 
Brod  -  Vater''  —  the  bread-father.  The  Revol. 
broke  up  his  establishment ;  and,  taking  part 
with  the  loyalists,  his  estate  was  confiscated. 

Spaight,  Richard  D.,  gov.  of  N.C.  1792- 
5  ;  killed  in  a  duel  with  John  Stanley,  Sept.  5, 
1802.  He  commenced  his  academic  studies  in 
Ireland,  and  completed  them  at  the  U.  of  Glas- 
gow. He  joined  the  Amer.  army  in  1778  as 
aide  to  Gen.  Caswell,  and  was  at  the  battle  of 
Camden  in  1 780.  In  1781  he  entered  the  house 
of  commons  of  N.C. ;  in  1782-4  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Cont.  Congress,  also  in  1785-6; 
was  one  of  the  delegates  to  frame  the  U.S.  Con- 
stitution ;  in  1792  he  was  again  elected  to  the 
local  legisl. ;  M.C.  1798-1701,  after  which  he 
was  elected  to  the  State  senate. 

Spaight,  Richard  Dosns,  lawyer  and 
statesman,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Newbcrn, 
N.C,  1796;  d.  there  Nov.  1850.  U.  of  N.C. 
1815.  Member  of  the  house  in  1819;  of  the 
State  senate  in  1820-2  ;  M.C.  1823-4 ;  again 
a  State  senator  in  1824-34 :  and  in  1835-7  was 


SP-A. 


853 


&FA. 


gov.  of  the  State.  Member  of  the  State  Const. 
Convention  in  1835. 

Spalding,  Benedict  Joseph,  D.D.,  ad- 
ministratorot  the  R.C.  diocese  of  Louisville,  Ky., 
b.  Marion  Co.,  Ky.,  1810;  d.  Louisville,  Ky., 
Aug.  4,  1868.  He  studied  at  St.  Mary's  Coll. 
and  at  Bardstown  ;  grad.  at  the  Coll.  of  the 
Propaganda,  Rome,  in  1837;  was  made  priest, 
and,  returning  home,  taught  for  several  months 
at  the  St.  Thomas  Sem. ;  and  was  afterward 
agent  and  ^conome  in  St.  Joseph's  Coll.  In 
1840-2  he  carried  on,  with  Rev.  John  Hutch- 
ins,  a  seminary  for  boys  in  Breckinridge  Co. 
Vice-prcs.  of  St.  Joseph's  Coll.  in  1842-4; 
pastor  of  St.  Joseph's,  Bardstown,  from  July, 
1844,  till  1849;  and  from  1849  till  his  death 
pastor  of  the  Cathedral  Church,  Louisville,  and 
vicar-gcn.  of  the  diocese.  His  property,  which 
was  considerable,  was  left  for  benevolent  ob- 
jects. He  was  greatly  beloved  both  by  Catho- 
lics and  Pi'otestants  for  his  blameless  life,  his 
generous  liberality,  and  his  self-sacrificing  dis- 
position. 

Spalding,  Lymax,  M.D.  (Dartm.  1798), 
physician  and  med.  writer,  b.  Cornish,  N.H., 
.5  June,  1775  ;  d.  Portsm.,  N.H.,  31  Oct.  1821. 
H.  U.  1797.  He  studied  under  Dr.  Nathan 
Smith,  whom  he  aided  in  establishing  the  med. 
school  at  Dartm.  Coll. ;  delivered  there  the 
first  course  of  chemical  lectures;  and  began 
practice  at  Portsm.  in  1799.  He  was  a  skilful 
anatomist ;  became  pres.  of  the  Coll.  of  Phys. 
and  Surgeons  in  Western  N.Y.  in  1812;  and 
removed  to  N.Y.  City  in  1813.  He  planned 
the  U.S.  Pharmacopoeia,  and  was  one  of  the 
committee  for  its  pub.  in  1820 ;  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  many  learned  societies  in  America  and 
Europe.  He  pub.  "  A  New  Nomenclature  of 
Chemistry,"  1799;  "  Inaug.  Address,"  1813; 
*'  History  of  Scutellaria ;  "  "  Reflections  on 
Yellow-Fever,"  1819;  and  was  a  contrib.  to 
many  med.  and  philos.  journals. 

Spalding,  Martin  John,  D.D.,  R.C. 
archbishop  of  Baltimore,  b.  Marion  Co.,  Ky., 
May  23,  1810.  Consec.  bishop  of  Leugone, 
Sept.  10,  1848  ;  succeeded  to  the  see  of  Louis- 
ville, Feb.  11, 1850;  transl.  to  Baltimore,  May  6, 
1864.  Educated  at  St.  Mary's  (near  Lebanon, 
Ky.),  at  St.  Joseph's  (Bardstown,  Ky.),  and 
grad.  at  Rome,  July,  1834.  Author  of  "Mis- 
cellanies," 8vo,  1855;  "Early  Catholic  Mis- 
sions of  Ky./'  8vo,  1844;  "Lectures  on  the 
Evidences  of  Catholicity,"  1847  ;  "  Life  of  Rt. 
Rev.  B.  J.  Flaget,"  1852;  "History  of  the 
Prot.  Reformation,"  2  vols.  1860.  He  edited 
the  Abbe  Darras's  "  History  of  the  Catholic 
Church,"  4  vols.  8vo,  1865-6. 

Spalding,  Rufus  Paine,  lawyer,  and 
M.C.  1863-9,  b.  West  Tisbury,  Ms.,  May  3, 
1798.  Y.  C.  1817.  He  removed  with  his  par- 
ents to  Ct.  when  very  young  ;  m.  a  dau.  of 
Judge  Zeph.  Swift ;  settled  as  a  lawyer  in 
Trumbull  Co.,  0.,  in  1821 ;  was  elected  to  the 
Icgisl.  in  1839  ;  re-elected  in  1841,  and  chosen 
speaker;  judge  of  the  Ohio  Sup.  Ct.  from  Feb. 
1849  to  Feb.  1852;  and  afterwards  practised 
law  in  Cleveland. 

Spalding,  Solomon,  author  of  the  "  Book 
of  Mormon,"  b.  Ashford,  Ct.,  1761  ;  d.  Amity, 
Washington  County,  Pa.,  1816.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1785.    He  had  been  a  soldier  iu  the  Revol. 


array;  became  a  licentiate  of  the  Windham 
(Ct.)  Cong.  Assoc.  Oct.  9,  1787  ;  preached  8  or 
10  years,  when  he  was  ord.  an  evangelist,  but 
did  not  settle,  owing  to  ill-health.  While  resid- 
ing in  Salem,  Ohio,  about  1812,  he  wrote  a 
work  of  fiction  suggested  by  the  opening  of  a 
mound  in  which  were  discovered  human  bones, 
and  some  relics  indicative  of  a  former  civilized 
race :  he  entitled  it  "  The  Manuscript  Found." 
About  1814  he  went  to  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  where 
he  was  followed  by  Sidney  Rigdon,  then  a 
printer,  and  afterward  a  noted  Mormon.  He 
told  his  employer  of  Spalding's  novel,  who 
borrowed  the  manuscript,  and  offered  to  print 
it.  His  widow  returned  to  New  York  with  it; 
but  it  was  afterwards  stolen  from  her.  The 
uniform  testimony  of  those  who  read  the  work 
is,  that  the  basis,  and  in  great  part  the  form 
thereof,  now  constitute  the  Mormon  Bible.  — 
Hist.  Mug.,  Aug.  1869  ;  Alumni  D.C. 

Spangenberg,  Augustus  Gottlieb, 
Ph.  D.  (Jena,  1726),  a  Moravian  bishop,  b. 
Klettenberg,  Germany,  15  July,  1704  ;  d.  near 
Hernhutt,  18  wScpt.  1792.  The  son  of  a  cler- 
gyman. He  aided  in  establishing  near  Jena 
ifree  schools  for  poor  children  ;  became  in  1731 
a  prof,  in  the  U.  of  Halle,  and  assist,  supt.  of 
Francke's  Orphan  House ;  and,  joining  the  Mo- 
ravians in  1733,  was  a  missionary  to  the  W. 
Indies  and  North  America  in  1735-9.  He  es- 
tablished a  colony  in  Ga.,  and  received  a  grant  of 
land,  a  part  of  which  is  within  the  present  limits 
of  Savannah.  He  preached  to  the  Germans  of 
Pa. ;  and  his  report  on  the  state  of  religion 
there  induced  his  church  to  found  the  town  of 
Bethlehem;  made  a  bishop  in  1744.  He  was 
again  in  America  in  1 744-9,  and  a  third  time 
in  1751-June,  1762.  He  made  frequent  journeys 
to  the  Indian  country;  was  adopted  by  the 
Oneidas,  and  was  highly  respected  by  the  In- 
dians. A  large  tract  of  land  in  Western  N.C. 
was  bought  in  1752,  and  a  pioneer  church 
planted  there.  During  the  French  and  Indian 
war  of  1755-62,  Bethlehem  became  the  frontier 
post,  and  was  stockaded  and  guarded  by  the 
Christian  Indians,  thus  affording  protection  to 
the  country  south  of  it.  On  the  death  of  Zin- 
zendorff  in  1760,  he  was  called  to  the  supreme 
council  of  the  sect,  and  in  1764  app.  supreme 
inspector  in  Upper  Alsatia.  Made  in  1789 
pros,  of  the  gen.  directory.  Author  of  "  Biog- 
raphv  of  Zinzendorff,"  1772-5,  8  vols.  8vo,  and 
"Idea  Fidei  Fratrum,"  8vo,  1779. 

Sparks,  Jared,  LL.D.  (H.  U.  1843),  his- 
torian, b.  Willington,  Ct.,  May  10,  1789;  d. 
Cambridge,  Ms.,  March  14,  1866.  H.U.  1815. 
Tutor  1 81 7-19.  His  youth  was  passed  in  agric, 
and  mechanical  occupations.  During  his  col- 
lege course  he  taught  for  a  time  a  small  private 
school  at  Havre  de  Grace,  Md.,  and  while  there 
served  in  the  militia  called  out  to  repel  an  an- 
ticipated attack  by  the  British.  He  studied 
theology  at  Camb. ;  and  also  became  one  of  the 
conductors  of  the  N.  A.  Review,  of  which  he 
was  sole  proprietor  and  editor  in  1823-30. 
From  May  5, 1819,  until  1823,  when  his  health 
became  impaired,  he  was  a  Unitarian  minister 
in  Baltimore.  In  1821  he  was  elected  chaplain 
to  the  house  of  representatives  ;  McLean  prof, 
of  history  at  H.  U.  in  1839-49;  and  pres.  in 
1849-52;  in  1857  he  made  a  European  tour 


SPE3 


854 


SI'E 


with  his  family,  and  afterward  resided  in  Cam- 
bridge. He  pub.  in  1820  "  Letters  on  the  Min- 
istry, Ritual,  and  Doctrine  of  the  Prot.-Ep. 
Church  ; "  "  Unitarian  Miscellany  and  Chris- 
tian Monitor,"  1821-3;  "  Comparative  Moral 
Tendency  of  Trinitarian  and  Unitarian  Doc- 
trines," 1 823 ;  "  Essays  and  Tracts  on  Theolo- 
gy," 6  vols.  1826;  "Life  of  John  Ledyard," 
1828  ;  "  The  Writings  of  George  Washington, 
with  a  Life,"  12  vols.  8vo,  1834-7;  "The 
Diplomatic  Corresp.  of  the  Amer.  Revol.,"  12 
vols.  8vo,  1829-30;  "  The  Life  of  Gouverneur 
Morris,"  3  vols.  8vo,  1 832 ;  "  The  American 
Almanac,"  1830;  "Library  of  Amer.  Biog.," 
25  vols.  18mo,  1834-8  and  1844-8;  "The 
Works  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  with  a  Life,"  10 
vols.  8vo,  1840.  His  long  and  important  labors 
in  illustration  of  American  history  were  closed 
in  1854  by  his  "  Corresp.  of  the  Amer.  Revol.," 
4  vols.  8vo,  1854.  His  historical  writings 
evince  thorough  research,  candid  judgment, 
dispassionate  criticism,  and  accuracy  and  sim- 
plicity of  style.  In  1 852  he  printed  two  pam- 
phlets in  defence  of  his  mode  of  editing  the 
Writings  of  Washington,  in  reply  to  the  stric- 
tures of  Lord  Mahon  and  others ;  and  a  similar 
pamphlet  in  1853,  occasioned  by  a  reprint  of 
the  original  letters  from  Washington  to  Joseph 
Reed.  His  "Washington"  cost  him  9  years 
of  labor,  including  researches  in  1 828  in  the  ar- 
chives of  London  and  Paris,  then  opened  for 
the  first  time  for  historical  purposes,  and  the 
personal  examination  of  the  Revol.  papers  in 
the  public  offices  of  the  original  13  States  and 
the  dept.  at  Washington.  He  also  secured  the 
possession  of  all  the  Washington  papers  at  Mt. 
Vernon.  To  his  series  of  Biography  he  con- 
trib.  Lives  of  Ethan  Allen,  Marquette,  Arnold, 
De  La  Salle,  Pulaski,  Ribault,  Charles  Lee, 
and  Ledyard.  A  Memoir  of  Sparks,  by  G.  E. 
Ellis,  D.D.,  was  pub.  1869. 

Spear,  Charles,  Universalist  minister,  b. 
Boston;  d.  Washington,  D.C,  1863.  His  la- 
bors in  behalf  of  prisoners  were  constant,  visit- 
ing them,  and,  after  their  release,  aiding  them 
to  obtain  emplovment.  Author  of  "  Names 
and  Titles  of  Christ,"  16th  ed.,  1844;  "Essays 
on  the  Punishment  of  Death,"  1844;  "Plea 
for  Discharged  Convicts,"  1844;  "Voices 
from  Prison,"  a  selection  of  Poems,  Edited 
the  Prisoner's  Friend  1849-54,  6  vols.  8vo. 

Speece,  Conrad,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll.  1820), 
b.  N.  London,  Va.,Nov.  7, 1776  ;  d.  Staunton, 
Va.,  Feb.  15,  1836.  Employed  in  farm-labor 
until  16.  Educated  at  Liberty  Hall,  since  known 
as  Wash.  Coll. ;  studied  divinity,  and  was  a 
Baptist  preacher,  and  a  tutor  in  Hampden-Sid. 
Coll.  Licensed  by  the  presbytery  of  Hanover 
1801.  He  published  in  the  Republican  Farmer, 
weekly,  "The  Mountaineer,"  1813-16,  a  de- 
script,  of  men  and  things  in  Va.,  after  the 
manner  of  the  Spectator;  a  number  of  single 
sermons,  1810-32;  and  some  poems.  Pastor 
of  the  Augusta  Church,  Va.,  1813-36. — 
Sprague. 

Speed,  James,  lawyer,  b.  JefF.  Co.,  Kv., 
March  11,  1812.  St.  Joseph  Coll.  Studied 
law  at  Transylv.  U. ;  adm.  to  the  bar,  and 
practised  at  Louisville  from  1833  ;  member  of 
the  legisl.  in  1847;  State  senator  1861;  U.S. 
atty.-gen.  Nov.  1864-July,  1866;  resumed  his 


profession ;  delegate,  and  pres.  of  the  Phila 
Loyalists'  Convention  of  1866. 

Spelman,  Henry,  third  son  of  Sir  Henry 
the  antiquary.  Came  to  Va.  in  1609.  Author 
of"  Relation  of  Virginia,"  pub.  Lond.  1861. 

Spence,  Robert  Trail,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Portsmouth,  N.  H. ;  d.  near  Baltimore,  26 
Sept.  1826.  Midshipm.  15  May,  1800  ;  lieut. 
17  Feb.  1807  ;  com.  24  July,  1813  ;  captain  28 
Feb.  1815.  He  served  under  Preble  in  the  at- 
tack on  Tripoli,  July-Sept.  1804. 

Spencer,  Ambrose,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1821), 
politician  and  jurist,  b.  Salisbury,  Ct.,  Dec. 
13,  1765;  d.  Lyons,  N.Y.,  March  13,  1848. 
H.U.  1783.  The  son  of  a  farmer  and  mechan- 
ic. Educated,  together  with  his  bro.  Philip,  at 
Yale  and  at  Harvard.  He  studied  law  with 
John  Canfield  of  Sharon,  Ct.,  whose  dau.  he 
m.  before  he  was  19,  and  settled  in  Hudson, 
J^.Y.  In  1786  he  was  app.  clerk  of  that  city; 
in  1793  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  As- 
sembly; in  1795  he  was  elected  to  the  senate 
for  3  years,  and  in  1798  was  re-elected  for  4 
years.  He  was  the  author  of  a  bill,  which  be- 
came a  law,  meliorating  the  criminal  code,  and 
authorizing  the  erection  of  a  State  prison  near 
New  York.  It  abolished  the  punishment  of 
death  in  all  cases  but  treason  and  murder,  and 
substituted  imprisonment  and  hard  labor.  In 
1796  he  was  app.  assist,  atty.-gen.;  atty.-gen. 
in  1802-4;  and  in  1804  he  received  the  app. 
of  a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  of  which  he 
was  chief  justice  in  1819-23.  Though  a  la- 
borious and  eminent  lawyer,  Judge  Spencer 
never  failed  to  take  the  most  lively  interest  in 
politics.  He  was  the  warm  friend  of  De  Witt 
Clinton,  but  separated  from  him  on  the  ques- 
tion of  the  war  of  1812.  In  1812  he  was  ac- 
tive in  the  struggle  to  prevent  the  charter  of 
the  six-million  bank.  Member  of  the  State 
Const,  Conv.  in  1821  ;  resumed  for  awhile  the 
practice  of  his  profession  at  Albany  ;  and  was 
subsequently  employed  in  various  public  du- 
ties, particularly  that  of  mayor  of  Albany; 
M.C.  1829-31.  In  1839  he  removed  to  the 
village  of  Lyons.  In  1844  he  presided  at  the 
Whig  Nat.  Convention,  held  at  Baltimore. 
While  in  Congress,  the  difficulty  with  the 
Cherokee  Indians  enlisted  in  their  behalf  his 
warmest  sympathies,  and  he  united  with 
Wirt  and  other  philanthropists  in  the  vain 
endeavor  to  arrest  the  monstrous  injustice  of 
our  government. 

Spencer,  Mrs.  Bella  Z.,  authoress,  b. 
London,  Eng.,  ab.  1840;  d.  Tuscaloosa,  Ala., 
1  Aug.  1867.  She  came  to  the  U.S.  in  infan- 
cy ;  ra.  Gen.  Geo.  E.  Spencer  in  1862,  and 
was  the  author  of  "Tried  and  True,"  1866; 
"  Surface  and  Depth,"  1867  ;  "  Ora,  the  Lost 
Wife,"  1864;  and  other  works. 

Spencer,  Elihu,  D.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1782), 
Presbyt.  pastor,  b.  E.  Haddam,  Ct.,  Feb.  12, 
1721 ;  d,  Trenton,  Dec.  27,  1784.  Y.C  1746. 
Ord.  Sept.  14,  1748.  Descended  from  Jared 
of  Cambridge,  1634,  who  settled  in  Haddam 
in  1660,  Missionary  to  the  Oneidas  in  1748- 
9;  pastor  at  Elizabethtown,  N.J.,  Feb.  7, 
1750-6;  afterwards  at  St.  George's,  Del. ;  and 
from  Oct,  1769  at  Trenton,  N,  J,  Gen.  Jo- 
seph was  his  bro,  A  dau,  m.  Jonathan  Dick- 
inson Sergeant.  —  Sprague. 


SI>E 


855 


SFI 


Spencer,  Ichabod  Smith,  D.D.  (Ham. 
Coll.  1841),  Presb.  minister,  b.  Rupert,  Vt., 
Feb.  23,  1798;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Nov.  23, 
1854.  Union  Coll.  1822.  Descended  from 
Thos.,  a  first  settler  of  Hartford,  who  d.  1687. 
He  studied  at  Salem  Acad.,  N.Y.,  and  taught 
school  at  Schenectady  and  Canandaigua.  Set- 
tled at  Northampton,  Sept.  11,  1828,  as  col- 
league with  Mr.  Williams  ;  dism.  March  12, 
1832,  and  was  pastor  of  the  Second  Church, 
Brooklyn,  until  his  death.  Besides  occas.  ser- 
mons, he  published  two  vols,  of  "Pastoral 
Sketches."  His  sermons,  with  Memoir,  were 
pub.  by  J.  M.  Sherwood,  2  vols.  1855;  his 
Sacramental  Discourses  by  Gardiner  Spring, 
1 861 ;  "  Evidences  of  Divine  Revelation,"  1865. 
—  Sprague. 

Spencer,  Jesse  Ames,  D.D,  (Col.  Coll. 
1852),  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Hyde  Park, 
N.Y.,  June  17,  1816.  Col.  Coll.  1837.  Re- 
moving to  N.Y.  City  in  1825,  he  was  several 
years  assist,  to  his  father  as  city  surveyor.  He 
studied  theology  in  the  Gen.  Sem.  of  the  Epis. 
Church;  was  ord.  deacon  in  July,  1840,  and 
priest  in  1841.  After  2  years'  ministerial  la- 
bor at  Goshen,  N.Y.,  he  was  compelled  by  ill- 
health  to  make  a  trip  to  Europe,  and  on  his 
return  engaged  in  educational  and  literary  oc- 
cupations. In  1848-9  he  travelled  in  Europe, 
Egypt,  and  the  Holy  Land  ;  and  in  1850  was 
app,  prof  of  Latin  and  Oriental  languages  in 
Burlington  Coll.,  N.J.  He  became  editor  and 
sec.  of  the  Epis.  Sunday-school  Union  and 
Church  Book  Society  in  Nov.  1851,  but  re- 
signed in  1857  ;  in  1858  was  elected  vice-pres. 
of  the  Troy  U.,  but  declined;  prof,  of  Greek 
in  the  Coll.  of  N.Y.  City  since  Oct.  1869.  He 
has  pub.  a  vol.  of  "  Discourses,"  1843  ;  "  His- 
tory of  the  English  Reformation,"  1846  ;  "  The 
New  Testament  in  Greek,  with  Notes,"  1847; 
"  Caesar's  Commentaries,"  1848;  "Egypt  and 
the  Holy  Land,"  1849;  and  a  "  History  of  the 
U.S.,"  4  vols.  8vo,  1858.  He  has  also  edited 
a  valuable  series  of  classical  books  by  T.  K. 
Arnold. 

Spencer,  John  Canfield,  LL.D.,  lawyer 
and  politician,  b.  Hudson,  N.Y.,  Jan.  8,  1788; 
d.  Albany,  N.  Y.,  May  18,  1855.  Un.  Coll. 
1806.  Son  of  Chief  Justice  Ambrose.  In 
1809  he  m.,  and  opened  a  aw-office  in  Canan- 
daigua,  whence  in  1845  he  removed  to  Albany. 
Becoming  at  the  age  of  19  private  sec.  to  Gov. 
Tompkins,  from  that  time  until  his  last  illness 
he  was  prominent  in  public  affairs.  In  1811 
he  was  made  master  in  chancery;  in  1813 
brigade  judge-advocate  in  active  service  on 
the  frontier;  in  1814  postmaster  of  Canan- 
daigua;  in  1815  assistant  atty.-gen.  for  the 
western  part  of  the  State ;  and 'was  M.C.  from 
1817  to  1819.  While  there,  as  one  of  the  com. 
to  examine  into  the  affairs  of  the  U.S.  Bank, 
he  drew  up  its  report.  When,  15  years  after- 
wards, the  final  struggle  came,  and  Gen.  Jack- 
son was  using  the  means  furnished  to  his  hand 
by  this  report,  Mr.  Spencer  was  found  among 
the  friends  of  the  bank.  In  1819-20  he- was  a 
member  of  the  Assembly,  and  was  speaker  in 
1820;  State  senator  in  1 824-8  ;  in  1827  he  was 
app.  by  Gov.  Clinton  one  of  the  board  to  revise 
the  statutes  of  New  York,  and  took  an  impor- 
tant part  in  the  performance  of  that  laborious 


and  responsible  task.  Joining  the  anti-Masonic 
party,  he  was  app.  special  atty.-gen.  under  the 
law  passed  for  that  purpose,  to  prosecute  those 
connected  with  the  alleged  abduction  of  Mor- 
gan, but  resigned  in  May,  1830,  having,  mean- 
while, involved  himself  in  a  controversy  with 
Gov.  Throop.  In  1832  he  was  again  elected  to 
the  Assembly  ;  in  1839-41  he  was  sec.  of  state, 
and  supt.  of  common  schools  ;  in  Oct.  1841  he 
was  made  sec.  of  war  by  Pres.  Tyler ;  and  in 
March,  1843,  was  transferred  to  the  treasury 
dept.,  but  resigned  in  1844  from  his  opposition 
to  the  annexation  of  Texas,  and  afterward  de- 
voted himself  to  the  practice  of  his  profession. 
The  organization  of  the  State  asylum  for  idiots, 
and  the  improvement  of  the  common-school 
system  of  the  State,  were,  to  a  very  considerable 
extent,  due  to  him.  He  edited  the  first  Amer- 
ican edition  of  De  Tocqueville's  "  Democracy 
in  America,"  with  an  original  preface  and 
notes. 

Spencer,  Gen.  Joseph,  b.  East  Haddam, 
Ct.,  1714;  d.  there  Jan.  13,  1789.  Judge  of 
probate  in  1753;  joined  the  Northern  army  in 
1758  as  major  under  Col.  Whiting,  and  as 
lieut.-col.  in  the  two  following  campaigns,  when 
he  acquired  the  reputation  of  a  brave  and 
good  officer.  Elected  a  member  of  the  council 
in  1 766,  and  was  app.  brig.-gen.  in  the  Cont. 
army,  June  22,  1775;  maj.-gen.  Aug.  9,  1776. 
He  was  with  the  army  in  the  exped.  against 
R.I.  in  1778,  and  assisted  in  Sullivan's  retreat; 
and  resigned  14  June,  1778,  in  consequence  of 
an  order  by  Congress  to  inquire  into  the 
reasons  of  the  failure  on  his  part  to  carry  out 
the  plan  of  an  exped.  against  the  British  in 
R.I.  the  preceding  year.  In  1779  he  was  elect- 
ed to  Congress,  and  in  1780  was  again  eleoted 
into  the  council,  and  was  annually  re-elected 
until  his  death.  He  was  highly  esteemed  by 
Washington. 

Spencer,  Platt  R.,  teacher  and  author 
of  the  "  Spencerian  "  system  of  penmanship,  b. 
Greene  Co.,  N.  Y.,  1801  ;  d.  Geneva,  O.,  16 
May,  1864. 

Spencer,  Thomas,  M.  D.,  founder  and 
prof,  of  the  Medical  Coll.  at  Geneva,  N.Y.,  b. 
Great  Barrington,  Ms.,  1793;  d.  Phila.  May 
30,  1857.  He  was  a  surgeon  in  the  army  dur- 
ing the  Mexican  war,  and  was  afterward  prof, 
in  a  med.  coll.  in  Chicago  and  in  Phila.  He 
had  been  pres.  of  the  N.Y.  Medical  Assoc,  and 
was  the  author  of  "  Chemistry  of  Animal 
Life,"  1845  ;  "Epidemic  Diarrhoea,"  8vo,  1832; 
"Introductory  Lecture  at  Geneva  College," 
1842. —5ee  Memoir  by  S.  D.  W'dlard,  M.D., 
8vo,  1858. 

Spencer,  William  A.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
N.Y:  1793 ;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  3  Mar.  1854.  Son 
of  Judge  Ambrose.  Midshipm.  15  Nov.  1809; 
lieut.  9  Dec.  1814  ;  com.  3  Mar.  1831;  capt.  22 
Jan.  1841 ;  resigned  9  Dec.  1843.  Acting  lieut. 
in  Macdonough's  victory  on  Lake  Champlain 
11  Sept.  1812. 

Spinner,  Francis  E.,  U.  S.  treas.  since 
1861,  b.  German  Flats,  Herk.  Co.,  N.Y.,  21  Jan. 
1802.  Educated  by  his  father,  a  German  cler- 
gyman. 20  years  the  exec,  officer  of  the  Mo- 
hawk-valley Bank;  major-gen.  of  militia;  co. 
sheriff;  auditor  in  the  naval  office,  New  York, 
184.5-9;  M.C.  1855-61. 


si>o 


856 


SPR 


SpofFord,  Harriet  Elizabeth  (Pres- 
cott),  author,  b.  Calais,  Me.,  3  April,  1835. 
Dau.  of  Joseph  W.  Prescott ;  married  in  1865  to 
R.  S.  Spofford, jun.,  of  Newburyport,  Ms.  She 
has  pub.  "Sir  Rohan's  Ghost,"  12nio,  1859; 
"  The  Amber  Gods,  and  Other  Stories,"  1863  ; 
"  Azariaa,"  an  episode,  1864.  Contributed  to 
Atlantic  Monthly,  N.  A.  Review,  Our  Young 
Folks,  Harper's  and  Knickerbocker  Magazines, 
the  Galaxtj,  &c. 

Spooner,  Alden  Jeremiah,  editor  Brook- 
lyn :SLar,  and  20  years  contrib.  to  the  Knicker- 
bocker and  Cohnan's  Monthly  Mags.,  b.  Sag  Har- 
bor, L.I.,  2  Feb.  1810.  Editor,  with  notes  and 
memoir,  G.  Furman's  "  History  of  Brooklyn," 
and  also  Wood's  "Hist,  of  Long  Island,"  with 
Memoir  of  Wood,  and  additions. 

Spooner,  Lysander,  b.  Petersham,  Ms., 
1808.  Author  of  "The  Deist's  Reply,"  &c., 
8vo,  1836  ;  "  Credit,  Curreney,  and  Banking," 
1843  ;  "  Unconstitutionality  of  prohibiting  Pri- 
vate Mails;"  "Unconstitutionality  of  Slave- 
ry," 1845;  "Poverty,  Causes  and  Cure," 
1846  ;  "  A  Defence  for  Fugitive  Slaves,"  1856 ; 
"Trial  by  Jury,"  1852;  "New  System  of 
Paper  Currency,"  1861;  "Considerations  on 
U.S.  Bonds,"  1866;  "No  Treason,"  1867. 
He  is  a  vigorous  and  perspicuous  writer. — 
Allibone. 

Spooner,  Shearjashub,  M.D.  (Coll.  of 
Ph.  and  Surg.  1835),  b.  Brandon,  Vt.,  1809; 
d.  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  March,  1859.  Midd.  Coll. 
1830.  He  practised  dentistry  with  success  in 
New  York  until  1858,  when  he  removed  to 
Plainfield,  N.J.  Author  of  "  Guide  to  Sound 
Teeth,"  1836;  "Art  of  Manuf.  Mineral  Teeth," 
1837;  "Treatise  on  Dentistry,"  8vo,  1838; 
"Anecdotes  of  Painters,"  &.c.,  3  vols.  1853; 
"Dictionary  of  Painters,  Sculptors,  Engravers," 
&c.,  2  vols.  8vo,  1865.  —  Allibone. 

SpotSWOOd,  Col.  Alexander,  gov.  of 
Va.  1710-23,  b.  Tangier,  Africa,  1676;  d.  An- 
napolis, Md.,  7  June,  1740.  Bred  to  the  army, 
he  served  under  Marlborough ;  was  danger- 
ously wounded  at  Blenheim,  and  became  dep. 
quarterm.-gen.  ;  he  was  app.  postmaster  in 
1730,  and  in  1739  com.  of  the  forces  intend- 
ed to  operate  against  Fla.  He  was  the  author 
of  an  act  improving  the  staple  of  tobacco, 
and  making  tobacco-notes  the  medium  of 
ordinary  circulation ;  was  the  ftither  of  the 
iron  manuf.  in  Va. ;  was  the  first  to  explore 
the  Appalachian  Mountains  ;  exerted  himself 
to  befriend  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll. ;  and  was 
zealous  in  efforts  to  Christianize  the  Indians. 
His  son  Robert  was  killed  by  Indians  in  1757. 
A  grandson.  Col.  Alex.,  a  disting.  Revol. 
officer,  app.  maj.  2d  Va.  Regt.  13  Feb.  1776, 
m.  Eliza,  niece  of  Gen.  Washington,  d.  Not- 
tingham, Va.,  20  Dec.  1818.  John,  bro.  of 
the  last,  also  a  Revol.  officer,  was  severely- 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Germantown. 

SpottS,  James  H.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  N.C. 
March  11,  1821.  Midshipm.  Aug.  2,  1837; 
licut.  Nov.  21, 1851 ;  com.  July  16,  1862;  capt. 
July  25,  1866.  Com.  steamer  "Magnolia," 
E.  Gulf  block,  squad.,  1862;  steamer  "  South 
Carolina,"  S.A.  block,  squad.,  1863-4  ;  steamer 
"  Powhatan,"  N.A.  block,  squad.,  1864-5  ;  in 
both  engagements  with  Fort  Fisher,  Nov. 
1864  and  Jan.  1865;  in  the  engagement  with 


Fort  Anderson  and  in  the  Cape-Fear  River 
Feb.  1865;  also  at  the  bombard,  of  batteries 
above  Dutch  Gap.  James  River,  Apr.  1865  ; 
com.  "  Guerriere,"  1870. — Hamersly. 

Sprague,  Charles,  poet,  b.  Boston,  Oct. 
26,  1791.  Son  of  Samuel,  one  of  the  famous 
tea-party.  At  the  age  of  ten  he  unfortunately 
lost  the  vision  of  his  left  eye.  He  engaged  in 
mercantile  business  until  1820,  when  he  be- 
came a  teller  in  the  State  Bank,  and  on  the 
establishment  of  the  Globe  Bank  (in  1S25)  was 
chosen  cashier,  a  station  he  occupied  until  1865. 
He  has  six  times  received  the  prize  for  the  best 
poems  for  the  American  stage,  becoming  known 
as  a  poet  by  being  in  1821  the  successful  com- 
petitor for  tlie  prize  offered  for  the  best  prol- 
ogue at  the  opening  of  the  Park  Theatre, 
N.Y.  In  1823  he  wrote  the  prize  ode  for  the 
pageant  in  honor  of  Shakspeare  at  the  Boston 
Theatre;  in  1830  he  pronounced  an  ode  at 
the  centennial  celebration  of  the  settlement  of 
Boston;  in  1827  he  delivered  an  address  on 
intemperance ;  and  at  the  commencement  at 
Harvard,  1829,  delivered  before  the  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  Society  the  ingenious  poem  "  Curios- 
ity." He  was  of  the  city  council  in  1823,  '24, 
and  '27,  and  delivered  the  city  oration  July  4, 
1 825.  Among  his  best  pieces  are  the  "  Ode  on 
Shakspeare,"  and  the  "Winged Worshippers." 
An  edition  of  Jiis  poems  and  prose  writings 
appeared  in  1855,  8vo.  A  son,  Charles 
James,  has  also  written  verses  in  a  delicate 
vein  of  sentiment. 

Sprague,  John  T.,  col.  U.S.A.,  b.  New- 
buryport, Ms.,  1812.  App.  lieut.  U.S.  marines 
17  Oct.  1834;  served  against  the  Creek  and 
Seminole  Indians;  adj.  Nov.  1843-6;  brev. 
capt.  15  Mar.  1842  for  good  conduct  in  Fla. 
war;  capt.  Sept.  1846;  maj.  1st  Inf.  14  May, 
1861  ;  chief  of  staff  to  Gen.  Pope;  adj.-gen.  of 
N.Y.  1861-5;  lieut.-col.  11th  Inf.  Mar.  1863; 
col.  7th  Inf.  12  June,  1865;  and  retired  15  July, 
1870.  Author  of  a  "History  of  the  Florida 
War,"  Svo,  1848. 

Sprague,  Peleg,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1847), 
jurist,  b.  Duxbury,  Ms.,  Apr.  28,  1793.  II.U. 
1812.  Litchf.  La\v  School.  William  his  an- 
cestor is  supposed  to  have  come  over  with  Rev. 
Mr.  Iligginson  to  Salem  in  1629,  and  settled 
at  Hingham.  Adm.  to  the  Plymouth-Co.  bar 
in  Aug.  1815;  practised  2  years  in  Augusta, 
Me.,  and  then  settled  in  Hallowell,  where  he 
speedily  acquired  distinction.  Member  of  the 
Me.  legisl.  1820-1;  M.C.  1825-9;  U.S.  senator 
1829-35;  U.S.  dist.  judge  of  Ms.  1841-65. 
Judge  Sprague  removed  to  Boston  in  1835. 
Author  of  "  Speeches  and  Addresses,"  8vo, 
1858;  "Decisions,"  1841-61,  edited  by  F.  E. 
Parker,  Svo,  1861;  vol.  ii.  1854-64,  8vo,  1868. 
—  Willis's  Lawyers  of  Me. 

Sprague,  William,  gov.  of  R.I.  1838-9, 
b.  Cranston,  R.I.,  1800;  d.  Providence,  Oct. 
19,  1851.  When  quite  young,  he  was  elected 
to  the  G<;neral  Assembly,  and  in  1832  was 
chosen  speaker  of  the  house;  M.C.  in  1836-8; 
U.S.  senator  1842-5;  and  afterwards  member 
of  the  Assembly  of  his  State.  He  was  engaged 
largely  in  the  manuf.  of  cotton,  and  was  pres. 
of  the  Hartford,  Providence,  and  Fishkill  Rail- 
road, of  the  Globe  Bank,  and  of  the  People's 
Savings  Bank. 


SFR 


857 


SPR 


Sprague,  William,  gov.  of  R.I.  in  1 860- 
3,  b.  Cranston,  R.I.,  Sept.  12,  1 830.  Nephew 
of  the  preceding.  Amasa,  his  father,  was  mur- 
dered at  Cranston,  R.I.,  ab.  Jan.  1844.  He 
has  been  engaged  from  boyhood  in  the  calico 
I)iint-works  founded  by  lus  grandfather  Wil- 
liam, after  whose  death  they  were  carried  on  by 
liis  father  and  uncle,  and  in  which  he  became 
partner.  In  Feb.  1861  he  offered  to  the  Pres. 
1,000  men  and  a  battery  of  artillery,  and,  as 
soon  as  the  call  for  troops  was  made,  hastened 
with  them  to  the  field.  The  comniiss.  of  brig.- 
gen.  of  vols,  was  offered  him ;  but  he  refused 
it.  He  fought  with  the  R.I.  troops  at  Bull 
Run,  where  his  horse  was  shot  under  him,  and 
in  several  engagements  of  the  Chickahominy 
campaign.  Chosen  U.S.  senator  for  6  years 
from  Mar.  4,  1863,  and  re-elected  for  the  fol- 
lowing term. 

Sprague,  William  Buell,  D.D.  (Col. 
Coll.  1828),  clergyman  and  author,  b.  An- 
dover,  Ct.,  Oct.  16, 1795.  Y.C.  1815.  Princet. 
Theol.  Sem.  1819.  Private  tutor  in  the  family 
of  Maj.  Lawrence  Lewis  of  Va.  one  year ;  was 
colleague  pastor,  with  Rev.  Joseph  Lathrop,  of 
the  First  Cong.  Church,  West  Springfield,  Ms., 
1819-29;  and  has,  since  Aug.  26,  1829,  been 
pastor  of  the  Second  Presb.  Church  at  Albany. 
He  visited  Europe  in  1 828  and  1 836.  His  writ- 
ings are,  *'  Several  Discourses  on  Special  Occa- 
sions," 1821 ;  "Letters  to  a  Daughter,"  1822; 
"Letters  from  Europe,"  1828  ;  "  Life  of  E.  D. 
Griffin,"  1838;  "Life  of  Timothy  D wight," 
in  Sparks's  "Amer.  Biog.,"  1845;  "Lec- 
tures on  Revivals  of  Religion,"  1832  ;  "Hints 
on  Christian  Intercourse,"  1 834 ;  "  Contrast  be- 
tween True  and  False  Religion,"  1837;  "Aids 
to  Early  Religion,"  1847 ;  "  Words  to  a  Young 
Man's  Conscience,"  1848;  "Visits  to  Euro- 
pean Celebrities,"  1 855 ;  "  Annals  of  the  Amer. 
Pulpit,"  9  vols.  8vo,  1857-66;  "Lectures  to 
Young  People,"  1825;  "Letters  to  Young 
Men,"  1854;  "Women  of  the  Bible,"  8vo, 
1850;  "Memoirs  of  Rev.  John  and  W.  A. 
McDowell,  D.D.,"  1864;  and  was  a  contrib. 
to  Appleton's  New  Amer.  Cyclop.  He  has  also 
written  numerous  introductions  to  biog.  and 
other  works,  and  is  the  author  of  more  than 
100  pamphlets.  Among  these  are  "Funeral 
Sermon  on  Dr.  Joseph  Lathrop,"  1821 ;  "  Hist. 
Discourse  at  West  Springfield,"  1 824 ;  "  Fourth- 
of-July  Discourse  at  Northampton,"  1827 ; 
"  A  Sermon  at  Albany  in  behalf  of  the  Polish 
Exiles,"  1834;  "Oration  Commemorative  of 
Lafayette,  at  Albany,"  1834;  "Phi  Beta 
Kappa  Address"  at  Yale,  1843;  "Address 
Before  the  Philomathesian  Society  of  Middle- 
bury  Coll.,"  1844;  "Hist.  Discourse  on  the 
Second  Presb.  Church  of  Albany,"  1 846 ;  "  Dis- 
courses on  Dr.  Chalmers  and'  Silas  Wright," 
1847;  "Ambrose  Spencer,"  1848;  and  on 
"  Samuel  Miller  of  Plinceton,"  1850.  He  has 
one  of  the  largest  collections  of  autographs  in 
America.  —  Duyckinck. 

Spring,  Gardiner,  D.P.  (Ham.  1819), 
LL.D.  (Laf.  Coll.  1853),  author  and  clergyman, 
b.  Newburyport,  Ms.,  Feb.  24,  1785.  Y.C. 
1805.  Son  of  Rev.  Samuel.  He  studied  law 
witli  Judge  Daggett  at  New  Haven ;  taught 
school  15  months  in  Bermuda;  was  adm.  to 
the  bar  in  December,  1808,  and  commenced 


practice  ;  but  was  induced  soon  after  to  study 
theology.  After  studying  at  Andover,  he  was 
licensed  toward  the  end  of  1809,  and  Aug.  10, 
1810,  was  called  to  tlie  Brick  Church  in  "n.Y. 
City,  where  he  has  since  remained,  unmoved 
by  invitations  to  preside  at  Hamilton  and  Dart- 
mouth Colleges,  maintaining  for  over  half  a 
century  a  position  as  one  of  the  most  popular 
preachers  and  esteemed  divines  of  the  city. 
His  works  include  "The  Attraction  of  the 
Cross,"  1845;  "The  Mercy  -  Seat,"  1849: 
"  First  Things,"  1851 ;  "  The  Glory  of  Christ," 
1852;  "The  Power  of  the  Pulpit,"  1848; 
"Short  Sermons  for  the  People;"  "The 
Obligations  of  the  World  to  the  Bible,"  1844 ; 
"  Miscellanies,"  including  "  Essays  on  the  Dis- 
tinguishing Traits  of  Christian  Character," 
1813;  "The  Church  in  the  Wilderness;" 
"  Memoirs  of  the  Late  Hannah  L.  Murray," 
1849  ;  "  Memoirs  of  Rev.  S.  J.  Mills,"  1820 ; 
"  Fragments  from  the  Study  of  a  Pastor," 
1838  ;  "  The  Bible  not  of  Man,"  1847  ;  "  Dis- 
courses to  Seamen,"  1847  ;  "  Contrast  between 
Good  and  Bad  Men,"  2  vols.  1855;  "Brick- 
Church  Memorial,"  1861;  "Pulpit  Ministra- 
tions," 2  vols.  8vo,  1864;  and  "Personal 
Reminiscences,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1866.  His  works 
are  pub.  10  vols.  8vo,  1855.  — Ducykinck. 

Spring,  Marshall,  M.D.,  physician,  b. 
Watertown,  Ms.,  Feb.  19,  1742  ;  d.  'there  Jan. 
11,1818.  H.U.  1762.  He  studied  under  his 
maternal  uncle.  Dr.  Josiah  Converse,  and,  after 
a  short  residence  at  St.  Eustatia,  settled  in 
Watertown,  where  he  soon  acquired  a  large 
practice.  Though  differing  in  political  sen- 
timent from  his  neighbors,  he  was  early  on  the 
ground  at  Lexington,  skilfully  attending  the 
wounded.  In  1789  he  was  a  member  of 
the  State  con  v.  which  adopted  the  U.S.  Con- 
stitution, which  he  opposed,  never  having  be- 
lieved in  the  capacity  of  the  people  for  self- 
govt. ;  several  years  a  Democ.  member  of  the 
exec,  council.  He  was  remarkable  for  wit  and 
repartee.  —  Thacher. 

Spring,  Samuel,  D.D.  (Wms.  Coll.  1806), 
clergyman,  b.  Northbridge,  Ms.,  Feb.  27,  1746; 
d.  Newburyport,  Mar.  4,  1819.  N.J.  Coll. 
1771.  Having  been  licensed  to  preach,  he  in 
1775  became  a  chaplain  in  the  army,  and  ac- 
comp.  Arnold's  exped.  to  Canada.  At  the 
close  of  1776  he  left  the  army,  and  (Aug.  6, 
1777)  was  ord.  pastor  of  a  church  in  Newbury- 
port, where  he  continued  till  his  death.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  influence,  and  weight  of 
character;  was  active  as  a  leader  of  the  Hop- 
kinsian  party,  and  also  in  the  organization  of 
the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M. ;  he  also  aid«d  in  founding 
the  Ms.  Missionary  Society  in  1799,  of  which 
he  was  pres.  Besides  some  controversial  works, 
he  pub.  some  25  miscellaneous  discourses.  By 
his  wife,  dau.  of  Dr.  Hopkins  of  Hadley,  he 
had  two  sons,  ministers  in  N.Y.  and  Hartford. 

Sproat,  Col.  Ebenezer,  Revol,  officer,  b. 
Middleborough,  Ms. ,1752 ;  d.  Marietta,  O.,  Feb. 
1 805.  Entering  the  army  a  capt.  early  in  1 775, 
he  was  successively  major  and  lieut.-col.,  and 
finally  lieut.-col.  comg.  2d  Ms.  Regt.  He  was 
in  Glover's  brigade  at  Trenton,  Princeton,  and 
Monmouth,  and  app.  insp.  of  brigade  by 
Steuben.  After  the  war,  he  was  a  surveyor  in 
Providence,  R.I.,  where  he  ra.  a  dau.  of  Com. 


SI»XJ 


858 


ST-A. 


Whipple.  He  began  a  survey  of  Ohio  lands 
in  1786 ;  led  the  party  of  emigrants  who  set- 
tled Marietta  in  1788  ;  and  was  14  years  sheriff, 
and  col.  of  militia.  He  was  tali  and  command- 
ing in  person,  and  was  by  the  Indians  called 
"  the  Big  Buckeye."  —  Hildreth. 

Spurzheim,  John  Gaspard,  M.D., 
phrenologist,  b.  Longwich,  Prussia,  31  Dec. 
1776;  d.  Boston,  10  Nov.  1832.  Educated  at 
the  U.  of  Treves.  In  1799  he  studied  medicine 
at  Vienna  ;  assisted  Gall,  the  originator  of  the 
science  of  phrenology,  in  investigating  the 
anatomy  of  the  brain,  and  accomp.  him  to 
Paris,  lecturing  and  teaching  until  1813. 
Spurzheim  then  visited  Great  Britain,  where 
for  many  years  he  taught  and  explained  his 
theories  in  various  cities.  Arriving  in  N.Y.  in 
Aug.  1832,  he  proceeded  to  Boston,  where  he 
was  enthusiastically  received,  and  drew  to  his 
lectures  large  and  intelligent  audiences,  but 
soon  sunk  under  his  labors,  and  was  buried  at 
Mount  Auburn.  He  assisted  Gall  in  prepar- 
ing his  great  work  on  the  "  Anatomy  and 
Physiology  of  the  Nervous  System  in  General, 
and  of  the  Brain  in  Particular ;  "  and  was  the 
author  of  "  Physiognomy  in  Connection  with 
Phrenology,"  1833;  "Observations  on  In- 
sanity," "  Phrenology  or  Doctrine  of  the  Mind," 
"  Sketch  of  the  Natural  Laws  of  Man,"  and 
•'  Anatomy  of  the  Brain,"  1830-2  ;  "  View  of 
the  Elem.  Principles  of  Education,"  12mo, 
1832. 

Squier,  Ephraim  George,  archaeologist, 
b.  Bethlehem,  N.Y.,  June  17,  1821.  A.M.  of 
N.  J.  Coll.  1848.  Son  of  a  Meth.  minister  of 
N.  Y.,  and  grandson  of  a  Revol.  soldier,  who  d. 
1842,  a.  97.  In  his  youth  he  worked  on  a 
farm  in  summer,  and  taught  school  in  winter. 
He  next  pub.  a  village  newspaper;  studied 
civil  engineering;  and  in  1841-2  conti'ibuted 
to,  and  virtually  edited,  the  N.  Y.  State  Me- 
chanic at  Albany;  pub.  also  a  vol.  on  the 
Chinese  in  1843;  in  1843-5  he  edited  the 
Hartford  Daily  Journal,  and  was  efficient  in 
organizing  the  Whig  party  of  Ct. ;  in  1845-8 
he  edited  the  Scioto  Gazette  at  Chillicothe ;  and 
was  clerk  of  the  legisl.  in  1847-8.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  Dr.  Davis  of  Ohio,  he  commenced  a 
systematic  investigation  of  the  aboriginal 
monuments  of  the  Mpi.  Valley,  the  results  of 
which  he  embodied  in  a  Memoir  in  the  first 
vol.  of  Smithsonian  "  Contribs.  to  Knowledge." 
At  the  request  of  Albert  Gallatin,  he  prepared 
a  "  Memoir  on  the  Ancient  Monuments  of  the 
West,"  pub.  in  the  Trans,  of  the  Ethnological 
Society.  Under  the  auspices  of  the  N.Y. 
Hist.  Society,  he  pub.  in  1849  "Aboriginal 
Monuments  of  the  State  of  N.Y.  from  Original 
Surveys  and  Explorations."  App.  in  1848 
charge  d'affaires  to  the  republics  of  Central 
America,  he  negotiated  treaties  with  Nicaragua, 
Honduras,  and  San  Salvador.  In  1853  he 
again  visited  Central  America  to  investigate 
the  line  of  an  inter-oceanic  railway,  the  result 
of  which  is  pub.  in  his  Report  of  the  Honduras 
Inter-Oceanic  Railway  Co.,  of  which  he  was  sec. 
In  a  second  visit  to  Europe  he  secured  the  co- 
operation of  French  and  English  capitalists, 
and  special  guaranties  for  the  road  from  those 
govts.  His  explorations  and  observations  are 
found  in  his  "  Nicaragua,  its  People,  Scenery, 


and  Monuments,"  2  vols.  1852;  "Notes  on 
Central  America,"  &c.,  1854;  "  Waikua,  or 
Adventures  on  the  Mosquito  Shore,"  1855; 
"  Question  Anglo -Americaine,"  &c.,  Paris,  1856  ; 
"The  States  of  Central  America,"  1857; 
"  Monograph  of  Authors  who  have  written  on 
the  Aborigmal  Languages  of  Central  Amer.," 
1861;  and  "Tropical  Fibres,  and  their  Eco- 
nomic Extraction."  He  has  received  the  med- 
al of  the  Geog.  Society  of  France,  and  is  a 
member  of  various  scientific  and  literary  socie- 
ties. He  has  also  pub.  "The  Serpent  Sym- 
bol," 1851  ;  a  paper  in  the  Ethnological 
Society's  Collections  on  the  remains  at  Stone- 
henge,  examined  during  a  visit  to  Europe  in 
1852 ;  "  Honduras  and  San  Salvador,  Geo- 
graphical, Historical,  and  Statistical,"  2  vols. ; 
and  "  Hunting  a  Pass,"  comprising  adventures, 
observations,  and  impressions  during  a  year  of 
active  explorations  in  the  States  of  Nicaragua, 
Honduras,  and  San  Salvador,  with  numerous 
illustrations.  He  has  also  been  an  industrious 
contrib.  to  the  periodical,  newspaper,  and 
scientific  literature  of  the  day,  on  Central- 
America  politics  and  antiquities,  and  ethnology 
of  the  aborigines.  Editor  of  Frank  Leslie's  pub- 
lications. U.S.  commiss.  to  Peru  1863-4.  First 
pres.  Anthropological  Institute  of  N.Y.  1871. 

Stahel,  Gen.  Julius,  b.  Hungary  1825. 
Entering  the  military  service  of  Austria,  he 
rose  from  the  ranks  to  be  1st  lieut. ;  but  es- 
poused the  Hungarian  cause,  and  served  through 
the  war  on  the  staffs  of  Gorgev  and  Guyon. 
When  Austria  triumphed,  he  emigrated  to  Ger- 
many, thence  to  Eng.,  and  finally  to  N.  Y. 
City,  where  he  became  a  journalist,  and  in 
1859  established  the  N.  Y.  Illustrated  News, 
which  he  conducted  a  year.  In  May,  1861, 
he  became  lieut.-col.  8th  N.  Y.  Vols.  (Col. 
Blenker),  and  com.  the  regt.  in  the  battle  of 
Bull  Run.  He  was  soon  after  made  its  col. ; 
had  charge  of  a  brigade  in  Blenker's  division  ; 
and  became  brig.-gen.  vols.  Nov.  12, 1861.  In 
Dec.  1862  he  com.  a  div.  in  Sigel's  Uth  army 
corps;  maj.-gcn.  March  14,  1863. 

Staigg,  Richard  M.,  miniature  and  genre 
painter  of  Boston,  b.  Eng.  ab.  1820.  Came  to 
the  U.S.  in  early  childhood,  and  while  engaged 
in  mechanical  occupations  at  Newport,  R.I., 
received  instructions  in  painting  from  Jane 
Stuart  and  Allston,  and  soon  attained  high 
rank  as  a  painter  of  miniature  portraits.  Those 
of  Allston,  Webster,  and  Everett,  are  memo- 
rable. His  cabinet  coast-scenes  and  genre 
pieces  are  highly  valued ;  among  them  are 
"  Cat's  -  Cradle,"  "  The  Crossing  -  Sweeper," 
"News  from  the  War,"  "Knitting,"  "The 
Love-Letter,"  and  "  The  Sailor's  Grave."  — 
Tucker7nan, 

Stanard,  Robert,  jurist ;  d.  Richmond, 
Va.,  May  13,  1846,  a.  66.  He  was  a  disting. 
member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  of  1829-30; 
represented  Richmond  for  several  sessions  in 
the  house  of  delegates ;  and  stood  at  the  head 
of  the  bar  of  that  city  when  he  was  elevated 
to  the  bench  of  the  Court  of  Appeals. 

Stanberry,  Henry,  lawyer,  b.  New  York, 
Feb.  20,  1803.  Wash.  Coll.,  Pa.,  1819.  He 
went  to  Ohio  in  1814;  adm.  to  the  Ohio  bar 
in  1824;  atty.-gen.  of  Ohio  1846;  U.S.  atty.- 
gen.  July,  1866,  to  March,  1868.     Defended 


&TJL 


859 


SXA. 


President  Johnson  during  the  impeachment 
trial. 

Standish,  Miles,  an  early  New-Eng.  sol- 
dier, b.  Lancashire,  Eng.,  ab.  1584;  d.  Dux- 
bury,  Ms.,  Oct.  3,  1656.  He  had  served  in  the 
Netherlands.  Came  to  Plymouth  with  the  first 
company  in  1620 ;  and  was  chosen  capt.  by  the 
Pilgrims,  though  not  of  their  church.  He  was 
small  in  stature,  but  of  a  very  hot  and  angry 
temper ;  possessed  great  courage,  energy,  and 
determination ;  and  rendered  important  services 
to  the  early  settlers.  Sent  in  1623  to  Wey- 
mouth to  protect  the  inhabitants  from  a  con- 
spiracy of  the  Indians,  he  seized  their  chief, 
Pecksuot,  snatched  his  knife  from  his  neck,  and 
killed  him  with  it.  Tlus  and  similar  exploits 
filled  the  savages  with  a  wholesome  ten-or  of 
him,  and  gave  security  to  the  colonists.  In 
1625  he  went  to  Eng.  as  agent  for  the  Colony, 
and  returned  with  supplies  in  1626.  He  then 
settled  in  Duxbury,  where  he  was  a  magistrate 
for  the  rest  of  his  life.  —  See  his  Will  in  Gen- 
eal.  Reg.,  v.  335. 

Stanford,  Johx,  D.D.,  Baptist  clergyman 
and  philanthropist,  b.  Wandsworth,  Eng.,  Oct. 
20,  1754;  d.  New  York,  Jan.  14,  1834.  He 
studied  medicine ;  then  engaged  in  teaching  at 
Hammersmith,  near  London ;  and,  after  join- 
ing the  Baptist  Church,  came  in  1786  to  the 
U.S. ;  spent  some  months  at  Norfolk,  Va., 
and  then  opened  an  acad.  at  New  York ;  pas- 
tor of  the  Baptist  church  in  Providence,  R.I.,  in 
1787-9  ;  again  a  teacher  in  New  York  in  Nov. 
1785-1813;  and  in  1791  commenced  a  course 
of  Sunday-evening  lectures.  A  Baptist  church 
having  been  formed,  through  his  exertions,  in 
1794,  he  officiated  as  its  pastor  until  ab.  1800; 
in  1811  he  became  chaplain  of  the  almshouse; 
and  ultimately  the  prisons,  hospitals,  and 
charitable  asylums  of  the  city  became  his  field 
of  labor.  He  also  taught  classes  of  theol.  stu- 
dents. Besides  a  "  History  of  the  First  Bap- 
tist Church  of  Providence,"  he  wrote  a  number 
of  tracts,  addresses,  and  discourses  ;  a  coll.  of 
essays  entitled  "  The  Aged  Christian's  Com- 
panion," 1829 ;  "Domestic  Chaplain,"  1806; 
"  Description  of  New- York  City,"  1814.  —  See 
Memoir  hij  C.  G.  Sommers. 

Stanford,  Leland,  a  prominent  citizen 
of  Cal.,  b.  near  Albany,  N.Y.,  9  Mar.  1824. 
His  ancestors  settled  as  farmers  in  the  Mohawk 
Valley  ab.  1720.  He  had  a  com. -school  educa- 
tion. Was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1 849 ;  practised  in 
Port  Washington,  Mich.,  in  1849-52  ;  became  a 
merchant  in  Sacramento ;  was  a  deleg.  to  the 
Chicago  conv.  in  1860;  gov.  of  Cal.  1862-4; 
and,  as  pres.  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Co., 
was  foremost  in  pushing  forward  that  great 
national  enterprise.  He  is  largely  interested 
in  railroad  and  manuf.  enterprises  in  California. 

Staniford,  Thomas,  col.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  Vt. 
1789  ;  d.  Cambridge,  Md.,  Feb.  3,  1855.  App. 
ensign  Ilth  Inf.  Oct.  12, 1812;  adj.  1819;  capt. 
March,  1820 ;  maj.  4th  Inf.  Dec.  1, 1839 ;  brev. 
lieut.-col.  for  gallant  conduct  in  battles  of  Palo 
Alto  and  R.  de  la  Palma,  May  9,  1846  ;  lieut.- 
col.  8th  Inf.  June  29,  1846;  brev.  col.  for  gal- 
lant and  meritorious  conduct  in  battles  of 
Monterey,  Mexico,  Sept.  23, 1846;  col.  3d  Inf. 
Fei).  23,  1852. —  Gardiner. 

Stanley,  Anthony  Dumond,    mathema- 


tician, b.  East  Hartford,  Ct.,  April  2,  1810;  d. 
there  March  16,  1853.  Y.C.  1830.  He  was 
tutor  there  in  1832-6,  and  prof  in  1836-53. 
Author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Spherical  Trigonome- 
try," "  Tables  of  Logarithms,"  and  a  revised 
edition  of  Day's  "Algebra." 

Stanley,  David  S.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Cedar  Valley,  Wayne  Co.,  O.,  1  June,  1828. 
West  Point,  1852.  Entering  the  2d  Dragoons, 
ho  became  (27  Mar.  1855)  1st  lieut.  1st  Cav. ; 
distinguished  at  defeat  of  Comanche  Indians  in 
the  Wichita  Mountains,  25  Feb.  1859;  capt. 
4th  Cav.  16  Mar.  1861  ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  23 
Sept.  1861;  maj.-gen.  29  Nov.  1862;  maj. 
5th  Cav.  1  Dec.  1863;  col.  22d  Inf.  28  July, 
1866.  When  the  Rebellion  broke  out,  he  suc- 
cessfully brought  off  all  the  govt,  property  from 
Forts  Smith,  Washita,  Arbuckle,  and  Cobb ; 
did  good  service  in  Mo.,  especially  at  Dug 
Springs  and  Wilson's  Creek ;  and  was  after- 
ward some  time  disabled  by  a  fall  from  his 
horse.  Joining  Gen.  Pope  at  New  Madrid,  he 
com.  the  2d  div.  Army  of  the  Mpi.  at  the  battle 
of  Farmington  ;  May  28,  1862,  he  repulsed  an 
attack  by  Cleburne  on  the  left  wing ;  was  in 
the  pursuit  of  the  Confeds.  to  Booneville  in 
the  battles  of  luka  and  Corinth  ;  chief  of  cav., 
Army  of  the  Cumberland,  Nov.  1862  ;  displayed 
great  ability  and  skill  at  the  battle  of  Stone 
River;  was  engaged  in  the  advance  on  Tulla- 
homa  ;  the  exped.  to  Huntsville,  Ala. ;  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Tenn.  River  in  Sept.  1863;  com. 
1st  div.  4th  corps  in  Nov.  1863 ;  in  the  Atlanta 
campaign  under  Sherman  ;  com.  the  4th  corps 
from  July,  1864,  to  the  close  of  the  war.  His 
timely  arrival  on  the  battle-field  of  Franklin 
averted  disaster;  but  he  was  wounded  and  dis- 
abled. He  was  brev.  lieut.-col.  31  Dec.  1862 
for  Stone  River;  col.  15  May,  1864,  for  Re- 
saca,  Ga. ;  brig.-gen.  and  maj.-gen.  13  Mar. 
1865  for  Ruffes  Station,  Ga.,  and  Franklin, 
Tennessee. 

Stanley,  Edward,  lawyer  and  statesman, 
b.  Newbern,  N.C.  Eldest  son  of  Hon.  John, 
lawyer  and  M.C.  (1801-3  and  1809-11),  d.  3 
Aug.  1 833.  Edward  was  a  Whig  M.C.  in  1 836- 
42  and  1 849-53  ;  represented  Beaufort  in  the 
legisl.  of  N.C.  in  1844,  '46,  and  '48 ;  speaker  in 
1848,  and  atty.-gen.  of  the  State  in  1847.  He 
was  one  of  the  ablest  of  the  Whig  members 
of  Congress ;  voted  for  the  compromise  meas- 
ures of  1850,  but  was  not  thought  in  the 
South  to  be  sufficiently  devoted  to  the  defence 
and  preservation  of  slavery.  In  1853  he  went 
to  San  Francisco,  where  he  practised  law  ;  in 
1857  he  was  the  Repub.  candidate  for  gov.,  re- 
ceiving 21,040  votes  to  53,122  for  Weller,  Dem- 
ocrat. After  the  capture  of  Newbern  (March 
14,  1862)  and  the  occupation  of  other  points  in 
N.C,  he  was  app.  military  gov.  of  the  State, 
which  place  he  filled  some  months,  then  re- 
signed, and  returned  to  California. 

Stanley,  Fabius,  commo.  U.S.N.,  son  of 
John,  lawyer  and  M.C,  b.  Newbern,  N.C, 
Dec.  15, 1815.  Midshipm.  Dec.  20, 1831 ;  lieut. 
Sept.  8,  1841;  com.  May  19,  1861;  capt.  July 
25,  1866;  commo.  June,  1870.  Attached  to 
sloop  "  Dale,"  Pacific  squad.,  during  Mexican 
war,  and  present  at  the  capture  of  Guayamas, 
and  many  engagements  on  the  Pacific  coast ; 
com.  the  *'  Wyandotte  "  in  1860,  and  prevented 


ST-A. 


860 


ST-A. 


the  attack  of  Fort  Taylor,  Key  West,  by  the 
Confeds. ;  com.  steamer  "Narraganset,"  Pacific 
squad.,  1862-3;  steamer  "State  of  Georgia," 
S.  Atl.  squad.,  1864-5.  In  1865  ordered  to 
com.  Fort  Johnson,  also  an  exped.  up  the 
Santce,  and  that  of  Bull's  Bay  against  Charles- 
ton ;  com.  "  Tuscarora,"  S.  Pacific  squad., 
1866-7.  —  Hamerslij. 

Stanley,  J-  M.,  portrait-painter,  b.  Canan- 
daigua,  N.I.,  1814;  removed  to  Michigan  in 
18.34.  Began  his  profession  in  Detroit  in  1835, 
and  has  practised  it  in  various  places,  travel- 
ling extensively  among  the  Indians,  taking  the 
likenesses  of  the  principal  chiefs.  In  1851-63 
he  resided  in  Washington,  D.  C.  His  extensive 
collection  of  Indian  portraits  and  miscellaneous 
pictures  were  for  many  years  a  chief  attraction 
of  the  Smithsonian  Inst.,  where  they  were  in 
Jan.  1865  unfortunately  destroyed  by  fire. 
Now  (1871)  resides  in  Detroit. 

Stansbury,  Maj.  Howard,  b.  N.Y.  City, 
Feb.  8,  1806  ;  d.  Madison,  Wis.,  April  17, 1863. 
App.  1st  lieut.  topog.  engrs.  July  7, 1838  ;  capt. 
July,  1840  ;  maj.  Sept.  28,  1861.  Prior  to  his 
entry  into  the  eng.  corps,  he  was  engaged  in 
various  surveys  of  Western  rivers,  and  in  1835 
had  charge  of  a  number  of  public  works  in  In- 
diana. In  1841  he  was  engaged  on  a  survey 
of  the  lakes;  in  1842-5  he  was  in  charge  of  the 
survey  of  the  harbor  of  Portsmouth,  N.H., — 
a  work  which,  fflr  minute  accuracy  of  detail,  is 
unsurpassed  in  this  country;  in  1847  he  was 
charged  with  the  construction  of  an  iron  light- 
house on  Carysfort  Reef,  Florida,  the  largest 
lighthouse  on  our  coast;  in  1849-51  he  was 
engaged  in  the  Great  Salt-Lake  exped.,  his 
rei)ort  of  which  gave  him  a  wide  reputation  ; 
in  1852-3  he  was  engaged  upon  the  lake  har- 
bors ;  in  1856  he  was  assigned  to  the  charge 
of  the  military  roads  in  Minnesota ;  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  he  was  mustering  and  disbursing 
officer  at  Madison. 

Stansbury,  Gen.  Tobias  E.,  b.  1756;  d. 
Baltimore  Co.,  Md.,  Oct.  25,  1849.  From  the 
opening  events  of  the  Revol.  war,  down  to  with- 
in a  few  years  of  his  death,  he  participated 
actively  in  national  and  state  affairs ;  was  re- 
peatedly a  member  of  the  legisl.,  and  presided 
as  speaker  of  the  house  of  delegates  ;  brig.- 
gen.  of  Md.  militia  1813-14 ;  com.  a  brigade  in 
battle  of  Bladcnsburg  and  in  defence  of  Balti- 
more. 

Stanton,  Daniel,  Quaker  preacher,  b. 
Phila.  1708  ;  d.  there  June  28,  1770.  He  be- 
gan to  preach  in  1728  ;  travelled  in  N.E.  and  the 
W.  Indies  ;  went  to  Europe  in  1748;  and  visit- 
ed the  Southern  Colonies  in  1760.  He  bore 
testimony  against  slavery,  and  against  the 
vices  of  the  city,  especially  horse-racing,  drunk- 
enness, and  stage-plays ;  and  was  a  very  zealous, 
faithful  preacher.  —  See  Journal  of  his  Life, 
Travels,  and  Gospel  Labors,  Phila.  8vo,  1772. 

Stanton,  Edwin  McMasters,  LL.D. 
(Y.C.  1867),  lawyer  and  statesman,  b.  Stcu- 
benville,  O.,  Dec.  19,  1814;  d.  Washington, 
D.C.,  Dec.  24,  1869.  Kenyon  Coll.  1833.  His 
parents  were  of  Quaker  origin,  and  came  from 
Culpeper  Co.,  Va.  He  became  a  bookseller's 
clerk  at  Columbus,  O. ;  studied  law;  and  in 
1836  was  adra.  to  the  Columbus  bar.  He  be- 
gan practice  at  Cadiz,  0.;  became  prosec.  atty. 


of  the  Co.  in  1837;  but  soon  removed  to  Steu- 
benville,  where  he  had  extensive  practice.  In 
1839-42  he  was  reporter  of  the  decisions  of  the 
Supreme  Court.  In  1848  he  removed  to  Pitts- 
burg, became  the  leader  of  the  bar,  and  was 
often  employed  in  the  Supreme  Court  at  Wash- 
ington. His  argument  in  the  case  of  the 
Wheeling  Suspension  Bridge  is  among  the  most 
noted  of  his  efforts  during  this  period.  In  1857 
he  removed  to  Washington;  and  in  1858  was 
employed  by  Atty  .-Gen.  Black  to  go  to  Cali- 
fornia to  plead  the  cause  of  the  U.S.  in  some 
very  important  cases.  Dec.  14,  1860,  he  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Black  as  atty. -gen.,  and  did  his 
country  great  service  by  resisting,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, the  efforts  of  the  secession  leaders,  then 
actively  engaged  in  preparing  the  civil  war 
that  soon  after  broke  out.  He  went  out  of 
office  with  Mr.  Buchanan's  administration, 
March  4,  1861  ;  succeeded  Gen.  Cameron  as 
sec.  of  war,  Jan.  13,  1862;  suspended  Aug.  12, 
1867,  by  Pres.  Johnson  ;  ic-instated  by  the  sen- 
ate, Jan.  14,  1868;  resigned  May,  1868;  app. 
judge  U.S.  Supreme  Court,  Dec.  20,  1869. 
His  labors  as  war  secretary  during  the  Great 
Rebellion  were  overwhelming :  he  slept  for 
months  at  the  office,  working  till  two  or  three 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  rising  belore  the 
sun.  His  assistant  secretaries,  men  of  energy 
and  ability,  broke  down  one  after  another ;  but 
he  bore  the  brunt  of  the  burden  with  inflexible 
courage  and  perseverance,  and  unequalled 
ability.  His  opposition  to  the  policy  of  the 
pres.  made  him  obnoxious  to  Mr.  Johnson, 
who  sought  to  deprive  him  of  his  office;  but  it 
was  retained  by  Mr.  Stanton  until  the  failure 
of  the  impeachment  trial,  upon  which  he  re- 
signed. His  health  had  been  shattered  by  his 
arduous  labors;  and  he  died  before  his  commis- 
sion to  the  Supreme-Court  bench  had  been 
made  out.  He  pub.  Reports,  Sup.  Ct.  of 
Ohio,  1841-4,  3  vols.  8vo ;  also  Reports  as 
Secretary  of  War,  1862-8. 

Stanton,  Elizabeth  Cadt,  reformer,  b. 
Johnstown,  N.Y.,  Nov.  12, 1816.  Dau.  of  Judge 
Daniel  Cady.  She  was  educated  at  the  Johns- 
town Acad.,  and  Mrs.  Wiliard's  Seminary  at 
Troy.  In  1840  she  m.  Henry  B.  Stanton,  an 
antislavery  orator,  and  accomp.  him  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  World's 
Antislavery  Convention.  Here  she  made  the 
acquaintance  of  Lucrctia  Mott,  with  whom, 
upon  the  question  of  woman's  rights,  she  found 
herself  in  sympathy.  On  their  return,  Mr. 
Stanton  practised  law  in  Boston  until  1845, 
when  they  removed  to  Seneca  Falls,  N.Y. 
The  first  woman's -rights  convention  was 
called  by  her  at  Seneca  Falls,  July  19-20, 
1848;  and  it  made  the  first  public  demand  for 
woman's  suffrage.  Since  that  period  she  has 
labored  incessantly  with  pen  and  voice,  travel- 
ling over  the  country,  endeavoring  to  effect  this 
great  object.  In  1868,  she,  with  Parker  Pills- 
bury  and  Susan  B.  Anthony,  began  to  pub. 
the  Revolution  in  advocacy  of  the  new  ideas. 
(See  Eminent  Women  of  the  Age.)  Her  hus- 
band, Henry  Brewster,  b.  Griswold,  Ct., 
1810,  studied  at  Lane  Sem.,  0.  Author  of 
"  Reforms  and  Reformers,"  1 849 ;  addresses,  &c. 
Stanton,  Henry,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Vt.  ab.  1796;  d.  Fort  Hamilton,  N.Y. ,  Aug. 


ST^ 


861 


STA 


1,  1856.  App.  lieut.  of  light  art.  June  29, 
1813;  assist,  dep.  qmr.-gcn.  July,  1813;  mili- 
tary sec.  to  Gen.  Izard  1814  ;  dep.  qmr.  (rank 
of  major)  May  13,  1 820 ;  acting  adj.-gen.  of 
the  armjr  under  Gen.  Jesup  in  Florida  1836- 
37  ;  assist,  qmr.-gcn.  (rank  of  col.)  July  7, 
1838 ;  brev.  brig  .-gen.  "for  meritorious  conduct 
in  the  Mexican  war/*  Jan.  1,  1847. —  Gardner. 

Stanton,  Eichaed  H.,  M.  C.  from  Ky. 
1849-55,  b.  Alexandria,  Va.,  1812.  Author 
of  "  Code  of  Ky.,"  8vo,  1859 ;  "  Rev.  Statutes 
of  Ky.,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1860;  "Treatise  for 
Justices,"  1861;  "Manual  for  Executors," 
1862.  Edited  the  Maysville  Monitor  and 
Maysville  Express.  —  Allihone. 

Stanwix,  John,  lieut.-gen.,  lost  at  sea  in 
Dec.  1765  wliile  crossing  from  Dublin  to  Holy- 
head in  "  The  Eagle  "  packet.  Nephew  and 
heir  to  Brig.-Gen.  Stanwix,  who  served  with 
reputation  in  the  wars  of  Queen  Anne.  En- 
tered the  army  in  1706 ;  Avas  an  old  captain  of 
grenadiers  in  1739;  made  maj.  of  marines  in 
1741;  licut.-col.  in  1745;  app.  equerry  to 
Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales,  in  1749;  in  1750 
was  advanced  to  the  govt,  of  Carlisle,  which 
city  he  then  represented  in  parliament ;  and  in 
1 754  became  dep.  qmr.-gen.  of  the  forces.  Jan. 
1, 1756,  he  became  col.  com.  of  the  first  batt.  of 
the  60th,  or  Roy.  Americans ;  was  put  in  com. 
of  the  Southern  dist.  on  his  arrival  in  Amer., 
and  had  his  headquarters  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  dur- 
ing 1757,  and  was  app.  brig.-gen.  Dec.  27.  On 
bcmg  relieved  by  Forbes  m  1758,  Brig.  Stan- 
wix proceeded  to  Albany,  whence  he  was 
ordered  to  the  Oneida  carrying-place  to  secure 
that  important  position  by  the  erection  of  a 
work,  which,  in  his  honor,  was  called  "  Fort 
Stanwix."  He  returned  to  Pa.  in  1759;  be- 
came maj  .-gen.  June  19;  repaired  the  old  fort 
at  Pittsburg,  and  surmounted  the  works  with 
cannon  ;  and  by  his  pi-udent  conduct  secured 
the  good  will  of  the  Indians.  He  resigned  his 
com.  to  Monckton,  May  4, 1760 ;  became  lieut.- 
gen.  Jan.  19,  1761  ;  and  on  his  return  to  Eng. 
was  app.  lieut.-gov.  of  the  Isle  of  Wight ;  be- 
came col.  of  the  8th  Foot,  and  M.P.  for  Ap- 
pleby. 

Staples,  William  Read,  LL.D.  (B.TJ. 
1862),  jurist  and  historian,  b.  Providence,  R.I., 
Oct.  10,  1798;  d.  there  Oct.  19,  1868.  Brown 
U.  1817.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1819;  assoc.  judge 
Sup.  Court,  R.I.,  1835-54;  chief  justice  of  that 
court  1854-6;  sec.  and  treas.  R.I.  Soc.  for 
the  Encouragement  of  Domestic  Industry 
from  1856  until  his  death,  and  a  contrib.  of 
Biographies  to  its  Transactions.  One  of  the 
founders  of  the  R.I.  Hist.  Society,  many  years 
its  librarian  and  sec,  and  a  vice-pres.  at  his 
death.  He  edited  the  2d  vol.  Colls.  R.I.  Hist. 
Society,  and  in  the  5th  vol.  pub.  "  Annals  of 
Providence."  He  also  pub.  "  Documentary 
Hist,  of  the  Destruction  of  the  Gaspe',"  1845; 
"  Proceedings  of  the  First  General  Assembly 
for  the  Incorp.  of  Providence  Plantations,  &c., 
in  1647,"  8vo,  1847;  and  "R.  I.  Book  of 
Forms,"  12mo,  1859.  He  left  unfinished  a 
"History  of  the  State  Convention  of  1790," 
since  pub. ;  "  History  of  the  Criminal  Law  of 
R.I.  ;^'  "R.I.  in  the  Cont.  Congress  1765- 
90,"  pub.  Bvo,  1870 ;  edited  with  notes  Gorton's 
"  Simplicitio's  Defence,"  1 835. 


Stark,  Caleb,  d.  Dunbarton,  N.H.,  Feb. 
1,  1864,  a.  59.  H.U.  1823.  Son  of  Caleb, 
maj.  Revol.  army,  who  served  from  Bunker's 
Hill  to  Yorktown,  and  who  in  1828  removed 
to  0.^  (b.  3  Dec.  1759 _;  d.  26  Aug.  1838.)  He 
practised  law  in  Cincinnati,  0.,  and  Concord, 
N.H.  Author  of  "Reminiscences  of  the 
French  War,"  &c.,  8vo,  1831 ;  "  A  History  of 
Dunbarton,  N.H.,"  1860;  and  a  Life  of  his 
Grandfather,  Gen.  John  Stark,  8vo,  1860. 

Stark,  John,  maj.-gen.,  b.  Londonderry, 
N.H.,  Aug.  28,  1728;  d.  Manchester,  N.H., 
May  8,  1822.  Removing  with  his  father  to 
Derryfield,  now  Manchester,  about  1736,  he 
was  employed  in  hunting  and  husbandry  until 
April  28,  1752,  when,  being  on  a  hunting  cx- 
ped.,  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  St.  Francis 
Indians.  After  six  weeks'  captivity,  he  was 
ransomed  for  103  dollars.  He  became  very 
popular  with  the  Indians  by  his  frequent  exhi- 
bitions of  courage  and  independence,  and  was 
adopted  into  the  tribe.  App.  in  1755  a  lieut. 
in  Rogers's  company  of  Rangers,  he  served  in* 
that  and  the  following  campaign,  and  in  Jan. 
1757,  while  returning  from  an  exped.,  the  corps 
was  attacked  by  the  French  and  Indians  near 
Ticonderoga.  A  sanguinary  battle  ensued,  in 
which  his  superior  officers  were  killed  or 
wounded  ;  and  upon  him  devolved  the  conduct 
of  the  retreat,  which  heeff'ected  with  great  skill 
and  prudence.  He  was  soon  afterwards  app. 
acapt.  of  rangers,  and  in  1758  participated  in 
the  attack  on  Ticonderoga  under  Gen.  Aber- 
crombie.  In  the  following  spring  he  joined 
the  army  of  Amherst,  and  was  present  at  the 
reduction  of  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point. 
A  member  of  the  com.  of  safety  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Revol. ,  on  the  news  of  Lex- 
ington battle  he  repaired  at  once  to  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  immediately  chosen  col.  of  the 
N.H.  troops.  At  Bunker's  Hill  his  men  were 
stationed  at  the  left  of  the  line,  behind  a  rail 
fence,  and  repeatedly  repulsed  the  enemy  with 
great  loss,  but,  when  the  redoubt  was  carried, 
were  compelled  to  retire.  At  the  close  of  the 
northern  campaign,  in  Dec.  1776,  he  joined 
Gen.  Washington  at  Newton,  com.  the  van- 
guard at  Trenton,  and  was  very  active  at  the 
battle  of  Princeton  ;  having  been  overlooked 
in  the  promotions,  he  resigned  his  commission 
in  Apr.  1777,  and  returned  to  his  farm.  On 
the  advance  of  Burgoyne,  the  council  of  N.H. 
commissioned  Stark  to  raise  a  force,  and  guard 
the  frontier.  Aug.  16,  1777,  he  attacked  Col. 
Baum  in  his  intrenchment  on  the  Wallooms- 
chaick,  near  Bennington,  and  defeated  him. 
Scarcely  was  this  action  over,  when  a  detach- 
ment underCol.Breyman,sent  to  succor  Baum, 
arrived,  which  he  also  defeated  with  great  loss. 
Congress  passed  a  vote  of  thanks  to  him  for 
this  brilHant  service,  and  made  him  a  brig.-gen. 
Oct.  4, 1777,  notwithstanding  it  had  just  before 
passed  a  vote  of  censure  for  his  disobedience 
of  the  order  of  Gen.  Lincoln  to  march  to  the 
west  of  the  Hudson,  —  which  step,  if  taken, 
would  have  left  Burgoyne's  rear  unmolested. 
In  Sept.  he  joined  Gates,  and  contributed  to 
the  successful  issue  of  the  campaign  ;  early  in 
1778  he  com.  the  northern  dept.  at  Albany  ;  in 
Oct.  joined  Gen.  Gates  in  R.I.;  in  May,  1780, 
he  joined  the  army  in   Morristown,  and  was 


ST-A. 


862 


STE 


present  at  the  battle  of  Springfield;  in  the 
spring  of  1781  he  was  again  ordered  to  the 
com.  of  the  northern  dept.  In  1818  Congress 
voted  him  a  pension  of  60  dollars  a  month. 
A  Memoir  of  his  Life,  by  his  grandson,  was  pub. 
in  1860;  also  by  E.  Everett  in  Sparks's 
"  Amer.  Biographv." 

Staughton,  William,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1801),  Pres.  of  Col.  Coll.,  D.C.,  1822-7,  b. 
Coventry,  Eng.,  Jan.  4,  1770;  d.  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  Dec.  12,  1829.  A  vol.  of  his  poeti- 
cal effusions,  pub.  at  the  age  of  17,  indicated 
his  talent,  and  induced  his  friends  to  educate 
him  for  the  ministry  at  Bristol  Acad.  He 
commenced  preaching  in  1793  ;  came  to 
Charieston,  S.C,  in  the  autumn  of  that  year, 
preaching  successively  in  Georgetown,  S.C, 
N.Y.  City,  Bordentown  and  Burlington,  N.J., 
where  he  taught  and  preached  for  several  years. 
He  became  connected  with  the  First  Baptist 
Church  in  Phila.  in  1805,  and  thenceforth  his 
popularity  probably  exceeded  that  of  any  of 
his  brethren  in  the  U.S.  In  addition  to  his  la- 
bors as  a  minister,  he  directed  the  theol.  studies 
of  young  men  preparing  for  the  ministry. 
Chosen  pres.  of  the  Baptist  Coll.  and  Theol. 
Inst,  at  Georgetown,  Ky.,  but  died  on  his  way 
thither.  His  contributions  in  prose  and  verse 
to  religious  periodicals  were  numerous,  and  he 
pub.  5  or  6  sermons  and  orations.  His  Me- 
moirs, by  Lynd,  were  pub.  12mo,  Bost.  1834. 

Stearns,  Asahel,  LL.D.  (H.  U.  1825), 

prof  of  law  in  H.U.  1817-29,  b.  Lunenburg, 
Ms.,  June  17,  1774;  d.  Cambridge,  Feb.  5, 
1839.  H.U.  1797.  He  practised  law  at  Chelms- 
ford many  years  ;  was  M.C.  in  1815-17;  was 
a  member  of  the  American  Acad,  of  Arts  and 
Sciences  ;  and  was  several  years  county  atty. 
for  Middlesex.  In  1824  he  pub.  a  volume  of 
Real  Actions,  and  was  subsequently  one  of  the 
commissioners  for  revising  the  statutes  of  Ms., 
which  was  his  last  labor. 

Stearns,  Charles,  D.D.  (H.U.  1810),  b. 
Leominster,  Ms.,  1752;  d.  Lincoln,  Ms.,  July 
26,  1826.  H.U.  1773.  Ord.  1781.  He  pub. 
"  The  Ladies'  Philosophy  of  Love,"  a  poem, 
1797  ;  Dramatic  Dialogues,  1798  ;  "  Principles 
of  Religion  and  Morality,"  1798  ;  and  5  single 
sermons.  —  Spragm. 

Stearns,  George  Luther,  patriot  and 
reformer,  b.  Medford,  Ms.,  8  Jan.  1809;  d. 
New  York,  Apr.  9,  1867.  Brother  of  Asahel. 
Luther,  his  father,  was  a  teacher  of  high  repu- 
tation. He  prospered  in  the  ship-chandlery 
business,  and  subsequently  in  the  manuf.  of 
sheet  and  pipe  lead ;  doing  business  in  Boston, 
and  residing  in  Medford.  Identifying  him- 
self early  with  the  antislavery  cause,  he  be- 
came a  Free-soiler  in  1848;  aided  John  Brown 
in  Kansas,  and  stood  by  him  unflinchingly 
until  his  death.  Soon  after  the  breaking-out 
of  the  Rebellion,  Mr.  Stearns  advocated  the 
enlistment  of  black  men  in  the  national  cause, 
having  previously  labored  assiduously  in  the 
emancipation  movement.  The  54th  and  55th 
Ms.  Regts.,  and  the  5th  Cav.,  were  largely  re- 
cruited through  his  instrumentality.  In  Pa., 
Md.,  and  Tenn.,  being  commissioned  as  major, 
through  the  recommendation  of  Sec.  Stanton, 
he  was  of  great  service  to  the  national  cause 
by  enlisting  blacks  in  the  volunteer  army.    He 


was  the  founder  of  the  Commonwealth  and  Right 
Way,  newspapers  for  the  dissemination  of  his 
ideas. 

Steams,  John,  M.D.  (1812),  b.  Wilbra- 
ham,  Ms.,  1770;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Mar.  18,  1848. 
Y.C.  1789.  First  pres.  N.Y.  Acad,  of  Medi- 
cine, 1846,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Tract  Society.  He  practised  at  Waterford, 
Albany,  Saratoga,  and  finally  in  N.Y.  City; 
State  senator  in  1812;  and  pres.  N.Y.  Med. 
Society.  He  pub.  a  number  of  addresses.  — 
See  notice  in  Dr.  Francis's  Old  New  Yoi-k. 

Stearns,  Samuel,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  astrono- 
mer, b.  Ms.  Author  of  "  Tour  from  London 
to  Paris,"  8vo,  1790 ;  "  American  Oracle,"  8vo, 
1791;  "  American  Herbal,  or  Materia  Medi- 
ca,"  the  first  work  of  the  kind  in  America.  He 
began  it  in  1772;  travelled  in  9  American 
States,  and  in  Great  Britain  and  France,  —  over 
23,000  miles  by  land  and  sea.  Edited  Phila. 
Mag.  1789.  Dec.  20,  1782,  Dr.  S.  made  the 
calculations  for  the  first  nautical  almanac  pub. 
in  America. 

Stearns,  Samuel  Horatio,  minister  of 
the  Old  South,  Boston,  from  April  16,  1834, 
to  his  death,  Paris,  July  15,  1837  ;  b.  Bedford, 
Sept.  12,  1801.  H.U.  1823.  Son  of  Rev. 
Samuel  of  Bedford.  A  vol.  of  his  discourses, 
with  Memoir  by  his  bro.  W.  A.  Stearns,  was 
pub.  1838. 

Stearns,  William  Augustus,  D.D. 
(H.U.  1853),  LL.D.  (N.  J.  Coll.  1862),  son  of 
Rev.  Samuel,  b.  Bedford,  Ms.,  17  Mar.  1805. 
H.U.  1827.  Pastor  Cong.  Church,  Cam- 
bridgeport,  Ms.  Pres.  of  Amh.  Coll.  since 
1854.  Author  of  a  work  on  Infant  Church- 
Membership  ;  "  Life  of  Rev.  S.  H.  Stearns," 
12mo,  1839;  Discourses  and  Addresses,  8vo, 
1855  ;  and  sermons  and  discourses. 

Stedingk,  Curt  Bogislaus  Louis 
Christopher,  Count  von,  field-marshal  of 
Sweden,  b.  at  his  father's  castle  of  Pinnau,  in 
Pomerania,  Oct.  26, 1746 ;  d.  Stockholm,  1836. 
U.  of  Upsal,  1768.  An  ensign,  at  the  age  of 
13  he  accomp.  his  father  in  the  war  between 
Sweden  and  Prussia,  and  was  present  at  the 
siege  of  Stralsund.  Entering  the  French  ser- 
vice in  the  Royal  Regt.  of  Swedes,  he  rose  to 
the  rank  of  lieut.-col.  At  Versailles,  where  he 
remained  on  duty,  he  lived  in  intimate  friend- 
ship with  Count  Fersen,  another  Swedish 
volunteer  in  the  cause  of  America.  Stedingk, 
commanding  a  brigade  of  inf.,  sailed  in  D'Es- 
taing's  fleet  in  1778.  In  his  operations  against 
the  W.  I.  islands,  Stedingk  •  won  high  honor, 
especially  in  the  attack  upon  Grenada ;  in  the 
assault  upon  Savannah,  Oct.  9,  1779,  the  rash- 
ness and  impracticability  of  which  he  confi- 
dently predicted  to  D'Estaing,  he  led  one  of 
the  two  principal  assaults,  and,  after  planting 
the  American  flag  on  the  last  intrenchment, 
was  compelled  to  retreat  with  the  loss  of  nearly 
half  his  brigade  of  900  men,  and  was  himself 
wounded.  After  his  return  to  France,  the  king 
made  him  col.  of  the  Regt.  of  Alsace,  and 
knight  of  the  Protestant  branch  of  the  Order 
of  St.  Louis;  while  the  king  of  Sweden,  in 
token  of  his  gallant  behavior  in  America,  made 
him  a  col.  of  dragoons  and  a  knight  of  the  Or- 
der of  the  Sword.  He  also  received  from  Wash- 
ington the  badge  of  Cincinnatus.    Stedingk 


STE 


863 


STE 


left  France  in  1787;  was  a  principal  actor  in 
the  war  which  for  a  short  period  subsisted  be- 
tween Sweden  and  Russia ;  and  was  rewarded 
for  his  services  with  the  embassy  to  St.  Peters- 
burg in  1790,  which  he  long  retained.  In  1814 
he  repaired  to  Paris  in  com.  of  the  Swedish 
army,  and  ambassador  of  the  Swedish  king  to 
sign  the  treaty  of  peace. 

Stedman,  Charles,  author  of  '\  The  His- 
tory of  the  American  War,"  2  vols.  4to,  Lond. 
1794;  d.  London,  26  June,  1812.  He  served 
as  a  commissary  under  Howe,  Clinton,  and 
Cornwallis  in  the  Amer.  Revol.  war,  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death  was  dep.  compt.  of  the  stamp- 
office.  Lowndes  says  Stedman's  "History" 
was  written  by  Wm.  Thomson,  LL.D. 

Stedman,  Edmund  Clakexce,  poet,  b. 
Hartford,  Ct.,  1  Oct.  1833.  Son  of  Edmund 
B.,  a  merchant  of  H.,  by  Elizabeth  C.  Dodge, 
now  Mrs.  Kinney,  poet,  and  wife  of  Wm,  B., 
editor  Newark  fN.  J.)  Advertiser.  One  of  his 
ancestors  on  his  mother's  side  was  Rev.  Aa- 
ron Cleveland ;  bishop  A.  C.  Coxe  being  her 
cousin.  His  father  died  when  he  was  2  years 
old,  and  he  was  educated  under  the  care  of  a 
relative,  entering  Y.C.  in  1849.  He  did  not 
graduate,  but  in  1870  received  the  hon.  degree 
of  A.M.  He  began  journalism  in  his  20th 
year ;  ed.  the  Winsted  Herald,  Litchfield  Co., 
Ct. ;  removed  to  N.Y.  City  (where  he  is  now  a 
member  of  the  stock  exchange) ;  became  con- 
nected with  the  Tribune,  becoming  generally 
known  by  his  satirical  poem  contrib.  to  that 
journal,  "The  Diamond  Wedding"  (1859); 
and  in  1861-3  was  war-corresp.  in  Va.  for  the 
N.Y.  World.  Besides  contribs.  to  the  J.i/a??«/c, 
Scribner's,  the  Galaxy,  &c.,  he  has  pub.  "  Po- 
ems," 1860;  "Battle  of  Bull  Run,"  1861; 
"  Alice  of  Monmouth,  an  Idyl  of  the  Great 
War,  with  Other  Poems,"  1864;  "The  Blame- 
less Prince,"  &c.,  1869.  Now  (1871)  engaged 
upon  a  translation  of  the  Greek  Sicilian  poets. 

Stedman,  Gex.  Griffin  A.,  b.  Hartford, 
Ct. ;  killed  near  Petersburg,  Va.,  Aug.  6, 1864. 
Trin.  Coll.  Maj.  11th  Ct. ;  lieut.-col.  at  An- 
tietam,  and  wounded ;  com.  the  regt.  at  Fred- 
ericksburg, Chancellorsville,  and  Gettysburg, 
and  com.  a  brigade  in  the  campaign  of  1864. 
He  was  fatally  wounded  in  one  of  the  skirmishes 
before  Petersburg. 

Stedman,  John  Gabriel,  b.  Scotland, 
1745;  buried  at  St.  Mary's  Church,  Becklcy, 
Devonshire,  1797.  Author  of  "Narrative  of 
Exped.  against  the  Revolted  Negroes  of  Suri- 
nam, 1772-7,"  London,  2  vols.  4to,  1796. 

Steedman,  Charles,  rear-adm.  U.S.N., 
b.  Charleston,  S.C.,  Sept.  24, 1811.  Midshipm. 
Apr.  1, 1828;  lieut.  Feb.  25,  1841 ;  com.  Sept. 
14,  1855;  capt.  Sept.  13,  1862;  commo.  July 
25,  1866 ;  rear-adm.  18  June,  1871.  He  com. 
a  gun  in  naval  battery  at  bombard,  of  Vera 
Cruz;  com.  brig  "Dolphin,"  Paraguay  exped., 
1859-60;  com.  "The  Bienville"  at  battle  of 
Port  Royal,  S.C.,  Nov.  7,  1861;  with  "  The 
Paul  Jones,"  and  other  gunboats  under  his 
com.,  engaged  Fort  McAllister  in  Aug.  1862; 
Sept.  17,  1862,  silenced  the  batteries  of  St. 
John's  Bluff,  St.  John's  River,  Fla. ;  Sept.  30 
co-operated  with  Gen.  Brannon  in  capture  of 
same  batteries;  com.  sloop-of-war  "Ticondero- 
ga "  in  both  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher,  and  in 


European  squad.  1866-7  ;  commanding  navy- 
yard,  Boston,  1870-1.  —  Ilamersly, 

Steedman,  Gen.  James  Barrett,  b.  Nor- 
thumberland Co.,  Pa.,  July  30,  1818.  In 
1837  he  went  to  Ohio  as  a  contractor  in  the 
construction  of  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal ; 
in  1843  he  was  sent  by  the  Democrats  to  the 
Ohio  legisl. ;  in  1849  he  organized  a  company 
to  cross  the  plains  to  California,  gold-hunting; 
returning  in  1850,  he  became  in  1851  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  public  works  of  Ohio.  Dur- 
ing Mr.  Buchanan's  administration,  he  was 
printer  to  Congress.  In  1861  he  was  col.  4th 
Ohio  Vols. ;  was  ordered  to  Western  Va. ;  took 
part  in  the  battle  at  Philippi,  and  subsequent- 
ly joined  Gen.  Buell  in  Ky. ;  app.  brig.-gen. 
of  vols.  July  17,  1862 ;  disting.  at  Perryville; 
in  July,  1863,  com.  the  1st  div.  reserv^e  corps. 
Army  of  the  Cumberland;  and,  for  disting.  ser- 
vices at  Chickamauga,  was  made  maj. -gen.  24 
Apr.  1864.  He  took  an  active  part  in  Sher- 
man's Atlanta  campaign;  relieved  the  little 
garrison  at  Dalton,  and  defeated  Wheeler's 
cavalry  in  June,  1864;  joined  Gen.  Thomas 
when  Shennan  marched  to  the  sea ;  and  was 
disting.  in  the  battle  of  Nashville.  Resigned 
July  19, 1866.  Internal  rev.  collector  at  New 
Orleans  under  Pres.  Johnson.  — Reid's  Ohio  in 
the  War. 

Steele,  Rev.  Ashbel,  b.  Waterbury,  Ct., 
31  Jan.  1796.  Presb.  pastor  in  Washington, 
D.C.  Author  of  "  Chief  of  the  Pilgrims,  or 
Life  of  Brewster,"  8vo,  1857;  "  Geneal.  of  the 
Brewster  Family."  Contrib.  to  Spirit  of  Mis- 
sions, Phila.  Recorder,  and  Nat.  Intelligencer.  — 
Steele  Fam.  Geneal. 

Steele,  Gen.  Frederic,  b.  Delhi,  N.Y., 
1821  ;  d.  San  Mateo,  Columbia  Terr.,  Jan.  12, 
1868.  West  Point,  1843.  Entering  the  2d 
Inf.,  he  served  during  the  Mexican  war.  For 
gallantry  at  Contrerasand  Chapultepec  he  was 
brev.  1st  lieut.  and  capt. ;  capt.  2d  Inf.  5  Feb. 
1855.  He  served  in  Mo.  at  the  beginning  of 
the  civil  war;  was  made  major  11th  Inf  May 
14,  1861;  and  for  his  conduct  at  the  battle  of 
Wilson's  Creek  (Aug.  10, 1861 )  was  made  brig.- 
gen.  of  vols.  Jan.  29,  1862;  in  Dec.  1862  he 
com.  at  Helena,  Ark.,  capturing  Little  Rock 
Sept.  10,  1863;  maj.-gen.  Nov.  29,  1862.  He 
com.  a  division  in  the  15th  army  corps  under 
Sherman,  and  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Chick- 
asaw Bayou,  capture  of  Fort  Hindman,  and 
siege  of  Vicksburg,  where  he  com.  the  5th 
division  of  Grant's  army ;  and  com.  the  dept. 
of  Ark.  until  the  end  of  the  war.  He  com.  a 
column  at  the  capture  of  Mobile  12  Apr.  1865. 
In  1865  he  was  transferred  to  Texas,  and  placed 
in  com.  on  the  Rio  Grande.  Lieut.-col.  3d 
Inf.  26  Aug.  1863;  col.  20th  inf.  July  28, 
1866;  brev.  col.  for  Vicksburg ;  brig.-gen.  13 
Mar.  1865  for  Little  Rock,  and  maj.-gen.  for 
services  in  the  Rebellion. 

Steele,  John,  Revol.  officer,  b.  Augusta 
Co.,  Va.,  ab.  1755;  d.  ab.  1805.  He  was  an 
officer  at  the  battle  of  Point  Pleasant,  Va.,  10 
Oct.  1774,  and  at  the  battle  of  German  town 
was  shot  through  the  bod^.  Many  years  one 
of  the  Va.  executive  council ;  commiss.  to  treat 
with  the  Cherokees  under  John  Adams's  ad- 
ministration ;  andsec.  ofMpi.  Terr.  1798-1801. 

Steele,  Gen.  John,  Revol.  officer,  b.  Lan- 


STE3 


864 


STE 


caster,  Pa.,  1758  ;  d.  27  Feb.  1827.  Capt. 
through  the  war ;  wounded  at  Brandywine, 
and  present  at  Yorktown ;  afterward  State 
senator ;  a  commissioner  to  setde  the  Wyoming 
troubles ;  and  long  collector  of  the  port  of 
Phila. ;  com.  Washington's  Life  Guard  in 
1780;  gen.  of  Pa.  militia. 

Steele,  Gen.  John,  b.  Salisbury,  N.C., 
Nov.  1,  1764;  d.  there  Aug.  14,  1815.  His 
mother  Elizabeth  was  disting.  among  the 
patriotic  "  women  of  the  Kevol."  John  was  a 
successful  planter;  from  1787  was  frequently 
a  member  of  the  h.  of  commons  ;  member  of 
the  convention  to  adopt  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion in  1788  ;  ^I.C.  1790-3  ;  was  often  speaker 
of  the  h.  of  commons  ;  was  in  1806  a  commiss. 
to  adjust  the  boundaries  between  N.  and  S. 
Carolina;  was  a  gen.  of  militia,  and  first  compt. 
of  the  treasury  until  1802. 

Steele,  John  H.,  gov.  N.H.  1844-6;  b. 
N.C.  1792;  d.  Peterborough,  N.H.,  July  3, 1865. 

Steen,  Alexander  E.,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A., 
of  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  killed  at  Prairie  Grove, 
Ark.,  7  Dec.  1862.  Lieut.  12th  U.S.  Inf.  6 
Mar.  1847;  brev.  for  Contreras  and  Churu- 
busco ;  disting.  and  wounded  in  the  conflict 
with  the  Apaches  27  June,  1857. 

Steers,  George,  naval  constructor,  b. 
Washington,  D.C.,  1821;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y., 
25  Sept.  1856.  Among  many  of  his  beautifully- 
modelled  vessels,  the  most  celebrated  were 
the  yacht  "  America,"  and  the  steamships 
"  Adriatic  "  and  "  Niagara." 

Steinwehr,  Gen.  Adolph  Wilhelm 
Friedrich,  baron  von,  b.  Blankenberg,  duchy 
of  Brunswick,  Sept.  25,  1822.  His  father  was 
a  major,  his  grandfather  a  lieut.-gen.,  in  the 
Prussian  service.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Military  Acad,  of  Brunswick;  became  alieut. 
in  1841  ;  resigned  in  1847,  and  came  to  the 
U.S.  to  offer  his  services  to  the  govt,  in  the 
Mexican  war  ;  but,  failing  to  obtain  a  commiss. 
in  the  regular  army,  returned  to  Germany  after 
marrying  in  Mobile.  In  1854  he  came  again 
to  the  U.S.,  and  bought  a  farm  near  Walling- 
ford,  Ct.  He  raised  the  29th  N.  Y.  Regt.,  which 
he  com.  in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run.  Made 
brig.-gen.  vols.  Oct.  12,  1861,  and  app.  to  the 
2d  brigade  of  Blenker's  division.  When  Sigel 
assumed  com.  of  the  corps  after  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Army  of  Va.,  Steinwehr  was  pro- 
moted to  com.  the  2d  division,  11th  corps,  and 
participated  in  the  campaign  on  the  Rapidan 
and  Rappahannock  in  August  and  in  Dec. ; 
in  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville,  May  2,  1863, 
and  the  battle  of  Gettvsburg,  Pa.,  July  1, 1863. 

Stellwagen,  Henry  S.,  capt.  U.  S.  N., 
b.  Pa.;  d.  Cape  Island,  N.  J.,  July  16,  1866. 
Midshipm.  Apr.  1,1828;  lieut.  July  2,  1840; 
com.  Sept.  14,  1855;  capt.  Aug.  29,  1862; 
com.  steamer  "  Connecticut,"  1862;  "  Merci- 
dita,"  18G3. 

Stembel,  Roger  N.,  commo.  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
Middletown,  Md.,  Dec.  27,  1810.  Midshipm. 
Mar.  27,  1832  ;  licut.  Oct.  26, 1843  ;  com.  July 
1,  1861;  capt.  July  25,  1866;  commo.  1870; 
com.  N.  Pacific  squad.  1871  ;  attached  to  coast- 
survey  1844-7  ;  to  Mpi.  flotilla;  and  in  action 
at  Lucas's  Bend,  Sept.  9, 1861 ;  Belmont,  Nov. 
7,  1861  ;  Fort  Henry,  Feb.  6,  1862;  Island  No. 
10,  Mar.  16  to  Apr.  7,  1862  ;  near  Fort  Pillow 


with  Confed.  rams,  May  10, 1862  ;  besides  some 
minor  afi'airs  from  Aug.  1861  to  May,  1862, 
and  wounded  May  10  ;  com.  steam-sloop  "  Ca- 
nandaigua,"  European  squad.,  1866-7.  —  Earn- 
er sUi. 

Stephen,  Gen.  Adam;  d.  Va.  Nov.  1791. 
He  had  been  a  meritorious  Va.  officer  in  the 
colonial  wars;  was  a  capt.  in  the  Ohio  exped. 
of  1754;  served  with  distinction  under  Brad- 
dock  ;  afterwards  com.  Fort  Cumberland  with 
the  rank  of  lieut.-col. ;  and,  on  his  return  from 
an  exped.  to  S.C  against  the  Creek  Indians, 
he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  troops  for  tbe 
defence  of  the  Va.  frontier,  and  was  made  a 
brig.-gen.  When  the  Revol.  commenced.  Col. 
Stephen  was  app.  to  one  of  the  Va.  regts. ; 
was  made  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  Cont.  service,  Sept. 
4,  1776,  and  a  maj.-gen.  Feb.  19,  1777;  and 
behaved  well  at  the  Brandywine.  Yielding 
to  a  bad  habit,  he  fell  into  disgrace  at  German- 
town  ;  was  found  guilty  of  being  intoxicated, 
and  was  dismissed  from  the  army  1778. 

Stephens,  Alexander  Hamilton, 
statesman,  b.  Taliaferro  Co.,  Ga.,  Feb.  11, 
1812.  Franklin  Coll.  1832.  Left  an  orphan, 
he  was  indebted  to  his  friends  for  the  means  of 
education.  Adm.  to  practise  law  in  1834,  and 
soon  acquired  extensive  practice  at  Crawfords- 
ville.  After  repaying  his  friends,  his  first  earn- 
ings were  devoted  to  redeeming  from  the  hands 
of  strangers  the  home  of  his  childhood,  upon 
which  he  still  resides.  In  1836-41  he  was  a 
member  of  the  State  legisl. ;  in  1839  he  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Charleston  commercial  conven- 
tion ;  in  1842  he  was  elected  to  the  State 
senate;  and  was  M.C.  in  1843-59,  serving 
on  many  committees,  and  delivering  many 
speeches;  chairman  of  the  com.  on  Territories. 
He  favored  the  annexation  of  Texas  ;  was  a  sup- 
porter of  Mr.  Clay  for  the  presidency  in  1844  ; 
opposed  the  Clayton  Compromise  in  1848; 
took  a  leading  part  in  effecting  the  compromises 
of  1850;  and  was  an  active  supporter  of  the 
Kansas  and  Nebraska  Act  of  1854.  After  the 
breaking-up  of  the  Whig  party,  he  joined 
the  Democrats,  and  was  a  prominent  supporter 
of  Buchanan's  administration.  He  advocated 
the  election  of  Douglas  to  the  presidency  in 
1860,  and  in  numerous  public  addresses  de- 
nounced those  who  advocated  a  dissolution  of 
the  Union,  and  in  the  State  convention  vigor- 
ously opposed  the  secession  of  Georgia.  He 
was  elected  provisional  vice-pres.  of  the  Con- 
federate States  9  Feb.  1861,  and  permanent 
vice-pres.  in  Nov.  In  a  speech  at  Richmond, 
Va.,  Apr.  22,  1861,  he  justified  the  secession 
movement,  and  pronounced  slavery  the  corner- 
stone of  the  new  govt.  He  was  for  some  time 
a  prisoner  of  state  in  Fort  Warren,  but  was 
released  11  Oct.  1865.  He  has  pub.  "  History 
of  the  War  between  the  States,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
1868  ;  "  Constitutional  View  of  the  Late  War," 
2  vols.  8vo;  Letters  and  Speeches,  8vo,  1867, 
ed.  by  Henry  Cleveland. 

Stephens,  Mrs.  Ann  Sophia  (Winter- 
botham),  authoress,  b.  Derby,  Ct.,  1813.  She 
m.  in  1832,  and  removed  to  Portland,  Me., 
where  in  1835  she  commenced  and  continued 
for  some  time  the  Portland  Magazine.  In  1836 
she  edited  "  The  Portland  Sketch-Book."  She 
in  1837  removed  to  N.Y.  City,  where  she  has 


STES 


865 


STE 


sibce  resided,  and  actively  contributed  to  the 
magazines.  "  Mary  Derwent,"  a  tale,  won  her 
a  prize  of  $400,  and  gave  her  popularity  as  a 
magazine-writer.  Her  most  elaborate  work  is 
the  novel  of  "Fashion  and  Famine"  (1854), 
a  story  of  the  contrasts  of  city  life.  It  is  of 
the  intense  school,  but  contains  excellent  de- 
scriptions and  delineations  of  character.  She 
has  also  pub.  "  The  Heiress  of  Greenhurst," 
"  The  Old  Homestead,"  and  two  books  on 
needlework,  and  has  also  written  much  in  verse. 
She  edited  the  Ladies'  Companion  4  years,  and 
in  1842  was  co-editor  of  Graham's  Maijazine,  to 
which  she  was  long  a  contributor  ;  also  editor 
of  the  Ladies'  World;  in  1856  she  started 
the  Illustrated  New  Monthly.  An  edition  of  her 
works  in  14  vols,  was  pub.  1869-70. 

Stephens,  Mrs.  Harriet  Mario>:, 
authoress,  d.  East  Hampden,  Me.,  1858,  a.  35. 
She  appeared  upon  the  stage  under  the  name 
of  Miss  Rosalie  Somers  until  1851,  and  was 
afterward  well  known  by  the  contributions  of 
her  pen  under  the  signatures  of  "  Marion 
Ward  "  and  "  H.  M.  S."  She  wrote  "  Hagar 
the  Martyr,"  and  a  variety  of  tales,  sketches, 
and  poems,  collected  and  pub.  with  the  title 
of  "  Home-Scenes  and  Home-Sounds." 

Stephens,  John  Lloyd,  an  eminent  trav- 
eller, b.  Shrewsbury,  N.  J.,  Nov.  28,  1805;  d. 
N.Y.  Oct.  12,  1852.  Col.  Coll.  1822.  He 
studied  at  the  Litchfield  Law  School,  and  prac- 
tised in  N.Y.  City  for  about  8  years.  Taking 
an  active  interest  in  politics,  he  joined  the 
Democ.  party,  and  became  a  favorite  speaker 
at  Tammany  Hall.  In  1834-6  he  vidited  Eu- 
rope and  Egypt ;  and  in  1837  pub.  "  Incidents 
of  Travel  in  Egypt,  Arabia  Petraea,  and  the 
Holy  Land;"  which  was  followed  in  1838  by 
"  Incidents  of  Travel  in  Greece,  Turkey,  Rus- 
sia, and  Poland."  Mr.  Stephens  was  in  1839 
app.  special  ambassador  to  Central  America ; 
on  his  return  in  1841  he  pub.  "Incidents  of 
Travel  in  Central  America,  Chiapas,  and  Yu- 
catan." In  1842  he  again  visited  Yucatan, 
and  pub.  in  1843  another  work,  entitled  "Inci- 
dents of  Travel  in  Yucatan."  All  his  books 
were  exceedingly  popular ;  and  his  travels  in 
Central  America  and  Yucatan  have  been  pro- 
nounced to  be  the  richest  contribution  ever 
made  by  any  one  man  on  the  subject  of  Ameri- 
can antiquities.  He  was  a  director  of  the 
"  Ocean  Steam  Navigation  Co.,"  which  estab- 
lished the  first  American  line  of  trans-Atlan- 
tic steamships,  and  went  to  Europe  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  company  on  the  trial-trip  of  its 
first  vessel,  "  The  Washington."  The  latter 
part  of  his  life  was  devoted  to  the  construction 
of  the  Panama  Railroad,  of  which  he  was  pres- 
ident. Delegate  to  the  State  Const.  Conv.  of 
N.Y.  in  1846. 

Stephens,  William,  gov.  of  Ga.,  son  of 
Sir  Wm.  S.,  lieut.-gov.  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  b. 
there  Jan.  28, 1671 ;  d.  Ga.  Aug.  1753.  King's 
Coll ,  Camb.  Studied  law  at  the  Middle  Tem- 
ple, and  in  1696  was  M.  P.  for  Newport.  In 
1712  he  was  a  commissioner  of  the  victualling  ; 
he  afterward  came  to  Charleston,  S.C. ;  became 
acquainted  with  Oglethorpe,  at  whose  recom- 
mendation he  was,  in  Aug.  1 737,  app.  sec.  of 
the  trustees  in  Ga.,  and  in  Nov.  arrived  in  Sii- 
vannah.  In  1741  he  was  made  pres.  of  the 
65 


county  of  Savannah ;  and  was  in  1 743-50 
pres.  of  the  Colony.  His  journal  1737-41  was 
printed  in  3  vols.  8vo.  "  The  Castle-Builders, 
or  the  History  of  William  Stephens,"  a  very 
rare  work,  was  written  by  his  son. 

Steptoe,  Edward  Jenner,  lieut.-col.,  b. 
Va.  1816;  d.near  Lvnchburg,  Va.,  1  Apr.  1865. 
West  Point  (lieut.  3d  Art.),  July,  1837.  Dis- 
ting,  under  Col.  Worth  in  Florida  war  1838- 
42  ;  assist,  instructor  of  inf.  tactics,  Military 
Acad.,  1842-3;  capt.  3  March,  1847;  com. 
light  battery  in  Quitman's  division  in  the  val- 
ley of  Mexico ;  brev.  major  "  for  gallantry  in 
battle  of  Cerro  Gordo,"  April  18,  1847  ;  brev. 
lieut.-col.  "for  gallantry  in  battle  of  Chapul- 
tepec,"  Sept.  13,  1847  ;  maj.  9th  Inf.  March  3, 
1855;  com.  and  disting.  in  conflicts  with  In- 
dians at  the  Cascades,  Washington  Terr.,  Apr. 
27  and  28, 1856  ;  lieut.-col.  10th  Inf. ;  resigned 
Nov.  1,  1861.  App.  gov.  of  Utah  Terr.  1854, 
but  declined.  —  (jullum. 

Sterrett,  Andrew,  capt.  U.S.N. ;  d. 
Lima,  9  Jan.  1807.  App.  lieut.  U.S.N.  25  Mar. 
1798  ;  dist.  in  action  between  "  The  Constella- 
tion "  and  "  L'Insurgente,"  9  Feb.  1799  ;  and 
1st  lieut.  in  the  action  with  "La  Vengeance," 
another  French  frigate.  While  in  com.  of 
"  The  Enterprise,"  he  captured  "  L'Ami  de  la 
Patrie."     Resigned  29  June,  1805. 

Steuben,  Frederick  William  Augus- 
tus, baron,  maj. -gen.  Revol.  army,  b.  Magde- 
burg, Prussia,  i5  Nov.  1730;  d.  Steubenville, 
N.Y.,  28  Nov.  1794.  Educated  at  Neisse  and 
Breslau.  At  14  he  was  a  volunteer  under  his 
father,  an  officer  of  Frederick  the  Great,  at  the 
siege  of  Prague ;  disting.  at  Prague  and  Ross- 
bach  in  1757  ;  made  adj.-gen.  in  1758,  and 
wounded  at  Kunnersdorf ;  made  prisoner  in 
1761,  and  sent  to  St.  Petersburg,  but  was  soon 
released;  in  1762  app.  adj.-gen.  on  the  king's 
staiF ;  was  one  of  the  young  officers  under  the 
special  instruction  of  Frederick,  and  after  the 
siege  of  Schneidnitz,  in  which  he  took  part,  re- 
ceived from  the  king  a  valuable  lay  benefice. 
After  the  seven-years'  war,  he  retired  from  the 
army,  and  travelled  with  the  prince  of  Hohen- 
zollcrn  Heckingen,  who  in  1764  app.  him  grand 
marshal  and  gen.  of  his  guard,  and  made  him 
a  knight  of  the  order  of  "  Fidelity."  Leaving 
these  offices,  and  an  income  of  $3,000  a  year, 
at  the  suggestion  of  Count  St.  Germain  he  of-" 
fered  his  services  to  the  Americans,  and  arrived, 
at  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  in  Nov.  1777.  Joining 
the  army  at  Valley  Forge,  he  was  app<  insp.r 
gen.  (rank  of  maj.-gen.)  29  Mar.  1-778;  was  a 
vol.  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth  in  Junie ;  per- 
formed important  services  ;  preparect  a  manual 
of  instruction  for  the  army,  which  was  ap- 
proved by  Congress  in  1779t;  and  introduced 
the  most  thorough  discipline,  a  change  of 
which  the  army  stood  greatly  in  need,  and 
which  contributed  largely  to  its  ultimate  suc- 
cess. In  1780  ho  com.  in  Va.,  and  finally  in 
the  trenches  at  Yorktown.  He  frequently 
shared  his  last  dollar  with  the  suffering  sol- 
diers, as  he  often  did  his  clothing  and  camp- 
cfiuipments  also.  At  the  close  of  the  war, 
the  State  of  N.  J.  gave  him  a  small  farm  ;  the 
legisl.  of  N.Y.  gave  him  16,000  acres  of  wild 
land  in  Oneida  Co. ;  and  the  govt,  granted  him 
an  annuity  of  $2,500.     He    erected    a    log- 


STE 


866 


STK 


house  at  Steubenville  ;  gave  a  tenth  part  of  his 
land  to  his  aides  —  North,  Popham,  and  Walk- 
er—  and  his  servants,  and  parcelled  out  the 
rest  to  20  or  30  tenants.  A  man  of  great  kind- 
ness and  generosity,  always  cheerful,  of  ready 
wit,  and  highly-pohshcd  manners.  His  Life  by 
F.  Kapp  was  pub.  N.Y.,  1860;  and  by  F. 
Bowen,  Sparks's  "  Amer.  Biography." 

Steuben,  Baron  Von,  b.  Prussia ;  killed 
at  Spottsylvania,  May  12,  1864.  He  was  a 
Prussian  oIKcer ;  came  to  the  U.S.,  and  joined 
the  52  N.  Y.  Vols. ;  and  was  a  brave  and  effi- 
cient officer. 

Stevens,  Aaron  F.,  M.C.  1867-9,  b.Der- 
ry,  N.H.,  9  Aug.  1819.  Educated  at  Pinker- 
ton  Acad.  Came  to  the  bar  in  1845,  and  set- 
tled in  Nashua;  member  State  legisl.  1849  ct 
seq. ;  State  solicitor  5  years.  Major  1st  N.H. 
Vols.  1861;  col.  1862;  served  through  the  war ; 
wounded  at  Fort  Harrison,  Va.,  in  1864;  and 
brev.  brigadier-general. 

Stevens,  Abel,  LL.D.,  Meth.  clergyman, 
b.  Phi  la.  Jan.  19,  1815.  He  studied  at  the 
Wesl.  U.,  Middletown,  Ct.  Settled  as  pastor 
in  Boston  in  1834;  in  1837  travelled  in  Eu- 
rope ;  until  1 840  was  stationed  in  Providence ; 
removed  to  Boston  in  1840,  editing  Zfon's  Her- 
ald; went  to  New  York  in  1852,  and  edited  the 
National  Mag.;  and  in  1856  edited  the  Chris- 
tian Advocate  and  Journal.  Dr.  S.  has  pub. 
"  Memorials  of  the  Introduction  -of  Methodism 
into  the  U.  S. ; "  "  Progress  of  Methodism  in 
the  Eastern  States;"  " Church  Polity ;  "  "The 
Preaching  required  by  the  Times ; "  "  Sketches 
and  Incidents,  a  Budget  from  the  Saddle-Bags 
of  an  Itinerant;"  "The  Great  Reform;" 
"  History  of  the  Religious  Movement  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century, called  Methodism; "  "  His- 
tory of  the  Methodist  Church  in  America,"  4 
vols.  1864-7;  "Centenary  of  Amer.  Method- 
ism," &c.,  1866;  "Women  of  Methodism," 
&c.,  1866. 

Stevens,  Alexander  Hodgdon,  M.D. 
(U.  of  Pa.  1811),  LL.D.  (N.Y.  State  U.),  prof. 
of  surgery,  son  of  Gen.  Ebenezer  of  the  Revol. 
army,  b.  N.Y.  1789;  d.  N.Y.  City,  March  30, 
1869.  Y.C.  1 807.  His  mother,  a  sister  of  Col. 
Ledyard,  was  aunt  to  the  famous  traveller, 
John.  He  studied  in  Lond.  and  Paris  in  1812, 
and  then  began  practice  in  N.Y.  City.  Fellow 
of  the  Coll.  of  Phys.  and  Surgeons  1813;  prof. 
ofiSurgery  in  Queen's  (now  Rutgers)  Coll. 
18M-16;  app.  visiting  surgeon  N.Y.  Hospital 
in  1817 ;  prof,  of  surgery  Coll.  of  Phys.  and 
Surge.  1826-37,  of  clinical  surgery  1838-9; 
agaijQ  prof,  of  surgery  1 840-4 ;  pres.  of  the  coll. 
1843-55;  and  emeritus  prof,  of  clinical  surgery 
from- 1844.  Pres.  of  the  State  Med.  Soc,  and 
in  1848  of  the  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  He  pub. 
"Inflammation,"  1811 ;  "Fungus  of  the  Eye," 
1818;  "Clinical  Lecture  on  Injuries,"  1837; 
on  "Lithotomy,"  1838;  "Medical  Education," 
1849.  Edited  Cooper's  "  First  Lines  of  Sur- 
gery," 1822,  2  vol8.  ^vo.  —  Obit.  Record  Y.C. 

Stevens,  G;en.  Ebenezer,  Revol.  officer, 
h.  Boston,  1752 ;  d-  2  Sept.  1823.  He  was  one 
of  the  famous  "  Tea"  Party  "  of  Boston  in  Dec. 
1773;  soon  afterward, removed  to  R.I. ;  com- 
missioned a  lieut.  8  May,  1775;  raised  two 
companies  of  art.  andopeof  artificers  for  the 
^  €ap«i against  Quebgcj ;  ^ajp.  maj.  9  Nov.  1 776 ; 


com.  the  art.  at  Ticonderoga  and  at  the  battle 
of  Stillwater;  app.  lieut.-col.  30  April,  1778, 
and  soon  after  assigned  to  Col.  Lamb's  rcgt. ; 
was  with  Lafayette  in  Va.,  and  at  Yorktown 
was  in  alternate  com.  of  the  art.  with  Lamb 
and  Carrington.  After  the  war,  he  was  many 
years  a  leading  merchant  in  New  York.  Be- 
came a  maj  .-gen.  of  militia,  and  during  the 
war  of  1812  served  in  defence  of  N.  Y.  City. 
Samuel  his  son,  a  disting.  member  of  the  N.Y. 
bar,  d.  N.Y.  24  Nov.  1844,  a  60. 

Stevens,  Edward,  brig.-gen.  Revol.  ar- 
my, b.  Culpcper  Co.,  Va.,  1745 ;  d.  at  his  seat 
there  Aug.  17,  1820.  At  the  commencement 
of  the  war,  he  com.  with  distinction  a  battalion 
of  riflemen  at  the  battle  of  Great  Bridge,  near 
Norfolk,  Va. ;  he  was  soon  after  made  col.  of 
the  10th  Va.  Regt.,  with  which  he  joined  Wash- 
ington; and  at  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine  (Sept. 
11,  1777),  by  his  gallant  exertions  saved  a  part 
of  the  army  from  capture,  checked  the  enemy, 
and  secured  the  retreat;  he  also  disting.  himself 
at  Germantown,  and,  being  made  a  brig.-gen. 
of  Va.  militia,  fought  at  Camden,  also  at  Guil- 
ford Court  House,  where  his  skilful  disposi- 
tions were  extremely  serviceable  to  the  army, 
and  where,  though  severely  wounded  in  the 
thigh,  he  brought  off"  his  troops  in  good  order. 
Gen.  Greene  bestowed  on  him  marked  com- 
mendation. At  Yorktown  he  performed  im- 
portant duties ;  and  all  through  the  war  pos- 
sessed a  large  share  of  the  respect  and  confi- 
dence of  Washington.  Member  of  the  State 
senate  from  the  foundation  of  the  State  const, 
until  1790. — Rogers. 

Stevens,  George  M.,  brig.-gen.  C.S.A., 
b.  Md.;  killed  near  Atlanta,  Ga.,  20  July,  1864. 

Stevens,  Henry,  bibliographer,  son  of 
Henry  (1791-1867,  first  pres.  of  the  Vt.  Hist. 
Soc),  b.  Stevensvillc,  Vt.,  Aug.  24, 1819.  Y.C. 
1843.  Since  1845  he  has  resided  in  London, 
engaged  in  collecting  rare  and  valuable  books, 
adding  to  the  collection  of  Amer.  books  in  the 
British  Museum,  and  enriching  Amer.  libraries. 
He  has  pub.  "  Historical  Nuggets ;  "  "  Rare 
Books  relating  to  America,"  2  vols.  1862; 
"  Catalogue  of  Amer.  Books  in  the  Brit.  Mu- 
seum," 8vo,  1859;  "Hist,  and  Geographical 
Notes  on  the  Earliest  Discoveries  in  America," 
1869;  and  many  catalogues  of  private  libraiies. 
He  has  also  made  indexes  of  historical  papers 
for  several  of  the  States,  compiled  from  the 
records  in  the  English  State-paper  office. — 
AlUhone. 

Stevens,  Gen.  Isaac  Ingalls,  b.  Ando- 
vcr,  Ms.,  25  Mar.  1818;  killed  in  battle  of  Chan- 
tilly,  Va.,  6  Sept.  1862.  West  Point,  1839  (first 
in  his  class).  Entering  the  engrs.,  he  was  made 
1st  lieut.  1840;  adj.  m  1847-8;  attached  to 
Scott's  staff"  in  Mexico,  and  brev.  capt.  and 
maj.  for  Contreras,  Churubusco,  and  Chapul- 
tepec ;  and  was  severely  wounded  in  the  attack 
of  the  San  Cosme  Gate  of  the  capital,  and  pro- 
nounced by  his  general  the  most  promising  oiu- 
cerof  his  age.  Attached  to  the  coast-survey  at 
Washington.  On  the  accession  of  Pierce,  his 
personal  friend,  to  the  presidency,  he  resigned, 
and  was  made  gov.  of  Washington  Terr.,  and 
placed  in  charge  of  the  survey  of  the  route  for 
the  North  Pacific  R.R.,  a  narrative  of  which  he 
pub.  He  determined  the  feasibility  of  the  route 


SXE 


867 


STE 


for  a  railroad,  established  the  practicability  of 
navigating  the  Upper  Mo.  and  Columbia  Riv- 
ers by  steam,  and  negotiated  several  treaties 
with  the  Indians.  He  also  suppressed  an  In- 
dian war,  and  resigned  in  Aug.  1857.  He  was 
Avounded  in  a  rencounter  with  Chief  Justice  Lan- 
der, and  his  action  was  disapproved  by  the  govt. 
M.C.  for  Wash.  Terr.  1857-61  ;  member  Nat. 
Democ.  conventions  at  Charleston  and  Balti- 
more ;  supported  the  nomination  of  Brecken- 
ridge  for  the  presidency ;  and  was  chairman  of 
the  Breck.  exec,  committee,  but,  when  secession 
became  imminent,  strongly  advised  the  prcs. 
to  dismiss  secretaries  Floyd  and  Thompson. 
Made  col.  79th  N.Y.  Highlanders,  30  July, 
1861;  brig.-gen.  vols.  28  Sept.  1861;  maj.-gen. 
4  July,  1862.  He  com.  under  Sherman  in  the 
Port-Royal  exped. ;  attacked,  and  with  the  aid 
of  gunboats  carried,  the  Confed.  batteries  on 
the  Coosaw  in  Jan.  1862;  com.  the  principal 
column  in  the  unsuccessful  attack  on  Seces- 
sionville,  S.C,  16  June,  1862 ;  was  subsequently 
attached  to  Gen.  Pope's  command ;  had  charge 
of  a  division  in  the  series  of  battles  fought  by 
that  general  in  Va. ;  fought  gallantly  at  the 
second  Bull-run  battle ;  and  fell  while  bearing 
aloft  the  colors  of  one  of  his  rc^ts.,  cheering  it 
on.  He  pub.  in  1851  "  Campaigns  of  the  Rio 
Grande  and  Mexico,  with  Remarks  on  the 
Recent  Work  of  Major  Ripley." 

Stevens,  John,  inventor,  b.  New  York, 
1749;  d.  Hoboken,  N.J.,  1838.  In  1787  he 
became  interested  in  steamboats  from  seeing 
that  of  John  Fitch,  and  experimented  for  near 
30  years.  In  1789  he  petitioned  the  N.Y. 
legisl.  for  a  grant  of  the  exclusive  navigation 
of  the  waters  of  that  State,  without  success. 
In  1804  he  built  a  propeller,  a  small  open  boat 
worked  by  steam,  with  such  success,  that  he 
built  the  steamboat "  Phoenix,"  completed  soon 
after  "  The  Clermont "  was  finished  by  Ful- 
ton. The  latter  having  the  exclusive  right  for 
Hudson  River,  Mr.  S.  placed  his  boats  on  the 
Delawa,rc  and  Connecticut.  In  1812  he  pub. 
a  remarkable  pamphlet,  urging  the  govt,  to 
make  experiments  in  railways  traversed  by 
steam-carriages ;  and  if  feasible,  proposed  the 
construction  of  such  a  railway  from  Albany 
to  Lake  Erie. 

Stevens,  Capt.  Phineas,  b.  Sudbury, 
Ms. ;  d.  Charlcstown,  N.H.,  1756.  His  father 
moved  to  Rutland,  N.H.,  whence,  at  the  age  of 
16,  he  was  carried  prisoner  to  Canada.  In 
1746  he  volunteered  in  an  exped.  against  Can- 
ada ;  was  afterwards  ordered  to  the  frontiers ; 
and  at  "Number  4  "made  a  gallant  defence 
against  the  French  and  Indians  in  March,  1747. 
For  his  bravery  on  this  occasion  he  was  pre- 
sented with  a  valuable  sword  by  Commodore 
Knowles,  and  continued  in  com.  of  the  fort 
until  1750.  Sent  to  Canada  by  Gov.  Shirley 
in  1749,  he  left  a  journal  of  his  visit  printed  in 
N.H.  Hist.  Colls.,  V.  199.—  0'Ca/%W 

Stevens,  Robert  Livingston,  inventor, 
b.  Hoboken,  N.J.,  1788;  d.  there  20  Apr. 
1 856.  Son  of  John  the  inventor.  The  son 
at  the  age  of  20  built  a  steamboat  with  con- 
cave water-lines,  the  first  application  of  the 
wave-line  to  ship-building ;  adopted  a  new 
method  of  bracing  and  fastening  steamboats  ; 
in  1818  discovered  the  utility  of  employing 


steam  expansively,  and  using  anthracite  coal 
for  fuel  in  steamers;  in  1822  substituted  the 
skeleton  wrought-iron  for  the  heavy  cast-iron 
walking-beam;  in  1824  applied  artificial  blast 
to  the  boiler-furnace,  and  in  1827  the  hog-frame 
to  boats  to  prevent  them  from  bending  at  the 
centre.  He  also  invented  the  T-rail.  About 
1816  he  commenced  steam  ferriage  between 
N.Y.  City  and  the  Jersey  shore.  A  projector 
of  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad,  and 
many  years  pres.  of  the  company.  About  1 815 
invented  an  improved  bomb  for  the  naval  ser- 
vice ;  commissioned  by  govt,  in  1842  to  build 
an  immense  steam-battery  for  the  defence  of 
N.Y.  harbor,  left  unfinished  at  the  time  of  his 
death. 

Stevens,  Thaddeus,  political  leader,  b. 
Peachara,  Vt.,  Apr.  4,  1793  ;  d.  Washington, 
D.C.,  Aug.  1 1, 1868.     Dartm.  Coll.  1814.    His 

Earents  were  poor.  He  was  sickly  and  lame ; 
ut  his  mother  toiled  with  all  her  strength  to 
secure  for  him  an  education.  He  was  ambi- 
tious, and  turned  his  scanty  opportunities  to 
such  good  account,  that  he  succeeded  in  quali- 
fying himself  for  college.  Immediately  after 
leaving  Dartmouth,  he  moved  to  York,  Pa., 
where  he  taught  school.  Studied  law;  was 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1816;  and  was  for  many 
years  an  eminent  practitioner  in  Gettysburg. 
In  1828  he  entered  the  political  arena,  taking 
sides  with  the  Adams  party,  and  becoming  an 
active  Whig.  He  was  several  years  in  the 
legisl.  between  1833  and '41 ;  in  1837  he  was 
a  member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.,  taking 
an  active  part  in  all  important  debates,  but, 
being  hostile  to  slavery,  refused  to  sign  the 
constitution  because  it  restricted  suffrage  on 
account  of  color.  After  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution,  he  was  a  leading  spirit  in  one  of 
the  two  legislatures  in  session  at  the  same  time; 
but  they  finally  coalesced  without  violence. 
Canal  commiss.  in  1838.  In  1842  he  removed 
to  Lancaster,  took  a  front  rank  at  the  bar,  and 
was  devoted  to  his  profession  until  1848,  when 
he  was  elected  to  Congress,  and  ardently  op- 
posed the  repeal  of  the  Mo.  Compromise,  the 
fugitive-slave  law,  and  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
bill.  He  was  again  in  Congress  from  1859  to 
his  death,  and  was  a  recognized  leader.  Dur- 
ing 3  sessions  he  was  chairman  of  the  impor- 
tant com.  of  ways  and  means,  and  was  chair- 
man of  the  com.  on  reconstruction  of  the  39th 
and  40th  Congresses.  He  was  also  chairman 
of  the  board  of  managers  in  the  impeachment 
of  President  Johnson ;  member  of  the  Balti- 
more convention  in  1864.  Thoroughly  radical 
in  his  views,  hating  slavery  vrith  all  the  intensi- 
ty of  his  nature,  believing  it  just,  right,  and  ex- 
pedient not  only  to  emancipate,  but  to  arm,  the 
negro,  and  make  him  a  soldier,  and,  after  the 
war,  to  make  him  a  citizen  and  give  him 
the  ballot,  he  led  off  in  all  measures  for  effect- 
ing these  ends.  The  Emancipation  Proclamar 
tion  was  urged  upon  the  Pres.  by  him  on  all 
grounds  of  right,  justice,  and  expediency;  the 
14th  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  was  ini- 
tiated and  pressed  by  him.  He  advocated  and 
carried,  during  the  war,  acts  of  confiscation,  and 
proposed  the  most  rigid  and  stem  measures 
against  the  instigators  and  i>romoters  of  the 
Rebellion  to  the  last  day  of  his  life. 


STE5 


868 


STE 


Stevens,  Capt.  Thomas  Holdup,  U.S.N., 
b.  Charleston,  S.C.,  1793;  d.  Washington, 
D.C.,  Jan.  22,  1841.  While  an  inmate  and 
pupil  of  the  orphan  asylum  in  Charleston, 
Gen.  Stevens  of  that  city  became  interested  in 
him,  procured  him  a  midshipman's  warrant  in 
180S,  and  in  1815  he  added  by  legisl.  enactment 
the  name  of  Stevens  to  that  of  Holdup.  Lieut. 
July  24,  1813;  master  com.  Mar.  3,  1825; 
capt.  Jan.  27,  1836.  In  1812  he  volunteered 
for  lake  service.  In  Dec.  he  accomp.  a  party 
who  stormed  a  battery  at  Black  Rock  in  the 
night,  in  which  he  received  a  canister-shot 
through  the  right  hand,  impairing  its  use  for 
life.  In  Apr.  1813  he  took  charge  of  fitting 
and  rigging  the  squadron  at  Erie.  In  the  ac- 
tion of  Sept.  10  he  com.  the  sloop  "  Trippe,'* 
fought  bravely  against  the  rear  of  the  enemy's 
line,  and,  in  the  pursuit  which  followed,  aided 
in  conquering  and  bringing  back  tv.'o  of  the 
enemy's  vessels.  In  the  summer  of  1814  ho 
was  1st  lieut.  of  "  The  Niagara,"  and  subse- 
quently com.  diffcrent  vessels.  He  was  chiA'- 
alrous,  generous,  and  heroic,  and  possessed 
considerable  literary  talent. 

Stevens,  Thomas  H.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Ct.j  May  27,  1819.  Son  of  the  preceding. 
Midshipm.  Dec.  14,  1836;  lieut.  May  10, 1849; 
com.  July  1 6, 1 862  ;  capt.  July  25, 1 866.  Com. 
steamer  "Ottawa"  at  battle  of  Port  Royal, 
Nov.  1861 ;  in  various  engagements  in  Florida 
in  Mar.  and  Apr.  1862;  com.  steamer  "Mara- 
tanza"  in  battle  of  West  Point,  May  7,  1862  ; 
capture  of  Confed.  gunboat  "  Teaser ;  "  com. 
steamer  "Sonoma,"  W.I.  squad.,  1862;  com. 
ironclad  "Patapsco"  in  engagement  with  Fort 
Wagner  (Aug.  22,  1863),  with  Fort  Moultrie 
and  batteries  (Aug.  31  and  Sept.  7  and  8) ; 
com.  boat-assault  on  Fort  Sumter,  night  of 
Sept.  8,1863;  com.  "Oneida"  in  operations 
before  Mobile ;  and  in  battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  and 
capture  of  Confed.  fleet  (Aug.  5,  1864)  and 
capture  of  Fort  Morgan,  com.  monitor  "  Win- 
nebago." The  gallantry,  coolness,  and  conduct 
of  this  officer  have  won*  for  him  the  highest  en- 
comiums. —  Hamersli/. 

Stevens,  Gen.  Walter  H.,  b.  New  York 
ab.l827;  d.  Iberville,  La.,  Dec.  1867.  West 
Point,  1848.  Entering  the  engineers,  he  be- 
came 1st  lieut.  July,  1855,  and  was  dism.  2 
May,  1861  ;  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Bragg  as 
eng.  officer,  had  the  rank  of  brig.-gen. ;  and  sur- 
rendered at  Appomattox  C.  H.  Apr.  9,  1865. 
Chief  engr.  of  the  railroad  from  Vera  Cruz  to 
Mexico  for  some  time  before  his  death. 

Stevens,  William  Bacon,  D.D.,  M.D. 
(Dartm.  Coll.  1838),  LL.D.,  consec.  bishop  of 
Pa.,  Jan.  2,  1862,  b.  Bath,  Me.,  1815.  Ord. 
deacon  and  priest  Prot.-Ep.  Church  1844 ;  and 
prof,  belles-lettres  and  moral  philos.  U.  of  Ga. ; 
rector,  of  St.  Andrew's,  Phila.,  1848-62;  prof, 
of  liturgies  in  Epis.  Divinity  School,  Phila., 
1862.  He  has  pub.  "  Discourse  before  the  Ga. 
Hist.  Society,"  Feb.  12,  1841;  "History  of 
Georgia  to  1797,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1847-59 ;  "  Para- 
bles of  the  N.  Test.,"  1855;  "Consolation;" 
"  Home  Service ; "  "  The  Lord's  Day ; "  "  The 
Past  and  Present  of  St.  Andrew's,"  1 858 ; 
and  sermons.  He  edited  the  "  Ga.  Hist.  Colls.," 
vols.  i.  and  ii.,  and  pub.  many  tracts  and  papers 
in  periodicals.  —  AUihone. 


Stevenson,  Andrew,  statesman,  b.  Cul- 
peper  Co.,  Va.,  1784;  d.  Blenheim,  Albemarle 
Co.,  Va.,  June  25,  1857.  Prominent  at  the 
bar.  In  1 804  he  became  a  member  of  the  Va. 
legisl.,  and  afterwards  speaker;  M.C.  in  1821- 
34,  and  in  1827-34  was  speaker;  minister  to 
Eng.  in  1836-41 ;  he  devoted  himself,  on  his  re- 
turn, chiefly  to  agricultural  pursuits  and  to  the 
interests  of  the  Va.  University,  of  which  institu- 
tion he  was  a  rector  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Stevenson,  John  W.,  statesman,  son  of 
Andrew,  b.  Richmond,  Va„  ab.  1819.  U.  of 
Va.  He  settled  at  Covington,  Ky.,  in  1841  ; 
practised  law  with  success ;  in  the  Ky.  legisl. 
in  184.5-7  ;  a  leader  in  the  State  Const.  Conv. 
in  1 849 ;  member  of  the  Democ.  Nat.  Conv.  of 
1848,  '52,  and  '56;  M.C.  1857-61 ;  acting  gov. 
of  Ky.  1867-8 ;  gov.  1868-72 ;  one  of  the  com- 
missioners to  revise  the  code  of  Kentucky. 

Stevenson,  Gen.  Thomas  G.,  b.  Boston, 
1836  ;  killed  near  Spottsylvania,  Va.,  Ma^  10, 
1864.  Son  of  Hon.  J.  Thomas.  Early  evmced 
a  taste  for  military  life,  and  was  major  4th 
batt.  Ms.  Inf.  when  the  Rebellion  began.  He 
had  a  high  reputation  as  a  drill-master,  and 
trained  a  large  number  of  young  men  since 
honorably  disting.  in  the  field.  He  raised  the 
24th  Regt.,  participating  as  its  col.  in  the 
capture  of  Roanoke  Island  and  Newbem  ;  suc- 
cessfully defended  Washington,  N.C.,  against 
superior  forces  of  the  enemy ;  led  a  brigade  in 
the  movements  on  Kinston ;  brig.-gen.  Dec. 
27,  1862;  and  in  the  following  summer  aided 
in  the  reduction  of  Morris  Island  and  in  the 
assault  on  Fort  Wagner.  He  was  in  com.  of 
the  1st  div.  9th  corps  when  he  fell. 

Stewart,  Alexander,  a  British  gen. ;  d. 
Feb.  1793.  App.  capt.  37th  Foot  29  June, 
1761  ;  maj.  Aug.  1771  ;  lieut.-col.  3d  (Bufls) 
7  July,  1775;  col.  16  May,  1782;  maj.-gen.  23 
Apr.  1790.  In  May,  1781,  he  succeeded  to  the 
com.  of  the  British'lorces  in  S.C,  and  Sept.  8, 
1781,  fought  at  Eutaw,  against  Greene,  the  last 
battle  of  the  Amer.  RevoL,  which  resulted  in 
his  retreat  to  Charleston. 

Stewart,  Aj  exander  T.,  a  leading  mer- 
chant of  New  Yvjrk,  of  Scotch-Irish  parentage, 
b.  near  Belfast,  Ireland,  ab.  1803.  Educated  at 
Trin.  Coll.,  Dublin.  Came  to  N.Y.  City  in 
1823;  taught  school  for  a  brief  period;  then 
established  a  retail  dry-goods  store  on  Broad- 
way ;  in  1 843  he  erected  his  large  marble  struc- 
ture (on  Chambers  St.  and  Broadway),  and  has 
acquired  great  wealth  by  industry,  enterprise, 
and  sagacity.  Nominated  sec.  of  the  U.S. 
treasury  by' Prcs.  Grant  in  Mar.  1869,  but 
found  ineligible  by  the  U.S.  senate.  In  1847, 
during  the  Irish  famine,  Mr.  Stewart  chartered 
a  ship,  which  he  filled  with  provisions,  and  sent 
as  a  gift  to  Ireland.  A  strenuous  upholder 
of  the  Union  during  the  Rebellion,  and  strong- 
ly identified  with  the  Repub.  party.  He  was 
one  of  the  Amer.  representatives  at  the  Paris 
Exposition  of  1867. 

Stewart,  Charles,  rear-admiral  U.S.N., 
b.  of  Irish  parents,  Phila.,  July  18,  1778;  d. 
BordentoAvn,  N.  J.,  Nov.  7,  1869.  At  the  age 
of  13  he  entered  the  merchant-service,  in  which 
he  rose  from  the  situation  of  cabin-boy  to  the 
com.  of  an  Indiaman.  March  9,  1798,  ho 
was  commissioned  a  lieut.  in  the  navy;   in 


SXE 


8G9 


STI 


July,  1800,  was  app.  to  the  com.  of  the  schoon- 
er "  Experiment,"  and  cruised  in  the  West 
Indies,  where  he  rendered  efficient  service; 
Sept.  1  he  captured  the  French  schooner  "  Deux 
Amis"  (of  8 guns),  and  soon  after  "  The  Di- 
ana" (of  14  gvms),  besides  recapturing  a  num- 
ber of  American  vessels  which  had  been  taken 
by  French  privateers.  In  1802,  as  first  officer, 
he  joined  the  frigate  "  Constellation,"  which 
had  been  ordered  to  the  Mediten*anean  to  block- 
ade Tripoli ;  and  on  his  return,  after  one  year's 
cruise,  was  placed  in  com.  of  the  brig  "  Siren ; " 
in  this  vessel  he  was  engaged  in  the  exped. 
sent  to  destroy  the  frigate  "Philadelphia" 
(Feb.  16,  1804),  and  subsequently  in  the  block- 
ade and  siege  of  Tripoli.  For  his  services  in  the 
bombardment  of  Aug.  3,  1804,  he  received  the 
thanks  of  Com.  Preble  in  General  Orders. 
Promoted  to  be  master  com.  May  19,  1804,  he 
was  placed  in  com.  of  the  frigate  "  Essex," 
which  joined  the  squadron  in  Tunis  Bay,  and 
subsequently  tookcom.  of  thefrigate  "  Constella- 
tion; "  Apr.  22,  1806,  he  was  made  capt.,  and 
was  employed  in  superintending  the  construc- 
tion of  gunboats  at  New  York ;  in  Dec.  1812 
Capt.  Stewart  was  again  app.  to  "  The  Con- 
stellation," and  proceeded  to  Hampton  Roads, 
where  he  assisted  in  defending  Norfolk  and 
Craney  Island  from  the  attacks  of  the  enemy  ; 
in  Dec.  1813  he  sailed  in  com.  of  frigate 
"Constitution,"  in  which,  in  Feb.  1815,  he 
fell  in  with  the  British  ships  of  war,  "  The 
Cyane  "  of  34,  and  "  The  Levant"  of  21  guns, 
and  captured  them  after  a  sharp  conflict  of  40 
minutes.  "  The  Levant "  was  subsequently 
retaken  by  a  British  squadron ;  but  "  The 
Constitution  "  escaped  with  her  other  prize  to 
St.  Jago.  On  his  return  to  America  he  was 
received  with  the  highest  honors.  The  legisl. 
of  Pa.  presented  him  with  a  gold-hilted  sword ; 
and  a  gold  medal  was  ordered  to  be  struck  by 
Congress.  He  com.  the  Medit.  squadron  from 
1817  to  1820,  when  he  took  com.  of  the  Pacific 
fleet.  On  his  return  home,  he  was  tried  by  a 
court-martial,  but  was  honorably  acquitted. 
Member  of  the  board  of  navy  commiss.  1 830- 
3,  and  in  1837  succeeded  Barron  in  com.  of 
the  navy-yard  at  Phila.  In  1857  he  was  placed 
on  the  reserved  list  on  account  of  his  advanced 
aore;  but  in  March,  1859,  he  was  replaced  on 
the  active  list  by  special  legislation  ;  July  16, 
1862,  he  was  made  a  rear-adm.  on  the  retired 
list.  He  rendered  important  service  in  the 
organization  of  the  navy,  and  submitted  to  the 
dopt.  many  valuable  papers  on  the  subject.  A 
Memoir  of  Stewart  was  pub.  Phila.,  8vo,  1836. 

Stewart,  Col.  Charles,  Revo),  officer;  d. 
N.J.  24  July,  1800.  He  was  an  active  and 
influential  soldier  and  patriot.  Member  of  the 
first  N.J.  conv.  that  issued  a  dccl.  of  rights 
airainst  the  aggressions  of  the  crown  ;  member 
of  its  first  Prov.  Congress ;  col.  of  its  first  regt. 
of  minute-men  ;  col.  of  its  2d  regt.  of  the  line  ; 
and  from  1776  to  the  close  of  the  war  was 
commis.-gen.  of  issues. 

Stewart,  Charles  James,  D.  D.  (Oxf. 
1817),  Prot.-Ep.  bishop  of  Quebec  from  Jan.  1, 
1826,  to  his  d.  Lond.,  July  13,  1837,  b.  April 
13,  1775.  Son  of  the  Enrl  of  Galloway.  M.A. 
of  Oxford  U.  1799.  Rector  of  Orton,  near 
Peterborough,  8  years ;  app.  to  the  mission  of 


St.  Armand,  in  the  Eastern  Townships,  C.E. ; 
in  1819  app.  visiting  missionary  to  the  diocese 
of  Quebec.  Author  of  "  Short  View  of  Eastern 
Townships  in  L.C.,"  8vo,  1817.  —  See  Life  by 
R(V.  J.  N.  Norton,  1859. 

Stewart,  Charles  Samuel,  D.D.  (U.  of 
N.Y.  1863),  clergyman,  b.  Flemington,  N.  J., 
1795;  d.  Cooperstown,  N.Y.,  14  Dee.  1870. 
N.J.  Coll.  1815.  Grandson  of  Col.  Charles, 
and  son  of  Samuel  Robert,  counselloc-at-law. 
He  studied  law  at  Litchfield  ;  then  studied  at 
Princeton  Theol.  Sem. ;  and  was  ord.  an  evan- 
gelist and  missionary  to  the  Sandwich  Islands 
in  1822.  An  account  of  his  residence  in  the 
Sandwich  Islands  in  1823-5  was  pub.  by  him 
in  1 8:^8.  Returning  home  in  1826,  he  travelled 
and  preached  extensively  in  the  Northern 
States,  advocating  the  cause  of  missions.  App, 
a  chaplain  U.S.N,  in  Nov.  1828,  the  result  of 
his  first  cruise  was  his  "  Visit  to  the  South 
Seas  in  1829-30,"  2v  ols.  1831.  He  also  pub. 
"  Brazil  and  La  Plata,"  8vo,  1856;  and  2  vols, 
of  "  A  Tour  through  England,  Scotland,  and 
Iiehvnd,  in  1832."  He  held  the  chaplaincy  of 
the  naval  station  at  New  York,  where  he  edited 
the  Naval  Magazine,  in  1836-7.  His  wife, 
Harriet  Bradford  (Tiffany)  (b.  Stamford,  Ct., 
June  24.  1798;  m.  June  3,  1822),  embarked 
for  the  Sandwich  Islands  with  her  husband  and 
other  missionaries,  Nov.  19,  1822,  d.  Sept. 
1830.  His  son  Charles  S.  graduated  at 
West  Point  (first  in  class)  1846,  and  is  now  a 
lieut.-col.  in  the  corps  of  engrs. 

Stewart,  Major  John,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Ireland ;  killed  by  a  fall  from  his  horse  near 
Charleston,  S.C.  Bro.-in-law  of  Gen.  Wayne, 
and  for  his  gallantry  in  the  storming  of  Stony 
Point  was  awarded  a  gold  medal  by  Congress. 
He  com.  a  corps  of  light  inf.,  and  31  Aug., 
1778,  had  a  severe  engagement  at  Indian  Field 
with  Col.  Emmenck's  command  of  Tories  and 
Indians.  A  John  Stewart  was  com.  lieut.-col. 
1st  Md.  Regt.  10  Feb.  1781. 

Stewart,  or  Stuart,  Gen.  Philip.  Revol. 
officer,  b.  Va.  1760;  d.  Washington,  D.C,  U 
Aug.  1830.  He  was  an  officer  of  Baylor's 
Dragoons,  and  was  disting.  in  Col.  Washing- 
ton's cavalry  at  Eutaw,  where  he  led  the  foT' 
lorn-hope,  and  fell  covered  with  wounds.  M.C. 
from  Md.  1811-19. 

Stewart,  Robert  M.,  gov.  Mo.  1857-61, 
b.  Truxton,  Cortland  Co.,  N.  Y.,  12  March, 
1815;  d.  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  21  Sept.  1871. 
When  a  boy,  he  emig.  to  Ky.,  and  in  1838  to 
Mo.,  settling  in  Buchanan  Co.  He  was  10 
years  a  member  of  the  State  senate,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  of  1845.  Enter- 
ing the  Union  army  in  1861,  ill-health  pre- 
vented him  from  remaining  in  the  service.  An 
efficient  promoter  of  railroads. 

Stewart,  Gen.  Walter,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Ireland.  Aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Gates,  and 
col.  13th  Regt.  (Pa.)  in  1777,  and  honorably 
disting.  himself  in  the  service.  He  was  one  of 
the  handsomest  men  of  his  day,  and  m.,  11 
April,  1781,  Deborah,  dau.  of  Blair  McClen- 
achan.  He  enjoyed  the  esteem  and  friendship 
of  Washington,  and,  after  the  war,  resided  in 
Philadelphia. 

Stiles,  Ezra,  D.D.  (Edinb.  1765),  LL.D. 
(N.J.  Coll.  1784),  clergyman  and  scholar,  b. 


STI 


870 


SXI 


North  Haven,  Ct.,  Dec.  15,  1727;  d.  New- 
Haven,  May  12, 1795.  Y.C.  1746  ;  tutor  1749- 
55.  His  grandfather  was  brought  an  infant  to 
N.E.  in  1634.  His  father  Isaac  was  minister 
of  North  Haven.  Ezra  was  licensed,  and 
preaclied  his  first  sermon  in  June,  1749.  Dr. 
Franklin  having  sent  an  electrical  apparatus  to 
Yale,  Mr.  Stiles,  with  one  of  his  fellow-tutors, 
entered  zealously  upon  this  new  field  of  science, 
and  performed  the  first  electrical  experiments 
ever  made  in  New  England.     In  Apr.  1750  he 

E reached  to  the  Stockbridge  Indians.  II!- 
ealth  and  religious  doubts  caused  him  to  begin 
the  study  of  law  in  1752.  He  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1753,  and  practised  at  N.  Haven  2  years. 
In  Feb.  1755  he  pronounced  a  Latin  oration 
in  honor  of  Dr.  Franklin  on  occasion  of  his 
visiting  New  Haven,  and  was  on  intimate 
terms  with  him  till  his  death;  in  April,  1755, 
he  was  invited  to  preach  at  Newport,  and  soon 
after  became  settled  there  permanently,  having 
conquered  his  theological  doubts;  in  1777, 
while  a  resident  of  Portsmouth,  whither  he  re- 
moved on  the  British  occupation  of  Newport, 
he  was  a  second  time  invited  to  the  pres.  of 
Yale  Coll.,  which  he  accepted,  and  entered 
upon  June  23,  1778,  filling  this  post  till  his 
death.  After  the  death  of  Prof.  Daggett  in 
1780,  he  discharged  the  duties  of  prof,  of  divin- 
ity, besides  giving  each  week  one  or  two  disser- 
tations on  philos.  or  astronomical  subjects.  Dr. 
Stiles  was  an  indefatigable  student,  acquired 
many  Oriental  languages,  corresp.  with  the 
Jesuits  on  the  geography  of  California,  with 
Greek  bishops  on  the  physical  formation  of  Pal- 
estine and  the  adjacent  countries,  and  addressed 
scientific  and  philological  queries  to  travellers 
from  remote  regions.  Dr.  Stiles  was,  un- 
doubtedly, one  of  the  purest  and  best-gifted  men 
of  his  age.  One  of  his  daughters  m.  Rev. 
Abiel  Holmes,  by  whom  his  Life  was  written 
and  pub.  in  1798'.  His  Life  by  Prof.  Kingsley 
is  in  the  second  series  of  Sparks's  Collection. 
His  chief  literary  productions  are  his  "  History 
of  Three  of  the  Judges  of  King  Charles  I.," 
1794  ;  "  Account  of  the  Settlement  of  Bristol," 
1785;  a  funeral  oration  on  Gov.  Law,  1751; 
and  on  his  re-election  to  his  office  of  president, 
1778,  in  Latin.  He  wrote  many  addresses  and 
sermons.  One  of  the  latter  is  an  able  plea  for 
the  union  of  various  N.  England  denomina- 
tions. Stiles's  Diary  and  bound  manuscripts, 
preserved  at  Yale,  fill  45  vols.,  and  include 
numerous  important  details  of  the  Revol.,  of 
which  he  was  an  early  and  constant  promoter. 
"A  Family  Tablet,"  Boston,  12mo,  1796,  con- 
tains poems  by  the  Stiles  family.  13  are  by 
Miss  Ruth  Stiles  ("Louisa"),  who  m.  Rev. 
Caleb  Gannett ;  3,  signed  "  Eugenio,"  are  by 
Dr.  Ezra  Stiles,  jun.,  who  d.  N.C.  Aug.  22, 
1 784 ;  8  are  by  Mary  ("  Myra  ") ;  s;ind  1 6  are  by 
her  husband.  Rev.  Abiel  Holmes  ("  Myron"). 
Stiles,  Henry  Reed,  M.D.  (U.  of  N.Y. 
1855),  iiist.  writer,  b.  N.Y.  City  10  Mar.  1832. 
Practised  med.  in  Galena,  111. ;  now  (1871)  in 
Brooklyn,  N.Y.  Has  pub.  "History  of  Ancient 
Windsor,  Ct.,"  8vo,  1859  ;  also  a  supplement 
to  the  same,  8vo,  18G3  ;  "  Stiles's  Genealogy," 
1863;  "History  of  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,"  3  vols. 
8vo,  1869-70;  "Bundling,  its  Origin,"  &c., 
12rao,  1869;  "Autobiog.  of  Thos.  Douglas," 


12mo,  1856.  He  has  edited  "  The  Wallabout 
Prison-Ship,"  "  Revol.  Adventures  of  Eb.  Fox," 
"  Andrew  Sherburne's  Memoirs,"  and  "Prison- 
ship  Narrative,"  and  has  edited  as  well  as  con- 
trib.  to  the  N.Y.  Hist.  Magazine. 

Stiles,  William  H.,  politician  and  author, 
b.  Savannah,  Ga. ;  d.  there  Dec.  20,  1865.  He 
became  a  lawyer  in  Savannah  in  1831  ;  was 
solicitor-gen.  of  the  eastern  dist.  of  Ga.  in 
1833-6;  M.  C.  1843-5;  and  was  chargtf 
d'affaires  to  Austria  1845-9.  Served  as  a 
col.  in  the  Confed.  army.  Author  of  "  A  His- 
torv  of  Austria  in  1848-9." 

Still^,  Alfred,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1836),  b. 
Phila.  1813.  U.  of  Pa.  1832.  Studied  also  in 
Europe.  Res.  physician  Phila.  Hospital  1836, 
Pa.  Hospital  1839-41  ;  lecturer  on  pathology 
and  prac.  of  med.  to  Phila.  Assoc,  for  Med. 
Instruction  1844-50;  physician  to  St.  Joseph's 
Hosp.  1849  ;  prof,  of  theory  and  prac.  of  med. 
ill  Pa.  Med.  Coll.  1854-9,  and  in  U.  of  Pa. 
since  June  20,  1864.  He  has  pub.  "Medical 
Instruction  in  the  U.S.,"  8vo,  1845 ;  "  Ele- 
ments of  Pathology,"  1848  ;  "  Report  on  Med. 
Literature,"  18.50  ;  "  Unitv  of  Medicine," 
1856;  "Humboldt's  Life  and  Char.,"  1859; 
"Therapeutics,"  2  vols.  8vo,  3d  ed.,  1868; 
"  War  as  an  Element  of  Civilization,"  1862  ; 
"  Epidemic  Meningitis,"  1867.  Contrib.  to 
med.  and  surg,  journals.  — Allibone, 

StiU^,  Charles  Ja.neway,  LL.D.,  b. 
Pliila.  1819.  Y.C.  1839.  Prof,  of  Eng.  lit., 
U.  of  Pa.,  May  1,  1866,  and  provost  of  the 
same,  Sept.  1868.  Author  of  "IIow  a  Free 
People  conduct  a  Long  War,"  1862;  "North- 
em  Interest  and  Southern  Independence," 
1863;  "Hist.  Development  of  Araer.  Civiliza- 
tion," an  address  at  Y.C,  July  29, 1 863 ;  "  Hist. 
U.S.  Sanitary  Com.,"  8vo,  1866;  "Memoir  of 
Rev.  Wm.  Smith,  D.D.,"  \%&^.  — Allibone. 

StiU^,  MoRETON,  M.D.,  physician  and 
author,  b.  Phila.  Oct.  27,  1822 ;  d.  Saratoga, 
N.Y.,  Aug.  20,  1855.  U.  of  Pa.  1844.  His 
ancestor  Olof  Person  Stille  came  Avith  the 
first  Swedish  colony  to  the  banks  of  the  Del. 
in  1638.  He  began  his  medical  studies  with 
his  bro.  Alfred,  and,  after  spending  3  jrcars  in 
Europe,  settled  in  practice  in  Phila.  in  1847. 
Resident  phys.  Pa.  Hospital  1848-9;  revisited 
Europe  in  1850-2 ;  and  in  Mar.  1855  was  app. 
lecturer  in  the  Phila.  Assoc,  for  Med.  Instnic- 
tion.  Besides  many  contributions  to  mod. 
journals,  he  was  joint  author  with  Mr.  Whar- 
ton of  a  valuable  treatise  on  med.  jurispru- 
dence. —  Gross's  Med.  Bioq. 

Stillman,  Samuel,  D.D.  (B.U.  1788), 
Baptist  clergyman,  b.  Phila.  Feb.  27,  1737; 
d.  Boston,  March  12,  1807.  In  1748  his  par- 
ents removed  to  Charleston,  S.C. ;  and  he  re- 
ceived his  education  at  an  acad.  in  that  city. 
He  preached  his  first  sermon,  Feb.  1 7,  1 758 ; 
was  ord.  Charleston,  Feb.  26,  1759  ;  settled  at 
James  Island,  but  soon  returned  to  Phila., 
where  he  m.  Hannah,  dau.  of  Evan  Morgan. 
Ill-health  occasioned  his  removal  to  Borden- 
town,  N.J.,  in  1760,  whence,  2  years  afterwards, 
he  came  to  Boston.  After  being  one  year  an 
assist,  at  the  Second  Baptist  Church,  he  was 
installed  minister  of  the  First,  Jan.  9,  1765, 
where  he  continiacd  till  his  death  from  a  para- 
lytic shock.    Mr.  Stillman  soon  became  one 


STI 


871 


STO 


of  the  most  popular  pulpit-orators  of  his  day, 
and  contributed  powerfully  to  the  cause  of 
liberty  by  his  patriotic  discourses.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  U.S.  Const.  Conv.  in  1788,  and 
Avas  a  decided  Whig,  and  a  Federalist  of  the 
Washington  school.  He  was  active  in  the 
interests  of  Brown  U.,  and  his  name  appears 
in  the  act  of  incorporation  1764.  A  Memoir  by 
his  son-in-law  Thomas  Gray,  D.D.,  is  prefixed 
to  a  vol.  of  occasional  sermons  pub.  in  1808. 
Among  his  pub.  discourses  are,  "  On  the  Re- 
peal of  the  Stamp  Act,"  1766;  "Four  Dis- 
courses," 1769;  "Ancient  and  Hon.  Art.  Ser- 
mon," June  4, 1770 ;  "  Election  Sermon,"  May 
26,  1779;  "Masonic  Dis.  at  Charlestown,'^' 
June  24,  1785 ;  "  Oration,"  July  4,  1789,  Bos- 
ton ;  "  On  the  Death  of  Mary  Stillman,"  his 
mother,  1 768 ;  "  Hon.  Samuel  Ward,"  bef.  Con- 
gress, Mar.  26,  1776;  "Nicholas  Brown  of 
Prov.,"  May  31,  1791  ;  "  Washington,"  1800; 
"Rev.  H.  Smith,"  Haverhill,  Jan.  31,  1805.— 
Geneal.  Reg.,  ix.  78. 

Stirling,  Lord.  —  See  Alexander,  Wm. 

Stirling,  Sir  Thomas,  of  Ardoch,  a  Brit- 
ish gen.;  d.  9  May,  1808.  He  obtained  his 
cg,ptaincy  in  July,  1757,  in  the  42d,  or  Royal 
Highland  Regt.,  which  accomp.  Abercrombie 
in  1758,  and  Amherst  in  1759,  in  their  respec- 
tive expeds.  on  Lakes  George  and  Champlain ; 
was  afterwards  detailed  to  assist  at  the  siege  of 
Niagara,  and  accomp.  Amherst  from  Oswego 
to  Montreal  in  1760;  in  1765  Capt.  Stirling 
was  stationed  at  Fort  Chartres  in  111.,  and 
returned  to  Phila.  in  June,  1766,  after  a  march 
of  more  than  3,000  miles,  with  his  entire  de- 
tachment of  100  men  in  perfect  health,  and 
without  accident;  app.  a  major  in  1770,  and 
lieut.-col.  42d  in  Sept.  1771 .  He  com.  this  regt. 
throughout  the  Amer.  Revol. ;  was  in  the 
engagement  on  Staten  Island,  and  in  the  battle 
of  Brooklyn  Heights  in  1776;  at  the  storming 
of  Fort  Washington,  the  capture  of  Red 
Bank,  and  in  the  battle  of  Brandywine ; 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Springfield,  June  7, 
1780.  He  became  a  col.  in  the  army  in  1779, 
and  was  brigadier  under  Clinton  in  the  exped. 
against  Charleston,  S.C.,  in  1780.  He  suc- 
ceeded Lieut.-Gen.  Frazer  as  col.  of  the  7 1st 
Highlanders  in  Feb.  1782;  and  in  Nov.  follow- 
ing became  maj.-gen. ;  in  1796  he  was  app. 
lieut.-gen.,  and  created  a  baronet;  and  became 
a  gen.  Jan.  1,  1801.  He  was  an  officer  of  su- 
perior merit. 

Stith,  Rev.  William,  pres.  of  Wm.  and 
Mary  Coll.  1752-5,  b.  Va.  16S9 ;  d.  Williams- 
burg, Va.,  27  Sept.  1755.  Son  of  Capt.  John 
and  Mary  Randolph,  and  was  a  bro.-in-law  of 
Peyton  Randolph.  Studied  theol.,  and  ord.  in 
Eng.  in  1731  ;  master  of  the  grammar-school 
of  Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  1731,  chaplain  h.  of 
burgesses  1738,  and  rector  of  Henrico  parish 
1752-5.  Author  of  "  History  of  Va.  from  the 
First  Settlement  to  the  Dissol;  of  the  Lond. 
Co.,"  written  in  1745,  pub.  Williamsburg  1747. 

Stobo,  Ma  J.  Robert,  b.  Glasgow  1727; 
d.  ab.  1770.  The  son  of  a  merchant.  Came  to 
Va.  ab.  1 742 ;  was  app.  a  capt.  in  1 754  ;  was 
with  Washington  at  Fort  Necessity  when  it 
surrendered  in  July  of  that  year,  and  was  a 
hostage  for  the  fulfilment  of  the  articles  of  ca- 
pitulation.   Wliile  at  Fort  Du  Quesne,  he  drew 


up  a  plan  of  the  works,  and  sent  it  to  the  com- 
manding officer  at  Wills's  Creek.  His  cor- 
respondence fell  into  the  hands  of  the  French 
on  the  defeat  of  Gen.  Braddock,  and  he  was 
imprisoned  at  Quebec,  whence,  on  a  third  at- 
tempt (in  1758),  he  succeeded  in  escaping,  and 
joined  the  British  army  at  Louisburg.  He 
accomp.  it  to  Quebec,  and  was  useful  by  his 
knowledge  of  localities.  He  returned  to  Va., 
whence  in  1760  he  sailed  for  Eng. ;  was  made 
capt.  15th  Foot,  June  5,  1761  ;  served  in  the 
W.  Indies  in  1762  ;  returned  to  Eng.  in  1767  ; 
and  left  the  army  in  1770.  —  See  Memoir  by  N, 
B.  C,  Pittsburg,  1854,  18mo. 

Stockton,  Richard,  signer  of  the  Decl. 
of  Indep.,  b.  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Oct.  1,  1730  ;  d. 
near  there  Feb.  28,  1781.  N.J.  Coll.  1748. 
He  studied  law  with  David  Ogden  of  Newark ; 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1754,  and  soon  became 
disting.  Visiting  Eng.  in  1766,  he  rendered 
valuable  services  to  N.  J.  Coll, ;  and  on  his  re- 
turn, in  1767,  was  escorted  to  his  residence  by 
the  people,  by  whom  he  was  much  beloved. 
In  1768  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  exec, 
council  of  N.J. ;  in  1774  he  was  app.  a  judge 
of  the  Sup.  Court  of  N.  J. ;  and  was  chosen  a 
deleg.  to  Congress  in  1776,  in  time  to  partici- 
pate in  the  debate  on  the  proposition  for  inde- 
pendence : '  though  at  first  doubtful  of  its  poli- 
cy, he  cordially  supported  it.  He  was  re-elected 
to  Congress,  where  he  was  an  active  and  influ- 
ential member.  Soon  after  his  return  from  a 
mission  to  the  northern  army  under  Schuyler, 
he  was  captured  by  a  party  of  royalists,  Nov. 
30,  1776,  who  threw  him  into  prison  at  New 
York,  and  treated  him  with  great  severity. 
Congress  interposing,  he  was  exchanged  ;  but 
he  fell  a  sacrifice  to  the  ill-usage  he  had  re- 
ceived. The  enemy  destroyed  his  library,  and 
devastated  his  lands.  He  was  unrivalled  at 
the  bar,  and  refused  to  engage  in  any  cause 
which  he  knew  to  be  unjust,  and  stood  forth  in 
defence  of  the  helpless  and  injured, 

Stockton,  Richard,  LL.D.,  lawyer  and 
statesman,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  April  17,  1764;  d.  March  7,  1828.  N.  J. 
Coll.  1779.  In  1796  he  was  chosen  to  the  U.S. 
Senate,  and  in  1813  to  the  house  of  represen- 
tatives ;  in  1 825  he  was  a  commissioner  from 
N,  J.  to  negotiate  the  settlement  of  an  impor- 
tant territorial  controversy  with  N.  Y.,  and 
penned  the  proposed  agreement  appended  to 
this  report.  He  was  a  profound  lawyer,  and  an 
uncommonly  eloquent  advocate,  and,  during 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century,  was  at  the 
head  of  the  bar  of  New  Jersey. 

Stockton,  Robert  Field,  commodore 
U.S.N.,  b.  Princeton,  N.  J.,  1796;  d.  there 
Oct,  7,  1866.  A.M.  of  N.  J.  Coll.  1820.  Son 
of  the  preceding.  He  left  N.  J,  Coll.  in  his 
1 5th  year ;  entered  the  navy  as  midshipm.  Sept. 
1,  1811 ;  received  honorable  notice  for  gallant- 
ry in  several  battles ;  was  made  lieut.  Dec.  9, 
1814  ;  com.  May  27,  1830;  capt.  Dec.  8, 1838; 
resigned  May  28,  1850.  In  1815,  while  1st 
lieut.  of  "  The  Spitfire,"  he  disting.  himself  by 
boarding  with  a  boat's  crew  an  Algerine  war- 
vessel.  Ordered  in  1821  to  the  coast  of  Africa, 
he  obtained  by  treaty  from  the  native  chiefs  the 
tract  constituting  the  present  republic  of  Li- 
beria.    He  also  captured  many  slavers,  and  a 


STO 


872 


STO 


Portuguese  privateer,  "  The  Marianna  Flora  " 
of  22  guns.  On  his  return,  he  was  successful 
in  breaking  up  the  nests  of  many  W.  India  j)i- 
rates.  In  1826-38  he  took  an  active  part  in 
politics  in  favor  of  Gen.  Jackson,  and  also  in 
aiding  internal  improvements  in  his  State.  In 
1838  he  was  flag-officer  of  "  The  Ohio"  in  the 
Mediterranean.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  ad- 
vocate a  steam  navy  ;  and  "  The  Princeton," 
built  according  to  his  plans  in  1844,  furnished 
the  model  for  numerous  other  vessels.  By  the 
explosion  of  one  of  her  large  |?uns,  Feb.  28, 
1844,  Com.  Stockton  was  seriously  injured. 
Sent  to  the  Pacific  in  Oct.  J  84.5,  he  with  1,500 
men,  including  600  sailors,  in  about  6  months 
conquered  the  whole  of  California,  and  estab- 
lished the  authority  of  the  U.S.  there.  Form- 
ing a  provis.  govt.,  he  returned  to  the  east  in 
June,  1847.  The  difficulty  between  him  and 
Gen.  Kearney  in  relation  to  the  supreme  com. 
there  was  subsequently  made  the  subject  of  a 
court-martial.  U.S.  senator  in  1851-3,  he  stren- 
uously opposed  intervention  in  favor  of  Hun- 
gary, and  procured  the  passage  of  a  law  for  the 
abolition  of  flogging  in  the  navy.  His  life  and 
speeches  were  pub.  8vo,  New  York. 

Stockton,  Thomas,  gov.  of  Del.  1844-6; 
d.  Newcastle,  Del.,  March  2,  1846.  Capt.  3d 
Art.  Sept.  10,  1812  ;  major  42d  Inf.  Apr.  1.5, 
1814;  resigned  July  6,  1825. 

Stockton,  Thomas  Hewlings,  D.D., 
Meth.  clergvman,  b.  Mt.  Holly,  N.  J.,  June  4, 
1808;  d.  Phila.  Oct.  9,  1868.  He  wrote  for 
the  press  at  1 6,  and  studied  medicine  in  Phila. ; 
but  in  May,  1829,  began  preaching ;  in  1 830  was 
stationed  at  Baltimore ;  and  was  chaplain  to 
Congress  in  1833,  '35,  and  '37.  At  Baltimore 
he  compiled  the  hymn-book  of  the  Meth.-Prot. 
Church,  and  edited  the  Methodist-Protestant; 
but,  un^villing  to  submit  to  restrictions  in  its 
discussions  of  slavery  by  the  Baltimore  Conf., 
he  resigned,  and  went  to  Phila.,  where  he  was 
pastor  and  a  public  lecturer  until  1847  ;  he 
then  removed  to  Cincinnati ;  declined  the  presi- 
dency of  Miami  U. ;  in  1850-6  was  assoc.  pas- 
tor of  St.  John's  Church,  Baltimore ;  and  for 
3|  years  was  temporary  pastor  of  an  assoc.  Ref. 
Presb.  Church.  In  1856-68  he  was  pastor  of 
the  Church  of  the  New  Testament,  and  per- 
formed also  much  literary  labor.  He  had  a  high 
reputation  for  eloquence,  and  edited  with  abili- 
ty the  Christian  World  and  Bible  Times.  He 
was  in  the  van  in  all  forms  of  social  progress, 
and  a  pioneer  in  the  antislavery  party.  He  op- 
posed sectarianism,  and  by  voice  and  pen 
helped  to  promote  Christian  brotherhood  and 
union.  Memoirs  of  Stockton  have  been  pub. 
by  Rev.  Alex.  Clark  and  by  Rev.  John  G. 
Wilson.  He  was  again  chaplain  to  the  U.S. 
house  of  representatives  in  1859-61,  and  in 
1862  of  the  U.S.  senate.  Dr.  Stockton  pub. 
an  edition  of  the  New  Testament  in  paragraph 
form  ;  many  pamphlets,  sermons,  and  address- 
es ;  "  Floating  Flowers  from  a  Hidden  Brook," 
1844;  "The  Bible  Alliance,"  1850;  "Ser- 
mons for  the  People,"  1854;  "The  Blessing," 
1857;  "Stand  up  for  Jesus,"  1858;  "Poems, 
with  Autobiographic  and  Other  Notes,"  1862  ; 
"  The  Peerless  Magnificence  of  the  Word  of 
God,"  1862;  and  "  The  Meditation  of  Christ." 

Stoddard,  Amos,  soldier  and  author,  b. 


Woodbury,  Ct.,  Oct.  26,  1762;  d.  May  11, 
1813.  Grandson  of  Rev.  Anthony.  He  was 
a  soldier  from  1779  to  the  close  of  the  war  of 
indep. ;  then  clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court  in 
Boston  ;  was  a  lawyer  in  Halloweli,  Me.,  in 
1792-8;  was  app.  capt.  of  art.  June  1,  1798; 
gov.  of  Mo.  Terr.  1804-5;  major  June  30, 
1807  ;  dep.  quarterm.  July  16,  1812  ;  disting. 
and  dangerously  wounded  by  a  shell  in  the 
siege  of  Fort  Meigs,  and  died  of  tetanus. 
Author  of  "  Sketches  of  Louisiana,"  12mo, 
1810;  and  the  "  Political  Crisis,"  Lond.  His 
pa[)ers  are  in  the  archives  of  the  Western 
Reserve  Hist.  Soc,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Stoddard,  Anthony,  b.  Northampton, 
Aug.  9,  1678,  minister  of  Woodburv,  Ct.,from 
May  27,  1702,  to  his  d.  Sept.  6,  1760.  H.U. 
1697.  He  was  clerk  of  probate  40  years; 
was  the  lawyer  and  physician  of  his  people, 
and  one  of  the  largest  farmers  in  the  town.  A 
genealogy  of  the  descendants  of  Anthony  of 
Boston,  by  Charles  and  Elijah  W.  Stoddard, 
was  pub.  N.Y.,  8vo,  1865. 

Stoddard,  Richard  Henry,  poet,  b. 
Hiiighani,  Ms.,  July,  1825.  His  father,  a  sea- 
captain,  was  lost  on  a  voyage  to  Sweden  in  the 
early  youth  of  the  son,  who,  for  several  years, 
worked  in  an  iron  foundry  in  New  YOrk,  in  which 
city  he  has  resided  since  1835,  holding  for  some 
years  a  post  in  the  custom-house.  His  health 
failing,  he  became  in  1848  a  contrib.  to  the 
magazines  and  newspapers.  In  1852  he  m. 
Elizabeth  Drew  (Barstow),  a  poetess,  b.  Mat- 
tapoisett,  Ms.,  1823,  author  of  3  novels, — 
"Morgesons,"  1862;  "Two  Men,"  1865; 
"Temple  House,"  1867.  He  pub.  in  1849  a 
collection  of  poems  entitled  "Footprints."  A 
collection  of  his  maturer  poems  was  i)ub.  in 
Boston  in  1852.  He  has  written  "  Adventures 
in  Fairy -Land,"  1853,  a  series  of  prose  tales; 
"  Songs  of  Summer,"  and  "  Town  and  Coun- 
try," a  book  for  children,  1857;  "Loves  and 
Heroines  of  the  Poets,"  1860;  "The  King's 
Bell,"  1863;  "Putnam  the  Brave,"  1869; 
"Life,  Travels,  and  Books  of  Alexander  von 
Humboldt,"  1859;  "Abraham  Lincoln,"  an 
Horatian  ode,  1865 ;  "  Madrigals,"  mostly  from 
the  old  Eng.  poets,  1865  ;  "  Book  of  the  East," 
1871  ;  edited  the  "Late  Eng.  Poets,"  Dec. 
1865. 

Stoddard,  Solomon,  clergyman,  b.  Bos- 
ton, Oct.  4,  1643  ;  d.  Northampton,  Ms.,  Feb. 
11,1729.  H.U.  1662.  He  was  a  fellow,  and 
in  1667-74  first  librarian,  of  H.U.  During 
this  time,  his  health  being  poor,  he  went  to 
Barbadoes  as  chaplain  to  Gov.  Serle,  and  for 
near  2  years  preached  to  dissenters.  Called 
in  1669  to  the  church  at  Northampton,  he  was 
ord.  there  Sept.  11,  1672,  and  remained  there 
till  his  death.  In  Feb.  1727,  Jonathan  Edwards, 
his  grandson,  was  elected  as  his  colleague  ;  in 
1700  he  pub.  "The  Doctrine  of  Instituted 
Churches,"  in  answer  to  I.  Mather's  "  Order 
of  the  Gospel,"  which  occasioned  an  exciting 
controversy,  which  was  renewed  in  1 708-9.  He 
pub.  some  miscellaneous  sermons,  "  A  Guide  to 
Christ,"  1714,  and  "  The  Safety  of  appearing 
in  the  Day  of  Judgment  in  the  Righteousness 
of  Christ,"  reprinted  atEdinb.  in  1792;  "  The 
Trial  of  Assurance,"  1696.  He  was  a  man 
of  learning,  and  a  very  successful   preacher. 


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His  son  Col.  John  d.  Boston,  June  19, 1748, 
a.  67.  H.U.  1701.  He  was  many  years  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  Ms.,  chief  justice  of 
C.C.P.,  and  col.  of  militia.  —  See  His  Jour,  of 
Exped.  to  Canada,  1713-14,  in  Geneal.  Reg., 
Jan.  1851. 

Stoddert,  Benjamin,  sec.  U.  S.  N.  21 
May,  1798-26  Jan.  1802;  b.  Md.  1751 ;  d.  Bla- 
densburg,  Md.,  17  Dec.  1813.  A  capt.  at  the 
battle  of  Brandywine;  afterward  a  maj.  in  the 
Revol.  army.  Many  years  extensively  engaged 
in  mercantile  pursuits  in  Georgetown,  D.C. 

Stoever,  Martin  Luther,  Ph.D.  ( Ham. 
1866),  LL.D.,  b.  Germautown,  Pa.,  17  Feb. 
1820;  d.  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  22  July,  1870.  U. 
of  Pa.  1838.  App.  in  1839  tutor  of  Pa.  Coll., 
he  was  connected  with  it  as  tutor,  principal  of 
prep,  dept.,  or  prof,  of  Latin,  until  his  death. 
Author  of  "  Self-Culture,"  an  address,  Sept. 
14,  1841,  Gettysburg;  "Life  of  H.  M.  Muh- 
lenberg, D.D.,"  1856  ;  "  Memorial  of  P.  F. 
Mayer,  D.D.,"  1859 ;  "  Brief  Sketch  of  the 
Lutheran  Church  in  the  U.S.,"  1860.  Editor 
Literary  Record  1847-8;  and  co-editor,  and 
from  1862-70  sole  editor,  of  the  Evangelical  Re- 
vieiv ;  contrib.  to  periodicals. 

Stokes,  Anthony  ;  d.  Lond.  27  Mar.  1799, 

a.  63.  Barrister  at  law  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
Lond.;  from  1768  chief  justice,  and  from 
1772  councillor,  of  Ga.,  and  until  its  evacuation 
by  the  British  forces  in  1782.  Pub.  Lond., 
1 783,  "  View  of  the  Constitution  of  the  British 
Colonies  in  N.A.,"  &c.  A  loyalist  at  the 
opening  of  the  Revol.,  he  was  made  a  prisoner, 
but  was  soon  afterward  exchanged,  and  returned 
to  Eng.  —  Europ.  Mag.,  Aug.  1783. 

Stokes,  MoNTFORD,  gov.  of  N.C.  1830-2, 

b.  N.C.  1760;  d.  Ark.  1842.  Served  in  the 
Revol.  army ;  several  years  clerk  of  the  Superior 
Court,  and  afterwards  of  the  Senate ;  U.S. 
senator  1816-23  ;  State  senator  1826  ;  mem- 
ber of  the  House  1829-30;  Indian  agent  in 
Ark.  from  1831  until  his  death.  His  bro.  Col. 
John,  a  Revol.  oflficer,  afterward  U.S.  dist. 
jud<,^e  of  N.C,  d.  Fayetteville,  N.C,  Oct.  1790. 

Stone,  Andrew  Leete,  D.D.  (Amh. 
Coll.  1861),  b.  Oxford,  Ct.,  Nov.  25,  1815. 
Y.C  1837.  Son  of  Dr.  Noah  Stone,  a  phy- 
sician. Three  years  a  prof,  in  the  N.Y.  Insti- 
tution for  the  Instruction  of  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  ;  at  the  same  time  pursuing  the  study 
of  theology.  He  then  connected  himself  with 
the  Amer.'S.S.  Union  atPhila.  ;  in  Sept.  1844 
was  ord.  pastor  of  the  South  Church,  Middle- 
town,  Ct. ;  in  Jan.  1849  was  called  to  the 
pastorate  of  the  Park-street  Church,  Boston  ; 
and  in  1865  was  settled  in  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
He  is  a  very  popular  preacher,  and  is  deeply 
interested  in  the  great  reforms  of  the  day. 
Author  of  "  Service  the  End  of  Living,"  1858  ; 
"  Ashton's  Mothers,"  1859  ;  "  Discourse  on  the 
Death  of  Abraham  Lincoln,"  1865;  addresses, 
sermons,  &c. 

Stone,  Gen.  Charles  P.,  b.  Greenfield, 
Ms.,  1826.  West  Point,  1845.  Assist,  prof, 
of  ethics,  West  Point,  Aug.  1845-Jan.  1846  ; 
brev.  Ist  lieut.  for  gallantry  at  Molino  del  Rcy 
Sept.  8,  and  capt.  for  Chapultepec  Sept.  13, 
1847;  became  1st  lieut.  26  Feb.  1853  ;  and 
resigned  Nov.  17,  1856.  Banker  in  San  Fran- 
cisco 1 856-7 ;  chief,  corar.  under  the  Mex.  govt. 


for  survey  and  explor,  of  public  lands  in  Sonora 
and  L.  Cal.  1 857-60.  Jan.  2, 1 861 ,  he  was  app. 
by  Gen.  Scott  to  organize  and  com.  the  militia 
of  the  Dist.  of  Col. ;  May  14,  1861,  he  was 
made  col.  14th  Inf. ;  May  28  he  was  attached 
to  the  staff  of  Gen.  McDowell ;  was  soon  after 
assigned  to  com.  a  brigade  under  Gen.  Patter- 
son;  and  was  made  brig.-gen.  vols.  May  17, 
1861.  The  troops  engaged  in  the  battle  of 
Ball's  Bluff,  Oct.  21,  belonged  to  his  division, 
and  acted  under  his  orders ;  and,  reports  un- 
favorable to  his  loyalty  having  been  circulated, 
he  was  arrested  Feb.  9,  1862,  and  confined  in 
Fort  Lafayette.  In  Aug.  1862  he  was  released, 
and  ordered  to  Washington.  May  9,  1863,  he 
was  ordered  to  report  for  dutj  to  Gen,  Banks 
in  La. ;  was  engaged  in  the  siege  and  capture 
of  Port  Hudson ;  was  chief  of  staff  to  Gen. 
Banks,  July,  1863-April,  1864;  engaged  at 
Bayou  Tiche,  Sabine  Cross-Roads,  and  Pleas- 
ant Hill ;  and  com.  a  brigade  in  5rh  corps. 
Army  of  Potomac,  before  Petersburg,  Aug.  21, 
to  his  resignation  13  Sept.  1864;  in  1870  he 
entered  the  service  of  the  khedive  of  Egypt  as 
brig.-gen.  and  chief  of  staff. 

Stone,  David,  judge  and  senator,  b.  Bertie 
Co.,  N.C,  Feb.  17,  1770;  d.  Raleigh,  Oct.  7, 
1818.  N.J.  Coll.  1788.  He  studied  law  ;  rose 
to  a  high  position  at  the  bar ;  was  4  years  in 
the  State  legisl. ;  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
in  1795-8;  M.C  1799-1801;  U.S.  senator 
1801-7;  gov.  of  N.C.  in  1808-10;  and  again 
U.S.  senator  in  1813-14. 

Stone,  David  Ma  vine,  editor,  and  one  of 
the  proprietors,  of  the  N.  Y.  Jour,  of  Commerce 
since  1849,  b.  Oxford,  Ct.,  23  Dec. 'l  81 7.  Son 
of  Dr.  Noah  Stone.  At  first  engaged  in 
mechanical  pursuits,  he  afterwards  employed 
himself  in  mercantile  affairs,  and  was  long  a 
contrib.  to  various  periodicals. 

Stone,  Edwin  Martin,  13  years  Cong, 
pastor  at  Beverly,  Ms.,  and  since  1847  in  the 
ministry  at  large,  Providence,  R.I.  ;  b.  Fra- 
mingham,  Ms.,  29  Apr.  1805.  He  pub.  "  Biog. 
of  Elhanan  Winchester,"  1836  ;  "  Hvmns  for 
Sab.  Schools,"  1837;  "History  of  "Beverly, 
Ms.,"  1843;  "Life  of  John  Ilowland,"  1857; 
"  History  of  the  Providence  Association," 
1 860 ;  "  The  Architect  and  Monetarian,"  1869; 
"  Hist.  Sketches  of  the  Services  of  R.I.  Regts.," 
&c.  (1861-5),  pub.  in  the  "Register  of  R.I. 
Vols.,"  1866  ;  "Hymns  and  Tunes  for  Vestry 
and  Conf.  Meetings,"  6th  ed.  1844  ;  "  Invasion 
of  Canada  in  1775,  including  the  Journal  of 
Capt.  S.  Thayer,  with  Notes  and  Appendix," 
1867.  Contrib.  of  hist.,  educ,  thcol.,  and  other 
articles  to  periodicals,  and  successively  editor 
of  the  Boston  Times  (1827),  Indep.  Messenger 
( 1 832-3),  and  Salem  Observer.  His  son  Edwin 
Winchester,  b.  Beverly,  Ms.,  30  Sept.  1835, 
served  in  the  1st  R.I.  Art.  in  the  Rebellion  ; 
was  a  war  corresp.  of  the  Prov.  Journal,  and 
pub.  "Rhode  Island  in  the  Rebellion,"  1864, 
2ded.  12mo,  1865. 

Stone,  John  Augustus,  actor  and 
dramatist,  b.  Concord,  Ms.,  1801 ;  d.  Phila. 
June  1,  1834,  having  drowned  himself  in 
the  Schuylkill  in  a  fit  of  derangement.  He 
made  his  ddbut  in  Boston  as  Old  Norval  in 
the  play  of  "  Douglas  ;  "  acted  in  N.Y.  City  in 
1826,  and  in  Phila.  at  intervals  afterwards.    He 


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produced  "  Metamora,"  for  which  Mr.  Forrest 
paid  him  $500,  and  "  The  Ancient  Briton," 
for  which  he  received  from  the  same  source 
$1,000,  the  "  Banker  of  Rouen,"  "La  Roque 
the  Regicide,"  the  "Demoniac,"  "  Tancrcd," 
and  other  pieces.  —  Duyckinck. 

Stone,  John  Haskins,  gov.  of  Md.  1794- 
7;  d.  Annapolis,  Oct.  5,  1804.  While  young, 
and  at  an  early  period  of  the  Revol.  war,  he 
was  the  first  capt.  in  Smalhvood's  regt. ;  was 
made  col.  in  Dec.  1776;  and  resigned  Aug.  1, 
1779.  He  disting.  himself  at  the  battles  of 
Long  Island,  White  Plains,  Princeton,  and 
German  town,  in  the  last  of  which  he  received 
a  wound  which  disabled  him  from  further  ser- 
vice. In  1781  he  became  a  clerk  in  the  office 
of  R.  R.  Livingston,  sec.  of  foreign  affairs ; 
was  subsequently  a  member  of  the  exec,  coun- 
cil of  Maryland. 

Stone,  John  Seely,  D.D.,  Epis.  divine, 
b.  W.  Stockbridge,  Ms.,  1795.  Un.  Coll.  1823. 
Rector  of  Christ  Ch.,  Brooklyn,  and  of  St. 
Paul's  Ch.,  Boston,  1832-41;  some  ^ears  lec- 
turer in  the  Phila.  Div.  School,  and  smce  July, 
1867,  dean  of  the  Theol.  Sem.,  Cambridge, 
Ms.  Author  of  "The  Mysteries  Opened," 
1844  ;  lectures  on  the  Christian  Sabbath,  1867; 
"The  Church  Universal,"  1846,  enlarged  to 
"The  Living  Temple,"  1866;  "The  Con- 
trast," &c.,  1853;  "Life  of  James  Milnor, 
D.D.,"  8vo,  1848 ;  "  Life  of  Bishop  Griswold," 
8vo,  1844. 

Stone,  Lucy,  reformer,  b.  West  Brook- 
field,  Ms.,  1818.  She  grad.  at  Oberlin  Coll., 
where  her  oratorical  talent  decided  her  voca- 
tion. On  her  return  to  N.  Eng.,  she  became 
an  agent  of  the  Am.  Antislavery  Society,  lec- 
turing alternately  for  the  slave  and  woman.  In 
1855  she  was  married  to  Henry  B.  Blackwell, 
retaining  her  own  name.  "  She  was  the  first 
speaker  who  really  stirred  the  nation's  heart  on 
the  subject  of  woman's  wrongs."  She  was 
prominent  in  all  the  early  nat.  conventions,  as 
she  was  sec.  of  the  woman's-rights  organiza- 
tion for  many  years.  She  left  her  retirement 
in  the  spring  of  1867,  and  travelled  through 
Kansas,  speaking  to  large  audiences,  and  in  the 
following  winter  lectured  on  suffrage  for  wo- 
man in  Ct.,  Ms.,  N.J.,  and  N.Y.  She  has  an 
intellectual  face,  and  a  soft,  clear,  and  musical 
voice. 

Stone,  Samuel,  minister,  b.  Hertford, 
Eng. ;  d.  Hartford,  Ct.,  July  20, 1663.  Eman- 
uel Coll.,  Cambridge,  1623-7.  He  came 
to  America  to  escape  persecution,  with  Mr. 
Cotton  and  Mr.  Hooker,  in  1 633  ;  was  an  as- 
sist, to  the  latter,  Oct.  11,  1633-42  ;  removed 
with  him  to  Hartford  in  1636 ;  and  was  his  suc- 
cessor in  the  ministry  for  16  years.  Eminent 
as  a  controversialist,  and  celebrated  for  wit  and 
^ood  humor.  The  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
imbittered  by  theol.  disputes,  which  led  to  a 
divided  church.  He  left  in  MS.  a  body  of 
divinity  much  esteemed  by  theol.  students, 
and  a  confutation  of  the  Antinomians. 

Stone,  Thomas,  a  signer  of  the  Decl.  of 
Indep.,  b.  Pointon  Manor,  Charles  Co.,  Md., 
1743;  d.  Port  Tobacco,  Md.,  Oct.  5,  1787. 
Descended  from  William  Stone,  gov.  of  the 
state  during  Cromwell's  protectorate.  He  re- 
ceived his*academic  education  under  the  care 


of  a  Scotch  tutor;  afterwards  studied  law  in 
Annapolis  under  Thos.  Johnson,  and  engaged 
in  practice  at  Frederickton,  Md.,  at  the  age  of 
21 ;  and  in  1771  removed  to  Charles  Co.  Mem- 
ber of  Congress  1775-9  (foremost  among  the 
champions  of  his  country's  rights  and  honor 
at  that  trying  period),  and  again  in  1783-4, 
and  pres.  pro  tern.  He  strongly  favored  the 
establishment  of  independence;  served  on  sev- 
eral committees,  including  that  charged  to  pre- 
pare a  plan  of  confederation ;  and  was  app.  a 
deleg.  from  Md.  to  the  conv.  of  1787  which 
formed  the  Const,  of  the  U.S. ;  but  domestic 
circumstances  compelled  him  to  decline.  Re- 
peatedly a  member  of  the  Md.  senate  during 
the  intervals  of  his  congressional  service. 

Stone,  William  Leete,  author  and  edi- 
tor, b.  Esopus,  N.Y.,  Apr.  20,  1792;  d,  Sara- 
toga Springs,  Aug.  15,  1844,  Son  of  Rev. 
Wm.  Stone.  Removed  to  Cooperstown  1809, 
where  he  assisted  his  father  in  the  care  of  a 
farm,  but  at  the  age  of  17  became  a  printer  in 
a  newspaper-office.  In  1813  he  became  editor 
of  the  Herkimer  American,  and  subsequently 
edited  a  polit.  newspaper  at  Hudson,  then  at 
Albany,  afterwards  at  Hartford,  and  from  1821 
until  his  death  was  one  of  the  proprs.  and  edi- 
tor of  the  N.  Y.  Commercial  Advertiser.  Col. 
Stone  also  edited  while  at  Hudson  the  Loun- 
ger, a  lit.  periodical  disting.  for  its  pleasantry 
and  wit;  in  1834  he  pub.  two  vols,  of  "Tales 
and  Sketches;"  in  1832  "Letters  on  Mason- 
ry and  Anti-Masonry;"  "  Mathias  and  his 
Impostures,"  1835;  in  1836  "  Ups  and  Downs 
in  the  Life  of  a  Gentleman,"  a  satire  on  the 
follies  of  the  day;  Memoirs  of  Brandt,  1838, 
and  of  Red  Jacket,  1841;  "Life  of  Uncas:" 
"History  of  Wyoming,"  1840;  "Border 
Wars  of  the  Amer.  Revol.,"  2  vols.  1834; 
"  Maria  Monk,"  &c.,  1836  ;  Letters  on  Animal 
Magnetism,  1837.  He  had  completed  the  col- 
lection and  arrangement  of  the  materials  for 
an  extended  memoir  of  Sir  Wm.  Johnson  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  since  completed  and  pub. 
by  his  son.  For  some  years  he  had  been  supt.  of 
common  schools  in  N.Y.  City,  and  did  much 
for  the  cause  of  education.  His  son  William 
Leete,  Jun.  (b.  N.Y.  City,  1835  ;  Brown  U. 
1857),  has  published  "Guide  to  Saratoga 
Springs,"  1866  ;  *•  History  of  N.Y.  City,"  8vo, 
1868;  "Life  of  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,"  "^2  vols. 
8vo,  1 865.  Is  engaged  on  a  "  History  of  the  Six 
Nations,"  and  has  contrib.  to  the  magazines. 
Ed.  of  Gen.  Reidsel's  Memoirs,  from  the  Ger- 
man of  Von  Eelking,  2  vols.  8vo,  1868. 

Stone,  William  Murray,  D.D.  (U.  of 
Pa.  1831),  Pr.-Ep.  bishop  of  Md.  (consec.  21 
Oct.  1830),  b.  Somerset  Co.,  Md,,  1779;  d. 
near  Salisbury,  Md.,  Feb.  26,  1838.  He  was 
educated  at  Washington  Acad.,  on  the  Eastern 
Shore;  ord.  deacon  1802,  and  ministered  for 
many  years  in  his  native  parish  with  fidelity 
and  success.  Bishop  Stone  was  remarkable 
for  the  meekness,  humility,  and  simplicity 
of  his  character.  He  pub.  a  charge,  1831 ;  pas- 
toral letter,  1835  ;  and  a  sermon,  1835. 

Stoneman,  George,  brev.  major-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Busti,  Chautauqua  Co.,  N.Y.,  Aug. 
8,  1822.  West  Point,  1846.  Entering  the  1st 
Dragoons,  ho  acted  as  quartermaster  to  the 
Mormon  battalion  at  Santa  Fe,  and  sent  with 


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it  to  Cal.  in  1847  ;  capt.  3  Mar.  1855 ;  in  1861, 
being  in  com.  of  Fort  Brown,  Texas,  he  re- 
fused to  obey  the  order  of  his  superior.  Gen. 
Twiggs,  for  the  surrender  of  the  govt,  property 
to  the  secessionists,  chartered  a  steamer,  evacu- 
ated the  fort,  and  arrived  at  N.Y.  March  15; 
May  9  he  was  made  maj.  4th  Cav.,  and  served 
in  Western  Va.  as  insp.-gen.  until  Aug.  13, 
when  he  became  brig.-gcn.  vols.,  chief  of  cav., 
and  highly  efficient  in  organizing  that  arm  of 
the  service.  After  the  evacuation  of  Yorktown 
by  the  Confeds.,  his  com.  of  cav.  and  flying  art. 
pursued  and  overtook  them,  and  thus  brought 
on  the  battle  of  Williamsburg,  May  5,  1862. 
After  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  he  took 
com.  of  the  division  of  Kearny;  succeeded 
Hcintzclman  as  com.  of  the  3d  army  corps, 
which  he  led  at  Fredericksburg  13  Dec.  1862; 
maj.-gcn.  Nov.  29,  1862;  com.  cav.  corps  in 
raid  towards  Richmond,  Apr.  13-May  2,  1863 ; 
and  com.  23d  corps,  Jan.-Apr.  1864.  On  the 
re-organization  of  the  armies  operating  against 
Richmond  by  Gen.  Grant,  Gen.  Stoneman  was 
app.  to  com  the  cavalry  corps  in  the  dept.  of 
the  Ohio ;  was  engaged  in  the  operations  of 
the  Atlanta  campaign  to  July  31,  1864,  when 
he  was  captured  at  Clinton,  Ga.,  while  on  a 
raid  to  Andorsonville ;  com.  raid  to  South- 
west Va.  in  Dec.  1864;  com.  dist.of  E.  Tenn. 
Feb.-Mar.  1865;  com.  exped.  to  Asheville, 
N.C.,  Mar  .-Apr.  1865,  and  engaged  at  Wythe- 
ville,  capture  of  Salisbury,  N.C.,  and  Ashe- 
ville. Brev.  brig.-gen.  and  maj.-gen.  U.S.A. 
13  Mar.  1865  for  capture  of  Charlotte,  N.C., 
and  services  during  the  Rebellion ;  lieut.-col. 
3d  Cav.  Mar.  30,  1864;  col.  21st  Inf.  July  28, 
1866  ;  retired  1871.— CuUu7n. 

Storer,  David  Humphreys,  M.D.  (H.U. 
1825),  naturalist,  b.  Portland,  Me.,  1804.  Bowd. 
Coll.  1822.  Author  of  "Genera,  Species,  &c., 
of  Recent  Shells,"  1837 ;  "  Ichthyology,  &c.,  of 
Ms.,"  1839;  "Fishes  of  K A.,"  1846;  "Fishes 
of  Ms.,"  1853.     Contrib.  to  scient.  journals. 

Storer,  Frakcis  Humphreys,  prof,  of 
chemistry  in  Ms.  Institute  of  Technology,  b. 
Boston  1832.  H.U.  Scient.  School,  1855.  'Au- 
thor of  "Alloys  of  Copper  and  Zinc,"  1859; 
"Manuf.  of  Paraffine  Oils,"  1860;  "Solubili- 
ties of  Chemical  Substance,"  1864;  with  C. 
W.  Elliot,  "  Manual  of  Inorganic  Chemistry," 
1868;  and  a  "Manual  of  Qualitative  Chem. 
Analysis." 

Storer,  George  W.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Portsmouth,  N.H.,  1789;  d.  there  8  Jan.  1864. 
Nephew  of  Col.  Tobias  Lear.  Midshipm.  16 
Jan.  1809;  lieut.  24  July,  1813;  com.  24  Apr. 
1828;  capt.  9  Feb.  1837;  rear-adm.  (retired 
list)  16  July,  1862.  Com.  the  squad,  off  Bra- 
zil 1848;  com.  sloop-of-war  "Boston,"  in  Medit. 
squad.,  1831;  com.  frigate  "Potomac,"  coast 
of  Brazil,  1838-43;  governor  naval  asylum 
1855-8. 

Storer,  Horatio  Robinson,  M.D.  (H.U. 
1853),  prof,  of  obstetrics  and  med.  jurisp.  in 
Berkshire  Med.  Coll.,  Ms.,  b.  Boston  1830. 
H.U.  1850.  Author  (with  F.  F.  Heard)  of 
"  Criminal  Abortion  in  America ;  "  "  Why 
Not?  a  Book  for  Every  Woman,"  1866;  "Is 
it  I  ■?  a  Book  for  Every  Man ; "  "  Decrease  in 
the  Rate  of  Increase  of  Population  in  Europe 
and  America,"  1867  ;  "Nurses  and  Nursing," 


1868;  co-editor  of  the  Journal  of  the  Gyneco- 
logical Soc.  of  Boston,  1 869 ;  and  contrib.  to 
scientific  journals. — Allibone. 

Storrs,  Charles  Backus,  first  pres.  of 
the  West.  Res.  Coll.,  O  ,  b.  Longmeadow,  Ms., 
15  May,  1794;  d.  Braintree,  Ms.,  Sept.  15, 
1833.  N.J.  Coll.;  And.  Theol.  Scm.  1820. 
Son  of  Rev.  Richard  S.  Ord.  3  Jan.  1821, 
and  preached  at  Ravenna,  0.,  from  1822  to 
Mar.  1828,  when  he  was  chosen  prof,  of  Christ, 
theol.  in  the  W.  Res.  Coll.,  and  in  1831  pres. 
—  Sprague. 

Storrs,  Hekry  Randolph,  lawyer,  b. 
Middletown,  Ct.,  1787;  d.  New  Haven,  July 
29,  1837.  Y.C.  1804.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1 807 ;  practised  first  at  Champion,  Jetf  Co., 
N.Y.,  and  afterward  at  Whitestown  and  Utica, 
N.Y.;  M.C.  in  1819-21,  1823-31 ;  and  subse- 
quently removed  to  N.Y.  City,  where  he  soon 
rose  to  high  distinction  in  his  profession.  He 
was  5  years  first  judge  of  Oneida  County. 

Storrs,  Richard  Salter,  D.D.  (Wms. 
Coll.  1835),  son  of  Richard  S.  (minister  of 
Longmeadow,  Ct.,  from  1785  to  his  d.  Oct.  3, 
1819,  a.  54),  b.  Feb.  1787.  Wms.  Coll.  1807. 
Pastor  1st  Cong.  Church,  Braintree,  Ms.,  since 
1811.  He  pub.  "Memoir  of  Rev.  Samuel 
Green,  12mo,  Bost.,  and  some  20  single  ser- 
mons. Edited  Boston  Recorder;  co-cdiior  of 
the  Congregational}' St ;  and  contrib.  to  the  Pan- 
Oplist,  Home  MontUtj,  &c. 

Storrs,  Richard  Salter,  Jun.,  D.D. 
(Un.  Coll.  1853),  clergyman,  b.  Braintree,  Ms., 
Aug.  21, 1821.  Amh.  Coll.  1839 ;  And.  Theol. 
Sem.  1845.  His  father  and  grandfather  of  the 
same  name  were  disting.  clergymen.  22  Oct. 
1845  he  was  ord.  pastor  of  the  Harvard  Cong. 
Church,  Brooklinc,  Ms.,  and  in  1846  of  the 
Church  of  the  Pilgrims,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  which 
position  he  still  retains.  He  was  assoc.  editor 
of  the  Independent  at  its  commencement  in  1848. 
He  has  pub.,  besides  sermons,  orations,  and  ad- 
dresses, "  Graham  Xectures  on  the  Wisdom, 
Power,  and  Goodness  of  God,"  1856;  "Life 
and  Letters  of  Rev.  Daniel  Temple,"  12mo, 
1855;  and  an  elaborate  report  on  the  revision 
of  the  English  version  of  the  Bible,  undertaken 
by  the  Bible  Society  some  years  since ;  and  ar- 
ticles in  Bihliotheca  Sacra  and  New-Englander. 
For  specimens  of  his  writings,  see  "  The  Amer. 
Pulpit,"  1856,  401-20;  "Pulpit  Eloquence  of 
the  19th  Cent  ary,"  1857,  485-500. 

Storrs,  William  Lucius,  LL.D.  ( W.  Res. 
Coll.  1846),  jurist,  bro.  of  H.  R.,  b.  Middle- 
town,  Ct.,  Mar.  25,  1795;  d.  Hartford,  June  25, 
1 861 .  Y.C.  1 814.  He  studied  at  Whitestown, 
N.Y.,  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1817.  He 
soon  after  went  to  Middletown,  where  he  prac- 
tised until  1840.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
State  Assembly  1 827-9  and  1 834,  and  was  speak- 
er in  1834;  M.C.  in  1829-33  and  1839-40; 
app.  assoc.  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Err- 
ors in  Ct.  in  June,  1840,  and  chief  justice  in 
1856.  In  1846-7  he  was  prof,  of  law  in  Yale 
College. 

Story,  Isaac,  poet,  b.  Marblehead,  Aug. 
25,  1774;  d.  there  July  19,  1803.  H.U.  1793. 
Son  of  Rev.  Isaac  Story,  and  grandson  of 
Rev.  Simon  Bradstreet.  His  father,  minister 
of  Marblehead  (1771-1800;  N.J.  Coll.  1768), 
d.  there  Oct.  1816,  a.  67.    He  practised  law  at 


STO 


876 


STO 


Castiue,  where  he  also  edited  the  Journal,  and  at 
Eutland,  Worcester,  Co.,  Ms.  Of  his  writings 
for  periodicals,  some  were  pub.  in  the  Farm- 
er's Museum.  He  wrote  a  vol.  under  the 
signatiu-v)  of  "  The  Traveller,"  much  of  which 
appeared  in  the  Columbian  Centinel.  A  vol. 
entitled  "The  Parnassian  Shop,  by  Peter 
Quince,"  Boston,  1801,  was  in  imitation  of 
Peter  Pindar.  In  1792  he  pub.  at  Marblehead 
"  An  Epistle  from  Yarico  to  Inkle,"  in  verse ; 
"Consolatory  Odes,"  12mo,  1799.  In  1800 
he  delivered  a  eulogy  on  Washington  at  Ster- 
ling, Ms.,  where  he  then  resided;  and  in  1801 
he  delivered  a  Fourth-July  oration  at  Worces- 
ter, which  was  published.  Judge  Joseph  Story 
was  a  kinsman. 

Story,  Joseph,  LL.D.,  jurist,  b.  Marble- 
head,  Ms.,  Sept.  18,1779  ;  d.  Cambridge,  Sept. 
10,  1845.  H.U.  1798.  His  father  Dr.  Elisha 
was  a  surgeon  in  the  Revol.  army.  At  the 
university,  Joseph  was  disting.  for  his  poetical 
talent.  He  studied  law  with  Samuel  Sewall, 
and  afterward  with  Samuel  Putnam  ;  was  adm. 
to  the  bar  in  July,  1801,  and  began  practice  at 
Salem.  In  1804  he  pub.  a  vol.  of  poems  con- 
taining "The  Power  of  Solitude."  In  1805- 
8  he  was  a  member  of  the  legisl.,  and  a  leader 
on  the  repub.  side;  M.C.  in  1808-9,  separating 
himself  from  the  administration  on  the  ques- 
tion of  continuing  the  embargo,  which  he 
fctrenuously  opposed ;  speaker  of  the  Ms. 
house  in  1811;  and  from  Nov.  18,  1811,  to  his 
death,  was  assoc.  judge  of  the  U.S.  Supreme 
Court,  a  position  for  which  he  was  eminently 
qualified,  and  in  which  he  not  only  won  great 
fame  as  a  judge,  but  achieved  both  a  European 
and  American  reputation  as  a  jurist.  In  the 
State  Const.  Conv.  of  1820,  Judge  Story  was  a 
very  useful  member.  Dane  professor  of  law  in 
H.U.  from  1829  until  his  death.  In  his  con- 
stitutional views  he  was  of  the  school  of  Wash- 
ington and  Marshall.  His  juridical  works 
evince  extraordinary  learning,  luminous  expo- 
sitions, and  profound  views  of  the  science  of 
law.  They  include  a  commentary  on  the  Con- 
stitution, "  Conflict  of  Laws,"  treatises  on  the 
law  of  bailments,  agency,  bills  of  exchange  and 
promissory-notes,  partnership,  and  commenta- 
ries on  equity  jurisprudence  and  equity  pleadings. 
Judge  Story  possessed  great  colloquial  powers. 
His  "Miscellaneous  Writings "  were  pub.  in 
8vo,  1854 ;  a  Life,  by  his  son  William  Story, 
was  pub.  2  vols.  8vo,  1851.  He  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  Harvard,  Brown,  and 
Dartm.  Colleges.  His  commentaries  and  his 
written  judgments  in  his  circuit  make  27  vols., 
and  his  judgments  in  the  Supreme  Court  form 
an  important  part  of  34  volumes  more. 

Story,  William  Wetmore,  son  of  the 
preceding,  poet  and  artist,  b.  Salem,  Feb.  19 
1819.  H.U.  1838.  He  studied  law  under 
his  father's  auspices ;  was  a  frequent  contrib.  in 
prose  and  verse  to  the  Boston  Miscellany ;  and 
has  pub.  "  Reports  of  Cases  in  the  U.S.  Cir- 
cuit Court  for  the  First  Circuit,"  2  vols.,  1842- 
5;  and  "A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Contracts 
not  under  Seal,"  1844;  "A  Treatise  on  the 
Law  of  Sales  of  Personal  Property,"  1847; 
"The  American  Question,"  1862;  "Roba  di 
Roma,"18G2;  "Proportions  of  the  Human 
Figure,"  1866;  "Graffiti  d'ltalia,"  1869;  and 


a  poem  entitled  "The  Roman  Lawyer  in  Jeru- 
salem," 1870.  In  1844  he  delivered  the  Phi 
Beta  Kappa  poem  at  H.U.,  "  Nature  and  Art." 
He  pub.  a  volume  of  poems  in  1847  and  in 
1856,  and  "Life  and  Letters  of  Joseph  Story," 
1851.  He  has  resided  since  1848  in  Italy,  and 
is  disting,  as  a  sculptor.  Among  his  admired 
works  is  "  Cleopatra  and  the  Sibyl,"  "  Delilah," 
a  statue  of  his  father,  and  a  bust  of  J.  R,  Low- 
ell. He  has  modelled  a  "  Shepherd-Boy," 
"  Little  Red  Riding-Hood,"  statues  of  Sappho 
and  of  George  Peabody,  and  busts  of  Josiah 
Quincy  and  Theodore  Parker,  and  other  works. 
He  is  also  an  accomplished  musician. 

StOUghton,  Col.  Israel,  an  early  settler 
of  Dorchester ;  d.  Lincoln,  Eng.,  1645.  Adm. 
freeman,  Nov.  1633  ;  member  of  the  first  Gen. 
Court,  convened  May,  1634,  and  again  in  1635, 
'36,  and  '37  ;  disabled  from  holding  office  for  3 
years  for  publishing  a  pamphlet  denying  to  the 
gov.  and  assistants  some  of  the  powers  they 
claimed,  but  restored  in  1636.  In  May,  1637, 
he  had  com.  of  the  Ms.  troops  sent  against  the 
Pequots;  capt.  of  the  Art.  Co.  1642;  a  com- 
miss.  to  administer  the  govt,  of  N.H.  in  1641  ; 
assist,  in  1637-42,  and  again  in  1644.  He  was 
in  Eng.  in  1642,  and,  returning  in  1644,  served 
as  lieut.-col.  of  Rainsborough's  rcgt.  until  his 
d.  He  was  a  large  land-owner  of  Dorchester, 
and  gave  300  acres  of  land  to  Ilarv.  College. 

StOUghton,  William,  statesman,  b.  30 
Sept.  1631  ;  d.  Dorchester,  July  7,  1701. 
H.U.  1650.  Son  of  the  preceding.  He  stud- 
ied theology,  went  to  Eng.,  and  was  a 
fellow  of  New  Coll.,  Oxford,  but  was  ejected 
at  the  Restoration.  Returning  to  N.E.  in  1662, 
he  acquired  a  high  reputation  as  a  preacher, 
his  sermon  at  the  annual  election  in  1668  be- 
ing pronounced  one  of  the  best  ever  heard  on 
the  occasion.  Declining  all  invitations  to  a 
settlement  as  pastor,  he  was  an  assist,  from 
1671  until  the  dissolution  of  the  govt,  in  1686; 
from  1676  to  1679  he  was  in  Eng.  as  agent 
for  the  Colony.  Elected  assist,  and  gov.  May 
12,  1686,  he  refused  to  serve,  inasmuch  as 
Dudley  was  left  out  in  complaisance  to  him. 
He  was  chief  justice  from  July  26  to  Dec,  20, 
1686,  and  a  justice,  and  a  member  of  Andros's 
council  until  Apr.  1689,  when  he  was  one  of 
the  "  Council  of  Safety  "  which  wrested  the  govt, 
from  that  officer;  from  May,  1692,  until  his 
death,  he  was  lieut.-gov.  of  Ms.,  and  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  Superior  Court  from  Dec.  22,  1692, 
until  just  before  his  death.  His  name  is  un- 
fortunately connected  with  the  witchcraft  per- 
secution, he  being  the  chief  justice  of  the  s])ecial 
tribunal  on  that  occasion.  He  was  a  generous 
and  liberal  benefactor  of  H.  Coll.,  and  left  a 
tract  of  land  for  the  support  there  of  students, 
natives  of  Dorchester,  and  another  tract  for 
the  benefit  of  schools. 

StOUghton,  Gen.  William  L.,  lawver, 
and  M.C.  1869-71,  b.  N.Y.,  20  Mar.  1827. 
Settled  in  thepractii-e  of  law  in  Sturgos,  Mich., 
in  1851  ;  prosec.  attv.  1856-60  ;  app.  U.S.  dist. 
atty.  1861.  Col.  ifih  Mich.  Rcgt.  1862,  and 
disting.  at  Stone  River,  Dec,  31-Jan.  2,  1863  ; 
afterwards  com.  a  brigade  at  Chickamauga, 
Mission.  Ridge,  and  at  Atlanta,  where  he  lost 
a  leg;  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.  vols.;  atty.-gen. 
of  Mich.  1866-8. 


8TO 


877 


STI& 


Stow,  Baron,  D.D.,  Baptist  clerp:yraan, 
1).  Croydon,  N.H.,  June  16,  1801;  d.  Boston, 
Dec.  27,  1869.  Col.  Coll.,  D.C.,  1825.  After 
editing  the  Columbian  Star,  a  religious  news- 
paper, for  2  years,  at  Washington,  he  was  ord., 
Oct.  24,  1827,  over  the  church  in  Portsmouth, 
N.H. ;  in  1832  became  pastor  of  the  Baldwin- 
place  Church;  and  from  1848  to  1867  of  the 
Rowe-street  Church,  Boston.  He  was  many 
years  prominent  in  the  Baptist  Missionary 
Union  ;  pres.  of  the  trustees  of  the  Newton 
Theol.  Institution.  Besides  sermons,  he  pub. 
"Daily  Manna  for  Christian  Pilgrims,"  1848; 
"  Christian  Brotherhood  ;  "  "  The  Psalmist," 
1849  ;  "  First  Things,"  1859  ;  "  History  of  the 
Danish  Missions  on  the  Coast  of  Coromandel ;  " 
"  Memoir  of  Harriet  Dow ;  "  "  History  of  the 
English  Baptist  Mission  to  India ;  "  Discourse 
at  the  100th  Anniv.  Baldw.  PI.  Ch.,  27  July, 
1843  ;  also  many  articles  in  reviews  and  peri- 
odicals. 

Stowe,  Calvin  Ellis,  D.D.,  clergyman, 
b.  Natick,  Ms.,  April  26,  1802.  Bowd.  Coll. 
1824.  And.  Theol.  Sem.  1826.  He  was  for 
two  years  an  assist,  to  Prof.  Stuart,  and  at  the 
same  time  assist,  editor  of  the  Boston  Recorder. 
In  1830  he  became  prof,  of  languages  in  Dartm. 
Coll. ;  and  was  prof,  of  biblical  lit.  in  Lane 
Sem.,  Cincinnati,  1833-50.  He  lectured  and 
wrote  effectively  on  the  school  system  of  Ohio. 
On  his  return  from  Europe  in  1837  he  pub.  his 
report  on  "  Elementary  Education  in  Europe." 
He  subsequently  pub.  reports  on  the  "  Educa- 
tion of  Immigrants,"  "  The  Course  of  In- 
struction in  the  Primary  Schools  of  Prussia," 
and  on  "  Elementary  Instruction  in  Prussia." 
In  1850  he  became  divinity  prof,  at  Bowd.  Coll., 
and  in  1852-64  -was  prof,  of  sacred  lit.  in 
And.  Theol.  Sem.  He  pub.  "  History  of  the 
Hebrew  Commonwealth,  from  the  German  of 
Jahn,"  1828;  "Criticism  and  Interpretation 
of  the  Bible,"  1835  ;  "Origin  and  History  of 
the  Books  of  the  Bible,"  1867.  He  m.  Harriet, 
dan.  of  Lyman  Beecher,  in  1832. 

Stowe,  Harriet  Elizabeth  Beecher, 
author,  dau.  of  Rev.  Dr.  Lyman  Beecher,  b. 
Litchfield,  Ct ,  June  15,  1812.  One  of  a  fami- 
ly of  12,  which,  out  of  10  survivors,  has  given 
to  literature  8  authors  of  more  or  less  repute. 
Mrs.  Stowe  had  the  advantage  of  intellectual 
companionship  and  strict  moral  training 
from  infancy.  From  her  15th  year  she 
was  associated  with  her  elder  sister  Catharine 
at  a  successful  female  sem.  she  had  estab- 
lished at  Hartford  in  1822.  In  her  21st  year 
she  m.  Rev.  Calvin  E.  Stowe.  During  a  long 
residence  in  Cincinnati,  she  became  interested 
in  the  question  of  slavery.  She  pub.  in  1849  a 
collection  of  moral  tales,  "  The  Mayflower,  or 
Sketches  of  the  Descendants  of  the  Pilgrims." 
Her  great  work,  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  origi- 
nally appeared  in  the  National  Era,  an  antisla- 
very  paper  at  Washington,  and  was  pub.  Bos- 
ton, 1852.  It  has  been  translated  into  9  diubr- 
ent  languages,  and  has  been  dramatized  in  20 
different  forms,  and  acted  in  every  capital  in 
Europe,  and  in  most  of  those  of  the  U.S.  She 
subsequently  pub.  "A  Key  to  Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin."  She  soon  afterward,  in  company  with 
her  husband,  and  Rev.  Cluiiics  Beecher  her 
bro.,  visited  Great  Britain,  where  she  was  favor- 


ably received.  After  her  return  she  pub.  "  Sun- 
ny Memories  of  Foreign  Lands  ;  "  and  in  1 860 
"  The  Minister's  Wooing,"  originally  pub,  in 
the  Atlantic  Monthlj).  She  has  also  pub.  "Dred, 
a  Tale  of  the  Dismal  Swamp,"  1856;  "Ao-nes 
of  Sorrento,"  1 862 ;  "  The  Pearl  of  Orr's  Is- 
land," "  The  May-Flower,  and  Miscellaneous 
Writings,"  1855 ;  "  House  and  Home  Papers," 
1 864  ;  "  The  Chimney-Comer,"  a  series  of 
essays  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  186.5-6 ;  "  Little 
Foxes,"  1865;  "Queer  Little  People,"  1867; 
"  Oldtown  Folks,"  1869  ;  "  Men  of  Our 
Times,"  1868;  "True  Story  of  Lady  Byron's 
lAHe,"  m  Atlantic  Monthly,  Sept.  1869;  "Lady 
Byron  Vindicated,"  1870;  "Pink  and  White 
Tyranny,"  1871  ;  "  My  Wife  and  I,"  1872.  In 
Dec.  1868  she  became  co-editor  with  D.  G. 
Mitchell  of  "  Hearth  and  Home,"  a  magazine. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stowe  now  reside  in  Hartford. 

Straehan,  John,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  bishop  of 
Toronto,  b.  Aberdeen,  Apr.  12,  1778;  d. 
Toronto,  Nov.  1,  1 867.  U.  of  Aberdeen,  1796. 
He  studied  theology  at  St.  Andrew's  ;  taught  a 
village  school  in  1797;  and  in  Aug.  1799 
came  to  Canada,  and  taught  school  at  Kings- 
ton till  ord.  deacon.  May  2, 1 803  ;  priest,  June 
3,  1804  ;  and'app.  to  the  mission  of  Cornwall, 
where  he  taught  a  grammar-school.  In  1812 
he  was  app.  rector  of  York;  in  1818  exec, 
councillor;  archdeacon  of  York  in  1825;  and 
in  1839  bishop  of  Toronto.  From  the  year 
1818,  he  took  an  active  part  in  politics;  and  a 
bitter  strife  arose  between  his  party  on  the  one 
side,  and  that  of  W.  L.  Mackenzie  on  the 
other,  out  of  which  the  rebellion  in  Upper  Can- 
ada of  1837-8  arose.  He  pub.  70  essays  in  the 
Kingston  Gazette  in  1811  under  the  name  of 
"  Reckoner,"  also  a  number  of  letters  and  oth- 
er pamphlets.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  U.  of  St.  Andrew's,  and  that  of  D.D. 
from  the  U.  of  Aberdeen,  in  1807.  Among 
the  many  benefits  he  conferred  u]:!on  Toronto 
was  the  establishment  of  Trinity  College. 

Strachey,  William,  first  sec.  to  the 
Colony  of  Va.,  where  he  resided  1610-12  ;  w.^.s 
ship\vrecked  on  the  Bermudas  1609.  He  pub. 
for  the  Colony  in  Va.  "Lawes,  Divine,  Morall, 
and  Martiall,"  4to,  1612;  "  History  of  Trav- 
aille  into  Va.,"  &c.,  pub.  by  the  Ha'kluyt  Soc, 
and  the  second  book  in  Mass.  Hist.  Colls.,  4th 
ser.  i. 

Strader,  Capt.  Jacob,  a  pioneer  in  the 
steamboats  and  railroads  of  the  West,  b.  N.  J. 
1795;  d.  Cincinnati,  Aug.  28,  1860. 

Strain,  Lieut.  Isaac  G.,  U.S.N.,  explorer,  - 
b.  Roxbury,  Franklin  Co.,  Pa.,  1821;  d. 
Aspinwall,  May  15,  1857.  In  1845,  while  a 
midshipman,  he  led  a  small  party  to  explore 
the  interior  of  Brazil ;  in  1 848  he  explored  the 
peninsula  of  Cal. ;  in  1849  he  crossed  from 
Valparaiso  to  Bucno.?  Ayres,  and  Avrote  a  nar- 
rative entitled  "  The  Cordillera  and  Pampa  ;  " 
"  Sketches  of  a  Journey  in  Chili  and  the  Ar- 
gentine Provinces,"  in  1849.  He  was  in  1850 
attached  to  the  Mexican  Boundary  Commiss., 
and  later  more  known  as  the  leader  of  the  ex- 
ped.  across  the  Isthmus  of  Darien.  An  inter- 
esting account  of  this  journey  was  prepared 
from'  his  materials  by  J.  T.  Headley,  and  pub. 
in  I/arpei-'s  Mag.  1855.  In  1856,  in  the  steam- 
er "  Arctic,"  he  ascertained  by  soundings  the 


STR 


878 


STR 


practicability  of  laying  an  ocean  tcleg.  cable 
between  America  and  England. 

Strange,  Robert,  LL.D.  (Rutg.  1840), 
jurist  and  senator,  b.  Va.  Sept.  20,  1796;  d. 
Feb.  25,  1854.  Hamp.  Sid.  Coll.  He  studied 
law ;  was  with  some  intermissions  a  member 
of  the  N.C.  house  of  delegates  from  1821  to 
1826;  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  1826-36; 
and  U.S.  senator  in  1836-40.  He  resumed 
his  profession,  and  subsequently  became  solicit- 
or of  the  5th  jud.  circuit  of  the  State.-  Author 
of"  Eoneguski,  or  the  Cherokee  Chief,"  a  novel. 

Stratton,  Charles  C,  b.  N.J.  1796;  d. 
Gloucester  Co.,  N.  J.,  March  30,  1859.  Rutg. 
Coll.  1814.  Many  years  in  the  State  legisl. ; 
M.C.  1837-9  and  1841-3;  member  Const. 
Conv.  1844 ;  and  gov.  of  N.  J.  1844-8. 

Stratton,  Charles  S.  — See  Tom  Thumb. 

Street,  Alfred  Billings,  poet,  b.  Pough- 
keepsie,  N.Y.,  Dec.  18,  1811.  Descended  from 
Rev.  Nicholas,  pastor  of  the  first  church  in 
New  Haven.  His  father  Randall  S.,  an  emi- 
nent lawyer,  d.  Monticello,  N.Y.,  in  1841.  Al- 
fred was  educated  at  the  Duchess-Co.  Acad. ; 
studied  law  in  the  office  of  his  father;  practised 
a  few  years  in  Monticello ;  and  since  1 839  has 
resided  in  Albany,  where  he  has  been  for  some 
years  State  librarian.  He  commenced  his  lite- 
rary career  at  an  early  age  as  a  poetical  writer 
for'the  magazines.  His  first  vol.,  "  The  Burn- 
ing of  Schenectady,  and  Other  Poems,"  was  pub. 
1842;  a  2d  coll.,  "Drawings  and  Tintings," 
1844.  His  longest  publication  is  "  Frontenac,  a 
Tale  of  the  Iroquois  in  1696,"  Lond.  1849. 
Besides  his  numerous  pieces  in  periodicals,  he 
has  delivered  three  very  able  poems  before  the 
students  of  Geneva  and  Union  Colleges,  from 
the  latter  of  which  he  received  in  1841  the  hon. 
degree  of  A.M.  An  edition  of  his  poems  was 
pub.  in  N.Y.  in  1847,  and  another  in  2  vols. 
1866.  In  1859  he  pub.  two  prose  vols.,  "  The 
Council  of  Revision,"  a  history  of  the  courts 
of  N.Y.,  with  biog.  sketches  of  its  governors 
and  judges,  from  1777  to  1821  ;  "Woods  and 
Waters,  or  the  Saranacs  and  Racket,"  a  tour 
in  the  great  wilderness  of  Northern  N.  York  ; 
in  1864  "  Forest-Pictures  in  the  Adirondacks;  " 
"  The  Indian  Pass,"  1869.  Some  of  his  poems 
have  been  translated  into  German. 

Street,  Augustus  Russell,  philanthro- 
pist, b.  N.  Haven,  Nov.  5,  1791 ;  d.  there  June 
12,  1866.  Y.C.  1812.  He  studied  law,  but 
ill-health  prevented  his  pursuing  the  profes- 
sion. Inheriting  a  large  fortune,  he  gave  free- 
ly to  benevolent  objects.  His  Alma  Mater 
received  neariy  $300,000:  he  founded  the 
Streel  professorship  of  modern  languages ; 
erected  the  building  for  the  Yale  School  of 
Fine  Arts,  providing  for  its  partial  endow- 
ment ;  and  also  left  a  handsome  legacy  for  ulti- 
mately founding  the  Titus  Street  professorship 
in  the  Yale  Theol.  Sem.  He  was  an  invalid 
the  greater  part  of  his  life.  In  1843-8  he  trav- 
elled abroad.  A  dau.  m.  Admiral  Foote,  and 
d.  1863.—  Y.C.  Obit.  Record. 

Stribling,  Cornelius  K.,  rear-admiral 
U.S.N.,  b.  S.C.  Midshipm.  June  18,  1812; 
lieut.  Apr.  1,  1818  ;  com.  Jan.  24,  1840  ;  capt. 
Aug.  1,  18.53;  commo.  July  16,  1862;  rear- 
adm.  (ret.  list.)  July  25,  1866.  He  was  in 
"  The  Macedonian "  when  the  Algeiine  vessels 


were  captured  in  1815;  com.  in  April,  1823, 
two  barges  on  the  coast  of  Cuba,  and  captured 
the  pirate  schooner  "  Pilot;"  commanded  ship 
"Ohio,"  Pacific  squadron,  1848-50;  supt. 
Naval  Acad.  1850-3;  commanded  E.I.  squad. 
1859-61  ;  com.  Phila.  navy-yard  1863-4  ;  com. 
Eastern  Gulf  block,  squadron  1864-5;  mem- 
ber light-house  board  1867-71.  —  Hamersly. 

Strieker,  Gen.  John,  b.  Md.  ;  d.  Balti- 
more, June  23,  1825.  A  patriot  of  the  Revol. ; 
he  was  also  brig.-gen.  commanding  3d  brigade 
Md.  militia  in  defence  of  Bait,  in  1814,  and 
disting.  in  battle  of  North  Point.  Pres.  of  the 
Bank  of  Baltimore  at  his  death. 

Strickland,  Lieut.-Col.  Samuel,  CM., 
bro.  of  Agnes  Strickland,  b.  Eng.  1809;  emig. 
to  Canada  1825  ;  d.  Lakefield,  U.C,  1867.  Au- 
thor of  "  27  Years  in  Canada  West,"  London, 
2  vols.  1853. 

Strickland,  William,  architect,  b.  Phila. 
1787;  d.  Nashville,  Tenn.,  7  Apr.  1854.  He 
studied  under  Latrobe;  established  his  reputa- 
tion by  planning  the  Chestnut-street  Masonic 
Hall ;  and  for  many  years  was  employed  on  the 
public  buildings  of  Phila.,  among  them  the 
U.S.  Bank,  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  the  U.S. 
Mint.,  and  the  U.  S.  Naval  Asylum.  His  last 
great  work  was  the  capitol,  Nashville,  Tenn., 
begun  in  1845,  completed  in  1857.  In  1825 
he  examined  the  canal  and  railway  systems  of 
England,  and  on  his  return  superintended  the 
building  of  the  railroad  between  Newcastle  and 
Frenchrown,  Md.  Member  Roy.  Soc.  of  Civil 
Engrs.  and  of  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  —  Thomas. 

Strickland,  William  P.,  D.D.,  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Aug.  17, 
1809.  Educated  at  the  Ohio  U.  Entered  the 
itinerant  ministry  of  the  M.E.  Church,  O.,  in 
1832  ;  was  for  some  years  agent  and  sec.  of  the 
Amer.  Bible  Society.  Removing  to  N.  York 
in  1856,  he  has  since  been  connected  with  the 
Meth.  Book  Concern,  and  assoc.  ed.  Christ.  Ad- 
vocate and  Jour.  In  1 862  he  was  chaplain  of 
the  48th  N.Y.  Regt.  at  Port  Royal,  S.C.  He 
has  pub.  "  History  of  the  American  Bible  So- 
ciety," 1849;  "History  of  Methodist  Mis- 
sions," 1850;  "  Genius  and  Mission  of  Meth- 
odism," 1851  ;  *'  Christianity  Demonstrated," 
1852;  "Memoir  of  Rev.  James  B.  Finley," 
1853;  "A  Treatise  on  Biblical  Literature," 
1853 ;  "  The  Light  of  the  Temple,"  a  Masonip 
work,  1854 ;  "  The  Astrologer  of  Clialdaea," 
1856;  "Pioneers  of  the  West,"  1855;  "Life 
and  Times  of  Francis  Asbury,"  1858;  "Life 
of  Jacob  Gruber,"  1859;  and  "Old  Macki- 
naw," 1860.  He  has  edited  the  Literary  Casket, 
the  Western  Amer.  Review,  and  has  contributed 
to  several  magazines,  and  to  Appleton's  "New 
Cyclopaedia." 

Stringer,  Samuel,  physician, b.  Md.  1734 ; 
d.  Albany,  July  11,  1817.  He  studied  medi- 
cine in  Phila.  under  Dr.  Bond;  was  in  1755 
app.  by  Gov.  Shirley  to  the  med.  dept.  of  the 
army ;  and  was  in  the  campaign  of  1758  at  Ti- 
condcroga.  After  the  war  he  settled  and  m. 
in  Albany.  In  1775-7  he  was  director-gen.  of 
hospitals  in  the  northern  dept.,  and  accomp. 
the  troops  in  the  invasion  of  Canada.  Resum- 
ing practice  at  Albany,  he  was  until  his  death 
one  of  the  first  physicians  and  surgeons  in 
that  vicinity. —  Thacher. 


SXR 


879 


STR 


Stringham,  James  S.,  M.  D.  (Edinb. 
1799),  physician,  b.  New  York  1775;  d.  St. 
Croix,  28  June,  1817.  Col.  Coll.  1793.  He 
abandoned  the  study  of  theology  for  that  of 
medicine,  which  he  first  pursued  under  Drs. 
Bard  and  Hosack  of  New  York.  He  was 
prof,  of  chemistry  in  Col.  Coll.  in  1802-13; 
in  1813-17  he  was  prof,  of  med.  jurisp.  in  the 
Coll.  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  may  be 
regarded  as  the  founder  of  that  science  (upon 
which  he  was  the  first  to  lecture)  in  this  country. 
Beside  his  inaugural,  "  De  Aisorbenthiin  Si/s- 
temate,"  he  contrib.  essays  and  papers  to  the 
medical  journals.  Dr.  S.  was  one  of  the  most 
efficient  of  the  early  promoters  of  science  in 
this  country.  He  was  a  physician  of  the  N.Y. 
Hospital,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Roy.  Med. 
Soc.  of  Edinburgh,  and  fellow  of  the  N.Y. 
Literary,  Philos.,  and  Historical  Societies.  — 
Thacher. 

Stringham,  Silas  Hortox,  rcar-adra. 
U.S.N.,  b.  Middletown,  N.Y.,  Nov.  7,  1798. 
Midshipman,  Nov.  15,  1809;  lieut.  Dec.  9, 
1814;  he  served  in  "The  President,"  Com. 
Rodgers,  till  1815,  witnessing  the  affairs  wth 
"The  Little  Belt"  and  "The  Belvidere." 
Transferred  in  1815  to  the  brig  "  Spark,"  one 
of  Decatur's  squadron,  he  took  part  in  the  Al- 
gerine  war.  In  1819  he  was  lieut.  in  "  The 
Cyane,"  which  conveyed  the  first  settlers  to  Li- 
beria ;  placed  in  com.  of  a  boat  to  search  for 
slavers,  he  captured  4,  and  was  sent  home  with 
his  prizes.  Made  1st  lieut.  in  1821,  he  was 
ordered  to  "The  Hornet,"  on  the  W.I.  station, 
and  aided  in  the  capture  of  a  notorious  pirate- 
ship  and  slaver.  Master  com.  March  3,  1831 ; 
capt.  Sept.  8,  1841;  in  1842  ordered  to  the 
razee  " Independence; "  and  in  1846  took  com. 
of  "  The  Ohio,"  and  took  part  in  the  bom- 
bardment of  Vera  Cruz ;  he  then  com.  the 
Brazil  squadron  ;  in  1851  the  Gosport  navy- 
yard;  in  1852-5  the  Mediterranean  squadion, 
his  flagship  being  "  The  Cumberland  ; "  in 
March,  1861,  he  was  app.  flag-officer  of  the  At- 
lantic block,  squad.,  and  ordered  to  "  The 
Minnesota  "  as  his  fla^^ship.  With  Gen.  B.  F. 
Butler,  he  com.  the  joint  naval  and  military 
exped.  which  captured  Forts  Hatteras  and 
Clark,  Aug.  27  and  28.  Sept.  28  he  was  re- 
lieved from  com.  at  his  own  request;  July  16, 
1862,  he  was  made  a  rear-adm.  on  the  retired 
list;  now  (1871)  por^adm.  New  York. 

Strong,  Caleb,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1801),  gov. 
of  Ms.,  b.  Northampton,  Ms.,  Jan.  9, 1745  ;  d. 
there  Nov.  7,  1819.  H.U.  1764.  He  studied 
law,  but  did  not  establish  himself  in  practice 
till  1772.  He  took  a  decided  part  in  the  cause 
of  liberty;  was  in  1775  app.  one  of  the  com. 
of  safety ;  in  1 776-80  was  an  active  member  of 
the  leglsl. ;  councillor  1780;  in  1779  assisted 
in  forming  the  State  const.;  in  1787  that  of 
the  U.S.,  and  exerted  himself  in  the  State  Con- 
vention to  procure  its  ratification.  App.  in 
1781  to  a  seat  on  the  supreme  bench,  he  de- 
clined the  office;  in  1789-97  he  was  a  U.S. 
senator;  and  gov,  of  Ms.  in  1800-7  and  1812- 
16,  —  the  difficult  period  of  the  last  war  with 
England.  As  a  Federalist,  he  opposed  the  war ; 
and  his  conduct  was  severely  censured  by  his 
political  opponents.  When  requisition  was 
made  upon  him  for  troops,  he,  in  common  with 


the  whole  Federal  party  of  N.  Eng.,  denied  the 
right  of  the  Pros,  upon  constitutional  grounds. 
Though  Gov.  Strong  so  positively  declined 
answering  calls  which  he  considered  unconstitu- 
tional, he  was  ready  to  adopt  every  measure 
which  the  safety  of  state  demanded ;  and,  as  it 
was  amply  defended,  no  evil  resulted  from  the 
difference  between  the  State  and  National  au- 
thorities. —  See  his  Life  by  Alden  Bradford,  8vo, 
1820;  Strong  Family  hy'B.  W.  Dwir/'ht,  2  yo\s. 
8vo,  1871. 

Strong,  Gen.  George  C,  b.  Stockbridge, 
Vt.,  1832;  d.  July  30,  1863,  from  wounds  re- 
ceived in  the  assault  on  Fort  Wagner,  Charles- 
ton harbor.  West  Point,  1857.  Losing  his 
father,  he  was  adopted  in  the  family  of  his 
uncle,  A.  L.  Strong  of  Easthampton,  Ms.  At 
West  Point  he  held  the  post  of  1st  capt.  of 
cadets  3  years.  Placed  on  the  staff  of  Mc- 
Dowell at  Bull  Run,  he  was  highly  compli- 
mented for  efficiency  at  that  battle ;  he  next 
served  on  McClellan's  staff,  but  was  detailed  as 
ordnance-officer  by  Gen.  Butler  to  the  dcpt.  of 
the  Gulf.  He  disting.  himself  at  Biloxi,  and 
in  the  hazardous  adventure  up  the  Tangipahoa 
River.  Brig.-gen.  vols.  29  Nov.  1862;  capt. 
ordnance  3  Mar.  1863.  He  was  a  brave  and 
skilful  officer,  and  led  the  assaulting  column  at 
Fort  Wagner  18  July,  1863,  with  veteran 
courage  and  judgment.  Author  of  "  Cadet 
Life  at  West  Point,"  1862.  —  CuUiim. 

Strong,  James,  D.D.  (Wesl.  U.  1856), 
thcol.  writer,  b.  N.Y.  City,  Aug.  14,  1822. 
Wesl.  U.  1844.  From  1858  to  Dec.  1861  he 
was  prof,  of  biblical  lit.,  and  acting  prcs.  of 
Troy  U.,  N.Y. ;  prof,  of  exeg.-theol.  in  Drew 
Theol.  Sem.,  Madison,  N.  J.,  since  1868.  He 
pub.  a  "  Harmony  and  Exposition  of  the  Gos- 
pels," 1854  ;  and,  on  a  similar  plan,  a  "  Greek 
Harmony  of  the  Gospels,"  1854 ;  "  Manuals' of 
Greek  and  Hebrew  Grammar ;  "  "Outlines  of 
Theology ;  "  "  Appeal  to  Sunday-school  Ef- 
forts ;  "  articles  in  the  Meth.  Quarterly  Review 
and  Christian  Advocate  and  Journal.  With 
Rev.  Dr.  McClintock,  he  prepared  the  "  Cyclopae- 
dia of  Biblical,  Theol.,  and  Eecles.  Literature." 

Strong,  James  H.,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Canandaigua,  N.Y.,  Apr.  26,  1814.  Son  of 
Judge  Elisha  B.  Midshipm.  Feb.  2,  1829; 
lieut.  Sept.  1841 ;  com.  Apr.  24,  1861;  capt. 
Aug.  5,  1865;  commo.  Mar.  1870;  com. 
steamer  "Mohawk,"  1861;  steamer  "Flag," 
1862;  and  steam-sloop  "Monongahela,"  1863-5. 
In  Nov.  1863  he  conveyed  a  division  of  Gen. 
Banks's  army  to  Brazos,  and  aided  in  capture 
of  battery  at  Arkansas  Pass.  At  the  battle  of 
Mobile  Bay,  "  The  Monongahela  "  attacked  the 
rebel  ram  "  Tennessee,"  and  forced  her  to  sur- 
render. 

Strong,  Nathan,  D.D.  (N.  J.  Coll.  1801), 
scholar  and  theologian,  b.  Coventry,  Ct.,  5 
Oct.  1748;  d.  Hartford,  Dec.  25,  1816.  Y.C. 
1769;  tutor  1772-3.  Son  of  Rev.  Nathan. 
Ord.  pastor  of  the  First  Church  in  Hartford, 
Jan.  5,  1774.    In  the  Revol.  war  he  was  a 

})atriot,  and  a  chaplain  in  the  army;  in  talents, 
earning,  and  usefulness  he  held  the  first  rank 
among  his  associates  in  the  ministry.  He  pub. 
2  vols,  of  sermons,  1798-1800;  and  "The 
Doctrine  of  Eternal  Misery  Consistent  with 
the  Inf.  Bencv.  of  God/'  a  vol.  in  vindication 


SXR 


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STTJ 


of  the  doctrine  of  future  punishment,  1796. 
He  was  also  editor  of  the  Evany.  Mag. ;  prin- 
cipal founder  of  the  missionary  soc.  of  Ct.  in 
1798.  He  possessed  great  shrewdness  and  wit 
as  well  as  strong  common  sense. 

Strong,  Neiiemiah,  prof,  of  mathematics 
at  Y.C.  1770-81;  b.  Northampton,  24  Feb. 
1730;  d.  Bridgeport,  Ct.,  12  Aug.  1807.  Y.C 
1755;  tutor  there  1757-60.  Minister  of  Sims- 
bury,  now  Granby,  21  Jan.  1761-8.  He  pub. 
"Astronomy  Improved,"  1784. 

Strong,  Simeon,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1805),  jur- 
ist, b.  Northampton,  6  Mar.  1736  ;  d.  Amherst, 
Dec.  14,  1805.  Y.C.  1756.  He  was  several 
years  a  preacher;  but,  his  health  not  permitting 
his  continuance  in  that  employment,  he  studied 
law ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  m  1761,  and  became 
eminent  in  the  profession.  Representative  1767- 
9  ;  senator  1793  ;  and  in  1801-5  was  a  judge 
of  the  Ms.  Sup.  Court.  —  See  PanopUst  for 
1812,  433-6. 

Strong,  Theodore,  LL.D.  (Rutg.  Coll. 
1835),  mathematician,  b.  S.  Hadley,  Ms.,  26 
July,  1790;  d.  N.  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Fob.  1, 
1869.  Y.C.  1812.  Son  of  Rev.  Josei)h  (Y.C. 
1784).  On  quitting  Yale,  he  was  tutor  in  Ham. 
Coll.,  N.Y.,  1812-16,  and  in  1816-27  prof,  of 
mathematics  and  nat.  philos.,  changing  in 
1827  the  scene  of  his  labors  to  Rutg.  Coll., 
New  Brunswick,  where  he  continued  until 
1862.  In  1859  he  pub.  his  "  Treatise  on  Alge- 
bra," —  a  work  original  in  its  method  and  in 
many  of  its  conclusions.  He  succeeded  in 
solving  by  a  direct  method  the  Irreducible  Case 
of  Cubic  Equations  left  by  Cardan,  which  had 
baffled  the  best ' mathematicians  of  Europe; 
and  he  also  discovered  a  method  of  extracting 
by  a  direct  process,  for  the  first  time,  any  root 
of  any  integral  number.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  he  had  prepared  for  the  press  a  vol.  on 
the  Differential  and   Integral   Calculus.     He 

?ub.  many  mathematical  papers  in  Silliman's 
'ournal.    An  orig.  member  of  the  Nat.  Acad, 
of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

Strong,  Titus,  D.D.,  Pr.-Epis.  clergvman, 
b.  Brighton,  Ms.,  Jan.  26,  1787 ;  d.  June  11, 
1855.  Leaving  the  trade  of  a  printer,  he  en- 
gaged early  in  politics.  Becoming  a  decided 
churchman,  he  was  ord,  deacon  in  1814,  priest 
in  1826,  and  labored  in  Greenfield,  Ms.,  to  the 
close  of  his  life.  His  "  Candid  Examination  of 
the  Pr.-Epis.  Church  '*  is  one  of  the  most  effi- 
cient productions  of  its  class.  He  also  pub.  the 
"  Scholar's  Guide,"  besides  preparing  several 
elementary  books  for  common  schools,  and 
frequently  contributing  to  the  periodical  press. 
Stroud,  George  McDowell,  b.  Strouds- 
burg,  Pa.,  Oct.  12,  1795.  N.J.  Coll.  1817. 
Many  years  an  eminent  judge  of  the  District 
Court  of  Phiia.  Has  pub.  "  Sketch  of  the 
Laws  relative  to  Slavery  in  Several  of  the 
States,"  1827  and  1856;  some  pamphlets  and 
articles  in  the  Law  Reg.,  &c.  —  Allibone. 

Stryker,  James,  b.  Richmond  Co.,  N.Y., 
1792;  d.  Sharon,  Ct.,  3  June,  1864.  Col. 
Coll.  1809.  Lie.  used  to  practise  law  1813; 
capt.  in  the  war  of  1812-15;  judge  in  the 
courts  in  Buffalo,  N.Y.,  1830-40;  originator 
and  editor  of  Sin/Jeer's  Amer.  Register  and 
Magazine,  6  vols.  8vo,  1849-55.  lie  was  at 
one  time  editor  of  the  Buffalo  Republican,  and 


contrib.  to  periodicals.  A  commiss.  to  nego- 
tiate with  the  Six  Nations  for  their  removal  to 
the  West. 

Stuart,  Alexander,  H.  H.,  politician,  b. 
Staunton,  Va.,  Apr.  2,  1807.  Wm.  and  M. 
Coll.  1825.  U.  of  Va.  1828.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  at  Staunton  in  1828;  member  of  the  young 
men's  convention  in  Washington  in  1832;  of 
the  Va.  house  of  delegates  in  1836-9 ;  M.C. 
1841-3  ;  sec.  of  the  interior  1850-3;  State  sen- 
ator 1857-61.  He  was  active  in  the  canvasses 
preceding  the  election  of  Harrison  and  Fill- 
more, and  advocated  the  election  of  Henry 
Clay,  his  personal  friend,  in  1844.  In  1844  he 
delivered  the  annual  address  before  the  Amer. 
Institute  in  New  York. 

Stuart,  Charles  B.,  eng.  in  chief  U.S.N., 
b.  1814.  Author  of  "Naval  Dry  Docks  of  the 
U.S.,"  1851  ;  "Naval  and  Mail  Steamers  of 
the  U.S.,"  1853;  "Railroads  of  the  U.S.  and 
Canada,"  1855;  "Water- Works  of  the  U.S.," 
1855. 

Stuart,  Gilbert  Charles,  portrait-paint- 
er, b.  Narragansct,  R.I.,  1754 ;  d.  Boston,  July 
9,  1828.  He  was  first  taught  by  a  Scottish 
painter  named  Alexander,  by  whom,  at  about 
18  years  of  age,  he  was  taken  to  Edinburgh. 
He  soon  returned,  and  painted  at  Newport, 
Boston,  and  New  York ;  but,  the  war  making 
his  prospects  hopeless,  he  went  to  London, 
where  he  was  aided  by  Benjamin  West  with 
money  and  instruction.  Stuart  painted  a  full- 
length  portrait  of  his  benefactor,  now  in  the 
British  National  Gallery.  Ab.  1781  he  began 
practice  in  Lond.,  and  soon  rose  to  great  emi- 
nence. Subsequently  he  resided  successively 
in  Dublin  and  Paris,  and  painted  a  portrait  of 
Louis  XVI.  Returning  to  Amer.  m  1793,  he 
painted  at  Phila.  the  well-known  head  of  Wash- 
ington, the  original  of  which  is  now  in  posses- 
sion of  the  Boston  Athenaeum.  After  residing 
in  Washington,  he  took  up  his  permanent  abode 
in  1806  in  Boston.  His  last  work  was  a  por- 
trait of  John  Quincy  Adams.  He  painted 
many  of  the  disting.  men  of  the  Revol.  and  of 
the  early  period  of  the  Union.  He  ranks  among 
the  first  Amer.  portrait-painters,  and  was  a 
man  of  fine  social  qualities.  His  daughters, 
Mrs.  Stebbins  and  Miss  Jane  Stuart,  long  pur- 
sued their  father's  profession  in  Boston. 

Stuart,  Isaac  William,  scholar,  b.  New 
Haven,  lb09;  d.  Hartford,  Ct.,  Oct.  2,  1861. 
Y.C.  1828.  Son  of  Rev.  Moses.  He  taught 
a  while  in  the  Hopkins  grammar-school,  Hart- 
ford. A  taste  for  the  study  of  hieroglyphics 
and  Oriental  lit.  led  to  his  pub.  in  1830  a  trans- 
lation, with  notes,  of  Greppo's  "Essay  on  the 
Hieroglyphic  System  of  Champollion."  Elect- 
ed prof,  of  Greek  andLatin'in  tlie  Coll.  of  S.C, 
he  resided  in  Columbia  some  years.  Returning 
to  Hartford,  he  was  for  many  years  proprietor 
of  the  Wyllis  Estate,  on  which  stood  the  Char- 
ter Oak.  He  wrote  a  "  Life  of  Nathan  Hale," 
1856;  "Hartford  in  the  Olden  Time,"  1853; 
and  an  elaborate  Life  of  Jonathan  TmmbuU, 
1857;  and  edited,  with  Notes,  the  "CEdipus 
Tyrannus  "  of  Sophocles,  pub.  1837.  He  was 
three  times  a  member  of  the  Ct.  senate,  and 
was  an  orator  of  unusual  excellence.  —  Obit. 
Rrcord  Yale,  1862. 

Stuart,  Gen.  James  E.  B.,  b.  Patrick  Co., 


SXXJ 


881 


STU 


Va.,  1 832 ;  killed  near  Richmond,  Va.,  May  11, 
1864.  West  Point,  1854.  1st  lieut.  1st  Cav. 
Dec.  20,  1855;  disting.  himself  in  a  fight  with 
the  Cheyennes,  June  29,  1857,  when  he  was  se- 
verely wounded;  became  capt.  22  Apr.  1861 ; 
and  resigned  May  14,  1861.  App.  col.  of  a 
regt.  of  Va.  cav. ;  com.  all  the  Confed.  cav.  at 
Bull  Run ;  disting.  himself  at  Lcwinsville,  Va., 
Sept.  13,  1861 ;  made  brig.-gen.  Sept.  1861 ; 
maj.-gcn.  in  1862 ;  conducted  a  brilliant  incur- 
sion within  Gen.  MoClellan's  lines  on  the  Pa-- 
munkey,  June  13, 1862,  destroying  much  prop- 
erty, and  causing  very  great  alarm  ;  surprised 
Gen.  Pope's  headquarters  at  Catlett's  Station, 
near  the  Rappahannock,  Aug.  22 ;  and,  with 
1,800  cavalry  and  4  guns,  passed  from  south 
of  the  Potomac,  Oct.  9,  crossing  between  Wil- 
liamsport  and  Hancock  on  the  right  wing  of 
Gen.  McClcllan's  army,  traversed  Md.,  and,  Oct. 
10,  entered  Chambersburg,  which  was  surren- 
dered without  resistance,  took  a  great  quantity 
of  spoil,  and  destroyed  a  vast  amount  of  valua- 
ble property,  and,  retreating,  crossed  the  Poto- 
mac on  McClellan's  left;  thus  making  a  circuit 
of  his  army  without  loss.  He  was  justly  re- 
garded as  a  cavalry-officer  of  great  merit.  Ho 
m.  a  dau.  of  Gen.  Philip  St.  George  Cooke. 
At  Beverly  Ford,  Va.,  and  in  Md.  and  Pa.  dur- 
ing the  Gettysburg  campaign,  he  was  invaria- 
bly worsted  by  the  Federal  cavalry.  He  did 
good  service  in  protecting  Lee's  army  on  its 
retreat  from  Gettysburg.  He  was  mortally 
wounded  in  an  encounter  with  Sheridan's  cav- 
alry at  Yellow  Tavern,  and  died  a  day  or  two 
afterwards. 

Stuart,  John,  D.D.,  founder  of  the  Eng- 
lish Church  in  Upper  Canada,  b.  Harrisburg, 
Pa.,  Feb.  24,  1740;  d.  Kingston,  U.C,  Aug. 
15,  1811.  His  father  Andrew  was  a  rigid  Pres- 
byterian. Young  Stuart  having  made  a  voyage 
to  Eng.,  where  he  was  ord.  priest,  returned  to 
Phila.  ab.  1770,  and  for  7  years  officiated  as  a 
missionary  among  the  Indians  of  the  Mohawk 
Valley.  For  them  he  made  a  translation  of  the 
New  Testament  into  the  Mohawk  language. 
Refusing  allegiance  to  the  revolted  Colonics, 
he  fled  to  Canada  in  1781 ;  was  soon  after 
chaplain  in  a  prov.  regt. ;  and  as  a  missionary 
travelled  through  the  upper  province,  where  he 
labored  with  energy  and  success;  in  1786  he 
settled  at  Kingston,  and  for  some  time  previ- 
ous to  his  death  was  chaplain  to  the  legislative 
council.  His  son  Sir  James,  LL.D.,  an  emi- 
nent Canadian  jurist,  chi  'f  justice  of  Lower 
Canada,  b.  Fort  Hunter,  N.Y.,  Mar.  2,  1780, 
d.  Quebec,  July  14,  1853.  Created  a  baronet 
in  1840,  called  to  the  bar  in  1801,  solicitor-gen. 
1805-9,  atty.-gen.  1822-32,  chief  justice  of 
L.C.  1838-53.  Andrew,  his  second  son,  also 
a  disting.  jurist,  and  solicitor-gen.  of  L.  Cana- 
da, b.  Kingston,  1786,  d.  Quebec,  Feb.  21, 1840. 
Un.  Coll.  To  the  Quebec  Historical  Society's 
"  Trans."  he  contrib.  "Notes  on  the  Saguenay 
Country,"  a  paper  on  the  "Ancient  Etrus- 
cans," and  "Detached  Thoughts  upon  the 
History  of  Civilization."  —  Morgan. 

Stuart,  Sir  John,  a  British  gen.,  b.  Ga. 
1761 ;  d.  Clifton,  En^.,  1  April,  1815.  John  his 
father  came  to  Ga.  with  Oglethorpe,  became  In- 
dian agent  and  one  of  the  council,  m.  Miss  Fen- 
wick,  dau.  of  a  wealthy  citizen  of  Charleston, 
6d 


S.C,  was  a  loyalist,  and  d.  in  Eng.  His  son 
was  educated  at  Westminster  School ;  entered 
the  3d  Foot  Guards  in  Jan.  1779;  served  under 
Corn  wall  is;  and  was  dangerously  wounded  at 
the  battle  of  Guilford.  He  attained  distinc- 
tion in  the  wars  growing  out  of  the  French 
revol.,  and,  while  com.  the  British  troops  in 
Sicily,  gained  4  July,  1806,  the  splendid  victo- 
ry of  Maida  over  the  French  Gen.  Rcgnicr. 
For  this  service  he  received  the  Order  of  the 
Balh,  a  gold  medal,  the  thanks  of  parliament, 
and  the  freedom  of  the  city  of  London.  He 
was  subsequently  lieut.-gov.  of  Grenada,  and 
d.  a  lieut.-gen.  and  com.-in-chief  of  the  West- 
em  District. 

Stuart,  Rev.  Moses,  D.D.,  theologian  and 
philologist,  b.  Wilton,  Ct.,  26  Iklarch,  1780;  d. 
Andovcr,  Ms.,  4  Jan.  1852.  Y.C.  1799 ;  tutor 
1 802-4.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  Danbury,  Ct.,  Nov. 
1802 ;  studied  theology ;  ord.  pastor  of  the  1st 
Church,  N.  Haven,  5  Mar.  1803 ;  and  was  prof, 
of  sacred  lit.  in  And.  Theol.  Sem.  28  Mnrch, 
1810-48.  He  was  an  excellent  pulpit-orator, 
possessing  a  sonorous  voice  and  a  commanding 
and  impassioned  manner,  and  a  teacher  of  dis- 
ting. usefulness  and  success.  He  pub.  a  "  He- 
brew Grammar"  in  1813,  and  another  in  1831 ; 
commentaries  on  the  Hebrews,  Romans,  Reve- 
lation, and  the  books  of  Daniel,  of  Ecclesias- 
tes,  and  of  Proverbs ;  a  vol.  of  "Miscellanie?," 
1846;  "Conscience  and  the  Constitution,"  a 
defence  of  the  policy  of  Daniel  Webster,  1850; 
"Hebrew  Crestomathv,"  1829_;  "Letters  to 
Dr.  Channing  on  ReiiT,ious  Liberty,"  1830; 
"The  Mode  of  Christian  Baptism,"  1833; 
"Grammar  of  the  New-Testament  Dialect," 
1834;  "Hints  on  the  Prophecies,"  1842; 
"Scriptural  View  of  the  Wine  Question," 
1848;  and  a  large  number  of  contribs.  to  tho 
periodical  press. 

Stuber,  Dr.  Henry,  b.  Phila.  ab.  1770; 
d.  there  ab.  1792.  Of  German  origin.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Dr.  Kunze  in  Greek,  Latin,  and 
German,  when  that  divine  was  connected  wirh 
the  U.  of  Pa.  He  studied  medicine,  obtained 
a  situation  in  one  of  the  public  offices  of  the 
U.S.  govt.,  and  was  engaged  in  the  study  of 
law  when  he  died,  still  very  young.  He  wrote 
for  the  journals  of  the  day ;  and  to  the  early 
editions  of  Franklin's  Autobiography  added  a 
continuation,  giving  an  historical  account  of 
his  discoveries  in  electricity. — J.  W.  Francis, 
in  Sparks's  Franklin. 

Sturges,  Jonathan,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1806), 
jurist,  I).  Fairfield,  An^.  23,  1740;  d.  there 
Oct.  4,  1819.  Y.C.  1759.  He  became  a  law- 
yer. In  1774  was  a  delegate  to  Congress; 
M.C.  in  1789-92  ;  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Ct.  in  1792-1805. 

Sturgis,  Samuel  Davis,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Shippensburg,  Pa.,  1822.  West 
Point,  1846.  Entering  the  2d  Dragoons,  he 
served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  was  made 
prisoner  while  on  a  rcconnoissance  before  the 
battle  of  Buena  Vista,  l)ut  was  soon  exchanged. 
He  subsequently  served  in  Cal.,  New  Mexico, 
and  the  Territories,  and  for  his  energy  and 
skill  against  the  Indians  was  made  capt.  3 
Mar.  1855.  He  com.  at  Fort  Smith,  Ark., 
until  1861.  All  his  officers  resigned,  and  joined 
the  Southern  Confederacy;  and  he  evacuated 


STTJ 


882 


SXJI^ 


the  fort  on  his  own  responsibility,  thus  saving 
his  com.  and  the  govt,  property.  May  3  he 
was  app.  noajor  4th  Cav.,  and  served  in  Mo. 
under  Gen.  Lyon,  whom  he  succeeded  in  com. 
after  his  death,  at  the  battle  of  Wilson's  Creek ; 
Aug.  10,  1861,  he  was  made  brig.-gen.  vols., 
assigned  to  the  army  in  Tenn.,  and  afterward 
com.  the  dept.  of  Kansas  ;  in  1862  he  was  called 
to  Washington,  and  assigned  to  the  com.  of 
the  fortifications  around  the  city.  At  the  bat- 
tles of  South  Mountain,  Antietam,  and  Fred- 
ericksburg, he  com.  the  2d  division  9th  army 
corps.  Engaged  at  the  battle  of  Fredericks- 
burg 13  Dec.  1862  ;  in  operations  in  Ky.  Apr.- 
July,  1863  ;  chief  of  cavalry,  dept.  of  the  Ohio, 
July,  1863,  to  Apr.  1864,  capturing  Gen. 
Vance  and  his  command  13  Jan.  1864;  en- 
gaged at  Bolivar,  Tenn.,  10  May,  1864;  and 
exped.  against  Gen.  Forrest,  and  in  the  combat 
near  Guntown,  Mpi.,  10  June,  1864 ;  lieut.-col. 
6th  Cav.  Oct.  27,  1863;  col.  7th  Cav.  6  May, 
1869;  brev.  col.  for  Fredericksburg;  brig,  and 
maj.-gcn.  13  Mar.  1865.  —  CuUum. 

Stuyvesant,  Peter,  the  last  Dutch  gov. 
of  N.Y.,  b.  Holland,  1602  ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Aug. 
1682.  lie  served  in  the  war  in  the  W.  Indies; 
became  director  of  the  colony  of  Cura9oa  ;  and, 
having  lost  a  leg  in  an  unsuccessful  attack  on 
the  Portuguese  island  of  St.  Martin,  returned 
to  Holland  in  1644.  Gov.of  N.Y.  1647-64.  He 
exerted  himself  vigorously  to  repress  the  en- 
croachments of  the  Swedes  and  English,  and  in 
165.5  took  the  Swedish  fort  Casimir,  afterwards 
called  New  Castle,  in  Delaware  Bay.  An  ex- 
ped. under  the  Eng.  colonel,  Nichols,  compelled 
him  to  capitulate  27  Aug.  1664;  and  the  New 
Netherlands  became  an  Eng.  possession.  He 
returned  to  Holland  to  report  to  his  superior, 
and  subsequently  resided  on  his  farm  in  N.Y. 
He  had  two  sons  by  his  wife  Judith  Bayard. 
He  conciliated  the  Indians,  and  made  honorable 
treaties  respecting  boundaries  with  the  people 
of  Ct.,  and  was  dignified,  honest,  and  true, 
but  aristocratic  and  arbitrary.  Irving  has 
immorttvlized  him  in  the  humorous  pages  of 
"  Knickerbocker." 

Sucr^  (soo'-kra),  Gex.  Antoxio  Jose 
DE,  next  to  Bolivar,  the  greatest  benefactor  of 
S.  America,  b.  Cumana,  Venezuela,  1793;  as- 
sassinated while  on  his  way  to  Pasto,  New 
Granada,  in  1830,  by  order  of  the  traitor  Gen. 
Obando.  Was  educated  at  Caraccas.  Entered 
thearmy  in  1811,  and  com.  the  patriots  at  the 
battle  of  Pichincha  (May  24,  1822),  by  which 
was-secured  theindep.  of  Colomliia ;  in  June, 
1823,  he  was  elected.com.  in  chief  of  the  patriot 
forces  in  Peru;  :Dec.  9, 1824,  gained  the  battle 
of  Ayacucho,  the  most  brilliant  ever  fought  in 
S.  America,  and  which  secured  the  independ- 
ence, of  Peru,  He  afterwards  liberated  Bo- 
livia, and  was  in  1 826  app.  by  the  Congress  of 
that  republic  pres.  for. life.  The  revol.  in  Peru 
in  1827,  which  overthrew  the  govt,  of  Bolivar, 
exerted  an  unfavorable  influence  in  Bolivia;  and 
an  insurrection  took  place,  in  which  Sucre  was 
attacked  and  dangerously  wounded.  On  his 
recovery  in  Aug.  1828  he  resigned,  and  re- 
turned to  Colombia,  and  wivs  at  once  made 
com.  of  the  Colombian  Army  of  the  South, 
and  political  chief  of  the  southern  dept.  of  the 
Colombian  republic ;   in  this  capacity  be  led 


his  troops  in  a  series  of  military  operations 
which  terminated  in  the  defeat  and  capitulation 
of  the  Peruvians,  under  Gen.  Lamar,  at  Tar- 
qui,  Feb.  26,  1829.  He  was  the  first  pres.  of 
the  Cont.  Congress  of  Bogota  in  1830,  and  was 
delegated  by  that  body  as  one  of  the  commiss. 
to  propose  friendly  terms  with  Venezuela. 
When  this  mission  had  proved  unsuccessful, 
and  the  Congress  had  closed  its  labors,  he  was 
proceeding  to  the  southern  departments  to 
appease  certain  disturbances  which  had  arisen 
under  Gen.  Flores,  when  he  met  his  untimely 
fate. 

Sullivan,  James,  LL.  D.  (H.  U.  1780), 
statesman  and  jurist,  b.  Berwick,  Me.,  Apr.  22, 
1744;  d.  Boston,  Dec.  10,  1808.  Bro.  of  Gen. 
John.  John  liis  father,  a  man  of  liberal  educa- 
tion, came  from  Ireland  in  1723,  and  d.  July, 
1795,  a.  104.  James  was  intended  for  a  mili- 
tary life;  but  the  fracture  of  a  limb  caused  him 
to  study  law  under  his  bro.,  and  he  practised 
some  years  at  Biddeford,  receiving  in  1770 
the  app.  of  king's  atty.  for  York  Co.  He  took 
an  early  and  active  part  in  the  Revol.  move- 
ment ;  was  a  member  of  the  Prov.  Congress 
of  Ms.  (of  which  Maine  then  formed  a  part) 
in  1775,  and  with  two  others  executed  ably  a 
difficult  mission  to  Ticonderoga.  Early  in 
1776  he  was  app.  ajudgeof  the  Superior  Court, 
which  post  he  resigned  in  Feb.  1782  ;  in  1779- 
80  he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv. ; 
in  1784-5  he  was  a  delegate  to  Congress,  and 
he  was  repeatedly  chosen  a  representative  of 
Boston  (whither  he  had  removed)  in  the  legisl.; 
in  1784  he  was  a  commiss.  to  settle  the  con- 
troversy between  Ms.  and  N.  Y.  respecting 
their  claims  to  Western  lands  ;  in  1787  he 
was  of  the  exec,  council,  and  judge  of  pro- 
bate for  Suffolk  Co.;  atty.-gcn.  1790-Junc, 
1807,  when  he  was  elected  gov.  by  the  Repub- 
lican party,  and  re-elected  in  1808.  He  was 
one  of  the  commiss.  app.  by  Washington  for 
settling  the  boundaries  between  the  U.S.  and 
the  British  Provinces;  he  was  the  projector 
of  the  Middlesex  Canal,  constructed  under  the 
superintendence  of  his  son  John  L. ;  a  member 
of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences  from 
its  institution  ;  a  principal  founder  and  many 
years  pres.  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Society.  He  pub. 
"Observations  on  the  Govt,  of  the  U.  S.," 
1791 ;  "A  Dissertation  on  the  Stability  of  the 
States  ;  "  "  The  Path  to  Riches,  or  Disserta- 
tion on  Banks  ;  "  "  History  of  Maine,"  1795  ; 
"  Impartial  Review  of  the  Causes,  «Sdc.,  of  the 
French  Revol,,"  8vo,  1798 ;  "  Corrcsp.  with  Col. 
Pickering,"  1808;  "History  of  Land-Titles  in 
Ms.,"  1801;  "  Dissertation  on  the  Const.  Lib- 
erty of  the  Press,"  1801 ;  "  A  History  of  the 
Penobscot  Indians,"  in  the  Ms.  Hist.  "  Colls. ;  " 
and  "The  Altar  of  Baal  Torn  Down,"  8vo, 
1795.  His  Life,  with  selections  from  his  writ- 
ings, by  his  grandson  Thos.  C.  Amory,  was  pub. 
2  vols.  8vo,  1859. 

Sullivan,  John,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1780),  maj.- 
gen.  Revol.  armv,  b.  Berwick,  Me.,  Feb.  17, 
1740;  d.  Durham,  N.H.,  Jan.  23,  1795.  He 
practised  law  with  success  in  Durham,  and 
from  1772  held  the  commission  of  major.  In 
1774  he  was  a  member  of  the  first  Gen.  Con- 
gress, and  in  Dec.  led,  with  John  Langdon,  a 
force   against   Fort   William  and  Mary,   near 


&XTL, 


883 


STTL. 


Portsmouth,  and  took  100  barrels  of  f>:un powder 
(afterward  used  at  Bunker's  Hill),  15  cannon, 
small-arms,  and  stores  ;  June  22,  1*775,  he  was 
app.  by  Congress  a  brig.-gen.,  and  com.  on 
Winter  Hill  at  the  siege  of  Boston  ;  after  the 
evacuation  he  was  sent  with  re-enforcements  to 
the  northern  army  in  Canada,  of  which  he 
took  com.  June  2,  1776;  planned  the  unsuc- 
cessful attack  upon  the  British  at  Trois 
Rivieres,  and,  in  effecting  his  retreat  from  the 
Province,  displayed  skill  and  resolution.  Con- 
gress having  app.  Gates  to  that  dept.,  Sullivan 
joined  the  army  under  Washington.  Made  a 
maj.-gen.  Aug.  10,  1776,  he  acted  under  Put- 
nam on  Long  Island,  and  on  the  disastrous 
day  of  Aug.  27,  1776,  was  taken  prisoner,  but 
was  soon  exchanged  for  Gen.  Prescott,  and 
was  with  Washington  in  the  autumn  at  West- 
chester. After  Lee's  capture,  Sullivan  took 
com.  of  his  division,  led  the  right  at  Trenton, 
did  good  service  at  Princeton,  and  during  the 
rest  of  the  season  protected  the  lines  at  Morris- 
town  ;  Aug.  22,  1777,  he  made  a  descent  on 
Staten  Island,  which  came  near  being  success- 
ful. He  com.  the  right  wing  at  Brandywine, 
and  was  fully  exonerated  by  Washington  and 
Lafayette  from  the  charge  of  being  responsible 
for  that  defeat.  He  defeated  and  drove  the 
British  left  at  Germantown;  but  mistakes  on 
the  Amer.  left,  occasioned  by  the  fog,  changed  a 
victory  into  a  repulse.  In  Aug.  1778  he  com. 
in  Rhode  Island ;  but  deprived  of  the  expected 
co-operation  of  D'Estaing's  fleet,  upon  which 
success  depended,  Sullivan  was  obliged  to  raise 
the  siege.  At  I5utt's  Hill,  on  the  29th,  he 
repulsed  the  enemy,  and  withdrew  from  the 
island  with  slight  loss.  In  1779  he  com.  an 
exped.  against  the  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations, 
laid  waste  their  settlements,  and,  Aug.  29,  in- 
flicted a  severe  defeat  on  the  Indians  under 
Brant,  and  Tories  under  Sir  John  Johnson,  at 
Newtown,  in  Western  N.  Y.  Owing  to  his 
shattered  health,  he  then  resigned,  and  received 
a  vote  of  thanks  from  Congress.  In  the  au- 
tumn of  1780  he  again  took  his  seat  in  Con- 
gress, and  was  chairman  of  the  com.  which 
aided  in  suppressing  the  mutiny  of  the  Pa. 
troops  in  1781.  Resuming  practice  in  N.H., 
he  was  atty.-gen.  in  1782-6,  and  was  in  1786- 
9  president  of  the  State  ;  member  of  the  State 
Const.  Conv.  of  1784;  State  councillor  1785  ; 
a  commissioner  to  settle  the  "  New-Hampshire 
grant"  trouble  with  Vt.  In  1786  he  saved  the 
State  from  anarchy  by  his  intrepidity  and  good 
management,  and  in  1788  secured  the  adoption 
of  the  Federal  Constitution.  From  1789  till 
his  death  he  was  U.S.  judge  of  N.H.  His 
Life,  by  O.  W.  B.  Peaibody,  is  in  Sparks's 
"Amer.  Biog.  ;"  and  another,  by  Thomas  C. 
Amory,  was  pub.  1868.  His  youngest  son, 
George  (b.  29  Aug.  1771,  d.  14  June,  1838, 
H.U.  1790),  was  an  eminent  lawyer.  M.  C. 
181 1-n  ;  atty.-gen.  of  N.H.  1806-7  and  1816- 
36.  He  published  orations,  addresses,  and 
pamphlets. 

Sullivan,  John  Langdon,  M.D.  (Y.C. 
1837),  engineer  and  inventor,  son  of  Gov. 
James,  b.  Saco,  Me.,  Apr.  9,  1777 ;  d.  Boston, 
Feb.  9,  1865.  H.U.  1807.  After  engaging  in 
mercantile  business,  he  travelled  in  Europe, 
studying  the  construction  of  canals  in  France 


and  Eng. ;  and  in  1 804  was  app.  agent  and  engr. 
of  the  Middlesex  Canal,  between  Boston  and 
Concord,  N.H.,  and  for  the  improvement  of  the 
Merrimack.  He  invented  a  steam  tow-boat,  for 
which  he  received  a  patent  in  1814  in  prefer- 
ence to  Fulton,  his  priority  of  discovery  being 
fully  shown.  In  1824  he  was  app.  by  Pres. 
Monroe  associate  civil  engr.  of  the  board  of 
int.  improvements  ;  which  post  he  resigned  in 
1825,  after  reporting  the  practicability  of  a 
canal  across  the  Alleghanies.  In  1837  he  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  medicine  at  New 
Haven ;  afterward  adopted  the  homcEopathic 
system,  and  made  some  important  inventions 
and  discoveries  both  in  medicine  and  surgery. 
In  1847  he  removed  to  New  York. 

Sullivan,  William,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1826), 
lawyer  and  scholar,  b.  Saco,  Me.,  30  Nov. 
1774;  d.  Boston  3  Sept.  1839.  H.U.  1792. 
Son  of  Gen.  James.  He  acquired  a  lucrative 
practice  at  the  Suffolk  bar  ;  was  frequently  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  and  council  of  Ms.  be- 
tween 1804  and  1830  ;  a  delegate  to  the  State 
Const.  Conv.  of  1820;  brig.-gen.  of  militia; 
and  was  a  member  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc,  and  of  the  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  He  was  an  elegant  belles-lettres 
scholar,  and  a  persuasive  orator.  He  pub.,  be- 
sides addresses,  "  Familiar  Letters  on  the 
Public  Men  of  the  Revol.,"  1834,  in  vin- 
dication of  the  Federal  party;  "Sea-Life," 
1837  ;  "  Political  Class-Book,"  1830  ;  "  Moral 
Class-Book,"  1833;  "Hist.  Class-Book;" 
"  Historical  Causes  and  Effects,"  1837.  To  an 
enlarged  edition  of  "  The  Public  Men  of  the 
Revol.,"  Phila.  1847,  his  Life  was  prefixed  by 
his  son,  John  Turner  Sargeant,  b.  Bos- 
ton, 1813,  d.  there  30  Dec.  1848.  He  was 
educated  in  Germany ;  practised  law  in  Phila. 
and  St.  Louis  ;  and  was  the  author  of  many 
well-known  songs  and  translations  from  the 
German.  His  social  and  convivial  qualities 
were  extraordinary. 

Sully,  Alfred,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Pa.  ab.  1820.  West  Point,  1841.  Entering 
the  2d  Inf.,  he  served  in  Florida  war  1841-2  ;  at 
the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mex.,  Mar.  1847  ;  capt. 
2d  Inf.  23  Feb.  1852;  col.  Ist  Minn.  Vols.  22 
Feb.  1862  ;  maj.  8th  Inf  15  Mar.  1862  ;  brig.- 
gen.  vols.  26  Sept.  1862  ;  lieut.-col.  3d  Inf  28 
July,  1866  ;  assigned  to  19th  Inf  15  Dec.  1870. 
He  com.  a  brigade  in  the  Peninsular  campaign  ; 
and  was  brev.  lieut.-col.  1  June,  1862,  for  Fair 
Oaks;  col.  1  July,  1862,  for  Malvern  Hill; 
was  engaged  at  South  Mountain,  Antietam, 
Fredericksburg,  and  Chancellorsville ;  com.  a 
brigade  in  Dakotah  in  1863-6;  and  13  Mar. 
1865  was  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  for  gallant 
and  merit,  services  in  campaign  against  the  In- 
dians in  the  North-west,  and  at  the  battle  of 
White-stone  Hill,  Dak.  Terr.,  3  Sept.  1863.— 
Cull  urn. 

Sully,  Thomas,  painter,  b.  Hornoastle, 
Lincoinshh-e,  Eng.,  June,  1783.  He  came  to 
the  U.S.  with  his  parents,  who  were  players,  in 
1792,  and  began  to  paint  in  1798  at  Charleston, 
S.C.  He  established  himself  as  a  port.-painter 
in  Richmond,  Va.,  in  1803,  and  a  few  years 
after  in  N.  Y.,  where  he  had  a  lucrative  practice. 
In  1809  he  went  to  Phila.,  where  he  has  since 
resided,  specially  excelling  in  delineating  female 


SUM 


884 


stjm: 


loveliness.  Among  his  large  works  are  full- 
iengths  of  George  Frederic  Cooke  as  "  Richard 
the  Third,"  Dr.  Renjamin  Rush,  Commodore 
Decatur,  Jefferson,  and  Lafayette.  His  well- 
known  picture  of  "  Washington  crossing  the 
Delaware"  is  in  possession  of  the  Boston  Mu- 
seum. During  a  visit  to  Eng.  in  1837-8,  he 
painted  a  full-length  of  Queen  Victoria,  es- 
teemed a  very  faitJiful  likeness.  His  portraits 
of  Cooke,  Mrs.  Wood  the  singer,  and  Fanny 
Kemble,  are  among  the  most  successful  of  his 
eflForts. 

Summerfleld,  Johx,  an  eloquent  preach- 
er, b.  Preston,  Eng.,  Jan.  31,  1798;  d.  N.Y. 
June  13,  1825.  A.M.  of  N.J.  Coll.  1822.  He 
was  educated  at  a  Moravian  scliool ;  was  des- 
tined by  his  father  for  the  Mcth.  ministry,  and 
exhibited  great  precocity  of  intellect,  but,  fall- 
ing into  bad  habits,  was  at  one  time  in  prison 
in  Liverpool.  His  father  removed  to  Dublin 
in  1813,  where,  at  the  age  of  1 9,  the  son  joined 
the  Wesleyan  society.  Becoming  a  preacher 
in  the  Irish  conf.  in  1819,  he  in  1821  came  with 
his  father  to  Amer.,  and  was  received  as  a 
preacher  in  the  N.Y.  conf.  In  1822  he  visited 
Phila.,  Baltimore,  and  Washington  ;  but  his 
constitution,  naturally  feeble,gave  way ;  and,  to 
restore  his  health,  he  sailed  in  December  for 
France.  After  visiting  Eng.,  he  returned  to 
N.Y.  in  April,  1824,  with  little  improvement 
of  health,  but  continued  to  travel,  and  to  preacli 
with  great  success,  and  aided  in  founding  the 
Amer.  Tract  Society.  His  "  Sermons,  and 
Sketches  of  Sermons,"  were  pub.  in  N. Y.,  one 
vol.  8vo,  and  a  Biography,  by  John  Holland, 
8vo,  N.Y.  1829. 

Summers,  Thomas  Osmond,  D.D., 
clergyman,  b.  near  Corfe  Castle,  Dorsetshire, 
Eng.,  Oct.  11,  1812.  He  came  to  the  U.S.  in 
his  18th  year.  Became  a  Meth.  in  1832; 
began  to  preach  in  1 834  ;  adm.  to  the  Baltimore 
conf.  in  183.5  ;  and  app.  on  the  Augusta  cir- 
cuit, Va.,  where  he  had  to  travel  250  miles, 
and  preach  30  sermons,  a  month.  In  Dec. 
1840  he  was  one  of  the  9  preachers  who  con- 
stituted the  first  Texas  conf. ;  in  1844  he  was 
a  member  of  that  of  Ala. ;  sec.  of  the  conv. 
at  Louisville,  Ky.,  at  which  the  M.E.  Church 
south  was  organized  ;  and  in  1846  was  app. 
assist,  editor  of  the  Southern  Christian  Advocate, 
and  chairman  of  the  com.  to  compile  the  new 
hymn-book  ;  in  1 850  he  was  elected  by  the  Gen. 
Conf.  its  editor  of  books  and  tracts,  of  the<S'H?i- 
daij-school  Visitor,  and  in  1858  also  of  its  Quar- 
tcrlif  Review.  He  has  been  sec.  of  every  general 
conference.  Beside  numerous  tnicts  and 
pamphlets,  he  has  written  "A  Treatise  on 
Baptism,"  "A  Treatise  on  Holiness,"  "The 
Sunday-school  Teacher,"  "  Seasons,  Months, 
and  Days,"  "  Talks  Pleasant  and  Profitable," 
"  The  Golden  Censer,"  "  Scripture  Catechism," 
2  vols.,  and  a  "  Refutation  of  Thomas  Paine's 
Theological  Writings." 

Sumner,  Charles,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1859), 
orator  and  statesman,  b.  Boston,  Jan.  6,  1811. 
H.U.  1830;  Camb.  Law  Scliool,  1834.  Job, 
his  grandfather,  major  Revol.  army,  d.  16  Sept. 
1789.  Charles  Pinckney.  his  father  (b.  Miltfm, 
Ms.,  20  Jan.  1776,  d. 'Boston  2  Apr.  1839, 
H.U.  1796),  high  sheriflTof  Suffolk  Co.  1825-39, 
pub.  "  Eulogy  on  Washington,"  1800;  •'  The 


Compass,"  a  poem,  del.  at  H.U.  Sept.  1795  ; 
and  delivered  addresses  and  poems  on  various 
occasions.  Charles  began  practice  at  Boston, 
1834,  and  was  app.  reporter  of  the  Circuit 
Court;  lectured  to  the  Camb.  Law  School  in 
1835-7,  1843  ;  travelled  in  Europe  in  1837-40, 
1857-8,  and  in  1851  succeeded  Daniel  Webster 
as  U.S.  senator.  After  the  delivery  of  his 
famous  speech,  "  The  Crime  against  Kansas," 
May  19-20,  1856,  he  was  assaulted,  while  in 
his'seat,  by  Preston  S.  Brooks,  M.C.  from  S. 
Carolina,  and  so  severely  injured  as  to  be  un- 
able to  resume  his  public  duties  for  3  or  4  years. 
He  took  an  active  part  as  a  public  speaker  in 
opposition  to  the  annexation  of  Texas,  in  sup- 
port of  Van  Buren  for  the  presidency  in  1848, 
and  was  identified  with  the  peace  and  anti- 
slavery  movements  of  the  day.  In  the  senate 
he  opposed  the  fugitive-slave  act  in  a  speech,  in 
which  he  declared,  "  Freedom  is  national,  and 
slavery  sectional."  In  the  debates  on  the 
repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise,  and  on  the 
contest  in  Kansas,  he  took  a  leading  part.  On 
resuming  his  seat  in  the  senate,  his  first  speech 
was  on  "  The  Barbarism  of  Slavery,"  June  4, 
1860.  He  early  proposed  emancipation  as  the 
speediest  method  of  ending  the  Rebellion  ;  and 
from  Mar.  4,  1861,  to  1870,  was  chairman  of 
the  senate  com.  on  foreign  affairs.  In  1831  he 
became  chief  editor  of  the  Amer.  .Jurist ;  edited 
"  Dunlap  on  Admiralty,"  1836  ;  3  vols,  of  Cir- 
cuit-Ct.  Reports,  1829-39;  with  J.  C.  Per- 
kins, edited  Vesey's  "  Chancery  Reports,"  20 
vols.  8vo ;  wrote  for  Galignani's  Messenger  a 
defence  of  our  N.E.  boundary-claims ;  and 
suggested  to  Mr.  Wheaton  a  work  on  the  Law 
of  Nations.  Among  his  orations,  speeches, 
arc  "The  True  Grandeur  of  Nations,"  1845; 
"  The  Scholar,  the  Jurist,  the  Artist,  the 
Philanthropist,"  1846;  "Fame  and  Glory," 
1847  ;  "  White  Slavery  in  theBarbary  States," 
1847;  "Law  of  Human  Progress,"  1848; 
"Finger-Point  from  Plymouth  Rock,"  1853; 
"  Landmark  of  Freedom,"  1854  ;  "  The  Anti- 
slavery  Enterprise,"  1855;  "Position  and 
Duties  of  the  Merchant,"  1855 ;  "  Our  Foreign 
Relations,"  1863  ;  "  The  Case  of  the  Florida," 
1864;  "The  Provisions  of  the  Decl.  of  In- 
dep. ;  "  "  Eulogy  on  Abraham  Lincoln,"  1865  ; 
"  The  National  Security  and  the  National 
Faith,"  1865;  "Our  Claims  on  England," 
Apr.  13,  1869.  A  coll.  of  his  speeches  was 
pub.  2  vols.  1850;  recent  speeches  and  ad- 
dresses, 1856 ;  his  complete  works,  with  a 
Memoir  by  Dr.  Charles  A.  Phelps,  are  now  in 
press  (Lee  &  Shepard,  Boston,  1870-2). 

Sumner,  Edwin  Vose,  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Boston,  Ms.,  Jan.  1796  ;  d.  Syracuse,  N.Y., 
Mar.  21,  1863.  Son  of  Seth.  His  youth  was 
passed  at  Milton ;  and  his  early  education  was 
received  at  the  acad.  there.  At  15  he  entered 
a  mercantile  establishment  at  Montreal,  and  in 
1812  pursued  the  same  career  with  Stephen 
Higginson,  jun.,  of  Boston.  App.  in  March, 
1819,  2d  lieut.  2d  Inf ,  he  served  in  the  Black- 
Hawk  war;  1st  lieut.  July,  1823;  capt.  2d 
Dragoons,  March,  1833  ;  served  many  years  on 
the  Indian  frontier ;  maj.  2d  Dragoons,  June 
30, 1846 ;  in  April,  1847,  led  the  famous  cavalry 
charge  at  CeiTo  Gordo  ;  wounded,  and  brevet- 
ted  lieut.-col. ;  disting.  at  Contreras  and  Churu- 


sum: 


885 


sum: 


busco  ;  and  at  Molino  del  Rey  com.  the  entire 
cavalry,  holding  in  check  5,000  Mexican  lan- 
cers ;  for  his  gallantry  brev.  col. ;  disting.  in 
Col,  Harney's  affair  atMedelin,  Mex.,  Mar.  25, 
1847;  lieut.-col.  1st  Drags.  July  13,  1848;  col. 
Mar.  3, 1855  ;  milit.  gov.  of  N.  Mexico  1851-3, 
when  selected  for  special  duty  in  Europe.  In 
July,  1857,  he  led  a  successful  exped.  against 
the  Chcycnnes,  whom  he  defeated  at  Solomon's 
Fork  of  the  Kansas  River.  In  March,  1861, 
he  superseded  Gen.  A.  S.  Johnston  in  the  com. 
of  the  Pacific  dept. ;  became  brig.-gen.  Mar. 
16,  1861  ;  maj.-gen.  U.S.  Vols.  July  11,  1862  ; 
brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  May  21,  'l862.  He 
com.  the  1st  corps  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac ; 
com.  the  left  wing  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown  ; 
and  was  in  all  the  battles  of  the  Peninsula, 
and  twice  wounded.  At  Fair  Oaks  he  ren- 
dered most  important  service,  and  earned  his 
promotion.  Assigned  to  com.  the  2d  corps  on 
the  re-organization  of  the  army,  he  was  wounded 
at  Antietam  ;  and  at  Fredericksburg,  13  Dec. 
1 862,  com.  the  right  grand  division  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac.  He  left  two  sons,  Edvtin 
v.,  Jun.,  and  Samuel  S.,  both  capts.  of 
cavalry,  U.S.A. 

Sumner,  George,  M.D.,  physician,  and 
prof,  of  hbranv  at  Trin.  Coll.,  Hartford,  b.  Pom- 
tret,  Ct.,  Dec'  19,  1793;  d.  Hartford,  Feb.  20, 
1855.  Y.C.  1813.  He  studied  med.  at  New 
Haven  and  at  Phila. ;  established  himself  in 
Hartford  in  1819,  and  for  several  years  deliv- 
ered lectures  on  botany  to  young  ladies.  In  1 820 
he  pub.  a  compendium  of  Physiological  and 
Systematic  Botany. 

Sumner,-  George,  son  of  C.  P.,  and  bro. 
of  Charles,  b.  Boston,  Feb.  5,  1817  ;  d.  there 
Oct.  6,  1863.  He  studied  at  Heidelberg  and 
Berlin,  and  travelled  many  years  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Africa,  acquainting  himself  with  in- 
ternat.  law,  the  codes  politic,  institutions, 
and  philanthropic  organizations,  of  each  coun- 
try. To  his  labors,  in  conjunction  with  those 
of  Dr.  S.  G.  Howe,  we  owe  the  establishment 
here  of  schools  for  idiots.  He  was  often  con- 
sulted by  foreign  govts,  upon  questions  of  polit. 
economy ;  and  such  men  as  Humboldt  and  De 
Tocqueviile  paid  tribute  to  his  learning  and 
accuracy.  Between  Nov.  1  and  Mar.  15, 1860, 
he  delivered  102  lectures  in  the  U.S.  He  pub. 
Memoirs  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Leyden,  "  Ms.  Hist. 
Colls.,"  3d  ser.  vol.  ix. :  "  The  Pa.  System  of 
Prison  Discipline,"  1847;  "Progress  of  Re- 
form in  France,"  1853;  oration  bef.  the  city 
authorities  of  Boston,  July  4, 1859.  Author 
also  of  many  articles  in  American  and  foreign 
periodicals.  —  Allibone. 

Sumner,  Increase,  LL.D.,  judge,  and 
gov.  of  Ms.  1797-9,  b.  Roxbury,  Nov.  27, 
1746;  d.  June  7,  1799.  H.U.  1767.  His  an- 
cestor William,  of  Oxfordshire,  Eng.,  settled 
in  Dorchester,  Ms.,  ab.  1635,  and  held  various 
public  offices.  Increase  his  father,  a  prosper- 
ous farmer,  d.  Nov.  28,  1774.  The  son  taught 
school  at  Roxbury  two  years,  studied  law  in 
the  office  of  Samuel  Quincy,  was  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1770,  and  commenced  practice  in  Rox- 
bury. Representative  in  1776-80  ;  a  senator  in 
1780-2  ;  and  in  Aug.  1782-97  was  an  assoc. 
judge  of  the  Sup.  Jud.  Court ;  member  of  the 
State  Const.  Conv.  1779,  and  in  1789  of  that 


assembled  for  the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution. He  m.  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  William 
Hyslop.  —  Geneal.  R'-g.,  viii.  105. 

Sumner,  Gen.  Jethuo,  b.  Va. ;  d.  War- 
ren Co.,  N.C.  Wm.  his  father  emig.  from 
England  ab.  1690,  and  settled  near  Suffolk, 
Va.  Jethro  was  in  i760  app.  paymaster  in  the 
prov.  army  of  that  State,  and  com.  of  Fort 
Cumberland.  By  the  Prov.  Coiiyress  which 
met  at  Halifax,  Apr.  4,  1776,  he  was  app.  col. 
of  the  3d  Regt.,  with  which  he  joined  the  army 
of  Washington  at  the  north;  Jan.  9,  1779,  ho 
was  app.  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  cont.  service ;  and  in 
1 780  was  engaged  in  the  disastrous  battle  near 
Camden.  He  was  actively  engaged  in  N.C. 
until  he  joined  Greene  upon  the  High  Hilis  of 
San  tee.  He  was  at  the  battle  of  Eutaw ;  and, 
after  the  abduction  of  Governor  Burke,  he  was 
sent  by  Greene  into  N.C.  to  overawe  the  Tories 
and  encourage  the  Whigs.  After  the  war. 
Gen.  Sumner  m.  a  wealthy  widow  at  Newborn. 
He  was  buried  near  old  Shocco  Chapel,  and 
Bute  Old  Court  House.  His  dau.  m.  Hon. 
Thos.  Blount  of  Edgecombe.  —  Wheeler's  N.C\ 

Sumner,  Gen.  William  Hyslop,  h. 
Dorchester,  Ms.,  4  July,  1780;  d.  Jamaica 
Plain,  Ms.,  24  Oct.  1861.  H.U.  1799.  Son 
of  Gov.  Increase.  He  studied  and  practised 
law  in  Boston ;  was  a  member  of  the  Ms. 
legisl.  in  1808-19,  and  adj.-gen.  in  1818-34, 
Active  in  the  improvement  and  settlement  of 
East  Boston.  He  pub.  "  Memoir  of  Gov.  Inc. 
Sumner,"  and  "Reminiscences,"  1854;  and  a 
"History  of  East  Boston,"  8vo,  1858.  —  See 
Geneal.  Reg.,  1862. 

Sumter,  Thomas,  maj.-gen.,  b.  Va.  1734; 
d.  at  his  residence,  South  Mount.,  near  Camden, 
S.C,  June  1,  1832.  He  was  a  vol.  in  the  old 
French  war ;  was  present  at  Braddock's  defeat, 
and  early  in  life  removed  to  the  up])er  part  of 
S.C.  He  took  part  in  the  warfare  against  the 
Cherokees,  and  at  its  close  accomp.  "  Oconos- 
totah,"  or  the  "Emperor,"  to  Eng.  on  a  visit, 
returning  home  in  1763.  He  was  prominent 
in  the  early  ante-Revol.  movements  at  Charles- 
ton ;  in  March,  1776,  was  app.  lieut.-col.  2d 
Regt.  of  riflemen,  and  stationed  in  the  interior 
of  the  State  to  overawe  Indians  and  loyal- 
ists. On  the  fall  of  Charleston  in  May,  1780, 
Sumter,  then  a  col.,  took  refuge  in  the  swamps 
of  the  Santee,  and,  on  the  burning  and  rava- 
ging of  his  estate,  retired  to  N.C.,  where  he 
soon  raised  a  larger  force  than  he  could  arm ; 
July  12,  1780,  he  attacked  a  British  detach- 
ment on  the  Catawba,  totally  routed  and  dis- 
persed the  whole  force,  killed  Capt.  Huck,  who 
com.  the  British,  and  Col.  Ferguson,  who  com. 
the  Tories.  This  success  brought  him  re-eii- 
forcements,  and  with  600  men  he  made  a  spi- 
rited attack  on  the  post  at  Rocky  Mount, 
Aug.  1,  but,  having  no  artillery,  was  repulsed. 
In  July  he  had  been  made  a  brig.-gen.  in  the 
State  militia.  Aug.  6  he  attacked  the  postal 
Hanging  Rock,  where  he  annihilated  the 
Prince  of  Wales's  regt.,  and  put  to  flight  a  large 
body  of  N.C.  Tories ;  on  the  16th  Aug.  he 
captured  a  valuable  convoy  on  the  road  from 
Charleston  to  Camden,  but  on  the  18th  was  over- 
taken, surprised,  and  completely  routed  by 
Tarleton  at  Fishing  Creek ;  in  3  days,  how- 
ever, he  was  again  at  the  head  of  a  respectable 


SUN" 


886 


STVA. 


force.  He  shifted  his  position  frequently  in 
the  vicinity  of  Broad,  Ennoree,  and  Tiger  rivers, 
maintaining  a  continual  skirmishing  with  the 
enemy,  beating  up  their  quarters,  cutting  off 
their  supplies,  and  harassing  them  by  incessant 
incursions  and  alarms.  Nov.  12,  he  was  at- 
tacked at  Broad  River  by  a  British  corps, 
whom  he  defeated,  taking  prisoner  their  com., 
Maj.  Wemys.  Nov.  20,  he  was  attacked  at 
Blaakstocks  by  Tarleton,  whom  he  repulsed 
after  a  severe  and  obstinate  action.  Sumter, 
however,  received  a  severe  wound  in  the  shoul- 
der, which  for  several  months  interrupted  his 
gallant  career.  Jan.  13,  1781,  he  received  the 
thanks  of  Congress'  for  his  eminent  services. 
Cornwallis,  writing  to  Tarleton  after  this  affair, 
says,  "  I  shall  be  very  glad  to  hear  that  Sum- 
ter is  in  a  condition  to  give  us  no  further  trou- 
ble. He  certainly  has  been  our  greatest 
plague  in  this  country."  Recovering  from  his 
wound  early  in  Feb.  1781,  he  crossed  the  Con- 
garee,  and  destroyed  the  magazines  at  Fort 
Granby  ;  two  days  after,  he  defeated  an  escort 
of  the  enemy,  and  captured  the  wagons  and 
stores  they  were  conveying  to  Camden.  At- 
tacked on  the  Broad  River  by  Maj.  Fraser 
with  a  large  force,  he  repulsed  him  with  loss. 
In  March,  1781,  he  raised  3  regts.,  and  co-op- 
erated with  Marion  until  the  end  of  the  war, 
striking  many  successful  blows.  May  10, 1781, 
he  captured  the  British  post  at  Orangeburg; 
he  soon  after  captured  the  posts  at  Dorchester 
and  Monk's  Corner.  He  was  a  distinguished 
member  of  the  conv.  to  adopt  the  Federal 
Const.,  which  he  approved.  He  was  minister 
to  Brazil  in  1809-11;  M.C.  in  1789-93  and 
1797-1802;  and  U.S.  senator  in  1801-10.  His 
son  Col.  Thomas  d.  near  Statesburg,  S.C., 
June  15,  1840,  a.  71. 

Sunderland,  Rev.  La  Roy,  b.  Exeter, 
E.I.,  1804;  became  a  Meth.  preacher  at  Wal- 
pole,  Ms.,  1823.  He  has  lectured  and  pub.  on 
the  subjects  of  temperance,  slavery,  Mormon- 
ism,  magnetism,  pathetism,  spiritualism,  and 
the  method  of  healing  without  medicine.  Ed- 
ited the  Watchman,  N.Y.,  1836-43;  the  Mag- 
net, 1842-3  ;  the  Spirit -World,  Boston,  1850- 
2  ;  and  has  contrib.  to  Zion's  Herald,  Christ. 
Advocate,  Meth.  Quart.  Rev.,  Bost.  Investigator, 
Spiritual  Telegraph,  N.Y.,  &x\di  Herald  of  Prog- 
ress.—  Allibone. 

Susini  (Hinckley)  Isabella,  vocalist; 
d.  New  York,  July  6,  1862.  Dau.  of  a  physi- 
cian of  Albany.  She  early  manifested  a  taste  for 
music ;  and,  her  voice  being  an  excellent  sopra- 
no, great  care  was  spent  upon  her  vocal  educa- 
tion. At  17  she  went  to  Italy;  studied  there 
2  years  under  the  best  masters ;  then  appeared 
in  Italian  opera  in  several  European  capitals, 
and  on  her  return,  in  several  American  cities, 
being  everywhere  favorably  received.  In  1861 
she  m.  Sig.  Susini,  the  well-known  basso. 

Sutcllff,  Robert,  a  Friend,  in  mercantile 
business  at  Sheffield,  removed  with  his  family 
to  the  vicinity  of  Phila.  in  1811,  and  d.  in  that 
year  of  a  fever  contracted  while  assisting  in  ex- 
tinguishing a  fire.  Author  of  "  Travels  in 
Some  Parts  of  N.A.  in  1804-6,"  Phila.  1812.  — 
Allil)one. 

Sutherland,  Joel  B.,  b.  1791  ;  d.  Phila. 
Nov.  15, 1861.     U.  of  Pa.  1812.    He  served  in 


the  war  of  1812 ;  was  afterward  in  the  Pa. 
legisl. ;  M.C.  1827-37,  and  chairman  of  the 
com.  on  commerce  1835-7  ;  and  a  judge  of  the 
Phila.  C.  C.  Pleas.  Author  of  "  Manual  of 
Legislative  Practice,"  1830;  "Congressional 
Manual,"  1839. 

Sutliffe,  Albert,  poet,  b.  Meriden,  Ct., 
ab.  1830.  Pub.  a  vol.  of  poems,  Boston,  1859. 
He  contrib.  to  the  National  Era,  Genius  of  the 
West,  Cincin.,  1854.  Taught  a  private  school 
in  Ky. ;  and  since  1855  has  resided  in  Minne- 
sota. —  See  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West. 

Suydam,  James  A.,  landscape-painter, 
b.  New  York;  d.  N.  Conway,  N.H.,  Sept.  15, 
1865.  He  was  of  an  old  N.  Y.  family ;  possessed 
a  competency,  and  devoted  much  of  his  time 
and  income  to  the  encouragement  of  art  and 
the  aid  of  struggling  merit.  His  "  Long-Island 
Shore  "  is  a  characteristic  landscape.  —  Tucker- 
man. 

Swain,  David  Lowry,  LL.D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1841),  statesman  and  educator,  b.  near  Ashe- 
ville,  N.C.,  Jan.  4,  1801  ;  d.  Chapel  Hill,  N.C, 
Sept.  3,  1868.  U.  of  N.C.  His  father  was  b. 
Roxbury,  Ms.  He  was  adm.  to  the  N.C.  bar  in 
1 823 ;  soon  entered  on  a  lucrative  practice ; 
in  1824  was  elected  to  represent  Buncombe  Co. 
in  the  house  of  commons  ;  in  1831  was  app.  a 
judge  of  the  Sup.  Court ;  in  1 832-5  was  gov. 
of  the  State ;  and  from  that  time  until  his 
death  was  pres.  of  the  U.  of  N.C.  He  pub. 
"British  Invasion  of  N.C.  in  1776,"  8vo,  1853; 
and  contrib.  many  valuable  papers  on  the  His- 
tory of  N.C.  to  the  University  Mag.  —  See  N.E. 
Hist.  Geneal.  Reg.,  xxiv.  349. 

Swain,  Col.  James  B.,  engr.  in  chief 
State  of  N.Y.,  b.  N.Y.  City  1820.  Has  pub. 
"  Life  and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay,"  2  vols. 
8vo,  1842;  "  Military  Hist,  of  N.Y.  1861-5," 
3  vols.  8vo;  Editor  Hudson-River  Chronicle 
1843-9 ;  co-editor  N.  Y.  Tribune  1849-51  ; 
Dailg  Times  1851-7;  editor  Albany  Statesman 
1856-61.  —  Allibone. 

Swan,  Maj.  Caleb,  paymaster  Rcvol. 
army,  and  paymaster-gen.  U.S.A.  1792-1808; 
d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Nov.  20,  1809.  He  pub. 
"  Some  Account,  &c.,  of  the  N.  Western  Lakes 
of  America,"  1798.  Caleb,  schoolmaster, 
trader,  and  commiss.  in  the  Revol.  army  (son 
of  Col.  Joshua  of  Methuen,  Ai)r.  12,  1718),  d. 
Jan.  17,  1793.  Caleb,  licut.  in  Hale's  regt. 
at  capture  of  Louisbui-g,  1745. 

Swan,  CoL.  James,  merchant,  politician, 
soldier,  and  author  before  the  age  of  22,  b. 
Fifeshire,  Scotland,  1754;  d.  Paris,  18  Mar. 
1831.  He  came  veiy  young  to  Boston;  was 
a  clerk  in  a  store;  pub.  in  1772  "A  Dissua- 
sion to  Great  Britain  and  the  Colonies  from 
the  Slave-Trade  to  Africa ; "  was  one  of  the 
"Boston  Tea-Party"in  Dec.  1773;  was  sec. 
of  the  patriotic  assemblies  of  the  time ;  ac- 
comp.  Gen.  Warren  as  his  aide  to  Bunker's 
Hill,  and  was  wounded  at  his  side ;  next  acted 
as  treasurer  and  receiver-gen. ;  became  a  capt. 
in  Craft's  regt.  of  art.  in  1776,  and  took  part 
in  the  exped.  which  drove  the  British  fleet  out 
of  Boston  harbor ;  was  sec.  to  the  Ms.  Board 
of  War ;  member  of  the  legisl.  in  1 778  ;  and 
afterwards  adj.-gen.  of  Ms.  Deeply  in  debt,  he 
went  to  Paris  in  1787  ;  became  known  there  by 
his  work  on  the  Commerce  of  the  U.S.  wita 


SW-A. 


887 


ST\a 


France  (8vo,  1790)  ;  acquired  reputation  and 
a  fortune;  came  to  the  U.S.  in  1795,  and  dis- 
played great  charity  and  munificence.  Ee- 
turning  to  Europe  in  1798,  he  was  engaged  in 
commercial  atiairs  of  great  magnitude.  On  the 
claim  of  a  German  with  whom  he  had  dealt, 
Swan  was  imprisoned  in  St.  Pelagic,  in  Paris, 
in  1815,  and  remained  there  until  July,  1830; 
keeping  up  all  the  while  an  indefatigable 
litigation  in  the  French  courts.  He  was  a 
man  of  large  enterprise  and  benevolence,  man- 
ly in  person,  and  dignified  in  manner.  His 
other  works  are  "On  the  Fisheries,"  1784; 
"Fisheries  of  Ms./'  1786;  "National  Arith- 
metic," 1786;  &c. 

Swan,  Joseph  R.,  of  Columbus,  O.,  b. 
Westernville,  N.Y.,  1802.  Has  pub.  "  Trea- 
tise on  Justices,"  8th  ed.,  1862  ;  "  Statutes  of 
Ohio,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1860;  "Manual  for  Ex- 
ecutors and  Administrators,"  1843;  "Practice 
and  Pleadings,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1860;  "  Com- 
mentaries on  Pleadings,"  &c.,  1860;  "Supple- 
ment to  the  Rev.  Statutes  of  Ohio,"  1869.  — 
—  Allibone. 

Swan,  Timothy,  of  Suffield,  Ct.,  compos- 
er; d.  Northfield,  July  23, 1842,  a.  82.  Author 
of  "  China,"  "  Poland,"  and  other  pieces  of 
sacred  music ;  also  "  New-England  Harmony," 
1801. 

Swan,  William  Draper,  many  years 
principal  of  the  Mayhew  Grammar  School, 
Boston,  afterward  a  bookseller  and  prominent 
politician  in  that  city,  b.  Dorchester  17  Nov. 
1809  ;  d.  there  2  Nov.  1864.  Member  of  the 
Ms.  senate  1862.  Author  of  a  valuable  series 
of  Readers,  and  in  connection  with  his  bro. 
Robert,  and  Daniel  Leach,  of  a  series  of  Arith- 
metics ;  also  "  The  Critic  Criticised,  and  Worces- 
ter Vindicated,"  8vo,  1860. 

SwartWOUt,  Gen.  Robert  ;  d.  New  York, 
July  19,  1848.  Son  of  a  Revol.  soldier.  Col. 
N.Y.  militia;  served  in  N.Y.  harbor,  Aug.- 
Nov.  1812;  quarterm.-gen.  (rank  of  brig.-gen.) 
21  Mar.  1813;  and  com.  4th  brigade  in  cam- 
paign of  1813  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  com.  on  the  fall  of  Gen.  Coving- 
ton.    Alderman  of  N.Y.  City. 

Swayne,  Gen.  John  Wager,  b.  Colum- 
bus, O.,  1835.  Y.C.  1856.  Son  of  Judge  Noah 
H.  Swayne.  He  practised  law  at  Columbus. 
Was  made  maj.  43d  O.  Inf.,  which  he  accomp. 
to  the  field,  in  Feb.  1862  ;  fought  at  luka  and 
Corinth ;  was  made  col. ;  served  in  all  the 
marches  and  battles  of  the  Atlanta  campaign  ; 
lost  a  leg  at  Salkahatchie ;  was  made  brig, 
and  maj.  gen.  (20  June,  1865);  and  was  after- 
ward assist,  com  miss,  of  refugees,  freedmen, 
and  abandoned  lands;  col.  45th  Inf.  28  July, 
1866;  and  retired  1  July,  1870. 

Swayne,  Noah  Haynes,  LL.D.  (Dartm. 
1863),  app.  a  justice  U.S.  Sup.  Court  4  Jan. 
1862;  b.  Culpeper  Co.,  Va.,  27  Dec.  1804. 
While  an  apothecary's  clerk  in  Alexandria,  he 
acquired  some  education ;  began  the  study  of 
law  at  Warrenton,  and,  on  his  admission  to  the 
bar  in  1824,  settled  at  Coehoeton,  O.  Member 
of  the  legisl.  1829;  U.  S.  dist.-atty.  1830-9; 
chosen  judge  of  C.C.P.  in  1834,  but  declined 
the  office;  again  in  the  legisl.  in  1836,  and  took 
a  leading  part  in  organizing  asylums  and  insti- 
tutiouy  for  the  blind,  the  lunatic,  and  the  deaf 


and  dumb     His  district  comprises  Ohio,  Michi- 
gan, Kentucky,  and  Tennessee. 

Sweat,  Mrs.  Margaret  Jane  Mdssey, 
b.  Portland,  Me.,  1823.  Has  pub.  "Ethel's 
Love -Life,"  1859;  "Highways  of  Travel," 
1859.  She  has  been  a  contrib.  t6  the  N.  A.  Re- 
view. —  Allibone. 

Sweeny,  Gen.  Thomas  W.,  b.  Ireland, 
1818.  Came  to  the  U.S.  in  childhood;  was 
2d  lieut.  of  N.Y.  Vols,  in  Mexican  war  ;  lost  an 
arm  at  Churubusco ;  capt.  2d  U.S.  Inf.  Jan. 
1861  ;  col.  of  vols.  May,  1861  ;  brig.-gen.  29 
Nov.  1862;  maj.  6th  U.S.  Inf.  Oct.  20,  1863. 
He  disting.  himself  at  Wilson's  Creek,  Mo., 
and  was  severely  wounded  ;  col.  52d  111.  Vols. 
Jan.  1862;  engaged  at  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh, 
siege  of  Corinth,  battles  of  luka  and  Corinth 
(wounded) ;  com.  division  in  Atlanta  campaign, 
and  engaged  at  Snake -tree  Gap,  Resaca, 
Dallas,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  and  the  battle  of 
Atlanta,  July  22,  1864.  Received  a  silver  med- 
al from  the  city  of  N.Y.  for  services  in  Mex. 
war,  and  a  second  from  the  city  of  Brooklyn 
for  services  in  the  civil  war.  Retired  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.  11  May,  1870  — Henry. 

Sweet,  Dr.  Charles,  a  surgeon  of  emi- 
nent skill  in  the  treatment  of  fractured,  dislo- 
cated, and  diseased  bones  ;  b.  Lebanon,  Ct., 
Dec.  11,  1811.  Resides  there.  Son  of  Dr. 
Benoni,  also  an  eminent  surgeon,  who  d.  at 
Lebanon,  Aug.  1840,  a.  80. 

Sweetser,  Charles  Humphreys,  b. 
Athol,  25  Aug.  1841  ;  d.  Pilatka,  Fla.,  Jan.  1, 
1871.  Amh.  Coll.  1862.  Author  of  "  Songs 
of  Amherst,"  1860;  "  Hist,  of  Amh.  Coll.," 
1860;  "Tourist's  Guide  to  the  North-west," 
1867.  He  founded  the  Round  Table ;  was  con- 
nected with  the  N.Y.  Evening  Gazette;  in  1867 
began  the  Evening  Mail,  and  in  1869  the  Citij, 
both  in  New  York. 

Swett,  John  Appleton,  M.D.,  physician, 
b.  Boston,  Dec.  3,  1808;  d.  New  York  18 
Sejjt.  1854.  H.U.  1828.  He  practised  medi- 
cine for  a  time  in  New  York ;  spent  18  months 
in  Europe,  in  1835-6,  attending  the  medical 
schools  of  Paris.  He  was  in  1842  elected  one 
of  the  physicians  of  the  N.Y.  Hospital,  and  in 
1852  pub.  his  "  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  the 
Chest."  In  1853  he  was  app.  prof,  of  the 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  N.Y. 
U.  About  1840  he  was  associated  with  Dr. 
Watson  as  editor  of  the  N.  Y.  Jour,  of  Medicine. 
Swett,  Col.  Samuel,  soldier  and  military 
writer,  b.  Newburyport,  Ms.,  June  9,  1782  ;  d. 
Boston,  Oct.  28, 1866..  H.U.  1800.  A  lawyer; 
afterward  a  merchant.  Served  on  the  staff  of 
Gen.  Izard,  on  the  northern  frontier,  in  the  war 
of  1812,  with  rank  of  major.  Rep.  in  Ms.  legis- 
lature. He  pub.  an  Account  of  the  Bunker's- 
hill  Battle,  1826;  Sketches  of  Disting.  Men 
of  Newburyport ;  "  Who  was  the  Commander 
at  Bunker  Hill  ?"  &c.,  1850. 

Swift,  Col.  Heman,  a  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Sandwich,  Ms.,  1733;  d.  Cornwall,  Ct.,  Nov. 
14,  1814.  His  father  Jabez  settled  in  Kent 
soon  after  his  birth.  Heman  at  an  earlv  age 
was  a  lieut.  of  provincials  in  the  French  war, 
serving  on  the  northern  frontier,  and  serve! 
throughout  the  Revol.  as  a  col.  in  the  Cont. 
line.  He  afterward  resided  in  Cornwall,  held 
various  civil  offices  under  the  State  govt.,  and 


SWI 


888 


sym: 


for  12  years  in  succession  was  a  member  of  tiie 
council.     Judge  of  Litchfield  Co.  Court. 

Swift,  Gen.  Joseph  Gardner,  LL.D. 
(Keny.  Coll.  1843),  b.  Nantucket,  Dec.  31, 1783  ; 
d.  Geneva,  N.Y.,  July  23,  1865.  Son  of  Dr. 
Foster  Swift,  surgeon  U.S.  army.  First  grad. 
West  Point  (lieut.  eng.)  Oct.  12,  1802  ;  capt. 
Oct.  1806;  maj.  Feb.  23,  1808;  aide  to  Gen. 
Pinckney  1812;  lieut.-col.  July  6,  1812;  col. 
and  principal  eng.  July  31,  1812;  chief  eng.  in 
planning  the  defences  of  N.Y.  harbor  1812-13, 
and  of  the  army  in  the  campaign  of  1813  on 
the  St.  Lawrence  ;  brev.  brig.-gen.  for  merito- 
rious services,  Feb.  19,  1814;  supt.  of  Military 
Acad.  Nov.  1816  to  Jan.  1817;  resigned  Nov. 
1818,  with  a  numl)er  of  other  officers  of  the 
corps,  on  the  app.  of  the  French  gen.  Bernard  to 
the  charge  of  investigating  and  modifying  the 
coast-defences.  U.S.  surveyor  of  the  port  of 
N.Y.  1818-27;  civil  eng.  U.S.  service;  supt. 
of  harbor  improvements  on  the  Lakes  1829-45. 
In  the  winter  of  1830-1  he  constructed  the 
railroad  from  N.  Orleans  to  Lake  Pontchar- 
train  over  an  unfathomable  swamp;  in  1839 
he  was  chief  eng.  of  the  Harlem  Railroad,  N.Y. ; 
in  1841  he  was  sent  by  Pres.  Harrison  on  an 
embassy  of  peace  to  the  govs,  of  Canada,  New 
Brunswick,  and  N.  Scotia;  in  1851-2,  with  his 
son  McRay  Swift,  he  made  the  tour  of  Europe, 
recording  his  observations  in  a  diary,  in  which 
is  a  complete  history  of  West-Point  Acad.  His 
bro.  John,  brig.-gen.  N.Y,  militia,  was  killed 
July  12,  1814,  in  a  successful  exped.  he  com- 
manded, after  cutting  off  a  picket  of  the  enemy, 
near  Fort  George,  Upper  Canada. 

Swift,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (Midd.  Coll.  1860), 
son  of  Rev.  Job,  b.  Amenia,  N.Y.,  3  Aug.  1782. 
D.C.  1800.  Tutor  in  Midd.  Coll.  1800-2;  sec. 
of  State  of  Vt.;  judge  of  probate,  Addison  Co., 
1819-41  ;  judge  of  County  Court  1855-7.  He 
pub.  Hist,  of  Middlebury,  Vt.,  1859,  and  of 
Addison,  Vt.,  1859  ;  two  addresses;  and  in 
1812-13  edited  a  political  paper. 

Swift,  Zephaniah,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1817),  ju- 
rist, b.  Wareham,  Ms.,  Feb.  1759;  d.  Warren, 
O.,  Sept.  27,  1823.  Y.C.  1778.  He  practised 
law  at  Windham  extensively,  and  with  high 
reputation ;  was  M.C.  1793-6  ;  in  1800  accomp. 
Mr.  Ellsworth  to  France  as  sec. ;  in  1801  was 
app.  a  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court ;  and  in  1806- 
19  was  chief  justice.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Hartford  Convention ;  was  afterwards  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  legisl.,  and  was  one  of  a  com. 
to  revise  the  statute  laws  of  the  State.  He 
pub.  a  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Ct.  in  2  vols., 
an  oration  on  Domestic  Slavery,  a  System  of 
the  Laws  of  Ct.,  a  Digest  of  the  Laws  of 
Evidence,  and  a  treatise  on  Bills  of  Exchange. 

Swinton,  William,  b.  Edinburgh,  Apr. 
23, 1833.  Came  in  1843  to  Amer.,  and  studied 
at  Amh.  Coll.  Prof,  of  languages  at  Edgeworth 
Female  Sem.,  Greenborough,  N.C.,  1 853 ;  prof. 
Mt.Wash.  Coll.  Inst.,  N.Y.  City,  1854;  A.M. 
of  Amh.  Coll.  1866;  now  prof,  of  belles-lettres, 
U.  of  Cal.  Author  of  "  Rambles  among 
Words,"  1859 ;  "  The  Times'  Review  of  M'Clel- 
lan,"  1864 ;  "  Campaigns  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,"  1866;  "The  12  Decisive  Battles 
of  the  War,"  1867  ;  "  Hist,  of  the  N.Y.  7th 
Rcgt.  during  the  Rebellion,"  1870.  Mr.  S. 
was  corresp.  of  the  N.  Y.  Times,  and  present 


at  many  battles.  He  has  contrib.  to  Putnam's 
and  the  Atlantic  mags.,  and  is  engaged  on  a 
History  of  the  War  of  Secession  in  the  U.S. 

Swisshelm,  Mrs.  Jane  G.  C,  b.  Wilkins- 
burg,  Pa.,  1816.  Editor  Pittsburg  Sat.  Visitor, 
1845-56  ;  St.  Cloud  Visitor  and  St.  Cloud  Dem- 
ocrat, 1858,  et  scq.  Contributed  to  magazines 
and  journals.  —  Allihone. 

Swords,  Gen.  Thomas,  b.  N.Y.  ab.  1809. 
West  Point,  1829.  Grandson  of  Capt.  Thos., 
a  British  officer  who  d.  in  N.Y.  City  1780. 
His  father  was  well  known  in  N.Y.  City  as  the 
senior  member  of  the  well-known  Episcopal 
book-house,  T.  &  J.  Swords.  Entering  the 
4th  Inf.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  dragoons,  4  Mar. 
1833;  capt.  3  Mar.  1837;  capt.  and  assist, 
qmr.  7  July,  1838;  maj.  21  Apr.  1846  ;  lieut.- 
col.  and  dep.  qmr. -gen.  1  Aug.  1856;  col.  and 
assist,  qmr.-gen.  3  Aug.  1861  ;  chief  quartm. 
Army  of  the  West,  1846-7,  and  engaged  at 
San  Pasqual,  Cal.,  6  Dec.  1846,  and  at  Vera 
Cruz  ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  30  May,  1848,  for  merit, 
services  in  the  enemy's  country;  chief  quartm. 
dept.  of  the  Cumberland  and  of  the  Ohio, 
1861-5,  and  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga,  Ga.,  Sept.  19-20,  1863;  brev.  brig, 
and  maj.  gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865  ;  ret.  22 
Feb.  1869.  — CM/Zum. 

Sydenham,  Charles  Edward  Poulett 
Thompson,  baron,  gov.  of  Brit.  N.A.  from  Oct. 
16,  1839,  to  his  d.  at  Kingston,  Sept.  19, 1841  ; 
b.  1799.  A  merchant  until  1830 ;  MP.  1826 ; 
pres.  of  the  board  of  trade  1834  and  in  18.^5-9. 
Made  Baron  Sydenham,  Aug.  10,  1840.  He 
successfully  promoted  the  union  of  Canada, 
consummated  during  his  administration. 

Sykes,  George,  brev.  maj.-gcn.  U.S.A., 
b.  Md.  ab.  1823.  West  Point,  1842.  He  en- 
tered the  3d  Inf.;  became  1st  lieut.  21  Sept. 
1846;  brev.  capt.  for  Cerro  Gordo,  April  18, 
1847;  assist,  commissary  of  subsistence  with 
Twiggs's  div.  of  the  Army  of  Mexico ;  capt. 
30  Sept.  1855;  major  14th  Inf.  May  14,  1861 ; 
lieut.-col.  5th  Inf.  Oct.  16,  1863;  col.  20th  Inf. 
Jan.  12,  1868;  brig.-gen.  vols.  Sept.  28,  1861  ; 
maj.-gcn.  29  Nov.  1862.  He  com.  a  division 
in  the  5t]i  corps  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
under  Fitz  John  Porter  and  Butterfield,  and 
took  part  in  most  of  the  battles  fought  by  that 
army;  in  June,  1863,  he  took  com.  of  the  5th 
corps,  with  which  he  fought  at  Gettysburg 
and  in  the  Rapidan  campaign ;  brev.  col.  for 
Gaines's  Mill,  27  June,  1862;  brig.-gen.  13 
Mar.  1865  for  Gettysburg,  and  maj  .-gen.  for 
services  in  the  Rebellion.  —  Cullum. 

Sykes,  James,  M.D.,  b.  near  Dover,  Del., 
March  27,  1761 ;  d.  Oct.  18,  1822.  James  his 
father  held  several  important  offices  in  the 
State  before  and  during  the  Revol.,  and  was  a 
delegate  to  Congress  in  1777-8.  The  son  stud- 
ied at  Wilm.  Coll.,  and,  under  the  care  of  Dr. 
Clayton,  gained  a  knowledge  of  medicine, 
which  he  increased  by  attendance  on  the  med. 
lectures  at  Phila.  After  4  years'  practice  at 
Cambridge,  Md.,  he  returned  to  Dover,  where 
he  acquired  renown  as  a  surgeon.  Often  a 
member  of  the  State  senate,  in  which  body  he 
presided  near  15  years,  and  was  acting  gov.  of 
the  State  in  1801-2.  In  1814-20  he  resided  in 
New -York  City. 

Symmes,  John  Cleves,  jurist,  b.  Long 


SYM 


889 


T.AJL, 


Island,  21  July,  1742;  d.  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  26 
Feb.  1814.  Member  Old  Congress  1785-6; 
judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  of  N.  J. ;  chief  justice ; 
j.nd  in  1788  was  app.  judge  of  the  North-west 
Terr.  Founder  of  the  settlements  in  the  Miami 
country.  He  m.  a  dau.  of  Gov.  Wra.  Livings- 
ton. Their  dau.  became  the  wife  of  Pros.  Har- 
rison. His  nephew  John  Cleves  (author  of 
the  theory  that  the  earth  is  hollow,  habitable 
within,  open  at  the  poles  for  the  admission  of 
light,  and  containing  within  it  6  or  7  concen- 
tric nollow  spheres,  also  open  at  the  poles),  b. 
N.J.  ab.  1780,  d.  Hamilton,  0.,  19  May,  1829. 
Grandson  of  Rev.  Timothy,  a  Presb.  minister, 
who  d.  Ipswich,  Ms.,  6  Apr.  1756,  a.  41.  En- 
tering the  army  as  an  ensign  1st  Inf.  26  Mar. 
1802,  he  was  a  capt.  in  the  war  of  1812,  and 
disting.  at  the  battle  of  Niagara  Falls  and  at 
the  sortie  from  Fort  Erie.  Subsequently  he 
resided  at  Newport,  Ky. ;  devoted  himself  to 
philos.  researches ;  promulgated  his  theory  in 
1818;  wrote  and  lectured  in  its  behalf;  and 
petitioned  Congress  to  fit  out  an  exped.  to  test 
It.  It  was  received,  however,  with  general  ridi- 
cule ;  and  Symmes  d.  in  great  pecuniary  em- 
barrassment. His  book  was  pub.  12mo,  Cin- 
cinnati, 1826. 

Symmes,  Thomas,  second  minister  of 
Bradford,  Ms.,  from  1703  to  his  d.  Oct.  6, 1725; 
b.  Feb.  1,  1678.  H.U.  1698.  Minister  of  Box- 
ford  from  Dec.  30,  1702,  until  1708,  when  he 
succeeded  Zachariah  his  father  at  Bradford. 
He  possessed  a  strong  mind  and  considerable 
learning.  Besides  occasional  sermons,  he  pub. 
"  Hist.  Memoirs  of  the  Fight  of  Piggwack(!t, 
May  9,  1725,"  with  a  sermon  on  Lovewell's 
death.  This  was  repub.,  with  notes  by  N. 
Bouton,  in  1861.  A  Memoir,  pub.  by  J. 
Brown,  has  annexed  his  advice  to  his  children 
and  to  the  church,  8vo,  1726. 

Symonds,  William  Law,  writer,  b.  Port- 
land, Me.,  1833;  d.  New  York,  Jan.  18,  1862. 
Bowd.  Coll.  1854.  After  studying  at  the 
Camb.  Divinity  School,  he  went  to  New  York 
as  one  of  the  editors  of  the  "  New  Amer.  Cy- 
clop.," upon  which  he  was  engaged  up  to  his 
last  illness,  excepting  in  1860-1,  while  preach- 
ing at  Chicopee,  Ms.  Besides  his  historical 
and  philos.  contribs.  to  the  "  Cyclopsedia,"  he 
contrib.  articles  to  the  Atlantic  MontJihj  and 
other  periodicals. 

Taeh^,  Sir  Etiennb  Paschal,  M.D., 
Canadian  statesman,  b.  St.  Thomas,  C.  E., 
1 795 ;  d.  there  1865.  He  was  an  officer  of  mili- 
tia in  the  war  of  1812  ;  practised  medicine  un- 
til 1841,  when  he  entered  the  Assembly;  was 
dep.  adj.-gen.  1847-8;  commissioner  of  public 
works  1848-9;  and  Apr.  21,  1856,  was  made 
speaker  of  the  legisl.  council,  which  he  resigned 
Nov.  1857.  He  was  knighted  by  the  queen  in 
Nov.  1858,  and  in  1860  made  col.  and  aide-de- 
camp  to  the  queen.  Author  of  "  Du  Developpe- 
ment  de  la  Force  Physique  chez  V Homme,"  1829; 
*' Reflexions  sur  I' Organisation  des  Vdontieres," 
&c.,  1863.  —  Morgan. 

Tacon,  Gex.,  many  years  gov.-gen.  of 
Cuba  ;  d.  Madrid,  Sept.  1855,  a.  80. 

Taggart,  Charles  Manson,  b.  Montreal, 
L.C.,  1821 ;  d.  Charleston,  S.C,  1853.  Meadv. 
Thcol.  Sem.  1849.  Contrib  to  South.  Lit.  Mes- 
senger.   A  vol.  of  his  sermons,  with  Memoir 


by  John  II.  Hey  wood,  was  pub.  12mo,  Boston. 
1856.  —  Allibone. 

Taggart,  Cynthia,  author  of  a  small  vol. 
of  poems  (3d  ed.  N.Y.  1848),  b.  R.I.  1802  ;  d. 
there  1849.  She  was  many  years  an  invalid, 
and  wrote  most  of  her  pieces  while  on  a  sick- 
bed. —  See  Notice  in  the  R.  I.  Cottager  by  Rev. 
James  C.  Richmond. 

Taggart,  Samuel,  minister  of  Coleraine, 
Ms.,  1777-1818,  b.  Londonderry,  N.H.,  March 
24, 1754 ;  d.  Apr.  25, 1825.  Dartm.  Coll.  1774. 
M.  C.  1803-17.  Author  of  "Evidences  of 
Christianity,"  1811 ;  "An  Account  of  British 
Impressments  from  our  Marine; "  "  Scriptural 
Vind.  of  the  Doct.  of  the  Final  Perseverance," 
&c.,  8vo,  1801 ;  and  many  sermons,  orations, 
and  addresses. 

Tailer,  Col.  William,  lieut.-gov.  of  Ms. 
1711 ;  d.  Dorchester,  Ms.,  Mar.  8,  1732,  a.  56. 
He  came  from  Eng.  as  lieut.-gov.  in  1 71 1 ;  was 
capt.  A.  and  11.  Art.  Co.  1712;  was  in  Eng. 
in  1721 ;  and  was,  Avith  Spencer  Phipps,  a  com- 
miss.  to  treat  with  the  Six  Nations  at  Albany. 
He  com.  one  of  the  regts.  raised  to  take  Port 
Royal.  Marrying  a  relative  of  Gov.  S tough- 
ton,  he  came  into  possession  of  his  estate  in 
Dorchester. 

Tait,  Charles,  judge  and  senator,  b.  Lou- 
isa Co.,  Va.,  1769;  d.  Wilcox  Co.,  Ala.,  Oct. 
7,  1835.  He  removed  at  an  early  age  to  Ga. ; 
was  several  years  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court ; 
U.S.  senator  in  1809-19,  and  ably  supported 
the  administrations  of  Madison  and  Monroe; 
judge  of  the  Dist.  Court  of  Alabama  1819-26. 

Tait,  John  R.,  artist,  b.  Cincinnati  1834. 
Grad.  Bethany  Coll.,  Va.,  where  he  edited  the 
Stylus,  a  magazine.  Author  of  "Dolce  far 
N'iente,"  12mo,  1859;  a  vol.  of  poems ;  and 
"Life,  Legend,  and  Landscape,"  12mo,  1860. 
—  AUihone. 

Talbot,  Mathew,  statesman,  b.  Va.  1767; 
d.  Wilkes  Co.,  Ga.,  Sept.  17, 1327.  He  settled 
in  Wilkes  Co.  in  1785,  and  afterward  moved 
to  Oglethorpe.  Often  in  the  legisl. ;  was  a  del- 
egate to  the  Const.  Conv.  of  Ga. ;  was  State 
senator  in  1808;  pres.  of  the  senate  1818-23; 
and  acting  governor  in  1819. 

Talbot,  Silas,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  R.I  about 
1750;  d.  N.York,  June  30, 1813.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war  he  was  capt.  in  a  R.I.  rcgt. ;  was 
at  the  siege  of  Boston  ;  in  1776  aecomp.  the  ar- 
my to  N.Y.,  and  received  from  Congress  the 
commiss.  of  major  for  skilful  operations  against 
the  British  shipping  in  the  harbor.  In  the  mem- 
orable defence  of  Fort  Mifflin,  Nov.  1777,  he 
received  a  severe  wound  in  the  thigh,  and  anoth- 
er in  the  wrist,  but  continued  to  fight  till  the 
works  were  evacuated;  and  in  1778  gave  impor- 
tant aid  to  Gen.  Sullivan  by  transporting  the 
Amer.  forces  from  the  mainland  to  the  upper 
end  of  the  Island  of  R.I.     His  capture  in  Oct. 

1778  of  the  British  floating-battery  "Pigot,"  of 
22  guns,  anchored  in  one  of  the  channels  com- 
manding the  approach  to  Newport,  was  one  of 
the  most  brilliant  exploits  of  the  war,  and  won 
for  him  the  commission  of  lieut.-col.    In  Mar. 

1779  he  armed  his  prize,  "The  Pigot,"  and 
with  the  sloop  "Argo"  (10  guns)  cruised  off 
N.E.  He  soon  captured  "The  Lively"  (12 
guns),  and  two  letters-of-marque ;  also  "The 
King  George,"  and  afterward  "  The  Dragon," 


rrAJia 


890 


rrAJL. 


after  a  battle  of  4  hours.  For  this  latter  ser- 
vice he  was  commissioned  a  capt.  in  the  navy 
Sept.  17,  1779.  After  cruising  successfully  for 
some  time  in  "  The  Argo,"  and  afterward  in  a 
private  ship,  he  was  captured  in  1780  by  a  Brit- 
ish fleet,  and  confined  in  the  Jersey  pridon- 
ship ;  was  afterward  removed  to  Eng. ;  and  in 
Dec.  1781  was  exchanged.  After  the  war,  he 
purchased  the  forfeited  estate  of  Sir  Wm.  John- 
son, near  the  Mohawk ;  was  several  years  in 
the  Assembly  from  Montgomery  Co. ;  and  was 
an  M.C.  in  1793-4.  On  the  re-organization  of 
the  navy  in  1794,  he  was  again  employed,  and 
superintended  the  construction  of  the  frigate 
"  Constitution  "  ('*  Old  Ironsides"),  which  in 
1799  was  his  flag-ship  during  a  cruise  in  the 
W.  Indies.  Resigning  in  Sept.  1801,  he  passed 
the  residue  of  his  life  in  N.Y.  City.  —  See  Life 
of  Silas  Talbot  by  II.  T.  Tuckerman,  N.Y.  1850, 
and  Hist.  Sketch  of  the  Life  of,  N.Y.  1803, 12mo. 
Talcott,  Maj.  John,  b.  Eng. ;  d.  23  July, 
1688.  Son  of  John,  who  came  to  Cambridge 
in  1632,  and  to  Hartford  in  1636.  A  rep.  until 
1654,  and  an  assist,  and  treas.  of  the  Colony 
until  his  d.  1659.  The  son  was  made  ensign 
1650;  repres.  1660 ;  capt.  1661 ;  treas.,  and  an 
assist,  coramiss.  at  the  Cong,  of  the  N.E.  Cols. 
1669-71,  '73,  and '76;  disting.  in  the  Indian 
war  of  1 676 ;  resigned  the  office  of  treasurer  on 
receiving  his  app.  to  com.  the  forces  of  the  Col. ; 
and,  collecting  ab.  450  whites  and  friendly  In- 
dians, scoured  the  country  as  far  as  the  falls 
above  Dccrficld,  inflicted  severe  blows  upon  the 
hostile  tribes,  and  saved  Hadley  from  the  at- 
tack of  700  Indians.  He  also  did  good  service 
in  the  Narraganset  country,  and  fought  a  suc- 
cessful battle  at  the  Houssatonnuc,  killing  the 
sachem  of  Quabaug.  His  son  Joseph,  gov. 
Ct.  1725-41,  b.  Hartford,  Nov.  16, 1669,  d.  Oct. 
11,  1741. 

Taliaferro  (Tolliver),  Col.  Benjamin, 
statesman,  b.  Va.  ab.  1751 ;  d.  Wilkes  Co., 
Ga.,  Sept.  3,  1821.  He  served  with  distinction 
in  Morgan's  rifle  corps  at  Saratoga,  Mon- 
mouth, and  at  the  siege  of  Savannah,  where  he 
displayed  great  bravery  and  coolness.  He  was 
taken  at  Charleston  in  1780,  where  he  acted  as 
a  volunteer  aide  to  Lincoln.  Removing  to  Ga. 
in  1784,  he  was  M.C.  1799-1802;  judge  Sup. 
Court,  State  senator,  pres.  of  that  body,  and  a 
member  Ga.  Const.  Convention  of  1798. 

Tallmadge,  Col.  Benjamin,  Revol.  offi- 
cer, b.  Setauket,  L.I.,  25  Feb  17.54;  d.  Litch- 
field, Ct.,  7  Mar.  1835.  Y.C.  1773.  Son  of 
Rev,  Benjamin,  who  d.  5  Feb.  1786.  He  had 
charge  of  a  high  school  at  Wethersfield,  but  20 
June,  1776,  became  a  lieut.  and  soon  afterward 
adj.  of  a  Ct.  regt.,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  col. 
Sept,  5,  1779,  he  crossed  the  Sound  to  Lloyd's 
Neck,  L.L,  and  surprised  and  captured  500 
Tory  marauders,  without  losing  a  man ;  in 
May,  1780,  he  planned  and  conducted  the  ex- 
pedition which  resulted  in  the  taking  of  Fort 
George,  at  Oyster  Bay,  and  the  destruction  of 
British  stores  on  L.I.  He  was  in  several  of  the 
principal  battles  of  the  war,  had  the  custody  of 
Major  Andre  until  his  execution,  and  was  long 
one  of  Washington's  military  family,  and  most 
esteemed  secret  corresp.  After  the  war  he  was 
a  successful  merchant,  and  M.C.  in  1801-17. 
In  1784  he  m.  the  dau,  of  Gen.  Wm,  Floyd  of 


Mastic.  His  Memoirs  were  pub.  by  his  son, 
F.  A.  Tallmadge,  8vo,  N.Y,,  1859.  His  son, 
Col.  William  S.,  an  officer  of  the  war  of  1812, 
d,  Moscow,  N.Y.,  Sept.  1822,  a.  57. 

Tallmadge,  Frederick  Augustus,  law- 
yer and  politician,  b.  Litchfield,  Ct.,  Aug.  29, 
1792;  d.  there  Sept.  17,  1869,  Y.C.  1811. 
Son  of  the  preceding.  Studied  at  the  Litclif, 
Law  School ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  of  Litchfield 
Co. ;  in  1814  commenced  practice  in  N.  Y. 
City,  and  became  one  of  its  most  successful 
advocates  and  counsellors.  An  alderman  in 
1834,  and  a  common-councilman  in  1836;  then 
State  senator ;  and  was  subsequently  elected  its 
presiding  officer,  being  at  the  same  time  ex 
officio  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Errors. 
After  4  years'  service  in  that  body,  he  was  in 
1841-6  recorder  of  the  city;  M.C.  in  1846-8; 
again  recorder  in  1848-51 ;  and  in  1857  was 
app.  gen.  supt.  of  the  metropolitan  police,  and 
was  clerk  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  1862-5. 
The  Astor-place  Riot,  which  occurred  in  May, 
1849,  was  eflfectually  put  down  by  his  decision 
and  energy. 

Tallmadge,  James,  LL.D.  (U.  of  NY.), 
statesman,  b.  Stamford,  N.Y. ,  Jan.  28,  1778; 
d.  New  York,  Sept.  29, 1853.  Brown  U.  1798. 
Son  of  Col.  James,  who  led  a  company  of  vols, 
at  the  capture  of  Burgoyne  (b.  Sharon,  Ct., 
Sept.  5, 1744 ;  d.  Foughkeepsie,  Dec.  21, 1821). 
He  practised  law  for  several  years  successfully, 
but  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  agriculture. 
He  was  some  time  private  sec.  to  Gov.  George 
Clinton,  and,  during  the  war  of  1812,  at  one 
time  com.  a  portion  of  the  force  detailed  for 
the  defence  of  the  city  of  NY.  M.C.  in  1817- 
19,  he  soon  showed  himself  a  sound  and  ready 
debater;  ably  defended  Gen.  Jackson's  course 
in  the  Seminole  war;  and  introduced,  as  an 
amendment  to  the  bill  authorizing  the  people 
of  Mo.  to  form  a  State  organization,  a  proposi- 
tion to  restrict  slavery  to  the  region  west  of  the 
Mpi.  Prominent  in  the  State  Const.  Convs.  of 
1821  and  1846;  member  of  the  State  legisl.  in 
1824,  and  lieut.-gov.ini  826-7.  Visiting  Europe 
in  1835,  Mr.  Tallmadge  was  influential  in  in- 
troducing into  Russia  a  knowledge  of  Ameri- 
can machinery  and  mechanics,  particularly  in 
the  dept.  of  cotton-manuf  He  was  for  19  years 
pres.  of  the  Amer.  Institute.  All  his  speeches 
and  acts  were  directed  to  the  great  end  of  en- 
couraging domestic  production.  One  of  the 
founders  of  the  U.  of  N.Y.  He  pub.  a  number 
of  addresses  and  speeches. 

TaUm.adge,  Nathaniel  P.,  politician,  b. 
Chatham,  N.Y,,  Feb,  8,  1795  ;  d.  Battle  Creek, 
Mich,,  Nov.  2,  1864,  Un.  Coll.  1815.  Adm. 
to  the  bar  1818  ;  member  N.Y.  Assembly  1828 ; 
of  the  State  senate  1830-3  ;  U,  S,  senator 
1833-44;  and  Terr,  gov,  of  Wis.  1844-5.  He 
pub.  some  speeches,  and  contrib,  an  In  trod, 
and  Appendix  to  Linton's  "  Healing  of  the 
Nations,"  8vo,  1855. 

Talmage,  Rev.  Samuel  Kennedy,  D.D. 
(N.J.  Coll.  1845),  Presb.  clergyman  and  au- 
thor, b,  Somerville,  N.J.,  1798;  d,  Midway, 
Ga.,  2  Oct.  1865.  N.J.  Coll,  1820.  Tutor  at 
N.J.  Coll,  1822-5  ;  prof  of  anc,  lang,  Ogleth. 
U,  1838-41,  and  pres.  1841-65.  Contrib,  to 
Southern  Presb.  Review,  &C, 
Talmage,    Rev.   T.   De    Witt,    Presb. 


T.AJL. 


891 


T^F 


clergyman,  b.  near  Bound  Brook,  N.  J.,  7  Jan. 
1832.  U.  of  N.Y.  1853;  New  Bruns.  Theol. 
Sem.  1856.  Ord.  at  Belleville,  N.Y.,  where  he 
remained  3  years ;  pastor  of  the  Second  Ref. 
Church,  Phila.,  1859-69;  and  since  Apr.  1869 
of  the  Central  Presb.  Church,  Brooklyn,  N.Y. 
His  preaching  soon  filled  the  church  to  over- 
flowing, and  a  new  edifice  was  erected,  which 
holds  3,000  people.  Also  a  successful  lec- 
turer, and  contrib.  to  the  N.Y.  Independent  and 
other  periodicals. 

Tallman,  Peleg,  an  enterprising  mer- 
chant of  Bath,  Me.,  b.  Tiverton,  R.I.,  July  24, 
1764  ;  d.  Bath,  March  8, 1841.  In  1778,  when 
only  14  years  of  age,  he  entered  the  privateer- 
service  against  Great  Britain  ;  lost  an  arm  in 
the  engagement  between  "  The  Trumbull " 
and  "  Watt"  in  1780;  and  was  a  prisoner  in 
Eng.  and  Ireland  in  1 781-3.  Subsequently  mas- 
ter of  a  vessel,  he  finally  became  a  merchant, 
and  acquired  by  his  enterprise  and  persever- 
ance an  ample  fortune.  M.C.  from  Ms.  1811- 
13  ;   State  senator  1821-2. 

Taney  (taw'-ne),  Roger  Brooke,  jurist, 
b.  Calvert  Co.,  Md.,  17  Mar.  1777  ;  d.  Wash- 
ington, 12  Oct.  1864.  Dick.  Coll.  1795.  De- 
scended from  a  family  of  English  Catholics 
who  settled  in  Md.  ab.  the  middle  of  the  17th 
century.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1799;  member 
of  the  house  of  delegates  in  1800;  of  the  State 
senate  in  1816  ;  app.  in  1827  atty.-gen.  of  Md. 
by  a  gov.  and  council  opposed  to  him  in  poli- 
tics, and,  after  22  years'  residence  at  Frederick- 
ton,  removed  to  Baltimore  ab.  1822.  He  enjoyed 
an  extensive  practice  in  the  State  and  Federal 
courts,  and  was  originally  a  Federalist,  but 
became  a  partisan  of  Gen.  Jackson,  who  app. 
him  U.S.  atty.-gen.  in  1831.  Nominated  in 
Sept.  1833  sec.  of  the  treasury,  he  was  rejected 
by  the  senate,  as  was  also  the  case  with  his 
nomination  as  a  justice  of  the  U.S.  Sup.  Court 
in  1835.  In  Mar.  1836  he  was  app.  chief  justice 
of  the  U.S.  Sup.  Court,  in  place  of  John  Mar- 
shall, deceased;  in  1857  he  held,  in  the  cele- 
brated "  Dred  Scott "  case,  that,  for  more  than 
a  century  before  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence, "  the  negroes  had  been  regarded  as  beings 
of  an  inferior  order,  and  altogether  unfit  to 
associate  with  the  white  race  either  in  social 
or  political  relations,  and  so  far  inferior,  that 
they  had  no  rights  which  the  white  man  was 
bound  to  respect ;  and  that  the  negro  might 
justly  and  lawfully  be  reduced  to  slavery  for 
his  benefit."  He  also  affirmed  that  the  Mo. 
Compromise  was  unconstitutional,  and  that 
the  suit  must  be  dismissed  for  want  of  juris- 
diction. He  possessed  considerable  legal  learn- 
ing, and  his  decisions  were  generally  sound. — 
See  Van  Santvoord's  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices, 
8vo,  1854. 

Tannehill,  Wilkins,  journalist  and  au- 
thor, b.  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  4  Mar.  1787  ;  d.  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  2  June,  1858.  Sonof  Gen.  John, 
a  Revol.  officer.  He  was  early  connected  with 
the  Nashville  press  ;  was  co-editor  of  the  Whig, 
and  many  years  editor  of  the  Hei-ald,  —  the  first 
Henry  Clay  organ  in  Tenn.  He  subsequently 
edited  the  Orthojjolitan,  a  new  literary  and  in- 
dependent paper,  and  from  July,  1848,  to 
June,  1849,  the  Portfolio,  a  journal  of  Free- 
masonry.     In   his  later  years  he  was  blind. 


Author  of"  Freemason's  Manual ; "  "Sketches 
of  the  History  of  Literature,"  8vo,  1827; 
"  Sketches  of  the  Hist,  of  Roman  Literature,'' 
12mo,  1846. — AUibone  ;  Duyckinck. 

Tanner,  Henry  S.,  geographer,  b.  N.Y. 
1786;  d.  N.Y.  City  1858.  In  Phila.,  where  he 
lived  many  years,  and  until  1850,  he  pub.  maps, 
and  contributed  statist,  and  geog.  articles  to 
periodicals.  He  pub.  "  New  Amer.  Atlas," 
fol.  1817,  '23,  &c. ;  "General  Atlas,"  1828-44, 
4to,  since  pub.  by  S.  A.  Mitchell ;  "  Memoir 
on  the  Recent  Surveys,"  &c.,  12mo,  1829; 
"  View  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mpi.,"  12rao, 
1832;  "Amer.  Traveller,"  12mo,  1836;  "Cen- 
tral Traveller,"  N.Y.,  1840;  "New  Picture  of 
Phila.,"  12mo,  1840;  "Canals  and  Railroads 
of  the  U.S.,"  N.  Y.,  8vo,  1 840.  Member  of  the 
geographical  societies  of  Paris  and  London.  — 
Allilmie. 

Tanner,  John,  captured  by  the  Indians  at 
the  age  of  6  years,  remained  with  them  volun- 
tarily 30  years.  The  Narrative  of  Tanner, 
U.  S.  Interpreter,  &c.,  was  prepared  for  the 
press  by  Edwin  James,  M.D.,  N.Y.,  1830.  He 
d.  1847.  His  son  James  was  a  Unit,  missionary. 

Tappan,  Arthur,  merchant  and  philan- 
thropist, b.  Northampton,  Ms.,  Mav  22,  1786; 
d.  N.  Haven,  July  23,  1865.  His  'father  Ben- 
jamin, a  Revol.  patriot  and  merchant,  died 
Northampton,  Jan.  29,  1831,  a.  83.  Arthur 
had  a  common-school  education  ;  was  long  en- 
gaged with  his  bro.  Lewis  in  the  importing  of 
dry  goods  in  Boston;  failed  in  1842,  and  was 
afterward  interested  in  the  mercantile  agency 
first  established  by  his  bro.  He  established 
the  Jour,  of  Commerce  in  N.Y. ;  was  one  of 
the  chief  founders  of  the  Tract  Society;  start- 
ed the  Lane  Sem.  at  Cincinnati;  founded  an 
indispensable  professorship  in  the  Auburn 
Theol.  Sem.,  and  aided  in  founding  another  at 
Kenyon  Coll.  ;  established  a  scholarship  at 
Andover;  and  erected  Tappan  Hall  at  Ober- 
lin.  His  private  charities  were  innumerable. 
An  original  abolitionist,  he  established  in  1833 
the  Emancipator,  in  N.Y.,  at  his  own  expense, 
and  called  the  meeting  which  formed  the  N.Y. 
City  Antislavery  Society,  of  which  he  was 
chosen  pres.  Dec.  4,  1833,  he  was  app.  pres. 
of  the  Amer.  Antislavery  Soc.  He  aided  in 
sustaining  the  Liberator,  and  redeemed  Mr. 
Garrison  from  the  Baltimore  jail.  He  was  a 
man  of  rare  integrity,  and  fidelity  to  principle. 
—  See  his  Life  by  his  brother  Lewis. 

Tappan,  Benjamin,  jurist,  brother  of  Ar- 
thur, b.  Northampton,  Ms.,  May  25,  1773  ;  d. 
Steubenville,  0.,  April  12,  1857.  He  was 
taught  the  business  of  copper-plate  engraving 
and  printing ;  devoted  some  attention  to  por- 
trait-painting ;  and  subsequently  adopted  the 
profession  of  law.  In  1799  he  emig.  to  Ohio, 
and  in  1803  was  elected  to  the  legisl.;  served  in 
the  war  of  1812  as  aide  to  Gen.  Wadsworth ;  was 
for  7  years  pres.  judge  of  the  fifth  Ohio  circ. ; 
in  1833  was  app.  by  Pres.  Jackson  U.S.  judge 
for  the  Ohio  dist. ;  and  was  a  U.S.  senator  in 
1839-45.  He  was  an  active  leader  in  the 
Democ.  party  until  the  Free-soil  movement 
originated,  when  he  joined  its  ranks.  Emi- 
nent for  drollery  and  wit.  A  vol.  of  Reports, 
C.C.P.  1816-19,  was  pub.  by  him  1831. 

Tappan,  David,  D.D.  (H.U.  1794],  cler- 


T.AJP 


892 


r£Arr 


gyinan,  b.  Manchester,  Ms.,  Apr.  21,  1752;  d. 
Auj,^  27,  1803.  H.U.  1771.  He  was  son  of 
Benjamin,  minister  of  Manchester  (1720-90; 
H.U.  1742),  who  was  son  of  Saml.  of  Newbury, 
and  grandson  of  Dr.  Peter.  After  studying 
divinity,  he  began  preaching.  Was  ord.  minis- 
ter of  the  3d  Church  in  Newbury  in  Apr.  1774; 
and  from  Dec.  26,  1792,  until  his  death,  was 
Hollis  prof,  of  divinity  in  H.U.  Many  of  his 
discourses  and  addresses  have  been  pub.  A 
vol.  of  sermons  on  important  subjects,  and  an- 
other of  lectures  on  Jewish  Antiquities,  were 
pub.  8vo,  Boston,  1807.  Mary  his  widow  d. 
Sept.  1831,  a.  72.  Father  of  Benjamin, 
D.D.  (Bowd.  1845),  minister  of  Augusta,  16 
Oct.  1811,  to  his  d.  23  Dec.  1863,  b.  Newbury, 
7  Nov.  1788;  H.U.  1805. 

Tappan,  Henry  Philip,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
scholar  and  author,  b.  Rhiiiebeck,  N.Y.,  about 
1806.  Un.  Coll.  1825.  He  studied  2  years  at 
the  Auburn  Theol.  Sem. ;  was  one  year  assist, 
pastor  of  the  Ref.  Dutch  Church,  Schenectady ; 
and  in  1828-31  was  pastor  of  a  Cong.  Church 
at  Pittsfield,  Ms.  Prof,  of  in  tell,  and  moral 
philos.  in  the  U.  of  N.Y.  in  1832-8  ;  and  was 
inaug.  first  chancellor  of  the  U.of  Michigan  in 
Dec.  1852,  retiring  in  1863.  The  subject  of 
university  education  had  long  employed  his 
attention,  and  he  studied  its  practical  workings 
in  Eng.  and  Prussia  during  a  foreign  tour,  re- 
corded in  "  A  Step  from  the  New  World  to  the 
Old."  Author  of  a  treatise  on  the  Will ;  a 
work  on  the  "Elements  of  Logic;"  "Illustri- 
ous Personages  of  the  19th  Century;"  "  Trea- 
tise on  University  Education,"  1851  ;  and  a 
large  number  of  addresses  and  orations.  In 
1859  he  was  elected  corresp.  member  of  the 
French  Imperial  Institute,  and  pres.  of  the 
Amer.  Assoc,  for  the  Advancement  of  Educa- 
tion. —  See  Amer.  Jour,  of  Education,  October, 
1863. 

Tappan,  William  Bingham,  poet,  b. 
Beverly,  Ms.,  Oct.  29,  1794;  d.  W.  Needham, 
Ms.,  June  18,  1849.  His  father  Samuel,  a 
teacher,  died  when  William  was  12  years  old. 
With  but  6  months'  schooling,  he  was  a  suc- 
cessful teacher  in  Phila.  for  6  years.  Remov- 
ing to  Boston,  he  engaged  zealously  in  Sun- 
day schools,  and  was  gen.  agent  of  the  S.S. 
Union.  He  was  also  engaged  in  the  same 
cause  in  Cincinnati  and  Phila.  He  was  li- 
censed to  preach  in  1840.  He  pub.  "  New- 
England  and  Other  Poems,"  1819,  in  Phila.; 
a  larger  coll.  in  1822  and  in  1834 ;  an  addition- 
al vol.  in  1836 ;  and  a  complete  edition  in  1848 
in  4  vols. ;  "  Poetry  of  the  Heart,"  1845  ;  "  Sa- 
cred and  Miscellaneous  Poems,"  1 846  ;  "  Po- 
etry of  Life,"  1848 ;  "  The  Sunday  School  and 
Other  Poems,"  1848;  "Late  and  Early  Poems,'* 
1849;  "Memoirs  of  Capt.  James  Wilson," 
Phila.  18mo;  "Poems  and  Lyrics,"  12mo, 
1842  ;  "  Poet's  Tribute,"  12mo,  1840.  —  Duyc- 
kinclc. 

Tarbell,  John  Adams,  M.D.  (Bowd.  Coll. 
1836),  b.  Boston,  1811;  d.  there  21  Jan.  1864. 
H.U.  1832.  He  studied  medicine  in  Paris  in 
1833-5  ;  practised  in  Boston  ;  became  a  ho- 
moeopathist  in  1843;  became  assoc.  editor  of 
its  Quarterly  Review  in  1852  ;  also  of  Dr.  Epp's 
"  Domestic  Homoeopathist;  "  and  pub.  in  1849 
the  "  Pocket  Homoeopathist,"  and  "  Sources 


of  Health,"  1850;  "  Art  of  Conversing,"  1846; 
"Homoeopathy  Simplified,"  &c.,  1856. 

Tarleton,  Sir  Banastre,  a  British  gen., 
b.  Liverpool,  Eng.,  21  Aug.  1754;  d.  23  Jan. 
1833.  He  began  to  study  law,  but,  on  the 
breaking-out  of  the  Amer.  war,  purchased  a 
cornetiy  of  dragoons,  and  in  Dec.  1776  com. 
the  advanced  guard  of  the  patrol  which  cap- 
tured Gen.  Lee  in  N.J.  He  served  with  Howe 
and  Clinton  in  the  campaigns  of  1777-8,  and, 
after  the  evacuation  of  Phila.,  raised  and  com., 
with  the  rank  of  lieut.-coL,  a  cavalry  corps 
called  the  British  Legion.  This  corps  accomp. 
the  army  to  the  siege  of  Charleston,  and  was 
constantly  in  service  in  the  south  until  the 
surrender  at  Yorktown,  rendering  important 
service  to  Lord  Cornwallis.  14  April,  1780, 
Tarleton  surprised  and  defeated  Gen.  Isaac 
Huger  near  Monk's  Corner;  29  May,  1780, 
he  surprised  Col.  Buford  at  Waxhaw  Creek, 
massacred  the  entire  force,  refusing  to  give 
quarter;  and  Tarleton's  quarter  became  a  syn- 
onyme  for  cruelty.  Aug.  16  he  was  at  the 
battle  of  Camden;  Aug.  17  he  attacked  and 
defeated  Sumter  at  Fishing  Creek;  20  Nov. 
he  was  defeated  by  Sumter  at  Blackstocks,  on 
the  Tyger  River;*  17  Jan.  1781,  at  the  head 
of  1,100  men,  he  attacked  an  inferior  Amer. 
force  near  the  Cowpens,  under  Gen.  Morgan, 
and  was  signally  defeated,  and  wounded  in  the 
band  ;  15  Mar.  he  was  at  the  battle  of  Guil- 
ford Court  House ;  in  June  he  was  despatched 
to  Charlottesville,  Va.,  to  capture  Gov.  Jeffer- 
son and  the  members  of  the  legisl.,  but  was 
too  late.  Present  at  the  battle  of  Eutaw,  and 
at  the  capture  of  Yorktown  in  Oct.  1781.  On 
his  return  to  Eng.  he  was  made  a  col. ;  was 
elected  to  parliament  in  1790,  and  acted  with 
the  liberal  and  reform  party  ;  was  made  a  bar- 
onet in  1818,  and  attained  the  rank  of  a  full 
gen.  Tarleton  was  brave  but  sanguinary,  be- 
low middle  size,  stout,  strong,  and  heavily 
built.  He  pub.  "History  of  the  Campaigns 
of  1  780-1,"  &c.,  4to,  London,  1787. 

Tate,  George,  admiral  Russian  navy,  b. 
Lond.  June  14, 1745;  d.  Feb.  17, 1821.  .George 
his  father  (b.  En<|.  1700)  was  a  seaman  in  the 
first  frigate  built  in  Russia  by  Peter  the  Great. 
He  came  to  Falmouth,  Me.,  with  his  father,  in 
1757;  was  brought  up  to  the  sea;  entered  the 
Russian  nav^  as  licut.  in  July,  1770;  rendered 
disting.  services,  particularly  at  Ismaid,  in  Dec. 
1790,  where  he  was  severely  wounded;  also  in 
the  war  with  Sweden ;  and  attained  the  rank 
of  first  admiral,  and  member  of  the  imperial 
senate.  He  was  in  the  actions  with  the  Swed- 
ish fleet,  July  6,  1788 ;  near  Hoghland  in 
1789  ;  near  Oland,  on  the  roadstead  at  Rcval, 
May  2,  1790;  and  June  22  in  the  Gulf  of  Wi- 
borg.     Vice-admiral  in  1 798. 

Tatham,  Col.  William,  engineer  and 
polit.  economist,  b,  Hutton,  Cumberland  Co., 
Eng.,  1752;  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  22  Feb.  1819. 
His  father  was  rector  of  Appleby.  In  Apr. 
1769  he  came  to  Amer.,  and  entered  a  mercan- 
tile establishment  on  James  River,  Va.  Serv- 
ing as  adj.  of  militia  against  the  Indians,  he 
studied  their  character,  and  drew  up  a  biog. 
account  of  the  celebrated  warriors,  Atakul- 
lakulla,  Oconistoto,  Cornstalk,  &c.  He  served 
in  the  Va.  cavalry  under  Gen.  Nelson,  and  was 


T^T 


893 


TAY 


a  vol.  in  the  party  that  stormed  the  redoubt  at 
Yorktown,  14  Oct.  1781.  In  1780  he  compiled 
with  Col.  John  Todd  of  Ky.  the  first  regular 
account  of  the  Western  country.  He  studied 
law  ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1784 ;  established 
in  1786,  Avith  a  Mr.  Willis,  the  settlement  of 
Lumbarton,  N.C. ;  was  a  member  of  the  N.C. 
legisl.  in  1787;  visited  his  native  place  in  1789, 
and  again  in  1796  ;  and  in  1801  became  supt. 
of  the  London  docks.  Returning  in  1805,  he 
was  in  1817  a  milit.  storekeeper  in  the  U.S. 
service.  This  remarkable  man,  author,  soldier, 
advocate,  engineer,  and  geographer,  with  all 
these  resources,  yet  became  poor,  and,  as  old 
age  approached,  found  he  had  made  no  provis- 
ion for  its  infirmities  and  wants.  After  freely 
participating  in  the  festivities  of  Washington's 
birthday,  he  threw  himself  before  a  cannon  at 
the  instant  of  its  discharge,  and  was  blown  to 
atoms.  He  pub.  a  "Memorial  on  the  Civil 
and  Milit.  Govt,  of  the  Tennessee  Colony;" 
"  An  Analysis  of  the  State  of  Virginia,"  Phila. 
1790-1;  "Case  of  Karafer  against  Haskins," 
Phila.  1794  ;  "Plan  for  insulating  the  Metrop- 
olis by  means  of  a  Innavigable  Canal,"  Lond.; 
"Remarks  on  Inland  Canals,"  Lond.  1798; 
"Political  Economy  of  Inland  Navigation," 
&c.,  Lond.  1799;  "Two  Tracts  relating  to 
the  Canal  between  Norfolk  and  N.C. ; "  "Com- 
munications on  the  Agric.  and  Commerce  of 
the  U.S.,"  Lond.  1800;  "Hist,  and  Practical 
Essay  on  the  Culture  and  Commerce  of  To- 
bacco," Lond.  1800,  &c.  —  Sce  Memoir  of  Tat- 
ham,  and  his  Chronicles  of  the  Amcr.  Indians,  in 
vol.  iv.  Annual  Bioj.  and  OLit.,  Lond.,  1820. 

Tattnall,  Gex.  Josiah,  U.S.  senator  from 
Ga.  1796-9;  gov.1801-2;  b. Bonaventura, near 
Savannah,  1762;  d.  Nassau,  New  Prov.,  June 
6,  1803.  Son  of  Col.  Jo.  iah.  He  was  sent  to 
school  at  Nassau,  but  returned  to  Ga.  unknown 
to  his  parents.  His  boyhood  was  full  of  ad- 
ventures, and  at  the  age  of  18  he  joined  the 
army  of  Gen.  Wayne  at  Ebcnezer.  In  1 793  he 
was  app.  col.,  and  in  1800  a  brig.-gen.,  partici- 
pating extensively  in  the  military  affairs  of  the 
State,  and  serving  occasionally  in  the  legisl. 
He  also  served  in  1796  at  Louisville  in  the  Gen. 
Assembly  that  rescinded  the  Yazoo  act  of  1795. 

Tattnall,  Josiah,  capt.  in  the  Confed. 
navy,  b.  near  Savannah,  Ga.,  Nov.  1796 ;  d.  14 
June,  1871.  Son  of  the  preceding.  Midship. 
Jan.  1, 1812 ;  licut.  Apr.  1,  ir<18;  com.  Feb.  25, 
1833;  and  capt.  in  18.50.  He  first  served  in 
"The  Constellation,"  and  was  in  the  affair  at 
Craney  Island  in  June,  1813.  He  served  with 
PeiTy  on  tlic  coast  of  Africa,  and  with  Porter 
in  his  exped.  against  the  W.  Indian  pirates. 
He  participated  as  com.  of  "  The  Spitfire"  in 
the  attacks  on  Tampi -o,  Panuco,  and  Vera 
Cruz,  in  1847.  In  1856-9  he  was  flag-officer 
of  the  E.  I.  squadron.  Resigned  his  commis- 
sion, obtained  a  com.,  and  improvised  a  fleet 
with  which  he  made  an  attempt  to  resist  the 
capture  of  Port  Royal  by  Flag-OfiicerDupont; 
com.  at  Norfolk  when  "  The  Merrimack  "  was 
destroyed,  and  afterward  com.  the  mosquito 
fleet  at  Savannah,  Ga. 

Tayler,  John,  lieut.-gov.  of  N.Y.  1813-22, 
b.  N.  Y.  4  July,  1742;  d.  Albany,  19  Mar. 
1829.  He  became  a  merchant  at  A  bany  in 
1773;  superintended  the  commiss.  dept.  in  the 


exped.  to  Canada  in  1775 ;  was  afterward  a 
member  of  the  Prov.  Congress,  and  for  nearly 
40  years  a  member  of  the  N.Y.  legisl. 

Taylor,  Alfred,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  Va., 
May  23,  1810.  Midshipm.  Jan.  1,  1825;  liout. 
Feb.  9,  1837;  com.  Sept.  14,  1855  ;  capt.  July 
16,  1862;  commo.  Sept.  27,  1866;  app.  light- 
house insp.  12  Feb.  1869;  attached  to  frigate 
"  Cumberland  "  during  the  Mexican  war;  com. 
sloop  "  Saratoga,"  1861  ;  com.  flagship  "  Sus- 
quehanna," Brazil  squadron,  1866.  — Jjamersh/. 

Taylor,  (James)  Bayard,  traveller  arid 
author,  b.  Kennett  Square,  Chester  Co.,  Pa., 
Jan.  11,  1825.  At  17  he  became  a  printer's 
apprentice  in  Westchester,  and  employed  his 
leisure  in  study,  and  writing  verses,  which  in 
1844  he  coll.  in  a  vol.  entitled  "Xiinena." 
He  made  a  pedestrian  tour  in  Europe  in  1844-6, 
of  which  he  pub.  an  account  in  1846,  entitled 
"  Views  Afoot."  He  next  pub.  a  newspaper  at 
Phoenixville,  Pa.  He  went  to  N.  York  at  the 
close  of  1847  ;  wrote  for  the  Literarji  World 
and  the  Tribune,  publishing  in  1848  his 
"Rhymes  of  Travel ; "  in  1849  he  became 
proprietor  of  a  share  in  the  latter  journal,  with 
which  he  has  since  been  connected.  "  El 
Dorado,  or  Adventures  in  the  Path  of  Empire," 
depicts  his  visit  to  California  in  1849.  His 
"  Book  of  Romances,  Lyrics,  and  Songs  "  ap- 
peared in  1851,  in  which  year  he  made  a  long 
tour  in  the  East,  including  a  journey  of  4,000 
miles  in  the  interior  of  Africa.  In  Oct.  1852 
he  went  from  Eng.  through  Spain  to  Bombay. 
Soon  after  his  arrival  in  China,  he  was  attached 
to  the  Amer.  legation,  and  remained  in  Shang- 
hae  two  months;  he  then  accompanied  Com. 
Perry's  squadron  to  Japan.  He  reached  N.Y. 
Dec.  20,  18.53,  having  accomplished  50,000 
miles  of  travel.  His  letters  describing  the 
journey  were  all  the  while  pub.  in  the  Tribune, 
and  since  in  a  series  of  volumes.  He  made  a 
fourth  tour  in  1856-8,  and  in  1862-3  was  sec. 
of  legation  to  Russia.  He  has  also  pub.  "  Bal- 
lads and  Other  Poems,"  1848;  "Poems  of 
the  Orient,"  1854;  "Poems  of  Home  and 
Travel,"  1855;  "At  Home  and  Abroad," 
1856-62  ;  "  Hannah  Thurston,"  a  novel,  1863  ; 
"Fortunes  of  John  Godfrey,"  1864;  "  Storv 
of  Kennett,"  1866;  "The  Poet's  Journal," 
1862  ;  "  Picture  of  St.  John,"  1866  ;  "  Colora- 
do, a  Summer  Trip,"  1867;  "Frithiof's  Saga," 
1867;  "Byways  of  Europe,"  1869;  "  Tho 
Ballad  of  Abraham  Lincoln,"  1869 ;  a  new 
translation  of  "Faust,"  1870;  and  he  has 
edited  a  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Modern  Travel," 
1856.  His  poem,  "The  American  Legend," 
was  originally  delivered  before  the  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  Society  of  H.U.  in  1850.  Contrib.  to 
many  magazines,  periodicals,  and  journals. 

Taylor,  Benjamin  CooK,.D.D.,b.  Phila. 
1801.  N.J.  Coll.  1819;  R.D.  Theol.  Sem., 
N.  Brunswick,  1822.  Author  of  "Annals  of 
Bergen,  N.  J.,"  12mo,  1857  ;  "  Sermon  on  the 
200th  Anniv.  Ref.  D.  Church  of  Bergen,  N.  J.," 
1 2 mo,  1861.  Con tri b,  to  Christ.  Intel!.  —  Al- 
libone. 

Taylor,  Benjamin  Franklin,  author, 
and  many  years  editor  of  the  Chicago  Eve.  Jour., 
h.  Lowvi'lle,  N.Y.,  1822;  grad.  of  Madison  U., 
N.Y.,  of  which  his  father,  Stephen  W.,  was 
])res.     Author  of  "  Attractions  of  Language," 


T^Y 


894 


T^Y 


1 2mo,  1 845  ;  "  January  and  June,"  1 2rao,  1 853, 
new  ed.  1868  ;  also  of  fugitive  poems,  papers 
on  army  life,  articles  in  the  Knickerbocker,  &c. 
He  resides  at  Wheaton,  111.  —  See  Poets  and 
Poetry  of  the  West. 

Taylor,  Christopher,  Quaker  scholar 
and  preacher,  b.  near  Skipton,  Yorkshire,  Eng. ; 
d.  Phila.  1686.  Originally  a  Puritan  preacher. 
He  became  a  proselyte  of  George  Fox ;  was 
eminent  as  a  minister  among  the  Friends ;  and 
suffered  persecution  and  imprisonment.  He 
also  taught  a  classical  school  in  several  places, 
and  emig.  from  that  at  Edmonton  in  Middlesex, 
in  1682,  to  Pa.  On  his  arrival  he  was  made  a 
representative  in  the  Assembly  ;  was  a  member 
of  the  first  prov.  council,  and  continued  in  that 
office  till  his  death.  He  also  held  the  place  of 
register-gen.,  and  was  one  of  the  justices  of 
Chester  Court.  He  was  one  of  the  best  schol- 
ars among  the  early  settlers.  In  1679  he  pub. 
"  Compendium  Trium  Linguarum." —  Smith's 
Del.  Co. 

Taylor,  Edward  T.  ("Father  Taylor"), 
many  years  preacher  at  the  Seaman's  Bethel, 
Boston,  b.  Richmond,  Va.,  25  Dec.  1794;  d. 
Boston,  5  Apr.  1871.  A  sailor  in  his  youth, 
and  ord.  a  Meth.  preacher  in  1819.  His  dis- 
courses, filled  with  quaint  nautical  phrases, 
made  him  famous,  and  attracted  many  stran- 
gers. Chaplain  to  the  U.S.  frigate  sent  to  Ire- 
land during  the  famine  there,  and  delivered 
public  addresses  at  Cork  and  Glasgow.  A  dau. 
m.  Hon.  Thomas  Russell,  collector  of  the  port 
of  Boston. 

Taylor,  Fitch  Waterman,  Epis.  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  Middle  Haddam,  Ct.,  Aug. 
4,1803;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  July  24,  1865. 
Y.C.  1828.  He  went  to  N.Y.  in  1820  with  a 
mercantile  life  in  view,  but  studied  for  the 
ministry,  and  obtained  a  parish  in  Md.  From 
1841  to  his  death  he  was  a  chaplain  in  the 
navy.  He  pub.  "  The  Flag-Ship, '  giving  an 
account  of  his  voyage  round  the  world  in  "  The 
Columbia,"  2  vols.  1840,  and  "The  Broad 
Pennant,  or  History  of  the  Naval  War  with 
Mexico,"  1848. 

Taylor,  George,  a  signer  of  the  Decl.  of 
Indcp.,  b.  Ireland  1716;  d.  Easton,  Feb.  23, 
1781.  He  arrived  in  the  U.S.  penniless  in  1736, 
but,  having  received  a  good  education,  rose  from 
the  condition  of  a  laborer  in  the  iron  foundry 
of  Mr.  Savage,  at  Durham,  Pa.  (who  paid  the 
expenses  of  his  voyage  over),  to  the  station  of 
his  clerk,  and  subsequently  m.  his  widow. 
After  acquiring  a  handsome  fortune,  he  estab- 
lished irSn-works  on  the  Lehigh,  Northumber- 
land Co.  In  1764  he  was  elected  to  the  Col. 
Assembly,  where  he  soon  became  prominent ; 
member  of  the  Frov.  Assembly  5  consecutive 
years,  and  in  1770  was  madejudge  of  the  county 
court,  and  col.  of  militia;  in  Oct.  1775  he  was 
again  elected  to  the  Prov.  Assembly,  and  was 
active  in  promoting  Revol.  measures.  The 
action  of  some  of  the  members  of  the  Cont. 
Congress  in  refusing  their  assent  to  the  Decl. 
of  Indep.  led  to  the  election  of  new  members, 
July  20,  1776,  of  whom  he  was  one.  He  sub- 
sequently negotiated  a  treaty  with  several  of 
the  Indian  tribes  on  behalf* of  the  U.S.,  and 
March,  1777,  retired  from  Congress,  and  re- 
moved to  Delaware. 


Taylor,  George,  lawyer  and  M.C.  1857-9, 
b.  Wheeling,  Va.,  Oct.  19,  1820.  Received  a 
liberal  education ;  studied  medicine,  and  sub- 
sequently the  law;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1840;  practised  in  Ind. ;  removed  to  Ala.  in 
1844,  and  in  1848  removed  to  New  York.  He 
pub.  in  1851  "Indications  of  the  Creator,"  a 
vol.  of  collected  addresses  and  lectures,  and 
has  also  written  much  in  behalf  of  popular 
education.  —  Lanman. 

Taylor,  Gen.  George  W.,  b.  Clinton, 
N.  J.,  1808  ;  d.  Alexandria,  Va.,  Sept.  1, 1862, 
of  wounds  received  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull 
Run.  At  19  he  entered  the  navy  as  a  midship- 
man, but  after  3  years'  service  settled  as  a  farmer 
in  N.  J.  In  the  Mexican  war  he  was  a  licut. 
and  afterward  a  capt.  in  the  10th  Inf.  After 
the  war,  he  resided  3  years  in  Cal. ;  then  en- 
gaged in  mining  and  manuf  in  N.  J.,  and  in 
June,  1861,  was  made  col.  3d  N.J.  Regt., 
which,  under  Gen.  Runyon,  formed  a  part  of 
the  reserve  at  Bull  Run.  Attached  to  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  when  it  went  to  the 
Peninsula,  Col.  Taylor  took  charge  of  the  1st 
brigade  of  N.  J.  Vols.  May  9,  1862,  he  was 
made  brig.-gen.  He  took  a 'manful  part  in  the 
severe  fighting  before  Richmond,  and  also  in 
the  battles  under  Gen.  Pope  near  Manassas. 

Taylor,  Jacob,  surv.-gen.  of  Pa.,  and  a 
schoolmaster  and  physician ;  d.  1736.  Author 
of  "Pennsylvania,"  a  poem,  pub.  in  1728 ;  and 
wrote  poetry  for  almanacs  which  he  prepared 
for  publication.  —  See  Titan's  Almanac,  1730. 

Taylor,  Gen.  James,  b.  Midway,  Va., 
Apr.  19,  1769;  d.  Newport,  Ky.,  Nov.  7,1848. 
His  ancestor  James  emig.  to  E.  Va.  in  1692. 
His  father  was  the  cousin  of  Pres.  Zachary. 
He  emig.  to  Ky.  in  1792,  and  served  with  dis- 
tinction during  the  war  of  1812  as  quarterm.- 
gen.  of  the  N.W.  army  under  Gen.  Hull.  He 
was  one  of  the  largest  landed  proprietors  in 
the  West. 

Taylor,  Col.  John,  U.S.  senator  1792-4, 
1803,  and  1822-4,  b.  Orange  Co.,  Va. ;  d.  Caro- 
line Co.,  Va.,  Aug.  20,  1824.  Wm.  and  M. 
Coll.  1 770.  Mover  of  the  celebrated  resolutions 
of  1 798-9  in  the  h.  of  del.  of  Va.  He  did  much 
towards  advancing  the  science  of  agriculture  in 
his  native  State,  and  was  ever  forward  in  pro- 
moting objects  conducive  to  the  public  good. 
He  pub.  "Construction  Construed,"  8vo, 
1820;  "An  Inquiry  into  the  Principles  of  the 
Govt,  of  the  U.S.,"  1814;  "Avatar,"  a  series 
of  agric.  essays,  12mo,  1818;  "Tyranny  Un- 
masked," 8vo,  1822;  "New  Views  of  the  Con- 
stitiition  of  the  U.S.,"  8vo,  1823. 

Taylor,  John,  Baptist  preacher,  b.  Fau- 
quier Co.,  Va.,  1752;  d.  Franklin  Co.,  Ky., 
1835.  Author  of  "Historv  of  Ten  Baptist 
Churches,"  &c.,  12mo,  1826  or  1827;  and 
of  a  pamphlet,  "Thoughts  on  Missions."  — 
Spraffue. 

Taylor,  John,  statesman  of  S.C.,  b.  1770; 
d.  1832.  N.J.  Coll.  1790.  He  studied  law, 
and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1793,  but  turned 
his  attention  chiefly  to  planting.  He  was  some 
years  in  the  State  legisl.;  M.C.  1807-9  and 
1817-21 ;  U.S.  senator  1810-16  ;  gov. 1826-8  ; 
trustee  of  the  S.C.  Coll.  in  1806 ;  State  senator 
in^  1810  and  '22.  He  was  also  at  one  time  re- 
ceiver of  public  moneys  in  Mpi.  Territory. 


T^Y 


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TATSr 


Taylor,  John  Louis,  jurist,  b.  London, 
Mar.  1,  1769;  d.  Jan.  29,  1829.  Brought  to 
this  country  at  the  age  of  12  by  his  brother.  He 
studied  law,  and  settled  in  Fayetteville,  N.C. 
He  was  often  a  member  of  the  State  legisl. ; 
filled  for  a  short  time  the  office  of  atty.-gen. ; 
was  in  1798  elected  a  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  Law  and  Equity,  and  was  in  1810 
app.  chief  justice.  A  vol.  of  his  reports,  1799- 
1802,  was.  pub.  Newbern,  8vo,  1802;  another, 
1816-18,  at  Raleigh,  1818;  "Charge  to  the 
Grand  Jury  of  Edgecombe  Sup.  Court,  181 7,'^ 
Svo,  1817. 

Taylor,  John  Neilson,  legal  writer,  b. 
N.J.  1805.  N.J.  Coll.  1824.  Lawyer  in  N.Y. 
City  since  1825.  Author  of  "Treatise  on 
Landlord  and  Tenant,"  8vo,  1844  and  1869; 
"Law  of  Executors  and  Administrators," 
12mo,  1851. 

Taylor,  John  W.,  lawyer  and  M.C.,  b. 
Saratoga  Co.,  N.Y.,  1784;  d.  Cleveland,  O., 
Sept.  18, 1854.  Un.  Coll.  1803.  He  studied  law 
in  Albany;  was  in  1811  elected  to  the  State 
legisl. ;  M.C.  1813-33 ;  speaker,  Nov.  13,  1820- 
Mar.  3,  1821  (during  the  passage  of  the  Mo. 
Compromise,  against  which  he  made  an  elo- 
quent speech),  and  again  in  1825-7 ;  and  State 
senator  1841-3.  In  Sept.  1843  he  removed  to 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Taylor,  Joseph  Penuel,  commiss.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Ky. ;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  June 
29,  1864.  Bro.  of  Pres.  Taylor.  App.  lieut. 
of  inf.  May  20,  1813  ;  capt.  July,  1825;  com- 
missary (rank  of  major),  July  7,  1838;  assist, 
com.-gen.  Nov.  30,  1841  ;  brev.  col.  for  services 
in  the  Mexican  war  in  May,  1848;  commiss.- 
gen.  Sept.  29,  1861  ;  brig. -gen.  and  commis.s.- 
gen.  U.S.A.  Feb.  9,  1863. 

Taylor,  Nathaniel  William,  D.D., 
Dwight  prof  of  didactic  theol.  in  Y.C.,  b.  New 
Milford,  June  23,  1786;  d.  New  Haven,  Ct., 
Mar.  10,  185 S.  Y.C.  1807.  Grandson  of  Rev. 
Nathaniel.  He  studied  theol.,  and  from  April 
8,  1812,  to  Nov.  1823,  when  he  was  app.  to  his 
professorship,  he  was  pastor  of  the  First  Cong. 
Church  in  New  Haven,  during  which  time  he 
acquired  the  reputation  of  boing  one  of  the 
ablest  and  soundest  divines  in  N.  Eng.  His 
talent  for  theological  discussion  was  shown  in 
a  series  of  articles  upon  the  Unitarian  contro- 
versy in  the  Monthly  Christian  Spectator.  In 
theology,  Dr.  Taylor  was  in  the  main  a  disci- 
ple of  Edwards  and  Dwight,  adopting  the  Cal- 
vinistic  theory  as  modified  by  the  Edwardses. 
4  vols,  of  his  works  have  been  pub.  1858-60. 
—  See  AlUbone,  and  Memorial  ofN.  W.  Taylor y 
D.D.,  8vo,  New  Haven,  1858. 

Taylor,  Oliver  Alden,  minister  and  au- 
thor, b.  Yarmouth,  Ms.,  18  Aug.  1801  ;  d. 
Manchester,  Ms.,  Dec.  18,  1851.  Un.  Coll. 
1825;  And.  Theol.  Scm.  1829.  Minister  of 
Manchester,  Ms.,  from  1839  till  his  death.  In 
1836  he  taught  sacred  literature  in  the  Andover 
Sem.  He  pub.  articles  in  the  Biblical  Reposi- 
tory and  many  other  journals ;  "  Brief  Views 
of  the  Saviour,"  1835;  "The  Music  of  the  He- 
brews,"  a  translation;  "Memoirs  ofReinhard," 
1332;  "Memoir  of  Andrew  Lee,"  1844;  also 
some  poetical  pieces  ;  Reinhard's  "  Plan  of  the 
Founder  of  Christianity,"  1831;  "Catalogue 
of  the  Lil)rary  of  And.  Theol.  Scm.,"  1838.   A 


number  of  his  poetical  pieces  were  pub.  from 
1820  to  1828.  His  Memoir,  by  his  brother  Rev. 
T.  A.  Taylor,  was  pub.  in  1853. 

Taylor,  Richard,  capt.  in  the  Va.  navy 
of  the  Revol.,  b.  Va.  1747;  d.  Oldham  Co., 
Ky.,  1825.  Pension  of  $300  Sept.  3,  1816,  lor 
wound  received  while  commanding  flotilla  in 
the  Chesapeake. 

Taylor,  Gen.  Richard,  son  of  President 
Zachary  Taylor,  b.  Florida.  Chosen  col.  9ih 
La.  Vols,  in  1861,  he  com.  that  regt.  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Bull  Run ;  made  brig.-gen.  21  Oct.  1861 ; 
served  under  Stonewall  Jackson  in  Va.,  and 
was  promoted  to  maj.-gen. ;  in  1863-4  served 
with  Gen.  E.  Kirby  Smith  in  the  Trans-Mpi. 
dept.,  and  defeated  Gen.  Banks  in  his  Red-river 
exped.  at  Sabine  Cross-Roads,  and  was  in  turn 
defeated  at  Pleasant  Hill;  Sept.  10,  1864,  he 
•  assumed  the  com.  of  the  dept.  of  E.  Louisiana 
at  Mobile;  and  May  4,  1865,  surrendered  to 
Gen.  Canby.  He  resides  in  La.  One  of  his 
sisters  married  Jefferson  Davis. 

Taylor,  Richard  Cowling,  scholar  and 
geologist,  b.  Ilinton,  Suffolk,  Eng.,  Jan.  18, 
1 789  ;  d.  Phila.  Nov.  26, 1 851 .  He  became  dis- 
ting.  as  an  antiquary  and  geologist,  and  pub. 
a  number  of  works  on  those  subjects.  In  July, 
1 830,  he  emig.  to  Phila.  Among  his  pubs,  m 
that  city  were  treatises  on  the  Geology  and 
Nat.  Hist,  of  the  North-east  Extremity  of  the 
Alleghany  Mts.,  and  a  Supplement  to  a  Nat. 
Hist,  of  Birds  of  the  Alleghany  Range.  He 
made  surveys  of  different  coal-fields ;  and  his 
most  important  work  was  that  pub.  in  1848, 
entitled  the  "  Statistics  of  Coal,"  an  octavo 
vol.  of  754  pages.  He  pub.  in  En^^.,  in  1821, 
"  Index  Monasticus,"  in  the  ancient  kingd 
of  Anglia  ;  also  a  very  complete  "  General  In- 
dex to  Dugdale's  Monasticon  Anglicanum  " 
(fol.  1830),  "Geology  of  East  Anglia,"  1827, 
8vo. 

Taylor,  Gen.  Robert  Barnard,  b.  Va. 
24  March,  1774;  d.  Norfolk,  Va.,  13  Apr. 
1834.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  1793.  Brig.-gen. 
Va.  militia;  com.  in  defence  of  Norfolk  1813- 
14;  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  19  July,  1813.  He  was 
an  eminent  lawyer ;  member  of  the  Va.  Assem- 
bly 1798-9;  of  the  Const.  Conv.  1829-30;  and 
was  judge  of  the  Gen.  Court  of  Va.  1831-4. 

Taylor,  Samuel  Harvey,  LL.D.  (B.U. 
1851),  classical  scholar,  b.  Londonderry,  N.H., 
Oct.  3,  1807;  d.  Andover  29  Jan.  1871. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1832;  And.  Sem.  1837.  Tutor 
at  Dartm.  1836-7;  principal  of  Phillips  And. 
Acad,  from  Sept.  1837  to  his  death;  one  of 
the  editors  of  the  "  Bibliotheca.  Sacra "  from 
1 852.  Has  pub.  "  Method  of  Classical  Study," 
1861,  and  some  Latin  and  Greek  school-books. 
He  was  without  a  superior  as  a  classical  in- 
structor, and  made  Phillips  Acad,  the  most 
celebrated  preparatory  school  in  the  country. 

Taylor,  Stephen  William,  LL.D,  ( 1 851 ), 
educator,  b.  Adams,  Ms.,  Oct.  23,  1791  ;  d. 
Hamilton,  N.Y.,  Jan.  7,  1856.  Ham.  Coll. 
1817.  He  taught  14  years  the  Black-river 
Acad,  at  Lowville,  Lewis  Co.;  was  3  years 
teacher  of  a  family  school ;  in  1834  took  charge 
of  the  preparatory  dept.  of  the  Hamilton  Insti- 
tution, now  Madison  U.,  where,  from  1838  to 
1845,  he  was  prof  of  math,  and  nat.  philos. ; 
then  aided  in  establishing  the  university  at 


an 
om 


TAY 


896 


TAZ 


Lewisburg,  of  which  he  was  5  years  pres. ; 
and  from  1851  to  his  death  was  pres.  of  Madi- 
son U.,  which  he  brought  from  a  depressed  to 
a  highly -floui'ishing  condition.  He  left  an 
hist. "ketch  of  this  university,  some  inaugural 
and  baccalaureate  addresses,  and  a  series  of  es- 
says on  the  theory  of  education,  pub.  in  the 
Christian  Chronicle,  Phila. 

Taylor,  Thomas  House,  D.D.,  rector 
of  Grace  Church,  New  York,  from  1834  to  his 
d.  9  Sept.  1867,  b.  Georgetown,  S.C,  18  Oct. 
1799.  Received  his  education  in  S.C;  was 
an  elegant  preacher,  and  held  high  rank  as  a 
writer  and  debater  among  the  Episcopal  clergy. 
Author  of  Sermons,  1846-67,  8vo,  N.Y.  1809. 
Taylor,  Virgil  Corydon,  author  of  a 
new  musical  notation  entitled  "  Taylor's  In- 
dex Staff,"  b.  Barkhamsted,  Ct.,  18J7.  Has 
pub.  "  Sacred  Ministrel,"  1846  ;  "  The  Lute  or 
Musical  Instructor,"  1847  ;  "  Choral  Anthems," 
1850 ;  "  The  Golden  Lyre,"  1850 ;  "  The  Con- 
cordia," 1851;  "The  Chime,"  1854;  "The 
Celestina,"  1856  :  "  The  Song  Festival,"  1858  ; 
"The  Enchanter,"  1861;  "The  Concertina," 
1864;  "The Praise-Offering,"  1868.  — ^///to«e. 
Taylor,  Gen.  Waller,  d.  Lunenburg, 
Va.,  26  Aug.  1826.  Maj.  and  aide  to  Gen. 
Harrison  at  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe  7  Nov. 
1811 ;  U.S.  senator  from  Ind.  1816-25;  and  a 
man  of  much  literary  culture. 

Taylor,  William  Rogers,  rcar-adm. 
U.S.N.,  b.  Newport,  R.I.,  Apr.  1,  1811.  Son 
of  Capt.  W.  V.  Midshipm.  Apr.  1,  1828; 
lieut.  Feb.  10,  1840;  com.  Sept.  14,  1855; 
capt.  July  16,  1862;  commo.  July  25,  1866; 
rear-adm.*^  Jan  1871.  Attached  to  the  sloop 
"  St.  Maiy's  "  during  Mexican  war ;  engaged 
at  Tampico  Bar,  June  8  and  1 5,  1 846 ;  at  the 
siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  com.  a  gun  in  the  naval 
battery ;  com.  steam-sloop  "  Housatonic,"  S. 
Atl.  block,  squad.,  1862-3.  Senior  officer  off 
Charleston  when  attacked  by  Confed.  rams 
"  Chocura  "  and  "  Palmetto ; "  present  as 
fleet-capt.  with  Adm.  Dahlgren  during  all  the 
operations  against  Morris  Island  in  July,  1863 ; 
was  in  the  battle  with  Forts  Wagner  and  Sum- 
ter, July  10,  and  again  July  19,  1863;  com 
steam-sloop  "Juniata,"  N.  Atl.  block,  squad., 
1864-5,  and  in  both  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher.  — 
Homerslij. 

Taylor,  William  Vigneron,  capt. 
U.S.N.,  b.  Newport,  R.L,  1781;  d.  11  Feb. 
1 858.  His  maternal  ancestor.  Dr.  N.  F.  Vigne- 
ron, settled  in  Newport  in  1690,  and  d.  1764. 
He  went  to  sea  before  the  mast ;  became  a  capt. 
in  the  mcrch.  service ;  was  app.  sailing-master 
U.S.N.  28  Apr.  1813;  licut.  9  Dec.  1814; 
master  com.  3  Mar.  1831  ;  capt.  8  Sept.  1841. 
He  did  good  service  in  equipping  Com.  Pen-y's 
fleet  on  Lake  Erie,  and  was  conspicuous  in  the 
victory,  navigating  "  The  Lawrence,"  Perry's 
flag-ship,  into  and  during  the  fight.  His  last 
service  was  in  com.  of  "  The  Ohio  "  (74)  on  a 
ci'uise  to  the  Pacific  in  1847.  Father  of  Adm. 
Wm.  R.  Tavlor,  U.S.N.,  and  of  Capt.  0.  H. 
P.  Taylor,  tJ.S.A.,  who  was  killed  by  Indians 
in  Wash.  Teir.,  17  May,  1858,  a.  30. 

Taylor,  Zachary,  12rh  pres.  of  the  U.S., 
b.  Orange  Co.,  Va.,  Sept.  24,  1784  ;  d.  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  July  9,  1850.  His  father  Rich- 
ard was  col.  9th  Va.  Regt.  in  the  Revolution  ; 


was  disting.  in  the  Indian  wars ;  was  one  of 
the  framers  of  the  Const,  of  Ky.,  where  he  had 
settled  in  1785  ;  and  d.  Louisville,  Ky.,  Jan.  19, 
1829,  a.  83.  Zachary  was  scantily  educated, 
and  until  his  24th  year  was  engaged  in  the  la- 
bors of  his  father's  plantation.'  May  3,  1808, 
he  was  made  1st  lieut.  7th  Inf  ;  capt.  Nov.  1810. 
For  his  gallantry  in  repelling  an  Indian  attack 
on  Fort  Harrison,  a  stockade  on  the  Wabash 
River  (Sept.  5, 1812),  he  received  thebrev.  rank 
of  major,  — the  first  instance  in  the  service  of 
this  species  of  promotion.  He  took  part  in  the 
successful  exped.  of  Gen.  Hopkins  against  the 
Indians,  and  in  1814,  with  the  rank  of  major, 
com.  an  exped.  against  the  British  and  Indians 
on  Rock  River.  App.  maj.  3d  Inf  May,  1816  ; 
lieut.-col.  Apr.  20,  1819;  col.  1st  Inf  Apr. 
1832  ;  brev.  brig.-gen.  June,  1838  ;  brev.  raaj.- 
gen.  May  28,  1846  ;  maj-gen.  June  29,  1846. 
In  1832  he  was  engaged  in  the  Black  Hawk 
war  ;  in  1836  he  was  ordered  to  Florida  ;  Dec. 
25,  1837,  he  defeated  the  Seminoles  at  Okecho- 
bee  in  a  decisive  battle ;  and  in  April,  1838,  was 
made  com.-in-chief  in  Florida.  App.  in  1840 
to  the  com.  of  the  array  in  the  South-west,  he 

Purchased  an  estate  at  Baton  Rouge,  to  which 
e  removed  his  family.  On  the  annexation  of 
Texas  in  1845,  he  was  ordered  to  the  frontier; 
marched  to  the  Rio  Grande  in  March,  1846; 
gained  the  battles  of  Palo  Alto  (May  8)  and 
Resaca  de  la  Palma  (May  9)  ;  took  posses- 
sion ofMatamoras,  May  18;  captured  Monte- 
rey, Sept.  24  ;  and  Feb.  21,  1847,  defeated  the 
Mexicans  under  Santa  Ana  at  Buena  Vista, 
notwithstanding  their  immense  superiority  in 
numljers.  By  this  decisive  victory,  the  reputa- 
tion of  Gen.  Taylor,  already  great,  was  im- 
mensely enhanced.  He  was  remarkable  for 
his  care  of  his  men,  and  for  his  readiness  to 
expose  himself  to  danger.  He  received  the 
thanks  of  Congress  and  a  gold  medal  for  his 
victories  in  Mexico,  and  from  his  soldiers  the 
sobriquet  of  "  Old  Rough  and  Reatly."  Nomi- 
nated to  the  pres.  at  the  Whig  Conv.  at  Phila. 
June  1, 1848,  he  received  in  the  following  Nov. 
163  electoral  votes  against  127  for  his  opponent 
Cass.  Inaug.  March  5,  1849,  his  administra- 
tion is  memorable  as  the  period  in  which  the 
antagonism  between  the  free  and  slave  States 
reached  a  crisis  that  seriously  threatened  the 
Union,  —  a  crisis  avoided  by  a  compromise.  He 
succumbed  to  an  attack  of  bilious  fever  a  few 
months  after  his  inaug. ;  and  the  executive 
power  devolved  on  Vice-Pres.  Fillmore.  Plain- 
ness and  simplicity  were  the  characteristics  of 
his  manners  and  appearance.  His  son  Richanl 
became  a  Confed.  gen.  A  dau.  m.  Jefferson 
Davis. 

Tazewell,  Henry,  statesman  and  jurist, 
b.  Brunswick  Co.,  Va.,  1753;  d.  Phila.  Jan. 
24,  1799.  His  ancestor  Wm.  came  from  Som- 
ersetshire in  1715,  and  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  law.  He  lost  his  father  (Littleton)  in  early 
life.  Became  a  student  of  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll., 
and  studied  law  with  his  uncle  John  Tazewell 
(clerk  of  the  State  conv.  of  June,  1776,  who  d. 
at  Williamsburg  1781),  and  was  adm.  to  the 
bar.  In  1775  he  was  a  member  of  the  h.  of 
burgesses,  and  in  the  conv.  of  June,  1776,  was 
plat  ed  on  the  com.  which  reported  the  decl.  of 
rights  and   the  Constitution.     In  the  h.  of 


TAZ 


897 


TEL 


delegates,  to  which  he  was  regularly  returned 
until  elevated  to  the  bench,  he  displayed  great 
talents.  At  the  bar  he  long  enjoyed  a  large 
and  lucrative  practice,  but  in  1785  was  elected 
to  a  seat  on  the  bench,  and  consequently  be- 
came a  member  of  the  first  Court  of  Appeals. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Court  of  Appeals  in 
1 793 ;  and  from  1794  to  his  death  he  was  in  the 
U.S.  senate,  over  which  he  pi-es.  in  1795.  He 
bore  in  that  body  a  disting.  part  in  the  discus- 
sions on  the  Briti>h  treaty,  and  performed  with 
unqualified  applause  the  office  of  a  leader  in 
the  Repub.  party.  He  was  a  friend  of  religious 
freedom,  and  as  a  State  politician  approved  the 
abolition  of  primogeniture  and  entails,  and  the 
separation  of  the  Church  from  the  State.  He 
was  remarkably  prepossessing  in  his  personal 
appcMirance.  —  Grigsby. 

TazeweU,  Littleton  Walker,  gov.  of 
Va.  in  1834-6  ;  b.  Williamsburg,  Va.,  17  Dec. 
1 774  ;  d.  Norfolk,  Va.,  May  6,  1860.  Wm.  and 
Mary  Coll.  1791.  Son  of  the  preceding.  He 
studied  law  under  John  Wickham  of  Richmond, 
and  began  practice  at  Williamsburg  in  1796. 
lie  was  in  the  State  legisl.  in  1798.  He  moved 
to  Norfolk  in  1801,  and  acquired  a  large  and 
lucrative  practice;  M.C.  1800-1  ;  U.S.  senator 
1824-33.  In  1820  he  was  one  of  the  commiss. 
under  the  Fla.  treaty ;  in  the  senate  he  was  a 
strong  sympathizer  with  the  nullification 
movements,  and  a  zealous  advocate  of  all 
Southern  political  measures  ;  in  1829  he  de- 
clined the  mission  to  London.  Author  of  a 
"  Review  of  the  Negotiations  between  the  U.S. 
and  Great  Britain  respecting  the  Commerce 
of  the  Two  Countries,"  &c.,  Lond.  8vo,  1829; 
contrib.  under  the  signature  Senex  to  the  Nor- 
folk Herald  in  1827.  —  See  Discourse  on  his 
Life  by  Hugh  B.  Grigsby,  LL.D.,  8vo,  1860. 

Tecumseh.,  chief  of  the  Shawnees,  b.  near 
Springfield,  O.,  ab.  1770;  killed  in  the  battle 
of  the  Thames,  C.W.,  Oct.  5,  1813.  He  first 
appears  in  a  fight  with  Ky.  troops  on  the 
Mad  River  when  he  was  ab.  20,  and  was  said 
to  have  run  at  the  first  fire ;  yet,  in  the  war  end- 
ing at  the  treaty  of  Grcenvifle  in  1795,  he  was 
noted  as  one  of  the  boldest  and  most  active  of 
the  Indian  warriors.  Ab.  1804  he  projected 
with  his  bro.  Elskwatawa,  the  "Prophet,"  the 
union  of  all  the  Western  Indians  for  the  ex- 
tirpation of  the  whites.  He  visited  all  the 
tribes  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Mpi.,  on  Lakes 
Superior,  Huron,  and  Michigan  ;  the  Prophet 
assuming  to  be  commiss.  to  the  Indians  from 
the  Great  Spirit,  and  preaching  against  the 
influence  of  the  white  men.  They  had  in  181 1 
gathered  at  Tippecanoe,  on  the  Wabash,  a  force 
of  several  hundred  warriors,  which  Gov.  Harri- 
son, in  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  Nov.  7,  1811, 
completely  defeated.  Tecumseh's  plan  was 
not  yet  matured,  and  this  battle  ruined  it.  He 
next  sought  the  alliance  of  the  English,  and, 
with  the  rank  of  brig.-gen.,  com.  all  the  Indians 
who  co-operated  with  the  English  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1812-13 ;  was  present  in  every  impor- 
tant engagement  previous  to  that  of  the  Thames ; 
and  was  conspicuous  in  the  skirmishes  preced- 
ing Hull's  surrender  at  Detroit.  '  In  the  bat- 
tle on  the  Thames,  near  the  Moravian  towns, 
he  com.  the  right  wing,  the  only  part  of  the 
forces  engaged.  The  Indians  were  driven  back ; 
67 


but  Tecumseh  rushed  forward  where  the  fire 
was  hottest,  and  fell  The  statement  that  he 
was  killed  by  Col.  R.  M.  Johnson  is  not  now 
credited.  A  Life  of  Tecumseh,  and  his  bro.  the 
Prophet,  was  written  by  Benjamin  Drake  of 
Cincinnati  in  1841. 

Tefft,  Benjamin  Franklin,  D.D.  (of 
Wesl.  U.  of  Ohio,  1846),  LL.D.  (of  Madison 
U.  of  N.  Y.  1852),  clergyman,  b.  Floyd, 
Oneida  Co.,  N.Y.,  Aug.  20,  1813.  Wesl.  U. 
1835.  After  leaving  college,  he  devoted  4  years 
to  legal,  metaphysical,  and  historical  studies. 
He  was  in  1839-41  pastor  of  a  M.  E.  church 
at  Bangor,  Me.;  in  1841  pres.  of  a  classical 
sem.  at  Providence,  R.I. ;  and  after  one  year's 
residence  in  Boston  he  was  for  3  years  prof,  of 
Greek  and  Hebrew  in  the  Indiana  Asbury  U. ; 
in  1846  he  became  general  editor  of  the  books 
and  magazines  of  the  Meth.  book  concern  at 
Cincinnati ;  and  in  1 851-4  was  pres.  of  Genesee 
Coll.,  N.Y. ;  pastor  at  Bangor,  Me.,  1858-61  ; 
U.S.  consul  and  acting  minister  at  Stockholm, 
1862;  commiss.  of  emigration  for  Me.  to  the 
north  of  Europe,  1864  ;  since  1866  pastor  M. 
E.  Church,  Portland,  Me.  He  has  pub.  "  The 
Shoulder-Knot,  or  Sketches  of  the  Threefold 
Life  of  Man,"  1850  ;  "  Hungarv  and  Kossuth," 
1851;  "Methodism  Successful/' 1859;  "Web- 
ster and  his  Masterpieces,"  2  vols.  1854;  ora- 
tion on  "Life  and  Character  of  Webster,"  1852; 
"  The  Northern  Harp,"  a  poem,  1838  ;  "Pris- 
on-Life," and  an  Analy.sis  of  Butler's  Analogy. 

TeflPfc,  Thomas  Alexander,  architect  and 
monetarian,  b.  Richmond,  R.  I.,  3  Aug.  1 826 ; 
d.  Florence,  Italy,  12  Dec.  1859.  B.U.  1851. 
After  studying  architecture  in  Providence,  and 
furnishing  designs  for  many  private  and  public 
edifices,  he  in  1856  visited  Europe  to  perfect 
himself  in  the  art,  and  to  diffuse  his  ideas  of  a 
unified  currency  for  all  nations,  upon  which 
subject  he  read  a  paper  before  the  Brit.  Insti- 
tute of  Social  Science.  The  principal  features 
of  his  plan  were  after  his  d.  incorporated  into 
a^plan  agreed  upon  by  an  international  conf. 
at  Paris,  at  which  19  nations  were  represented, 
in  1867.  He  pub.  "Our  Deficiency  in  Art 
Education,"  Prov.  1852;  "Universal  Curren- 
cy," &c.,  Lond.  and  Edinb.  1858 ;  papers  on 
architecture  in  the  N.  Y.  Crayon,  and  Letters 
from  Europe  in  the  N.  Y.  Times,  1857-8.  — 
Memoir  by  E.  M.  Stone,  Prov.,  1869. 

Telfair,  Edward,  gov.  of  Ga.  1786  and 
1790-3,  b.  Scotland  1735;  d.  Savannah  17 
Sept.  1807.  Educated  at  Kirkcudbright  gram- 
mar-school. He  came  to  Amer.  at  23  as  agent 
of  a  mere,  house,  and  resided  some  time  in  Va. 
He  removed  to  Halifax,  N.C.,  and  in  1766  to 
Savannah,  where  he  was  a  merchant.  An  ac- 
tive promoter  of  the  Revol.,  he  served  on  many 
of  the  committees  of  the  time,  and  was  one  of 
the  party  that  broke  open  the  magazine  at 
Savannah,  and  removed  the  powder ;  delegate 
to  the  Old  Congress  in  1778  and  1780-3  ;  and 
in  1783  was  one  of  the  commiss.  to  make  a 
treaty  with  the  Cherokees.  Thomas,  his  son 
(N.J.  Coll.  1805;  M.C.  1813-17),  d.  Savan- 
nah, Apr.  1818. 

Tellier,  Very  Rev.  Remigius  Joseph,  su- 
perior of  the  Jesuits  in  N.  Y.,  Canada,  and  of  the 
Indians  of  the  Lakes,  b.  Soissons,  France,  1 796 ; 
d.  St.  Mary's  Coll.,  Montreal,  7  Jan.  1866. 


tem: 


898 


rDEN 


He  entered  the  society  11  Oct.  1818;  was  rec- 
tor of  Charaberry  Coll.,  and  in  1842  was  sent 
to  Canada.  He  officiated  2  years  at  La  Prai- 
rie; founded  the  Cliurch  of  St._  Patrick,  Mon- 
treal ;  was  3  years  stationed  in  U.C. ;  was 
prefect  of  studies,  and  prcs.  of  St.  Francis 
Xavier  Coll.,  and  afterward  at  St.  John's  Coll., 
Fordham,  N.Y.  Made  superior  of  his  order 
in  1850,  and  returned  to  Montreal. 

Temple,  Daniel,  missionary  to  Malta,  b. 
Reading,  Ms.,  1790;  d.  there  Aug.  9,  1851. 
Dartm.  1817;  And.  Sem.  1820.  He  was  a 
shoemaker  until  21.  Having  been  an  agent 
for  the  Amer.  Board  of  Missions  a  year,  he  was 
ord.in  1821 ;  went  to  Malta  in  1822;  in  1833-44 
was  at  Smyrna;  was  afterward  an  agent  of 
the  board,  preaching  in  various  places ;  and  was 
settled  in  Phelps,  N.Y.,  in  1847-9.  He  took  a 
printing-press  to  the  East,  and  pub.  books  in 
the  modern  Greek,  Italian,  and  Armenian  lan- 
guages ;  wrote  many  Scripture  histories ;  and 
edited  a  magazine  m  Greek.  His  Life  and 
Letters  by  his  son.  Rev.  D.  H.  Temple,  with 
introd.  by  R.  S.  Storrs,  D.D.,  was  pub.,  Bost. 
1855,  12mo. 

Temple,  Sir  John,  8th  bart.,  b.  Boston, 
1731  ;  d.  New  York,  Nov.  17,  1798.  He  sue-, 
ceeded  Sir  Richard  (commiss.  of  the  royal  navy 
in  1761,,  afterward  commiss.  of  the  revenue  at 
New  York),  who  d.  Nov.  15, 1786,  without  issue. 
Sir  John  m.  a  dau.  of  Gov.  Bowdoin,  and  was 
agent  and  constil-gen.  of  Great  Britain  to  the 
U.S.  —  Betham ;  Alden. 

Temple,  AVilliam,  gov.  Delaware  1846, 
b.  Q.AnneCo.,Md.,Feb.28, 1815;  d.  Smyrna, 
DeL,  28  May,  1863.  A  merchant  at  Smyrna. 
A  member  and  speaker  of  the  legisl.  in  1844; 
member  of  the  State  senate  1845-54 ;  and  mem- 
ber elect  of  the  38th  Congress  when  he  died. 

Ten  Broeck,  Gen.  Abraham,  b.  AWnmj, 
May  13,  1734;  d.  there  Jan.  19,  1810.  His 
father  Dirck  was  many  years  recorder,  and  then 
mayor,  of  Albany.  He  began  business  as  a 
merchant  in  1753,  and  m.  Elizabeth,  dau.  of 
Gen.  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer;  member  Col. 
Assembly  1761-75,  and  of  the  Prov.  Congress 
and  conv.  which  organized  a  State  govt,  in 
1777,  and  pres.  of  the  conv.;  June  25,  1778- 
1781,  brig.-gen.  of  Albany  militia;  com.  a 
brigade  at  the  battle  of  Bemis  Heights,  Oct. 
1 777 ;  State  senator  1 780-3  ;  mayor  of  Albany 
1779-83,  and  first  judge  Albany  County  1781- 
94.  —  Hough's  Northern  Invasion. 

Ten  Eick,  Abraham  S-,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
N.Y.  1787;  d.  28  Mar.  1844;  midshipm.  11 
Sept.  1811 ;  lieut.  27  Ape  1816;  com.  9  Feb. 
1837;  capt.  10  Dec.  1843;  in  the  action  be- 
tween the  frigates  "U.  States""  and  "Mace- 
donian," 25  Oct.  1812. 

Tennent,  Gilbert,  an  eminent  preacher, 
b.  Armagh,  Ireland,  Feb.  5, 1703  ;  d.  23  July, 
1 764.  Son  of  William,  a  Presb.  minister,  who 
catne  to  this  country  in  1718,  and  settled  near 
Phila.,  where  he  opened  an  acad.  for  the  edu- 
cation of  students  in  divinity,  and  d.  ab.  1743. 
The  son  assisted  in  the  direction  of  this  estab- 
lishment, and,  after  having  studied  medicine  as 
well  as  theology,  was  in  1726  ord.  pastor  of  a 
cong.  at  New  Brunswick.  In  1740  and'*4l  tc 
travelled  through  N.  Eng.  at  the  request  ®f 
"Whitefield,  and  preached  in  many  places  with 


great  success.  He  was  one  of  the  most  con- 
spicuous ministers  of  his  day,  ardent  in  hh 
zeal,  forcible  in  his  reasoning,  and  bold  and 
passionate  in  his  addresses  to  the  conscience 
and  the  heart.  He  affected  eccentricity  in  his 
preaching,  entering  the  pulpit  on  his  New-Eng- 
land tour  in  an  overcoat  bound  with  a  leathern 
girdle,  and  with  long  hair.  Notwithstanding 
his  zeal  and  success  as  a  missionary,  a  party- 
was  formed  against  him,  and  he  was  accused 
of  immorality.  To  a  hostile  pamphlet,  called 
"  The  Examiner,"  he  replied  with  the  "  Exam 
incr  Examined."  This  controversy  occasioned 
the  convocation  of  a  s^nod  in  1741 ;  but  no 
decision  on  the  points  in  dispute  took  place, 
Tennent,  with  a  view  to  conciliation,  pub.  a 
remarkable  work  under  the  title  of"  The  Peace 
of  Jerusalem."  In  1743  he  founded  a  Presb. 
church  at  Phila.,  and  subsequently  travelled 
through  some  of  the  States  as  a  missionary. 
In  1753  he  went  to  Eng.  to  solicit  benefac- 
tions to  the  college  of  Princeton.  Among  his 
other  pubs,  are  an  account  of  a  revival  of  re- 
ligion in  1 744,  and  on  the  success  of  the  exped. 
against  Loui.iburg ;  discourses  on  several  sub- 
jects, 12mo,  1745;  "On  the  Lawfulness  of 
Defensive  War,"  1747;  "On  the  Consistency 
of  Defensive  War  with  True  Christianity;" 
"  Defensive  War  Defended ; "  and  "  Sermons  on 
Important  Subjects,"  8vo,  1753;  xxiii.  Ser- 
mons, Phila.,  8vo,  1744. 

Tennent,  William,  clergyman,  bro.  of 
the  preceding,  b.  Antrim  Co.,  Ireland,  Jan.  3, 
1705;  d.  Freehold,  N.  J.,  Mar.  8,  1777.  N.  J. 
Coll.  1758.  He  came  to  America  with  his 
father's  family  in  1718,  and  studied  theology 
under  his  bro.  at  N.  Brunswick.  He  had 
nearly  completed  the  course  when  his  health 
failed,  and  he  fell  into  a  catalepsy,  or  trance, 
and  for  several  days  appeared  as  if  dead,  his 
body  being  cold  and  stiff.  His  physician,  who 
was  also  his  particular  friend,  perceiving  some 
slight  symptoms  of  vitality,  refused  to  consent 
to  his  bunal ;  and,  although  his  friends  were 
satisfied  he  was  dead,  his  funeral  was  postponed 
3  days,  and  subsequently  for  several  houra, 
efforts  for  his  resuscitation  being  finally  suc- 
cessful. His  recovery  was  slow  and  painful ; 
all  pi«evious  knowledge  was  forgotten ;  and  he 
had  to  be  taught  reading,  writing,  and  all 
things,  as  a  newborn  child.  At  length  he  felt 
a  sudden  shock  in  his  head,  and  by  degrees  his 
recollection  was  restored.  He  told  his  friends, 
that,  at  the  time  of  his  apparent  death,  he  found 
himself  in  heaven  in  the  presence  of  an  inde- 
scribable glory,  and  of  an  innumerable  host  of 
happy  worshippers,  and  heard  songs  of  praise 
which  were  unutterable.  When  about  to  join 
the  throng,  a  heavenly  messenger  said  to  him, 
"You  must  return  to  the  earth."  At  the 
shock  of  this  news  he  opened  his  eyes,  and, 
finding  himself  in  the  world,  fainted.  For  3 
years,  he  said,  the  recollection  of  what  he  had 
seen  and  heard  was  so  intense  as  to  make 
earthly  things  seem  worthless.  Oct.  25,  1733, 
he  was  ord.  at  Freehold,  Monmouth  Co.,  N.  J., 
as  successor  of  his  bro.  John,  and  continued  pas- 
tor 44  years.  He  pub.  a  few  occasional  ser- 
mons. A  Memoir,  giving  a  very  full  account 
of  his  trance,  was  prepared  and  pub.  by  Judge 
Elias  Boudinot,  N.Y.,  18mo,  1847. 


TEI^ 


899 


TER 


Tenney,  John  S.,  LL.D.,  an  able  la^vycr, 
chief  justice  of  Me.  1856-63,  b.  N.H.  1789  ;  d. 
Norridgevvock,  Me.,  23  Aug.  1869.  Bowd. 
Coll.  1816. 

Tenney,  Samuel,  M.D.,  physician  and 
physicist,  b.  Byfield,  Ms.,  Nov.  27,  1748;  d. 
Exeter,  Feb.  6,  1816.  H.U.  1772.  After  teach- 
ing school  one  3'car  at  Andover,  he  studied 
medicine  with  Dr.  Kittredge  ;  went  in  1775  to 
commence  practice  at  Exeter,  but,  joining  the 
army  on  the  day  of  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill, 
continued  in  service  as  a  surgeon  during  the 
war.  After  serving  one  year  in  the  Ms.  line,  he 
entered  that  of  R.I. ;  was  present  at  Saratoga 
and  Yorktowu ;  and  was  a  volunteer  at  Red 
Bank,  where  he  dressed  the  wounds  of  Donop, 
the  Hessian  commander.  After  the  war,  he  m. 
and  settled  at  Exeter,  but  did  not  resume  prac- 
tice. In  1788  he  was  a  member  of  the  State 
Const.  Conv. ;  judge  of  probate  for  Rocking- 
ham Co.  in  1793-1800;  and  M.C.  in  1800-7. 
Member  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  to 
whose  Memoirs  he  contrib.  an  account  of  the 
celebrated  Saratoga  mineral-waters  and  his 
"  Theory  of  Prismatic  Colors."  For  the  Ms. 
Hist.  Society  he  furnished  an  account  of  Exe- 
ter, and  a  notice  of  the  "dark  day,"  May  19, 
1780,  and  for  the  Ms.  Agric.  Soc.  a  much-ap- 
proved treatise  on  orcharding.  He  pub.  many 
political  essays  in  the  newspapers,  and  particu- 
larly in  1788  in  favor  of  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion. In  1811  he  pub.  in  the  N.Y.  Med.  Re- 
positon/  "An  Explanation  of  Certain  Curious 
Phenomena  in  the  Heating  of  Water."  Tabi- 
TiiA  his  wife,  dau.  of  Samuel  Gilman,  m.  in 
1788  (b.  Exeter,  N.H.,  1762;  d.  there  2  May, 
1837),  was  the  author  of  "  Adventures  of  Dor- 
casina  Sheldon,  or  Female  Quixotism  "  (2d 
ed.  Ncwburyport,  12mo,  1808),  and  "  The  New 
Pleasing  Instructor." 

Tenney,  William  Jewett,  editor,  b. 
Newport,  R.I.,  1811.  Y.  C.  1832.  He  com- 
pleted and  indexed  Benton's  Abridgment  of 
the  Debates  of  Congress;  has  edited  Apple- 
ton's  Annual  Cyclop. ;  was  co-editor  N.  Y. 
Jour,  of  Commerce,  1841,  and  N.Y.  Evening 
Post,  i  842-3  and  1847-8,  Mining  Magazine, 
N.Y.,  1853-60,  8  vols.  8vo ;  contrib.  to  Hunt's 
Merclits.  Mag.  Author  of  the  "  Milit.  and 
Naval  History  of  the  Rebellion,"  8vo,  1865; 
"Grammatical  Analysis,"  1866. — Allihone. 

Terhune,  Mary  Virgin  fa  ("  Marion 
Harland  "),  novelist,  b.  Va.  Her  father,  Sam. 
P.  Hawes  of  Dorchester,  is  a  merchant  of 
Richmond,  and  a  descendant  of  the  Puritans : 
her  mother  is  a  descendant  of  the  earliest  set- 
tlers of  Va.  At  14  she  began  to  contrib.  to  a 
weekly  city  journal.  A  fugitive  sketch  written 
at  16,  entitled  "Marrying  through  Prudential 
Motives,"  was  copied  from  Godeij's  Ladxf^  Book 
into  an  English  paper,  thence  'transferred  to 
a  Parisian  journal,  retranslated  for  another 
English  periodical,  and  finally <copied  in  Amer- 
ica, and  extensively  circulated  as  an  English 
story.  In  1854  she  pub-  "  Alone,"  a  highly-suc- 
cessful novel,  under  the  asssumed  name  of 
Marion  Harland ;  the  "  Hidden  Path  "  followed 
in  1856;  "Moss  Side"  in  1857;  "Husbands 
and  Homes,"  "  Nemesis,"  "  Sunnybank," 
1866;  "Christmas  Holly,"  1867;  "Ruby's 
Husband,"    1868;    "Common   Sense   in   the 


Household,"  a  book  of  domestic  receipts,  1871 
In  1856  she  ra.  Rev.  E.  P.  Terhune,  pastor  of 
a  Va.  church,  who  in  1859  became  pastor  of 
the  Dutch  Ref.  Church  in  Newark,  New  Jer- 
6e\'. 

Ternant,  Chevalier  Jean  de,  a  FrencTi 
officer,  who  served  in  the  Amer.  Revol.  array; 
d.  Conches,  Normandy,  1816.  In  Apr.  1778 
he  was  app.  one  of  Steuben's  sub-inspectors 
(rank  major);  Sept.  25,  1778,  he  was  made 
lieut.-col.  and  inspector  of  the  troops  in  S.C. 
and  Ga. ;  was  taken  prisoner  at  Charleston  in 
1780;  was  afterwards  exchanged,  and,  having 
temporarily  filled  the  place  of  Col.  Armand, 
resumed  his  duties  in  the  south.  He  was  a 
col.  during  the  wars  of  the  French  revol. ;  and 
was  ambassador  to  the  U.S.  in  1790-3.  Ter- 
nant was  a  man  of  decided  ability  and  remark- 
able accomplishments.  —  See  Kapp's  Life  of 
Steuben. 

Ternaux  (t6r'-no')  Compans,  Henri, 
nephew  of  Baron  Giiillaume  Louis;  d.  Dec. 
1864.  Has  pub.  2  series  of  10  vols,  each  of 
"  Voyages,  Reiations,et  Memoires,"  from  inedited 
Spanish  MSS.,  relating  to  tlie  discovery  and 
conquest  of  America,  —  a  work  of  inestima!)le 
value  (Paris,  1836-40);  "  Bibliotheque  Am€ri- 
caine,  1493-1700"  (8vo,  Paris,  1837);  and 
various  other  works. 

Teruay,  Charles  Lewis  d'Arsac  de,  a 
French  admiral ;  d.  Newport,  R.I.,  Dec.  15, 
1780,  a.  58.  He  was  descended  from  an 
ancient  and  noble  family  of  Bretagne,  and  en- 
tered the  service  in  1738.  He  invaded  New- 
foundland in  1762  incom.ofasquadron;  landed 
at  St.  John's  June  2,  reduced  the  place,  and 
captured  several  vessels;  resigned  in  1772,  and 
till  1779  was  gov.  of  Bourbon  and  the  adjacent 
isles.  In  1780  he  was  ordered  with  a  fleet  to 
the  U.S.,  carrying  Rochambeau's  army,  and 
arrived  at  Newport,  July  10,  1780,  but  died 
shortly  afterward. 

Terrell,  Dr.  William,  M.  C.  from  Ga. 
1817-21  ;  d.  Sparta,  Ga.,  July  4,  1855.  He 
was  frequently  a  member  of  the  State  legisl. ; 
took  great  interest  in  the  promotion  of  agricul- 
tural science.;  and  in  1853  gave  $20,000  for  the 
establishment  of  an  agric.  professorship  in  the 
U.  of  Georgia. 

Terrill,  Gen.  William  R.,  b.  Va.  1832; 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Perryville,  Ky.,  Oct.  8, 
1862.  West  Point,  1853.  2d  lieut.  4th  Art. 
4  Nov.  1853  ;  was  in  the  Florida  war  1856-7  ; 
1st  lieut.  31  Mar.  1856  ;  capt.  5th  Art.  14  May, 
1861.  He  then  raised  a  regt.  of  vols.,  was  sent 
to  Ky.,  com.  a  battery  in  Gen.  McCook's  divis- 
ion, was  assigned  to  com.  a  brigade  in  Gen. 
Buell's  army,  and  was  chief  of  art.  2d  division, 
;and,  for  his  bravery  and  ability  at  the  battle 
of  Shiloh,  was  made  brig.-gen  of  vols.  Sept.  9, 
1862. 

Terry,  Alfred  Howe,  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Hartford,  Ct.,  Nov.  10,  1827.  Educated  at 
Y.C.,  from  which  he  received  an  hon.  deg.  in 
1865;  studied  law;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1848;  was  clerk  of  the  N.  Haven  Co.  Courts 
from  June,  18.54,  to  June,  1860.  He  had  com. 
the  N.  Haven  Co.  (2d  Regt.)  since  1854,  and  in 
Apr.  1861  led  it  to  the  field,  serving  at  Bull 
Run,  retiring  in  good  order  when  the  day  was 
lost,  bringing  up  the  rear  in  the  retreat,  and 


a?ER 


900 


TULA. 


saving  a  large  amount  of  govt,  property.  He 
then  raised  the  7th  Ct.  Regt.,  which  was  at- 
tached to  the  exped.  under  Gen.  T.  W.  Sher- 
man ;  Nov.  7  it  occupied  the  captured  fort  on 
Hilton  Head;  was  employed  in  the  investment 
of  Fort  Pulaski,  and  on  i'ts  capture  was  placed 
in  charge  of  it.  During  the  summer  of  1862 
he  had  com.  of  the  posts  and  forts  on  the  At- 
lantic coasts  of  Florida.  Made  brig.-gen.  Mar. 
24,  1862,  and  led  a  brigade  in  the  battle  of 
Pocotaligo;  com.  div.  10th  corps,  and  engaged 
in  the  operations  in  Charleston  harbor;  also  in 
Army  of  the  James,  and  engaged  at  Drury's 
Bluff,  Bermuda  Hundred,  Deep  Bottom,  siege 
of  Petersburg,  actions  of  Newmarket  and  Wil- 
liamsburg Roads ;  com.  10th  corps  May  to  Dec. 
1864;  Jan.  15,  1865,  at  the  head  of  the  1st  div. 
24th  corps,  aided  by  the  fleet  of  Com.  Porter, 
he  carried  by  assault  Fort  Fisher,  ending  Con- 
fed,  supremacy  in  Cape-Fear  River ;  raaj.-gen. 
of  vols,  and  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  Jan.  15,  1865  ; 
com.  corps,  and  engaged  in  the  capture  of  Wil- 
mington, N.C.,  and  action  of  North-east  Creek, 
N.C. ;  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  for  gallant  and 
meritorious  conduct  at  capture  of  Wilmington, 
North  Carolina. 

Terry,  William  R.,  brig.-gen.  Confed. 
army,  b.  Va. ;  killed  in  the  assault  on  Fort 
Stednmn,  near  Petersburg,  March  25,  1865. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Lexington  Military 
Acad. ;  com.  24th  Va.  Regt.,  and  wounded  at 
Gettysburg ;  afterward  com.  a  brigade. 

Tertre,  John  Baptist,  a  French  mission- 
ary, b.  Calais  ;  d.  Paris,  1687.  After  serving 
his  country  in  the  military  and  naval  service, 
he  became  a  Dominican  friar,  and,  after  a 
zealous  prosecution  of  missionary  labor  in 
America,  returned  to  Europe  in  1658.  Author 
of  "A  General  History  of  the  Antilles  belong- 
ing to  the  French,"  4  vols.  4to,  1667-71. 

TeSChemacher,  J.  E.,  geologist  and  nat- 
uralist ;  d.  1853.  Author  of  "  Concise  Appli- 
cation of  the  Principles  of  Structural  Botany 
to  Horticulture,"  Boston,  1840;  "Essay  on 
Guano,"  1845;  "Chemical  Field  Lectures," 
from  the  German,  12mo,  Cambridge,  1852. 

Thacher,  George,  judge,  b.  Yarmouth, 
Ms.,  Apr.  12, 1754  ;  d.  Biddeford,  Me.,  Apr.  6, 
1824.  H.U.  1776.  He  studied  law,  and  in 
1782  established  himself  in  practice  in  Bidde- 
ford. A  delegate  to  the  Old  Congress  in  1787- 
8;  M.C.  1789-1801;  dist.  judge  in  Me.  1792- 
1800 ;  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  1800-Jan.  1824 ; 
also  a  member  of  the  conv.  which  framed  the 
const,  of  Me.  in  1819.  He  was  a  man  of  su- 
perior abilities,  and  was  famous  for  his  wit. 

Thacher,  James,  M.D.,  physician  and 
author,  b.  Barnstable,  Ms.,  14  Feb.  1754;  d. 
Plymouth,  Ms.,  24  May,  1 844.  He  studied  un- 
der Dr.  Abner  Hersey ;  joined  the  Revol.  army 
at  Cambridge  in  1775  as  a  surgeon's  mate  under 
Dr.  John  WaiTen ;  was  promoted  to  surgeon, 
and  sei-ved  through  the  war,  being  present  at 
many  of  the  principal  battles.  He  kept  a  diary 
of  the  war,  pub.  in  1824  as  a  "Military  Jour- 
nal of  the  Revolution,"  —  a  work  of  great  his- 
torical value.  In  Mar.  1783  he  settled  in  prac- 
tice at  Plymouth.  Author  of  "  Amer.  New 
Dispensatory,"  1810;  "Hydrophobia,"  1812  ; 
"  Modem  Practice  of  Physic,"  1817 ;  "  Amcr. 
Orchardist,"  8vo,  1822;  "Amer.  Med.  Biog.," 


2  vols.  8vo,  1828;  "Management  of  Bees," 
1821,  12mo;  "Demonology,  Ghosts,"  &c., 
1831;  and  "History  of  Plymouth,"  1832. 
He  also  contrib.  many  valuable  papers  to  peri- 
odicals. He  received  the  hon.  deg.  of  A.M. 
from  H.U.  1808,  and  of  M.D.  in  1810.  Mem- 
ber Ms.  Med.  Soc.  and  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and 
Sciences. 

Thacher,  Oxenbridgb,  an  eminent  law- 
yer and  patriot;  d.  July  8,  1765,  a.  45.  H.U. 
1 738.  Grandson  of  Rev.  Peter  of  Milton,  and  son 
of  Oxenbridge  of  Milton,  who  d.  1 772,  a  92.  His 
delicate  health  compelled  him  to  exchange  the 
pulpit  for  the  bar,  where,  as  also  in  political 
life,  his  talents  made  him  conspicu(Mis.  A  rep- 
resentative from  Boston  when  the  first  of  the 
unpopular  measures  of  the  British  govt,  to 
raise  a  revenue  in  the  Colonies  was  passed,  he 
was  their  firm  opponent.  His  pamphlet,  "  The 
Sentiments  of  Bntish  Americans"  (1764),  lev- 
elled against  the  Navigation  Act,  was  very  pop- 
ular, and  well  adapted  to  the  times.  He  also 
pub.  "  Considerations  upon  reducing  the  Value 
of  the  Gold  Coins  within  the  Province,"  17C0, 

—  Eliot. 

Thacher,  Peter,  first  minister  of  Milton 
from  Sept.  2,  1681,  to  his  d.  Dec.  23,  1727,  b. 
Salem,  July  18,  1651.  H.U.  1671.  Son  of 
Rev.  Thos.  He  preached  to  the  neighboring 
Indians  in  their  own  language,  and,  being  a 
physician,  expended  much  of  his  salary  in  the 
purchase  of  medicines  for  the  sick  and  indigent. 
He  published  "Unbelief  Detected  and  Con- 
demned," 1708;  and  some  occasional  sermons. 

—  Sprague. 

Thacher,  Peter,  minister  of  Attleborough 
from  Nov.  30,  1748,  to  his  d.  Sept.  13,  1785, 
b.  Middleborough,  Jan.  25,  1716.  H.U.  1737. 
Son  of  Peter,  minister  of  Middleborough  ( 1 709- 
44).  A  vol.  of  his  sermons  was  pub.  after  his 
death. 

Thacher,  Peter,  D.D.  (Edinb.  1791), 
minister  in  Boston,  b.  Milton,  Mar.  21,  1752, 
d.  Savannah,  Ga.,  Dec.  16,  1802.  H.U.  1769. 
Son  of  Oxenbridge  (a?jfe).  Sept.  19,  1770,  he 
was  ord.  minister  of  Maiden.  During  his  resi- 
dence there,  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  pre- 
Revol.  measures ;  wrote,  at  the  request  of  the 
Ms.  com.  of  safety,  a  "  Narrative  of  the  Battle 
of  Bunker's  Hill,"  pub.  in  the  "  Journals  "  of 
the  Prov.  Congress,  of  which  he  was  a  mem- 
ber; draughted  the  spirited  resolves  and  in- 
structions recorded  on  the  Maiden  records  of 
1775 ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  State  Const.  Conv. 
of  1780,  and  strenuously  contended  against 
establishing  the  office  of  gov.,  and  finally  to  the 
title  of  "  His  Excellency."  Often  a  chaplain 
of  the  State  legisl.  Installed  over  the  Brattle- 
st.  Church,  Boston,  Jan.  12, 1785,  and  retained 
the  pastorate  till  his  death.  He  was  an  ex- 
cellent preacher,  possessed  in  a  singular  degree 
the  gift  of  prayer,  and  was  not  less  remarkable 
for  his  colloquial  powers.  Whitefield  called 
him  "  the  young  Elijah."  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Amcr.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and 
of  many  N.E.  literary  and  charitable  institu- 
tions. March  5,  1776,  he  pronounced  the  an- 
nual oration  commemorating  the  "  Massacre," 
at  Watcrtown,  against  "  Standing  Armies." 
He  pub.  22  distinct  works,  among  which  were 
"  Observations  on  the  State  of  the  Clergy  in 


THA. 


901 


TULA. 


New  England,"  1783;  and  "  Memoirs  of  Dr. 
Boylston,"  1789. 

Thaeher,  Peter  Oxenbridge,  lawyer 
and  jurist,  b.  Maiden,  Dec.  22,  1776;  d.  Bos- 
ton, Feb.  22,  1843.  H.U.  1796.  Son  of  the 
preceding'.  He  stndied  and  practised  law  in 
Boston,  and  in  1823-43  was  judge  of  its  Mu- 
nicipal Court.  The  criminal  cases  of  Judge 
Thaeher,  edited  by  Woodman  in  1845,  is  a 
standard  text-book.  Member  Amer.  Acad,  of 
Arts  and  Sciences. 

Thaeher,  Samuel  Cooper,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, b.  Dec.  4,  1785;  d.  of  consumption  at 
Moulins,  France,  Jan.  2,  1818.  H.U.  1804. 
Son  of  the  Rev.  Peter,  D.D.  After  visiting 
Europe  with  Rev.  Mr.  Buckminstcr  in  1806, 
he  was  librarian  of  H.U.  in  1808-11 ;  and  was 
ord.  as  successor  of  Dr.  Kirkland,  in  the  New 
South  Church,  Boston,  May  15,  1811.  Mr. 
Thaeher  was  a  fine  scholar ;  and  his  contribs. 
to  the  periodical  literature  of  the  day  were  noted 
for  purity  of  style,  and  elegance  of  diction.  As 
a  preacher  he  was  fervent  and  impressive.  A 
vol.  of  his  sermons,  with  a  Memoir,  was  pub. 
by  his  successor.  Rev.  F.  W.  P.  Greemvood, 
8vo,  1824. 

Thaeher,  Thomas,  first  minister  of  the 
Old  South  Church,  Boston,  from  Feb.  16, 
1670,  to  his  d.  Oct.  15,  1678;  b.  Eng.  May  1, 
1620.  He  emig.  to  Boston  in  1635.  Studied 
under  Chauncey;  was  ord.  minister  of  Wey- 
mouth, June  2,  1644;  moved  to  Boston  in 
1664.  He  prepared  a  "Hebrew  Lexicon,"  and 
was  a  good  physician  and  a  ]^opular  preacher. 
He  pub.  "  A  Brief  Rule,  &c.,  in  the  Small-Pox 
and  Measles,"  1677,  2d  edition,  1702. 

Thatcher,  Benjamin  Bussey,  author,  b. 
Warren,  Me.,  Oct.  8,  1809;  d.  Boston,  July 
14,1840.  Bowd.  Coll.  1826.  His  father  Sam- 
uel was  a  disting.  lawyer,  and  M.C.  in  1 802-5. 
The  son  studied  law,  and  practised  in  Boston. 
He  was  a  constant  contrib.  to  the  leading  peri- 
odicals of  the  day.  Pub.  "  Indian  Biography," 
1832;  "Indian  Traits,"  1833;  a  "Memoir  of 
Phillis  Wheatley;"  "Traits  of  the  Boston  Tea- 
Party,"  1835;  "Tales  of  the  Amer.  Revol.," 
1846;  "  Memoir  of  S.  Osgood  Wright,"  16mo, 
1834;  "Tales  of  the  Indians,"  18mo,  1831. 
Edited  the  "Boston  Book,"  12mo,  1837.  His 
poems  are  numerous,  and  mostly  of  a  medita- 
tive and  descriptive  character. 

Thateher,  Henry  Knox,  rear-admiral 
U.S.N.,  b.  Thomaston,  Me.,  26  May,  1806. 
His  grandfather  was  Gen.  Henry  Knox.  Mid- 
shipm.  March  4,  1823;  lieut.  Feb.  28,  1833; 
com.  Sept.  14,  1855;  capt.  1861 ;  commo.  July 
3,  1862;  rear-admiral,  July  25,  1866;  retired 
26  May,  1868.  Com.  frigate  "  Constellation," 
Mcdit.  squadron,  1862-3;  com.  steam-frigate 
"  Colorado,"  N.  Atl.  block,  squad.,  1864-5,  and 
in  the  two  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher,  Dec.  1864 
and  Jan.  1865;  afterward  com.  West  Gulf 
squad.,  and  co-operated  with  Gen.  Canby  in 
the  reduction  of  Mobile;  and  May  10,  1865, 
he  received  the  surrender  of  the  Confed.  naval 
force  in  those  waters. 

Thaxter,  Adam  Wallace,  journah'st  and 
poet,  I).  Boston,  16  Jan.  1832;  d.  there  8  June, 
1864.  H.U.  18.52.  Camb.  Law  School,  1854. 
Dramatic  and  literary  critic  of  the  Boston  Ei-ien- 
iruf  Gazette  for  7  years,  and  autlior  of  some  acting 


]>lays,  including  "  The  Regicide,"  a  tragedy ; 
a  poem  before  the  "ladma"  of  H.U.,  Cam- 
bridge, 1850;  "  The  Grotto  Nymph,"  1859. 

Thayer,  Eliiiu,  D.D.  (Dartm.  1807), 
minister  of  Kingston,  N.H.,  from  Dee.  18, 
1776,  to  his  d.  Apr.  3,  1812,  b.  Braintree,  Ms., 
March  29,  1747.  N.J.  Coll.  1769.  He  was  a 
good  scholar,  and  fitted  many  young  men  for 
college.     A  vol.  of  his  sermons  was  pub.  1813. 

Thayer,  John  Milton,  U.  S.  senator 
from  Nebraska  1867-71,  b.  Bellingham,  Ms., 
24  Jan.  1820.  Brown  U.  1841.  Studied  and 
practised  law;  settled  in  Nebraska  in  1854;  he- 
came  brig.-gen.  of  militia,  and  member  of  the 
Terr,  legisl. ;  col.  of  vols.  1861  ;  brig.-gen.  13 
Mar.  1863  for  services  at  Fort  Donelsou  and 
Shiloh ;  disting.  at  Vicksburg  and  Chickasaw 
Bayou,  and  promo,  maj.-gen.  of  volunteers. 

Thayer,  Nathaniel,  D.D.  (H.U.  1817), 
a  Unitarian  clergyman,  b.  Hampton,  N.H., 
July  11,  1769;  d.  Rochester,  N.Y.,  June  23, 
1840.  H.U.  1789.  He  commenced  his  minis- 
try at  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  where  he  remained 
nearly  a  year;  and,  on  his  return  to  N.E.  in 
1793,  he  was  settled  at  Lancaster,  Ms.,  where 
he  resided  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  23 
of  his  occas.  discourses  have  been  pub.  His  son 
Nathl.  has  been  a  munificent  patron  of  H.U. 

Thayer,  Maj.  Simeon,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Mendon,  Ms.,  Apr.  30,  1737;  d.  Cumberland, 
R.I.,  Oct.  14,  1800.  In  his  youth  he  was  an 
apprentice  in  R.L  ;  in  1756  served  with  the 
R.I.  troops  in  the  French  war;  in  1757  in  the 
Ms.  line  under  Col.  Frye,  and  under  Rogers 
the  ranger;  in  Any'.  1757  was  taken  prisoner 
at  Fort  William  Henry;  in  May,  1775,  was 
app.  capt.  by  the  Gen.  Assembly  of  R.I. ;  ac- 
comp.  Arnold's  exped.  to  Quet)ec,  and  was 
taken  prisoner;  was  exchanged  July  1,  1777; 
was  app.  maj.  Jan.  1,  1777  ;  was  prominent 
in  the  defence  of  Red  Bank  and  the  brilliant 
victory  there,  and  in  the  subsequent  heroic  de- 
fence of  Fort  Mifflin,  for  which  he  received  a 
sword  from  the  R.I.  Assembly  in  July;  was 
severely  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth 
in  1778;  in  1780  was  in  Col.  Angell's  regt.  in 
N.J. ;  and  Jan.  1,  1781,  retired  from  the  ser- 
vice. His  Journal  of  the  Invasion  of  Canada 
in  1775,  with  notes  and  appendix  by  E.  M. 
Stone,  appeared  in  1867. 

Thayer,  Sylvanus,  LL.D.  (St.  John's 
Coll.  1830),  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.,'b.  Brain- 
tree,  Ms.,  19  June,  1785.  Dartm.  Coll.  1807. 
West  Point,  1808.  A.M.  of  Ken.  Coll.  1846; 
H.U.  1857;  member  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  1838. 
Entering  the  U.S.  engrs.,  he  became  chief  engr. 
of  Gen.  Dearborn's  army  in  1812,  and  of 
Hampton's  divis.  1813,  and  also  his  aide-de- 
camp; capt.  of  engrs.  Oct.  1813;  chief  engr. 
in  defence  of  Norfolk,  Va.,  1814  ;  brigade  maj. 
to  Gen.  Porter,  Jan.  1814-May,  1815;  brev. 
maj.  for  services  at  Norfolk  20  Feb.  1815; 
brev.  lieut.-col.  3  Mar.  1823  ;  sent  with  Col. 
McRae  by  the  govt,  to  France  and  Belgium  in 
1815  to  examine  the  fortifications  in  thoss 
countries;  superint.  West-Point  Acad.  1817- 
33;  maj.  24  May,  1828;  lieut.-col.  7  July, 
1838;  col.  3  Mar.  1863;  brev.  brig.-gen.  31 
May,  1863  ;  resigned  1  June,  1863.  Construct- 
ing engr.  of  the  defences  of  Boston  harbor 
1 833-57 ;  and  temporary  chief  of  the  engineer 


TULA. 


902 


THO 


corps  in  1857-9.  Author  of  "  Papers  on  Prac- 
tical Engineering,"  &c.,  8vo,  1844. 

Thayer,  William  Makepeace,  D.D., 
b.  Franklin,  Ms.,  1820.  Brown  U.  1843.  Pas- 
tor of  Cong.  Church,  Ashland,  Ms.,  1849-68, 
now  (1871)  resides  in  Franklin,  Ms.  Author 
of  a  number  of  religious  and  juvenile  books, 
among  them  a  series  of  popular  biographies 
and  **  Youth's  Hist,  of  the  Rebellion,"  4  vols., 
1864-6.  Editor  of  the  Home  Month/ 1/,  and  the 
Mother's  Assistant;  contrib.  to  the  Congrecja- 
tiondist  and  to  the  Puritan  Recorder.  —  Alli- 
bone. 

Theller,  Dr.  Edward  Alexander,  jour- 
nalist; d.  Uonitas,  Cal.,  1859.  For  his  active 
participation  in  the  Canadian  rebellion  in  1837, 
he  was  arrested,  tried,  convicted,  and  sen- 
tenced to  death,  but  escaped  from  jail,  came  to 
the  U.S.,  was  a  resident  of  N.  York  in  1841-2, 
where  he  published  "  Canada  in  1837-8,"  2 
vols.  1841.  He  went  to  California  in  1853, 
and  was  editor  of  the  Public  Ledger,  and  after- 
ward of  the  Argus,  He  was  at  one  time  supt. 
of  the  public  schools  in  San  Francisco. — Hist. 
Mag.,  iii.  257. 

Thorn,  James,  a  self-taught  Ayrshire 
sculptor;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Apr.  17,  1850,  a.  51. 
The  celebrated  group  of  Tarn  O'Shantcr  first 
raised  Thom  into  notice,  and,  from  the  con- 
dition of  an  obscure,  uneducated  stone-cutter, 
secured  for  him  fame  and  employment  in  Lon- 
don. Mr.  Thom  came  to  America  ab.  1837 
in  pursuit  of  a  person  who  had  been  previously 
sent  over  by  the  proprietors  to  exhibit  his  Tam 
O'Shanter  and  Old  Mortality,  but  who,  we 
believe,  made  no  returns,  or  report  of  his  pro- 
ceedings. He  succeeded  in  recovering  a  por- 
tion of  the  money  for  which  it  appeared  these 
admirable  works  had  been  sold,  and  transmit- 
ted it  to  the  proprietors,  who  had  been  his 
benefactors,  determining  to  remain  in  Newark 
to  pursue  his  profession.  In  exploring  the 
country  in  that  vicinity  for  stone  adapted  to  his 
purposes,  he  brought  into  notice  a  fine  free- 
stone quarry  at  Little  Falls,  which  has  since 
furnished  the  stone  for  the  court  house  in  New- 
ark, Trinity  Church,  New  York,  and  many 
other  public  buildings. 

Thomas,  Benjamin  F.,  LL.D.  (B.U. 
1853),  jurist,  grandson  of  Isaiah,  b.  Boston, 
12  Feb.  1813,  removed  to  Worcester  1819. 
Brown  U.  1830.  Adm.  to  the  bar  1833  ;  mem- 
ber Ms.  legisl.  1842;  judge  of  probate,  Wore. 
Co.,  1844-8;  judge  Ms.  Sup.  Court  1853-9; 
resumed  practice  in  Boston;  M.C.  1861-3. 
Author  of  "  Law  of  Towns  and  Town-OflB- 
cers,"  1845;  "  Suggestions  upon  the  Personal- 
liberty  Law,"  1861. 

Thomas,  Gen.  Charles,  b.  Pa.  ab.  1800. 
Lieut,  of  ordnance  Aug.  13,  1819;  assist.com- 
miss.  Jan.  1824;  assist,  quarterm.  May,  1826  ; 
capt.  Apr.  1833;  quarterm.  (rank  of  major) 
July  7,  1838  ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  meritorious 
services  in  Mexico,  May  30,  1848;  dep.  quar- 
term.-gen.  (rank  lieut.-col.)  May  23,  1850; 
assist,  quartet m.-gen.  (rank  col.)  Aug.  1, 1856  ; 
brev.  major-gen,  March  13,  1865,  for  faithful, 
merit.,  and  dist.  services  during  the  war;  ret. 
July  29,  1866.  —  Gardner. 

Thomas,  David,  pomologist  and  agricul- 
turist,  b.   Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.,   1776  ;    d. 


Cayuga  Co.,  N.Y.,  1859.  Of  Quaker  parent- 
age. Removed  in  1805  to  near  Aurora,  Cayuga 
Co.,  N.Y.  Pub.  in  1817  "Travels  in  the 
West,"  which  led  to  his  app.  of  chief  eng.  Erie 
Canal,  west  of  Rochester;  and  was  subsequent- 
ly a  principal  eng.  of  the  Welland  Canal,  Cana- 
da. Eminent  as  a  florist  and  pomologist ;  his 
contributions  to  the  Genesee  Farmer  ](id  to  great 
practical  injprovements,  and  more  enlightened 
views  of  agriculture. —  Thomas. 

Thomas,  Ebenezer  Smith,  journalist, 
b.  West  Cambridge,  Ms.,  1775;  d.  Cincin.  22 
Oct.  1845.  A  relative  of  Isaiah,  in  whose 
office  at  Worcester  he  learned  the  printer's  art. 
Established  himself  as  a  bookseller  in  Charles- 
town,  S.C,  in  1795,  and  edited  the  Citi/  Gazette 
in  1810-16;  removed  to  Baltimore  in  1816; 
was  a  me:nbcr  of  the  legisl.  in  1818-19;  and 
from  1829  to  his  death  was  a  resident  of  Cin- 
cinnati, where  he  edited  the  Daili/  Advertiser  in 
1829-35,  and  the  Evening  Post  in  1835-9.  He 
pub.  "  Reminiscences  of  the  Last  65  Years,"  2 
vols.  1840.  Fred.  Wm.  and  Lewis  F.  are  his 
sons. 

Thomas,  Francis,  statesman,  b.  Freder- 
ick Co.,  Md.,  Feb.  3,  1799.  St.  John's  Coll. 
Adin.  to  the  bar  in  1820 ;  member  of  the  house 
of  delegates  in  1822-27  and  '29,  when  he  was 
chosen  speaker;  M.C.  1831-41  and  1861-9; 
gov.  of  Md.  1841-4;  pres.  of  the  Chesapeake 
and  Ohio  Canal  1839;  member  of  the  State 
Const.  Conv.  of  1850.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
men  in  Md.  to  warn  the  people  of  the  approach- 
ing Rebellion,  and  raised  a  brigade  of  3,000 
vols.,  but  declined  a  military  app. ;  delegate  to 
the  Phila.  Loyalist  Conv.  of  1866. 

Thomas,  Frederick  William,  author 
and  journalist,  b.  Providence,  25  Oct.  1808;  d. 
Washington,  D.C.,  30  Sept.  1866.  Son  of  E. 
S.  Thomas.  Adm.  to  the  Baltimore  bar  in 
1828.  Removed  to  Cincinnati  in  1830,'  and 
assisted  his  fjither  in  editing  the  Adveiiiser,  con- 
tributing to  it  the  song,  "  'Tis  said  that  Absence 
conquers  Love,"  and  "  The  Emigrants,"  a 
poem,  pub.  in  1833.  Associate  editor  of  the 
Democ.  Intelligencer  in  1 834  ;  of  the  Dailg  Even- 
ing Post  in  1835  ;  resided  in  Washington  in 
1841-50  ;  was  for  a  short  time  a  minister  in  the 
M.E.  Church  in  Cincinnati;  afterward  prof,  of 
rhetoric  and  Eng.  lit.  in  the  Ala.  U. ;  resumed 
the  practice  of  law  at  Cambridge,  Md.,  in  1858 ; 
and  in  1860  took  charge  of  the  lit.  dept.  of  the 
Richmond  Enquirer.  He  was  a  successful  lec- 
turer, especially  on  "  Eloquence,"  "  Early 
Struggles  of  Eminent  Men,"  &c.  Author  of 
"Clinton  Bradshaw,"  a  novel,  1835;  "East 
and  West,"  1836;  "Howard  Pinckney," 
1840  ;  "  The  Beechen  Tree,  and  Other  Poems," 
1844 ;  "John  Randolph  of  Roanoke,  and  Other 
Sketches  of  Character,"  1853. 

Thomas,  Gabriel,  autlior  of  "A  Hist, 
and  Geog.  Account  of  Pa.  and  Western  N.J.," 
London,  12mo,  169<7.  He  was  a  Quaker,  and 
resided  in  this  country  in  1682-97. 

Thomas,  Sir  George,  bart.,  gov.  of  Pa. 
1738-47;  d.  London,  Jan.  11,  1775.  He  was 
previously  a  wealthy  planter  of  Antigua,  and  a 
memberof  the  council  of  that  island.  In  1752- 
66  he  was  gov.  of  the  Leeward  and  Caribbee 
Islands,     Created  a  baronet  in  1766. 

Thomas,  Gen.  George  Henry,  b.  South- 


THO 


903 


THO 


nmpton  Co.,  Va,,  31  July,  1816  ;  d.  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  28  March,  l'870.  West  Point, 
1840.  His  father  was  of  Welsh,  and  his 
mother  of  French-Huguenot  descent.  Enter- 
ing the  3d  Art.,  he  was  brev.  6  Nov.  1841  for 
gallantry  and  good  conduct  in  the  Florida 
war;  1st  lieut.  30  April,  1844;  earned  the 
brevets  of  capt.  and  major  for  gallantry  at 
Monterey  and  Buena  Vista  23  Sept.  1846 
and  23  Feb.  1847;  again  served  against  the 
Seminole  Indians  in  1849-50  ;  instr.  of  art.  and 
cav.  at  West  Point  1851-4  ;  capt.  3d  Art.  24 
Doc.  1853  ;  maj.  2d  Cav.  12  May,  1855  ;  served 
ill  Texas  in  1856-60,  in  Red-river  and  Kiowa 
expediiions,  and  wounded  26  Aug.  1860  near 
Clear  Fork  of  Brazos  River ;  lieut.-col.  25  Apr. 
1861;  col.  3  May,  1861;  5th  Cav.  3  Aug. 
1861 ;  com.  brigade  in  action  at  Falling  Wafers 
2  July,  at  Martinsburg,  and  at  Bunker  Hill, 
Va. ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  17  Aug.  1861;  com. 
division  of  Army  of  Ohio,  Nov.  1861  to  19 
Mar.  1862,  and  com.  at  Mill  Spring,  Ky.,  de- 
feating Zollikoffer  19  Jan.  1862  ;  com.  the 
right  wing,  Army  of  Tenn.,  at  Corinth,  Mpi. ; 
second  in  com.  of  Army  of  the  Ohio  at  battle 
of  Perryville  8  Oct.  1862;  com.  14th  corps, 
Army  of  the  Cumberland,  Nov.  1862  to  Oct. 
1863,  and  engaged  at  Stone  River  and  at 
Chickamauga,  where  he  checked  the  enemy's 
advance,  standing  firm  when  the  rest  of  the 
army  had  been  routed,  21  Sept.  1863  ;  com. 
the  Dept.  and  Army  of  the  Cumberland  19  Oct. 
1863  ;  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  27  Oct.  1863  ;  in  bat- 
tles of  Mission.  Ridge,  Ringgold,  Dalton,  Resa- 
ca,  Cassville,  Dallas,  Kenesaw,  siege  of  At- 
lanta, assault  on  Jonesborough  and  capture  of 
Atlanta  2  Sept.  1864;  defended  Tenn.  against 
Gen.  Hood  ;  won  the  battle  of  Franklin  30 
Nov.,  and  completely  routed  the  Confed.  army 
at  Nashville  15-16  Dec.  1864,  and  was  made 
maj.-gcn.  U.S.A.  from  15  Dec.  Mar.  3,  1865, 
he  received  the  thanks  of  Congress  for  this 
eminent  service,  and  from  the  legisl.  of  Tenn., 
2  Nov.  1865,  a  vote  of  thanks  and  a  gold  medal. 
Gen.  Thomas  was  remarkable  for  simplicity  of 
character,  modesty,  stability,  and  discretion. 
In  Feb.  1868,  Pres.  Johnson  having  offered 
him  the  brev.  of  lieut.-gen.,  he  declined  the 
compliment,  saying  he  had  done  nothing  since 
the  war  to  merit  such  promotion. 

Thomas,  Isaiah,  LL.D.  (Alleg.  Coll.), 
journalist  and  author,  b.  Boston,  Jan.  19, 1749; 
d.  Worcester,  Ms.,  April  4,  1831.  Moses  his 
father  died  while  he  was  yet  a  child.  After 
an  apprenticeship  of  11  years  to  a  printer,  he 
at  the  age  of  18  commenced  business  at  New- 
buryport.  In  1770  he  transferred  liis  establish- 
ment to  Boston,  and  on  17  July,  1771,  issued 
the  first  number  of  the  Ms.  Spy,  in  which 
appeared  many  bold  and  spirited  appeals 
on  th '.  subject  of  the  oppressive  acts  of  par- 
liament towards  the  Colonies.  In  1771  Gov. 
Hutchinson  sought  to  arraign  Mr.  Thomas  to 
answer  for  an  article  which  appeared  in  his 
paper  ;  and  theatty.-gen.  endeavored  to  procure 
an  indictment  against  him,  but  in  vain.  A  few 
days  after  the  battle  of  Lexington,  in  which  he 
participated,  he  moved  his  printing-office  to 
Worcester,  where  he  continued  to  pub.  his 
paper,  with  which  he  was  connected  till  1801 ; 
in  1801-19  it  was  pub.  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  jun. 


In  1788  he  opened  a  bookstore  in  Boston  under 
the  firm  of  Thomas  and  Andrews,  and  also 
established  branches  of  his  publishing  business 
in  several  parts  of  the  U.S.  Thev  pub.  the 
Ms.  Magazine  1789-96  in  8  vols,  in  1775  he 
commenced  "  The  New-Eng.  Almanac,"  con- 
tinued with  several  titles  42  years.  During 
many  years,  most  of  the  Bibles  and  school- 
books  throughout  the  continent  emanated  from 
his  establishment  at  Worcester.  In  1812  Mr. 
Thomas  founded  the  Antiquarian  Society  of 
Worcester,  of  which  he  was  pres.  and  a  most 
liberal  patron.  He  furnished  its  library  with 
7,000  or  8,000  books,  besides  tracts,  and  one  of 
the  most  valuable  series  of  newspapers  in  the 
country;  erected  a  building  for  them  on  his  own 
ground,  and  bequeathed  the  land  and  hall,  with 
a  provision  equal  to  $24,000  for  its  mainte- 
nance. Author  of  a  valuable  "  History  of 
Printing,"  1810,  2  vols.  8vo. 

Thomas,  James,  gov.  of  Md.  1833-6;  d. 
St.  Mary's  Co.,  Md.,  Dec.  25,  1845,  a.  61.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  worth,  and  held  many 
public  trusts. 

Thomas,  Gex.  John,  b,  Marshficld,  Ms., 
1725;  d.  Chamblce,  June  2,  1776.  He  prac- 
tised medicine  in  his  native  town  and  in  Kings- 
ton, Ms.,  and  became  an  eminent  practitioner. 
In  1746  he  was  surgeon  to  a  regt.  sent  to 
Annapolis  Royal,  and  in  1747  was  on  the 
medical  staftof  Shirley's  regt.,  —  a  post  which 
he  exchanged  soon  after  for  that  of  a  lieut. 
He  became  in  1759  a  col.  of  provincials;  was 
employed  for  a  time  in  Nova  Scotia;  in  1760 
com.  a  regt.  under  Amherst  at  Crown  Point; 
and  with  Col.  Haviland,  in  August,  1760,  co- 
operated in  the  capture  of  Montreal.  He 
early  enrolled  himself  among  the  "  Sons  of 
Liberty ; "  was  a  delegate  to  the  Prov.  Congress ; 
app.  provincial  brig.-gen.  Feb.  9,  and  cont. 
brig.-gen.  June  22,  1775;  maj.-gcn.  March  6, 
1776.  During  the  siege  of  Boston,  he  com.  a 
brigade  on  the  Roxbury  side  nearest  the  British 
lines.  On  the  evening  of  Mar.  4,  1776,  with 
3,000  men  and  intrenching  tools,  he  took  pos- 
session of  Dorchester  Heights,  and,  before  dawn, 
formidable  works  had  been  thrown  up.  This 
strategic  movement  caused  the  British  to  evac- 
uate the  town  Mar.  17.  He  was  shortly  after 
intrusted  with  the  command  in  Canada;  joined 
the  army  before  Quebec,  May  1,  but  finding 
his  effective  force  less  than  1,000  men,  300  of 
whom  refused  to  do  duty  (the  small-pox  ra- 
ging among  the  troops,  and  the  enemy  receiving 
re-enforcements),  determined  to  raise  the  siege, 
and  retreat.  Before  reaching  Chamblee  on  the 
River  Sorel,  he  was  attacked  by  small-pox,  and 
died  of  that  disease. 

Thom.as,  John  J.,  son  of  David,  b.  Cay- 
uga Co.,  N.Y.,  1810.  Author  of  "Amer. 
Fruit-Culturist,"  1849;  "Farm-Implements," 
&c.,  1854  ;  Mlust.  Ann,  Reg.  of  Rural  Affairs, 
1859-70;  "Farm-Implements  and  Farm 
Machinery,"  &c.,  1869.  Assist,  edit.  Genesee 
Farmer  1834-9,  Albany  Cultivator  1841-53, 
and  of  the  Country  Gentleman  since  1852. — 
AlUbone. 

Thomas,  Joseph,  M.D.  of  Phila.,  edited, 
with  Thomas  Baldwin,  "  Pronouncing  Gazet- 
teer," 8vo,  1845  ;  "U.S.  Gazetteer," 8vo,  1854; 
"  Geog.  Diet,  of  the  World,"  1855.     Author 


THO 


904 


THO 


of  "Travels  in  Palestine  and  Ej^ypt,"  1853; 
"Medical  Dictionary,"  8vo,  1865;  "  Lippin- 
cott's  Biog.  Dictionary,"  2  vols.  imp.  8vo, 
1870-1.  .The  feature' of  the  pronunciation 
of  names  has  been  introduced  by  him  in  his 
dictionaries  with  success.  He  was  some  time 
prof,  of  Latin  and  Greek  in  Haverford  Coll., 
and  has  contrib.  to  various  journals,  also  some 
of  the  vocabularies  in  Webster's  Dictionary. 

Thomas,  J.  R-,  musician  and  composer, 
b.  Newport,  S.  Wales,  1830.  First  appeared 
with  the  Seguin  troupe,  about  1852,  as  the 
count  in  the  "  Bohemian  Girl."  He  then  began 
the  career  of  composer  and  concert-singer.  His 
best  known  songs  are,  "  The  Cottage  by  the 
Sea,"  "Happy  be  Thy  Dreams,"  "  Some  One 
to  Love,"  "  'Tis  but  a  Little  Faded  Flower." 
He  has  also  written  church-music,  a  selection 
of  which  was  pub.  8vo,  1863. 

Thomas,  Gen.  Lorenzo,  b.  Newcastle, 
Del.,  26  Oct.  1804.  West  Point,  1823.  App. 
capt.  23  Sept.  1836,  and  served  in  the  Florida 
war  in  1836-7  and  1839-40;  assist,  adj. -gen. 
(rank  of  major)  July,  1838 ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for 
Monterey  23  Sept.  1846;  maj.  4th  Inf.  1  Jan. 
1848;  assist,  adj.-gen.  (rank  lieut.-col.)  18 
July,  1852;  adj.-gen.  (rank  of  brig.-geu.)  7 
May,  1861  ;  brev.  maj  .-gen.  13  Mar.  1865 ;  re- 
signed Feb.  2,  1869.  In  1863  he  occupied 
himself  successfully  in  organizing  colored  troops 
in  the  West,  and  superintending  the  establish- 
ment of  the  free-laV)or  system  on  abandoned 
Plantations.  21  Feb.  1868,  Pres.  Johnson  app. 
im  sec.  of  war  ad  interim  in  place  of  E.  M. 
Stanton,  who,  however,  refused  to  give  up  the 
oflSce. 

Thomas,  Gen.  Philemon,  b.  N.C.  1764  ; 
d.  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  Nov.  18,  1847.  He  was 
engaged  in  many  skirmishes  during  the  Revol. 
war.  Resided  some  years  in  Ky.,  and  was  a 
member  of  its  legisl. ;  afterwards  removed  to 
La.;  and  in  1810-11  headed  the  insurrection 
which  threw  off  the  yoke  of  Spain  from  W. 
Fia.  Maj.-gen.  of  La.  militia  in  U.S.  service, 
Dec.  1814-Apr.  1815  ;   M.C.  from  La.  1831-5. 

Thomas,  Philip  Francis,  statesman,  b. 
Talbot  Co.,  Md.,  Sept.  12,  1810.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1831  ;  member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv. 
in  1 836  ;  of  the  State  legisl.  in  1 838  and  1 843-5 ; 
M.C.  1839-41  ;  judge  of  the  land-office  court 
of  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Md. ;  gov.  1848-51 ; 
commiss.  of  the  U.S.  patent-office  in  1860 ;  and 
in  Dec.  1860  succeeded  Howell  Cobb  as  sec.  of 
the  treasury,  resigning  11  Jan.  1861. 

Thomas,  Robert  Baily,  of  West 
Boylston,  Ms.,  d.  19  May,  1846,  a.  80;  pre- 
pared for  the  press  annually  (1793-1846)  the 
"  Old  Farmer's  Almanac,"  which  was  exceed- 
ingly popular,  reaching  a  sale  of  225,000  copies 
in  1863.  ^ 

Thomas,  Theodore  Gaillard,  M.D., 
b.  Charleston,  S.C,  1831.  Chariest.  Med. 
Coll.  1852.  Since  then,  prof,  of  obstetrics,  &c., 
in  the  Coll.  of  Phys.  and  Surgeons.  Author 
of  "Essay  upon  Prolapse  of  Funis,"  1858; 
"Diseases  of  Women,"  1868,  2d  ed.  1869; 
"  History  of  9  Cases  of  Ovariotomy,"  8vo 
1869.— .4///6one. 

Thomas,  Gen.  Thomas,  Revol.  officer; 
d.  at  his  seat  in  Harrison,  Westchester  Co., 
N.y.,  May  29,  1824,  a.  79.     He  com.  a  regt. 


in  1776,  and  was  in  the  battle  of  Harlem 
Heights  and  at  White  Plains.  In  the  autumn 
of  that  year  the  enemy  burnt  his  house,  took 
his  aged  and  patriotic  father  a  prisoner  to  N.  Y., 
and  confined  him  in  the  prevost,  where  he 
died  through  their  inhuman  treatment.  Gen. 
Thomas  was  an  active  partisan  officer  till  the 
peace,  except  during  a  brief  term  of  captivity ; 
and  was  afterwards  frequently  a  member  of  the 
legislature.  —  Rogers. 

Thompson,  Abraham  G.  ;  d.  New  York, 
Nov.  1851.  He  bequeathed  $347,000  to  vari- 
ous charitable  societies. 

Thompson,  Col.  Alexander  Ramsay, 
b.  N.Y.  City  1792  ;  killed  25  Dec.  1837.  Son 
of  Maj.  Alexander,  capt.  of  art.  Revol.  army 
(b.  N.  J.;  d.  West  Point,  L.I.,  28  Sept.  1809). 
West  Point,  1812.  Capt.  1  May,  1814;  brev. 
maj.  1  May,  1824  ;  maj.  6th  Inf.  4  Apr.  1832  ; 
lieut.-col.  6  Sept.  1837;  disting.  and  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Okeechobee. 

Thompson,  Augustus  Charles,  D.D. 
(Amh.  Coll.  1860),  clergyman,  b.  Goshen,  Ct., 
April  30,  1812.  Y.  C.  1841.  He  entered  Y.C. 
in  1832 ;  but  ill-health  prevented  his  completing 
the  course.  In  1838  he  finished  his  studies  at 
the  theol.  sem.  at  East-Windsor  Hill,  Ct. ; 
afterward  spent  a  vear  at  the  University  of 
Berlin  ;  and  since  /uly,  1842,  has  been  pastor 
of  the  Eliot  Cong.  Church,  Roxbury,  Ms.  In 
1855-6  he  was  with  Rev.  Dr.  Anderson  a  dep. 
to  the  missions  in  India.  He  has  pub.  "  Songs 
in  the  Night,"  1845;  "The  Lambs  Fed;" 
"  The  Young  Martyrs  ;  "  "  Last  Hours,  or 
Words  and  Acts  of  the  Dying,"  1851  ;  "  The 
Poor  Widow,  a  Memorial  of  Mrs.  Anna  J. 
Waters,"  1854 ;  "  The  Better  Land,  or  Believ- 
er's Journey  and  Future  Home,"  1855 ;  "  The 
Yoke  in  Youth,  a  Memorial  of  H.  M.  Hill," 
1851;  "Gathered  Lilies,  or  Little  Children 
in  Heaven,"  1858;  "Feeding  the  Lambs," 
1859;  "Eliot  Sabb.-school  Memorial,"  1859; 
"Morning  Hours  in  Patmos,"  1860;  "The 
Mercy-Seat ;  "  "  Seeds  and  Sheaves  ;  "  "  Ly- 
ra Oelestis,"  1863;  "Christus  Consolator," 
1869. 

Thompson,  Sir  Benjamin.  —  See  Rum- 
ford. 

Thompson,  Cephas  G.,  artist,  b.  Mid- 
dleborough,  Ms.  Son  of  a  portrait-painter, 
from  whom  he,  with  his  bro.  Jerome,  acquired 
facility  in  the  art.  At  18  he  painted  portraits 
at  Plymouth,  afterwards  in  Providence,  R.I. ; 
had  a  studio  in  New  York  in  1837-47  ;  resided 
in  Italy  in  1 852-60 ;  and  has  since  practised  his 
art  in  New  York,  having  m.  a  sister  of  Mrs. 
Anna  Mowatt  Ritchie.  Besides  many  por- 
traits and  copies  from  the  old  masters,  he  has 
painted  "  Angel  of  Truth,"  "  Guardian  Angels 
of  Infancy,"  "  Liberation  of  St.  Peter,"  "  Brig- 
and's Daughter,"  "  Mother's  Prayer,"  and 
"  Chastity.  —  Tuckerman. 

Thompson,  Charles  C.  B.,  capt.  U.S.N., 
b.  Va. ;  d.  Sept.  2,  1832.  Midshipm.  22  Dec. 
1802  ;  lieut.  15  Feb.  1809;  com.  27  Apr.  1816; 
capt.  3  Mar.  1825. 

Thompson,  Daniel  Pierce,  novelist,  b. 
Charlestown,  Ms.,  Oct.  1, 1795  ;  d.  Montpelicr, 
Vt.,  June  6,  1868.  Midd.  Coll.  1820.  His 
grandfather  Daniel,  of  Woburn,  a  cousin  of 
Count  Rumford,  fell  in  the  battle  of  Lexington. 


THO 


905 


THO 


His  father,  bein^  unsuccessful  in  business  in 
Charlestown,  emig.  to  Berlin,  Vt.  Daniel  was 
brought  up  to  farm-labors,  with  but  scanty  ed- 
ucation, but,  by  making  good  use  of  his  limited 
resources,  qualified  himself  for  school-keeping 
in  the  winter  of  1815-16.  After  graduating,  he 
became  private  tutor  in  a  family  in  Va.,  and 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  of  that  State.  Returning 
home,  he  opened  a  law-office  in  Montpelier  in 
1 824  ;  was  made  register  of  probate ;  was  in 
1 830-3  clerk  of  the  legisl. ;  and  was  app.  com- 
piler of  a  vol.  of  the  statute  laws ;  judge  of 
probate  of  the  Co.  1837-^0;  clerk  of  the  Co. 
(1843-5)  and  Supreme  Court;  and  in  1853 
sec.  of  State.  His  literary  career  began  at 
college  in  contributing  to  periodicals ;  but  in 
1835  he  wrote  for  the  N.  E.  Galaxy  a  prize  tale, 
"May  Martin,  or  the  Money-Diggers."  He 
pub.  in  1840  "The  Green-Mountain  Boys;" 
in  1847  "Locke  Amsden,  or  the  Schoolmas- 
ter," involving  much  of  his  own  autobiogra- 
phy;  in  1850  "The  Rangers,  or  the  Tory's 
Daughter,"  a  counterpart  to  the  "  Green-Moun- 
tain Boys,"  and,  like  that  work,  illustrative  of 
Revol.  history  of  Vt. ;  "  Lucy  Hosmer,"  1848 ; 
"  Gaut  Gurley,  or  the  Trapper  of  Lake  Umba- 
gog,"  1857;  "The  Doomed  Chief,"  1860; 
"  ilist.  of  Montpelier,"  8vo,  1860;  "Laws  of 
Vermont,"  1824-34,"  8vo,  1835  ;  "  Adventures 
of  Timothy  Peacock,"  1835.  —  Dntjckinck. 

Thompson,  Egbert,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
New  York,  June  10,  1822.  Midshipra.  Mar.  13, 
1837;  lieut.  Sept.  27,  1850;  com.  July  16, 
1862 ;  capt.  July  26,  '67.  Attached  to  Wilkes's 
expl.  exped.  1838-42.  He  participated  in  all 
the  operations  of  the  home  squadron  in  the 
Mexican  war ;  com.  the  ironclad  "  Pittsburg  " 
in  the  attack  on  Ft.  Donelson,  on  Island  IS'o. 
10,  and  floating  battery;  attack  on  batteries 
opposite  New  Madrid ;  and  in  the  action  with 
Confed.  rams  above  Fort  Pillow.  Com.  steam- 
er "  Com.  McDonough,"  S.A.B.  squad.,  1864- 
5 ;  steam-sloop  "  Dacotah,"  S.  Pacif  squad., 
1866-7.  — //amers/y. 

Thompson,  George  W.,  lawyer,  b.  Ohio, 
1806.  Jetf.  Coll.  1826.  U.S.  dist.-atty.  West 
Va.  1849  ;  M.C.  from  WheeUng  dist.  1851-2, 
and  left  Congress  for  the  bench.  Author  of 
"  The  Living  Forces  of  the  Universe,"  &c., 
12mo,  1866;  "Address  on  Com.  Schools," 
1841  ;  "  Right  of  Virginia  to  the  N.  W.  Terri- 
tory ;  "  "  Life  of  Hon.  Linn  Boyd  ;  "  and  con- 
trib.  to  Boston  Quar.  Review,  IS39-42.  —  AUi- 
hone. 

Thompson,  Jacob,  politician,  b.  Caswell 
Co.,  N.C.,  15  May,  1810.  U.  of  N.  C.  1831. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1 834.  He  removed  in  1 835  to 
the  Chickasaw  country,  Mpi.,  and  applied  him- 
self to  its  improvement  so  successfully  as  to  be 
made  its  rep.  in  Cong,  in  1839-51.  Some  years 
chairman  of  the  com.  on  Indian  affairs,  and  a 
zealous  defender  of  Mississippi  and  the  Democ. 
party  when  the  cry  of  "  repudiation "  was 
ringing  throughout  the  land.  He  opposed  the 
compromises  of  1 850,  as  not  conceding  enough 
to  the  South.  Sec.  of  the  interior  Mar.  1857- 
7  Jan.  1861 ;  resigning  on  the  ground  that  the 
attempt  to  re-enforce  Fort  Sumter  violated  a 
distinct  understanding  entered  into  with  the 
cabinet.  In  Dec.  1860  he  was  app.  by  the 
Mpi.  legisl.  a  commiss.  on  behalf  of  that  State 


to  urge  upon  N.C.  the  adoption  of  an  ordinance 
of  secession.  Gov.  of  Mpi.  1862-4.  During 
the  Rebellion  he  was  aide  to  Gen.  Beauregard, 
and  insp.-gen.  for  the  dept.  of  Mississippi. 

Thompson,  Johx,  political  writer ;  d.  Pe- 
tersburg, Va.,  1789,  a.  22.  Author  of  articles 
in  the  Petersburg  Gazette,  signed  "  Casca  "  and 
"  Gracchus,"  hostile  to  Adams's  administration. 
His  Life  was  written  by  George  Hay.  His  let- 
ters signed  "  Curtius,"  addressed  to  Chief  Jus- 
tice Marshall  in  1798,  were  pub.  12mo,  1804. 

Thompson,  Joiix  R.,  author,  b.  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  Oct.  23, 1 823.  U.  of  Va.  He  stud- 
ied law  in  the  office  of  James  A.  Seddon,  and 
in  the  law  school  of  the  university ;  was  in 
1845  adm.  to  the  bar  ;  and  in  1847  became  ed- 
itor of  the  Southern  Lit.  Messenger  at  Richmond, 
filling  that  post  for  many  years.  Besides  his 
contributions  to  this  and  other  literary  jour- 
nals, he  has  delivered  numerous  addresses  at 
colleges,  and  several  lectures.  His  pen  was  ac- 
tive in  behalf  of  the  Rebellion,  during  which  he 
escaped  to  England,  and  contributed  to  the 
Index  and  Morning  Ilei-ald,  also  to  Blackwood 
and  other  magazines. —  Griswold;  Dujickivck. 

Thomnsoh,  Joseph  Parrish,  D.D.  (H.U. 
1856),  LL.D.  (U.  of  N.Y.  1868),  clergyman, 
b.  Phila.  Aug.  7,  1819.  Y.C.  1838.  He  stud- 
ied theology  at  Andover  and  New  Haven ;  was 
ord.  pastor  of  the  Chapel-st.  Cong.  Church, 
N.  Haven,  in  Nov.  1840 ;  and  since  Apr.  1845 
has  had  charge  of  the  Broadway  Tabernacle 
Church,  N.Y.  He  was  one  of  the  originators 
of  and  a  contrib.  to  the  New-Ei^glander,  and 
of  the  Independent  newspaper.  In  1852-4  he 
visited  Europe  and  the  East.  The  fruits  of 
his  Oriental  studies  have  appeared  in  the  N.A. 
Review,  Bibliotlieca  Sacra,  "Journal  of  the 
Amer.  Geographical  and  Statistical  Society," 
Smith's  "Dictionary  of  Biblical  Geography 
and  Antiquities,"  and  Kitto's  "  Cyclopaedia  of 
Biblical  Lit."  Besides  sermons,  addresses,  and 
pamphlets,  Dr.  Thompson  has  pub.  "  Memoir 
of  Timo.  D wight,"  1844;  "Lectures  to  Young 
Men,"  1846;  "Hints  to  Employers,"  1847; 
"Memoir  of  David  Hale,"  1850;  "Foster  on 
Missions,  ^vith  a  Preliminary  Essay,"  1850; 
"Stray  Meditations,"  1852;  "The  Believer's 
Refuge,"  1857;  "Egypt,  Past  and  Present," 
1856;  "Memoir  of  Rev.  David  T.  Stoddard," 
185S ;  "  The  Christian  Graces,"  1 859 ;  "  Love 
and  Penalty,"  1860;  "  The  Sergeant's  Memo- 
rial," 1863;  "  Christianity  and  Emancipation," 
1863;  "The  Holy  Comforter,"  1866;  "Man 
in  Genesis  and  Geology,"  1869;  "Theology 
of  Christ,"  1870. 

Thompson,  Launt,  sculptor,  b.  Queen's 
Co.,  Ireland,  1833.  Came  to  the  U.S.  at  14, 
and  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Armsby  studied  draw- 
ing. For  9  years  he  worked  in  Palmer's  studio, 
and  went  in  Nov.  1858  to  New  York,  where  he 
found  ample  emplojTnent.  Among  his  best 
works  are  a  bust  of  Edwin  Booth  as  Hamlet ;  a 
bass-relief  of  "  Elaine ; "  a  colossal  bust  of  Bry- 
ant; a  medallion  likeness  of  Gen.  Dix;  "Morn- 
ing Glory,"  a  bass-relief;  a  design  for  a  statue 
of  Gen.  Sedgwick;  and  of  a  colossal  statue 
of  Napoleon.  —  Tuckerman. 

Thompson,  Smith,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1824; 
H.U.  1835),  jurist,  b.  Amenia,  N.  Y.,  1767  ;  d. 
Poughkeepsie,  Dec.  1 8, 1 843.    N.  J.  Coll.  1 788. 


THO 


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Studied  law  with  Chancellor  Kent,  and  became 
dist.-atty.  in  the  middle  dist.  of  N.Y.  in  1801 ; 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  1802-14;  chief 
justice  1814-18;  sec.  of  the  navy  1818-23; 
associate  justice  of  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court 
from  1823  until  his  death. 

Thompson,  Waddy,  lawyer  andM.C.,b. 
Pickensville,  S.C.,  Sept.  8,  1798;  d.  Tallahas- 
see, Fla.,  Nov.  23,  1868.  S.C.  Coll.  1814. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  Dec.  1819,  and  attained  a 
high  rank  in  the  profession.  Served  in  the  le- 
gisl.of  S.C.  1826-30;  was  at  one  time  solicitor 
for  the  western  circuit ;  was  brig.-gen.  of  mili- 
tia ;  M.C.  1 835-4 1 ,  serving  in  1 840  as  chairman 
of  the  com.  on  military  affairs;  and  in  1842 
was  app.  minister  to  Mexico,  where  he  nego- 
tiated two  important  treaties,  and  procured  the 
release  of  more  than  200  Texan  prisoners.  He 
had  been  a  cotton-planter  in  Fla.,  but  resided  at 
his  homestead  near  Greenville,  S.C,  where  his 
father,  Judge  Waddy,  d.  9  Feb.  1845.  Author 
of  "Recollections  of  Mexico,"  8vo,  1846. 

Thompson,  William,  brig.-gen.  Revol. 
army,  b.  Ireland ;  d.  at  his  seat  near  Carlisle, 
Pa.,  Sept.  4,  1781.  He  was  a  capt.  of  horse  in 
the  Pa.  service  in  the  French  war  (1759-60). 
He  afterwards  lived  at  Pittsburg,  where  he  was 
joint  purchaser  of  the  buildings  of  old  Fort 
Pitt.  In  June,  1775,  Capt.  Thompson  was  app. 
col.  of  the  regt.  of  riflemen  which  marched  to 
the  camp  at  Cambridge;  and,  Nov.  10,  had  a 
skirmish  with  the  British  at  Lechmcre  Point. 
He  was  made  brig.-gen.  March  1,  1776;  suc- 
ceeded Lee  in  command  at  New  York,  Mar.  19; 
and  in  April  was  ordered  to  Canada  to  re-en- 
force Gen.  Sullivan,  by  whose  orders  he  at- 
tacked the  enemy  at  Three  Rivei-s,  June  6, 
where,  by  a  series  of  unfortunate  accidents,  he 
and  several  other  officers  were  taken  prisoners. 
He  returned  to  Phila.  in  Aug.  on  parole,  but 
was  not  exchanged  for  more  than  two  years.  — 
PhUa.  Packet,  Sept.  15,  1781. 

Thompson,  Zadock,  naturalist,  b.  Bridge- 
water,  Vt.,  May  23,  1796  ;  d.  Burlington,  Vt., 
Jan.  19, 1856.  U.ofVt.  1823.  Tutor  in  1825, 
and  in  1851  prof,  of  chemistry  and  nat.  history, 
in  that  institution.  In  1833  he  removed  to 
Hatley,  C.E.,  where,  and  in  Sherbrooke,  he  was 
a  teacher ;  pub.  a  "  Geography  of  Canada,"  and 
studied  theology.  Ord.  deacon  in  the  Prot.-Ep. 
Church,  May  27, 1835 ;  returned  to  Burlington 
in  1837,  and  taught  in  the  Vt.  Epis.  Institute; 
State  geologist  1845-8.  He  collected  and  pre- 
served over  3,000  specimens  of  the  productions 
ofVt.  State  naturalist  from  1853  to  his  d.  He 
began  authorship  with  an  almanac  for  1819; 
subsequently  made  astronomical  calculations  for 
the  Vt.  Registers,  and  for  34  years  made  similar 
calculations  for  Walton's  Register.  Hepub.  "Ga- 
zetteer of  Vt.,"  1824;  an  "Arithmetic,"  1825; 
edited  the  Iris  and  Burlington  Lit.  Gazette,  1828 ; 
Green-Mountain  Repositort/,  1832;  and  in  1843 
pub,  his  great  work,  the  "  Natural,  Civil,  and 
Statistical  History  of  Vt.,"  pub.  with  an  Ap- 
pendix in  1 853 ;  "  Geography  and  Geologv  of 
Vt.,"  12mo,  1848 ;  "Journal  of  a  Trip  to  Lon- 
don, Paris,  and  the  Great  Exhibition  of  1851." 
In  June,  1 850,  he  delivered  the  annual  address 
before  the  Boston  Society  of  Nat.  Hist.,  on  the 
"  Geology  of  Vermont." 

Thomson,  Charles,  LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 


1822),  sec.  of  Congress  during  the  Revol.  war, 
b.  Maghera,  Derry,  Ireland,  29  Nov.  1729  ;  d. 
Lower  Marion,  Montg.  Co.,  Pa.,  16  Aug.  1824. 
In  1741  he  with  his  3  sisters  landed  at  New- 
castle, Del.,  with  no  other  dependence  than 
their  industry.  Educated  by  Dr.  Allison,  he 
became  a  teacher  at  the  Friends'  Acad,  at  New- 
castle. Removing  to  Phila.,  he  obtained  the 
advice  and  friendship  of  Dr.  Franklin.  In 
1758  he  was  one  of  the  agents  to  treat  with  the 
Indians  at  Oswego.  The  Delawares  adopted 
him,  and  conferred  on  him  an  Indian  name 
which  means  "  one  who  speaks  truth."  Sole 
sec.  of  Congress  from  1774  to  1789,  his  services 
were  most  efficient.  John  Adams  in  his  Diary 
describes  him  as  "  the  Sam  Adams  of  Phila., 
the  life  of  the  cause  of  liberty."  He  was  a 
good  classical  scholar.  Author  of  a  "  Harmo- 
ny of  the  Four  Gospels,"  a  translation  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments,  and  an  "  Inquiry 
into  the  Cause  of  the  Alienation  of  the  Dela- 
ware and  Shawnee  Indians,"  &c.,  1759.  He 
m.  Hannah  Harrison,  aunt  of  Pres.  Harrison. 

Thomson,  Charles  West,  Prot.-Epis. 
clergyman,  b.  Phila.  1798.  Author  of  "The 
Limner,"  12mo,  1822;  "Phantom  Barge  and 
Other  Poems,"  1822;  "  Ellinor  and  Other 
Poems,"  1826;  "The  Sylph  and  Other  Po- 
ems," 1828;  "Love  of  Home  and  Other  Po- 
ems," 1845;  contrib.  to  Doiighty's  Cabinet  of 
Natural  History,  "  Atlantic  Souvenir,"  "  The 
Gift,"  "  The  Token,"  and  other  annuals,  Gra- 
ham's Mag.,  and  other  periodicals. — Allihone. 

Thomson,  Edward,  D.D.  (Asb.  U.  1846), 
LL.D.  (Wesleyan  U.  1855),  bishop  M.  E. 
Church,  b.  Portsea,  Eng.,  Oct.  1810;  died 
Wheeling,  Va.,  22  Mar.  1870.  He  came  to 
America  in  1819;  studied  medicine  at  Phila. 
and  Cincinnati,  and  began  practice  in  1829. 
In  1833  he  entered  the  ministry  of  the  M.  E. 
Church,  and  was  stationed  successively  at  Nor- 
walk,  Sandusky,  Cincinnati,  Wooster,  and 
Detroit;  in  1837-44  he  was  pres.  of  the  Nor- 
walk  Sem.,  then  became  prof  of  mental  and 
moral  philos.  in  the  U.  of  Mich.,  and  edited 
the  Ladies'  Repos.  until  chosen  pres.  of  the 
Ohio  Wesl.  U.  in  1846.  At  the  gen.  conf  in 
1860  he  was  elected  editor  of  the  Christian 
Advocate,  N.Y.  Elected  bishop  1864,  and 
made  soon  after  a  voyage  round  the  world. 
Author  of  "Moral  and'Relig.  Essays,"  "Biog. 
and  Incidental  Sketches,"  "Educational  Es- 
says," 1856,  and  "Letters  from  Europe." 

Thomson,  Samuel,  M.D.,  botanist,  and 
originator  of  the  Thomsonian  System  of  Medi- 
cal Treatment,  b.  Alstead,  N.H.,  9  Feb.  1769; 
d.  Boston,  1843.  Author  of  "  Materia  Medica 
and  Family  Phvsician ; "  "New  Guide  to 
Health,"  1849;  "'Life  and  Medical  Discover- 
ies," Boston,  1822  and  1832.  Many  years  a 
resident  of  Boston. 

Thomson,  Col.  William,  Revol.  officer, 
b.  Ra.  1727  ;  d.  Sweet  Springs,  Va.,  Nov.  22, 
1796.  A  relative  of  Charles,  sec.  of  Cong. 
His  parents,  who  were  Irish,  removing  to  St. 
Matthew's  Parish,  S.C,  young  Thomson  grew 
up  a  frontiersman,  and  excelled  as  a  marks- 
man. In  March,  1771,  he  com.  a  regt.  under 
Tryon  against  the  Regulators.  Sheriff  of 
Orangeburg  in  1772;  member  of  the  Prov. 
legisl. ;  of  the  first  State  conv. ;  and  in  June, 


THO 


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a?no 


1775,  was  made  col.  3d  S.C  Regt.,  all  practised 
marksmen.  In  the  winter  of  1775-6  he  aided 
in  breaking  up  the  camp  of  the  Tory  Cunning- 
ham ;  June  28,  1776,  he  defeated  the  British 
attack  on  the  east  end  of  Sullivan's  Island,  for 
which  disting.  service  he  received  the  thanks 
of  Gov.  Rutledge  and  of  Congress ;  he  parti- 
cipated in  the  attack  on  Savannah  in  1779  ;  be- 
came a  prisoner  soon  after  the  capture  of 
Charleston,  and  after  his  exchange  did  good 
service  under  Gen.  Greene.  After  the  war  he 
resumed  his  pursuits  as  an  indigo-planter,  was 
again  sheriff  of  Orangeburg,  and  a  member 
of  the  State  Const.  Convention. 

Thomson,  William  M.,  D.D.  (Miami 
U.  1828),  for  25  years  a  missionary  in  Syria 
and  Palestine.  Author  of  "  The  Land  and 
the  Book,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1859  ;  and  the  "Land 
of  Promise,"  Svo,  1865.  Contrib.  to  Bibl.  Sa- 
cra, and  to  Amer.  Bibl.  Repos.  —  Allihone. 

Thorburn,  Grant,  seedsman  and  author, 
b.  near  Dalkeith,  Scotland,  Feb.  18,  1773;  d. 
N.  Haven,  Jan.  21,  1863.  Beginning  life  as  a 
nailmakcr,  ho  in  1792  became  involved  in  some 
political  movements  which  led  him  to  emi- 
gi-ate.  He  came  to  America  in  June,  1794, 
settled  in  New  York,  and,  experiencing  a  check- 
ered fortune,  furnished  John  Gait  with  some 
of  the  incidents  of  "  Laurie  Todd."  He  pub- 
lished his  Autobiography  at  Boston  in  183-i; 
"Men  and  Manners  in  Great  Britain,"  1834; 
"Laurie  Todd's  Hints  to  Merchants,  Married 
Men,  and  Bachelors ;  "  "  Laurie  Todd's  Notes 
on  Virginia;"  "Fifty  Years'  Reminiscences  of 
New  York,  or  Flowers  from  the  Garden  of 
Laurie  Todd,"  1845.  Contrib.  to  t\iQ  Knick- 
erbocker Mag,,  N.  Y.  Mirror,  and  more  than  20 
papers.  He  was  a  seedsman  in  New  York 
many  years.  Married  his  third  wife  when  he 
was  80  years  of  age;  and,  during  the  epidemic 
in  1798,  he  and  his  wife  staid  in  the  city,  de- 
voting themselves  to  the  sick  and  dying.  His 
counsel  and  his  purse  were  ever  at  the  service 
of  those  suffering  from  want. 

Thoreau,  Henry  David,  naturalist  and 
scholar,  b.  Boston,  12  July,  1817;  d.  Concord, 
Ms.,  6  May,  1862.  H.U.  1837.  His  ancestor 
came  from  the  Island  of  Guernsey.  His  father 
was  a  manuf.  of  lead-pencils.  At  college  he 
had  for  a  companion  and  fellow-student  O.  A. 
Brownson.  He  taught  school  in  Concord; 
was  for  three  years  an  inmate  of  the  family  of 
Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  supporting  himself  by 
pencil-making,  carpentering,  surveying,  and 
painting,  making  nearly  every  year  a  pedes- 
trian excursion  to  the  woods  and  mountains  of 
Mc,  N.  H.,  and  other  places.  He  was  well 
versed  in  classical  and  Oriental  literature ;  was 
eccentric  in  his  dress,  manners,  and  mode  of 
life ;  and,  it  is  said,  never  went  to  church,  never 
voted,  and  never  paid  a  tax  to  the  State.  In 
1845  he  built  a  small  frame-house  on  the  sJipre 
of  Walden  Pond,  near  Concord,  where  he  HVcd 
two  years  a  hermit,  in'  studious  retirement. 
An  account  of  this  is  given  in  "  Walden,  or 
Life  in  the  Woods,"  1854.  He  was  intimate  with 
Hawthorne  and  with  Emerson,  who  says  of 
him,  "  Thoreau  dedicated  his  genius  with  such 
entire  love  to  the  fields,  hills,  and  waters  of  his 
native  town,  that  he  made  them  known  and  in- 
teresting to  all.  ...  He  grew  to  be  revered  and 


admired  by  his  townsmen,  who  had  at  first 
known  him  only  as  an  oddity.  .  .  .  Whilst  ho 
used  in  his  writings  a  certain  petulance  of  re- 
mark in  reference  to  churches  and  churchmen, 
he  was  a  person  of  rare,  tender,  and  absolute 
religion,  —  a  person  incapable  of  any  profana- 
tion." He  was  never  married.  Author  of 
"A  Week  on  the  Concord  and  Merrimack 
Rivers,"  1849;  "Excursions,"  1863;  "Maine 
Woods ;  "  "  Cape  Cod ;  "  "A  Yankee  in  Cana- 
da;" "Letters  to  Various  Persons,"  1865.  A 
contrib.  to  the  Dial  and  i\iQ  Atlantic  Monthli/. — 
See  All.  Monthlij,  Aug.  1862;  Duyckinck  ;  N.A. 
Review,  Oct.  1865. 

Thornborough,  Sir  Edward,  a  Brit. 
admiral ;  d.  Apr.  3, 1834,  a.  78.  First  lieut.  of 
"  The  Falcon,"  sloop,  one  of  the  vessels  that 
covered  the  attack  made  in  1775  on  Bunker's 
Hill.  He  was  subsequently  wounded  in  an  un- 
successful attempt  to  bring  out  a  schooner 
from  Cape-Ann  harbor;  and  in  1780  assisted 
at  the  taking  of  "  La  Nymphe  "  by  the  "  Flora," 
frigate ;  was  made  a  commander  for  his  con- 
duct on  this  occasion  ;  in  1781  was  made  post- 
capt. ;  and  in  1782,  in  the  "Blonde,"  frigate, 
he  was  wrecked  while  endeavoring  to  take  a 
captured  ship  to  Halifax.  During  the  war 
with  France  he  disting.  himself  on  various  occa- 
sions, particularly  in  the  action  with  M.  Bone- 
part,  for  which  he  received  the  thanks  of  par- 
liament. Rose  to  the  rank  of  admiral  of  the 
white. 

Thorndike,  George  Qdinct,  ge7ire  and 
landscape  artist,  b.  Boston.  H.U.  1847.  Stud- 
ied art  in  Paris,  and  resides  in  Newport,  R.  I. 
Among  his  productions  are  views  of  "  The 
Dumplings"  and  "Lily  Pond  "at  Newport, 
"  Swans  in  Central  Park,"  and  "  Wayside 
Inn."  —  Tuckerman. 

Thorndike,  Israel,  an  eminentmerchant, 
b.  Beverly,  Ms.,  1757;  d.  Boston,  10  May, 
1832.  He  received  a  common-school  educa- 
tion ;  was  commissioned  by  Ms.  capt.  of  the 
privateer  "  Warren,"  30  Oct.  1776,  and  cruised 
with  success.  Engaging  after  tlie  peace  in 
commerce  with  the  E.  Indies  and  China,  his 
voyages,  planned  with  judgment,  and  econom- 
ically executed,  brought  him  great  wealth. 
Delegate  to  the  con  v.  that  adopted  the  U.S. 
Constitution,  and  several  years  a  member  of 
the  legisl.,  where  he  exerted  great  influence. 
Removed  to  Boston  in  1810.  In  1818  he 
bought  the  valuable  library  of  Prof.  Ebeling  of 
Hamburg,  which  he  gave'  to  Harvard  U.  It 
consisted  of  4,000  volumes,  and  was  especially- 
rich  in  Amer.  history  and  antiquities.  Late 
in  life  he  was  engaged  in  successful  manufac- 
turing operations. 

Thornton,  James  B.,  lawyer,  charge  d'af- 
faires to  Peru,  b.  Merrimack,  N.H. ;  d.  Callao, 
Jan.  25,  1838,  a.  37.  Grandson  of  Matthew 
the  signer.  Speaker  State  legisl.  1829-30. 
Author  of  "Digest  of  the  Conveyancing, 
Testamentary,  and  Registry  Laws  of  the  U.S.," 
12mo,  Phila.,  18^7. 

Thornton,  John  Wingate,  historical 
writer,  and  member  Suffolk  bar,  b.  Saco,  Me., 
Aug.  12,  1818.  Camb.  Law  School,  1840. 
A  descendant  of  Rev.  Thomas  (minister  of 
Yarmouth,  Ms.,  1663-98,  who  d.  Boston,  15 
Feb.  1700,  a.  near  93,  after  a  life  of  great  use- 


THO 


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fulness).  A  founder  of  the  N.E.  Hist.  Geneal. 
Soc,  a  vice-pi-esident  of  the  Amer.  Statistic 
Assoc,  and  of  the  Prince  Publication  Soc.  He 
has  pub.  Lives  of  Isaac  Heath,  John  Bowles, 
and  Rev.  John  Eliot,  jun.,  1850 ;  "  Landing  at 
Cape  Ann,"  8vo,  1854;  "  Ancient  Pemaquid," 
1857  ;  "  First  Records  of  Anglo-American  Col- 
onization ;  "  "  Review  of  Oliver's  Puritan  Com- 
monwealth," 1857;  "Colonial  Schemes  of 
Pophara  and  Gorges,"  1863;  and  "  Pulpit  of 
the  Amer.  Revolution,"  1860.  Nov.  21,  1870, 
he  delivered  an  address  before  the  N.E.  Hist. 
Gen.  Soc.  on  the  250th  anniv.  of  the  signing 
of  the  compact  in  the  cabin  of  "  The  May- 
flower." Contrib.  to  Hist.  Mag.  and  other 
periodicals. 

Thornton,  Matthew,  Col.,  a  signer  of 
the  Decl.  of  Indep.,  b.  Ireland,  1714;  d.  New- 
buryport,  Ms.,  June  24,  1803.  He  came  to 
America  at  an  early  age ;  lived  a  few  years  at 
Wiscasset :  thence  removed  to  Worcester,  Ms., 
where  he  received  an  academic  education ;  and 
afterwards  settled  as  a  physician  at  London- 
derry, N.H.,  whence  he  removed  to  the  banks 
of  the  Merrimack  about  1780.  He  accomp. 
Pepperell's  exped.  against  Louisburg  in  1745 
as  a  surgeon;  was  a  col.  of  militia;  and  in 
1775  presided  over  the  conv.  which  assumed 
the  govt,  in  the  name  of  the  people  of  the 
Colony,  He  was  for  a  short  time  a  delegate  to 
Congress,  taking  his  seat  Nov.  4,  1776;  and 
was  a  signer  of,  though  not  present  to  vote  for, 
the  Declaration.  He  held  the  office  of  chief 
justice  of  the  Co.  of  Hillsborough,  and  after- 
wards that  of  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  State  until  1782;  was  subsequently  a  mem- 
ber of  the  house  and  of  the  senate,  and  in 
1785  of  the  council.  He  possessed  an  exceed- 
ingly tenacious  memory,  and  uncommon  pow- 
ers of  mind. 

Thornton,  Sir  William,  an  Eng.  gen. ; 
d.  Stanhope  Lodge,  near  Han  well,  Eng.,  Apr. 
6,  1840.  Ensign  89th  Foot,  March  21,  1796; 
obtained  a  majority  in  1806,  and  in  Aug.  1807 
was  app.  milit.  sec.  and  first  aide-de-camp  to  Gen. 
Craig,  gov.  of  Canada.  Returning  to  Eng.  in 
1811,  he  was  in  1813  app.  to  the  com.  of  the 
85th  Regt.,  with  which  he  served  in  the  en- 
gagements consequent  upon  the  passage  of  the 
Rivers  Bidassoa,  Nivelle,  Nive,  and  Adour,  and 
received  a  medal  for  the  battle  of  the  Nive.  In 
May,  1814,  he  com.  the  light  brigade  and  ad- 
vance of  Gen.  Ross's  exped.  in  the  first  opera- 
tions in  the  Chesapeake ;  and  at  the  battle  of 
Bladensburg,  in  which  he  was  severely  wounded 
and  made  prisoner ;  but,  being  exchanged  for 
Com.  Barney,  he  proceeded  in  Oct.  following 
with  the  army  destined  against  New  Orleans. 
He  com.  the  advance  of  the  army  on  the  land- 
ing of  the  troops,  and  in  the  severe  conflict 
which  afterwards  took  place.  He  was  engaged 
in  all  the  subsequent  affairs  which  took  place 
in  that  service  until  the  general  attack  on  the 
American  lines,  Jan.  8,  1815,  when  he  com.  a 
detached  corps  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mpi. 
with  a  co-operating  flotilla  of  the  navy,  and 
was  severely  wounded ;  lieut.-gen.  1838. 

Thornwell,  James  Henley,  D.D.,  cler- 
gyman and  scholar,  b.  Marlborough  Dist., 
S.C,  1811  ;  d.  Charlotte,  N.C.,  Aug.  1,  1862. 
S.C.  Coll.  Dec.  1829.    He  began  to  study  law, 


but  soori  became  minister  of  Waxhaw  (Presb.) 
Church.  In  1836-8  he  was  prof  of  logic  and 
belles-lettres  in  S.  C.  Coll.  ;  pastor  of  the 
church  at  Columbia,  S.C,  1838.  In  1840  he 
was  made  prof,  of  the  evidences  of  Christian- 
ity, and  chaplain  on  the  resignation  of  Mr.  El- 
liot, but  in  May,  1852,  exchanged  this  position 
for  the  charge  of  Glebe-street  Church,  Charles- 
ton ;  and  in  Dec.  1852-6  was  pres.  of  the 
S.C.  College.  He  had  the  charge  of  the  Presb. 
Thcol.  Sem.  in  Columbia  until  his  death. 
Besides  sermons,  he  pub.  "  Arguments  of  Ro- 
manists discussed  and  refuted  in  Relation  to 
the  Apocryphal  Books  of  the  Old  Testament," 
N.Y.  1845;  "  Discourses  on  Truth,"  1855 ;  and 
several  articles  in  the  South.  Presb.  Reriew.  He 
wrote  with  zeal  and  ability  in  advocacy  of  seces- 
sion and  slavery.  His  works  have  been  coll. 
and  pub.  by  John  B.  Adger,  D.D.,  2  vols.  8vo, 
1871.  —  DuyckmcJc. 

Thorpe,  Thomas  Bangs,  author  and 
painter,  b.  Westfield,  Ms.,  March  1,  1815.  His 
father  Thomas,  a  clergyman  of  literary  genius, 
d.  in  N.Y.  City  at  the  early  age  of  26.  The 
son  passed  3  years  at  the  Middletown  Wesl.  U. ; 
but,  his  health  failing  him,  he  became  a  resident 
of  La.  in  1836-53.  In  1 862-3  he  was  city  sur- 
veyor of  N.  Orleans  under  Gen.  Butler.  In 
early  life  he  displayed  a  taste  for  painting,  but 
soon  became  known  as  the  author  of  a  scries 
of  Western  tales,  adopting  the  name  of  "  Tom 
Owen,  the  Bee-Hunter,"  a  new  collection  of 
which,  entitled  "  The  Hive  of  the  Bee-Hunter," 
was  pub.  in  N.Y.  1853.  For  many  years  he 
edited  a  paper  in  N.  Orleans  in  the  interest  of 
Henr^  Clay.  He  disting.  himself  by  his  zeal 
in  raising  vols,  for  the  Mexican  war,  and  was 
bearer  of  despatches  to  Gen.  Taylor  after  the 
taking  of  Matamoras.  He  pub.  in  1846  "  Our 
Army  on  the  Rio  Grande ;  "  followed  by  **  Our 
Army  at  Monterey ;  "  "  Mysteries  of  the  Back- 
woocls,"  1846;  "Linda  Weiss,  an  Autobiog- 
raphy," 8vo,  1854;  "A  Voice  to  America, 
the  Model  Republic,"  Svo,  1855.  He  was  an 
active  and  effective  speaker  in  the  political  cam- 
paign which  resulted  in  the  election  of  Gen. 
Taylor  to  the  presidency.  To  Harper's  Mag. 
he  has  contrib.  descriptive  articles  on  Southern 
life  and  products,  and  "  The  Case  of  Lady 
Macbeth  Medically  Considered."  In  1860  he 
exhibited  his  large  picture,  "  Niagara  as  It  Is ; " 
and  has  since  divided  his  time  equally  between 
literature  and  art. 

Throop,  Enos  T.,  gov.  of  N.Y.  1831-3, 
b.  Johnstown,  N.Y.,  Aug.  21, 1784.  Acquired, 
while  performing  the  duties  of  an  attorney's 
clerk,  a  classical  as  well  as  legal  education,  and 
settled  in  Auburn;  was  M.C.  in  1815-16; 
elected  circuit  judge  in  1823;  in  1829  was 
lieut.-gov. ;  and  in  1838  was  &pp.  charge  d'af- 
faires  to  the  Two  Sicilies. 

Thruston,  John  Buckner,  judge,  b.  Va. 
1763;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Aug.  30,  1845. 
Son  of  Charles  Mynn  (b.  Gloucester  Co., 
Va.,  1738;  d.  21  Apr.  1812;  Wm.  and  Mary 
Coll.  1754),  a  disting.  Revo),  officer,  subse- 
quently pres.  judge  of  Frederick  Co.  Court,  who 
in  1809  emig.  to  Ky.  The  fine  abilities  and 
liberal  attainments  of  Judge  Thruston  brought 
him  early  into  public  life.  App.  U.S.  judge 
in  the  Terr,  of  Orleans  in  1805  ;  U.S.  senator 


THU 


909 


rriia 


1805-Jan.  1810,  when  he  was  app.  associate 
judge  of  the  U.S.  Circuit  Court,  which  post  he 
held  till  his  death. 

Thumb,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Tom  (Charles  S. 
Straitox).  He  was  b.  Bridgeport,  Ct.,  Jan. 
1 832.  Eirst  introduced  to  the  public  by  P.  T. 
Barnum  at  the  N.Y.  Museum,  Dec.  8,  1842. 
Visited  Europe  in  Feb.  1844 ;  m.  Lavinia  War- 
ren, Feb.  10, 1863.  She  was  b.  Middleborough, 
Ms.,  Oct.  31,  1842.  The  pair  visited  Europe 
in  18G5. 

Thurston,  Asa,  Cong,  clergyman,  and  mis- 
sionary to  the  Sandwich  Islands  ;  b.  Fitch  burg, 
Ms.,  Oct.  12,  1787;  d.  Honolulu,  March  11, 
1868.  Y.C.  1816;  And.  Theol.  Sem.  1819. 
Until  the  age  of  22,  he  was  a  scythe-maker,  and 
was  a  very  athletic  man.  Ord.  a  missionary 
in  1819,  he  sailed  with  his  wife,  reached  the 
Sandwich  Islands  March  30,  1820,  and  for 
more  than  40  years  resided  at  Kailua,  Hawaii. 
He  was  the  instructor  of  two  of  the  kings,  and 
the  translator  of  a  large  portion  of  the  Bible.  — 
Y.  a  Obit  Record. 

Tichenor,  Isaac,  LL.D.  statesman,  b. 
Newark,  N.  J.,  Feb.  8,  1754;  d.  Bennington, 
Vt.,  Dec.  11,  1838.  N.J.  ColL  1775.  While 
studying  law  at  Schenectady,  N.Y.,  early  in 
1777,  he  was  app.  assist,  commiss.-gen.,  and 
stationed  at  Bennington,  where  he  practised 
law,  and  became  prominent  in  public  affairs. 
A  representative  in  1781-4  ;  agent  of  the  State 
to  Congress  in  1782  ;  member  of  the  State 
council  1787-92  ;  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
1791-4;  chief  justice  179.5-6;  member  of  the 
council  of  censors  in  1792  and  1813  ;  commiss. 
for  adjusting  the  controversy  with  N.Y.  1791  ; 
U.S.  senator  1796-7  ;  gov.  1797-1807  and 
1808-9  ;  and  again  U.S.  senator  1815-21. 

Ticknor,  Caleb  B.,M.D.,  physician  of  N. 
Y.,  b.  Salisbury,  Ct.,  1805 ;  d.  N.Y. City,  19  Sept. 
1840.  He  was  one  of  3  bros.,  physicians.  Edu- 
cated at  the  Berkshire  Institute.  He  adopted 
homoeopathy,  and  was  a  skilful  physician.  He 
wrote  much  for  the  medical  journals,  and  pub. 
"  Philosophy  of  Living,"  a  popular  work,  and 
a  treatise  on  Medical  Philosophy,  12mo,  1838. 
Luther,  his  bro.,  also  a  physician,  b.  Jericho, 
Vt.,  1791,  d.  Salisbury,  Ct.,  1846.  He  was  a 
selfmade  man,  of  great  energy  and  perseverance, 
and  was  pres.  of  the  Ct.  Medical  Society. 

Ticknor,  George,  LL.D.  (H.  U.  1850), 
scholar  and  author,  b.  Boston,  Aug.  1,  1791 ; 
d.  there  26  Jan.  1871.  Dartm.  Coll.  1807. 
After  a  diligent  study  of  the  classics,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  law,  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar 
in  1813;  in  1815  he  went  to  Europe,  passed 
two  years  at  Gottinf^en  in  philological  studies, 
and  two  years  more  in  various  capitals,  making 
the  acquaintance  of  Southey  and  Walter  Scott ; 
chosen  in  1817  to  the  new  professorship  of 
modern  literature  at  H.U.,  he  returned  home 
in  1820,  and  for  15  jyears  occupied  this  impor- 
tant position.  Resigning  in  1835,  he  visited 
Europe  again  with  his  family,  and  made  exten- 
sive collections  of  Spanish  literature,  the  His- 
tory of  which,  commenced  upon  his  return  in 
1840,  was  pub.  in  3  vols,  in  1849.  It  at  once 
took  its  position  as  a  standard  contribution  to 
the  history  of  literature.  Beside  the  research 
displayed  in  this  great  work,  his  labors  as  a 
translator  are  acknowledged  to  be  exact  and  fe- 


licitous. It  has  been  translated  into  the  Spanish 
and  German.  One  of  the  founders  of  the  Bos- 
ton Public  Library,  and  in  1864-5  pres.  of  the 
board  of  trustees.  His  other  publications  are 
"  The  Remains  of  Nathaniel  Appleton  Haven; " 
a  Life  of  Lafayette,  in  the  N.  A.  Review  of 
1855  ;  "Life  of  Wm.  H.  Prescott,"  1863;  and 
contribs.  to  the  Monthlij  Anthologi/  and  the  N.  A. 
Review.  Member  of  the  Ariaer.  Academy, 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  Ms.  Hist.  Soc,  London 
Antiq.  Soc,  and  corresp.  sec.  of  the  Royal 
Hist.  Acad,  of  Spain. 

Ticknor,  George,  lawyer  and  journalist, 
b.  Boston,  Apr.  14,  1822  ;  d.  Keene,  N.H.,  Dec. 
25,  1866.  Dartm.  Coll.  1847.  He  began  to 
practise  law  at  Lebanon  in  1850,  and  at  Clare- 
mont  in  1851 ;  solicitor  for  Sullivan  Co.  1855- 
9 ;  and  was  afterward  editor  and  a  proprietor 
of  the  N.H.  Sentinel  at  Keene.  He  pub.  "  Ga- 
zetteer and  Biog.  Sketches  of  N.H." 

Ticknor,  William  D.,  publisher,  b.  Leb- 
anon, N.H.,  1810;  d.  Phila.  April  10,  1864. 
Began  book-business  in  Boston  in  1832 ;  was  the 
founder  and  head  of  the  well-known  house  of 
Ticknor  and  Fields.  Was  the  publisher  of  the 
works  of  Longfellow,  Holmes,  Saxe,  Whittier, 
Lowell,  and  other  leading  authors,  English  and 
American,  and  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  a  maga- 
zine of  high  merit  and  extensive  circulation. 

Tidball,  John  C,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Ohio  Co.,  Va.  West  Point,  1848.  Entering 
the  3d  Art.,  he  accomp,  Whipple  in  his  explo- 
rations for  a  Pacific-railroad  route  in  1 853-4  ; 
capt.  2d  Art.  May  14,  1861,  and  participated 
in  the  battles  in  Va. ;  com.  an  art.  brigade  at 
Gettysburg;  col.  4th  N.Y.  Art.  28  Aug.  1863, 
which  he  led  in  the  battles  of  the  Wilderness  ; 
brev.  brig.-gen.  Aug.  1,  1864,  and  com.  the 
art.  brigade  of  the  9th  corps;  and,  for  gallant 
and  meritorious  services  at  Forts  Stead  man  and 
Sedgwick,  was  made  brev.  maj.-gen.  Apr.  2, 
1865.  He  had  previously  earned  the  brevets 
of  maj.  U.S.A.  for  Gaines's  Mill  27  June,  1862; 
lieut.-col.  17  Sept.  1862  for  Antietam ;  col.  13 
Mar.  1865  for  Fort  Steadman ;  and  brig.-gen. 
for  gallant  and  merit,  services  during  the  Re- 
bellion ;  maj.  2d  Art.  5  Feb.  1867.  —  Cullum. 
Tiffany,  Osmond,  of  Springfield,  Ms. ;  b. 
Bait.,  Md.,  1823.  Author  of  the  "  Canton 
Chinese,"  &c.,  1849;  "Life  of  Gen.  Otho  H. 
Williams,"  8vo,  1851;  "Brandon,  a  Tale  of 
the  Amer.  Colonies ;  "  contrib.  to  Appleton's 
Cyclop.,  and  to  reviews  and  mags.  —  Allibone. 
Tiffin,  Edward,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1789), 
the  first  gov.  of  Ohio  under  the  constitution 
of  1802  (1803-7),  b.  Carlisle,  Eng.,  June  19, 
1766  ;  d.  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  Aug.  9,  1829.  He 
emig.  to  the  U.S.  in  1786,  and  settled  in  Charles- 
town,  Va.  In  1789  he  m.  Mary,  sister  of  Gov. 
Thomas  Worthington.  Removed  to  Chilli- 
cothe, O.,  in  1798.  Speaker  of  Terr,  legisl.  in 
1799;  pres.  of  Ohio  Const.  Conv.  in  1802; 
U.S.  senator  1807-9;  in  1812  app.  by  Pres. 
Madison  commissioner  of  the  gen.  land-office  ; 
resigned  in  1815,  when  app,  surveyor-gen.  of 
the  North-west,  which  position  he  held  until  a 
short  time  before  his  death.  —  A.  T.  Goodman. 
Tilden,  Samuel  J.,  lawyer  and  Democ. 
politician,  b.  New  Lebanon,  Col.  Co.,  N.Y,, 
1814.  His  father  was  a  farmer,  whose  ances- 
tors settled  at  Scituate,  Ms.,  in  1 636.     He  stud- 


TIL 


910 


Tin. 


ied  at  Y.  C.  and  in  N.  Y.  City ;  was  a  delej^ate 
to  the  Assembly  in  1846;  in  the  Const.  Convs. 
of  1846  and  of  1867;  and  since  1861  has  been 
chairman  of  the  Dcmoc.  State  Conv,  He  has 
been  many  years  prominent  in  N.Y.  politics, 
and  was  the  trusted  adviser  of  Dean  Richmond. 
He  has  opened  and  spoken  before  many  politi- 
cal meetings  of  his  party,  has  been  engaged  in 
many  important  trials,  and  has  been  exten- 
sively concerned  in  railroad  enterprises,  espe- 
cially in  the  West. 

Tllghman,  Edward,  an  eminent  lawyer 
of  Phila.,  b.  Wye,  on  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Md., 
Dec.  11,  17.50;  d.  Nov.  1,  1815.  He  studied 
in  the  best  schools  of  Phila.,  and  in  the  Middle 
Temple,  London,  in  1772-4.  He  was  long  a 
successful  practitioner  at  the  Phila.  bar;  and, 
on  the  death  of  Chief  Justice  Shippen,  the  office 
was  tendered  to  him,  but  he  declined  it,  and 
recommended  for  the  app.  his  kinsman  William 
Tilghman. 

Tilghman,  Gen.  Lloyd,  b.  Md.  1816; 
killed  in  the  battle  of  Baker's  Creek,  Mpi., 
May  16,  1863.  West  Point,  1836.  2d  lieut. 
1st  Dragoons  until  Sept.  1836;  he  then  re- 
signed, and  was  a  railroad  engr.  until  1841. 
During  the  Mexican  war  he  was  aide  to  Col. 
Twiggs  at  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma ; 
com.  a  body  of  vols,  in  Oct.  1846;  superin- 
tended the  defences  of  Matamoras  in  Jan. 
1847;  com.  a  light-artillery  company  in  Col. 
Hughes's  regt.  May,  1847-July  24,  1848;  be- 
came principal  assist,  engineer  on  the  western 
division  of  the  Panama  Railroad  in  1 849 ;  after- 
ward settled  in  Ky.,  and,  when  the  civil  war 
began,  was  app.  by  the  State  authorities,  who 
then  proposed  to  remain  neutral,  to  com.  the 
eastern  division  of  the  State  militia,  with  the 
rank  of  col.  He  became  a  gen.  in  the  Confed. 
army ;  com.  at  Fort  Henry,  and  was  included 
in  its  surrender  to  Flag-Officer  Foote,  Feb.  6, 
1862.  He  was  confined  in  Fort  Warren,  in 
Boston  harbor,  but  was  exchanged  in  July, 
and  afterward  attached  to  the  army  under  Gen. 
Bragg,  and  ordered  to  Vicksburg. 

Tilghman,  Col.  Texch,  b.  Baltimore, 
1744  ;  d.  there  April  18,  1786.  Son  of  Jatncs, 
and  bro.  of  Judge  Wm.  Tilghman.  Before 
the  Revol.  he  was  a  merchant.  Was  confiden- 
tial sec.  and  aide-de-camp  to  Washington  (app. 
Aug.  1776)  during  the  Revol.  ;  app.  licut.- 
col.  Apr.  1777.  He  bore  to  Congress  the  news 
of  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis,  who,  Oct.  29, 
1781,  voted  him  their  plaudit  of  his  merit  and 
abilities.  Washington  said  of  him  in  1781, 
"He  has  been  in  every  action  in  which  the 
main  army  was  concerned,  and  has  been  a 
faithful  assistant  to  me  for  nearly  5  years,  a 
great  part  of  which,  time  he  refused  to  receive 
pay." 

Tilghman,  William,  LL.D.  (H.U.  1814), 
jurist,  b.  Talbot  Co.,  Md.,  Aug.  12,  1756;  d. 
Phila.  April  30,  1827.  James,  his  father,  was 
sec.  of  the  proprietary  land-office,  and  member 
of  the  council.  After  the  removal  of  the  family 
to  Phila.,  Wm.  studied  law  under  Benj.  Chew 
in  1772;  was  adm.  to  the  Md.  bar  in  1783,  and 
in  1793  began  practice  in  Phila.  ;  app.  chief 
judge  of  the  U.S.  Circuit  Court,  Mar.  3,  1801 
(the  law  establishing  thisoffice  was  repealed  the 
next  year,  when  he  resumed  practice) ;  was  in 


July,  1805,  app.  president  of  the  C.C.P.  in  the 
first  dist.;  and  in  Feb.,  1806,  chief  justice  of  the 
State  Sup.  Court.  In  1788,  and  several  suc- 
cessive years,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Md. 
Icgisl.  He  was  elected  president  of  the  Philos. 
Society  in  1824.  He  prepared  in  1809,  by 
direction  of  the  legisl.,  a  report  of  the  English 
statutes  in  force  within  the  State.  Pub.  in  1818 
a  eulogium  on  Dr.  Wistar,  and  in  1820  an 
address  before  the  Phila.  Soc.  for  promoting 
Agriculture.  —  See  Life  hi  J.  Colder,  8vo, 
1829. 

Tillary,  James,  M.D.,  physician,  b.  Scot- 
land ;  d.  N.Y.  1818,  a.  ab.  67.'  After  receiving 
a  good  classical  and  medical  education,  the  lat- 
ter at  Edinburgh,  he  became  a  surgeon  in  the 
British  army,  with  which  he  came  to  New  York 
at  an  early  period  of  the  Revol.  war.  For 
more  than  40  years  he  practised  medicine  and 
surgery  in  that  city,  displaying  high  profes- 
sional merit.  Many  years  pres.  of  the  N.  Y. 
Med.  Society.  During  the  pestilence  of  1795 
and  '98  he  devoted  himself  to  his  suffering  fel- 
low-citizens, by  whom  he  was  afterward  re- 
warded with  the  office  of  resident  physician. — 
Thacher. 

Tilley,  Chev.  Le  Gardeur  de,  a  French 
naval  officer,  of  a  Canadian  family,  of  which 
M.  de  St.  Pierre  (on  the  Ohio  in  17.53)  was  of 
the  other  branch,  —  the  Le  Gardeur  de  Repen- 
tigny.  He  in  1781  com.  the  squadron  which 
pursued  Arnold  in  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  took 
"  The  Romulus  "  (44)  and  several  transports. 
In  1789  he  was  a  commodore,  and  com.  the  8th 
squadron  dt  Rochefort. 

Tilley,  Samuel  Leonard,  Canadian 
statesman,  b.  Queen's  Co.,  N.B.,  8  May,  1818. 
Educated  at  the  grammar-school.  Entered  the 
Assembly  from  St.  John's  in  1851  ;  member 
of  the  govt,  and  prov.  sec.  of  New  Brunswick 
Nov.  1854-May,  1855;  re-app.  in  July,  1857, 
and  was  leader  of  the  govt.  Mar.  1861 -Mar. 
1865;  member  of  the  govt,  and  prov.  sec.  since 
Apr.  1866  ;  delegate  to  Canada  upon  the  ques- 
tions of  inter-colonial  trade  and  railways  1861- 
3,  and  in  1864  on  the  question  of  union  ;  also 
to  the  imperial  govt,  on  the  same  subjects  in 
1861-2  and  in  1866-7  ;  minister  of  customs  in 
the  Dominion  govt,  since  1867.  —  Men  of  the 
Time. 

Tillinghast,  Francis,  judge,  b.  R.  I. 
1743;  d.  E.  Greenwich,  R.I.,  26  Aug.  1821. 
An  active  patriot  of  the  Revol. ;  was  some 
time  member  of  the  Assembly;  M.C.  1797-9 
and  1801-3  ;  some  years  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court. 

Tillinghast,  Joseph  Leonard,  lawyer 
and  scholar,  b.  Taunton,  Ms.,  1791  ;  d.  Provi- 
dence, R.I.,  Dec.  30,  1844.  Brown  U.  1819. 
He  removed  to  R.I.  in  his  boyhood;  studied 
law,  and  devoted  himself  to  its  practice  in 
Providence  with  marked  success  ;  and  to  him  is 
due  the  improved  judiciary  and  free-school  sys- 
tem of  the  State.  Many  years  a  representative 
to  the  State  Assembly,  during  a  great  part  of 
the  time  filling  with  great  ability  the  post  of 
speaker;  and  was  M.C.  in  1837-43.  He  pub. 
"Oration  on  Gen.  Greene,"  1813;  "Eulogy 
on  Adams  and  Jefferson,"  1826  ;  "Address  on 
Domestic  Industry,"  1827 ;  speeches  in  Con- 
gress, &c. 


TII^ 


911 


TOD 


Tillinghast,  Pardon,  minister  of  Provi- 
dence,  H.I.,  from  1645  to  his  d.  Jan.  29, 1718,  b. 
Beaehy  Head,  Eng.,  1622.  He  built,  at  his  own 
expense,  a  meeting-house  at  the  north  end  of 
the  town  in  1700.  In  1689  he  pub.  a  tract 
on  Baptism,  which  was  replied  to  by  George 
Keith  tiie  Quaker.  Nicholas  his  grandson, 
judge  and  lieut.-gov.  of  R.  I.  (b.  Prov.  26 
May,  1726,  d.  Taunton,  26  Feb.  1797),  was  a 
loyalist. 

Tilton,  James,  M.D.  (Phila.  Coll.  1771), 
an  eminent  physician,  b.  Kent  Co.,  Del.,  June 
1,  1745;  d.  near  Wilmington,  Del.,  May  14, 
1822.  After  an  academical  education  at  Not- 
tingham under  Dr.  Pinley,  he  studied  at  the 
Phila.  Medical  School,  graduating  with  its  first 
class.  He  practised  in  D9ver,  Del.,  till  1776, 
when  he  relinquished  a  lucrative  practice  to 
become  a  surgeon  in  a  Del.  regt.,  with  which 
he  served  at  Long  Island  and  White  Plains. 
Early  in  1777  he  was  made  hospital-surgeon, 
and  held  that  post  throughout  the  war.  In 
the  hard  winter  of  1779-80  he  improved  the  hos- 
pital huts  by  having  earthen  instead  of  wooden 
flooring.  When  the  army  was  disbanded,  he 
resumed  practice  in  Dover ;  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Cont.  Congress  in  1783-5;  was  repeatedly 
a  member  of  the  State  legisl. ;  was  coramiss. 
of  loans  1785-1801;  and  in  1812  was  app. 
physician  and  surgeon -gen.  U.  S.  A.  The 
climate  of  Dover  compelled  his  removal  to  the 
hills  of  New  Castle,  where  he  soon  obtained 
full  practice,  and  secured  the  confidence  of  the 
people.  After  practising  several  years  in  Wil- 
mington, he  purchased  and  improved  a  small 
farm  in  the  vicinity,  to  which  he  removed.  In 
July  and  Aug.  1813  he  examined  the  hospitals 
of  the  northern  frontier,  into  which  he  soon  in- 
troduced salutary  changes,  according  to  the 
principles  of  his  work  on  "  Military  Hospitals." 
Many  years  pres.  of  the  Med.  Society  of  Del. 
Beside  the  above-named  work  he  pub.  papers 
on  the  Curculio,  on  Peach-Trees,  and  the 
Diseases  and  Insects  to  which  they  are  sub- 
ject ;  "  Answers  to  Queries  on  the  State  of 
Husbandry  in  Delaware."  —  Thacher. 

Tilton,  Theodore,  author,  b.  N.Y.  City, 
2  Oct.  1835.  Y.  C.  From  1856  to  1871  he  was 
connected  with  the  Independent,  of  which  he 
was  some  years  editor.  He  has  pub.  the 
Amer.  Board  and  Amer.  Slavery,  18mo,  1860; 
Memorial  of  Mrs.  Browning,  prefixed  to 
her  last  poems,  1862;  "The  Fly,"  1865; 
"  Golden-haired  Gertrude,"  1865  ;  "  The  Two 
Hungry  Kittens,"  1865  ;  "  The  King's  Rincr," 
1866;  "The  True  Church,"  1867;  "The 
Sexton's  Tale  and  Other  Poems,"  1867.  He 
has  also  pub.  many  tracts  and  speeches  chiefly 
in  opposition  to  slavery  ;  contrib.  to  "  Lyrics 
of  Loyalty  "  and  to  "  Eminent  Women  of  the 
Age,"  and  is  preparing  for  publication  a  col- 
lection of  his  essays  and  sketches.  —  Allibone. 

Timon,  John,  D.D.,  R.C.  bishop  of  Buf- 
falo {conscc.  17  Oct.  1847)  ;  d.  there  16  Apr. 
1867;  b.  Pa.  1795.  Educated  at  Baltimore, 
and  at  the  "Barrens,"  Mo.  He  was  many 
years  a  missionary  in  the  West,  and  became  vicar 
apostolic  of  Texas ;  he  was  greatly  beloved, 
and,  during  the  Rebellion,  was  devoted  to  the 
national  cause. 

Tingey,  Thomas,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  Eng. 


1750;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  23  Feb.  1829. 
App.  capt.  U.S.N.  3  Sept.  1798;  com.  "  The 
Ganges  "  (24)  in  1799  ;  captured  many  French 
armed  vessels.  He  had  been  50  years  in  the 
U.S.  naval  service,  and  28  years  in  command 
of  the  Washington  navy-yard. 

TitCOmb,  Jonathan,  Revol.  patriot,  b. 
Newbury,  Ms.,  1728  ;  d.  1817.  Member  of  tho 
com.  of  safety  and  the  Prov.  Congress  1774-5  ; 
col.  of  a  regt.  in  the  R.I.  exped.  in  1778; 
member  of  the  State  Conv.  1780;  brig.-gen. 
of  militia;  naval  officer  of  Newbury  port  1789- 
1812. 

Titcomb,  Col.  Moses,  of  Newbury ; 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Lake  George,  Sept.  8, 
1755.  He  was  a  major  in  Hale's  Essex  regt. 
at  the  capture  of  Louisburg  in  1745,  and  ren- 
dered great  service  there. 

Tocqueville  (tok'-vil),  Alexis  Charles 
Henri  Clerel  de,  LL.D.,  a  French  pub- 
licist, b.  Paris,  July  29, 1805 ;  d.  Cannes,  Apr. 
15,  1859.  Great-grandson  of  Malesherbes. 
Adm.  to  the  bi»r  of  Paris,  he  was  in  1826  made 
a  judge  in  Versailles,  and  in  1830  was  pro- 
moted. In  1831  he  was,  with  Gustave  de 
Beaumont,  sent  on  a  mission  to  the  U.S.  to 
examine  tlie  penitentiary  system  ;  and  a  full 
report  of  their  observations  was  pub.  in  1832, 
entitled  "  Du  Si/steme  Penitentiaire  aux  J^tats- 
Unis,"  translated  into  English  by  Francis 
Lieber,  1833.  De  Tocqueville  made  himself 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  political  and 
social  institutions  of  the  country,  and  pub.  in 
2  vols.  8vo,  Paris,  1835,  "  De  la  Democratie 
aux  ^tats-Unis;"  and  was  rewarded  in  1836 
with  a  prize  by  the  French  Institute,  and  in 
1837  by  his  nomination  to  the  Acad,  of  Moral 
and  Political  Science,  and  in  1841  to  the  French 
Acad.  It  was  translated  by  Henry  Reeve,  with 
a  preface  and  notes  by  J.  C.  Spencer,  8vo,  1838, 
and  abridged  by  the  latter,  under  the  title  of 
"American  Institutions  and  their  Influence," 
N.Y.  1856.  Elected  in  1839  to  the  chamber 
of  deputies,  he  sat  with  the  most  moderate 
members  of  the  opposition;  was  in  1840  the 
reporter  of  a  com.  upon  slavery,  and  advocated 
the  establishment  in  France  of  the  American 
penitentiary  system.  He  foretold  the  revoL 
of  1848,  and  in  the  constituent  assembly 
strongly  opposed  socialism  and  ultra-demo- 
cratic measures.  He  was  app.  by  Gen.  Ca- 
vaignac  to  represent  France  in  the  diplomatic 
conferences  at  Brussels  upon  Italian  affairs. 
June  3,  1849,  he  became  minister  of  foreign 
aff'airs,  and  strongly  supported  the  French 
exped.  to  Rome ;  but,  dissatisfied  with  the 
policy  of  Louis  Bonaparte,  resigned  his  office 
before  the  end  of  the  year,  and  sat  with  the 
opposition.  Dec.  2,  1851,  he  was  one  of  the 
deputies  who  protested  against  the  coup  d'€tat, 
and  was  incarcerated,  but  was  released  in  a  few 
days.  Withdrawing  from  public  life,  he  in 
1856  pub.  "  L'Ancien  R€jime  et  la  Re'oolution." 
In  1859  his  ''(Eitvres  et  Correspondance  IndcJil^s*' 
was  pub.  with  a  biog.  notice  by  his  friend  G. 
de  Beaumont,  —  Appleton. 

Tod,  David,  statesman,  b.  Youngstown, 
O.,  Feb.  21,  1805;  d.  there  Nov.  13,  1868. 
Son  of  Judge  George  Tod  ;  received  from  him 
a  careful  and  thorough  training,  and  in  1827 
was  adm.  to  the  bar,  practising  at  Warren  15 


TOD 


912 


tom: 


years.  In  1838  he  defeated  his  Whig  competi- 
tor for  the  State  senate  ;  in  1840  he  took  the 
stump  for  Van  Buren  ;  in  1844  he  was  nomi- 
nated gov.,  and  was  beaten  by  a  few  votes ; 
minister  to  Brazil  1847-52  ;  a  delegate  to  the 
Charleston  Convention  in  1860,  he  warmly 
supported  Mr.  Douglas,  and  was  first  vice-pres. 
of  that  body ;  when  the  southern  wing  of  the 
Democ.  party  withdrew  at  Baltimore,  Mr.  Tod 
became  presiding  officer.  He  warmly  advo- 
cated the  peace  measures  before  and  after  the 
Peace  Congress  at  Washington.  Elected  gov. 
of  O.  in  1862  by  an  overwhelming  majority, 
he  gave  to  the  govt,  a  firm,  unflinching  support 
during  his  term  of  two  years. 

Tod,  George,  lawyer  and  jurist,  b.  Suf- 
field,  Ct.,  11  Dec.  1773  ;  d.  Warren  Co.,  O.,  11 
Apr.  1841.  y.C.  1795.  In  1800  he  settled 
in  Georgetown,  O.  State  senator  in  1804-5; 
judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  1806-9;  pres.  judge 
3d  judicial  dist.  1815-34;  and  was  subsequently 
prosec.-atty.  for  Warren  Co.  Lieut.-col.  in  the 
war  of  1812,  and  disting.  in  defence  of  Fort 
Meigs  in  May,  1813.    Father  of  Gov.  Tod. 

Todd,  Col.  Charles  Scott,  b.  near 
Danville,  Ky.,  Jan.  22, 1791 ;  d.  Baton  Rouge, 
La.,  17  May,  1871.  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll. 
1809.  Son  of  Judge  Thomas.  App.  ensign 
Ky.  Vols. ;  brig,  quartm.  and  judge-advocate 
of  Winchester's  division  1812  ;  capt.  28th  Inf. 
May,  1813  ;  aide  to  Gen.  Harrison  in  battle  of 
the  Thames;  assist,  insp.-gen.  Nov.  1,  1813; 
insp.-gen.  (rank  of  col.)  Mar.  2,  1815;  sec.  of 
state  of  Ky.  1817  ;  member  of  the  legisl.  1817- 
18;  confidential  agent  to  Colombia  in  1820-1  ; 
cnvoy-extr.  and  minister-plenipo.  to  Russia 
1841-5.  Author  of  "Sketches  of  Civil  and 
Military  Services  of  W.  H.  Harrison,"  1840. 
Edited  the  Cincinnati  Republican  in  1840. 

Todd,  Eli,  M.D.,  b.  New  Haven,  July  22, 
1769;  d.  Hartford,  Ct.,  Nov.  17,  1833.  Y.C. 
1787.  He  established  himself  in  1790  at  Farm- 
ington,  Ct.,  in  his  profession  ;  in  1819  removed 
to  Hartford,  where  he  had  an  extensive  practice, 
and  took  the  lead  in  founding  the  Retreat  for 
the  Insane,  of  which  he  was  the  physician 
from  its  foundation,  Apr.  1, 1824,  till  his  death. 
Pres.  of  the  Ct.  Med.  Society,  and  of  the  Hop- 
kins Med.  Association. 

Todd,  Col.  John,  b.  Pa. ;  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Blue  Licks,  Ky.,  Aug.  19,  1782. 
Educated  in  Va.  by  his  uncle.  Rev.  John  ;  set- 
tled as  a  lawyer  at  Fincastle,  Va. ;  emig.  to 
Ky.  in  1775,  and  in  1776  located  land  near 
Lexington.  He  accomp.  Col.  G.  R.  Clarke's 
exped.  against  Kaskaskia  and  Vincennes,  and 
succeeded  Clarke  in  the  com.  of  Kaskaskia. 
The  Va.  legisl.  in  1777  app.  him  col.  com.  of 
the  country  which  was  erected  into  the  county 
of  Illinois.  Col.  of  a  frontier  regt.  in  1778; 
delegate  to  the  Va.  legisl.  in  1780. —  Collins. 

Todd,  John,  D.  D.  (Wms.  Coll.  1845), 
clergvman  and  author,  b.  Rutland,  Vt.,  Oct. 
9,  1800.  Y.C.  1822;  Andover  Sem.  1823; 
and  ord.  minister  of  the  Cong,  church  at  Gio- 
ton,  Jan.  3,  1827.  In  1833  he  was  settled  over 
the  Edwards  Church,  Northampton;  in  1836 
over  the  First  Cong.  Church  in  Phila. ;  and 
from  Feb.  1842  to  Sept.  1870  was  pastor  of 
the  First  Cong.  Church,  Pittsfield,  Ms.  He 
was   a  founder  of  the  Mt.  Holyokc  Female 


Sem.  Author  of  "  Lectures  to  Children,"  2 
vols. ;  "  Student's  Manual ; "  "  The  Sabbath- 
school  Teacher,"  1836;  "The  Lost  Sister 
of  Wyoming,"  1841;  "Bible  Companion;" 
"Great  Cities,  their  Moral  Influence,"  1841 ; 
"  The  Young  Man,"  1843 ;  "  Simple  Sketches," 
2  vols.  1843 ;  "  The  Daughter  at  School,"  1854; 
"Summer  Gleanings,"  1852;  "Truth  made 
Simple,"  1839  ;  "  Stories  on  the  Shorter  Cate- 
chism," 2  vols.  1850;  "The  Angels  of  the 
Iceberg,"  1859;  "Index  Rerum,"  1835; 
"Sunset  Land,"  1869;  "Future  Punish- 
ment," 1863;  "Mountain  Gems,"  1864; 
"  The  Water-Dove,  and  Other  Gems,"  1868; 
"Sketches  and  Incidents,"  1866;  "Polished 
Diamonds,"  1866;  "Hints  and  Thoughts  for 
Christians,"  1867;  "Serpents  in  the  Dove's 
Nest,"  1867;  "Woman's  Rights,"  1867; 
"Mountain-Flowers,"  1869;  sermons, orations, 
&c. ;  contrib.  to  Sartain's  and  Graham's  Maga- 
zines and  other  periodicals. 

Todd,  Thomas,  jurist,  b.  King  aad 
Queen's  Co.,  Va.,  Jan.  23,  1765;  d.  Feb.  7, 
1826.  Left  an  orphan  at  11.  He  received  a 
good  English  education  ;  was  a  soldier  of  the 
Revol. ;  emig.  to  Ky.  in  1786,  and  began  to 
practise  law  at  Danville.  Clerk  of  the  Dist. 
Court  of  Ky.  until  1799;  clerk  of  the  Court 
of  Appeals  1799-Dec.  1801;  judge  of  that 
court  1801-6;  chief  justice  of  Ky.  1806-7; 
assoc.  judge  U.S.  Sup.  Court,  March  3,  1807, 
to  his  death.  Father  of  Col.  C.  S.  Todd.  — 
Collins. 

Toler,  Richard  H.,  23  years  editor  Z^ncA- 
burg  Virginian;  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  1848,  a.  49. 

Torn  ("Blind  Tom"),  an  extraordinary 
musical  prodigy,  b.  a  slave  in  Columbus,  Ga., 
ab.  1838.  Blind  from  birth,  and  possessing 
little  intelligence,  he  yet  can  repeat  accurately 
upon  the  piano  the  most  difficult  music  after 
once  hearing  it.  The  greatest  musicians  of  the 
age  have  put  his  genius  to  the  severest  tests,  and 
he  has  always  triumphed.  Brought  north  by 
his  master  in  1860,  he  first  appeared  in  New 
York  at  Hope  Chapel,  Jan.  15,  1861,  and  has 
since  travelled  over  America  and  Europe. 

Tomes,  Robert,  M.D.  (U.  of  Edinb.), 
author,  b.  New-York  City,  1816.  Wash.  Coll. 
1837.  He  studied  physic  at  Phila.,  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  in  the  Pans  hospitals ;  engaged  in 
practice  at  N.  York;  and  made  several  voyages 
as  surgeon  in  the  employ  of  the  Pacific  Mail 
Steamship  Co.  He  pub.  "Panama"  in  1855; 
"Lives  of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  and  Oliver 
Cromwell,"  1855-6;  "The  Bourbon  Prince," 
1853;  "The  Champagne  Country,"  1867; 
assisted  in  preparing  "  Commodore  Perry's 
Naval  Exped.  to  Japan,"  1855,  and  the  Ameri- 
can matter  in  Appleton's  "Cyclopsedia  of  Bi- 
ography," 1856.  He  has  pub.  in  serial  form 
"  Battles  of  America  by  Sea  and  Land,"  and 
"  The  War  with  the  South,  a  History  of  the 
Great  American  Rebellion  ;  "  and  has  contrib. 
articles  for  the  Literary  \Vorld,  Evening  Post, 
Harper's  Weekly,  and  Harper's  Mag.  —Duyc- 
kincK. 

Tomlinson,  Gideon,  LL.D.,  lawyer  and 
statesman  of  Ct.,  b.  Stratford,  Dec.  31,  1780 ; 
d.  Fairfield,  Oct.  8,  1854.  Y.C.  1802.  Gide- 
on his  grandfather,  an  officer  at  the  capture  of 
Ticonderoga,  d.   Stratford,  Ct.,   1766,  a.  34. 


TOM 


913 


TOR 


He  practised  law  in  Fairfield ;  was  M.C.  in 
1818-27;  gov.  1827-31  ;  U.S.  senator  1831-7. 

Tomo-chi-chi,  Mico  or  Chief  of  the  Ya- 
macraws,  and  a  warm  friend  of  the  English 
settlers  of  Georgia;  d.  near  Savannah  5  Oct. 
1739.  He  accomp.  Gen.  Oglethorpe  to  Eng- 
land in  1734,  and  was  presented  to  the  king. 
—  See  Hist.  Sketch  of  Tomo-chi-chi  by  C.  C. 
Jones,  Albany,  1866. 

Tompkins,  Daniel  D.,  Vice-President 
of  the  U.S.,  b.  Scarsdale,  Westchester  Co., 
.N.Y.,  June  21,  1774;  d.  Staten  Island,  June 
11,1825.  Col.  Coll.  179.5.  His  father  Jona- 
than G.  was  a  farmer  and  a  patriot  of  the  Revol., 
during  the  whole  of  which  he  was  a  member  of 
the  legisl.  The  son  was  in  1796  adm.  to  the 
bar  of  N.Y.  City.  His  talents  soon  brought 
him  into  notice.  In  1801  he  was  a  member 
of  the  State  Const.  Conv. ;  also  served  in  the 
legisl.;  M.C.  in  1804-5;  was  app.  judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court  in  1804;  was  gov.  of  the 
State  in  1807-17,  and  vice-pres.  of  the  U.S. 
in  1817-25;  he  was  a  chancellor  of  the  Uni- 
versity ;  in  1821  a  delegate  to  the  State  Const. 
Conv.,  and  was  afterwards  app.  its.  pres.  In 
politics  he  belonged  to  the  Jcffersonian  school, 
and  lent  an  efficient  support  to  the  national 
govt,  during  the  war  of  1812,  in  which  he 
com.  the  3d  military  dist. ;  and  by  his  exertions 
in  calling  out  troops,  and  sending  them  into 
the  field,  he  contributed  largely  to  the  national 
success.  In  a  special  message  to  the  legisl.  Jan. 
28,  1817,  he  recommended  the  total  abolition 
of  slavery  in  New  York;  and  an  act  for  that 
purpose  passed,  taking  effect  July  4,  1827.  He 
was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  govern- 
orship in  1820,  and  was  an  aspirant  for  the 
presidency ;  but,  owing  partly  to  the  careless 
manner  in  which  he  kept  his  accounts  during 
the  war,  he  was  accused  of  being  a  defaulter, 
and  in  his  latter  days  he  was  the  victim  of 
melancholy,  and  habits  of  intemperance. 

Tompkins,  Daniel  D.,  col.  U.S.A.,  b. 
N.Y.  1799;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Feb.  26,  1863. 
West  Point,  1 820.  Nephew  of  the  preceding. 
Capt.  31  Dec.  1835;  disting.  in  engagement 
with  Indians  at  San  Velasco;  and  brev.  maj. 
for  gallantry  ia  Florida  war,  Sept.  11,  1836; 
cjuarterm.  (rank  maj.)  22  July,  1842;  brev. 
lieut.-col.  for  meritorious  conduct  in  Mex.  war, 
May  30,  1848;  dep.  quartermastcr-gen.  (rank 
lieut.-col.)  16  Sept.  1851 ;  assist,  quartermaster- 
gen,  (rank  of  col.)  Dec.  22,  1856. 

Tompkins,  George,  jurist;  d.  near  Jef- 
ferson City,  Mo.,  April  7,  1846,  a.  66.  He  was 
an  early  settler  of  Mo.  Judge  of  the  Sup. 
Court  1828-40;  chief  justice  1840-6. 

Tompson,  Benjamin,  "learned  school- 
master and  physician,  and  ye  renowned  poet  of 
New  England,"  according  to  his  tombstone ;  b. 
Brain  tree,  July  14,  1642  ;  d.  April  9,  1714,  and 
is  buried  at  lloxbury.  H.  U.  1662.  Son  of 
Rev.  Wm.  of  Braintree,  Ms.  Was  master  of 
the  public  school  in  Boston  from  1667  to  1670, 
when  he  was  called  to  Cambridge.  He  was  the 
author  of  an  "  Elegy  on  the  Rev.  Samuel 
Whiting  "  of  Lynn,  in  Mather's  "  Magnalia." 
His  chief  poem  is  entitled  "New  England's 
Crisis."  —  Duyckinck. 

Tompson,  Edward,  minister  of  Marsh- 
field,  Ms.,  from  Oct.  14,  1696,  to  his  d.  March 


10,  1705  ;  b.  Apr.  20,  1665.  H.  U.  1684.  He 
taught  school  some  years  at  Newbury.  His 
gravestone  is  thus  inscribed  :  — 

"  Here  in  a  tyrant's  hand  doth  captive  lie 
A  rare  synopsis  of  divinity." 

His  last  sermons.  Heaven  the  Best  Country, 
were  pub.  in  1712. 

Tonyn,  Patrick,  a  British  gen.,  gov.  of 
East  Florida  1775-83  ;  d.  Lond.  30  Dec.  1804, 
a.  79.  App.  a  capt.  in  the  6tli  Dragoons,  May 
15,  1751,  with  which  he  served  in  Germany 
in  1758;  in  1761  was  lieut.-col.  of  the  104th, 
and  attained  the  rank  of  gen.  Jan.  1,  1798. 

Toombs,  Robert,  politician,  b.  Washing- 
ton, Wilkes  Co.,  Ga.,  July  2,  1810.  Un.  CoU. 
1828.  He  read  law  at  the  U.  of  Va.,  and  prac- 
tised it  until  his  election  to  Congress  in  1845 ; 
he  was  a  capt.  of  vols,  under  Gen.  Scott  in  the 
Creek  war  of  1836 ;  was  a  member  of  the  lower 
branch  of  the  State  legisl.  in  1837-45,  with 
the  exception  of  the  year  1841 ;  M.C  1845-53 ; 
entered  the  senate  during  the  33d  Congress; 
was  re-elected  in  1859,  and  expelled  Mar.  14, 
1861.  In  Congress  he  served  on  important 
committees  ;  was  a  prominent  member  of  the 
extreme  Southern  party,  and,  after  the  election 
of  Pres.  Lincoln,  was  a  leader  in  the  secession 
of  Ga.  He  strongly  advocated  secession  in  a 
speech  at  Milledgeville,  Nov.  15,  1860,  and  in 
the  U.S.  senate,  Jan.  7,  1861.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Confed.  Congress  which  met  at  Mont- 
gomery Feb.  4 ;  was  provis.  sec.  of  State  from 
I'eb.  21  to  Sept.  1861  ;  and  was  a  brig.-gen. 
in  the  Confed.  army.  Up  to  1850  he  belonged 
to  the  Whig  party. 

Torbert,  Gen.  Alfred  T.  A.,  b.  Del. 
West  Point,  1 855.  Entering  the  5th  Inf.,  he 
served  in  Florida  in  1856-7  ;  Utahexped.  1857- 
60;  capt.  25  Sept.  1861 ;  col.  1st  N.  J.  Vols. 
16  Sept.  1861 ;  engaged  in  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign ;  com.  brigade  of  6th  corps  in  battles  of 
Manassas,  South  Mountain  (where  he  was 
wounded),  and  at  Antictam ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  29 
Nov.  1862;  engaged  at  Gettysburg,  and  brev. 
maj.  U.S.A.  4  July,  1863  ;  com.  divis.  of  cav.. 
Army  of  Potomac,  May-July,  1 864  ;  and  in  nu- 
merous actions,  including  Hawes's  Shop,  Cold 
Harbor,  Trevillian  Station,  and  Darbytown ; 
chief  of  cavalry  in  the  Shenandoah  campaign, 
and  in  the  battles  there  in  Aug.-Oct.  1864; 
brev.  lieut.-col.  U.S.A.  28  May,  1864,  for  battle 
of  Hawes's  Shop;  col.  19  Sept.  1864  for  Win- 
chester; brig.-gen.  and  maj.-gen.  13  Mar. 
1865  for  Cedar  Creek,  and  for  gallant  and 
meritorious  service  during  the  Rebellion.  *  Re- 
signed 31  Oct.  1866.  Consul-gen.  to  Havana 
1871.— 6V/um. 

Torquemada  (tor-ka-m*a'-da),  a  Spanish 
monk  of  the  16th  century.  Author  of  a  histo- 
ry of  Mexico,  entitled  "  Monarchia  Indiana," 
pub.  at  Seville  in  1G15,  and  at  Madrid  in  1723. 

Torrey,  Charles  Turner,  a  Cong,  min- 
ister, b.  Scituate,  Ms.,  1813 ;  d.  Baltimore,  May 
9,  1846.  Y.  C.  1833.  He  m.  a  dau.  of  Rev. 
Jacob  Ide,  D.D. ;  and  was  settled  first  at 
Princeton,  and  then  at  Salem,  but  soon  relin- 
quished his  eligible  professional  position  to  la- 
bor for  the  subversion  of  African  slavery.  De- 
tected in  the  attempt  to  aid  some  slaves  to  es- 
cape from  Md.,  he  was  tried,  convicted,  and 
sentenced  to  a  long  imprisonment  in  the  State 


^rM^..... 


TOR 


914 


TOXJ 


prison,  where  he  died  of  consumption.  Author 
of  "  Home,  or  the  Pilgrim's  Faith  Revived," 
and  "  Memoir  of  Wm.  R.  Saxton,"  1838. 

Torrey,  John,  M.D.,  (Coll.  of  Phys. 
and  Surg.  1818),  LL.D.,  botanist  and  chemist, 
b.  N.Y.  City  1798.  He  was  at  one  time  pres. 
of  the  N.Y.  Lyceum  of  Nat.  Hist.,  to  the  "  An- 
nals" of  which  he  largely  contributed.  He 
pub.  in  1817  a  catalogue  of  the  plants  growing 
within  30  miles  of  N.Y. ;  in  1824  the  first  vol. 
of  the  "Flora  of  the  Northern  U.S. ;"  and  in 
1 826  his  "  Compendium  "  of  the  same.  In  1 838, 
with  his  former  pupil,  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  he  com- 
menced the  more  extended  "  Flora  of  N.  Amer- 
ica," which  he  carried  as  far  as  the  close  of  the 
great  order  Compositce.  He  has  also  prepared  the 
botanical  part  of  the  Reports  of  the  Nat.  Hist. 
Soc.  of  the  State  of  N.Y.  (2  vols.  1843-4),  and 
in  connection  with  Dr.  Gray  has  examined  and 
described  in  the  govt,  exploring-expeds.  a  large 

f)ortion  of  the  new  plants,  shrubs,  and  trees  col- 
ected  by  those  expeditions.  He  has  also  been 
actively  occupied  m  chemical  and  mineralogi- 
cal  investigations.  In  1824  he  was  prof,  of 
chemistry  in  the  West-Point  Milit.  Acad ;  prof, 
of  botany  and  chemistry  in  the  Coll.  of  Phys. 
and  Surg.,  N.Y.,  1827-55,  when  he  was  made 
emeritus  prof. ;  from  1828  to  1854  he  was  prof, 
of  chemistry  at  N.J.  Coll. ;  and  since  18.')3  has 
been  assayer  in  the  U.S.  assay-office,  N.Y.  In 
1860  he  presented  to  Columbia  Coll.,  N.Y.,  his 
valuable  herbarium.  —  Appleton. 

Torrey,  Joseph,  D.D.  (H.U.  1 850),  Cong, 
clergyman,  and  scholar,  b.  Rowley,  Ms.,  Feb. 
2,  1797;  d.  Burlington,  Vt.,  Nov.  26,  1867. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1816;  And.  Thcol.  Scm.  1819. 
Ord.  and  settled  as  pastor  at  Royalton,  Vt., 
1819-27;  prof,  of  Greek  and  Latin  in  the  U. 
of  Vt.  1827-42;  prof,  of  intell.  and  moral  phi- 
los.  from  1 842  until  his  decease ;  and  pres.  of 
the  U.  from  1863  until  compelled  by  ill-health 
to  resign  in  1865.  He  edited  Dr.  Jas.  March's 
unpub.  papers,  accompanying  them  with  an 
interesting  Memoir ;  and  also  edited  ably,  and 
with  great  care,  Neandcr's  "  Church  History." 
He  edited  Dr.  Worthington  Smith's  sermons, 
and  prefixed  a  Memoir. 

Torrey,  Capt.  William,  of  Weymouth, 
one  of  the  first  military  officers  and  authors  of 
the  Ms.  Colony ;  was  a  justice  of  the  peace,  a 
freeman  in  1642,  several  years  a  representative, 
usually  clerk  of  the  deputies,  and  capt.  of  the 
train-band,  —  as  high  a  rank  as  then  existed. 
He  was  a  good  penman,  "skilled  in  Latin," 
and  wrote  a  book  on  the  millennium,  entitled 
"  A  Discourse  concerning  Futurities  to  Come, 
written  by  a  Very  Old  Man  in  Continual  Ex- 
pectation of  his  Translation  into  Another  Life 
and  World,"  a  4to  of  about  60  pages,  2d  ed., 
with  a  preface  by  Prince,  8vo,  1757.  —  Eliot. 

Totten,  Geoegb  Muirson,  engineer,  b. 
N.  Haven,  Ct.,  May  23,  1809.  Partridge's 
Milit.  Acad.  1826.  He  bcoame  a  civil  engr.  at 
18,  and  until  1844  was  employed  on  railroads 
and  canals  in  Ms.,  Ct.,  Pa.,  N.  J.,  Va.,  and 
N.C.  lie  was  next  engaged  for  5  years  on  the 
survey  and  construction  of  the  Canal  del  Dlqm 
in  N.  Granada;  and  in  1849  was  app.  engr.-in- 
chief  of  the  Panama  Railroad,  which  in  1855 
he  successfully  completed.  He  has  since  been 
engaged  in  engineering  in  the  U.S. 


Totten,  Joseph  Gilbert,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  New  Haven,  Ct.,  Aug.  23,  1788;  d. 
Washington,  D.C.,  Apr.  22, 1864.  West  Point 
(lieut.  of  engineers),  1805.  Capt.  31  July, 
1812 ;  chief  engr.  of  the  array  in  the  campaigns 
of  1812-13  on  the  Niagara ;  disting.  in  capture 
of  Fort  George,  27  May,  1813  ;  brev.  maj.  for 
meritorious  sei-vice,  June  6,  1813;  chief  engr. 
of  Gens.  Izard  and  Macomb's  div.  in  1814  at 
Lake  Champlain ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  gallant 
conduct  at  the  battle  of  Plattsburg,  Sept.  1 1, 
1814;  maj.  Nov.  12,  1818;  lieut.-col.  May  24, 
1828;  col.  and  chief  engr.  Dec.  7,  1838  ;  chief 
engr.  of  the  army  of  Gen.  Scott  in  the  siege  of 
Vera  Cruz ;  commiss.  at  capitulation  of  Vera 
Cruz,  Mex.,  March  25,  1847  ;  brev.  brig.-gen. 
for  gallantry  at  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  29 
Mar.  1847.  A  regent  of  the  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution 1846-64.  Brig.-gen.  and  chief  of 
engrs.  U.S.A.  3  Mar.  1863;  brev.  maj.-gen.  21 
April,  1864.  The  fortifications  of  Newport, 
R.I.,  and  other  defensive  works  built  by  him, 
are  cndui-ing  monuments  to  his  memory.  Au- 
thor of  "Report  on  the  Subject  of  National 
Defences,"  Washington,  1851 ;  and  translator 
of  "  Vicat  on  Mortars."  —  Cullum. 

Toucey,  Isaac,  LL.D.,  politician  and  law- 
yer, b.  Newtown,  Ct.,  Nov.  5,  1796;  d.  Hart- 
ford, July  30,  1869.  Descended  from  Rev. 
Thos.,  first  Cong,  minister  of  Newtown  (Y.C. 
1707).  He  received  a  common-school  educa- 
tion ;  adopted  the  profession  of  law  ;  was  adm. 
to  the  Hartford  bar  in  1818,  and  was  State- 
atty.  for  his  native  county  in  1822-35 ;  M.C. 
1835-9;  State-atty.  1842-4;  gov.  of  Ct.  in 
1846-7  ;  in  1848-9  U.S.  atty.-gen.;  State  sena- 
tor in  1851;  member  of  the  Assembly  in  1852; 
U.S.  senator  1852-7;  and  from  1857  to  1861 
sec.  of  the  navy.  He  wielded  a  powerful  influ- 
ence by  his  coolness,  deliberation,  and  judicial 
cast  of  mind.  "  In  justice  to  his  memory  it 
must  be  said,  that  the  charges  made  against 
him,  that,  while  sec.  of  the  navy  under  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan, he  deliberately  sent  awajr  our  vessels  to 
distant  seas  to  prevent  their  use  in  suppressing 
secession  at  its  commencement,  and  that  ho 
favored  and  aided  secession,  have  very  slight 
foundation  in  truth.  He  avowed  that  he  op- 
posed secession  in  the  cabinet  as  wholly  inad- 
missible under  the  Constitution;  though  his 
personal  feelings  were  known  to  be  with  the 
South,  and  in  opposition  to  the  war." 

Toulmin,  Hakry,  jurist  and  author,  b. 
Taunton,  Eng.,  1767;  d.  Washington  Co., 
Ala.,  Nov.  11,  1823.  Son  of  the  eminent  Dr. 
Joshua  Toulmin.  Was  a  dissenting  minister 
for  several  years  at  Chorobcrt,  Lancashire; 
came  to  Norfolk,  Va.,  in  1793  ;  pres.  of  Tran- 
sylv.  U.  1 794-6 ;  sec.  of  state  of  Ky .  1 796-1 804 ; 
app.  judge  of  U.S.  Dist.  Court  of  Mpi.  1804. 
Compiled  "Digest  of  Territorial  Laws  of  Ala." 
in  1823.  Assisted  in  framing  the  constitution 
of  Ala.  in  her  conv.,  and  served  in  her  Icgisl. 
Author  of  "Description  of  Kentucky,"  8vo, 
1792;  "Magistrate's  Assistant,"  8vo;  "Sup- 
posed Welsh  Indians,"  Nic.  Jour.,  1809 ;  "  Col- 
lection of  the  Acts  of  Kentucky,"  1802;  with 
James  Blair,  "  Review  of  the  Crim.  Law  of 
Ky.,"  8vo,  1804. 

Touro,  Judah,  philanthropist,  of  Jewish 
descent,  b.  Newport,  R.  I.,  June  16,  1775;  d. 


Jiimj. 


J?h 


TOTJ 


915 


TOTV 


N.  Orleans,  Jan.  18,  1854.     His  father,  Kev. 
Isaac,  came  from  Holland,  and  in  1762  became 

Sriest  of  the  synagogue  at  Newport.  In  1798 
udah  sailed  as  supercargo  to  the  Mediterra- 
nean for  his  uncle.  During  the  voyage,  the 
ship  in  which  he  sailed  came  off  victorious  in  a 
desperate  conflict  with  a  French  privateer.  Af- 
ter residing  some  time  in  Boston,  he  in  1802 
removed  to  New  Orleans,  where  he  became  a 
merchant,  and  acquired  a  fortune,  which  he  be- 
queathed principally  to  the  public  institutions 
of  that  city.  In  1815  he  served  as  a  soldier  at 
the  battle  of  New  Orleans,  and  was  wounded 
in  the  hip  by  a  cannon-ball,  from  the  effects  of 
which  he  never  entirely  recovered.  Though 
of  the  Jewish  faith,  he  contributed  liberal  sums 
to  many  Christian  enterprises,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  the  donation  of  a  valuable 
building-lot  to  the  cong.  of  Rev.  Mr.  Clapp  for 
the  Fii-st  Cong.  Church  of  N.  0.  He  gave 
$10,000  towards  the  Bunker-hill  Monument. 

Toussaint  L'Ouverture  (too-san  loo- 
vgr'-tur'),  FRANgois  Dominique,  a  Haytien 
gen.,  b.  near  Cape  St.  Fran9ois,  1743;  d.  in 
the  dungeon  of  St.  Joux,  France,  Apr.  27, 
1803,  of  starvation.  His  parents  were  negro 
slaves.  .  By  intelligence  and  faithfulness  he 
was  raised  to  important  posts  on  his  master's 
estate,  and  was  able  to  acquire  some  mental 
cultivation.  In  1791,  when  the  mulattoes  ap- 
pealed to  the  negroes  for  help  against  the  tyr- 
anny of  the  colonial  govt.,  Toussaint  incurred 
the  hostility  of  his  race  by  remaining  quiet  and 
faithful.  He  joined  the  negro  army  subse- 
quently in  a  medical  capacity;  was  soon  made 
brig.-gen. ;  disting.  himself  by  the  capture  of 
the  entire  army  of  Brandicourt,  the  gen.  of 
the  whites,  also  taking  Doudon,  an  important 
post;  Jiily  27,  1795,  he  took  Marmelade,  an- 
other important  post,  defeated  the  French  col. 
Dcsfourneaux,  and  seized  Emery  and  Gonaives. 
Toussaint  soon  after  declared  for  France,  being 
already  com.  in  chief  of  the  black  forces,  formed 
a  junction  with  Laveaux,  received  the  ca- 
pitulation of  the  entire  English  force  at  St. 
Marc,  and  drove  the  Spanish  from  the  W".  por- 
tion of  the  island.  In  1796  he  was  app.  com.- 
in-chief  of  St.  Domingo  by  Santhonax,  the 
French  commiss.,  and  succeeded  in  restoring 
order  and  industry  to  the  island;  in  1799  he 
completely  quelled  the  mulatto  insurrection  of 
Rigaud  ;  Nov.  26,  1800,  he  assumed  the  govt, 
under  the  French  Directory  alone  ;  and  in  Jan. 
1801  the  whole  island  became  subject  to  his 
sway.  He  labored  successfully  to  restore  in- 
dustry, to  remove  prejudice,  and  to  establish 
good  order.  A  constitution  was  drawn  up  ;  he 
was  named  pres.  for  life ;  and  free  trade  was 
established.  These  measures  gave  so  much 
offence  to  Bonaparte,  who  had  not  been  con- 
sulted previously,  that  he  at  once  resolved  to 
use  a  disaffected  portion  of  his  then  unem- 
ployed army  to  subjugate  and  re-enslave  the 
blacks.  Gen.  Led  ere  was  sent  in  Nov.  1801 
with  30,000  men  ;  drove  them,  after  a  sangui- 
nary conflict,  from  the  seaports  into  the  moun- 
tain fastnesses,  and  finally,  by  promises  and 
cajolery,  won  over  Christophe,  Dessalines,  and 
the  other  generals.  The  destruction  of  Tous- 
saint having  been  determined  upon,  he  was 
invited  to  an  interview  at  Gonaives  with  Gen. 


Brunet;  was  seized  by  an  armed  force,  and  taken 
to  France;  reached  Paris  Aug.  17,  1802;  was 
confined  in  the  Temple,  and  without  a  trial 
was  transferred  to  the  dungeons  of  the  Castle 
of  Joux,  in  the  dpt.  of  Doubs.  Deprived  of  all 
society,  subjected  to  intense  cold,  with  insuffi- 
cient clothing  and  food,  the  heroic  old  man 
appealed  repeatedly,  but  in  vain,  for  a  trial. 
Finding  that  his  appeals  for  a  trial  produced 
no  response,  he  commenced  his  defence,  which 
was  transmitted  to  Bonaparte.  His  Memoirs 
have  been  pub.  by  Saint-Re'my,  Paris,  1850; 
by  J.  R.  Beard,  London,  1853;  and  by  J.  Rcdr 
path,  1863  ;  and  he  was  made  the  subject  of  a 
lecture  by  Wendell  Phillips,  1863. 

Toussard,  Col.  Loui8,  b.  France,  1749;" 
d.  N.  Orleans  ab.  1 820,  Originally  an  artillery- 
officer  in  the  regt,  of  La  Fere.  In  Mar.  1777 
he  arrived  in  America  with  other  officers  recom- 
mended by  Silas  Dcane;  in  June  received  a 
lieutenant's  commiss. ;  was  afterward  aide  to 
Lafayette;  lost  an  arm  at  Rhode  Island  in 
the  fall  of  1778;  and  soon  after  received  fiom 
Congress  the  brev.  of  licut.-col.  and  a  pension 
for  life.  He  afterward  served  the  French 
govt,  in  the  W.  Indies.  He  returned  to  the 
U.S.  in  1794;  was  app.  major  in  Feb.  1795; 
lieut.-col.  2d  Art.  in  1800;  disb.  Jan.  1802. 
Afterward  French  consul  at  N.  Orleans  (1812- 
15).  Author  of  "Artillerist's  Companion,"  2 
vols.  8vo,  Phila.,  1809. 

Tower,  Zealous  Bates,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Boston  ab.  1819.  West  Point,  1841 
(first  in  his  class).  Received  his  early  edircation 
at  the  Boston  High  School.  App.  2d  lieut.  of 
engrs. ;  assist,  prof  of  eng.  Aug.  31,  1842,  to 
Apr.  4,  1843;  brev.  1st  lieut.  for  gallantry  at 
Cerro  Gerdo,  April  18;  capt.  for  gallantry  at 
Contrcras  and  Churubusco,  Aug.  20 ;  and  ma- 
jor for  gallantry  at  Chapul  tepee,  Sept.  8, 1847 ; 
made  1st  lieut,  Apr.  24,  1847;  capt.  1  July, 
1855;  major,  Aug.  6,  1861  ;  lieut.-col,  Nov.  4, 
1865;  brig.-gen,  vols,  Nov,  23,  1861;  chief 
engr.  of  defences  of  Fort  Pickens,  Fla,,  Feb. 
1861  to  May,  1862;  and  in  the  Northern  Va, 
campaign,  July-Aug,  1862  ;  was  in  the  battles 
of  Cedar  Mountain,  Rappahannock  Station, 
and  Thoroughfare  Gap.  He  com.  a  brigade  in 
the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and  was  wound- 
ed ;  was  chief  engr.  of  the  defences  of  Nash- 
ville, Tenn,,  28  Sept.  1864  to  July,  1865;  en- 
gaged in  repulse  cf  Hood,  and  battle  of  Nash- 
ville, 15  and  16  Dec.  1864,  Member  of  the 
boardof  engrs,  since  18  May,  1867;  brev,  lieut.- 
col,  23  Nov.  1861  for  the  defence  of  Fort 
Pickens,  Fla,;  col.  for  Cedar  Mountain  9  Aug. 
1862;  brig,  and  maj.  gen.  U.S.A.,  13  Mar. 
1865,  for  battle  of  Groveton,  Va.,  and  for  gal- 
lant and  merit,  services  during  the  Rebellion. 
He  pub.  in  1843  "  Illustrations  of  the  Croton 
Aqueduct,"  4to,  plates.  —  Cullum. 

Town,  Ithiel,  architect,  b.  Thompson, 
Ct.,  1784  ;  d.  N.  Haven,  Ct.,  13  June,  1844. 
Author  of  Descript,  of  his  Improvement  in 
Construction  of  Bridges,  8vo,  1821,  4to,  N.Y,, 
1839;  and  Schoolhouse  Architecture.  He  also 
pub.  Adm,  Sir  George  Collier's  Journal  in  the 
"Rainbow,"  1776-9,  N.Y.,  1835. 
Towne,  Salem,  LL.D.,  teacher,  and  com- 

Siler    of  school-books,    b.  Belchertown,  Ms., 
larch  5,  1779;  d.  Greencastle,  Ind.,  Feb.  24, 


TOTT 


916 


TO^V 


1864.  Son  of  Gen.  Salem,  a  Revol.  officer, 
(b.  Oxford,  2  Nov.  1746;  d.  Charlton,  Ms., 
23  July,  1825),  a  resident  of  Aurora,  N.Y. ;  40 
years  a  teacher  in  N.Y.  He  was  at  one  time  a 
member  of  the  N.Y.  senate.  Author  of  "  Specu- 
lative Masonry,"  1818  ;  "Analysis  of  Deriva- 
tive Words,"  1836;  also  a  series  of  Readers 
and  Spellers. 

Towns,  George  "W.  B.,  statesman,  b. 
Wilkes  Co.,  Ga.,  May  4, 1801 ;  d.  Macon,  Ga., 
July  15,  1854.  Of  a  Va.  family.  His  father 
was  disting.  at  the  battles  of'Cowpens  and 
Eutavv.  Commencing  life  as  a  merchant,  he 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  of  Ala.  in  1824,  and  for  a 
'time  edited  a  political  paper.  In  1826  he  set- 
tled in  Talbot  Co.,  Ga. ;  served  several  years  in 
both  branches  of  the  State  legisl.;  was  M.C. 
in  1835-9  and  in  1845-7  ;  and  was  gov.  of  Ga. 
in  1847-51.  —  Miller^  Bench  and  Bar  of  Ga. 

Townsend,  Edavard  Davis,  adj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Ms.  1815.  West  Point,  1837.  Son 
of  Maj.  D.  S.,  and  grandson  of  Dr.  David 
(1755-1829),  surgeon  Revol.  army.  He  served 
in  the  Florida  war ;  was  made  assist,  adj.-gen. 
(rank  capt.)  8  Aug.  1846;  maj.  15  July,  1852; 
col.  3  Aug.  1861;  adj.-gen.  (rank  brig.-gen.) 
22  Feb.  1869;  brev  maj.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865. 

Townsend,  Eliza,  poetess,  b.  Boston, 
1789;  d.  there  Jan.  12,  1854.  She  contrib. 
anonymously  to  the  Monthly  Anthology,  Unita- 
rian Miscellany,  Portfolio,  and  other  periodi- 
cals, religious  and  moral  pieces ;  among  them 
verses  on  "  The  Incomprehensibility  of  God; " 
"An  Occasional  Ode,"  written  in  June,  1809, 
in  which  she  comments  with  severity  on  the 
career  of  Napoleon;  "Lines  to  Robert  Sou- 
they,"  written  in  1812;  and  "The  Rain- 
bow," pub.  in  the  Gen.  Repository  and  Revieio. 
In  1856,  her  sister.  Mart  P.  Townsend  (d. 
1861),  privately  printed  a  collection  of  her 
poems.  —  DuycJcincL 

Townsend,  John  K.,  naturalist,  b.  Phila. 
1809;  d.  1861.  Author  of  "Narrative  of  a 
Journey  across  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
a  Visit  to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  Chili,  &c., 
1833-7,"  8vo,  1839;  "Sporting  Excursions  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains,"  &c.,  2  vols.  8vo,  1 840 ; 
"  Ornithology  of  the  U.S.,  No.  1 ,"  1839.  Con- 
trib. to  Jour,  of  Acad,  of  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.  — 
Allihone. 

Townsend,  Col.  Penn,  b.  Boston,  Dec. 
20,  1651;  d.  there  Aug.  21,  1727.  Son  of 
William,  who  was  in  Boston  1636.  Was  a 
wine-merchant ;  a  leading  man  in  town-affairs 
many  years;  a  representative,  1686-98;  after- 
ward speaker  of  the  house ;  one  of  the  council, 
1721 ;  and  chief  judge  of  the  Suffolk  Superior 
Court.  He  was  often  capt.  of  the  A.  and  H. 
Art.  Co.,  and  col.  of  the  Boston  Regt.  1703. 
He  was  one  of  the  agents  to  superintend  the 
military  forces  destined  against  Port  Royal  in 
1707,  and  was  a  patron  of  learning. 

Townsend,  Robert,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Al- 
bany, 1819;  d.  China,  Aug.  15,  1866.  Un. 
Coll.  1835.  Entering  the  navy,  he  took  part 
in  the  capture  of  Vera  Cruz  in  1847 ;  was  act- 
ing lieut.  at  the  capture  of  N.  Orleans ;  com. 
the  iron-clad  "  Essex "  at  the  siege  of  Port 
Hudson ;  and  was  a  division-com.  under  Admi- 
ral Porter  in  the  Red-river  campaign. 

Townsend,  Virginia  Frances,  b.  N. 


Haven,  Ct.  Author  of  "Living  and  Lov- 
ing; "  "  While  it  was  Morning,"  1859 ;  "Buds 
from  Christmas-Boughs,"  1 859 ;  "  By  and  By ; " 
"  Amy  Dean,"  1862 ;  "  Well  in  the  Rock,"  &c., 
1863;  "Temptation  and  Triumph,"  1863; 
"  Battle-Fields  of  our  Fathers,"  1864 ;  "  Janet 
Strong,"  1865;  "Darryl  Gap,"  1866;  "The 
Hollands,"  1869;  "Joanna  Dariing,"  1871. 
Editor  of  Arthur's  Home  Mag.,  and  contrib.  to 
periodicals.  —  Allihone. 

Townshend,  Charles,  an  English  states- 
man, b.  Aug.  29, 1725  ;  d.  Sept.  4,  1767.  Sec- 
ond son  of  Charles,  the  third  viscount.  In 
1747  he  entered  parliament,  and  acquired  a 
bright  reputation  as  an  orator ;  in  June,  1 749, 
he  was  app.  a  commiss.  of  trade  and  planta- 
tions; in  1756  a  member  of  the  privy  council; 
in  Mar.  1761  sec.  at  war;  in  Feb.  1763  first 
lord  of  trade  and  plantations;  in  June,  1765, 
paymaster-gen.  and  chancellor  of  the  exche- 
quer; and  a  lord  of  the  treasury  in  Aug.  1766. 
"  He  had  voted,  and  in  the  year  1 765  had  been 
an  advocate,  for  the  Stamp  Act.  He  therefore 
attended  at  the  private  meeting  in  which  reso- 
lutions leading  to  its  repeal  were  settled ;  and 
he  would  have  spoken  for  that  measure  too,  if 
illness  had  not  prevented  him.  The  very  next 
session,  as  the  fashion  of  this  world  passcth 
away,  the  repeal  began  to  be  in  as  bad  odor  as 
the  Stamp  Act  had  been  before.  To  conform  to 
the  temper  which  began  to  prevail,  and  to  prevail 
mostly  among  those  most  in  power,  he  declared 
that  revenue  must  be  had  out  of  America." 
June  2,  1767,  he  introduced  into  the  house  of 
commons  the  celebrated  resolutions  imposing 
duties  upon  paper,  tea,  and  other  articles  im- 
ported into  the  American  Colonies,  which  event- 
ually led  to  their  revolt  and  independence. 
Says  Macaulay,  "  He  was  a  man  of  splendid 
talents,  of  lax  principles,  and  of  boundless 
vanity  and  presumption." 

Townshend,  George,  marquis,  an  Eng.* 
field-marshal,  b.  Fob.  28,  1724;  d.  Sept.  14, 
1807.  Eldest  son  of  the  third  viscount,  whom 
he  succeeded  in  May,  1767.  He  served  at  the 
battles  of  Dettingen,  Fontenoy,  Culloden,  and 
LafFeldt;  and,  in  the  exped.  to  Canada  under 
Wolfe,  com.  a  division.  After  the  first  battle 
of  the  Plains  of  Abraham,  and  the  death  of 
Wolfe,  he  took  com.  of  the  army,  and  five 
days  after  received  the  capitulation  of  De 
Ramsay.  He  then  returned  to  Eng. ;  was 
M.P.  in  1754-64;  rose  to  the  highest  rank 
in  the  army ;  became  a  privy  councillor ;  was 
lord  lieut.  of  Ireland  in  1767-72;  and  was 
created  marquis  Oct.  6,  1787. 

Towson,  Gen.  Nathan,  b.  near  Balti- 
more, Jan.  22,  1784;  d.  Washington,  D.C., 
July  20,  1 854.  Previous  to  the  war  of  1 8 1 2  he 
com.  a  company  of  vol.  art.,  and  was  adj.  of 
the  7th  Md.  Regt.  In  Mar.  1812  he  was  app. 
a  capt.  in  the  2d  U.S.  Art.,  and  Oct.  9,  aided 
by  Lieut.  Elliot  of  the  navy,  captured  the 
British  brig  "  Caledonia,"  under  the  guns  of 
Fort  Eric.  He  was  engaged  in  the  battle  of 
Quecnstown,  in  the  capture  of  Fort  George, 
the  affair  at  Stony  Creek,  and  on  the  17th  of 
July,  1813,  he  was  wounded  in  repelling  an 
attack  of  the  British  on  the  outworks  of  Fort 
George,  U.C.  During  the  campaign  of  1814, 
Towson  com.  a  battery  in  one  of  the  divisions 


TR^ 


917 


TR^ 


of  Gen.  Brown's  army.  Being  attached  to  the 
brigade  of  Scott,  he  participated  in  the  capture 
of  Fort  Erie,  July  4 ;  was  detailed  with  his 
battery  to  bring  on  the  battle  of  Chippewa. 
In  this  conflict  Towson  bore  a  conspicuous 
part,  and  contributed  greatly  to  the  success  of 
the  day.  In  the  obstinately-contested  battle 
of  Niagara,  July  25  (the  hardest  fou^t  and 
most  sanguinary  of  the  war),  Capt.  Towson 
was  in  the  front  rank  from  first  to  last.  Aug. 
1 5  he  performed  a  most  important  part,  and  in 
the  defence  of  Fort  Erie  elicited  from  Gen. 
Ripley  the  highest  encomiums  on  his  skill  and 
valor.  In  May,  1816,  he  received  brevets  of 
major  and  lieut.-col.  for  his  achievements ;  was 
in  1819  app.  paymaster-gen. ;  in  1834  received 
the  brev.  of  brig.-gen.,  and  in  Mar.  1 849  that 
of  maj.-gen.,  for  meritorious  services  per- 
formed during  the  Mexican  war.  In  1816  he 
m.  Sophia,  dau.  of  Caleb  Bingham  of  Boston. 

Tracy,  Alexander  de  Prouvillb,  Mar- 
quis de,  was  viceroy  of  New  France  in  1763. 
He  was  a  lieut.-gen.  in  the  French  army,  and 
had  served  on  the  Continent  with  distinction. 
Before  arriving  in  Canada,  he  had  retaken 
Cayenne  from  the  Dutch,  and  brought  several 
islands  of  the  contiguous  archipelago  under 
French  domination.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
able  and  popular  of  the  French  officials  ever 
sent  to  Canada.  During  his  brief  sway  of  1 8 
months,  he  established  a  military  aristocracy, 
fortified  the  country  against  the  encroachments 
of  the  Iroquois,  and  concluded  a  peace  with 
them  of  18  years'  duration,  which  was  of  great 
benefit  to  the  country,  long  harassed  with  their 
sanguinary  inroads. 

Tracy,  Rev.  Ebenezer  Carter,  b.  Hart- 
ford, Ct.,  10  June,  1796;  d.  Windsor,  Vt.,  15 
May,  1862.  Dartm.  Coll.  1819;  And.  Scm. 
1822.  Tutor  at  D.C.  1823-5.  Editorially  con- 
nected with  the  N.  Y.  Jour,  of  Commerce,  Joir. 
of  Humanitu,  and  Boston  Recorder.  Edited  the 
Vi.  Chronicle  1826-8  and  1834-62.  Author  of 
"Life  of  Jeremiah  Evarts,"  8vo,  1845. 

Tracy,  Joseph,  D.D.  {Vt.  U.  1859),  au- 
thor, b.  Hartford,  Vt.,  Nov.  3,  1794.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1814.  Pastor  of  the  Cong,  churches  at 
Thetford  and  West  Fairlee,  Vt.,  from  June  26, 
1821,  to  1829.  Edited  the  Chronicle  at  Wind- 
sor, Vt.,  5  years,  and  the  Boston  Recorder  1 
year ;  and  afterward  sec.  of  the  Colonization 
Society  at  Boston.  Resides  at  Beverly,  Ms. 
He  pub.  "  Three  Last  Things ; "  "  History  of 
the  Amer.  Board  ; "  "  The  Great  Awakening," 
1842 ;  "  Memorial  of  the  Colon.  Soc.  Centen.," 
15  Jan.  1867. 

Tracy,  Gen.  R.  D.,  b.  N.C. ;  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Port  Gibson,  May  1,  1863.  He  was 
col.  of  a  N.C.  regt.  until  promoted  in  1862  to 
brig.-gen.  C.S.A. 

Tracy,  Uriah,  b.  Franklin,  Ct.,  Feb.  2, 
>1755;  d.  Washington,  D.C,  July  19,  1807. 
'Y.C.  1778.  Adm.  to  the  bar  1781;  practised 
law  successfully  in  Litchfield,  Ct.,  many  years ; 
meml)er  Ct.  legisl.  in  1788-93;  M.C  in  1793- 
6;  U.S.  senator  in  1796-1807,  and  pres.  pro 
tern,  in  1800.  He  was  also  a  major-gen.  of 
militia. 

Traill,  Catherine  Parr  (Strickland), 
Canadian  authoress,  b.  ab.  1805  ;  sister  of  Ag- 
nes Strickland;  m.  Lieut.  Traill  in  1832.     At 


16  she  wrote  a  series  of  popular  juvenile  books, 
and  after  her  marriage  emig.  to  Canada.  She 
has  pub.  "  Backwoods  of  Canada,"  "  Canadian 
Crnsoes,"  "  Ramblings  in  the  Canadian  For- 
est," "Female  Emigrant's  Guide,"  "Forest- 
Trees  and  Wild-Flowers  of  West  Canada," 
"Lady  Mary  and  her  Nurse,"  1856. — Morgan. 

Train,  Charles  R.,  lawyer,  b.  Framing- 
ham,  Ms.,  18  Oct.  1817.  Brown  U.  1837.  Com- 
pleted his  legal  studies  at  Cambridge.  Adm.  to 
the  bar  in  1841 ;  member  Ms.  legisl.  1847  ; 
U.S.  district-atty.  for  Northern  Ms.  1848-51  ; 
member  State  Const.  Conv.  1853;  councillor 
1857-8;  M.C.  1859-63;  vol.  aide  on  the  stall* 
of  Gen.  Gordon,  and  present  at  Antietara; 
again  member  Ms.  legisl.  1871.  Practises  law 
in  Boston.  With  F.  F.  Heard,  author  of  "Pre- 
cedents of  Indictments,"  8vo,  1855. 

Train,  George  Francis,  b.  Boston,  1830; 
was  a  merchant  there  and  in  Australia.  In 
1860-1  he  devoted  himself  to  the  introduction 
of  street-railways  in  London,  but,  not  succeed- 
ing, returned  to  the  U.S.  in  1862,  and  be- 
came noted  as  a  public  speaker  on  the  issues 
of  the  day.  Among  his  publications  are  "  An 
American  Merchant  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Aus- 
tralia," 1 857  ;  "  Young  America  in  Wall  St.," 
1858;  " Spread-Eagleism,"  1859;  "Observa- 
tions on  Street-Railways,"  Liverpool,  1860; 
&c.  Many  of  his  speeches  have  been  published. 
—  AlUbone. 

Trail,  Russell  Thacher,  M.D.,  physi- 
cian, b.  Vernon,  Ct.,  Aug.  5,  1812.  Brought 
up  on  a  farm.  Ill-health  led  him  to  study  medi- 
cine, which  he  practised  for  some  time.  Re- 
moving in  1840  to  New  York,  he  studied  the 
systems  of  homaopathists,  hydropathists,  &c., 
and  abandoned  the  use  of  drugs  under  all  cir- 
cumstances, as  contrary  to  the  laws  of  nature. 
Since  1 843  he  has  presided  over  a  water-cure 
establishment  in  N. Y.,  and  in  1 853  established 
in  connection  with  it  a  medical  school  for  pupils 
of  both  sexes,  chartered  in  1857  as  the  New- 
York  Hygeio-Therapeutic  College,  and  in 
which  he  is  prof,  of  theory  and  practice.  He 
has  edited  various  journals  advocating  tem- 
perance and  hydropathy ;  is  the  author  of  a 
"  Prize  Essay  on  Temperance; "  "  Hydropathic 
Encyclopaedia,"  1852;  "Hydropathic  Cook- 
Book,"  1854;  "Uterine  Diseases  and  Dis- 
placements," 1855;  "Home  Treatment  for 
Sexual  Abuses ; "  "  The  Alcoholic  Controver- 
sy;" "the  Complete  Gymnasium,"  1857; 
"  Prize  Essay  on  Tobacco ;  "  "  Diseases  of  the 
Throat  and  Lungs;"  "Pathology  of  the  Re- 
productive Organs;"  "Diphtheria;"  "The 
Scientific  Basis  of  Vegetarianism ; "  "  Water- 
Cure  for  the  Million ; "  "  Nervous  Debility ; " 
"Lectures on  Drug-Medicines;"  "Lectures on 
Diseases  of  Females ; "  "Principles  of  Hygeio- 
Thcrapy  ;  "  "  Sexual  Physiology,"  1 866 ; 
"Hand-Book  of  Hygienic  Practice,"  1865,-^ 
Apfdeton. 

Trantham,  Mrs.  Betsey,  b.  Germany; 
d.  Marcy  Co.,  Tenn.,  Jan.  10, 1834,  at  the  great 
age  of  ^54.  She  emig.  to  Amer.  when  the 
first  settlement  was  made  in  N.C.  in  1710.  At 
the  age  of  120  her  eyesight  became  almost  ex- 
tinct, but  during  the  last  20  years  of  her  life  it 
was  as  perfect  as  ever.  At  the  time  of  her 
death  she  had  entirely  lost  the  sense  of  taste. 


TRA 


918 


TRB 


At  the  age  of  65  she  bore  her  only  child,  who 
was  living  in  1835. 

Trask,  William  Blake,  antiquary,  b. 
Dorchester,  Ms.,  Nov.  25,  1812.  Descended 
from  Capt.  William  Trask,  who  settled  in 
Salem  prior  to  1628,  and  who  com.  a  company 
in  the  Pequot  wars.  In  early  life  he  worked 
at  the  trade  of  a  cabinet-maker.  Inheriting 
from  his  maternal  grandfather,  John  Pierce, 
father  of  Rev.  John  of  Brookline,  a  taste  for 
historical  and  antiquarian  pursuits,  he  assisted 
S.  G.  Drake  in  collecting  materials  for  the  notes 
to  his  History  of  Boston ;  aided  Gen.  Sumner 
in  the  preparation  of  his  History  of  East 
Boston  ;  was  one  of  the  authors  of  the  His- 
tory of  Dorchester;  one  of  the  editors  of  and 
contributors  to  the  N.E.  Hist.  GeneaL  Register ; 
and  has  assisted  many  persons  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  their  genealogies.  Member  of  the  N.E. 
Hist.  Geneal.  Soc.  since  1851 ;  and  its  histori- 
ographer 1862-7. 

Travis,  Col.  William  B.,  the  hero  of 
the  Alamo,  b.  Conecah  Co.,  Ala.,  1811  ;  killed 
at  the  Alamo,  Mar.  1,  1836.  He  was  in  1830 
adm.  to  practice  at  the  Monroe  Co.  bar,  Ala., 
but,  at  the  commencement  of  the  Texan  strug- 
gle for  independence,  drew  his  sword  in  that 
cause,  and  fell  bravely  fighting  a  vastly  superior 
force  of  Mexicans. 

Treadwell,  Daniel,  A.A.S.,  inventor,  b. 
Ipswich,  Ms.,  1791.  His  first  invention,  when 
quite  young,  was  for  making  wood  screws.    In 

1818  he  produced  a  new  printing-press,  and  in 

1819  went  to  Eng.,  where  he  conceived  the 
idea  of  a  power-press,  which  was  completed  the 
year  after  his  return,  and  widely  used.  In  1822 
he  with  Dr.  John  Ware  established  and  con- 
ducted the  Boston  Jour,  of  Phllos.  and  the  Arts  ; 
in  1826  he  introduced  the  system  of  turn-outs 
for  the  railroads  of  the  U.S.;  in  1829  he  com- 
pleted the  first  successful  machine  for  spinning 
hemp-cordage.  His  circular  hackle,  or  lapper, 
has  been  generally  adopted  wherever  hemp  is 
spun  for  coarse  cloth.  In  1 834-45  he  was  Rum- 
ford  prof,  of  technology  in  H.U.  Devoting 
himself  to  improvements  in  cannon,  he  in  four 
years  perfected  his  method  of  making  them  of 
wrought  iron  and  steel,  and  received  contracts 
from  govt.  He  described  a  new  method,  by 
which  the  cost  of  his  gun  was  greatly  lessened, 
in  a  Memoir  before  the  Amer.  Acad,  in  1835, 
secured  his  invention  by  patent,  and  pub.  an 
account  of  it  in  1856. — 'Appleton. 

Treadwell,  John,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1800), 
gov.  of  Ct.  1809-11,  b.  Farmington,  Ct.,  Nov. 
23,  1745  ;  d.  Aug.  19,  1823.  Y.C.  1767.  He 
studied  law,  —  though,  being  an  only  son,  and 
heir  to  a  competent  estate,  not  with  the  inten- 
tion of  practising,  —  and  settled  in  his  native 
town.  In  1776  he  was  a  representative  in  the 
legisl.,  to  which  station  he  was,  with  one  excep- 
tion, annually  chosen  until  1785,  when  he  became 
a  member  of  the  council,  from  which  position 
he  was  in  1798  elevated  to  that  of  lieut.-gov. ; 
member  Old  Congress  1785-6.  He  had  been, 
previously  to  1809,  20  years  judge  of  probate 
and  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Errors;  3  years 
judge  of  the  county  court.  He  was  active  in 
establishing  and  managing  the  school-fund  of 
the  State ;  and  rendered  great  service  to  the 
cause  of  religion  both  in  a  private  and  public 


capacity,  and  was  pres.  of  the  A.B.C.F.M. 
from  its  organization  until  his  death.  In  ad- 
dition to  his  legal  accjuirements,  he  was  well 
versed  in  literature,  science,  and  theology,  to 
the  latter  of  which  he  contrib.  some  unpub. 
essays. 

Treadwell,  John  Goodhue,  M.D.,  phy- 
sician and  scholar,  b.  Salem,  Ms.,  Aug.  1, 1805 ; 
d.  there  Aug.  6, 1856.  H.U.  1825.  His  father, 
John  Dexter,  M.D.  (H.U.  1788),  A.A.S.,  and 
a  disting.  physician,  d.  Salem,  Ms.,  June  6, 
1 833,  a.  65,  leaving  him  a  fortune.  He  estab- 
lished himself  as  a  physician  in  Salem  in  1830. 
Besides  his  medical  and  scholarly  acquire- 
ments, he  had  a  taste  for  agriculture  and  garden- 
ing, in  which  he  made  careful  and  satisfactory 
experiments.  His  farm  in  Topsfield  he  be- 
queathed to  the  Essex-Co.  Agric.  Society  for 
the  purpose  of  experimental  agriculture.  He 
bequeathed  to  H.U.,  for  the  foundation  of  a 
professorship  of  physiology  and  anatomy,  his 
library,  and  an  estate  estimated  at  from  $75,- 
000  to  $100,000. 

Treadwell,  Seymour  B.,  politician,  b. 
Bridgeport,  Ct.,  June,  1 795  ;  d.  Jackson,  Mich., 
9  June,  1867.  In  1838  he  pub.  "American 
Liberties,  and  Amer.  Slavery,  Illustrated  ; " 
took  charge  of  an  antislavery  paper  in  Mich, 
in  1839  ;  and  was  twice  elected  commiss.  of  the 
land-office  by  the  Free-soil  party. 

Treat,  Col.  Robert,  gov.  of  Ct.  1686- 
1701,  b.  Eng.  1622;  d.  Milford,  Ct.,  July  12, 
1710.  With  his  bro.  Richard,  he  came  to  Jf.E. 
with  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall,  and  was  among 
the  first  settlers  of  Wethersfield.  He  was  soon 
chosen  one  of  the  5  judges ;  was  a  magistrate 
in  1661-5;  major  of  the  Ct.  troops  1670.  In 
Phillip's  war,  at  the  attack  of  Springfield  by 
the  Indians  in  1675,  he  marched  to  its  relief, 
and  drove  them  from  the  town  ;  in  their  assault 
upon  Hadley,  he  put  them  to  flight,  and  in 
Dec.  performed  a  disting.  part  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Indians  at  Fort  Narraganset.  In 
1676  he  was  elected  deputy-governor. 

Treat,  Samuel,  first  minister  of  Eastham, 
Ms.,  from  1672  to  his  d.  Mar.  18,  1717;  b. 
Milford,  Ct.  1648.  H.U.  1669.  Son  of  Gov. 
Robert.  He  devoted  himself  successfully  to  the 
conversion  of  the  Indians  in  his  vicinity,  and 
pub.  the  confession  of  faith  in  the  Nauset  In- 
dian language;  election  sermon,  1713. 

Tredwell,  Thomas,  b.  Smithtown,  L.I., 
1742;  d.  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  30,  1832. 
N.J.  Coll.  1764.  Member  of  the  Prov.  Con- 
gress of  N.Y.  in  1774-5;  of  the  Const.  Convs. 
of  1776-7,  and  that  of  1788,  for  the  adoption 
of  the  Federal  Constitution  ;  of  the  Assembly 
in  1777-83;  of  the  State  senate  1786-9  and 
again  in  180.3-7  ;  first  judge  of  t^e  Court  of 
Probate  1778-87;  surrogate  of%ufiblk  Co. 
1787-91  ;  M.C.  1791-5.  One  of  the  original 
proprietors  of  Plattsburg,  N.Y.,  to  which  place 
he  removed  near  the  close  of  the  last  century  ; 
represented  Clinton  and  Es.sex  Counties  in  the 
State  Const.  Conv.  of  1801 ;  and  surrogate  of 
Clinton  Co.  in  1807-31. 

Trelawney,  Gen.  Harry;  d.  Eng.  1800. 
Com.  the  battalion  of  Guards  in  Gen.  Howe's 
army  at  the  battle  of  White  Plains. 

Trenchard,  Edward,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
N.J.  1784;  d.  Brooklyn,  L.I.,  Nov.  3,  1824. 


TRE 


919 


TRI 


Midshipm.  April  30,  1800;  lieut.  Feb.  18, 
1807;  com.  July  24,  1813;  capt.  March  5, 
1817. 

Trenchard,  Stephen D.,  coramo.  U.S.N., 
b.  New  York,  Oct.  23,  1817.  Midshipm.  Oct. 
23,  1834;  lieut.  Feb.  27,  1847  ;  com.  July  16, 
1862;  capt.July  25, 1866;  commo.  1871.  At- 
tached to  coast  survey  1845-9  and  18.54-7; 
com.  steamer  "  Rhode  Island,"  supply-vessel 
to  block,  squad.,  1861-5;  in  both  attacks  on 
Fort  Fisher,  Dec.  1864  and  Jan.  1865;  com. 
steam-sloop  "  Lancaster,"  flag-ship  S.  Atlantic 
sq  u  ad . ,  1869.  —  Ha  merslt/. 

Trescott,  William'  Henry,  of  Beaufort, 
S.C.,  b.  Charleston,  S.C,  1822.  Sec.  of  lega- 
tion  to  Eng.  in  1852-3;  under-sec.  of  state  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  1857-60.  Author  of 
"  Diplomacy  of  the  Amcr.  Revolution;"  "A 
Few  Thoughts  on  the  Foreign  Relations  of  the 
U.S.,"  12mo,  1849  ;  "  Administration  of  Wash- 
ington and  Adams,"  1857;  "  American  View 
of  the  Eastern  Question,"  1854;  Address  be- 
fore the  S.C.  Hist.  Society,  1859. 

Trevett,  Capt.  John,  a  Revol.  patriot ;  d. 
Newport,  R.I.,  Nov.  1823,  a.  76.  In  Nov.  1775 
he  entered  as  a  midshipman  on  board  "  The  Co- 
lumbus," Capt.  Whipple,  and  was  soon  pro- 
moted to  a  lieut.,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
under  Com.  Hopkins,  and  in  1776  was  attached 
to  "  The  Andrea  Doria,"  Capt.  Biddle.  He 
com.  the  marines  in  "  The  Providence,"  Capt. 
Hacker,  and  was  active  in  the  capture  of  New 
Providence.  He  joined  the  frigate  "  Trum- 
bull "  in  1780,  losing  his  right  eye  in  an  en- 
gagement; then  cruised  in  "  The  Deane,"  in 
one  of  whose  prizes  he  was  taken,  and  carried 
to  St.  John's,  and  remained  there  two  years. 

Trevett,  Capt.  Samuel  R.,  a  Revol.  offi- 
cer, b.  Marblehead,  Ms.,  1751  ;  d.  there  Jan. 
19,  1832.  He  disting.  himself  by  coolness  and 
gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill,  where 
he  com.  a  company  of  artillery,  and  again  in 
the  R.I.  exped.  in  Aug.  1778.  In  1812  Capt. 
T.  was  captured  by  a  British  vessel  as  he  was 
returning  from  Sweden,  where  he  had  resided 
four  years,  engaged  in  trade.  From  July,  1814, 
till  his  death,  he  com.  the  U.S.  revenue-cutter 
at  Boston.  His  son  Samuel  Russell,  M.D., 
Burgeon  U.S.N.,  b.  Marblehead  20  Aug.  1783, 
d.  Norfolk,  Va.,  4  Nov.  1822.  H.U.  1804.  He 
began  practice  at  Boston,  but  was  app.  to  the 
navy ;  served  in  the  frigate  "  U.S."  when  she 
captured  "  The  Macedonian  ;  "  was  in  "  The 
President"  when  captured  by  the  British  fleet 
in  1815;  and  disting.  himself  by  his  heroic 
conduct  on  the  burning  steamboat  "Phoenix" 
on  Lake  Champlain  in  Sept.  1819. 

Trigg,  Col.  Stephen,  b.  Va. ;  killed  at 
the  battle  of  the  Blue  Licks,  Ky.,  Aug.  19, 
1782.  He  came  to  Ky.  in  the  fall  of  1779  as  a 
member  of  the  court  of  land-commissioners  ; 
settled  at  the  mouth  of  Dick's  River,  and  soon 
became  noted  for  his  activity  against  the  In- 
dians. 

Trigg,  Maj.  William,  an  early  emig.  to 
Ky. ;  d.  there  Dec.  11,  1837.  Maj.  28th  U.S. 
Inf.  March  11,  1813  ;  acting  aide  toBrig.-Gcn. 
Hopkins  in  the  battle  of  the  Thames  ;  resigned 
Apr.  27,  1814.  He  filled  ably  many  important 
offices. 

Trimble,  Allen,  lawyer  and  politician, 


b.  Augusta  Co.,  Va.,  Nov.  24,  1783  ;  d.  Hills- 
borough, 0.,  Feb.  2,  1870.  His  father  Capt. 
James  emig.  in  1784  to  Lexington,  Ky.,  and  d. 
there  in  Oct.  1804.  Allen  then  settled  in  High^ 
land  Co.,  O.,  where  he  was  clerk  of  the  courts, 
and  recorder,  in  1809-16  ;  com.  a  mounted 
regt.  under  Harrison  in  1812-13  ;  State  repre- 
sentative in  1816;  State  senator  in  1817-26, 
and  speaker  in  1819-26  ;  acting  gov.  of  0. 
1821-2;  gov.  1826-30;  and  pres.  of  the  first 
State  Board  of  Agric.  1846-8.  While  gov.  he 
urged  the  extension  and  improvement  of  the 
common-school  system,  the  encouragement  of 
manufacturing-companies,  and  the  ameliora- 
tion of  the  penitentiary  system.  —  A.  T,  Good- 
man. 

Trimble,  Gen.  Isaac  R.,  b.  Va.  ab.  1800. 
West  Point,  1822.  He  entered  the  1st  Art., 
but  resigned  May  31,  1832,  and  became  a  civil 
engr.,  and  was  employed  in  1832-49  upon  vari- 
ous railroads.  A  resident  of  Baltimore,  he 
took  part  in  the  secession  movements  there ; 
but,  on  its  occupation  by  the  national  forces, 
withdrew  to  the  South,  and  was  made  a  brig.- 
gen.,  afterward  a  maj.-gen.,  and  wounded  at 
Gettysburg,  losing  his  left  foot. 

Trimble,  Robert,  jurist,  b.  Bcrkclev  Co., 
Va.,  1777  ;  d.  Aug.  25,  1828.  When  he'was  3 
years  old,  his  father  moved  to  Ky.  With  little 
education,  he  improved  his  scanty  opportuni- 
ties; taught  school;  studied  law  with  George 
Nicholas;  was  adm.  to  practice  in  1803;  set- 
tled at  Paris,  and  was  chosen  to  the  legisl.  from 
Bourbon  Co.  He  ever  after  declined  political 
preferment,  and  devoted  himself  to  his  profes- 
sion. Made  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  in 
1808;  in  1810  chief  justice  of  the  State;  dist.- 
atty.  1813;  judge  of  the  Ky.  dist.  1816-26; 
judge  U.S.  Supreme  Court  1826-8.  His  bro. 
John  (b.  Clark  Co.,  Ky.,  1783,  d.  Harrison 
Co.  17  June,  1852)  was  a  circuit  judge,  and 
subse(juently  a  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals. 

Trimble,  William  A.,  soldier  and  senator, 
b.  Woodford,  Ky.,  4  Apr.  1786;  d.  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  13  Dec.  1821.  Son  of  Capt.  James.* 
Educated  at  Transylv.  U.  Studied  law  with 
his  relative  Judge  Robert  Trimble,  and  after- 
ward at  Litchfield,  Ct.,  and  settled  in  practice  at 
Highland,  O.,  in  1811.  Adj.  in  the  regt.  of  his 
bro.  Col.  Allen  Trimble  in  1812;  major  of  O. 
Vols.  7  May,  1812;  maj.  26th  Inf.  Mar.  1813; 
brev.  lieut.-col.  for  gallantry  at  Fort-Erie  sortie, 
Sept.  17, 1814,  in  which  he  was  severely  wound- 
ed ;  lieut.-col.  1st  Inf  30  Nov.  1814-1  March, 
1819;  U.S.  senator  froraO.  1819-21  ;  commis- 
sioner with  Gen.  Cass  in  1821  to  treat  with 
the  North-western  Indians  at  Green  Bay. 

Trippe,  John,  a  gallant  officer  of  the  U.S. 
navy ;  d.  at  sea,  off^  Havana,  9  July,  1810,  in 
com'.  U.S.  brig  "  Vixen."  He  entered  the  ser- 
vice as  sailing-master  6  May,  1803,  and  was 
made  lieut.  9  Jan.  1807.  Served  under  Preble 
in  attacks  on  Tripoli,  July-Scpt.  1804. 

Trist,  Nicholas  P.,  of  Louisiana,  b.  Va. 
Educated  at  West  Point,  and  acting  assistant 
prof,  of  French  1819-20;  chief  clerk  of  the 
State  dept.  1845;  U.S.  commiss.  during  the 
war  with  Mexico,  and  made  the  treaty  of 
Gaudaloupe  Hidalgo,  Jan.  1848;  late  U.S. 
consul  to  Havana.  The  intimate  friend  of 
Pres.  Jackson.    Married  a  grand-daughter  of 


TRO 


920 


TRO 


Thomas  Jefferson.    Translator  from  the  French 
of  a  Treatise  on  Milch  Cows. 

TroUope,  P^rances,  author,  b.  Stapleton, 
near  Bristol,  Enj;.,  1790;  d.  Florence,  Italy, 
Oct  6,  1863.  She  was  the  dan.  of  Wm.  Mil- 
ton, an  English  curate ;  mar.  Thomas  Anthony 
TroUopc  in  1809,  and,  after  visitin-;  the  U.S., 
began  her  career  of  authorship  with  "  The  Do- 
mestic Manners  of  the  Americans."  A  great 
outcry  was  raised  here  by  this  publication,  and 
unmerited  obloquy  long  rested  upon  her  name. 
Her  views  and  impressions  were  further  em- 
bodied in  her  novel,  "  The  Refugees  in  Amer- 
ica." In  1836  appeared  "  The  Adventures  of 
Jonathan  Jefferson  Whitlaw,"  a  novel  repre- 
senting the  condition  of  the  colored  races  of 
the  Southern  States.  She  afterward  resided 
in  Florence,  writing  novels,  and  books  of  travel. 
Her  son  Anthony,  a  well-known  novelist,  has 
written  a  book  of  American  travels,  entitled 
"  North  America."  Another  son,  Thomas 
Adolphus,  is  also  a  well-known  novelist. 

Trollope,  Sir  Henry,  a  British  admiral, 
b.  Norwich,  Eng. ;  d.  Freshford,  near  Bath, 
Nov.  2,  1839,  a.  83.  Entering  the  navy  in 
1770,  he  was  present  at  the  battles  of  Lexing- 
ton and  Bunker's  Hill;  was  afterwards  at  the 
siege  of  Boston  ;  was  employed  by  Lord  Dun- 
more  in  Virginia ;  and  assisted  at  the  taking  of 
Rhode  I-land.  In  1777  he  was  app.  3d  lieut. 
of  "  The  Bristol"  (50guns),  and  assisted  at  the 
attack  of  Forts  Montgomery  and  Clinton,  and 
afterwards  of  Phila.  and  Mud  Island.  He  was 
made  a  post-capt.  in  1781  ;  was  knighted  for 
his  participation  in  the  victory  of  Camper- 
down  ;  was  made  full  admiral  in  1812  ;  was  a 
K.C.B.  and  a  G.C.B. 

Troost,  Gerard,  M.D.,  naturalist,  b.  Bois 
le  Due,  Holland,  March   15,  1776;  d.  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  Aug.  14,  1850.     He  was  educated 
at  Amsterdam  and  Ley  den,  studied  medicine, 
chemistry,  and  other  branches  of  science,  and 
acquired  distinction  as  a  crystallographer.    He 
practised  medicine  a  short  time  at  Amsterdam 
and  the  Hague;  then  served  in  the  army,  first 
as  a  private  soldier,  and  afterward  as  an'officer 
of  the  first  rank  in  the  medical  dept.     In  1807 
he  was  sent  by  Louis  Bonaparte,  then  king  of 
Holland,  to  Paris,  to  pursue  his  favorite  studies 
in  natural  science.     He   then  translated   into 
the  Dutch  Humboldt's  "  Aspects  of  Nature." 
The  Dutch  govt,  in  1809  sent  him  on  a  scien- 
tific mission  to  the  E.  Indies ;  but  he  was  taken 
by  a  French  privateer,  and  conveyed  to  Dun- 
kirk.    After  residing  about  a  year  at  Paris,  he 
embarked   for  America,  where  he  arrived   in 
1810.     He  first  settled  in  Phila. ;  was  one  of 
the  founders  and  first  pres.  (1812-17)  of  the 
Acad,  of  Natural  History;  and  estab.  in  1814 
at  Cape  Sable,  in  Md.,  the  first  alum-factory 
in  the  U.S.     In  1821  he  was  app.  prof,  of  min- 
eralogy in  the  Phila.  Museum;   in   1825  re- 
moved to  New  Harmony  with  Owen,  McClure, 
and  others;   and  in   1827  was  app.  prof,  of 
chemistry,  mineralogy,  and  geology  in  the  U. 
of  Nashville ;  which  post  he  filled  during  the 
rest  of  his  life.     He  was  for  18  years  preced- 
ing his  death  State  geologist,  and  pub.  Reports 
on  the  geology  of  Tenn.,  and  Memoirs  in   the 
"  Trans."  of  the  societies  of  Paris  and  Phila.  His 
mineral  and  geological  cabinets,  as  well  as  his 


other  scientific  collections,  are  said  to  have 
been  the  largest  in  the  U.S.  A  discourse  by 
Pres.  Lindsley  on  his  life  and  character  has 
been  published. 

Trott,  Nicholas,  LL.D.,  jurist  and  schol- 
ar, b.  Eng.  1663  ;  d.  Charleston,  S.  C,  1740. 
After  having  been  gov.  of  the  Bahamas,  he  be- 
came a  resident  of  S.C. ;  was  elected  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Assembly  in  1700;  was  a 
councillor  in  1703  ;  and  at  a  later  period  he  be- 
came a  judge.  He  was  deeply  versed  in  the 
Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  languages,  as  well 
as  in  the  principles  of  jurisprudence,  and  dur- 
ing nearly  40  years  was  among  the  most  influ- 
ential men  in  the  province.  He  revised  and 
pub.  the  laws  of  S.C.  before  1734,  2  vols,  fol., 
1736;  also  pub.  "  Clavis  Linguae  Sanctae," 
1719;  "Laws  relating  to  the  Church  and  tho 
Clergy  in  America,"  Lond.,  1721. 

Trotter,  Gen.  George,  b.  Va.  1779;  d. 
Lexington,  Ky.,  13  Oct.  1815.  Son  ofLieut.- 
Col.  James.  App.  capt.  vol.  Dragoons ;  dis- 
ting.  and  wounded  in  action  under  Col.  J.  B. 
Campbell  with  the  Indians  18  Dec.  1812  ;  lieut.- 
col.  com.  Ky.  Vols.  1813  ;  brig.-gen.  at  battle 
of  the  Thames  5  Oct.  1813. 

Troubat,  Francis  J.,ofthePhila.  bar;  d. 
Rainey,  near  Paris,  France,  1868,  a.  66.  Au- 
thor of  "  Law  of  Limited  Partnership  in  tho 
U.S.,"  8vo,  1853;  and,  with  Wm.  H.  Haley, 
"  Practice  and  Proceedings  in  the  Sup.  Ct.  of 
Pa.  1825-9,"  2  vols.  8vo.  Edited  Eng.  Exch. 
Reports,  6  vols.  1835;  "  Chitty  on  Contracts," 
1834,  &,c.^AIlibone. 

Troup,  George  McIntosh,  statesman,  b. 
on  the  Tombigbee  River,  Ala.,  Sept.  8,  1780  ; 
d.  Lawrence  Co.,  Ga.,  May  3, 1856.  N.J.  Coll. 
1797.  Studied  law;  member  of  the  Ga.  legisl. 
in  1800-3  ;  M.C.  in  1807-15;  U.S.  senator  in 
1816-18,  1829-34;  and  gov.  of  the  State  in 
1823-7.  He  was  an  advocate  of  State-rights, 
and  the  champion  of  State  sovereignty,  an  im- 
passioned speaker,  and  a  man  of  great  integri- 
ty. —  See  Life  by  E.  J.  Harden,  8vo,  Savan- 
nah, 1859. 

Troup,  Col.  Robert,  LL.D.,  a  Revol.  ofi^- 
cer,  b.  N.Y.  1757;  d.  New  York,  Jan.  21,  1832. 
Col.  Coll.  1774.  He  studied  law  in  the  office 
of  John  Jay  ;  joined  the  army  at  Long  Island 
as  a  lieut.  early  in  1776  ;  was  shortly  after  app. 
aide  to  Gen.  Woodhull ;  and  was  taken  prison- 
er at  the  battle  on  Long  Island,  Aug.  27,  and 
confined  some  time  in  the  Jersey  prison-ship, 
and  afterward  in  the  Provost  Prison  in  New 
York,  but  in  the  spring  of  1777  was  exchanged, 
and  joined  the  army  in  N.  J.  He  joined  Gen. 
Gates  as  aide  at  Saratoga  in  Aug.,  and  was 
pretient  at  the  battle  of  Stillwater  and  at  the 
surrender  of  Burgoyne,  Oct.  17, 1777.  In  Feb. 
1778  he  was  app.  by  Congress  sec.  of  the 
board  of  war,  of  which  Gren.  Gates  was  pres., 
and  on  its  dissolution  in  1779  went  to  N.  J., 
and  completed  his  law-studies  with  Judge  Pat- 
terson. After  the  peace.  Col.  Troup  was  judge 
of  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court  of  N.Y.,  and  held  that 
office  several  years,  and  was  member  of  the 
State  legisl.  He  pub.  in  1822  a  letter  on  tho 
lake-canal  policy  of  N.Y. ;  "  Vindication  of 
the  Claim  of  Elkanah  Watson,"  1821;  and 
"  Remarks  on  Trinity-Church  Bill,"  1813.  He 
was  the  warm  personal  and  political  friend  of 


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Hamilton.  Resided  many  years  at  Geneva  as 
principal  aj>ent  of  tlie  great  Pukeney  estate. 

Trousdale,  William,  soldier  and  states- 
man, b.  Tenn.  App.  col.  Tenn.  mounted  vols, 
in  Florida  war,  June  14,  1836  ;  col.  14th  Inf. 
March  3,  1847  ;  brev.  brig.-gcn.  for  gallant 
and  merit,  conduct  in  battle  of  Chapultepec, 
Aug.  1848,  in  which  he  was  twice  severely 
wounded;  gov.  of  Tenn.  1849-51;  envoy-ex. 
and  min.-plenipo.  to  Brazil  1853. 

Trowbridge,  Edmund,  jurist,  b.  Newton, 
Ms.,  1709;  d.  Cambridge,  April  2, 1793.  H.U. 
1728.  He  bore  for  some  time  the  name  of 
GofFe,  after  an  uncle.  He  became  a  disting. 
lawyer ;  was  in  1 749  app.  atty .-gen. ;  and  in 
1767  was  promoted  to  the  bench  of  the  Su- 
preme Court,  in  which  capacity  he  presided 
with  uprightness  and  ability  at  the  trial  of  the 
British  soldiers  arraigned  for  murder,  March  5, 
1770.  In  1766  he  was  left  out  of  the  council 
by  the  popular  party.  Although  attached  to 
the  royal  govt.,  he  did  not  approve  of  all  its 
measures;  and  in  1772,  alarmed  at  the  revol. 
appearances,  he  resigned  his  office.  Reputed  to 
be  the  most  profound  lawyer  in  New  England 
prior  to  the  Revolution. 

Trowbridge,  John  Townsend,  novelist 
and  poet,  b.  Ogden,  N.  Y.,  18  Sept.  1827. 
Brought  up  on  his  father's  farm  ;  but  his  fond- 
ness for  books  determined  his  future  career. 
At  19  he  went  to  N.  Y.  City,  wrote  for  the 
press,  and  at  20  came  to  Boston,  where  he  be- 
came known  as  a  writer  of  popular  tales  over 
the  signature  of  "  Paul  Creyton."  He  ed.  the 
Yankee  Nation  in  1850;  now  (1871)  edits  Oar 
Young  Folks;  and  has  pub.  "Father  Bright- 
hopes,"  1 853  ;  "  Neighbor  Jackwood  "  (written 
while  in  Europe  in  1855),  soon  followed  by  his 
dramatic  version  of  the  same ;  "  The  Old  Bat- 
tle-Ground," 1859;  "Cudjo's  Cave,"  a  war  novel, 
1863;  and  "  The  South,"  the  result  of  travels 
in  the  Southern  States,  1866.  "The  Vaga- 
bonds," a  highly-successful  poem,  contrib.  by 
him  to  the  AUantic  Monthit/ in  1863,  was  pub. 
in  book-form  in  1864,  with  illustrations  by 
Darley,  and  again  in  1869  in  "The  Vagabonds 
and  Other  Poems."  For  Our  Young  Folks 
he  has  written  "Lawrence's  Adventures,"  re- 
published in  1870.  His  latest  work,  "  Coupon 
Bonds,"  is  a  coll.  of  graphic  and  entertaining 
magazine  stories.  Contributor  to  the  Atlantic 
Month/}/  of  many  stories,  sketches  of  travel, 
poems,  &c.    Resides  at  Arlington,  near  Boston. 

Truett,  George,  gov.  Del.  1808-11  ;  d. 
Camden,  Del.,  8  Oct.  1818,  a.  62. 

Trumbull,  Benjamin,  D.D.  (Y.C.  1796), 
divine  and  historian,  b.  Hebron,  Ct.,  19  Dec. 
1735  ;  d.  North  Haven,  Ct.,  2  Feb.  1820.  Y.C. 
1759.  Pastor  of  North  Haven  from  1760  to 
his  d.  He  was  assisted  in  his  education  by  Dr. 
Wheelock,  founder  of  Dartmouth  Coll.,  who 
preached  the  sermon  at  his  ordination.  He 
served  in  the  Revol.  war  both  as  a  chaplain 
and  a  vol.  soldier.  After  the  war,  he  pub.  a 
pamphlet  sustaining  the  claim  of  Ct.  to  the 
Susquehanna  Purchase,  which  influenced  the 
decision  of  Congress  in  her  favor.  Author 
of  a  History  of  Ct.  1630-1764,  and  to  the 
close  of  the  Indian  Wars,  2  vols.  8vo,  1797 
and  1818 ;  "  History  of  the  U.S.  to  1765,"  vol. 
i.  1819;  "  Twelve  Discourses,"  1790. 


Trumbull,    James    Hammond,    LL.D. 

(Y.C.  1871),  philological  and  hist,  writer,  b. 
Stonington,  Ct.,  20  Dec.  1821.  Son  of  Gur- 
don  and  Sarah  A.  (Swan).  Entered  Y.C.  in 
1838,  prevented,  by  loss  of  health,  from  prose- 
cuting the  study  of  a  profession.  A  resident 
of  Hartford  since  1847.  App.  State  librarian 
in  1854;  assistant  sec.  of  state  1858-61;  see. 
1861-5;  many  years  a  member  Ct.  Hist.  Soc, 
its  corresp.-sec.  1849-63,  and  pres.  since  1863  ; 
member  also  of  many  other  hist,  societies ;  and 
for  some  years  has  been  librarian  of  the  Watkin- 
son  Free  Library,  In  1842-3  he  aided  Rev.  J. 
H.  Linsley  in  compiling  catalogues  of  the  mam- 
malia, reptiles,  fishes,  and  shells  of  Ct.  {Atuer. 
Jour,  of  Science).  In  1850-9  he  ed.  and  pub. 
3  vols,  of  the  "  Ct.  Colony  Records  "  (1636-89). 
About  1858  he  began  to  study  Amer.  aboi-igi- 
nal  languages,  and  was  active  in  founding  the 
Amer.  Philolog.  Assoc,  in  1869.  In  1855  he 
m.  Sarah  A.  Robinson.  Editor  of  Lcchford's 
"Plain  Dealing,"  with  introd.  and  notes,  1867  ; 
Roger  Williams's  "  Key  into  the  Language  of 
America,"  with  introd.  and  notes  (in  vol.  i. 
Narr.  Club's  pubs.,  Prov.  1866) ;  "  The  Defence 
of  Stonington  against  a  Brit.  Squad,  in  1814," 
1864;  "Origin  of  McFingal,"  1868;  of  a  part 
of  the  first  and  all  of  the  second  vol.  Colls. 
Ct.  Hist.  Soc. ;  and  contrib.  of  more  than  50 
articles  to  periodicals,  and  the  Proc.  of  societies 
upon  Indian  names  and  upon  hist,  subjects. 

Trumbull,  John,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1818), 
poet,  b.  Westbury,  since  Watertown,  Ct.,  Apr. 
24,  1750;  d.  Detroit,  Mich.,  May  10,  1831, 
Y.C.  1767.  Son  of  John,  minister  of  Water- 
town,  a  good  classical  scholar,  who  d.  Dec.  13, 
1787,  a.  72.  Possessing  an  extraordinary  pre- 
cocity, he  was  at  the  age  of  7  adm.  to  college; 
though  his  extreme  youth,  and  his  subsequent 
ill-health,  preventcff  his  residing  there  until  1 763. 
With  Timothy  Dwight,  in  1769  he  wrote  a 
series  of  essays  in  the  manner  of  the  Spectator 
for  a  gazette  printed  in  Boston,  and  subsequent- 
ly similar  essays  for  the  New-Haven  papers. 
From  Sept.  1771  to  Nov.  1773,  when  he  was 
adm.  to  the  bar  of  Ct.,  he  was  a  tutor  in  Y.C, 
during  which  time  he  pub.  "  The  Progress  of 
Dulncss,"  —  a  poem  designed  to  expose  the 
absurd  method  of  education  which  then  pre- 
vailed. Entering  the  office  of  John  Adams  in 
Boston  in  1773,  he  found  himself  in  the  centre 
of  American  politics.  Warmly  espousing  the 
popular  side,  he  employed  his  leisure  in  writing 
political  essays  for  the  public  gazettes ;  and,  just 
before  leaving  Boston,  he  anonymously  pub. 
his  "  Elegy  on  the  Times."  Commencing  a 
successful  practice  at  New  Haven  in  Nov. 
1774,  he  wrote  during  the  next  year  the  first 
part  of  "  McFingal,"  which  was  pub.  in  Phila. 
In  Nov.  1776  he  m.  Sarah,  dau.  of  Col.  Lev- 
erett  Hubbard  of  N.  Haven  ;  in  May  follow- 
ing he  returned  to  his  native  place,  whence  he 
removed  to  Hartford  in  June,  1781.  Having 
completed  the  poem  of  "  McFingal,"  it  was 
pub.  at  Hartford  before  the  close  of  1782.  It 
IS  a  burlesque  epic  in  Hudibrastic  verse,  direct- 
ed against  the  enemies  of  American  liberty. 
His  "  Poetical  Works "  appeared  at  Hartford 
in  2  vols.  1820,  and  has  passed  through  many- 
editions, —  the  latest  in  1864,  with  notes  by  B. 
J.  Lossing.    After  the  peace,  Trumbull,  in 


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TRXJ 


conjunction  with  Col.  Humphreys,  Barlow,  and 
Dr.  Lemuel  Hopkins,  wrote  a  series  of  essays 
entitled  "American  Antiquities,"  extensively 
printed  by  the  papers  throughout  the  Union, 
and  designed  to  check,  by  the  boldness  of  its 
satire,  the  spirit  of  anarchy  and  disorganization 
then  prevalent.  These  essays  consisted  of  sup- 
pressed extracts  from  a  poem  which  they  styled 
"The  Anarchiad."  State-atty.  for  Hartford, 
Ct.,  in  1789-95  ;  was  an  active  and  influential 
member  of  the  legisl.  in  1792;  in  May,  1800, 
was  again  a  member  of  the  legisl. ;  and  in 
1801-19  was  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court; 
in  1808  he  received  from  the  legisl.  the  addi- 
tional app.  of  judge  of  the  Court  of  Errors. 
He  was  several  years  treas.  of  Y.C.,  and  in 
1825  removed  to  Detroit,  Mich.,  spending  the 
rest  of  his  days  with  his  dau.,  the  wife  of  Gov. 
Woodbridge. 

Trumbull,  Col.  John,  painter,  b.  Leba- 
non, Ct.,  6  June,  1756 ;  d.  N.Y.  City  10  Nov. 
1843.  H.U.  1773.  Son  of  Rev.  Jonathan. 
Joining  the  1st  Ct.  Regt.  as  adjutant,  an  accu- 
rate sketch  of  the  works  around  Boston  attract- 
ed the  notice  of  Washington,  who,  in  Aug. 
1775,  app.  him  second  aide-de-camp.  He  was 
soon  app.  major  of  brigade;  in  June,  1776,  re- 
ceived from  Gen.  Gates  the  app.  of  adj. -gen., 
with  rank  of  col. ;  dep.  adj.-gen.  northern  de- 
partment, 12  Sept.  1776;  but  retired  from  the 
army  22  Feb.  1777,  Congress  having  refused  to 
date  his  commission  from  the  time  of  his  app. 
by  Gates.  He  then  resided  in  London  as  the 
pupil  of  West  the  painter,  but,  upon  Andre's 
execution,  was,  in  retaliation,  thrown  into  pris- 
on, where  he  remained  8  months.  He  painted 
the  "Battle  of  Bunker's  HilP'  in  1786,  the 
"  Death  of  Montgomery  "  soon  after,  and  in 
1788  the  "Sortie  of  the  Garrison  of  Gibral- 
tar," now  in  the  Boston  Athenaeum.  In  1789- 
93  he  was  in  the  U.S.,  painting  the  portraits 
for  his  historical  pictures,  —  the  "  Declaration 
of  Independence,"  "  Surrender  at  Saratoga," 
"  Surrender  of  Comwallis,"  and  the  "  Resig- 
nation of  Washington  at  Annapolis,"  which 
now  adorn  the  rotunda  of  the  capitol  at 
Washington.  In  1794  he  was  sec.  to  Jay's 
mission  in  Great  Britain,  and  in  1796  a  com- 
miss.  to  carry  into  execution  the  7th  article  of 
the  treaty.  'Returning  to  New  York  in  1804, 
he  again  visited  London  in  1808,  but,  finding 
every  thing  American  there  unpopular,  again 
came  to  N.Y. ;  was  pres.  of  the  Acad,  of  Fine 
Arts  in  1816-25.  His  picture  of  Washington, 
painted  in  1792,  presented  by  the  Cincinnati  to 
Yale  Coll.,  was  regarded  by  the  artist  as  the 
finest  portrait  of  Washington  in  existence.  It 
represents  him  on  the  evening  before  the  battle 
of  Princeton,  meditating  his  retreat.  The 
Trumbull  Gallery  at  Yale  Coll.  contains  57 
pictures  by  him,  presented  to  that  institution 
m  consideration  of  an  annuity  of  $1,000  to  be 
paid  him  during  his  life;  the  profits  of  their 
exhibition  after  his  d.  to  be  applied  towards  the 
education  of  needy  students.  This  is  the  lar- 
gest and  most  important  collection  of  the 
works  of  any  Amer.  painter.  Besides  the 
above-named  are  "  Battle  of  Trenton,"  "  Sur- 
render of  the  Hessians  at  Trenton,"  "Death 
of  Mercer,"  "  The  Woman  taken  in  Adul- 
tery," "  Suffer  Little  Children  to  come  unto 


Me,"  copies  of  the  old  masters,  &c.  —  See 
Trumbull's  Autobiog.,  N.Y.,  8vo,  1841. 

Trumbull,  Jonathan,  LL.  T).  (Y.  C. 
1779,  Edinb.  1785),  gov.  of  Ct.  1769-83,  b. 
Lebanon,  Ct.,  10  June,  1710  ;  d.  17  Aug.  1785. 
H.U.  1727.  Descended  from  John  of  Rowley, 
Ms.,  1640-3.  Alter  preaching  a  few  years,  he 
studied  law,  in  which  profession  he  attained 
eminence ;  became  a  member  of  the  Assembly 
at  23 ;  and  by  his  business-talents  gained  the 
public  esteem.  Chosen  lieut.-gov.  in  1766,  he 
became  by  virtue  of  his  office  chief  justice  of 
the  Superior  Court.  Boldly  refusing  in  1768 
to  take  the  oath  enjoined  on  royal  officers,  he 
was  chosen  gov.  in  1769,  and  was  the  only 
colonial  gov.  who  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
people.  He  was  considered  the  Whig  leader 
in  N.E.  while  the  Adamses  and  Hancock  Avere 
in  Congress,  and  during  the  whole  contest  was 
relied  on  by  Washington  as  one  of  his  main 
pillars  of  support.  The  phrase  sometimes 
used  by  him,  "  Let  us  see  what  Brother  Jona- 
than says,"  is  supposed  to  have  originated  the 
humorous  term  frequently  applied  to  the  U.S. 
—  See  Life  of  Tru)nbuU  hy  Isaac  Stuart. 

Trumbull,  Jonathan,  gov.  of  Ct.  1798- 
1809,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Lebanon,  Ct., 
Mar.  26,  1740;  d.  Aug.  7,  1809.  H.U.  1759. 
An  active  and  influential  member  of  the  State 
legisl.  during  several  sessions  before  and  at  the 
commencement  of  the  Revol.,  and  speaker  of 
the  house.  In  1775-8  was  paymaster  to  the 
northern  dept.  of  the  army;  in  1780  was  app. 
sec.  and  first  aide  to  Washington,  whose  friend- 
ship and  confidence  he  enjoyed,  and  in  whose 
family  he  remained  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
M.C.  in  1789-95  ;  speaker  1791-5  ;  U.S.  sena- 
tor in  1795-6;  lieut.-gov.  of  Ct.  1796-8. 

Trumbull,  Col.  Joseph,  commiss.-gen. 
Revol.  army,  July  19,  1775-Aug.  2,  1777,  b. 
11  Mar.  1737;  d.  23  July,  1778.  H.U.  1756. 
Son  of  Gov.  Jonathan  (1769-83).  Member 
Old  Congress  in  1774-5,  and  a  commissioner 
for  the  board  of  war  27  Nov.  1777  to  18  Apr. 
1778,  when  he  resigned  in  ill-health.  A  com. 
of  Congress  having  made  a  highly  eulogistic 
report  on  his  services,  31  Mar.  1779,  that  body 
voted  to  his  heirs  a  commission  on  the  sums 
received  and  issued  and  the  purchases  made 
by  him. 

Trumbull,  Joseph,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1849), 
statesman,  b.  Lebanon,  Ct.,  Dee.  7,  1782;  d. 
Hartford,  Aug.  4,  1861.  Y.C.  1801.  Grandson 
of  Gov.  Jonathan  (1769-83).  Adm.  to  the  bar 
in  Windham  in  1803;  he  settled  in  Hartford 
in  1804;  retired  from  practice  in  1828,  and 
became  pres.  of  the  Hartford  Bank.  He  repre- 
sented Hartford  in  the  legisl.  in  1832,  '48,  and 
'51  ;  was  M.C.  in  1834  for  an  unexpired  term, 
and  in  1839-43  ;  and  gov.  in  1849-50.  He  was 
a  great  friend  of  internal  improvements,  and 
was  pres.  of  a  railroad  company. 

Trumbull,  Lyman,  jurist  and  senator,  b. 
Colchester,  Ct.,  12  Oct.  1813;  of  the  same 
family  as  the  preceding.  Educated  at  Colches- 
ter Acad. ;  taught  a  dist.  school ;  and  at  20  took 
charge  of  an  acad.  at  Greenville,  Ga.,  where  ho 
studied  law;  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1837, 
and  settled  in  Belleville,  111.  Member  of  the 
III.  legisl.  in  1840;  sec.  of  state  in  1841-2; 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  111.  1848-53  ; 


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M.C.  in  1854;  chosen  to  the  U.S.  senate  by 
the  111.  legisl.  in  185.5;  re-elected  in  1860  and 
1866;  since  1861  chairman  of  the  senate  judi- 
ciary com.  He  owed  his  election  to  the  senate, 
over  Gen.  Shields,  to  his  opposition  to  the  re- 
peal of  the  Missouri  Compromise.  Removed 
to  Chicaf^o  in  1863. 

Truxton,  Thomas,  commodore  U.S.N., 
b.  Long  Island,  Feb.  17, 1755;  d.  Phila.  May  5, 
1822.  He  commenced  a  seafaring  life  at  the 
age  of  12  ;  was  impressed,  and  served  a  short 
time  on  board  a  man-of-war.  Early  in  1776 
he  was  lieut.  of  the  private  armed  ship  "  Con- 
gress," and  brought  one  of  her  prizes  to  New 
Bedford;  in  June,  1777,  he  com.  "The  Inde- 
pendence," fitted  out  by  himself  and  Isaac 
Sears;  and  off  the  Azores  captured  3  valuable 
prizes.  He  afterwards  made  numerous  prizes 
in  "The  Mars;  "and  in  "The  St.  James  "(of  20 
guns),  in  a  severe  engagement,  disabled  a  Brit- 
ish ship  of  32  guns,  returning  with  a  most 
valuable  cargo  from  France.  After  the  war 
he  was  extensively  engaged  in  the  E.  India 
trade  at  Phila.  till  made  capt.  (June  4,  1794), 
and  intrusted  with  the  com.  of  the  frigate 
"  Constellation."  While  cruising  in  the  W, 
Indies,  he  fell  in  with  the  French  frigate 
"  LTnsurgentc,"  Feb.  9,  1799,  and  captured 
her,  though  of  superior  force,  in  consideration 
of  which  he  received  a  service  of  plate  from 
the  merchants  of  Lloyd's  coffee-house  ;  Feb.  1, 
1 800,  he  obtained  a  victory  over  "  The  Ven- 
geance" (of  54  guns  and  500  men) ;  though,  in 
consequence  of  one  of  his  masts  falling,  she 
afterwards  escaped.  For  this  action  Congress 
gave  him  a  gold  medal.  In  1801  he  was  trans- 
ferred to"  The  President "  (44),  and  was  commo- 
dore on  the  Guadaloupe  station ;  at  one  time 
he  had  a  squadron  of  10  sail  under  his  com- 
mand. Being  app.  in  1802  to  com.  the  exped. 
against  Tripoli,  but  denied  the  assistance  of  a 
capt.  to  com.  his  flag-ship,  he  declined  the  ser- 
vice, for  which  Jefferson  dismissed  him.  High 
sheriff  of  Phila.  1816-19.  He  pub.  Remarks, 
&c.,  relating  to  Latitude  and  Longitude,  and 
Variation  of  the  Compass,  fol.,  1794. 

Tryon,  Capt.  Moses,  of  the  Revol.  navy, 
afterward  com.  of  the  U.S.  sloop  of  war  "  Con- 
necticut; d.  Wethersfield,  Ct.,  Jan.  1818,  a. 
68. 

Tryon,  William,  LL.D.  (King's  Coll. 
1774),  a  colonial  gov.,  b.  Ireland;  d.  Lond. 
27  Feb.  1 788.  He  was  an  officer  of  talent  in 
the  British  army,  and  through  his  marriage 
with  Miss  Wake,  a  relative  of  the  Earl  of  Hills- 
borough, colonial  sec,  received  the  app.  of  lieut.- 
gov.  of  N.C.  He  arrived  there  27  Oct.  1764  ; 
on  the  death  of  Gov.  Dobbs,  20  July,  1765, 
succeeded  him,  and  administered  the  govt, 
until  advanced  to  that  of  N.Y.  3  July,  1771. 
In  1771  an  outbreak  by  discontented  individu- 
als, called  "  Regulators,"  was  suppressed  by 
him,  and  the  prisoners  were  treated  with  great 
cruelty.  Made  col.  25  May,  1772;  maj.-gen. 
29  Aug.  1777.  He  led  in  person  the  preda- 
tory exped.  against  Danbury,  Ct.,  which  he 
destroyed  in  Apr.  1777;  and  in  July,  1779,  in  a 
similar  exped.,  reduced  to  ruin  the  villages  of 
Fairfield  and  Norwalk,  staining  his  reputation 
by  conduct  unworthy  a  soldier  and  a  man. 
Resigning  the  govt,  of  N.Y.  21  Mar.  1780,  he 


returned  to  Eng.,  became  a  lieut.-gen.  20  Nov. 
1782,  and  col.  29th  Foot  15  Aug.  1783. 

Tuck,  Joseph  Henry,  inventor,  b.  Dor- 
chester, Ms.,  12  March,  1812.  Grandson  of 
John  (minister  of  Epsom,  N.H.,  and  a  chaj)lain 
Revol.  army ;  d.  Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  7  Feb.  1 777,  a. 
36  ;  H.U.  1758).  Agrad.  of  the  Boston  High 
School ;  learned  the  trade  of  watchmaking, 
and  afterward,  while  employed  in  a  candle- 
manuf.,  began  the  career  in  which  he  attained 
eminence  with  the  invention  of  the  endless  wick. 
Establishing  himself  in  London  as  a  civil  eng. 
in  1837,  from  that  time  until  his  return  to  the 
U.S.  in  1865  he  was  constantly  occupied  in 
inventing  and  introducing  improved  machinery, 
«Sbc.  Among  the  55  patents  taken  by  him  in 
different  countries  are  those  for  a  candle  ma- 
chine, wrought-iron  and  bitumen  gas  and 
water  pipes,  a  ventilating  machine,  a  dredging 
machine,  a  rotary  engine,  a  new  system  of 
breakwater  for  harbors,  and  his  steam-engine 
packing,  —  the  most  profitable  of  his  inven- 
tions. He  established,  after  great  labor  in 
overcoming  prejudice,  &c.,  the  company  to 
lay  the  first  submarine  electric-cable  in  1848-9 
between  Dover  and  Calais,  but  was  robbed  of 
his  interests  in  it  by  those  whom  he  had  in- 
terested in  and  assisted  in  planning  that  great 
undertaking.  His  plans  and  improvements 
for  excavating  the  Suez  Canal  were  taken  by 
the  contractors;  but  illness  compelled  him  to 
abandon  further  connection  with  the  under- 
taking. These  arduous  labors  impaired  his 
health,  and  compelled  his  retirement  from 
active  life  for  several  years.  Since  1869  he  has 
been  occupied  in  extensive  real-estate  opera- 
tions and  public  improvements  in  Brooklyn, 
New  York. 

Tucker,  George,  jurist,  b.  Bermuda, 
1775;  d.  Charlottesville,  Va.,  10  Apr.  1861. 
Wra.  and  Mary  Coll.  1797.  A  relative  of 
St.  George  Tucker.  Practised  law.  Member 
Va.  legisl. ;  M.C.  in  1819-25,  occupying  a  high 
position  as  a  debater  and  constitutional  law- 
yer;  and  in  1825-45  was  prof,  of  moral  philos. 
and  polit.  economy  in  the  U.  of  Va.  He  sub- 
sequently, while  in  re'tirement,  prepared  several 
useful  works  ;  among  them  a  "  Life  of  Jeffer- 
son," 2  vols.  1837;  "Progress  of  the  U.S.," 
8vo,  1855 ;  A  "  Political  History  of  the  U.S.," 
4  vols.  8vo,  1858;  "  Letters  on  the  Conspira- 
cy of  the  Slaves  in  Va.,"  8vo,  1800;  "Letters 
on  the  Roanoke  Navigation,"  8vo,  1811  ; 
"Recollections  of  Ellen  R.  Tucker,"  12mo, 
1819 ;  "  Essays  on  Taste,  Morals,  and  Nation- 
al Policy,"  8vo,  1822  ;  "  Valley  of  the  Shenan- 
doah," 2  vols.  12mo,  1824;  "Voyage  to  the 
Moon  by  Joseph  Atterley,"  1827  ;  "  Principles 
of  Rent,  Wages,  and  Profits,"  8vo,  1837; 
"  Literature  of  the  U.S.,"  8vo,  1837  ;  "  Theory 
of  Money  and  Banks,"  1839;  "Essays,  Moral 
and  Philos.,"  1860;  many  con tribs.  to  maga- 
zines and  journals.  —  Allibone. 

Tucker,  Rev.  Henry  Holcombe,  D.D., 
a  prominent  divine  of  the  Baptist  church,  pres. 
of  the  Mercer  U.  of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  b.  Warren 
Co.,  Ga.,  10  May,  1819.  Author  of  "  Pictures 
from  an  Ancient  Artist;"  "The  Gospel  in 
Enoch,"  8vo,  1869  ;  "Dignity  of  the  Ministe- 
rial Office,"  ord.  sermon,  Tuskegee,  Ala.,  1853. 

Tucker,    Henry   St.    George,    LL.D. 


TTJO 


924 


TXJO 


(Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  1837),  jurist,  b.  5  Jan. 
1781;  d.  Winchester,  Va.,  28  Aug.  1848. 
Son  of  St.  George  Tucker.  Received  an  ex- 
cellent education  ;  devoted  himself  to  the  law, 
in  which  he  attained  eminence ;  was  prof,  of 
law  in  the  U.  of  Va. ;  M.C.  1815-19;  chancel- 
lor 4th  judicial  dist.,  and  pres.  of  the  Va. 
Court  of  Appeals ;  pres.  Va.  Hist,  and  Philos. 
Soc.  Author  of  "  Lectures  on  Constitutional 
Law,"  1843;  "  Commentaries  on  the  Law  of 
Va.,"  2  vols.  1836  ;  Introd.  Lecture  at  the 
Opening  of  the  Law  School  in  the  U.  of  Va., 
and  Lectures  on  Natural  Law  and  Govern- 
ment, 12mo,  1824.  His  son,  David  Hunter, 
some  years  a  prof,  in  the  Jeff.  Med.  Coll., 
Phila.,  was  educated  at  the  Universities  of  Pa. 
and  of  Va.,  and  in  Paris.  Prof,  of  the  practice 
of  mcd.  in  the  Med.  Coll.  of  Va.,  and  author 
of  some  medical  works. 

Tucker,  Josiah,  D.D.,  an  English  divine 
and  polit.  writer,  b.  Langham,  Wales,  1711; 
d.  Gloucester,  Eng.,  4  Nov.  1799.  Educated  at 
St.  John's  Coll.,  Oxford.  He  took  orders ;  was 
many  years  rector  of  St.  Stephen's,  Bristol; 
became  a  prebend  there  in  1755;  and  from 
1758  was  dean  of  Gloucester.  He  wrote  much 
upon  religion  and  polit.  economy,  and  produced 
several  tracts  on  the  dispute  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  Amer.  Colonies,  recommend- 
ing at  an  early  period  of  the  contest  their  sepa- 
ration from  the  British  empire,  and  the  recog- 
nition of  their  independence.  Dean  Tucker 
was  an  able  reasoner,  well  versed  in  polit.  econ- 
omy, and  was  almost  the  only  Englishman  of 
his  time  who  took  a  clear-headed  view  of  the 
great  question  at  issue  between  the  Colonies 
and  the  mother-country. 

Tucker,  Luther,  a  pioneer  of  agricultural 
journalism,  b.  Brandon,  Vt.,  1802.  A  printer. 
He  in  1826  established  the  Rochester  Daihj  Ad- 
vertiser, the  first  daily  paper  west  of  Albany. 
In  Jan.  1831  he  began  to  issue  the  Genesee 
Farmer,  afterward  consolidated  with  the  Albany 
Cultivator;  and  in  1852  began  the  Country  Gen- 
tleman. —  Thomas. 

Tucker,  Nathaniel  Beverley,  lawyer 
and  novelist,  son  of  St.  George  Tucker,  b. 
Matoax,  Va.,  Sept.  6,  1784;  d.  Winchester, 
Va.,  Aug.  26,  1851.  Wm.  and  M.  Coll.  1801. 
He  studied  law;  settled  in  Charlotte  Co.  in 
1 809,  and  in  1815  in  Mo.,  where  he  was  a  judge 
in  1815-30.  From  1834  till  his  death,  he  was 
prof,  of  law  in  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  He  pub. 
a  work  on  "  Pleading,"  lectures  on  the  U.S. 
Constitution, entitled  "The  Science  of  Govern- 
ment," and  2  novels,  "George  Balcombe"  and 
"  Gertrude ; "  but  his  most  remarkable  produc- 
tion was  an  unfinished  novel  called  "  The  Par- 
tisan Leader,"  first  printed  in  1837,  and  re- 
printed in  1861.  He  was  a  contributor  to  the 
Southern  Review,  and  had  begun  a  Life  of  John 
Randolph,  his  half-brother.  He  was  a  State- 
rights  man,  and  had  many  of  the  traits  of 
Randolph.  A  son  of  the  same  name,  a  violent 
secessionist,  who  fled  to  Canada  after  the  assas- 
sination of  Pres.  Lincoln,  pub.  the  Sentinel, 
newspaper,  in  Washington  in  1854,  and  was 
consul  at  Liverpool  in  1 856-60. 

Tucker,  St.  George,  LL.D.  (Wm.  and 
M.  Coll.  1790),  jurist  and  poet,  b.  Port  Royal, 
Bjnnuda,  29  June,  1752;  d.  Edgewood,  Nel- 


son Co.,  Va.,  Nov.  1827.  Wm.  and  M.  Coll. 
1772.  Pie  studied  law,  but  took  arms  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Revol.,  and  planned  and  aided 
personally  in  the  capture  of  a  large  amount  of 
stores  in  a  fortification  at  Bermuda.  At  York- 
town,  where  he  com.  a  regt.,  he  was  severely 
wounded  in  a  charge  of  inf.;  a  bayonet  thrust 
through  his  knee-pan  giving  him  a  stiff  knee 
for  life.  In  1778  he  ni.  Frances  Bland,  the 
mother  of  John  Randolph.  Alter  the  war,  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Va.  legisl. ;  was  one  of 
the  com.  to  revise  and  digest  the  laws  of  Va. ; 
also  a  prof,  in  Wm.  and  M.  Coll.;  and  one  of 
the  commiss.  to  the  conv.  at  Annapolis  in  1786 
which  recommended  that  by  which  in  1787  the 
Federal  Constitution  was  formed.  He  was  a 
judge  in  the  State  courts  neai-ly  50  years ;  was 
judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  1803-11; 
app.  judge  of  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court  in  1813; 
and  was  called  "  the  American  Blackstone." 
He  possessed  great  literary  taste,  keen  wit, 
and  great  amiability.  Of  his  poetical  works, 
some  of  which  were  satires  under  the  title  of 
"Peter  Pindar,"  one  vol.  was  collected  and  pub. 
His  poem  on  Liberty  was  celebrated  in  the 
aimy;  and  his  stanzas,  beginning  "Days  of 
my  youth,"  have  been  much  admired.  He 
pub.  an  essay  on  the  question,  "  How  far  the 
Common  Law  of  England  is  the  Common  Law 
of  the  U.S.;"  a  treatise  on  Slavery,  1796; 
"Letter  on  the  Alien  and  Sedition  Laws," 
1799 ;  and  an  annotated  edition  of  Blackstone 
in  1803. 

Tucker,  Samuel,  a  brave,  able,  and  suc- 
cessful naval  officer  of  the  Revol.,  b.  Marble- 
head,  Ms.,  1  Nov.  1747;  d.  Bremen,  Me.,  10 
Mar.  1833.  Son  of  a  shipmaster.  He  was  ap- 
prenticed at  1 1  on  board  "  The  Royal  George," 
and  before  the  Revol.  was  a  capt.  sailing  from 
Boston  to  London.  Commiss.  a  capt.  in  the 
Revol.  navy  15  Mar.  1777,  he  took  com.  in  Nov. 
of  the  frigate  "Boston,"  in  which,  in  Feb.  1778, 
he  took  out  John  Adams,  minister  to  France. 
He  took  many  prizes  in  1779 ;  aided  in  the  de- 
fence of  Charleston,  S.C. ;  and  was  a  prisoner 
from  its  capture  in  May,  1780,  till  June,  1781, 
Avhen  he  took  com.  of  "  The  Thorn,"  and  made 
many  prizes.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  Congress  for  his  services. 
In  1792  he  settled  in  Bristol,  Me.  In  the  war 
of  1812  he  captured  by  a  ruse  a  British  vessel 
which  had  greatly  annoyed  the  shipping  of 
Bristol  and  vicinity.  He  was  several  times  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  of  Ms.  and  of  Me.  —  See 
Life  of  Tucker  by  John  H.  Sheppard,  8vo,  1868. 

Tucker,  Sarah,  for  37  years  a  minister  of 
the  Society  of  Friends,  b.  Portsmouth,  R.I., 
1779;  d.  1840.  Author  of  Memoirs  of  her 
Life  and  Religions  Experience,  by  herself, 
12mo,  \%4S.  —  Allihone. 

Tucker,  Thomas  Tudor,  statesman  of 
S.C,  brother  of  St.  George ;  d.  Washington, 
D.C.,  May  2,  1828,  a.  83.  Son  of  Henry  of 
Port  Royal,  Bermuda.  He  was  a  patriot  of 
the  Revol. ;  a  delegate  to  the  Cont.  Congress 
in  1787  and  '88;  M.C.  in  1789-93;  and  U.S. 
treas.  1794  to  his  d.  Author  of  an  Oration  at 
Charleston,  S.C,  before  the  S.C.  Soc.  of  the 
Cincinnati,  4to,  1795. 

Tucker,  Tilghman  M.,  gov.  of  Mpi.  1841- 
3,  b.  N.C;  d.  Ala.  31  Apr.  1859;  M.C  1843-5. 


TtJO 


925 


TTJF 


Tuckerman,  Edward,  prof,  of  botany 
in  Amh.  Coll.,  b.  Boston,  1817.  Union  Coll. 
1837  ;  H.U.  1847.  Author  of  several  works  on 
American  Lichens ;  editor  of  "New  England's 
Rarities,"  by  Josselyn,  1 860 ;  contrib.  of  54  pa- 
pers under  the  title  of  "  Adversum  "  and  "  No- 
titia  Literaria "  to  the  N,  Y,  Churchman,  and 
of  papers  to  various  scientific  journals.  —  AUi- 
bone. 

Tuckerman,  Hexrt  Theodore,  poet, 
essayist,  and  critic,  b.  Boston,  April  20, 1 8 1 3 ;  d. 
New- York  City,  17  Dec.  1871.  Nephew  of  Rev. 
Joseph.  Studied  in  the  schools  of  Boston,  and 
sought  improved  health  in  a  visit  to  Europe  in 
1833-4.  Resuming  his  studies,  he  again  visited 
Europe  in  1837-8,  and  in  1845  removed  from 
Boston  to.N.  York.  In  1850  he  received  from 
H.U.  the  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts. 
He  has  published  "  The  Italian  Sketch-Book," 
1835;  "Isabel,  or  Sicily,  a  Pilgrimage,"  1839; 
"A  Month  in  England,"  1853 ;  "  Thoughts  on 
the  Poets,"  the  first  of  his  collections  from  the 
magazines,  1 846 ;  "  Artist-Life,  or  Sketches  of 
American  Painters;"  "A  Memorial  of  Hora- 
tio Greenough,"  prefixed  to  his  writings,  1853 ; 
two  series  of  papers  entitled  "  Characteristics 
of  Literature  illustrated  by  the  Genius  of  Dis- 
tinguished Men,"  1849-51 ;  "  Sketch  of  Amer^ 
lean  Literature,"  appended  to  Shaw's  text- 
book on  English  literature ;  a  series  of  "  Men- 
tal Portraits,  or  Studies  of  Character ; "  "  Life 
of  Com.  Silas  Talbot,"  1850;  "The  Optimist, 
a  collection  of  Essays,"  1850;  "Leaves  from 
the  Diary  of  a  Dreamer,"  1853;  "Poems," 
1851,  the  chief  of  which  is  "  The  Spirit  of  Poet- 
ry," an  elaborate  essay,  in  heroic  verse,  of  700 
lines;  "Biographical  Essays,"  1857;  "Ram- 
bles and  Reviews,"  1841;  "America  and  her 
Commentators,  with  a  Critical  Sketch  of  Trav- 
el in  the  U.S.,"  1864 ;  "  Book  of  the  Artists/' 
1 867 ;  a  "  Memoir  of  Dr.  J.  W.,Francis,"  pre- 
fixed to  "  Old  New  York; "  "The  Criterion," 
1866;  "Maga  Papers  about  Paris,"  1867; 
"  Essay  on  Washington,  with  a  paper  on  the 
Portraits  of  W.,"  4to,  1859;  "A  Sheaf  of 
Verse,"  contrib.  to  the  N.  Y.  Sanitary  Fair, 
1864;  "Life  of  J.  P.  Kennedy,"  1871.  He 
contrib.  frequently  to  the  N.  A,  Revieiv,  Christ. 
Examiner,  Democratic  Review,  Graham's  Mana- 
zine.  Southern  Lit.  Messenger,  Putnam's  Monthly, 
the  Atlantic  Monthly,  and  other  periodicals. 

Tuckerman,  Joseph,  D.D.  (H.U.  1824), 
a  Unitarian  clergyman  and  philanthropist,  b. 
Boston,  Jan.  18,  1778;  d.  Havana,  April  20, 
1840.  H.U.  1798.  Ord.  pastor  ofthe  church  in 
Chelsea,  Ms.,  Nov.  4,  1801,  where  he  continued 
till  Nov.  4, 1826.  He  organized  the  Benevolent 
Fraternity  of  Churches  for  the  support  of  a  city 
mission  called  the  "Ministry  at  Large,"  of 
which  he  became  a  minii^tcr.  In  this  sphere  he 
w^as  disting.  for  his  untiring  zeal,  and  for  the 
success  of  his  labors  among  the  poor.  In  1812 
he  was  instrumental  in  organizing  the  first 
charitable  society  established  in  the  U.S.  for 
the  religious  and  moral  improvement  of  sea- 
men. He  wrote,  and  the  society  pub.,  in  fur- 
therance of  that  object,  eleven  tracts.  In  1830 
he  wrote  an  essay  "  On  the  Wages  paid  to  Fe- 
males," which  gained  a  prize  offered  in  Phila. 
On  his  return  from  Europe,  where  he  had  pro- 
moted the  organization  of  similar  institutions, 


he  pub.  "Principles  and  Results  of  the  Minis- 
try at  Large,"  I2mo,  183S.  In  1811  he  pub. 
"Seven  Discourses  on  Miscell.  Subjects."  — 
See  Memoir  by  Mary  Carpenter,  8vo,  London, 
1849;  AUibone. 

Tuckerman,  Samuel  Parkman,  mus. 
doc.,  b.  Boston,  1819.  After  5  years  of  musical 
study  in  Eng.,  he  received  his  degree  from  the 
archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Among  his  works 
are,  "  The  Episcopal  Harp,"  "  Cathedral 
Chants,"  a  collect,  of  psalm  and  hymn  tunes, 
anthems,  chants,  &c.,  including  the  whole  of 
the  music  used  in  Trinity  Church,  New  York, 
and  three  complete  morning-services.  Co- 
author of  "  The  National  Lyre."  —  AUibone. 

Tudor,  Col.  William,  judge,  b.  Boston, 
Mar.  28,  1750;  d.  July  8,  1819.  H.U.  1769. 
Son  of  Dea.  John.  Studied  law  with  John 
Adams.  Adm.  to  Suffolk  bar,  July  27,  1772  ; 
was  an  eminent  counsellor  ;  a  col.  in  the  army, 
and  judge-adv.-gen.  in  1775-8 ;  attached  to  the 
staff  of  the  com.-in-chief  He  was  a  member 
ofthe  house  and  senate  of  Ms.,  and  in  1809-10 
sec.  of  state.  Col.  Tudor  was  vice-pres.  of  the 
Cincinnati  of  Ms.  in  1816,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc,  in  whose  Col- 
lections appears  an  extended  Memoir.  He 
delivered  an  elegant  and  spirited  oration  on 
the  Boston  Massacre,  Mar.  5,  1779  ;  an  address 
to  the  Cincinnati  of  Ms. ;  and  a  discourse  to 
the  Ms.  Char.  Fire  Soc.  1 798. 

Tudor,  William,  scholar  and  diplomatist, 
b.  Boston,  Jan.  28,  1779  ;  d.  Rio  Janeiro,  Mar. 
9,  1830.  H.U.  1796.  Son  of  the  preceding. 
Returning  to  his  native  country  from  a  visit  to 
Europe,  with  an  ardent  desire  for  the  improve- 
ment of  his  fellow-citizens  in  arts  and  literature, 
he  projected  in  Dec.  1814,  and  at  first  edited, 
the  North- American  Review,  which  has  ever 
since  ranked  high  in  American  literature.  He 
had  previously  aided  in  founding  the  Anthology 
Club,  publishing  his  European  letters  in  their 
magazine,  the  Monthly  Anthology,  begun  Nov. 
1803,  continued  until  1811,  and  supported  by 
the  best  pens  of  the  time  in  Boston.  When  a 
member  of  the  Ms.  legisl.,  he  proposed  many 
plans  in  aid  of  his  favorite  object,  several  of 
which  have  since  been  accomplished.  In  Nov. 
1805  he  founded  the  ice-traffic  with  tropical 
climes,  as  the  agent  of  his  bro.  Frederic,  which 
has  grown  to  be  an  important  branch  of  com- 
merce ;  and  was  afterward  engaged  in  other 
commercial  transactions  in  Europe,  requiring 
ability  and  address.  Mr.  Tudor  was  the  origina- 
tor of  the  present  Bunker's-hill  Monument,  and 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Boston  Athenieum  in 
1 807.  In  1 823  he  was  app.  consul  at  Lima,  and 
in  1827  was  app.  charg€  d'affaires  at  the  court 
of  Brazil,  where  he  negotiated  a  treaty,  —  his 
last  public  service.  Besides  his  contribs.  to 
several  periodicals,  and  his  critiques  in  the  N. 
A.  Review,  he  pub.  "  Letters  on  the  Eastern 
States,"  1820;  "Miscellanies,"  1821;  "Life 
of  James  Otis,"  1823;  "  Gcbel  Teir,"  1828. 
In  1809  he  delivered  the  Fourth-of-July  oration 
at  Boston;  and  in  1810  he  prepared  the  Phi 
Betn  Kappa  address  for  Harvard. 

Tufts,  Cotton,  M.D.,  physician,  b.  Med- 
ford,  Ms.,  May  30,  1734;  d.  Weymauth,  Ms., 
Dec.  8,  1 81 5.  H.U.  1 749.  Son  of  Dr.  Simon, 
who  was  grandson  of  Peter,  who  emig.  in 


TUin 


926 


TXJR 


1654,  and  d.  Maiden,  Ms.,  1 700,  a.  82.  He  fixed 
his  residence  at  Weymouth,  where  he  was 
highly  esteemed  as  a  physician ;  was  one  of  the 
original  members  of  the  Ms.  Medical  Society, 
and  pres.  1787-95  ;  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  In  1765  Dr. 
Tufts  wrote  the  spirited  and  patriotic  instruc- 
tions to  the  representatives  of  Weymouth 
against  the  Stamp  Act.  He  was  a  State  rep- 
resentative and  counsellor;  was  for  many 
years  a  disting.  member  of  the  State  senate, 
and  supported  in  the  convention  the  adop- 
tion of  the  U.S.  Constitution.  He  m.  Lucy, 
dau.  of  Col.  John  Quincy,  and  sister  of  Mrs. 
Smith,  the  mother  of  Mrs.  John  Adams.  — 
Thacher. 

Tufts,  John,  minister  of  the  Second  Church, 
Newbury,  Ms.,  30  June,  1714-38,  b.  Medford, 
5  May,  1689;  d.  Aug.  1750.  H.U.  1708.  A 
descendant  of  Peter  of  Maiden.  He  pub. 
ordin.  discourse  of  B.  Bradstreet,  1 729 ;  " Hum- 
ble Call  to  Archippus ; "  sermon,  1729 ;  " Introd. 
to  the  Singing  of  Psalm-Tunes,"  1714  (the  first 
book  of  the  kind  pub,  in  N.  Eng.),  with  a  col- 
lect, of  tunes  in  three  parts,  8th  ed.  1731. 

TuHy,  John,  "New-England  astrologer," 
compiler  of  almanacs  at  Middletown,  Ct.,  from 
1681  to  his  d.  1701 ;  b.  England. 

TuUy,  William,  M.D.,  physician,  b.  Say- 
brook,  Ct.,  Nov.  18,  1785  ;  d.  Springfield,  Ms., 
Feb.  28,  1859.  Y.C.  1806.  He  studied  at 
Phila.,  and  in  1808  settled  in  practice  at  Mil- 
ford,  Ct.  Ab.  1815  he  removed  to  Upper  Mid- 
dletown, now  Cromwell,  Ct.,  where  he  became 
intimate  with  and  adopted  the  method  of  treat- 
ment of  Dr.  Thomas  Minor,  and  about  1820 
established  himself  at  Middletown.  In  1 820  he 
pub.  with  Dr.  Minor  "  Minor  and  TuUy  on 
Fever."  In  1824  he  removed  to  East  Hartford, 
Ct.  He  became  eminent  as  a  medical  practi- 
tioner and  teacher ;  was  many  years  pres.  of  the 
Medical  School  at  Castleton,  Vt.,  and  was  prof, 
there  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine. 
He  was  also  prof,  of  materia  medica  and  thera- 
peutics in  the  medical  institution  of  Y.C.  1829- 
42;  in  1851  he  removed  to  Springfield,  Ms. 
His  latter  years  were  passed  in  poverty.  His 
scholarship  was  varied  and  excellent.  He  pub. 
several  learned  papers  in  the  medical  and 
other  journals,  besides  the  first  vol.  of  an  ex- 
tended treatise  on  the  materia  medica,  4  vols., 
1857-60. 

Tupper,  Gen.  Benjamin,  Kevol.  officer, 
b.  Stoughton,  Ms.,  1738  ;  d.  Marietta,  0.,  June, 
1792.  He  was  a  soldier  in  the  French  war 
(1756-63),  and  afterward  taught  school  at 
Easton.  He  was  a  major  at  Boston  soon  after 
the  battle  of  Lexington,  and  disting.  himself 
in  a  boat  exped.  at  Castle  Island.  Boston 
harbor ;  lieut.-col.  of  Ward's  regt.  Nov.  4, 
1775.  Made  col.  of  the  Uth  Ms.  Regt.  early 
in  1776,  he,  in  Aug.  of  that  year,  com.  the  gun- 
boats and  galleys  in  the  North  River ;  in  the 
following  campaign  he  served  under  Gates  ; 
was  at  the  battle  of  Monmouth  in  1778;  and 
before  the  end  of  the  war  received  the  brev. 
of  brig.-gen.;  with  Gen.  Rufus  Putnam  he 
originated  the  Ohio  Land  Company.  He  was 
app.  surveyor  of  Ohio  lands  in  1785  ;  disting. 
himself  in  suppressing  Shays's  insurrection ; 
settled  in  0.  in  1787,  and  became  judge  in  1788. 


His  son  Edward  W.,  brig.-gen.  of  0.  Vols., 
serving  under  Harrison  in  1812,  d.  Gallipolis, 
O.,  1823. 

Turell,  Ebenezer,  minister  of  Medford, 
Ms.,  from  Nov.  25, 1724,  to  his  d.  Dec.  8, 1778; 
b.  Boston,  Feb.  5,  1702.  H.U.  1721.  Hewas 
an  eminent  preacher,  and  a  patriotic  citizen. 
He  pub.  a  Life  of  Dr.  Colman,  his  f\ithcr-in- 
law,  8vo,  1749  ;  "  Dialogue  about  the  Times," 
1742;  and  some  sermons.  A  tract  of  his  on 
Witchcraft  is  in  Ms.  Hist.  Collections. 

TureU,  Jane,  poetess,  b.  Boston,  Feb.  25, 
1708;  d.  Medford,  Ms.,  Mar.  26,  1735.  Dau. 
of  Rev.  Benjamin  Colman.  She  early  displayed 
precocious  mental  power,  and  wrote  poetry  at 
11.  Aug.  11,  1726,  she  married  Rev.  Ebenezer 
Turell  of  Medford.  She  afterward  wrote 
eulogies  on  Sir  Richard  Blackmore's  works, 
and  on  "  The  Incomparable  Mr.  Waller ; "  "  An 
Invitation  into  the  Country,  in  Imitation  of 
Horace ;  "  and  some  prose  pieces.  Her  poems 
were  col.  and  pub.  by  her  husband  in  1735. — 
Diii/ckinck. 

Turgeon,  Pierre  Flavian,  R.C.  arch- 
bishop of  Quebec,  consec.  June  11,  1851 ;  b. 
Quebec,  Nov.  12,  1787  ;  d.  there  25  Aug.  1867. 
Ord.  priest  Apr.  29,  1810;  sec.  of  Bishop 
Plesser  1808-20;  many  years  a  teacher  in  the 
sem.  of  Quebec;  consec.  bishop  and  coadj. 
May  11,1 834  ;  and  administrator  of  the  diocese 
from  Nov.  1849  to  1855,  when  he  resigned  from 
ill-health.  —  Morgan. 

TurnbuU,  Libut.-Col.  George  ;  d. 
Bloomingdale,  N.  J.,  Oct.  1810,  after  60  years' 
service  in  the  British  army  ;  lieut.-col.  3d  Amer. 
Regt.  (Loyal  N.Y.  Vols.) ;  capt.  at  the  storm- 
ing of  Fort  Montgomery,  Oct.  1777;  disting.  at 
the  siege  of  Savannah  in  1779.  30  July,  1780, 
he  repulsed  3  attacks  by  Sumter  on  his  post  at 
Rocky  Mount. 

TurnbuU,  Robert,  D.D.  (Mad.  U.  1851), 
Baptist  divine,  b.  Whiteburn,  Linlithgowshire, 
Scotland,  Sept.  10,  1809.  U.  of  Glasgow.  He 
attended  the  lectures  of  Chalmers  and  Wilson 
at  Edinburgh  ;  studied  theology  under  Drs. 
Dick  and  Mitchell;  became  a  Baptist;  preached 
a  short  time  in  Scotland  and  Eng. ;  and  in  1833 
settled  in  Danbury,  Ct.  App.  in  1835  a  home 
missionary  to  Michigan  ;  he  became  pastor  of 
the  Baptist  church  in  Detroit ;  in  1837  he  took 
charge  of  the  South  Baptist  Church,  Hartford, 
Ct. ;  in  1839  of  the  Boylston-street  Baptist 
Church,  Boston;  and  since  1845  of  the  first 
Baptist  Church,  Hartford.  He  has  pub.  "  The 
Theatre,"  1840;  "Olympia  Morata,"  1842; 
Vinet's  "Vital  Christianity,"  with  an  intro- 
duction and  notes,  1846 ;  "  The  Genius  of 
Scotland,"  1847 ;  "  The  Genius  of  Italy,"  1849 ; 
"  Theophany,  or  the  Manifestation  of  God  in 
Christ,"  1851  ;  Vinet's  "Miscellanies,"  1852; 
"Pulpit  Orators  of  France  and  Switzerland," 
1853  ;  "  Christ  in  History,"  1856  ;  and  "  Life- 
Pictures,  or  Sketches  from  a  Pastor's  Note- 
Book,"  1857.  He  has  edited  Sir  Wm.  Hamil- 
ton's "  Discussions  on  Philosophy,"  with  a 
hist,  introd. ;  and  was  for  some  years  senior 
editor  of  the  Christian  Review. — Appleton. 

TurnbuU,  Robert  James,  political  wri- 
ter, b.  N.  Smyrna,  Fla.,  Jan.  1775  ;  d.  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  June  15,  1833.  His  mother  was  a 
Greek  lady  of  Smyrna  in  Asia  Minor.    The 


XXJR 


927 


TTJR 


father,  an  English  physician,  in  connection  with 
Lord  Hillsborough,  obtained  grants  from  the 
English  govt.,  ab.  the  year  1772,  for  settling  a 
Greek  colony  in  Florida,  where  he  founded 
New  Smyrna.  Adhering  to  the  popular  side, 
Dr.  T.  forfeited  his  grants  from  govt.,  and 
removed  to  Charleston,  S.C.  The  son  was 
educated  in  England;  studied  law  in  Charles- 
ton and  Phila. ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar,  and  prac- 
tised in  Charleston  until  1810,  when  he  retired 
to  his  large  plantation.  His  treatise  on  the 
penitentiary  system  (Lond.  1797)  drew  atten- 
tion both  m  America  and  Eng.  ;  his  articles 
for  the  Charleston  Mercury  in  1827,  subsequently 
collected  and  pub.  under  title  of  "  The  Crisis," 
became  the  text-book  of  the  nullification  party. 
In  his  treatise  on  "  The  Tribunal  of  Dernier 
Resort,"  pub.  1830,  he  argued  that  "each  State 
has  the  unquestionable  right  to  judge  of  the 
infractions  of  the  Constitution,  and  to  interpose 
its  sovereign  powers  to  arrest  their  progress, 
and  to  protect  its  citizens."  In  1831  he  was 
prominent  in  the  "Free-trade  Convention" 
which  assembled  at  Columbia,  S.C,  and  was 
the  author  of  the  report  of  that  body ;  in  a 
similar  convention  at  Charleston,  Feb.  1832, 
he  was  also  conspicuous.  July  4,  1832,  he  de- 
livered an  oration  before  an  assemblage  of  the 
nullification  party,  which  is  said  to  have  had  a 
great  effect  upon  the  next  election ;  in  Nov. 
1832  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  S.C.  nullification 
convention,  and  penned  its  address  to  the  peo- 
ple. A  lofty  monument  in  Charleston,  erected 
by  the  nullification  party,  commemorates  his 
services  to  their  cause.  —  Appleton. 

Turner,  Daniel,  commodore  U.S.N.,  b. 
Newport,  R.I.,  1792  ;  d.  Phila.  Feb.  4,  18.50. 
Midshipm.  Jan.  1,1808;  lieut.  March  12, 1813; 
master  com.  March  3,  1825;  capt.  March  3, 
1835.  During  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie  he  com. 
"  The  Caledonia,"  and  materially  aided  the  gal- 
lant Perry  in  gaining  that  decisive  victory. 
In  testimony  of  this  service,  the  State  of  N.Y. 
presented  him  with  a  sword  of  honor.  In  the 
autumn  of  1814,  while  commanding  one  of  the 
vessels  co-operating  with  Col.  Croghan,  he  was 
captured,  and  taken  to  Montreal.  He  was 
rigid  in  discipline,  brave,  and  generous  to  a 
fault. 

Turner,  Edward,  politician  and  jurist, 
b.  Fairfax  Co.,  Va.,  1778;  d.  Natchez,  Mpi., 
May  23,  1860.  He  removed  to  Mpi.  in  1802  ; 
was  app.  register  of  land-office,  west  of  Pearl 
River,  in  1803;  mayor  of  Natchez  1814-21; 
was  selected  by  the  legisl.  to  make  a  digest  of 
the  laws  of  the  Territory  (pub.  Natchez,  8vo, 
1816)  ;  was  several  years  in  the  legisl. ,  and 
speaker  of  the  house  ;  was  member  of  the 
conv.  which  framed  the  State  constitution ; 
and  was  successively  atty.-gen.,  judge  of  the 
Superior  and  Supreme  Courts,  chancellor  of 
the  State,  and  judge  of  the  High  Court  of 
Errors  and  Appeals. 

Turner,  George,  judge,  b.  Eng.  1750 ;  d. 
Phila.  1 6  Mar.  1 843.  He  joined  the  army  at  the 
breaking-out  of  the  war ;  was  a  capt.  in  the 
service;  commanded  in  S.C;  and  disting.  him- 
self in  several  severe  engagements,  especially 
in  the  affair  of  the  "  Slaughter  Pens."  He 
was  the  personal  friend  of  Washington,  who 
commissioned  him  judge  of  the  N.W.  Terr.  12 


Sept.  1789.    In  1833  he  removed  to  Philadel- 
phia. 

Turner,  James,  statesman,  b.  Southamp- 
ton Co.,  Va.,  1766  ;  d.  Bloomsbury,  N.C,  Jan. 
15,  1824.  His  education  was  that  of  the  coram, 
schools  of  the  country.  He  served  as  a  private 
soldier  in  the  Revol.  Member  of  the  N.C 
legisl.  in  1800;  in  1802-5  wasgov.  of  the  State; 
and  was  U.S.  senator  180.5-16. 

Turner,  Philip,  a  celebrated  surgeon,  b. 
Norwich,  Ct.,  1740;  d.  York  Island  in  the  spring 
of  1815.  Left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  12,  he 
was  taken  into  the  family  of  Dr.  Elisha  Tracy, 
who  taught  him  medicine,  and  whose  dau.  ho 
subsequently  married.  In  1759  he  was  app. 
assist,  surgeon  to  a  prov.  regt.  under  Gen. 
Amherst  at  Ticonderoga  ;  at  the  peace  of  1763 
he  settled  in  Norwich,  where  at  the  breaking- 
out  of  the  Revol.  war,  he  was  unrivalled  as  a 
surgeon;  in  1775  he  was  the  first  surgeon  of 
the  Ct.  troops  before  Boston.  He  went  with 
the  army  to  N.  York  in  1776,  and  attended  it 
at  the  battles  of  Long  Island  and  White  Plains; 
in  1777  Dr.  Turner  was  app.  surg.-gen.  of  the 
Eastern  dept.,  which  station  he  filled  with  great 
ability  till  near  the  close  of  the  war.  He  then 
resumed  his  private  practice,  but  removed  in 
1800  to  N.Y.  City;  was  shortly  after  app.  a  sur- 
geon to  the  staff  of  the  U.S.  army,  and  stationed 
on  York  Island.  A  geneal.  of  the  family  has 
been  prep,  by  Dr.  T.  L.  Turner  of  Boston. 

Turner,'SAMUEL  Hurlbeart,  D.D.,  bib- 
lical scholar,  and  clergyman,  b.  Phila.  Jan.  23, 
1790;  d.  New  York,  Dec.  21, 1861.  U.  of  Pa. 
1807.  Son  of  Rev.  Joseph.  Ord.  deacon  in 
the  Epis.  Church  in  1811 ;  settled  in  a  parish 
in  Chestertown,  Md.,  1812  ;  returned  to  Phila. 
in  1817;  app.  prof  of  historic  theol.  in  the 
Gen.  Theol.  Sem.  at  N.Y.  Oct.  7,  1818,  where 
he  was  prof,  of  biblical  learning  in  1821-31  ; 
and  afterward  prof,  of  Hebrew  in  Col.  Coll. 
In  1827  he  prepared  with  Bishop  Whittinghara 
a  translation  of  Jahn's  "  Introduction  to  the 
Old  Testament,"  and  in  1834  Planck's  "  Intro- 
duction to  Sacred  Criticism  and  Interpretation." 
He  also  pub.  "  Biographical  Notices  of  Jewish 
Rabbis,"  1847 ;  "Spiritual  Things  compared 
with  Spiritual,"  1848;  "  Essay  on  our  Lord's 
Discourse  at  Capernaum,  in  John  vi.,"  1851 ; 
"Thoughts  on  Scriptural  Prophecy,"  1852; 
"  Commentaries  on  the  New-Testament  Epis- 
tles," 1852-3;  "Companion  to  the  Book  of 
Genesis;"  "Claims  of  the  Hebrew  Language 
and  Literature,"  8vo,  1831  ;  "  Parallel  Refer- 
ences of  the  New  Test.,"  1848  ;  "  Teachings  of 
the  Master,"  1858.  His  Autobiog.  was  pub. 
in  N.Y.  in  1863.  —  Allibone;  Duyckinch. 

Turner,  Thomas,  rcar-adra.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Va.  21  Apr.  1808.  Midshipm.  Apr.  21,  1825 ; 
lieut.  Dec.  22,  1835;  com.  Sept.  14,  18.55; 
capt.  July  16,  1862;  commo.  Dec.  13,  1863; 
rear-adm.  May  27, 1868  ;  retired  21  Apr,  1870. 
He  was  actively  engaged  in  the  Mexican  war, 
and  was  present  at  Tuspan,  Apr.  7, 1847;  com. 
the  sloop  of  war  "Saratoga,"  and  captured 
two  Spanish  steamers  in  the  harbor  of  Auton 
Leyardo,  Mexico,  Mar.  6,  1860;  com.  frigate 
"  New  Ironsides  "  in  the  attack  on  the  forts  in 
Charleston  harbor,  Apr.  7,  1863,  handling  his 
ship  with  judgment  and  ability;  com.  South 
Pacific  squadron  1869-70. 


TTJR 


928 


T^VI 


Turner,  William  Wadden,  philologist, 
b.  London,  1810;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Nov. 
29,  1859.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1818, 
and  settled  in  New  York  as  a  journeyman 
printer.  He  acquired  languages  with  great  fa- 
cility, and  learned  Hebrew,  Sanscrit,  and  oth- 
er Oriental  languages,  also  those  of  modern 
Europe.  Prof,  of  Oriental  lit.  in  the  Union 
Theol.  Sem.  at  Schenectady,  N.Y.,  in  1842-52. 
From  1852  till  his  death  he  was  librarian  at  the 
patent-office,  Washington,  and  recording  sec. 
of  the  National  Institute.  With  Dr.  Nordhei- 
mer,  he  prepared  a  Hebrew  chrestomathy.  Ho 
went  to  N.  Haven  to  print  it,  and  worked  upon 
it  as  a  compositor  by  day,  and  prepared  the 
manuscript  at  night.  He  translated  the  first 
vol.  of  Mackeldey's  Compendium  of  Modern 
Civil  Law  (aided  by  Dr.  Kaufmann),  Von 
Raumer's  U.S.,  and  the  article  on  Fine  Arts  in 
the  "  Iconographic  Encyclopaedia."  He  as- 
sisted in  the  preparation  of  the  Latin-English 
Lexicon  of  Freund.  The  Dakotah  Grammar 
and  Dictionary,  and  also  the  Yoruba  Grammar 
and  Dictionary,  both  pub.  by  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  are  substantially  his  works. 

Turreau,  Louis  Marie,  baron,  a  French 
gen.,  b.  1756  ;  d.  15  Dec.  1816.  Entering  the 
army  young,  lie  fought  as  a  subaltern  in  the 
army  of  Rochambeau  for  Amer.  independence, 
and  gained  the  rank  of  capt.  He  served  as  a  gen. 
of  division  in  La  Vendee,  Italy,  and  Swit- 
zerland;  was  in  1804  made  baron;  and  was 
min.-plenipo.  to  the  U.S.  in  1804-11.  He  did 
not  succeed  in  his  efforts  to  draw  our  govt,  into 
the  adoption  of  a  French  policy,  and  after  his 
return  pub.  in  1814  "  Aper^u  sur  la  Situation 
Politique  des  J^tats-CJnis,"  a  very  bitter  critique 
of  the  Federal  govt.,  which,  he  says  in  the  pref- 
ace, "  the  author  has  studied  8  years  without 
being  able  to  comprehend  it."  He  also  pub. 
Memoirs  of  the  War  of  La  Vendee. 

Tusten,  Col.  Benjamin,  physician,  com. 
the  troops  who,  immediately  after  the  destruc- 
tion of  Minisink  by  the  Indians  (July  20, 1 779), 
pursued  the  savages,  but  who  were  ambushed, 
and  defeated  with  the  loss  of  44  of  their  num- 
ber. Dr.  Tusten  was  one  of  the  victims,  be- 
ing tomahawked  while  attending  to  the  wound- 
ed. 

Tuthill,  A.  G.  D.,  painter,  a  pupil  of  Benj. 
West;  d.  Montpelier,  Vt.,  June  12,  1843,  a. 
67. 

Tuthill,  Frank,  M.D.,  journalist,  b.  Suf- 
folk Co.,  L.L,  1822;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  27 
Aug.  1865.  Amh.  Coll.  1840.  After  practis- 
ing medicine  7  years,  he  was  until  1859  a  writer 
for  the  N.Y.  Times,  and  afterwards  an  editor 
and  prop,  of  the  San  Francisco  Bulletin,  Mem- 
ber N.Y.  legisl.  1851  and  1859.  He  left  Cali- 
fornia in  1864,  and  had  just  completed  a  His- 
tory of  California  when  he  died. 

Tuthill,  Louisa  Caroline  (Huggins), 
authoress,  b.  N.  Haven  ab.  1800.  In  1817,  at 
an  early  age,  she  m.  Cornelius  Tuthill  of  N. 
Haven,  editor  for  two  years  of  the  Microscope, 
a  periodical,  and  who  died  in  1825,  a.  29.  Af- 
ter his  death  she  contrib.  anonymously  to 
magazines.  In  1827  she  pub.  "James  Somers, 
the  Pilgrim's  Son;"  in  1829  "Mary's  Visit 
to  Boston ;  "  "  Calisthenics,"  18-31.  She  pub. 
"  The  Young  Ladies'  Reader,"  1839;  "Young 


Ladies'  Home; "  a  series  of  tales  for  the  young, 
1844-50  ;  a  new  series  for  the  young,  1852-4  ; 
"  Mv  Wife,"  a  novel,  1846  ;  "  The  History  of 
Architecture,"  1848  ;  "  Queer  Bonnets,"  1852. 
In  1849  she  prepared  "  The  Nursery-Book,"  a 
vol.  of  counsel  to  mothers.  She  is  at  present 
a  resident  of  Princeton,  N.J. 

Tuthill,  William  H.,  b.  N.Y.  City  Dec. 
5, 1808.  Adescendantof  John,oneof  the  first 
settlers  of  Southold,  L.L  One  of  the  original 
proprietors  of  Tipton,  Cedar  Co.,  O.,  he  prac- 
tised law  there  successfully ;  was  a  Whig,  and 
afterwards  a  Republican  politician  ;  was  judge 
of  the  8th  judicial  dist.  for  two  terms;  and  is 
now  a  banker  at  Tipton.  Judge  T.  is  an  hon- 
orary member  of  several  historical  and  literary 
societies,  and  has  pub.  a  review  of  the  Dred 
Scott  decision,  an  address  at  the  Tuthill 
family-gathering  at  Southold  in  1867,  and 
contrib.  to  the  Annals  of  Iowa. 

Tuttle,  Charles  Wesley,  astronomer, 
member  Suffolk  bar  (adm.  1856),  b.  Newfield, 
Me.,  1  Nov.  1829.  Assist,  observer  H.  Coll. 
Observatory,  1 850-4  ;  discovered  a  telescopic 
comet  8  Mar.  1853  ;  studied  in  the  Camb.  Law 
School  in  1854-5;  joined  with  Sidney  Cool- 
idge  in  1855  in  U.S.  exped.  to  determine  the 
longitude  between  Greenwich  and  Cambridge. 
Has  contrib.  hist  articles  to  the  Geneal.  Regis- 
ter, and  scientific  papers  to  Ast.  Jour. :  see 
also  Annals  Haw.  Obs.  Is  now  engaged  upon 
a  Life  of  Capt.  John  Mason  of  N.H.  His  bro. 
Horace  Parnell,  now  a  paym.  U.S.N,  (b.  17 
Mar.  1837),  was  an  assist,  at  the  H.  Coll.  Ob- 
servatory 1857-62,  and  discovered  two  planets 
and  a  number  of  comets.  For  his  discoveries 
he  was  in  1859  awarded  the  Lalande  prize  by 
the  French  Acad,  of  Sciences. 

TwaitS,  William,  comedian,  b.  Birming- 
ham, Eng.,  25  Apr.  1781;  d.  N.Y.  City  22 
Aug.  1814.  He  first  app.  at  the  Chestnut-st., 
Phila.,  23  Nov.  1803,  and  was  a  good  low  co- 
median. Manager  of  the  Richmond  Theatre 
when  destroyed  by  fire.  He  m.  Mrs.  Villiers, 
formerly  Eliza  Westray,  b.  Bath,  Eng.,  1787,  d. 
13  Dec.  1813. 

Twiggs,  Gen.  David  Emanuel,  b.  Rich- 
mond Co.,  Ga.,  1790;  d.  Augusta,  Ga.,  Sept. 
15,  1862.  Son  of  Gen.  John  Twiggs,  a  Revol. 
officer  of  Richmond  Co.,  Ga.,  who  d.  Alar,  1816, 
a.  86.  App.  capt.  8th  Inf  Mar.  12, 1812  ;  maj. 
28th  Inf.  Sept.  21, 1814,  and  served  throughout 
the  war  with  Eng. ;  maj.  1st  Inf.  May  14,  1825 ; 
lieut.-col.  4th  Inf.  July  15,  1831  ;  col.  2d  Dra- 
goons, June  8, 1836 ;  com.  a  brigade.  May,  1846, 
and  com.  right  wing,  and  disting.  in  battles 
of  Palo  Alto  and  R.  de  la  Palma;  brig.-gen. 
June  30,  1846;  brev.  maj.-gen.  for  gallantry 
at  Monterey,  Mexico,  May,  1848,  receiving 
also  a  sword  by  resolution  of  Congress  ;  com. 
a  division  through  Scott's  campaign  in  Mexi- 
co. Military  and  civil  gov.  of  Vera  Cruz, 
Mexico,  1848;  dismissed  the  service  March  1, 
1861,  having  in  Feb.  surrendered  his  troops 
and  munitions  of  war  to  the  authorities  of 
Texas,  which  had  then  seceded.  He  soon  re- 
ceived an  important  command  in  the  Confed. 
army ;  was  for  a  short  time  in  com.  of  New 
Orleans,  but  resigned  toward  the  close  of  the 
year.  His  bro.  Levi,  maj.  U.S.A.,  disting.  in 
the  wars  of  1812,  the  Seminole  and  Mexican 


TYIL. 


929 


a?Y3L, 


wars,  killed  at  Chapul tepee  13  Sept.  1847,  b. 
21  May,  1793. 

Tyler,  Bennet,  D.D.  (Midd.  Coll.  1823), 
theoloirian,  b.  Middlehnry,  Ct.,  July  6,  1783; 
d.  S.  Windsor,  Ct.,  May  14,  1858.  Y.C.  1804. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  farmer.  Was  pastor  of  the 
Cong,  church  in  South  Britain,  Ct.,  in  1808- 
22,  and  pres.  of  Dartm.  Coll.  in  1822-8,  when 
he  became  pastor  of  the  Second  Church,  Port- 
land, Me.,  resigning  22  Apr.  1834.  lie  was 
the  principal  opponent  of  Dr.  N.  W.  Taylor 
in  the  controversy  on  the  New  Divinity,  and 
held  essentially  to  the  views  of  Edwards,  Bel- 
lamy, Smalley,  and  Dwight.  One  result  of 
this  controversy  was  the  formation  of  a  pastor- 
al union  in  Sept.  1833  by  those  of  Dr.  Tyler's 
opinions;  and  they  founded  a  theol.  sem.  at 
East  Windsor,  Ct.,  of  which  he  was  pres.  till 
his  death.  His  principal  works  are  "  History  of 
the  New-Haven  Theology,"  1837;  "Memoir 
of  Rev.  Asahel  Nettleton,'"  1844  ;  "  A  Review 
of  Day  on  the  Will,"  1837  ;  "Nettleton's  Re- 
mains," 1845  ;  "  Treatise  on  the  Sufferings  of 
Christ,"  1845,  "  The  New-Eng.  Revivals," 
1846;  and  two  series  of  Letters  to  Dr.  H. 
Bushnell  on  Christian  Nurture,  1847-8.  He 
also  pub.  sermons  and  controversial  pamphlets. 
There  is  a  Memoir  of  him  by  his  son-in-law  Na- 
huin  Gale,  D.D.,  prefixed  to  a  vol.  of  his  lec- 
tures, 8vo,  1859. 

Tyler,  Gex.  Charles  Humphrey,  b.  Va. 
182o  ;  killed  in  battle  at  West  Point,  Ga.,  Apr. 
17,  1865.  West  Point,  1848.  Entered  the  2d 
Dragoons,  and  was  a  capt.  at  the  breaking-out 
of  the  war,  but  was  dismissed  for  deserting  his 
post,  6  June,  1861,  and  became  a  brig.-gen. 
Confcd.  army. 

Tyler,  Gen.  Daniel,  b.  Brooklyn,  Ct., 
Feb.  22,  1799.  West  Point,  1819.  Son  of 
Capt.  Daniel,  an  art.  ofBcer  of  the  Revol.  En- 
tering the  light  art.,  he  served  till  June,  1821, 
when  he  was  transferred  to  the  1st  Art. ;  1st 
licut.  6  May,  1824 ;  visited  France  to  study  the 
improvements  in  art.  1828-30;  translated  from 
the  French,  "  Manoeuvres  of  Artillery,"  1828  ; 
and  in  May,  1834,  he  resigned.  Becoming  a 
civil  engr.,  he  was  pres.  of  various  railroads 
until  the  civil  war  began,  when  he  became  col. 
1st  Ct.  Vols. ;  soon  after  brig.-gen.  3-months' 
troops;  and  at  Blackburn's  Ford  and  Bull  Run 
com.  a  division,  being  next  in  rank  to  Gen. 
McDowell;  Mar.  13,  1862,  he  was  app.  brig.- 
gen.,  and  ordered  to  the  West.  He  com.  a 
division  of  the  Army  of  the  Mpi.  during  the 
campaign  which  closed  with  the  evacuation  of 
Corinth  ;  he  was  afterward  employed  in  guard- 
ing the  Upper  Potomac,  and  engaged  at  Mar- 
tinsburg,  Va.,  14  June,  1863;  and  com.  at 
Harper's  Ferry  when  the  Confed.  army  invaded 
Pa.;  resiirned  6  April,  1864.  Residence  Red 
Bank,  N.' J. 

Tyler,  John,  gov.  of  Va.,  b.  near  Williams- 
burg, 1748;  d.  at  his  seat  in  Charles  County, 
Jan.  6,  1813.  His  father,  whose  name  he  bore, 
was  marshal  for  the  colony.  The  son  studied 
law  under  R.  C.  Nicholas;  became  a  warm 
friend  of  Jefferson,  and  an  early  advocate  of 
mdepcndence.  In  1774  he  removed  to  Charles 
City.  He  was  one  of  the  Revol.  leaders  of 
Va. ;  many  years  a  member  of  the  house  of 
delegates;  and  in   1781    succeeded  Benjamin 


Harrison  as  speaker.  He  was  gov.  in  1808- 
11,  and  was  subsequently  judge  of  the  U.  S. 
dist.  court.     Father  of  Pres.  John  Tyler. 

Tyler,  John,  10th  pres.  of  the  U.  S.,  b. 
Charles-City  Co.,  Va.,  March  29,  1790;  d. 
Richmond,  Va.,  Jan.  17,  1862.  Wm.  and 
Mary  Coll.  1806.  Son  of  the  preceding.  Mary 
his  mother  was  the  only  child  of  Robert  Armis- 
tead,  whose  ancestors  emigrated  to  Va.  from 
Hesse-Darmstadt.  He  studied  law;  at  19  was 
adm.  to  the  bar,  and  soon  entered  upon  a  large 
practice.  He  was  a  member  of  the  State  legisl. 
in  1811-16,  and  a  supporter  of  Jefferson  and 
Madison  ;  M.C.  in  1816-21  ;  again  a  member 
of  the  State  legisl.  in  1823-5;  gov.  of  Va. 
1825-7;  U.S.  senator  1827-36,  resigning  on 
account  of  a  difference  with  JPres.  Jackson. 
Chosen  vice-pres.  by  the  Whig  party  in  1840, 
the  death  of  President  Harrison,  April  4, 1841, 
raised  him  to  the  chief  magistracy.  In  1861  he 
was  a  Relegate  to  the  Peace  Conv.,  and  presided 
over  that  body.  He  subsequently  renounced 
his  allegiance  to  the  U.S.,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  was  a  member  of  the  Confcd.  Con- 
gress at  Richmond.  In  Congress  he  voted  to 
censure  Gen.  Jackson's  conduct  during  the 
Seminole  war;  opposed  all  internal  improve- 
ments by  the  General  Govt.,  and  the  U.S.  Bank, 
which  he  declared  unconstitutional.  He  held 
in  all  points  to  the  State-rights  or  strict-con- 
struction doctrine  of  the  Democ.  party.  He 
also  opposed  a  protective  tariff,  and  on  the  Mo. 
question  all  restriction  on  slavery.  In  the 
U.S.  senate  he  avowed  his  sympathy  with  the 
nullification  movement  in  S.C.  in  1832,  and  in 
consequence  withdrew  his  support  from  Jack- 
son, but  voted  for  Clay's  Compromise  Bill, 
By  his  veto  of  the  U.S.  Bank  measure  he  lost 
the  confidence  of  the  party  that  placed  him  in 
power,  and  foreshadowed  his  desertion  of  it. 
The  principal  measures  of  his  administration 
were  the  annexation  of  Texas,  March  1,  1845, 
an  act  establishing  a  uniform  system  of  bank- 
ruptcy, and  the  protective  tariff  of  1842.  His 
Life  and  Speeches  were  pub.  8vo,  N.Y.,  1844. 

Tyler,  Joseph,  actor,  b.  England,  1749; 
d.  N.  York,  Jan.  25,  1823.  He  was  a  contem- 
porary of  Garrick,  Barry,  and  Mossop  as  early 
as  1775,  and  was  a  disting.  operatic  performer 
in  the  provincial  theatres  in  Eng.  In  1793  he 
arrived  in  the  U.S.,  and  joined  the  company 
then  performing  in  the  Old  Theatre  in  John 
Street,  N.Y.,  and  continued  a  favorite  for  many 
years. 

Tyler,  Moses  Coit,  prof  of  Eng.  lit.  in 
the  U.  of  Michigan,  b.  Griswold,  Ct.,  1835. 
Y.C.  1857;  And.  Theol.  Sem.  1860.  Pastor 
at  Poughkeepsie  1860-2.  Author  of  "  The 
Brawnville  Papers,"  1869,  a  vol.  of  essays  on 
physical  culture.  A  frequent  lecturer  and  con- 
trib.  to  the  N.Y.  Independent  and  other  papers 
and  periodicals. 

Tyler,  Robert  O.,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  N.Y.  ab.  1831.  West  Point,  1853.  Enter- 
ing the  3d  Art.,  he  was  made  1st  lieut.  1  Sept. 
1856  ;  served  against  the  Indians  of  Wash. 
Terr,  in  1858  ;  made  capt.  and  assist. -qnarterm. 
17  May,  1861;  col.  4th  Ct.  Vols.  29  Aug. 
1861  ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  29  Nov.  1862;  lieut.-col. 
and  dep.  qnarterm. -gen.  29  July,  1866.  He 
served  through  the  Peninsular  campaign,  Apr.- 


TYIj 


930 


TYN^ 


Aug.  1862  ;  com.  the  art.  of  the  centre  grand 
div.  at  Fredericksburg  and  Chancellorsville, 
and  brev.  major  U.S.A.  for  the  latter  13  Dec. 
1862  ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  2  July,  1863,  for  Gettys- 
burg ;  com.  divis.  of  heavy  art.  of  2d  corps  in 
the  Richmond  campaign,  and  brev.  col.  17 
May,  1864,  for  Spottsylvania  ;  brev.  mnj.-gen. 
vols.  1  Aug.  1864  for  Cold  Harbor,  where  he 
was  severely  wounded ;  brev.  brig,  and  major 
gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865.  —  CwZ/wm. 

Tyler,  Royall,  wit,  poet,  and  jurist,  b. 
Boston,  July  18,  1757 ;  d.  Brattleborough, 
Vt.,  Aug.  16,  1826.  H.U.  1776.  His  immig. 
ancestor  and  great-grandfather  Thomas  came 
from  Budleigh,  Devonshire,  Eng.,  and  married 
Miriam,  dau.  of  Pilgrim  Simpkins  of  Boston. 
He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  John  Adams, 
and  was  for  a  short  time  aide  to  Gen.  Lincoln, 
serving  in  the  same  station  in  the  Shays  Re- 
bellion in  1786.  Settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Guil- 
ford, Vt.,  in  1790,  with  success;  in  1800,  and 
for  six  years,  was  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  of  which  he  had  been  six  years  judge. 
In  1809  he  pub.  "Reports  of  Cases  in  the 
Sup.  Court  of  Vt.,"  2  vols.  He  was  a  success- 
ful dramatist,  and  in  1786  produced  in  New 
York  "  The  Contrast,"  a  comedy,  in  which  the 
Yankee  dialect  and  story-telling,  since  so 
familiar,  were  first  employed.  This  was  the 
first  American  play  ever  acted  on  a  regular 
stage  by  an  established  company  of  comedians. 
He  also  produced  "  May-Day,  or  New  York  in 
an  Uproar,"  1 787 ;  "  The  Georgia  Spec,  or  Land 
in  the  Moon,"  1797 ;  and  "  The  Algerine  Cap- 
tive," a  fictitious  memoir,  2  vols.  1799.  He 
gained  great  reputation  by  his  contributions  to 
the  Farmer's  Weekly  Museum,  pub.  at  Walpole, 
N.H.,  assisting  Dennie,  its  editor,  with  his  con- 
tributions "  from  the  shop  of  Messrs.  Colon 
and  Spondee,"  an  amusing  mdanrje  of  li^ht 
verse  and  entertaining  social  and  political 
squibs.  To  the  Portfolio  he  contributed  "An 
Author's  Evenings,"  1801,  &c.,  coll.  in  a  vol. 
in  1801,  entitled  "The  Spirit  of  the  Farmer's 
Museum  and  Lay  Preacher's  Gazette."  He  also 
wrote  for  the  N.  E.  Galaxy,  Pdyanthos,  and 
other  journals.  In  1 799  he  composed  a  Fourth- 
of^July  ode  for  the  celebration  at  Windsor,  Vt., 
and  a  convivial  song  for  the  same  occasion. 
He  was  frequently  called  on  for  these  services, 
and  for  occasional  prologues  at  charitable  and 
other  theatrical  benefits.  His  son  Rev.  Ed- 
ward Royall,  a  Cong,  clergyman,  and  ed.  of 
the  New-Englander,  newspaper,  d.  New  Haven, 
Ct.,  28  Sept.  \U%.—Duyckinck. 

Tyler,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1859), 
lawyer  and  author,  b.  Prince  George's  Co.,  Md., 
Oct.  22,  1809.  Md.  Coll.  1827.  His  father, 
Grafton,  was  a  tobacco-planter  and  farmer. 
The  son  was  educated  at  the  sem.  of  Dr.  Car- 
nahan,  at  Georgetown;  then  studied  law  at 
Frederick  City,  Md. ;  was  adm.  to  its  bar  in 
1831 ;  and  has  since  resided  there,  indulging 
also  in  literary  avocations.  He  pub.  a  "  Dis- 
course of  the  Baconian  Philosophy,"  1 844 ; 
"Burns  as  a  Poet  and  as  a  Man,"  1848;  for 
the  Princeton  Review,  articles  on  "Balfour's 
Inquiry,"  July,  1836 ;  "  The  Baconian  Philos- 
ophy," July,  1 840 ;  "  Lenhart  the  Mathemati- 
cian," July,  1841 ;  "  Psychology,"  Apr.  1843; 
"  Influence  of  the  Baconian  Philosophy,"  July, 


1843;  "Agricultural  Chemistry,"  Oct.  1844; 
"  Connection  between  Philosophy  and  Revela- 
tion," July,  1845  ;  "Bush  on  the  Soul,"  July, 
1846;  Humboldt's  "Cosmos,"  July,  18.52; 
"  Progress  of  Philosophy  in  the  Past  and  in  the 
Future,"  1859.  He  introduced  the  subject  of 
law-reform  to  the  Md.  convention  in  1850,  and 
was  by  that  body  app.  a  coramiss.  to  simplify 
the  pleadings  and  practice  in  all  the  State 
courts.  —  Duyckivck. 

Tyler,  William,  D.D.,  R.C.  bishop  of 
Hartford;  consec.  Mar.  17,  1844;  d.  June  18, 
1849. 

Tyler,  William  Seymour,  D.D,,  clergy- 
man and  linguist,  b.  Harford,  Pa.,  Sept.  2, 
1810.  Amh.  Coll.  1830.  7th  in  descent  from 
Job,  an  early  settler  and  proprietor  of  Andover, 
Ms.  In  1831  he  taught  the  classics  in  Amh. 
Acad.  After  studying  at  And.  Thcol.  Sem., 
he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  3d  presbytery 
of  N.  Y.  City  in  1836 ;  but,  being  chosen  prof  of 
Latin  and  Greek  at  Amh.  Coll.,  was  not  ord. 
till  22  years  later.  In  1847  the  professorship 
of  ancient  languages  was  divided.  Prof.  Tyler 
retaining  that  of  the  Greek.  He  pub.  "  The 
Gennania  and  Agricola  of  Tacitus,"  1847 ; 
"The  Histories  of  Tacitus,"  1848;  "Plato's 
Apology  and  Crito,"  1859;  "Prize  Essay  on 
Prayer  for  Colleges,"  1854;  a  "Life  of  Dr. 
Henry  Lobdeil,"  1859;  and  "Theology  of  the 
Greek  Poets,"  1867.  He  has  also  contrib.  to 
numerous  theol.  periodicals. 

Tyng,  Dudley  Atkins,  LL.D.,  a  disting. 
lawyer,  b.  Newburypoi't,  Sept.  3,  1760;  d. 
Aug.  1,  1829.  H.U.  1781.  Son  of  Dudley 
Atkins,  and  a  descendant  of  Gov.  Dudley. 
Changed  his  name  on  inheriting  the  large  es- 
tates of  James  Tyng  of  Tyngsborough.  Was 
U.S.  collector  of  Ncwburyport,  and  afterward 
reporter  Mass.  Sup.  Court  until  his  death.  Ed- 
ited "  Reports  Sup.  Jud.  Court  of  Ms.,"  Sept. 
1804-Mar.  1822,  17  vols.  8vo.  A  Notice  of 
Tyng  by  John  Lowell  is  in  "  Ms.  Hist.  Colls.,'* 
3d  scr.,  vol.  ii. 

Tyng,  Dudley  Atkins,  D.D.,  Epis.  cler- 
gyman, b.  Prince  George's  Co.,  Md.,  1825;  d. 
Brookfield,  near  Pliila.,  April  19,  1858.  U.  of 
Pa.  1843.  Son  of  Rev.  Stephen  H.  of  New 
York.  Received  his  theol.  education  at  the 
Alexandria  Sem. ;  ord.  1846 ;  preached  at  Co- 
lumbus, O. ;  then  had  charge  of  the  Epis. 
church  at  Charlestown,  Va. ;  and  was  trans- 
ferred thence  to  Cincinnati;  in  1854  he  was 
called  to  the  Church  of  the  Epiphany,  Phila. 
A  year  or  two  before  his  death,  his  career  at- 
tracted public  attention  from  his  rejection  by 
his  congregation  in  Phila.  in  consequence  of 
the  stand  taken  by  him  in  the  pulpit  m  opposi- 
tion to  slavery.  He  was  also  known  as  a  lec- 
turer upon  religious  and  secular  subjects.  Au- 
therof  "  Vital  Truth  and  Deadly  Error,"  1852 ; 
"Children  of  the  Kingdom,"  1854;  "Our 
Country's  Troubles,"  1856. —  See  A  Father's 
Memorial,  by  S.  II.  Tynrj,  D.D.,  1858. 

Tyng,  Edward,  a  brave  naval  commander 
of  Ms. ;  d.  Boston,  Sept.  8, 1 755,  a.  72.  Grand- 
son of  Gen.  Edward,  and  son  of  Edward,  a 
councillor,  who  was  app.  gov.  of  Annapolis,  and 
being  taken  on  the  passage,  and  carried  to 
France,  d.  there.  He  was  commissioned  by 
Gov.  Belcher,  April  16, 1740,capt.of  the  south 


TYIT 


931 


TJJ^I^ 


and  north  batteries  and  fortifications  in  Bos- 
ton ;  succeeding  Capt.  Southac  as  commander 
of  the  snow  "'  Prince  of  Oran<;e,"  he  took  the 
first  privateer  on  this  coast,  June  24,  1744; 
com. "  The  Massachusetts"  frigate  in  the  exped. 
against  Cape  Breton  in  1745;  and  was  made 
commodore  of  the  provincial  fleet.  He  captured 
the  "  Vigilante,"  a  French  man-of-war  of  64 
guns.  Admiral  Warren  offered  Tyng  the  com- 
mand of  this  valuable  prize,  with  the  rank  of 
post-capt. ;  he  declined  on  account  of  his  ad- 
vanced age,  but  recommended  Rouse,  his  sec- 
ond in  command,  who  received  that  honor. 

Tyng,  Stephen  Higginson,  D.D.  (JefF. 
Coll.  1832;  II. U.  1851),  a  popular  preacher,  b. 
Newburyport,  Ms.,  Mar.  1,  1800.  H.U.  1817. 
Son  of  Hon.  Dudley  Atkins  Tyng.  He  first  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  pursuits,  but  soon  studied 
theology  ;  ord.  deacon  in  1821,  and  took  charge 
of  St.  George's  Church,  Georgetown,  D.C. ; 
in  1823  he  removed  to  Queen  Anne  Parish,  Md. ; 
in  May,  1829,  he  became  rector  of  St.  Paul's, 
Phila.,  which  he  resigned  in  May,  1833,  on  an 
invitation  to  the  Church  of  the  Epiphany. 
Since  bis  removal  to  New  York  in  1845,  he  has 
been  rector  of  St.  George's  Church.  An  ear- 
nest advocate  of  the  temperance  and  other 
social  movements  of  the  day.  He  is  remark- 
able for  readiness  as  an  extempore  speaker,  and 
for  fervid  eloquence.  Author  of  "  Lectures 
on  the  Law  and  the  Gospel,"  1848;  "The 
Israel  of  God ;  "  "  Christ  is  AH  ;  "  "  Christian 
Titles  ;  "  "  Recollections  in  Europe,"  drawn 
from  personal  observations  during  a  brief  tour  ; 
"  Sermons  preached  in  the  Church  of  the 
Epiphany,"  1839;  "Family  Commentary  on 
the  Four  Gospels,"  1849;  "Bible  Companion;" 
"  The  History  of  Ruth  the  Moabitess,"  1855  ; 
"  Esther,  the  Queen  of  Persia  ;  "  "  The  Child 
of  Prayer,"  a  memorial  of  his  son  Rev.  Dudley 
A.  Tyng ;  "  Forty  Years'  Experience  in  Sun- 
day Schools,"  &c.,  1860;  "The  Spencers," 
1870;  "  Memoir  of  Rev.  G.  T.  Bedell,"  12mo, 
1836.  He  is  an  editor  of  the  Protestant  Church- 
man of  New  York. 

Tyng,  Rev.  Stephen  H.,  Jun.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  b,  Phila.  28  June,  1839.  Wms. 
Coll.  1858.  Ord.  deacon  8  May,  1861,  and 
assist,  to  his  father  at  St.  George's  Church, 
New  York,  one  year;  priest  11  Sept.  1863; 
rector  of  the  Church  of  the  Mediator,  Lex. 
Ave.,  N.Y.  City,  and  subsequently  organized 
the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  42d  St. ;  con- 
sec,  in  1865  ;  chaplain  N.Y.  12th  Regt.  in  1864 ; 
tried  in  1867  by  an  eccl.  tribunal  for  preaching 
to  a  Meth.  church  in  New  Jersey. 

Tyson,  Job  Roberts,  LL.D.,  politician 
and  man  of  letters,  b.  Phila.  12  Feb.  1804;  d. 
Woodlawn  Hall,  Pa.,  June  27,  18.58.  He  was 
educated  a  lawyer;  served  in  the  State  legisl. ; 
in  the  city  council  of  Phila. ;  and  was  an  in- 
fluential M.C.  in  1805-7.  He  was  a  man  of 
literary  and  artistic  tastes  ;  and  it  was  due  to 
him  that  the  archives  of  Pa.  were  pub.  He  m. 
a  dau.  of  the  eminent  merchant,  Thos.  P.  Cope. 
He  delivered  various  addresses,  and  pub.  letters 
and  addresses  upon  the  commerce  of  Phila. 
He  pub.  "  Pennsylvania  Prior  to  1 743,"  8vo, 
1843 ;  "  Essay  on  the  Penal  Laws  of  Pa.,"  8vo, 
1827  ;  "  Memoir  of  T.  C.  James,  M.D.,"  1 836  ; 
"Lottery  System  of  the  U.S.,"  1833;  "Dis- 


course on  the  200th  Anniv.  of  the  Birth  of 
William  Penn,"  1844;  "On  the  Col.  Hist,  of 
the  Eastern  and  some  of  the  Southern  States," 
1842. 

Tytler,  James,  author,  b.  Fern,  Scotland, 
1747;  drowned  at  Salem,  Ms.,  in  Jan.  1804. 
He  received  a  surgical  and  chemical  education. 
To  avoid  political  prosecution,  emig.  about  1 793 
to  Ireland,  and  to  Amer.  in  1 796.  He  was  onfe  of 
the  editors  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  ;  " 
author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Plague  and 
Yellow  Fever,"  1799;  "  Answer  to  Paine's  A^e 
of  Reason  ; "  "  Essays  on  Natural  and  Re- 
vealed Religion,"  1772  ;  "  Letter  to  John  Ba^ 
clay  on  the  Doctrine  of  Assurance ;  "  "  System 
ofGeography,"1788;  "  History  of  Edinburgh;" 
"  Geographical,  Hist.,  and  Commercial  Gram- 
mar," 2  vols.  8vo  ;  poetical  transl.  of  Virgil's 
"  Eclogues ;  "  "  System  of  Surgery,"  3  vols. ; 
and  of  some  anonymous  works  and  popular 
songs ;  and  was  a  contrib.  to  many  leading 
magazines  of  the  day. 

Ulloa  (ool-loa),  DON  Antonio  de,  a 
Spanish  mathematician,  b.  Seville,  Jan.  12, 
1716;  d.  in  the  Isle  of  Leon,  near  Cadiz,  July 
5,  1795.  He  was  brought  up  in  the  royal 
marines,  in  which  he  obtained  the  rank  of  lieut.- 
gen.  Disting.  as  an  engineer,  and  man  of 
science,  he  was  in  1735  joined  in  a  commission 
with  Don  George  Juan  and  others  to  measure 
a  degree  of  the  meridian  in  Peru.  He  remained 
nearly  ten  years  in  S.  Amer.,  and  on  his  return 
(in  1745)  was  captured,  and  carried  into  an  Eng- 
lish port.  He  pub.  on  his  return  to  Spain  his 
voyage  to  S.  Amer.,  which  was  soon  translated 
into  German,  French,  and  English  ;  but  the 
latter  pub.  in  1758,  2  vols.  8vo,  is  miserably 
garbled  and  inaccurate.  He  became  the  chief 
promoter  of  the  royal  woollen  manufactories  ; 
re-organized  the  colleges  of  history  and  sur- 
gery ;  superintended  and  completed  the  basins 
at  Fcrrol  and  Carthagena.  In  1766  he  was 
made  gov.  of  La.  Arriving  in  March,  he  found 
the  inhabitants  unwilling  to  submit  to  Spanish 
domination ;  and  they  broke  out  into  open  riot, 
which  compelled  him  to  leave  the  colony.  In 
1772  he  pub.  "  Entretenimientos  Physico-historicos 
sohre  la  America  Merid.,"  &c.  4to.  Having 
become  a  lieut.-gen.  in  the  naval  service,  he  re- 
ceived the  command  of  a  squadron  intended  to 
join  an  exped.  against  Fla.  Absorbed  in  his 
astronomical  investigations,  Ulloa  forgot  to 
open  his  sealed  orders,  and,  after  cruising  two 
months  without  success,  returned ;  was  court- 
martialled  in  1780,  and  never  again  employed. 
This  eminent  Spaniard  also  contrib.  several 
scientific  papers  to  the  Royal  Society. 

Ulloa,  Francisco  de,  Spanish  discoverer 
of  California ;  assassinated  at  Xalisco,  soon 
after  returning  from  his  voyage,  "  by  a  soldier 
who  bore  malice  against  him."  He  was  the 
lieut.  of  Cortez  in  his  explorations  of  the  w. 
coast  of  Amer.,  and  was  in  1535  left  by  hira 
in  charge  of  the  colony  at  Santa  Cruz.  He 
com.  the  exped.  (July,  1539-May,  1540)  which 
explored  Cal.,  giving  to  the  Gulf  of  C.  the 
name  of  Mar  de  Cortes.  He  ascertained  that 
the  peninsula  of  Cal.  was  united  to  the  main- 
land, and  sailed  northward,  examining  its 
western  side  as  far  as  30  N.  lat.  The  narr.  of 
this  voyage  by  Preciado,  one  of  the  officers,  is 


rrN-o 


932 


TJFH 


in  Ramusio,  iii.  283,  and  in  English  in  Birney, 
i.  193. 

Uncas,  sachem  of  the  Mohegan  tribe  in 
Ct.  ;  d.  in  1683,  at  a  great  age.  Originally 
a  Pequot  war  chief.  He  revolted  in  1634  from 
Sassiicus,  the  Pequot  sachem  ;  became  friendly 
to  the  English  settlers;  and  was  made  chief 
of  the  Mohegans.  In  May,  1637,  he  joined 
Mason's  exped.  against  the  Pequots,  and  was 
rewarded  with  some  of  their  lands;  in  1638 
he  went  to  Boston,  where  he  made  a  treaty  to 
whicli  he  adhered  ;  he  also  treated  with  the 
Ct.  colonists  in  Sept.  1638,  and  in  1640  con- 
veyed to  them  all  his  land,  excepting  Mohegan. 
In  1643  he  joined  the  English  in  a  war,  which 
ended  in  the  death  of  the  powerful  Narraganset 
sachem  Miantonomoh.  In  1648  the  Mohawks, 
Pocontocks,  and  other  tribes,  made  war  against 
Uncas,  but  with  small  result.  Besieged  in  his 
stronghold  on  the  Connecticut,  in  1657,  by  the 
Narraganset  chief  Pessacus,  he  was  relieved, 
when  near  starvation,  by  Ensign  LefRngwell, 
to  whom  it  is  said  Uncas  deeded  the  land  upon 
which  Norwich  now  stands,  though  he  after- 
ward sold  it  to  a  company.  A  council  of  com- 
missioners of  the  United  Colonies,  held  at 
Boston  in  1654,  heard  many  complaints  of  the 
rapa(ity  and  injustice  of  Uncas,  and  ordered 
that  "  he  be  duly  reproved,  and  seriously  in- 
formed that  the  English  cannot  protect  him  in 
any  unlawful,  much  less  treacherous  and  out- 
rageous courses."  He  was  characterized  in  1 674 
as  "  an  old  and  wicked,  wilful  man,  a  drunkard, 
and  otherwise  very  vicious,  who  hath  always 
been  an  opposer  and  underminer  of  praying  to 
God."  He  was  always  the  ally  of  the  English, 
though  too  old  to  be  of  much  service  in  Philip's 
war  in  1675,  when  all  other  Indian  tribes  united 
agiiinst  them. 

Underhill,  Capt.  John,  b.  Warwick- 
shire, Eng. ;  d.  at  Oyster  Bay,  L.I.,  ab,^1672. 
He  had  been  a  soldier  in  the  Netherlands  and 
at  Cadiz.  Came  to  N.E.  in  1630  with  Win- 
throp;  was  a  representative  from  Boston;  and 
was  sent  by  his  friend  Sir  H.  Vane  in  com.  of 
the  Colony  troops,  who  with  Capt.  Mason, 
in  1637,  destroyed  the  Indian  forts  at  Mystic, 
and  broke  the  warlike  spirit  of  the  Pequots. 
Banished  in  Boston  for  his  religious  opinions, 
he  went  to  Eng.,  and  pub.  "  News  from 
America,"  a  hist,  of  the  Pequod  war,  4to, 
1638.  In  1641  he  was  gov.  of  Exeter  and 
Dover;  afterwards  lived  at  Stamford,  Ct. ;  and 
in  1646  removed  to  Flushing.  He  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  court  at  New  Haven  in  1643,  and 
assistant  justice  there,  and  in  the  war  between 
the  Dutch  and  Indians  (1643-6)  had  a  principal 
command;  in  1665  he  was  a  delegate  from 
Oyster  Bay  to  the  Assembly  at  Hempstead,  and 
was  app.  under-sheriff  of  the  North  Riding  of 
Yorkshire ;  in  1667  the  Matinenoc  Indians 
gave  him  150  acres  of  land,  now  in  possession 
of  a  descendant  bearing  his  name. 

Underwood,  Gen.  Adin  Ballou,  b. 
Milford,  Ms.,  19  May,  1828.  B.U.  1849.  His 
ancestors  Joseph  and  Thomas  came  to  Hing- 
ham  before  1637,  and  settled  in  Watertown. 
His  father  Orison  was  a  brig.-gen.  of  militia. 
His  mother  was  Hannah  Bond  Cheney.  Adm. 
to  the  Wore.  Co.  bar  in  1853  ;  removed  to 
Boston  in  1855;  capt.  2d  Ms.  Inf.  Apr.  1861 ; 


Heut.-col.  and  col.  33d  Ms.  Inf.  Sept.  1862 ;  in 
the  battles  of  Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville, 
and  Gettysburg  ;  served  under  Hooker  at  Look- 
out Mountain,  and  dangerously  wounded,  and 
disabled  from  further  field-duty  ;  brig.-gen.  6 
Nov.  1863  ;  brev.  maj.-gen.  1  Sept.  1865  ;  since 
surveyor  of  customs,  Boston. 

Underwood,  Joseph  Rogers,  judge, 
and  U.S.  senator  1847-53,  b.  Goochland  Co., 
Va.,  Oct.  24,  1791.  U.  of  Lex.,  Ky.,  1811.  In 
1803  he  was  adopted  by  his  maternal  uncle  in 
Barren  Co.,  Ky. ;  educated  at  various  schools 
in  that  State,  and  then  read  law  with  R. 
Wicliflfe.  At  Dudley's  defeat  in  1813  he 
was  a  lieut.  of  vols.,  and  was  badly  wounded 
and  taken  prisoner,  but  was  lodged  in  a  hos- 
pitable cabin  near  Cleveland  until  sufficiently 
recovered  to  return  home.  In  the  fall  of  1813 
he  settled  at  Glasgow,  Ky. ;  practised  law  there 
ten  years,  during  which  time  he  was  trustee  of 
the  town,  and  county  atty.,  and  was  member 
of  the  legisl.  in  1816-19  ;  in  1823  he  removed 
with  his  family  to  Bowling  Green  ;  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Assembly  in  1825-6  ;  judge  of 
the  Court  of  Appeals  1828-35  ;  M.C.  1835-43. 
In  1846  he  was  again  elected  to  the  Ky.  legisl., 
and  was  speaker  of  the  house ;  delegate  to  the 
Chicago  conv.  of  1864.  —  Lamnan. 

Updike,  WiLKiNS,  lawyer  and  author,  b. 
Kingston,  R.I.,  Jan.  8,  1784*;  d.  there  Jan.  14, 
1867.  He  served  many  years  in  the  legisl. ; 
pub.  in  1842  "  Memoirs  of  the  R.I.  Bar,"  and, 
in  1847,  "History  of  the  Episc.  Church  in 
Narraganset." 

Upfold,  George,  D.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1831), 
M.D.  (Coll.  Phys.  and  Surg.  1816),  LL.D. 
Union  Coll.  1814.  Pr.-Epis.  bishop  of  Ind. ; 
consec.  Dec.  16, 1849 ;  b.  near  Guilford,  Surrey, 
Eng.,  1796;  emig.  to  the  U.S.  1802  ;  ord.  1818; 
rector  of  St.  Luke's,  N.Y.  City,  1819-27;  of 
St.  Thomas's,  1827-30;  of  Trinity,  Pittsburg, 
1830-49.  Author  of  "The  La'^st  Hundred 
Years,"  1845;  "Manual  of  Private  Devotions," 
1863  ;  also  occasional  sermons,  addresses,  &c. 

Upham,  Charles  Wentworth,  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  St.  John,  N.B.,.May  4, 
1802.  H.U.  1821.  Son  of  Judge  Joshua,  a 
loyalist  of  the  Rcvol.  (b.  Brookfield,  Ms.,  14 
Nov.  1741;  d.  Lond.  1808;  H.U.  1763),  judge 
of  the  Sup.  Court,  and  member  of  the  council  of 
N.Brunswick  1784-1807;  he  practised  law  in 
Boston  and  N.Y.  City,  and  was  at  one  time  aide 
to  Gen.  Carleton.  The  son,  originally  a  mer- 
chant's clerk,  afterward  taught  school  in  various 
places.  Dec.  8,  1824,  ord.  coll.  of  Rev.  John 
Prince  over  the  First  Church,  Salem,  Ms. ; 
and  Dec.  8,  1 844,  relinquished  the  ministry  on 
account  of  loss  of  voice.  He  has  at  different 
times  edited  the  C^mfmn  Review  (Unitarian); 
ed.  the  Christian  Register  in  1845-6;  was  mavor 
of  Salem  in  1852;  in  1840,  '49,  *59,  and 
'60,  in  the  State  legisl. ;  in  1857  and  '58,  pres. 
of  the  State  senate;  M.C.  1853-5,  and  of  the 
State  Const.  Conv.  1853.  Author  of  "  Letters 
on  the  Logos,"  1828;  "Lectures  on  Witch- 
craft," 1831  ;  "Life  of  Sir  II.  Vane,"  1835; 
" Life  of  J.  C.  Fremont,"  1856;  "Prophecy  as 
an  Evidence  of  Christianity,"  1835;  and  "Sa- 
lem Witchcraft,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1 867.  A  frequent 
contrib.  to  leading  reviews  and  other  periodi- 
cals ;  wrote  Memoirs  for  "  The  National  Per- 


xjfh: 


933 


TJRQ 


trait  Gallery; "  and  is  author  of  several  orations, 
pamphlets,  &c. 

Upham,  Nathaniel  Gookin,  LL.D. 
(Dartm.  1862),  jurist,  bro.  of  T.  C.  Upham, 
b.  Rochester,  N.H.,  1801;  d.  Concord,  N.H., 
Dec.  11,  1869.  Dartm.  Coll.  1820.  Son  of 
Hon.  Nathaniel,  a  prominent  politician  of  N.H. 
(b.  Deerfield,  N.H.,  9  June,  1774;  d.  Roches- 
ter, N.H.,  10  July,  1829;  educated  at  Phillips 
Exeter  Acad. ;  M.C.  1817-23).  He  began  to 
practise  law  at  Bristol,  N.H.,  but  removed  to 
Concord  in  1829.  A  judge  of  the  N.H.  Su- 
premo Court  in  1833-43 ;  connected  with  the 
Concord  Railroad  in  1843-63;  many  years  a 

Eillar  of  the  Democ.  party  in  N.H.;  and  made 
y  his  warm  friend  President  Pierce,  in  1853,  a 
commiss.  to  London  to  adjust  claims  pending 
between  citizens  of  the  two  countries.  He  left 
the  Democ.  party  early  in  1861,  and  gave  an 
unqualified  support  to  the  govt. ;  in  1865-6 
member  N.H.  legislature. 

Upham,  Rev.  Thomas  Cogswell,  D.D. 
(Wesl.  U.  1843),  author,  b.  Deerfield,  N.H., 
Jan.  30, 1 799.  Dartm.  Coll.  1818 ;  And.  Sem. 
1821.  Son  of  Hon.  Nathaniel.  In  1821  he 
was  Prof.  Stuart's  assist,  as  teacher  of  Plebrew 
at  And.  Thcol.  Sem.,  and  translated  Jahn's 
"Biblical  Archaeology."  In  1823-4  he  was  col- 
league pastor  of  the  Cong,  church  in  Roches- 
ter, N.H. ;  prof,  mental  philosophy  and  ethics, 
and  also  instructor  in  Hebrew,  at  Bowd.  Coll., 
from  Feb.  1825  to  July,  1 867.  Resides  Kenne- 
bunkport,  Me.  Author  of  "  Elements  of  J.Ien- 
tal  Pliilos.,"  1839;  "Treatise  on  the  Will," 
1850;  "  Outlines  of  Imperfect  and  Disordered 
Mental  Action,"  1843;  "Principles  of  Interior 
or  Hidden  Life."  In  1855  he  pub.  2  vols,  en- 
titled "Life  and  Religious  Experiences  and 
Opinions  of  Madame  de  la  Mothe  Guy  on, 
and  Fenelon,  Archbishop  of  Cambray ;  "  "/ta- 
tio  DiscipUnce,"  1829;  "Treatise  on  Divine 
Union,"  1851;  "Religious  Maxims,"  1854; 
"Manual  of  Peace,"  1836;  "American  Cot- 
tage Life,"  1852;  "Letters  from  Europe, 
Egypt,  and  Palestine,"  1 857 ;  an  Essav  on  a 
Congress  of  Nations,  1840;  "The  Life  of 
Faith,"  1856;  "Life  of  Catharine  Adorna," 
1 856 ;  "  A  Method  of  Prayer,"  1859. 

Upham,  Col.  Timothy,  b.  Deerfield, 
N.H.,  1783 ;  d.  Charlestown,  Ms.,  Nov.  2, 1855. 
Son  of  Rev.  Timothy,  Cong,  pastor  of  Deer- 
field from  Dec.  9,  1772,  to  his  d.  21  Feb.  1811 
(b.  Maiden,  Ms.,  20  Dec.  1748;  H.U.  1768). 
He  pub.  some  occas.  sermons.  His  son  com- 
menced mercantile  life  in  Portsmouth,  N.H., 
'in  1807;  March  12,  1812,  he  was  app.  major 
11th  U.S.  Inf. ;  was  soon  after  placed  in  com. 
of  the  forts  and  harbor  of  Portsmouth ;  joined 
the  army  at  Plattsburg  in  Sept. ;  Avas  promoted 
(12  Mar.  1813)  to  lieut.-col.  in  the  famous  21st 
Rcgt.,  Col.  Miller;  and  at  the  sortie  from  Fort 
Erie  he  com.  the  reserve ;  collector  of  Ports- 
mouth 181 6-29 ;  maj.-gen.  of  the  State  militia ; 
and  was  navy  agent  1841-5. 

Upshur,  Abel  Parker,  jurist  and  states- 
man, b.  Northampton  Co.,  Va.,  June  17,  1790; 
killed  Feb.  28,  1844,  by  the  bursting  of  a  gun 
on  boai'd  the  U.S.  steamer  "Princeton,"  in  the 
Potomac.  N.J.  Coll.  1807.  He  studied  law 
in  the  olfice  of  William  Wirt,  in  Richmond, 
and  practised  his  profession  there  from  1810  to 


1824.  After  representing  his  native  Co.  in  the 
State  legisl.,  in  1826  he  was  app.  a  judge  in 
the  Gen.  Court  of  Va. ;  in  1829  Avas  a  member 
of  the  State  Const.  Conv. ;  again  sat  on  the 
bench  of  the  Gen.  Court  until  1841,  Avhen  he 
became  sec.  of  the  navy,  and  in  1843  sec.  of 
State.  A  contrib.  to  the  periodical  press,  and 
author  of  "  An  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  and 
Character  of  our  Federal  Govt.,"  and  also  a 
number  of  essays,  reviews,  addresses,  &c. 

Upton,  Emory,  brev.  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b. 
N.Y.  West  Point,  1861.  1st  lieut.  5th  Art. 
14  May,  1861  ;  col.  121st  N.Y.  Vols.  23  Oct. 
1862  ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  12  May,  1864;  capt.  5th 
Art.  22  Feb.  1865  ;  lieut.-col.  25th  Inf.  28  July, 
1866;  assigned  to  1st  Art.  15  Dec.  1870;  aide 
to  Gen.  Tyler,  and  wounded  at  Bull  Run  21 
July ;  com.  battery,  and  in  the  battles  of  the 
Peninsular  campaign  ;  engaged  at  South 
Mountain,  Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  Chan- 
cellorsville,  and  Gettysburg;  com.  brigade  in 
6th  corps,  and  brev.  maj.  8  Nov.  1863  for 
Rappahannock  Station,  Va. ;  engaged  in  bat^ 
ties  of  the  Wilderness ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  10  May, 
1864,  for  Spottsylvania,  where  he  was  wound- 
ed ;  in  battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  siege  of  Peters- 
burg, Shenandoah  campaign;  wounded,  and 
brev.  col.  19  Sept.  1864  forliattlc  of  Winches- 
ter; com.  4th  cav.  division  in  Gen.  Wilson's 
operations  in  Ala.  and  Ga.  Mar.-May,  1865  ; 
and  brev.  brig,  and  maj.  gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar. 
1865  for  the  capture  of  Sclma,  Ala.,  and  for 
merit,  services  during  the  Rebellion.  Author 
of  "Infantry  Tactics"  for  the  U.S.  army  and 
militia,  adopted  1  Aug.  1867.  —  Cullum. 

Uring,  Capt.  Nathaniel,  author  of  "  Re- 
lation of  the  late  Intended  Settlement  of  St. 
Lucia  and  St.  Vincent,"  8vo,  1725.  His 
Voyages  and  Travels,  1726  and  1749,  contain 
a  curious  account  of  his  visit  to  New  England 
in  1709. 

Urquiza  (oor-kee'-sa).  Juste  Jose  de, 
Argentine  statesman,  b.  in  the  State  of  Entre 
Rios,  1800;  assassinated  May  14,  1870.  He 
was  of  mixed  Spanish  and  Indian  blood.  Dur- 
ing the  war  in  La  Plata,  he  attached  himself  to 
the  party  of  Rosas,  and  became  gen.  of  divis- 
ion;  in  1840  he  com.  the  army  sent  against 
Uruguay;  and  completely  defeated  Ribera, 
Mar.  28,  1845,  in  the  battle  of  India  Muerte, 
receiving  in  reward  the  governorship  of  Entre 
Rios.  When,  in  1851,  Rosas  pretended  to  lay 
down  the  supreme  power,  Urquiza  took  him 
at  his  word,  and  a  war  was  the  consequence. 
Allying  himself  with  Brazil,  Paraguay,  and 
Uruguay,  he  collected  an  army  of  30,000  men ; 
crossed  the  Parana  in  Jan.  1852 ;  routed  Rosas 
at  Santos  Lugares,  Feb.  3 ;  and  by  a  com/?  d'etat 
made  himself  provis.  dictator  of  the  Argentine 
Repub.  He  called  a  new  congress  at  Santa 
Fe  in  Aug.  to  settle  the  troubles  of  the  coun- 
try. A  revol.  springing  up  in  Buenos  Ayrcs, 
he  besieged  the  city  of  that  name,  but  was 
finally  forced  to  retire.  In  March,  1854,  ho 
was  elected  for  6  years  pres.  of  the  13  other 
States  composing  the  union,  and  employed  his 
power  in  an  enlightened  manner,  re-establish- 
ing commerce  and  navigation,  and  declaring 
the  Parana,  the  Paraguay,  and  the  Plata  free 
to  foreign  powere.  The  war  against  Buenos 
Ay  res  was  continued.    In  1859  he  arbitrated 


TJSH 


934 


V-AJN- 


between  the  U.S.  and  Paraguay  on  occasion 
of  the  La  Plata  naval  exped.  After  retiring 
from  the  dictatorship,  he  was  again  app.  gen.- 
in-chief,  and  once  more  attempted  the  reduc- 
tion of  Buenos  Ayres,  but  was  defeated  by 
Gen.  Mitre,  and  became  in  1862  gov.  of  Entrc 
Rios. 

Usher,  John,  licut.-gov.  of  N.H.  1692-7 
and  1702,  b.  Boston,  Apr.  27,  1648;  d.  Med- 
ford,  Ms.,  Sept.  1,  1726.  Son  of  llczekiah,  of 
Cambridge  1639,  of  Boston  1746.  He  was  a 
bookseller  and  stationer  in  Boston ;  a  col.,  coun- 
sellor, and  treasurer  of  Ms. ;  and  rendered  im- 
portant services  to  the  province  in  purchasing 
the  district  of  Me.  He  m.  a  dau.  of  Samuel 
Allen,  whose  claims  in  N.H.  he  supported. 

Usher,  John  P.,  lawyer,  b.  New  York. 
Removed  early  in  life  to  Indiana;  practised 
law  ;  became  a  member  of  the  legisl. ;  was  a 
short  time  atty.-gen.  of  the  State ;  first  assist. 
sec.  of  the  interior  1862;  sec.  from  Jan.  1863 
till  the  spring  of  1865.  Has  since  been  atty. 
for  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  Co.,  eastern 
division. 

Vaill,  Joseph,  Cong,  minister  of  Had- 
lyme,  Ct.,  from  Feb.  9,  1780,  to  his  d.  at  Kil- 
lingworth,  Ct.,  Nov.  21,  1838;  b.  Litchfield, 
Ct.,  July  3,  1750.  Dartm.  Coll.  1778.  He 
pub.  in  1796  "Noah's  Flood,"  a  poem  of  about 
550  lines.  His  Memoirs,  by  Rev.  Isaac  Par- 
sons, were  pub.  in  a  vol.  of  236  pages. 

Valdivia  de  (da  val-dee'-vca),  Don  Pe- 
dro, one  of  the  Spanish  conquerors  of  Peru  in 
1532,  b.  ab.  1510;  d.  1559.  About  1540,  un- 
der the  orders  of  Pizarro,  he  invaded  Chili 
with  a  small  force,  founded  Santiago,  and 
gained  victories  over  the  natives.  Returning 
to  Peru  about  1547,  he  fought  under  Garca 
against  Gonzalez  Pizarro.  He  was  captured 
by  the  Araucanians,  who  put  him  to  death. 

Valentine,  David  Thomas,  historian,  b. 
E.  Chester,  N.Y.,  Sept.  15, 1801 ;  d.  N.Y.  City, 
Feb.  25, 1 869.  He  received  an  academical  edu- 
cation at  White  Plains ;  became  clerk  of  the 
Marine  Court  in  1821 ;  and  in  1837-69  was  clerk 
of  the  common  council  of  Now  York.  From 
1842  to  1868  he  pub.,  yeariy,  "Manual  of  the 
Common  Council,"  making  25  vols,  of  instruc- 
tive and  entertaining  matter  pertaining  to  the 
city  of  New  York.  He  also  pub.  a  "  History 
of  New  York,"  8vo,  1853. 

Vallandigham  (va-lan'-de-gam),  Clem- 
ent C,  politician,  b.  New  Lisbon,  O.,  1822; 
d.  Lebanon,  O.,  17  June,  1871,  by  the  acciden- 
tal discharge  of  a  pistol.  Of  Huguenot  an- 
cestry. He  received  a  good  education  ;  spent  a 
year  at  JefF.  Coll.,  O. ;  was  2  years  principal  of 
an  acad.  at  Snow  Hill,  Md. ;  adm.  to  the  Ohio 
bar  in  1842;  member  of  the  State  legisl.  in 
1845-6 ;  editor  of  the  Dayton  Inquirer  1847-9 ; 
member  of  the  Cincinnati  conv.  in  1856;  M.C. 
1857-63;  delegate  to  the  Chicago  conv.  of 
1864.  Banished  in  1863  for  his  hostility  to  the 

fovt.,  and  went  to  Canada.    In  1863  he  was 
)emoc.  candidate  for  gov.  of  Ohio,  and  was 
defeated. 

Van  Aarsdale,  Elias,  LL.D.,  an  emi- 
nent lawyer,  33  years  pres.  of  the  State  Bank ; 
d.  Newark,  N.  J.,  19  March,  1846,  a.  75. 

Van  Berckel,  Peter  I.,  minister  from 
Holland ;  d.  Newark,  N.  J.,  17  Dec.  1800,  a.  76. 


Van  Brunt,  Gershom  J.,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  N.  J.  1800  ;  d.  Dedham,  Ms.,  Dec.  17, 1863. 
He  entered  the  navy,  Nov.  3,  1818;  app.  licut. 
Mar.  3,  1827;  com.  May  29,  1846;  capt.  Sept. 
14,  1855;  commo.  July  16,  1862.  He  com. 
"  The  Minnesota ; "  took  an  active  part  in  the 
reduction  of  the  Ilatteras  forts,  and  in  the 
blockading  service  at  Hampton  Roads. 

Van  Buren,  John,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Hudson,  N.Y.,  Feb.  18,  1810;  d.  on  the  pas- 
sage between  Liverpool  and  N.  York,  Oct.  13, 
1866.  Y.C.  1828.  Second  son  of  Pres.  Van 
Buren.  Studied  law  with  B.  F.  Butler  of  Al- 
bany, and  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1830.  He  at- 
tended his  father  at  the  court  of  St.  James  in 
1831 ;  in  1845-6  was  atty.-gen.  of  New  York; 
and  in  1848  acted  with  the  Free-Soil  party,  ably 
advocating  the  exclusion  of  slavery  from  the 
Federal  Territories.  During  the  later  years  of 
his  life,  however,  he  acted  with  the  Democ.  par- 
ty. In  May,  1866,  he  left  N.  York,  and  made 
an  extensive  European  tour.  He  was  an  elo- 
quent speaker,  an  able  lawyer,  and  possessed 
fine  social  qualities. 

Van  Buren,  Martin,  8th  president  of  the 
U.S.,  b.  Kinderhook,  N.Y.,  Dec.  5,  1782;  d. 
there  July  24,  1 862.  His  father  was  a  farmer, 
and  ho  was  educated  at  the  village  academy. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1803,  he  became  surrogate 
of  Columbia  Co.  in  1808 ;  a  member  of  the  sen- 
ate in  1812 ;  an  earnest  advocate  of  the  war  of 
1 8 1 2-1 5 ;  atty.-gen.  of  the  State  in  1 8 1 5 ;  again 
in  the  senate  in  1816 ;  and  became  the  ruling 
spirit  of  the  coterie  of  Democrats  who  controlled 
the  State  for  over  20  years.  Ho  was  removed 
from  the  office  of  atty.-gen.  in  1 81 9 ;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  in  1821;  U.S.  sen- 
ator 1821-8;  chosen  gov.  of  N.  York  in  1828; 
from  Mar.  1829  to  Apr.  7,  1831,  sec.  of  state  to 
Pres.  Jackson  ;  app.  minister  to  Eng.  in  1831, 
but  rejected  by  the  senate;  vice-pres.  in  1833- 
7;  and  chosen  pres.  in  1837,  but  in  1841  was 
defeated  by  Gen.  Harrison,  who  had  234  elec- 
toral votes,  while  Van  Buren  received  but  60. 
In  1844  his  renomination  by  his  party  was 
rejected  on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the  an- 
nexation of  Texas;  in  1843  he  was  the  candi- 
date of  the  antislavery  party.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  a  European  tour  in  1853-5,  he  afterward 
remained  in  private  life.  On  the  outbreak  of 
the  civil  war,  Mr.  Van  Buren  declared  himself 
decidedly  and  warmly  in  favor  of  maintaining 
the  republic  in  its  integrity.  In  1820  ho  op- 
posed the  admission  of  Mo.  as  a  slave  State. 
In  the  Const.  Conv.  he  advocated  an  extension 
of  the  electoral  franchises,  but  opposed  univer- 
sal suffrage,  and  also  the  election  of  justices  of 
the  peace.  As  gov.,  he  proposed  the  safetj^- 
fund  banking  system.  At  the  period  of  his 
accession  to  the  presidency  the  country  was  in- 
volved in  a  crisis  of  unprecedented  severity, 
and  2  months  later  the  banks  suspended  specie 
payment.  To  meet  this  state  of  things,  an  ex- 
traordinary session  of  Congress  was  convened 
in  Sept.,  to  which  he  proposed  various  measures 
of  relief.  The  principal  measures  of  his  admin- 
istration were  the  establishment  of  the  indcp. 
treasury,  and  the  pre-emption  law,  giving  set- 
tlers on  public  lands  the  right  to  buy  them  in 
prcforonco  to  other  persons.  NotAvithstandin  » 
Mr.  Van  Buren  was  the  subject  of  much  parti 


"VJ^JN 


935 


^Ajur 


Ban  denunciation,  all  parties  have  borne  testi- 
mony to  his  admirable  personal  qualities.  He 
m.  a  Miss  Hoes  ab.  1804,  and  had  several  sons. 
Author  of  an  "Inquiry  into  the  Origin  and 
Course  of  Political  Parties  in  the  U.S.,"  edited 
by  his  sons,  8vo,  1867.  —  See  his  Life  by  W. 
^    "     '    i;  M.r 


Holland,  IS3Q;  D.  Crockett,  1836: 

1840;    W.  L.  Mackenzie,  Butler,  and  Hoyt,  2 

vols.  8vo,  1846. 

Vance,  Joseph,  gov.  of  Ohio  1836-8,  b. 
Washington  Co.,  Pa.,  Mar.  21,  1786;  d.  near 
Urbana,  0.,  Aug.  24, 1852.  His  father,  Joseph 
Colville,  served  through  the  Revol.  in  Morgan's 
rifle  regt. ;  afterwards  settled  in  Ky. ;  and  in 
1805  Avas  one  of  the  first  two  settlers  of  Urba- 
na, O.  Joseph  followed  mercantile  pursuits 
with  success;  was  a  member  of  the  Ohio  legisl. 
in  1812-16;  M.C.  1821-35,  and  again  1843-7, 
serving  as  chairman  of  the  com.  on  claims ; 
State  senator  1839-41 ;  and  rose  to  the  rank 
of  maj.-gen.  of  militia.  Gov.  V.  was  an  en- 
thusiastic farmer  and  stock-raiser.  Delegate 
to  the  Whig  Nat.  Con  v.  at  Phila.  in  1848,  "and 
to  the  State  Const.  Conv.  of  1820.  —  ^.  T. 
Goodman. 

Vance,  Zebulon  B.,  gov.  of  N.C.  1 861-5 
(under  the  Confederacy),  b.  Buncombe  Co., 
N.C,  May  13,  1830.  He  spent  a  year  at  the 
U.  of  N.C;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1853; 
member  of  the  legisl.  1854-8;  M.C  1858-61; 
chosen  U.S.  senator  in  1870. 

Van  Cleve,  Gen.  Horatio  Phillips,  b. 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  Nov.  23,  1809.  West  Point, 
1831.  He  studied  at  N.  J.  Coll. ;  and  was  a  2d 
lieut.  5th  Inf.,  resigning  in  1836.  Removing 
to  Mich.,  he  employed  himself  in  agriculture 
and  civil  engineering.  He  was  a  farmer  in 
Minnesota  in  1856-61  ;  and  July  22, 1861,  was 
made  col.  of  the  2d  Minn.  Vols.  He  com.  this 
regt.  at  the  battle  of  Mill  Spring,  Jan.  19,  1862 ; 
for  his  conduct  on  this  occasion  was  made  a 
brig.-gcn.  March  21,  1862;  com.  a  brigade  in 
Crittenden's  division,  before  Corinth,  through 
Northern  Ala. ;  and  at  Louisville  took  com.  of 
the  division  on  Crittenden's  promotion  (Oct.  1, 
1862) ;  joining  Rosccranz  in  Dec,  he  took  part 
in  the  battle  of  Stone  River,  where  he  was 
wounded,  having  rendered  disting.  service ;  en- 
gaged at  Ringgold,  Ga.,  and  Gordon's  Mills  11- 
13  Sept.'  1863 ;  in  battle  of  Chickamauga  19-20 
Sept.  1863  ;  and  in  com.  of  Murfrcesborough, 
Tcnn,,  1863-5  ;  adj.-gen.  State  of  Minn,  since 
Jan.  1866.  —  Cnl/um. 

Van  Cortlandt,  Gen.  Philip,  a  patriot 
of  the  Revol.,  b.  New  York,  Sept.  1,  1749  ;  d. 
Nov.  5,  1831.  Son  of  Pierre.  He  became  a 
land-surveyor  at  the  age  of  19;  but,  when  the 
Revol.  broke  out,  he  joined  the  patriot  army  as 
a  lieut.-col.  In  1776  he  was  app.  col.  2d  N.Y. 
Regt. ;  served  at  the  battle  of  Stillwater,  also 
against  the  frontier  Indians  in  1778;  in  1780 
com.  a  rei;t.  of  militia  under  Lafayette,  and  for 
his  gallant  conduct  at  Yorktown  was  promoted 
to  brig.-gcn.  Member  of  the  N.Y.  Assembly 
1788-90 ;  of  the  State  Conv.  which  adopted  the 
U.  S.  Constitution  in  1788;  senator  1791-4; 
and  M.C.  1793-1809.  Gen.  Van  Cortlandt  ac- 
comp.  Lafayette  in  his  tour  through  the  U.S. 
in  1824.  His  dau.  Gertrude  m.  Admiral  Sir 
Edward  Buller,  and  d.  3  Oct.  1849. 

Van  Cortlandt,  Pieebe,  lieut.-gov.  of 


N.Y.  1777-95 ;  d.  Cortland,  N.Y.,  1  May,  1814, 
a.  94.  Bro.  of  the  preceding.  Member  1st 
Prov.  Congress,  also  of  the  com.  which  framed 
the  constitution  of  N.Y.  The  Van  Cortlandt 
family,  originally  noble  in  Holland,  was  estab- 
lished in  America  by  Rt.  Hon.  Oliver  Stephen, 
who  in  1629  accomp.  the  Dutch  gov.  to  N.Y. 
as  secretary. 

Vancouver,  George,  navigator  and  ex- 
plorer of  the  north-west  coast  of  America ;  b. 
ab.  1757  ;  d.  May  10,  1798.  Entering  the  navy 
in  1771,  he  accomp.  Cook  in  his  two  last  voy- 
ages, and  in  the  latter  part  of  1780  was  app. 
a  lieut. ;  in  1790  he  was  made  master  and  com. 
of  "  The  Discovery,"  in  which  ship  he  was  sent 
out  to  ascertain  if  there  existed  in  North  Amer- 
ica, between  the  30th  and  60th  degrees  of  n. 
lat.,  an  interior  sea  or  any  canals  of  communi- 
cation between  the  known  gulfs  of  the  Atlantic 
and  the  great  sea.  He  sailed  from  Eng.  Apr. 
1,  1791  ;  and,  after  an  examination  of  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  crossed  in  March,  1792,  to 
the  American  coast,  where  he  received  the  sur- 
render of  Nootka  from  the  Spaniards,  and 
spent  the  summers  of  1792,  '93,  and  '94  in  sur- 
veying the  coast  as  far  N.  as  Cook's  Inlet,  win- 
tering in  the  Sandwich  Islands.  He  consid- 
ered his  explorations  to  have  settled  the  ques- 
tion of  a  north-west  passage  in  the  negative. 
Vancouver's  Island  was  named  by  him.  On 
his  return,  he  surveyed  most  of  the  W.  coast 
of  S.  America  from  the  Island  of  Chiloe,  visit- 
ing the  chief  Spanish  settlements.  He  was 
made  a  post-capt.  in  1 794,  and  arrived  in  Lond. 
in  Nov.  1795  in  a  state  of  decHning  health  from 
the  effects  of  his  voyages,  but  devoted  himself 
to  the  arrangement  of  his  manuscripts  for  pub- 
lication until  within  a  short  time  of  his  death. 
His  Voyages,  edited  by  his  bro.,  was  printed 
at  the  expense  of  govt.  (4to,  Lond.  1798),  and 
was  shortly  after  translated  into  French,  Ger- 
man, and  Swedish. 

Vandenhoff,  George,  actor  and  reader, 
son  of  John  M.,  a  celeb,  actor,  b.  Eng.  ab. 
1820.  Made  his  d^but  Oct.  14,  1839,  at  Cov- 
ent  Garden,  London,  as  Leon,  in  "Rule  a 
Wife,  and  Have  a  Wife."  Left  the  Eng.  stage 
Aug.  1,  1842,  as  Hamlet;  app.  at  the  Park 
Theatre,  N.Y.,  Sept.  21, 1842,  as  Hamlet ;  took 
farewell  of  the  stage  in  Nov.  1856  ;  was  adm. 
to  the  bar  in  Nov.  1858;  and  has  latterly  given 
public  readings.  Author  of  a  "  Plain  System 
of  Elocution ; "  "  Leaves  from  an  Actor's'Note- 
Book,"  &c.,  1860  ;  "  Dramatic  Reminiscences," 
&c.,  1859;  "  Clerical  Assistant,  an  Elocution- 
ary Guide,"  1862;  "A  Lady's  Reader,"  1862. 

Vanderbilt,  Cornelius,  a  wealthy  and 
enterprising  citizen  of  N.Y.,  b.  Staten  Island, 
N.Y.,  May  1794.  Originally  poor,  he  began 
business  as  master  of  a  small  sail-boat ;  became 
capt.  of  a  steamboat  in  1817  ;  built  many  steam- 
boats and  steamships  of  improved  construction, 
and  in  1851  established  a  line  from  N.Y.  to 
California  by  way  of  Nicaragua.  In  1862  he 
gave  to  the  U.S.  govt,  his  new  steamer  "  The 
Vanderbilt,"  which  cost  $800,000,  and  for 
which  Congress  passed  a  resolution  of  thanks. 
He  now  has  the  chief  control  of  the  N.Y.  Cen- 
tral and  the  Harlem  Railroads.  "  His  enter- 
prise, genius,  and  success  are  known  and  felt 
the  world  over." 


V-AJN" 


936 


-VAJ^ 


Van  der  Lyn,  John,  painter,  b.  Kings- 
ton, Ulster  Co.,  N.Y.,  Oct.  1776;  d.  there  23 
Sept.  1852.  Evincing  aptitude  for  painting, 
he  went  at  16  to  N.Y.  City,  where  he  received 
instruction  from  Gilbert  Stuart;  went  to  Paris 
in  1796  through  the  aid  of  Aaron  Burr,  stud- 
ied there  5  years,  and  again  resided  in  Europe 
in  1803-1.5.  His  picture  of  "  Marius  seated 
amid  the  Ruins  of  Carthage  "  won  the  gold 
medal  at  the  Louvre  in  1808,  and  a  high  com- 
pliment from  Napoleon.  While  in  Italy,  he 
made  many  copies  of  the  old  masters,  especially 
Ariadne,  the  Danae  and  the  Antiope  of 
Correggio,  and  a  female  figure  from  the  trans- 
figurauon  of  Raphael.  After  his  second  return 
to  America,  he  painted  portraits  of  Madison, 
Monroe,  Clinton,  Calhoun,  and  many  other 
disting.  men.  He  introduced  panoramic  exhi- 
bitions into  the  U.S.,  but  was  pecuniarily  un- 
successful. In  1832  he  was  commissioned  to 
paint  a  full-length  of  Washington  for  the  hall 
of  the  house  of  representatives;  and  in  1839 
painted  the  "Landing  of  Columbus  "  for  the 
rotunda  of  the  capitol.  Another  of  his  pictures 
was  "  The  Murder  of  Miss  McCrea."  His  last 
was  a  full-length  of  Pres.  Taylor. 

Van  Derveer,  Gen.  Ferdinand,  b.  But- 
ler Co.,  0.,  Feb.  27,  1823.  Farmers  Coll.,  0. 
Rose  from  a  private  to  capt.  1st  Ohio  Regt.  in 
the  Mexican  war,  and  at  Monterey  headed  one 
of  the  assaulting  columns.  He  afterwards 
practised  law,  and  was  sheriff  of  Butler  Co. 
Col.  35th  O.  Regt.  1861-2;  succeeded  to  the 
com.  of  McCook's  brigade  in  Sept.  1862,  and 
led  it  until  made  brig.-gen.  in  the  fall  of  1864, 
and  assigned  to  the  4th  corps.  He  was  in  the 
battle  of  Mill  Spring,  and  was  highly  disting. 
at  Chickamauga  and  Mission.  Ridge.  —  Reid's 
Ohio  in  the  War. 

Van  de  Velde,  James  Oliver,  D.D., 
R.C.  bishop  of  Natchez,  b.  Belgium,  1792;  d. 
Natchez,  Mpi.,  Nov.  13,  1855.  Uniting  him- 
self early  with  the  Jesuits,  he  was  sent  when 
quite  young  to  America.  For  some  years  he 
was  pres.  of  the  R.C.  Coll.  of  St.  Louis ;  was 
consec.  bishop  of  Chicago  in  1848;  and  was 
transferred  to  Natchez,  July  29,  1853. 

Van  Dorn,  Gen.  Earl,  b.  Mpi.  1821 ;  d. 
Spring  Hill,  Tenn.,  May  8,  1863.  West  Point, 
1842.  Aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  P.  F.  Smith 
1847-9;  brev.  capt.  and  major  for  gallantry 
at  Cerro  Gordo  and  at  Contreras  and  Churu- 
busco;  disting.  at  Chapultepec;  wounded  at 
the  capture  of  Mexico  City,  Sept.  13,  1847; 
capt.  2d  Cav.  3  Mar.  1855;  disting.  in  several 
conflicts  with  the  Comunches  in  Texas,  in  one 
of  which,  1  Oct.  1858,  he  was  4  times  wounded 
(twice  dangerously);  major  2d  Cav.  28  June, 
1860.  Long  known  in  the  army  as  zealously 
devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  slaveholding 
States,  he  was  among  the  first  to  resign  his 
commission  (Jan.  31,  1861) ;  became  a  col.  in 
the  Confcd.  service;  took  com.  of  a  body  of 
Texas  vols. ;  April  20  captured  the  valuable 
steamer  "Star  of  the  West"  at  Indianola; 
Apr.  24,  at  the  head  of  800  men  at  Salaria,  he 
received  the  surrender  of  Maj.  C.  C.  Sibley 
and  7  companies  of  U.S.  inf. ;  and  May  9,  of 
Licut.-Col.  Reeve,  and  6  comi)anies  8th  Inf. 
Made  brig.-gen.,  and  soon  after  maj. -gen.,  he 
took  com.  of  theTrans-Mpi.  dist.  Jun.  29, 1862 ; 


was  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  Mar. 
6,  7,  and  8 ;  was  superseded  by  Gen.  Holmes  ; 
joined  the  army  in  Mpi. ;  com.  and  was  defeat- 
ed at  the  battle  of  Corinth,  Oct.  3,  4  ;  and  was 
superseded  by  Gen.  Pemberton.  Defeated  at 
Franklin,  Tenn.,  Apr.  10,  1863,  by  Gen.  Gor- 
don Granger.  He  was  shot  by  Dr.  Peters, 
whose  family  he  had  injured. 

Van  Dyke,  Nicholas,  pres.  of  Delaware, 
and  member  Cont.  Congress  1777-82;  d.  St. 
George's  Hundred,  Del.,  19  Feb.  1789,  a.  50. 
His  son  Nicholas  (M.C  1807-11 ;  U.S.  sena- 
tor 1817-26)  d.  Newcastle,  Del.,  May,  1826. 
N.J.  Coll.  1788. 

Vane,  Sir  Henry,  statesman,  b.  Hadlow, 
Kent,  Eng.,  1612;  executed  on  Tower  Hill, 
London,  June  14,  1662.  Son  of  Sir  Henry, 
sec.  of  state,  and  treas.  of  the  royal  house- 
hold under  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  Educated 
at  Westminster  and  Oxford,  he  became  so  far 
alienated  from  the  Church  of  England,  that  he 
refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  and  re- 
turned from  a  residence  at  Geneva  a  Repub. 
and  a  Puritan.  Resolving  to  join  the  Puritan 
Colony  of  Ms.,  he  reached  Boston  Oct.  3, 
1635;  was  enthusiastically  received;  and  in 
1636,  at  the  age  of  24,  was  chosen  gov.  A 
bitter  religious  controversy  sprang  up  during 
his  term  of  office.  Vane  was  probably  the 
first  who  laid  down  with  precision  the  inviola- 
ble rights  of  conscience  and  the  exemption  of 
religion  from  all  civil  authority.  He  had  a 
horror  of  all  forms  of  bigotry,  and  had  no  sym- 
pathy with  the  attacks  of  the  clergy  on  Mrs. 
Hutchinson.  A  strong  opposition,  under  the 
lead  of  Winthrop,  was  organized  against  him, 
and  he  was  at  the  next  election  defeated.  The 
people  of  Boston,  however,  immediately  chose 
him  their  representative  to  the  General  Court. 
He  sailed  for  England,  Aug.  3,  1637;  was 
elected  to  parliament,  and  was,  with  Sir  Wm. 
Russell,  made  joint  treasurer  of  the  navy,  and 
also  knighted  in  1640.  In  the  long  parliament, 
of  which  he  was  a  member,  he  was  instrument- 
al in  the  conviction  of  Straf!brd,  and  a  zealous 
opponent  of  the  royalists;  was  the  prime  mover 
of  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant ;  was 
upon  all  the  commissions  empowered  to  treat 
Avith  the  king  during  the  war;  and  in  1648  led 
the  minority  of  parliament  which  favored  the 
rejection  of  the  terms  of  settlement  offered  by 
the  king.  Not  approving  of  Cromwell's 
"purge"  of  the  parliament,  he  withdrew  to 
private  life,  until,  in  Feb.  1649,  he  became  a 
member  of  the  council  of  state,  which  was  in- 
trusted with  the  exec.  govt,  of  the  nation.  He 
had  almost  exclusive  direction  of  the  navy  and 
the  conduct  of  foreign  wars ;  and  was  at  the 
head  of  a  com.  which  reported  a  bill  for  parlia- 
mentary reform.  It  was  at  this  time  that  Mil- 
ton wrote  in  his  praise  one  of  his  finest  sonnets. 
The  forcible  dissolution  of  the  long  parliament 
in  April,  1653,  brought  Vane  and  Cromwell 
into  open  conflict;  and  Vane's  opposition  was 
carried  to  such  a  length,  that  he  was  for  a  short 
time  confined  in  Carisbrooke  Castle.  In  the 
parliament  of  1659  he  was  the  leader  of  the 
Repub.  party.  Committed  to  the  Tower  after 
the  restoration,  he  was  one  of  the  20  excepted 
from  the  act  of  oblivion  and  pardon.  His 
bearing  at  the  place  of  execution  was  dignified 


"VAJN 


93T 


V.AJS" 


and  manly.  He  was  a  leader  of  the  Independ- 
ents. His  services  to  New  England  were  im- 
portant. It  was  in  great  measure  through  his 
influence  that  the  charter  for  the  R.I.  Colony 
was  procured,  and  Roger  Williams  declared 
that  his  name  ought  ever  to  be  held  in  honored 
remembrance  by  her  people.  He  was,  says 
Forster,  "  one  of  the  greatest  and  purest  men 
that  ever  walked  the  earth."  His  Life,  by  C. 
W.  Upham,  is  in  Sparks's  "American  Biogra- 
phy," iv.  The  present  duke  of  Cleveland,  in 
whose  veins  the  blood  of  Charles  II.  also  flows, 
is  his  lineal  descendant. 

Van  Ness,  Cornelius  Peter,  LL.D. 
(U.  of  Vt.  1823),  jurist  and  diplomatist,  b.  Vt. 
Jan.  26,  1782 ;  d.  Phila.  Dec.  15,  1852.  Edu- 
cated for  the  law,  he  practised  with  great  suc- 
cess at  Burlington,  Vt. ;  was  U.S.  atty.  1S09- 
13;  representative  1818-21;  a  commiss.  to 
settle  our  national  boundaries  under  the  treaty 
of  Ghent  181 7-21 ;  collector  of  the  port  of  Bur- 
lington 1815-18;  chief  justice  of  the  State 
1821-3  ;  gov.  1823-6  ;  minister  to  Spain  1829- 
39  ;  collector  of  the  port  of  New  York  1844-5. 

Van  Ness,  Wilmam  W.,  jurist,  b,  Clav- 
enack,  N.Y.,  1776  ;  d.  Charleston,  S.  C,  Feb. 
27,  1823.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1797.  He  prac- 
tised in  his  native  town  and  in  Hudson.  Mem- 
ber of  the  Assembly  in  1804-6  ;  judge  N.Y, 
Sup.  Court  1807-22;  member  State  Const. 
Conv.  1823. 

Van  Rensselaer  (van  r6n'sel-ler),  Cort- 
land, D.D.  (U.  of  N.Y.  1845),  a  son  of  Stephen, 
b.  Albany,  May  25, 1808  ;  d.  Burlington,  N.  J., 
July  25, 1860.  Y.C.  1827.  Adm.  to  the  N.Y. 
bar  in  1830;  studied  at  the  Theol.  Sem.  in 
Princeton;  was  ord.  in  1835,  and  preached  in 
Va.  In  1837  he  became  pastor  of  the  1st 
Presb.  Church,  Burlington,  N.  J.  As  agent 
for  the  Coll.  of  N.  J.,  he  raised  SI00,000  for  its 
endowment.  He  founded  the  Presb.  Magazine, 
and  contributed  largely  to  its  pages.  A  vol. 
of  his  Essays  and  Discourses,  Hist,  and  Prac- 
tical, ed.  by  his  son,  was  pub.  8vo,  Phila.  1861. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Col.  Henry,  insp.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  N.  York  1810  ;  d.  Cincinnati, 
March  23,  1864.  West  Point,  1831 ;  res.  from 
5th  Inf.  Jan.  27, 1832.  Son  of  Stephen.  M.C. 
from  N.Y.  1841-3.  App.,  on  the  breaking-out 
of  the  Rebellion,  chief  of  staff  to  Gen.  Scott, 
with  rank  of  brig.-gen.;  and,  on  Scott's  retire- 
ment, was  made  insp.-gen,,  with  rank  of  colonel. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Gen,  Henry   Kil- 

LiAN,  b.  near  Albany,  1744  ;  d.  Greenbush, 
N.Y.,  Sept.  9,  1816.  He  com.  a  N.Y.  regt.  in 
the  Re  vol.  war ;  was  wounded  at  the  capture  of 
Burgoyne;  and  was  afterward  a  gen.  of  mili- 
tia. In  July,  1777,  he  was  attacked  by  a  large 
force  near  Fort  Anne.  He  made  a  brave  re- 
sistance, but,  learning  of  the  abandonment  of 
Ticonderoga,  he  withdrew.  In  this  affair  he 
was  severely  wounded  in  the  thigh. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Jeremiah,  Revol.  pa- 
triot, b.  1741  ;  d.  Albany,  Feb,  22,  1810.  N.J. 
Coll.  1753.  Lieut.-gov.of  N.Y.  1801-3;  M.C. 
1789-91. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Gen.  Solomon,  b. 
Rensselaer  Co.,  N.Y.,  Aug.  6,  1774  ;  d.  Al- 
bany, April  23,  18.52.  Son  of  Gen,  Henry 
Killian.  He  entered  the  service  March  14, 
1792,  as  a  cornet  of  cavalry,  and  as  capt.  was 


severely  wounded  through  the  lungs  in  the 
battle  of  Miami ;  fought  under  Gen.  Wayne, 
Aug.  20,  1794;  in  1801-10  and  in  1813  he 
served  as  adj. -gen.  of  N.Y.  militia;  in  the  as- 
sault upon  Queenstown  Heights,  Oct.  13, 1812, 
being  then  lieut.-col.  of  N.Y.  Vols,,  he  performed 
a  conspicuous  and  gallant  part,  and  received 
four  wounds.  M.C.  1819-22;  postmaster  at  Al- 
bany 1822-39.  In  1836  he  pub.  a  "  Narrative 
of  the  Affair  at  Queenstown. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Stephen,  LL.D.  (Y. 
C.  1825),  "  the  patroon,"  b.  New  York,  Nov. 
1, 1764;  d,  Albany,  Jan,  26, 1839,  II. U.  1782. 
He  was  the  5th  in  lineal  descent  from  Kiliaen 
Van  R.,  the  original  patroon,  or  proprietor,  of 
a  tract  of  land  which  in  1637  was  24  miles  in 
breadth  by  48  in  length,  extending  over  the 
greater  part  of  Albany,  Renss.,  and  Col.  Coun- 
ties. His  mother  was  Catharine,  dau.  of  Phil- 
ip Livingston.  In  1783  he  m.  a  dau.  of  Gen. 
Philip  Schuyler.  Member  of  the  Assembly  in 
1789,  of  the  State  senate  in  1790-5  ;  lieut.-gov. 
1795-1801;  member  of  the  Const.  Conv,  of 
1801,  and  most  of  the  time  its  presiding  officer  ; 
in  1810-11  one  of  the  commiss.  for  exploring 
the  route  and  considering  the  feasibility  of  a 
western  canal;  from  1816  till  his  death  was 
one  of  the  canal  commiss.,  and  for  15  years 
pres.  of  the  board.  In  1801  he  com.  the  State 
cavalry,  with  the  rank  of  gen. ;  was  in  com. 
of  the  N.Y.  militia  on  the  breaking-out  of  the 
war  of  181 2,  and  assaulted  and  took  Queenstown, 
Canada,  but  was  eventually  defeated.  He  was 
again  a  member  of  the  legisl.  in  1816 ;  in  1819 
was  elected  a  regent  of  the  State  U,,  and  sub- 
sequently its  chancellor;  in  1820  pres,  of  the 
State  agric.  board;  in  1821  a  member  of  the 
Const.  Conv.;  and  M.C.  in  1823-9,  where  his 
vote  caused  the  election  of  J.  Q.  Adams.  Un- 
der his  direction,  and  at  his  expense,  Prof. 
Eaton  made  his  geol.  surveys  of  N.Y.  in  1821- 
3.  In  Nov.  1824  he  established  at  Troy  a  sci- 
entific school  for  the  instruction  of  teachers, 
incorporated  in  1826  as  the  Rensselaer  Institute. 
Fully  one-half  of  its  current  expenses  were 
borne  by  him,  and  he  continued  to  aid  it  till  his 
death.  Author  of  "A  Geol.  and  Agric,  Sur- 
vey of  the  Dist,  adjoining  the  Erie  Canal,"  8vo, 
1824.  —  See  a  Discourse  of  the  Life,  Services,  and 
Character  of  Van  Rensselaer,  by  Jj.  D.  Barnard. 

Van  Santvoord,  George,  lawyer  and 
author,  b.  Belleville,  N.  J.,  Dec.  8, 1819  ;  killed 
at  E.  Albany,  by  being  run  over  by  a  train  of 
cars,  March  6,  1863.  Un.  Coll.*  1841.  His 
father,  Rev.  Staats,  was  pastor  of  the  Dutch 
Ref.  Church  at  Belleville.  He  studied  law  at 
Kinderhook,  removed  to  Indiana,  but  returned 
to  K,,  and  practised  law  from  1846  to  1852, 
when  he  went  to  Troy,  N,Y.  In  1852  and  '56 
he  was  elected  to  the  State  Assembly,  and  in 
1859  became  dist.-atty.  of  Rens.s:elaer  Co.  He 
pub.  "Life  of  Algernon  Sidney,"  1851; 
"  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices  of  the  U.S.,"  8vo, 
1854;  "Principles  of  Pleading  in  Civil  Ac- 
tions under  the  N,Y.  Code,"  8vo,  1852  and 
1855  ;  "  Precedents  of  Pleading,"  1858 ;  "Prac- 
tice in  the  Supreme  Court  of  N.Y.,  in  Equity 
Actions,"  1860-2  ;  and  "  The  Indiana  Jus- 
tice," 1845.  He  also  wrote  for  the  Democ.  Re- 
view lives  of  leading  French  revolutionists, 
including  Robespierre,  Danton,  and  Carnat. 


VAJsr 


938 


V-AJ^ 


Van  Schaack,  Peter,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll. 
1826),  jurist  and  loyalist,  b.  Kinderhook,  N.Y., 
March,  1747;  d.  there  Sept.  27,  1832.  Col. 
Coll.  1768.  He  studied  law;  was  adm.  to 
practice  in  1769;  and  in  1773  wasapp.  to  revise 
the  statutes  of  N.  Y.  Being  conscientiously 
opposed  to  engaging  in  civil  war,  he  left  this 
country  at  the  close  of  1778,  arriving  in  Lon- 
don Jan.  14,  1779;  in  1785  he  returned,  and 
resumed  his  profession,  devoting  much  of  his 
time  to  giving  instruction  in  the  science  of  the 
law.  In  1788  he  pub.  "Conductor  Gcneralis, 
or  the  Duty  and  Authority  of  Justices,  Sheriffs, 
Coroners,  Constables,  Jailers,  Jurymen,  and 
Overseers  of  the  Poor,"  which  he  revised,  and 
adapted  to  the  U.S.;  "Laws  of  the  Colony 
of  N.  Y.  1691-1773,"  2  vols.  fol.  1773.  His 
Diary,  Journal,  and  Letters,  edited  by  Henry 
C.  Van  Schaack,  were  pub.  in  1842. 

Van  Schaick,  Gen.  Gozen,  b.  Albany, 
1737  ;  d.  July  4,  1789.  His  father  was  mayor 
of  Albany  in  1756-61.  At  the  age  of  19  he 
was  app.'  lieut.  in  the  exped.  against  Crown 
Point,  in  which  the  French  and  Indians  were 
defeated  at  Sabbath-day  Point ;  capt.  May  31, 
1758.  He  took  part  in  the  expeds.  against 
Forts  Frontenac  and  Niagara ;  major  in  Col. 
Johnson's  N.Y.  Rcgt.  Mar.  7,  1759  ;  and  Mar. 
20,  1762,  lieut.-col.  in  the  1st  N.Y.  Regt.  At 
the  battle  of  Ticonderoga  he  received  a  severe 
blow  on  the  cheek  from  the  butt  of  a  French 
musket,  which  led  to  a  cancerous  disease,  of 
which  he  finally  died.  On  the  breaking-out 
of  the  Revol.  he  was  made  col.  2d  N.Y.  Regt. ; 
Nov.  22,  1776,  he  was  app.  to  the  first  N.Y. 
battalion  ;  and  a  few  weeks  later  he  was  sent  on 
an  exped.  to  Cherry  Valley  to  protect  the  in- 
habitants against  the  incursions  of  Brandt,  and 
was  active  and  efficient  during  this  and  the 
subsequent  campaign.  At  the  battle  of  Mon- 
mouth he  acted  as  brig.-gen.  to  Lord  Stirling ; 
in  Apr.  1779  he  was  app.  by  Washington  to 
head  a  select  detachment,  with  which  he  de- 
stroyed the  Onondaga  settlements.  Congress 
for  this  service  gave  him  a  vote  of  thanks. 
App.  brig.-gen.  by  brevet  Oct.  10,  1783.  He 
was  a  rigid  discii)linarian,  his  regt.  being  one 
of  the  best  in  the  service ;  and  his  patriotism 
was  freely  shown  in  sacrificing  his  private  for- 
tune to  the  public  good.  —  Ilolgate. 

Van  Wart,  Isaac,  one  of  the  captors  of 
Andre,  b.  Greensburg,  N.Y.,  1746;  d.  Mount 
Pleasant,  N.Y.,  May  23,  1828. 

Vargas,  Jose,  M.D.,  an  eminent  physician, 
and  pres.  of  Venezuela,  b.  Venezuela  1786;  d. 
New  York,  July  14,  1854.  Educated  at  the  U. 
of  Caraccas  and  at  Edinburgh.  He  visited 
England,  France,  and  Spain ;  practised  his 
profession  several  years  in  the  Island  of  Porto 
Rico  with  sugcess,  and  became  the  most  emi- 
nent surgeon  in  the  W.  Indies.  Returning  to 
Caraccas  in  his  native  country,  he  successfully 
exerted  his  influence  with  Bolivar  to  obtain  for 
the  university  there  a  code  of  laws,  and  an  en- 
dowment for  its  maintenance.  He  became 
prof,  of  anatomy,  of  surgery,  and  also  of  chem- 
istry ;  pub.  his  Lectures,  which  became  text- 
books for  the  institution,  of  which  he  was 
subsequently  made  pres.  or  rector,  and  with 
which  he  was  connected  for  upwards  of  25 
years.     He  possessed  the  most  valuable  collec- 


tion of  minerals  and  plants  in  Venezuela,  the 
most  extensive  chemical  laboratory,  and  the 
largest  private  library.  Member  of  scientific 
institutions  in  both  hemispheres.  A  leading 
member  of  the  first  congress  of  the  republic, 
and  was  elected  pres.  in  1834 ;  afterward  sena- 
tor, and  councillor  of  state. 

Varick,  Col.  Richard,  Revol.  soldier,  b. 
Hackensack,  N.  J.,  March  25,  1753;  d.  Jersey 
City,  July  30,  1831.  On  the  breaking-out  of 
the  Revol.  war,  he  was  a  practising  lawyer  in 
N.Y.  City.  He  entered  the  sei-vice  as  capt.  in 
McDougall's  regt. ;  was  military  sec.  to  Gen. 
Schuyler,  who  then  com.  the  northern  army ;  and 
was  subsequently  app.  dep.  muster-master-gen., 
with  the  rank  of  lieut.-col.  He  remained  with 
that  army  until  after  the  capture  of  Burgoyne, 
in  Oct.  1777,  when  he  acted  as  insp.-gen.  at 
West  Point  until  after  the  discovery  of  Ar- 
nold's meditated  treason.  He  then  became  a 
member  of  Washington's  military  family,  and 
acted  as  rec.  sec.  until  near  the  close  of  the 
war.  After  the  evacuation  of  the  city  by  the 
British  (Nov.  2.5,  1783),  Col.  Varick  was  app. 
recorder  of  the  city  of  New  York,  which  office 
he  held  till  1789,  when  he  took  the  office  of 
atty.-gen.  of  the  State,  and  subsequently  that  of 
mayor,  which  he  held  until  1801  ;  in  1786  he 
was  app.,  with  Samuel  Jones,  reviser  of  the 
State  laws.  The  result  of  their  labors  was  the 
volume  which  bears  their  name,  issued  in  1789. 
In  1787  he  was  speaker  of  the  House  of  As- 
sembly. One  of  the  founders  of  the  American 
Bible  Society,  and,  on  the  resignation  of  John 
Jay,  was  elected  pres.  In  person  he  was  tall 
(over  six  feet  in  height),  and  of  imposing  pres- 
ence. 

Varnum,  James  Mitchell,  brig.-gen. 
Revol.  army,  and  an  eminent  lawyer,  b.  Dra- 
cut,  Ms.,  1749;  d.  Marietta,  0.,  Jan.  10,  1789. 
R.I.  Coll.  1769.  Adm.  to  the  bar,  he  settled 
at  East  Greenwich,  where  he  rapidly  acquired 
a  lucrative  practice.  In  1774  he  was  made 
com.  of  the  Kentish  Guards,  a  company  which 
gave  to  the  Revol.  army  Gen.  Greene,  Col. 
Crary,  Major  Whitmarsh,  and  some  30  other 
commissioned  officers;  app.  col.  1st  R.I.  Regt. 
in  Jan.  1775,  he  was  soon  after  put  on  the 
cont.  establishmeat;  made  a  brig.-gen.  Feb.  21, 
1777;  and  Nov.  1  was  detached  to  Red  Bank, 
where  he  com.  all  the  American  troops  on  the 
Jersey  side  of  the  Del.  when  the  British  took 
Phila.  It  was  under  his  direction  that  Major 
Thayer  made  his  gallant  defence  of  Fort  Mif- 
flin, for  which  Congress  presented  a  sword  to 
Col.  Samuel  Smith,  who  had  relinquished  the 
com.  the  day  before  the  attack.  In  the  follow- 
ing winter  he  was  at  Valley  Forge ;  and  his 
Letters,  quoted  by  Mr.  Sparks,  present  vivid 
pictures  of  the  sufferings  of  the  army  during 
that  memorable  period.  He  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Monmouth,  June  28,  1778.  In  July, 
1778,  he  joined  Sullivan  in  his  exped.  to  R.I., 
serving  under  the  immediate  orders  of  Lafay- 
ette; but,  resigning  his  commission  in  1779, 
was  soon  after  elected  maj.-gen.  of  militia, 
which  office  he  held  till  his  death.  In  1780-2 
and  1786-7  he  was  an  active,  eloquent,  and  in- 
fluential member  of  the  Old  Congress.  App. 
a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  the  North-west 
Territorv,  he  removed  to   Marietta  in  June, 


•V-A.R 


939 


V-A.TJ 


1 788,  and  held  that  oflSce  till  he  died.  —  Updike's 
R.  I.  Bar. 

Varnum,  Gen.  Joseph  Bradley,  soldier 
and  statesman,  bro.  of  the  preceding,  b.  Dra- 
cut,  Ms.,  1750;  d.  there  Sept.  11,  1821.  He 
sustained  important  offices  in  the  Revol.  army ; 
after  which  he  was  rep.,  senator,  and  council- 
lor of  Ms. ;  M.C.  in  1795-181 1 ;  speaker  of  the 
10th  and  11th  Congresses;  and  U.S.  senator 
1811-17.  He  was  a  member  of  the  con  v.  which 
ratified  the  U.S.  Constitution  in  1787;  a  lead- 
ing member  of  other  State  conventions  ;  and 
at  the  time  of  his  death  was  senior  member  of 
the  senate,  and  the  oldest  maj.-gen.  in  the 
State.  He  was  an  earnest  advocate  of  the 
Federal  Constitution,  and  a  zealous  supporter 
of  Jefferson. 

Vassar,  Mathew,  founder  of  the  Vassar 
Coll.,  b.  Norfolk  Co.,  Eng.,  Apr.  29,  1792;  d. 
Poughkeepsie,  June  23,  1 868.  His  father  came 
to  the  U.S.  in  1796,  settled  in  1797  on  a  farm 
near  Poughkeepsie,  and  carried  on  a  brewery 
from  180l  to  1812.  His  son  followed  this 
business,  and  accumulated  a  large  fortune.  In 
Feb.  1861  he  delivered  to  trustees  incorporated 
for  the  purpose  $408,000  for  the  founding  of 
a  female  college.  After  his  death,  it  was  found 
that  the  bequests  he  had  made  for  its  endow- 
ment, repair,  and  furnishing,  increased  the 
aggregate  to  over  $800,000.  He  did  not  pro- 
pose to  make  it  a  charity-school,  but  to  offer 
the  highest  educational  facilities  to  females  at  a 
moderate  expense,  and  to  admit  as  beneficiaries, 
those  who  were  unable  to  meet  even  this  ex- 
pense. Its  site  is  about  one  mile  from  Pough- 
keepsie, and  contains  about  200  acres. 

Vaudreuil  (vo'-drul'),  Philippe  de  Ri- 
GAUD,  Marquis  de,  gov.  of  Canada  from  1703 
to  his  d.,  Quebec,  Oct.  10,  1725,  Son  of  the 
Marquis  de  V.,  who  was  killed  at  Luzara  in 
1702.  He  entered  young  into  the  career  of 
arms ;  was  distinguished  at  the  siege  of  Valen- 
ciennes ;  was  named  in  1689  gov.  of  Montreal ; 
served  under  Frontenac  in  the  great  exped. 
against  the  Iroquois;  in  1690  was  engaged  in 
the  defence  of  Quebec  against  the  attack  of 
Admiral  Phips  ;  three  years  afterward  he  sur- 
prised and  defeated  La  Chaudiere  Noir,  the 
most  terrible  and  cunning  of  the  Iroquois. 
He  gave  up  the  military  for  the  naval  service, 
and  in  1702,  before  inheriting  his  father's  title, 
obtained  a  seigniory.  De  Vaudreuil  gave  the 
English  Colonies  incredible  trouble  by  the  long 
war  he  maintained  against  them  by  exciting 
the  savages  to  perpetual  inroads  on  their  fron- 
tiers. After  the  accession  of  Louis  XV.,  he 
effected  numerous  reforms  in  the  Colony,  the 
most  important  of  which  were  the  improve- 
ment of  education  and  civilization.  His  son 
Pierre  Franqois,  Marquis  de  Vaudreuil- 
Cavagnal,  the  last  French  gov.  of  Canada,  and 
the  best,  b.  Quebec,  1698,  d.  France,  1764. 
Entering  the  army,  he  became  major  in  the 
marine  corps.  In  1733  he  became  gov.  of 
Three  Rivers,  and  in  1 743  of  La.  He  succeed- 
ed to  his  father's  title  in  1748,  and  in  1755  was 
made  gov.  of  New  France.  The  jealousy,  or 
rather  contempt,  with  which  Montcalm  regard- 
ed him,  tended  to  hasten  the  downfall  of  the 
French  empire  in  America.  After  the  sur- 
render of  Montreal,  he  returned  to  France,  and 


was  imprisoned  in  the  Bastille  on  charges  pre- 
ferred by  the  friends  of  Montcalm  ;  but  a  trial 
at  k  chatelet  de  Paris  exonerated  him  from 
blame,  and  he  was  released,  but  stripped  of 
nearly  all  his  possessions.  Another  son, 
Pierre  FRANgois  Rigaud,  chev.  de,  b.  Mon- 
treal, 8  Feb.  1704,  was  a  brave  soldier;  cap- 
tured Fort  Massachusetts ;  defeated  Col.  Parker 
at  Lake  St.  Sacrament ;  and  performed  other 
important  services.  He  was  living  at  St.  Ger- 
maine  en  laye  in  1770.  —  Morgan. 

Vaughan,  Benjamin, LL.D.  (H.U.  1807), 
a  man  of  learning  and  benevolence,  b.  in  the 
Island  of  Jamaica,  Apr.  19,  1751;  d.  Hallo- 
well,  Me.,  Dec.  8,  1835.  Samuel  his  father, 
who  was  a  wealthy  planter,  removed  to  Lon- 
don; placed  his  son  at  the  Univ.  of  Cam- 
bridge. After  studying  law  at  the  Tem- 
ple, and  medicine  at  the  U.  of  Edinburgh,  to 
which  he  devoted  much  of  his  attention  during 
his  subsequent  life,  he  collected  a  valuable  med- 
ical library,  and,  although  he  did  not  practice 
as  a  physician,  exemplified  hiS; benevolent  char- 
acter by  visiting  his  poor  neighbors,  and  ad- 
ministering to  their  necessities  gratuitously. 
Elected  a  member  of  parliament  in  1792,  he 
for  several  years  zealously  supported  the  Whigs. 
In  1796  he  emig.  to  Hallowell,  Me.,  where  he 
superintended  a  large  farm,  and  employed  him- 
self in  the  performance  of  acts  of  benevolence. 
A  part  of  his  fine  library  he  gave  to  Bowdoin 
College.  Author  of  "  The  Rural  Socrates," 
8vo,  1800 ;  and  transl.  of  "  Travels  of  a 
Philos.,"  from  the  French  of  Poivre,  1 797. 

Vaughan,  Charles,  bro.  of  Benj.,  b. 
Eng.,  30  June,  1759;  d.  Hallowell,  May  1.5, 
1839.  Came  to  the  U.S.  ab.  1785.  An  active 
merchant,  a  man  of  great  energy  and  enter- 
prise ;  disting.  for  his  knowledge  and  useful- 
ness, and  particularly  for  his  enterprise  and 
successful  exertions  for  improving  the  agricul- 
ture of  Maine. 

Vaughan,  Sir  John,  K.B.,  a  disting. 
British  gen.,  b.  1738  ;  d.  Martinique,  June  30, 
1795.  Second  son  of  the  P^arl  of  Lisburne. 
Was  app.  in  1746  a  cornet  10th  Dragoons; 
served  in  the  war  in  Germany  and  in  the  W. 
Indies,  particularly  at  the  taking  of  Martinico, 
where,  as  lieut.-col.,  he  greatly  disting.  himself; 
app.  May  11,  1775,  col.  of  the  40th  Regt., 
which  being  ordered  to  America,  he  served  as 
brig,  and  maj.  gen.  on  the  staff";  and  app.  Jan. 
28,  1777,  a  maj.-gen.  on  the  British  establish- 
ment. He  led  the  grenadiers  to  the  attack  of 
Brooklyn  on  Long  Island  ;  at  the  landing  on 
New  York  he  was  wounded  in  the  thigh ;  he 
com.  at  the  storming  of  Fort  Montgomery; 
and,  for  his  intrepidity.  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  in 
his  orders,  gave  it  the  name  of  Fort  Vaughan. 
With  Sir  James  Wallace,  he  sailed  up  the  Hud- 
son in  Oct.  1777  on  a  marauding  exped.,  and 
destroyed  Kingston,  or  Esopus ;  in  May,  1779, 
he  captured  Stony  Point  and  Verplancks  on  the 
Hudson;  after  the  campaign  of  1779,  he  re- 
turned to  Eng.,  and  was  in  Dec.  app.  com.-in- 
chicf  in  the  Leeward  Islands  ;  Feb.  3, 1781,  in 
conjunction  with  Rodney,  he  took  St.  Eusta- 
tius.  In  1779  he  was  app.  gov.  of  Fort  Wil- 
liam; was  a  lieut.-gen.  and  gov,  of  Berwick, 
and  a  representative  for  Berwick  in  parliament 
from  1774  till  his  death. 


V-A.TJ 


940 


VKR 


Vaughan,  Lieut.-Colonel  William,  b. 
Portsmouth,  N.H.,  Sept.  12,  1703;  d.  Loud. 
Dec.  11, 1746.  H.U.  1722.  His  father  George, 
lieut.-gov.  of  N.H.  1715-17,  b.  Apr.  13,  1676, 
d.  Nov.  20,  1724.  H.U.  1696.  The  son  was 
largely  concerned  in  fisheries,  and  had  settled 
at  Damariscotta.  Conceiving  the  idea  of  the 
capture  of  Louisburg,  he  went  to  Boston  to 
suggest  an  exped.  against  that  place,  and  took 
part  in  its  capture  under  Peppercll.  At  the 
head  of  a  detachment,  chiefly  of  N.H.  troops, 
he  marched  in  the  night  to  the  north-€ast  part 
of  the  harbor,  where  they  burned  the  ware- 
houses, and  staved  a  large  quantity  of  wine  and 
brandy.  The  French  were  forced  by  the  smoke 
to  desert  the  grand  battery,  of  which  Vaughan 
next  morning  took  possession,  and  bravely  de- 
fended ;  and  the  city  soon  after  fell.  Overlooked 
in  the  distribution  of  ministerial  rewards,  he 
went  to  Eng.  to  assert  his  claims,  and  d.  there. 

Vaughan,  Sir  William,  LL.D.  (Oxford, 
1605),  poet  and  physician,  b.  Wales,  1577;  d. 
ab.  1640.  Ab.  1625  he  took  up  his  residence 
on  land  he  had  purchased  in  Newfoundland ; 
established  a  plantation,  which  he  called  Cam- 
briol;  and,  to  invite  settlers  from  England, 
sent  home  and  pub.  in  1626  his  "  Golden 
Fleece,"  a  quaint  tract  in  prose  and  verse.  In 
1640  he  pub.  "The  Church  Militant"  in  verse. 
"The  Newlander's  Cure,"  1630,  gives  some 
account  of  his  settlement  at  N.,  and  other  ex- 
periences. 

Vaux,  Richard,  son  of  Roberts,  b.  Phila. 
1817.  Recorder  of  that  city  1842-7;  mayor 
1856-8.  He  has  pub.  remarks  on  the  Writ 
of  Habeas  Corpus,  1843;  Reports  of  Cases 
while  Recorder;  28  Annual  Reports  of  the 
Insp.  of  the  Penitentiary ;  3  Reports  of  Direct- 
ors of  Girard  Coll. ;  "  Hist,  of  the  First  Hose 
Co.  of  Phila. ; "  "Biog.  Notice  of  J.  P.  Weth- 
erill,"  1853;  essays  on  penal  science;  be- 
sides addresses,  lectures  on  social  science,  criti- 
cal and  humorous  essays,  &c.  —  -See  Democ. 
Reviow,  xxi.  167. 

Vaux,  Roberts,  philanthropist  of  Phila., 
b.  Jan.  21,  1786;  d.  Jan.  7,  1836.  His  father, 
an  eminent  merchant,  d.  in  1790.  Roberts  was 
educated  at  Friends'  Acad.,  being  a  member  of 
that  denomination,  and  early  rehnquishcd  mer- 
cantile business  to  devote  himself  to  active 
philanthropic  labors.  The  subjects  of  educa- 
tion, amelioration  of  the  penal  code,  prison  dis- 
cipline, enlightened  charities,  and  scientific 
investigations,  constantly  occupied  his  mind. 
14  years  pres.  of  the  board  of  controllers  of  the 
public  schools  of  Phila.  To  him  the  peniten- 
tiary s^'Ptem  of  Pa.,  or  the  "separate  system" 
of  punishment  for  crime,  owes  much  of  its  suc- 
cess. Many  of  the  public  institutions  of  Phila. 
are  indebted  to  his  exertions  cither  as  origina- 
tor or  advocate.  His  Memoirs  of  Lay,  Bene- 
zet,  and  Sandiford,  evince  the  terseness  and 
purity  of  his  style  as  an  author.  A  short  time 
previous  to  his  death,  he  accepted  the  olfice  of 
judge  of  the  County  Courts  of  Phila.  —  See 
Allihonefor  list  of  publications. 

Veazey,  Thomas  W.,  gov.  Md.  1836-8; 
member  ot  the  house  of  delegates  and  of  the 
exec,  council ;  d.  Cecil  Co.,  Md.,  30  June,  1842, 
a.  68. 

Vedder,  Elihu,  artist,  b.  N.Y.  City,  Feb. 


1836.  After  studying  with  Mattcson,  he  vis- 
ited Europe,  then  opened  a  studio  in  N.  York, 
and  has  lor  some  years  resided  in  Italy.  He  is 
the  most  individual  and  independent  of  our 
ffcnre  paintere.  —  See  his  "  Arab  listening  to  the 
Sphinx,"  "Lair  of  the  Sea-Serpent,"  and  "St. 
Simon  Stylites  on  his  Pillar."  —  Tuckerman. 

Velasquez  (va-las'-kCth),  Diego,  a  Span- 
ish gen.,  who  accomp.  Columbus  in  his  second 
voyage ;  d.  1523.  He  engaged  in  the  conquest 
of  St.  Domingo,  and  founded  in  1511  the  city 
of  Havana  in  Cuba.  He  sent  out  the  exped. 
which  discovered  Yucatan  and  Mexico,  and 
despatched  Cortez  to  subdue  the  latter  coun- 
try. Ab.  1520  he  sent  a  small  army  to  Mexico, 
under  Narvaez,  against  Cortez,  who  defeated 
him,  and  took  him  prisoner. 

Venable,  Abraham  B.,  U.  S.  senator 
1803-4;  perished  in  the  conflagration  of  the 
theatre  at  Richmond,  Va.,  Dec.  26,  1811,  with 
Gov.  Smith  and  about  70  others,  principally 
females.  N.J.  Coll.  1780.  M.C.  from  Va.  in 
1791-9. 

Ver  Bryck,  Cornelius,  artist,  b.  Yaugh 
Paugh,  N.  J.,  Jan.  1,  1813;  d.  there  May  31, 
1 844.  In  1 835  he  studied  under  Morse ;  visited 
Mobile  in  1837,  and  Europe  in  1839;  and  was 
afterward  occupied  with  landscape  and  histori- 
cal pictures  in  New  York.  He  visited  Europe 
again  in  1843  to  restore  his  health,  but  returned 
only  to  die.  Among  his  pictures  are  the  "Head 
of  a  Cavalier,"  "  Charles  the  First  in  Van- 
dyke's Studio,"  and  the  study  for  "  Stephen 
before  the  Council."  —  Tucherman. 

Verendrye,  Pierre  Gauthier  de  Va- 
RENNES,  a  Canadian  fur-trader,  discoverer  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  in  1731,  b.  France;  d. 
Quebec,  Dec.  6,  1749,  just  as  he  was  about,  by 
the  king's  desire,  to  resume  his  journey  to  the 
Pacific.  The  expense  of  this  achievement 
(though  it  had  been  projected  by  M.  de  Beau- 
harnais)  was  borne  entirely  by  Verendrye,  upon 
Avhom  the  king  conferred  the  cross  of  St.  Louis. 
He  related  to  Kahn,  the  Swedish  traveller,  that 
he  had  discovered,  900  miles  beyond  Montreal, 
some  massive  pillars,  each  formed  of  a  single 
block  of  stone,  one  of  which  was  surmounted 
by  a  small  block  only  a  foot  high  and  a  few 
inches  across,  bearing  on  two  sides  graven  char- 
acters of  an  unknown  language,  said  by  the 
Jesuits  to  resemble  the  Tartaric.  This  was 
sent  to  Paris.  —  Morgan. 

Vergennes  (vCr'-zh^n'),  Charles  Gra- 
viER,  Count  de,  a  French  statesman,  b.  Di- 
jon, Dec.  28,  1717;  d.  at  Versailles,  Feb.  13, 
1787.  Son  of  a  pres.  of  the  parliament  of  Di- 
jon. In  1740  he  accomp.  M.  de  Chavigny,  a 
relative,  to  Lisbon  in  a  diplomatic  capacity ; 
and  in  1750  was  himself  app.  minister  at  the 
court  of  the  elector  of  Treves.  In  1755-68  he 
was  ambassador  to  Turkey.  He  was  in  1771 
sent  to  Sweden,  and  had  no  small  share  in  the 
rcvol.  which  took  place  there  under  Gustavus 
III.  When  Louis  XVI.  came  to  the  crown,  he 
recalled  Vergennes,  and  made  him  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  in  July,  1774.  Among  the  prin- 
cipal acts  of  his  ministry  were  the  treaty  of 
Soleure  with  the  Swiss  in  1777,  that  with  the 
United  States  in  1778,  the  treaty  of  Tcschen 
with  the  emperor  Joseph  II.  in  1779,  the  treaty 
which  concluded  the  Amer.  war  in  1783,  and 


■VER 


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VES 


the  treaty  of  commerce  negotiated  with  Eng. 
in  1785-6.  A  "  Hist,  and  Political  Memoir  on 
Louisiana,"  8vo,  1802,  has  been  attributed  to 
him. 

Vernon,  Edward,  an  English  admiral, 
h.  12  Nov.  1634 ;  d.  29  Oct.  1757.  He  went  to 
sea  in  1702  ;  captured  Porto  Bello,  with  all  its 
fortifications,  in  1 739 ;  made  an  unsuccessful 
attack  on  Carthagena  in  1741,  and  on  Panama 
in  1 742  ;  and  was  made  an  admiral  in  1 745. 
He  was  many  years  an  opposition  member  of 
parliament.  Author  of  a  "New  History  of 
Jamaica,"  1740;  "Expedition  to  Panama," 
1744,  &c. 

Vernon,  Jane  Marchant  Fisher,  ac- 
tress, sister  of  Clara  Fisher,  b.  Brighton,  Eng., 
1796 ;  d.  New  York,  June  4,  1869.  Made  her 
debut  at  Drury  Lime  in  1817  in  "  Lilliput ; "  at 
the  Bowery,  N.Y.,  Sept.  11,  1827,  as  Cicely 
Homespun,  in  "  Heir  at  Law ; "  was  afterward 
attached  to  the  Chatham;  was  at  the  Park 
from  1830  to  1847;  and  was  long  connected 
with  Wallack's  company,  making  her  last  ap- 
pearance as  Mrs.  SutclilFe,  in  "  School,"  April 
5,  1869.  Oct.  6,  1827,  she  m.  George  Vernon, 
comedian,  who  d.  June  13, 1830.  Mrs.  Vernon 
was  an  excellent  performer  of  old  women,  was 
long  a  great  favorite  in  New  York,  and  was  a 
woman  of  cultivated  mind. 

Verplanck,  Guliax  Crommelin,LL.D., 
author,  h.  N.Y.  City,  Aug.  6,  1786;  d.  there 
Mar.  18,  1870.  Col.  Coll.  1801.  After  being 
adm.  to  the  bar,  he  passed  several  years  in  Great 
Britain  and  on  the  Continent.  On  his  return 
home,  he  became  interested  in  politics,  and  in 
1804  was  a  candidate  of  the  "  Malcontents  "  in 
New  York  for  the  Assembly.  In  1818  he  de- 
livered the  first  of  a  series  of  addresses,  on  which 
his  literary  reputation  is  mainly  founded,  at 
the  anniversary  of  the  N.Y.  Hist.  Society,  on 
**The  Early  European  Finends  of  America." 
It  passed  through  several  editions.  One  of  the 
most  celebrated  of  his  discourses,  "  The  Amer. 
Scholar,"  was  delivered  at  Union  Coll.  in  1836 ; 
in  1819  he  wrote  "  The  State  Triumvirate,  a 
Political  Tale,"  a  satire  on  the  political  parties 
of  the  day,  and  other  works  of  a  similar  de- 
scription. In  1820  he  was  a  prominent  mem- 
ber of  the  N.Y.  legisl.,  and  chairman  of  the 
com.  on  education.  He  soon  after  became  prof, 
of  the  evidences  of  Christianity  in  the  Theol. 
Sem.  of  the  Pr.-Epis.  Church  in  N.Y.,  and  in 
1824  pub.  "Essays  on  the  Nature  and  Uses  of 
the  Various  Evidences  of  Revealed  Religion ;" 
in  1 825  appeared  his  "  Essay  on  the  Doctrine 
of  Contracts."  Beside  these  works,  he  contrib. 
much  to  various  magazines,  and,  in  conjunction 
with  Bryant  and  Sands,  he  pub.  "  The  Talis- 
man," a  sort  of  annual,  3  vols,  of  which  ap- 
peared. M.C.  1 825-33,  warmly  advocating  the 
extension  of  the  term  of  copyright  from  28  to 
42  years ;  and  aftei*wards  for  several  years  Avas 
a  member  of  the  State  senate.  The  N.Y.  sen- 
ate at  that  time  composed,  with  the  judges  of 
the  higher  courts,  the  Court  for  the  Correc- 
tion of  Errors,  or  the  Court  of  Appeals.  Mr. 
Verplanck  took  an  active  part  in  these  judicial 
duties ;  and  many  of  his  opinions  on  important 
questions  are  preserved  in  the  last  7  vols,  of 
Wendell's  N.Y.  Reports.  From  1846  he  Avas 
pres.  of  the  N.Y.  board  of  emigrant  commiss., 


and  prepared  nearly  all  its  annual  reports.  Ho 
was  also  one  of  the  govs,  of  the  N.Y. Hospital, 
and  was  vice-chancellor  of  the  State  U.  In 
1833  he  pub.  a  coll.  of  his  discourses  and  ad- 
dresses on  various  subjects,  and  in  1844-6  a 
handsome  edition  of  Shaksp(are.  He  wrote 
the  Memoir  prefixed  to  the  writings  of  his 
friend  Sands.  His  ancestral  homestead  at  Fish- 
kill  Landing,  on  the  Hudson,  is  a  well-preserved 
old  mansion,  in  which  the  Society  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati was  founded. 

Verazzani,  or  Verrazano  (ver-rat-sah'- 
no),  Jean,  a  Florentine  navigator,  b.  near  the 
close  of  the  15th  century;  d.  1525.  He  was 
of  a  noble  family,  and  was  employed  by  Fran^ 
cis  I.  to  make  new  discoveries  in  N.  Ameri ja. 
Jan.  17,  1524,  he  sailed  by  way  of  Madeira 
with  the  frigate  "Dauphin,"  which  he  com., 
and,  after  experiencing  a  terrible  tempest,  land- 
ed on  the  coasts  of  N.  America,  which  he 
travelled  from  the  34th  de,^ree  of  latitude  as  far 
as  NcAvfoundland.  His  discoveries  were  quite 
important,  since  he  visited  more  than  700 
leagues  of  coast ;  and  his  letter  to  the  king  con- 
tains a  curious  description  of  the  savages  which 
he  found  there.  This  letter,  dated  8  July, 
1524,  contains  the  earliest  original  account  ex- 
tant of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  U.S.  From 
a  voyage  made  in  the  following  year  he  never 
returaed.  In  the  Strozzi  Library  at  Florence 
is  preserved  a  cosmographic  description  of  the 
coasts  and  all  the  countries  which  Verazzani 
had  visited ;  and  it  shows  that  he  had  sought  a 
northern  passage  to  the  E.  Indies.  The  rela- 
tion of  his  voyage  is  found  in  the  coll.  of  Ra- 
musio,  and  in  "L'Histaire  Gen&cde  des  Voya- 
ges."—  See  an  Inquiry  into  the  Authenticity  of 
Verrazano' s  Disc,  by  Buckinrjh.  Smith,  1864. 

Very,  Jones,  author,  b.  Salem,  Ms.,  Aug. 
28,  1813.  H.U.  1836.  In  his  youth  he  made 
several  voyages  to  Europe  with  his  father,  a 
sea-captain,  and  was  from  1836  to  1838  a  tutor 
of  Greek  at  Harvard.  He  pub.  a  vol.  of 
"Essays  and  Poems,"  Boston,  1839.  They 
contain  a  subtle  essay  on  Shakspeare,  and 
"The  Painted  Columbine,"  his  best  knov.-n 
poem.  He  was  licensed  as  a  preacher  by  the 
Cambridge  Association  in  1843.  Though 
never  ordained  over  a  cong.,  he  still  occasion- 
ally preaches.  He  has  been  a  contrib.  to  the 
Christian  Register,  Monthly  Relig.  Mag.,  and  Sa- 
lem Gazette. 

Vespucci,  Amerigo  (ves-poot'-chec,  a- 
ma-ree'-go),  an  Italian  navigator,  from  whom 
the  name  of  America  is  derived,  b.  Florence, 
Mar.  9,  1451  ;  d.  Seville,  Feb.  22,  1512.  lie 
was  of  a  noble  family,  and  in  his  youth  stud- 
ied natural  philos.,  astronomy,  and  geography. 
While  commercial  agent  of  the  Medici  family 
at  Seville,  Columbus  was  in  that  city,  prepar- 
ing for  a  second  voyage ;  and  Vespucci  was 
smitten  with  the  desire  for  nautical  adventure. 
His  first  voyage  was  with  Ojeda  in  1499.  Pa- 
ria  and  several  hundred  miles  of  coast  were 
visited;  and  the  exped.  returned  in  June,  1500. 
In  July  he  wrote  to  Lorenzo  de  Pier  Fra-nccsco 
de  Medic  i  an  account  of  the  voyage,  which  lay 
hid  in  MS.  until  1745,  when  it  was  pub.  by 
Baudini.  In  May,  1501,  he  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal,  and  made 
a  voyage  to  Brazil,  an  account  of  which,  writ- 


VET 


942 


VIE 


ten  to  the  same  dc  Medici,  was  first  pub.  by 
Bartolozzi  in  1789.  In  1504  he  sent  to  the 
same  person  a  fuller  narrative  of  this  exped., 
pub.  at  Strasburg,  1505,  entitled  "  Americics 
Vesputim  de  Orbe  Antarciico  per  Re^em  Por- 
tiegalliie  Pridem  Liventa."  From  this  voyage 
he  acquired  the  reputation  of  being  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  mainland.  In  May,  1503,  he 
com.  a  caravel  in  a  squadron  that  sailed  for 
the  discovery  of  Malacca,  but  parted  company 
from  the  rest,  and  off  the  coast  of  Brazil  dis- 
covered the  Bay  of  All  Saints,  ran  260  leagues 
farther  S.,  where  he  landed,  built  a  fort,  took 
in  a  cargo  of  Brazil-wood,  returning  to  Lisbon 
in  June,  1504.  Entering  the  Spanish  service 
early  in  1505,  he  was,  March  22,  1508,  made 
principal  pilot.  After  his  return  from  his 
Brazil  exped.  in  1504,  he  wrote  a  letter  to 
Rene',  Duke  of  Lorraine,  containing  an  ac- 
count of  4  voyages  which  he  says  he  had 
made  to  the  New  World,  and  gives  the  date  of 
his  first  voyage  as  May  20,  1497-Oct.  1498. 
This  statement  has  occasioned  much  contro- 
versy as  to  the  first  discovery  of  the  mainland 
of  America,  and  as  to  the  time  character  of 
Vespucci,  against  whom  it  has  been  charged, 
that,  after  the  return  from  his  first  voyage  to 
Brazil,  he  made  a  maritime  chart,  in  which  he 
gave  his  name  to  that  part  of  the  mainland. 
The  name  "  Americi  Terra  "  was  applied  to 
this  continent  as  early  as  1507  b^  Waldsee 
Miiller,  a  geographer  of  Freiburg,  in  a  small 
work  entitled  "  Cosmographice  Introductio  in- 
super  Quatuor  Americce  Vespucci  Navigationes." 
Vespucci  was  on  friendly  terms  with  Co- 
lumbus, and  does  not  appear  to  have  had  any 
intention  of  taking  the  honor  of  the  discovery 
fiom  Columbus  ;  and  it  Avas  not  until  the  ap- 
pearance, in  1533,  of  the  "  Opusculum  Geograph- 
icum  "  of  Schoncr,  and  of  the  attack  of  Ser- 
vctus,  in  the  Lyons  edition  of  Ptolemy's  Geog- 
raphy, in  1535,  that  charges  were  brought 
against  him.  —  See  Vespucius  and  his  Voyages 
by  Santarem,  Boston,  1850;  and  Life  and  Voy- 
ages of  Americas  Vespucius  by  C.  E.  Lester, 
N.Y.,  8vo,  1846. 

Vetch,  Col.  Samuel,  gov.  of  Annapolis, 
N.S.,  1711,  b.  Edinburgh;  d.  Lond.  30  Apr. 
1732.  Son  of  a  minister.  A  councillor  in 
the  Scotch  settlement  at  Darien  in  1 698 ;  re- 
moved to  N.  Y. ;  traded  with  the  Indians ;  was 
in  1705  a  commissioner  from  Gov.  Dudley  of 
Ms.  to  Quebec  with  proposals  for  a  treaty  be- 
tween Canada  and  N.E. ;  and  was  afterward 
impiisoned  in  Boston  for  trading  with  the 
French  and  Indians,  enemies  to  the  govt.,  and 
fined  £200.  He  visited  Eng.  in  1 708 ;  proposed 
the  seizure  of  Canada  ;  was  bearer  of  the 
queen's  instructions  for  the  exped.,  which  he 
laid  before  the  gov.  and  council  17  May,  1709 ; 
but  it  aborted,  and  Vetch  retired  to  R.I.  In 
1710  he  was  adj.-gen.  in  the  exped.  against 
Port  Royal ;  was  its  gov.  after  its  capture,  and 
change  of  name ;  and  shortly  after  went  to 
Eng.  —  See  Journal  of  Vo}jage  of  Sloop  "  Man/," 
1701,  with  Introd.  and  JSfotes  by  E.  B.  O'Cdlla- 
ghan,  1866. 

Vethake,  Henry,  LL.D.  (1836),  author, 
b.  Esse([uibo,  Guiana,  S.  America,  1792;  d. 
Phila.  Dec.  16,  1866.  Col.  Coll.  1808.  Instr, 
in  math,  and  geog.   Col.   Coll.    1813;    prof. 


math,  and  nat.  philos.  Rutg.  Coll.  1813-17; 
N.  J.  Coll.  1817-21 ;  Dick.  Coll.  1821-9  ;  N.Y. 
City  U.  1832-5  ;  pres.  of  Wash.  Coll.,  Va., 
1835-6;  prof.  math.  U.  of  Pa.  1836-54;  prov. 
and  prof,  moral  and  int.  philos.  U.  of  Pa.  1854- 
9  ;  prof,  of  the  higher  math,  in  the  Phila.  Poly- 
technic Coll.  1859.  In  1838  he  pub.  a  valuable 
work  on  Political  Economy,  and  edited  the 
supplementary  volume  of  the  "  Encyclopasdia 
Americana."  He  also  pub.  addresses  on  edu- 
cation, &c.,  and  contrib.  to  periodicals. 

Victor,  Metta  Victoria  (Fuller),  sis- 
ter of  Mrs,  Barritt,  b.  Erie,  Pa.,  2  Mar.  1831. 
Married  O.  J.  Victor  in  July,  1856.  At  14  she 
wrote  tales  and  poems,  and  at  16  was  known 
as  the  "  singing  sibyl  "  of  the  Home  Journal. 
Author  of  "Last  Days  of  Tul,"  1847; 
"Poems,"  8yo,  1851;  "Fresh  Leaves  from 
Western  Woods,"  1852;  "Fashionable  Dissi- 
pation," 1854;  "The  Two  Mormon  Wives,'* 
1857;  "The  Arctic  Queen,  a  Poem,"  1858; 
"Mrs.  Slimmins's  Window,  and  Other  Papers," 
1860.  Assist,  ed.  U.  S.  Journal,  1857-60 ;  Home 
Monthly,  1859-61 ;  contrib.  to  Godey,  Harper's 
Mag.,  Cosmopolitan  Art  Journal,  Sac.  —  See 
Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West. 

Victor,  Orville  James,  author,  b.  San- 
dusky, O.,  1827.  Has  pub.  "History  of  the 
Southern  Rebellion,"  3  vols.  8vo,  '  1862-8; 
"  Incidents  and  Anecdotes  of  the  War,"  8vo, 
1863 ;  "  Hist,  of  Amer.  Conspiracies,  &c., 
1760-1860,"  8yo,  1864;  editor  of  Beadle's 
Dime  Publications ;  editor  Sandusky  Register, 
1852-6;  Cosmopolitan  Art  Journal,  1857-61; 
contrib.  to  various  periodicals.  —  Allibone. 

Vidal,  Francisco  Antonio,  pres.  of  the 
Republic  of  Uruguay  1866-8;  b.  Montevideo, 
1827.  Educated  at  Paris;  obtained  the  de- 
gree of  doctor  of  medicine ;  minister  of  the 
interior  of  Uruguay  1 865-6. 

Vidaurri,  Gen.  Santiago,  a  Mexican 
soldier  and  politician,  b.  New  Leon,  ab.  1803; 
shot  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  Aug.  8,  1867. 
While  Alvarez  was  contending  against  Santa 
Ana  in  the  south-west,  Vidaurri  took  the  field 
in  the  north.  He  was  a  candidate  for  the  pres- 
idency in  the  junta  of  Cuemavaca,  Oct.  4, 
1 855 ;  but  that  body  preferred  Alvarez.  Vi- 
daurri now  took  up  a  semi-independent  posi- 
tion ;  decreed  the  confiscation  of  church  prop- 
erty in  the  north-eastern  states,  and  disbanded 
the  armed  force.  He  refused  to  recognize  Co- 
monfort  as  the  successor  of  Pres.  Alvarez  (Dec. 
8,  1855);  and  in  Feb.  1856  decreed,  the  union 
of  Coahuila  and  New  Leon,  proclaiming  him- 
self their  gov.  and  commanding  gen.  By  a  treaty 
made  Nov.  18,  1856,  Vidaurri  acknowledged 
the  govt,  of  Comonfort,  and  remained  in  con- 
trol of  the  two  combined  states,  which  au- 
thority he  exercised  until  1864.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1861  he  entered  into  friendly  relations 
with  the  secessionists  of  Texas,  and  on  the  in- 
vasion of  Mexico  by  the  allied  French,  Span- 
ish, and  English  forces,  in  1861-2,  he  declared 
his  adhesion  to  the  national  cause.  After 
having  been  long  identified  with  the  liberals, 
he  was  induced  to  support  the  Emperor  Maxi- 
milian, and  Avas  executed  as  a  traitor  on  the 
overthrow  of  the  latter. 

Viele,  Gen.  Egbert  L.,  b.  Waterford, 
N.Y.,  June  17, 1825.  West  Point,  1847.  Brev. 


"VTG- 


943 


VIN" 


2d  Heut.  2d  Inf.,  he  served  through  the  Mexi- 
can war  ;  was  made  1st  lieut.  Oct.  1850;  re- 
signed in  1 853 ;  was  app.  state  eng.  of  N.  J., 
and  entered  on  its  geodetic  survey.  In  1857-8 
he  was  eng.-in-chief  of  the  Central  Park,  N.  Y. ; 
and  in  1860  of  Prospect  Park,  Brooklyn.  Aug. 
17, 1861,  he  was  made  brig.-gen.  of  vols. ;  ac- 
comp.  the  exped.  to  Port  Royal ;  com.  the  in- 
vesting forces  at  the  siege  of  Fort  Pulaski  in 
the  spring  of  1862  ;  and  led  the  advance  at  the 
occupation  of  Norfolk,  of  which  place  he  was 
military  gov.  from  Aug.  1862  to  his  resigna- 
tion 20  Oct.  1863.  Since  1863,  civil  eng.  in 
N.Y.  City.  Author  of  a  "  Eand-Book  for  Ac- 
tive Service,"  1861  ;  reports  on  Central  and 
Prospect  Parks,  and  the  topog.  survey  of 
N.  J. ;  "  Topog.  and  Hydrog.  of  N.Y.,"  8vo, 
1 860 ;  also  of  a  number  of  papers  on  geographi- 
cal and  scientific  subjects.  —  Cullum. 

Viger,  James,  a  disting.  Canadian  archae- 
ologist, b.  Montreal,  May  7,  1787;  d.  there 
Dec.  12, 1858.  He  served  as  an  officer  of  mili- 
tia in  the  war  of  1812,  and  took  part  in  the  en- 
gagement at  Sackett's  Harbor.  First  mayor  of 
Montreal,  and  held  other  important  trusts. 
He  wrote  much  upon  the  early  history  of  Cana- 
da :  among  his  publications  are  a  correction  of 
the  "Liste  du  Clerye  du  Canada;"  "Le  Petit 
Registre,"  the  basis  of  a  history  of  Montreal 
and  its  first  settlers ;  History  of  the  Parishes 
of  the  Diocese  of  Montreal;  "  Le  Chiend'Or, 
on  la  Tradition  en  De'faut ; "  a  History  of  the 
Lemoyne  de  Longueuil  family.  He  also  fur- 
nished all  the  documents  of  the  "  Servantes  de 
Dieu  en  Canada,"  by  Henry  de  Couray,  Esq., 
and  an  Album  which  formed  the  plan*  of  the 
work.  This  obtained  for  him  from  the  pope 
the  honor  of  Knight  Commander  of  the  Order 
of  St.  Gregory.  —  Hist.  Mag.,  iii.  129. 

Villere,  Jaquez,  gov.  of  La.  I8I6-20; 
maj.-gcn.  of  vols,  under  Gen.  Jackson  (1814- 
15)  in  battle  of  N.  Orleans.  His  son  Gen.  Ga- 
briel (d.  N.  Orleans  6  July,  1852,  a.  67)  ren- 
dered important  service  to  Jackson  before  the 
battle  of  23  Dec.  1814. 

Vincennes,  Bissox  M.  de,  founder  of 
Vincenncs,  Indiana,  b.  Canada;  d.  1736. 
Nephew  of  Jolliet  the  explorer.  Entered  the 
army  as  ensign,  and  was  early  employed  in  the 
West,  especially  among  the  Miamis,  who  were 
greatly  attached  to  him.  He  was  at  Michili- 
macinac  in  1698.  In  1704  he  was  sent  to  the 
Miami  country,  where  he  came  in  collision  with 
Cadillac,  the  com.  at  Detroit,  but  rendered  es- 
sential services  in  a  difficulty  with  the  Indians 
of  that  place,  and  his  fault  was  overlooked. 
He  remained  in  the  Miami  country  on  the 
Ohio  and  Mpi.  until  1736,  when  he  joined  the 
exped.  against  the  Chickasaws  under  D'Arta- 
guette,  in  which  he  lost  his  life.  Vincennes 
probably  resided  on  the  spot  which  bears  his 
name,  and  whence  he  led  the  Miamis,  who  de- 
serted him  ;  but  no  French  post  or  settlement 
existed  there  at  the  time.  —  Hist.  Mag.,  iv. 
355. 

Vincent,  Philip,  an  English  minister, 
visited  New  Eng.  in  1637-8,  and  published  the 
"  True  Relation  of  the  Battle  between  the 
English  and  the  Pequots,"  1638.  It  is  in  "  Ms. 
Hist.  Colls.,"  3d  series,  vol.  6. 

Vincent,  Gen.  Strong,  b.  Erie  Co.,  Pa., 


June  17,  1837;  d.  July  7,  1863,  of  wounds  re- 
ceived at  Gettysburg  July  2.  HU.  1859.  Ho 
was  practising  law  at  Erie  when  the  Rebellion 
broke  out.  Enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Wayne 
guards;  made  lieut.-col.  83d  Pa.  Vols.  Sept. 
1861;  col.  June  29,  1862;  brig.-gen.  July  2, 
1863.  He  com.  a  brigade  at  the  battles  of 
Fredericksburg,  Aldie,  and  at  Gettysburg, 
with  high  distinction.  —  Harv.  Mem.  Biogs. 

Vining,  John,  b.  Dover.  Del.,  23  Dec. 
1758 ;  d.  there  Feb.  1802.  Deleg.  to  the  Cont. 
Congress  in  1784-6  ;  M.C.  from  Del.  1789-92 ; 
U.S.  senator  1795-8. 

Vinton,  Alexander  Hamilton,  D.D. 
(U.  of  N.Y.  1843),  clergyman,  b.  Providence, 
R.I.,  May  2,  1807.  A.M.  of  Br.  U.  1836.  He 
received  the  degree  of  M.D.  at  Y.C.  in  1828. 
After  practising  medicine  3  years,  he  entered 
the  sem.  of  the  Epis.  church,  and  was  ord.  in 
New  York  in  July,  1835.  He  took  charge  of 
St.  Paul's  Church,  Portland,  from  Nov.  1835 
to  Apr.  1836;  was  then  for  6  years  rector  of 
Grace  Church,  Providence,  R.I. ;  from  1842  to 
1858  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  Boston ;  then  ac- 
cepted a  call  from  the  Church  of  the  Holy 
Trinity,  Phila. ;  in  May,  1861,  succeeded  Dr. 
Anthon  in  St.  Mark's  Church,  New  York;  and 
in  1870  became  rector  of  Emanuel  Ch.,  Bos- 
ton. He  pub.  a  vol.  of  sermons,  1855,  and  a 
number  of  occas.  discourses  and  addresses. 
His  bro.  John  Rogers,  brev.  maj.  U.S.A.  (b. 
Prov.,  R.I.,  16  June,  1801,  killed  at  the  siege 
of  Vera  Cruz,  22  March,  1847;  West  Point, 
1817),  served  with  distinction  in  Fla.  and  Mex- 
ico. 

Vinton,  Francis,  D.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1858), 
clergyman,  b.  Providence,  R.I.,  Aug.  29,  1809. 
West  Point,  1830.  2d  lieut.  3d  Art.  While 
stationed  at  Fort  Independence,  Boston  har- 
bor, he  studied  at  the  Camb.  Law  School,  and 
also  served  for  2  or  3  years  as  a  civil  engr.  on 
several  N.E.  railroads  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  of 
Portsmouth,  N.H.,  in  1834;  left  the  army  31 
Aug.  1836  ;  entered  the  Epis.  sem.  in  N.Y.  ; 
was  ord.  deacon  in  1838,  and  priest  in  1839; 
successively  rector  of  St.  Stephen's,  Provi- 
dence (1840),  Trinity  Church,  Newport  (1840), 
Emanuel  Church,  Brooklyn,  N.Y.  (1844),  and 
Grace  Church  there  (1847).  He  declined  the 
bishopric  of  Indiana  in  1848,  and  was  a  promi- 
nent candidate  for  provis.  bishop  of  N.Y.  in 
1847  and  '51.  He  was  elected  an  assist,  min- 
ister of  Trinity  Church,  N.Y.,  in  1855.  Prof, 
of  eccl.  law  and  polity  in  the  Episcopal  Theol. 
Sem.,  New  York,  since  1 869.  Author  of  "  Ar- 
thur Tremaine,"  1830;  sermons,  pamphlets, 
&c.,  oration  on  the  Annals  of  R.I.,  8vo,  1863. 
Lecturer  on  Dante,  the  Gentleman,  «&c. 

Vinton,  Gen.  Francis  Laurens,  b.  Fort 
Preble,  Me.,  June  1,  1835.  West  Point,  1856. 
Son  of  Maj.  J.  R.  Vinton.  Educated  under 
the  care  of  his  uncle  Rev.  Francis,  and  entered 
the  1st  Cav.,  but  resigned  in  Sept.  to  devote 
himself  to  metallurgy  ;  and  in  1857  became  a 
pupil  of  the  Imperial  School  of  Mines  at  Paris, 
where  he  grad.  with  distinction.  Returning 
home  from  an  examination  of  the  mineral  re- 
sources of  Central  America,  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  civil  war  he  was  app.  capt.  16th  U.S.  Inf. ; 
was  immediately  offered  the  com,  of  a  vol.  regt. 
by  the  govs,  of  3  States,  and  accepted  that  of 


VTN" 


944 


TV^I> 


the  43d  N.Y.,  with  which  he  fought  in  Han- 
cock's brif^ade  through  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  13  Mar.  1863.  He  was 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  Dec. 
13,  1862,  and  resigned  5  May,  1863.  Prof  of 
mining  engineering.  Col.  Coll.,  N.  York,  since 
Sept.  1864.  —  C«//um. 

Vinton,  John  Adams,  antiquarian,  b. 
Boston,  Feb.  5,  1801.  D.C.  1828;  Andover 
Theol.  Sem.  1831.  He  was  active  in  the  min- 
istry, in  Me.,  Vt.,  and  Ms.,  in  1832-52.  He 
has  pub.,  besides  discourses  and  contribs.  to 
various  journals,  "  Vinton  Memorial,"  1858; 
"Giles  Memorial,"  1864;  "The  Sampson 
Family  in  America,"  1864;  "Deborah  Samp- 
son," a  reprint,  1866;  and"Keminis.  of  Park-st. 
Church,"  in  Boston  Recorder,  1849. — DnycJcinch. 

Viomenil  (ve'-o'-ma'-nel'),  Antoine 
Charles  Du  Houx,  Baron  de,  a  French  gen., 
b.  1 728  at  Fanconcourt,  Lorraine  ;  d.  Paris, 
Nov.  9, 1792.  He  entered  the  army  at  the  age 
of  15  as  iieut. ;  was  wounded  at  the  siege  of 
Bergen-op-zoon  1747;  disting.  himself  in  com. 
of  the  light  troops  of  Conde's  army  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  Hanover,  and  also  in  Corsica,  where 
he  earned  the  brev.  of  marechal-de-camp,  and 
of  com.  of  St.  Louis.  In  1770  he  assisted  the 
party  of  the  confederation  in  Poland  against 
the  Russian  armies;  conducted  while  there 
some  important  operations,  particularly  the 
capture  of  the  Castle  of  Cracow.  In  1780  the 
Baron  Viomenil  came  to  America  as  second  in 
com.  under  Ilochambeau,  and  disting.  himself 
at  the  capture  of  Yorktown.  Made  in  1781 
lieut.-gen.,  and,  on  his  return  to  France,  gov.  of 
La  Kochelle,  receiving  in  1782  the  grand  cross 
of  St.  Louis.  At  the  period  of  the  French  revol. 
he  stood  by  the  king  to  the  last  moment,  and 
was  so  badly  wounded  in  defending  him  at  the 
attack  of  the  Tuileries,  Aug.  10,  1792,  that  he 
died  a  few  weeks  later.  His  bro.  Charles  Jo- 
seph Hyacinthe  Du  Houx  de,  Marshal  of 
France,  b.  1734,  d.  Paris,  5  Mar.  1827  ;  aide 
to  Chevert  in  the  7-years'  war ;  served  as  a 
maj.-gen.  in  Rochambeau's  army  in  Amer. ; 
was  gov.  of  Martinique  in  1789-90;  served 
under  Conde  in  1790-6;  was  made  a  peer  in 
1814,  a  marshal  3  July,  1816,  and  a  marquis 
in  1817. 

Viscaino  (ves-ka-ee'-no),  Sebastian, 
Spanish  navigator.  Commanded  an  exped. 
sent  from  Acapulco  in  1602,  and  explored  the 
coast  of  Acapulco,  of  which  he  made  an  accu- 
rate chart. 

Vogdes,  Israel,  col.  and  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Pa.  ab.  1816.  West  Point,  1837. 
Assist,  prof  math,  there  1837-49;  1st  licut. 
1st  Art.  9  July,  1838,  and  served  against  the 
Seminoles  in' Fla.  in  1849-50  and  in  1856; 
capt.  20  Aug.  1847 ;  maj.  14  May,  1861 ;  brig.- 
gen.  vols.  29  Nov.  1862;  lieut.'-col.  5th  Art. 
1  June,  1863  ;  col.  1st  Art.  1  Aug.  1863.  He 
defended  Fort  Pickens,  Feb.-Oct.  1861  ;  was 
captured  in  rebel  night-attack  on  Santa  Rosa 
Island  9  Oct.  1861  ;  com.  at  Folly  Island,  S.C, 
and  took  part  in  the  attacks  on  Morris  Island, 
and  operations  against  Fort  Sumter  and 
Charleston,  S.C;  and  com.  defences  of  Nor- 
folk and  Portsm.,  Va.,  1864-5  ;  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.  9  April,  1865.  —  Gulkm, 

Vogdes,  William,  LL.D.,  prof,  mathem. 


Phila.  High  School  1838-62,  b.  Phiia.  1802; 
adm.  to  the  Phila.  bar  1832.  Author  of  "  U.S. 
Arithmetic,"  1845;  "  Elem.  Treatise  on  Men- 
suration and  Pract.  Arith.,"  1845. — Allihone. 

Volney,  Constantine  Francois  Chasse- 
BEUF,  Count  de,  a  French  writer,  b.  Craon, 
Feb.  3,  1757  ;  d.  Paris,  April  25,  1820.  After 
completing  his  education,  he  went  to  Egvpt 
and  Syria  in  1783,  of  which  countries  he  pub. 
a  description,  in  2  vols.  8vo,  1787.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  revol.,  he  became  a  member  of 
the  States-Gen.  In  the  reign  of  terror  he  was 
imprisoned,  but  in  1794  became  a  prof  in  the 
new  school  of  education.  On  the  failure  of 
this  project,  in  1795,  Volney  came  to  America, 
where  he  had  a  controversy  with  Priestley  on 
the  origin  of  Christianity,  and  returned  in  1798. 
A  republican  by  principle,  he  was  always  an 
ardent  defender  of  the  rights  of  the  nation. 
Napoleon  made  him  a  senator;  and,  after  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  he  was  designated 
a  member  of  the  chamber  of  peers,  June  4, 
1814.  His  other  works  are  "  The  Ruins,  or 
Meditations  on  the  Revolutions  of  Empires  ;  " 
"  The  Law  of  Nature,  or  Physical  Principles 
of  Morality;  "  "Account  of  Corsica;"  "Lec- 
tures on  History; "  "  On  the  Climate  and  Soil 
of  the  U.S.  of  America,"  Phila.  8vo,  1804,  &c. 

Voorhees,  Daniel  W.,  Democ.  politician, 
b.  Fountain  Co.,  Ind.,  Sept.  26,  1828.  Ind. 
Asbury  U.  1849.  He  began  to  practise  law 
in  1851 ;  was  U.S.  dist.-atty.  for  Ind.  in  1858- 
61  ;  M.C.  1861-5  and  1869-71. 

Voorhees,  Philip  F.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
N.  J. ;  d.  Annapolis,  Md.,  Feb.  26,  1862. 
Midshipm.  Nov.  15,  1809;  Iieut.  Dec.  9,  1814; 
com.  Apr.  24,  1828;  capt.  Feb.  28,  1838.  He 
was  in  the  actions  between  the  frigates  "  Unit- 
ed States"  and  "  Macedonian,"  Oct.  25,  1812; 
and  the  sloops  "  Peacock  "  and  "  Epervier," 
Apr.  29,1814,  as  Iieut.  of  "The  Peacock;  "com. 
"  The  John  Adams  "  in  the  Mediterranean  in 
1831-2. 

Vose,  Joseph,  col.  1st  Ms.  Regt.  Revol. 
war,  b.  Milton,  Ms.,  1738;  d.  there  May  22, 
1816.  He  was  col.  of  militia  in  Nov.  1774; 
May  27,  1775,  he  led  an  exped.  which  de- 
stroyed the  light-house  and  the  hay  on  the 
islands  in  Boston  harbor.  Lieut.-col.  of  Grea- 
ton's  regt.  Nov.  4,  1775,  and  accompanied  it 
to  Canada  in  1776;  joined  the  main  army  in 
N.  J.  in  the  spring  of  1777;  and  closed  his 
Revol.  services  in  Lafayette's  corps,  at  York- 
iown.  His  bro.  Elijah,  lieut.-col.  of  his  regt. 
(1st),  b.  Milton,  24  Feb.  1744,  d.  19  Mar. 
1 822,  served  through  the  war,  in  which  4  of  the 
brothers  were  engaged. 

Vroom,  Peter  D.,  LL.D.  (Col.  Coll. 
1812),  statesman,  b.  N.J.  Col.  Coll.  1808. 
Member  N.  J.  legisl.  1826-9;  member  N.J. 
Const.  Conv.  1844  ;  gov.  of  that  State  1829-32 
and  1833-6;  M.C.  1839-41;  and  in  1853-7 
was  minister  to  Prussia.  Delegate  to  the 
Peace  Congress  in  Feb.  1861. 

Waddell,  James,  D.D.  (Dick.  Coll.  1792), 
Presb.  minister,  b.  Newry,  Ireland,  July,  1739; 
d.  Louisa  Co.,  Va.,  Sept.  17,  1805.  *He  was 
brought  to  Amer.  in  infancy  by  his  parents, 
who  settled  on  White-clay  Coeek,  Pa.  Ho 
studied  under  Dr.  Finley  at  Nottingham  ;  was 
an  assist,  to  Pres.  Smith  of  Hamp.-Sid.  Coll., 


^V-AJD 


945 


TV^^VD 


and  Pres.  S.  S.  Smith  of  N.  J.  Coll.  Meeting 
with  the  celebrated  preacher  Samuel  Davies, 
he  studied  theoloi,'y  ;  was  licensed  to  preach  in 
1761  ;  ord.  16  June,  1762;  and  settled  pastor 
in  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa,  In  1776  he  removed  to 
Augusta  Co.,  Va.,  and  in  1785  to  Hopewell, 
where  he  d.  a  teacher.  While  there,  he  was 
deprived  of  sight,  but  continued  to  preach. 
Wirt,  in  "The  British  Spy,"  has  given  an  in- 
teresting picture  of  the  blind  preacher,  whom 
he  believed  to  be  the  equal  of  Patrick  Henry, 
though  in  a  different  species  of  oratory.  A  dau. 
m.  Rev.  Archibald  Alexander.  —  Spraque. 

Waddell,  Moses,  D.D.  (Col.  Coll.,  S.C, 
1807),  Pres.  of  Franklin  Coll.,  Ga.,  1819-29, 
b.  Iredell  Co.,  N.C.,  July  29,  1770;  d.  Athens, 
Ga.,  July  21,  1840.  Hamp.-Sid.  Coll.  1791. 
He  was  self-educated  ;  was  licensed  to  preach 
by  the  Hanover  presbytery  12  May,  1792; 
became  a  disting.  teacher,  and,  under  his  care, 
Franklin  College  (now  the  U.  of  Ga.)  at- 
tained a  high  position.  Author  of  "  Memoirs 
of  Caroline  E.  Smelt,"  12mo,  1819.  —  Sprague. 

Wade,  Benjamin  Franklin,  senator,  a 
zealous  opponent  of  slavery,  b.  Springfield, 
Ms.,  27  Oct.  1800.  His  fother  was  a  soldier 
of  the  Revol.,  and  a  poor  man.  With  a  limited 
education,  he  in  1821  i-emovcd  to  Ohio,  having 
been  some  months  employed  in  digging  the 
Erie  Canal.  He  taught  school ;  studied  law  ; 
and  was  in  1828  adra.  to  the  Ashtabula-Co. 
bar;  made  prosec.  atty.  of  that  county  in  1835; 
State  senator  in  1837-9;  in  1847  pres.  judge 
of  the  3d  judicial  dist. ;  and  in  1851-69  was 
U.  S.  senator.  Prominent  in  that  body  as  a 
leader  of  the  antislavery  Whigs,  and  then  of  the 
Republicans  ;  he  advocated  the  Homestead  Bill 
and  the  repeal  of  the  Fugitive-slave  Law;  op- 
posed the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  of  1854,  the 
Lecompton  Constitution  for  Kansas  in  1858, 
the  purchase  of  Cuba,  and,  in  Dec.  1860,  the 
making  any  new  concessions  to  the  slave- 
power.  During  the  Rebellion,  he  labored  inces- 
Kantly  for  a  more  vigorous  prosecution  of  the 
war;  in  1861-2  was  chairman  of  the  joint 
com.  on  the  conduct  of  the  war,  and  was  active 
in  urging  the  passage  of  a  confiscation  bill. 
As  chairman  of  the  com.  on  Territories,  he  re- 
ported a  bill  in  1862  abolishing  slavery  in  all 
the  Territories.  On  the  question  of  the  recon- 
struction of  the  Southern  States,  after  the  war, 
he  was  decidedly  radical.  After  the  assassina- 
tion of  Pres.  Lincoln  in  Apr.  1865,  he  became 
pres.  pro  tern,  of  the  senate,  and  acting  vice- 
pres.  of  the  U.S.  In  Mar.  1867  he  was  cho- 
sen pres.  of  the  senate.  One  of  the  commiss.  to 
visit  San  Domingo  in  Feb.-Mar.  1871,  and  re- 
port upon  its  annexation  to  the  U.S.  Now 
(1872)  atty.  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

Wadsworth,  Alexander  Scammell, 
capt.  U.S.N.,  b.  Portland,  Me. ;  d.  Washing- 
ton, Apr.  5,  1851.  Son  of  Gen.  Peleg.  Mid- 
shipm.  April  2,  1804;  lieut.  April  21,  1810; 
com.  April  27,  1816;  capt.  Mar.  3,  1825;  2d 
lieut.  of  "  The  Constitution  "  in  the  action 
with  "The  Guerri^re,"  Aug.  19,  1812,  and 
presented  with  a  valuable  sword  by  the  citizens 
of  Portland  soon  after. 

Wadsworth,»BENjAMiN,  clergyman,  pres. 
of  H.U.,  b.  Milton,  Ms.,  1669  ;  d.  March  16, 
1737.     H.U.  1690.     Son  of  Captain  Samuel, 
60 


who  was  killed  by  the  Indians  at  Sudbury, 
April  18,  1676.  Minister  of  the  First  Church, 
Boston,  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Foxcroft,  Feb. 
8,  1696,  until  inditcted  at  H.U.  July  7,  1725; 
and  pres.  until  his  death.  He  devoted  a  tenth 
of  his  income  to  charities.  He  pub.  "  Five 
Sermons"  (Boston,  18mo,  1714),  a  large  num- 
ber of  occasional  sermons,  and  some  theologi- 
cal treatises. 

Wadsworth,  Gen.  James,  Revol.  patriot, 
b.  Durham,  Ct.,  6  July,  1730;  d.  there  22  Sept. 
1817.  Y.C.  1748.  Town-clerk  of  D.  1756- 
86;  col.  and  brig.-gen.  in  1776;  and  in  1777 
was  app.  2d  maj.-gen.  Ct.  militia.  In  Mar.  1 777 
he  was  ordered  to  New  Haven  to  defend  the 
seacoast,  and  was  some  time  a  member  of  the 
com.  of  safety  of  Ct.  He  was  some  time  jus- 
tice, and  then  judge  of  the  C.C.P.,  New-Haven 
Co.  ;  member  of  the  council  1 785-90,  and  a 
delegate  to  the  Cont.  Congress  1783-6. 

Wadsworth,  James,  philanthropist,  b. 
Durham,  Ct.,  April  20,  1768;  d.  Geneseo, 
N.Y.,  June  8,  1844.  Y.C.  1787.  Nephew  of 
the  preceding.  In  1790  he  became  the  joint 
owner  with  his  bro.  William  of  a  large  tract  of 
land  on  the  Genesee  River,  which  advanced  so 
much  in  value  that  he  acquired  a  large  fortune. 
He  established  the  first  Normal  School  in  New 
York  in  1811;  procured  the  enactment  of  the 
school-library  law  in  1838;  founded  a  library 
and  institution  for  scientific  lectures  at  Geneseo, 
and  endowed  it  with  $10,000.  His  gifts  to  the 
cause  of  education  exceeded  $90,000. 

Wadsworth,  Gen.  James  Samuel,  b, 
Geneseo,  N.Y.,  Oct.  30,  1807  ;  d.  May  8,  1864, 
of  wounds  received  in  battle  of  Wilderness, 
Va.,  May  6.  Son  of  the  preceding.  Educated 
at  Harvard  and  Yale.  He  studied  law  at  Al- 
bany, and  in  the  office  of  Daniel  Webster; 
was  adni.  to  the  bar  in  1833,  but  never  prac- 
tised, employing  himself  in  the  management 
of  his  large  patrimonial  estates,  and  taking  a 
deep  interest  in  education.  He  took  part  in 
the  free-soil  movement  of  1848;  was  a  com- 
miss. to  the  Peace  Convention  at  Washington. 
Feb.  1861 ;  and  was  one  of  the  first  to  ofi'or  his 
services  to  the  govt,  when  the  civil  war  began. 
When  communication  between  Phila.  and 
Washington  was  obstructed,  he  chartered  a 
vessel,  freighted  it  with  supplies  at  his  own 
expense,  and  sailed  with  it  to  Annapolis,  ar- 
riving opportunely  for  the  necessities  of  the 
govt.  In  June  he  was  a  vol.  aide  on  Gen. 
McDowell's  staff,  and  was  commended  for 
bravery  and  humanity  in  the  battle  of  Bull 
Run  ;  made  brig.-gen.  Aug.  9,  1861  ;  in  Mar. 
1862  he  was  made  milit.  gov.  of  D.C.  Candi- 
date of  the  Repub.  party  for  gov.  of  N.Y.  in 
Nov.  1862,  he  was  defeated  by  Horatio  Sey- 
mour. In  Dec.  he  was  assigned  a  division 
under  Gen.  Burnside;  and,  at  the  battles  of 
Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville,  and  Gettys- 
bur_',  com.  the  1st  division  1st  army  corps 
under  Gen.  Reynolds,  which  at  the  latter  place 
saved  the  first  day  ;  com.  the  corps  after  the  fall 
of  Reynolds.  Early  in  1864  he  was  sent  upon 
special  service  to  the  Mpi.  Valley,  and  made 
an  extensive  tour  through  the  Western  and 
S.W.  States.  In  the  campaign  of  1864  he  led 
the  4th  division  of  the  5th  corps. 

Wadsworth,     Jebemiah,    commissary- 


•W^D 


946 


TV-AJCi 


gen.  during  the  greater  part  of  the  Revol.  war, 
b.  Harttoid  1743  ;  d.  there  Apr.  30,  1804.  Ho 
was  the  originator  and  promoter  of  public  im- 
provements in  his  native  town  ;  was  a  delegate 
to  the  Cont.  Congress  in  1786-8,  and  M.C.  in 
1789-95. 

WadSWOrth.,  Peleg,  maj.-gen.,  b.  Dux- 
bury,  Ms.,  May  6,  1748;  d.  Hiram,  Me.,  Nov. 
18,  1829.  H.U.  1769.  He  taught  school  at 
Plymouth,  Ms.,  in  1769,  with  Alexander 
Scammell,  and  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits. 
Joining  the  Revol.  army  as  capt.  of  minute- 
men  at  Roxbury  early  in  the  struggle,  he 
became  aide  to  Gen.  Ward,  and  afterwards  adj.- 
gen.  for  Ms.,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Long  Island;  brig.-gen.  of  militia  in  1777; 
second  in  com.  of  the  Penobscot  exped.  in  1779, 
on  which  occasion  he  displayed  great  courage, 
and  was  taken  prisoner.  Captured  by  a  party 
of  the  enemy  in  Feb.  1781,  they  imprisoned 
him  in  the  fort  at  Castine,  whence  he  escaped 
in  June.  In  1784  he  established  himself  in 
business  in  Portland,  Me.,  and  was  much  em- 
ployed in  surveying  ;  in  1792  he  was  elected  a 
State  senator,  and  was  M.C.  in  1792-1806;  in 
1807  he  removed  to  Oxford,  Me.,  to  improve  a 
large  tract  of  land  granted  to  him  by  govt,  for 
his  services.  His  son  Lieut.  Henry,  U.S.N., 
disting.  in  Tripolitan  war,  d.  off  Tripoli,  Sept. 
4,  1804,  a.  19,  by  the  explosion  of  a  fireship. 
Another  son,  Alexander  Scammel,  was  a 
capt.  in  the  navy. 

Wadsworth,  Gen.  William,  b.  Durham, 
Ct.;  d.  Genesee,  N.Y.,  Feb.  1833.  Bro.  of 
James.  He  was  an  early  settler  in  Western 
N.Y. ;  served  as  brig.-gen.  N.Y.  militia  in  U.S. 
service,  and  disting.  in  assault  on  Queenstown 
Heights,  Oct.  13,  1812.—  Gardner. 

Wafer,  Lionel,  made  voyages  to  the  South 
Sea;  in  1677  embarked  for  Bantam;  sailed 
with  Linen  and  Cook,  buccaneers ;  afterward 
surgeon  of  Dampier's  exped.  across  the  Isth- 
mus of  Dari*jn,  and  left  wounded  with  the 
Indians  in  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with 
Dampier ;  returned  to  London  in  1690,  and 
told  his  story  in  "  A  New  Voyage,  and  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Isthmus  of  America,"  8vo,  1699. 
For  his  Voyage  to  Magellanica  in  1685,  see 
Callender's  Voyages,  ii,  673. 

Wain  Wright,  Jonathan  Mathew,  D.D. 
(Un.  Coll.  1823),D.C.L.  (Oxf.  18.52),  Pr.-Epis. 
bishop  of  N.Y.,  b.  Liverpool,  Eng.,  of  Amer. 
parents,  24  Feb.  1793;  d.  N.Y.  City  21  Sept. 
1854.  H.U.  1812.  His  mother  was  a  dau.  of 
the  celebrated  Dr.  Mayhew  of  Boston.  Instr. 
in  elocution  in  H.U.  1815-17  ;  rector  of  Christ 
Church,  Hartford,  Ct. ;  assist,  rector  of  Trin. 
Church,  N.Y.,  1819-21  ;  rector  of  Grace  Church, 
N.Y..;  of  Trinity  Church,  Boston,  24  Nov. 
1833~Feb.  1838;  and  assist,  rector  of  Trinity 
Church,  N.Y.,  until  his  app.  as  prov.  bishop  10 
Nov.  1 852.  He  was  many  years  sec.  of  the  h. 
of  bishops.  Before  he  was  made  a  bishop,  he 
travelled  in  Egypt  and  the  Holy  Land,  and  pub. 
his  observations  in  those  countries  in  2  vols. 
His  most  celebrated  production  was  his  printed 
controversy  with  Rev.  Dr.  Potts  in  1843.  He 
aided  in  the  formation  of  the  U.  of  N.Y. ;  was 
one  of  the  first  pulpit-orators  of  his  day  ;  was 
a  ripe  scholar,  and  wielded  great  social  in- 
•fluance.    A  devoted  lover  of  music,  he  pub.  in 


1819  a  vol.  of  chants;  in  1828  "Music  of  the 
Church,"  &c.;  and  in  1851  "The  Choir  and 
Family  Psalter."  He  also  pub.  "  Our  Saviour, 
with  Prophets  and  Apostles,"  and  "  Sermons 
on  Religious  Education,"  &c.,  1829;  edited 
"  Women  of  the  Bible,"  and  contrib.  to  many 
periodicals,  A  memorial  vol.  edited  by  his 
widow,  1856,  contains  34  of  his  sermons,  and 
a  Memoir  by  Bishop  Doane.  His  son  Jona- 
than M.,  com.  U.S.N. ,  was  killed,  1  Jan.  1863, 
upon  "  The  Harriet  Lane,"  in  the  attack  on 
Galveston,  Texas. 

Waite,  Gen.  Carlos  A.,  b.  N.Y.  1800; 
d.  Plattsburg,  N.Y.,  May  7,  1866.  App.  lieut. 
of  inf.  Jan.  28,  1820;  capt.  July,  1836;  major 
8th  Inf.  Feb.  16,  1847;  com.  his  regt.  in  Val- 
ley of  Mexico  ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  gal  Ian  try  in 
battles  of  Contreras  and  Churubusco ;  brev. 
col.  for  El  Molino  delRey,  Aug.  1848,  in  which 
he  was  wounded  ;  lieut.-col.  5th  Inf.  Nov.  10, 
1851 ;  col.  1st  Inf.  June  3,  1860.  After  con- 
tinuous service  in  the  Rebellion,  he  was  retired 
in  Feb.  1864  ;  brev.  brig.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865. 

Waite,  Henry  Matson,  LL.D.  (Y.C. 
1855),  jurist,  b.  Lyme,  Ct.,  Feb.  9,  1787;  d. 
there  Dec.  14,  1869.  Y.C.  1809.  Adm.  to 
the  bar  in  Dec.  1812,  and  practised  in  Lyme  ; 
member  of  the  State  legisl.  in  1815;  of  the 
senate  in  1832-3  ;  judge  of  the  Superior  Court 
and  Sup.  Court  of  Errors  1834-54,  and  chief 
justice  from  1854  to  Feb.  1857.  —iV.  E.  Hist. 
Geneal.  Reg.,  Apr.  1870. 

WakeJaeld,  Mrs.  A.  C,  n^e  Nancy  W. 
Priest;  d.  Winchendon,  Ms.,  Sept.  20, 1870,  a. 
33.  Author  of  the  beautiful  poem,  "  Over  the 
River,"  first  pub.  in  Aug.  1857. 

Wakeman,  George,  journalist,  b.  Green- 
field Hill,  Ct.,  4  Feb.  1841  ;  d.  N.  York  City, 
Mar.  19,  1870.  Removed  to  New  York  in 
1858,  and  wrote  for  the  Ledger.  Several  years 
connected  with  the  New -York  World,  and  a 
contrib.  to  the  Galaxy,  Appleton's  Journal,  and 
other  periodicals  ;  app.  hi  1868  stenographer 
to  the  N.Y.  senate. 

Walbach,  Gen.  John  De  Barth,  b. 
Alsace,  on  the  Rhine,  1764 ;  d.  Baltimore,  Md., 
June  10,  1857.  App.  ensign  of  the  Royal 
Alsace  Regt.  under  Prince  Maximilian  (after- 
ward king  of  Bavaria),  in  the  French  service 
Dec.  1,  1782;  major,  Nov.  1795.  He  came  to 
Amer.  in  1796;  studied  law  in  the  ofiice  of 
Alexander  Hamilton;  was  app.  lieut.  of  U.S. 
cavalry,  Jan.  8,  1799;  capt.  Jan.  1806;  assist. 
adj.-gen.  (rank  of  major)  June,  1813;  adj.- 
gen.  (rank  of  col.)  Aug.  6,  1813;  brev.  major 
for  gallant  conduct  in  battle  of  Chrystler's 
Fields,  Nov.  11,  1813;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for 
meritorious  services.  May  1,  1815  ;  major 
of  art.  Apr.  25,  1818;  brev.  col.  May  1,  1825 ; 
brev.  brig.-gen.  May,  1850;  lieut.-col.  1st  Art. 
May  30,  1832  ;  col.  4th  Art  Mar.  19,  1842.  — 
Gardner. 

Walbridge,  Gen.  Hiram,  a  prominent 
citizen  of  New  York,  b.  Ithaca,  N.Y.,  Feb.  22, 
1821 ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Dec.  6,  1870.  Ohio  U. 
1841.  He  studied  law  in  Toledo,  0.;  was 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1843;  and  in  1844  was  a 
brig.-gen.  of  Ohio  militia;  in  1847  he  became 
a  merchant  in  New  York ;  a  zealous  promoter 
of  the  commercial  interests  of  the  country,  and 
of  its  internal  improvement;  a  Democ   M.C 


^V-AJL. 


947 


^V-AX. 


in  1853-5;  and  in  1869  a  com  miss,  to  examine 
and  report  on  the  Pacific  Railroad.  Early  in 
1861  he  advocated  the  calling-out  of  600,000 
men  to  suppress  the  Rebellion,  and  was  offered, 
and  declined,  a  seat  in  Mr.  Lincoln's  cabinet. 
Vice-pres.  of  the  Nat.  Commercial  Conv.  at 
Chicago,  and  subsequently  pres.  over  similar 
bodies  in  Detroit  and  Louisville.  He  advocat- 
ed free  banking,  a  reduction  of  taxation,  and 
the  development  of  the  resources  of  the  West. 
A  fluent  and  able  speaker,  and  a  liberal  and 
popular  man.  * 

Walcot,  Charles  Melton,  Sen.,  comic 
actor  and  dramatist,  b.  London,  1816 ;  d. 
Phila.  May  15,  1868.  He  studied  his  profes- 
sion in  England,  but  entered  on  its  practice  in 
America  in  1843,  and  acquired  popularity  at 
the  Old  Olympic  and  at  Wallack's.  In  1866 
he  removed  to  Phila.  In  eccentric  comedy  he 
had  no  rival  on  the  English  or  American  stage. 
His  performance  of  Lavater,  in  the  comic 
drama  of  that  name,  was  especially  good. 
Among  his  numerous  plays  are  "  Hiawatha, 
or  Ardent  Spirits  and  Laughing  -  Water ;  " 
"Washington;"  "Don  Giovanni  in  Goth- 
am ;  "  "  David  Copperfield  ; "  "  Richard  III. 
to  kill ;  "  "  The  Customs  of  the  Country  ;  " 
and  "  Snip-Snaps."  Charles  M.,  Jun.,  his 
son,  also  a  comedian,  b.  Boston,  July  1,  1840. 
Educated  at  St.  John's  Coll.,  Fordham,  N.Y. ; 
grad.  1858.  He  made  his  d^but  in  Charleston, 
S.C.,  in  1858,  and  soon  assumed  the  role  of 
leading  light  comedian,  which  he  has  per- 
formed in  the  leading  theatres  of  the  U.  S. 
May  31,  1863,  he  m.  Isabella,  dau.  of  John 
Nickinson,  the  comedian. 

Waldo,  Daniel,  a  Cong,  clergyman,  b. 
Windham,  Ct.,  Sept.  10,  1762;  d.  Syracuse, 
N.Y.,  July  30,  1864,  a.  102.  Y.C.  1788.  He 
was  a  soldier  in  the  Rcvol.  army;  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Horseneck,  and  was  confined  in  the 
Sugar-House  in  New  York,  where  he  endured 
sufterings  and  cruelties  from  which  he  barely 
escaped  with  his  life.  He  was  from  May  24, 
1792,  till  1809,  pastor  of  the  Cong,  church, 
West  Suffolk,  Ct. ;  acting  also  as  a  missionary 
in  Pa.  and  N.Y.  In  1810-1811  he  preached  at 
Cambridgeport,  Ms. ;  after  which  he  was  a 
missionary  in  R.I.  till  1820;  then  preached  at 
Harvard ;  was  then  for  12  years  settled  at  Exe- 
ter, R.I. ;  and  afterward  resided  in  N.Y.  Mr. 
Waldo,  at  the  age  of  93,  became  chaplain  to 
Congress. 

Waldo,  Gen.  Samuel,  b.  Boston,  1696; 
d.  on  the  Penobscot,  May  23,  1759.  He  was 
the  son  of  Jonathan,  a  wealthy  merchant  of 
Boston,  who  d.  in  1731 ;  and  was  a  brig.-gen. 
at  the  capture  of  Louisburg  in  1745.  He  re- 
sided at  Falmouth;  was  an  accomplished,  active, 
and  enterprising  man ;  had  crossed  the  ocean 
15  times;  and  was  a  disting.  officer.  There 
were  remarkable  coincidences  between  his  life 
and  that  of  his  friend  Sir  Wm.  Pepperell. 
They  lived  in  Me.,  and  were  rich  bachelors ; 
they  were  councillors  together  ;  they  com- 
manded regiments,  and  were  together  at  Louis- 
burg ;  they  passed  a  year  together  in  England ; 
were  born  the  same  year ;  and  died  nearly  at 
the  same  time. 

Waldo,  Samuel,  portrait  -  painter,  b. 
Windham,  Ct.,  1783;  d.  N.Y.  City,  Feb.  16, 


1861.  He  studi-id  at  Hartford  ;  went  to  Lon- 
don in  1806;  was  aided  by  West,  Copley,  and 
Fulton,  and  painted  many  likenesses  at  5 
guineas  each.  He  landed  in  New  York  in  Jan. 
1809,  and  painted  portraits  there  53  years. 
Among  them  are  those  of  Gen.  Macomb,  May- 
ors Willett,  Radcliffe,  and  Allen,  and  Peter 
Rem  sen.  —  Tucker  man. 

Waldo,  Samuel  Putnam,  author,  grand- 
son of  Gen.  Putnam ;  d.  Hartford,  Ct.,  March, 
1826,  a.  46.  Author  of  Lives  of  Jackson,  De- 
catur; "  Robbins's  Journal ;  "  "  Tour  of  Presi- 
dent Monroe,  with  Sketch  of  his  Life,"  12mo, 
1818;  Biog.  Sketches  of  Com.  N.  Biddle, 
J.  Paul  Jones,  E.  Preble,  and  A.  Murray, 
1823, 

Waldron    (or  correctly  Walderne), 

Maj.  Richard,  president  of  N.H.,  b.  Alcestei, 
Warwickshire,  Eng.  (bapt.  6  Jan.  1615) ;  killed 
by  the  Indians,  June  28, 1689.  He  came  over 
in  1635,  and  was  an  early  settler  of  Dover, 
N.H.,  whither  he  went  in  1645 ;  was  a  represen- 
tative 1654-76 ;  was  7  years  speaker  of  the 
house;  was  counsellor,  chief  justice,  and  pres. 
in  1681.  He  was  the  chief  military  officer  of 
the  Colony.  In  the  war  of  1676  he  seized  by 
stratagem  several  hundred  Indians,  200  of 
whom  were  hung,  or  sold  into  slavery.  This 
act  called  down  upon  him  the  vengeance  of  the 
Indians,  who,  13  years  later,  made  him  prison- 
er, and  mangled  him  terribly.  His  son  Rich- 
ard (b.  1650,  d.  30  Nov.  1730)  removed  to 
Portsmouth,  was  counsellor  of  N.H.  1681, 
representative  at  Boston  1691-2,  chief  justice 
C.C.P.,  judge  of  probate,  and  a  colonel. 

Waldseemuller,  Martin,  a  German 
compiler,  b.  Fribourg  ab.  1470;  d.  after  1522. 
He  pub.  an  "  Introduction  to  Cosmography, 
with  the  Four  Voyages  of  Americus  Vespu- 
cius,"  1507,  in  which  he  advocated  the  appli- 
cation of  the  name  "  America  "  to  the  New 
World. 

Wales,  Samuel,  D.D.  (Y.C.  1782;  N.J. 
1784),  minister  of  Milford  1770-82;  prof,  of 
divinity,  Y.  C,  from  June  12,  1782,  till  his 
death,  Feb.  18,  1794,  a.  ab.  46.  Y.C.  1767. 
Author  of  "Dangers  of  Our  National  Pros- 
perity, Election  Sermon,"  1785,  Hartford. 

Walke,  Henry,  rear-adm.  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
Princess  Anne  Co.,  Va.,  Apr.  26,  1809.  Mid- 
shipm.  Feb.  1,  1827;  lieut.  Dec.  9,  1839  ;  com. 
Sept.  14,  1855;  capt.  July  16,  1862;  commo. 
July25, 1866;  rear-adm.  (ret.  list)  1871.  Pres- 
ent at  capture  of  Tabasco,  Vera  Cruz,  and 
Tuspan,  during  the  Mexican  war,  1847-8; 
com.  "  The  Tyler  "  and  "  Lexington  "  at  the 
battle  of  Belmont,  Nov.  7,  1861 ;  com.  "  The 
Carondelet"  at  Fort  Henry,  Feb.  6,  1862; 
Fort  Donelson,  Feb.  13-16,  1862  ;  Island  No. 
10,  Mar.  17,  1862;  captured  Confed.  batteries 
opp.  Point  Pleasant,  and  spiked  the  guns,  Apr. 
6,  1862;  battle  of  Fort  Pillow,  May  11,  1862; 
of  Memphis,  June  6,  1862;  engagement  be- 
tween "The  Carondelet"  and  Confed.  ram 
"Arkansas,"  Yazoo  River,  July  15, 1862 ;  com. 
the  lower  division  of  Mpi.  flotilla  at  Helena 
and  Vicksburg,  1862;  com.  ironclad  "Lafay- 
ette "  in  1863 ;  passage  of  batteries  at  Vicksburg, 
Apr.  16, 1863  ;  battle  of  Grand  Gulf,  Apr.  29, 
1863;  dispersed  the  forces  of  Dick  Taylor  at 
Simmsport,  June  4,  1863;  and  in   1868  took 


•WAJLi 


948 


WAJJ 


com.  of  naval  station  at  Mound  City,  Illinois. — 
Hainersly. 

Walker,  Am  as  a,  LL.D.  (Amh.  Coll. 
1867),  writer  on  polit.  economy,  b.  Woodstock, 
Ct.,  May  4,  1799.  Descended  from  Augustine, 
freeman  of  Charlestown,  1641 ;  educated  in  the 
(om.  school  of  N.  Brookfield,  at  wliich  place 
he  now  (1871)  resides.  In  1825-40  he  w.is  a 
merchant  in  Boston,  and  was  many  years 
connected  with  the  Ms.  Antislavery  Society ; 
in  1848  he  was  a  Free-soil  representative  ;  in 
1849  State  senator;  was  one  of  the  earliest 
advocates  of  the  establishment  of  the  Western 
llaihoad;  has  been  a  devoted  temperance  lead- 
er; and,  besides  cultivating  a  taste  for  litera- 
ture, has  carefully  studied  for  many  years  the 
science  of  political  economy,  of  which  he  was 
in  1842-9  prof,  at  Oberlin  Coll.  He  visited 
Europe  as  a  delegate  to  the  first  International 
Peace  Convention  in  1843,  and  again  in  1849. 
Sec.  of  state  1851-2;  member  Const.  Conv. 
1853;  M.C.  from  Ms.  in  1862-3.  Lecturer  on 
polit.  economy  in  Amh.  Coll.  since  1861.  Au- 
thor of  "Science  of  Wealth,"  5th  ed.,  1869; 
speeches,  addresses,  orations,  &c. ;  and  ed,,  with 
W.  B.  Calhoun  and  C  L.  Flint,  "Trans." 
Agric.  Soc.  of  Ms.  1847-53,  7  vols.  8vo. 

Walker,  Col.  Benjamin,  llevol.  officer, 
b.  Eng.  1753;  d.  Utica,  N.Y.,  13  Jan.  1818. 
He  was  brought  up  a  merchant;  became  a 
capt.  in  the  2d  N.  Y.  Regt. ;  was  aide-de-camp 
to  Steuben,  and  in  1781-2  to  Washington; 
after  the  war,  was  sec.  to  the  gov.  of  N.Y. ; 
then  became  a  broker  in  N.Y.  City;  naval  offi- 
cer of  N.Y.  in  Washington's  administration; 
M.C.  1801-3.  In  1797  he  became  agent  for  the 
Earl  of  Bute's  great  estates  in  Western  N.Y. ; 
and  was  identified  with  the  growth  and  prog- 
ress of  Utica. 

Walker,  Gen.  Francis  Amasa,  statis- 
tician, second  son  of  Amasa  and  Hannah  Am- 
brose Walker,  b.  Boston,  2  July,  1840.  Amh. 
Coll.  1860.  In  1843  his  hither  removed  to  N. 
Brookfield.  Francis  began  to  study  law  with 
Devens  and  Hoar  of  Worcester;  but  in  1861 
was  made  serg.-maj.  of  Devens's  {15th  Ms.) 
regt.;  14  Sept.  1861,  assist,  adj.-gen.  Couch's 
brigade  ;  11  Aug.  1862,  adj.-gen.  Couch's  div.; 
and  23  Dec.  1863,  became  a  col.  on  the  staff 
of  the  2d  army  corps;  brev.  brig.-gen.  1865. 
He  served  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac ;  was 
wounded  at  ChancelloVsville ;  made  prisoner 
at  Reams's  Station  ;  was  confined  in  Libby 
Prison,  suffering  so  much  in  health  as  to  be 
obliged  to  resign  after  being  exchanged  early 
in  1865.  He  subsequently  taught  for  2  years 
in  the  Williston  Sem. ;  was  then  for  one  year 
assist,  ed.  Sprmjjield  Republican;  then  took 
charge  of  the  bureau  of  statistics  at  Wash- 
ington ;  was  superintendent  of  the  census  of 
1870;  and  in  Nov.  1871  was  app.  Indian 
commissioner. 

Walker,  Henderson,  gov.  N.C.  from 
1699  to  his  d.  April  14,  1704,  a.  44.  He  was 
a  lawyer,  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
pres.  of  the  cotmcil,  and  introduced  impor- 
tant reforms  in  the  judiciary. 

Walker,  Sir  Hoveden,  kt.,  of  Somers- 
ham,  Eng.,  a  British  adm. ;  d.  broken-hearted 
in  Dublin,  Jan.  1726.  He  entered  the  navy 
young  ;  became  a  capt.  in  1692  ;  rcar-adm.  of 


the  white  in  1710;  and  for  his  gallantry  was 
in  1711  knighted  by  Queen  Anne.  He  is  con- 
nected with  our  history  by  his  ill-starred  exped. 
which  in  that  year  sailed  for  Quelicc  to  wrest 
Canada  from  the  French.  The  difficult  navi- 
gation of  the  St.  Lawrence,  as  well  as  a  storm, 
which  wrecked  half  his  ships  on  Isle  aux  (Eufs, 
compelled  his  return  to  England.  Here  he 
suffered  more  reverses  :  his  ship  "  The  Edgar  " 
(of  74  guns)  blew  up  at  Spiihead,  and  nearly 
all  the  crew  perished.  Blamed  for  negligence 
in  this  matter,  and  his  ill  fortune  at  Quebec 
being  yet  recent,  he  was  dismissed  the  service 
in  1715.  He  pub.  in  1720  "A  Journal  or 
Full  Account  of  the  Late  Exped.  to  Canada," 
&c.  He  had  previously  settled  upon  a  plan- 
tation in  South  Carolina. 

Walker,  James,  D.D.  (H.U.  1835),  schol- 
ar and  theologian,  b.  Burlington,  Ms.,  Aug. 
16,  1794.  H.U.  1814.  He  was  settled  over 
the  Unitarian  society  of  Charlestown,  April 
15, 1818-39  ;  was  Allord  prof,  of  moral  phiios. 
at  H.U.  1839-53;  and  pres.  from  Feb.  1853 
to  Feb.  1860.  He  has  delivered  before  the 
Lowell  Institute  a  course  of  lectures  on  natu- 
ral religion,  also  a  course  on  the  philosophy 
of  religion,  1860.  Besides  contribs.  to  the 
Christian  Examiner,  with  which  he  was  edito- 
rially connected  in  1831-9,  he  has  pub.  an  edi- 
tion of  "  Reid  on  the  Intellectual  Powers,"  antl 
Dugald  Stewart's  "  Philosophy  of  the  Active 
and  Moral  Powers;"  and  in  1861  a  vol.  of 
sermons  preached  in  the  chapel  of  Harv.  Coll. 
while  a  prof,  there,  12a)o;  "Memoir  of  D. 
Appleton  White,"  1863;  "Memoir  of  Josiuh 
Quincy,"  1867. 

Walker,  James  Barr,  D.D.,  clergyman 
and  author,  b.  Phila.  July  29,  1805.  He 
worked  in  a  manuf.  at  Pittsburg,  and  for  4 
years  in  a  printing-office.  At  the  age  of  20,  he 
travelled  on  foot  to  New  York;  became  a  clerk 
in  the  office  of  M.  M.  Noah ;  and  was  afterward 
principal  of  an  academy  at  New  Durham,  N.J. 
Returning  to  the  West,  he  next  studied  law  in 
Ravenna,  O.,  and  from  1828  to  1831  studied  in 
the  Western  Res.  Coll.,  Hudson.  He  pub.  and 
edited  successively  three  religious  newspapers 
at  Hudson,  Cincinnati,  and  Chicago,  also  en- 
gaging in  the  publication  and  sale  of  books. 
About  1839  he  began  to  study  theology;  was 
licensed  to  preach  by  the  presbytery  of  Chicago 
in  1841 ;  and  has  since  resided  in  Mansfield, 
O.,  where  he  has  established  a  private  asylum 
for  orphans;  has  been  for  some  time  acting- 
pastor  of  a  church  in  Sandusky,  and  is  lecturer 
on  "The  Harmony  between  Science  and  Re- 
vealed Religion  "  at  Oberlin  College  and  Chi- 
cago Theol.  Sem.  Author  of  "  Philosophy  of 
the  Plan  of  Salvation,"  pub.  anonymously,  4 
editions  of  which  have  been  pub.  in  Eng.,  and 
which  has  been  translated  into  several  Euro- 
pean languages ;  "  God  Revealed  in  Creation 
and  in  Christ,"  1858;  "Philosophy  of  Scepti- 
cism ; "  "  Philosophy  of  the  Divine  Operation 
in  Human  Redemption,"  London,  1862 ; 
"  Poems,"  London,  1862 ;  "  The  Living  Ques- 
tions of  the  Age,"  1869;  "Doctrine  of  the 
Holy  Spirit,"  1870;  and  poetical  pieces  in 
"  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West."  —  Appleton. 

Walker,  Robert,  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court 
of  a.  1760-72  ;  d.  Stratford,  Ct.,  1772.     Y.C 


TV-AJl. 


949 


■W^Hj 


1730,  A  descendant  of  Robert  of  Boston, 
1634,  and  of  his  son  Zeehanah,  minister  of 
Stratford  and  Woodbury  in  1670-1700. 

Walker,  Robert  James,  statesman  and 
financier,  b.  Northumberland,  Pa.,  19  July, 
1801;  d.  Washington,  D.  C,  11  Nov.  1869. 
U.  of  Pa.  1819.  Adm.  to  the  Pittsburg  bar  in 
1821.  At  22  he  was  chairman  of  a  Democ. 
com.,  and  was  instrumental  in  effecting  Jack- 
son's  first  nomination   to   the   presidency   in 

1824.  In  the  spring  of  1826  he  settled  in  Nat- 
chez, Mpi.  U.S.  senator  1837-45,  and  a  leader 
of  the  Democ.  party.  He  supported  the  lead- 
ing measures  of  Van  Buren,  especially  the 
divorce  of  the  govt,  from  the  banks  ;  exercised 
great  influence  over  Pres.  Tyler,  whom  he  in- 
duced to  veto  the  bank  bill  framed  under  the 
auspices  of  Mr.  Clay;  and  counselled  the  vigor- 
ous steps  which  led  to  the  incorporation  of 
Texas  into  the  Union.  He  was  instrumental  in 
defeating  Mr.  Van  Burcn's  3d  nomination,  and 
secured  that  of  Mr.  Polk ;  a  letter  of  Mr. 
Walker's  on  the  Texas  question  largely  influ- 
encing the  election  of  the  latter.  Sec.  U.S. 
treasury  1845-9;  gov.  of  Kansas  Terr.  Apr. 
1857-8  (a  period  of  great  difficulty),  he  re- 
signed, being  "  unwilling  to  aid  in  forcing 
slavery  on  Kansas  by  fraud  and  forgery."  Dur- 
ing the  Rebellion  he  materially  aided  the  Union 
cause,  being  financial  agent  of  the  U.  S.  in 
Europe  (May,  18G3-Nov.  1864),  effecting  the 
sale  of  $250,000,000  of  5-20  bonds,  and  defeat- 
ing the  second  Confcd.  loan  of  $75,000,000. 
Influential  in  procuring  the  ratification  of  the 
Alaska  Treaty,  and  an  able  and  efficient  advo- 
cate of  the  Pacific  Railroad.  His  celebrated 
report  in  favor  of  free-trade  was  reprinted  by 
order  of  the  British  house  of  commons.  In 
connection  with  his  law-partner,  F.  P.  Stanton, 
he  pub.  a  monthly  mag.  of  merit,  but  with 
pecuniary  loss.  Author  of  "  Reports  of  Sup. 
Court  of  Mpi.  1818-32,"  8vo,  1834;  "Argu- 
ment on  the  Mpi.  Slave-Question,"  1841. 

Walker,  Sears  Cook,  mathematician  and 
astronomer,  b.  Wilmington,  Ms.,  March  28, 
1805;    d.  Cincinnati,  Jan.    30,  1853.      II.  U. 

1825.  He  taught  school  near  Boston  and 
in  Phila.,  whither  he  removed  in  1827.  His 
parallactic  tables,  first  prepared  in  1834,  greatly 
reduced  the  time  needed  for  computing  the 
phases  of  an  occultation.  In  1837  he  prepared 
a  plan  for  the  organization  of  an  observatory 
in  connection  with  the  Phila.  High  School, 
which  was  the  first  in  America  deserving  the 
name,  except  the  one  at  Hudson,  Ohio.     From 

'its  equipment  in  1840  until  1852,  he  pub.  in 
the  "  Proceedings"  of  the  Philos.  Soc.  and  the 
Am.  Jour,  of  Science  many  observations  and  in- 
vestigations made  by  himself,  or  in  conjunction 
with  his  half-bro.  Prof.  Kendall.  In  1841  he 
pub.  a  valuable  memoir  on  the  periodical 
meteors  of  Aug.  and  Nov.;  in  1845  he  was 
placed  in  the  Washington  Observatory,  where, 
Feb.  2,  1847,  4  months  after  the  discovery  of 
the  planet  Neptune,  he  discovered  that  a  star 
observed  by  Lalande  in  May,  1795,  must  have 
been  this  planet,  —  a  fact  subsequently  demon- 
strated. Leaving  the  observatory  soon  after, 
he  took  charge  of  the  longitude  computations 
of  the  U.S.  coast-survey,  an  office  in  which  he 
remained  until  his  last  illness.     As  curly  as 


1849,  the  joint  labors  of  Walker  and  Bache  had 
successfully  carried  out  the  method  of  tele- 
graphic longitude  determinations.  The  intro- 
duction of  the  chronographic  method  of  re- 
cording observations  belongs  to  Walker  and 
Bache.  He  pub.  Ephemeris  of  the  planet  Nep- 
tune for  1848-52,  and  Researches  relative  to 
that  planet,  1850. 

Walker,  Timothy,  jurist,  b.  Rumford, 
June  26,  1737;  d.  May  5,  182_>.  H.U.  1756. 
Son  of  Rev.  Timothy,  minister  of  Concord 
1730-82.  He  studied  divinity  ;  com.  a  regt.  of 
minute-men  at  the  siege  of  Boston  ;  was  one 
of  the  com.  of  safety  1776;  was  afterwards 
paymaster;  member  of  State  Const.  Conv. ; 
State  representative  and  senator;  judge  of 
C.  C.  P.  in  N.  II.  1777-1804;  chief  justice 
1804-9. 

Walker,  Timothy,  LL.I).  (H.U.  1854), 
jurist,  b.  Wilmington,  Ms.,  Dec.  1,  1802;  d. 
Cincinnati,  O.,  Jan.  15,  1856.  H.U.  1826. 
Bro.  of  Scars  Cook.  He  taught  three  years  in 
the  Round-hill  School,  Northampton;  entered 
the  Dane  Law  School  in  1829;  and  in  1830 
went  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  was  in  1831  adra. 
to  the  bar,  and  commenced  practice.  In  1833, 
in  connection  with  Judge  Wright,  he  estab- 
lished a  law  school  in  Cincinnati,  which  in 
1835  was  united  with  the  coll.  there,  he  con- 
tinuing a  prof,  until  1844,  and  having  for  a 
time  the  exclusive  charge  of  it ;  in  1842  he  was 
app.  pres.  judge  of  the  Hamilton  C.C.P.,  and, 
after  leaving  that  post,  became  editor  of  the 
Western  Law  Jour.  Author  of  "  Introduciiun 
to  American  Law ;  "  a  treatise  on  geometry, 
used  as  a  text-book  in  the  schools ;  of  a  dis- 
course on  the  history  of  Ohio  before  the  Ohio 
Hist.  Soc,  1838  ;  address  at  Miami  U.,  1832  ; 
"Dignity  of  the  Law  as  a  Profession,"  1837  ; 
orations  on  J.  Q.  Adams,  1848,  and  on  Daniel 
Webster,  1852;  also  speeches,  articles  in  the 
N.  A.  Revieio,  &c. 

Walker,  William,  filibuster,  b.  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  May  8,  1824  ;  executed  at  Trux- 
illo,  Honduras,  Sept.  12,  1860.  He  studied, 
but  never  practised,  medicine ;  afterward  stud- 
ied law  in  Nashville ;  and,  removing  to  New 
Orleans,  became  an  editor  of  tho  Crescent,  news- 
paper. In  1850  ho  went  to  California,  where 
ho  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  San  Francisco 
Herald,  and  afterward  a  lawyer  at  Marysville. 
In  July,  1853,  he  organized  an  expcd.  for  the 
conquest  of  Sonora,  on  the  failure  of  which  he 
surrendered  himself  to  the  U.S.  officers  in  San 
Diego;  was  tried  at  San  Francisco,  May  15, 
1854,  for  violating  the  neutrality  laws,  and  ac- 
quitted. June  11,  1855,  with  62  followers,  he 
landed  at  Realejo,  Nicaragua,  and  after  gain- 
ing two  battles  took  possession  of  Granada, 
Oct.  15,  and  was  app.  generalissimo  of  the 
republic.  Hostilities  with  Costa  Rica  having 
broken  out,  he  was  defeated  near  Guanacaste, 
Mar.  20, 1856;  and  at  Rivas,  Apr.  1 1 ,  gained  an 
advantage  which  put  a  temporary  stop  to  the 
war.  June  25,  he  caused  himself  to  be  elected 
pres.  By  his  arbitrary  acts  a  powerful  insur- 
rection was  excited;  and  May  1,  1857,  after 
several  battles.  Walker  was  obliged  to  surren- 
der himself  to  Com.  C.  H.  Davis  of  the  U.S. 
sloop-of-war  "  St.  Mary's,"  by  whom  he  was 
taken  to  the  U.S.    Nov.  U,  he  again  landed  at 


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950 


•Wj'^JL. 


Punta  Arenas  Nicaragua ;  but,  Dec.  8,  was  com- 
pelled by  Com.  Paulding,  U.S.N.,  to  surrender, 
and  was  taken  as  a  prisoner  to  New  York.  In 
June,  1860,  Walker  again  left  New  Orleans, 
landing  at  Truxillo  June  27.  In  a  proclama- 
tion to  the  people  of  Honduras  he  informed 
them  that  he  was  making  war,  not  on  them, 
but  on  their  govt.  He  was  captured  Sept.  3, 
brought  back  to  Truxillo,  condemned  by  a 
court-martial,  and  shot.  Author  of  "  The 
War  in  Nicaragua,"  12mo,  Mobile,  1860. 
Walker,  Gex.  William  H.  T.,  b.  Ga. 

"^^^        1017;  killed  in  the  second  battle  at  Decatur, 
Ga.,  July  22, 1864.     West  Point,  1837.     Brcv. 

'  1st  lieut.   for  gallantry  in  Florida,  Dec.  25, 

1 837  ;  thrice  wounded  in  battle  of  Okeechobee 
on  that  day ;  capt.  7  Nov.  1845  ;  brev.  maj.  for 
Contreras  and  Churubusco,  Aug.  20,  1847; 
with  storming-party,  and  brcv.  licut.-col.  for 
gallantry,  at  Molino  del  Rc«y,  Sept.  8,  1847, 

^  and  severely  wounded;    com.   of  cadets,   and 

iustr.  inf.  tactics,  at  West  Point,  1854-6 ;  major 
lOfch  Inf.  Mar.  3,  1855  ;  resi^med  20  Dec.  1860, 

^  and  made  a  maj  -gen.  Confcd.  army.    Noted 

"  %  for  reckless  courage  and  frequent  wounds  in 

-M**  '       battle. 

Walker,  William  Johnson,  M.D.,  phy- 
sician, b.  Charlestown,  Ms.,  Mar.  15,  1790;  d. 
Newport,  Apr.  2,  1865.  II.U.  1810.  Son  of 
Maj.  Timothy.  Ho  studied  medicine,  prac- 
tised in  Charlestown,  and  aa  a  skilful  surgeon 
had  no  superior  in  the  State.  Late  in  life  he 
accumulated  great  wealth,  of  which  he  gave 
away  $400,000,  and  at  his  death  left  a  million 
and  a  quarter,  of  which  he  divided  near  a  mil- 
lion among  various  institutions  of  learning. 

Walker,  Capt.  William  M.,  U.S.N.,  b. 
1813  ;  d.  N.Y.  19  Nov.  1866  ;  grad.  U.  S.  Na- 
val School ;  passed  midshipm.  June,  1 833 ;  took 
part  in  Wilkes's  exploring  expcd.  1838-41 ;  was 
sent  by  the  navy  dcpt.  in  1851  to  France  and 
Eng.  to  collect  information  upon  the  appHca- 
tion  of  steam  to  naval  architecture  and  equip- 
'  ment;  and  during  the  Rebellion  com.  the 
steamer  "De  Soto,"  of  the  Gulf  block,  squad- 
ron. He  pub,  "  Notes  on  Screw  Propulsion," 
Svo,  N.Y.,  1861. 

Wall,  Garret  D.,  lawyer  and  politician, 
b.  Monmouth  Co.,  N.  J.,  Mar.  10,  1783;  d. 
Burlington,  N.J.,  Nov.  22,  1850.  Receiving 
an  academical  education,  he  studied  law  at 
Trenton ;  was  in  1804  licensed  as  an  atty.,  and 
in  1807  as  a  counsellor  at  law;  clerk  of  the 
Sup.  Court  1812-17;  quarterra.-gcn.  of  the 
State  1815-37;  member  of  the  Assembly  in 
1827;  U.S.  dist.-atty.  in  1829;  elected  gov. 
of  the  State,  but  declined  the  office,  the  same 
year;  was  U.S.  senator  1835-41;  judge  of 
the  Court  of  Errors  and  Appeals  1848-50. 
When  an  attack  was  expected  from  the  British 
during  the  war  of  1812,  he  com.  a  vol.  com- 
pany from  Trenton,  which  was  stationed  at 
Sandy  Ilook.  His  dau.  m.  the  Hon.  Peter  D. 
Vroom.  His  son  James  W.,  a  lawyer,  and 
U.S.  senator  1862-3  (b.  Trenton,  1820;  N.J. 
Coll.  1838),  is  author  of  "Foreign  Etchings," 
1855;  "Essays  on  the  Early  Eng.  Poets," 
&c. 

WaUace,  David,  politician,  b.  Phila.  Apr. 
4,  1799;  d.  Indianapohs,  Sept.  4,  1859.  West 
Point  (lieut.  of  art.),  1821 ;  resigned  June  1, 


1822.  His  father's  family  removed  in  1817  to 
Brookville,  Ind.  The  son  studied  law;  ac- 
quired an  extensive  and  lucrative  practice  in 
Franklin  Co. ;  was  several  times  elected  to  the 
State  legisl. ;  member  Const.  Conv. ;  licut.- 
gov.  in  1834-7  ;  gov.  1837-40;  M.C.  in  1841- 
3;  and  judge  Marion  Co.  C.C.P.  1856-9. 

Wallace,  Horace  Binney,  scholar,  b. 
Phila.  Feb.  26,  1817  ;  killed  himself  at  Paris, 
in  consequence  of  a  disease  of  the  brain,  Dec. 
16,1852.  N.J.  Coll.  1835.  He  studied  chem- 
istry, medicine,  and  finally  law  with  his  father 
John  B.,  an  eminent  lav/yer,  and  aftcnvards 
with  Charles  Chauncey.  He  edited,  with  notes, 
Sinith's  "  Leading  Cases  in  Law,"  White  and 
Tudor's  "Leading  Cases  in  Equity,"  and 
"  American  Leading  Cases."  The  Iruit  of  a 
European  visit  in  1849-50  was  "Art,  Scenery, 
and  Philosophy  in  Europe,"  Phila.  1855  ;  also 
author  of  "  Literary  Criticisms,  and  Other  Pa- 
pers," 1856;  "Stanley,  or  the  Recollections  of 
a  Man  of  the  World,"  a  novel,  12mo,  1838. 
He  pub.  many  articles  in  periodicals,  and  was 
much  interested  in  philosophical  speculation. 

Wallace,  Sib  James,  a  British  admiral; 
d.  London,  March  6,  1803.  He  became  post- 
capt.  Jan.  10,  1771  ;  rear-adm.  Apr.  12,  1794; 
vice-adm.  Jan.  1,  1795  ;  adm.of  the  Blue,  Jan. 
1,  1801 ;  and  in  1793-5  was  gov.  of  Newfound- 
land. He  commanded  the  British  fleet  at  New- 
port in  1775;  in  Oct.  1777  he  ascended  the 
Hudson  on  a  marauding  exped.,  and  destroyed 
Kingston,  plundering  the  towns  he  visited,  and 
wantonly  destroying  private  property.  Cap- 
tured in  "The  Experiment"  (50  guns)  by 
D'Estaing,  Sept.  24,  1779;  com.  "The  War- 
rior" in  Rodney's  victory  over  De  Grassc,  12 
Apr.  1782. 

w"allace,  James,  D.D.,  mathematician ; 
d.  S.C.  Jan.  15,  1851.  Prof,  of  mathematics 
in  S.  C.  Coll.,  previously  in  Col.  Coll.,  and 
Georget.  Coll.,  D.C.  Author  of  a  treatise  on 
globes  and  on  practical  astronomy. 

Wallace,  John  Bradford,  lawyer,  b. 
Somerset  Co.,  N.  J.,  17  Aug.  1778  ;  d.  Phila. 
7  Jan.  1837.  N.J.  Coll.  1794.  Adm.  to  Pa. 
bar  1797.  Author  of  "Reports  3d  Circ.  U.S. 
Circ.  Court,"  1801,  Svo;  "Remarks  on  the 
Law  of  Bailment,"  1840.  Edited  "Abbot  on 
Shipping,"  ab.  1802.  A  Memoir  by  his  widow 
was  pub.  1848.  —  Allibone. 

Wallace,  John  William,  reporter  U.S. 
Sup.  Court  since  21  Mar.  1864;  son  of  J.  B. ; 
b.  Phila.  17  Feb.  1815.  U.  of  Pa.  1833.  Mas- 
ter in  chancery.  Pa.  Sup.  Court.  Author  of 
"The  Reporters,"  8vo,  1843;  "Cases  in  the 
3d  Circ.  U.  S.  Circ.  Court,"  1842-53,  2  vols. 
Svo;  Address,  20  May,  1863, on  the  200th birth- 
day of  William  Bradfoi'd,  printer ;  "  Reports 
U.  S.  Sup.  Court,"  1864,  et  seq.  Edited  British 
Crown  Cases  Reserved,  6  vols.  Svo;  Smith's 
"  Leading  Cases," and"  Am er. Leading  Cases." 
Pres.  Hist.  Soc.  of  Pa.  —  Allibone. 

Wallace,  Gen.  Lewis,  b.  Fountain  Co., 
Ind.,  1828.  Son  of  Gov.  David.  Studied  law, 
and  began  practice  in  Crawfordsville,  but,  dur- 
ing the  Mexican  war,  was  a  lieut.  1st  Ind.  Vols. 
He  afterward  resumed  his  profession,  and  served 
one  term  in  the  State  senate.  When  the  civil 
war  broke  out,  he  was  app.  adj.-gen.  of  Ind., 
and  soon  after  col.  of  a  regt.  of  Zouaves,  with 


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whom  he  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Romney 
and  other  operations  in  Westei'n  Va. ;  afterwai'd 
col.  nth  Incl.  Rej^t. ;  bri<,'.-j,^cn.  of  vols.  Sept. 
3,  18G1 ;  led  a  division  at  the  capture  of  Fort 
Donelson,  where  he  won  the  grade  of  maj.-gen., 
dating  from  Mar.  21,  18G2  ;  and  was  conspicu- 
ous for  gallantry  at  Shiloh ;  in  June,  1 8G4,  he 
com.  at  Monocacy,  Md.,  where  he  was  defeated 
9  July  by  Gen.  Early,  and  was  superseded  in 
the  com.  by  Gen.  Ord. 

Wallace,  Gen.  William  Hakvey  Lamb, 
b.  Urbana,  O.,  July  8,  1821;  d.  Savannah, 
Tenn.,  April  10,  1862.  He  studied  law  at 
Springfield  and  Ottawa,  111. ;  served  in  the 
Mexican  war  as  private,  lieut.,  and  adj.,  in 
Hardin's  rcgt. ;  and  in  1 853  was  elected  state's 
atty.  for  the  9th  circuit  of  111.  ;  in  May,  18G1, 
he  became  col.  of  the  1 1th  111.  Rcgt. ;  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Fort  Donelson,  where  he  bore  a  con- 
spicuous part,  he  com.  a  brigade  in  McCler- 
nand's  division  ;  was  (March  21,  18G2)  made 
brig.-gen.  of  vols.  ;  and  was  mortally  wounded 
on  the  first  day  of  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  where 
he  com.  a  division.  He  was  the  eldest  of  5 
bros.,  all  of  whom  took  part  in  the  civil  war. 

Wallace,  William  Ross,  poet,  b.  Lex- 
ington, Ky,,  1819.  Son  of  a  Presb.  clergy- 
man. Was  educated  at  the  Bloomington  and 
South-Hanover  Colleges,  Ind.,  and  after  grad. 
studied  law  at  Lexington.  At  the  age  of  22 
he  went  to  N.Y.,  where,  with  the  exception  of 
a  brief  visit  to  Europe,  he  has  since  resided,  en- 
gaged in  literary  pursuits.  In  1848  he  pub. 
"Alban  the  Pirate;"  and  in  18.51  "Medita- 
tions in  America,  and  Other  Poems ; "  "  Loved 
and  Lost,"  1856;  "Pleasures  of  the  Beauti- 
ful." He  has  written  many  charming  songs. 
His  "  Dirge  of  Napoleon,"  written  before  he 
was  17,  gave  him  an  enviable  reputation. 
"  The  Battle  of  Tippecanoe,  and  Other  Poems," 
was  pub.  in  Cincinnati  in  1837;  "The  Liberty 
Bell,"  a  poem,  1862.  He  is  a  frequent  con- 
trib.  to  Harper's  and  the  Knickerbocker  Mags., 
Journal  of  Commerce,  and  tho  Ledger. — Poets 
and  Poctri/  of  the  West. 

Wallack,  James  William,  actor,  b.  Lon- 
don, Aug.  24,  1795;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  Dec.  25, 
18G4.  His  father  Wm.  was  adisting.  comedian 
and  vocalist;  and  his  mother,  Elizabeth  Field, 
played  leading  female  characters  with  Garrick 
for  several  years.  He  made  his  first  appear- 
ance in  London  at  the  age  of  7  ;  and  Sheridan 
engaged  him  for  Drury  Lane.  At  22  he  re- 
placed Booth  in  playing  lago  to  Kean's 
Othello.  He  first  appeared  in  America  at  the 
Park  Theatre,  N.Y.,  Sept.  7,  1818,  as  Mac- 
beth ;  after  two  years  of  remarkable  success, 
he  returned  in  1820  to  London;  after  two 
more  visits  to  the  U.S.,  he  became  stage-mana- 
ger of  Drury  Lane  under  Elliston,  performing 
also  the  leading  characters ;  in  1836  he  opened 
the  National  Theatre,  N.Y.,  burned  down  in 
1839;  and  during  the  next  ten  years  he  played 
star  engagements  here  and  in  Great  Britain ; 
in  1851  he  established  Wallack's  Theatre  on 
Broadway,  New  York,  where  he  long  enjoyed 
uninterrupted  success,  the  establishment  be- 
ing disting.  by  a  uniform  artistic  excellence 
in  its  stock  company,  and  a  careful  regard  to 
the  proprieties  of  scenery  and  costume.  In 
1861  he    built    a    new    theatre    near    Union 


Square ;  retired  from  the  stage  in  1 862.  His 
reputation  was  highest  in  dramas  of  a  roman- 
tic and  picturesque  order;  and  he  was  unri- 
valled as  RoUa  in  "  Pizarro."  His  "  Life " 
was  pub.  N.Y.  8vo,  1865,  by  T.  H.  Morell. 
His  son  John  Lester,  b.  N.Y.  1819  (a  popu- 
lar light  comedian  and  eccentric  actor,  man- 
ager of  Wallack's  Theatre  since  his  father's 
death  in  1864),  has  written  "First  Impres- 
sions," 1856;  "Romance  of  a  Poor  Young 
Man,"  adapted  from  Octave  Feuillet ;  and  the 
"  Veteran."  James  W.,  Jun.,  nephew  of 
James  W.,  Sen.,  has  played  in  this  country, 
England,  and  Australia,  with  considerable  suc- 
cess. His  most  remarkable  performances  are 
in  "  Werner"  and  "  The  Iron  Mask." 

Walley,  John,  lieut.-gen.,  judge  of  the 
Sup.  Court  of  Ms.,  b.  Barnstable,  1644;  d. 
Boston,  Jan.  11,  1712.  Son  of  Rev.  Thomas. 
Com.  the  first  exped.  against  the  French  and 
Indians  in  Canada,  Feb.  12,  1689;  and  under 
Gov.  Phipps  in  1690,  when  he  com.  a  regt., 
doing  good  service  in  repulsing  a  body  of  300 
French  troops  on  the  banks  of  the  St.  Charles. 
He  was  one  of  the  principal  founders  of  the 
town  and  church  of  Bristol ;  a  member  of  the 
council,  1687  ;  capt.  of  the  A.  and  Hon.  Art. 
Co.  His  journal  of  the  ex^ed.  to  Canada  is  giv- 
en in  Hutchinson's  "  Hist,  of  Massachusetts." 

Wain,  Robert,  poet,  b.  Phila.  1794;  d. 
Providence,  July  4,  1825.  He  was  liberally 
educated.  Pub.  in  1 819  "  The  Hermit  in  Amer- 
ica on  a  Visit  to  Phila. ; "  in  1 820  "  American 
Bards,  a  Satire ;  "  and  "  Sisyphi  Opus,  or 
Touches  at  the  Times;"  and  in  1821  "The 
Plermit  in  Phila."  On  his  return  from  a  voy- 
age to  China  as  supercargo,  he  pub.  a  history 
of  that  country  in  quarto  numbers.  He  also 
edited  Sanderson's  "  Lives  of  the  Signers " 
after  the  third  vol.,  and  pub.  in  1824  a  "  Life 
of  Lafayette ; "  Account  of  the  Insane  Asylum 
near  Frankford,  Pa.  He  also  contrib.  to  the 
periodicals  of  the  day.  His  father  Robert,  a 
prominent  merchant  of  Phila.,  and  M.C.  1798- 
1801,  d,  Jan.  24,  1836,  a.  71.  Author  of  an 
"Answer  to  the  Boston  Anti-Protective  Re- 
port of  Henry  Lee,"  and  of  "  Seven  Letters 
to  Elias  Hicks." 

Walsh,  Michael,  instructor,  b.  Ireland, 
1763;  d.  Amesbury,  20  Aug.  1840.  He  came 
to  America  in  early  life ;  was  an  usher  in  the 
Marblehead  Acad. ;  received  the  hon.  degree 
of  A.M.  from  H.U.  in  1803.  He  pub.  "Mer- 
cantile Arithmetic,"  1801;  "New  System  of 
Bookkeeping,"  1826.  Judge  Joseph  Story  was 
one  of  his  pupils. 

Walsh,  Michael,  a  Democ.  politician 
of  N.Y.,  b.  Youghal,  Ireland,  1810;  d.  N.Y. 
City,  March  16,  1859.  A  lithographer  by 
trade.  Member  of  the  Assembly  in  1839;  in 
1840  he  pub.  and  edited  a  paper  called  the 
Knickerbocker,  the  existence  of  which  after  a 
few  years  was  terminated  by  the  conviction  and 
imprisonment  of  the  editor  for  libel.  He  next 
edited  a  paper  called  the  Subterranean,  an 
abusive  and  scurrilous  print,  which  lived  two 
or  three  years.  M.C.  1853-5;  and  afterward 
visited  Eng.  and  Mexico  as  an  agent  of  the 
govt.  He  possessed  great  natural  talents. 
Author  of  speeches,  poems,  and  other  writings, 
N.Y.  8vo,  1843. 


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952 


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Walsh,  Robert,  LL.D.  (II.U.  1819),  au- 
thor, b.  Baltimore,  1784;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  7, 
1859.  His  father,  an  Irishman,  was  a  mer- 
chant of  Baltimore.  He  was  educated  at  the 
R.C.  Coll.  at  Baltimore,  and  the  Jesuit  Coll. 
at  Georgetown.  Returning  from  a  visit  to 
Europe  in  1808,  he  studied  law  under  R.  G. 
Harper;  m.  and  began  practice,  but,  owing  in 
part  to  deafness,  abandoned  law  for  literature. 
In  1811  he  commenced  the  pub.  of  the  first 
quarterly  in  America,  The  American  Revieiv  of 
Histori)  and  Politics,  continued  2  years ;  in  1813 
he  pub.  his  "  Corresjiondence  with  R.  G.  Har- 
per respecting  Russia,"  and  "  Essay  on  the 
Future  State  of  Europe."  He  also  furnished 
several,  biog.  prefaces  to  an  edition  of  the  Eng- 
lish poets,  then  being  pub.  in  Phila.  In  1  SH- 
IS he  edited  the  American  Register;  pub.  a 
biography  of  Franklin  in  Delaplaine's  "  Reposi- 
tory," 1818  ;  "An  Appeal  from  the  Judgments 
of  Great,  Britain  respecting  the  U.S.,"  1819,— 
an  able  vindication  of  America  from  the  asper- 
sions and  slanders  of  the  Edinburgh  and  Quar- 
terly Reviews.  In  1820  he  established  the  Na- 
tional Gazette,  with  which  he  was  connected 
till  1836.  He  also  edited  ihQ  American  Mag. 
of  Foreign  Literature,  but  resuscitated  his 
American  Review  in 'March,  1827,  continuing 
it  with  great  ability  10  years ;  in  1836  he  pub. 
2  vols,  of  "  Didactics."  About  this  time  he 
went  to  Europe,  where  he  spent  the  residue 
of  his  life;  and  was  in  1845-51  U.S.  consul  at 
Paris,  corresp.  with  the  Nat.  Intelligencer  and 
the  Journal  of  Commerce.  For  the  "  Encyclo- 
pcedia  Americana,"  edited  by  Dr.  F.  Lieber,  he 
furnished  the  articles  on  Amer.  Biog.  Member 
of  the  Philos.  Society,  and  of  the  Roy.  Span- 
ish Acad,  of  History. 

Walter,  Lynde  Minshall,  founder  and 
first  editor  of  the  Boston  Transcript  1830-42, 
b.  6  June,  1799  ;  d.  24  July,  1842.  H.U.  1817. 
Grandson  of  Rev.  William,  rector  of  Trin. 
Church,  Boston,  1764-76,  b.  7  Oct.  1737;  d. 
(rector  of  Christ  Ch.,  Boston)  5  Dec.  1800. 
H.U.  1756.  Great-grandson  of  Rev.  Nathaniel. 

Walter,  Nehemiah,  minister  of  Roxbury, 
Ms.,  from  17  Oct.  1688  to  his  d.  Sept.  17, 1750, 
b.  Ireland,  Dec.  1663.  H.U.  1684.  His  father 
brought  him  to  America  as  early  as  1 679.  After 
living  a  while  in  Nova  Scotia,  he  became  the  col- 
league of  the  Apostle  Eliot.  He  pub.  an  essay 
on  Indwelling  Sin,  1707,  and  several  sermons. 
A  vol.  of  sermons  on  Isaiah,  with  Memoir  of 
Walter's  Life,  was  pub.  Svo.  1755.  —  Spraque. 

Walter,  Thomas,  minister  of  Roxbury, 
b.  Dec.  7,  1696;  d.  Jan.  10,  1725.  H.U. 
1713.  Ordained  colleague  with  his  father,  Rev. 
Nehemiah,  Oct.  29,  1718,  and  was  a  disting. 
scholar,  a  popular  preacher,  and  a  keen  dispu- 
tant. Excelling  in  the  knowledge  of  music,  he 
pub.  "  Grounds  and  Rules  of  Music  Explained," 
an  elementary  work  on  vocal  music,  1721, 
long  in  use  in  N.E. ;  essay  on  "  InfallibiUty," 
1724  ;  and  some  sermons. 

Walter,  Thomas,  botanist,  b.  Eng. ;  d. 
ab.  1800.  He  was  liberally  educated.  Settled 
as  a  planter  near  Charleston,  S.C.,  and  in  1788 
pub.  "  Flora  Caroliniana." 

Walter,  Thomas  Ustick,  LL.D.  (H.U. 
1857),  architect,  b.  Phila.  4  Sept.  1804.  Ph. 
D.  of  U.  of  Lewisb.  1853.    He  had  a  good 


education ;  studied  architecture  and  mathemat- 
ics ;  designed  in  1831  the  Phila.  County  Prison  ; 
Girard  College,  perhaps  the  finest  specimen  of 
classic  architecture  on  the  continent,  in  1 833 ; 
the  U.  S.  Capitol  Extension,  wliich  occupied 
him  14  years  (1851-65);  the  new  Treasury 
Building;  and  the  Govt.  Hospital  for  the  In- 
sane. Many  years  prof,  of  architecture  in  the 
Franklin  lust.  Phila.  Member  of  the  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc,  and  of  many  other  literary  and 
scientific  bodies,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Amer.  Institute  of  Architects.  —  Thomas. 

Walter,  William  Bicker,  poet,  b.  Bos- 
ton, Apr.  19,  1796;  d.  Charleston,  S.C,  Apr. 
23,  1822.  Bowd.  Coll.  1818.  Grandson  of 
Rev.  Wm.,  and  studied  divinity  at  Cambridge, 
but  did  not  preach.  He  pub.  in  1821  a  vol.  of 
poems ;  also  a  rambling  narrative  and  descrip- 
tive poem  entitled  "  Sukey,"  the  idea  of  which 
was  evidently  derived  from  the  then  recently- 
published  "  Fanny."  —  Dvyckinck. 

Walton,  George,  signer  of  the  Decl.  of 
Indep.,  b.  Frederick  Co.,  Va.,  1740;  d.  Augus- 
ta, Ga.,  Feb.  2,  1804.  Son  of  William,  and 
was  early  apprenticed  to  a  carpenter,  whose 
economy  would  not  allow  him  a  candle  to  read 
at  night.  In  his  zeal  for  knoAvledge,  he  found 
a  substitute  in  pine-knots.  Adm.  to  the  Ga. 
bar  in  1774  ;  was  one  of  the  four  persons  who 
called  a  public  meeting  at  Savannah  to  concert 
measures  for  the  defence  of  the  country,  July 
27,  1774;  was  one  of  the  com.  who  prepared 
a  petition  to  the  king,  and  drew  up  the  patri- 
otic resolutions  adopted  on  that  occasion ;  was 
active  in  promoting  the  Revol.  at  home;  and 
from  Feb.  1776  to  Oct.  1781  was  a  delegate  to 
Congress.  A  col.  of  militia,  he  assisted  in  the 
defence  of  Savannah  in  Dec.  1778 ;  was  danger- 
ously wounded  in  the  thigh,  and  was  a  prisoner 
till  Sept.  1779.  He  was  chosen  gov.  the  next 
month,  and  again  in  1789;  app.  chief  justice 
of  the  State  in  1783;  in  1787  was  a  delegate  to 
the  conv.  for  framing  the  Federal  Constitution, 
but  declined  taking  his  seat ;  in  1793  was  again 
a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court ;  and  was  in 
1795-6  U.S.  senator. 

Walworth,  Reuben  Hyde,  LL.D.  (N.J. 
Coll.  1835),  jurist,  b.  Bozrah,  Ct.,  Oct.  26, 
1789;  d.  Saratoga,  Nov.  21,  1867.  He  passed 
his  earlier  years  on  a  farm  in  Hoosick,  N.Y., 
to  which  his  father  removed  in  1793,  acquiring 
a  scanty  education  by  industrious  application  ; 
and  at  the  age  of  16  taught  school.  At  the 
age  of  17  he  began  the  study  of  law  at  Troy, 
N.Y.,  where  in  1809  he  was  adm.  to  the  bar, 
and  settled  at  Plattsburg,  attaining  a  high 
reputation.  He  was  master  in  chancery ;  was 
adj.-gen.  of  N.Y.  iiiilitia  during  the  war  of 
1812,  participating  in  the  operations  at  Platts- 
burg in  Sept.  1814;  M.C  in  1821-3;  app.  a 
circuit  judge  in  1823;  and  in  April,  1828-48, 
was  chancellor  of  the  State.  Chancellor  Wal- 
worth's adjudications  in  his  own  court  are  col- 
lected in  the  14  vols,  of  Paige  and  Barbour, 
while  the  opinions  which  he  pronounced  in  the 
Court  of  Errors  are  to  be  found  in  the  38  vols, 
of  Wendell,  Hill,  and  Denio.    Justice  Story 

f)ronounced  him  "the  greatest  equity  jurist 
iving."  He  was  an  early  friend  of  the  tem- 
perance cause ;  a  vice-pres.  of  the  Bible  Society 
and  of  the  Tract  Society ;  and  a  man  of  much 


"W-AJ^ 


953 


W-Aja 


benevolence.  Author  of  "  Rules  and  Orders 
N.  Y.  Ct.  of  Chancery,"  8vo,  1829 ;  "  Hyde 
Genealogy,"  2  vols.  Svo,  1864. 

Wangenheim,  Frederic  Adam  Jules 
DE,  botanist,  b.  in  the  duchy  of  Saxe-Gotha, 
1 747 ;  d.  Gumbinnen,  Eastern  Prussia,  Mar.  2.5, 
1800.  During  the  American  war  he  served  in 
the  British  army  as  capt.  of  Hessian  chasseurs 
1778-83,  and  on  his  return  he  was  sent  to  Gum- 
binnen to  organize  the  dept.  of  rivers  and 
forests  in  Eastern  Prussia.  While  in  N.  Amcr. 
he  had  studied  the  botany  of  its  forests  ;  and  he 
succeeded  in  transplanting  into  Germany  the 
different  kinds  of  trees  and  shrubs  produced  in 
this  part  of  the  new  world.  He  pub.  "  Descrip- 
tion de  que/qucs  Especesd'Arbres  qui  croissent  dans 
VAmerique  Sept.,"  &c.,  Gottingcn,  1781,  in  8vo; 
"  Supplement  a  la  Science  Forestiere  en  Ailemagne 
appliquee  a  la  Transplantation  des  Especes 
d'Arbres  que  produit  I'Ame'rique  Sept.,"  Gottin- 
gen,  1787,  in  folio;  " Description  de  Differentes 
Especes  de  Bois  qui  croissent  dans  I'Am^rique 
Sept.,"  1788;  and  some  pieces  in  the  Memoirs 
of  the  Natural-History  Society  of  Berlin. 

Wansey,  Henry,  author  of  "  A  Tour  in 
the  U.S.  in  1794,"  and  other  works;  d.  War- 
minster, Eng.,  July  19,  1827,  a.  75.  He  was 
a  Wiltshire  clothier. 

Wanton,  Joseph,  gov.  of  R.I.  1769-75, 
b.  Newport,  K.I. ;  d.  there  July  19, 1780,  a.  75. 
Son  of  William,  gov.  R.I.  1732-4,  who  d. 
Newport,  May  9,  1737,  a.  57.  He  acquired 
wealth  as  a  merchant.  Having  in  1773  ac- 
cepted an  app.  to  inquire  into  the  affair  of 
the  "  Gaspe,"  he  was  looked  upon  by  the 
people  with  distrust,  and  regarded  as  a  loyalist. 
John,  gov.  R  I.  1734-41,  was  several  years 
previously  assist,  and  lieut.-gov.,  d.  July  11, 
1741,  a.  68.  Gideon,  gov.  K.I.  1745-47,  pre- 
viously treasurer,  d.  Newport,  Sept.  12,  1767, 
a.  74. 

Warburton,  Maj.  George,  some  time  a 
resident  of  Canada,  subsequently  M.P.  for 
Harwich;  d.  by  his  own  hand,  1857.  Bro.  of 
Eliot  the  author.  Maj.  W.  has  pub.  "  Hoche- 
laga,  or  England  in  the  New  World,"  1846; 
"  The  Conquest  of  Canada,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1849, 
&c.  —  AUibone. 

Ward,  Aaron,  lawyer  and  politician,  b. 
Sing  Sing,  N.Y.,  5  July,  1790 ;  d.  Georgetown, 
D.C.,  27  Feb.  1867.  Educated  at  Mt.  Pleasant 
Acad.,  and  adm.  to  the  Westchester-Co.  bar. 
He  served  in  the  war  of  1812-15,  and  was  a 
capt.  U.S.A.  ;  afterward  maj.-gen.  of  militia ; 
dist.-atty.  of  Westchester  Co.;  M.C.  1825-9, 
1831-7,  and  1841-3.  Author  of  "Around  the 
Pyramids,"  &c.,  12mo,  1863. 

Ward,  Andrew  Henshaw,  author,  b. 
Shrewsbury,  Ms.,  May  26,  1784;  d.  Newton- 
ville,  Ms.,  Feb.  18, 1864.  H.U.  1808.  Adm.  to 
the  Northampton  bar  in  1811,  and  practised  in 
his  native  town  ;  was  many  years  a  customs- 
officer  at  Boston  ;  member  of  the  Const.  Conv. 
of  1853  ;  member  of  the  N.E.  Hist.  Geneal. 
Society,  contributing  to  its  quarterly  Register. 
Author  of  a  "  History  of  Shrewsbury,"  1847, 
and  Genealogies  of  the  Ward  and  Rice  fami- 
lies. 

Ward,  Artemas,  first;  maj.-gen.  Revol. 
army,  b.  Shrewsbury,  Nov.  27,  1727;  d. 
there   Oct.  27,   18U0.      H.U.   1748.      At  the 


age  of  25  he  was  a  justice  of  the  peace;  in 
1755  a  major  in  Col.  Abr.  Williams's  regt. ; 
and  in  1758  was  major  in  the  regt.  com.  by 
William  Williams.  He  accomp.  the  expcd. 
under  Gen.  Abcrcrombie,  from  which  he  re- 
turned with  the  rank  of  iieut.-col.  Succeeding 
to  the  com.  of  the  3d  Regt.,  he  also  represented 
his  native  town  in  the  Icgisl.,  where  he  took  an 
active  part  in  the  controversies  that  pi-eceded 
the  Revolution  between  the  colonial  govs,  and 
the  h.  of  representatives.  Oct.  27,  1774,  he 
was  app.  by  the  Provincial  Congress,  in  which 
he  was  a  delegate,  a  general  officer;  and  on  the 
19th  of  May  following,  com.-in-chief,  in  which 
capacity  he  acted,  com.  the  army  which  began 
the  siege  of  Boston,  until  the  arrival  of  Wash- 
ington in  July,  when  he  was  assigned  to  com. 
the  right  wing  of  the  array  stationed  in  Rox- 
bury.  Congress  chose  him  first  maj.-gen.  June 
17,  1775  ;  but  he  resigned  in  April,  1776,  from 
ill-health,  though,  at  the  request  of  Washington, 
he  continued  in  service  till  the  close  of  the 
year.  Chief  justice  of  the  C.C.P.  for  Worcester 
Co.  in  1776  ;  in  1777  he  was  elected  to  the  ex. 
council,  and,  by  the  council,  pres.  of  that  board  ; 
and  in  1779  was  app.  a  delegate  to  Congress, 
but  was  prevented  by  ill-health  from  taking  a 
seat  in  that  body.  He  was  16  years  a  represen- 
tative in  the  legisl.,  and  in  1785  speaker  of  the 
house.  M.C.  in  1791-5.  He  was  a  man  of 
incorruptible  integrity,  and  of  fixed  and  un- 
yielding principles.  His  son  Artemas,  LL.D. 
(H.U.  1842-5),  M.C.  1813-17,  chief  justice 
C.C.P.  1820-39,  and  an  eminent  lawyer,  b.  9 
Jan.  1762,  d.  Boston  7  Oct.  1847;  H.U.  1783. 
He  practised  law  in  Boston  after  1809,  and  was 
frequently  a  member  of  the  legisl.  and  of  the 
council. 

Ward,  Frederick  Townshend,  admiral- 
gen,  in  the  service  of  the  emperor  of  China, 
b.  Salem,  Ms.,  Nov.  1831;  killed  Oct.  7,  1862, 
during  an  engagement  near  Ningpo  between 
the  rebel  Taepings  and  the  European  allied 
army.  He  was  educated  at  the  Salem  High 
School,  and  was  a  lieut.  in  the  French  service 
during  the  Crimean  war ;  had  seen  service  in 
Mexico,  and  under  the  filibuster  Walker.  He 
trained  the  Chinese  into  good  soldiers,  and  at 
their  head  won  many  victories. 

Ward,  Henry,  sec.  of  R.I.  from  1760  to 
his  d.  Dec.  1797  ;  was,  with  his  bro.  Samuel  a 
principal  advocate  and  supporter  of  the  Revol. 
in  that  State.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Con- 
gress which  met  in  N.Y.  1765,  and  a  member 
of  the  com.  of  corresp.  during  the  Revol.  The 
office  of  sec.  was  held  by  the  father  and  two  of 
his  sons  for  70  years. 

Ward,  James  Harman,  commander 
U.S.N.,  son  of  Col.  James  of  Hartford,  Ct.,  b. 
there  1806;  killed  in  an  attack  on  Matthias 
Point,  Va.,  June  27,  1861.  Educated  at  the 
Norwich  Milit.  Acad.,  and  at  Trin.  Coll.,  Hart- 
ford. March  4,  1823,  app.  midshipm. ;  lieut. 
Mar.  3,  1831 ;  and  com.  Sept.  9,  1858.  While 
serving  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  he  compiled  his 
"  Manual  of  Naval  Tactics,"  pub.  in  1858.  In 
1842-3  he  delivered  in  Phila.  a  popular  course 
of  lectures  on  Gunnery.  He  urged  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  naval  school;  was  app.  a  prof,  of 
that  organized,  and  lectured  on  "Naval  Ord- 
nance and  Gunnery,"  subsequently  pub.     He 


TV-AJR 


954 


^WAJR 


next  pub.  "  Steam  for  the  Million."  He  was 
app.  to  command  the  Potomac  flotilla,  May  16, 
1861.  Juno  1  he  attacked  and  silenced  the  bat- 
teries at  Aquia  Creek ;  June  26  he  attacked  a 
battery  at  Matthias  Point,  but  was  struck  by  a 
Minie-ball,  and  almost  instantly  killed. 

Ward,  James  Warner,  b.  Newark,  N.  J., 
1818.  Pub.  in  1838"  Yorlck and  Otlier  Poems." 
He  received  a  Franklin  Medal  at  the  Boston 
High  School.  Moved  to  the  West,  where  he 
became  a  contrib.  to  periodicals,  and  in  1855 
was  associated  with  J.  A.  Warder  in  the  West- 
ern Hortic.  Rev.  Author  of  "  Memoir  of  Mrs. 
H.  L.  Ward,"  12mo,  1843;  of  some  fine  pieces 
of  sacred  music,  and  of  many  popular  minor 
])oems.  One  of  the  best  parodies  on  "Hiawa- 
tha" was  from  his  pen.  His  "  Mosquito  Song  " 
was  highly  commended.  In  1859  Mr.  Ward 
settled  in  N.  Y.  City. 

Ward,  J.  Q.  A.,  sculptor,  b.  Urbana,  0., 
ab.  1832.  Passed  his  early  life  on  a  farm ;  was 
a  pupil  of  H.  K.  Brown  in  1050-6 ;  spent  two 
years  in  Washington,  modelling  busts ;  and, 
after  visiting  Ga.  and  Ohio,  took  a  studio  in 
N.  York  in  1861,  and  in  1863  became  an  acade- 
mician. Besides  a  large  number  of  busts,  he 
has  executed  medallions,  studies  for  bass-reliefs, 
statues,  and  groups.  Among  his  works  arc  the 
"Frecdman,"  "Indian  Hunter,"  a  monument 
to  conunemorate  the  discovery  of  sulphuric 
ether  as  an  anesthetic,  a  bronze  statue  of  Com. 
M.  C.  Perry,  and  a  statue  of  Shakspeare  for 
the  N.  Y.  Central  Park.  —  Tuckerman. 

Ward,  Nathaniel,  clergyman  and  author, 
b.  Ilavernill,  Suffolk,  Eng.,  ab.  1578;  d.  Shen- 
field,  Essex,  Eng.,  ab.  1652.     Cambridge  U. 
1603.     His  father  John,  the  "painful  minis- 
ter" of  Haverhill,  had  three  sons,  Samuel,  Na- 
thaniel, and  John,  in  the  church,  of  whom,  ac- 
cording to  Dr.  Fuller  in  his  "  Worthies,"  peo- 
ple used  to  say  that  all  of  them  put  together 
would  not  make  up  his  abilities.  Nathaniel  was 
bred  a  lawyer ;  travelled  on  the  Continent  with 
some  merchants  in  Prussia  and  Denmark ;  de- 
voted himself  to  divinity ;  and  on  his  return  be- 
came rector  of  Stondon  Marcy,  Essex.   He  was 
connected  with  the  Ms.  Company  in  1630;  was 
brought  before  Bishop  Laud  for  nonconformity 
in  1631 ;  was  silenced  in  1633  ;  and  arrived  in 
N.E.  in  1634.     He  immediately  became  pastor 
of  the  church  at  Agawam,  or  Ipswich,  Rev. 
Thomas  Parker  being  teacher.  The  latter  hav- 
ing removed  to  Newbury,  John  Norton  becanie 
in  1636  the  colleague  of  Ward,  who  resigned 
in  Feb.  1637  from  impaired  health.     He  was 
the  author  of  the  "Body  of  Liberties,"  adopted 
in  Dec.  1641,  — the  first  code  of  laws  established 
in  N.  Eng.   He  preached  the  Ms.  Election  Ser- 
mon, June  2,  1641.   In  1645  he  was  chosen  by 
the  General  Court  a  member  of  a  committee 
for  the  county  of  Essex  to  draw  up  laws  to 
be  submitted  to  the  next  legislature.    Ward 
returned  to  England  at  the  close  of  1646.    IBs 
"  Simple  Cobler  of  Aggawam,"  a  quaint  politi- 
co-religious tract,  satirizing  the  affairs  and  man- 
ners of  the  Colony  and  the  fashionable  ladies 
of  the  day,  but  levelled  mainly  at  the  condition 
of  England,  was  pub.  at  London,  Jan.  30, 1647. 
In  1648  he  became  the  minister  at  Shenficld, 
where  he  died.     He  was  a  celebrated  wit,  and 
was  something  of  a  poet,  having  written  in  1648 


a  humorous  satirical  address  to  the  London 
tradesmen  turned  preachers,  entitled  "  Mercu- 
rius  Anti-Mechanicus,  or  the  Simple  Cobler's 
Boy,"  &c.  His  "  Simple  Cobler "  was  re- 
printed at  Boston  in  1713  and  1843,  and  at 
Washington  in  1844.  Besides  several  tracts 
attributed  to  him,  he  pub.  "A  Sermon  before 
the  House  of  Commons,  June  30,  1647  ; "  "A 
Religious  Retreat  sounded  to  a  Religious  Ar- 
my," 1647;  "The  Humble  Petitions,  Serious 
Suggestions,  and  Dutiful  Expostulations,  of 
some  Freeholders  of  the  Easterne  Association,  to 
the  High  and  Hon.  Parliament  of  Eng.,"  1648 ; 
and  " Discolliminum,"  a  reply  to  "Bounds  and 
Bonds,"  1650.  His  son  Johx  (b.  Haverhill, 
Eng.,  5  Nov.  1608,  d.  Haverhill,  Ms.,  27  Dec. 
1693,  Camb.U.  1630)  was  minister  of  Haverliill, 
Ms.,  from  1645  to  his  death,  27  Dec.  1693.— 
See  Memoir  by  John  Ward  Dean,  8vo,  1868. 

Ward,  Samuel,  statesman,  b.  Newport, 
R.L,  May  27,  1725 ;  d.  Phila.  March  26,  1776. 
His  ancestors,  one  of  whom  was  an  officer  in 
Cromwell's  army,  were  among  the  first  settlers 
of  R.I.  Richard  his  father,  gov.  of  R.I.  in 
1741  and  '42,  was  sec.  in  1714-33.  Samuel 
was  brought  up  a  farmer,  and  man  of  business 
for  his  father,  acquired  a  competency,  and  set- 
tled in  Westerly.  Member  of  the  Gen.  Assem- 
bly 1756-9,  chief  justice  1761,  and  gov.  in  1762 
and  1765-7.  He  was  one  of  the  originators  of 
R.L  Coll.,  now  known  as  Brown  U.  He  was 
an  active  patriot;  chairman  of  the  Westerly 
com.  of  corresp.  With  Stephen  Hopkins,  he  was 
app.  a  delegate  to  the  First  Congress  in  Phila. 
in  Sept.  1774 ;  and  was  also  a  member  of  that 
body  in  1775,  in  which  he  usually  presided  when 
in  com.  of  the  whole,  and  was  a  member  of  im- 
portant committees.  —  See  Life,  by  Gamrnell,  in 
Sparks' s  Ainer.  Biog.,  vol.  19.  His  son  Col. 
Samuel,  a  brave  Revol.  officer,  b.  17  Nov. 
1756,  d.  N.Y.  Cit^,  16  Aug.  1832.  Brown  U. 
1771.  He  participated  in  Arnold's  expcd.  to 
Quebec,  in  the  defence  of  Red  Bank,  and  in 
the  engagements  in  R.L,  and  at  Springfield, 
N.  J.     Afterward  a  merchant  in  New  York. 

Ward,  Thomas,  M.D.  (Rutg.  Coll.),  poet, 
b.  Newark,  N.  J.,  June  8,  1807.  Son  of  Gen. 
Thomas  Ward.  He  pub.  in  1842  "Passaic," 
a  group  of  poems  touching  that  river.  A  con- 
trib. to  the  Knickerbocker  and  N.  Y.  American. 
Warden,  David  Bailie,  M.D.  (N.Y. 
Med.  Coll.),  b.  Ireland,  1778  ;  d.  while  Ameri- 
can consul  at  Paris,  Oct.  9,  1845.  He  was  clas- 
sically educated,  and  was  disting.  for  his  scien- 
tific attainments  and  varied  learning.  He  was 
app.  sec.  of  legation  to  Gen.  Armstrong,  min- 
ister to  France,  and  was  subsequently  app.  con- 
sul at  Paris,  in  which  station  he  continued  40 
years;  and  a  member  of  the  French  Acad.  He 
pub.  an  "Account  of  the  U.S.,"  3  vols.  8vo, 
1819;  the  same  in  French,  at  Paris;  "On 
Consular  Establishments,"  1813;  "  Bibliotheca 
Americana,''  1831  ;  "Bib.  America  Septent..," 
Paris,  1820;  "Description  of  the  Dist.  of  Co- 
lumbia," 8vo,  1816;  "Hist,  of  the  Silk  Bill," 
Svo,  Phila.  1837;  "Inquiry  concerning  the  In- 
tellectual and  Moral  Faculties  and  Literature 
of  the  Negroes,"  1810;  "Origin,  Influence, 
&c.,of  Consular  j^stablishments,"  Paris,  1813. 
Warder,  John  A.,  M.D.,  prof,  of  chem.  in 
Ohio  Med.  Coll.,  b.  Phila.  1813;  removed  to 


■WJ^Tl 


955 


AV.AJR 


Ohio  1830.  Author  of  "Hedge  Manual," 
1858;  "American  Pomology,"  1867.  Edit. 
Botan.  Mag.  and  Hortic.  Rev.  Contributor  to 
scientific  periodicals.  —  Allihone. 

Ware,  Ashuk,  LL.D.  (Bowd.  Coll.  1837), 
judge,  b.  Sherburne,  Ms.,  Feb.  10, 1782.  H.U. 
1804 ;  was  tutor  there  1807-11 ;  prof,  of  Greek 
1811-15.  Attorney  at  law  in  Boston  in  1816, 
and  editor  of  the  Boston  Yankee.  He  removed 
to  Portland  in  1817,  and  from  1822  to  1866  was 
judge  of  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court  of  Me.  He  was 
Urst  sec.  of  state  for  Me.  in  1820.  In  1839  he 
pub.  "  Reports  of  Cases  U.S.  District  Court  of 
Me.  1822-39."  He  delivered  an  oration,  July 
4,  1816,  before  the  Washington  Society;  an- 
other, July  4,  1817,  in  Portland.  He  contrib. 
to  Bouvier's  "  Law  Dictionary "  articles  on 
Admiralty  Jurisdiction,  on  the  Duty  of  Mas- 
ters of  Vessels,  and  Privileged  Debts. 

Ware,  Catharine  Augusta,  poet,  b. 
Quincy,  Ms.,  1797;  d.  Paris  1843.  Dau.  of 
Dr.  Rhodes,  and  in  1819  m.  Charles  A.  Ware 
of  the  navy.  Author  of  a  vol.  entitled  "  Power 
of  the  Passions,  and  Other  Poems,"  London, 
1842.  She  wrote  occasional  poems  for  the  pa- 
pers ;  edited  the  Bower  of  Taste  in  Boston ; 
and  went  to  Europe  in  1839.  She  was  a  rela- 
tive of  Robert  Treat  Paine,  and  at  15  wrote 
some  verses  on  his  death.  —  Dayckinck. 

Ware,  Henry,  D.D.  (H.U.  1806),  HoUis 
professor  of  divinity  in  H.U.  (1805-45),  b. 
Sherburne,  Ms.,  Apr.  1,  1764;  d.  Cambridge, 
July  12,  1845.  H.U.  1785.  His  father  being 
a  farmer  of  small  means,  his  opportunities  for 
education  were  limited.  As  his  health  was 
feeble,  his  two  eldest  brothers  (his  father  having 
died  when  he  was  15  years  old)  assisted  him 
to  procure  a  collegiate  education.  Oct.  24, 
1787,  he  was  ord.  over  the  First  Church  in  Hing- 
ham,  where  he  continued  till  chosen  prof,  in 
1805.  The  situation  was  one  of  great  respon- 
sibility, on  account  of  the  controversies  re- 
specting it,  which  resulted  in  the  separation  of 
the  Cong.  Church  of  N.E.  into  the  two  sects 
called  Unitarian  and  Orthodox.  Among  the 
writers  on  one  side  were  Drs.  Morse,  Worcester, 
and  Woods,  and  on  the  other  Dr.  Wm.  E. 
Channing,  Prof.  Andrews  Norton,  and  Prof. 
Ware  himself,  who  about  1820  pub.  his  "Let- 
ters addressed  to  Trinitarians  and  Calvinists," 
in  answer  to  the  Letters  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Woods. 
The  latter  replied  ;  and  the  discussion  was  con- 
tinued by  Dr.  Ware  in  two  other  publications. 
In  1842  he  pub.  also  one  course  of  his  aca- 
demical lectures  on  the  Evidences,  Doctrines, 
and  Ethics  of  Christianity,  2  vols.  He  was  a 
man  of  pure  tastes  and  simple  manners,  with 
a  refined  and  highly-cultivated  intellect,  and  a 
generous  and  aflectionate  heart. 

Ware,  Henry,  Jun.,  D.D.,  clergyman, 
son  of  the  preceding,  b.  Hingham,  Ms.,  Apr. 
21,  1794 ;  d.  Framingham,  Ms.,  Sept.  22,  1843. 
H.U.  1812.  He  spent  two  years  as  assist,  in- 
structor at  Phillips  (Exeter)  Acad. ;  and  was 
ord.  pastor  of  the  Second  Unitarian  Church  in 
Boston,  Jan.  1,  1817.  He  became  the  editor 
of  the  Christian  Disciple,  an  organ  of  the  Uni- 
tarian denomination,  which  afterward  became 
the  Christian  Examiner;  and  took  an  active 
part  in  all  the  public  associations  of  his  de- 
nomination.    In  1829-42  he  was  prof,  of  pul- 


pit eloquence,  and  the  pastoral  care  at  H.U. ; 
and  in  the  summer  of  1830  he  visited  different 
parts  of  Europe.  In  1824  he  delivered  a  poem, 
entitled  "  A  Vision  of  Liberty,"  before  the 
Phi  Beta  Kappa  of  Cambridge.  Author  of 
"  Poem  on  the  Celeb,  of  Peace,"  1815  ;  "  Hints 
on  Extemp.  Preaching,"  1824  ;  "  Recollections 
of  Jotham  Anderson  ;  "  on  the  "  Formation  of 
Christian  Character,"  1831;  "Feast  of  the 
Tabernacle,"  a  poem,  1837;  "Life  of  the  Sa- 
viour," 1832;  "Memoir  of  Rev.  Dr.  Parker," 
1834  ;  a  "  Selection  from  the  Writings  of  Dr. 
Priestley,"  1835.  A  selection  of  his  writings 
was  pub.  by  Rev.  Chandler  Robbins,  4  vols. 
1846;  a  Memoir  by  his  bro.  John  Ware,  M.D., 
appeared  in  1846,  2  vols.  His  wife,  Mary  L. 
Ware,  a  woman  of  great  elevation  of  mind 
and  active  benevolence,  d.  April,  1849. 

Ware,  John,  M.D.  (H.U.  1816),  bro.  of 
the  preceding,  physician  and  author,  b.  Hing- 
ham, Ms.,  Dec.  19,  1795;  d.  Boston,  Apr.  29, 
1864.  H.U.  1813.  He  began  to  practise  in 
Duxbury,  Ms.,  and  in  1817  removed  to  Boston. 
From  1832  to  1858  he  was  prof  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  medical  dept. 
of  H.U. ;  several  years  pres.  of  the  Ms.  Med. 
Soc,  and  also  a  member  of  the  Am.  Acad,  of 
Arts  and  Sciences.  He  pub.  medical  lectures 
and  discourses ;  essays  on  "  Croup,"  on  "  De- 
lirium Tremens,"  and  on  "  Hemoptysis  ;  "  a 
vol.  on  the  "  Philosophy  of  Natural  History  ; " 
a  "  Memoir  of  H.  Ware,  Jan.,"  1846  ;  "  Hints 
to  Young  Men,"  18.50;  "  Success  in  the  Medi- 
cal Profession,"  &c.,  1851.  His  wife,  Mary 
Greene,  dau.  of  Mr.  Chandler,  b.  Petersham, 
1818,  is  author  of  "  Elements  of  Character," 
1854;  "Thoughts  in  My  Garden,"  1862; 
"Death  and  Life,"  1864. 

Ware,  William,  clergyman  and  author, 
b.  Hingham,  Ms.,  Aug.  3,  1797  ;  d.  Cambridge, 
Ms.,  Feb.  19,  1852.  H.U.  1816;  Camb.  Theol. 
School,  1819.  Son  of  Rev.  Henry.  He  com- 
menced preaching  at  Northborough ;  was  set- 
tled successively  in  Brooklyn,  Ct.,  and  Bur- 
lington, Vt. ;  and  from  Dec.  18, 1821,  to  Oct.  19, 
1836,  was  minister  of  the  First  Cong.  Church 
inN.Y. ;  from  June,  1837,  to  Apr.  1838,  he 
was  settled  over  the  2d  Cong.  Church'  in  Wal- 
tham,  Ms.;  and  in  Dec.  1843  was  settled  at 
West  Cambridge,  but  ill-health  soon  obliged 
him  to  give  up  preaching.  He  contrib.  to  the 
Knickerbocker  Mag.  "IjQtiQTS  from  Palmyra," 
pub.  in  2  vols,  in  1837,  better  known  under 
the  present  title  of  "  Zenobia."  A  sequel  to 
this  work,  now  known  as  "Aurelian,"  appeared 
in  1838  with  the  .title  of  "  Probus."  Remov- 
ing to  Cambridge  in  1839,  he  for  several  years 
edited  the  Christian  Examiner.  "Julian"  was 
pub.  in  2  vols,  in  1841  ;  "American  Unitarian 
Biography,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1850;  Memoir  of 
Nath.  Bacon,  in  Sparks's  "  Amer.  Biog.,"  vol. 
13.  In  1848  he  travelled  one  year  in  Europe; 
pub.  after  his  return  "  Sketches  of  European 
Capitals,"  1851  ;  "  Lectures  on  the  Works  and 
Genius  of  Washington  Allston,"  12mo,  18.52; 
and  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  Chris- 
tian Examiner  and  other  Unitarian  periodi- 
cals. 

Warfleld,  Catharine  Anne,  poet,  b. 
Washington,  Mpi.,  1817.  Her  father,  Major 
Nath.  A.  Ware,  was  sec.  of  Mpi.  Terr.,  and  a 


SVAJR 


956 


TV^R, 


political  economist ;  author  of  "  Views  of  the 
Federal  Constitution."  Her  maternal  grand- 
father was  Capt.  Charles  Percy  of  the  British 
navy.  Educated  with  her  sister  in  Phila.  She 
was  m.  in  1833  to  Elisha  Warfield  of  Lexing- 
ton, Ky.,  whence  in  1857  they  removed  to  a 
farm  near  Louisville,  Ky.  In  1843  was  pub. 
"  The  Wife  of  Leon,  and  Other  Poems,  by  Two 
Sisters  of  the  West;"  and  in  1846  the  sisters 
pub.  a  new  collection,  entitled  "  The  Indian 
Chamber,  and  Other  Poems."  Her  "  Household 
of  Bouverie,"  a  novel,  appeared  in  1862;  "Ro- 
mance of  the  Great  Seal,    1867. 

Warham,  John,  first  minister  of  Wind- 
sor, Ct.,  from  Sept.  1636  till  his  death,  Apr.  I, 
1670.  He  was  an  eminent  minister  at  Exeter, 
Eng.,  when  the  church  which  was  gathered  at 
Plymouth,  and  about  to  emigrate  to  America, 
of  which  Mr.  John  Maverick  was  pastor,  se- 
cured him  as  teacher.  They  arrived  May  30, 
1630,  and  in  June  began  a  settlement  at  Dor- 
chester. In  163.5  this  church  removed  to  Wind- 
sor, where  Mr.  W.  joined  them  the  next  year, 
Mr.  Maverick  having  died. 

Warner,  Susan,  novelist,  b.  N.Y.  1818, 
dau.  of  Henry  W.  Warner  of  the  N.  York  bar, 
who  resides  on  Constitution  Island,  near  West 
Point.  Pub.  in  1849  "  The  Wide,  Wide  World," 
a  story  of  domestic  life;  "  Queechy,"  1852; 
"  The  Law  and  the  Testimony,"  1853,  a  theol. 
work  of  research  and  merit ;  a  prize  essay  on 
the  Duties  of  American  Women  ;  "  The  Hills 
of  Shatemuck,"  1856,  containing  sketches  of 
scenery  near  her  residence;  a  vol.  of  "Lyrics 
from  the  Wide,  Wide  World  ;"  "The  Golden 
Ladder,"  1862;  "The  Old  Helmet,"  1863. 
She  has  written  under  the  nom  de  plume  "  Eliza- 
beth Wetherell."  Her  sister  Anna  B.  War- 
KER  is  the  author  of  "Dollars  and  Cents,"  a 
novel,  18.53  ;  "  My  Brother's  Keeper,"  2  vols. 
1855  ;  and  of  a  series  of  juvenile  tales.  "  Say 
and  Seal,"  the  joint  production  of  the  sisters, 
app.  in  2  vols,  in  1860. 

Warner,  Col.  Seth,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Roxbury,  Ct.,  May  17, 1743  ;  d.  there  Dec.  26, 
1784.  He  was  early  disting.  by  his  energy, 
sound  judgment,  and  manly  and  noble  bear- 
ing. In  1765,  with  his  father  Dr.  Benj.  War- 
ner, he  removed  to  Bennington,  in  the  New- 
Hampshire  grants.  During  the  dispute  be- 
tween N.Y.  and  the  inhabitants  of  the  "grants," 
over  whom  it  claimed  jurisdiction,  Ethan  Al- 
len and  Seth  Warner  were  the  leaders  and 
champions  of  the  people.  They  were  outlawed 
by  the  State  of  N.Y. ;  and  a  reward  was  offered 
for  the  arrest  of  either.  As  second  in  com.  he 
participated  in  the  capture  of  Ticonderoga,  and 
on  the  following  day  he  took  the  important 
post  of  Crown  Point,  with  its  garrison  and  113 
cannon.  Chosen  col.  July  27, 1775  ;  in  Sept. 
he  was  at  the  siege  of  St.  John's  under  Mont- 
gomery, and  defeated  Gen.  Carleton  in  the  at- 
tempt for  its  relief.  During  the  retreat  of  the 
Americans  to  Ticonderoga  in  May,  1776,  War- 
ner rendered  valuable  service.  When  Ticon- 
deroga was  evacuated  on  the  night  of  July  4, 
1777,  the  main  body  of  the  army  took  the  road 
through  Hubbardton  and  Castleton.  At  the 
former  place  the  rear-guard  was  put  under  the 
com.  of  Warner,  who  was  attacked  by  Fraser, 
July  7,  and,  after  a  severely-contested  fight, 


was  compelled  to  retreat.  At  the  battle  of 
Bennington,  Warner's  regiment  arrived  at  the 
scene  of  action  in  season  to  repel  and  defeat 
the  re-en fbrcement  of  the  enemy  under  Bray- 
man,  and  to  share  in  the  glory  of  that  exploit. 
He  remained  in  the  service  until  1782,  when 
his  constitution,  though  naturally  strong  and 
vigorous,  gave  way  under  the  fatigue  and  hard- 
ships of  the  service,  and  he  returned  with  his 
family  to  Roxbury.  Seth  Warner  was  over 
six  feet  in  height,  erect  and  well-proportioned. 
A  Memoir  by  Daniel  Chipman  was  pub.  at 
Middlebury,  1848. 

Warren,  Gouverneur  Kemble,  brevet 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Cold  Spring,  N.Y.,  1830. 
West  Point,  1850.  Entering  the  topog.  engrs., 
he  was  made  1st  lieut.  1  July,  1856;  capt.  9 
Sept.  1861;  capt.  engr.  corps  3  Mar.  1863; 
maj.  25  June,  1864  ;  lieut.-col.  5th  N.Y.  Vols. 
14  May,  1861  ;  col.  31  Aug.  1861 ;  brig. -gen. 
26  Sept.  1862;  maj.-gen.  3  May,  1863.  He 
was  engaged  in  surveys  of  the  western  Terrs, 
until  1859;  was  assist,  prof,  of  math.  1859-61, 
at  West  Point;  com.  a  brigade  in  Peninsular 
campaign,  and  brev.  lieut.-col.  27  June,  1862, 
for  Gaines's  Mill,  where  he  was  wounded  ;  en- 
gaged in  battles  of  Manassas,  Antietam,  and 
Fredericksburg ;  chief  topog.  engr.  Army  of 
Potomac  from  4  Feb.  1863  ;  enga2:ed  at  Chan- 
cellorsville;  brev.  col.  4  July,  1863,  for  Gettys- 
burg, where  he  was  wounded;  in  temporary 
com.  2d  corps,  Aug.  1863  to  Mar.  1864;  and  in 
com.  at  the  combats  of  Auburn  and  Bristoe 
Station,  14  Oct.  1863  ;  com.  5th  corps,  March, 
1864,  to  Apr.  1, 1865,  in  Richmond  campaign; 
and  engaged  at  the  Wilderness,  Spottsylvania, 
North  Anna,  Bethesda  Church,  Cold  Harbor, 
siege  of  Petersburg,  Weldon  Railroad,  and  Five 
Forks;  brev.  brig,  and  maj.  gen.  U.S.A.  13 
Mar.  1865  for  Bristoe  Station,  and  for  gallant 
and  merit,  services  during  the  Rebellion.  Au- 
thor of  Explorations  in  the  Dakotah  Country 
in  1855;  of  the  Country  between  the  Missouri 
and  Platte  Rivers,  1857  ;  in  Nebraska  and  Da- 
kotah, 1856-7;  Pacific-Railroad  Reports,  part 
of  vol.  i.,  all  of  vol.  ii. ;  "Battle  of  Five 
Forks,"  1866. —  Cullum. 

Warren,  Gen.  James,  Revol.  patriot  of 
Ms.,  b.  Plymouth,  Sept.  28,  1726;  d.  there 
Nov.  27,  1808.  H.U.  1745.  Many  years  a 
merchant.  In  1757  the  decease  of  his  fivther 
left  him  a  handsome  patrimonial  estate,  which 
had  descended  from  Richard,  one  of  the  first 
settlers  of  Plymouth  in  1620.  Succeeding  his 
father  as  high  sheriff,  he  retained  the  oflSce  till 
the  commencement  of  the  war.  Chosen  a 
member  of  the  Gen.  Court  in  May,  1766,  he 
disting.  himself  in  maintaining  the  rights  of 
the  Colonies.  After  the  death  of  Gen.  Joseph 
Warren,  he  was  app.  pres.  of  the  Prov.  Con- 
gress; and  in  1775,  while  the  army  was  at  Cam- 
bridge, was  made  paym.-gen.,  but  resigned  the 
office  on  its  removal  to  New  York.  He  was 
afterwards  app.  maj.-gen.  of  the  militia.  After 
the  adoption  of  the  constitution  of  Ms.,  he  was 
several  years  speaker  of  the  house  of  represen- 
tatives, and,  refusing  the  offices  of  lieut.-gov. 
and  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court,  held  a  seat  at  the 
navy  board.  Husband  of  Mercy  Warren  the 
historian. 

Warren,  John,  M.D.,  a  disting.  physician, 


TVAP& 


95T 


^V-AlR 


b.  Roxbury,  Ms.,  July  27,  1753;  d.  Boston, 
Apr.  4,  1815.  H.U.  1771.  His  ancestors  set- 
tled in  Boston  in  1720.  After  studying  medi- 
cine two  years  with  his  hro.  Joseph  (afterwards 
Gen,  Warren),  he  settled  in  Salem,  where  he 
soon  had  an  extensive  practice.  On  the  day 
of  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill,  his  anxiety  on 
account  of  his  bro.  led  him  to  attempt  to  pass  a 
sentry,  who  inflicted  a  bayonet-wound,  the 
scar  of  which  he  bore  through  life.  He  ad- 
ministered to  those  wounded  in  that  battle,  and 
was  soon  iifter  app.  hospital-surgeon.  In  1776 
he  accomp.  the  army  to  N.Y.  and  N.J. ;  served 
at  Trenton  and  Princeton;  and  from  1777  to 
the  close  of  the  war  was  superintending  sur- 
geon of  the  military  hospitals  in  Boston.  He 
was  for  nearly  40  years  the  most  eminent  sur- 
geon in  N.E.  He  gave  a  course  of  dissections 
to  his  colleagues  in  1780;  and  in  1783  became 
prof,  of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  the  newly-es- 
tablished medical  school  at  Cambridge.  Fres. 
of  the  Ms.  Med.  Soc.  from  1804  till  his  death, 
and  was  also  pres.  of  the  Agric.  and  Humane 
Societies.  An  instance  of  the  energy  of  his 
character  is  found  in  his  preparing  a  course  of 
lectures  on  anatomy  without  hooks,  without 
an  instructor,  and  without  a  model.  He  deliv- 
ered several  public  addresses,  and  in  1783  be- 
gan the  series  of  4th-of-July  orations  at  Bos- 
ton, ever  since  continued.  In  1777  he  m.  the 
dan.  of  Gov.  Collins  of  R.I.  He  pub.  a  "  Dis- 
sertation on  the  Mercurial  Practice  in  Febrile 
Diseases  :  "  an  address  to  the  lodges  of  Free- 
masons, of  which  he  was  grand-master;  and 
contrib.  many  articles  to  the  Journal  of  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery,  the  "  Memoirs  "  of  the  Amer. 
Acad.,  and  the  "  Communications"  of  the  Ms. 
Med.  Society. 

Warren,  John  Collins,  M.D.,an  eminent 
surgeon  and  medical  writer,  b.  Boston,  1  Aug. 
1778;  d.  there  4  May,  1856.  H.U.  1797.  Son 
of  the  preceding.  He  studied  medicine  with 
his  father,  and  in  the  hospitals  of  London  and 
Paris;  began  practice  at  Boston  in  1802,  and 
soon  took  the  lead  in  his  profession.  Assistant 
prof,  of  anatomy  and  surgery  H.U.  1806-15, 
full  prof.  1815-47,  and  emeritus  prof.  1847-56. 
One  of  the  founders  of  the  Ms.  Gen.  Hospital 
in  1820,  and  principal  surgeon  in  daily  attend- 
ance until  his  death;  also  a  founder  of  the 
McLean  Asylum  for  the  Insane;  pres.  Ms. 
Med.  Soc.  1832-6  ;  pres.  of  the  Boston  Soc.  of 
Nat.  Hist,  at  the  time  of  his  death ;  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  principal  scientific  bodies  in  America 
and  Europe.  Chiefly  instrumental  in  found- 
ing, and  from  1828  assoc.  editor  of,  the  Boston 
Med.  and  Surg.  Journal.  In  1846  he  was  the 
first  to  use  ether  in  a  surgical  operation ;  and 
his  sanction  aided  its  general  introduction. 
He  devoted  much  of  his  later  life  to  the  natural 
sciences.  His  collection  of  specimens  in  com- 
parative anatomy,  osteology,  and  paleontology, 
was  large,  and  included  the  most  perfect  mas- 
todon known  to  exist.  By  his  will  he  ordered 
that  his  body  be  given  for  examination  to  the 
officers  of  the  Medical  College,  and  that  the 
skeleton  should  be  deposited  in  its  museum.  An 
ardent  friend  of  temperance,  and  many  years 
pres.  of  the  Ms.  Temperance  Soc.  Besides 
contribs.  to  med.  and  scient.  journals,  he  pul». 
"  Diseases  of  the  Heart/'  1809;  "  Comparative 


View  of  the  Sensorial  System,"  1820;  "Ac- 
count of  the  Boston  Med.  School  and  Ms.  Gen. 
Hospital,"  1824;  "Dislocation  of  the  Hip- 
Joint,"  1826;  "Description  of  the  Siamese 
Twine,"  1829;  "Observations  on  Tumors," 
1837;  "Etherization,"  1848;  "  Descript.  of  an 
Egyptian  Mummy,"  1821;  "Alcohol  in  the 
Prep,  of  Medicine,"  1849;  "The  Preservation 
of  Health,"  1854;  "Fossil  Sandstone  Rocks 
of  Ct.  River,"  1854  ;  "  Genealogy  of  the  War- 
ren Family,"  1855;  '*  Mastodon  Giganteus," 
1 855.  —  See  his  Life,  mth  Autob.  and  Journals,  hif 
Edward  Warren,  2  vols.  1860.  His  son  Jona- 
than Mason,  M.D.,  b.  Boston,  1810,  d.  there 
19  Aug.  1867;  H.U.  1832.  Author  of  numer- 
ous monographs  on  special  subjects;  the  latest 
of  them,  "  Surgical  Observations,  with  Cases 
and  Operations,"  1867,  was  finely  illustrated. 

Warren,  Gen.  Joseph,  physician  and 
patriot,  b.  Roxbury,  Ms.,  June  11, 1741 ;  killed 
at  Bunker's  Hill,  June  17,  1775.  H.U.  1759. 
His  father,  a  respectable  farmer,  held  several 
municipal  offices  in  Roxbury.  He  studied 
medicine  under  Dr.  Lloyd ;  commenced  prac- 
tice in  Boston  in  1762,  and,  by  his  successful 
treatment  of  the  smallpox  in  1764,  attained 
high  rank  among  his  brethren.  His  political 
sentiments  were  somewhat  in  advance  of  pub- 
lic opinion  ;  for  he  held  as  tyranny  all  taxation 
which  could  be  imposed  by  the  British  parlia- 
ment upon  the  Colonies.  In  him  the  people 
found  not  only  the  firmness  and  decision  they 
wished  for  in  a  leader,  but  prudence  and  wari- 
ness in  all  his  plans.  He  met  frequently  with 
a  considerable  numberof  substantial  mechanics, 
and  others  in  the  middling-classes  of  society, 
who  were  busy  in  politics,  and  was  constantly 
enlightening  the  people  by  his  pen.  He  was 
twice  chosen  to  deliver  the  oration  on  the  5th 
of  March,  in  commemoration  of  the  "  Massa- 
cre." The  second  of  these  was  delivered  Mar. 
6,  1775,  in  the  "Old  South"  meeting-house, 
and  in  defiance  of  the  threats  of  the  British 
ofiicers,  that  it  would  be  at  the  price  of  the  life 
of  any  man  to  speak  on  that  anniversary.  In 
1772  he  became  a  member  of  the  com.  of  cor- 
resp. ;  in  the  autumn  of  1774  he  was  elected  a 
delegate  to  the  Ms.  Congress,  over  which  he 
presided  after  the  departure  of  Hancock ;  and 
was  also  chairman  of  the  com.  of  public  safety, 
to  whom  the  executive  power  was  intrusted. 
He  was  thus  the  virtual  head  of  the  new  com- 
monwealth. Having  discovered  the  design  of 
seizing  our  stores  at  Concord,  he  despatched 
messengers  to  Hancock  and  Adams  at  Lexing- 
ton to  wam  them  of  their  danger.  Hastening 
to  the  field  of  action  on  the  next  day,  he  shared 
the  dangers  of  the  opening  battle  of  the  Revo- 
lution, a  musket-ball  taking  off  a  lock  of  his 
hair  close  to  his  ear.  June  14,  1775,  the  Prov. 
Congress  of  Ms.  made  him  a  major-gen.  He 
had  previously  been  unceasing  in  his  exertions 
to  maintain  order  and  enforce  discipline 
amongst  the  troops  which  had  hastily  assem- 
bled after  the  battle  of  Lexington.  He  opposed 
the  project  of  occupying  Charlestown  Heights, 
on  the  ground  of  want  of  ammunition  sufficient 
to  resist  the  attack  of  the  British  troops.  When 
the  step  was  determined  on,  he,  however,  re- 
solved to  share  in  its  dangers.  Arriving  at  the 
intrenchments  on  Breed's  Hill  just  as  the  enemy 


■W^AJi 


958 


"W^S 


were  preparing  to  advance,  Col.  Prescott  de- 
sired to  act  under  his  directions ;  but  Warren 
declined  taking  any  other  part  than  that  of  a 
volunteer.  During  the  retreat  he  was  one  of 
the  last  who  left  the  redoubt,  near  which  he 
fell  as  he  was  slowly  retiring.  A  granite 
shaft,  216  feet  in  height,  marks  the  spot  sprin- 
kled by  the  blood  of  the  first  Revol.  martyr 
of  rank.  His  eldest  son  was  educated  at  the 
public  expense.  His  Life,  by  A.  H.  Everett, 
is  in  Sparks's  "Amer.  Biog."  Another,  by 
R,  Frothingham,  was  published  8vo,  Boston, 
1865. 

Warren,  Mercy,  authoress,  b.  Barnsta- 
ble, Sept.  25  (N.S.),  1728  ;  d.  Plymouth,  Oct. 
19,  1814.  A  sister  of  the  patriot  James  Otis, 
and  ab.  1754  became  the  wife  of  Gen.  James 
Warren.  She  had  an  active  as  well  as  power- 
ful mind,  and  coiresp.  with  some  of  the  lead- 
ing statesmen  of  the  times.  She  wrote  several 
satirical  pieces,  poetical  and  dramatic ;  a  forci- 
ble poetical  satn-e  in  the  form  of  a  drama, 
called  the  "  Group ; "  the  "  Adulator ;  "  two 
tragedies,  of  five  acts  each,  called  the  "  Sack  of 
Rome  "  and  the  "  Ladies  of  Castile."  These 
productions,  written  during  the  war,  and  pub. 
in  1778,  are  full  of  patriotic  feeling  and  heroic 
sentiment.  Her  Poems,  dramatic  and  miscel- 
laneous, were  pub.  in  1790.  In  1805  she  pub. 
her  History  of  the  Revol.  War,  3  vols.  8vo. 

Warren,  Sir  Peter,  an  English  admiral, 
b.  1703;  d.  Ireland,  July  29,  1752.  Entering 
the  navy  in  1727,  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  com- 
modore, which  he  held  in  1 745,  when  app.  com. 
of  an  armament  destined  to  attack  Louisburg, 
then  belonging  to  the  French.  He  joined  the 
fleet  of  transports  -with  the  land-forces  under 
Gen  Pepperrell  from  Boston,  in  Casco  Bay,  25 
Apr. ;  and,  being  joined  by  several  other  ships 
of  war  from  Eng.,  he  took  possession  of  Louis- 
burg on  the  17th  of  June.  He  was  made  a 
rear-admiral,  and,  falling  in  with  a  French 
squadron  off  Cape  Finisterre  in  1747,  com- 
pletely defeated  it,  capturing  the  greater  part. 
He  m.  Susan,  eldest  dau.  of  Stephen  De  Lancey 
of  N.  Y.,  and  was  the  owner  of  a  valuable  estate 
in  the  Mohawk  Valley,  which  he  placed  in 
charge  of  his  nephew.  Wm.  (afterwards  Sir 
Wm.)  Johnson. 

Warren,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  William,  ac- 
tors. Mr.  W.  was  b.  Bath,  Eng.,  May  10, 
1767;  d.  Washington,  D.C.,  Oct.  19,  1832. 
Made  his  debut  at  17  as  Young  Nerval;  at 
Baltimore  in  1796;  and  at  the  Chestnut-st., 
Phila.,  Nov.  5,  1796,  as  Friar  Lawrence  in 
"  Romeo  and  Juliet;  "  afterward  manager  of  the 
Chestnut-st.,  where  he  last  app.  Nov.  25,  1829. 
His  wife  Anne  Brunton,  afterward  Mrs.  Mer- 
ry and  Mrs.  Wignell,  b.  Bristol,  Eng.,  1770. 
M.  Wm.  Warren  Jan.  1, 1803  ;  d.  Alexandria, 
June  28,  1808;  made  her  d€but  in  Nov.  1785 
as  Euphrasia,  in  "  The  Grecian  Daughter,"  in 
Bristol.  M.  Robert  Merry  in  1792  ;  made  her 
d€but  Dec.  5,  1796,  at  the  Chestnut-st.,  Phila., 
as  Juliet,  and  was  one  of  the  best  actresses  of 
her  time.  William,  Jun.,  son  of  Wm.,  and 
one  of  the  best  comedians  on  the  American 
stage  (b.  Phila.  Nov.  17, 1812),  first  app.  at  the 
Arch-st.,  Phila.,  Oct.  27,  1832,  as  Young  Nor- 
val ;  at  the  Park,  N.Y.,  in  1841,  as  Gregory 
Grizzle  ;  at  the  Strand,  London,  in  1845  ;  and 


Aug.  23,  1847,  as  Billy  Lackaday,  at  the  Bos- 
ton Museum,  where  he  has  ever  since  been  a 
great  favorite. 

Warriner,  Rev.  Francis,  Cong,  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  Springfield,  Ms.,  1805  ;  d. 
Chester,  Ms.,  22  Apr.  1866.  Amh.  Coll.  1830. 
Teacher  of  math,  and  navigation  on  the  frig- 
ate "Potomac,"  1831-4,  in  the  Indian  Archi- 
pelago ;  he  pub.  on  her  return  "  The  Cruise 
of  the  Potomac,"  12mo,  1835.  He  studied 
theology  at  N.  Haven  and  New  York ;  pastor 
at  Chester,  Oct.  1841-8  and  1859-65,  and  of 
Waterford,  Vt.,  1848-59. 

Warrington,  Lewis,  com.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Williamsburg,  Va.,  3  Nov.  1782  ;  d.  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  12  Oct.  1851.  Wm.and  Mary  Coll. 
1798.  Midshipman  6  Jan.  1800;  lieut.  7  Feb. 
1807;  master  com.  24  July,  1813;  capt.  22 
Nov.  1814;  a  navy  commiss.  1827-30  and 
1840-2;  chief  of  bureau  of  ordn.  and  hydrog. 
from  Sept.  1842  to  his  d.  He  was  attached 
to  "  The  Chesapeake  "  at  the  date  of  her  en- 
counter with  the  British  frigate  "  Leopard,"  20 
June,  1807.  29  Apr.  1814,  in  the  sloop  "Pea- 
cock" (18  guns),  he  captured  off  Cape  Canav- 
eral, Florida,  after  an  action  of  42  minutes, 
the  British  sloop  of  war  "Epervier,"  Capt. 
Wales,  of  about  equal  force.  For  this  achieve- 
ment Congress  voted  him  a  gold  medal.  30 
June,  1815,  he  captured  in  the  Strait  of  Sun- 
da  the  E.  I.  Co/s  cruiser  "  Nautilus ; "  but, 
peace  having  previously  been  declared,  she  was 
restored.  He  afterwards  com.  a  squadron  on 
the  W.  I.  station. 

Washbume,  Gen.  Cabwallader  Col- 
den,  b.  Li  vermore.  Me.,  April  22,1818.  Son 
of  Israel,  and  bro.  of  Israel,  jun.,  and  E.  B. 
Washburne.  Originally  a  land-surveyor.  In 
1839  he  went  to  111.;  settled  as  a  lawyer  at 
Mineral  Point,  Wis. ;  and  in  1859  removed  to 
La  Crosse.  M.C.  in  1856-62;  delegate  to  the 
Peace  Congress  in  1861 ;  raised  a  regt.  of  cav- 
alry in  1861,  of  which  he  became  col. ;  July  16, 
1862,  became  brig.-gen. ;  maj.-gen.  Nov.  29, 
1862.  In  Dec.  1861  he  conducted  a  success- 
ful exped.  from  Helena,  Ark.,  into  the  interior 
of  Mpi.  In  the  operations  around  Vicksburg 
in  the  campaign  of  1863,  he  com.  the  two  divis- 
ions of  Gens.  Smith  and  Kimball ;  afterward 
served  in  La.  under  Gen.  Banks.  M.C.  1867- 
71  ;  chosen  gov.  of  Wis.  in  Nov.  1871. 

Washburne,  Elihu  Benjamin,  minis- 
ter to  France  (app.  1869),  b.  Livermore,  Me., 
23  Sept.  1816.  Bro.  of  Cadwalladcr  C,  and 
Israel,  jun.  Served  an  apprenticeship  in  the 
office  of  the  Kennebec  JTournal ;  studied  law  at 
H.U. ;  and  settled  in  practice  at  Galena,  111. 
Whig  M.C.  1853-5 ;  and  subsequently,  until 
1869,  a  prominent  Republican  in  that  body,  in 
which  he  was  chairman  of  the  com.  on  com- 
merce ( 1 857-65 ) .  He  has  also  the  merit  of  hav- 
ing procured  Gen.  Grant  his  app.  of  brig.-gen., 
and  remained  his  fast  friend  during  all  the 
vicissitudes  of  his  military  career.  The  latter, 
on  reaching  the  presidential  chair,  app.  Wash- 
burne sec.  of  state  (Mar.  1869) ;  but  he  shortly 
after  took  the  mission  to  France,  which  he  now 
(1872)  holds. 

Washburn,  Emory,  LL.D.  (H.U.  and 
Wms.  Coll.  1854),  lawyer,  b.  Leicester,  Ms., 
Feb.  14,  1800.     Wms.  Coll.  1817.     He  studied 


TVJkS 


959 


WAS 


law  ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  1821  ;  practised  in 
Leicester  1821-8,  and  at  Worcester  1828-56; 
member  of  the  Gen.  Court  1825-7  and  1838; 
was  judge  of  C.C.P.  in  1844-7;  gov.  of  Ms.  in 
1854-5  ;  prof,  in  the  Camb.  Law  School  since 
1855.  Besides  addresses  before  agric.  societies, 
temperance  and  other  associations,  he  has  pub. 
"  The  Part  taken  by  the  Inhabitants  of  Leices- 
ter, Ms.,  in  the  Events  of  the  Revol,"  1849; 
"  Address  at  the  Social  Festival  of  the  Bar  of 
Worcester  County,  Feb.  7,  1856;"  "  Histori- 
cal Sketclies  of  the  Town  of  Leicester,  Ms.," 
1 860 ;  "  Sketches  of  the  Judicial  History  of  Ms., 
1630-1775,"  8vo,  1840  ;  "  Address  at  the  Cele- 
bration of  the  200th  Anniv.  of  the  Incorpora- 
tion of  Bridgewater,  Ms.,  June  3,  1856;  "  "  Law 
of  Easements  and  Servitudes,"  8vo,  1863; 
"  Professional  Training,  a  Lecture,"  8vo,  1861. 
His  most  important  work  is  "  A  Treatise  on 
the  American  Law  of  Real  Property,"  2  vols. 
8vo,  1860-2,  3d  ed.  3  vols.  1868.  Member 
of  the  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Antiq. 
Society  of  Worcester,  N.E.  Hist.  Geneal.  Soc., 
and  the  Ms.  Hist.  Society. 

Washburn,  Israel,  gov.  Me.  1861-3, 
b.  Livermore,  Me.,  6  June,  1813.  Bro.  of  C. 
C.  and  E.  B.  Washbiirne.  He  studied  law; 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1834 ;  and  has  practised 
at  Orono,  Penobscot  Co.,  with  success.  Mem- 
ber Mc.  Icgisl.  1842;  M.C.  1851-61;  app.  coll. 
of  Portland  1 863. 

Washburn,  Peter  Thacher,  jurist,  b. 
Lynn,  Ms.,  7  Sept.  1814;  d.  7  Feb.  1870. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1835.  He  studied  at  the  Camb. 
Law  School ;  practised  at  Ludlow,  Vt.,  1 839-44, 
afterward  at  Woodstock  ;  8  years  reporter  Vt. 
Sup.  Court;  adj.  and  insp.-gen.  of  Vt.  1861-6  ; 
gov.  of  Vt.  from  Oct.  1869  to  his  death.  Author 
of  Reports  of  Sup.  Ct.  of  Vt.,  vols.  17-23,  and 
of  Digest;  the  first  15  vols.  Vt.  Report.s,  8vo, 
1845  ;  of  Reports  of  vols.  16-22,  &c.,  8vo,  1852. 

Washburn,  William  Barrett,  gov.  of 
Ms.  in  1872,  b.  Winchendon,  Ms.,  31  Jan.  1820. 
Y.C.  1844.  A  manufacturer.  Member  Ms. 
house  1850;  senate  1854;  subsequently  pres. 
Greenfield  Bank;  M.C.  1863-71. 

Washington,  Bushrod,  LL.D.  (N.  J. 
Coll.  1803),  jurist,  b.  Westmoreland  Co.,  Va., 
June  5,  1762 ;  d.  Phila.  Nov.  26,  1829.  Wm. 
and  Mary  Coll.  1778.  He  was  the  favorite 
nephew  of  the  President.  Studied  law  with 
James  Wilson  of  Phila.,  and  commenced  prac- 
tice with  great  success  in  his  native  county.  He 
served  as  a  private  soldier  at  Yorktown  ;  was 
a  member  of  the  Va.  h.  of  delegates  in  1787; 
and  the  next  year  was  a  member  of  the  conv. 
to  ratify  the  U.S.  Constitution  ;  afterwards  re- 
moved to  Alexandria,  and  thence  to  Richmond. 
Dec.  20,  1798,  he  was  app.  an  assoc.  justice  of 
the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court ;  first  pres.  of  the 
Colonization  Society.  Author  of  Reports  Ct. 
of  Appeals,  Va.,  1790-6,  2  vols.  8vo,  1798-9  ; 
Reports  U.  S.  Cir.  Court,  3d  circ,  1803-27; 
edited  by  R.  Peters,  4  vols.  8vo,  1826-9. 

Washington,  George,  first  pres.  U.S., 
b.  Bridge's  Creek,  Westmoreland  Co.,  Va., 
22  Feb.  1732;  d.  Mt.  Vernon  14  Dec.  1799. 
Fourth  son  of  Augustine.  John  his  ancestor 
came  to  Va.  ab.  1657.  Educated  by  a  private 
tutor,  and  became  a  surveyor.  Adj.-gen.  1751  ; 
sent  on  a  mission  to  the  French  com.  on  the 


Ohio  by  Gov.  Dinwiddie  31  Oct.  17.53,  return- 
ing 16  Jan.  1754,  after  much  suffering;  app, 
lieut.-col.  Mar.  1754;  and  28  May  captured  a 
French  detachment  near  Great  Meadows,  kill- 
ing its  com.  Jumonville ;  surrendered  his  com. 
at  Foit  Necessity  to  a  superior  French  force  4 
July,  1754;  vol.  aide  to  Gen.  Braddock  at  the 
battle  of  the  Monongahela  9  July,  1755 ;  m.  6 
Jan.  1759  to  Martha,  widow  of  John  Parke 
Custis,  and  dau.  of  John  Dandridge;  member 
of  the  h.  of  burgesses  1760-75  ;  delegate  to  the 
first  Congress,  Sept.  1774,  and  to  the  second. 
May,  1775,  by  which  (15  June)  he  was  chosen 
com.-in-chief  of  the  Amer.  army  on  the  nomi- 
nation of  John  Adams,  and  took  com.  at 
Cambridge  3  July.  He  forced  the  British  to 
evacuate  Boston  (17  Mar.  1776) ;  lost  the  battles 
of  Brooklyn  (27  Aug.;,  White  Plains  (28  Oct.) ; 
gained  the  victories  of  Trenton  and  Princeton 
(Dec.  26  and  Jan.  3) ;  was  defeated  at  Brandy- 
wine  (11  Sept.  1777)  and  at  German  town  (4  Oct. 
1777)  ;  fought  an  indecisive  battle  with  Sir  H. 
Clinton  (28  June,  1778)  at  Monmouth,  and,  in 
conjunction  with  the  French  army  of  Rocham- 
beau  and  the  fleet  of  De  Grasse,  captured  the 
army  of  Cornwallisat  Yorktown  (19  Oct.  1781), 
virtually  ending  the  war.  Dec.  23,  1783,  he 
resigned  his  com.,  and  retired  to  Mt.  Vernon. 
Pres.  of  the  convention  that  formed  the  U.S. 
Constitution  1787  ;  inaug.  pres.  of  the  U.S.  at 
New  York  30  Apr.  1 789,  and  returned  to  private 
life  on  the  exp.  of  his  second  term,  4  Mar.  1 797. 
In  Sept.  1796  he  pub.  his  Farewell  Address.  — 
See  Life  and  Corresp.  by  Sparks,  12  vols.  8vo  ; 
Lives  bij  Rarnsai/,  Marshall,  Bancroft,  and  Irving ; 
concerninri  pedigree,  see  Geneal.  Reg.,xx\.  25. 

Washington,  Col.  William  Augus- 
tine, a  distinguished  cavalry-officer  of  the 
Revolution,  b.  Stafford  Co.,  Va.,  28  Feb.  1752 ; 
d.  Charleston,  S.C,  6  Mar.  1810.  Designed  for 
the  church  by  his  father  Bailey  Washington,  a 
kinsman  of  Gen.  W.  His  attainments  as  a 
scholar  were  respectable.  A  capt.  under  Mer- 
cer in  the  Va.  line,  he  disting.  himself  at  Long 
Island,  at  Trenton  (where  he  was  severely 
wounded),  and  at  Princeton.  Major  and  then 
lieut.-col.  of  Baylor's  dragoons,  and  present  at 
its  surprise  by  Gen.  Grey  at  Tappan  in  1778. 
He  was  active  in  com.  of  a  light  corps  in  the 
vicinity  of  Charleston,  S.C,  in  1779-80,  and 
was  worsted  at  Monk's  Comer  and  at  Laneau's 
Ferry;  attached  to  the  division  of  Gen.  Morgan, 
he  carried  by  stratagem  the  fort  at  Rugely's 
Mill,  capturing  a  large  force ;  and  for  his  valor 
at  the  Cowpens,  where  he  had  a  personal  en- 
counter with  Col.  Tarleton,  both  being  wound- 
ed, received  from  Congress  a  silver  medal.  He 
was  active  in  Greene's  celebrated  retreat ;  was 
conspicuous  at  Guilford ;  behaved  gallantly  at 
Hobkirk's  Hill,  and  also  at  Eutaw,  where  he  was 
taken  pri.^oncr,  remaining  till  the  close  of  the 
war.  lie  then  m.,  and  settled  in  Charleston, 
S.C,  where  he  was  a  member  of  the  legisl., 
but  declined  being  a  candidate  for  gov.,  as  ho 
could  not  make  a  speech.  Upon  Washington's 
app.  as  com.  of  the  army  by  Pres.  Adams,  he 
selected  Col.  W.  as  one  of  his  staff,  with  the 
rank  of  brig.-gen.  Tall,  strong,  and  active  in 
person,  he  was  taciturn  and  modest  in  deport- 
ment, and  exceedingly  hospitable,  generous, 
and  benevolent. 


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960 


TV^T 


Waterbury,  David,  Jun.,  b.  Stamford, 
Ct.,  Feb.  12,  1722;  d.  June  29,  1801.  Major 
3d  Ct.  Regt.  in  tbc  French  and  Indian  war ; 
raised  a  regt.  early  in  1775;  Jul^  3,  1775,  was 
ord.  to  the  North,  and  returned  in  Jan.  1776; 
app.  brig.-gen.  militia,  June,  1 776 ;  served  in 
Northern  army;  Sept.  2,  1776,  app.  second  to 
Arnold  in  the  fleet  on  Lake  Champlain ;  and  in 
the  action  Oct.  14  was  taken  prisoner.  He  was 
soon  exchanged,  but  saw  no  active  service 
afterward.  He  was  a  farmer,  and  served  in 
the  State  legislature  many  years. 

Waterbury,  Jared  Bell,  D.D.,  b.  N.Y. 
City  1799.  y.C.  1822.  Author  of  "Advice 
to  a  Young  Christian,"  1827  ;  "The  Brii^hter 
Age,"  a  poem,  1830;  "Remains  of  Mrs.  Cath- 
erine Winslow,"  1851  ;  "Sketches of  (23)  Elo- 
quent Preachers,"  1864;  "Southern  Planters 
and  the  Freedmen,"  1865;  "  Memoir  of  Rev. 
John  Scuddcr,  D.D.,"  1870,  &c.  —  AUibone. 

Waterhouse,  Benjamin,  M.D.,  physi- 
cian and  author,  b.  Newport,  R.I.,  4  March, 
1754 ;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  2  Oct.  1846.  U.  of 
Leyden.  Placed  in  1775  in  charge  of  Dr.  Foth- 
erg-ill,  a  maternal  relative,  he  studied  in  Lon- 
don, Edinburgh,  and  Leyden.  Prof,  of  the  theo- 
ry and  practice  of  medicine  in  H.U.  1783-1812. 
Chosen  in  1784  prof,  of  nat.  hist,  in  Brown  U., 
he  delivered  in  Providence  at  that  time  the  first 
course  of  lectures  upon  that  science  in  Ameri- 
ca. He  introduced  the  study  of  mineralogy 
(then  a  novelty  in  the  U.S.),  obtained  a  valua- 
ble collection  of  minerals  from  Dr.  Lettsom, 
and  procured  the  establishment  of  the  botanic 
gardens.  For  7  years  he  vindicated  by  his 
Avritings  Dr.  Jenner's  discovery  of  vaccination 
against  ridicule  and  public  prejudice.  A 
prominent  political  friend  of  Jefferson,  he  was 
app.  U.S.  hospital-surgeon  29  June,  1813,  and 
was  post -surgeon  in  1818-21.  Author  of 
"Lectures  on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Medicine,"  8vo,  1786;  "Lectures  on  Natural 
History,"  1810 ;  "  The  Botanist,"  1811;  "  Ora- 
tiolnaug."  atH.U.  1783;  on  "Vitality,"  1790; 
"  Prospect  of  exterminating  the  Small-Pox," 
1800 ;  a  work  ascribing  the  authorship  of  "  Ju- 
nius" to  Lord  Chatham,  1831 ;  "Journal  of  a 
Young  Man  of  Ms.,"  a  novel,  1816.  Member 
of  numerous  scientific  bodies  in  the  U.S.  and 
Europe.  His  son  John  Fothergill,  M.D., 
physician,  naturalist,  and  orator,  b.  1  Aug. 
1791,  d.  Charleston.  S.C,  18  May,  1817.— 
Polyanihos,  vol.  ii. 

Waterman,  Thomas  "Whitney,  lawyer 
of  N.Y.  City,  son  of  Thomas  Glasby,  lawyer 
(Y.C.  1806),  b.  Binghamton,  N.Y.,  1821.  En- 
tered Y.C.  1838;  travelled  in  Europe  1842-4  ; 
adm.  to  the  bar  1848.  Author  of  "Treatise 
on  Justices,"  8vo,  1849;  "Amer.  Chancery 
Digest,"  3d  ed.,  3  vols.  8vo,  1851 ;  "Treatise 
on  Justices  for  Wisconsin  and  Iowa,"  8vo, 
1853;  "Treatise  on  New  Trials,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
1855;  "Digest  of  Ct.  Sup.  Court  Reports," 
Svo,  1858 ;  "  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Set-OfF," 
&c.,  8vo,  1869  ;  and  editor  of  Archbold,  7th 
ed. ;  Caine's  N.Y.  Reports,  3d  ed.,  1854  ;  and 
Hoffman's  Chancery  Reports,  1863. — Allihone. 

Waterston,  Rev.  Robert  Cassie,  Unit, 
clergyman,  b.  Kennebunk,  Me.,  1812.  Studied 
3  years  at  Cambridge ;  was  ord.  1839 ;  labored 
5  years  as  minister  at  large;  m.  Anna  C,  dau. 


of  Josiah  Quincy ;  and  has  had  charge  of  ser- 
eral  churches.  Resides  in  Boston.  Author 
of  "  Thoughts  on  Moral  and  Spiritual  Cul- 
ture," 12mo,  1842;  "Arthur  Lee  and  Tom 
Palmer ; "  "  Address  on  Life  and  Char,  of  T. 
Sherwin,"  16  Feb.,  1870,  before  High-school 
Assoc,  Boston ;  also  addresses,  discourses,  po- 
ems, &c.;  compiled  a  hymn-book;  andcontrib. 
to  many  reviews,  magazines,  &c.  —  Allihone. 

Waterton,  Charles,  English  naturalist, 
b.  ab.  1782;  d.  1865.  He  visited  S.  America, 
and  pub.  in  1825  "Wanderings  in  S.  America, 
the  North-west  of  the  U.S.,  and  the  Antilles." 
He  also  pub.  "  Essays  on  Natural  History." 

Watkins,  Tobias,  M.D.,  physician  and 
author,  b.  Md.  1780;  d.  Washington,  D.C., 
Nov.  14,  1855.  St.  John's  Coll.  1798;  Phila. 
Med.  Coll.  1802.  Ho  commenced  practice  at 
Havre  de  Grace,  Md. ;  was  surgeon  in  the  ar- 
my during  the  war  of  1 81 2 ;  assist,  surgeon -gen. 
1818-21 ;  and  fourth  auditor  of  the  treasury 
1824-9.  In  1809  he  edited  the  Baltimore  Med. 
and  Physical  Recorder.  In  1816  he  commenced 
with  his  brother-in-law  Stephen  Simpson,  at 
Phila.,  the  Portico.  He  also  contrib.  freely  to 
the  public  press  and  to  literary  periodicals. 
Transl.  Bichat's  "  Physiol.  Researches  "  fi-om 
the  French,  8vo,  1809;  and  De  Onis's  "Memoir 
upon  the  Treaty  of  1819,"  from  the  Spanish, 
8vo,  1822. 

Watmough,  John  G.,  soldier  and  politi 
cian,  b.  on  the  Brandywine,  Del.,  Dec.  6, 
1793;  d.  Phila.  Nov.  29,  1861.  U.  of  Pa.  and 
N.  J.  Coll.  A  lieut.  of  art.  in  the  war  of  1 812 ; 
he  was  wounded  at  Fort  Erie;  was  aide  to 
Gen.  Gaines  on  the  southern  frontier  in  1814- 
16;  resigned  in  1816;  M.C.  from  Pa.  1831-5; 
high  sheriff  of  Phila.  city  and  county  in  1835 ; 
and  surveyor  of  the  port  in  1841.  Author  of 
"  Scribblings  and  Sketches,"  Phila.  8vo,  1 844. 

Watson,  Sir  Brook,  an  English  baronet 
(Dec.  5,  1803),  b.  Plymouth,  Eng.,  Feb.  7, 
1735 ;  d.  Oct.  2, 1807.  Early  in  life  he  entered 
the  sea-service,  but,  while  bathing  in  the  harbor 
of  Havana  in  1749,  a  shark  bit  off  his  right 
leg  below  the  knee,  and  he  was  obliged  to  quit 
his  chosen  profession.  He  then  entered  upon 
mercantile  pursuits;  in  1755  was  commiss. 
with  Col.  Moncton  at  the  siege  of  Beausejour, 
N.S. ;  and  in  1758  at  Louisburg,  having  in 
charge  Wolfe's  division ;  in  1759  he  settled  as 
a  merchant  in  London,  and  subsequently  did 
business  in  Montreal.  Visiting  Ms.,  N.Y.,  and 
other  Colonies,  just  before  the  Revol.,  he  pro- 
fessed himself  a  Whig ;  but  intercepted  letters 
to  Gen.  Gage  showed  his  true  character  to  be 
that  of  a  spy.  When  Lord  North's  bill  to  cut 
off  the  fisheries  of  N.  Eng.  was  before  parliament 
in  1775,  he  was  examined  by  the  house  of  com- 
mons. In  1782  he  was  made  commissary-gen. 
to  his  friend  Sir  Guy  Carleton  in  America ;  in 
1784-93  was  M.P.  from  London;  in  1785 
sheriff  of  London  and  Middlesex ;  lord-mayor 
in  1796;  and,  in  reward  of  his  services  in 
America,  parliament  voted  his  wife  an  annuity 
of  £500  for  life.  Made  agent  for  the  Colony  of 
N.  Brunswick  in  1786;  commiss.-^en.  to  the 
Duke  of  York  in  1793-5;  commiss.-gen.  of 
Eng.,  March  1798-1806. 

Watson,  Elkanah,  agriculturist,  b.  PI vm- 
outh,  Ms.,  Jan.  22,  1758  ;  d.  Port  Kent,  N*.Y., 


^V^T 


961 


^v^x 


Dec.  5,  1842.  In  Sept.  177.3  he  was  appren- 
ticed to  John  Brown  of  Providence,  a  celebrated 
merchant,  who  in  1775  sent  him  with  1^  tons 
of  powder  to  Washington's  army  at  Cambridge, 
which  was  destitute  of  this  necessary  article. 
In  1777  he  was  sent  to  Charleston  and  other 
Southern  ports  with  over  $50,000  to  be  invested 
in  cargoes  for  the  European  markets.  His 
journal  of  this  journey,  subsequently  pub.,  is 
the  best  account  extant  of  the  principal  towns 
and  villages  of  the  Colonies  at  the  time  of  the 
Revol.  In  Aug.  1779  he  was  bearer  of  de- 
spatches from  the  Amer.  govt,  to  Franklin  at 
Paris,  and  opened  a  commercial  house  at 
Nantes.  Here,  after  3  years  of  success,  he  lost 
by  the  financial  reverses  of  the  period  the 
bulk  of  his  property.  He  next  visited  Eng. ; 
in  1784  went  to  Holland  and  Flanders,  and  re- 
turned to  Newport  in  Dec. ;  in  1789  he  went 
to  Albany,  where  for  18  years  he  was  an  active 
promoter  of  public  enterprises.  After  travel- 
ling some  years  in  Europe,  he  pub.  while  in 
London  an  account  of  his  pioneer  trip  in  West- 
ern N.Y.  Settled  in  1807  in  Pittsfield,  Ms.,  and 
devoted  himself  to  agriculture;  founded  the 
Berkshire  Agric.  Soc. ;  returned  in  1816  to  Al- 
bany, and  organized  the  first  agric.  soc.  in  N.Y. ; 
visited  Michigan,  examined  the  Lake  region, 
and  explored  the  route  to  Montreal,  with  a 
view  to  its  improvement,  and  connection  with 
Boston  and  N.Y.  In  1828  he  removed  to  Port 
Kent,  on  Lake  Champlain.  Besides  frequent 
contributions  to  periodicals,  he  pub.  some  pam- 
phlets and  vols,  on  agric.  and  economical  topics  ; 
"A  Tour  in  Holland  in  1784,"  in  1790;  "A 
History  of  Agricultural  Societies,"  1820 ;  "  His- 
tory o'f  N.Y.  Canals,  1788-1819."  His  Auto- 
biog.  and  Journals  were  pub.  in  1855  by  his  son 
WiNSLOW  CossouL  (b.  Albany,  22  Dec.  1803), 
also  author  of  "  Gen.  View  of  Essex  Co. ; " 
"  Treatise  on  Pract.  Husbandry ;  "  "  Pioneer 
Hist,  of  Champlain  Valley,"  8vo,  1863  ;  and  a 
"Hist,  of  Essex  Co.,"  8vo,  1869. 

Watson,  Henry  C,  b.  Bait.  1831  ;  d. 
1869,  while  editor  of  the  Sacramento  (Cal.) 
Union.  He  was  early  connected  with  the  Phila. 
N.  American,  Eve.  Journal,  &c.  Author  of 
"Camp-Fires  of  the  Revolution,"  8vo,  1851  ; 
"Nights  in  a  Blockhouse,"  8vo,  1852;  "Old 
Bell  of  Independence,"  1 852  ;  "  Yankee  Tea- 
Party,"  1853;  "Lives  of  the  Presidents," 
1853 ;  "  Heroic  Women,"  1853  ;  "  Ladies'  Glee- 
Books,"  1854;  "Masonic  Musical  Manual," 
1 855  ;  "  Univ.  Naval  History ;  "  "  Camp-Fires 
of  Napoleon,"  1856;  "Romance  of  History," 
&c.  —  Allibone. 

Watson,  James  C,  director  of  the  Obser- 
vatory at  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  b.  of  Amer. 
parents  in  Elgin  Co.,  Canada  W.,  1838.  U. 
of  Mich.  1857.  Elected  prof,  of  astron.  there 
June,  1859.  Author  of  "Popular  Treatise  on 
Comets,"  1860;  "Theoretical  Astronomy," 
&c.,  8vo,  1868,  Contrib.  to  many  scicnt.  jour- 
nals. He  has  discovered  several  new  planets  ; 
and  in  1870  the  French  Acad,  of  Sciences 
awarded  him  the  astronomical  prize  for  his  im- 
portant discoveries. 

Watson,  John,  M.D.  (Coll.  of  Phys.  and 

Surgs.  1832),  physician  and  medical  writer,  b. 

Londonderry,   Ireland,   Apr.    16,    1807.      His 

family  came  to  the  U.S.  m  1810,  and  in  1818 

61 


settled  in  New  York.  In  1833  he  was  one  of 
the  physicians  of  the  N.Y.  Dispensary,  of  which 
he  was  in  1 839-62  an  attendmg  surgeon.  In 
1836  he  with  Dr.  H.  D.  Bulkley  established 
an  infirmary  for  cutaneous  diseases,  soon  after 
organized  as  the  Broome-street  School  of  Med- 
icine, in  which  he  held  the  chair  of  surg.  pa- 
thology. He  was  instrumental  in  founding  the 
N.Y.  Med.  and  Surg.  Soc,  the  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc,  and  the  N.Y.  Acad,  of  Med.,  of  which 
latter  he  was  some  years  pres.  He  has  contrib. 
to  medical  periodicals  ;  has  pub.  "  Thermal 
Ventilation  and  other  Sanitary  Improvements 
Applicable  to  Public  Buildings,"  1851  ;  "  The 
Medical  Profession  in  Ancient  Times,"  1856; 
"  The  Parish  Will  Case  Critically  Examined," 
1857;  and  "The  True  Physician,"  1860. — 
Appleton. 

Watson,  John  Fanning,  annalist,  b. 
Burlington  Co.,  N.  J.,  June  13,  1779;  d.  Ger- 
man town.  Pa.,  Dec.  23,  1860.  He  entered  a 
counting-house  in  Phila. ;  left  it  for  a  clerkship 
in  the  war  dept.  in  1798 ;  afterward  established 
himself  in  N.  Orleans,  where  in  1804  he  was 
purveyor  of  subsistence  to  the  army  stationed 
there.  Recalled  to  Phila.  by  the  death  of  his 
father  and  a  bro.,  he  was  many  years  a  book- 
seller there;  in  1814-47  was  cashier  of  the 
Bank  of  Germantown ;  and  afterward  treas.  of 
a  railroad  company.  He  pub.  "Annals  of 
Philadelphia,"  1830,  enlarged  and  improved  in 
1857-8;  "Historic  Tales  of  Olden  Time," 
1832,  concerning  N.Y. ;  and  a  similar  vol.  on 
Phila.,  1833;  "Annals  and  Occurrences  of 
N.  Y.  City  and  State  in  the  Olden  Time," 
1846.  A  Memoir  by  Dr.  Benj.  Dorr,  read  be- 
fore the  Phila.  Hist.  Soc  in  Feb.  1861,  has  been 
pub.  —  Dmjckinck. 

Watson,  John  Watson  Tadwell,  a 
British  gen.;  d.  Calais,  France,  June,  1826. 
Entered  3d  Foot  Guards,  Apr.  1767  ;  capt.  and 
lieut.-col.  Nov.  1778;  col.  Aug.  1783;  gen. 
Apr.  1808.  In  the  spring  of  1781  he  with  500 
picked  men  undertook  the  destruction  of  Mar- 
ion's brigade.  After  several  skirmishes,  and 
being  constantly  annoyed  by  the  wary  partisan, 
whom  he  could  not  bring  to  a  conflict  except 
on  his  own  terms,  he  fled  to  Georgetown,  com- 
plaining that  Marion  "would  not  fight  like 
a  gentleman  or  a  Christian." 

Watterston,  George,  librarian  of  Con- 
gress 1825-9.  Author  of  "Memoir  on  the 
Tobacco  -  Plant,"  8vo,  1817;  "Letters  from 
Washington,"  1818 ;  "  Course  of  Study  Prep, 
to  the  Bar  or  Senate,"  1823;  "Wanderer  in 
Washington,"  1827;  "The  Lawyer,  or  Man 
as  he  ought  not  to  be,"  1829;  with  N.  B. 
Van  Zandt,  "  Tabular  Statist.  Views  of  the 
Population,  &c.,  of  the  U.S.,"  1829  and  1833; 
"Gallery  of  Amer.  Portraits,"  1836;  "New 
Guide  to  Washington,"  1842  and  1848.  — J[///- 
hone. 

Watts,  John,  loyalist,  b.  N.  York,  Apr.  5, 
1715 ;  d.  Wales,  Aug.  1789.  He  m.  Ann,  dau. 
of  Stephen  De  Lanccy,  in  July,  1742;  repre- 
sented N.Y.  City  in  the  Assembly  for  many 
years ;  and  was  a  member  of  the  council  in  1 757- 
75,  when  he  retired  to  Eng.  His  property  was 
confiscated ;  but  the  most  valuable  part  of  the 
forfeited  premises  was  reconveyed  to  his  sons 
Robert  and  John,  July  1, 1784.    His  dau.  Ann, 


svAjr 


962 


TV-A.Y 


who  d.  1793,  m.  Capt.  Kennedy,  who  became 
Earl  of  Cassilis.  Their  son,  the  12th  earl,  was 
b.  in  America.  John,  2d  son,  b.  N.Y.  1 749, 
d.  there  Sept.  3,  1836.  M.C  1793-6  ;  made  a 
munilicent  donation  to  the  Leake  and  Watts 
Orphan-House;  m.  his  cousin-german  Jane  Dc 
Lancey,  and  left  descendants,  one  of  whom  was 
Gen.  Philip  Kearney. 

Watts,  Robert,  M.D.  (Coll.  Phys.  and 
Surg.  1835),  physician  and  surgeon,  b.  Ford- 
ham,  N.Y.,  1812;  d.  Paris,  France,  Sept.  8, 
1867.  Col.  Coll.  1831.  While  an  under-grad- 
uate,  he  was  app.  lecturer  on  anatomy  at  the 
Vt.  Medical  Coll.,  and  in  1838  was  prof,  of  the 
same  branch  there  and  at  Pittsfield,  Ms.  From 
1839  to  his  death  he  was  prof,  of  anatomy  in 
the  Coll.  of  Phys.  and  Surgeons;  and  from 
1859  was  an  attending  physician  of  the  Nur- 
sery and  Child's  Hospital ;  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  N.Y.  Pathological  Soc,  and  for  several 
years  its  presiding  officer.  He  pub.  many  able 
articles  and  reports  of  cases  in  the  medical 
periodicals,  and  revised  and  edited  with  notes 
some  manuals  of  anatomv. 

Wayland,FRAxcis,r).D.  (Un.  Coll.  1827), 
LL.D.  (1852),  scholar  and  clergyman,  b.  N.Y. 
City,  Mar.  11,  1796,  of  English  parents;  d. 
Providence,  Sept.  26,  1865.  Un.  Coll.  1813. 
After  studying  medicine  3  years,  in  1816  he 
studied  at  the  Thcol.  Sem.,  Andover;  and  was 
tutor  at  Un.  Coll.  in  1817-21,  a  part  of  the 
time  preaching  to  a  cong.  at  Burnt  Hills  ;  in 
1821-6  he  was  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist 
Church,  Boston;  in  1826  he  was  for  a  short 
time  prof,  of  mathematics  and  nat.  philos.  at 
Un.  Coll.;  from  Feb.  1827  to  1855  was  pres. 
of  Brown  U. ;  and  was  afterward,  for  two  or 
three  years,  pastor  of  the  First  Bapt.  Church  in 
Providence.  Dr.  Wayland  manifested  eminent 
ability  in  managing  the  affairs  of  B.U.,  largely 
increasing  its  reputation,  and  doubling  the 
number  of  its  students.  He  taught  by  lectures 
in  place  of  the  old  text-books,  and  pub.  works 
on  "Moral  Science,"  "Political  Economy," 
and  "Intell.  Philosophy."  In  1842  he  pub. 
"  Thoughts  upon  the  Collegiate  System  of 
the  U.S.,"  which  led  to  much  discussion.  His 
other  publications  are  "  Letters  on  Slavery  ; " 
"Life  of  the  Missionary,  Dr.  Judson,"  1853; 
"  University  Sermons,"  1838,  subsequently  pub. 
as  "Salvation  by  Christ,"  1858;  "Limita- 
tions of  Human  Responsibility,"  1840;  "Me- 
moir of  Harriet  Ware,"  1850;  "Notes  on  the 
Principles  and  Practices  of  Baptists,"  1856; 
"  Occas.  Discourses,"  1 85& ;  "  Sermons  to  the 
Churches,"  1858;  "Letters  on  the  Ministry," 
1863.  —  See  Memoir  by  his  Sons  Francis  and 
H.  L.  Wayland,  2  vols.  8vo,  1867. 

Wayne,  Gen.  Anthony,  b.  Chester  Co., 
Pa.,  1  Jan.  1745;  d.  Presque  Isle,  15  Dec. 
1796.  His  grandfather  Anthony  of  Yorkshire 
com.  a  squadron  of  dragoons  under  King  Wil- 
liam at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  and  came  to 
Pa.  in  ]  722.  Isaac  his  father  was  an  officer  in 
Indian  wars,  and  served  in  the  Prov.  legisl. 
Anthony  was  educated  at  the  Phila.  Acad., 
and,  through  the  friendship  of  Dr.  Franklin, 
was  app.  a  land-agent  in  Nova  Scotia,  where 
he  resided  in  1 765-6.  Marrying  in  1 767,  he  was 
until  1 774  a  farmer  and  land-surveyor;  member 
of  the  legisl.  in  1774-5,  and  of  various  patriotic 


associations  of  the  time.  He  raised  a  regt.  in 
Sept.  1775 ;  was  made  a  col.  3  Jan.  1776  ;  brig.- 
gen.  21  Feb.  1777.  Disting.  and  wounded  at 
Trois  Rivieres,  Canada.  At  the  Brandywine, 
11  Sept.  1777,  he  was  opposed  to  Knyphausen, 
and  held  his  ground  until  the  right  of  the  Araer. 
army  was  turned.  On  the  night  of  20  Sept. 
he  was  surprised  by  Gen.  Grey  near  the  Paoli 
Tavern,  and  compelled  to  retreat  with  serious 
loss.  Wayne  demanded  a  court  of  inquiry, 
and  was  acquitted  with  the  highest  honor.  At 
Gormantown,  where  he  led  the  attack  of  the 
right  wing,  he  signalized  himself,  and  was 
twice  slightly  wounded.  For  his  conduct  at 
Monmouth  (28  June,  1778),  he  was  especially 
mentioned  in  Washington's  official  report. 
His  most  brilliant  achievement,  however,  was 
the  storming  of  Stony  Point,  a  strong  post 
on  the  Hudson,  on  the  night  of  15  July,  1779. 
In  this  attack  he  was  wounded  in  the  head. 
Congress  gave  him  a  vote  of  thanks  and  a  gold 
medal.  After  the  mutiny  of  the  Pa.  line, 
Wayne,  with  the  remnant  of  Pa.  troops,  joined 
Lafayette  in  Va.  7  June,  1781  ;  at  Green 
Spring,  Va.,  6  July,  1781,  he  was  ordered  to 
attack  what  was  supposed  to  be  only  a  rear- 
guard, but  which  proved  to  be  the  whole  Brit- 
ish army  in  order  of  battle  within  less  than 
100  paces.  His  course  was  at  once  sagacious 
and  energetic.  A  well-executed  bayonet-charge 
stopped  the  enemy,  and  gave  Wayne  time  to 
retreat  without  loss.  Present  at  Yorktown ; 
ordered  to  Ga.,  he  defeated  Col.  Brown,  20 
May,  1782,  and  a  month  later  the  renowned 
Indian  chieftain  Guristersigo,  who  was  killed ; 
14  Dec.  1782  he  took  possession  of  Charleston 
on  its  evacuation.  He  served  in  the  Pa.  As- 
sembly in  1784-5,  and  in  the  conv.  that  ratified 
the  U.S.  Constitution.  Apr.  3,  1792,  he  was 
made  gen.-in-chief  of  the  army  engaged  against 
the  North-western  Indians;  20  Aug.  1794  he 
gained  a  complete  victory  over  them  at  the 
Maumee  Rapids,  "Fallen  Timbers,"  which 
was  followed  by  the  treaty  of  Greenville,  re- 
sulting in  a  long  peace  and  a  considerable  ac- 
cession of  territory.  Wayne,  though  by  his 
bravery  gaining  the  sobriquet  of  "Mad  An- 
thony," was  discreet  and  cautious,  fruitful  in 
expedients,  quick  in  decision,  and  prompt  in 
execution.  "Wayne's  Orderly-Book  at  Ti- 
cond.,"  with  notes  and  app.,  was  pub.  by  Mun- 
sell,  1859.  —  See  Memoirs  by  H.  N.  Moore,  Phila. 
1845,  and  by  John  Armstrong  in  Sparks' s  Amer. 
Biog.,  vol.  iv. ;  the  Assault  on  Stony  Point,  by  H. 
B.  Daioson,  1863.  His  son  Col.  Isaac  (M.C. 
1823-5)  d.  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  25  Oct.  1852,  a.  82. 
Wayne,  James  Moore,  LL.D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1849),  judge,  b.  Savannah,  Ga.,  1790 ;  d.  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  July  5,  1867.  N.  J.  Coll.  1808. 
He  became  a  lawyer  and  politician ;  was  two 
years  a  member  of  the  State  legisl. ;  mayor  of 
Savannah  1823;  was  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  1824-9;  M.C.  1829-35;  took  a  promi- 
nent position  as  a  debater ;  and  was  a  support- 
er of  Gen.  Jackson,  who  app.  him,  9  Jan. 
1835,  assoc.  judge  U.S.  Sup.  Court.  His  opin- 
ions upon  admiralty  jurisprudence  are  every- 
where cited  as  high  authority.  In  Congress 
he  sustained  free  trade;  opposed  internal  im- 
provements by  Congress,  except  of  rivers  and 
harbors;    opposed  a  recharter    of   the  U.S. 


WEA. 


963 


TVEB 


Bank ;  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  removal 
of  the  Indians  to  the  West.  He  presided  in 
two  conventions  for  revising  the  constitution 
of  Georgia. 

Weare,  Mesheck,  first  pres.  of  N.H.,  b. 
Hampton,  N.IL,  June  16,  1713;  d.  Jan.  14, 
1786.  H.U.  1735.  Son  of  Nathaniel.  He 
was  chosen  speaker  of  the  house  in  1752;  com- 
missioner to  the  Congress  at  Albany  1754; 
afterwards  a  justice  of  the  Sup.  Court;  in  1777 
chief  justice ;  and  was  councillor  from  Rock- 
ingham, and  chairman  of  the  com.  of  safety. 
In  1776  he  was  chosen  pres.  of  the  State  ;  was 
annually  re-elected  during  the  war,  and  in 
1784  under  the  new  constitution;  made  fellow 
of  the  Acad.  Arts  and  Sciences  in  1782. 

Weathersford,  Wiiliam,  a  noted  chief 
of  the  Creek  Indians ;  d.  Monroe  Co.,  Ala., 
1824.  His  father  was  a  white  trader,  his  moth- 
er a  Seminole  woman.  He  was  a  skilful  hunt- 
er and  warrior ;  commanded  his  tribe  in  the 
war  with  the  U.S.  in  1813-14,  in  which  they 
were  overpowered,  and  surrendered  voluntarily 
to  Gen.  Jackson  in  Apr.  1814.  He  afterward 
lived  peaceably  on  his  plantation  at  Little 
River. 

Webb,  Gen.  Alexander  S.,  b.  N.Y.  ab. 
1834.  West  Point,  1 855.  Son  of  James  Wat- 
son Webb.  Entering  the  2d  Art.,  he  served 
against  the  Seminolcs  in  Fla.  in  1856;  was 
assist,  prof,  of  math,  at  West  Point  1857-61 ; 
1st  licut.  28  Apr.  1861 ;  capt.  11th  Inf.  14  May, 
1861 ;  raaj.  1st  R.I.  Vols.  14  Sept.  1861 ;  lieut.- 
col.  stall"  U.S.  vols.  20  Aug.  1862;  brig.-gen. 
vols.  23  June,  1863;  licut.-col.  44th  U.S.  Inf. 
28  July,  1866.  He  served  in  defence  of  Fort 
Pickens,  at  Bull  Run,  and  through  the  Penin- 
sular campaign  ;  was  chief  of  staff  5th  corps 
at  Antietam  and  Chanccllorsvillc ;  brev.  major 
3  July,  1863,  for  Gettysburg,  where  he  com.  a 
brigade  in  2d  corps,  and  was  wounded ;  com. 
div.  2d  corps  in  Rapidan  campaign,  Oct.  1863 
to  Apr.  1864,  and  brev.  lieut.-col.  11  Oct.  1863 
for  Bristoe's  Station ;  com.  brigade  in  battles 
of  the  Wilderness  and  Spottsylvania,  and  brev. 
col.  for  the  latter  12  May,  1864,  where  he  was 
severely  wounded;  chief  of  staff  to  G«n. 
Meade  11  Jan.  1865,  and  brev.  brig,  and  maj. 
gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865;  discharged  5  Dec. 
1870.    App.  pres.  N.Y.  City  Coll.  Ifc69. 

Webb,  Col.  Charles,  b.  Stamford,  Ct., 
Feb.  13,  1724;  d.  ab.  1782.  Member  State 
legisl.  in  1758,  and  23  times  rechosen.  At- 
tained the  rank  of  capt.  in  1760,  having  served 
in  the  French  war.  Sent  in  May,  1775,  by  Con- 
gress, on  a  tour  of  military  investigation  to  Ti- 
conderoga.  Col.  19th  Regt.  July,  1775.  In 
the  battles  at  White  Plains,  Oct.  28,  1776,  and 
at  Long  Island,  Aug.  27,  1776;  also  White- 
marsh,  5  Dec.  1777,  in  which  his  regt.  suffered 
severely. 

Webb,  Charles  Henry,  b.  Rouse's  Pt., 
N.Y.  Author  of  "Liffith  Lank,  or  Lunacy," 
N.Y.  1867  ;  "  St.  Twel'mo  "  (a  travesty  of  St. 
Elmo),  1867  ;  "  Our  Friend  from  Victoria," 
a  play;  "  Arrah-na-pokc,"  a  burlesque,  1865; 
edited  "  The  Jumping  Frog,"  by  Mark  Twain; 
founded  and  edited  the  Californian  of  San 
Francisco ;  and  has  contrib.  to  mags,  and  jour- 
nals. —  Ailihone. 

Webb,  GEOBaE  Jambs,  prof,  in  the  Bos- 


ton Acad,  of  Music,  and  an  eminent  composer 
and  teacher  of  music.  Author  of  "  American 
Glee-Book,"  "Ms.  Coll.  of  Church  Music," 
"  Vocal  Class-Book  for  Schools,"  "  Orthopho- 
ny," &c. ;  "  Cantica  Ecclesiastica,"  1859  ;  also 
some  musical  pubs,  in  connection  with  Lowell 
Mason. 

Webb,  James,  jurist,  b.  Va. ;  d.  Goliad, 
Texas,  Nov.  2,  1856.  He  studied  law;  re- 
moved to  Ga. ;  and,  after  practising  his  profes- 
sion a  few  years,  was  made  a  judge  of  the  Sup. 
Court.  He  held  for  many  years  the  office  of 
U.S.  dist.  judge  in  the  Terr,  of  Fla.,  but  re- 
signed, and  removed  to  Texas  in  1839.  Under 
Pres.  Lamar  he  filled  successively  the  offices  of 
atty.-gen.  and  sec.  of  state;  served  one  term 
in  the  senate ;  and,  after  Texas  became  a  State, 
was  reporter  of  the  decisions  of  the  Sup.  Court; 
sec.  of  state ;  and,  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
judge  of  the  I4th  judicial  dist.  Author  of 
"Reports  Sup.  Ct.  of  Texas,"  1846-8,  3  vols. 
8vo,  1848-51. 

Webb,  James  Watson,  journalist,  son  of 
Gen.  S.  B.  Webb,  b.  Claverack,  N.Y.,  Feb. 
8,  1802.  7th  in  descent  from  Richard,  freeman 
of  Boston  1632.  He  entered  the  army  as  2d 
licut.  in  Aug.  1819;  was  first  lieut.  in  1823, 
and  resigned  in  1827.  He  then  took  charge 
of  the  N^.Y.  Courier,  which  in  1829  he  united 
with  the  Enquirer  under  the  name  of  the  Morn- 
ing Courier  and  N.Y.  Enquirer,  becoming  sole 
editor,  and  in  1830  sole  proprietor,  of  the  jour- 
nal. It  sustained  the  Whig  party  during  its 
existence.  App.  in  1850  charge d' affaires  to 
Vienna,  the  senate  did  not  confirm  the  nomi- 
nation. In  1861  Pres.  Lincoln  app.  him  min- 
ister to  Brazil.  While  in  this  position  he  se- 
cured the  settlement  of  long-standing  claims 
against  Brazil,  and  was  instrumental,  through 
his  ititimacy  with  Napoleon  III.,  in  procuring 
the  withdrawal  of  the  French  from  Mexico. 
Author  of  "Altowan,  or  Adventures  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1846 ;  "  Slave- 
ry and  its  Tendencies,"  8vo,  1856. 

Webb,  Joseph,  grand-master  of  Freema- 
sons in  America;  d.  Boston,  Apr.  26,  1787,  a. 
52. 

Webb,  Gen.  Samuel  B.,  b.  Wethers- 
field,  Ct.,  1753;  d.  Claverack,  N.Y.,  Dec.  3, 
1807.  He  was  engaged,  and  wounded  in  the 
arm,  at  Bunker's  Hill,  and  for  gallantry  on  that 
day  was  publicly  thanked,  and  made  aide  to 
Gen.  Putnam.  A  letter  written  by  him  to  his 
step-father  Silas  Deane,  describing  that  battle, 
is  in  the  Hist.  Soc.  of  Hartford.  In  June, 
1776,  he  was  app.  aide  to  Washington,  and 
was  wounded  at  White  Plains  ;  he  was  also 
wounded  at  Trenton,  and  was  engaged  at  Bran- 
dy wine;  in  1778  he  took  com.  of  the  3d  Ct. 
Regt.  In  crossing  to  Long  Island  with  Gen. 
Parsons's  expedition  in  1779,  he,  with  most  of 
the  com»,  were  captured  by  the  British  fleet. 
Released  in  1782,  he  was  promoted  to  the  com. 
of  the  light  inf.  upon  the  retirement  of  Baron 
Steuben. 

Webb,  Thomas  Smith,  past  grand-master 
of  the  R.L  Grand  Lodge;  d.  1819.  Was  the 
author  of  some  Masonic  music  and  poetry,  and 
of  an  excellent  manual  entitled  "  The  Freema- 
son's Monitor,"  1797.  The  best  ed.  is  by  E. 
T.  Carson,  8vo,  1865. — ALlibone. 


TVEB 


964 


TVEB 


Webb,  "William  H.,  shipbuilder,  b.  N.Y. 
City  19  June,  1816.  Educated  at  the  gram- 
mar-schools of"  N.  Y.,  and  learned  his  art  in  the 
shipyard  of  his  father  Isaac,  who  d.  14  Jan. 
1840,  a.  46.  Since  1843  he  has  carried  on  the 
business  alone,  and  has  constructed  many  ves- 
sels of  great  speed  and  capacity,  upon  original 
plans.  Among  them  are  "The  General  Ad- 
miral," a  steam-frigate  for  the  Russian  navy, 
two  steam  screw-frigates  for  the  Italian  navy, 
and  the  ironclad  ram  "Dunderberg"  for  the 
U.  S.  navy. 

Webber,  Charles  Wilkins,  author,  b. 
Russelville,  Ky.,  May  29, 1819;  killed  in  Nica- 
ragua in  1856,  while  serving  with  the  filibus- 
ter Walker.  His  mother,  the  dau.  of  Gen. 
John  Tannehill,  a  Revol.  officer,  m.  Dr.  Au- 
gustine Webber,  a  prominent  physician  of 
South  Ky.  Her  son's  early  life  was  passed  in 
the  sports  of  the  field  and  on  the  frontier  of 
Texas,  where  his  singular  adventures  of  sever- 
al years  furnished  themes  for  his  earlier  books, 
"  Old  Hicks  the  Guide,"  *'  Shot  in  the  Eye," 
and  ••  Gold  Mines  of  the  Gila,"  1849.  He  stud- 
ied medicine  and  then  theology  at  Princeton 
Sem,  but  soon  relied  solely  upon  his  pen.  He 
went  to  New  York  at  the  age  of  25,  where  he 
wrote  a  series  of  papers  on  "  Texan  Adven- 
ture "  for  the  Neio  World,  sketches  and  other 
papers  for  the  Democ.  Review;  edited  the  Whig 
Review  2  years  ;  contrib.  to  the  Literarji  World 
papers  on  Western  Life  and  Natural  History. 
He  pub.  in  1851-3  "  The  Hunter  Naturalist," 
illustrated  ;  "  Spiritual  Vampirism  ;  "  and 
"Tales  of  the  Southern  Border,"  1853; 
"  Wild  Scenes  and  Song-Birds,"  18.54  ;  "  His- 
tory of  Mysterv,"  12mo;  "Texan  Virago," 
1852;  "Wild 'Girl  of  Nebraska,"  18.52. — 
Duyckinck. 

Webber,  Samukl,  D.D.,  pres.  of  H.U., 
b.  By  field,  Ms.,  Jan.  13,  1760;  d.  Cambridge, 
July  17,  1810.  H.U.  1784.  At  Harv.,  where 
he  exhibited  a  strong  predilection  for  mathe- 
mathics,  he  studied  theology;  was  in  1787  app. 
a  tutor;  succeeded  Dr.  Williams  as  prof,  of 
mathematics  and  nat.  philos.  in  1789;  and  on 
the  death  of  Pres.  Willard  was  inaug.  as  his 
successor,  May  6,  1806.  In  1796  he  was  em- 
ployed by  the  govt,  to  ascertain  the  boundary 
between  Canada  and   the   U.S.     In  1801    he 

f)ub.  a  System  of  Mathematics,  2  vols.  8vo  ;  Eu- 
ogy  on  President  Willard,  1804.  He  revised 
the  In  trod,  to  Morse's  Geography,  2  vols.  8vo, 
1796.  Vice-pres.  of  the  Amer.  Acad.,  and  a 
fellow  of  the  Philos.  Society. 

Webster,  Daniel,  LL.D.  (N.J.  1818; 
D.  C.  1823;  H.U.  1824),  statesman,  lawyer, 
and  orator,  b.  Salisbury,  N.H.,  Jan.  18,  1782  ; 
d.  Marshfiuld,  Ms.,  Oct.  24,  1852.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1801.  His  father  Ebenezer,  a  Revol.  sol- 
dier, and  subsequently  a  judge,  was  b.  Kings- 
ton, N.H.,  1739;  d.  April,  1806.  Daniel  was 
educated  at  Phillips  (Exeter)  Academy  and  at 
Dartm.  Coll.,  defraying  a  portion  of  the  ex- 
pense by  teaching  school.  In  1802  he  taught 
an  acad.  at  Fryeburg,  Me.;  then  studied  law; 
came  to  Boston  in  July,  1804;  studied  in  the 
office  of  Christopher  Gore,  afterward  gov.  of 
Ms. ;  and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  the  spring 
of  1805.  After  practising  a  year  in  Boscawen, 
N.  H.,  he  removed  to  Portsmouth,  where  he  rose 


at  once  to  full  practice  at  a  bar  where  Samuel 
Dexter,  Joseph  Story,  and  Jeremiah  Mason, 
were  prominent.  M.C.  in  1813-17,  and  placed 
on  the  com.  of  foreign  affairs,  he  at  once  took 
rank  with  the  foremost  both  for  business  and 
debate.  In  Aug.  1816  he  removed  to  Boston. 
The  famous  Dartm.  Coll.  case,  carried  by  ap- 
peal to  Washington  in  1817,  placed  him  in  the 
front  rank  of  the  American  bar.  Among  the 
great  causes  argued  by  him  before  the  U.  S. 
Sup.  Court  were  those  of  Gibbons  and  Ogden 
(steamer  monopoly  case),  that  of  Ogden  and 
Saunders  (State  insolvent  laws),  the  Charles- 
river  Bridge  Case,  the  Alabama  Bank  Case, 
the  Girard  Will  Case,  and  the  R.I.  Charter 
Case.  In  the  trials  of  Goodridge  at  Newbury- 
port,  and  the  Knapps  at  Salem,  Mr.  Webster 
exhibited  unsurpassed  skill  as  a  criminal  law- 
yer. Member  of  the  Ms.  Const.  Conv.  of  1820, 
he  spoke  upon  oaths  of  office,  the  basis  of  sena- 
torial representation,  and  the  independence  of 
the  judiciary.  Dec.  22,  1820,  he  delivered  his 
celebrated  discourse  at  Plymouth  on  the  anniv. 
of  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims.  Others  of  this 
class  of  efforts  were  that  on  the  laying  of  the 
corner-stone  of  the  Bunker- hill  'Monument 
(June  17, 1825),  and  at  its  completion  (June  17, 
1843),  and  the  eulogy  on  Adams  and  Jefferson, 
July  4, 1 826.  He  again  entered  Congress  in  Dec. 
1823;  made  his  famous  speech  on  the  Greek 
Revol. ;  and  as  chairman  of  the  judiciary  com. 
reported  and  carried  through  the  house  a  com- 
plete revision  of  the  criminal  law  of  the  U.S. 
In  the  19th  Congress  he  made  a  masterly 
speech  on  the  proposed  diplomatic  Congress  at 
Panama.  Under  the  presidency  of  Mr.  Adams 
he  was  the  leader  of  the  friends  of  the  adminis- 
tration,—  first  in  the  house,  and  afterward  in  the 
senate,  of  which  he  was  a  member  in  1827-39. 
His  great  speech  in  reply  to  Hayne,  delivered 
in  the  senate  Jan.  26  and  27,  1830,  on  Foote's 
resolution,  has  been  declared,  next  to  the  Con- 
stitution itself,  the  most  correct  and  complete 
exposition  of  the  true  powers  and  functions  of 
the  Federal  Govt.  This  resolution  related  to 
the  survey  of  the  public  lands ;  and  the  debate 
turned  on  the  newly-declared  doctrine  of  Cal- 
houn, on  the  right  of  an  individual  State  to 
nullify  an  act  of  Congress.  In  1836  he  received 
the  electoral  vote  of  Ms.  for  pres.,  and  in  1840 
was  app.  by  Harrison  sec.  of  state.  While  in 
this  post,  he  negotiated  the  North-eastern 
boundary  treaty  in  1842,  putting  an  end  to  a 
protracted  and  threatening  dispute  with  Great 
Britain.  In  the  spring  of  1839  he  visited  Eu- 
rope; in  May,  1843,  he  retired  from  Mr.  Ty- 
ler's cabinet;  was  rechosen  to  the  senate  in 
1845,  and  strenuously  opposed  the  annexation 
of  Texas  and  the  war  with  Mexico.  In  sup- 
port of  the  compromises  of  18.50,  he  delivend 
his  celebrated  speech  of  March  7,  which,  by  its 
concessions  to  the  demands  of  slavery,  proved 
highly  distasteful  to  a  large  number  of  his  sup- 
porters, and  weakened  his  influence  at  home; 
in  July,  1850,  on  the  accession  of  Fillmore  to 
the  presidency,  Mr.  Webster  was  again  made 
sec.  of  state,  which  post  he  filled  at  the  time  of 
his  death.  In  Dec.  18.50  the  famous  Ilulsemann 
Letter  was  written.  He  paid  much  attention  to 
agriculture,  and  resided  much  of  the  latter  part 
of  his  life  at  Marshfield,  Ms.,  or  at  his  birth- 


"WTEB 


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"WEB 


place  in  N.H.  In  Jan.  1852  he  argued  the  im- 
portant India-rubber-patent  cause  at  Trenton, 
his  last  great  forensic  effort.  Early  in  May  he 
was  seriously  injured  by  being  thrown  from  his 
carriage  near  his  farm  in  Marshfield,  where  the 
closing  scenes  of  his  life  were  passed.  Mr. 
Webster's  person  was  imposing,  of  command- 
ing height,  and  well-proportioned,  the  head  of 
great  size,  the  eye  deep-seated,  large,  and 
lustrous,  his  voice  powerful  and  sonorous,  his 
action  appropriate  and  impressive.  A  con- 
summate master  of  argument,  he  touched  not 
less  skilfully  the  chords  of  feeling.  On  great 
occasions,  with  or  without  preparation,  he  had 
no  superior.  He  was  remarkably  fond  of  field- 
sports,  particularly  fishing,  and  was  a  good 
shot.  The  most  complete  edition  of  his  col- 
lected works  was  that  of  18.51,  in  6  vols.  8vo. 
A  Memoir  by  George  T.  Curtis,  his  literary  ex- 
ecutor, app.  in  2  vols.  1869-70.  Edward  his 
second  son,  major  of  Ms.  vols.,  d.  in  the  city  of 
Mexico  1847.  Fletcher  his  younirest  son,  col. 
12th  Ms.  Vols.  (b.  Portsmouth,  KH.,  July  23, 
1813,  H.U.  1833),  fell  in  battle  near  Bull  Run, 
Va.,  Aug.  30,  1862;  sec.  of  legation  to  China 
1843-5 ;  surveyor  of  the  port  of  Boston  1 850-61 . 

Webster,  Horace,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa.  1850), 
LL.D.  (Keny.  Coll.  1842;  Col.  Coll.  1849), 
educator,  b.  Vt.  1795  ;  d.  Geneva,  N.Y.,  12  July, 
1871.  West  P.  1818.  Assist,  prof,  of  math, 
there  from  1818  until  his  resig.  31  Dec.  1825  ; 
prof,  of  math,  and  nat.  philos.  Geneva  Coll., 
N.Y.,  1825-48  ;  principal  of  Free  Acad.,  N.Y. 
City  (now  Coll.  of  N.Y.),  since  19  July,  1848; 
and  prof,  of  moral,  intell.,  and  polit.  philos.  there. 

Webster,  Lieut.-Col.  James,  a  gallant 
British  soldier,  b.  ab.  1743;  d.  March,  1781,  of 
a  wound  received  at  the  battle  of  Guilford 
Mar.  14.  Son  of  Alex.  Webster,  D.D.,  an 
eminent  Edinburgh  divine.  Major  33d  Foot, 
Feb.  1771  ;  disting.  in  Cornwallis's  army  in 
the  South  ;  active  in  the  operations  in  N.  J.  in 
1777;  at  Verplanck's  Point,  1778;  and  at  Cam- 
den com.  Cornwallis's  right  wing. 

Webster,  John,  gov.  of  Ct.  1656;  d. 
Hadley,  5  Apr.  1661.  A  principal  settler  of 
Hartford,  he  was  a  magistrate  in  1639-55 ;  dep.- 
gov.  1655;  and  in  1659,  with  Rev.  Mr.  Rus- 
sell and  his  associates,  purchased  and  settled 
the  territory  now  included  in  the  towns  of 
Hadley,  Hatfield,  Granby,  and  Amherst,  Ms. 

Webster,  John  White,  prof,  of  chemistry 
and  mineraloirv  Med.  School  in  Boston  con- 
nected with  H.U.  (1827-49),  b.  Boston,  May 
20,  1793;  hung  for  the  murder  of  Dr.  George 
Parkman,  Aug.  30, 1850.  H.U.  1811.  In  1849 
Dr.  Parkman  called  at  the  college  to  collect  a 
debt  of  long  standing  from  Webster,  who, 
irritated  by  the  language  of  the  doctor,  struck 
him  a  fatal  blow,  and  endeavored  to  conceal 
the  body.  He  pub.  a  manual  of  chemistry, 
and  a  description  of  the  Island  of  St.  Michael, 
1821 ;  edited  "Playfair's  Liebig's  Chemistry;" 
and  was  co-editor  of  the  Boston  Jour,  of  Philos. 
and  Arts,  1823-6. 

Webster,  Gen.  Joseph  Dana,  b.  Old 
Hampton,  N.H.,  Aug.  2.5,  1811.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1832.  He  became  a  civil  engr. ;  was  app.  2d 
lieut.  topog.  engrs.  July  7,  1838;  1st  lieut. 
July,  1849;  capt.  March,  1853.  He  served 
with  distinction  through  the  Mexican  war,  but 


resigned  in  Apr.  1854,  and  settled  in  Chicago. 
In  Apr.  1861  took  charge  of  the  fortifications 
at  Cairo,  111.,  and  at  Paducah;  in  Feb.  1862 
he  became  col.  1st  111.  Art.,  and  was  present 
at  the  capture  of  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson. 
At  the  battle  of  Shiloh  he  had  charge  of  all 
the  artillery,  and  received  the  highest  commen- 
dation in  Gen.  Grant's  official  report.  Chief 
of  Gen.  Grant's  staff"  until  Oct.  1862,  when  he 
was  detailed  by  the  war  dept.  to  make  a  sur- 
vey of  the  111.  and  Mich.  Canal  ;  made  bri"-.- 
gen.  of  vols.  Oct.  14,  1862.  Chief  of  staff"  to 
Gen.  Sherman ;  was  with  Gen  Thomas  at 
Hood's  defeat  before  Nashville  in  Dec.  1864; 
was  with  Sherman  in  his  march  to  the  sea; 
and  was  made  brev.  maj.-gen.  in  1865. 

Webster,  Noah,  LL.D.  (Y.  C.  1823), 
philologist  and  publicist,  b.  W.  Hartford,  Ct., 
Oct.  16,  1758;  d.  N.  Haven,  May  28,  1843. 
Y.C.  1778.  His  ancestor  John  was  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  Hartford.  He  served  under  his 
father,  a  capt.  of  militia,  during  the  campaign 
of  1777.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1781,  but  in  1782 
opened  a  classical  school  at  Goshen,  N.Y.  In 
1783  he  pub.  at  Hartford  his  "First  Part  of  a 
Grammatical  Institute  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage," followed  by  a  2d  and  3d  part  in  the 
next  2  years.  "  The  American  Spelling-Book  " 
was  pub.  in  1783  ;  also  "  Winthrop's  Journal," 
which  had  till  then  remained  in  MS.  He 
also  began  some  political  essays  in  the  Ct.  Cou- 
rant,  pub.  in  1 785  as  "  Sketches  of  American 
Policy."  The  same  year,  he  visited  the  South- 
ern States  to  pi'ocure  the  enactment  of  State 
copyright  laws  ;  in  1786  he  delivered  a  course 
of  lectures  in  the  principal  American  cities 
on  the  English  language,  pub.  in  1789  under 
the  title  of  "  Dissertations  on  the  English  Lan- 
guage ;  "  in  1787  he  taught  an  acad.  at  Phila., 
and,  after  the  Const.  Conv.  adjourned,  pub.  an 
"Examination  of  the  Leadinjr  Principles  of  the 
Federal  Constitution;"  in  1788  he  pub.  in 
N.  York  for  one  year,  at  a  heavy  loss,  the 
Amer.  Mag.  Returning  to  Hartford  in  1789, 
he  practised  law  successfully  for  some  years, 
but  in  1 793,  at  the  request  of  the  administration, 
established  for  its  support  in  New  York  a  dai- 
ly called  the  Minerva,  to  which  he  soon  added 
a  semi-weekly  called  the  Herald :  these  were 
subsequently  known  as  the  Commercial  Adver- 
tiser and  N.  Y.  Spectator.  His  papers,  signed 
"  Curtiu.s,"  ably  vindicated  Jay's  treaty.  He 
removed  to  N.  Haven  in  1798,  and  in  1799  pub. 
"  A  Brief  History  of  Epidemics  and  Pesti- 
lential Diseases,"  2  vols.  8vo  ;  in  1802  he  pub. 
a  work  on  the  rights  of  neutrals  in  time  of 
war,  and  "  Hist.  Notices  of  the  Origin  and 
State  of  Banking  Institutions  and  Insurance 
Offices;"  and  in  1807  his  "Philosophical  and 
Practical  Grammar  of  the  English  Language." 
He  had  in  1806  pub.  a  "  Compendious  Dic- 
tionary;" and  in  1807  he  commenced  rhe  great 
labor  of  his  life,  —  a  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language.  The  first  edition  appeared  in  1828 
in  2  vols.  4to,  a  second  in  1840  in  2  vols, 
roy.  8vo.  While  preparing  this  work,  he  re- 
moved to  Amherst,  Ms.,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  active  founders  of  the  Amh.  College.  He 
also  represented  the  town  several  years  in  the 
State  legisl.  In  New  Haven  he  had  been  often 
a  member  of  the  legisl.,  a  judge  of  one  of  the 


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WICE 


State  courts,  and  one  of  the  aldermen  of  the 
city.  He  returned  there  in  1822,  and  visited 
Europe  in  1828.  Early  in  1843  he  pub.  "A 
Collection  of  Papers  on  Political,  Literary,  and 
Moral  Subjects,"  and  an  elaborate  treatise  on 
"  The  Supposed  Change  in  tlie  Temperature 
of  Winter."  His  last  literary  labor  was  the 
revision  of  the  Appendix  to  his  Dictionary, 
Which  he  completed  only  a  few  days  before  his 
death.  Of  the  "  Elementary  Spelling-Book  " 
nearly  50,000,000  copies  have  been  sold ;  and, 
during  the  preparation  of  the  Dictionary,  the 
entire  support  of  his  family  was  derived  from 
its  copyright.  His  Dictionary  has  been  revised 
since  his  death  by  his  son-in-law.  Prof.  Good- 
rich, and  others.  Dr.  W.'s  other  works  are  a 
"History  of  the  U.S.,"  revised  in  1838;  "Letters 
to  a  Young  Gentleman  commencing  his  Edu- 
cation," 1823;  "Manual  of  Useful  Studies," 
1832  ;  "  The  Prompter ; "  and  a  "  History  of 
Animals."  —  AUibone. 

Webster,  Pelatiah,  political  writer,  b. 
Lebanon,  Ct.,  1725;  d.  Phila.  Sept.  1795. 
Y.C.  1746.  He  studied  theology,  and  preached 
at  Greenwich,  Ms.,  in  the  winter  of  1748-9; 
was  afterward  a  merchant  in  Phila. ;  was  an 
active  Whig  during  the  Revol.,  and  suffered 
both  in  person  and  estate,  having  been  confined 
in  the  city  jail  132  days.  In  Oct.  1776  he 
pub.  his  first  essay,  urging  taxation  for  the  re- 
demption of  Cont.  money  ;  in  1779-85  he  pub. 
a  series  of  "  Essays  on  Free  Trade  and  Fi- 
nance;" in  1783  "A  Dissertation  on  the  Po- 
litical Union  and  Constitution  of  the  13  Unit- 
ed States  of  N.  A.  ;"  in  1791  he  pub.  "  Po- 
litical Essays  on  the  Nature  and  Operation  of 
Money,  Public  Finances,"  &c.,  8vo,  Philadel- 
phia.—  Duijcldnck. 

Webster,  Rev.  Richard,  Presb.  clergy- 
man, b.  Albany,  14  July,  1811;  d.  Mauch 
Chunk,  Pa.,  19  June,  18.56.  Un.  Coll.  1829. 
Princet.  Sem.  1834.  Son  of  Charles  R.  Web- 
ster, bookseller  of  Albany.  Ord.  29  Apr.  1835 ; 
pastor  of  Mauch  Chunk  until  his  death.  Au- 
thor of  "  Hist,  of  the  Presb.  Church,"  Svo,  1856. 

Wedderburne,  Alexander,  Baron 
Loughborough  (1780)  and  Earl  of  Rosslyn 
(1801),  b.  Edinburgh,  Feb.  13, 1733  ;  d.  Bayles, 
Berkshire,  Jan.  3,1805.  U.  of  Edinburgh.  He 
was  called  to  the  Scottish  bar  at  19  ;  removed 
to  London ;  entered  the  Inner  Temple  in  1 753  ; 
was  adm.  to  the  English  bar  in  1757  ;  and  was 
specially  disting.  in  the  great  Douglas  case  in 
1768-9.  As  a  member  of  parliament  he  was 
an  able  supporter  of  Grenville  and  Lord  North ; 
became  solicitor-gen.  Jan.  26,  1771,  and  was 
conspicuous  in  defence  of  Lord  Clive.  In  Jan. 
1774,  when  the  petition  of  Massachusetts  for 
the  removal  of  Hutchinson  and  Oliver  was  laid 
before  the  privy  councilj  Wedderburne  defended 
them  in  a  speech  in  which  he  made  a  gross  and 
insulting  attack  updn  Franklin,  the  agent  of 
the  petitioners.  In  1778  he  was  made  atty.- 
gen.,  and  in  1780  chief  justice  C.  C.  P. ;  in 
April,  1783,  he  assisted  North  in  forming  the 
famous  coalition  ministry,  in  which  he  was  the 
first  commiss.  of  the  great  seal.  In  Jan.  27, 
1793-1801,  he  was  lord  high  chancellor  under 
Mr.  Pitt.  When  George  III.  heard  that  he 
was  dead,  he  remarked,  "  He  has  not  left  a 
greater  knave  behind  him  in  my  dominions." 


Weed,  Gen.  Stephen  H.,  b.  N.Y.  1834; 
killed  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  July  2,  1863.  A 
graduate  of  the  N.Y.  Free  Acad.  West  Point, 
1854.  Served  against  the  Western  Indians 
1857-60;  and,  when  the  Rebellion  broke  out, 
was  made  a  capt.  of  artillery.  He  served  under 
McClellan  on  the  Peninsula,  at  Manassas,  at 
South  Mountain,  and  Antietam;  and  was 
made  brig.-gen.  6  June,  1863,  for  gallantry 
at  Chanccllorsville,  Va.  At  the  time  of  his 
death,  he  com.  the  3d  brigade  of  regulars. 

Weed,  Thurlow,  journalist  and  politi- 
cian, b.  Cairo,  N.Y.,  Nov.  15,  1797.  At  10  he 
was  a  cabin-boy  upon  the  Hudson  River ;  at  1 2 
he  entered  a  printing-office  at  Catskill ;  was  era- 
ployed  in  several  different  newspaper-offices ; 
was  a  vol.  on  the  northern  frontier  in  the  war 
of  1812;  established  a  newspaper  in  his  own 
name  on  coming  of  age ;  edited  the  Anti-Ma- 
sonic Enquirer  in  1 826-7  ;  and  was  twice  elect- 
ed to  the  Assembly.  His  tact  as  a  party  man- 
ager, and  his  services  in  1827-30  in  securing 
the  election  of  De  Witt  Clinton  as  gov.,  led  to 
his  selection  as  a  competent  person  to  oppose 
to  the  "  Albany  Regency,"  a  body  who  had  the 
management  of  the  Democ.  party  in  N.Y.  In 
1830  he  accordingly  removed  to  Albany,  and 
assumed  the  editorship  of  the  Albany  Evening 
Journal.  Although  a  leader,  first  of  the  Whig, 
and  afterward  of  the  Republican  party,  he  de- 
clined all  political  office.  He  was  prominent 
in  procuring  the  nominations  of  Harrison  in 
1836  and  1840,  of  Gen.  Taylor  in  1848,  and  of 
Gen.  Scott  in  1 852.  He  warmly  advocated  the 
election  of  Fremont  in  1 856,  and  of  Lincoln  in 
1 860,  although  he  had  advocated  the  nomina- 
tion of  Mr.  Seward.  He  visited  Europe  in 
Nov.  1861  in  a  semi-diplomatic  capacity;  re- 
turned home  in  June,  1 862,  and  shortly  after- 
ward withdrew  from  the  Journal.  He  pub- 
lished "Letters  from  Europe  and  the  West 
Indies,"  8vo,  1866;  Reminiscences,  in  the  At- 
lantic Monthhj,  1870;  and  has  contributed  to 
periodicals. 

Weedon,  Gen.  George,  Revol.  officer, 
was  an  innkeeper  and  postmaster  of  Fredericks- 
burg, Va.,  and  an  active  and  zealous  politi- 
cian before  the  war.  Made  lieut.-col.  3d  Va. 
Regt.  Feb.  13,  col.  1st  Regt.  12  Aug.,  1776; 
and  24  Feb.,  1777,  brig.-gen.  He  was  in  the 
battles  of  Brandywine  and  Germanto^vn,  but, 
in  consequence  of  some  dissatisfaction  about 
rank,  left  the  ser\'ice  while  the  army  was  at 
Valley  Forge.  At  Brandywine  he  commanded 
the  brigade  in  Greene's  division  which  rendered 
such  valuable  service  by  stopping  the  British 
pursuit,  and  saving  the  routed  army.  He  re- 
sumed the  com.  of  a  brigade  in  1780,  and  com. 
the  Va.  militia  at  Gloucester  during  the  siege 
of  Yorktown  in  Oct.  1781. 

Weeks,  John  M.,  b.  Litchfield,  Ct.,  22 
May,  1788;  d.  Salisbury,  Vt.  (whither  his 
parents  removed  in  1789),  1  Sept.  1858.  Au- 
thor of  "Manual  on  Bees,"  18^4;  "History 
of  Salisbury,  Vt.,"  with  Memoir  of  the  au- 
thor, 1860.  Inventor  of  the  Vt.  Beehive 
(1836) ;  a  contrib.  to  agric.  journals  ;  and  left 
in  MS.  a  History  of  the  Five  Nations. 

Weems,  Mason  L.,  an  eccentric  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  Dumfries,  Va. ;  d.  Beau- 
fort, S.C,  May  23,  1825.     He  studied  theology 


T^EI 


967 


"WEjr^ 


in  London,  and  was  many  years  rector  of  Mt. 
Vernon  parish  (at  the  time  Washington  at- 
tended there),  and  subsequently  a  book-agent 
for  Matthew  Carey  of  Phila.  He  travelled 
extensively  over  the  Southern  States  in  this 
capacity,  mingling  with  the  people  at  large 
assemblies  and  at  courts,  drawing  crowds  of 
listeners,  whom  he  would  address  upon  the 
merits  of  his  works,  interspersing  his  remarks 
with  anecdotes  and  humorous  sallies.  He 
wrote  and  sold  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  The 
Drunkard's  Looking-Glass,"  illustrated  by 
cuts.  With  this  in  hand,  he  entered  taverns, 
and,  addressing  the  inmates,  would  mimic 
the  extravagances  of  an  inebriate,  and  sell  the 
pamphlet.  He  was  a  man  of  much  benevolence 
and  wit.  Author  of  Lives  of  Marion,  Frank- 
lin, Penn,  and  Washington,  the  latter  of  which 
passed  through  30  or  40  editions.  Others  of  his 
tracts  were  "  Hymen's  Recruiting  Sergeant," 
"  God's  Revenge  against  Murder,"  "  God's 
Revenge  against  Adultery."  For  his  "  Life  of 
Marion,"  Horry,  one  of  Marion's  companions, 
furnished  the  facts.  The  romantic  manner  in 
which  his  statements  were  served  up  led  to  a 
corrcsp.  between  the  two  authors. 

Weightman,  Col.  Richard  Haxson, 
b.  Md. ;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Wilson's  Creek, 
Mo.,  Aug.  10, 186L  Son  of  Gen.  Weightman. 
Expelled  from  West  Point  in  April,  1837,  for 
cutting  a  brother-cadet  in  the  face  in  a  personal 
rencounter.  With  the  same  knife  he  killed  the 
Santa  Fe  trader,  F.  X.  Xaubrey,  in  a  quarrel. 
Capt.  of  Mo.  art.,  and  disting.  under  Col. 
Doniplian  at  the  battle  of  Sacramento,  Mcx. ; 
])aymaster  U.S.A.  1848-9;  provis.  U.S.  sena- 
tor from  New  Mex.  1850 ;  M.C.  from  N.  Mex. 
1851-3;  col.  Mo.  State  Guard;  disting.  at 
Carthage  5  July,  1861;  and  com.  a  brigade  at 
Wil.son's  Creek. 

Weir,  'James,  b.  Greenville,  Ky.,  1821. 
Author  of  "  Lena  Powers,"  a  romance,  1850  ; 
"  Simon  Kenton,"  1853;  "  Winter  Lodge,"  a 
sequel,  1854  ;  "  Sacred  and  Profane  Literature." 
Also  prose  and  poetry  in  periodicals.  —  Al- 
libone. 

Weir,  Robert  Walter,  painter,  b.  New 
Rochelle,  N.Y.,  June  18,  1803.  At  the  age  of 
19  he  became  a  painter.  After  a  3-years'  resi- 
dence in  Italy,  he  returned  home  in  1827; 
practised  his  art  in  N.Y.  ;  was  prof,  of  per- 
spective in  the  Nat.  Acad,  of  Design,  1830-4 ; 
and  8  May,  1834,  succeeded  C.  R.  Leslie  as 
instructor  in  drawing  at  West  Point,  which 
post  he  still  holds.  Among  his  works  are 
"  The  Embarkation  of  the  Pilgrims,"  in  the 
rotunda  of  the  capitol  at  Washington,  "  Red 
Jacket,"  "  The  Antiquary  introducing  Lovel 
to  his  Womankind,"  "  Bourbon's  Last  March," 
"  The  Landing  of  Hendrick  Hudson,"  "  Colum- 
bus before  the  Council  of  Salamanca,"  "  The 
Indian  Captives,"  "  The  Presentation  in  the 
Temple,"  "  The  Dying  Greek,"  "  The  Old 
Merchant,"  "  Devotion,"  and  "  The  Taking 
of  the  Veil." 

Weiss,  Rev.  John,  b.  Boston,  June,  1818. 
H.U.  1837.  He  has  been  pastor  of  a  Unit, 
church  at  N.  Bedford,  and  at  Watcrtown,  Ms., 
where  he  now  resides,  without  any  settled 
charge.  Author  of  "Henry  of  Alterdingen," 
a  transl.,  1842 ;  "  The  Philos.   and  ^Esthetic 


Letters  of  Schiller,"  1845;  "Smith's  Memoir 
of  Fichte,"  1846  ;  "Life  and  Corresp.  of  Thco. 
Parker,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1864;  "American  Reli- 
gion," 1870;  and  occas.  sermons  and  addresses 
Contrib.  to  many  magazines  and  periodicals. 
Lecturer  on  various  topics,  including  old  myths. 

Weissenfels,  Frederick  H.,  baron  de, 
b.  Prussia ;  d.  N.  Orleans,  May  14, 1806,  a.  78. 
He  had  been  an  officer  in  the  British  service ; 
settled  in  Duchess  Co.,  N.Y.,  in  1763  ;  app. 
lieut.-col.  3d  N.Y.  batt.  Mar.  8,  1776;  after- 
wards com.  the  2d  N.Y.  batt.  at  White  Plains, 
Trenton,  at  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne,  and  in 
the  battle  of  Monmouth.  He  aceomp.  Sul- 
livan's exped.  in  1779,  and  fought  at  Newtown. 
Impoveri.shed  by  the  war,  he  filled  a  minor 
office  in  the  police  at  the  time  of  his  death.  — 
Hourjh's  Northern  Invasion. 

Weitzel  (wii'-sel).  Gen.  Godfrey,  b. 
Cincinnati,  0.,  Nov.  1,  1835.  West  Point  (2d 
in  his  class),  1855.  Brev.  2d  lieut.  ofengrs, ;  1st 
lieut.  July  1,  1860;  capt.  Mar.  3,  1863;  maj. 
Aug.  8,  1866.  Attached  to  the  staff  of  Gen. 
Butler  in  the  dept.  of  the  Gulf,  he  became  assist, 
military  com.  and  acting  mayor  of  N.  Orleans 
after  its  capture ;  brig.-gen.  of  vols.  29  Aug. 
1862;  maj.-gen.  17  Nov.  1864;  Oct.  27,  1862, 
routed  a  large  force  of  the  enemy  at  Labadie- 
ville,  for  which  he  was  brev.  maj.  U.S.A.  Ho 
com.  the  advance  in  Gen.  Banks's  operations  in 
April-May,  1863  ;  was  at  the  siege  and  capture 
of  Port  Hudson  ;  com.  division  19th  corps  in 
the  Lafourche  and  West  La.  campaigns,  July- 
Dec.  1863  ;  com.  2d  div.  18th  corps,  and  chief 
engr.  Army  of  the  James,  May-Sept.  1864  ; 
was  chief  engr.  with  Gen.  Butler  in  the  opera- 
tions near  Petersburg  and  Richmond,  Va. ; 
com.  the  18th  corps,  and  repulsed  attack  on 
Fort  Harrison,  Sept  30,  1864  ;  and  from  Dec. 
to  4  Feb.  1865  com.  the  25th  colored  corps; 
second  in  com.  of  first  exped.  to  Fort  Fisher. 
Engaged  in  the  final  operations  around  Rich- 
mond, he  first  entered  that  city,  Apr.  3,  1865. 
Brevs.  of  col.  8  July,  1863,  for  Port  Hudson, 
brig,  and  maj.  gen.  13  Mar.  1865.  —  CuUum. 

Welby,  Amelia  B.  (Coppdck),  poetess,  b. 
St.  Michaels,  Md.,  Feb.  3,  1819  ;  d.  Louisville, 
Ky.,  May  3,  1852.  She  removed  with  her  fa- 
ther to  the  West  in  1834,  and  resided  at  Lex- 
ington and  Louisville,  where  she  was  m.  to  Mr. 
George  Welby  in  1838.  Her  first  poem  was 
contrib.  to  the  Louisville  Journal  in  1837.  The 
first  collection  of  her  poems  was  pub.  Boston, 
1845,  the  second  in  1846,  and  the  latest  in  1860. 
"Poems  by  Amelia"  were  pub.  in  1850,  illus- 
trated by  R.  W.  Weir. 

Welch,  Rev.  Bartholo3iew  Trow, 
D.D.,  a  Baptist  preacher  of  great  eloquence, 
b.  Boston,  24  Sept.  1794;  d.  Newtonviile, 
N.Y.,  9  Dec.  1870.  He  entered  the  ministry 
in  1824;  was  settled  in  Albany  in  182S-48; 
and  in  1848-54  was  pastor  of  the  Pierrepont- 
street  Church,  Brooklyn,  New  York. 

Weld,  Horatio  Hastings,  b.  Boston, 
1811.  Some  years  a  printer,  then  editor  of 
journals  in  Lowell,  Boston,  N.Y.,  a,nd  Phila. 
Has  contrib.  largely  to  the  periodical  press. 
Adm.  to  orders  in  the  Prot.-Episc.  Ch.  1845.  . 
Author  of  "  Corrected  Proofs,"  1837  ;  "  Bcnj. 
Franklin,  an  Autob.,"  1849;  "Life  of  Christ," 
1850;  "Scripture  Quotations,"  1850;  "Sacred 


TVEH. 


968 


W-tCIL. 


Poetical  Quotations,"  1851 ;  "Star  of  Bethle- 
hem," 1 852,  &c.  —  Allibone. 

Weld,  Isaac,  son  of  Isaac  of  Dublin,  b. 
there  1774;  d.  1856.  In  his  youth  he  trav- 
elled extensively  in  America  and  Europe ;  was 
56  years  connected  with  the  Royal  Dublin  So- 
ciety, of  which  he  was  long  sec.  and  vice-prcs. 
Author  of  "  Travels  through  North  America, 
1795-7,"  Lond.,  4to,  1799;  "Illustrations  of 
the  Scenery  of  Killarney,"  &c.,  \%01.— Alli- 
bone. 

Welde,  Thomas,  first  minister  of  Rox- 
bury,  Ms. ;  d.  Eng.  23  Mar.  1661.  Camb.  U., 
Eng.,  1613-18.  He  was  a  minister  in  Tcrling, 
Essex,  before  coming  to  America.  Arriving  in 
Boston,  June  5,  1632,  in  July  he  took  the  pas- 
toral care  of  the  church  in  Roxbury.  In  1639 
he  assisted  Mather  and  Eliot  in  making  "  The 
Tuneful  New-England  Version  of  the  Psalms." 
Sent  in  1641  with  Hugh  Peters  to  Eng.  as  an 
agent  for  the  province,  he  never  returned.  He 
settled  at  Gateshead,  but  w<is  ejected  in  1662. 
Author  of  "  An  Answer  to  W.  R.'s  Narration 
of  the  Opinions  and  Practices  of  the  N.E. 
Churches,"  1644.  He  repub.,  with  a  preface, 
and  an  address  to  the  reader,  an  anonymous 
work,  changing  its  title  to  "  A  Short  Story  of 
the  Rise,  Reign,  and  Ruin  of  the  Antinomians, 
Familists,  and  Libertines  that  infected  the 
Churches  of  N.E.,"  4to,  1644.  His  son  Thom- 
as, minister  of  Dunstable,  d.  1702,  a.  50. 

Weller,  John  B.,  Democ.  politician,  b. 
Ohio.  M.C.  in  1839-45;  was  lieut.-col.  of 
Morgan's  O.  regt.  (June  22,  1846),  which  he 
com.  on  the  fall  of  the  col.  in  battle  of  Monte- 
rey ;  was  the  first  U.S.  commiss.  to  Mexico  un- 
der the  treaty  of  Guadaloupe-IIidalgo ;  and, 
having  taken  up  his  residence  in  Cal.,  was  U.S. 
senator  in  1851-7;  gov.  in  1858-60;  app.  min- 
ister to  Mexico,  Dec.  1860;  delegate  to  the 
Chicago  Convention  in  1864. 

Welles,  Gideon,  sec.  U.S.N.  1861-9,  b. 
Glastenbury,  Ct.,  July  1,  1802.  Descended 
from  Thomas,  the  first  treasurer,  and  afterward 
gov.  of  Ct.  He  studied  at  the  Episc.  Acad,  in 
Cheshire  and  at  the  Norwich  U.  Studied  law 
under  Judges  Williams  and  Ellsworth ;  and  in 
1826  became  editor  and  a  proprietor  of  the 
Hartford  Times,  a  Democ.  paper.  He  advo- 
cated the  election  of  Jackson  to  the  presidency ; 
was  a  member  of  the  legisl.  in  1827-35;  was 
then  app.  comptroller  of  public  accounts ;  was 
postmaster  of  Hartford  1836-41 ;  was  State 
comptroller  in  1842;  and  in  1846-9  was  chief 
of  one  of  the  bureaus  of  the  navy  dept.  He 
gave  up  the  management  of  the  Times  m  1 837. 
Ho  opposed  the  introduction  of  slavery  into 
new  territory,  and  became  identified  with  the 
Repub.  party  on  its  organization  in  1855,  and 
was  chairman  of  the  Ct.  delegation  at  the  Chi- 
cago Conv.  in  1860.  For  nearly  30  years  he 
was  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  Globe  and  Union, 
Washington,  Eveninq  Post,  N.Y.,  and,  since 
1856,  to  the  Hartford  Press. 

Welling,  James  C,  LL.D.,  pres.  of  Co- 
lumbia Coll.,  D.C.  (inducted  6  Nov.  1871),  b. 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  14  July,  1825.  N.  J.  Coll.  1844. 
Removing  to  N.Y.  City  in  1848,  he  became 
correspondent  and  lit.  editor  of  the  Nat.  Intelli- 
fjenccr  of  Washington,  D.C. ;  was  assoc.  ed.  in 
1855-Jan.  1865;   and  was  its  principal  con- 


ductor during  the  civil  war.  In  1866  he  vis- 
ited Europe  for  his  health.  Pres.  of  St.  John's 
Coll.,  Annapolis,  Md.,  Sept.  1867-70 ;  and  was 
prof  of  belles-lettres  in  N.J.  Coll.  in  1870-1. 
Dr.  W.  has  contrib.  to  the  N.  A.  Review  and 
other  literary  periodicals,  and  is  said  to  be  now 
engaged  on  the  "  Life  and  Times  "  of  the  late 
President  Buchanan. 

Wells,  David  Ames,  b.  Springfield,  Ms., 
June,  1828.  Wms.  Coll.  1847  ;  Camb.  Scient. 
School,  1851.  Assist,  prof  Camb.  Scientific 
School  1851-2;  engaged  in  practical  chemis- 
try in  Boston  with  Dr.  A.  A.  Hayes  in  1853- 
5 ;  patented  in  1856  several  improvements  in 
bleaching ;  in  1857-8  was  a  member  of  the  jnib- 
lishing  firm  of  G.  P.  Putnam  &,  Co. ;  visited 
Europe  in  1862  and  again  in  1867  on  a  mission 
by  the  U.S.  govt. ;  special  U.S.  commiss.  reve- 
nue 1866-70.  Co-editor  "  History  of  Williams 
Coll.,"  1847;  editor  of  "  Things  not  Generally 
Known,"  &c. ;  "  Annual  of  Scientific  Discov- 
ery," 1850-65  ;  author  of  "  Report  on  the  Soils 
of  the  Scioto  Valley,"  1851;  "On  Flax," 
1854;  "Year -Book  of  Agriculture,"  1856; 
"Familiar  Science,"  1856;  "Science  of  Com- 
mon Things,"  1857;  "Elements  of  Nat.  Phi- 
los.,"  1857;  "Principles  of  Chemistry,"  1858; 
"Principles  of  Geology,"  1861 ;  "  Our  Burden 
and  Our  Strength,"  1864.  Contrib.  to  many 
scientific  periodicals. 

Wells,  Horace,  dentist,  one  of  the  claim- 
ants of  the  discovery  of  anaesthesia,  b.  Hart- 
ford, Vt.,  Jan.  21,  1815;  d.  N.  Y.  Cit;^,  Jan. 
24,  1848.  After  an  academical  education,  he 
began  the  study  of  dentistry  in  Boston  in  1834, 
but  removed  to  Hartford  in  1836.  As  early  as 
1840  he  experimented  upon  the  possibility  of 
preventing  pain  in  dental  operations  liy  various 
narcotics.  In  1844  he  used  nitrous-oxide  gas 
successfully  for  the  extraction  of  teeth,  and  in 
Dec.  1844  addressed  the  medical  class  of  Dr. 
Warren  in  Boston  on  the  subject.  After  the 
application  of  Drs.  Jackson  and  Morton  for 
a  patent,  in  Sept.  1846,  Dr.  Wells  sailed  for 
France,  and  succeeded  in  convincing  the  Medi- 
cal Society  of  Paris  that  he  had  made  a  valua- 
ble discovery,  as  is  shown  by  resolutions  adopted 
by  them  after  a  3-days'  discussion.  He  returned 
in  the  spring  of  1847,  and  in  March  pub.  a  his- 
tory of  his  discovery.  The  controversy  which 
ensued  impaired  his  already  enfeebled  health, 
and  produced  mental  aberration,  under  the  influ- 
ence of  which  he  committed  suicide.  The  evi- 
dence of  his  claim  was  placed  before  Congress 
in  1853  by  Hon.  Truman  Smith,  and  was  sub- 
sequently pub.  under  the  title  of  "  An  Exami- 
nation of  the  Question  of  Anaesthesia,"  N.Y. 
l^^O.  — See  also  art.  ''Morton,  W.  T.  G." 

Wells,  Samuel,  gov.  1856-7,  and  some 
years  judo  e  Sup.  Court,  of  Me.,  b.  N.ll.  about 
1805;  d.  "Boston,  15  July,  1868. 

Wells,  William  Charles,  M.D.  (U.  of 
Edinb.  1780),  F.R.S.  (1793),  naturalist,  b. 
Charleston,  S.C,  May,  1757 ;  d.  Sept.  18, 1817. 
Son  of  Robert,  bookseller  of  Charleston,  pub. 
of  the  Gazette,  and  a  loyalist,  who  pub.  a  trav- 
esty of  Virgil;  d.  Lond.  1794,  a.  66.  After 
completing  his  studies  abroad,  he  returned  to 
Charleston  early  in  1781,  and,  while  there,  acted 
at  the  same  time  as  a  printer,  a  bookseller,  and 
a  merchant.    In  Dec.  1782,  on  his  arrival  with 


TVEIi 


969 


"\^ER 


the  king's  troops  at  St.  Augustine,  E.  Fla.,  he 
edited  the  first  weekly  newspaper  that  had  ap- 
peared in  that  province,  and  also  became  capt. 
of  loyalist  vols.;  in  1784  he  settled  in  Lond., 
and  in  1788  was  adin.  a  licentiate  of  the  Coll. 
of  Physicians;  in  1790  he  was  elected  physician 
to  the  Finsbury  Dispensary ;  in  1793  assist,  phy- 
sician to,  and  in  1800  one  of  the  physicians  of, 
St.  Thomas's  Hospital.  His  celebrated  essay 
on  Dew  app.  in  Aug.  1814,  and  established  his 
philos.  reputation.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
adra.  a  member  of  the  Royal  Soc.  of  Edinb. ; 
and  in  1816  was  presented  by  the  Royal  Soc. 
of  London  with  the  gold  and  silver  Rumford 
medals.  He  also  pub.  in  1792  an  essay  upon 
Single  Vision  with  Two  Eyes,  and  in  1780-1 
several  small  political  pieces  without  his  name, 
and  an  account  of  Henry  Laurens,  under  the 
signature  of  "  Marius,"  in  the  Public  Advertiser. 
A  vol.  of  his  works,  containing  essays  on  Vis- 
ion and  Dew,  was  pub.  in  London  in  1816. 

Wells,  William  Harvey,  b.  Tolland,  Ct., 
1812.  Some  time  principal  State  Norm.  School, 
Westfield,  Ms.;  subseq.  supt.  public  schools, 
Chicago.  Author  of  "  Grammar  of  the  Eng. 
Lang.,"  1846;  "Elcm.  Eng.  Grammar,"  1848; 
"  Graded  Course  of  Instr.,"  1862.  Editor  Ms. 
Teacher.  Contrib.  to  educ.  journals. — AUibone. 

Wells,  William  Vincent,  author,  b. 
Boston,  Jan.  2, 1826.  Educated  in  the  Boston 
schools ;  afterward  in  the  merchant-service,  and 
4  times  wrecked;  and  went  in  1849  to  Califor- 
nia, where  he  built  and  com.  the  first  steamboat 
seen  there.  Ha  pub.  "  Walker's  Expedition  to 
Nicaragua,"  1858 ;  "Explorations  and  Adven- 
tures in  Honduras,"  1857  ;  and  "Life  of  Sam- 
uel Adams"  (his  ancestor),  3  vols.  8vo,  1865, 
with  his  letters,  writings,  and  State  papers. 
Mr.  Wells  has  owned  and  edited  several  news- 
papers in  San  Francisco.  Contrib.  to  Harper's 
Mag.  and  Weekbj;  and  corresp.  from  abroad 
with  various  journals.  Late  consul-gen.  at 
Honduras.  —  Dwjckinck. 

Wemyss,  Francis  Courtney,  actor  and 
manager,  b.  London,  May  13,  1797  ;  d.  New 
York,  Jan.  5,  1 859.  He  app.  at  the  Adelphi, 
London,  Apr.  2,  1821 ;  and  made  his  debut  at 
the  Chcstnut-st.,  Phila.,  Dec.  11, 1822,  as  Vap- 
id in  "  The  Dramatist."  Author  of  "  Chro- 
nology of  the  Amer.  Stage,"  12ino,  1852;  "26 
Years  of  the  Life  of  an  Actor  and  Manager,"  2 
vols.  1847.  He  edited  the  "Minor  Drama,"  7 
vols.  12mo. 

Wendell,  John  L.,  reporter  N.Y.  Sup. 
Court,  b.  1784 ;  d.  Hartford,  Ct.,  13  Dec.  1861. 
Author  of  the  Law  Reports  of  N.Y.  1828-41, 
26  vols.;  "Digest  Sup.  Court  Reports  1828- 
35,"  8vo,  1836. 

Wentworth,  Benning,  gov.  of  N.  H. 
(1734-67),  oldest  son  of  Lieut.-Gov.  John  of 
Dover,  b.  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  July  24,  1696; 
d.  there  Oct.  14,  1770.  H.U.  1715.  He  was 
a  merchant ;  frequently  a  representative  in  the 
Assembly;  and  was  app.  a  councillor,  Oct. 
12,  1734.  In  1749  he  commenced  making 
grants  of  land  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Ct.  River, 
in  what  is  now  Southern  Vt.  This  domain 
was  claimed  by  N.Y.,  occasioning  the  collision, 
so  famous  in  the  history  of  Vt.,  respecting  the 
"  New-Hampshire  Grants."  The  town  of  Ben- 
nington, Vt.,  was  named  in  his  honor.     He 


gave  to  Dartm.  Coll.  500  acres  of  land,  on 
which  its  buildings  were  erected. 

Wentworth,  Col.  John,  jurist,  b.  Dover, 
N.H.,  30  Mar.  1719;  d.  17  May,  1781.  Great- 
grandson  of  Wm.  of  Dover.  Member  legisl. 
1768-75,  and  speaker  in  1771 ;  chairman  of  the 
Revol.  com.  of  coi-resp.,  and  pres.  of  the  first 
conv.  held  in  1774;  State  councillor  1776-81 ; 
judge  of  C.C.P.  for  Strafford  Co.  1773-6  ;  and 
judge  Sup.  Court  1776-81.  His  son  John, 
Jun.  (b.  17  July,  1745,  d.  Dover,  10  Jan,  1787, 
H.U.  1768),  was  an  active  Revol.  patriot; 
member  legisl.  1776-80;  member  com.  of  safe- 
ty;  deleg.  to  the  Cont.  Congress  1778-9,  and  a 
signer  of  the  Art.  of  Confed. ;  councillor  1780- 
4,  and  senator  1784-7. 

Wentworth,  Sir  John,  LL.D.  (Oxon. 
1766),  gov.  N.IL  1766-75,  bart.  1795,  b.  Ports- 
mouth, N.II.,  9  Aug.  1737;  d.  Halifax,  N.S., 
8  Apr.  1 820.  H.U.  1755.  Son  of  Mark  Hunk- 
ing,  councillor  of  N.H.,  who  d.  27  Dec.  1785, 
and  nephew  of  Gov.  Benning.  Sent  in  1765  to 
Eng.  as  agent  of  the  Province,  he  attracted  the 
favorable  notice  of  the  Marquis  of  Rocking- 
ham, who  procured  him  his  app.  of  gov. ;  also 
that  of  surveyor  of  the  king's  woods  in  Amer., 
worth  £700  per  annum.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  Revol.  in  1775,  he  went  to  Eng.  Licut.-gov. 
of  Nova  Scotia  14  May,  1792-1803.  He  gave 
its  charter  to  Dartm.  Coll.,  encouraged  the 
agric.  and  promoted  the  settlement  of  N.H., 
and  possessed  talents  of  a  high  order.  In  1769 
he  m.  his  cousin  Mrs.  Atkinson.  Their  son. 
Sir  Charles  Mary,  d.  April,  1844. 

Wentworth,  John,  LL.D.  (Dartm.  Coll. 
1867),  journalist  and  politician,  grandson  of 
John,  jun.,  b.  Sandwich,  N.H.,  March  5,  1815. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1836.  Removed  to  111.  in  Oct. 
1836,  and  edited  the  Chicago  Democrat  till  July, 
1861.  In  1841  he  studied  law  at  Camb.  Law 
School;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1841;  and 
was  M.C.  in  1843-51,  1853-5,  and  1865-7. 
He  was  an  adherent  of  the  Democ.  party  and 
of  Mr.  Douglas  until  the  repeal  of  the  Mis- 
souii  Compromise,  and  afterward  Republican. 
Mayor  of  Chicago  in  1857,  and  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  Const.  Conv.  of  1861.  Author  of 
a  "  History  of  the  Family  of  Wentworth,"  2 
vols.  8vo,  1870. 

Wentworth,  William,  an  early  colonist 
of  N.H.,  progenitor  of  all  of  the  name  in  the 
U.S.,  b.  Eng.  ab.  1610;  d.  Dover,  N.H.,  Mar. 
16,  1697.  He  was  a  follower  of  Rev.  John 
Wheelwright,  and,  with  that  clergyman  and  33 
others,  signed,  Aug.  4,  1639,  "  A  combination 
for  a  govt,  at  Exeter,  N.H."  He  removed  to 
Wells,  Me.,  and  from  thence  to  Dover,  where 
he  was  a  ruling  elder  in  the  church,  preaching 
often,  and  regularly  supplying  the  pulpit  at 
Exeter  as  late  as  1693.  In  1689  he  was  instru- 
mental in  saving  Heard's  garrison  from  the 
Indians. 

Werden,  Reed,  commo.  U.S.N.,  b.  Pa. 
Feb.  28,  1817.  Phila.  Naval  School,  1840. 
Midshipm.  Jan.  9, 1834;  lieut.  Feb.  27,  1847  ; 
com.  July  16,  1862;  capt.  July  25,  1866; 
commo.  187 1.  Com.  a  party  of  seamen  at  the 
capture  of  Tuspan,  Mex.,  1847  ;  com.  steamer 
"  Stars  and  Stripes  "  at  capture  of  Roanoke 
Island  and  Newbern;  fleet-capt.  E.  Gulf  block, 
squadron,   1864-5 ;    com.    "  Powhatan,"   and 


•WER 


970 


WES 


blockaded  Confed.  ram  "  Stonewall "  in  Ha- 
vana until  surrendered  to  the  Spanish  govt. — 
llamersly. 

Wereat,  John,  patriot  of  Ga. ;  d.  Bryan 
Co.  1798.  He  was  an  early  and  decided  ad- 
vocate of  liberty.  Member  of  the  first  Prov. 
Congress  in  1775;  speaker  in  1776  ;  and  after 
the  fall  of  Savannah  in  1779,  as  pres.  of  the 
exec,  council,  exercised  the  functions  of  gov. ; 
pres.  of  the  conv.  which  ratified  the  Federal 
Constitution  at  Augusta,  Jan.  2,  1788. 

WertmuUer,  Adolph  Ulric,  painter, 
b.  Stockliolm,  1750;  d.  near  Marcus  Hook, 
Pa.,  Oct.  5, 1811.  He  studied  and  pursued  his 
profession  in  Paris  some  years,  and  came  to 
Phila.  in  1794,  but  returned  to  Europe  in  1796. 
He  returned  to  Phila.  in  1800,  and  obtained  an 
income  by  exhibiting  his  picture  of  Danae, 
which  he  sold  for  $1,500.  He  left  a  portrait 
of  Washington. 

Wesley,  Charles,  poet  and  clergyman, 
b.  Epworth,  Dec.  18,  1708;  d.  London,  March 
29,  1788.  Oxford  U.  1732.  He  was  a  con- 
spicuous member  of  the  small  religious  society 
from  which  Arminian-Methodism  may  be  said 
to  have  sprung;  and  in  1735,  after  having  been 
Old.  deacon  and  priest,  accompanied  his  bro. 
John  on  a  mission  to  Ga.  in  the  capacity  of  sec. 
to  Gov.  Oglethorpe.  He  labored  assiduously  as 
a  preacher  among  the  Indians  and  colonists ; 
returned  to  Eng.  in  1736  ;  and  soon  after  com- 
menced his  brilliant  and  successful  career  as  a 
Methodist  preacher.  His  sons  Charles  and 
Samuel  acquired  great  reputation  for  their 
musical  talents.  Of  the  hymns  now  in  use  by 
the  Wesleyans,  625  are  by  Charles  Wesley.  A 
vol.  of  his  sermons,  with  a  Memoir,  was  pub. 
1816;  Journal,  with  notes  by  Rev.  Thomas 
Jackson,  1841,  2  vols.  8vo. 

Wesley,  John,  the  celebrated  founder  of 
the  sect  of  Alethodists,  b.  Epworth,  in  Lincoln- 
shire, June  17,  1703;  d.  Mar.  2,  1791.  Oxf. 
U.  1726.  Son  of  Samuel,  rector  of  Epworth. 
listing,  at  Oxford  by  his  adroitness  in  argu- 
ment, as  well  as  his  classical  and  theological 
attainments.  Ord.  deacon  in  1725.  In  1730 
he  and  his  brother  Charles,  with  a  few  other 
students,  formed  themselves  into  a  small  society 
on  principles  of  greater  austerity  and  devotion 
than  prevailed  in  the  university,  receiving  the 
name  of  Methodists.  He  soon  became  leader 
of  the  association,  and  upon  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1735,  during  which  year  the  cele- 
brated Whitefield  joined  his  society,  accomp. 
Oglethorpe  to  Ga.  to  preach  the  gospel  among 
the  settlers  and  Indians.  For  some  time,  his 
labors  as  a  preacher  promised  to  be  successful ; 
but  he  soon  rendered  himself  offensive  to  the 
colonists  by  his  severe  and  injudicious  conduct. 
He  passed  six  months  in  Georgia  without  pos- 
sessing a  single  shilling.  His  ascetic  practices 
and  numerous  eccentricities  created  some  doubts 
as  to  the  solidity  of  his  judgment.  On  his  return 
to  Eng.  early  in  1738  he  commenced  itinerant 
preaching,  and  gathered  many  followers.  The 
churches  being  shut  against  him,  he  built  spa- 
cious meeting-houses  in  London,  Bristol,  and 
other  places.  For  some  time  he  was  united 
with  Whitefield  ;  but,  differences  arising  upon 
the  doctrine  of  election,  they  separated,  and  the 
Methodists  were   denominated  according    to 


their  respective  leaders.  Wesley  was  indefati- 
gable in  his  labors,  and  almost  continually 
engaged  in  travelling  over  England,  Wales, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland.  He  pub.  some  vols, 
of  hymns,  numerous  sermons,  political  tracts, 
and  controversial  treatises.  He  was  the  most 
successful  preacher  of  modern  times,  and  was 
the  law-giver,  as  well  as  the  apostle,  of  Ar- 
minian-Methodism. 

Wessels,  Gen.  Henry  Walton,  b.  Litch- 
field, Ct.,  Feb.  20,  1809.  West  Point,  1833.  He 
studied  at  the  milit.  school  of  Capt.  Partridge 
atMiddletown  ;  entered  the  2d  Inf.  in  1833;  en- 
gaged in  Seminole  war,Fla.,  1837-42;  1st  lieut. 
7  July,  1838  ;  capt.  16  Feb.  1847;  i)rev.  major 
Aug.  20,  1847,  for  gallantry  at  Contrcras  and 
Churubusco,  and  in  the  former  battle  wounded  ; 
major  6th  Inf.  June  6, 1861  ;  brig.-gen.  of  vols. 
April  25,  1862.  He  served  in  the  Peninsular 
campaign,  and  wounded  at  Fair  Oaks  31  May, 
1862  ;  in  defence  of  Suffolk,  Va.,  Sept.-Dec. 
1862  ;  in  N.C  Dec.  1862  to  20  Apr.  1864,  and 
engaged  in  combats  of  Kinston  14  I)ec., 
Goldsborough  17  Dec,  and  defence  of  New- 
bern  ;  com.  at  defence  of  Plymouth,  May,  1863, 
to  Apr.  22,  1864,  where,  after  four  days'  hard 
fighting,  he  was  taken  prisoner  ;  brev.  col.  and 
brig.-gen.  U.S.A.  for  gallant  and  merit,  services 
during  the  Rebellion ;  lieut.-col.  Feb.  16, 1865  ; 
retired  1  Jan.  1871. —  Cullum. 

Wesson,  James,  col.  Revol.  army ;  d. 
Marlborough,  Ms.,  15  Oct.  1809,  a.  72.  Maj. 
in  L.  Baldwin's  regt.  at  the  siege  of  Boston ; 
raised  and  com.  the  9th  Ms.  Regt. ;  and  disting. 
at  Saratoga  and  at  Monmouth,  where  he  was 
severely  wounded  by  a  cannon-ball. 

West,  Benjamin,  LL.  D.  (B.  U.  1792), 
mathem.  and  astron.,  b.  Rehoboth,  Ms.,  Mar. 
1730;  d.  Providence,  R.L,  13  Aug.  1813.  Re- 
moving to  Providence  in  1753,  he  was  a  book- 
seller there  until  the  Revol.;  then  manuf. 
clothing  for  the  Cont.  soldiers,  all  the  while 
prosecuting  his  scientific  studies.  He  pub.  an 
almanac  there  in  1763-93;  furnished  a  paper 
on  the  transit  of  Venus  and  Mercury  in  1769 
for  the  Roy.  Soc.  of  Lond. ;  was  made  a  fellow 
of  the  Amer.  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  in 
1781  ;  was  prof,  of  mathem.  in  the  Pr.-Ep. 
Sem.  at  Phila.  in  1784-6;  prof,  of  mathem. 
and  nat.  philos.  in  B.U.  1786-99;  postmaster 
of  P.  1812-13. 

West,  Benjamin,  a  celebrated  painter,  b. 
near  Springfield,  Pa.,  Oct.  10,  1738;  d.  Lon- 
don, March  10,  1820.  His  parents  were  Qua- 
kers ;  but,  perceiving  in  their  son  an  innate  pro- 
pensity for  the  art  of  drawing,  they  allowed 
him  to  cultivate  his  talents  in  opposition  to  the 
rigid  principles  of  their  sect.  Accordingly, 
after  having  for  a  short  time  served  as  a  sol- 
dier under  Gen.  Forbes,  West  removed  to 
Phila.  in  1756,  and  commenced  portrait-paint- 
ing, which  profession  he  subsequently  exercised 
in  New  York;  in  1760  he  visited  Italy  and 
France,  and  remained  some  time  at  Paris ;  in 
17 63* he  arrived  in  Eng.,  and  met  such  encour- 
agement that  he  took  up  his  permanent  resi- 
dence there.  By  the  order  of  George  III.,  he 
executed  his  picture  of  "  The  Departure  of 
Regulus  from  Rome,"  which  procured  him 
much  reputation.  At  the  foundation  of  the 
Royal  Acad,  in  1768,  he  became  a  member. 


TTES 


971 


^V^EIA 


and  in  1792  succeeded  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  as 
pres.  Among  the  earlier  productions  of  his 
pencil,  that  which  attracted  most  notice  was 
his  painting  of  "  The  Death  of  Gen.  Wolfe," 
which,  by  representing  for  the  first  time  in  an 
historical  picture  the  modern  costume,  occa- 
sioned a  revolution  in  art.  The  British  Insti- 
tution presented  him  with  3,000  guineas  for  a 
painting  of  "  Christ  Healing  the  Sick."  One 
of  the  latest  of  his  great  works  was  a  represen- 
tation of  "  Death  on  the  Pale  Horse,"  from 
the  Revelation.  In  1817  he  lost  his  wife,  a 
Miss  Shewell  of  Phila.  As  a  painter  he  is 
celebrated  for  gracefulness  of  execution  and 
harmony  of  coloring.  —  See  Life  by  J.  Gait,  8vo, 
Phila.  1816. 

West,  Samuel,  D.D.  (H.U.  1793),  minis- 
ter of  New  Bedford,  Ms.,  b.  Yarmouth,  March 
4,  1730;  d.  Tiverton,  R.I.,  Sept.  24,  1807. 
H.  U.  1754.  Engaged  in  early  life  in  farming. 
His  intelligence  led  some  discerning  neighbors 
to  give  him  a  liberal  education.  He  was  ord, 
ab.  1764.  In  1765  he  became  a  partisan  of  the 
Whigs;  wrote  forcibly  for  the  newspapers; 
and  deciphered  the  treasonable  letter  of  Dr. 
Church.  He  was  a  member  of  the  conv.  for 
framing  the  constitution  of  Ms.,  and  for  the 
adoption  of  that  of  the  U.S. ;  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Academies  of  Sciences  at  Phila.  and 
at  Boston.  He  was  an  original  thinker  and  an 
independent  inquirer.  He  pub.  some  sermons, 
and  "Essays  on  Liberty  and  Necessity,"  1793- 
6,  —  a  reply  to  Edwards  on  the  Will. 

West,  SxEPHEX,  D.D.  (Dartm.  1792),  cler- 
gyman, b.  Tolland,  Ct.,  Nov.  13,  1735;  d. 
Stockbridge,  Ms.,  May  15,  1819.  Y.  C.  1755. 
In  1756  he  taught  a  school  in  Hatfield,  Ms. 
He  was  chaplain  at  Hoosick  Fort  in  1757  ;  suc- 
ceeded Jonathan  Edwards  in  the  Indian  mis- 
sion at  Stockbridge  in  1768;  and  was  pastor 
of  the  Cong,  church  there  from  June  15,  1759, 
to  1770.  From  an  Arminian  he  then  became 
an  Hopkinsian.  Besides  sermons  and  other 
pamphlets,  he  pub.  "  An  Essay  on  Moral  Agen- 
cy," 1772,  enlarged  ed.  1794 ;  "  Duty  and  Obli- 
gation of  Christians  to  Marry  only  in  the 
Lord,"  1779;  "An  Essay  on  the  Scripture 
Doctrine  of  the  Atonement,"  1785  ;  "An  In- 
quiry into  the  Ground  and  Import  of  Infant 
Baptism,"  1794;  "Life  of  Rev,  Samuel  Hop- 
kins, D.D.,"  1805  ;  and  "Evidences  of  the  Di- 
vinity of  Christ,"  1816. 

West,  William  E.,  portrait-painter;  d. 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  Nov.  2,  1857.  After  an  ardu- 
ous career  as  a  portrait-painter  in  the  West  and 
South,  and  several  years  of  study  in  Italy,  he 
went  to  London,  where  his  "Annette  de 
I'Arbre,"  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Acad.,  brought 
him  into  notice,  and  where  he  lived  many 
years.  An  unfortunate  speculation  led  to  his 
return  to  the  U.S. ;  and  he  subsequently  re- 
sided in  New  York  until  the  infirmities  of  age 
caused  him  to  take  up  his  abode  with  his  kin- 
dred at  Nashville.  While  in  Ital^,  he  painted 
Byron  and  the  Countess  Guiccioli.  Among 
his  pictures  is  "  The  Confessional,"  "  The 
Pride  of  the  Village,"  portraits  of  Mrs.  Hem- 
ans,  Thos.  Swan,  &c. —  Tuckerman, 

WestCOtt,  Thompson,  editor  Phila.  Sun- 
day Despatch  since  its  beginning  in  1848,  b. 
Phila.  1820.    Adm.  to  the  Phila.  bar  1841. 


Author  of  a  Life  of  John  Fitch,  1857 ;  "  Tax- 
Payer's  Guide,"  1864;  "Names  of  Persons, 
&c.,  with  a  History  of  the  Test  Laws  of  Pa.," 
8vo,  1865;  "Chronicles  of  the  Great  Rebel- 
lion," originally  compiled  for  the  Old  Frank- 
lin Almanac.  He  is  preparing  a  history  of 
the  city  of  Phila.  —  AUibone. 

Wetherill,  Samuel,  1736-1816;  b.  Bur- 
lington, N.J.  An  early  resident  of  Phila., 
where  he  was  an  eminent  manufacturer,  and  a 
preacher  of  the  society  of  Free  Quakers.  Pub. 
"  An  Apology  for  the  Religious  Society  called 
Free  Quakers,"  a  tract  on  the  "  Divinity  of 
Christ,"  and  other  theol.  treatises.  —  Simpson. 

Wetmore,  Alphonso,  capt.  U.S.A.  Au- 
thor of  "  Gazetteer  of  Mo.,"  1837.  App.  from 
N.Y.  ensign  23d  Inf.  14  Apr.  1812;  lost  an 
arm  in  the  exped.  under  Col.  Winder  to  the 
Canada  shore,  below  Fort  Erie,  28  Nov.  1812; 
capt.  Dec.  1819;  res.  May,  1833;  d.  St.  Louis, 
13  June,  1849.  His  son  Leonida8,  capt. 
U.S.A.,  and  disting.  in  Fla.  and  Mexico,  d. 
Mo.  18  Oct.  1849. 

Wetmore,  Prosper  Montgomery,  au- 
thor, b.  Stratford,  Ct.,  14  Feb.  1798.  In  his  9th 
year  he  removed  with  his  parents  to  N.  York; 
entered  a  counting-room,  and  engaged  in  mer- 
cantile pursuits.  He  began  to  write  for  the 
magazines  in  1816;  and  in  1830  pub.  "Lex- 
ington, with  Other  Fugitive  Poems;  "in  1832 
he  delivered  a  poem  on  "Ambition  "  before  one 
of  the  literary  societies  of  N.  York;  in  1838 
he  edited  the  poems  of  James  Nack.  Regent 
of  the  U.  of  N.Y.  in  1833;  he  promoted  the 
public-school  system  as  chairman  of  the  com. 
on  colleges  and  academies  in  the  State  legisl. 
in  1834-5  ;  pres.  of  the  American  Art  Union, 
which  he  soon  made  a  national  institution ; 
and  a  most  active  member  and  supporter  of  the 
N.Y.  Hist.  Society ;  many  years  paymaster-gen. 
of  the  State  militia.  Author  of  "  Observations 
on  the  War  with  Mexico,"  8vo,  1847.  —  See 
Wetmore  Family  ;  Duyckinck. 

Wharton,  Charles  Henry,  D.D.,  Epis. 
clergyman  and  scholar,  b.  St.  Mary's  Co.,  Md., 
June  5,  1748;  d.  Burlington,  N.J.,  July  22, 
1833.  His  parents  being  Catholics,  he  was 
sent  in  1760  to  St.  Omer's,  in  1762  to  Bruges, 
and  subsequently  resided  some  years  at  Liege, 
partly  as  a  scholar,  and  partly  as  a  tutor  in 
mathematics.  Returning  to  America,  he  visit- 
ed Phila.  in  1784  for  the  purpose  of  publishing 
his  celebrated  letter  to  the  Roman  Catholics  of 
the  city  of  Worcester.  After  joining  the  Epis. 
Church,  he  officiated  at  Newcastle,  J)el.,  subse- 
quently in  the  Swedish  Church  at  Wilmington, 
and  finally  at  St.  Mary's  Church,  Burlington, 
N.  J.,  of  which  he  was  rector  35  years.  In  1805 
he  was  pres.  of  Col.  Coll.,  N.Y.  Author  of 
"  A  Poetical  Epistle  to  Gen.  Geo.  Washing- 
ton," Annap.  1779,  repr.  Lond.  1780;  "Reply 
to  an  Address  to  the  R.  Catholics  of  the  U.S.," 
8vo,  1785;  "Inquiry  into  the  Proofs  of  the 
Divinity  of  Christ,'"  8vo,  1796  ;  "  Concise 
View,"  8vo,  1817.  His  remains,  with  a  Me- 
moir by  G.  W.  Doane,  D.D.,  was  pub.  2  vols. 
12mo,  1834. 

Wharton,  Francis,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  jurist, 
b.  Phila,  1820.  Y.C.  1839,  and  afterward  prac- 
tised law  in  his  native  city.  In  1856-63  he 
was  prof,  of  logic  and  rhetoric  in  Kenyon  Coll., 


^WTIA. 


972 


TVHE 


0.  OrJ.  in  the  Prot.-Epis.  Church  1863  ;  rec- 
tor of  St.  Paul's,  Brookline,  Ms.,  and  prof,  in 
Cainb.  (Epis.)  Theol.  School.  He  has  pub. 
"  Treatise  on  the  Criminal  Law  of  the  U.S.," 
6th  ed.,  3  vols.  8vo,  1868  ;  "  Treatise  on  Con- 
veyancing," 8vo,  1851;  "Law  Dictionary,"  2d 
ed.,  1860 ;  "  State  Trials  of  the  U.S.  during  the 
Administrations  of  Washington  and  Adams," 
1849;  "A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Homicide 
in  the  U.S.,"  1855;  with  Moreton  Stille,  "A 
Treatise  on  Medical  Jurisp.,"  1855  ;  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  Theism  and  Scepticism,"  1858  ;  "  Pre- 
cedents of  Indictments  and  Pleas,"  8vo,  1849  ; 
"  The  Silence  of  Scripture,"  a  series  of  lec- 
tures, 1867;  co-editor  Epis.  Recorder.  He  is 
a  contributor  to  many  periodicals. 

Wharton,  Thomas  L,  lawyer,  b.  Phila. 
1791;  d.  there  9  Apr.  1856.  Many  years  an 
eminent  member  of  the  Phila.  bar,  also  re- 
porter Pa.  Sup.  Court.  Author  of  "  Digest 
of  U.S.  Circ.-Court  Reports,  3d  Dist.,"  2  vols. 
8vo ;  "  Digested  Index  of  Reports  of  the  South- 
ern and  Western  States,"  8vo,  1824  ;  "  Dis- 
course on  the  Landing  of  Wm.  Penn,"  8vo, 
1826;  "Reports  Pa.  Sup.  Court,  1835-41," 
6  vols.  8vo  ;  "  Memoir  of  Wm.  Rawle,  LL.D." 
(Hist.  Soc.  Pa.  Mi-m.,  vol.  iv.),  &c.  —  Alllbone. 

Wheatland,  Henry,  M.D.  (H.U.  1837,) 
b.  Salem,  Ms.,  11  June,  1812.  H.U.  1832. 
Son  of  Capt.  Richard  and  Martha  Goodhue. 
Has  never  practised  medicine,  but  has  given 
much  attention  to  historical  and  scientific  in- 
vestigations. An  original  member  of  the  Am. 
Assoc,  for  the  Advancement  of  Science;  a 
founder  of  the  Essex-Co.  Nat.-Hist.  Soc,  and 
of  the  Essex  Institute,  of  which  he  was  pres. 
until  it  was  merged  in  the  Peabody  Acad,  of 
Science,  of  which  he  is  a  vice-pres.  Member, 
also,  of  many  other  literary  and  scientific  bodies. 

Wheatley,  Phillis,  a  negro  poetess,  b. 
Africa  ab.  1753;  d.  Boston,  Dec.  5,  1784. 
She  was  brought  from  Africa  in  1761  between 
seven  and  eight  years  of  age,  and  acquired  in 
the  family  of  John  Wheatley  of  Boston,  within 
16  months  after  her  arrival,  the  English  lan- 
guage to  such  a  degree  as  to  read  the  most 
difficult  parts  of  Scripture,  and  learned  to  write 
in  a  short  time.  She  began  very  early  to  write 
verse,  and  evinced  poetic  ability  in  some  poems 
written  at  the  age  of  14.  Her  "  Poems  "  were 
pub.  in  London  in  1773  with  a  copper-plate 
portrait,  and  dedicated  to  the  Countess  of  Hun- 
tington June  12,  1773  (when  about  to  visit 
London  with  a  member  of  her  master's  family). 
They  possess  much  merit,  and  have  been  seve- 
ral times  reprinted.  After  her  return  from 
Eng.,  she  m.  a  colored  man,  Dr.  John  Peters, 
who  fell  into  poverty  during  the  Revolution. 
The  most  important  of  her  occasional  un- 
collected verses  are  the  lines  to  Gen.  Washing- 
ton in  1775,  which  were  acknowledged  by  him 
in  a  letter  dated  Feb.  2,  1776,  and  appeared 
with  the  letter  in  the  Pennsylvania  Mag.  for 
April,  1776.  She  wrote  elegiac  verses  on 
George  Whitefield  and  on  Dr.  Samuel  Cooper. 
Her  letters  were  privately  printed  8vo,  1864. — 
See  Proc.  Ms.  Hist.  Soc.,  Nov.  1863. 

Wheaton,  Gen.  Frank,  b.  Providence, 
R.I.,  8  May,  1833.  Son  of  Dr.  Francis  L.  and 
Amelia  S.  Civil  engr.,  and  engaged  in  Cal. 
and  in  Mexican  boundary  surveys  in  1850-5; 


1st  lieut.  U.  S.  Cav.  Mar.  3,  1855;  engaged 
with  Cheyenne  Indians  near  Fort  Kearney; 
capt.  1st  Cav.  Mar.  1,  1861 ;  licut.-col.  2d  R.I. 
Vols,  at  first  Bull  Run;  col.  July,  1861;  en- 
gaged in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  second  Bull 
Run,  Antietam,  and  Fredericksburg;  brig.- 
gcn.  U.  S.  Vols.  Nov.  29,  1862;  com.  brigade 
at  Gettysburg,  Rappahannock  Station,  Mine 
Run,  defence  of  Harper's  Ferry,  battles  of  the 
Wilderness,  Spottsylvania,  Cold  Harbor,  Peters- 
burg, Weldon  R.R.,  Reams's  Station,  and  Ope- 
quan;  maj.  2d  Cav.  Nov.  1863;  com.  division 
6th  corps  at  Fisher's  Hill,  Cedar  Creek,  Hatch- 
er's Run,  Armstrong's  Mills,  capture  of  Peters- 
burg, battle  of  Sailor's  Creek,  and  surrender  of 
Lee;  brev.  maj  .-gen.  vols,  for  Opequan,  Fish- 
er's Hill,  and  Middleton,  Va. ;  brev.  lieut.-col. 
U.S.A.  for  the  Wilderness;  col.  for  Cedar 
Creek ;  brig.-gen.  for  capture  of  Petersburg, 
and  maj. -gen.  for  gallant  and  merit,  services 
during  the  war;  lieut.-col.  39th  U.S.  Inf.  July 
28,  1866;  transf.  to  21st  Inf.  15  Mar.  1869; 
and  presented  with  a  sword  by  his  native  State. 
Wheaton,  Henry,  LL.D.  (B.U.  1819  ; 
H.U.  1845),  jurist  and  diplomatist,  b.  Provi- 
dence, R.I.,  Nov.  27,  1785;  d.  Dorchester,  Ms., 
March  11, 1848.  Brown  U.  1802.  He  studied 
law ;  went  to  France  in  1804 ;  spent  a  year  and 
a  half  at  the  law  schools  at  Poitiers,  and  6 
months  in  London ;  began  practice  in  Provi- 
dence on  his  return;  but  in  1812  removed  to 
New  York.  He  there  edited  the  National  Ad- 
vocate, and  in  it  discussed  the  vexed  question 
of  violated  neutral  rights.  He  was  during  the 
same  period,  for  a  short  time,  one  of  the  justices 
of  the  marine  court.  In  1816-27  he  was  re- 
porter for  the  U.  S.  Sup.  Court,  publishing  12 
vols,  of  its  decisions ;  a  prominent  member  of 
the  N.  Y.  Const.  Conv.  of  1821  ;  in  1825  he 
was  one  of  the  commiss.  to  revise  the  statute 
law  of  N.Y  ;  in  1827-35  he  was  charge  d'af- 
faires to  Denmark,  being  the  first  U.S.  diplo- 
matic agent  sent  to  that  country ;  resident  minis- 
ter at  Berlin  in  1835-7,  and  in  1837-46  minister- 
plenipo.  He  retm-ned  to  the  U.S.  in  1847,  and 
was  complimented  with  public  dinners  in  New 
York  and  Phila.,  and  with  the  chair  of  prof, 
of  international  law  in  H.U.,  the  duties  of 
which  he  was  prevented  from  assuming  by 
death.  In  1843  he  became  a  corresp.  member 
of  the  French  Institute,  and  in  1 844  a  foreign 
member  of  the  Roy.  Acad,  of  Science  of  Ber- 
lin. His  publications  were  "A  Digest  U.  S. 
Sup.-Court  Decisions  1789-1829,"  8vo;  "A 
Digest  of  the  Law  of  Maritime  Prizes,"  1815; 
"  An  Essay  on  the  Means  of  maintaining  the 
Commercial  and  Naval  Interests  of  the  U.S. ;  " 
"  Life  of  Wm.  Pinkney,"  1 826 ;  and  subsequent- 
ly an  abridgment  for  Sparks's  "  Amcr.  Biog. ;  " 
"  History  of  the  Northmen,"  1831,  translated 
into  French,  and  pub.  in  Paris  in  1844  with 
notes  and  additions  by  Mr.  Wheaton ;  "  His- 
tory of  Scandinavia,"  the  joint  production  of 
Mr.  Wheaton  and  Dr.  Crichton  (a  sequel  to 
"  The  History  of  the  Northmen  "),  1838 ;  "  Ele- 
ments of  International  Law,"  1836,  —  the  8th 
ed.  (1866)  has  the  notes  of  R.  H.  Dana,  jun. 
(this  work  is  regarded  throughout  Europe  as 
a  standard  authority);  "  An  "inquiry  into  the 
British  Claim  of  a  Right  of  Search  of 
American  Vessels,"  1842.     In  1841   he  wrote 


'WHE 


973 


WHHl 


a  prize  essay  for  the  French  Institute,  of  which 
the  English  translation,  entitled  "  History  of 
the  Law  of  Nations  in  Europe  and  America 
from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Treaty  of  Wash- 
ington," appeared  in  N.Y.  in  1845,  and,  great- 
ly enlarged,  in  Leipsic  and  Paris  in  1846. 
As  a  reporter  he  was  unrivalled.  He  was  a 
constant  contributor  to  the  American  Quarterly, 
the  N.  A.  Review,  and  other  periodicals ;  de- 
livered several  addresses  before  the  literary 
societies  of  N.Y. ;  the  anniv.  address  before  the 
Hist.  Soc.  in  1820;  and  an  "Essay  on  the 
Progress  and  Prospects  of  Germany"  before 
the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society  of  Brown  U., 
Sept.  1,  1847.  A  vol.  of  selections  from  the 
writings  of  his  son  Robert  (b.  N.Y.  Oct.  5, 
182G,  d.  Oct.  9,  1851)  appeared  in  1854,  with 
a  Memoir  by  his  sister. 

Wheaton,  Nathaniel  Sheldon,  D.D., 
(Y.C.  1833),  b.  Washington,  Ct.,  Aug.  20, 
1792;  d.  there  March  18,  1862.  Y.C.  1814. 
In  1818-31  he  was  rector  of  Christ  Church, 
Hartford;  was  pres.  of  Trin.  Coll.  till  1837, 
when  he  became  rector  of  Christ  Church,  New 
Orleans,  where  he  continued  7  years.  In  1 823-4 
he  visited  Europe,  and  in  1839  pub.  "Journal 
of  a  Residence  in  London,  and  of  Tours  in 
England,  Scotland,  and  France;"  and  in  1844 
went  abroad  again.  He  was  an  efficient  founder 
of  Trinity  College,  for  the  endowment  of  which 
he  raised  $40,000,  and  bequeathed  to  it  $20,000 
more.  He  also  pub.  an  expository  vol.  and  oc- 
casional discourses. 

Whedon,  Daniel  Denison,  D.D.  (Em. 
Coll.),  LL.D.  (Wesl.  U.  1867),  of  the  M.E. 
Church,  b.  Onondaga,  N.  Y.,  1 808.  Ham.  Coll. 
1828;  tutor  there  1832-48.  Prof,  ancient  lan- 
guage and  lit.  Wesl.  U.  184.5-53;  prof,  rhet., 
logic,  and  hist.,  U.  of  Mich.  Author  of  "  Pub- 
lic Addresses,"  12mo,  1852 ;  "  Commentary  on 
Matthew  and  Mark,"  1860  ;  "  Freedom  of  the 
Will,"  1864;  "  Commentary  on  the  Gospels," 
2  vols.  1866  ;  Single  Sermons  and  Addresses. 
Ed.  Meth.  Quart.  Rev.,  and  the  books  of  the 
M.  E.  Pub.  House. 

Wheeler,  Charles  Stearns,  scholar, 
b.  Lincoln,  Dec.  19,  1816;  d.  Leipsic,  Ger- 
many, June  13,  1843.  H.U.  1837.  He  was 
an  instructor  at  H.U.  in  1838-42,  and  pub. 
an  edition  of  "  Herodotus,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1843, 
the  notes  to  which  displayed  much  learning. 

Wheeler,  John,  D.D.  (U.  C.  1834),  pres. 
of  the  U.  of  Vt.  1 833-49,  b.  Grafton,  Vt.,  Mar. 
11,  1798;  d.  Burlington,  Vt.,  April  16,  1862. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1816;  Andover,  1819.  In  1804 
his  parents  removed  to  Orford,  N.H.  Licensed 
by  the  Haverhill  Assoc.  Aug.  4,  1819.  Ord. 
pastor  Cong.  Church,  Windsor,  Vt.,  Nov.  1, 
1821.  He  pub.  discourses  on  the  death  of 
Pres.  Harrison,  John  Smith,  James  Marsh,  and 
an  hist,  discourse  at  the  Semi-Cent.  Anniv.  of 
the  U.  of  Vt.,  Aug.  1,  1854. 

Wheeler,  Capt.  Thomas  of  Concord, 
Ms.,  1642,  b.  Eng. ;  d.  16  Dec.  1686.  He 
served  and  was  wounded  in  Philip's  war.  His 
narrative  of  his  exped.  to  the  Nipmug  country 
in  1675  is  in  the  N.  H.  Hist.  "  Collections." 

Wheeler,  William  Adolpiius,  author, 
b.  Leicester,  Ms.,  14  Nov.  1833.  Bowd.  Coll. 
1853.  He  was  many  years  engaged  upon  the 
Dictionaries  of  Worcester  and  Webster,  and  in 


1 867  became  assist,  supt.  of  the  Boston  Public 
Library.  Author  of  "  Dictionary  of  Noted 
Names  of  Fiction,"  1855. 

Wheeloek,  Eleazer,  D.  D.  (Edinb. 
1767),  clergyman,  founder  and  first  pros,  of 
Dartm.  Coll.,  b.  Windham,  Ct.,  Apr.  22,  1711 ; 
d.  Hanover,  N.H.,  April  24,  1779.  Y.C.  17.33. 
Descended  from  Ralph  of  Shropshire  (edu- 
cated at  Cambridge,  and  an  eminent  preacher), 
who  came  to  this  country  in  1637;  settled  first 
at  Dedham,  and  then  at  Medfield,  where  he 
died  in  1683,  a.  83.  Eleazer  was  ord.  pastor 
of  the  2d  Cong.  Chxirch,  Lebanon,  Ct.,  in  Mar. 
1735,  and  remained  35  years.  He  opened  a 
school  in  1754  ;  and  the  proficiency  of  one  of 
his  pupils,  an  Indian  boy  named  Samson  Oc- 
com,  led  to  his  establishing  Moor's  Indian 
Charity  School,  out  of  which  grew  eventually 
Dartm.  Coll.  For  its  enlargement.  Rev.  Mr. 
Whitaker  of  Norwich,  and  Samson  Occom. 
were  sent  to  Great  Britain  in  1 766.  The  money 
they  collected  was  put  into  the  hands  of  a 
board  of  trustees  in  Eng.,  of  which  the  Earl  of 
Dartmouth  was  the  head.  A  large  tract  of 
land  being  offered  in  N.H.,  he  transplanted  his 
school  to  Hanover,  and  there  founded  the  col- 
lege, which  was  chartered  in  1 769.  He  rqatoved 
thither  in  Aug.  1770.  Brandt  was  one  of  his 
pupils.  He  pub.  a  narrative  of  the  Indian 
school  at  Lebanon,  1762,  and  several  continua- 
tions of  it  up  to  1775,  together  with  an  abstract 
of  a  mission  to  the  Del.  Indians  west  of  the 
Ohio  by  McClure  and  Frisbie,  and  some  ser- 
mons. His  Memoir,  with  extracts  from  his  Cor- 
resp.  by  McClure  and  Parish,  was  pub.  1811. 

Wheeloek,  John,  D.D.  (Dartm.  1789), 
LL.D.,  second  pres.  of  Dartm.  Coll.,  b.  Leba- 
non, Ct.,  Jan.  28,  1754;  d.  April  4,  1817. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1771.  Tutor  1772-4.  He  en- 
tered Yale  in  1767  ;  but,  on  the  removal  of  his 
father  to  Hanover,  grad.  there  with  the  first 
class.  Member  of  the  Prov.  Congress  in  1774, 
of  the  Assembly  in  1775  ;  was  app.  a  major  in 
the  N.  York  forces  in  the  spring  of  1777,  and 
in  Nov.  was  a  lieut.-col.  under  Col.  Bedell ;  in 
1778  Gen.  Stark  sent  him  on  an  exped.  against 
the  Indians ;  after  which  he  held  a  position  on 
Gen.  Gates's  staff  until  recalled  to  Hanover  by 
the  death  of  his  father,  and  at  the  age  of  25 
became  his  successor  as  pres.  of  the  college.  In 
1783  the  trustees  sent  him  to  Europe  to  procure 
aid  for  the  institution.  On  his  return  he  was 
shipwrecked  off  Cape  Cod,  and  lost  the  box 
containing  his  money  and  papers.  Removed 
in  1815  in  consequence  of  an  eccles.  controver- 
sy among  the  trustees,  a  legislative  act  was 
passed,  enlarging  the  board,  and  changing  the 
title  of  the  college.  The  celebrated  "  Dart- 
mouth-College Case,"  in  which  Webster  gained 
great  reputation,  was  the  result,  and  the  uncon- 
stitutionality of  the  act  was  declared.  A  new 
board  of  trustees  restored  him  to  office  in  1817; 
but  he  died  a  few  weeks  later.  He  bequeathed 
half  his  large  estate  to  Princeton  Theol.  Sem. 
He  pub.  "  Sketches  of  the  History  of  Dartmouth 
College,"  1816;  "Eulogy  on  Dr.  Smith,"  1809; 
"Essay  on  the  Beauties  and  Excellences  of 
Painting,  Music,  and  Poetry,"  4to,  1774. 

Wheelwright,  John,  clergyman,  b.  Lin- 
colnshire, Eng.,  ab.  1592;  d.  Salisbury,  Ms., 
Nov.  15,  1679.    B.A.  (Carab.  U.)  1614.     Son 


'WlEIEl 


974 


WHI 


of  Robert  of  Saleby.  He  was  a  classmate  of 
Cromwell ;  and  in  1623-31  was  vicar  of  Bilsby, 
near  Alford ;  but,  being  driven  in  1636  from  his 
church  by  Archbishop  Laud  for  nonconformi- 
ty, he  came  to  Boston,  where  he  was  chosen 
pastor  of  a  church  in  what  is  now  Braintree. 
His  sympathy  with  the  religious  opinions  of 
his  relative  Anne  Hutchinson  led  to  animosi- 
ties between  him  and  Mr.  Wilson,  pastor  of  the 
Boston  church,  and  to  his  banishment  from 
the  Colony.  In  1638  he  founded  Exeter  on  a 
branch  of  the  Piscataqua.  After  residing  there 
5  years,  the  town  being  declared  within  the 
limits  of  Ms.,  he  removed  with  part  of  his 
church  to  Wells,  Me.  In  1644  a  reconciliation 
took  place  between  him  and  the  colonial  govt, 
of  Ms.,  in  consequence  of  some  acknowledg- 
ments on  his  part ;  and  he  returned  to  Ms.  in 
1646.  He  was  settled  at  Hampton  8  years.  In 
1654  he  pub.  his  "Vindication."  About  1657 
he  went  to  Eng.,  where  he  was  well  received  by 
Cromwell,  but  returned  in  1660,  and  became 
pastor  of  Salisbury,  May  9, 1 662.  The  genuine- 
ness of  the  Indian  deed  to  him,  dated  1629,  has 
been  the  subject  of  much  controversy.  Author 
of  "  Mercurius  Americanus,"  &c.,  London,  4to, 
1645.«fc-*S'ee  Geneal  Reg.,  Oct.  1867;  Sprague. 

Whelplev,  Samuel,  minister  and  author, 
b.  Stockbridge,  Ms.,  1766  ;  d.  N.  York,  July 
14,  1817.  Ord.  a  Baptist  preacher  21  June, 
1792,  and  a  Presbyterian  preacher  8  Oct.  1806  ; 
officiating  at  W.  Stockbridge,  Ms.,  and  at 
Green  River,  N.  J.  In  1798-1809  he  resided 
at  Morristown,  N.  J.,  where  he  had  charge  of 
an  academy;  in  1814  he  returned  to  New 
York,  where  he  taught  a  very  popular  school. 
Author  of  the  essays  entitled  "  The  Triangle," 
pub.  N.Y.  1816,  in  defence  of  the  N.  Eng.  doc- 
trines; "Letters  on  Capital  Punishment  and 
War,"  addressed  to  Gov.  Strong,  1816;  "A 
Compend.  of  Ancient  and  Modern  History," 
1814,  and  again  in  1826.  His  son  Philip 
Melancthon,  a  Presb.  clergyman  of  N.Y.  (b. 
Stockbridge,  Ms.,  22  Dec.  1792,  d.  17  July, 
1824),  was  the  author  of  some  occas.  sermons. 

Wilipple,  Abraham,  commodore  Revol. 
nav^r,  b.  Providence,  R.I.,  Sept.  26,  1733;  d. 
Marietta,  0.,  May  26,  1819.  He  com.  a  mer- 
chant-vessel in  the  W.  India  trade ;  but,  towards 
the  close  of  the  French  war  in  1759-60,  he  was 
capt.  of  the  privateer  "  Game  Cock,"  captur- 
ing in  a  single  cruise  23  French  prizes.  In 
June,  1772,  he  com.  the  vol.  crew  which  cap- 
tured and  burned  the  British  revenue  schoon- 
er "  Gaspe  "  in  Narraganset  Bay.  In  June, 
1775,  two  armed  vessels  were  fitted  out  by  R.I., 
of  which  Whipple  was  put  in  com.  with  the 
title  of  commodore ;  off  Newport  he  made 
prize  of  one  of  the  tenders  of  the  British  frigate 
"Rose."  App.  capt.  of  "The  Columbus," 
Dec.  22,  1775  ;  he  afterward  com.  the  schooner 
"  Providence,"  which,  though  finally  destroyed 
by  the  British,  is  said  to  have  taken  more  prizes 
than  any  other  vessel.  Her  memory  was  pre- 
served by  the  frigate  "Providence,"  the  com. 
of  which  was  given  to  him ;  and  her  escape  from 
the  blockade  of  the  river  and  bay  was  one  of 
the  most  chivalrous  feats  of  the  Revolution. 
Subsequently,  till  the  termination  of  his  career 
in  the  contest,  he  com.  a  squadron ;  and  on  one 
occasion  the  prize-money  from    his    captures 


amounted  to  $1,000,000.  In  1780,  when  en- 
deavoring to  save  Charleston  from  the  enemy, 
he  lost  his  squadron,  and  was  held  a  prisoner 
during  the  remainder  of  the  war.  He  resided 
on  a  farm  in  Cranston,  near  Providence,  until 
the  formation  of  the  Ohio  Company  in  1788, 
when  he  removed  his  family  to  Marietta. 

Whipple,  Gen.  Am  I  el  W.,  b.  Green- 
wich, Ms.,  1817  ;  d.  Washington,  D.  C,  May 
7,  1863.  West  Point,  1841.  2d  lieut.  1st  Art., 
and  transferred  to  the  topog.  cngrs. ;  in  1844 
assist,  astronomer  to  the  N.E.  boundary  sur- 
vey; in  1845  employed  in  ascertaining  the 
northern  boundaries  of  N.  Y.,  Vt.,  and  N.  H. ; 
in  1 849  assist,  astron.  on  the  Mexican  bounda- 
ry commiss.,  his  journal  of  which  was  pub.  by 
order  of  Congress;  1st  lieut.  1851  ;  capt.  of 
topog.  engrs.  1  July,  1855.  Early  in  1861  he 
was  made  chief  engr.  on  the  staff"  of  Gen.  Mc- 
Dowell ;  was  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run ; 
maj.  of  engrs.  Sept.  9,  1861 ;  attached  to  Mc- 
Clellan's  staff  in  April,  1862;  brig.-gen.  of 
vols.  14  Apr.  1862;  com.  a  division  in  the  9th 
army  corps ;  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  (from 
wounds  at  Chancellorsville)  com.  the  3d  div. 
3d  corps.  Brev.  lieut.-col.  for  Manassas ;  col. 
for  Fredericksburg  ;  brig.-gen.  for  Chancellors- 
ville; maj.-gen.  7  May,  1863;  maj.-gen.  vols. 
6  May,  ISGS.— Cullum. 

Whipple,  Edwin  Percy,  essayist,  b. 
Gloucester,  Ms.,  March  8,  1819.  His  father 
Matthew  dying  when  he  was  an  infant,  his  ear- 
ly character  was  formed  by  his  mother,  Lydia 
Gardiner,  a  woman  of  strong  mental  power. 
Educated  at  the  public  schools  of  Salem.  At 
the  age  of  14  he  was  a  contrib.  to  a  Salem 
newspaper.  He  was  subsequently  employed  in  a 
broker's  office  in  Boston ;  became  a  member  of 
the  Merc.  Lib.  Assoc,  and  was  soon  a  leader  in 
debate  and  composition ;  and,  shortly  after  the 
erection  of  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  he  be- 
came supt.  of  the  news-room,  which  in  1860  he 
gave  up  for  the  exclusive  pursuit  of  literature. 
He  deliv.  a  poem  before  the  Merc.  Lib.  Assoc. 
Sept.  29, 1840,  which  was  full  of  playful  humor 
and  satirical  hits.  His  "  Essay  on  Macaulay,'* 
in  1843,  increased  his  fame,  and  drew  from  the 
brilliant  historian  and  essayist  a  letter  expres- 
sive of  high  regard.  He  has  contrib.  to  the 
N.  A.  Review,  Christian  Examine?;  and  other 

Eeriodicals.  Many  of  these  articles  appear  in 
is  vols,  of  Lectures  and  Essays.  He  has  deliv- 
ered lectures  of  striking  merit  for  the  literary 
societies  of  Brown,  Dartmouth,  and  Amherst, 
besides  those  delivered  at  the  lyceums  of  the 
cities  and  towns  of  the  Middle  and  Northern 
States.  In  1 850  he  was  the  Fourth-of- July  ora- 
tor for  Boston,  on  "  Washington  and  the  Prin- 
ciples of  the  American  Revolution."  In  the 
spring  of  1859  he  delivered  a  course  of  12  lec- 
tures before  the  Lowell  Institute,  Boston,  on 
"  The  Literature  of  the  Age  of  Elizabeth," 
pub.  in  1869.  A  new  vol.  of  essays,  "  Success 
and  its  Conditions,"  app.  in  1871 ;  also  a  new 
edition  of  his  works  in  6  vols. 

Whipple,  Gen.  William,  a  signer  of  the 
Dccl.  of  Independence,  b.  Kittery,  Me.,  Jan. 
14,  1730;  d.  Nov.  28,  1785.  After  receiving  a 
public-school  education,  he  went  to  sea,  and 
was  several  years  com.  of  a  vessel  in  the  West- 
India  trade,  and  acquired  a  considerable  for- 


"wm 


975 


w^En 


tunc.  Member  of  the  prov.  Congress  of  1775, 
and  of  the  com.  of  safety ;  member  of  Congress 
1776-Sept.  1777,  when,,  the  N.  H.  Assembly- 
having  assigned  him  to  the  com.  of  a  brigade 
organized  to  oppose  the  progress  of  Burgoyne, 
he  joined  Gates's  army,  and  at  the  battle  of 
Saratoga  com.  the  N.H.  troops;  in  1778  he 
took  part  in  Gen.  Sullivan's  exped.  to  R.I. 
Again  in  Congress  in  1778-9;  member  of  the 
Assembly  in  1 780-4,  and  of  the  exec,  council ; 
and  in  1782-4  supt.  of  finance,  and  receiver  of 
public  moneys  for  N.H.  App.  judge  of  the 
N.  n.  Superior  Court  in  1 782. 

Whipple,  William  D.,  brev.  major-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y.  ab.  1830.  West  Point,  1851. 
Entering  the  3d  Inf ,  he  became  1st  lieut.  31 
Dec.  1856  ;  served  against  the  Apaches  and 
Navajocs  in  N.  Mexico  in  1857-8  ;  assist,  adj.- 
gen.  of  Hunter's  div.  at  battle  of  BviU  Run ; 
capt.  and  assist,  adj.-gen.  3  Aug.  1861 ;  major 
17  July,  1862;  brig.-gen.  vols.  17  July,  1863; 
assist,  adj.-gen.  of  Army  and  Dept.  of  the  Cum- 
berland, Dec.  1863  to  June,  1865 ;  in  operations 
about  Chattanooga,  and  engaged  at  Mission. 
Ridge  23-25  Nov.  1863;  in  invasion  of  Ga.  and 
in  the  engagements  ending  with  the  capture  of 
Atlanta,  Sept.  1864  ;  engaged  in  the  battle  of 
Nashville,  and  pursuit  of  Hood,  Dec.  1864; 
brev.  col.,  brig,  and  maj.  gen.,  13  March,  1865, 
for  Atlanta  campaign,  battles  before  Nashville, 
and  for  gallant  and  merit,  services  during  the 
Rebellion.  —  Cullum. 

Whistler,  George  W.,  engineer,  b.  Fort 
Wayne,  Ind.,  19  May,  1800;  d.  St.  Petersburg, 
7  Apr.  1849.  West  Point,  1819.  Employed 
in  1822-8  on  the  Northern  Boundary  com- 
miss. ;  resigned  from  the  U.S.  engr.  corps  in 
1833.  He  engaged  in  constructing  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  and  the  Susqueh.  and  Western 
Railroads,  and  in  1842  became  chief,  engr.  of 
the  Petersburg  and  Moscow  Railroad.  Not 
only  was  the  road  to  be  built,  but  the  iron  for 
the  track,  the  locomotives,  cars,  and  every  thing 
appertaining  to  the  roads,  were  to  bemanuf.  un- 
der his  supervision.  He  had  also  been  employed 
to  construct  extensive  dock-yards  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  to  improve  the  Russian  harbors  and 
rivers.  His  son  George  W.,  also  a  skilful 
railway  engr.,  d.  Brighton,  Eng.,  24  Dec.  1 869. 

Whistler,  Col.  William,  b.  Md. ;  d.  Cin- 
cinnati, Dec.  4, 1863.     App.  lieut.  of  inf.  June 

8,  1801 ;  disting.  in  battle  of  Maguago,  Aug. 

9,  1812;  capt.  Dec.  1812;  maj.  2d  Inf.  April 
28,  1826;  lieut.-col.  7th  Inf  July  21,  1834; 
col.  4th  Inf  July  15, 1845 ;  retired  Oct.  9, 1861. 
Son  of  Maj.  John  (aRevol.  officer  who  d.  1827), 
brother  of  George  W.  Whistler. 

Whitaker,  Alexander,  author  of  "  Good 
Newes  from  Virginia,"  1613.  Was  son  of  Rev. 
Dr.  W.,  master  of  St.  John's  Coll.,  Cambridge; 
a  graduate  of  Camb.,  and  had  been  seated  in 
the  north  of  Eng.,  where  he  was  held  in  great 
esteem.  Animated  by  a  missionary  spirit,  he 
came  to  Va.  while  young,  and  was  one  of  the 
settlers  of  Henrico,  on  James  River,  in  1611. 
A  church  was  built,  and  the  minister  "im- 
paled "  a  fine  parsonage  with  100  acres  of  land, 
calling  it  Rock  Hall.  He  baptized  Pocahon- 
tas, and  also  married  her  to  John  Rolfe  in 
April,  1613. 

Whitcomb,  James,  gov.  of  Ind.  1843-8, 


b.  Stockbridge,  Vt.,  Dec.  1,  1791 ;  d.  N.  York, 
Oct.  4,  1852.  Transylv.  U.  Jan.  1,  1824,  he 
established  himself  in  the  practice  of  law  at 
Bloomington,  Ind.;  in  1826  was  app.  pros, 
atty.  for  the  dist. ;  was  a  State  senator  m  1 830- 
5,  and  a  leader  of  the  Democ.  party;  in  1836 
he  was  app.  supt.  of  the  land-office ;  resumed 
practice  at  Terre  Haute  in  1841 ;  and  in  1848 
was  returned  to  the  U.S.  senate. 

Whitcomb,  Gen.  John,  b.  Lancaster,  Ms. ; 
d.  1812.  He  was  a  col.  in  the  exped.  against 
Crown  Point  in  1755  ;  led  a  regt.  to  Boston  in 
1775  ;  was  app.  by  the  Prov.  Congress  a  brig.- 
gen.,  and  13  June,  1775,  maj.-gen;  was  made 
a  brig.-gen.  on  the  Cont.  establishment,  5  June, 
1776,  but  soon  left  the  service  on  account  of 
advanced  age. 

White,  Andrew  Dickson,  LL.D.  (U. 
of  Mich.  1867),  educator,  b.  of  N.  Eng.  par- 
entage, Cortland  Co.,  N.Y.,  1832.  Y.  C  18.53. 
Removed  in  1839  to  Syracuse,  N.Y.  On  leav- 
ing college,  where  he  was  an  editor  of  the  Yale 
Lit,  Mag.,  he  visited  France;  was  for  7 months 
an  attache  at  St.  Petersburg ;  then  studied  at 
the  U.  of  Berlin ;  and,  the  following  year,  re- 
turned to  Amer.  Prof  of  hist,  and  Eng.  lit. 
in  the  U.  of  Mich.  5  years.  Visiting  London 
in  1863,  he  pub.  "A  Letter  to  Dr.  Russell," 
replying  to  statements  in  the  letters  of  the 
Times  corresp.  State  senator  of  N.Y.  1863-7, 
and  introd.  the  bills  which  codified  the  school- 
laws,  which  created  the  new  system  of  normal 
schools,  and  which  incorp.  the  Cornell  Univer- 
sity, of  which  he  became  pres.  in  1868,  after  a 
third  visit  to  Europe,  made  at  the  request  of  its 
trustees  to  procure  for  it  books  and  apparatus. 
App.  in  Jan.  1871  one  of  the  commiss.  to  San 
Domingo,  and  aided  in  preparing  its  report; 
pres.  Rcpub.  State  Conv.  of  N.Y.  Oct.  1871. 
Besides  contribs.  to  periodicals,  reports,  &c.,  he 
has  pub.  "  Lectures  on  Mediaeval  and  Modern 
Hist.,"  8vo,  1861,  4th  ed.  1871;  "Plan  of 
Organiz.  for  Cornell  U.,"  1868;  "The  New 
Education,"  inaug.  address  at  C.U.  1868  ;  and 
a  report  on  the  co-education  of  the  sexes,  1871. 

White,  Alexander,  delegate  to  the  Cont. 
Congress  from  N.C.  in  1786-8,  and  M.C.  in 
1789-93  ;  disting.  for  eloquence  and  patriotism ; 
d.  Woodville,  Va.,  Sept.  1804,  a.  66. 

White,  Col.  Anthony  Walton,  b.  Va. 
17.^1  ;  d.  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  lOFeb.  1803.  App. 
9  Feb.  1776  lieut.-col.  3d  N.  J.  Regt. ;  com.  the 
cavalry  after  the  defeat  at  Monk's  Corner  in 
Apr.  1 780,  and  with  most  of  the  regt.  was  again 
surprised  and  captured  at  Lanneau's  Ferry  6 
May,  1780.  Col.  1st  Light  Dragoons;  app. 
bri{r-gen.  provisional  army  19  July,  1798. 

White,  Charles,  D.D.,  pres.  of  Wabash 
Coll.,  Crawfordville,  la.  (1841-61),  b.  Ran- 
dolph, Vt.,  Dec.  28,  1795;  d.  Oct.  29,  1861. 
Dartm.  Coll.  1821 ;  And.  Sem.  1823.  He  re- 
moved to  Thetford,  Vt.,  in  1808;  was  settled 
there  in  1824-8  ;  at  Cazenovia,  N.Y.,  1829-41. 
His  sermons  and  addresses  were  pub.  in  1853. 

White,  Fdward  D.,  gov.  of  La.  in  1834- 
8,  and  M.C.  in  1829-34  and  1839-43;  d.  New 
Orleans,  Apr.  18,  1847. 

White,  Hugh  Lawson,  jurist  and  states- 
man, b.  Iredell  Co.,  N.C,  30  Oct.  1773;  d. 
near  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  10  Apr.  1840.  His  fa- 
ther Gen.  James  d.  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  Aug. 


TVTD 


976 


-w:eii 


1821,  a.  72;  he  removed  to  Tenn.  in  1786; 
M.C.  1792-4;  brig.-gen.  Tenn.  vols.  23  Sept. 
1813,  and  com.  in  a  successful  attack  on  tiie 
Creek  Indians  at  Hillibee  Town,  18  Nov.  1813. 
Hugh  was  a  vol.  soldier  against  the  Indians  in 
1792  ;  studied  law  in  Phila.  in  1794-6  ;  began 
practice  in  Knoxville  in  1796  ;  app.  U.S.  dist.- 
atty.  in  1807;  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court  1801-7 
and  1809-15  ;  State  senator  in  1807  and  1817  ; 
pres.  of  the  State  Bank  of  Tenn.  1815 ;  app.  a 
commiss.  to  adjust  the  claims  of  Spain  against 
our  citizens  in  1820 ;  U.S.  senator  1825-35  and 
1836-40,  and  pres.  pro  tern,  of  that  body  in 
1832.  In  1836  he  received  the  electoral  votes 
(26)  of  the  States  of  Ga.  and  Tenn.  for  pres. 
of  the  U.S.  —  See  Memoir  by  Nancy  N.  Scott, 
8vo,  Phila.  1856. 

White,  John,  a  Puritan  divine,  and  an 
efficient  promoter  of  the  settlement  of  Ms. 
Colony,  and  of  Dorchester,  Ms.,  b.  Stanton,  St. 
John,  Oxfordshire,  Eng.,  1574;  d.  Dorchester, 
Eng.,  1648.  Made  perpet.  fellow  of  New  Coll., 
Oxford,  1595  ;  was  a  frequent  preacher  in  Ox- 
ford ;  rector  of  Trinity  Church,  Dorchester, 
1606;  one  of  the  assembly  of  divines  1643; 
rector  of  Lambeth  1645.  Author  of  "The 
Planter's  Plea,  or  the  Grounds  of  Plantations 
Examined,"  &c.,  Lond.  4to,  1630;  "Way  to 
the  Tree  of  Life,"  &c.,  8vo,  1647  ;  "  Comment, 
on  3  first  chap,  of  Genesis,"  1656. 

White,  Col.  John,  a  Revol.  officer,  b.  Eng- 
land; d.  Va.  ab.  1780.  Of  Irish  parentage. 
He  acquired  a  fortune  as  surgeon  in  the  British 
navy,  and  settled  in  Phila.  He  entered  the 
Revol.  army  as  capt.,  and  was  soon  promoted 
to  col.  4th  Ga.  batt.  During  the  siege  of  Sa- 
vannah, he  performed  one  of  the  most  remarka- 
ble feats  on  record.  With  only  2  officers,  a 
sergeant,  and  3  men,  by  a  successfiil  stratagem 
he  made  prisoners  of  Capt.  French  and  111 
British  regulars,  posted  on  the  Ogechee  River, 
about  25  miles  from  Savannah ;  also  the  crews 
of  5  vessels  (40  in  number),  and  130  stand  of 
arms.  He  was  severely  wounded  at  the  assault 
of  Spring-hill  redoubt,  Oct.  9,  1779  (where 
Pulaski  fell),  and  was  obliged  to  retire  from 
the  army.  —  Hist,  Mag.,  ii.  181. 

White,  John,  M.C.  1835-45;  speaker 
27th  Congress,  and  judge  19th  jud.  dist. ;  b. 
1805;  shot  himself  in  a  fit  of  depression  at 
Richmond,  Ky.,  Sept.  22,  1845. 

White,  John  Blake,  artist  and  author,  of 
Charleston,  S.C. ;  d.  there  Aug.  1859,  a.  77. 
He  commenced  to  study  law,  but  in  1803  went 
to  Eng.,  and  became  the  pupil  of  West.  Some 
months  later,  he  resumed  the  study  of  law 
in  Charleston.  Member  of  the  Literary  and 
Philos.  Society.  He  excelled  as  an  hist,  painter. 
Among  his  pictures  are  "  Mrs.  Motte  present- 
ing the  Arrows,"  "  Marion  inviting  the  Brit- 
ish Officer  to  Dinner,"  and  "  The  Battles  of 
New  Orleans  and  Eutaw"  (placed  in  the 
State  House).  He  wrote  "Foscari,"  a  play; 
"Mysteries  of  the  Castle,"  a  drama,  1807; 
"  Modern  Honor,"  a  tragedy,  1812 ;  "  Triumph 
of  Liberty,  or  Louisiana  Preserved,"  a  nation- 
al drama,  1819.  — Hist.  Mag.,  iii.  321. 

White,  Joseph  M.,  an  eminent  and  elo- 
quent lawyer;  deleg.  to  Congress  from  Fla. 
Terr.  1823-37;  b.  Franklin  Co.,  Ky.;  d.  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  18  Oct.  1839.    Author  of  "New 


Collection  of  Laws,  Charters,  &c.,  of  G.  Britain, 
France,  and  Spain,  relating  to  the  Concessions 
of  Land,"  &c.,  2  vols.  8vo,  1839. 

White,  Peregrine,  the  first  Englishman 
born  in  New  Eng.  Son  of  William  and  Su- 
sanna. Was  bom  in  "  The  Mayflower,"  in 
the  harbor  of  Cape  Cod,  ab.  Nov.  20,  1620; 
d.  Marshfield,  July  22,  1704.  "  He  Avas  vigor- 
ous and  of  a  comely  aspect,"  and  bore  civil 
and  military  offices. 

White,  Pliny  Holton,  clergyman  and 
author,  b.  Springfield,  Vt.,  6  Oct.  1822;  d. 
Coventry,  Vt.,  24  Apr.  1869.  Adm.  to  the  bar 
of  Windham  Co.,  Vt.,  in  1843,  he  practised 
law  until  1 853  ;  and  was  editor  of  the  Brattle- 
borough  Eagle  in  1851-2,  and  of  the  Express  at 
Amherst,  Ms.,  in  1857-8.  Ord.  minister  of 
Coventry  15  Feb.  1859;  in  the  Vt.  legisl.  in 
1862-3;  chaplain  of  the  senate  1864-6;  and 
was,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  pres.  of  the  Vt. 
Hist.  Soc.  A  frequent  contrib.  to  newspapers 
and  magazines.  He  pub.  a  number  of  address- 
es and  sermons,  and  a  "  Hist,  of  Coventry," 
1858,  8vo. 

White,  Richard  Grant,  philologist  and 
scholar,  b.  N.Y.  Citv,  May  23,  1822.  U.  of 
N.Y.  1839.  Son  of  Richard  Mansfield  White, 
merchant  of  N.Y.  Studied  medicine  and  law, 
and  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1845.  He  soon 
exchanged  law  for  letters,  and  was  connected 
with  the  N.  Y.  Courier  and  Enquirer  in  1 845-59, 
with  a  brief  interval,  —  at  first  as  critic  of  art 
and  literature,  but  for  the  last  5  years  as  editor. 
In  1860,  he,  with  Mr.  J.  R.  Spalding,  established 
the  World  newspaper,  but  withdrew  from  it  in 
1861.  He  is  a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  month- 
lies ;  wrote  for  Putnam's  Monthly,  on  Collier's 
new  readings  in  Shakspeare,  1853 ;  and,  beside 
other  works,  has  pub.  "  Shakspeare's  Scholar," 
in  1854;  an  edition  of  Shakspeare,  1857-9; 
"National  Hymns,"  N.Y.,  1861;  "Appeal 
from  the  Sentence  of  the  Bishop  of  N.  Y.," 
Svo,  1845;  "Hand-Book  of  Chnstian  Art," 
1 853 ;  "  Essay  on  the  Authorship  of  King 
Henry  the  Sixth,"  1859;  "Poetry  of  the  Civil 
War,  Selected  and  Edited,"  1866;  edited  the 
"Record  of  the  N.Y.  Exhibition,"  and  the 
"  Book-Hunter,"  &c.,  with  additional  notes, 
1863;  was  a  co-founder  of  Yankee  Doodle, 
1846-7.  Contrib.  to  Appleton's  "New  Amer. 
Cyclopaedia." 

White,  William, D.D.  (Phila.  Coll.  1783), 
first  Pr.-Epis.  bishop  of  Pa.,  b.  Phila.  Apr.  4, 
1748;  d.  there  Julyl7, 1836.  Phila.  Coll.  1765. 
Son  of  Col.  Thomas,  who  emig.  from  London 
to  Md.  He  studied  theology,  and  was  adm. 
while  in  Eng.  to  priest's  orders,  in  Apr.  1772. 
In  Lond.  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Johnson 
and  Goldsmith.  On  his  return  to  Phila.  in 
Sept.  he  was  settled  as  an  assistant  minister 
of  Christ  Church  and  St.  Peter's,  and  15  Apr. 
1779  was  chosen  rector  of  these  churches. 
During  the  Revol.  war  he  was  a  friend  of 
Washington  and  his  associates,  and  was  elect- 
ed chaplain  to  Congress  at  Yorktown  in  1777. 
At  one  time  he  was  the  only  Epis.  clergyman 
in  Pa.  Dr.  White  presided  at  the  first  Epis. 
convention  held  Sept.  and  Oct.  1785,  and  the 
constitution  of  the  church  was  written  by  him ; 
in  1786,  being  bishop  elect  of  the  diocese  of 
Pa.,  he  proceeded  to  Eng.  with  Dr.  Provoost 


TV'HI 


977 


Tnn 


to  receive  bishop's  orders ;  was  consec.  by  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  Feb.  4,  1787,  and 
returned  on  Easter  Day,  1787.  Pres.  of  the 
Bible  Society  of  Phila.,  the  first  established  in 
the  U.S. ;  pres.  of  the  Dispensary  from  its 
origin  in  1784,  of  the  Prison  Society  since  its 
origin,  of  the  societies  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb, 
and  for  the  Blind.  With  Bishop  Scabury,  he 
had  the  chief  part  in  revising  the  "  Book  of 
Common  Prayer  "  for  the  Epis.  Church  in  this 
country.  His  chief  pubs,  are  Memoirs  of  the 
Prot.-Epis.  Church  in  the  U.S.,  1820;  "Com- 
parative Views  of  the  Controversy  between 
the  Calvinists  and  Arminians,"  I8I7;  "Lec- 
tures on  the  Catechism,  and  Commentaries  on 
the  Ord.  Service,"  1813.  He  was  disting.  for 
exemplary  zeal  and  consummate  prudence.  A 
Memoir  of  Bishop  White  by  Dr.  Bird  Wilson 
was  pub.  in  1 839. 

White,  William  Charles,  actor  and 
dramatist,  b.  Boston,  1777  ;  d.  Worcester,  May 
2,  1818.  The  son  of  a  merchant.  He  quitted 
the  counting-room  for  the  stage  in  1796,  ap- 
pearing at  the  Federal-st.  Theatre,  Dec  14,  as 
Norval.  He  at  the  same  time  produced  a  trage- 
dy, "  Orlando,"  but,  not  meeting  with  much 
encouragement,  turned  his  attention  to  the 
law,  and  opened  an  office  in  Providence  in 
1 800,  but  again  took  to  the  stage,  which  he  quit- 
ted finally  in  the  summer  of  1801.  He  was 
app.  county  atty.  in  181 1 .  Pub.  a  Compendium 
of  the  Laws  of  Ms.  in  1810,  3  vols.  8vo,  and 
in  the  same  year  produced  "  The  Clergyman's 
Daughter  "  and  "  The  Poor  Lodger."  He  was 
an  editor  of  the  National  ^gis.  He  published 
"Oration  at  Rutland,  5  July,"  Wore.  1802; 
"Oration  at  Boston,  4  July,  1809." 

Whitefield,  George,  a  celebrated  preach- 
er, founder  of  the  Calvinistic  Methodists,  b. 
Gloucester,  Eng.,  Dec.  16,  1714;  d.  Newbury- 
port,  Ms.,  Sept.  30,  1770.  He  received  the 
rudiments  of  his  education  in  his  native  town, 
where  his  mother  kept  an  inn,  but  in  1 733  en- 
tered Pembroke  Coll.,  Oxford,  where  he  joined 
the  society  formed  bv  the  Wesleys,  named,  from 
the  strictness  of  their  rules,  Methodists.  Adm. 
to  orders  June  20,  1736.  After  taking  his 
bachelor's  degree  at  Oxford,  he  preached  at 
various  places,  exciting  great  enthusiasm.  Vis- 
iting Georgia  in  1738,  the  trustees  of  the  Colo- 
ny presented  him  to  the  living  of  Savannah 
(though  he  insisted  upon  having  no  salary),  and 
granted  him  500  acres  of  land  for  his  intended 
orphan-house.  Ord.  priest  Jan.  14,  1739,  he 
resumed  preaching  in  London  and  elsewhere, 
being  obliged  by  the  vast  crowds  which  at- 
tended to  preach  in  the  open  air.  From  this 
period  the  origin  of  Methodism  is  to  be  dated. 
Embarking  again  in  Aug.,  he  landed  in  Pa.  in 
Oct.,  preached  to  immense  congregations  in  the 
Middle  and  Southern  States,  and  early  in  Jan. 
1740  arrived  at  Savannah,  where  he  founded, 
and  in  a  great  measure  established,  his  orphan- 
house  by  the  name  of  Bethesda.  After  preach- 
ing in  N.  Eng.  by  invitation  of  the  ramisters 
of  Boston,  addressing  20,000  persons  on  Bos- 
ton Common,  he  sailed  for  Eng.  in  Jan.  1741. 
Separating  himself  from  Wesley,  whose  Ar- 
minian  sentiments  he  disapproved,  he  now  be- 
gan to  form  distinct  societies  of  persons  who 
held  Calvinistic  sentiments  in  England  and 


Scotland,  preaching  in  all  the  principal  towns. 
Arriving  again  in  this  country  in  Oct.  1744,  he 
met  at  first  with  much  opposition  in  N.E.,  Harv. 
Coll.  issuing  a  "  testimony  "  against  him,  and 
many  of  the  clergy  being  equally  hostile.  Be- 
fore setting  out  for  Ga.,  he  had,  however,  con- 
verted 20  pastors.  His  fifth  visit  to  America 
(by  him  considered  his  most  important  ex- 
pedition, extending  from  Ga.  to  N.H.)  lasted 
from  May,  1754,  to  March,  1755;  and  his 
seventh  and  last  landing  upon  our  shores  took 
place  Nov.  30,  1769.  After  preaching  in  dif- 
ferent places,  his  strength  was  exhausted,  and 
he  died  of  the  asthma.  His  sermons,  letters, 
and  controversial  tracts,  have  been  pub.  in  7 
vols.  8vo,  and  also  an  account  of  his  life  writ- 
ten by  Gillies.  He  pub.  a  Journal  of  his  life 
in  1756.  His  eloquence  was  wonderful,  his 
voice  powerful,  rich,  and  sweet ;  and  Dr.  Frank- 
lin estimated  that  30,000  people  might  hear 
him  distinctly  when  preaching  in  the  open  air. 

Whitefield,  James,  D.D.  (Rome,  1825), 
R.  C.  archbishop  of  Baltimore,  b.  Liverpool, 
Eng.,  Nov.  3,  1770;  d.  Baltimore,  Oct.  19, 
1834.  Receiving  a  good  education,  he  devoted 
himself  for  a  time  to  mercantile  pursuits.  He 
studied  divinity  with  Ambrose  Marechale ;  was 
ord.  in  1809;  emig.  to  Baltimore  in  Sept.  1817; 
was  immediately  app.  one  of  the  pastors  of  St. 
Peter's ;  and  succeeded  Bishop  Marechal  in  the 
archiepiscopate,  May  25,  1828. 

Whitehead,  William  Adee,  historian, 
b.  Newark,  N.  J.,  19  Feb.  1810.  Collector  of 
customs  at  Key  West,  Fla.,  1830-8;  subse- 
quently connected  with  different  railroad  com- 
panies. Author  of  "East  Jersey  under  the 
Proprietary  Govt.,"  8vo,  1846  ;  "Biog.  Sketch 
of  Gov.  Wm.  Franklin,"  1848;  "Robbery  of 
the  Treasury  of  East  Jersey  in  1768,"  1850; 
"Early  Hist,  of  Perth  Amboy,"  8vo,  1856; 
"  Northern  Boundary-Line  between  N.  J.  and 
N.  Y.,"  &c.,  1859;  "Eastern  Boundary  of 
N.  J.,"  8vo,  1866;  "Index  to  N.J.  Col.  Docu- 
ments," 8vo;  "  Settlement  of  Elizabeth,  N.  J.," 
a  paper  bef.  the  N.J.  Hist.  Soc.  20  Maj^,  1869. 
Edited  the  papers  of  Lewis  Morris,  with  Me- 
moir, 1852.  Corresp.  sec.  N.J.  Hist.  Society, 
and  editor  of  some  of  its  "  Proceedings."  — 
Allibone. 

Whitehouse.  Henrt  John,  D.D.  (Col. 
Coll.  1865J),  D.C.L.  (Camb.,  Eng.,  1867),  Pr.- 
Epis.  bishop  of  Illinois,  b.  New  York,  Aug. 
1803.  Col.  Coll.  1821 ;  Gen.  Thcol.  Sem.  1824. 
Ord.  deacon  1824;  priest  1827;  15  years  rec- 
tor of  St.  Luke's,  Rochester;  rector  of  St. 
Thomas's,  New  York,  1844-51 ;  consec.  assist, 
bishop  of  111.  Nov.  20,  1851 ;  succeeded  to  the 
see  on  the  death  of  Bishop  Chase,  1852.  ^  He 
preached  the  sermon  before  the  Pan-Anglican 
Council,  London,  in  1867. 

Whitfield,  Henry,  first  minister  of  Guil- 
ford, Ct.,  b.  Eng.  1597;  d.  Winchester,  Eng.,. 
after  1651.  The  only  son  of  an  opulent  law- 
yer, and  educated  to  the  law,  but,  preferring  the; 
ministry,  he  took  orders,  and  was  minister  of 
Okely  in  Surrey,  where  he  entertained  the  Pu- 
ritan divines  during  Laud's  persecution.  In 
1639  he  emig.  to  America,  and  became  one  of 
the  founders  of  Guilford,  but  returned  in  1650. 
He  pub.  an  account  of  the  progress  of  the  gos- 
pel among  the  Indians  in  1651  ("The Light 


"WIEU 


978 


TVTH 


appearing  more  and  more  towards  the  Perfect 
Day,"  &c.);  "Helps  to  Stir  up  to  Christian 
Duties/'  London,  1634. 

Whiting,  Daxiel  Powers,  lieut.-colonel 
U.S.A.,  b.  N.Y.  West  Point,  1832.  Entering 
the  7th  Inf.,  he  became  capt.  18  April,  1845; 
maj.  10th  Inf  20  Dec.  1860;  licut.-col.  6th  Inf. 
15  Feb.  1862 ;  retired  4  Nov.  1863.  He  served 
in  the  Florida  war  1839-42  and  1849-50;  in 
the  Mexican  war  at  defence  of  Fort  Brown, 
siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  battles  of  Monterey 
and  Cerro  Gordo,  for  which  he  was  brev.  18 
April,  1847.  Author  of  "Army  Portfolio,"  a 
scries  of  views  illustrating  the  Mexican  war, 
1849.  — C«//«/n. 

Whiting,  Henry,  brev.  brig.-gen.  U.S.A., 
b.  Ms. ;  d.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  16  Sept.  1851.  Son 
of  Col.  John  (b.  Lancaster,  1759,  d.  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  3  Sept.  1810),  a  Kevol.  oflScer,  app. 
lieut.-col.  4th  Inf  8  July,  1808,  col.  5th  Inf.  31 
Dec.  1809.  After  a  brief  clerkship  in  the  dry- 
goods  store  of  Amos  Lawrence,  Boston,  he 
was  app.  cornet  of  dragoons  20  Oct.  1808; 
was  disting.  at  the  capture  of  Fort  George, 
U.C.,  May,  1813  ;  made  capt.  Mar.  1817  ;  dep. 
quarterm.-gen.  7  July,  1838;  assist,  quarterm. 
(rank  of  col.)  21  April,  1846;  brev.  brig.-gen. 
for  services  at  Buena  Vista  23  Feb.  1847  ; 
chief  quartermaster  of  Gen.  Taylor's  army  in 
Mexico.  He  edited  "  The  Revol.  Orders  of 
Gen.  Washington,  1778-82,"  1844.  Author 
of  "  Ontway,  the  Son  of  the  Forest,"  a  poem, 
1822;  "  Sannilac,"  a  poem,  1831  ;  co-author 
of  "  Hist,  and  Scient.  Sketches  of  Michigan," 
1834;  author  of  "  The  Age  of  Steam,"  &c. ; 
"  Life  of  Z.  M.  Pike,"  in  Sparks's  "  Am.  Biog.," 
vol.  XV. ;  and  contrib.  14  articles  to  the  N.  A. 
Review. 

Whiting,  CoL.  Nathaniel,  b.  Windham, 
Ct.,  4  May,  1724;  d.  1771.  Y.C  1743.  Son 
of  Rev.  Samuel,  first  minister  of  Windham 
(1700-25).  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
exped.  against  Cape  Breton  in  1745,  and  the 
same  year  was  app.  a  Heut.  in  Pepperell's 
regt. ;  app.  in  1755  lieut.-col.  of  the  2d  Ct. 
Regt.  for  the  exped.  against  Crown  Point;  was 
present  in  the  engagement  near  Lake  George, 
and,  when  Col.  Williams  was  killed,  succeeded 
to  the  com. ;  in  1758  he  was  again  app.  col.  of 
the  2d  Ct.  Regt. ;  shared  in  Abercrombie's  de- 
feat at  Ticonderoga  ;  and  in  1759-60  in  Am- 
herst's campaigns,  ending  in  the  conquest  of 
Canada. 

Whiting,  Samuel,  first  minister  of  Lynn, 
Ms.,  from  Nov.  8,  1636,  to  his  death  Dec.  11, 
1679,  b.  Boston,  Eng.,  20  Nov.  1597.  Cam- 
bridge U.,  Eng.  Son  of  John,  mayor  of  Bos- 
ton, England.  He  arrived  at  Boston,  May  26, 
1636.  Author  of  "  Oratio  quam  Comitils  Can- 
tab Americams,"  &c.,  1664 ;  treatise  on  the 
Last  Judgment,  1649.  His  son  Samuel  was 
first  minister  of  Billerica  from  1663  to  his  d. 
Feb.  28,  1713;  H.U.  1653.  Joseph  his  son, 
also  minister  of  Lynn,  d.  April  7,  1723,  a.  82  ; 
H.U.  1661. 

Whiting,  William,  lawyer,  b.  Concord, 
Ms.,  March  3,  1813.  H.U.  1833 ;  Camb.  Law 
School,  1838.  A  descendant  of  the  preceding. 
Ab.  1838  he  began  practice  in  Boston  ;  attained 
high  rank  at  the  bar,  and  has  been  engaged  in 
many  important  cases.     Shortly  after  the  civil 


war  began,  he  advocated  an  entire  change  in 
the  policy  of  the  govt,  in  carrying  it  on.  His 
"  War  Powers  of  the  President,  and  the  Legis- 
lative Powers  of  Congress  in  Relation  to  Re- 
bellion, Treason,  and  Slavery,"  8vo,  1862,  met 
a  great  want  of  the  country,  and  first  formu- 
lated its  war-powers.  Recent  editions  of  this 
work  include  "  Military  Arrests  in  Time  of 
War,"  "  Reconstruction  of  the  Union,"  and 
"Military  Govt."  Summoned  in  1862  to 
Washington  as  solicitor  of  the  war  dept.,  his 
services  for  3  years  in  that  capacity  were  highly 
arduous  and  responsible.  He  was  5  years  pres. 
of  the  N.  E.  Hist.-Genealogical  Society.  Au- 
thor also  of  some  pamphlets  ;  Memoir  of  Rev. 
Joseph  Harrington,  prefixed  to  his  sermons, 
1854.  —  Uriyckinck. 

Whiting,  Gen.  William  Henry  Chase, 
b.  Ms.  1825  ;  d.  Governor's  Island,  N.Y.,  Mar. 
10,  1865.  West  Point,  1845.  Son  of  Lieut.- 
Col.  Levi.  Entered  engineers;  was  1st  lieut. 
Mar.  16,  1853;  capt.  13  Dec.  1858;  and  re- 
signed Feb.  20,  1861.  Chief  engr.  (rank  of 
major)  in  the  Army  of  the  Shenandoah,  under 
Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston,  in  June  and  July,  1861  ; 
was  app.  brig.-gen.,  and  com.  a  brigade  whose 
timely  arrival  saved  for  the  Confederates  the 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21  ;  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  West  Point,  Va.,  May  7,  1862  ;  and 
was  made  a  maj.-gen.  in  1863.  He  built  and 
was  put  in  com.  of  Fort  Fisher,  N.C.,  in  the 
autumn  of  1864;  was  in  charge  during  both 
attacks ;  and  was  severely  wounded  and  taken 
prisoner  on  its  capture  by  Gen.  Terry,  Jan.  15, 
1865. 

Whitman,  Ezekiel,  judge  and  M.C.,  b. 
East  Bridgcwater,  Ms.,  March  9,  1776;  d. 
there  Aug.  1,  1866.  Brown  U.  1795.  He 
settled  as  a  lawyer  in  the  Dist.  of  Me.  in  1799  ; 
established  himself  in  Portland  in  Jan.  1807  ; 
was  a  member  of  the  exec,  council  in  1815  and 
'16,  and  of  the  Const.  Conv.  of  1819  ;  was 
chief  ju.stice  of  the  Common  Pleas  1822-41, 
and  also  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Me.,  presid- 
ing as  such  from  1841  to  1848 ;  was  M.C.  from 
Ms.  in  1809-11  and  1817-21,  and  from  Me. 
in  1821-3.  Author  of  "  Genealogy  of  the 
Descendants  of  John  Whitman,"  1832. 

Whitman,  Sarah  Helen  (Power), 
poetess,  b.  Providence,  R.I.,  1813.  In  1828 
she  ra.  John  Winslow  Whitman,  a  lawyer  of 
Boston,  since  whose  death,  in  1833,  she  has 
resided  in  Providence.  She  has  pub.  "  Hours 
of  Life  and  Other  Poems,"  1853  ;  "  Edgar  Poe 
and  his  Critics,"  1859;  and  critical  articles  on 
European  writers.  Portions  of  her  Fairy  Bal- 
lads were  written  by  her  sister,  Anna  Marsh 
Power. 

Whitman,  Walter  ("Walt"),  poet,  b. 
West  Hills,  N.Y.,  1819.  Has  been  a  printer, 
school-teacher,  editor,  a  clerk  in  the  dept.  of 
the  interior,  Washington,  and  1865-70  a  clerk 
in  the  office  of  the  U.S.  atty.-gen.  Author  of 
"  Leaves  of  Gra.ss,"  1st  ed.  1855,  3d  ed.  1860  ; 
"  Drum-Taps,"  1865-6  ;  collected  poems,  8vo, 
1867  ;  poems  selected  and  edited  by  W.  M. 
Rossetti,  London,  8vo,  1868. — Allihone. 

Whitmore,  Edward,  gen.,  drowned  in 
Plymouth  Bay,  Feb.  1761.  At  the  second 
capture  of  Louisburg,  in  1758,  he  was  military 
gov.  of  the  place ;  col.  22d  Regt.,  and  brig.-gen. 


Tvm 


979 


^VTn 


Whitmore,  William  He^jry,  antiquary, 
b.  Dorchester,  Ms.,  Sept.  6,  1836.  Son  of  a 
merchant  of  Boston,  and  educated  in  the 
schools  of  that  city.  He  has  pub.  "  Register 
of  Medford  Families,"  1855;  Genealogies  of 
Whitmore,  Temple,  (1856),  Lane,  Revner, 
and  Whipple  (1857),  Norton,  (1859),  Avres 
(1870) ;  "  Handbook  of  Amer.  Geneal.,"  1862; 
"Notes  on  the  Winthrop  Family,"  1864; 
"The  Cavalier  Dismounted,"  1864;  "Amer. 
Genealogist,"  1868  ;  edited  Praed's  Poems, 
1860.  Many  years  an  active  member  of  the 
N.  E.  Historic-Geneal.  Soc,  in  whose  Register 
many  of  his  articles  have  appeared.  Editor  of 
several  of  the  Prince  Society's  publications ; 
"Elements  of  Heraldry,"  1866;  "Ms.  Civil 
List  1636-1774,"  Svo,  1871;  and  of  vols,  i., 
ii.,  and  iv.,  Heraldic  Jour. ;  and  has  con- 
tributed articles  to  the  N.  A.  Review,  Apple- 
ton's  "  New  American  Cyclop.,"  and  the  Knick- 
erbocker. 

Whitney,  Adeline  D.,  b.  Boston,  1824. 
Dau.  of  Enoch  Train  ;  wife  of  Seth  D.  Whit- 
ney of  Milton,  Ms.  Author  of  "Footsteps  on 
the  Seas,"  a  poem,  1857  ;  "Mother  Goose  for 
Grown  Folks,"  1860;  "Boys  at  Chequasset," 
1862;  "Faith  Gartney's  'Girlhood,"  1863; 
"The  Gayworthys,"  1865;  "A  Summer  in 
Leslie  Goldthwaite's  Life,"  1866  ;  "  Patience 
Strong's  Outings,"  1868;  "Hitherto,"  1869; 
"Real  Folks,"  1872.  Contrib.  to  Our  Young 
Folks,  Old  and  New,  Atlantic  MontJdy,  &c. 

Whitney,  Eli,  inventor  of  the  cotton-gin, 
b.  Westborough,  Ms.,  Dec.  8,  1765;  d.  N. 
Haven,  Ct.,  Jan.  8,  1825.  Y.  C.  1792.  He 
early  displayed  mechanical  genius,  and  partly 
by  teaching,  and  partly  by  other  labor,  obtained 
the  means  of  a  college  education.  In  1792  he 
went  to  Ga.  as  a  teacher,  and,  while  studying 
law,  was  invited  by  the  widow  of  Gen.  Greene 
to  make  her  house  his  home.  While  there,  his 
attention  was  drawn  to  the  difficulty  in  sepa- 
rating cotton  from  the  seed,  and  for  months  he 
was  engaged  in  constructing  a  cotton-gin,  un- 
der great  difficulties;  being  compelled  to  draw 
his  iron  wire,  as  he  could  obtain  none  in  Sa- 
vannah, and  to  make  his  own  tools.  Rumors 
of  this  invention  were  noised  about ;  and,  before 
it  was  finished,  the  building  in  which  it  was 
placed  was  broken  open  by  night,  and  the 
machine  carried  off.  Before  he  could  complete 
his  model,  and  obtain  a  patent,  similar  machines 
had  been  surreptitiously  made,  and  put  in  opera- 
tion. A  Mr.  Miller  became  a  partner  in  May, 
1793;  and  Whitney  manuf.  the  machines  in 
Ct.  The  legisl.  of  S.C.  granted  him  $50,000 
for  his  invention,  which,  after  vexatious  delays 
and  lawsuits,  was  finally  paid.  North  Caro- 
lina allowed  a  percentage  for  its  use  5  years, 
and  collected  and  paid  it  over  to  the  patentees. 
Tennessee  promised  to  do  the  same,  but  after- 
tvard  rescinded  her  contract.  For  years  he 
struggled  on ;  lawsuits  being  wrongfully  de- 
cided against  him  ;  his  manufactory  destroyed 
by  fire;  reports  that  his  machine  injured  the 
fibre  of  the  cotton ;  Congress  refusing,  on  ac- 
count of  the  opposition  of  the  Southern  mem- 
bers, to  allow  a  renewal  of  the  patent;  until, 
satisfied  that  he  should  never  receive  a  just 
compensation  for  his  great  invention,  he  en- 
gaged in  making  fire-arms  for  govt.,  from  which 


he  eventually  gained  a  fortune.  He  applied 
several  of  his  inventions  to  other  manufactures 
of  iron  and  steel.  — Appleton. 

Whitney,  Frederick  Augustus,  pastor 
at  Brighton,  Ms.,  1843-58,  b.  Quincy,  Ms.,  13 
Sept.  1812.  H.U.  1833  ;  Camb.  Theol.  School 
1838.  Author  of  "  Hist.  Sketch  of  the  Old 
Church  at  Quincy,  Ms.,"  1864;  "  Biog.  of 
James  Holton,"  1865  ;  "  Oration  at  Dedication 
of  Soldiers'  Monument,  Brighton,  Ms.,"  1866; 
also  school  and  S.  school  reports,  sermons, 
addresses,  hymns,  and  articles  in  periodicals. 

Whitney,  Josiah  Dwight,  geologist,  b. 
Northampton,  Ms.,  23  Nov.  1819.  Y.C.  1839. 
Prof,  of  geol.  and  metallurgy  in  H.U.  since  1865. 
Author  of  "  Use  of  the  Blowpipe,"  &c.,  transl. 
from  Berzelius,  8vo,  1845;  "  Metallic  Wealth 
of  the  U.S.,"  8vo,  1854;  "Geol.  Survey  of 
California,"  4to,  1865;  "Yosemite  Guide- 
Book,"  1869  ;  with  J.  W.  Foster,  "  Report  on 
the  Geol.,  &c.,  of  Lake  Superior,"  1850-1 ;  with 
James  Hall,  "  Report  on  the  Geol.  Survey  of 
Ohio,"  Svo ;  "  Report  of  Geol.  Survey  of  the 
Upper  Mpi.  Lead  Region,"  8vo,  1862.  Contrib. 
to  scientific  and  literary  journals.  —  Allibone. 

Whitney,  Peter,  author  of  a  History 
of  Worcester  Countv  (8vo,  1793),  b.  North- 
borough,  Sept.  6,  1*744;  d.  Feb.  29,  1816. 
H.U.  1762.  Ord.  pastor  of  Northborough,  Nov. 
4,  1767,  Of  his  sons,  Peter  was  minister  of 
Quincy  1800-43;  George  (1804-42),  minister 
of  Roxbury  (1831-42),  was  author  of  a  His- 
tory of  Quincy,  8vo,  1827. 

Whitney,  Thomas  R.,  writer  and  poli- 
tician, b.  N.  Y.  City  1804;  d.  Apr.  12,  1858. 
He  served  two  years  in  the  State  Assembly ; 
wasM.C.in  1855-7  ;  and  was  at  one  time  editor 
of  the  N.  Y.  Sundat/  Times.  Author  of  a  poem 
called  the  "Ambuscade,"  1845;  and  a  poli- 
tical work  entitled  "  The  American  Policy 
Vindicated,"  8vo,  1856. 

Whitney,  William  Dwight,  Ph.  D. 
(U.  of  Breslau,  1861),  LL.D.  (Wms.  1868), 
philologist,  b.  Northampton,  Ms.,  Feb.  9,  1827. 
Wms.  Coll.  1845.  He  studied  at  Berlin  and 
Tubingen  ;  transcribed  from  the  Sanscrit  MSS. 
the  " Atharva- Veda,"  &nd  with  Prof.  Roth  pub. 
it  (Berlin,  1856).  In  1853  he  returned  home; 
in  1854  was  made  prof,  of  Sanscrit  in  Y.C,  and 
became  an  active  officer  of  the  Oriental  Society. 
He  is  one  of  the  co-laborers  of  Bohtlingk  and 
Roth  in  the  Sanscrit  Dictionary,  pub.  at  St. 
Petersburg.  He  has  contrib.  articles  on  Orien- 
tal Philology  and  Literature  to  the  New  Amer. 
Cyclopedia.  In  1870  he  received  from  the 
Roy.  Acad,  of  Sciences  of  Berlin  a  prize  for  a 
work  on  Sanscrit  Orthography.  He  has  been 
a  contrib.  to  the  N.  A.  Review,  the  New-Eng- 
lander,  iht  Journal  of  the  Am.  Oriental  Societi/, 
&c.  Pres.  of  the  Am.  Philol.  Soc.  1869  ;  mem- 
ber of  many  learned  societies.  He  pub. 
"  Lectures  on  Language,"  1867  ;  a  "  Grerman 
Grammar,"  1869;  "German  Reader,"  1870. 

Whiton,  John  Milton,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1848),  clergyman  and  author,  b.  Winchendon, 
Ms.,  Aug.  1,  1785  ;  d.  Antrim,  N.H.,  Sept.  28, 
1856.  Y.C.  1805.  Son  of  Dr.  Israel.  Ord. 
pastor  of  the  church  in  Antrim,  Sept.  28, 1808, 
continuing  till  1853.  He  pub.  a  History  of 
Antrim,  1852;  a  History  of  N.  Hampshire  for 
schools,  183*4 ;    and  at  the  time  of  nis  death 


'W^HI 


980 


^w^eh 


was  preparing  a  History  of  Presbyterianism  in 
N.H.  In  1846  he  pub.  in  the  NJI.  Repositorij 
a  statistical  account  of  the  Cong,  and  Presb. 
ministers  of  Hillsborough  County. 

Whittemore,  Amos,  inventor,  b.  Cam- 
bridge, Ms.,  Apr.  19,  1759;  d.  W.  Cambridge, 
Mar.  27,  1828.  The  son  of  a  farmer.  He 
worked  for  some  years  as  a  gunsmith,  and 
finally  formed  a  copartnership  with  his  bro. 
and  others  for  the  manuf.  of  cotton  and  wool 
cards.  He  soon  after  invented  a  machine  for 
puncturing  the  leather,  and  setting  the  wires,  — 
a  work  previously  performed  by  hand.  He 
found  the  greatest  difficulty  in  bending  the 
wires  to  a  given  angle  after  they  were  finally 
fastened  in  the  leather,  and  was  on  the  point 
of  abandoning  the  attempt,  when  in  a  dream 
he  discovered  the  method  of  effecting  it.  The 
invention  was  patented  in  1797,  an<i  it  was 
sold  for  $150,000;  but  afterward  Samuel  his 
bro.  repurchased  it,  and  carried  on  the  business. 
Amos  devoted  his  later  years  to  the  invention 
of  an  orrery,  in  which  every  planet  was  to 
describe  its  own  orbit,  but  did  not  live  to  com- 
plete it.  —  Howe's  Hist,  of  Inventors. 

Whittemore,  Thomas,  D.D.,  clergyman, 
b.  Boston,  Jan.  1,  1800;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms., 
Mar.  21,  1861.  Apprenticed  successively  to  a 
morocco-dresser,  a  brass-founder,  and  a  boot- 
maker, and  finally  studied  for  the  ministry 
under  Rev.  H.  Ballou.  In  April,  1821,  he  was 
pastor  of  a  Universalist  church  in  Milford, 
Ms. ;  in  1822-31  he  preached  in   Cambridge- 

Sort,  and  resided  in  Cambridge  till  he  died, 
oint  editor  of  the  Universalist  Mag,,  and  in 
1828  began  to  pub.  the  Trumpet,  a  Universalist 
newspaper  in  Boston,  of  which  he  was  sole 
editor  and  proprietor  for  nearly  30  years.  Pres. 
of  the  Vt.  and  Ms.  Railroad,  and  'represented 
Cambridge  repeatedly  in  the  State  legisl.  In 
1830  he  pub.  a  "  History  of  Universalism," 
which  he  afterward  enlarged,  the  first  vol.  ap- 
pearing in  1860,  and  the  second  being,  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  nearly  ready  for  the  press. 
His  other  works  are,  "  Notes  and  Illustrations 
of  the  Parables,"  1832  ;  "  Songs  of  Zion," 
1836;  "Plain  Guide  to  Universalism,"  1839; 
"  The  Gospel  Harmonist,"  1841 ;  "  Conference 
Hymns,"  1842  ;  "  Sunday-school  Choir,"  1844 ; 
"Commentary  on  Revelation,"  1838  ;  "Com- 
mentary on  Daniel;"  "Lives  of  Walter  Bal- 
four and  Hosea  Ballou  ; "  "  Autobiography," 
12mo,  1860. 

Whittier,  John  Greenleaf,  poet,  b.  Ha- 
verhill, Ms.,  Dec.  17,  1807.  Joseph  his  grand- 
father, grandson  of  Thomas  of  Newbury,  b. 
1716,  d.  H.  10  Oct.  1796,  m.  Sarah  Greenleaf 
of  Newbury.  John  G.  worked  on  a  farm  until 
18,  writing  occasional  verses  for  the  Haverhill 
Gazette,  and  turning  his  hand  to  shoemaking. 
After  two  years'  study  at  the  town  acad.,  he 
became  in  1829  editor,  at  Boston,  of  the^/ne?-. 
Manufacturer,  a  newspaper  in  the  tariff  interest. 
In  1830  he  succeeded  to  Brainerd's  paper  at 
Hartford,  and  wrote  the  prefatory  memoir  of 
that  poet  for  his  "  Remains,"  pub.  1832  ;  edit. 
Gazette  at  Haverh.  1832  and  1836.  In  1831 
appeared  his  "  Legends  of  New  England ; "  its 
sequel,  "  The  Supernaturalisra  of  New  Eng- 
land," in  1847 ;  "  Moll  Pitcher,"  a  tale  of  a  witch 
of   Nahant ;  "  "  Mogg  Megone,"   an  Indian 


story,  1836 ;  and  "  The  Bridal  of  Pennacook," 
also  an  Indian  poem.  In  1833  he  pub.  an  essay 
entitled  "  Justice  and  Expediency,  or  Slavery 
considered  with  a  View  to  its  Abolition. 
After  a  few  years  spent  at  home  in  farming, 
and  representing  his  town  in  the  State  legisl. 
(1835-6),  he  engaged  in  the  proceedings  of  the 
Antislavery  Society ;  was  elected  its  sec.  in 
1836;  and,  in  defence  of  its  principles,  edited 
the  Pa.  Freeman  in  Phila.  in  1838-40.  "  The 
Voices  of  Freedom"  (1841)  afford  the  best 
specimen  of  his  antislavery  effusions.  In  1840 
Mr.  Whittier  took  up  his  residence  at  Ames- 
bury,  where  he  has  since  resided,  and  whence 
he  forwarded  his  contribs.  to  the  National  Era, 
Washington.  He  has  also  pub.  "  Songs  of 
Labor  and  Other  Poems,"  1848  ;  "  Old  Por- 
traits and  Motlcrn  Sketches,"  1850;  "The 
Chapel  of  the  Hermits  and  Other  Poems," 
1852  ;  "  Leaves  from  Margaret  Smith's  Jour- 
nal," 1848;  "Literary  Recreations,"  1852: 
"The  Panorama  and  Other  Poems,"  1856; 
"  Home  Ballads  and  Poems,"  1859  ;  "  In  War- 
Time,"1863;  "  Snow-Bound,"  1865;  "Tent 
on  the  Beach,"  1867;  "Among  the  Hills," 
1868;  "Ballads  of  New  England,"  1869; 
"  Miriam,"  1870  ;  "  The  Stranger  in  Lowell  " 
(prose),  1845;  "National  Lyrics,"  1865; 
"Maud  Muller,"  1866.  Several  "  complete  " 
collections  of  his  works  have  been  pub.;  the 
last,  Sept.  1869,  in  4  vols.  His  sister  Eliza- 
beth H.  Whittier,  poetess,  d.  Amesbury, 
Ms.,  Sept.  3,  1864. 

Whittingham,  William  Rollinson, 
D.D.  (Col.  Coll.  1837),  LL.D.,  Prot.-Ep.  bish- 
op of  Md.  (consec.  17  Sept.  1840),  b.  N.Y.  City, 
Dec.  2,  1805.  Gen.  Theol.  Sem.  1825.  A  dm. 
to  the  ministry  in  1827,  and  became  rector  of 
St.  Luke's,  N.Y.,  in  1831.  In  1835  he  was 
elected  to  the  chair  of  eccles.  hist,  in  the  Gen. 
Theol.  Sem.  He  has  edited  the  Family  Visitor, 
Cliildren's  Mag.,  the  Churchman  (weekly),  also 
the  "  Parish  Library,"  13  vols.  He  has  also 
pub.  occas.  sermons. 

Whittlesey,  Col.  Charles,  author,  b. 
Southington,  Ct.,  5  Oct.  1808.  In  1813  his 
family  moved  to  Tallmadge,  O.  West  Point, 
1831.  Resigned  30  Sept.  1832.  Counsellor- 
at-law,  Cleveland,  O.,  1835.  Editor  Cleveland 
Herald  1836-7;  emploj^ed  on  geol.  survey  of 
Ohio  1837-8,  and  on  mineral,  and  geol.  surveys 
1848-.50,  185.3-6,  1858-60.  Assist,  quartern!. - 
gen.  of  O.  1861-2  ;  in  Western  Va.  campaign 
July-Aug.  1861;  in  camp,  of  1861-2  as  col. 
20th  O.  Vols,  in  Ky.  and  Tenn.  ;  and  engaged 
at  Fort  Donelson  and  at  Shiloh,  in  which  he 
com.  the  3d  brigade  of  Wallace's  division,  ren- 
dering important  service  in  the  second  day's 
fight;  resigned  19  Apr.  1862.  Author  of 
"Life  of  John  Fitch,'  in  Sparks's  "  Amer. 
Biog.,"  vi. ;  "  Ancient  Mining  an  Lake  Supe- 
rior," 1862  ;  "  Glacial  Drift  of  the  North-west. 
States,"  1866  (in  Smithson.  Contribs.) ;  "Eariy 
History  of  Cleveland,"  8vo,  1867  ;  "  Sketch  of 
the  Settlcm'ent  of  Tallmadge,  0.,"  1842  ;  "  De- 
script,  of  Ancient  Works  in  Ohio,"  1851  (Smith- 
son.  Contribs.,  vol.  iii.) ;  "  Fugitive  Essays," 
1854;  besides  some  30  essays,  reports,  &c. 
Col.  W.  founded,  and  is  pres.  of,  the  Western 
Reserve  Hist   Soc.  of  Cleveland. 

Whittlesey,  Frederick,  jurist,  b.  Wash- 


\\rEII 


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ington,  Ct.,  12  June,  1799  ;  d.  Rochester,  N.Y., 
19  Sept.  1851.  Y.C.  1818.  Adm.  to  the  bar 
at  Utica,  N.Y.,  in  1821;  settled  in  lioeliester 
in  1822;  was  editor  and  proprietor  of  a  politi- 
cal newspaper  prominent  in  the  anti-Masonic 
party;  M.C.  in  1831-5;  vice-chancellor  8th 
jud.  dist.  1839-47;  judge  Sup.  Court  1847-8; 
prof,  of  law  in  Geneva  Coll.  1850-1.  He  pub. 
address,  4  July,  1842,  Rochester. 

Whittredge,  Worthington,  landscape- 
paiTiter,  b.  Ohio,  1820.  His  ancestors  were 
among  the  early  settlers  of  Cape  Ann,  his  fa- 
ther an  early  emigrant  to  the  West.  The  son 
painted  portraits  and  landscapes  in  Cincinnati ; 
was  in  Europe  in  1849-59,  and  then  established 
himself  in  N.Y.  City.  Among  his  productions 
are  "Twilight  on  the  Shawangunk  Mountains," 
"  The  Old  IIunting-Ground,"  "  Lake  George," 
"Berkeley's  Seat,"  "  Ruins  of  Tusculum,"  "A 
Hundred  Years  Ago,"  "  The  Roman  Cam- 
pagna,"  and  "  The  Plains  at  the  Base  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains."  His  "  Old  Kentucky 
Home,"  and  "  Coast  of  Rhode  Island,"  were 
sent  to  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1867.  In  1866 
l)e  explored  the  West,  attached  to  Gen.  Pope's 
stair,  and  brought  back  a  large  and  valuable 
coll.  of  sketches. 

Wickham,  John,  LL.D,,  lawyer,  b. 
Southold,  L.I.,  1763;  d.  Richmond,  Va.,  17 
Jan.  1839.  Intended  for  the  army,  he  studied 
one  year  at  Arras,  France ;  settled  in  Williams- 
burg in  1785  ;  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law 
in  1787;  and  in  1790  removed  to  Richmond, 
Va.,  where  he  acquired  a  high  reputation,  and 
was  long  at  the  head  of  the  bar  of  Virginia. 

Wiekliffe,  Charles  A.,  U.S.  postmaster- 
gen.  1841-5,  b.  Bardstown,  Ky.,  June  8, 1788  ; 
d.  Howard  Co.,  Md.,  Oct.  31,  1869.  Educated 
at  the  Bardstown  grammar-school ;  studied 
law,  and  attained  a  high  position  at  the  bar. 
In  1812  he  was  aide  to  Gen.  Caldwell  at  the 
battle  of  the  Thames ;  was  a  member  of  the 
legisl.  in  1812-23;  M.C.  in  1823-33;  again 
elected  to  the  legisl.,  he  was  speaker  in  1834  ; 
was  elected  lieut.-gov.  in  1836,  and  became  act- 
ing gov.  in  1839.  In  1845  he  was  sent  to  Texas 
by  Pres.  Polk  on  a  secret  mission  ;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Const.  Con  v.  in  1849  ;  was  a 
member  of  the  Peace  Congress  in  Eeb.  1861  ; 
M.C.  1861-3;  anddelegateto theChicagoconv. 
1864.  His  stately  and  aristocratic  bearing,  and 
his  contempt  for  the  poorer  classes,  earned  for 
him  the  sobriquet  of  "  the  Duke." 

Wigglesworth,  Edward,  D.D.,  Hollis 
prof,  of  divinity  H.  U.  1765-91,  b.  Feb.  7, 
1732;  d.  Cambridge,  June  17,  1794.  H.U. 
1749  with  the  first  honors.  His  father  Ed- 
ward, D.D.  (H.U.  1710),  was  first  Hollis  prof. 
Oct.  24,  1722,  until  his  death,  Nov.  19,  1765 
(a.  72),  and  prominent  as  a  controversial  wri- 
ter. The  son  was  made  tutor  at  H.U.  1764. 
An  original  member  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  and  a  man  of  great  learning.  He 
pub.  the  Dudleian  Lectures  on  the  Errors  of 
the  Roman  Church,  1777  ;  "  Calculations  on 
American  Population,"  &c.,  1775. — Allen. 

Wigglesworth,  Col.  Edward,  Revol. 
officer,  b.  Ipswich,  Ms.,  3  Jan.  1 742 ;  d.  New- 
buryport,  8  Dec.  1826.  H.  U.  1761.  Son  of 
Rev.  Samuel  of  Ipswich  (1714-68),  and  grand- 
son of  Rev.  Michael.     Commiss.  col.  by  the 


Prov.  Congress  24  June,  1776,  and  3d  in  com- 
mand of  Arnold's  flotilla  on  Lake  Champlain 

5  Sept.  1776;   commiss.  col.  13th  Ms.  Regt. 

6  Nov.  1776  ;  resigned  10  Mar.  1779  ;  app.  by 
Pres.  Washington  coll.  of  Newburyport. 

Wigglesworth,  Michael,  poet  and  cler- 
gyman, b.  Eng.  Oct.  18, 1631;  d.  Maiden,  Ms., 
June  10,  1705.  H.  U.  1651.  Son  of  Edward 
of  N.  Haven,  and  came  with  him  to  this  coun- 
try in  1638.  After  graduating,  he  was  a  fellow 
and  tutor  in  the  college  a  short  time.  In  1656 
he  was  ord.  over  the  church  at  Maiden,  where 
he  remained  "  for  about  a  jubilee  of  years  " 
till  his  death.  Frequent  illness  forced  him  at 
times  to  suspend  his  pulpit  exertions  ;  but  he 
was  able  in  the  intervals  to  engage  in  literary 
labor.  He  pub.  in  1662  "  The  Day  of  Doom,'* 
a  poem  which  has  passed  through  9  eds.  in  this 
country,  and  2  in  England,  and  was  for  a  long 
time  one  of  the  most  popular  books  in  N.  E. ; 
in  1669  he  pub.  another  poem,  "Meat  out  of 
the  Eater,"  which  has  passed  through  6  edi- 
tions. He  left  in  manuscript  a  poem  entitled 
"  God's  Controversy  with  New  England," 
printed  in  the  Proc.  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Society, 
1871.  After  the  death  of  John  Rogers,  in 
1684,  he  was  offered  the  presidency  of  H.C., 
but  declined  it  on  account  of  his  health.  He 
preached  the  Colonial  Election  Sermon  in  1686, 
and  the  Art.  Election  Sermon  in  1696.  He 
was  also  a  skilful  physician.  —  See  Memoir  of 
Wigc/lesworth  by  J.  W.  Dean,  8vo,  1871. 

Wight,  Moses,  portrait  and  genre  painter, 
b.  Boston,  2  Apr.  1827.  Began  to  paint  at  18; 
went  to  Europe  in  1851,  and  painted  there  por- 
traits of  Hon.  D.  D.  Barnard  and  Baron  Alex. 
Von  Humboldt ;  studied  3  years  in  Italy ;  and 
has  since  practised  his  art  in  Boston  with  suc- 
cess. Among  his  portraits  are  Edward  Ever- 
ett, Josiah  Quincy,  Charles  Sumner,  and  Prof. 
Agassiz.  In  1860  he  studied  in  France  under 
Couture,  and  has  since  executed  two  large 
ideal  works,  "  The  Sleeping  Beauty "  and 
"  Eve  at  the  Fountain,"  Since  his  last  visit  to 
Europe  in  1865-7,  he  has  produced  several 
cabinet,  figure,  and  interior  subjects,  among 
them"Le  Scizieme  Siecle,"  "  Lisette,"  "Les 
Confidants,"  "The  Old  Cuirassier,"  "John 
Alden  and  Priscilla,"  and  "  Pet's  First  Cake." 

Wight,  Orlando  Williams,  author,  b. 
Ccntreville,  N.Y.,  Feb.  19,  1824.  He  studied 
at  Westfield  Acad,  and  Rochester  Collegiate 
Institute,  and  then  travelled  in  Europe.  He 
has  contrib.  to  the  leading  reviews,  and  has 
pub.  "  The  Philosophy  of  Sir  Wm.  Hamilton," 
1853;  "Life  of  Abelard  and  Heloise,"  1853; 
translations  of  Cousin's  "  History  of  Modern 
Philosophy,"  1852;  "The  True,  the  Beauti- 
tiful,  the  Good,"  1854;  and  "Pascal's 
Thoughts,"  1859.  He  has  also  edited  and  re- 
vised 12  vols,  of  French  Classics,  1858-60; 
"  The  Household  Library,"  18  vols. ;  transl. 
Balzac's  Novels,  12  vols.  Contrib.  to  N.A. 
Rev.,  N.  Englander,  &c.  He  has  in  prep,  a 
Dictionary  of  Philos.  Science,  8vo. 

Wignell,  Thomas,  manager  Phila.  Thea- 
tre ;  d.  there  18  Feb.  1803  ;  b.  Eng.  First  app, 
at  the  John-st.  Theatre,  N.Y.,  1785,  as  Joseph 
Surface  ;  became  manager  Chestnut-st.  Thea- 
tre in  1794 ;  m.  Mrs.  Merry  1  Jan.  1803. 

Wikoff,  Henry,  b.  Phila.,  where  he  was 


WJ-Li 


982 


"WXL. 


adm.  to  the  bar.  Author  of  "Life  of  Nap. 
Louis  Bonaparte,"  N.Y.,  1849;  "My  Court- 
ship and  its  Consequences,"  1855;  "Adven- 
tures of  a  rising  Diplomatist,"  1856 ;  "  A  New- 
Yorker  in  the  Foreign  Office,"  &c.,  1858.  —  See 
also  "  Trial  of  Wikotf  and  Others  for  a  Con- 
spiracy," 8vo,  1852.  —  Allibone. 

Wilbur,  Miss  Anne  T.  (Mrs.  Wood), 
dan.  of  Rev.  Hervey  Wilbur,  b.  Wendell,  Ms., 
1817.  A  resident  of  Newburyport,  Ms.  Transl. 
"  The  Solitary  of  Juan  Feinandez,"  and  other 
works,  from  the  French.  Contrib.  as  "  Florence 
Leigh "  to  periodicals ;  has  edited  the  Ladies' 
Mag.  and  the  Ladies'  Casket,  1848;  has  transl. 
"The  Roman  Question,"  by  E.  About,  1859; 
and  pub.  "  Romance  of  a  Mummy,"  1860. 

Wilbur,  John,  a  minister  of  the  Society 
of  Friends,  founder  of  the  "  Wilburite  "  sect, 
b.  Hopkinton,  R.I.,  1774;  d.  1856.  Ab.  1838 
he  was  accused  of  circulating  statements  de- 
rogatory to  the  character  of  Joseph  J.  Gumey  ; 
and  in  Jan.  1 843  he  was  disowned.  His  friends, 
however,  believing  him  to  have  been  unfairly 
and  harshly  dealt  with,  set  up  an  independent 
yearly  meeting,  and  are  popularly  designated 
"  Wilburites."  —  See  Journal  and  Corresp.  of 
John  Wilbur. 

Wilcoeks,  Alexander,  M.D.,  b.  Phila. 
1817.  Jeff.  Med.  Coll.  1844.  Author  of  "Es- 
say on  the  Tides,"  1855;  "Temporary  Star 
of  the  Year  1572,"  1860 ;  "  Influence  of  Ether 
in  the  Solar  System,"  &c.,  1864;  papers  in 
Med.  Exam.  1845,  Jour.  Med.  Sci.  1847.— 
Allibone. 

Wilcox,  Gen.  Cadmus  Marceixus,  b. 
N.C.  ab.  1825.  West  Point,  1846.  Adj.  and 
A.D.C.  to  Gen.  Quitman  1847-8;  and  brev. 
1st  lieut.  for  gallantrjr  at  Chapul tepee  13  Sept. 
1847  ;  assist,  instr.  of  inf.  tactics  at  West  Pomt 
1852;  capt.  7th  Inf.;  resigned  8  June,  1861  ; 
app.  brig.-gen.  C.S.A.  21  Oct.  1861  ;  3  Aug. 
1863  promoted  maj.-gen.  com.  division  in  A.  P. 
Hill's  (3d)  corp.  He  com.  a  brigade  in  Ander- 
son's div.  at  Gettysburg,  and  surrendered  with 
Lee.  Author  of  "  Rifles  and  Rifle-Practice," 
N.Y.  1859;  "Evolutions  of  the  Line,"  1860; 
"  Tabular  Statements  of  the  Austrian  and 
French  Armies,"  1861. 

Wilcox,  Carlos,  poet,  b.  Newport,  N.H., 
Oct.  22,  1794;  d.  Danbury,  Ct.,  May  29, 1827. 
Mid.  Coll.  1813;  And.  Sem.  1817.  *  His  father 
was  a  farmer,  and  in  1797  removed  to  Orwell, 
Vt.  He  began  to  preach  in  Hartford,  Ct.,  1818, 
but  after  a  few  months  was  obliged  by  illness 
to  desist.  In  1822  he  pub.  at  Salisbury,  Ct., 
his  poem,  "The  Age  of  Benevolence.  In 
1 824  he  delivered  a  poem  before  the  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  Society  of  Y.C.  on  "  The  Religion  of 
Taste."  In  1824-6  he  was  pastor  of  the  North 
Church,  Hartford.  After  the  restoration  of  his 
health  by  a  few  months'  travel,  he  accepted  a 
call  to  Danbury  at  the  close  of  1826.  His  "  Re- 
mains "  were  pub.  in  1828.  —  Dui/ckinck. 

Wilcox,  Phineas  Bacon,  laAvyer,  b. 
1795;  d.  Columbus,  O.,  25  Mar.  1863.  Y.C. 
1821.  In  successful  practice  at  Columbus 
nearly  40  years.  Author  of  "  Ohio  Reports," 
vol.  X. ;  several  vols,  o^  condensed  and  digested 
"  Ohio  Reports ; "  "  Ohio  Forms  and  Practice," 
1833;  "Forms  in  Action  and  in  Chancery," 
1858  ;  in  "  Civil  Procedure,"  1862. 


Wilde,  Richard  Henry,  scholar  and 
lawyer,  b.  Dublin,  Ireland,  24  Sept.  1789;  d. 
N.  Orleans  10  Sept.  1847.  His  father  came  to 
Baltimore  in  1797,  and  d.  1802.  lie  received 
from  his  mother  his  poetic  talent  and  his  edu- 
cation. In  1803  he  removed  to  Augusta,  Ga. 
Was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  Mar.  1 809 ;  soon  rose  to 
the  head  of  the  profession;  became  atty.-gen. 
of  the  State;  M.C.  in  1815-17,  1824-5,  and 
in  1827-35 ;  and  was  distiug.  as  an  orator.  He 
visited  Europe  in  1835-40,  and  on  his  retui-n 
devoted  himself  to  literature,  politics,  and  the 
law.  While  in  Florence,  he  discovered  some 
documents  concerning  Dante,  and  also  an 
original  painting  of  the  great  poet  on  the  wall 
of  the  Chapel  of  Bargetto.  He  left  a  MS.  vol. 
of  the  poet's  life.  Author  of  "  The  Love,  Mad- 
ness, and  Imprisonment  of  Tasso,"  2  vols. 
1842,  and"  Hesperia  ;  "  wrote  for  the  Southern 
Review  an  article  on  Petrarch;  and  contrib.  to 
the  magazines.  From  1843  to  his  d.  he  was 
prof,  of  law  in  the  U.  of  La.  at  New  Orleans. 
His  literary  productions  are  numerous,  and 
bear  the  impress  of  a  gifted  and  highly  educat- 
ed mind.  One  of  his  lyrics,  entitled  "  My  Life 
is  like  a  Summer  Rose,"  received  the  praise 
of  Lord  Byron. 

Wilde,  Samuel  Sumner,  LL.D.  (Bowd. 
1817;  II. U.  1841),  jurist,  b.  Taunton,  Feb.  5, 
1771 ;  d.  Boston,  June  22, 1855.  Dartm.  Coll. 
1789.  Son  of  Daniel.  He  Avas  adm.  to  the 
bar  in  Sept.  1792,  and  the  same  year  was  m.  to 
Eunice,  dau.  of  Gen.  David  Cobb.  He  prac- 
tisedjsuccessivelyin  Waldobo  rough,  Warren,  and 
Hallowell,  Me.,  removing  to  the  latter  place  in 
1799,  after  representing  Warren  two  years  in 
the  legisl.  In  1814  he  was  elected  'a  State 
councillor.  He  was  also  one  of  the  delegates 
to  the  Hartford  Conv. ;  judge  Ms.  Sup.  Court 
1815-50.  In  1820  he  removed  from  Hallowell 
to  Newburyport,  and  in  1831  to  Boston.  Dele- 
gate from  Newburyport  to  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  of  1820  ;  member  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts 
and  Sciences.  His  judicial  career  was  disting. 
by  great  legal  learning  and  stern  integrity; 
and  he  was  accounted  one  of  the  best  7iisi  prius 
judges  in  Ms.  His  dau.  Caroline  m.  Caleb 
Cushing.  He  pub.  "Oration  4  July,  1797  ;  " 
"  Masonic  Oration,"  1799. 

Wilder,  Marshall  Pinckney,  one  of 
the  most  useful  men  of  his  time,  b.  Rindge, 
N.H.,  22  Sept.  1798.  Educated  at  the  common 
schools  and  at  Ipswich  Acad.  He  worked  on 
his  father's  farm ;  then  became  a  merchant ;  and, 
establishing  himself  in  Boston  in  1825,  has  for 
many  yeai*s  been  a  prominent  and  successful 
business-man.  He  has  been  active  in  the  Ms. 
Hortie.  Soc;  was  its  pres.  in  1840-8  ;  pres.  of 
the  Amer.  Pomological  Soc.  since  that  date ; 
of  the  U.  S.  Agrie.  Soc.  1852-8;  of  the  N.  E. 
Historic-Genealogical  Soc.  since  1869  ;  member 
of  the  Ms.  house  of  reps.  1839 ;  councillor 
1840;  State  senator  1841,  and  pres.  of  that 
body  in  1850.  He  initiated  the  organization 
of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  the  estal)- 
lishment  of  an  agric.  college  and  of  the  U.S. 
Agric.  Soc,  and  has  held  many  important 
trusts  beside  those  enumerated  above.  He  has 
delivered  many  addresses  and  speeches,  and 
contrib.  valuable  papers  on  hybridization  to 
hortie.  journals. 


^VXL. 


983 


"Wix. 


Wildey,  Thomas,  founder  of  the  Odd 
Fellows  in  America,  b.  Eng.  Jan.  15,  1783  ;  d. 
Baltimore,  Oct.  19,  1861.  He  came  to  this 
coimtry  in  1817,  and  began  in  Baltimore  his 
trade  of  coach-spring  making.  The  first  lodge 
was  established  at  Bait,  by  him  in  1819,  and 
he  was  grand-sire  ft-om  182.5  to  1833. 

Wiley,  Calvin  Henderson,  b.  Guilford 
Co.,  N.C.,  1819.  U.  of  N.C.  1840.  Member 
legisl.  1850  and  1852,  and  gen.  supt.  common 
schools  of  N.C.  Dec.  1852.  Author  of  "  Ala- 
mance," a  novel ;  "  Adventures  of  Old  Dan 
Tucker,"  1851  ;  "Utopia,  Early  Life  at  the 
South,"  1852;  "Life  in  the  South,  a  compan- 
ion to  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  1852;  "Sober 
View  of  Slavery ;  "  "  Roanoke,"  1866 ;  "  Elo- 
cution and  Oratory,"  1869 ;  polit.  pamphlets. 
Editor  South.  Weekly  Post,  Raleigh;  Oxford 
Mercury.  Contrib.  to  Sartain's  Mag.,  Sat.  Even. 
Post,  &c.  —  AlUbone. 

Wilkes,  Charles,  rear-adm.  U.S.N., 
nephew  of  the  celebrated  John  Wilkes  of  Lon- 
don, b.  N.  Y.  City  1801.  Midshipman  1  Jan. 
1818  ;  lieut.  28  Apr.  1826 ;  com.  13  July,  1843 ; 
capt.  14  Sept.  1855;  commo.  16  July,  1862; 
rear-adm.  (retired  list)  25  July,  1866.  In  1830 
he  was  app.  to  the  dept.  of  charts  and  instru- 
ments. 18  Aug.  1838  he  left  Norfolk,  Va.,  in 
com.  of  5  vessels,  for  an  exploring  exped.  to  the 
South  Seas :  after  vi&iting  the  islands  of  the 
Pacific,  they  discovered  the  Antarctic  conti- 
nent, which  they  coasted  westward  for  more 
than  70  degrees.  For  this  and  other  contribu- 
tions to  science,  Wilkes  received  a  gold  medal 
from  the  Geog.  Soc.  of  London.  The  explora- 
tions included  the  Hawaiian  group  and  the 
North-west  coast ;  and  he  reached  N.  Y.  harbor 
10  June,  1842.  Sent  in  1861  to  the  W.  Indies 
in  the  frigate  "  San  Jacinto  "  to  look  after  the 
Confcd.  steamer  "  Sumter,"  he  took  Messrs. 
Mason  and  Slidell  from  the  British  mail-steam- 
er "  Trent,"  Nov.  8,  and  conveyed  them  to 
Boston.  He  was  thanked  by  Congress,  and  re- 
ceived the  applause  of  the  people;  but  his 
course  was  finally  disapproved  by  the  Pres.  28 
Aug.  1862,  while  com.  the  flotilla  on  the  James 
River,  he  destroyed  City  Point.  He  afterward 
com.  a  squadron  in  the  W.  Indies,  capturing 
many  blockade-runners.  Author  of  "Narra- 
tive of  the  U.  S.  Explo.  Exped.,"  5  vols.  1845  ; 
in  1851,  "Voyage  round  the  World,"  &c.,  a 
concise  account  of  the  same ;  "  Western  Amer- 
ica," 1849  ;  "Meteorology  of  the  Explo.  Ex- 
ped.," 1851;  and  "  Theory  of  Winds,"  1856. 

Wilkes,  George,  editor  and  proprietor 
of  the  Spirit  of  the  Times.  Author  of  "  His- 
tory of  California,"  8vo,  1845;  "Europe  in  a 
Hurry,"  12mo,  1852.  In  1870  he  received 
from  the  Emperor  of  Russia  the  grand  cross 
of  the  order  of  St.  Stanislas  for  suggesting  an 
overland  railway  to  China  and  India  by  way 
of  Russia. 

Wilkins,  William,  statesman,  b.  East- 
em  Pa.  1779;  d.  near  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  June 
23,  1865.  Son  of  John,  Revol.  officer,  an  early 
settler  of  Pittsburg,  brig.-gen.  of  militia  dur- 
ing the  "  Whiskey  Insurrection,"  who  d.  Pitts- 
burg, 1816,  a.  54.  William  was  educated  in 
Pittsburg.  In  1810  was  pres.  of  the  Pittsburg 
Manuf  Co.,  and  was  until  1819  pres.  of  the 
Bank  of    Pittsburg.      He  then  entered  the 


legisl.  ;  was  U.  S.  senator  in  1831-4;  minister 
to  Russia  1834;  M.C.  1843-4;  sec.  of  war 
1844-5 ;  and  judge  of  the  U.S.  Dist.  Court  for 
Western  Pennsylvania. 

Wilkinson,  Gen.  James,  b.  near  Bene- 
dict, Md.,  1757  ;  d.  near  Mexico  City,  Dec.  28, 
1825.  He  studied  at  the  Medical  School  of 
Phila.  in  1773,  and,  after  the  battle  of  Bunk- 
er's Hill,  repaired  to  the  camp  at  Cambridge ; 
March,  1776,  Washington  made  him  a  capt.  in 
Reed's  N.H.  regt.,  in  which  he  served  under 
Arnold  in  the  Northern  army ;  July,  1776,  hj 
was  app.  brigade-major ;  in  Dec.  was  sent  by 
Gates  to  the  com.-in-chicf  with  despatches,  and 
assisted  in  the  battles  at  Trenton  and  Prince- 
ton ;  lieut.-col.  Jan.  12, 1777  ;  on  Gates's  app. 
to  com.  the  Northern  army,  he  was  made  adj  .- 
gen.  (May  24),  and  bore  to  Congress  the  offi- 
cial despatches  announcing  Burgoyne's  sun-en- 
dcr.  He  received  the  brev.  of  brig.-gen.,  and 
was  appointed  sec.  to  the  board  of  war,  of  which 
Gates  was  pres.  Implicated  in  the  Conway 
Cabal,  he  resigned  his  secretaryship,  and  July 
24,  1779,  was  app.  clothier-gen.  to  the  army. 
After  the  peace,  he  settled  in  Lexington,  Ky., 
with  his  family,  and  engaged  in  mercantilo 
transactions,  particularly  in  a  tobacco  contract 
with  the  Spanish  gov.  of  La.  App.  lieut.-col. 
com.  2d  Inf.  Nov.  7,  1791 ;  com.  an  exped.  on 
the  Wabash  in  1791-2;  brig.-gen.  March  5, 
1792 ;  com.  right  wing  of  Wayne's  army  at  the 
Maumee  Rapids,  and  was  disting. ;  received 
Louisiana  from  the  French,  as  joint  commiss. 
with  Gov.  Claiborne,  in  Dec.  1803;  gov.  of 
La.  Terr.  1805-7;  gen.-in-chief  of  the  army, 
Dec.  1796-July,  1798,  and  June,  1800-Jan. 
1812;  remained  at  the  head  of  the  Southern 
dept.  until  his  court-martial  in  1811,  which 
grew  out  of  the  enmity  of  Burr's  friends  at  his 
activity  in  exposing  his  plans,  and  the  charge 
of  being  in  the  pay  of  Spain,  and  was  honor- 
ably acquitted.  App.  brev.  maj.-gen.  July  10, 
1812;  maj.-gen.  Mar.  1813;  in  April,  1813,  he 
reduced  Mol)ile,  and  fortified  Mobile  Point ;  and 
in  May  was  ordered  to  the  northern  frontier. 
His  operations  against  Canada  were  totally 
unsuccessful,  principally  on  account  of  dis- 
agreement with  Gen.  Wade  Hampton ;  and  ho 
was  tried  by  a  court-martial,  but  was  acquitted 
of  all  blame.  On  the  reduction  of  the  army  in 
1815,  he  was  discharged.  Having  become  pos- 
sessor of  large  estates  in  Mexico,  he  removed  to 
that  country,  where  he  died.  He  pub.  at  Phila., 
in  1816,  "Memou-s  of  My  Own  Times,"  3  vols. 
8vo.  He  was  elegant  in  person  and  manners, 
and  sumi)tuous  and  hospitable  in  his  living. 

Wilkinson,  Jemima,  a  religious  impos- 
tor, b.  Cumberland,  R.I.,  ab.  1753;  d.  July  1, 
1819.  She  was  educated  a  Quaker,  and  ob- 
tained distinction  in  the  sect.  Recovering  sud- 
denly from  an  apparent  suspension  of  life, 
experienced  during  a  fit  of  sickness  ab.  1773, 
she  asserted  that  she  had  been  raised  from  tho 
dead,  and  claimed  to  be  invested  with  divine 
attributes,  as  well  as  authority  to  instruct  man- 
kind in  religion.  She  made  a  few  proselytes, 
with  whom,  in  1789,  she  removed  to  N.Y.,  and 
settled  on  the  tract  called  Jerusalem,  Yates 
Co.,  where  she  resided  until  her  death.  She 
professed  to  be  able  to  work  miracles.  Though 
she  inculcated  poverty,  her  dupes  enabled  her 


T^I^ 


984 


TVIH. 


to  live  in  a  style  of  elegance ;  and  she  was  care- 
ful to  be  the  owner  of  lands,  purchased  in  the 
name  of  her  companion,  Rachel  Miller.  When 
she  preached,  she  stood  in  the  door  of  her  bed- 
chamber, wearing  a  waistcoat,  stock,  and  a 
white  silk  cravat.  After  her  death,  the  sect  was 
entirely  broken  up.  She  insisted  on  the  Sha- 
ker doctrine  of  celibacy ;  and  the  exercises  of 
her  religious  meetings  resembled  those  of  that 
sect. 

Willard,  Col.  Abijah,  loyalist,  b.  Lan- 
caster, Ms.,  1722;  d.  Lancaster,  N.B.,  May, 
1789.  Son  of  Col.  Samuel.  He  served  at  the 
taking  of  Cape  Breton  ;  rose  to  the  rank  of 
capt.,  and  was  wounded  in  that  campaign; 
com.  a  Ms.  regt.  in  the  campaign  of  1759  un- 
der Amherst;  was  a  loyalist;  and  in  1778  was 
proscribed,  and  his  property  confiscated.  He 
settled  in  New  Brunswick,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Prov.  council. 

WiUard,  Emma  C.  (Hart),  teacher  and 
author,  b.  N.  Berlin,  Ct.,  Feb.  23,  1787;  d. 
Troy,  N.Y.,  April  15,  1870.  Descended  from 
Thos.  Hooker,  the  founder  of  Hartford.  At 
16  she  began  teaching  in  her  native  town;  was 
successively  principal  of  several  academies;  and 
while  at  Middlebury,  Vt.,  in  1809,  m.  Dr.  John 
Willard.  In  1821  she  commenced  her  celebrat- 
ed school,  the  Troy  Female  Sem.,  with  which 
she  was  connected  till  1 839.  In  1830  she  made 
a  tour  in  Europe,  and  on  her  return  pub.  her 
"Journal  and  Letters,"  12mo,  1833,  devoting 
her  share  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  to  the  sup- 

Eort  of  a  school  in  Greece,  founded  mainly  by 
er  exertions,  for  the  education  of  female  teach- 
ers. Mrs.  Willard  long  resided  in  Hartford, 
where  she  wrote  and  pub.  addresses  on  Female 
Education ;  a  "Manual  of  American  History;  '* 
a  "  Treatise  on  Ancient  Geography ; "  a  small 
vol.  of  "Poems,"  1830;  a  "Treatise  on  the 
Motive  Powers  which  produce  the  Circulation 
of  the  Blood,"  1846;  "History  of  the  Mexi- 
can War  and  California,"  8vo,  1849;  "Last 
Leaves  of  American  History,"  a  continuation 
of  her  Manual ;  "  Universal  History  in  Per- 
spective," 1837;  "Temple  of  Time,"  1844; 
"  Historic  Guide,"  1 847 ;  "  Respiration  and  its 
Eilccts;"  " Astronography ; "  "Morals  for  the 
Young,"  1857;  "Astronomy,"  1853.  One  of 
her  best  known  poems  is  the  ocean-hymn, 
"  Rocked  in  the  Cradle  of  the  Deep." 

Willard,  Frances  E.,  pres.  of  the  Evans- 
ton  Coll.  for  Ladies,  b.  near  Rochester,  N.Y., 
28  Sept.  18S9.  Northw.  Fem.  Coll.  1858.  Of 
N.  Eng.  parentage,  and  descended  from  a  race 
of  teachers.  She  followed  the  same  profession 
in  various  Western  towns;  afterward  taught 
the  natural  sciences  in  her  alma  mater ;  in  1867 
was  app.  preceptress  of  Genesee  Wesl.  Sem.  at 
Lima,  N.Y.;  and  Feb.  14,  1871,  was  elected 
pres.  of  the  coll.  recently  established  in  connec- 
tion with  the  North-western  U.  in  deference  to 
the  popular  idea  of  the  co-education  of  the  sexes. 
This  is  the  first  time  that  such  an  honor  was 
ever  conferred  upon  a  woman  ;  and  Miss  Wil- 
lard's  eminent  fitness  for  the  position  has  been 
abundantly  manifested.  In  1869-71,  in  com- 
pany with  her  friend  and  benefactress.  Miss 
Kate  A.  Jackson  of  Paterson,  N.  J.,  she  made 
an  extended  foreign  tour,  visiting  Europe,  Syria, 
and  Egypt.    In  1 87 1  she  lectured  successfully  in 


Chicago,  her  theme  being  "  The  Ncw  Chival- 
ry," the  educational  aspects  of  the  Woman 
Question.  Besides  numerous  contribs.  to  peri- 
odicals. Miss  W.  in  1864  pub.  "Nineteen  Beau- 
tiful Years,"  a  tribute  to  a  deceased  sister, 
which  has  been  highly  commended. 

WiUard,  Jonx  Dwight,  LL.D.,  judge 
N.Y.  Circuit  Court,  b.  Lancaster  4  Nov.  1799; 
d.  Troy,  N.Y.,  16  Oct.  1864.  D.C.  1819.  Adm. 
to  the' N.Y.  bar  ab.  1823;  began  practice  in 
Troy  in  1826  ;  was  editor  of  the  Troy  Sentbut 
some  years  ;  served  as  a  State  senator ;  and 
was  a  judge  C.C.P.  Left  $10,000  to  Davtm. 
Coll,  Author  of  "  Treatise  on  Equity  Juris- 
prudence," 1855  ;  "  Law  of  Executors,  Ad- 
ministrators, and  Guardians,"  Svo,  1859;  "Law 
of  Real  Estate,"  1861. 

Willard,  Joseph,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  clergy- 
man, pres.  of  H.U.,  b.  Biddeford,  Me.,  Dec. 
29,  1738;  d.  N.  Bedford,  Ms.,  Sept.  25,  1804. 
HU.  1765.  Losing  his  father.  Rev.  Samuel, 
minister  of  Biddeford  (172.5-41),  at  an  early 
age,  he  went  to  sea,  and  made  several  coasting- 
voyages.  He  was  enabled  by  the  generosity 
of  some  friends  to  enter  college ;  was  tutor 
there  in  1 766-72 ;  was  ord.  colleague  with  Rev. 
Joseph  Champney  at  Beverly,  Nov.  25,  1772  ; 
and  was  inducted  into  the  presidency  of  Har- 
vard, Dec.  19,  1781.  He  pub.  a  few  sermons; 
a  Latin  address  on  the  death  of  Washington, 
prefixed  to  Tappan's  discourse,  1800 ;  and  some 
math,  and  astron.  papers  in  the  Memoirs  of  the 
Amer.  Academy. 

WiUard,  Joseph,  antiquarian,  son  of  the 
preceding,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  March  14, 1798  ; 
d.  Boston,  May  12,  1865.  H.U.  1816.  He 
studied  law.  Settled  about  1829  in  Boston. 
Corresp.  sec.  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Society  1829-64  ; 
app.  master  in  chancery  in  1839  ;  clerk  of  the 
Sup.  Court  1839-56;  clerk  of  the  Superior 
Court  from  1856  until  his  death.  Author  of 
a  "  History  of  Lancaster,"  1826;  the  Life  of 
his  ancestor,  Simon  Willard,  with  a  Family 
Genealogy,  8vo,  1858 ;  "  Address  on  the  200th 
Anniv.  of  the  Town  of  Lancaster,"  8vo,  1853  ; 
"  Naturalization  in  the  Amer.  Colonies,"  1859 ; 
"  Letter  to  an  English  Friend  on  the  Rebellion 
in  the  U.S.,"  1862  ;  contribs.  to  hist,  and  lite- 
rary periodicals.  His  son  Maj.  Sidney  (H.U. 
1852),  b.  Lancaster,  Ms.,  Feb.  3,  1831,  fell  at 
Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13,  1862.  He  studied 
and  practised  law  in  Boston.  Was  made  maj. 
35th  Ms.  Regt.  Aug.  27,  1862.  He  was  the 
writer  of  the  article  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly 
entitled  "  A  Night  in  a  Wherry ; "  was  a  dis- 
ting.  oarsman  at  college,  and  skilful  in  athletic 
sports. 

WiUard,  Samuel,  divine  and  author,  b. 
Concord,  Ms.,  Jan.  31,  1640;  d.  Sept.  12, 1707. 
H.U.  1659.  Son  of  Maj.  Simon.  Settled  min- 
ister of  Groton  in  1663,  but  was  driven  thence 
by  the  Indian  war  of  1676;  became  colleague 
with  Mr.  Thacher  of  the  Old  South  Church, 
Boston,  April  10,  1678;  and  as  vice-pres.,  on 
the  death  of  Pres.  Mather  (Sept.  6, 1701),  took 
the  superintendence  of  H.U.  till  his  death.  He 
opposed  the  proceedings  of  the  courts  during 
the  witchcraft  persecutions.  His  chief  work 
is  his  "  Body  of  Divinity,"  a  folio  vol.  made  up 
of  monthly  lectures  delivered  for  19  years,  and 
pub.  1726 ;  also  author  of  "  Brief  Animadver- 


^VIXj 


985 


WIL 


sions,"  &c.,  1681;  "The  Fountain  Opened/' 
&c.,  12mo,  1700;  sermons  and  treatises.  His 
son  JosiAH  (b,  1  May,  1681)  was  sec.  of  Ms. 
from  June,  1717,  to  his  d.,  6  Dec.  17.56.  H.U. 
1698.  App.  judge  of  probate  in  1731,  mem- 
ber of  the  council  1734. 

Willard,  Samuel,  D.  D.  (H.  U.  1826), 
Unitarian  divine,  b.  Petersham,  Ms.,  Apr.  19, 
1776;  d.  Deerfield,  Ms.,  Oct.  8,  1859.  H.U. 
1803.  He  was  in  1804-5  tutor  in  Bowd.  Coll. 
Was  ord.  over  the  church  in  Deerfield,  Sept.  3, 
1807,  and  resigned  the  pastorate  in  Sept.  1829 
on  account  of  loss  of  sight.  Author  of  the 
"Deerfield  Coll.  of  Sacred  Music;"  "Origi- 
nal Hymns/'  1823  ;  "  Index  to  the  Bible,  with 
Juvenile  Hymns,"  1826;  "Coll.  of  Hymns," 
1830;  "Rhetoric,"  1831  ;  "Introd.  to  the  Lat- 
in Language,"  1835,  &c.  Member  of  the 
Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

Willard,  Sidney,  prof,  of  Hebrew  in  H. 
U.  in  1807-31,  b.  Beverly,  Ms.,  19  Sept.  1780; 
d.  Cambridge,  6  Dec.  1856.  H.U.  1798;  li- 
brarian there  1800-5.  Son  of  Pres.  Joseph  of 
H.U.  At  one  time  a  preacher;  frequently  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  and  council;  mayor  of 
Cambridge  1848-51.  Author  of  "Memories 
of  Youth  and  Manhood,"  2  vols.  12mo,  1855; 
and  contrib.  to  the  Monthly  Anthology,  Christ. 
Exam.,  and  the  N.  A.  Review. 

Willard,  Major  Simon  of  Salem,  b. 
Kent,  Eng. ;  baptized  7  Apr.  1605  ;  d.  Charles- 
town,  Ms.,  where  he  was  holding  a  court,  April 
24,  1676.  He  came  to  N.E.  in  1634;  was  a 
chief  settler  of  Concord ;  then  lived  in  Lancas- 
ter and  Groton,  and  finally,  in  1676,  in  Salem. 
He  held  various  civil  offices,  and  was  skilful  as 
a  soldier. 

Willard,  William,  portrait-painter,  b. 
Sturbridge,  Ms.,  1819.  Began  portrait-painting 
ab.  1849 ;  has  made  successful  pictures  of  Jenny 
Lind,  Daniel  Webster,  Choate,  Lincoln,  and 
other  noted  persons;  and  since  1866  has  been 
fully  occupied  with  his  profession  in  Worces- 
ter, Mass. 

Willcox,  Orlando  Bolivar,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Detroit,  Mich.,  16  Apr.  1823. 
West  Point,  1847.  Entered  4th.  Art;  served 
in  Texas,  and  in  the  final  campaign  in  Florida, 
by  which  he  suflfered  greatly  in  health ;  and  re- 
signed 10  Sept.  1857.  Adm.  to  the  Detroit 
bar  in  1858,  he  practised  with  success  until 
May  24,  1861,  when  he  became  col.  of  the  1st 
Mich.  Regt.,  the  first  to  arrive  at  the  theatre  of 
war  from  the  West.  With  Col.  Ellsworth,  he 
took  possession  of  Alexandria;  com.  a  brigade 
at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  where  he  was  con- 
spicuous for  gallantry ;  was  severely  wounded, 
and  taken  prisoner;  exchanged  in  Aug.  1862  ; 
brig.-gen.  vols.,  dating  from  July  21, 1861.  He 
was  in  the  battles  of  Antietam  and  Fredericks- 
burg, and  was  temporarily  in  com.  of  the  9th 
corps  in  Central  Ky.  Engaged  in  the  opera- 
tions in  E.  Tenn.,  Sept.  '63  to  Mar.  '64  ;  com. 
div.  9th  corps  in  the  Richmond  campaign  end- 
ing with  Lee's  surrender;  brev.  maj.-general 
vols.  1  Aug.  1864  for  gallantry  in  several  ac- 
tions after  crossing  the  Rapidan ;  and  brig.- 
gen.  U.S.A.  for  the  battle  of  Spottsvlvania ; 
col.  29th  Inf.  July  28,  1866;  col.  r2th  Inf. 
1869;  brev.  maj.-gen.  March  2,  1867,  for  cap- 
ture of  Petersburg.     Author  of  "  Shoepack 


Recollections,"  1856;  "A  Wayside  Glimpse 
of  American  Life,"  1856;  "  Foca,  an  Army 
Memoir,  by  Maj.  March,"  1857.— Cm//mw. 

Willett,  Col.  Marinus,  Revol.  soldier, 
b.  Jamaica,  L.L,  July  31,  1740;  d.  N.  York, 
Aug.  22,  1830.  Col.  Coll.  1776.  A  lieut.  in 
Delancey's  regt.  in  the  unfortunate  attack  upon 
Ticonderoga,  in  which  he  displayed  great  cool- 
ness and  bravery ;  and  served  in  Bradstreet'8 
exped.  against  E'ort  Frontenac.  Early  in  1775 
Willett  entered  M'Dougal's  regt.  as  second 
capt. ;  joined  the  exped.  of  Montgomery;  com. 
the  post  of  St.  John's  until  Jan.  1776,  when  he 
returned  home,  and  was  soon  afterwards  app. 
lieut.-col.  3d  N.Y.  Regt. ;  May  18,  1777,  he  was 
ordered  to  Fort  Stanwix,  which  was  invested 
ab.  the  3d  of  Aug.  by  Col.  St.  Leger  with  a 
large  force  of  regulars  and  Indians.  In  order 
to  effect  a  diversion  in  favor  of  Gen.  Herkimer, 
who  was  collecting  a  body  of  militia  to  raise 
the  siege.  Col.  Willett  made  a  successful  sally, 
and  the  siege  was  raised  on  the  approach  of 
Arnold.  In  June,  1778,  he  joined  the  army 
of  Washington,  and  was  present  at  the  battle 
of  Monmouth;  in  1779  he  accomp.  Sullivan's 
successful  exped.  against  the  Indians.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  was  sheriff  of  N.  Y.  City 
(1784-92),  and  was  mayor  in  1807.  In  1792  he 
was  app.  brig.-gen.  in  the  army  intended  to  act 
against  the  North-western  Indians,  but  declined. 
He  pub.  an  Autobiography.  A  Memoir,  by 
his  son  Wm.  M.  Willett,  was  pub.  8vo,  New 
York,  1831. 

Williams,  Gen.  Alpheus  Starkey,  b. 
Saybrook,  Ct.,  Sept.  20,  1810.  Y.C.  1831. 
In  1836-41  he  practised  law  in  Detroit ;  judge 
of  probate  for  his  county  1841-5;  and  editor 
and  proprietor  of  the  Detroit  Daily  Advertiser 
1843-7.  In  the  Mexican  war  he  was  lieut.-col. 
of  Stockton's  Mich.  Vols.,  and  was  postmas- 
ter of  Detroit  in  1849-53.  App.  brig.-gen.  17 
May,  1861,  he  organized  the  Mich.  Vols,  un- 
til Sept. ;  joined  Gen.  Banks  in  com.  of  the 
1st  division  in  his  corps  in  March,  1862.  At 
the  battle  of  Cedar  Mountain,  one-third  of  his 
division  were  killed  or  wounded.  He  com.  this 
division  of  Slocum's  (I2th)  corps  at  Antietam, 
at  Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville,  and  at 
Gettysburg,  Pa.,  July  2,  1863;  served  under 
Sherman  in  the  Atlanta  campaign  ;  succeeded 
Slocum  in  com.  of  the  20th  corps  in  Nov.  1864, 
and  led  it  in  the  "  march  to  the  sea,"  and  the 
campaign  in  the  Carolinas,  Dec.  1864-May, 
1865.  Minister  to  the  republic  of  San  Salva- 
dor 1866-9. 

Williams,  Col.  Benjamin,  Revol.  pa- 
triot, b.  N.  C.  1754;  d.  Moore  Co.  July  20, 
1814.  He  entered  the  army  as  a  capt. ;  was 
disting.  and  made  col.  at  the  battle  of  Guil- 
ford ;  served  many  years  in  the  State  legisl. ; 
was  M.C.  in  1793-5  ;  was  gov.  of  N.C.  1799- 
1802  and  1807-8,  and  State  senator  1808-9. 

Williams,  Mrs.  Catharine  R.,  b.  Provi- 
dence 1790;  living  there  in  Dec.  1871.  Author 
of  "  Original  Poems,"  1828  ;  "  Religion  at 
Home,"  1829;  "  Tales,  National  and  Revol.,"  2 
series,  1830-5;  "Aristocracy,"  1832;  "Fall 
River,"  1833;  "Lives  of  Barton  and  Olney," 
1839  ;  "  Neutral  French,"  1841 ;  "  Annals  of 
the  Aristocracy"  (of  R.  L),  1842-5. 

Williams,  Charles  Kilbourne,  LL.D. 


"WTL. 


986 


-WUu 


(Mid.  Coll.  1834),  jurist,  b.  Cambridge,  Ms., 
Jan.  24,  1782  ;  d.  Rutland,  Vt.,  Mar.  9,  1853. 
Wms.  Coll.  1800.  Son  of  Prof.  Samuel.  He 
became  an  eminent  practitioner  at  the  bar  of 
Rutland  Co.  In  1812  served  one  campaign  on 
the  northern  frontier;  was  frequently  a  repre- 
sentative between  1809  and  1821,  and  again  in 
1849;  State  attorney  in  1814  and  '15;  judge 
of  the  Sup.  Court  in  1822-4  and  1829-42; 
collector  of  customs  for  the  dist.  of  Vt.  1825- 
9  ;  chief  justice  of  the  Sup.  Court  1842-6,  and 
ex  officio  chancellor  of  the  State;  pres.  of  the 
council  of  censors  in  1847;  and  gov.  1850-2. 
A  Memoir  of  his  Life  was  pub.  by  Hon.  Isaac 
T.  Redfield. 

Williams,  Charles  Langdon,  b.  Rut- 
land, Vt.,  1821 ;  d.  there  10  Feb.  1861.  Wms. 
Coll.  1839.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1842;  prac- 
tised at  Brandon,  Vt.,  in  1844-8  ;  and  after- 
ward resided  in  Rutland.  Author  of"  Statistics 
of  the  Rutland-Co.  Bar,"  1847;  "  Statutes  of 
Vt.,"  8vo,  1851;  "  Vt.  Sup.-Court  Reports," 
vols.  27-29,  1855-7. 

Williams,  David  R.,  gov.  S.C.  1814-16; 
killed  hy  accident  at  a  new  bridge,  Nov.  15, 
1830.  M.C.  1805-9  and  1811-13;  brig.-gen. 
July  9,  1813,  to  April  6,  1814. 

Williams,  Edwin,  statistical  writer,  b. 
Norwich,  Ct.,  1797;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  Oct.  21, 
1854.  Son  of  Gen.  Joseph,  a  Revol.  officer. 
He  pub.  Williams's  Amiual Register  {1830-45) ; 
"  Statesman's  Manual,"  4  volumes  8vo,  1854; 
"  Politician's  Manual,"  1832 ;  "  New  Universal 
Gazetteer,"  1833  ;  "Book  of  the  Constitution," 
1833  ;  "  New  York  as  It  Is  in  1833,"  et  seq. ; 
"  Arctic  Voyages,"  1835  ;  "  Polit.  History  of 
Ireland,"  1843;  "Presidents  of  the  U.S.," 
1849  ;  "  Twelve  Stars  of  the  Republic,"  1850. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  authors  of  "  The  Napo- 
leon Dynasty,"  and  was  a  constant  contrib.  to 
Jeriodicals.  Many  years  sec.  to  the  American 
nstitute,  and  an  active  working-member  of 
the  Hist.,  Geog.,  and  Statistical  Societies,  as 
well  as  of  the  Mechanics'  Institute. 

Williams,  Rev.  Eleazer  ;  d.  Hogans- 
burg,  N.Y.,  Aug.  28,  1858,  a.  ab.  73.  He  is 
supposed  to  have  been  a  grandson  of  Eunice, 
daughter  of  "the  redeemed  captive."  In  his 
youth  he  was  put  to  school  at  Longmcadow, 
Ms.  When  the  war  with  England  broke  out 
in  1812,  he  became  confidential  agent  of  govt, 
among  the  Indians;  served  with  bravery  in 
several  engagements ;  and  was  severely  wounded 
at  Plattsburg  in  1814.  After  the  war  he  con- 
nected himself  with  the  Prot.-Epis.  Church, 
officiating  for  several  years  as  lay-reader  among 
the  Oneida  Indians;  and  in  1826  was  ord.  mis- 
sionary in  Northern  N.  Y.  and  in  Wis.  Terr, 
for  many  years.  He  derives  his  notoriety  from 
an  article  by  Rev.  Mr.  Hanson  in  Putnam's 
Mag.,  entitled  "Have  we  a  Bourbon  among 
Us  1  "  and  a  subsequent  vol.  by  the  same  per- 
son, called  "  The  Lost  Prince."  Author  of 
"Iroquois  Spell ing-Book,"  1813;  "Caution 
against  our  Common  Enemy,"  1815;  "Book 
of  Common  Prayer,"  transl,  into  Mohawk, 
1853  ;  "Life  of  Thomas  Williams,"  a  chief  of 
the  Caughnawagas,  1859. 

Williams,  Elisha,  pres.  of  Yale  College 
1726-39,  b.  Hatfield,  Ms,,  Aug.  26,  1694;  d. 
Wethersfield,July25, 1755.    H.U.  1711.    Son 


of  Rev.  William  of  Hatfield.  Ord.  minister  of 
Newington,  Oct.  22,  1722.  He  passed  from 
his  parish  duties  at  Wethersfield  to  the  presi- 
dency of  Yale.  Obliged  by  ill-health  to  resign 
his  rectorship  of  Yale  Coll.,  he  returned  to 
Wethersfield,  and  was  elected  to  the  legisl., 
and  app.  judge  of  the  Superior  Court.  He 
was  in  1745  chaplain  of  the  Ct.  regt.  sent  to 
Cape  Breton ;  was  subsequently  app.  to  com. 
a  regt.  in  an  intended  exped.  against  Canada  ; 
went  to  Eng.  in  Dec.  1749  to  receive  the  pay 
due  to  himself  and  his  regt.,  returning  in  1752. 
He  pub.  some  occasional  sermons. 

Williams,  Col.  Ephraim,  founder  of 
Williams  College,  b.  Newton,  Ms.,  Feb.  24, 
1715;  killed  near  Lake  George,  Sept.  8,  1755. 
Eldest  son  of  Col.  Eph.,  an  early  settler  of 
Stockbridge.  In  early  life  he  made  several 
voyages  to  Europe.  In  the  war  with  France, 
1740-8,  he  served  as  a  capt.  in  Canada;  com. 
the  line  of  Massachusetts  forts  on  the  west  side 
of  Ct.  River;  in  1755  he  took  com.  of  a  regt., 
and  was  ordered  to  join  the  N.Y.  forces  under 
Gen.  Johnson,  who  were  marching  northward 
to  attack  the  French.  He  was  proceeding  with 
about  1,000  men  and  200  Indians  to  attack 
Dieskau's  advanced  force,  when  he  was  ambus- 
caded by  the  French  and  Indians,  and  was 
killed  at  the  first  fire.  He  left  his  property  by 
will  for  the  establishment  of  a  free  school  at 
Williamstown,  Ms.,  which  was  opened  in  1791, 
was  incorporated  as  a  college  in  1 793,  and  be- 
came a  flourishing  institution. 

WiUiams,  Frederick  Dickinson,  land- 
scape-painter of  Boston,  b.  27  Aug.  1828.  Bos- 
ton Latin  School,  1843;  H.  U.  1850.  Draw- 
ing-teacher at  the  Boston  Latin  and  High 
Schools  1850-7.  Now  (1871)  a  resident  of 
California.  Among  his  pictures  are  "  Tremon  t 
St.  by  Gaslight ; "  "  At  Home,  a  N.  England 
Interior;"  "The  Old  Tannery  on  the  Road 
to  Franconia ;  "  "  Back-Bay  Lands ;  "  "  New- 
England  Hillsides ; "  "  The  Seaside  Pasture  ; " 
"Manchester  Coast;"  "Summer  at  Lake 
George." 

WiUiams,  George  H.,  atty.-gen.  U.  S. 
(app.  14  Dec.  1871),  b.  Columbia  Co.,  N.Y., 
23  Mar.  1823.  Received  an  academical  educa- 
tion in  Onondaga  Co.  Studied  law ;  adm.  to 
the  bar  in  1 844,  and  emig.  to  Iowa ;  elected 
judge  1st  jud.  dist.  1847;  app.  chief  justice 
Oreg.  Terr.  1853;  re-app.  1857,  but  declined; 
member  Const.  Conv.  of  Oregon  wliich 
formed  the  State  govt.;  U.  S.  senator  1865- 
71. 

Williams,  Henry  Willard,  M.D.  (H.U. 
1849),  oculist  of  Boston.  Author  of  "  Diseases 
of  the  Eye,"  1862  ;  "  Recent  Advances  in  Oph- 
thalmic Science,"  1866. 

Williams,  Col.  James;  d.  Oct.  8,  1780, 
of  a  wound  at  the  battle  of  Eng's  Mountain. 
He  emig.  from  Granville  Co.,  N.  C,  to  Little 
River,  Laurens  Dist.,  S.C,  in  1773.  Member 
Prov.  Cong,  of  S.C.  in  Jan.  1775  ;  col.  of  mi- 
litia in  April,  1779  ;  com.  a  detachment  at  the 
battle  of  Stono,  June  20,  1779  ;  Aug.  18,  1780, 
he  attacked  and  defeated  a  large  body  of  Brit- 
ish and  Tories,  under  Col.  Innis,  at  Musgrove's 
Mills.  He  led  one  of  the  columns  of  attack  at 
King's  Mountain,  where  he  exhibited  great 
bravery,  and  fell  in  the  thickest  of  the  fight. 


"WTLi 


987 


■wau 


Two  of  his  sons,  Daniel  and  Joseph,  were  in 
the  battle.  —  O'NeaU's  Newbeirt/. 

Williams,  Jared  W.,  gov.  N.H.  1847-9; 
M.C.  1837-41 ;  U.S.  senator  1853-4  ;  b.  N.H. ; 
d.  Lancaster,  N.H.,  Sept.  29,  1864.  Brown 
U.  1818.  He  served  several  terms  in  the  State 
legislature. 

Williams,  John,  first  minister  of  Deer- 
field,  Ms.,  b.  Roxbury,  Ms.,  Dec.  10,  1664;  d. 
Deerfield,  June  12,  1729.  H.  U.  1683.  His 
grandfather  Robert  settled  in  Roxbury  in 
1637.  By  the  aid  of  liis  maternal  grandfather, 
Wm.  Park,  he  received  a  liberal  education. 
May  17,  1686,  he  was  settled  at  Deerfield,  a 
frontier  settlement  exposed  to  continued  at- 
tacks from  the  Indians.  Feb.  29,  1704  (0.  S.), 
the  place  was  taken  and  burned,  38  of  the 
townspeople  slain,  and  ab.  100  carried  into 
captivity,  —  among  them,  Mr.  Williams  and 
his  wife  (who. was  murdered  on  the  way)  and 
children.  They  were  taken  to  Montreal,  where 
they  remained  from  the  end  of  March  till  Oct. 
25,  1706,  when  the  survivors  were  sent  to  Bos- 
ton. His  dau.  Eunice,  10  years  of  age,  was 
left  behind,  and  m.  an  Indian.  In  March  fol- 
lowing he  pub.  "  The  Redeemed  Captive,"  an 
interesting  narrative  of  his  adventures  ;  an  edi- 
tion containing  the  Journal  of  his  son  Ste- 
phen, and  a  History  of  Deerfield,  was  pub.  by 
Dr.  S.  W.  Williams,  12rao,  1837.  He  returned 
to  Deerfield;  m.  a  dau.  of  Capt.  Allen  of 
Windsor,  Ct. ;  and  ab.  1710  was  app.  a  com- 
miss.  in  the  exped.  to  Canada  under  Col.  Stod- 
dard. His  3  sons,  Eleazer,  Stephen,  and  War- 
ham,  were  ministers.  Stephen,  D.D.  (D.C. 
1773),  minister  of  Longmeadow  from  17  Oct. 
1716  to  his  d.  10  June,  1782  (b.  14  May,  1693  ; 
H.  U.  1713),  was  a  chaplain  under  Pcpperell 
at  Louisburg  (1745),  under  Sir  Wm.  Johnson 
(1755),  and  under  Gen.  Winslow  in  1756.  Of 
his  sons,  Stephen  was  min.  of  Woodstock; 
Warham,  of  Northford  (1750-88)  ;  and  Na- 
than, of  Tolland  (4  Apr.  1760  to  his  d.  15 
Apr.  1829;  b.  1735;  Y.  C.  1755). 

Williams,  John,  jurist,  b.  Hanover  Co., 
Va. ;  d.  Granville  Co.,  N.  C,  Oct.  1799.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  judges  under  the  State 
const,  of  N.  C.  in  1777-90,  and  a  member  of 
the  Old  Congress  in  1778-9. 

William.S,  John  ("  Anthony  Pasquin"), 
b.  London  ;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Oct.  12,  1818. 
Educated  at  Merchant  Tailors'  School,  and 
originally  intended  for  the  church,  but  pre- 
ferred literature,  and  was  employed  as  a  trans- 
lator by  the  London  booksellers.  He  edited 
several  journals  in  Dublin;  and  in  1784  as- 
sisted Henry  Bate  Dudley  on  the  Morning  Her- 
ald. A  violent  quarrel  soon  severed  this  con- 
nection. In  1787  he  was  corresp.  for  the  Uni- 
versal Register.  Two  vols,  of  his  poems  were 
pub.  Lond.  1789.  While  in  Ireland,  his  violent 
denunciation  of  govt,  brought  on  him  its  ven- 
geance ;  a  heavy  fine  was  imposed  upon  him  : 
and  he  was  adjudged  by  Lord  Kcnyon,  in 
1797,  "a  common  libeller."  He  came  soon 
after  to  the  U.S.,  where  he  edited  a  Democ. 
newspaper.  Also  author  of  "Legislative 
Biog.,"  8vo,  1 795  ;  "  The  Hamiltoniad,"  Bos- 
ton, 1804;  "Life  of  Alex.  Hamilton,"  Boston, 
1804;  "Dramatic  Censor,"  8vo,  1811. — See 
Allibone;  Europ.  Mag.,  1789, 


Williams,  Col.  John,  soldier  and  sena- 
tor, b.  Surry  Co.,  N.C.,  Jan.  29,  1778;  d.  near 
Knoxville,  Aug.  10,  1837.  Son  of  a  disting. 
Revol.  patriot.  Was  app.  capt.  6th  Inf.  April, 
1799;  emi<^.  to  Tenn.  in  1803;  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  law;  m.  and  settled  near  Knox- 
ville. In  the  latter  part  of  1812  he  raised  a 
regt.  of  vols.,  and  marched  at  their  head  into 
Florida;  app.  col.  39th  U.S.  Inf  18  June, 
1813,  with  which  he  went  to  New  Orleans ;  in 
Dec.  1813  he  joined  Gen.  Jackson,  and  partici- 
pated in  the  battle  of  Horse-shoe  Bend ;  U.  S. 
senator  1815-23  ;  several  years  chairman  of  its 
military  committee.  From  Dec.  9,  1825,  to 
March,  1827,  he  was  minister  to  the  republic 
of  Central  America,  and  was  subsequently  a 
member  of  the  State  senate. 

Williams,  John,  D.D.  (Col.  and  Union 
Colls.  1847),  Prot.-Epis.  bishop  of  Ct.  (consec. 
29  Oct.  1851),  b.  Deerfield,  Ms.,  30  Aug. 
1817.  Trim  Coll.  1835.  Ord.  deacon  1838; 
priest  1 841 ;  rector  of  St.  George's,  Schenectady, 
1842.  Pres.  Trin.  Coll.,  Hartford,  1848-53. 
Succeeded  to  the  episcopate  on  the  death  of 
Bishop  Brownell,  Jan.  1865.  Author  of  "An- 
cient Hymns  of  the  Church ; "  "  Thoughts  on 
the  Gospel  Miracles ; "  "  Inaug.  Discourse  Trin. 
Coll.,"  1849;  also  sermons,  addresses,  and 
articles  in  the  Church  Review,  &,c.  Edited 
Browne's  Exposition  of  the  39  Articles,  1865. 

Williams,  John  Foster,  a  naval  officer 
of  the  Revol. ;  d.  Boston,  June  24,  1814,  a.  70. 
He  was  brought  up  to  the  sea,  and  early  in 
1 780  received  the  com.  of  "  The  Protector,"  a  20- 
gun  ship  built  by  the  State  of  Ms. ;  July  9, 1 780, 
he  fell  in  with  the  letter-of-marque  "  Admiral 
DuiF"  (32  guns  and  150  men),  which,  after  an 
action  of  an  hour  and  a  half,  took  fire,  and  was 
blown  up.  Late  in  Oct.  1780  he  again  sailed 
from  Boston ;  cruised  a  while  in  the  W.  Indies, 
where  he  took  several  rich  prizes ;  but  on  his  re- 
turn-voyage, falling  in  with  two  armed  ships 
of  superior  force,  he  was  obliged  to  surrender, 
remaining  a  prisoner  until  the  peace.  In  the 
celebration  of  the  adoption  of  the  Federal 
Constitution  by  Ms.  in  Feb.  1788,  Capt.  Wil- 
liams held  a  conspicuous  place.  From  1790  to 
his  d.  he  was  com.  of  a  revenue-cutter. 

WUliams,  Gen.  Jonathan,  b.  Boston, 
1752;  d.  Phila.  16  May,  1815.  Son  of  Jona., 
a  Revol.  patriot.  He  received  a  good  educa- 
tion ;  was  placed  in  a  counting-house,  and  made 
several  commercial  voyages  to  the  W.  Indies 
and  to  Europe.  He  was  in  Eng.  in  1770  and 
'73,  where  he  was  kindly  received  by  Dr. 
Franklin,  his  grand-uncle,  and  \ias  intrusted 
with  letters  and  communications  of  political 
importance.  Visiting  France  in  1777,  he  was 
app.  U.  S.  commercial  agent,  and  in  1785  re- 
turned with  Franklin  to  the  U.S.  He  was  sev- 
eral years  a  judge  of  the  C.C.P.  in  Phila. 
App.  maj.  of  ai't.  16  Feb.  1801  ;  insp.  of  forti- 
fications 4  Dec.  1801 ;  and  supt.  of  West-Point 
Acad.;  lieut.-col.  engrs.  8  July,  1802;  col.  23 
Feb.  1808-31  July,  1812;  gen.  of  N.Y.  militia 
1812-15.  Elected  to  Congress  from  Phila. 
1814;  vice-pres.  Amcr.  Philos.  Soc.  Author 
of  a  Memoir  on  the  use  of  the  thermometer  in 
navigation,  1 799 ;  "  Elements  of  Fortification  " 
(transl.),  1801 ;  and  "Kosciusko's  Movements 
for  Horse  Artillery,"  1808.     His   son   Capt. 


WJXi 


988 


^WUL, 


Alex.  John  was  killed  in  defence  of  Fort  Erie, 
15  Au«?.  1814. 

Williams,  Gen.  Otho  Holland,  b. 
Prince  George  Co.,  Md.,  in  March,  1749;  d. 
July  16,  1794.  Ilis  ancestors  were  Welsh,  and 
came  to  America  soon  after  Lord  Baltimore  be- 
came proprietor  of  Md.  At  twelve  he  was  left 
an  orphan,  and  was  placed  in  the  office  of  the 
clerk  of  his  native  county,  and  afterward  in 
that  of  Baltimore,  of  which  he  had  the  princi- 
pal direction.  In  the  beginning  of  the  Revol. 
struggle  he  was  app.  lieut.  of  a  rifle  company, 
and  marched  to  the  Amcr.  camp  near  Boston. 
In  1776  a  rifle  regt.  was  organized,  in  which  he 
was  app.  major ;  it  formed  part  of  the  garrison 
of  Fort  Washington,  N.Y.,  when  that  post 
was  captured  by  the  British,  and  gained  great 
honor  by  the  gallant  manner  in  which  it  with- 
stood the  attack  of  the  Hessian  column  to 
which  it  was  opposed.  Major  Williams  was 
wounded  and  taken,  but  was  soon  exchanged. 
App.  col.  6th  Md.  Regt.,  with  which,  soon  after 
the  reduction  of  Charleston,  he  accomp.  Baron 
be  Kalb  to  S .  C . ;  and,  when  Gen .  Gates  assumed 
the  com.  of  the  Southern  army,  he  was  made 
adj.-gen.,  in  which  station  he  remained  until 
the  close  of  the  war.  He  gained  great  distinc- 
tion in  the  disastrous  battle  of  Camden ;  per- 
formed efficient  service  during  Greene's  cele- 
brated retreat,  in  which  he  com.  the  light  corps 
which  acted  as  a  rear-guard.  He  seconded 
Greene  at  Guilford  and  Hobkirk ;  and,  by  his 
brilliant  charge  at  Evitaw,  he  decided  the*  for- 
tune of  the  day.  In  May,  1782,  he  was  made  a 
brig.-gen. ;  coll.  of  customs  for  the  State  of  Md. 
until  his  death.  —  See  Life  by  Tiffany,  8vo, 
1851. 

Williams,  Reuel,  LL.D.  (Bowd.  1855), 
lawyer  and  senator,  b.  Augusta,  Me.,  June  2, 
178.3;  d.  July  25,  1862.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1802,  he  was  a  partner  with  Judge  Bridge,  and 
acquired  high  reputation ;  member  of  the  legisl. 
1822-6,  and  of  the  senate  in  1827-8;  again  in 
the  house  in  1829-32;  U.S.  senator  1837-43; 
was  active  in  the  railroad  project  of  uniting 
Augusta  with  Boston ;  and  for  12  years  was  the 
manager  of  the  road. 

WiUiams,  Roger,  founder  of  R.I.,,  and 
the  apostle  of  civil  and  religious  liberty  in 
America,  b.  Wales,  1599;  d.  Providence,  Apr. 
1683.  Educated  by  Sir  Ed.  Coke  at  Sutton's 
Hospital,  now  the  Charter  House,, 1621-4,  and 
at  Pemb.  Coll.,  Camb.,  1625-6.  JEIe  became  a 
nonconformist  minister,  and  sought  an  asylum 
in  America,  arriving  at  Boston  Feb.  9,  1631. 
In  April  he^as  chosen  assist,  to  Mr.  Skelton 
in  the  ministry  at  Salem ;  and  asserting  at  once 
his  views  of  religious  toleration,  the  independ- 
ence of  conscience  of  the  civil  magistrate,  and 
the  separation  of  Church  and  State,  he  was  in 
a  few  months  obliged  to  withdraw  to  Pljonouth, 
where  he  was  for  two  years  assist,  to  Mr.  Ralph 
Smith.  Returning  to  Salem  in  1633,  he  suc- 
ceeded Skelton,  and  was  driven  thence  by  an 
order  of  the  Gen.  Council,  late  in  1635,  into 
exile  for  "his  new  and  dangerous  opinions 
ap^ainst  the  authority  of  magistrates."  Per- 
raitted  to  remain  till  spring,  he  persisted  in 
preaching  in  his  own  house ;  and  orders  were 
sent  in  Jan.  1636  to  seize  him,  and  send  him  to 
Eng.     He  fled,  making  his  memorable  journey 


in  the  winter-season  through  what  was  then  a 
wilderness,  and  founded  the  city  of  Providence. 
Here  he  maintained  friendly  relations  with  the 
Indians,  and  promoted  the  settlement  of  R.I. 
Embracing  the  sentiments  of  the  Baptists,  he 
was  baptized  March,  1639;  but,  entertaining 
doubts  of  the  correctness  of  their  principles, 
the  church  he  had  formed  was  dissolved.  He 
studied  the  Indian  language,  and  endeavored 
to  teach  the  gospel  to  the  Indians.  In  1643  he 
sailed  from  New  Amsterdam  for  Eng.  to  pro- 
cure a  charter.  On  his  voyage  he  wrote  his 
"Key  into  the  Language  of  America"  (Lond. 
1643).  He  obtained  a  charter  in  1644,  and 
landed  in  Boston  in  Sept.  Before  returning, 
he  pub.  in  Lond.  "Mr.  Cotton's  Letter,  lately 
printed.  Examined  and  Answered ; "  and  also 
his  celebrated  work,  which  embodies  the  princi- 
ples of  toleration,  —  "  The  Blood}^  Tenent  of 
Persecution  for  Cause  of  Coilscience."  At 
the  close  of  1651  he  again  visited  Eng.  to  se- 
cure the  confirmation  of  the  charter,  in  which 
he  succeeded.  Cotton  having  replied  to  his 
"Bloody  Tenent,"  Williams  pub.  (Lond.  1652) 
"  The  Bloody  Tenent  yet  more  Bloody  by  Mr. 
Cotton's  Endeavour  to  wash  it  White  in  the 
Blood  of  the  Lambe,"  &c. ;  and  at  the  same 
time  "  The  Hireling  Ministry  none  of  Christ's ; " 
also  "Experiments  of  Spiritual  Life  and 
Health,  and  their  Preservatives."  During  this 
second  visit  in  Eng.,  he  was  for  a  time  engaged 
in  teaching.  He  was  intimate  with  Milton, 
Cromwell,  and  Sir  Henry  Vane,  with  whom  he 
passed  much  time.  He  was  chosen  prcs.  of  the 
Colony  in  Sept.  1654,  which  office  he  held  2^ 
years.  His  influence  with  the  Indians  enabled 
him  to  render  signal  services  to  the  Colonies 
around  him  by  averting  from  them  the  calami- 
ties of  savage*  war  ;  but  they  refused  to  admit 
R.I.  into  the  N.  England  league,  and  even  put 
obstacles  in  the  way  of  preparing  the  means  of 
defence.  His  Memoir  has  been  written  by  J. 
D.  Knowlcs  (1833),  Wm.  Gammell  (1846),  and 
Romeo  Elton  (1853).  The  Narraganset  Club 
in  1866  pub.  a  vol.  containing  a  biog.  of  Wil- 
liams by  R.  A.  Guild,  Williams's  Key  into 
the  Language  of  America  (edited  by  J.  Ham- 
mond Trumbull),  and  Cotton's  Letter  with 
Williams's  Reply.  Though  maintaining  the 
rights  of  the  Quakers,  Williams  held  a  contro- 
versy with  Fox  and  his  disciples,  an  account  of 
which  is  the  last  of  his  pubs.,  — "  George  Fox 
digged  out  of  his  Burrowes  "  (1676). 

Williams,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (Edinb. 
1785),  historian,  and  Ilollis  prof,  of  mathe- 
matics and  nat.  philos.  in  H.U.  1780-8,  b. 
Waltham,  Ms.,  Apr.  23, 1743  ;  d.  Rutland,  Vt., 
Jan.  2,  1817.  H.U.  1761.  Grandson  of  Rev. 
John  of  Deerfield.  Ord.  minister  of  Bradford, 
Nov.  20, 1765-80.  In  1788  he  removed  to  Rut- 
land, where  he  preached  in  1789-95,  and  where 
he  resided  during  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  sur- 
veyed the  west  boundary  of  Ms.  in  1786,  and 
the  boundary-line  of  Vt.  in  1805.  Some  time 
editor  and  prop,  of  the  Rutland  Herald ;  fellow 
of  the  Amer.  Acad.,  of  the  Philos.  Society ;  and 
pub.,  besides  papers  on  astronomy,  &c.,  in  the  sci- 
entific journals,  "  The  Natural  and  Civil  History 
of  Vt,,"  8vo,  1794,  enlarged  edition,  2  vols.  8vo, 
1809.  During  his  residence  at  Bradford,  Benj. 
Thompson,  afterwards  Count  Rumford,  studied 


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989 


"WTL. 


philosophy  under  him,  was  a  member  of  his 
family,  and  corresp.  with  him  until  1791.  His 
son  Gen.  C.  K.  Williams  became  chief  justice 
and  f^ov.  of  Vt. 

Williams,  Samuel  Wells,  LL.D.  (Un. 
Coll.  1850),  orientalist,  b.  Utica,  N.Y.,  Sept. 
1812.  After  studying  at  the  Rensselaer  School, 
Troy,  he  went  in  1833  to  China  as  a  printer'for 
the  missionary  board  at  Canton,  and  assisted 
in  editing  the  Chinese  Repository.  In  1837,  while 
on  a  voyage  to  and  from  Japan,  he  obtained 
from  some  shipwrecked  Japanese  a  knowledge 
of  their  language,  translated  a  treatise  on  smelt- 
ing copper  from  the  original,  and  made  a  ver- 
sion of  the  Book  of  Genesis  and  the  Gospel 
of  St.  Matthew  into  Japanese.  He  contrib. 
to  Dr.  Bridgman's  "  Chinese  Chrestomathy," 
and  pub.  "Easy  Lessons  in  Chinese,"  1841; 
"English  and  Chinese  Vocabulary,"  1843; 
and  "Chinese  Commercial  Guide,"  1844.  Re- 
turning home,  he  reached  New  York  in  Oct. 
1845,  and  pub.  "The  Middle  Kingdom,"  2 
vols.  1848.  In  1848-51  he  edited  the  Chinese 
■  Repositorij  at  Canton  ;  in  1 853-4  he  was  inter- 

Ereter  to  Com.  Perry's  Japan  exped. ;  in  1855 
e  was  sec.  and  interpreter  to  the  U.S.  legation  ; 
in  1856  he  pub.  a  "  Tonic  Dictionary  of  the 
Chinese  Language;  "  in  1858  he  assisted  Mr. 
Reed  in  the  negotiations  at  Tientscn,  and  in 
1859  went  with  Mr.  Ward  to  Pekin  to  ex- 
change the  ratifications;  in  1860  he  lectured 
before  the  Smithsonian  Inst,  and  elsewhere  in 
the  U.  S.  —  Appleion. 

Williams,  Gen.  Seth,  b.  Augusta,  Me., 
March  22,  1822;  d.  Boston,  March  23,  1866. 
West  Point,  1842.  Son  of  Hon.  Daniel  of 
Augusta,  Me.  Entered  2d  Art. ;  was  1st  lieut. 
in  1 847  ;  served  with  Scott's  army  in  Mexico, 
participating  in  the  principal  battles,  as  aide-de- 
camp to  Gen.  Patterson  ;  and  was  brev.  capt. 
for  gallantry  at  Cerro  Gordo.  After  the  war 
he  was  assigned  to  the  adj.-gen.'s  dept. ;  pro- 
moted to  raaj.  Aug.  3, 1861 ;  lieut.-col.  July  17, 
1 862 ;  made  brig.-gen.  vols.  Sept.  23, 1 861 ;  adj.- 
gen.  to  Gen.  McClellan  in  Western  Va.,  and 
until  McClellan  was  relieved  of  the  com.  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac ;  and  held  the  same  posi- 
tion with  Gen.  Meade.  May  10,  1864,  he  was 
placed  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Grant  as  acting  in- 
spector-gen.;  brev.  col.  U.S.A.  for  Gettysburg; 
maj.-gcn.  vols.  1  Aug.  1864  for  merit,  services 
since  Gettysburg;  brig,  and  maj.  gen.  U.S.A. 
for  campaign  ending  with  Lee's  surrender,  and 
for  gallant  and  merit,  services  in  the  field  dur- 
ingthe  Rebellion. 

Williams,  Stephen  West,  M.D.,  a  dis- 
ting.  physician  and  author,  b.  Deerfield,  Ms., 
Mar.  27,  1790;  d.  Laona,  111.,  July  6,  1855. 
Son  of  Dr.  W.  S.  Williams  of  Deerfield.^  Re- 
moved to  Laona  in  1 852.  A  Memoir  is  in  the 
Phila.  Med.  and  Surg.  .Tour,  of  Aug.  1852.  Au- 
thor of  "Amer.  Med.Biog.,"  8vo,  1845;  "Me- 
moirs of  Rev.  John  Williams  of  Deerfield ; " 
"Genealogy  of  the  Williams  Family,"  1847; 
"  Indigenous  Medical  Botany  of  Ms.,"  8vo ; 
"Catechism  of  Med.  Jurisprudence,"  18mo, 
1835.     Contrib.  to  med.  and  scient.  journals. 

Williams.  Gen.  Thomas,  b.  N.Y.  1815; 
killed  in  the  battle  of  Baton  Rouge,  Aug.  5, 
1862.  West  Point,  1837.  Entering  the  4th 
Art.,  in  1 840-1  he  was  assist,  prof,  of  math,  in 


the  Milit.  Acad. ;  was  aide  to  Gen.  Scott  in 
1 844-50 ;  won  the  brevets  of  capt.  and  major 
in  the  Mexican  war ;  capt.  12  Sept.  1850;  maj. 
5th  Art.  14  May,  1861 ;  and  Sept.  28  was  made 
brig.-gen  of  vols.  He  com.  for  a  time  the  forts 
at  Hattcras  Inlet ;  accomp.  Butler's  exped.  to 
New  Orleans ;  led  the  land-forces  in  the  unsuc- 
cessful siege  of  Vicksburg,  cutting  the  canal 
designed  to  turn  the  course  of  the  Mpi.  from 
that  city;  and  afterward  held  com.  at  Baton 
Rouge.  He  vigorously  repulsed  the  attack 
upon  that  place  by  the  Confeds.  under  Brcck- 
enridge,  but  fell  towards  the  close  of  the  action 
while  leading  a  Michigan  regt.  in  a  charge. 

Williams,  Thomas  Scott,  LL.D.  (Y.C. 
1834),  jurist,  b.  Wcthersfield,  Ct.,  June  26, 
1777  ;  d.  Hartford,  Dec.  15,  1861.  Y.C.  1794. 
Adm.  to  the  bar  in  Feb.  1799;  commenced 
practice  at  Mansfield,  removing  to  Hartford  in 
1803;  member  of  the  Gen.  Assembly  7  times 
between  1813  and  1829;  M.C.  in  1817-19;  in 
May,  1829,  was  app.  an  assoc.  judge  of  the  Sup. 
Court  of  Errors  and  of  the  Superior  Court ;  and 
in  May,  1834,  was  app.  chief  justice,  which  office 
he  held  till  1847 ;  mayor  of  Hartford  1831-5. 
Some  years  pres.  of  the  Amer.  Tract  Society ; 
was  a  large  contrib.  to  objects  of  benevolence, 
and  beq[ueathed  nearly  $30,000  to  charitable 
institutions.  An  active  member  of  the  Foreign 
Mission  and  Bible  Societies. 

Williams^  William,  minister  of  Hatfield, 
Ms.,  1685  to  his  d.  Aug.  31,  1741,  b.  Newton, 
Feb.  2,  1665.  H.U.  1683.  Son  of  Isaac,  and 
grandson  of  Robert  of  Roxbury.  He  preached 
a  half-century  sermon  from  his  ord.,  as  also  did 
his  son  Solomon,  his  grandson  Eliphalet  at  E. 
Hartford,  and  his  great-grandson  Solomon  of 
Northampton. 

WiUiams,  William,  a  signer  of  the  Decl. 
of  Indcp.,  b.  Lebanon,  Ct.,  Apr.  18,  1731 ;  d. 
Aug.  2,  1811.  H.U.  1751.  Son  of  Rev.  Solo- 
mon.  In  1755  he  belonged  to  the  staff  of  his 
relative.  Col.  Eph.  Williams,  and  was  engaged 
in  the  battle  of  Lake  George;  in  1773  he  was 
a  member  of  the  com.  of  corresp.  of  Ct. ;  in 
1775  speaker  of  the  house,  and  afterwards  a 
member  of  the  council ;  was  an  active  member 
of  the  com.  of  safety.  After  serving  a  long  time 
in  the  legisl.,  he  was  in  1776-7  and  1783-4  a 
member  of  the  Cont.  Congress.  He  aided  in 
arousing  the  spirit  of  freedom  by  several  essays 
on  political  subjects,  and  once  by  an  impres- 
sive speech ;  and  expended  nearly  all  his  prop- 
erty in  the  cause.  Member  of  the  convention 
of  his  State  which  adopted  the  Federal  Consti- 
tution.    His  wife  was  a  dan.  of  Gov.  Trumbull. 

WiUiam.S,  William  R.,  D.D.,  clergyman, 
b.  New  York,  Oct.  14,  1804.  Col.  Coll.  1822. 
Son  of  Rev.  John,  pastor  of  the  Oliver-st.  Bap- 
tist Ch.,  N.Y.  City.  He  studied  law  3  years  m 
the  office  of  Hon.  P.  A.  Jay ;  practised  a  year; 
visited  Europe ;  and,  entering  upon  the  Baptist 
ministry,  was  installed  over  the  Amity-st.  Ch., 
New  York,  in  1831.  He  has  pub.  2  vols,  of 
discourses;  "Religious  Progress,"  1850;  "Lec- 
tures on  the  Lord's  Prayer,"  1851;  a  vol.  of 
"Miscellaneous  Addresses,"  1850,  &c.  A 
"History  of  the  Baptists,"  by  him,  is  an- 
nounced (1871)  from  the  press  of  Harper  & 
Bi-os.  Dr.  Williams  has  a  high  reputation  as 
an  author  and  pulpit-orator. 


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990 


WU-i 


Williamson,  Hugh,  M.D.,LL.D.,  states- 
man and  man  of  letters,  b.  West  Nottingham, 
Pa.,  5  Dec.  1735;  d.  N.Y.  22  May,  1819.     U. 
of  Fa.  1757.     He  studied  divinity;   preached 
occasionally  during  two  years;  in  1760-3  was 
prof  of  mathematics  in  the  U.  of  Pa. ;  studied 
meflicine  at  Edinburgh  and  Utrecht,  where  he 
took  his  degree ;  and  on  his  return  practised 
successfully  in  Phila.    Jan.  7,  1769,  he  was 
app.  one  of  a  com.  of  the  Philos.  Society  to 
observe  the  transit  of  Venus,  his  account  of 
which  is  in  vol.  i.  of  the  "  Philos.  Trans. ; " 
which  also  contains  a  paper  by  him  on  the 
transit  of  Mercury,  9  Nov.  1769.    After  visit- 
ing the  W.  Indies  in  1772,  he  went  to  London 
to  procure  aid  for  an  acad.  at  Newark,  N.  J., 
and  was  examined  in  Feb.  1774  by  the  privy 
council  on  the  subject  of  the  destruction  of  the 
tea ;  spent  some  time  on  the  Continent ;  and, 
after  the  Decl.  of  Indep.,  returned  home,  bring- 
ing important  papers.     The  letters  of  Hutch- 
inson and  others  were  placed  in  the  hands  of 
Dr.  Franklin,  and  reached  Boston  before  Wil- 
liamson reached  Europe,  disproving  the  as- 
sertion of  his  agency  in  their  procurement. 
In  1777  he  engaged  m  mercantile  pursuits  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  with  a  younger  brother.    He 
subsequently  practised  medicme  in  Edenton, 
N.C. ;  served  a  number  of  years  in  the  house 
of  commons ;  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  mili- 
tia of  N.C.  in  1781-2,  rendering  aid  to  those 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Camden ;  was  a  dele- 
gate to  Congress  in  1782-5  and  1787-8,  and  to 
the  conv.  which  formed  the  U.S.  Constitution 
in  1787,  as  well  as  to  the  State  conv.  to  ratify 
it  in  1789;  M.C.  1790-3;  then  removed  to  New 
York,  where  he  was  instrumental  in  forming  a 
Literary  and  Philos.  Society  in  1814  ;  and  was 
a  frequent  contrib.  to  the  "  Transactions  "  of 
the  learned  societies  of  Europe  and  America. 
He  pub.  a  series  of  essays  upon  Paper  Curren- 
cy in  1786 ;  some  fugitive  pieces  on  Languages 
and  Politics  in  the  American  Museum;  "Ob- 
servations on  the  Climate  of  America,"  1811 ; 
"  Hist,  of  N.C.,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1812 ;  "  Observa- 
tions on  Navigable  Canals ; "  and  an  essay  on 
Comets  in  "Trans."  of  Lit.  and  Philos.  Soc.  of 
N.Y.    In  1810  he  delivered  a  discourse  on  the 
"  Benefits  of  Civil  History,"  before  the  N.Y. 
Hist.  Soc.     Such  was  his  integrity,  that  none 
could  approach  him  with  flattery  or  falsehood. 
Williamson,   Isaac   H.,  LL.D.    (N.J. 
Coll.  1839),  lawyer  and  jurist,  b.  Elizabeth- 
town,   N.J.,    1769;   d.   there  July  10,    1844. 
Educated  at  the  local   schools  of  the  place. 
He  studied  law  with  an  elder  bro.,  Matthias ; 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1791 ;  was  at  one  time 
prosec.-atty.  for  Morris  Co.,  and  rose  to  the 
head  of  the  profession.    In  1817  he  was  elected 
to  the  Assembly,  and  was  gov.  and  chancellor 
of  the  State  1817-29.    Pres.  of  the  State  Const. 
Conv.  of  1844. 

Williamson,  James,  landscape-painter, 
b.  ToUcross,  near  Glasgow,  Apr.  10,  1826 ; 
came  to  the  U.S.  in  1831,  and  is  sec.  of  the 
Brooklyn  Art.  Assoc.  His  best  pictures  are, 
"  Autumn  in  the  Adirondacks,"  "  Trout-Fish- 
ing," "  American  Fruit,"  and  "  Summit  of 
Chooora  by  Twilight."  —  Tuckerman. 

WiUiamson,  Pbtek,  well  known  for  his 
singular  adventures;   d.  Edinburgh,  Jan.  19, 


1799.  He  was  kidnapped  when  a  boy  at  Aber- 
deen, and  sent  to  Amer.,  for  which  he  afterward 
recovered  damages.  He  passed  a  considerable 
time  among  the  Cherokees,  and,  on  his  return 
to  Edinburgh,  amused  the  public  with  a  descrip- 
tion of  their  manners  and  customs,  and  his  ad- 
ventures among  them  ;  assuming  the  dress  of 
a  cliief,  imitating  the  war-whoop,  &c.  He  had 
the  merit  of  instituting  a  penny-post  at  Edin- 
burgh, for  which,  when  it  was  assumed  by  govt., 
he  received  a  pension.  He  was  also  the  first 
who  pub.  a  city  directory.  Author  of  "  French 
and  Indian  Cruelty  Exemplified,"  &c.,  Glasg. 
8vo,  1758;  "  Brief  Account  of  the  War  in 
North  America,"  12mo,  1760. —  Gents.  Mag., 
Ixix.  167. 

Williamson,  William  Durkee,  his- 
torian, b.  Canterbury,  Ct.,  July  31,  1779;  d. 
Bangor,  May  27,  1846.  Brown  U.  1804,  His 
ancestor  Timothy  of  Marshfield  was  a  soldier 
in  King  Philip's  Indian  war.  Commencing 
the  practice  of  law  at  Bangor  in  1807,  he  was 
atty.  for  Hancock  Co.  1808-16  ;  was  State  sena- 
tor in  1816-20;  was  pres.  of  the  first  senate 
of  the  new  State  of  Me.,  and  acting  gov.,  in 
1821  ;  M.C.  1821-3.  He  was  in  1824-40  a 
judge  of  probate  for  his  county.  He  pub.  a 
valuable  Hist,  of  Maine,  2  vols.  8vo,  1832, 
a  second  ed.  of  which  appeared  in  1839.  Mem- 
ber of  several  hist,  and  lit.  societies,  and  a 
contrib.  to  the  Amer.  Quart.  Register  and  to  the 
"  Colls."  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Society. 

Willing,  Thomas,  merchant  and  Revol. 
patriot,  b.  Phila.  Dec.  20,  1741 ;  d.  there  Jan. 
19,  1821.  After  reading  law  in  the  Temple, 
Lond.,  he  l>ecame  the  head  of  the  mercantile 
house  of  Willing  and  Morris,  one  of  the  largest 
in  the  country,  who  were  the  agents  of  Congress 
for  supplying  naval  and  military  stores.  Mayor 
of  Phila. ;  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court;  repre- 
sentative in  the  Gen.  Assembly ;  chairman  of 
a  Revol.  meeting  in  June,  1774;  pres.  of  the 
Prov.  Congress;  delegate  to  the  Cont.  Con- 
gress in  1775-6;  pres.  of  the  first  chartered 
bank  in  Amer. ;  and  pres.  of  the  first  bank  of 
the  U.S.  He  was  for  60  years  an  active,  enter- 
prising, and  successful  merchant.  —  Simpson. 

Willis,  Nathaniel  Parker,  poet  and 
journalist,  b.  Portland,  Jan.  20, 1807  ;  d.  Idle- 
wild,  Jan.  21,  1867.  Y.C.  1827.  Son  of  Na- 
thaniel (1780-1870),  founder,  in  1816,  of  the 
Boston  Recorder;  and  grandson  of  Nathaniel 
(1755-1831),  one  of  the  Boston  "  Tca-Party," 
and  many  years  a  journalist  in  Ohio.  His 
mother,  dau.  of  Solomon  Parker,  a  woman 
of  exemplary  piety  and  benevolence,  d.  in  1844. 
He  studied  at  the  Boston  Latin  School  and 
at  the  Phillips  Acad,  at  Andover.  While 
at  college,  he  pub.  some  religious  poetry,  and, 
after  graduating,  edited  "  The  Legendary,"  a 
series  of  volumes  of  tales,  and  "  The  Token." 
In  1828  he  established  the^mer.  Monthli/  Mag., 
which  he  conducted  two  years,  then  merging 
it  in  the  N.  Y.  Mirror.  His  "  Pencillings  by 
the  Way  "  (repub.  in  3  vols.  1835),  contributed 
to  the  Mirror,  give  the  history  of  his  next  4 
years  of  travel  and  adventure  in  Europe. 
While  in  Paris,  Mr.  Rives,  the  American  min- 
ister, attached  him  to  his  legation,  and  with 
this  privilege  he  made  his  visits  to  the  courts 
and  capitals  of  Europe  and  ihu  East.    Return- 


TVTL, 


991 


VVLLi 


ing  after  his  marriage  in  Eng.,  in  1835  he  set- 
tled in  the  Valley  of  the  Susquehanna,  at  a 
place  which  he  called  "  Glenmary/'  where  he 
passed  4  years,  and  wrote  the  "  Letters  from 
under  a  liridge."  Financial  embarrassments 
caused  his  return  to  New  York,  where,  in  1839, 
he  established  with  Dr.  Porter  the  Corsair,  a 
weekly  journal.  He  made  a  short  trip  to  Eng., 
where  he  engaged  Mr.  Thackeray  to  write  for 
the  Corsair,  and  pub.  in  London  "  Loiterings 
of  Travel,"  a  miscellany  of  stories,  poems,  and 
European  letters;  two'  plays,  "Bianca  Vis- 
con  ti"  and  "  Tortesa  the  Usurer,"  with  the 
joint  title,  "  Two  Ways  of  Dying  for  a  Hus- 
band ; "  and  also  the  letter-press  for  two  serial 
pubs,  by  Virtue  on  the  Scenery  of  the  U.S.  and 
Ireland.  Finding,  on  his  return  to  N.Y.,  that 
the  Corsair  had  been  abandoned  in  discourage- 
ment by  Dr.  Porter,  he  in  1844  established  with 
Gen.  Morris  the  Evening  Mirror.  His  heal  th  giv- 
ing way  under  the  pressure  of  this  occupation, 
he  once  more  went  abroad.  He  returned  home 
in  1846,  and  was,  until  his  death,  co-editor,  with 
Morris,  of  the  Home  Journal.  In  1846  he  was 
m.  (for  the  second  time)  to  the  dau.  of  Mr, 
Joseph  Grinncll  of  New  Bedford.  His  "  Pencil- 
lings  "  were  severely  criticised  by  the  Quarterly 
Review.  He  also  pub.  in  Eng. '"Inklings  of 
Adventure,"  3  vols.,  originally  contrib.  to  the 
New  Monthly  Mag.  Among  his  other  publica- 
tions are  "Rural  Letters;"  "People  I  have 
Met;"  "Life  Here  and  There;"  "Hurry- 
graphs;  "  "A  Summer  Cruise  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean," 1853  ;  "  Fun  Jottings  ;  "  "  A  Health- 
Trip  to  the  Tropics  ; "  "  Letters  from  Idlewild  " 
(his  residence  on  the  Hudson,  just  above  West 
Point) ;  "  Famous  Persons  and  Places  ;  " 
"  The  Rag-Bag ;  "  "  Dashes  at  Life  with  a  Free 
Pencil,"  3  vols.  1845;  "Paul  Fane,"  18.56; 
and  "  The  Convalescent,"  1860.  His  poems 
have  been  pub.  with  illustrations  by  Leutze. 

WiUis,  Richard  Storks,  b.  Boston,  10 
Feb.  1819.  Y.C.  1841.  Bro.  of  N.  P.  Willis. 
Author  of  "  Church  Chorals  and  Choir  Stud- 
ies;" "Our  Church  Music,"  1855;  "Carols 
and  Music  Poems,"  15  Nos.,  1860-1;  "Life 
of  Bartholdy,"  1865.  Editor  N.  Y.  Musical 
World,  and  of  Once  a  Week,  estab.  1862;  con- 
trib. to  "National  Hymns,"  8vo,  1861  ;  and  to 
the  newspapers  and  periodicals.  —  Allibone. 

Willis,  William,  LL.  D.  (Bowd.  Coll. 
1867),  historian,  b.  Haverhill,  Ms.,  31  Aug. 
1794;  d.  Portland,  Me.,  17  Feb.  1870.  H.U. 
1813.  Descended  from  Michael,  a  cutler  of 
Dorchester,  Ms.,  1638.  Adni.  to  Boston  bar 
1817;  settled  in  Portland,  Me.,  1819;  law- 
partner  of  Senator  W.  P.  Fessenden  1835-54 ; 
State  senator  1855  ;  mayor  of  Portland  1857 ; 
pres.  Me.  Hist.  Soc.  1856-65;  member  of 
many  State  Hist.  Societies,  and  vice-pres.  N.E. 
H.  Gcneal.  Soc.  Author  of  "  History  of  Port- 
land," part  i.  1831,  part  ii.  1833,  and  a  new 
ed.  1865  ;  Introd.  Address  bef.  the  Me.  Hist. 
Soc.  1855;  Address  to  same,  1857;  "  McKin- 
stry  Genealogy,"  1866;  "Books  and  Pam- 
phlets relating  to  Maine,"  1859;  "History 
of  the  Law,  the  Courts,  and  the  Lawyers  of 
Me.,"  8vo,  1863  ;  chief  ed.  "Me.  Hist.  Colls.," 
vols.  1-6 ;  ed.  Journals  of  Smith  and  Deane, 
with  notes,  &c.,  8vo,  1849;  and  in  1869  of 
Dr.  Kohl's  "  Discov.  of  Me.,"  in  the  first  vol. 


of  the  documentary  hist,  of  the  State.  Contrib. 
to  N.  E.  Geneal.  Reg.,  Hist.  Mag.,  Quar.  Jour- 
nal,  Norton's  Literary  Letter,  Law  Reports,  &c. 

Williston,  Ebexezer  B.,  pres.  Jeff.  Coll., 
Mpi. ;  d.  Norwich,  Vt.,  28  Dec.  1837,  a.  37. 
H.U.  1823.  Author  of  "Eloquence  of  the 
U.S.,"  5  vols.  8vo,  1827. 

Williston,  Samuel,  philanthropist,  b. 
Easthampton,  Ms.,  1 7  June,  1 795.  Son  of  Rev. 
Payson,  min.  of  Easthampton  1789-1833.  He 
began  the  study  of  theology,  but  discontinued 
it  from  weakness  of  the  eyes.  Gaining  a  for- 
tune by  the  manufacture  of  buttons,  he  estab- 
lished in  1840,  in  his  native  town,  the  Williston 
Sem.,  to  which  he  has  given  $250,000.  In  1846 
he  endowed  professorships  in  Amh.  College, 
adding  in  1858  and  1859  sums  which  made  in 
all  $125,000.  He  gave  liberally  to  the  Mount- 
Holyoke  Fem.  Sem.,  and  has  3  times  erected  a 
church  at  Easthampton,  repeatedly  burned. 

Willson,  Marcius,  b.  W.  Stockbridge, 
Ms.,  1813.  Un.  Coll.  1836.  Author  of  "  Civil 
Polity  and  Political  Economy,"  1838;  "  Land- 
scape-Drawing," 1839;  "Theoretical  Arith- 
metic ;  "  series  of  School  Histories  and  Read- 
ers ;  "Object  Lessons,"  1862;  with  N.  A. 
Calkins,  "  School  and  Family  Charts." 

Wilmer,  Lambert  A.;  d.  Brooklyn, 
N.Y.,  21  Dec.  1863,  a.  58.  Editor  in  early  life 
of  the  Bali.  Sat.  Visitor;  afterward  for  many 
years  of  the  Phila.  Pennsylvanian.  Author  of 
"  New  System  of  Grammar ;  "  "  Quacks  of 
Helicon,"  1851;  "Life  of  De  Soto,"  8vo, 
1858;  "  Our  Press-Gang,"  \  859.  — Allibone. 

Wilmer,  William  Holland,  D.D.  (B.U. 
1819),  Epis.  clergyman,  b.  Kent  Co.,  Md., 
1782;  d.  Williamsburg,  Va.,  July  24,  1827. 
Wash.  Coll.  He  first  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits;  was  ord.  in  1808;  took  charge  of 
Chester  parish,  whence  he  went  in  1812  to 
Alexandria,  D.C.,  as  rector  of  the  parish  of  St. 
Paul's.  He  was  in  1816  first  rector  of  St. 
John's,  Washington  City;  and  in  1819-26  was 
an  editor  of  the  Washington  Theol.  Repertory; 
in  1823  he  was  app.  to  the  chair  of  theology  in 
the  sem.  in  Alexandria,  Va. ;  and  in  1826  pres. 
of  Wra.  and  Mary  Coll.,  and  rector  of  the 
church  at  Williamsburg.  Besides  sermons. 
Dr.  Wilmer  published  in  1815  his  "Episcopal 
Manual."  His  controversy  with  Baxter,  a 
Jesuit  priest,  was  pub.  1818,  8vo. 

Wilmot,  David,  author  of  the  Wilmot 
Proviso,  b.  Bethany,  Pa.,  20  Jan.  1814;  d. 
Towanda,  Pa.,  16  Mar.  1868.  Educated  at  the 
academies  at  Bethany  and  at  Aurora,  N.Y. ; 
adra.  to  practise  law  at  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  in 
1834,  and  practised  at  Towanda.  He  began 
political  life  a  Democ. ;  was  M.C.  in  1845-51  ; 
pres.  judge  of  the  13th  dist.  of  Pa.  1853-61 ; 
and  was  U.S.  senator  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  1861- 
3.  While  a  bill  was  pending  to  appropriate 
$2,000,000  for  the  purchase  of  a  part  of  Mex- 
ico, he  moved,  Aug.  8,  1846,  to  add  an  amend- 
ment, "  That,  as  an  express  and  fundamental 
condition  to  the  acquisition  of  any  terr.  frorn 
the  republic  of  Mexico  by  the  U.S.,  .  .  .  nei- 
ther slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  shall 
ever  exist  in  any  part  of  said  territory."  "  The 
Wilmot  Proviso,  as  it  was  called,  was  adopted 
by  the  house,  but  failed  in  the  senate.  Ho 
supported  Van  Buren   for  the  presidency  in 


"WXLi 


992 


^vt:ij 


1848;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Nat.  Repub.  Conv. 
at  Phila.  in  1856,  and  at  Chicago  in  1860; 
opposed  the  repeal  of  the  Mo.  Compromise; 
was  the  unsuccessful  candidate  in  1857  for  gov. 
of  Pa. ;  was  temporary  chairman  of  the  con- 
vention which  in  1860  nominated  Mr.  Lincoln 
to  the  presidency;  and  in  1863  was  app.  by 
him  a  judj^e  of  the  U.S.  Court  of  Claims. 

Wilmot,  Hon.  Robert  Duncan,  b.  Frcd- 
erickton,  N.B.,  16  Oct.  1809.  Educated  at  St. 
John,  N.  B.  Elected  to  the  N.  B.  legisl.  in 
1846;  siirv.-gen.  1851-4;  prov.  sec.  in  1856- 
7,  and  also  a  member  of  the  govt,  in  1865-6  ; 
mayor  of  St.  John,  and  its  representative  for 
16  years;  delegate  for  effecting  a  union  of  the 
British  Provinces,  and  to  the  Council  of  Trade 
at  Quebec  in  Sept.  1865.  Author  of  some  ira- 
portimt  papers  upon  "  Currency." 

Wilson,  Alexander,  ornitholo<i:ist,  b. 
Paisley,  Scotland,  July  6, 1 766 ;  d.  Phila."  Aug. 
23,  1813.  He  was  brought  uy  in  the  trade  of 
a  weaver,  which  he  followed  7  years,  during 
which  time  he  wrote  verses  for  the  Glasfjow 
Advertiser.  He  pub.  2  vols,  of  Poems  in  1 789 
and  1791,  which  he  peddled  through  the  coun- 
try. "  Watty  and  Meg,"  pub.  anonymously 
in  1792,  met  with  a  sale  of  100,000  copies,  and 
was  attributed  to  Burns.  He  also  wrote  for 
the  Bee,  and  gained  an  acquaintance  with 
Burns.  Prosecuted  and  imprisoned  for  a 
poetical  lampoon,  he  resolved  to  emigrate  to 
Amer.,  and  landed  at  New  Castle,  Del.,  July  14, 
1794.  In  the  varied  occupations  of  a  weaver, 
peddler,  and  schoolmaster,  he  lived  on  for  8 
years.  By  the  advice  of  Bartram  the  botanist, 
he  turned  his  attention  to  ornithology.  In 
Oct.  1804  he  set  out  on  a  pedestrian  excursion 
to  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  a  metrical  account  of 
which  he  pub.  in  the  Portfolio,  entitled  "  The 
Foresters,  a  Poem ; "  in  1805  he  began  to  learn 
the  art  of  etching.  Employed  by  Bradford, 
the  Phila.  publisher,  upon  an  edition  of  Recs's 
"  Cyclopaedia,"  he  prevailed  upon  him  to  furnish 
funds  for  the  publication  of  an  Amer.  orni- 
thology on  an  adequate  scale.  The  1st  vol.  of 
his  great  work  appeared  in  Sept.  1808;  but  it 
was  too  expensive  to  be  very  successful.  The 
2d  app.  in  1810.  In  the  course  of  publishing 
the  first  7  vols,  of  his  work,  he  travelled  all 
over  the  continent  to  obtain  subscribers  and  to 
increase  his  ornithological  stores.  On  his  re- 
turn, by  laboring  night  and  day  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  his  work,  he  impaired  his  already 
weakened  constitution,  and  hastened  his  death. 
The  8th  and  9th  vols,  were  edited  after  his 
death,  with  a  biog.  by  George  Ord,  who  had 
accomp.  him  in  some  of  his  journeys.  The 
work  was  afterward  continued  by  Charles 
Lucien  Bonaparte  (4  vols.  4to,  Phila.  1825-33). 
—  See  Peabody's  Memoir  of  Wilson  in  Sparks's 
Amer.  Biog.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  i.,  and  Allibone. 

Wilson,  Allen  B.,  inventor,  b.  Willet, 
Cortland  Co.,  N.  Y.  Has  made  important 
improvements  in  the  sewing-machine.  The 
first,  patented  12  Nov.  1850,  made  the  stitch 
with  less  expense  of  time  and  power  than  the 
original ;  another  improved  the  mechanism 
for  holding  and  feeding  the  cloth;  and,  12 
Aug.  1851,  he  patented  the  "rotating  hook," 
one  of  the  most  valuable  improvements  ever 
made   in    the    sewing-machine.      The    first 


"  Wheeler  and  Wilson  "  sewing-machine  wa8 
made  early  in  1851. 

Wilson,  Bird,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  b.  Carlisle, 
Pa.,  1777  ;  d.  N.Y.  City,  14  Apr.  1859.  Phila. 
Coll.  1792.  Son  of  James  Wilson  the  signer. 
Pres.  judge  C.C.P.,  7th  circuit,  1802;  ord. 
deacon  Pr.-Ep.  Ch.  1819;  rector  of  St.  John's, 
Norristown,  Pa.,  1819-21 ;  prof,  system,  divin. 
N.Y.  Epis.  Sem.  1821-50;  and  emeritus  prof. 
1850-9.  Author  of  an  edition  of  Bacon's 
"Abridgment,"  7  vols.  8vo,  1811-13;  Me- 
moir of  Bishop  -White,  8vo,  1856. —6>e 
Memorial  ofB.  Wilson,  by  W.  White  Bronson, 
1864. 

Wilson,  Daniel,  LL.D.,  prof,  of  history 
and  Eng.  lit.  U.  of  Toronto  since  1853,  b.  Ed- 
inburgh, 1816.  Bro.  of  "  Christopher  North." 
Author  of  "  Memorials  of  Edinburgh,"  1 847 ; 
"Oliver  Cromwell,"  1 850 ;  "Archaeology,  &c., 
of  Scotland,"  1851 ;  "Prehistoric  Man,''^1865; 
"  Chatterton,"  1869.  Four  years  editor  of  the 
Canadian  Journal.  Pres.  of  the  Canadian  In- 
stitute since  1859.  — Morgan. 

Wilson,  Henry,  statesman,  b.  Farming- 
ton,  N.H.,  Feb.  16,  1812.  The  son  of  poor 
parents,  he  was  brought  up  on  a  farm,  and  had 
little  schooling,  but,  accumulating  a  little 
money  by  shocmaking  at  Natick,  Ms.,  studied 
for  a  while  in  the  academies  at  Stafford,  Wolfs- 
borough,  and  Concord.  He  resumed  shoe- 
making  at  Natick  in  1838.  In  1840  he  took 
an  active  part  in  the  presidential  canvass,  and 
made  upward  of  60  speeches  in  behalf  of  Har- 
rison. In  the  next  5  years  he  was  3  times 
elected  from  Natick  to  the  legisl.,  and  twice  a 
senator  from  Middlesex  Co.  An  active  and 
zealous  opponent  of  slavery,  he  made  an  elab- 
orate speech  on  his  resolution  in  the  legisl., 
declaring  the  unalterable  hostility  of  Ms.  to 
the  farther  extension  and  longer  continuance 
of  slavery  in  America.  Delegate  to  the  Whig 
nat.  conv.  of  1 848,  and,  on  the  rejection  of 
antislavery  resolutions,  withdrew  from  it,  and 
took  a  prominent  part  in  organizing  the  Free- 
soil  party.  He  then  bought  the  Boston  Repub- 
lican, a  daily  newspaper,  which  he  edited  for 
two  years.  In  1851  and  '52  he  was  pres.  of  the 
State  Senate;  in  1852  he  was  pres.  of  the  Frc&- 
soil  nat.  conv.  at  Pittsburg.  He  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  Const.  Conv.  of  1853,  and  was 
the  Freesoil  candidate  for  gov.,  but  was  de- 
feated. He  was  elected  to  the  U.S.  senate  in 
1855,  where  he  has  ever  since  been  conspicuous. 
For  a  brief  period  in  1855  he  was  associated 
with  the  American  party,  but,  on  the  adoption 
of  a  proslavery  platform  by  its  national  coun- 
cil, withdrew  from  it,  and  took  an  active  shart! 
in  organizing  the  Repub.  partjr.  He  has  tak(  n 
part  in  all  important  debates  in  the  senate,  and 
made  elaborate  speeches  on  Kansas,  the  treas- 
ury-note bill,  the  expenses  of  the  govt.,  the 
tariff,  the  Pacific  Railroad,  and  many  othvr 
topics.  His  speech  in  defence  of  free  labor  in 
reply  to  Senator  Hammond  of  S.C.,  March, 
1859,  attained  an  immense  circulation  through 
the  free  States.  In  March,  1861,  he  was  made 
chairman  of  the  com.  on  military  ail'airs,  a  post 
which  the  civil  war  rendered  one  of  great  labor 
and  responsibility.  In  the  session  of  1861--2 
he  introduced  the  bills  abolishing  slavery  in 
the  Dist.  of  Col.,  and  for  abolishing  the  "  black 


•WTLL 


TVIIj 


code."  In  the  autumn  of  1861  he  raised  the 
22d  Ms,  Rcgt.,  of  which  he  was  for  a  short 
time  col.  In  1862  ho  brought  in  the  bill  for 
the  employment  of  colored  soldiers.  He  intro- 
duced many  important  measures  to  organize 
and  develop  the  military  resources  of  the 
country  during  the  civil  war,  and  delivered 
about  100  speeches  at  various  places  in  support 
of  the  Union.  In  1864  he  pub.  a  "  History  of 
the  Autislavcrjr  Measures  of  the  37th  and  38th 
Congresses;  "  in  1866  "Military  Measures  of 
the  U.S.  Congress,"  8vo,  1865';  "Histoiyof 
the  Reconstruction  Measures  of  the  39th  and 
40th  Congresses,"  1863. 

Wilson,  James,  LL.D.,  a  signer  of  the 
Decl.  of  ludcp.,  b.  near  St.  Andrew's,  Scotland, 
ab.  1742;  d.  Edcnton,  N.C.,  Aug.  28,  1798. 
He  studied  successively  at  Glasgow,  St.  An- 
drew's, and  Edinburgh ;  then  cmig.  to  Phila., 
where  in  1766  ho  was  first  employed  as  a 
tutor  in  the  coll.  and  academy ;  a  few  months 
afterwards  he  commenced  the  study  of  law  in 
the  office  of  John  Dickinson;  was  adm.  to 
the  bar  in  1 763  ;  practised  successfully  at  Read- 
ing, then  at  Car. isle,  then  at  Annapolis,  and 
in"l773  returned  to  Phila.,  where  he  continued 
to  i-eside  during  the  rest  of  his  life.  Upon  the 
opening  of  the  controversy  wdth  Great  Britain, 
he  wrote  and  pub.  his  sentiments  with  great 
freedom  and  boldness.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  conventions  held  in  1774  and  '75.  He  took 
his  seat  in  Congress,  May  10,  1775,  and  voted 
in  favor  of  the  Docl.  of  Indep.,  in  opposition 
to  the  majority  of  his  colleagues  from  Pa.  In 
1 782-3  and  1785-7  he  was  again  a  delegate ;  in 
1779-81  he  was  advocate-gen.  of  France,  and 
continued  to  give  advice  until  1783,  when  the 
French  sent  him  a  present  of  10,000  livres.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  conv.  which  framed  the 
Constitution  of  the  U.S. ;  was  one  of  the  com. 
who  reported  the  draught,  and  in  the  State 
conv.  was  efficient  in  procuring  its  adoption. 
He  was  subsequently  a  member  of  the  conv. 
which  changed  the  constitution  of  Pa.,  and 
was  one  of  the  com.  to  make  the  draught.  In 
Sept.  17J89  he  was  app.  a  judge  of  the  U.S. 
Supreme  Court.  In  1790  he  was  app.  prof,  of 
law  in  the  U.  of  Pa.,  and  delivered  a  course 
of  lectures,  which  are  contained  in  his  works, 
pub.  in  Phila.  3  vols.  1804.  He  pub.  "Ad- 
dress to  the  Citizens  of  Phila.,"  1784;  and 
with  Thomas  McKean,  LL.D.,  "  Commentaries 
on  the  U,  S,  Constitution,"  Lond.,  8vo,  1792. 

Wilson,  James  Gra>t, b. Edinburgh  1 832. 
Son  of  William  of  Perthshire,  with  whom  he 
came  to  the  U.S.  in  Dec.  1833,  and  was  his 
partner  in  the  bookselling  and  publishing  busi- 
ness in  Chicago.  Dming  the  Rebellion  he 
served  under  Grant  at  Vicksburg,  and  subse- 
quently under  Banks  in  La.  He  has  since 
resided  in  N.Y.  City.  Author  of  "Illinois 
Officers  in  the  Rebellion,"  8 vo,  1863;  "Love 
in  Letters,"  &c.,  1867  ;  "Life  of  Gen.  Grant,'* 
8vo,  1868;  "Mr.  Secretary  Pcpys  and  his 
Diary,"  1869;  "Life  and  Letters  of  Fitz 
Greene  Hallcck,"  1869;  "Sketches  of  Illus- 
trious Soldiers  ;  "  "  Poets  and  Poetry  of  Scot- 
land," and  "  History  of  Chicago,"  are  in  MS. 
He  edited  Halleck's  "Poetical  Works,"  1869  ; 
assisted  in  preparing  the  "  Life  of  Audubon," 
by  his  widow,  1869 ;  edited  the  Chicago  Record 
63 


and  the  North -Western  Quart.  Mag.;  and  has 
contrib,  to  Appleton's  Cyclop,  and  the  maga- 
zines of  the  day,  —  Allihone. 

Wilson,  Gen.  James  H.,  b.  111.  ab.  1838. 
West  Point,  1 860.  Entering  the  Topog.  Engrs., 
he  became  1st  lieut.  9  Sept.  1861,  and  capt.  7 
May,  1863;  lieut.-col.  staif  U.S.  Vols.  8  Nov. 
1862;  brig.-gen.  vols.  31  Oct.  1863;  maj.-gen. 
vols.  20  Apr.  1865.  He  served  in  the  Port- 
Royal  exped. ;  at  the  capture  of  Fort  Pulaski, 
Ga,,  for  which  he  v.'as  brev.  major  11  Apr. 
1862  ;  aide  to  Gen.  MeCIellan  at  South  Moun- 
tain and  Antietam ;  assist,  engr.  and  insp,-gen. 
Army  of  the  Tenn.  in  Vicksburg  campaign  of 
Mar.-Oct.  1G63  ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  24  ]Sk)v.  1863 
for  battle  of  Chattanooga;  com.  3d  cavalry 
div.,  Army  of  the  Potomac,  JMay-Aug.  1 864 ; 
brev.  col.  5  May,  1864,  for  the  battle  of  the 
Wilderness,  and  engaged  in  the  principal  ac- 
tions during  that  period ;  in  the  Shenandoah 
campaign,  Aug.-Sept.  1864,  and  engaged  at 
Summit  Point  21  Aug.,  and  at  Opequan  19 
Sept.  1 864 ;  com.  cavalry  of  the  div.  of  the 
Mpi.  Oct.  1864-July,  1865,  and  engaged  in 
Gen.  Thomas's  campaign,  driving  the  Confcd. 
cavalry  across  the  Harpeth  River  during  the 
battle  of  Franklin,  30  Nov. ;  and  in  battle  of 
Nashville,  for  which  he  was  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865;  com.  cavalry  exped. 
into  Ala.  and  Ga.  Mar  .-Apr.  1865;  and  brev. 
maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865  for  capture  of 
Sclma,  Ala. ;  took  Montgomery  12  Apr,,  Co- 
lumbus 16  Apr.,  and  Macon  20  Apr.;  and 
finally,  10  May,  1865,  captured  Jefix:r3on  Da- 
vis, pros,  of  the  Confederacy.  Lieut.-col,  35th 
Inf.  28  July,  18G6;  discharged  31  Dec.  1870.— 
CuUum, 

Wilson,  James  Patriot,  D.D.  (U.  of  Pa. 
1807),  minister  in  Phila.,  b.  Lewes,  Del.,  21 
Feb.  1769;  d.  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  Dee.  10,  1830j 
U.  of  Pa.  1788.  Son  of  Rev.  Dr.  Matthew 
Wilson.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1 790.  He  was  first 
a  disting.  lawyer,  and  from  1806  to  1830  pas- 
tor of  the  First  Presb.  Church.  Ho  pub.  "  Lec- 
tures on  the  Parables  and  the  Hi<t.  Parts  of 
the  New  Testament,"  8vo,  1810;  "Introd.  to 
Hebrew,"  1812;  *' Essay  on  Grammur,"  1817; 
"Common  Objections  to  Christianity,"  1829; 
"  Hope  of  Immort.,"  1829;  "  Primitive  Govt, 
of  Christ.  Churches,"  1833,  &e. 

Wilson,  John,  first  minister  of  Boston,  b, 
Windsor.  Eng.,  1588;  d,  Aug.  7,  1667.  Son 
of  Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  He  was  educated  at  King's 
Coll.,  Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a  fellow- 
ship, of  which  he  was  deprived  for  nonconform- 
ity. After  studying  law  and  theology,  he 
was  chaplain  in  several  families;  then  settled 
in  the  ministry  at  Sudbury,  Suffolk;  but  in  1629' 
came  to  N.  E.  with  Wintbrop.  A  church  was 
formed  at  Chariestown,  and,  Aug.  27,  Mr.  Wil- 
son was  ord.  over  it.  Settled  in  Boston  Novv. 
22,  1630,  but  returned  to  Eng.  for  his  wife  in. 
1631.  He  was  again  ord.  pastor  in  Nov.  1632.. 
He  was  regarded  as  the  father  of  the  new  plan- 
tation. He  pub.  in  England  "  Some  Helps-  to 
Faith,"  12mo, 

Wilson,  John,  printer  of  Boston  from  ab. 
1843  to  his  d,  3  Aug.  1868,  b.  Glasgow,  Scot- 
land, 1802.  Author  of  "  Scripture  Proofs  and 
Illustrations  of  Unitarianism,"  8vo,  1833; 
"Concessions    of   Trinitarians,"    Svo,    1842; 


"WTLi 


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"SVTIN- 


"Treatise  on  Punctuation,"  1844  and  1850; 
"Unitarian  Principles  confirmed  by  Trinitarian 
Testimonies,"  1855;  "Elements  of  Punctua- 
tion," 1856.  He  prefixed  an  essay  on  Burns 
to  an  edition  of  his  poems  in  1837,  and  deliv- 
ered an  address  on  Burns,  in  Boston,  in  1859. 

Wilson,  Peter,  LL.D.,  scholar  and  lin- 
guist, b.  parish  of  Orduf^hill,  Scotland,  Nov. 
23,  1746  ;  d.  N.  Barbadoes,  N.J.,  Aug.  1,  1825. 
Mar.  Coll.,  Aberdeen.  Emig.  to  America  in 
1 763.  He  was  many  years  principal  of  Hacken- 
sack  (N.J.)  Acad.,  and  of  that  at  Flatbush, 
L.I.;  and  was  in  1789-92  and  in  1792-1820 
prof,  of  Latin  and  Greek  at  Col.  College. 
An  active  Whig  of  the  Revol. ;  member  N.  J. 
legisl.  1778-83.  He  pub.  "Introd.  to  Greek 
Prosody,"  1811,  and  an  improved  ed.  1812; 
"Latin  Prosody,"  1816;  an  ed.  of  Adams's 
"Roman  Antiquities,"  1819;  and  of  the  "Greek 
Test.,"  repr.  Phila.  1859. 

Wilson,  Robert  Anderson,  b.  Coopers- 
town,  N.Y.,  1812;  resided  3  years  and  a  half 
in  Cal.,  where  he  was  judge  of  the  Sacramento 
gold  dist.  Author  of  "  Mexico  and  its  Reli- 
gion, or  Incidents  of  Travel,"  1851-4,  12mo 
1855;  "A  New  History  of  the  Conquest  of 
Mexico,"  8vo,  1859.  Edited,  with  notes  and 
appendix,  vol.  i.  "  Calif.  Reports,"  by  Bennet, 
1853.  —  AUihone. 

Wilson,  Samuel  Farmer,  journalist,  b. 
New  York,  1805;  d.  N.Orleans,  March  12, 
1870.  Col.  Coll.  1822.  Adra.  to  the  N.Y. 
bar,  but  removed  to  N.  Orleans,  where  he  was 
at  one  time  associated  with  Gen.  Wm.  Walker, 
in  the  True  Delta,  and  was  afterward  an  editor 
and  proprietor  of  the  Picayune.  Author  of 
"Hist.  Araer.  Revol.,"  5th  ed.  1834,  new  ed. 
1869. 

Wilson,  Thomas  B.,  naturalist,  b.  Phila. ; 
d.  Newark,  Del.,  March  15,  1865.  Eminent 
as  a  zoologist.  He  raised  to  a  high  rank  tho 
Acad,  of  Nat.  Sciences  of  Phila.,  of  which  he 
was  pres.  His  collections  in  this  dept.  were 
of  great  value.  The  splendid  collection  of 
birds  belonging  to  the  Phila.  Acad,  was  his 
gift. 

Wilson,  William,  an  early  pioneer  of 
Illinois  ;  chief  justice  of  the  Sup.  Court  of  111. 
1819-49  ;  d.  White  Co.,  111.,  29  Apr.  1856,  a.  68. 

Wilson,  William,  bookseller  and  poet 
of  Poughkeepsie,  N.Y.,  b.  Perthshire,  Scot- 
land, 1801 ;  d.  25  Aug.  1860.  After  many 
years'  residence  in  Edinburgh,  he  came  in  1833 
to  the  U.S.,  and  in  1834  estab.  himself  at  P. 
For  30  years  a  contrib.,  under  the  nom  de  plume 
of  "  Allan  Grant  "  and  "  Alpin,"  of  poems  to 
the  periodicals.  He  edited  the  Scottish  Songs, 
&c.,  of  Hew  Ainslie ;  assisted  in  editing  the 
Dundee  Revieio  1821-3 ;  and  in  1824  edited  the 
Literary  Olio.  A  vol.  of  his  Poems,  edited  by 
Benson  J.  Lossing,  was  pub.  12mo,  1870. 

Wilson,  William  Dexter,  D.D.  (Gen. 
Coll.  1850),  LL.D.,  clergyman,  b.  Stoddard, 
N.H.,  Feb.  28,  1816.  He  studied  at  Walpole 
Acad.,  and  afterward  in  the  Cambridge  Theol. 
School,  and  was  ord.  in  the  Epis.  ministry  in 
1842.  Prof,  of  hist,  and  moral  and  intell.  phi- 
los.  Geneva  Coll.  1850.  He  has  pub.  "  A  Man- 
ual of  Church  Principles,"  1846 ;  "  History  of 
the  Reformation  in  England,"  1848 ;  "The 
Church  Identified,"  1850;  "Elementary  Trea- 


tise on  Logic,"  1856;  "Constitution  of  a 
Christ.  Church  derived  from  Holy  Script. ; " 
in  1847  he  edited  Bishop  Maut  "On  the  Ru- 
brics ; "  and  has  contrib.  to  the  reviews  on 
philos.  subjects. 

Winchell,  Alexander,  LL.D.  (Wes. 
U.  1867),  geologist,  b.  North  East,  Duchess 
Co.,  N.Y.,  Dec.  31,  1824.  Wesl.  U.  1847. 
Teacher  of  natural  sciences  at  Amenia  Sera., 
N.Y.,  1848-51,  and  at  Mesopotamia  Female 
Sem.,  Ala.,  1851-3  ;  pros,  of  Masonic  Female 
U.,  Selma,  Ala.,  1853;  prof,  physics  and  civil 
eng.  U.  of  Mich.  1853-5;  and  of  gcol.,  zool., 
and  botany,  since  1855;  pres.  of  Mich.  State 
Teachers'  Assoc.  1859  ;  State  geologist,  Mich., 
1859-62;  prof,  of  geology  in  the  Ky.  U.  1866- 
9  ;  made  director  of  the  geol.  survey  of  Mich. 
1869;  prof,  of  gcol.,  zoiil.,  and  botany,  U.  of 
Mich.  Member  of  a  large  number  of  scientific 
bodies  at  home  and  abroad.  Has  pub.  210 
original  papers  and  volumes ;  and  has  described 
300  new  species  and  genera,  mostly  fossil.  Ed- 
ited the  Michigan  Journal  of  Education  in 
1859.  Author  of  "  Sketches  of  Creation,"  1869, 
also  a  "  Genealogy  of  the  Family  of  Win- 
chell," 1869;  "First  Biennial  Report  Geolog. 
Surv.  of  Mich.  1861 ;"  "  The  Grand  Traverse 
Region,"  8vo,  1866;  "Geolog.  Map  of  Mich.," 
Phila.  1865;  "Geol.  Chart  NY.,"  1870.— 
See  list  of  his  papers  in  AUihone. 

Winchester,  Eluanan,  clergyman,  b. 
Brooklinc,  Ms.,  Sept.  30,  1751;  d.  Hartford, 
Ct.,  April  18,  1797.  He  began  preaching  in 
1769;  and  in  1771  was  pastor  of  a  Baptist 
church  in  Rehoboth,  Ms.  Adopting  the  views  of 
the  restricted  communists,  he  was  excommuni- 
cated by  his  church.  After  residing  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C.,  from  1774  to  1780,  he  became  pastor 
of  the  First  Baptist  Church  in  Phila.  In  1781 
he  founded  there  a  Universalist  church.  He 
preached  successfully  in  Eng.  in  1787-94;  and 
pub.  "  Four  Dialogues  on  Universal  Restora- 
tion," 1788;  "Lectures  on  Unfulfilled  Prophe- 
cies," 4  vols.  8vo,  1 790  ;  "  Five  Letters  to  Rev. 
Dan.  Taylor,"  1790  ;  "  The  Progress  and  Em- 
pire of  Christ,"  a  poem,  1793;  and  "The 
Three  Woe  Trumpets,"  1793.  Among  37 
others  of  his  publications  are  "  New  Book  of 
Poems,"  Boston,  8vo,  1773  ;  "  Hymns,"  1776  ; 
"  Oration  on  the  Discovery  of  America,"  deliv- 
ered in  Lond.  1792;  "Life  of  Benneville;  " 
"  Five  Letters  on  the  Divinity  of  Christ ;  " 
"  The  Beauties  of  the  Millennium ; "  "  Ten  Let- 
ters to  Thomas  Paine,  in  Reply  to  his  Age  of 
Reason,"  1794  ;  "  Political  Catechism,"  1795  ; 
"Hymns  on  the  Restoration,"  1795  ;  "Ad- 
dresses to  Jews,  Deists,  and  Christians."  His 
Life  was  written  by  Vidler,  and  by  E.  M. 
Stone  (Boston,  1836). 

Winchester,  Gen.  James,  b.  Md., 
1756  ;  d.  Tenn.  July  27,  1826.  Lieut,  in  the 
3d  Md.  Regt.  May  27,  1778;  and  was  made  a 
prisoner  by  the  British,  and  exchanged  Dec. 
22,  1780;  app.  brig.-gen.  Mar.  27,  1812;  com. 
a  detachment  of  North-western  army,  and  de- 
feated by  British  and  Indians  near  French- 
town,  on  the  River  Raisin,  Jan.  22,  1813;  re- 
signed March  21,  1815. 

Winchester,  Samuel  Govek,  pastor 
of  the  Sixth  Presb.  Church,  Phila.  1830-7,  and 
of  a  cong.  at  Natchez,  Mpi.,  from  1837  to  his 


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•WIJJT 


d.  at  N.  Y.  City  31  Aug.  1841,  b.  Rock  Run, 
Md.,  17  Feb.  1805.  Author  of  "Companion 
for  the  Sick,"  1833;  "Christian  Counsel  to 
the  Sick,"  1836;  Discourse  at  Oakland  Coll., 
1838;  "The  Theatre,"  Phila.l2mo;  "Impor- 
tance of  Family  Religion,  with  Prayers  and 
Hymns,"  12mo,  1841.  —  Sprague. 

Winder,  Levin,  gov.  Md.  1812-15;  d. 
Bait.  July  7,  1819,  a.  63.  App.  maj.  4th  Md. 
Regt.  Apr.  17,  1777,  and  was  a  lieut.-col.  at  the 
close  of  the  Revol.  war.  Speaker  of  the  h.  of 
delegates  before  1812;  in  1816  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  senate,  and  was  also  a  gen.  of  militia, 
and  grand-master  of  Masons  of  Maryland. 

Winder,  Gex.  William  H.,  b.  Somerset 
Co.,  Md.,  Feb.  18,  1775;  d.  Baltimore,  May 
24,  1824.  U.  of  Pa.  He  established  himself 
in  the  practice  of  law  in  Baltimore  in  1798; 
was  app.  lieut.-col.  inf.  Mar.  16,  1812  ;  col.  14th 
Inf.  July  6,  1812;  com.  a  successful  exped. 
from  Black  Rock  to  the  Canada  shore  below 
Fort  Erie,  Nov.  28,  1812;  brig.-gen.   Mar.  12, 

1813  ;  made  prisoner  at  Stony  Creek,  U.  Can- 
ada, June  6,  1813;  adj.  and  insp.-gen.  May  9, 
1814;  assigned   to  com.  of  10th  dist.  July  2, 

1814  ;  com.  at  the  battle  of  Bladensburg,  and 
in  the  unsuccessful  defence  of  Washington  City, 
Aug.  1814 ;  and,  after  the  war,  resumed  his  pro- 
fession. He  was  disting.  at  the  bar  and  in  the 
senate  of  Md.,  and,  though  unfortunate,  was 
esteemed  for  gallantry  and  patriotism.  His 
son  Gen.  John  H.  Winder,  b.  Md.  1800,  d. 
BrancheviUe,  S.C,  Feb.  9,  1865.  West  Point, 
1820;  assist,  instructor  in  tactics  there  1827-8. 
He  served  with  distinction  in  the  Mexican  war, 
and  at  the  opening  of  the  Rebellion  was  major, 
and  brev.  lieut.-col.  3d  Art.  He  resigned  27 
Apr.- 1861;  entered  the  Confed.  service ;  was 
soon  made  a  brig.-gen.,  but  was  not  actively 
employed.  He  com.  the  post  of  Richmond ; 
had  charge  of  Libby  Prison,  Belle  Isle,  and 
finally  of  Andersonville,  Ga.  His  cruelty  to 
prisoners  rendered  him  infamous. 

Winds,  Gen.  William,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Southold,  L.I.,ab.  1727  ;  d.  near  Dover,  Morris 
Co.,  N.  J.,  1789.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Presb.  Church  in  Rockaway,  and  be- 
queathed to  it  more  than  half  his  large  property. 
In  1775  he  was  lieut.-col.  in  Lord  Stirling's 
regt.,  and  was  a  col.  in  1776  at  Ticonderoga. 
He  was  a  Large,  athletic  man,  and  had  a  most 
powerful  voice. 

Winebrenner,  John,  founder  of  a  re- 
ligious sect,  called  by  him  the  "Church  of 
God,"  but  generally  termed  Winebrennerians. 
Originally  a  minister  of  the  German  Ref. 
Church,  he  took  charge,  in  1821,  of  a  small 
cong.  at  Ilarrisburg,  Pa.,  from  which  he  with- 
drew in  October,  1830,  and  founded  anew  sect. 
The  church  has  3  positive  ordinances,  —  bap- 
tism, feet-washing,  and  the  Lord's  supper.  Two 
things  are  essential  to  the  validity  of  baptism  ; 
viz.,'faith  and  immersion.  The  elders  meet  an- 
nually, while  a  general  eldership  of  delegates 
from  the  annual  elderships  is  held  every  3  years. 
The  denomination  has  a  domestic  and  foreign 
missionary  society,  and  a  printing-establishment 
for  its  publications.  Its  organ  is  the  Church 
Admr.ate,-^  weeklv. 

Wines,  Enoch  Cobb,  D.D.  (Mid.  1853), 
LL.D.  (Wash.  Coll,  1859),  teacher  and  author, 


b.  Hanover,  N.  J.,  Feb.  17,  1806.  Mid.  Coll. 
1827.  He  became  principal  of  an  acad.  at 
St.  Alban's,  and  afterward  assist,  teacher  in  a 
female  sem.  in  Alexandria,  Va.,  and  next 
opened  a  school  in  Washington  City.  In  1829 
he  taught  on  board  the  ship  "  Constellation," 
in  which  he  visited  the  Mediterranean.  In 
1833  he  took  charge  of  the  Edge-hill  School, 
Princeton,  N.  J. ;  in  1838  became  prof,  of  lan- 
guages in  the  Central  High  School  of  Phila. ; 
in  1844  founded  a  boarding-school  in  Burling- 
ton, N.  J.,  where  he  remained  4  years.  In  Jan. 
1849  be  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Cong, 
board  of  R.I.,  and  has  since  preached  in  various 
places.  In  1853  became  prof,  in  Wash.  Coll., 
Pa.;  and  in  July,  1859,  took  charge  of  a  lit- 
erary institution,  styled  the  "  City  U.  of  St. 
Louis."  Has  latterly  been  engaged  in  a  mission 
for  the  organization  of  an  International  Prison 
Congress.  He  has  pub.  "  Two  Years  and  a 
Half  in  the  American  Navy,"  2  vols.  1832  ; 
"  Hints  on  a  System  of  Popular  Education," 
1837;  "How  shall  I  Govern  my  School?" 
1838  ;  "  Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of  the 
Ancient  Hebrews,"  1852  ;  "  A  Trip  to  Boston," 
1838;  "A  Peep  at  China,"  8vo ;  Monthly 
Journal  of  Education  ;  "  Essay  on  the  Advan- 
tages of  Studying  the  Classic  Languages ;  " 
"  Lecture  on  Education  as  a  Source  of 
Wealth ; "  "  Treatise  on  Regeneration,"  1863  ; 
"  Essay  on  Temptation,"  1865  ;  "Promises  of 
God,"  1868  ;  besides  cohtribs.  to  periodicals. 

Wingate,  Paine,  jurist,  b.  Amesbury, 
Ms.,  May  14, 1739;  d.  Stratham,  N.IL,  March 
7,  1838.  H.U.  1759.  Gr.-grandson  of  John 
of  Dover,  1660;  grandson  of  Col.  Joshua  (b. 
Dover,  N.H,,  Feb.  2,  1680,  d.  Hampton,  Feb. 
9, 1769),  who  was  at  the  capture  of  Louisburg, 
1745;  son^of  Paine,  minister  of  Amesbury 
1726-86-  (H.U.  1723).  He  was  ord.  Cong, 
minister  of  Hampton  Falls,  N.  H.,  Dec.  14, 
1763;  dism.  March  18,  1771;  M.C.  in  1787; 
U.S.  senator  1789-93;  again  M.C.  1793-5; 
and  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  N.H. 
1798-May,  1809.  His  wife,  a  sister  of  Timo- 
thy Pickering,  d.  Jan  7,  1843,  a.  100  years  and 
8  months. 

Wingfleld,  Edwin  Maria,  merchant  of 
London,  a  member  of  a  disting.  family ;  was 
first  pres.  of  the  Colony  of  Va.  under  the  pat- 
ent of  10  Apr.  1606.  In  consec[uence  of  dis- 
agreements, he  returned  to  Eng.  in  1 608.  Capt. 
John  Smith  gives  him  a  very  bad  character. 
Charles  Deane  in  1860  edited,  with  Notes  and 
an  Introd.,  "A  Discourse  of  Virginia"  by 
Wingfield,  first  printed  from  the  original  MS. 
in  the  Lambeth  Library. 

Winslow,  Charles  Frederick,  M.D. 
(H.U.  1834),  b.  Nantucket,  Ms.,  1811.  App. 
consul  to  Payta,  Peru,  1862.  Author  of  "  Cos- 
mography," 12mo,  1853;  "Preparation  of  the 
Earth,^'  &c.,  1854;  "The  Cooling  Globe," 
1865  ;  "Force  and  Nature,"  &c.,  8vo,  1869. 

Winslow,  Edward,  gov.  of  Plymouth 
Colony  1633,  '36,  and  '44,  b.  Droitwich,  Worces- 
tershire, Eng.,  Oct.  19,  1595;  d.  at  sea,  be- 
tween St.  Domingo  and  Jamaica,  May  8, 
1655.  He  was  of  good  family ;  made  a  tour  in 
Europe ;  and  in  1617  joined  the  church  of  Rev. 
John  Robinson  at  Leyden.  He  was  a  passen- 
ger in  "The  Mayflower;"  was  one  of  5  emi-- 


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996 


^vnsr. 


grant  brothers ;  and,  in  the  first  conf.  with  Maa- 
sasoit,  offered  himself  as  a  hostage,  and  won  the 
attachment  of  the  chief,  which  he  strengthened 
in  1623  by  curing  him  of  a  severe  illness.  In 
1623-4  ho  made  two  voyages  to  Europe  as  agent 
for  the  Colony.  While  in  Eng.  in  1635,  as 
agent  for  the  Colony,  Archbishop  Laud  im- 
prisoned him  in  the  Fleet  Prison  for  17  weeks 
on  the  charges  of  having  taught  in  the  church, 
being  a  layman,  and  performing  marriage  as  a 
magistrate.  In  1649  he  again  went  to  Eng.; 
aided  in  organizing  the  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel  in  N.E.,  and  was  engaged 
in  various  public  affairs.  In  1655  Cromwell 
made  him  one  of  3  coramiss.  to  superintend  an 
exped.  against  the  Spaniards  in  the  W.  Indies, 
and  he  died  in  that  service.  He  pub.  "  Good 
Newes  from  N.  England,"  1623;  "Relation 
about  Indians;"  "Hypocrisie  Unmasked;" 
"  A  Brief  Narrative  of  the  True  Grounds  or 
Cause  of  the  First  Planting  of  N.  England ;  " 
"The  Danger  of  tolerating  Levellers;"  "Glo- 
rious Progress  of  the  Gospell  among  the  Indi- 
ans," 1649 ;  "  New  England's  Salamander  Dis- 
covered," &c.,  1647;  "A  Platform  of  Church 
Discipline  in  New  England,"  1653. 

Winslow,  Hubbard,  D.D.  (Ham.  Coll. 
1858),  clerij:yman  and  author,  b.  Williston, 
Vt.,  Oct.  30,  1799;  d.  there  Aug.  13,  1864. 
Y.C.  1825.  He  studied  theology;  was  settled 
pastor  of  the  First  Church  at  Dover,  Dec.  4, 
1828  ;  dism.  Nov.  3,  1831 ;  pastor  of  the  Bow- 
doin-st.  Church,  Boston,  Sept.  26,  1832-Mar. 
1844 ;  from  1844  to  1853  he  had  charge  of  the 
Mt. -Vernon,  or  Beacon-IIill,  Sem.  for  Young 
Ladies,  in  Boston;  afterward  travelled  some 
months  in  Europe  ;  in  1 857-9  preached  to  the 
First  Presb.  Church  in  Geneva,  N.Y. ;  and  in 
1861  was  pastor  of  the  50th-st.  Presb.  Church. 
Among  his  pubs,  are  "  Young  Man's  Aid ; " 
*'  Sermons  on  Christian  Doctrines ;  "  "  Dis- 
courses on  the  Trinity ; "  "  Social  and  Do- 
mestic Duties ; "  "  Are  you  a  Christian  ?  " 
"Elements  of  Intellect.  Philos. ; "  "Appropri- 
ate Sphere  of  Woman,"  1837 ;  "Woman  as  She 
Should  Be,"  1837  ;  "  Relation  of  the  Natural 
Sciences  to  Revelation,"  1839;  "Design  and 
Mode  of  Baptism,"  1842 ;  "  History  of  the 
First  Presb.  Church  and  of  the  Village  of 
Geneva,  N.Y.,"  1859;  "Moral  Philosophy," 
1856;  "The  Hidden  Life,"  1862.  He  deliv- 
ered numerous  addresses  on  educational  topics, 
contrib.  to  the  Educational  Journal,  edited  the 
Religious  Magazine,  and  wrote  articles  for  vari- 
ous reviews.  He  was  an  able  controversialist 
and  an  impressive  preacher. 

Winslow,  John,  maj.-gen.,  b.  Marshfield, 
Ms.,  27  May,  1702;  d.  Hingham,  Ms.,  17  Apr. 
1774.  Grandson  of  Gov.  Josiah.  Capt.  in  the 
unfortunate  Cuba  exped.  in  1740.  He  was  the 
principal  actor  in  the  tragedy  of  the  expulsion 
of  the  hapless  Acadians  from  Nova  Scotia  in 
1755;  and  it  is  a  singular  fact,  that,  20  years 
after,  nearly  every  person  of  Winslow's  lineage 
was  for  political  reasons,  by  the  force  of  events, 
transplanted  to  the  very  soil  from  which  the 
Acadians  Avcre  expelled.  Winslow  was  com.- 
in-chief  at  Fort  Wm.  Henry,  on  Lake  George, 
in  1756;  a  major-gen.  in  the  exped.  against 
Canada  in  1758-9 ;  and  was  an  officer  of  cour- 
age and  ability.    App.  pres.  judge  of  C.C.P. 


for  Plymouth  Co.  in  1762;  Prov.  councillor 
and  member  of  the  Ms.  legisl.  during  the 
Stamp-Act  difficulties.  An  original  founder 
of  the  town  of  Winslow,  Me.,  m  1766.  His 
son  Dr.  Isaac  d.  Marshfield  in  1819,  a.  80. 

Winslow,  John  A.,  rear-adm.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Wilmington.  N.C.,  Nov.  19,  1810.  Descended 
from  a  bro.  of  Gov.  Edward.  Midshipm.  Feb.  1, 
1827;  lieut.  Dec.  9,  1839;  com.  Sept.  14, 1855; 
capt.Julyl6,l862;  commo.  June  19, 1864;  rear- 
adm.  1870.  Attached  to  the  frigate  "  Cumber- 
land" in  the  attack  on  Tabasco;  and  in  various 
skirmishes  on  the  Mexican  coast  1 845-7 ;  in  the 
Mpi.  flotilla  1861-2 ;  at  Fort  Pillow ;  com.  ex- 
ped. up  the  White  River  for  the  relief  of  Gen. 
Curtis  in  June,  1862;  com.  "Kearsarge"  1863- 
4.  June  19,  1864,  he  sunk  the  Confed.  steamer 
"Alabama,"  Capt.  Semmes,  off  Cherbourg, 
France.  The  action  was  fought  while  the  two 
vessels  were  steaming  at  the  rate  of  7  or  8  miles 
an  hour,  and  every  few  minutes  sheering  so  as 
to  bring  their  broadsides  to  bear,  being  forced  to 
fight  in  circles,  "  swinging  steadily  around  an 
ever-changing  centre."  After  they  had  de- 
scribed 7  circles,  and  had  reduced  their  distance 
from  a  mile  to  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  "  The 
Alabama  "  began  to  sink.  "  The  Kearsarge  " 
lost  only  3  killed  and  wounded.  For  this  gal- 
lant action  Capt.  Winslow  was  made  commo- 
dore. Cora.  Gulf  squad.  1866-7;  now  (1871) 
com.  Pacific  fleet. 

Winslow,  Josiah,  first  native-born  gov. 
of  Plymouth,  son  of  Gov.  Edward,  b.  Marsh- 
field, Ms.,  1629;  d.  there  Dec.  18,  1680.  Ho 
had  the  command  of  a  military  company  in 
Marshfield  as  early  as  1652;  in  1656  he  cap- 
tured Alexander,  eldest  son  of  Massasoit,  and 
defeated  his  plans  against  the  Colony;  in  1658 
was  app.  major,  then  commander  of  the  mili- 
tary of  the  Colony ;  in  1675  he  was  gen.-in- 
chief  of  the  whole  force  of  the  U.  Colonies  raised 
in  King  Philip's  Indian  war.  One  of  the  com- 
miss.  of  the  U.  Colonies  in  1658,  he  was  re- 
elected for  13  years.  He  was  chosen  one  of  the 
deputies  in  1657,  and  until  1673  one  of  the  as- 
sists,, when  he  was  elected  gov.,  which  office  he 
held  until  his  death.  He  was  tolerant  in  an  age 
when  that  virtue  was  exceedingly  rare.  Ilis 
wife  Penelope,  dau.  of  Herbert  Pelham,  whom 
he  m.  in  1657,  d.  Dec.  7,  1703,  a.  73. 

Winslow,  MiRON,  D.D.  (II.  U.  1858), 
LL.D.  (Mid.  Coll.  1864),  missionary  and  phi- 
lologist, bro.  of  Rev.  Hubbard  and  Gordon,  b. 
Wiiliston,  Vt.,  11  Dec.  1789 ;  d.  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  22  Oct.  1864.  Mid.  Coll.  1815 ;  And. 
Sem.  1 818.  His  father  Nathaniel,  descended 
from  Kenelm,  who  came  in  "  The  Mayflower," 
was  a  teacher,  and  d.  Williston,  Vt.,  30  April, 
1832,  a.  80.  In  June,  1819,  he  sailed  for  India. 
After  17  years'  labor  at  Ceylon,  he  founded  a 
mission  at  Madras,  and  was  pres.  of  the  native 
college  connected  with  it.  Author  of  "  Hist, 
of  Missions,"  1819  ;  "Memoir  of  Harriet  Wins- 
low," 1835;  "Hints  on  Missions  to  India," 
1856;  and  in  1862,  after  20  years'  labor,  his 
valuable  "  Dictionary  of  the  Tamil  and  Eng- 
lish Language."  He  also  translated  the  Biblo 
into  Tamil,  pub.  several  works  in  India,  and 
contrib.  to  periodicals.  His  brotlicr  Gordon, 
many  years  Pr.-Ep.  rector  of  St.  Paul's,  Statcn 
Island,  drowned  in  the  Potomac  7  June,  18G4, 


Tvnsr 


997 


Wi-N" 


while  insp.  for  the  Sanitary  Commiss.,  Army 
of  the  Potomac.  His  son  Uol.  Cleveland  d. 
of  wounds  received  at  Mechanics ville,  Va.,  7 
July,  1864,  a.  28. 

Winsor,  Justin,  superintendent  Boston 
Public  Library  since  Feb.  1868,  b.  Boston, 
Ms.,  2  Jan,  1831.  Studied  at  Cambridge,  Ms., 
Paris,  and  Heidelberg.  Author  of  "History 
of  Duxbury,  Ms.,"  Svo,  1849;  compiler,  with 
Rev.  G.  H.  Hepworth,  of"  Songs  of  the  Unity," 
1859.  Contrib.  to  various  periodicals.  He  is 
now  preparing  a  Life  of  David  Garrick. 

Winston,  Joseph,  b.  Va.  1746  ;  d.  near 
German  town,  N.C.,  1814.  He  joined  a  com- 
pany of  rangers  in  1760;  was  twice  wounded 
m  an  Indian  fight  on  the  Greenbrier ;  was  pen- 
sioned by  the  Icgisl.  for  his  gallantry ;  removed 
to  Stokes  Co.,  N.C.,  in  1766;  was  its  repre- 
sentative in  1775-6,  and  was  app.  a  major; 
was  in  several  fights  with  Tories ;  and  for  his 
bravery  at  King's  Mountain,  where  he  com. 
the  right  wing,  had  a  sword  voted  him  by  the 
Icgisl.  Commiss.  to  the  Cherokecs,  with  whom 
a  treaty  was  made  in  1777.  First  senator  from 
Stokes  Co.  in  1791,  and  member  of  the  legisl. 
repeatedly  until  1812;  M.C.  1793-5  and  1803- 
7.  His  son  Gen.  Joseph  d.  Platte  Co.,  Mo., 
March  24, 1840,  a.  52.  He  had  filled  important 
ollices  in  Stokes  Co.,  N.C. ;  served  in  the  war 
of  1812 ;  was  many  years  in  the  State  Icgisl. ; 
and  was  a  major-general  of  militia. 

Winter,  William,  poet,  b.  Gloucester, 
Ms.,  1836.  Author  of  "The  Convent,  and 
Other  Poems,"  1854;  The  Queen's  Domain, 
and  Other  Poems,"  1858;  "My  Witness,"  &c., 
a  book  of  verse,  1871.  Has  edited  George  Ar- 
nold's poems ;  is  dramatic  critic  of  the  N.  Y. 
Tribune  and  iV.  Y.  Albion,  and  a  contributor  to 
magazines  and  journals. 

Winterbotham,  William,  assistant 
preacher  at  How's  Lane,  Plymouth,  was  ar- 
raigned for  seditious  words  in  his  sermons,  Nov. 
5  and  8, 1792 ;  and  in  July,  1793,  sentenced  to 
4  years*  imprisonment  and  a  fine  of  £200.  Au- 
thor of  "American  Atlas,"  London,  1794; 
"  Historical  View  of  the  U.S.  and  of  the  Eu- 
rop.  Settlements  of  America  and  the  West  In- 
dies," 4  vols.  8vo,  London,  1795 ;  composed  in 
prison,  "  View  of  the  Chinese  Empire,"  Svo, 
1795. — Allibone. 

Winthrop,  Fitz  John,  F.R.S.,  gov.  of 
Ct.  from  1698  till  his  death,  b.  Ipswich,  March 
14,1638;  d.  Boston,  Nov.  27,  1707.  Eldest 
son  of  Gov.  John  of  Ct.  He  went  to  Eng., 
where  ho  held  a  commission  under  the  Pro- 
tector Richard  Cromwell  in  1658,  and,  return- 
ing to  Ct.,  became  a  representative  in  1671 ; 
sei-ved  as  major  in  Philip's  war,  and  in  1686 
was  one  of  the  council  of  Gov.  Andros.  Ho 
became  a  magistrate  of  Ct.  in  1689;  in  1690 
was  app.  maj.-gen.  of  the  army  designed  to  act 
against  Canada,  and  conducted  the  exped.  with 
great  prudence.  In  1693-8  he  was  agent  of 
the  Colony  in  Great  Britain,  and  discharged 
his  duties  so  satisfactorily,  that  the  Icgisl.  pre- 
sented him  with  £500.  Like  his  father,  he  was 
distinguished  for  philosophical  attainments. 

winthrop,  John,  gov.  of  Ms.,  b.  Groton, 
Suffolk,  Eng.,  Jan.  12,  1588 ;  d.  Boston,  Mar. 
26,  1649.  Like  his  father  and  grandfather,  he 
was  bred  to  the  law;  at  18  was  a  justice  of  the 


peace,  and  was  noted  for  piety  and  hospitality. 
Made  gov.  of  the  Ms.  Company  in  1629,  and 
chosen  to  lead  a  colony  to  Ms.  Bay,  he  con- 
verted his  estate  into  cash,  left  Eng.,  and  landed 
at  Salem,  June  12,  1630.  He  soon  removed 
to  Charlestown,  and  selected  the  peninsula  of 
Shawmut  as  the  site  of  Boston,  and  shared  in 
the  severe  j)ri  vations  of  the  first  year.  Devoting 
himself  assiduousl/  to  the  good  of  the  Colony, 
he  was  annually  elected  gov.  until  1634,  agam 
in  1637-40, 1642-4,  and  from  1646  to  his  death. 
In  1636,  when  Sir  Henry  Vane  was  elected 
gov.,  Winthrop  was  chosen  dcputy-gov.  Vane 
and  Winthrop  were  on  opposite  sides  in  the 
Hutchinson  controversy,  and  in  1637  Winthrop 
was  chosen  over  Vane.  He  subsequently  had 
a  controversy  with  Vane  in  regard  to  the  alien 
law.  Again  dep.-gov.  1644-5.  Winthrop  was 
opposed  to  an  unlimited  democracy ;  and,  when 
the  people  of  Ct.  were  forming  a  govt.,  he  wrote 
them  a  letter,  in  which  he  said  that  "  the  best 
part  of  a  community  is  always  the  least,  and 
of  that  least  part  the  wiser  are  still  less."  His 
firm  and  decided  management  of  affaire  some- 
times made  him  unpopular.  He  bore  this  with 
equanimity,  and  served  the  State  as  faithfully 
in  an  inferior  station  as  at  its  head.  He  op- 
posed the  doctrines  of  Anne  Hutchinson  and  her 
followers,  and  was  active  in  their  banishment. 
His  private  character  was  most  amiable.  Gov. 
W.  left  5  sons,  the  eldest  of  whom  was  the  found- 
er of  the  Saybrook  Colony,  and  gov.  of  Ct. 
His  valuable  "  Journal "  of  the  public  occur- 
rences in  the  Ms.  Colony  from  Mar.  29,  1630, 
to  Jan.  11,  1649,  was  pub.  in  1790,  and,  with 
notes  by  James  Savage,  in  1826  and  1853.  He 
also  wrote  on  board  "  The  Arbella  "  "A  Mod- 
ell  of  Christian  Charity,"  printed  in  the  Ms. 
"  Hist.  Colls."  —  See  Life  and  Letters  of  Win' 
throp,  by  R.  C.  Winthrop,  2  vols.  Svo,  1864-7. 

Winthrop,  John,  F.R.S.,  gov.  of  Ct.,son 
of  the  preceding,  b.  Groton,  Eng.,  Feb.  12, 
1606;  d.  Boston,  April  5,  1676.  Dublin  U. 
1622-5.  He  was  in  the  exped.  of  1627  for  the 
relief  of  the  Huguenots  of  Rochellc;  in  1628 
was  an  attache  of  the  embassy  to  Turkey ;  fol- 
lowed his  father  to  America  in  1631,  and  was 
in  1632  chosen  a  magistrate  of  Ms. ;  settled  at 
Ipswich  in  Mar.  1633,  but  soon  returned  to 
Eng.  In  1635  he  came  back  with  a  commis- 
sion under  the  Warwick  grant,  built  a  fort  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Ct.  River,  and  was  constituted 
gov.  In  1644-5  he  moved  his  family  from  Bos- 
ton to  Pequot  Harbor,  where,  in  the  following 
spring,  he  founded  the  city  of  New  London. 
He  was  a  magistrate  in  1651 ;  gov.  from  1657 
to  his  d.  Sent  to  Eng.  in  1661,  he  procured  a 
charter  from  Charles  II.  uniting  Ct.  and  New 
Haven  in  one  Colony,  and  was  the  fii*st  gov. 
under  it.  In  1676  he  visited  Boston  as  the 
representative  of  Ct.  in  a  congress  of  the 
United  Colonies.  He  was  an  accomplished 
scholar,  a  founder  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Lon- 
don, and  the  author  of  a  number  of  papers  in 
the  "Philosophical  Transactions." 

Winthrop,  John,  LL.D.  (U.  of  Edinb. 
1771),  F.R.S.,  Hollis  prof,  of  math,  and  nat. 
philos.  in  H.  U.  1738-79,  b.  Boston,  19  Dec. 
1714  ;  d.  Cambridge,  Ms.,  3  May,  1779.  H.U. 
1732.  Son  of  Adam  Winthrop,  and  descend- 
ant of  Gov.  John.    ])isting.  for  his  mathemat- 


TvrN- 


998 


^VTS 


ical  skill.  His  observations  of  the  transit^  of 
Mercury,  in  1 740,  were  noticed  by  the  Roy.  Soc. 
of  Lond.,  of  which  he  subsequently  became  a 
member.  He  observed  the  transit  of  Venus  over 
the  sun's  disk  at  St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  6 
June,  1761,  an  account  of  which  he  pub.  Bos- 
ton, 8vo,  1761.  He  was  several  years  judge  of 
probate  for  Middlesex  Co.,;  member  of  the 
council  in  1773-4;  and  a  prudent  as  well 
as  a  firm  advocate  of  political  liberty.  Author 
of  a  "Lecture  on  Earthquakes,"  1755;  "An- 
swer to  Mr.  Prince's  Letter  on  Earthquakes," 
1756;  "Two  Lectures  on  Comets,"  1759; 
"  Account  of  some  Fiery  Meteors,"  1765 ;  and 
"  Two  Lectures  on  the  Parallax,"  1769.  In 
1766  his  paper,  "  Cogitata  de  Cometes,"  was 
communicated  to  the  Roy.  Soc.  by  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, and  was  separately  printed  in  London. 

Winthrop,  Robert  Charles,  LL.D. 
(Bowd.  1849;  Keny.  1851;  H.U.  1855),  ora- 
tor, ])olitician,  and  man  of  letters,  b.  Boston, 
12  May,  1809.  H.U.  1828.  Sixth  in  descent 
from  Gov.  John  Winthrop.  His  father  Thos. 
Lindall,  LL.D.  (Trin.  Coll.  1836),  licut.-gov. 
of  Ms.  in  1826-32  (b.  N.  Lond.,  Ct.,  6  Mar. 
1760;  d.  Boston,  22  Feb.  1841 ;  H.U.  1784), 
was  a  merchant,  and  took  a  deep  interest  in 
agriculture ;  was  pres.  of  the  Ms.  Agric.  Soc, 
of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc,  and  of  the  Amer.  Antiq, 
Soc,  and  a  member  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of 
Arts  and  of  the  Philos.  Soc;  in  1786  he  m. 
the  eldest  dau.  of  Sir  John  Temple,  and  grand- 
dau.  of  Gov.  Bowdoin.  The  son  studied  law 
with  Daniel  Webster ;  entered  the  State  legisl. 
in  1835;  was  its  speaker  in  1838-40;  M.C. 
1840-2  and  1843-50,  and  speaker  in  1847-8; 
U.S.  senator  1850-1,  during  the  unexpired  terra 
of  Mr.  Webster.  Pres.  of  the  Ms.  Hist.  Soc, 
and  of  other  literary  and  charitable  associations, 
and  also  of  the  Boston  Public-Library  Building 
Commissioners.  His  congressional  speeches  are 
included  in  a  vol.  of  "Addresses  and  Speeches," 
pub.  1852,  followed  by  a  second  in  1867.  Au- 
thor of  "  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Winthrop," 
2  vols.,  1864-7 ;  and  "Memoir  of  Nathan  Apple- 
ton,"  1861.  Among  his  addresses  are  those  on 
the  Washington  Monument  Inaug.,  1848; 
Public  Library  of  Boston,  1855  ;  and  that  of 
the  Franklin  Statue  in  1856;  in  memory  of 
Wm.  H.  Prescott,  Feb.  1859 ;  Josiah  Quincy  in 
July,  1864  ;  on  Edward  Everett  in  Jan.  1865  ; 
and  at  Plymouth,  21  Dec.  1870,  In  Dec. 
1853  he  delivered  a  lecture  on  Algernon  Sidney 
before  the  Boston  Mercantile-Lib.  Association. 

Winthrop,  Theodore,  soldier  and  au- 
thor, b.  N.  Haven,  Ct.,  Sept.  21,  1828 ;  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Great  Bethel,  Va.,  June  10, 1861. 
y .  C.  1 848.  After  a  visit  to  Europe  for  his  health 
in  1849-51,  he  became  tutor  to  the  son  of  Mr. 
W.  H.  Aspinwall,  whose  counting-house  in  New 
York  he  subsequently  entered ;  resided  2  years 
in  Panama  in  the  employ  of  the  Pacific  Steam- 
ship Co. ;  visited  California,  Oregon,  and  Van- 
couver's Island ;  and  accomp.  the  unfortunate 
expcd.  of  Lieut.  Strain  to  explore  the  Isthmus 
of  Darien.  Returning  in  1 854  in  poor  health, 
he  was  adm.  to  the  bar,  and  practised  at 
St.  Louis,  but,  disliking  the  climate,  soon  re- 
turned to  New  York.  Immediately  after  the 
fall  of  Fort  Sumter,  in  Apr.  1861,  he  joined  the 
N.Y.  7th  Regt.,  and  became  military  sec.  to 


Gen.  Butler  at  Fortress  Monroe,  with  the  rank 
of  major.  Author  of  "  Cecil  Dreeme,"  "  John 
Brent,"  "Edwin  Brothertoft,"  "Canoe  and 
Saddle,"  "  Life  in  the  Open  Air ;  "  also  a  num- 
ber of  magazine  articles,  among  them  an  ac- 
count of  the  campaign  of  the  N.Y.  7th  Rcgt. 
in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  of  June,  July,  and  Aug., 
1861. 

Winthrop,  Waitstill,.  maj.-gen.,  b.  Bos- 
ton, Feb.  27,  1642;  d.  there  7  Nov.  1717.  Son 
of  Gov.  John  of  Ct.  Member  of  Andros's  coun- 
cil and  of  that  of  1692 ;  judge  of  admiralty ; 
and  chief  justice  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Ms. 
His  son  John  (b.  28  Aug.  1681,  d.  1  Aug. 
1747  ;  H.U.  1700)  was  some  time  a  magistrate 
of  Ct. ;  afterward  a  disting.  member  of  the 
Roy.  Soc  of  Lond.,  to  whose  "  Transactions  " 
he  was  a  contributor. 

Wirt,  William,  LL.  D.  (H.  U.  1824), 
orator,  lawyer,  and  author,  b.  Bladensburg, 
Md.,  Nov.  8,  1772 ;  d.  Washington,  D.  C, 
Feb.  18,  1834.  His  father  was  a  Swiss,  and 
his  mother  a  German.  Left  an  orphan  at  the 
age  of  8  with  a  small  patrimony,  he  was  edu- 
cated by  his  uncle  Jasper.  He  resided  ab.  20 
months  as  a  private  tutor  in  the  family  of 
Benjamin  Edwards,  the  father  of  Gov.  Ninian 
Edwards  of  Illinois.  In  1792  he  commenced 
the  practice  of  law  at  Culpeper  C.H.,  Va.  ;  in 
1795  he  m.  the  eldest  dau.  of  Dr.  George  Gil- 
mer, and  settled  at  Pen  Park,  near  Charlottes- 
ville. He  there  contracted  dissipated  habits, 
from  which  he  is  said  to  have  been  redeemed 
by  listening  to  a  sermon  preached  by  James 
Waddell,  whose  memory  he  has  perpetuated  in 
his  "  British  Spy."  In  1799  his  wife  died,  and 
he  was  soon  after  elected  clerk  of  the  house  of 
delegates.  He  was  in  1802  app.  chancellor  of 
the  eastern  dist.  of  Va.,  but  shortly  afterwards 
resigned  this  office,  and,  toward  the  close  of 
1803,  removed  to  Norfolk.  Just  before  this  he 
wrote  the  letters  pub.  in  the  Ridimond  Argus 
under  the  title  of  "The  British  Spy,"  which 
have  since  been  collected,  and  have  passed 
through  ten  editions;  in  1804  he  pub.  in  the 
Richmond  Enquirer  a  series  of  essays  entitled 
"The  Rainbow;"  in  1806  he  went  to  Rich- 
mond, and,  the  following  year,  greatly  disting. 
himself  in  the  trial  of  Aaron  Burr,  establishing 
his  reputation  as  one  of  the  foremost  lawyers 
in  the  country ;  in  1807-8  he  was  elected  to*  the 
house  of  delegates,  in  which  he  was  a  promi- 
nent advocate  of  the  policy  of  Pres.  Jefferson  ; 
in  1812  he  wrote  most  of  the  essays  originally 
pub.  in  the  Richmond  Enquirer  under  the  title 
of  "  The  Old  Bachelor."  "  The  Life  of  Pat- 
rick Henry,"  his  longest  literary  production, 
was  first  pub.  in  1817.  In  1816  he  was  app. 
U.S.  atty.for  the  Dist.  of  Va. ;  and  in  1817-30 
was  atty.-gen.  of  the  U.S. ;  in  1830  he  removed 
to  Baltimore.  He  delivered  a  discourse  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  Adams  and  Mr.  Jefferson  before 
the  citizens  of  Washington,  Oct.  19,  1826.  In 
1832  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  anti-Masonic 
party  for  pres.  of  the  U.S.  His  Life,  by  J.  P.  • 
Kennedy,  was  pub.  (2  vols.,  Phila.)  1849.  His 
widow  Elizabeth  Washingtox,  dau.  of  Col. 
Robert  Gamble  (b.  30  Jan.  1784,  ra.  1802,  d. 
Annapolis  24  Jan.  1857),  was  the  author  of 
"Flora's  Dictionary,"  Bait.  1829. 

Wise,  Henry  Alexander,  politician,  b. 


WIS 


999 


"WIT 


Drummondtown,  Accomac  Co.,  Va.,  3  Dec 
1806.  Wash.  Coll.,  Pa.,  1825.  His  father,' 
who  was  a  lawyer,  and  once  speaker  of  the  house 
of  delegates,  d.  1812.  His  mother  d.  in  1813, 
and  he  was  educated  by  relatives.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  at  Winchester  in  1828,  and  settled  in  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  but  in  1830  returned  to  Accomac  ; 
M.C.  1833-43,  and  a  supporter  of  Gen.  Jack- 
son, but,  on  his  removal  of  the  deposits  from 
the  U.S.  Bank,  went  over  to  the  opposition. 
Minister  to  Brazil  1843-7.  He  exerted  a 
powerful  influence  over  the  policy  of  John  Ty- 
ler, to  whose  nomination  to  the  vice-presidency 
in  1840  he  largely  contributed.  A  zealous  ad- 
vocate of  the  admission  of  Texas  into  the 
tJnion.  Member  of  the  State  Const.  Conv.  of 
1 850  ;  gov.  of  Va.  1856-60.  He  joined  Senator 
Douglas  in  opposing  the  Lecompton  Constitu- 
tion for  Kansas.  In  1859  he  pub.  a  treatise  on 
territorial  govt.,  sustaining  the  doctrine  of 
congressional  protection  of  slavery.  The  last 
act  of  his  administration  was  the  execution  of 
John  Brown  and  his  followers  for  the  raid  on 
Harper's  Ferry.  In  the  Va.  convention  of  13 
Feb.  1861,  he  advocated  a  peaceful  settlement 
of  the  difficulties  with  the  Federal  government. 
After  the  secession  of  Va.,  however,  he  took 
the  commission  of  brig.-gen.  ;  was  defeated  by 
Gen.  J.  D.  Cox  at  Gauley  Bridge ;  and  com.  at 
Roanoke  Island,  but  was  sick  when  its  capture 
took  place,  7  Feb.  1862.  His  son,  Capt.  O.  J. 
Wise,  was  killed  on  that  occasion.  — See  Biog. 
Sketch  by  J.  P.  Hambleton,  1856. 

Wise,  Henry  Augustus,  capt.  U.S.N., 
and  novelist,  b.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  May  12,  1819; 
d.  Naples  1  Apr.  1869.  Son  of  George  Stuart 
Wise,  an  officer  of  the  U.S.N.,  who  came  from 
an  old  royalist  family,  several  of  whom  were 
taken  prisoners  after  the  Penruddock  Rebel- 
lion, and  sent  to  Va.  ab.  1665.  At  the  age 
of  14,  by  the  influence  of  his  cousin  Gov.  Wise, 
he  was  app.  a  midshipman,  and  first  sailed  un- 
der Capt.  John  Percival,  —  the  "  Jack  Percy  " 
of  his  "  Tales  for  the  Marines."  He  served  in 
the  squadron  on  the  coasts  of  Florida  during 
the  Seminole  war,  and,  after  promotion  to  a 
lieutenancy,  in  the  Pacific,  in  Cal.,  and  Mexico, 
during  the  war  of  1846-8.  On  his  return  to 
the  U.S.  he  m.  the  dau.  of  Edward  Everett. 
In  1862  he  was  promoted  to  com.,  and  made  as- 
sist, chief  of  the  bureau  of  ordnance  and  hy- 
drography ;  capt.  Jan.  1867  ;  resigned  his  con- 
nection with  the  ordnance  bureau,  Jan.  1869. 
He  pub.  in  1849  "Los  Gringos;"  in  1855 
"  Tales  for  the  Marines  ;  "  "  Scampavias," 
1857;  "Capt.  Brand  of  the  Schooner  Centi- 
pede," 1860. 

Wise,  John,  minister  of  Ipswich,  Ms., 
from  Aug.  12,  1683,  till  his  d.  April  8,  1725. 
Bapt.  Aug.  15,  1652.  H.  U.  1673.  Son  of 
Joseph  of  Roxbury.  In  1688,  for  remonstrating 
against  the  grievance  of  taxes  imposed  without 
authority  from  the  Assembly,  he  was  im- 
prisoned by  Andros.  After  the  revol.  of  Apr. 
1689  he  brought  an  action  against  Dudley, 
chief  justice,  for  denying  him  the  benefit  of  the 
habeas-corpus  act.  As  a  chaplain  in  the  unfor- 
tunate exped.  against  Canada  in  1690,  he  was 
disting.  not  only  for  piety,  but  for  martial  skill 
and  an  heroic  spirit.  He  was  one  of  the  very 
few  ministers  who  favored  the  introduction  of 


inoculation  for  small-pox  in  1721.  In  1705  he 
opposed  the  scheme  of  establishing  associations 
to  be  intrusted  with  spiritual  power;  and  in  his 

"  Church  Quarrel  Espoused,"  pub.  in  1710, 

a  book  abounding  in  wit  and  satire,  —  con- 
tended that  each  church  contained  in  itself  all 
ecclesiastical  authority.  He  was  zealous  and 
ardent  in  his  attachment  to  civil  and  religious 
liberty,  and  was  a  dep.  to  the  Assembly  in 
Andros's  administration.  He  pub.  beside  the 
above,  ab.  1717,  "A  Vindication  of  the  Govt, 
of  the  N,  E.  Churches,"  reprinted  in  1772. 

Wisner,  Benjamin  Blydenburg,  D.D. 
(Edinb.),  minister  of  the  Old  South  Church, 
Boston,  Feb.  21,  1821-1832,  b.  Goshen,  N.Y., 
Sept.  29,  1794;  d.  Boston,  Feb.  9,  1835.  Un. 
Coll.  1813;  tutor  1815-18.  His  father,  P.  B. 
Wisner,  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  and  founders 
of  the  church  at  Geneva,  N.Y.  The  son  stud- 
ied law,  and  afterward  theology,  at  Princeton. 
Ill-health  caused  him  to  leave  the  pulpit  in 
1832  for  the  office  of  sec.  of  the  Amor.  Board 
of  Missions.  Besides  sermons,  he  pub.  in  1830 
"A  History  of  the  Old  South  Church;" 
"Memoirs  of  Mrs.  S.  Huntington,"  1828.— 
Miss.  Herald,  1836. 

Wisner,  Moses,  lawyer,  gov.  of  Mich. 
1859-61,  b.  A urelius,  Cayuga  Co,,N.Y.,  1818; 
d.  Lexington,  Ky.,  5  Jan.  1863.  Pie  received 
a  good  education  ;  removed  to  Mich,  in  1839  ; 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1842,  and  was  pros, 
atty.  for  Lapeer  Co.  in  1843-4;  app.  col.  22d 
Mich.  Regt.  in  1862. 

Wistar,  Caspar,  M.D.  (U.  of  Edinb. 
1786),  physician,  b.  Phila.  13  Sept.  1761;  d. 
there  22  Jan.  1818.  -His  father,  a  German 
Quaker,  settled  in  N.J.  After  the  battle  of 
German  town  in  1777,  he  ministered  to  the 
wounded,  and  was  in  consequence  led  to  adopt 
the  medical  profession.  After  studying  with 
Dr.  Redman,  he  attended  the  lectures  at  the 
U.  of  Pa.,  and  in  1783-7  studied  and  travelled 
in  Great  Britain.  Returning  to  Phila.  in  Jan. 
1787,  he  began  practice  there;  was  prof,  of 
chemistry  and  physiol.  in  Phila.  Coll.  in  1789- 
92,  and  physician  to  the  Dispensatory  and  Hos- 
pital;  adjunct  prof  of  anatomy  and  surgery 
with  Dr.  Shippen,  Jan.  1792-1808;  and  prof, 
of  anatomy  in  1808-18.  He  was  a  most  skilful 
physician,  and  gave  to  the  Phila.  Med.  School 
the  high  reputation  it  acquired.  Member  of 
many  literary  and  scientific  societies  ;  vice-pres. 
of  the  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  from  1795,  and  pres. 
from  1815.  He  succeeded  Dr.  Rush  as  pres. 
of  the  Society  for  the  Abolition  of  Slavery.  His 
principal  work  is  a  "  System  of  Anatomy,"  2 
vols.  1812. —  Gross's  Med.  Biog. 

Wiswall,  IcHABOD,  minister  of  Duxbury, 
Ms.,  1676,  to  his  d.  July  23, 1700,  b.  Eng.  1638. 
He  studied  three  years  at  H.U.,  but  did  not 
graduate.  He  was  many  years  an  instructor 
of  youth,  and  was  agent  of  the  Colony  in  Eng. 
in  1689,  striving  to  prevent  the  union  of  Plym- 
outh to  either  N.Y.  or  Ms.,  but  was  defeated 
in  this  by  Inc.  Mather.  A  poem  on  the  comet 
of  1680  was  pub.  by  him  in  London. 

Withers,  Gen.  Jones  M.,  b.  Ala.  ab. 
1814.  West  Point,  1835.  Entered  1st  Drags. 
July,  and  resigned  Dec.  5, 1 835.  Aide  to  Maj.- 
Gen.  Patterson  of  Ala.  Vols,  in  the  Creek  war, 
1836;  col.  Ala.  Vols,  for  Mexican  war ;  lieut.- 


'WTiT 


1000 


TVOL 


col.  13th  U.  S.  Inf.  9  Apr.  1847  ;  col.  9th  Inf. 
Sept.  13,  1847;  resigned  May  23,  1848;  mer- 
chant in  Mobile  1848-61;  mayor  of  that  city 
1858-61.  App.  brig.-gen.  Confed.  service  1861; 
raaj.-gen.  1862  ;  com.  2d  div.  2d  corps  at  the 
battle  of  Shiloh  Apr.  6,  and  at  the  battle  of 
Stone  River  Dec.  31,  1862. 

Witherspoon,  John,  D.  D.,  LL.  D., 
clergyman  and  scholar,  b.  Yester,  near  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  5,  1722  ;  d.  near  Princeton,  N.  J., 
Nov.  15, 1794.  His  father,  the  parish  minister 
of  Yester,  was  a  lineal  descendant  of  John 
Knox  by  his  dau.  Elizabeth.  The  son  was 
educated  at  the  U.  of  Edinburgh  ;  was  licensed 
to  preach  at  21;  and  settled  at  Beith.  When 
the  Pretender  landed  in  Scotland,  he  marched 
at  the  head  of  a  corps  of  militia  to  Glasgow 
to  join  him  ;  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle 
of  Falkirk,  and  imprisoned  in  Donne  Castle, 
where  he  remained  until  after  the  battle  of  Cul- 
loden.  In  1 757  he  was  settled  at  Paisley,  whence 
he  was  called  in  1767  to  the  presidency  of  Prince- 
ton Coll.,  N.  J.,  and  was  inaug.  Aug.  17,  1768. 
He  wrote  an  apologue  entitled  "  History  of  a 
Corporation  of  Servants,"  &c.,  a  narrative,  under 
a  pleasant  disguise,  of  the  church-history  of 
Great  Britain ;  *'  An  Essay  on  Justification," 
1756  ;  and  a  "  Serious  Enquiry  into  the  Nature 
and  Effects  of  the  Stage,"  1757,  occasioned  by 
the  performance  of  "  Douglas,"  written  by  the 
clergyman  Home.  In  1764  he  went  to  London, 
and  pub.  3  vols,  of  "Essays  on  Important 
Suiyects."  He  improved  thefinances,  and  raised 
the  reputation  of  the  college,  and  gave  lectures 
on  moral  philos.  and  rhetoric,  which  are  in- 
cluded in  his  works.  In  addition  to  his  other 
duties,  he  was  prof,  of  divinity,  and  pastor  of 
the  church  in  Princeton,  during  his  presidency. 
On  the  opening  of  the  war,  the  college  was  for 
a  time  broken  up ;  when  Witherspoon  was  dele- 
gated to  the  N.  J.  conv.  for  framing  a  State 
constitution,  and,  being  sent  by  theProv.  Con- 
gress to  the  Gen.  Congress  atPhila.,  took  his 
seat  in  time  to  sign  the  Decl.  of  Indep.  He 
was  a  punctual  attendant  in  Congress  during 
his  term  of  6  years,  and  active  on  committees ; 
member  of  the  secret  com.  and  of  the  board  of 
war,  and  visited  the  camp  to  improve  the  state 
of  the  troops.  He  wrote  the  congressional 
addresses  to  the  people,  recommending  fasts, 
and  "  Thoughts  on  American  Liberty,"  and 
war-pieces  in  the  newspapers.  His  "  Essay 
on  Money"  was  a  reproduction  of  his  speeches 
in  Congress,  where  he  opposed  the  repeated 
issues  of  paper-money.  In  that  body  his 
sagacity,  and  insight  into  the  future,  were  pre- 
eminent. In  1781  he  wrote  several  periodical 
essays  on  social  and  literary  toj)ies,  entitled 
"  The  Druid."  He  went  to  Eng.  in  1783  and 
1 784  to  collect  funds  for  the  college.  At  the  age 
of  70  he  m.  a  young  lady  of  23.  By  his  first  wiTe 
he  had  a  son,  a  major  in  the  Revol.  army, 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Germantown.  Ramsay 
the  historian  m.  his  dau.  His  works  were  pub. 
in  4  vols.  8vo  at  Phila.  in  1802 ;  and  in  9  vols. 
12mo,  Edinburgh. 

Withington,  Rev.  Leonard,  D.D., 
pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Newburv,  Ms., 
1816-58,  b.  Dorchester,  Ms.,  Aug.  9*,  1789 
Y.C.  1814.  He  pub.  "  The  Puritan,  a  Series 
of  Essays  by  John  Oldbug,  Esq.,"  2  vols.  1836  ; 


"  Solomon's  Song,"  transl.  and  explained, 
1861;  "Penitential  Tears,"  8vo,  1845;  single 
sermons,  &c.  —  Duyckinck. 

Woedtke,  De,  brig.-gen.  Revol.  army,  b. 
Prussia;  d.  Lake  George,  ab.  July  31,  1776. 
He  was  for  many  years  an  officer  in  the  army 
of  the  great  Frederick,  and  was  app.  by  Con- 
gress a  brig.-gen.  March  16,  1776. 

Wolcott,  Oliver,  LL.D.  (Y.C.  1792), 
signer  of  the  Decl.  of  Indep.,  b.  Windsor,  Cf., 
Nov,  26,  1726;  d.  Litchfield,  Dec.  1,  1797. 
Y.C.  1747.  Son  of  Gov.  Roger.  Acapt.  inthe 
northern  frontier  in  the  war  which  terminated 
with  the  peace  of  Aix  la  Chapellc.  He  then 
studied  medicine,  but  abandoned  it  on  being 
app.  sheriff  of  Litchfield  Co.  in  1751.  In  1774- 
86  he  was  an  assist,  in  the  council  of  the  State ; 
also  for  some  time  judge  of  the  C.CP.  and  of 
the  Litchfield  Court  of  Probate,  and  a  maj.-gen. 
of  militia.  In  1775  he  was  app.  by  the  Cont. 
Congress  one  of  the  commiss.  of  Indian  affiiirs 
for  the  northern  dept.  to  secure  the  neutrality 
of  the  Indians.  In  Jan.  1776  he  was  made  a 
delegate  to  Congress.  In  July  lie  returned  to 
Ct.,  and  was  invested  with  the  com.  of  the  State 
militia  drafted  for  the  defence  of  N.  Y.  In  Nov. 
he  resumed  his  seat  in  Congress.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  joined  the  northern  army  under 
Gates  with  several  hundred  volunteers,  assisted 
in  the  defeat  of  Burgoyne,  and  was  made  brig.- 
gen.  on  the  field  of  Saratoga.  Until  1 786  he  was 
occupied  in  serving  his  country  either  in  Con- 
gress, in  the  field,  or  as  a  commiss.  of  Indian 
aflfiiirs;  lieut.-gov,  of  Ct.  1786-96;  gov.  in 
1796-7. 

Wolcott,  Oliver,  LL.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1799;  Y.C.  1819),  statesman  and  financier,  b. 
Litchfield,  Ct.,  11  Jan.  1760;  d.  N.Y.  City,  1 
June,  1833.  Y.C.  1778.  Son  of  the  preceding. 
He  was  a  vol.  to  repel  the  British  attack  on  Dan- 
bury,  Ct.,  in  1777 ;  was  a  vol.  aide  to  his  fiUher 
in  1779;  and  afterward  was  an  officer  in  the 
commissary  dept.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in  1781, 
he  was  eraplo^-ed  in  the  financial  affairs  of  his 
State  ;  in  May,  1784,  was  a  commiss.  to  settle 
its  accounts  with  the  U.S.  ;  comptroller  of 
public  accounts.  May,  1788-Sept.  1789;  auditor 
U.S.  treasury  1 789-91 ;  comptroller  1791-5; 
sec.  U.S.  treas.  3  Feb.  1795-31  Dec.  1800; 
app.  judge  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  in  1800.  Re- 
moving to  N.Y.  City  in  1 802,  he  was  a  merchant 
until  the  breaking-out  of  the  war  of  1812,  the 
policy  of  which  he  sustained,  and  about  this 
time,  in  connection  with  his  bro.  Frederick, 
commenced  the  extensive  manuf.  establishment 
at  Wolcottville,  near  Litchfield.  Pres.  of  the 
State  Const.  Conv.  of  1817;  gov.ofCt.  1818-27. 
While  a  resident  of  Hartford,  he  was  one  of  its 
coterie  of  wits  with  Hopkins,  Barlow,  Alsop, 
and  Trumbull.  His  last  years  were  passed  in 
New  York.  Author  of  "An  Address  to  the 
People  of  the  U.S.,"  8vo,  1802. 

Wolcott,  Gen.  Roger,  soldier,  statesman, 
and  jurist,  b.  Windsor,  Ct.,  Jan.  4,  1679;  d. 
there  May  17,  1767.  Never  having  had  a  day's 
schooling,  he  yet  rose  to  the  highest  military  and 
civil  honors.  At  the  age  of  12  he  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  mechanic,  and  by  industry  and  frugal- 
ity acquired  a  fortune.  In  the  exped.  against 
Canada  (in  1711)  he  was  commissary  of  the  Ct. 
forces,  and  at  the  capture  of  Louisburg  (in 


wor. 


1001 


^voo 


1745)  was  maj.-gen.,and  second  in  com.  He  was 
successively  a  member  of  the  Assembly  and 
Council,  judge  of  the  county  court,  dep.-gov., 
chief  judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  and  in  1751- 
4  gov.  He  pub.  "  Poetical  Meditations,"  1725. 
A  long  MS.  poem,  which  describes  minutely 
the  Peqiiot  war,  is  preserved  in  the  Hist.  Soc. 
'*  Colls."  His  son  Erastus,  b.  21  Sept.  1722, 
d.  14  Sept.  1793  ;  a  col.  at  the  siege  of  Boston 
in  1775,  afteryvards  a  gen.,  and  a  judge  of  the 
Sup.  Court. 

Wolf,  George,  gov.  of  Pa.  1829-35,  b. 
Allen  township.  Pa.,  Aug.  12,  1777;  d.  Phila. 
March  14,  1840.  He  received  a  classical  edu- 
cation, studied  law,  and  became  eminent  in  the 
profession.  In  1814  he  was  elected  a  repre- 
sentative; was  M.C.  in  1824-9;  was  app.  in 
1836  first  compt.  of  the  U.  S.  treas. ;  and  was 
afterwards  coll.  of  the  port  of  Philadelphia. 

Wolfe,  James,  a  British  gen.,  b.  Wester- 
ham,  Kent,  15  Jan.  1726  ;  killed  at  Quebec  13 
Sept.  1759.  Son  of  Edward,  a  lieut.-gen.  En- 
tering young  into  the  army,  he  disting.  himself 
at  Laffeldt,  though  then  only  20  years  of  age. 
Quartermaster-gen.  of  the  inglorious  exped. 
against  Rochefort  in  1757,  he  vainly  recom- 
mended an  attempt  at  landing;  acquired  an 
increase  of  reputation  at  the  capture  of  Louis- 
burg  ;  and  was  placed  by  Wm.  Pitt,  with  the 
rank  of  maj.-gen.,  at  the  head  of  the  force  des- 
tined against  Quebec.  Late  in  June,  1759,  he 
arrived  with  8,000  men,  in  the  fleet  of  Admiral 
Saunders,  in  the  River  St.  Lawrence.  Mont- 
calm, the  French  com.,  occupied  a  strong  posi- 
tion, and  repulsed  Wolfe's  first  attack  with 
great  loss,  July  31.  Though  greatly  dispirited 
by  this  failure,  Wolfe  renewed  his  eflforts,  and, 
deceiving  the  enemy  by  several  feints,  embarked 
with  his  forces  in  the  night  of  Sept.  12, 
drifted  with  the  tide,  unobserved  by  the  senti- 
nels, to  a  point  beyond  the  town,  and,  scaling 
an  almost  inaccessible  mountain,  formed  in 
order  of  battle  at  daybreak  of  the  13th  on  the 
Plains  of  Abraham.  Montcalm,  accepting  the 
inevitable  battle,  attacked  Wolfe;  but  after 
a  severe  conflict,  which  proved  fatal  to  both 
leaders,  victory  declared  for  the  English,  and, 
three  days  later,  Quebec  surrendered,  and  Cana- 
da was  lost  to  France.  A  monument  was 
erected  to  his  memory  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Wood,  Alphonso,  teacher  and  botanist, 
b.  Chesterfield,  N.H.,  Sept.  17,  1810.  Dartra. 
Coll.  1834.  He  studied  divinity  at  Andover 
Sem. ;  taught  at  Meriden  Acad.,  Plainfield,  15 
years;  was  a  civil  engr.  3  years;  prof,  and 
pres.  Ohio  Female  Coll.  8  years  ;  prof,  of  Terre- 
Haute  Female  Coll.,  Ind.;  subsequently  pres. 
Brooklyn  Fem.  Acad.  He  pub.  "  Class-Book 
of  Botany,"  1845,  which  has  gone  through  50 
editions;  "First  Lessons  in  Botany,"  1848; 
"Leaves  and  Flowers,"  1863;  "American 
Botanist  and  Florist,"  1870. 

Wood,  Eleazer  D.,  lieut.-col.  U.S.A.,  b. 
N.  Y.;  killed  Sept.  17,  1814,  in  a  sortie  from 
Fort  Erie.  West  Point  (lieut.  engineers),  1806. 
Capt.  1  July,  1812  ;  brev.  major  for  defence  of 
Fort  Meigs*  May  6,  1813;  disting.  in  the  bat- 
tle of  the  Thames ;  acting  adj.-gen.  to  Gen. 
Harrison,  Oct.  1813  ;  brev.  lieut.-col.  for  battle 
of  Niagara,  July  25, 1814  ;  disting.  in  Gaines's 
victory  in  defence  of  Fort  Erie,  U.C.    Wood 


Co.,  C,  containing  the  site  of  Fort  Meigs,  and 
Fort  Wood  on  Bedloe's  Island,  were  named  for 
him  ;  and  Gen.  Brown  erected  a  monument  to 
his  memory  at  West  Point. 

Wood,  Fernando,  politician,  b.  Phila. 
14  June,  1812,  of  Quaker  parentage.  From 
the  humble  vocation  of  a  cigar-maker  he  rose 
to  be  a  ship-owner  and  a  successful  merchant 
of  N.Y.  City.  M.C.  1841-3,  1863-5,  and  1867- 
73.  Mayor  of  New  York  1855-7  and  1861-2  ; 
and  in  Jan.  1861  recommended  that  New  York 
should  secede,  and  become  a  free  city. 

Wood,  George,  author,  b.  Newburyport, 
Ms.,  1799;  d.  Saratoga  Springs,  N.Y.,  Aug. 
24,  1870.  Educated  by  Samuel  L.  Knapp,  a 
talented  lawyer  and  litterateur.  His  mother  re- 
moved with  her  fnmiily  in  1816  to  Alexandria, 
D.C.  A  clerk  in  the  war  dept.  1819-22,  and 
in  the  treas.  dept.  in  1822-45;  he  then  took 
up  his  residence  in  N.Y.,  where  he  wrote  his 
"Peter  Schlemihl  in  America."  Returning 
to  Washington,  he  resumed  his  clerical  labors, 
and  was  at  the  time  of  his  death  chief  of  navi- 
gation, division  of  the  treas.  dept.  Also  au- 
thor of"  The  Modern  Pilgrims,"  2  vols.  1855  ; 
"Marrying  Too  Late,"  1856;  "The  Gates 
Wide  Open,"  1869.  He  was  long  co-editor  of 
the  National  Era,  and  contrib.  to  the  Knieker- 
bocJcer  Magazine  and  other  periodicals. 

Wood,  George  B.,  M.D.,  LL.D.  (N.  J. 
Coll.  1858),  prof,  of  the  theory  and  practice  of 
med.  at  the  U.  of  Pa.  1850-60,  and  pres.  of 
the  Coll.  of  Physicians  of  Phila.,  b.  Greenwich, 
N.  J.,  13  March,  1797.  U.  of  Pa.  1815.  M.D. 
1818.  Prof,  of  chem.  in  Phila.  Coll.  of  Phar- 
macy 1822-31,  and  of  mat.  mcd.  1831-5;  prof, 
of  materia  medica  U.  of  Pa.  1835-50.  In 
1865  he  endowed  an  auxiliary  faculty  of  medi- 
cine in  the  U.  of  Pa.  Pres.  Philos.  Soc.  since 
1859.  Author  of  a  Centeimial  Address,  Pa. 
Hospital,  June  10,  1851;  "Practice  of  Medi- 
cine," 2  vols.  8vo,  1 847 ;  "  Therapeutics,"  2 
vols,  8vo,  1856;  with  F.  Bache,  "Dispensa- 
tory of  the  U.S.,"  8vo,,  first  pub.  in  1833; 
"  Memoir  of  S.  G.  Morton,"  8vo,  1853  ;  "  Lec- 
tures and  Addresses  on  Medical  Subjects,"  8vo, 
1859;  "Memoirs  of  Franklin  Bache,"  8vo, 
1865,  &c.;  "History  of  the  U.  of  Pa.,"  1827. 

Wood,  George  T.,  gov.  of  Texas  1847- 
9;  d.  on  Trinity  River,  Texas,  Sept.  5,  1858. 
App.  major  of  Ga.  3  mos.  vols,  in  the  Creek 
war.  May  16,  1836;  col.  2d  Texas  Regt. 
mounted  vols,  in  Mexican  war,  and  disting.  at 
the  storming  of  Monterey;  and  afterwards 
M.  C.  of  Texas. 

Wood,  Isaac,  M.D.  (Queen's  Coll.  1816), 
physician  and  philanthropist  of  N.  Y.  City,  b. 
Clinton,  Duchess  Co.,  N.Y.,  Aug.  21,  1793; 
d.  Norwalk,  Ct.,  March  25,  1868.  His  father 
in  1803  removed  to  N.Y.  City,  and  established 
there  a  bookstore,  still  conducted  by  his  de- 
scendants. He  studied  medicine ;  spent  the  years 
1814-16  in  the  N.  Y.  Hospital ;  was  one  of  the 
physicians  of  the  N.  Y.  Dispensary  until  1825 ; 
resident  phys.  of  the  Bellevue  Hospital  in  1826- 
33  ;  and  was  active  in  founding  and  managing 
many  of  the  medical  and  other  charitable  insti- 
tutions of  N.Y.  City ;  member  of  the  Soc.  of 
Friends.  In  1832-3,  during  the  cholera  epi- 
demic, he  kept  his  post,  was  himself  attacked 
by  the  disease,  and  was  not  fully  restored  to 


TVOO 


1002 


-woo 


health  for  5  years.  He  had  a  very  high  rep- 
utation as  an  ophthalmic  surgeon,  and  was  for 
25  years  one  of  the  most  active  managers  of  the 
N.Y.Inst,  for  the  Blind. 

Wood,  Gen.  Jame8,  gov.  of  Va.  in  1796- 
9;  d.  Richmond,  June  16,  1813.  Son  of  Col. 
Jas.  Wood,  founder  of  Winchester,  Va. ;  was 
a  member  of  the  con  v.  of  June,  1776,  which 
framed  the  State  Const. ;  was  made  a  col.  in 
the  Va.  service  Nov.  15,  1776;  and  was  lieut- 
gov.,  and  member  of  the  executive  council.  A 
county  of  Va.  was  named  Wood,  in  commemo- 
ration of  his  patriotic  services.  —  Grigsby. 

Wood,  John,  political  writer,  b.  Scotland ; 
d.  Richmond,  Va.,  May,  1822.  He  came  to 
America  ab.  1800;  edited  the  Western  World, 
a  paper  in  Ky.,  in  1806,  and  in  1817  the  Atlantic 
World  at  Washington.  In  his  last  years  he 
resided  at  Richmond,  and  was  employed  in 
making  county  maps.  He  pub.  a  "  History 
of  Switzerland  and  the  Swiss  Revol. ;  "  "  His- 
tory of  the  Administration  of  J.  Adams," 
followed  by  a  statement  of  its  sources,  pub.  in 
1802  ;  "  Exposition  of  the  Clintonian  Faction," 
1802 ;  "A  New  Theory  of  the  Diurnal  Motion 
of  the  Earth,"  1809. 

Wood,  Mrs.  John  (Vining),  actress,  b. 
Eng.  Made  her  d^ut  at  the  New  Boston  Theatre, 
Sept.  11,  1854,  as  Gertrude,  in  the  "Loan  of 
a  Lover."  In  1859  manageress  of  the  Ameri- 
can Theatre,  San  Francisco;  in  1860-6,  of  the 
N.Y.  Olympic;  and  is  now  (1871)  manageress 
of  the  St.  James  Theatre,  Lond.  Her  husband, 
a  comic  actor,  d.  Vancouver's  Island,  May  28, 
1863. 

Wood,  Joseph,  col.  Revol.  army  ;  d.  Mar. 
1789.  Maj.  2d  Pa.  Regt.,  and  sent  to  Canada, 
4  Jan.  1776;  licut.-col.  22  July,  1776;  col.  7 
Sept.  1776. 

Wood,  Reuben,  gov.  Ohio  1850-3,  b. 
Rutland  Co.,  Vt.,  1792;  d.  Rockport,  O.,  2 
Oct.  1864.  Capt.  of  Vt.  Vols,  in  the  war  of 
1812  ;  removed  to  Cleveland,  0.,  in  1817  ;  was 
State  senator  1825-8 ;  pres.  judge  3d  dist.  1830- 
3;  judge  of  Sup.  Court  1833-45;  and  U.  S. 
consul  to  Valparaiso  1853-5. 

Wood,  Silas,  author,  and  M.C.  1819-29, 
b.  Suffolk  Co.,  N.Y.,  1769 ;  d.  Huntington,  L.I., 
March  2,  1847.  N.J.  Coll.  1789.  Author  of 
a  "  History  of  Long  Island,"  1824 ;  new  edition 
1828  ;  and  again,  with  Biog.  Memoir  and  Ad- 
ditions by  Alden  J.  Spooner,  1865. 

Wood,  Gen.  Thomas  Jefferson,  b. 
Munfordsville,  Ky.,  Sept.  25,  1825.  West 
Point,  1845.  Entering  the  topog.  engrs.,  he 
was  disting.  at  the  battle  of  Palo  Alto  ;  was  as- 
signed to  the  2d  Dragoons  in  Oct.  1846;  and 
was  brev.  1st  lieut.  for  gallantry  at  Buena 
Vista.  In  1848-54  he  was  in  active  service 
against  the  Indians  on  the  Texan  frontier. 
Mar.  3,  1855,  he  became  capt.  1st  Cav. ;  major 
16  Mar.  1861 ;  lieut.-col.  May  9,  1861;  col.  2d 
Cav.  Nov.  12,  1861;  brig.-gen.  vols.  Oct.  11, 
1861 ;  maj.-gen.  27  Jan.  1865  ;  resigned  June  9, 
1869.  Feb.  25,  1862,  he  took  com.  of  the  6th 
division  of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio,  with  which 
he  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  He  par- 
ticipated in  the  battle  of  Perrysville  and  the 
pursuit  of  Bragg's  army  Oct.-Nov.  1862;  was 
wounded  at  Stone  River  31  Dec.  1862;  com. 
division  in  21st  corps  in  Tenn.  campaign  and 


battle  of  Chickamauga  19-20  Sept.  1863 ;  com. 
div.  4th  corps  at  Mission.  Ridge  (23-25  Nov.), 
relief  of  Knoxville,  and  invasion  of  Ga.,  and 
engaged  in  all  the  operations  of  the  campaign, 
ending  in  the  capture  of  Atlanta,  and  severely 
wounded  at  Lovejoy's  Station  2  Sept.  1864; 
com.  4th  corps  Dec.  1864  to  Feb.  1865  in  Tenn. 
campaign  against  Hood's  forces ;  in  the  battles 
of  Franklin  and  Nashville ;  and  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  and  maj.-gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865  for 
Chickamauga  and  Nashville.  —  Cullum. 

Wood,  William,  author  of  the  first 
printed  account  of  Massachusetts;  resided  in 
that  Colony  from  1629  till  his  return  to  Eng., 
Aug.  15,  1633.  He  pub.  in  Lond.  in  1634 
"New  England's  Prospect," — a  true,  lively, 
and  experimental  description.  Lewis,  his 
Hist,  of  Lynn,  supposes  that  he  returned  to 
Ms.,  lived  there,  was  representative  in  1636, 
and  in  1637  removed  to  Sandwich,  where  he 
was  town-clerk,  and  d.  there  1639.  His  book 
was  repub.  in  Boston  1764,  and  (by  the  Prince 
Soc.)  in  1865. 

Wood,  William  B.,  comedian,  b.  Mon- 
treal, May  26,  1779;  d.  Phila.  Sept.  24,  1861. 
He  was  brought  up  in  New  York,  whither  his 
family  removed  at  the  close  of  the  Revol.  Fail- 
ing as  a  merchant  in  1798,  he  went  on  the  stage 
with  Wignell's  company,  and  soon  became  a 
favorite.  He  in  1809  became  a  proprietor  of 
the  New  Theatre,  but  lost  every  thing  by  its 
conflagration  in  1820.  Dec.  2, 1822,  he  opened 
the  new  Chestnut-st.  Theatre,  Phila.,  which  ho 
sold  in  1826  to  Wm.  Warren,  and  Oct.  1,  1828, 
opened  the  new  Arch-st.  Theatre.  Made  his 
last  appearance  Nov.  18, 1846,  at  the  Walnut-st. 
Author  of  "Personal  Recollections  of  the 
Stage,"  8vo,  1854,  and  of  many  alterations 
and  adaptations  of  English  plays  to  the  Amer. 
stage.  His  wife,  Juliana  Westray,  first  ap- 
peared at  the  Haymarket,  Boston,  in  1797 ;  m. 
Mr.  Wood  Jan.  30,  1804;  d.  Phila.  Nov.  13, 
1836. 

Wood,  William  W.  W.,  chief  engineer 
U.S.N.,  b.  Wake  Co.,  N.C.,  1818.  Educated 
at  the  North,  and  acquired  a  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  engineering  at  the  West-Pomt  Foun- 
dry, N.Y.  City.  Entered  the  naval  service  in 
Mar.  1845.  Gen.  insp.  of  steam-machinery,  and 
had  charge  during  the  Rebellion  of  the  con- 
struction of  our  iron-clad  fleet  and  the  ma- 
chinery for  the  new  class  of  vessels  then  intro- 
duced. 

Woodbridge,  Benjamin  Ruggles,  phy- 
sician and  col.  Revol.  army,  b.  16  Oct.  1733; 
d.  So.  Hadley,  8  Mar.  1819.  Son  of  Rev.  John, 
minister  of  S.H.  1742-83.  He  com.  a  Ms.  regt. 
at  the  siege  of  Boston  and  at  Ticonderoga 
in  1776. 

Woodbridge,  William,  statesman  and 
jurist,  b.  Norwich,  Ct.,  Aug.  20,  1780;  d.  De- 
troit, Oct.  20,  1861.  Removed  with  his  father, 
Hon.  Dudley,  to  Marietta,  Ohio,  in  1791. 
Educated  in  Ct. ;  studied  law  in  Litchfield,  and 
was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1806.  In  1807  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Assembly  ;  pros.  atty.  for  his 
county  1808-14,  and  also  a  member  of  the  State 
senate;  app.  secof  Mich.  Terr.  1814;  delegate 
to  Congress  in  1819;  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court 
of  the  Terr.  1828-32 ;  member  of  the  State 
Const.  Conv.  in  1835;  State  senator  in  1837; 


TTOO 


1003 


^voo 


gov.  of  the  State  in  1840-1;  and  U.  S.  senator 
1841-7.  His  "Life,"  by  Charles  Lanman,  was 
pub.  1867. 

Woodbridge,  Willi  AM  Channing,  teach- 
er and  author,  b.  Mcdford,  Ms.,  Dec.  18, 1794; 
d.  Boston,  Nov.  9, 1845.  Y.C.  1811.  In  1812- 
14  principal  of  Burlington  Acad.,  N.  J. ;  then 
studied  theol. ;  and  was  in  1817-20  a  teacher 
in  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at 
Hartford.  He  prepared,  in  conjunction  with 
Mrs.  Emma  Willard,  a  compendium  of  Geog- 
raphy. Also  pub.  from  1831  to  1838  tho  Amer. 
Annals  of  Eaacatlon ;  "Letters  from  Hofwyl," 
giving  an  account  of  Fellenbcrg's  system ;  and 
several  elementary  works  of  instruction. 

Woodbury,  Augustus,  b.  Beverly,  Ms., 
1825.  Camb.Thcol.  School,  1849.  Settled  as 
a  Unitarian  pastor  at  Concord,  N.H.,  1849  ;  at 
Lowell,  Ms.,  1853;  and  at  Providence,  R.L, 
1857.  Author  of  "Plain  Words  to  Young 
Men,"  1858;  "Campaign  of  the  First  R.I, 
Regt.,"  1861;  "Gen.  Burnside  and  the  9th 
Corps,"  8vo,  1867;  also  orations,  sermons,  ad- 
dresses, papers  in  the  reviews,  &c.  —  Alli- 
bone. 

Woodbury,  Daniel  Phineas,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  New  London,  N.H.,  16  Dec. 
1812  ;  d.  Key  West,  Fla.,  15  Aug.  1864.  West 
Point,  1836.  1st  lieut.  engrs.  7  July,  1838; 
capt.  3  Mar.  1853;  maj.  6  Aug.  1861;  licut.- 
col.  1  June,  1863;  brig.- gen.  vols.  19  March, 
1862.  In  1847  he  established  Forts  Kearney 
and  Laramie  on  the  Platte;  was  engaged  on 
the  fortifications  of  Washington,  May,  1861- 
Mar.  1362.  He  had  charge  of  the  cngr.  brigade 
before  Richmond  and  Fredericksburg,  and  was 
chief  engr.  of  the  dept.  of  the  Gulf,  Apr.  1863- 
Aug.  1864.  Brev*.  col.  for  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign; brig.-gen.  13  Dec.  1862  for  Fredericks- 
burg, Va. ;  and  maj.-gen.  15  Aug.  1864  for 
services  in  the  Rebellion.  Author  of  papers  on 
" Sustaining  Walls,"  1854;  and  "Theory  of 
the  Arch,"  1858.  —  Culluin. 

Woodbury,  Isaac  B.,  teacher  and  com- 
poser of  music,  b.  Beverly,  Ms.,  1819;  d.  Co- 
lumbus, S.C.,  Oct.  26,  1858.  He  studied  one 
year  in  Europe  under  eminent  instructors. 
Taught  in  the  public  schools  of  Boston,  and 
about  1845  removed  to  New  York.  He  wrote 
and  compiled  a  number  of  musical  works, 
among  them  "  The  Dulcimer,"  a  collection  of 
church-music,  pub.  1850;  "Liber  Musicus," 
1851;  "The  Cythara;"  "New  Lute  of  Zion;" 
also  oratorios  with  orchestral  accompaniments, 
glee-books,  juvenile  music,  "  Cultivation  of  the 
Voice,"  "  Self-Instructor  in  Musical  Compos, 
and  Thorongh-Bass,"  "Singing-school  Com- 
panion," "Melodeon  and  Seraphine  Instruc- 
tion Book,"  &c.  He  commenced  the  publica- 
tion of  the  Musical  Review  in  Jan.  1850. 

Woodbury,  Levi,  LL.D.  (Dartm.  Coll. 
1823;  Wcsl.  U.  1843),  jurist  and  statesman, 
and  a  leader  of  the  Democ.  party,  b.  Frances- 
town,  N.H.,  Dec.  22,  1789;  d.  Portsmouth, 
N.II.,  Sept.  7,  1851.  Dartm.  Coll.  1809.  He 
studied  law ;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1812 ;  and 
practised  at  Francestown  till  1816,  when  he 
was  chosen  clerk  of  the  State  senate.  In  Dec. 
1 81 6  he  was  app.  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court ; 
and  in  1819  m.,  and  removed  to  Portsmouth. 
Gov.  of  the  State  in  1823;  speaker  of  the  house 


in  1825;  U.S.  senator  1825-31 ;  sec.  of  the  na- 
vy. May,  1831 -July,  1834,  and  of  the  treasury, 
July,  1834-March4,  1841.  During  tbis  period 
he  refused  the  post  of  chief  justice  of  the  N.H. 
Superior  Court.  Again  returned  to  tho  U.S.  sen- 
ate in  1841,  he  voted  against  tho  increase  of  the 
navy,  and  in  1844  in  favor  of  annexing  Texas. 
In  Sept.  1845  Mr.  Polk  app.  him  a  justice  of 
tho  U.S.  Sup.  Court.  The  mission  to  Eng., 
previously  tendered  him  by  Mr.  Polk,  he  de- 
clined, lie  pub.  a  vol.  of  Law  Reports  in  con- 
nection with  Judge  Richardson  of  N.H. ;  a 
coll.  of  his  "Political,  Judicial,  and  Literary 
Writings,"  app.  in  1 852,  3  vols.  8vo,  Boston. 
His  son  Charles  Levi,  member  Suffolk  bar, 
and  a  prominent  Mason  (b.  Portsm.  22  May, 
1820,  U.S.  dist.  atty.  for  Ms.  1858-61),  edited, 
with  Grcorge  Minot,  Reports  1st  U.S.  Circuit, 
3  vols.  8vo,  1847-52. 

Woodford,  Gen.  William,  Revol.  offi- 
cer, b.  Caroline  Co.,  Va.,  1735;  d.  N.Y.  City, 
Nov.  13,  1780.  He  early  disting.  himself  m 
the  French  and  Indian  war.  Upon  the  assem- 
bling of  the  Va.  troops  at  Williamsburg,  in 
1775,  he  was  app.  col.  of  the  2d  Rcgt. ;  com. 
at  the  battle  of  Great  Bridge,  Dec.  9,  1775,  and 
gained  a  signal  victory.  He  was  afterwards 
com.  of  the  1st  Va.  brigade  ;  was  wounded  at 
Brandywine;  and  at  the  siege  of  Charleston 
was  made  prisoner,  and  taken  to  New  York. 
His  son  John  T.  Woodford  was  a  lieut.-col. 
in  the  war  of  1812. 

Woodhouse,  James,  M.D.  (U.  of  Pa. 
1792),  chemist,  b.  Phila.  Nov.  17,  1770;  d. 
there  June  4,  1809.  U.  of  Pa.  1787.  In  1791 
he  served  as  a  surgeon  in  St.  Clair's  array. 
Prof,  of  chemistry  in  the  U.  of  Pa.  from  1795  to 
his  death.  He  pub.  "  Observations  on  the  Com- 
bination of  Acids,  Bitters,  and  Astringents," 
1793;  "The  Young  Chemist's  Pocket-Com- 
panion," 1797;  Parkinson's  "Chemical  Pock- 
et-Book,"  with  the  objections  to  the  antiphlogis- 
tic theory  of  chemistry,  1802;  "Experiments 
and  Observations  on  the  Vegetation  of  Plants," 
1802 ;  and  contribs.  to  sci.  journals  of  the  day. 
—  Thacher. 

Woodhouse,  Samuel,  capt.  U.S.N.,  b. 
Pa.;  d.  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  16  July,  1843.  Mid- 
shipman under  Truxton  in  the  action  with  tho 
French  ship  "La  Vengeance,"  1  Feb.  1800; 
lieut.  4  May,  1808;  com.  27  Apr.  1816  ;  capt. 
3  Mar.  1827. 

Woodhull.  Gen.  Nathaniel,  a  Revol. 
patriot,  b.  Mastic,  Suffolk  Co.,  L.  I.,  Dec.  30, 
1722;  d.  Gravesend,  L.  L,  Sept.  20,  1776.  He 
served  in  the  French  war  of  1 755-63,  and  rosis 
to  be  col.  3d  N.Y.  Regt.  under  Amherst.  In 
1769-76  he  was  a  rep.  in  the  N.Y.  legisl.,  where 
he,  with  Schuyler,  George  Clinton,  and  other 
patriots,  steadily  resisted  the  encroachments  of 
the  crown  upon  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the 
province.  In  1 7  76  he  was  pres.  of  the  N.Y.  Prov. 
Congress,  but,  on  the  landing  of  the  British  on 
L.  I.,  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  militia,  and, 
a  few  days  after  the  disastrous  battle  of  Long 
Island,  was  surprised  by  a  party  of  light-horse 
near  Jamaica:  after  surrendering  his  sword, 
he  was  cruelly  hacked  and  cut,  and  died  in  con- 
sequence of  his  wounds.  A  narrative,  of  his 
capture  and  death  was  pub.  by  H.  Onderdonk, 
jun.,  8vo,  1848.    His  Journal  of  the  Montreal 


^woo 


1004 


TVOO 


Exped.,  1760,  is  pub.  in  the  Hist.  Mag.,  Sept. 
1861. 

Woodruff,  Hiram,  celeb,  trainer  and 
driver  of  trotting-horses,  b.  Flemington,  N.  J., 
22  Feb.  1817;  d.  L.  I.,  13  Mar.  1867.  He  be- 
gan his  prof,  career  at  Phila.  in  1831,  and  had 
a  unique  reputation  for  honesty  and  fair-deal- 
ing as  a  trainer,  and  remarkable  skill  both 
in  driving  and  training  horses.  He  was  uni- 
versally popular.  Author  of  "  The  Trotting 
Horse  of  America,"  edited  by  C.  J.  Foster, 
8vo,  1869. 

Woods,  Alva,  D.D.  (B.  U.  1828),  b. 
Shoreham,  Vt.  H.  U.  1817.  Ord.  28  Oct. 
1821.  Prof,  of  math,  and  nat.  philos.  in  Brown 
U.  1824-8,  and  also  in  Transylv.  U.  1828-31, 
of  which  he  was  also  pres. ;  and  was  pres.  of 
the  U.  of  Ala.  from  1831  until  his  resign.  Dec. 
1837.  Nephew  of  Leonard  Woods,  D.D.,  and 
son  of  Rev.  Abel,  a  Baptist  minister  (1790- 
1850).  He  resides  in  Providence,  R.  I.  "Au- 
thor of  "  In  tell,  and  Moral  Culture ;  "  "  Inaug. 
Discourse,  Lexington  U.,"  1828;  "In trod. 
Lecture  before  the  Ala.  Institute,"  1834; 
"Baccal.  Address,  U.  of  Ala.,"  1835;  "Vale- 
diet.  Address,"  6  Dec.  1837.  —  Allihone. 

Woods,  Andrew  Salter,  LL.D.,  jurist, 
b.  Bath,  N.H.,  2  June,  1803 ;  d.  there  20  June, 
1863.  D.C.  1825.  He  began  the  practice  of 
law  in  1828;  was  made  justice  in  1840;  and 
chief  justice  N.H.  Sup.  Court  in  1855. 

Woods,  CHARLE8  R.,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Licking  Co.,  0.,  ab.  1830.  West 
Point,  1852.  Entering  the  1st  Inf.,  he  was 
early  in  1861  quarterm.  on  Gen.  Patterson's 
staff;  app.  col.  76th  Ohio  13  Oct.  1861 ;  was 
at  the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson,  Feb.  15, 1862 ; 
Pittsburg  Landing,  Apr.  7 ;  com.  a  brigade, 
and  joined  the  Army  of  the  South-west,  July 
24;  for  gallantry  at  Ark.  Post,  May  15,  was 
recom.  for  promotion ;  was  in  all  the  battles 
around  Vicksburg;  became  brig.-gen.  4  Aug. 
1863,  and  com.  1st  brig.,  1st  div.,  15th  corps, 
which  he  led  at  Lookout  Mountain  and  Mis- 
sion. Ridge,  Nov.  25 ;  at  Resaca,  Dallas,  Kene- 
saw,  Atlanta,  and  Jonesborough ;  and  in  the 
campaign  of  Ga.  and  the  Carolinas  com.  a  div. 
in  Osterhaus's  (15th)  corps.  Brev.  Heut.-col.  4 
July,  1863,  for  capture  of  Vicksburg;  col.  24 
Nov.  1863  for  Chattanooga;  brig,  and  maj. 
gen.  U.S.A.  13  Mar.  1865  for  Atlanta,  Ga., 
and  Bcntonville,  N.C.  Lieut.-col.  28  July, 
1866;  assigned  to  5th  Inf.  24  Mar.  1869.-— 
CuUum. 

Woods,  Leovard,  D.D.  (D.C.  1810), 
theologian,  b.  Princeton,  Ms.,  19  June,  1774; 
d.  Andover,  24  Aug.  1854.  H.  U.  1796.  Ord. 
pastor  of  a  Cong,  church  in  W.  Newbury  5 
Dec.  1798.  A  series  of  able  papers,  contrib.  by 
him  to  the  PanopUst  in  1805,  vindicating  Calvin- 
ism, estab.  his  reputation  as  a  controversialist. 
Prof,  of  theology  in  Andover  Theol.  Sem. 
1808-46.  The  contemporary  of  Buckminster, 
Channing,  and  Ware,  he  was  the  able  antago- 
nist of  the  Unitarian  theology,  and  the  cham- 
pion of  orthodox  Calvinism.  Dr.  Woods  was 
one  of  the  originators  of  the  Amer.  Board  of 
For.  Missions,  the  Tract  Society,  and  the 
Temperance  Society.  Author  of  "  Letters  to 
Unitarians,"  1820;  "Repljr  to  Dr.  Ware," 
1821;  " Lectures  on  Inspiration,"  1829;  "Let- 


ters to  Rev.  N.  W.  Taylor,"  1830;  "Lectures 
on  Inf.  Baptism,"  1829  ;  "  Memoirs  of  Amer. 
Missionaries,"  1833  ;  "  Doctrine  of  Perfection," 
1841;  "Reply  to  Mahan,"  1841  ;  "Lectures 
on  Church  Govt.,"  1843  ;  on  "  Swedenborgian- 
ism,"1846;  "Hist,  of  Andover  Sem.,"  &c. 
His  collected  works  were  pub.  in  5  vols.  1849- 
.50. 

Woods,  Leonard,  Jan.,  D.D.  (H.U. 
1846),  LL.D.  (Bowd.  1866),  pres.  of  Bowdoin 
Coll.  1839-66.  Son  of  the  preceding ;  b.  New- 
bury, Ms.,  24  Nov.  1807.  Union  Coll.  1827. 
Ord.  1833;  tutor  at  And.  Theol.  Sem.  1831; 
prof,  sacred  lit.  Bangor  Theol.  Sem.  1836-9. 
Transl.  Knapp's  "  Theology,"  2  vols.  8vo,  1833. 
Author  of  "  Address  on  the  Life  and  Char,  of 
Parker  Cleaveland,"  1859  ;  on  "  The  Opening 
of  the  New  Hall  of  the  Med.  School,"  1862. 
He  edited  the  early  vols,  of  the  Lit.  and  Theol. 
Rev.,  N.Y.  1834-7;  contrib.  to  Bihl.  Repos.,  &c. ; 
and  translated  from  the  French  De  Maistre's 
"  Essay  on  the  Generative  Principle  of  Polit. 
Constitutions."  In  July,  1867,  he  visited  Eu- 
rope to  complete  the  documentary  history  of 
Maine. 

Woodville,  Richard  Caton,  ^enre  paint- 
er, b.  Baltimore  ab.  1825;  d.  London,  Eng,, 
Sept.  13,  1855.  St.  Mary's  Coll.  His  talent 
was  first  evinced  by  his  "  Interior  of  a  Bar- 
Room."  From  Dus.seldorf  he  sent  in  1847 
"  The  Card-Players,"  in  1848  "  A  Man  hold- 
ing a  Book,"  and  in  1850  "The  Game  of 
Chess  "  and  "  The  Politicians."  He  was  in 
Paris  in  1851-3.  Among  the  other  fruits  of 
his  brief  but  brilliant  career  are  "  Waiting 
for  the  Stage,"  and  "  The  Sailor's  Wedding." 
—  Tuckerman. 

Woodward,  Ashbel,  M.D.  (Bowd.  Coll. 
1829),  b.  Wellington,  Ct.,  June  26, 1804.  Pres. 
of  the  Ct.  Med.  Soc.  Besides  numerous  con- 
tribs.  to  the  N.  E.  Hist.  Geneal.  Register  and  to 
medical  journals,  he  has  pub.  "Vindication  of 
Gen.  Putnam,"  1841;  "  Review  of  Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin,"  1853;  "Hist,  of  the  Ct.  Med.  Soc," 
an  address,  1859;  "Medical  Ethics,"  1860; 
"Early  Physicians  of  Norwich,"  1859  ;  "  Life 
of  Gen.  N.  Lyon,"  1862  ;  "  Memoir  of  Col.  T. 
Knowlton,"  i861;  "Specialism  in  Medicine," 
1866;  "  Hist.  Address  at  the  200th  Anniv.  of 
the  Town  of  Franklin,  Ct.,  14  Oct.  1868." 

Woodward,  Samuel  Bayard,  M.  D., 
physician,  b.  Torringford,  Ct.,  June  10,  1787; 
d.  Northampton,  Ms.,  Jan.  3,  1850.  His  fa- 
ther Dr.  Samuel  W.,  a  physician  of  eminence, 
b.  Watertown,  Ct.,  1750,  d.  Jan.  6,  1835.  In 
1809  Samuel  B.  began  practice  at  Wethersfield; 
became  physician  to  the  State-prison,  and  was 
some  years  in  the  State  senate.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  "  Retreat  for  the  Insane," 
at  Hartford  ;  and  from  1832,  until  his  removal 
to  Northampton  in  1846,  was  supt.  of  the 
State  Lunatic  Hospital  at  Worcester.  He  was 
the  projector  of  an  asylum  for  inebriates,  and 
also  of  the  Ms.  School  for  Idiotic  Youth.  He 
pub.  "  Hints  to  the  Young,"  and  an  essay 
on  the  "  Fruits  of  New  England." 

Woodworth,  John,  jurist,  b.  Schodack, 
N.Y.,  12  Nov.  1768;  d.  Albany  1  June,  1858. 
Y.C.  1788.  He  studied  law  with  John  Lan- 
sing, jun.,  at  Albany;  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1791; 
began  practice  in  Troy;  and  in  1806  removed 


TVOO 


1005 


TVOO 


to  Albany.  Surrogate  of  Rens.  Co.  1793- 
1804;  member  of  the  Assembly  1803,  of  the 
seriate  1804-7;  atty.-gen.  of  N.  Y.  1804-8; 
judge  N.Y.  Sup.  Court  1819-28.  Author  of 
"Reminiscences  of  Troy  1790-1807."  With 
W.  W.  Van  Ness,  app.  to  revise  the  laws  of 
N.Y.  1811-13.  — Street's  Council  of  Revision, 
New  York. 

WoodWOrth,  Samuel,  poet,  b.  Scituate, 
Ms.,  Jan.  13,  1785 ;  d.  New  York,  Dec.  9,  1842. 
Youngest  son  of  a  farmer  and  Revol.  soldier. 
He  had  few  educational  advantages,  and  was 
apprenticed  to  Benjamin  Russell  of  the  Centi- 
nel,  Boston.  In  1807  he  removed  to  New  Ha- 
ven, where  he  commenced  a  weekly  paper,  the 
Belles-Lettres  Repositori/,  discontinued  after  the 
second  month.  He  removed  to  New  York  in 
1809;  m.  in  1810;  and  during  the  war  of  1812 
conducted  a  weekly  paper  {The  War)  and  a 
monthly  Swedenborgian  mag.  {The  Halci/on 
Luminary  and  Theol.  Repository),  both  unsuc- 
cessfully;  in  1816  he  wrote  a  history  of  the 
late  war,  in  the  style  of  a  romance,  entitled 
"  The  Champions  of  Freedom."  A  small  vol. 
of  his  poems  was  pub.  in  N.Y.  in  1818,  and 
another  in  1826.  Was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  N.Y.  Mirror  in  1823,  in  conjunction  with 
George  P.  Morris  ;  withdrew  from  it  in  1824; 
and  in  1827  edited  the  Parthenon.  He  was  a 
frequent  con trib.  of  verses  to  the  newspapers; 
wrote  some  popular  songs  on  the  victories  of  the 
war  of  1812-14,  and  some  dramatic  pieces, 
mostly  operatic,  — one  of  which,  "  The  Forest 
Rose,"  still  keeps  possession  of  the  stage. 
"  The  Old  Oaken  Bucket "  is  by  far  the  best 
of  his  numerous  lyrics.  His  collected  poems 
were  pub.,  with  a  Memoir  by  Geo.  P.  Morris, 
in  1861,  2  vols.  18mo.  — Dui/ckinck. 

Wool,  Gen.  John  Ellis,"  b.  Newburg,  N.Y., 
1788  ;  d.  Troy,  N.Y.,  Nov.  10,  1869.  Son  of 
a  Revol.  soldier.  He  received  little  education, 
but  before  he  was  21  became  proprietor  of  a 
bookstore  in  Troy.  Losing  his  property  by 
lire,  he  studied  law,  but,  through  the  friendship 
of  Gov.  De  Witt  Clinton,  was  app.  capt.  13th 
Inf.  Apr.  14,  1812.  He  raised  a  company  in 
Troy ;  was  disting.  and  severely  wounded  at 
Qucenstown  Heights,  Oct.  13  ;  was  promoted 
to  major  29th  Inf.,  and  was  brev.  lieut.-col.  for 
gallantry  at  the  battles  of  Plattsburg,  Sept.  6- 
11,  1814;  insp.-gen.  Sept.  29,  1816;  lieut.-col. 
Feb.  10,  1818;  brev.  brig.-gen.  Apr.  29,  1826; 
brig.-gcn.  June  25,  1841.  In  1832  the  govt, 
sent  him  to  Europe  to  examine  the  military 
systems  of  some  of  the  principal  nations,  and 
he  witnessed  the  siege  of  Antwerp;  in  1836  he 
was  employed  in  removing  the  Cherokee  In- 
dians to  Arkansas.  May  30,  1846,  he  was  ^ent 
to  the  West  to  organize  vols,  for  the  Mexican 
war,  and  in  less  than  6  weeks  despatched  to  the 
seat  of  war  12,000  fully  armed  and  equipped. 
Collecting  3,000  imn,  he  reached  Saltillo, 
after  a  march  of  900  miles,  without  loss,  pre- 
serving the  most  admirable  discipline.  He 
selected  the  ground  for  the  battle  of  Buena 
Vista  (Feb.  23,  1847),  made  the  preliminary 
dispositions,  and  com.  in  the  early  part  of  the 
action  until  the  arrival  of  Gen.  Taylor.  For 
his  conduct  on  this  occasion.  Wool  was  brev. 
maj.-gen.  May,  1848.  In  Jan.  1854  he  received 
the  thanks  of  Congress,  and  the  present  of  a 


sword,  for  his  services  in  Mexico.  A  valuable 
sword  was  also  presented  him  by  the  N.  Y. 
legisl. ;  in  1856  he  put  an  end  to  the  Indian 
disturbances  in  Washington  and  Oregon  Terri- 
tories in  a  campaign  of  3  months,  and  was 
recalled  to  the  dept.  of  the  East.  Soon  after 
the  attack  on  Fort  Sumter,  he  went  to  N.Y., 
and,  by  timely  re-enforcements,  saved  Fortress 
Monroe  from  seizure  by  the  Confederates.  In 
Aug.  he  was  sent  to  that  post  as  com.  of  the 
dept.  of  Va.,  and  led  the  exped.  which  occu- 
pied Norfolk,  May  10,  1862.  Made  mnj. -gen. 
May  16,  1862.  Placed  at  the  head  of  the  8th 
army  corps,  Sept.  16,  1862.  Gen.  Wool  was 
a  rigid  disciplinarian,  and  had  no  superior  as 
an  organizer  of  troops. 

Woolman,  John,  Quaker  preacher  and 
author,  b.  Northampton,  West  Jersey,  Aug. 
1720;  d.  York,  Eng.,  Oct.  7,  1772.  Charles 
Lamb,  in  one  of  the  Essays  of  Elia,  says,  "  Get 
the  writings  of  John  Woolman  by  heart,  and 
love  the  early  Quakers."  These  writings  in- 
clude '*  The  Journal  of  his  Life  and  Travels 
in  the  Service  of  the  Gospel ;  **  "  Some  Con- 
siderations on  the  Keeping  of  Negroes"  (1753); 
'*  Considerations  on  Pure  Wisdom  and  Human 
Policy,  on  Labor,  on  Schools,  and  on  the 
Right  Use  of  the  Lord's  Outward  Gifts"  ( 1 768) ; 
and  '*  Considerations  on  the  True  Harmony 
of  Mankind  "  (1770).  He  worked  on  a  farm 
till  his  21st  year,  when  he  became  clerk  to  a 
shopkeeper  at  Mount  Holly.  He  at  various 
times  opened  a  school  for  poor  children  at  Mt. 
Holly,  and  was  disting.  for  purity  and  benevo- 
lence. He  afterward  became  a  tailor ;  and, 
feeling  "a  concern  to  visit  Friends  in  some  of 
the  back  settlements  of  Va.,"  he  started  on  a 
tour  with  Isaac  Andrews,  March  12,  1746,  and 
was  so  well  pleased  with  his  journey,  that  he 
afterward  adopted  itinerancy  as  a  regular  pur- 
suit. He  spoke  and  wrote  frequently  on  the 
subject  of  slavery,  desiring  its  extinction  in 
all  parts  of  the  country.  In  June,  1763,  he 
paid  a  visit  to  the  Indians  on  the  east  branch 
of  the  Susquehanna;  in  1772,  after  a  long  and 
debilitating  sickness,  he  went  to  England, 
where,  previous  to  his  death,  he  attended  a  few 
meetings  of  his  sect.  His  Journal  was  repub. 
by  John  G.  Whittier  in  1871. 

Woolsey,  Mhlancthon  B.,  commodore 
U.S.N.,  b.  New  York,  Aug.  11,  1817.  Mid- 
shipm.  Dec.  24,  1832;  lieut.  July  16,  1847; 
com.  July  16,  1862;  capt.  July  25,  1866  ;  com- 
mo.  1871.  While  comg.  steamer  "  liUlen  "  of 
the  S.  Atlantic  squad.,  he  took  part  in  the  en- 
gagement at  the  Wapper-Creek  battery,  Mav 
30,  1862  ;  at  Secessionville  Creek,  June  1,  1862  ; 
and  co-operated  with  the  army  in  the  attempt 
to  carry  James-Island  batteries  by  assault,  June 
3.  Engaged  in  steamer  "  Princess  Royal " 
of  W.  Gulf  squad.  (June  28,  1863)  in  defence 
of  Donaldsonville  and  Ft.  Butler  against  3,000 
Confeds.  under  Green  and  Taylor,  who  were 
repulsed  with  a  loss  of  1,500.  — Ilamersly. 

Woolsey,  Melancthon  Taylor,  capt. 
U.S.N.,  b.  N.Y.  1782;  d.  Utica,  May  18, 1838. 
Son  of  Gen.  M.  Lloyd  Woolsev,  a  Revol.  offi- 
cer, who  died  Trenton,  N.Y.,  29  June,  1819. 
After  studying  law,  young  Woolsey,  April  9, 
1 800,  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipm. ;  served 
in  the  W.  Indies  and  Mediterranean;  was  made 


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1006 


TVOR 


lieut.  Feb.  4,  1807 ;  in  1808  he  was  sent  to 
the  Lakes  to  superintend  the  construction  of  the 
armaments  on  those  inland  seas.  During 
the  war  of  1812,  he  served  with  credit  under 
Chauncey.  July  24,  1813,  he  was  made  mast, 
com. ;  capt.  27  Apr.  1816.  In  1825-6  he  com. 
the  frigate  "  Constellation,"  attached  to  the  W. 
India  squadron;  in  1826-7  had  charge  of  the 
Pcnsacola  navy-yard;  and  performed  his  last 
service  on  the  coast  of  Brazil. 

Woolsey,  Theodore  Dwight,  D.D. 
(H.U.  1847),  LL.D.  (Wesl.  U.  1845),  scholar, 
pres.  of  Y.C.  1846-71,  b.  N.  Y.  City  31  Oct. 
1801.  Y.C.  1820;  tutor  there  1823-5.  Pres. 
Dwight  was  his  maternal  uncle.  He  studied  at 
the  Princeton  Theol.  Sem. ;  was  licensed  to 
preach;  afterwards  spent  3  years  in  Europe, 
studying  the  Greek  language  and  literature  in 
Germany,  and  was  prof,  of  that  branch  at  Yale 
in  1831-51 ;  vice-pres.  of  the  Oriental  Soc.,  and 
a  regent  of  the  Smiths.  Inst.  He  has  pub.  edi- 
tions of  the  "  Prometheus  "  of  ^schylus,  the 
"  Antigone  "  and  "  Electra  "  of  Sophocles,  the 
"  Alcestes  "  of  Euripides,  and  the  "  Gorgias  " 
of  Plato.  Author  of  inauguration  discourse 
in  1 846  on  *'  College  Education ; "  an  hist,  dis- 
course at  Yale,  1850;  commemorative  of 
President  Day,  Nov.  1867 ;  In  trod,  to  the 
Study  of  International  Law,  1860;  and  essay 
on  "Divorce  and  Divorce  Legislation,"  12mo, 
1869.  A  frequent  contrib.  to  the  Neiv-Eng- 
lander  and  other  periodicals. 

Wooster,  Gen.  David,  Revol.  officer,  b. 
Stratford,  Ct.,  2  Mar.  1710;  d.  Danbury,  Ct., 
2  May,  1777.  Y.C.  1738.  He  was  made  capt. 
of  an  armed  vessel  to  protect  the  coast  in  1 739 ; 
in  the  exped.  against  Louisburg  in  1745  he 
com.  the  sloop-of-war  "  Connecticut,"  which 
conveyed  the  troops;  was  sent  in  com.  of  the 
cartel  ship  to  Europe,  but  was  not  permitted  to 
land  in  France.  In  England  he  was  a  favorite, 
was  presented  at  court,  and  was  made  a  capt. 
in  Pepperrell's  regt.,  receiving  half-pay  until 
1774.  App.  col.  3d  Ct.  Regt.  in  1755;  became 
a  brig.-gen.,  and  was  in  service  in  1758-60. 
He  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  exped. 
which  captured  Ticonderoga  in  Apr.  1775,  and 
a  member  of  the  Ct.  Assembly ;  was  made  brig.- 
gcn.  in  the  Cont.  army  22  June,  1775,  and 
served  in  Canada,  holding,  for  a  time,  the  chief 
com.  after  the  death  of  Montgomery.  Resign- 
ing soon  after,  he  was  made  maj.-gen.  of  the 
State  militia,  and,  while  opposing  a  force  of  the 
enemy  under  Tryon  sent  to  destroy  the  public 
stores  at  Danbury,  was  mortally  wounded  27 
Apr.  1777,  and  died  a  few  days  later.  In  1740 
he  m.  the  dau.  of  Pres.  Thomas  Clapp  of  Yale 
College.  His  grandson,  an  adm.  in  the  Chilian 
navy,  formerly  of  N.Y.  City,  and  extensively 
engaged  in  privateering  in  the  war  of  1812-15, 
d.  Monterey,  Cal.,  in  the  autumn  of  1848. 

Worcester,  Joseph  Emerson,  LL.D. 
(B.U.  1847;  D.C.  1856),  lexicographer,  b. 
Bedford,  N.H.,  Aug.  24,  1784;  d.  Cambridge, 
Ms.,  Oct.  27,  1865.  Y.C.  1811.  His  great- 
grandfather Rev.  Francis  went  to  Hollis,  N.H., 
m  1750;  pub.  in  Boston  in  1760  a  series  of 
meditations  in  verse;  d.  1783,  a.  85.  Joseph's 
early  education  was  in  Hollis,  at  Phillips  Acad., 
and  Andover.  While  teaching  school  at  Salem, 
he  wrote  his  "  Geographical  Dictionary,  or  Uni- 


versal Gazeteer,"  2  vols.,  Andover,  1817.  His 
"  Gazeteer  of  the  U.  S."  appeared  in  1818. 
Removing  to  Cambridge,  he  pub.  in  1819  "Ele- 
ments of  Geography ;  "  "  Epitome  of  Geogra- 
phy," 1820;  "Sketches  of  the  Earth  and  its 
Inhabitants,"  2  vols.  1823  ;  "Elements  of  His- 
tory," 1832 ;  "  Epitome  of  History,"  1827  ;  and 
"Outlines  of  Scripture  Geography,"  1826-8. 
He  pub.  an  edition  of  Todd's  "Johnson  and 
Walker"  in  1827,  and  prepared  an  abridgment 
of  Webster's  "American  Dictionary"  in  1828. 
His  "  Pronouncing  and  Explanatory  Diction- 
ary "  appeared  in  1830.  From  Nov.  1830  to 
Sept.  1831  he  was  in  Europe,  engaged  in 
philological  studies.  His  "  Universal  and  Crit- 
ical Dictionary  of  the  English  Language," 
pub.  in  1846,  was  afterward  reprinted  in  Lon- 
don without  his  consent.  In  1855  he  pub.  a 
"  Pronouncing  and  Synonymous  Dictionary ;  " 
and  in  1860  he  pub.  his  great  "Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language,"  4to,  Boston.  Dr. 
W.  also  pub.  a  "  Spelling-Book  of  the  English 
Language ;  "  "  Remarks  on  Longevity,"  &c. ; 
and  was  literary  editor  of  the  American  Alma- 
nac in  1831-43.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Acad, 
of  Sciences ;  a  corresp.  member  of  the  Royal 
Geog.  Society,  Lond. ;  and  a  member  of  other 
learned  bodies. 

Worcester,  Noah,  D.D.  (H.U.  1818), 
clergyman,  founder  of  the  Ms.  Peace  Society, 
b.  Hollis,  N.H.,  25  Nov.  1758;  d.  Brighton, 
Ms.,  31  Oct.  1837.  Descended  from  William, 
first  minister  of  Salisbury,  Ms.  He  had  a 
common-school  education.  Served 3  campaigns 
in  the  Revol.  army,  being  a  fifer  at  Bunker's 
Hill,  and  a  soldier  at  Bennington;  afterward 
taught  school  at  Plymouth,  N.H. ;  removed  to 
Thornton,  N.H.,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
legisl.  Having  in  1785  pub.  a  "  Letter  to  Rev. 
John  Murray "  on  his  sermon  on  the  Origin 
of  Evil,  he  turned  his  attention  to  theology, 
and  was  ord.  pastor  at  Thornton  in  1787, 
making  up  the  deficiency  of  his  salary  ($200) 
by  farming  and  shoemaking.  In  1802  he  was 
employed  by  the  N.  H.  Missionary  Soc.  la 
Feb.  1810  he  removed  to  Salisbury,  N.H. ;  in 
1813  to  Brighton,  Ms.  Edited  the  Christian 
Disciple  in  1813-19,  and  the  Friend  of  Peace 
1819-29.  He  pub.  in  1815  "A  Solemn  Re- 
view of  the  Custom  of  War;"  founded  the 
Peace  Society  in  Jan.  1816,  and  was  app.  sec. 
The  Hopkinsian  Assoc,  of  which  he  was  a 
member,  formally  condemned  his  book,  "  Bible 
News  ; "  and  in  Nov.  1810  he  pub.  his  address 
on  the  Trinity.  He  also  pub.  "  Friend  of 
Youth,"  &c.,  1823;  "The  Atoning  Sacrifice," 
1829;  "Causes  and  Evils  of  Contention 
among  Christians,"  1831  ;  "Last  Thoughts 
on  Important  Subjects,"  1833;  besides  many 
pamphlets,  sermons,  and  treatises.  —  See  Me- 
moirs by  H.  Ware,jun.,  1844;  and  Tribute  by 
Wm.  E.  Channing,  D.D.,  1837. 

Worcester,  Samuel,  D.D.,  clergvman, 
bro.  of  Noah,  b.  Hollis,  N.H.,  Nov.  I,'l770; 
d.  Brainerd,  Tenn.,  June  7,  1821.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1795.  Pastor  of  the  church  in  Fitch- 
burg,  Ms.,  1797-1802,  and  of  the  Tabernacle 
Church,  Salem,  from  1803  till  his  d. ;  corresp. 
sec.  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  in  1810. 
He  pub.  3  orations ;  6  sermons  on  Future  Pun- 
ishment (1800) ;  3  letters  to  Dr.  Channing  on 


TVOR 


1007 


TVRI 


Unitarianisra,  1815  ;  Watts's  entire  and  select 
hymns,  1818;  and  occasional  sermons,  reports, 
reviews,  essays,  &e.  A  vol.  of  his  sermons  ap- 
peared in  1823.  His  son  Samuel  Melaxc- 
THON,  D.D.  (Amh.  1847),  b.  Fitchburg,  Sept. 
4,  1801,  d.  Boston,  Aug.  16,  1866.  H.U. 
1 822.  Some  years  prof,  of  rhetoric  and  oratory 
in  Amh.  Coll.,  and  then  pastor  of  the  Taber- 
nacle Church,  Salem.  He  pub.  "  Life  and  La- 
bors of  Rev.  Samuel  Worcester,"  2  vols. 
12mo,  1852;  "Essays  on  Slavery  by  Vigor- 
nius,"1826;  "Menional  of  the  Tabernacle, 
Salem,"  1855. 

Worden,  John  Lorimer,  commo.  U.S.N., 
b.  Mt.  Pleasant,  Westchester  Co.,  N.Y.,  Mar. 
12, 1817.  Midshipm.  Jan.  12,  1835 ;  lieut.  Nov. 
30,  1846;  com.  July  12,  1862;  capt.  Feb.  3, 
1863;  com.  May  27,  1868.  Sent  with  de- 
spatches to  Fort  Pickens  in  Apr.  1861,  he  was 
arrested  while  returning,  and  kept  in  prison  7 
months.  He  com.  the  iron-clad  "Monitor" 
in  her  famous  engagement  with  the  iron-clad 
"Merrimack," in  Hampton  Roads,  Mar.  9, 1862. 
The  latter,  partially  disabled,  retreated  to  Sew- 
ell's  Point.  Capt.  W.'s  eyes  were  severely 
injured  by  the  explosion  of  a  shell  from  "  The 
Merrimack,"  upon  the  eye-hole  of  the  pilot- 
house. In  com.  of  the  iron-clad  "  Montauk," 
of  the  S.A.B.  squad,  he  engaged  Fort  Mac- 
Allister,  Jan.  27,  1863,  and  Feb.  1,  1863;  at- 
tacked and  destroyed  the  privateer  "Nashville," 
under  the  guns  of  that  fort,  Feb.  23,  1863 ;  and 
was  in  the  attack  of  Charleston,  under  Dupont, 
Apr.  7,  1863.  Superint.  U.  S.  Naval  Acad, 
since  1  Dec.  1869.  — Ilamersli/. 

Wormeley,  Mary  Elizabeth  (now Mrs. 
Latimer),  novelist,  b.  London,  26  July,  1822 ; 
has  resided  many  jears  in  Newport,  R.I.  Her 
father,  Rear- Admiral  Ralph  Randolph  W.  (b. 
Va.  29  Oct.  1785,  d.  Utica,  N.Y.,  26  June, 
1852),  was  grandson,  on  the  mother's  side,  of 
Atty.-Gen.  John  Randolph,  a  loyalist.  Oct.  3, 
1820,  he  m.  Caroline;  Preble  of  Boston.  Miss 
W.  pub.  "Forest  Hill,"  3  vols.  Lend.,  1846; 
"Annabel,  a  Family  History,"  N.Y.,  1853; 
"  Our  Cousin  Veronica,"  N.Y.,  1856;  and  has 
contrib.  to  magazines.  She  was  subsequently 
m.  to  Randolph  Latimer  of  Baltimore.  Her 
sister  Katiierixe  Prescott  (b.  14  Jan.  1830) 
was  during  the  civil  war  one  of  the  most  en- 
thusiastic supporters  of  the  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion. In  1862-3  she  was  supt.  of  the  woman's 
dcpt.  of  the  Lowell  General  Hospital  at  Ports- 
mouth Grove,  Rhode  Island. — Preble  Family. 

Worth,  Jonathan,  gov.  of  N.C.  1865-8; 
d.  Raleigh,  N.C,  Sept.  5,  1869,  a.  ab.  72. 
Member  of  the  N.C.  legisl.  in  1829-34,  and  in 
1831,  during  the  nullification  excitement,  de- 
nounced it  in  the  strongest  terms.  He  opposed 
the  secession  movement  vigorously,  and,  during 
the  war,  was  a  strong  Unionist. 

Worth,  Gen.  William  Jenkins,  b.  Hud- 
son, N.Y.,  1  Mar.  1794  ;  d.  San  Antonio,  Tex., 
7  May,  1 849.  With  a  plain  education,  he  be- 
gan life  a  trader's  clerk  in  Hudson.  App. 
19  May,  1813,  lieut.  23d  U.  S.  Inf.,  he  highly 
disting.  himself  at  Chippewa  and  at  Niagara 
(25  July,  1814),  where  he  was  severely  wound- 
ed; was  com.  of  cadets  at  West  Point  1820-8; 
maj.  ordnance  corps  30  May,  1832;  col.  Sth 
Inf.  7  July,  1838 ;  served  in  the  war  against 


the  Seminole  Indians  1840-2;  com.  the  army 
in  Fla.  May,  1841,  to  Aug.  1842,  and  engaged 
in  attack  of  Hallcck  Tustenuggec's  band  at 
Pilaklikaha,  19  Apr.  1842;  brev.  brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.  1  Mar.  1842  for  gallantry  and' high- 
ly disting.  services  in  Fla.  war ;  com.  brigade 
1846-7,  and  division  1847-8,  in  the  war  witfy 
Mexico,  and  engaged  in  the  capture  of  Monte- 
rey and  Vera  Cruz,  battles  of  Cerro  Gordo, 
Churubusco,  Molino  del  Rey,  Chapultepec,  and 
assault  and  capture  of  city  of  Mexico,  13-14 
Sept.  1847 ;  and,  23  Sept.  1846,  brev.  maj. -gen. 
for  Monterey,  and  presented  with  a  sword  of 
honor  by  Congress,  also  by  the  States  of  N.Y. 
and  La.,  and  by  his  native  county,  Columbia. 
A  fine  monument  has  been  erected  to  his  mem- 
ory by  the  city  of  N.Y.  at  the  junction  of 
Broadway  and  Fifth  Avenue.  Brave,  chival- 
rous, and  a  good  tactician,  his  manners  were 
popular,  and  his  presence  imposing. 
^  Worthington,  Erastus,  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician, b.  Belchertown,  Ms.,  Oct.  8,  1779;  d. 
Dedham,  June  27,  1842;  Wms.  Coll.  1804. 
He  practised  law  at  Dedham  in  1809-25,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Gen.  Court  1814-15.  He 
pub.  an  Oration  at  Dedham,  July  4,  1803; 
"  History  of  Dedham  1635-1827,"  8vo,  1827. 

Worthington,  Thomas,  gov.  of  Ohio 
1814-18,  b.  near  Charleston,  Va.,  July  16, 
1773;  d.  N.  Y.  City  20  June,  1827.  He  re- 
ceived a  good  education,  but  was  a  common 
sailor  in  1790-3;  removed  to  the  N.W.  Terr,  in 
1793;  was  a  member  from  Ross  County  of  the 
Terr,  legisl.  in  1799-1801,  of  the  Const.  Conv.  • 
of  1802;  was  U.  S.  senator  in  1803-7  and 
1810-14,  and  canal  commiss.  1822-7.— yl.  T. 
Goodman. 

Wragg,  William,  a  talented  and  eloquent 
lawyer  of  S.C,  b.  1714;  d.  Sept.  1777.  Of 
Huguenot  descent.  Educated  in  Eng. ;  many 
years  a  member  of  the  S.C.  Assembly,  and  in 
1753  of  the  council.  In  1769  he  declined  the 
office  of  chief  justice.  His  sense  of  duty  pre- 
vented his  espousing  the  cause  of  independence. 
Embarking  for  Eng.,  he  was  shipwrecked  and 
lost  on  the  coast  of  Holland :  his  infant  son 
was  saved.  A  monument  in  Westminster  Ab- 
bey depicts  this  event.  He  pub.  "  Reasons  for 
not  concurring  in  the  Non-Importation  Reso- 
lution," 1769. 

Wrangel,  Von  (fon  vrang'-gel),  Ferdi- 
nand Petrovitch,  baron,  a  Russian  admiral 
and  navi.!:ator  of  Swedish  extraction,  b.  Es- 
thonia,  1795.  App.  in  1 820  com.  of  an  exploring 
exped.  to  the  Arctic  Sea,  he  travelled  on  the  iza 
in  sledges  as  far  north  as  72°  2'.  In  1 829  he  bo- 
came  gov.  of  the  Russian  Possessions  in  Ameri- 
ca, and  in  1847  vice-admiral ;  in  1849  he  retired 
from  service,  and  has  since  been  director  of  the 
trading  co.  in  the  Russian  Possessions.  Au- 
thor of  "  Journev  from  Sitka  to  St.  Petersburg," 
1836  ;  "  Statistical  and  Ethnographical  Notices 
on  the  Russian  Possessions  in  America,"  1 839 ; 
and  "  Journey  on  the  Northern  Coasts  of  Si- 
beria and  the  Icy  Sea,"  1841. 

Wright,  Elizur,  author  and  journalist,  b. 
South  Canaan,  Ct.,  Feb.  12, 1804.  Y.C.  1826. 
Elizur  his  father  d.  Talmadge,  O.,  1845,  a. 
83.  He  lived  on  a  farm  in  Ohio  in  1 810-22,  and, 
after  leaving  college,  taught  in  the  Lawrence 
Acad.,  Groton,  two  years.    In  1829-33  he  was 


-WTRI 


1008 


WRI 


prof,  of  mathematics  and  nat.  pliilo3.  in  "W. 
Res.  Coll.,  Hudson,  O.  In  1833  he  became 
sec.  of  the  Amer.  Antislavery  Society  in  N.Y., 
editing  Human  Rights  1834-5,  and  the  Quar- 
terli/  Antislavery  Mag.,  until  his  removal  to 
Boston  in  1838;  in  Apr.  1839  he  became  edi- 
tor of  the  Ms.  Abolitionist.  In  1846  he  estab- 
lished the  Chronotype  newspaper,  and  was  ^  for 
some  time  editor  of  the  Commonwealth,  into 
which  it  was  merged  in  1850.  Ins.  commiss. 
of  Ms.  1858-66.  He  has  pub.  a  translation  in 
verse  of  La.  Fontaine's  "  Fables,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
Lond.  1843;  1vol.  8vo,  Boston,  1846;  "A 
Ouriosity  of  Law,"  &c.,  1866.  Antislavery 
pamphlets,  articles  in  Atlantic  Monthly,  &c. 

Wright,  Frances  (D'Ardsmont),  reform- 
er, b.  Dundee,  Scotland,  Sept.  6, 1795;  d.  Cin- 
cinnati, Dec.  14,  1852.  The  intimacy  of  her 
father  with  Adam  Smith,  Dr.  CuUen,  and  oth- 
er eminent  literary  and  scientific  men  of  his 
day,  was  probably  the  cause  of  her  becoming  a 
propagandist  of  social  and  political  novelties. 
At  the  a»e  of  18  she  wrote  "A Few  Days  in 
Athens,"  in  which  she  defended  the  opinions 
and  character  of  Epicurus.  In  1818-21  she 
visited  America,  and  pub.  "Views  on  Socie- 
ty and  Manners  in  Amsrica."  She  afterwards 
visited  Paris  on  the  invitation  of  Lafayette. 
After  her  return  to  America  in  1825,  she  pur- 
chased 2,000  acres  of  land  in  Tenn.  (subse- 
quently the  site  of  Memphis),  and  peopled  it 
with  a  number  of  slave  families  whom  she  had 
redeemed,  but  who  were  subsequently  removed 
to  Hayti.  In  1833-6  she  lectured  publicly  on 
slavery  and  other  social  topics,  with  great  suc- 
cess, in  aU  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union,  in- 
curring, however,  the  hostility  of  the  press  and 
the  clergy  by  the  freedom  with  which  she  spoke 
of  matters  both  of  Church  and  State.  She  then 
joined  Robert  Owen  at  New  Harmony,  editing 
the  Gazette,  and  lecturing  in  behalf  of  the  en- 
terprise, but  with  small  success.  About  1838, 
while  on  another  visit  to  France,  she  m.  M. 
D'Arusmont,  from  whom  she  soon  separated, 
subsequently  residing  in  America  with  an  only 
dau.,  the  fruit  of  her  marriage.  She  was  an 
eccentric  and  daring  woman,  and  full  of  be- 
nevolent enthusiasm.  Her  other  publications 
were  "  Altorf,"  a  tragedy,  1819  ;  "Lectures  on 
Free  Inquiry,  Religion,  Morals,  Opinions,"  &c., 
1 836.  Her  biography  was  pub.  by  John  Windt, 
1844;  and  by  Amos  Gilbert,  8vo,  Cin.  1855. 

Wright,  Gex.  George,  b.  Vt.  1803; 
droAvned  30  July,  1865,  in  the  wreck  of  steamer 
"  Brother  Jonathan."  West  Point  (lieut.  3d 
Inf.),  1822.  Adj.  Jan.  1831-6;  capt.  30  Oct. 
1836;  brev.  maj.  for  meritorious  conduct  in  the 
Florida  war  March  15,  1842;  brev.  licut.-col. 
for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churubusco  20 
Aug.  1847 ;  com.  the  storming-party  and  brev. 
col.  for  gallantry  at  Molino  del  Rey  8  Sept. 
1847,  in  which  he  was  wounded;  maj.  4th  Inf. 
Jan  1,1848;  col.  9th  Inf.  Mar.  3, 1855;  greatly 
disting,  in  campaigns  against  the  Indians  of 
Wash.  Terr.  Mar.  1856  and  Sept.  1858;  brig.- 
gen.  of  vols.  Sept.  28,  1861 ;  and  com.  the  dept. 
of  the  Pacific,  Oct.  1861  to  July,  1864,  and  the 
district  of  California  1864-5. 

Wright,  Henry  C,  lecturer  on  antislavery, 
socialism,  and  spiritualism,  b.  29  Aug.  1 797 ; 
d.  Pawtucket,  R.I.,  Aug.  16,  1870.    Author 


of  "Marriage  and  Parentage,"  12mo,  1855; 
"Mankilling  by  Nations  and  Individuals 
Wrong,"  1841  ;  "A  Kiss  for  a  Blow,"  1843 ; 
"  Defensive  War  a  Denial  of  Christianity," 
1 846 ;  "  Human  Life  Illustrated,"  1 849  ;  "  An- 
thropology, or  the  Science  of  Man,"  1850 ; 
"  The  Living  Present  and  the  Dead  Past," 
1865. 

Wright,  Horatio  Gates,  brev.  maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.,  b.  Ct.  about  1820.  West  Point,  1841. 
App.  2d  lieut.  of  engrs. ;  assist ,  prof,  of  eng.  at 
West  Point,  Jan.  1842-July,  1844;  1st  lieut. 
28  Feb.  1848;  capt.  1  July,  1855;  maj.  6  Aug. 
1861 ;  lieut.-col.  23  Nov.  1865  ;  brig.-gen.  vols. 
14  Sept.  1861;  maj.-gen.  18  July,  1862.  Chief 
engineer  of  Ileintzelman's  div.  at  Bull  Run,  21 
July,  1861 ;  com.  2d  brigade  in  the  Port-Royal 
expcd.;  com.  the  exped.  (27  Feb.  1862)  that 
captured  Fernandina,  Fla.;  com.  a  division 
in  the  attack  on  Secessionville,  S.C,  16  June, 
1 862 ;  assigned  to  com.  the  dept.  of  the  Ohio 
1 8  July,  1 862 ;  com.  a  division.  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  in  passage  of  the  Rappahannock  and 
at  Gettysburg;  com.  6th  corps  at  Rappahan- 
nock Station  7  Nov.  1863,  and  brev.  lieut.- 
col.  ;  com.  6th  corps  in  Richmond  campaign, 
and  wounded  at  Spottsylvania,  and  brev.  col. 
12  May,  1864 ;  engaged  in  defence  of  the  capi- 
tal in  July,  and  in  the  Shenandoah  campaign 
Aug.-Dcc.  1864,  and  wounded  at  Cedar  Creek; 
and  finally  at  the  siege  of  Petersburg,  and 
operations  ending  in  Lee's  surrender.  Brev. 
brig.-gen.  and  maj.-gen.  13  March,  1865,  for 
Cold  Harbor  and  capture  of  Petersburg. — 
Cullam. 

Wright,  Sir  James,  last  royal  gov.  of 
Ga.,  b.  Charleston,  S.C;  d.  Eng.  1786.  His 
father  Robert  was  chief  justice  of  S.C.  at  his 
decease.  The  son  practised  law  in  Charleston, 
and  was  afterward  agent  of  the  Province  of 
S.C.  in  Great  Britain,  and  atty.-gen.  May  13, 
1760,  he  was  app.  chief  justice  and  lieut.-gov.; 
in  1764  he  received  the  appointment  of  gov. ; 
and  Dec.  8,  1772,  was  created  a  baronet.  His 
long  administration  was  disting.  by  wisdom 
and  prudence;  and  the  Colony  flourished.  He 
was,  however,  avaricious,  and  devoted  to  the 
wishes  of  the  king.  At  the  commencement  of 
the  Revol.  a  contest  was  kept  up  by  him  and 
the  i)opular  leaders  until  Jan.  1776,  when  he 
was  imprisoned,  but  soon  afterwards  escaped. 
He  returned  in  July,  1779,  and  resumed  the 
govt. ;  but  the  royal  authority  soon  ceased,  the 
large  estates  acquired  by  him  in  Ga.  were  con- 
fiscated, and  Sir  James  retired  to  England. 
His  son  James  succeeded  to  the  baronetcy,  and 
d.  in  1 8 1 6.  He  served  with  the  Ga.  Royalists 
at  the  siege  of  Savannah. 

Wright,  John  C,  jurist,  b.  1783 ;  d.  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  Feb.  13, 1861,  while  a  delegate  to 
the  Peace  Convention.  He  settled  early  at  Steu- 
ben ville,  O. ;  soon  attained  eminence  at  the  bar ; 
was  many  years  on  the  supreme  bench ;  M.C. 
1 823-9 ;  and  was  long  editor  and  owner  of  the 
Cincinnati  Gazette.  His  reported  decisions  are 
in  high  repute  in  the  West.  He  pub.  Sup. 
Court  Reports,  Ohio,  1831-4,  8vo,  1835. — 
Lanman. 

Wright,  Joseph,  portrait-painter,  b.  Bor- 
dentown,  N.  J.,  1756;  d.  Phila.  1793  of  yellow- 
fever.    Patience  Wright,  his  mother,  excelled 


^SV^RI 


1009 


.TV-YL 


in  modelling  wax  miniature-heads.  The  fami- 
ly went  to  Eug.  in  1772.  Here  the  young  ar- 
tist painted  the  Prince  of  Wales;  afterward 
pursued  his  studies  in  Paris  under  the  care  of 
Dr.  Franklin;  and  on  his  return  narrowly 
escaped  with  his  life  from  shipwreck.  In  the 
autumn  of  1783  he  painted  a  three-quarter- 
length  portrait  of  Washington ;  afterwards 
painted  another  for  the  Count  de  Solms ;  and, 
still  later,  a  miniature-profile  from  life.  App. 
])y  Washington  first  draughtsman  and  die- 
sinker  in  the  U.S.  mint.  The  first  coins  and 
medals  of  the  U.S.  were  his  handiwork. — 
Tucherman. 

Wright,  Joseph  A.,  statesman,  b.  Pa.  17 
April,  1810;  d.  Berlin,  Prussia,  May  11,  1867. 
His  educational  advantages  were  limited.  Early 
ill  life  he  settled  in  Ind. ;  came  to  the  bar  in 
1829  ;  soon  rose  in  the  profession ;  in  1833  be- 
came a  member  of  the  State  legisl. ;  State  sen- 
ator in  1S40;  M.C.  1843-5;  gov.  of  Indiana 
1849-57  ;  minister  to  Prussia  1857-61 ;  U.S. 
senator  in  1851-2;  U.S.  commiss.  to  the  Ham- 
burg Exhibition  in  1863;  and  a  second  time 
minister  to  Prussia,  from  1 865  until  his  death. 

Wright,  Nathaniel  H.,  poet,  b.  Concord, 
Ms.,  1787;  d.  Boston,  May  13,  1824.  Edu- 
cated as  a  printer  in  Boston,  where  ho  edited 
the  Kaleidoscope.  Pub.  "  Fall  of  Palmyra,"  a 
poem;  and  "Boston,"  or  a  touch  at  the  times, 
a  small  pamphlet. 

Wright,  Robert,  gov.  of  Md.  in  1805-9, 
b.  Kent  Co.,  Md.;  d.  Sept.  7,  1826.  U.S.  sen- 
ator 1801-6;  at  one  time  a  member  of  the 
exec,  council ;  and  was  M.C.  in  1810-17  and 
1821-3. 

Wright,  Robert  E.,  counsellor-at-law,  b. 
Allentown,  Pa.,  1810.  Author  of  "Law  of 
Aldermen  and  Justices,"  1 839 ;  "  Law  of  Con- 
stables," 1840;  "Pa.  Digest,  1836-41,"  8vo, 
1842;  Pa.  Sup.  Ct.  Reports,  1860-5,  8vo,  14 
vols. ;  essays  on  Constitutional  Reform,  an 
Elective  Judiciary,  Reform  in  our  Postal  Po- 
litical System,  &c.  —  AUibone. 

Wright,  Silas,  statesman,  b.  Amherst, 
Ms.,  Miiy  24,  1795  ;  d.  Canton,  N.Y.,  Aug.  27, 
1847.  Mid.  Coll.  1815.  Adm.  to  the  bar  in 
1819,  he  established  himself  as  an  attorney  at 
Canton.  In  1820  he  was  app.  surrogate  of  the 
county.  In  1823  he  became  a  memljerof  the 
State  senate,  and  an  opponent  of  De  Witt  Clin- 
ton ;  M.C.  in  1827-9,  voted  for  the  protective 
tariff  of  1828,  and  for  an  inquiry  into  the  ex- 
pediency of  abolishing  slaverv  in  the  Dist.  of 
(^ol. ;  comptroller  of  N.Y.  1829-33  ;  U.S.  sen- 
ator 1833-44,  supported  Mr.  Clay's  compromise 
bill  in  1833,  defended  Pres.  Jackson's  removal 
of  the  deposits,  opposed  the  recharter  of  the 
U.S.  Bank,  voted  against  receiving  a  petition 
for  abolishing  slavery  in  the  Dist.  of  Col., 
voted  for  the  tariff  of  1842  and  for  the  an- 
nexation of  Texas.  He  refused  to  be  made  a 
justice  of  the  U.S.  Sup.  Court,  and  in  1844 
declined  the  nomination  to  the  vice-presidency. 
In  1844  he  was  chosen  gov.  of  N.Y. ;  in  1845 
he  declined  the  office  of  sec.  of  the  treasury. 
On  leaving  the  gov.'s  chair,  Mr.  Wright  re- 
turned to  his  little  farm  of  30  acres  at  Canton, 
whose  cultivation  with  his  own  hands  had  al- 
ways been  a  favorite  pursuit.  He  was  a  man 
of  clear  and  powerful  mind,  and  thoroughly 


inforrned  upon   public   affairs.  —  See  his  Life 
and  Times  b(j  Jahez  I).  Hammond,  8vo,  1848. 

Wright,  William,  senator,  b.  Clarkstown, 
N.Y.,  1794:  d.  Newark,  N.J.,  Nov.  1,  1866. 
The  death  of  his  father.  Dr.  William  Wright, 
compelled  him  to  abandon  the  design  of  a'col- 
lege  education  ;  and  he  learned  the  trade  of 
harness-making,  in  which  he  eventually  made  a 
large  fortune,  having  in  1821  established  him- 
self in  Newark.  He  was  a  volunteer  for  the 
defence  of  Stonington,  Ct.,  in  the  war  of  1812; 
was  mayor  of  Newark  in  1840-3  ;  was  a  warm 
political  friend  of  Henry  Clay;  M.C.  in  1843- 
7  ;  changed  his  politics  in  1851 ;  wasaDemoc. 
U.S.  senator  in  1853-9,  and  re-elected  in  1863; 
and  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  manu- 
factures. 

Wyatt,  Sir  Francis,  gov.  of  Va.  1621- 
6  and  1639-41;  d.  Bexley,  Kent,  Eng.,  1644. 
Son  of  George,  who  d.  in  Ireland  1625.  Dur- 
ing his  administration,  the  Indians  began  (-2 
Mar.  1622)  to  execute  a  plot  to  exterminate 
the  English,  which  was  followed  by  a  sangui- 
nary war ;  and  the  first  courts  were  estab- 
lished in  the  Colony. 

Wylie,  Andrew,  D.D.  (Un.  Coll.  1825), 
educator,  b.  Washington  Co.,  Pa.,  Apr.  12, 
1789;  d.  Bloomington,  Ind.,  Nov.  11,  1851. 
Jeff.  Coll.  1810.  In  1812  he  was  licensed  as  a 
Presb.  preacher;  was  pres.  of  Jeff.  Coll.  in 
1812-16.  In  1817  he  became  pres.  of  Wash- 
ington Coll.,  taking  charge  at  the  same  time 
of  a  cong.  7  miles  distant ;  and  from  1828  to  his 
death  was  pres.  of  the  coll.  at  Bloomington  ;  in 
Dec.  1841  he  took  orders  in  the  Epis.  Church. 
He  pub.  "English  Grammar,"  1822;  "Sec- 
tarianism is  Heresy,"  1840;  "  Eulogy  on  La- 
fayette," 1834;  and  addresses  and  sermons. 

Wylie,  Samuel  Brown,  D.D.  (Dick. 
Coll.  1817),  51  years  pastor  of  the  First  Ref 
Church,  Phila. ;  d.  there  14  Oct.  1852;  b.  near 
Bally mena,  Ireland,  21  May,  1773.  U.  of 
Glasg.  1797.  Came  to  Phila.  in  1797  ;  prof,  in 
Theol.  Sem.  of  R.  P.  Church  1809-51 ;  prof 
of  ancient  languages  in  the  U.  of  Pa.  1828-45, 
and  an  eminent  Oriental  and  classical  scholar; 
vice-provost  of  the  U.  Pa.  1838-45.  Author 
of  "  The  Faithful  Witness,"  1804  ;  Covenant- 
ing, 1803;  "Greek  Grammar,"  1838  ;  "Life 
of  Rev.  Alexander  McLeod,  D.D.,"  8vo,  1855. 
Co-editor  Presbyterian  Mag.  1821-2 ;  contrib.  to 
periodicals. 

Wylie,  Theodore  W.  J.,  D.D.  (U.  of 
N.Y.  1859),  son  of  S.B.,b.  Phila.  1818.  U.  of 
Pa.  1836.  Assoc,  pastor  1st  Ref  Presb.  Church 
1843-52,  and  pastor  since  that  date;  prof. 
Theol.  Sem.  Ref.  Pr.  Church  1847-51,  18.54-7, 
1859-69.  Author  of  English,  Latin,  and  Greek 
Vocab.,  1839  ;  "  The  God  of  Our  Fathers," 
1854;  "  Washington  a  Christian,"  1862.  Edi- 
tor Juy.  Missionary  Intellig.,  1835-7  ;  Missionary 
Advocate,  1838-41  ;  Banner  of  the  Covenant, 
1845-55.  —AUibone. 

Wyllys,  George,  of  Fenny  Compton, 
Co.  Warwick,  came  to  Hartford  in  1638 ;  was 
an  assist,  in  1639;  dep.-gov.  1641;  gov.  1642; 
d.  9  Mar.  1645.  His  son  Samuel  (b.  1632; 
d.  30  May,  1709;  H.U.  1653)  was  an  assist. 
1654-84.  IIezekiah,  son  of  Samuel,  sec.  of 
the  Colony  of  Ct.  1712-34,  d.  24  Dec.  1741. 
George,  son  of  Hez.  (b.  6  Oct.  1710;  d.  24 


TVTTLi 


1010 


Y-AX. 


( 


Apr.  1796;  Y.G.  1729),  succeeded  his  father 
as  sec.  (1734-9.5). 

Wyllys,  Gen.  Samuel,  Revol.  patriot,  b. 
Hartford,  Jan.  1.5, 1739  ;  d.  there  June  9, 1823. 
Y.C.  1758.  Son  of  Sec.  Georj^e.  In  1775  he 
was  lieut.-col.  of  Spencer's  regt. ;  was  col.  of  a 
rejjt.  at  the  siege  of  Boston  ;  app.  col.  in  the 
Cont.  line  in  Jan.  1776,  serving  with  repute 
throughout  the  war.  He  afterward  became 
inaj.-gen.  of  militia ;  member  of  the  Ct.  Acad, 
of  Arts  and  Sciences;  and  succeeded  his  father 
and  grandfather  as  sec.  of  State,  which  post 
he  resigned  in  1809.  The  3  held  this  office  98 
years  in  succession. 

Wyman,  Jeffries,  M.D.,  anatomist,  b. 
Chelmsford,  Ms.,  Aug.  11,  1814.  H.U.  18.33  ; 
Harv.  Med.  Coll.  1837.  During  a  two-years' 
visit  to  Europe,  he  studied  medicine  in  the  hos- 
pitals of  Paris,  and  nat.  history  in  the  Jardin 
des  Plantes.  In  1843-7  he  filled  the  chair  of 
anatomy  in  Hamp.  Sid.  Coll.,  Va. ;  and  has 
since  been  Hersey  prof,  of  anatomy  in  H.U.,  and 
prof,  of  comp.  anatomy  in  the  Lawrence  Scicnt. 
School.  He  has  pub.  "  Twelve  Lectures  on 
Comparative  Physiology,"  delivered  before  the 
Lowell  Inst.,  Boston,  1849;  also  various  articles 
in  the  Jour,  of  Science,  "  Smithsonian  Contribs. 
to  Knowledge,"  Boston  Jour,  of  Nat.  Hist.,  and 
the  "  Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Soc.  of  Nat. 
Hist.,"of  which  association  he  has  been  pres. 
since  1856. 

Wynne,  James,  M.D.  (U.  of  N.Y.  1835), 
LL.D.,  b.  Utica,  N.Y.,  1814.  A  lineal  de- 
scendant of  Sir  John  of  Gwydyr.  He  prac- 
tised medicine  at  Baltimore,  and  afterward  in 
N.Y.  Author  of  "  Memoir  of  Major  Samuel 
Ringgold,"  1847  ;  "  Lives  of  Eminent  Literary 
and  Scient.  Men  of  America,"  1850;  "Vital 
Statistics  of  the  U.S.,"  1857  ;  "  Importance  of 
the  Study  of  Legal  Medicine,"  1859  ;  "  Private 
Libraries  of  New  York ; "  "  Report  on  the 
Asiatic  Cholera  in  the  U.S.,"  1849,  prep,  for 
the  British  govt.,  which  in  1858  rewarded  him 
with  a  gold  medal ;  reports,  med.  papers,  &c.  — 
AUihone. 

Wynne,  John  Huddlestone,  aitthor,  b. 
S.  Wales  1743;  d.  St.  Thomas's  Hospital, 
Lond.,  Oct.  1788.  Author  of  a  "  General  His- 
tory of  the  British  Empire  in  America,"  2  vols. 
8vo,  1770;  "  History  of  Ireland,"  1773;  "Fa- 
bles of  Flowers,"  &c. 

Wynn,  Gen.  Richard,  b.  Va. ;  d.  Tenn. 
soon  after  1813.  Entering  the  service  early,  he 
was  in  1775  lieut.  of  S.  C.  Rangers  ;  served  in 
the  battle  on  Sullivan's  Island ;  was  in  com. 
of  Fort  Mcintosh,  Ga. ;  was  subsequently  pro- 
moted to  col.,  and  com.  the  militia  of  Fairfield 
dist.,  S.  C. ;  was  with  Sumter  at  Hanging 
Rock,  where  he  was  wounded ;  was  active  dur- 
ing the  remainder  of  the  war  ;  and  at  its  close 
was  app.  a  brig.,  and  finally  a  maj.-gen.  of 
militia.     M.C.  1793-7  and  1802-13. 

Wynn,  Gen.  Thomas,  Rcvol.  officer,  b. 
Hartford  Co.,  N.C.^  d.  there  3  Juno,  1825.  A 
planter  by  occupation.  He  sei-ved  many  years 
in  the  State  legisl,  was  a  member  of  the  exec, 
council,  gen.  of  militia,  and  M.C.  1803-7. 

Wythe^  George,  statesman  and  jurist,  and 
a  signer  ,of  the  Decl.  of  Indep.,  b.  Elizabeth 
City,  Va.,  1726;  d.  Richmond,  June  8,  1806. 
Wm.  and  Maty  <Coll.    Educated  chiefly  under 


the  supervision  of  his  mother,  —  a  woman  of 
uncommon  knowledge,  and  strength  of  mind. 
The  death  of  both  parents  before  he  was  21, 
and  the  uncontrolled  possession  of  a  large  for- 
tune, led  him  for  some  time  into  a  career  of  ex- 
travagance and  dissipation.  At  the  age  of  30, 
however,  his  conduct  underwent  an  entire 
change :  he  gave  his  assiduous  attention  to  the 
study  of  law;  was  adm.  to  the  bar  in  1757, 
where  his  learning,  industry,  and  eloquence 
made  him  eminent.  As  early  as  1758,  and  for 
several  years  previous  to  the  Revol.,  he  was  a 
prominent  member  of  the  house  of  burgesses  as 
the  representative  of  Wm.  and  Mary  Coll., 
of  which  he  was  prof,  of  law  in  1779-89.  In 
1764  he  drew  up  a  strong  remonstrance  to  the 
house  of  commons  against  the  Stamp  Act,  the 
tone  of  which  was  greatly  modified  by  the  As- 
sembly. In  Aug.  1775,  he  was  app.  a  delcg.  to 
Congress,  of  which  he  was  an  influential  mem- 
ber until  1777.  In  Nov.  1776  he  was  app.,  with 
Jeflferson  (who  had  been  his  pupil  in  the  law) 
and  others,  to  revise  the  laws  of  Va.,  in  which 
they  made  important  changes.  In  1777  he 
was  chosen  speaker  of  the  house  of  delegates, 
and  was  app.  judge  of  the  High  Court  of 
Chancery  of  the  State.  On  the  re-organization 
of  the  Court  of  Equity,  he  was  app.  sole  chan- 
cellor, which  station  he  filled  more  than  20 
years.  In  1788  he  was  a  member  of  the  Va. 
Conv.  which  ratified  the  Federal  Constitution, 
—  during  the  debates,  generally  acting  as  chair- 
man,—  and  was  a  strenuous  advocate  of  the  in- 
strument adopted.  His  death  was  occasioned 
by  poison ;  but  the  person  suspected  was  ac- 
quitted by  a  jury.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
he  emancipated  his  slaves,  and  furnished  them 
means  of  subsistence.  Author  of  "  Decisions 
by  the  High  Court  of  Chancery,"  &c.,  1795; 
second  ed.,  with  Memoir  by  B.  B.  Minor,  8vo, 
1852.  LL.D.  (Wm.  and  Mary  Coll.  1790). 

Xeres  (ha'-r6s),  Francois  de,  historian 
of  the  conquest  of  Peru,  and  one  of  the  con- 
querors, b.  Seville.  His  History,  pub.  by  order 
of  Pizarro  (whose  secretary  he  was),  in  folio, 
Salamanca,  1547,  was  written  in  Caxamarca, 
and,  though  partial,  is  full  of  interest. 

Ximenes  de  Quesada  (ze-mee'-nez  da 

ka-sa'-da),  Gonzalo,  a  Spanish  explorer  and 
captain,  b.  Granada  ab.  1495  ;  d.  1546.  He 
com.  a  party  Avhich  ab.  1532  began  to  explore 
the  region  since  called  New  Granada;  and 
founded,  in  1638,  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota. 

Yale,  Cyrus,  minister  of  New  Hartford 
1814-54  (excepting  in  1834-7,  when  he  was 
settled  at  Ware),  b.  Lee,  Ms.,  17  May,  1786; 
d.  21  May,  1854.  Wms.  Coll.  1811.  He  was 
zealous  in  the  cause  of  peace  and  temperance. 
He  pub.  a  "Memoir  of  Rev.  J.  Hallock,"  1828; 
"  Sketches  of  Ministers  of  Litchf.  County," 
1852  ;  and  some  sermons. 

Yale,  Elihu,  principal  benefactor  of  Yale 
Coll.,  b.  New  Haven,  Apr.  5,  1648;  d.  Lond. 
July  22,  1721.  His  father  Thomas  came  to 
N.  Haven  with  the  first  colonists  in  1638,  but 
returned  with  his  family  in  1658.  At  the  age 
of  10  he  went  to  Eng.,  where  he  was  educated ; 
and  ab.  1678  removed  to  the  E.  Indies,  where 
he  resided  20  years,  and  acquired  a  very  large 
estate.  He  first  introduced  auctions  into  Eng. 
ab.  1700,  on  goods  brought  home  by  him  from 


Y.AJSr 


1011 


YOR 


Fort  George  in  the  E.  Indies,  of  which  place 
he  had  been  gov.  in  1687-92.  He  m.  a  native 
of  the  E.  Indies,  by  whom  he  had  three  daugh- 
ters. The  close  of  his  life  he  passed  in  Eng., 
where  he  was  made  gov.  of  the  E.  I.  Company, 
and  a  fellow  of  the  Koyal  Society.  His  dona- 
tions to  Yale  Coll.  amounted  to  about  £400 
sterling.  —  Gen.  Reg.,  iv.  245. 

Yancey,  William  Lowndes,  politician, 
b.  Ogecchee  Shoals,  Ga.,  Aug.  10,  1814;  d. 
near  Montgomery,  Ala.,  July  28,  1863.  He 
went  to  Ala.  while  young ;  studied  law ;  was 
adm.  to  the  bar  at  Montgomery,  near  which 
city  he  afterward  resided.  Edited  the  Cahawha 
Democrat  axiA  Wetumpka  Argus ;  served  in  both 
branches  of  the  State  legisl. ;  and  was  M.C.  in 
1844-7.  Resuming  practice  in  Ala.,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Nat.  Democ.  Conv.  at  Balti- 
more in  May,  1848,  a  zealous  opponent  of  the 
compromise  measures  of  1850,  and  was  one  of 
the  leaders  of  the  extreme  party  in  the  South. 
In  a  letter  written  in  June,  1858,  and  pub.  in 
1860,  he  advised  the  organization  of  commit- 
tees of  safety  in  all  the  cotton  States  to  "fire 
the  Southern  heart,"  and  ultimately  to  pre- 
cipitate the  cotton  States  into  revol.  Member 
of  the  Democ.  Conv.  at  Charleston  Apr.  23, 
1860,  and  withdrew  with  other  Southern  ex- 
tremists. In  the  seceding  convention  he  aided 
in  the  nomination  of  Mr.  Breckenridge,  and 
advocated  his  election  before  the  people.  In 
the  Ala.  Conv.,  which  met  at  Montgomery, 
Jan.  7,  1861,  he  reported  the  ordinance  of  seces- 
sion, which  was  passed  Jan.  14 ;  Feb.  27  he 
was  made  a  commiss.  to  the  govts,  of  Europe 
to  obtain  the  recognition  of  the  Confed.  States, 
and  left  New  York  in  March,  Returning  in 
Feb.  1862,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Confed. 
Congress  until  his  death. 

Yates,  Joseph  C,  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  N.Y.  1808-22,  gov.  of  N.Y.  1823-5, 
b.  Schenectady,  N.Y.,  9  Nov.  1768;  d.  there 
March  19,  1837.  Son  of  Col.  Christopher. 
Studied  and  practised  law  at  S. ;  a  founder  of 
Union  Coll.  1795;  mayor  of  S.  1798-1808; 
State  senator  1806-7. 

Yates,  Richard,  lawyer,  and  a  prominent 
Repub.  politician,  b. Warsaw,  Ky.,  Jan.  18, 1818. 
He  removed  to  Illinois;  grad.  at  III.  Coll.,  and 
practised  law.  Often  a  member  of  the  State 
legisl.;  M.C.  1851-5;  gov.  of  111.  1861-5; 
active  in  raising  vols,  in  defence  of  the  Union  ; 
U.  S.  senator  1865-71;  delegate  to  the  Phila. 
Loyalists'  Convention  of  1866. 

Yates,  Robert,  jurist  and  statesman,  b. 
Schenectady,  N.Y.,  Jan.  27,  1738;  d.  Albany, 
Sept.  9,  1801.  He  received  a  classical  educa- 
tion in  N.Y.  City;  studied  law;  and  in  1760 
was  adm.  to  practice  at  Albany,  where  he  at- 
tained eminence  in  the  profession.  During  the 
early  stages  of  the  Revol,,  several  well-written 
essays  established  his  reputation  as  a  writer  in 
defence  of  the  rights  and  liberties  of  his  coun- 
try. A  prominent  member  of  the  com.  of 
safety ;  chairman  of  the  com.  of  milit.  opera- 
tions 1776-7;  member  of  the  Prov.  Congress 
of  New  York,  and  of  the  conv.  that  framed  the 
State  constitution  in  1777;  judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  1777-90;  chief  justice  1790-8, 
and  eminent  for  his  moderation  and  impartial- 
ity ;  member  of  the  conv.  that  formed  the  Con- 


stitution of  the  U.S.,  which  he  opposed;  and  to 
his  labors  we  are  indebted  for  the  preservation 
of  its  debates,  pub.  by  his  widow,  12mo,  1839. 
A  member  also  of  the  State  Convention  which 
adopted  the  Constitution.  Soon  after  this 
period,  he  was  commissioned  to  treat  with  the 
States  of  Ms.  and  Ct.  on  the  subject  of  terri- 
tory, and  to  settle  the  claims  of  N.Y.  against 
the  State  of  Vt. 

Yeadon,  Richard,  lawyer  and  journalist, 
b.  Charleston,  S.C.,  23  Oct.  1802  ;  d.  there  25 
Apr.  1870.  S.C.  Coll.  Adm.  to  the  bar,  but 
became  interested  in  politics,  and  wrote  for  the 
Political  Gazette.  He  was  many  years  ed.  and 
prop,  of  the  Charleston  Courier.  Several  years 
a  member  of  the  State  legisl.,  and  filled  various 

Eublic  offices.  He  accumulated  wealth  from 
is  law  practice  and  from  his  paper,  much  of 
which  he  used  in  charity. 

Yeamans,  Sir  John,  gov.  of  S.  C.  in 
1671-4,  b.  Bristol,  England  ;  d.  Barbadoes.  He 
emig.  to  Barbadoes;  and  in  1665  was  one  of 
the  settlers  of  Clarendon  Co.,  S.C,  and  first 
introduced  slaves  into  Carolina,  previous  to 
which  the  laborers  were  Europeans.  He  at 
first  ruled  with  prudence  and  moderation,  but 
became  violent,  unjust,  and  tyrannical,  and  was 
removed  from  office. 

Yeardley,  Sir  George,  gov.  of  Va. 
1616,  1619-21,  and  1625  ;  d.  1627.  In  1619  the 
first  Gen.  Assembly  met  in  Va. ;  and,  during  his 
administration,  many  important  improvements 
were  made,  and  the  power,  population,  and 
respectability  of  the  Colony  much  increased. 
He  was  at  one  time  a  member  of  the  council. 

Yeates,  Jasper,  judge  of  the  Sup.  Court 
of  Pa.  from  1791  to  his  d.,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Mar. 
14,  1817.  Member  of  the  Lancaster  Co.  com. 
of  corresp.  in  1774,  and  of  the  conv.  which  rati- 
fied the  U.  S.  Constitution  in  1788.  He  pub. 
"  Reports  of  Cases  in  the  Sup.  Court  of  Pa. 
1791-1808,"  Phila.,  4  vols.  8vo,  1817-19. 

Yell,  Col.  Archibald,  b.  Ky.  1797;  killed 
in  battle  of  Buena  Vista,  Feb.  23, 1847.  Judge 
of  Ark.  Terr. ;  M.  C.  from  Ark.  1837-9  and 
1845-7 ;  gov.  1840-4 ;  col.  Ark.  volunteer 
cav.  July,  1846. 

Yeo,  Sir  Jambs  Lucas,  who  com.  the 
British  fleet  on  the  Lakes  in  the  war  of  1812, 
b.  Southampton,  Eng.,  1782  ;  d.  1819.  Enter- 
ing the  navy  at  an  early  age,  he  earned  his 
promotion  to  com.  by  a  gallant  exploit,  storm- 
ing the  fort  of  EI  Muros,  and  capturing  and 
bringing  off  every  vessel  in  the  port.  His  cap- 
ture of  Cayenne,  for  which  he  was  made  post- 
capt.,  and  his  services  on  the  American  Lakes, 
gained  him  high  consideration. — Morgan. 

Yoakum,  Col.  Henderson  K.,  b.  Clai- 
borne Co.,  Tenn.,  1810;  d.  Houston,  Texas, 
Nov.  29,  1856.  West  Point,  1832.  He  entered 
the  3d  Art.,  but  resigned  31  Mar.  1833  ;  was  a 
lawyer  in  Tenn.  in  1835-45,  and  in  Texas  in 
184.5-6  ;  and  was  a  member  of  the  State  senate 
in  1839.  He  served  as  1st.  lieut.  Hay's  Texan 
Rangers  in  Mexican  war,  June,  1846  ;  lawyer 
at  Huntsville.  Tex.,  1846-56.  Author  of  "A 
History  of  Texas,  1685-1845,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
1855.     Contributed  also  to  periodicals. 

Yorke,  Col.  John,  a  Britis^i  officer  serv- 
ing in  the  Amer.  Revol.  war,  b.  May,  1745  ;  d. 
1825.    Maj.  33d  Regt.  8  Aug.  1776 ;  lieut.-col. 


YOU 


1012 


ZA.-N 


1779;  col.  19  Mar.  1783.  Disting.  in  Corn- 
wallis's  campaigns ;  M.P.  for  Reading ;  dep.- 
]icut.  of  the  Tower  from  Mar.  1794  to  his 
death. 

Youmans,  Edward  Livingston,  author 
and  lecturer,  b.  Albany  Co.,  N.Y.,  1821.  M.D. 
U.  of  Vt. ;  prof,  of  chemistry  Antioch  Coll. 
Biace  1866.  In  his  early  youth  he  was  some 
years  deprived  of  eyesight,  but  eventually  be- 
came a  proficient  in  chemistry.  He  pub. 
"Chemical  Chart  of  Colored  Diagrams," 
1851;  "Class-Book  of  Chemistry,"  1852; 
"Atlas  of  Chemistry,"  1854;  "Alcohol  and 
the  Constitution  of  Man,"  1855;  "Handbook 
of  Household  Science,"  1857;  "Correlation 
and  Conservation  of  Forces,"  1864  ;  "  Obser- 
vations on  the  Scient.  Study  of  Human  Na- 
ture," 1866;  "The  Culture  demanded  by 
Modem  Life,"  1867.  Editor  of  Herbert  Spen- 
cer's works.     Contrib.  to  scient.  periodicals. 

Young,  Alexander,  D.D.  (H.U.  1846), 
Unitarian  clergyman  and  historian,  b.  Boston, 
Sept.  22,  1800;  d.  there  Mar.  16,  1854.  H.U. 
1820.  The  son  of  a  printer.  Jan.  19,  1825, 
he  was  settled  pastor  of  the  Sixth  (New  South) 
Church,  Boston.  Besides  a  vol.  of  occas.  dis- 
couraes.  Dr.  Young  pub.  in  1839  a  series  of  9 
vols.,  entitled  the  "  Old  English  Prose  Wri- 
ters;" "Discourse  on  the  Life  and  Character 
of  Nathaniel  Bowditch,"  1838;  "Chronicles 
of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  of  the  Colony  of  Plym- 
outh," 1841;  and  "Chronicles  of  the  First 
Planters  of  the  Colony  of  Ms.  Bay  from  1623 
to  1636,"  1846. 

Young,  Brigham,  high  priest  of  the 
Mormons,  b.  Wliittingham,  Vt.,  1  June,  1801. 
In  1832  he  joined  the  Mormons  at  Kirtland,  O.; 
soon  became  influential  by  his  shrewdness  and 
energy  ;  was  one  of  the  12  apostles  sent  out  to 
make  converts  in  1835  ;  and  on  the  death  of 
Joe  Smith  in  June,  1844,  was  chosen  pres.  and 
prophet.  With  most  of  the  sect,  he  abandoned 
Nauvoo  early  in  1846;  persuaded  his  followers 
that  the  Salt-Lake  Valley  was  the  Promised 
Land,  and  founded  there,  in  July,  1847,  Salt- 
Lake  City.  In  the  spring  of  1849,  having 
greatly  increased  by  enugration,  they  organized 
a  State  they  called  Deseret ;  but  Congress  or- 
ganized it  as  the  TeiT.  of  Utah,  of  which  Young 
was  U.S.  gov.  in  1850-4.  The  Mormons  hav- 
ing defied  the  Federal  govt.,  Pres.  Buchanan 
in  1857  sent  a  force  of  2,500  men  to  enforce 
its  authority;  and  in  1858  a  compromise  ended 
the  imbroglio.  Brigham  has  12  actual  wives, 
besides  many  who  have  been  "  sealed  to  him  " 
as  his  spiritual  wives.  As  the  head  of  the 
Mormon  Church,  he  was  long  de  facto  gov.  of 
the  Terr.,  and  is  "  president "  by  semi-annual 
viva-voce  election. 

Young,  J.  Harvey,  portrait-painter  of 
Boston,  b.  Salem,  Ms.,  14  June,  1830.  He 
studied  under  John  Pope,  and,  opening  a  studio, 
worked  on  portraits  at  five  dollars  a  head.  For 
4  years  he  was  an  architect,  and  was  engaged 
in  mercantile  business  in  N.H.  and  in  Phila., 
but  in  1858  settled  permanently  in  Boston, 
soon  acquiring  reputation.  Among  his  best 
known  portraits  are  those  of  Edward  Everett, 
William  Warren,  comedian,  Wm.  H.  Prescott, 
and  Horace  Mann,  Maj.  Camp  the  knightly 
soldier,  Chaplain  Fuller,  Col.  Ellsworth,  and 


Sergeant  Brownell.  Mr.  Young  married  in 
1855. 

Young,  Rev.  Jacob,  Meth.  preacher,  b. 
Alleghany  Co.,  Pa.,  March  19,  1776;  d.  Har- 
risburg,  0.,  Sept.  15, 1859.  Licensed  to  preach 
in  1801,  and  continued  till  1856.  Author  of 
"The  Autobiography  of  a  Pioneer,"  Cin., 
12mo. 

Young,  John,  gov.  of  N.Y.  1847-9,  b. 
Chelsea,  Vt.,  1802;  d.  N.  Y.  City,  Apr.  23, 
1852.  While  young,  his  father  removed  to 
Livingston  Co.,  N.Y.,  where  he  received  a 
common-school  education,  and  studied  and 
practised  law.  Member  of  the  State  legisl.  in 
1831,  '44,  and '45;  M.C.  1841-3.  Originally 
a  Democrat,  he  became  in  1 829  an  anti-Mason, 
and  was  elected  to  Congress  by  the  Whigs. 
U.  S.  assist,  treas.  at  N.Y.  City  1849-52. 

Young,  Right  Hon.  Sir  John,  Baron 
Lisgar,  gov.-gen.  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada 
since  18  Sept.  1868,  b.  1807.  B.A.  of  Oxford 
U.  1829;  called  to  the  bar  of  Lincoln's  Inn 
1834 ;  a  lord  of  the  treasury  1841-4  ;  sec.  of 
the  treas.  1844-6;  chief  sec.  to  lord-lieut.  of 
Ireland  1852-5 ;  commiss.  of  the  Ionian  Islands 
1855-9;  gov.  of  New  South  Wales  1860-7; 
created  Baron  Lisgar  8  Oct.  1870. 

Young,  John  Clark,  D.D.  (N.J.  Coll. 
1839),  clergyman,  b.  Greencastle,  Pa.,  Aug. 
12, 1803;  d.  June  23,  1857.  Dick.  Coll.  1823. 
He  in  1828  became  pastor  of  a  church  in  Lex- 
ington, Ky.  From  1 830  till  his  death  he  was 
pres.  of  Centre  Coll.,  Danville,  Ky.,  and  also 
had  charge  of  a  cong.  there.  Author  of  an 
Address  to  the  Presbyterians  of  Ky.,  propos- 
ing a  Plan  for  Emancipation,  1 835  ;  also  many 
single  sermons. 

Young,  Josue  Marie,  R.  C.  bishop  of 
Erie  (consec.  23  Apr.  1854),  b.  Sanford,  Me., 
Aug.  1 808  ;  d.  Erie,  Pa.,  Sept.  1 8, 1 866.  Bora 
of  Protestant  parents,  he  became  a  Catholic  at 
19.  Learning  the  printer's  trade,  he  went  to 
Cincinnati,  and  worked  in  the  olfice  of  the 
Catholic  Telegraph.  Prepared  for  the  church  at 
Mount  St.  Mary's  Coll.,  he  was  ord.  in  1837, 
and  labored  many  years  in  the  diocese  of  Cin- 
cinnati. In  1 853,  while  pastor  of  St.  Mary's, 
Lancaster,  Ohio,  he  was  app.  to  the  see  of 
Pittsburg,  but  declined. 

Young,  William,  editor  of  the  Albion 
(N.Y.)  1848-67,  b.  Deptford,  Eng.,  1809,  and, 
having  m.  an  Amer.  lady,  in  1839  emig.  to  the 
U.  S.  He  has  transl.  Berangcr's  songs  and 
poems,  and  "  The  Man  who  Laughs;  "  and 
has  pub.  a  Collection  of  Amer.  College  Songs, 
1868;  "Matthieu  Ropars,  et  castera,"  1868. 

Zane,  Col.  Ebenezer,  a  Western  pioneer, 
b.  Berkeley  Co.,  Va.,  Oct.  7,  1747  ;  d.  1811. 
Of  Danish  origin.  He  at  the  age  of  23  emig. 
to  the  West,  and  settled  on  the  site  of  the  pres- 
ent city  of  Wheeling  at  a  time  when  there 
was  not  a  permanent  Anglo-Saxon  settlement 
from  the  source  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio. 
During  the  Revol.  war,  several  attacks  by  the 
Indians  upon  Fort  Henry,  as  the  settlement  was 
then  named,  were  repulsed;  the  last  in  1781. 
Col.  Zane  was  a  disbursing-officer  under  Dun- 
more,  and  held  under  the  commonwealth  nu- 
merous civil  and  military  posts.  He  owned 
the  land  where  the  city  of  Zanesville  now  stands, 
on  the  Muskingum. 


ZA.'R 


1013 


ZTN- 


Zarate  (tha-ra'-ta),  Agostin  de;  d.  ab. 
1560.  Author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Conquest 
of  Peru,"  pub.  1555.  Sent  to  Peru  in  1543 
as  treasurer  of  the  crown,  he  phiyed  an  im- 
portant part  in  the  civil  wars  of  the  country, 
where  he  remained  many  years.  After  the  dep- 
osition of  Vela,  he  was  sent  on  an  important 
embassy  to  Gonzalo.  Pizarro. 

Zea  (tha'-a),  Don  Francisco  Antonio, 
a  South-American  patriot,  b.  Medellin,  New 
Granada,  Oct.  20,  1770;  d.  Bath,  Eng.,  Nov. 
28,1822.  Educated  at  Bogota.  Participating 
in  revol.  movements,  he  was  confined  at  Cadiz 
in  1797-9.  In  1802  he  became  an  assistant 
director  in  the  Botanic  Garden  of  Madrid,  and 
in  1805  prof,  of  botany,  and  dircctor-in-chief ; 
in  1808  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  junta 
of  Bayonne,  and  was,  under  Joseph  Bonaparte, 
minister  of  the  interior,  and  gov.  of  Malaga ; 
in  1814  he  embarked  for  S.  America,  and  joined 
Bolivar.  Made  intendant-gen.  of  the  army ; 
he  was  vicc-pres.  of  Venezuela  in  Feb.-Aug. 
1819;  Sept.  24,  1819,  he  was  accredited  to  all 
the  European  courts ;  and  succeeded  in  obtain- 
ing from  English  bankers  a  loan  of  £2,000,000 
in  March,  1822. 

Zeilin,  Jacob,  brig.-gen.  U.S.  marine  corps, 
b.  Phila.  2d  licut.  Oct.  1,  1831  ;  capt.  Sept. 
14,  1847;  major  July  26,  1861 ;  col.  and  com. 
marine  corps  June  10, 1864;  brig.-gen.  Mar.  2, 
1867.  Attached  to  frigate  "Congress'*  in 
Mexican  war ;  com.  battalion  of  marines  under 
com.  Stockton  J  and  brev.  major  for  gallantry 
in  the  battle  of  Los  Angelos,  Jan.  9,  1847  ; 
wounded  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run. 

Zeisberger,  David,  Moravian  missionary 
among  the  Indians,  b.  Zoetenthal,  Moravia, 
Apr.  11,  1721;  d.  Franklin,  Summit  Co.,  O., 
Nov.  7,  1808.  His  parents  emig.  to  America 
during  his  youth.  After  completing  his  studies, 
he  went  to  England,  when  Gen.  Oglethorpe 
enabled  him  to  join  his  parents  in  Ga.  One 
of  the  founders  of  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  in  1740. 
He  soon  after  became  a  missionary  to  the  In- 
dians, and  labored,  until  the  breaking-out  of 
the  Indian  war  in  1755,  among  the  Dclawares 
at  Shamokin  and  the  Iroquois  at  Onondaga. 
During  the  Pontiac  conspiracy  he  assisted  the 
Christian  Indians,  whom  he  afterward  led  to 
Wyalusing,  Bedford  Co.,  Pa.  In  1767  he  es- 
tablished a  church  among  the  Monseys ;  in 
1772  he  began  the  settlement  of  an  Indian 
town  (Schoenbrunn)  on  the  Tuscarawas,  Ohio, 
where  he  was  afterward  joined  by  all  the  Mora- 
vian Indians  of  Pa. ;  but  the  settlement  was 
destroyed  by  the  Wyandots  in  1781 ;  in  1787 
he  began  the  settlement  of  New  Salemj  Huron 
Co.,  near  Lake  Erie;  in  1791  he  emigrated  to 
Canada,  and  founded  Fairfield  on  the  Thames ; 
in  1798  the  Moravians  returned  to  their  for- 
mer settlements  in  Ohio  which  had  been  grant- 
ed them  by  Congress,  and  built  there  a  new 
station  named  Goshen.  Zeisberger  preached 
there  till  the  end  of  his  life.  He  pub.  in 
the  Delaware  tongue  a  "  Delaware  and  English 
Spelling-Book,"  1776;  a  "  Coll.  of  Hymns," 
1803;  "Sermons  to  Children,"  1803;  "A 
Harmony  of  the  Four  Gospels  "  (N.Y.  1821 ) ; 
and  Verbal- Biegungen  der  Chippewager,  in  Va- 
tcr's  Analekten  der  Sprachkunde.  He  left  in 
MS.  a  Delaware  Grammar  and   Dictionary, 


deposited  in  H.  Coll.  Library,  and  an  Iroquois 
Dictionary  in  the  library  of  thePhilos.  Society 
at  Phila.  —  See  Memoir  by  Schiveinitz,  Svo, 
Phila.  1870. 

Zenger,  John  Peter,  printer,  b.  Ger- 
many ;  d.  New  York,  1746.  He  established  a 
press  in  1726;  Nov.  5,  1733,  he  began  the 
Weekly  Journal,  continued  by  his  widow  Ca- 
tharine, and  John  his  son,  until  ab.  1752.  For 
some  strictures  in  his  paper  on  Gov.  Cosby 
and  the  council,  he  was  arrested  17  Nov.  1734, 
tried  in  1735,  and  kept  in  close  confinement 
35  weeks.  Andrew  Hamilton  of  Phila.  de- 
fended him  from  the  charge  of  libel  on  the 
ground  of  the  truth  of  the  publication,  — a  prin- 
ciple since  well  established.  The  court,  how- 
ever, would  not  allow  the  witnesses  of  the  truth 
to  be  examined,  nor  would  it  allow  the  jury 
to  be  judges  of  the  law  as  well  as  of  the  fact. 
Notwithstanding  the  direction  of  the  bench, 
the  jury  brought  in  a  verdict  of  not  guilty.  A 
narrative  of  this  trial  was  pub.  at  Boston,  also 
at  London,  with  that  of  Wm.  Owen,  in  1765. 

Zeuner,  Charles,  musician  and  compos- 
er; d.  Phila.  Nov.  1857,  a.  ab.  60.  He  resid- 
ed some  years  in  Boston,  where  he  was  or- 
ganist at  the  Park-st.  Church  and  of  the 
Handel  and  Hayden  Soc.  Author  of  *'  Feast 
of  the  Tabernacles,"  an  oratorio,  1832  ; 
"American  Harp,"  1839  ;  "Ancient  Lyre," 
1848 ;  "  Musical  Manual,"  &c.  DBBCIoft  LShr> 

Zinzendorf,  Nicholas  Louis,  count, 
founder,  or  restorer,  of  the  Moravian  brethren, 
b.  Dresden,  May  26, 1700 ;  d.  Hernhutt,  May  9, 
1760.  His  father,  one  of  the  principal  min- 
isters of  the  Elector  of  Saxony,  died  a  few 
weeks  after  his  birth ;  and  he  was  educated  by 
Prof.  Franke  at  Halle,  and  afterward  at  Wit- 
tenberg. Receiving  in  1720  his  property  from 
his  guardians,  he  purchased  a  lordsliip  in  Lu- 
satia,  and  m.  a  sister  of  the  Prince  of  Reuss. 
In  1722  he  began  to  conceive  the  ideaof  a  purer 
church-discipline,  traces  of  which  were  observa- 
ble among  the  sect  called  the  Bohemian  and 
Moravian  Brethren,  some  of  whom  he  permit- 
ted to  settle  on  his  estate.  The  count  and  a 
clergyman  named  Rothe  labored  to  instruct 
them ;  and  he  formed  statutes  for  their  govt., 
from  which  period  their  writers  date  the  re- 
newal of  the  Union  of  the  Brethren.  To  him 
Wesley  was  indebted  for  both  his  religious  or- 
ganization and  his  missionary  plans,  that  inde- 
fatigable laborer  having  passed  some  time  with 
Zinzendorf  at  Hernhutt.  Next  to  their  organi- 
zation in  classes,  the  use  of  singing  (which  fur- 
nished the  Wesleys  with  a  valuable  hint)  is  one 
of  their  most  remarkable  characteristics.  In 
1736  the  count  was  consec.  bishop  of  the  Mo- 
ravian cong.  He  then  visited  England,  and 
travelled  almost  all  over  Europe ;  made  nimaer- 
ous  settlements,  and  sent  missionaries  to  all 
parts  of  the  world.  He  came  to  Pa.  in  1741 ; 
began  his  labors  by  preaching  at  Germantowu 
and  Bethlehem;  and  in  Feb.  1742  ord.  at  Oly, 
Pa.,  the  missionaries  Ranch  and  Ruttner.  At 
Shekomeco  he  established  the  first  Indian  Mo- 
ravian congregation  in  America.  He  returned 
to  Europe  in  1743 ;  succeeded  his  bro.  Dec.  21, 
1756;  and  abdicated  his  countship  March  19, 
1757.  —  See  his  Life  by  Spangenberg,  8  vols  Svo, 
1777. 


zor. 


1014 


ZUB 


ZoUicoffer,  Gen.  Felix  K.,  b.  Maury 
Co.,  Tenn.,  May  19,  1812;  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Mill  Spring,  Ky.,  Jan.  19,  1862.  He  re- 
ceived an  academical  education.  Learned  the 
trade  of  a  printer ;  in  1 829  became  a  newspaper 
editor  at  Paris,  Tenn. ;  edited  and  pub.  the  Co- 
lumbian Observer  in  1 834 ;  in  1 835  was  chosen 
State  printer;  and  in  1842  took  the  editorship 
of  the  Nashville  Banner,  the  leading  Whig  pa- 
per of  the  State.  He  was  in  1 845-9  comptroller 
of  the  State  treas.;  in  1849  was  a  State  sena- 
tor, and  M.C.  in  1853-9,  and  an  ad  ocatc  of 
extreme  Southern  views.  He  was  a  delegate 
to  the  Peace  Congress  in  Feb.  1 86 1 ;  was  soon 
after  app.  a  brig.-gen.  in  the  Confederate 
army ;  took  com.  of  East  Tenn.  Aug.  8 ;  was 
defeated  at  Camp  Wild-Cat,  Ky.,  Oct.  21,  by 
Gen.  Schoepf,  and  at  Mill  Spring  by  Gen. 
Thomas. 

Zook,  Gen.  Samuel  Kosciuszko,  b.  Pa. 
ab.  1823;  killed  at  Gettysburg,  July  2,  1863. 
While  young,  he  was  a  telegrapher,  and  made 
important  discoveries  in  electrical  science.  Ab. 
1 848  he  removed  to  N. Y. ;  and  at  the  outset  of 
the  war  he  went  as  lieut.-col.  with  the  6th  N.  Y. 
S.  M.  to  the  Potomac,  and  was  made  military 


gov.  of  Annapolis.  Returning,  he  raised  and 
com.  the  57th  N.Y.  Vols.  During  the  severe 
battles  on  the  Peninsula,  he  generally  com.  a 
brigade;  made  brig.-gen.  Nov.  29,  1862.  He 
disting.  himself  at  Chancellorsville ;  also  at 
Gettysburg,  where  he  fell. 

Zubly,  John  Joachim,  D.D.  (N.  J.  Coll. 
1770),  clergyman,  b.  St.  Gall,  Switzeriand,  27 
Aug.  1724 ;  d.  S.C.  23  July,  1 781.  Ord.  1 744. 
He  took  charge  of  the  First  Presb.  Church,  Sa- 
vannah, in  1760,  where  he  preached  to  an  Eng- 
lish and  German  cong.,  also  preaching  occasion- 
ally in  French.  He  was  active  among  the  Sons 
of  Libert^y  at  the  outset  of  the  Revol. ;  was  on 
the  most  important  committees  of  the  first  Pro  v. 
Congress  of  Ga.  1775;  and  in  that  year  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Cont.  Congress.  He  opposed 
the  Decl.  of  Indep.,  and  suddenly  left  congress 
for  Ga.,  where  he  sided  with  the  crown.  Ac- 
cused of  treasonable  corresp.  with  Sir  James 
Wright,  the  royal  gov.,  he  returned  to  Savan- 
nah, and  was  for  some  time  concealed,  to 
escape  popular  resentment.  He  was  in  that 
city  during  the  siege  in  1779.  He  was  a  man 
of  learning,  of  a  vigorous  and  penetrating  mind, 
and  pub.  a  number  of  patriotic  discourses. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


•BAJR 

Bartlett,  Gen.  William  Frakcis,  b.  Ha- 
verhill, Ms.,  6  June,  1840.  H.U.  1862.  App. 
capt.  20th  Ms.  Inf.  10  July,  1861 ;  engaged  at 
Ball's  Bluff;  wounded  at  the  siege  of  York- 
town  (losing  a  leg) ;  col.  49th  Ms.  Inf.  10  Nov. 
1862;  and  took  part  in  the  operations  result- 
ing in  the  capture  of  Port  Hudson.  In  the  as- 
sault of  this  place  (27  May,  1863)  he  was  a  con- 
spicuous mark  for  the  enemy,  being  mounted ; 
and  was  severely  wounded  in  the  arm  and  foot. 
Col.  57th  Ms.  Vols.  17  Aug.  1863,  with  which 
he  participated  in  the  battles  of  the  Wilder- 
ness, and  again  slightly  wounded;  brig.-gen. 
vols.  22  June,  1864,  for  conspicuous  gallantry 
at  Port  Hudson.  He  com.  a  division  9th  corp, 
and  was  captured  at  the  explosion  of  the  mine 
before  Petersburg,  30  July,  1864.  After  being 
exchanged  in  Sept.,  he  com.  the  1st  div.  9th 
corps;  brev.  maj.-gen.  1865. 

Beatty,  Gen.  John,  M.C.  from  Ohio  since 
1867,  b.  near  Sandusky,  O.,  16  Dec.  1828.  Re- 
ceived a  good  English  education.  Engaged  in 
banking ;  volunteered  as  a  private  3d  O.  Inf., 
and  app.  lieut.-col.  in  1861 ;  took  part  in  sev- 
eral battles  in  West  Va. ;  col.  in  1 862,  and  con- 
spicuous at  Perry ville  and  at  Stone  River, 
where  he  com.  a  brigade ;  brig.-gen.  29  Nov. 
1 862 ;  and  fought  at  TuUahoma,  Chickamau- 
ga,  and  at  Mission.  Ridge. 

BedeU,  Gregory  Thurston,  D.D.,  as- 
sist, bishop  of  Ohio  (consec.  13  Oct.  1859),  b. 
Hudson,  N. Y.,  27  Aug.  1 81 7.  Prist.  Coll.,  Pa., 
1836;  (Epis.)  Theol.  Sera,  of  Va.  1840.  Son 
of  Rev.  Gregory  T.  of  Phila.  Ord.  deacon 
1840,  priest  1841  ;  became  rector  Ch.  of  the 
Holy  Trinity  (West  Chester,  Pa.)  5  Nov.  1840, 
and  of  the  Ch.  of  the  Ascen.  (N.Y.)  19  March, 
1843.     Residence,  Gambler,  O. 

Bigler,  John,  gov.  of  Cal.  1852-6,  b. 
Cumberland  Co.,  Pa.,  8  Jan.  1804;  d.  Sacra- 
mento, Cal.,  30  Nov.  1871.  Bro.  of  Wm.,  gov. 
of  Pa.  Apprenticed  to  the  printing-business ; 
edited  a  paper  in  Pa.  in  1828-9  and  1831-2; 
adm.  to  the  bar,  and  resided  in  Brown  Co.,  111., 
in  1846-9;  moved  to  Cal.  in  1849,  and  was 
twice  speaker  of  the  Assembly.  He  was  a  con- 
servative Democrat,  and  was  known  as  "  Hon- 
est John  Bigler." 

Birge,  Gen.  Henry  W.,  b.  Nonvich,  Ct. 
When  the  civil  war  began,  he  was  one  of  the 
aides  of  Gov.  Buckingham ;  entered  the  service 
in  June,  1861,  as  major  4th  Ct.  Inf. ;  made  col. 


CHA 

13th  early  in  1862 ;  and  in  the  exped.  to  N.  Or- 
leans and  in  the  capture  of  Port  Hudson,  for 
which  he  was  made  brig.-gen.  Sept.  19,  1863; 
took  part  in  the  Red-river  campaign  under 
Gen.  Banks;  brev.  maj.-gen.  for  services  in 
Sheridan's  campaign  in  the  Shenandoah  Val- 
ley, Oct.  1864;  and  in  June,  1865,  was  app.  to 
com.  the  milit.  dist.  of  Savannah. 

Blow,  Henry  T.,  minister  to  Brazil  since 
1869,  b.  Southampton  Co.,  Va.,  15  July,  1817. 
Went  to  St.  Louis  in  1830;  grad.  at  the  U.  of 
that  city ;  became  interested  in  mining-lands, 
in  which,  and  in  manufacturing,  he  acquired  a 
fortune.  He  was  among  the  first  in  Mo.  to  de- 
clare against  slavery ;  was  4  jears  a  State  sen- 
ator ;  was  the  friend  and  adviser  of  Gen.  Lyon 
at  the  opening  of  the  Rebellion ;  minister  to 
Venezuela  in  1861-2,  and  M.C.  in  1863-7. 

Bradley,  Joseph  P.,  LL.D.  (Laf.  Coll. 
1859),  jurist,  b.  Berne,  Albany  Co.,  N.Y.,  14 
Mar.  1813.  Rutg.  Coll.  1836.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1839,  attaining  distinction  in  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  especially  in  causes 
involving  a  knowledge  of  polit.  economy  and 
constitutional  law.  App.  assoc.  judge  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court  21  March,  1870. 

Brayton,  George  Bailey,  inventor  of  a 
safety  steam-boiler  and  of  the  high-pressure 
gas-engine,  b.  Crompton,  R.I.,  23  Oct.  1829. 

Buckland,  Cyrus,  inventor,  b.  Manches- 
ter, Ct.,  1 0  Aug.  1 799.  He  received  a  common- 
school  education,  worked  in  various  machine- 
shops,  and  in  1828  became  a  pattern-maker  and 
designer  in  the  U.  S.  Armory  at  Springfield, 
Ms.  He  produced  his  machine  for  making  gun- 
stocks  ab.  1842 ;  and  is  also  the  inventor  of  the 
machines  for  rifling  musket-barrels,  for  cutting 
the  thread  of  the  screw  on  the  inside  of  the  bar- 
rel, and  for  milling  the  breech-screw. 

Cespedes,  Carlos  Manuel  de,  Cuban 
revolutionist,  b.  Bayamo,  1 8  Apr.  1819.  U.  of 
Havana,  1 838.  Studied  law  at  Barcelona,  and 
was  adm.  to  practice  in  1842.  In  1844  he  set- 
tled in  practice  in  his  native  city,  acquiring 
reputation  and  a  fortune.  For  a  demonstration 
in  favor  of  Cuban  indep.  in  1 852,  he  was  con- 
fined 5  months  in  Morro  Castle,  Santiago  de 
Cuba.  Heading  the  movement  for  Cuban  in- 
dep. in  Oct.  1 868,  he  was  soon  after  made  pres. 
of  the  republic. 

Chamberlain,  Gen.  Joshua  Lawrence, 
LL.D.  (Pa.  Coll.  1866;  Bowd.  1868),  gov.  of 

1016 


CHE 


1016 


E'WE 


Me.  1866-70,  b.  Bangor,  Me.,  8  Sept.  1828. 
Bowd.  Coll.  1852;  Bangor  Thcol.  Sem.  1855. 
Son  of  Col.  Joshua.  In  his  boyhood  he  at- 
tended the  milit.  acad.  of  Maj.  "Whiting  at  Ells- 
worth. Prof,  at  Bowd.  Coll.  from  1 855  to  Aug. 
1862,  when  app.  lieut.-col.  20th  Me.  Inf.;  col. 
May,  1863;  brig.-gen.  June,  1864,  for  gallantry 
at  Petersburg,  where  he  was  severely  wounded ; 
brev.  maj  .-gen.,  and  again  wounded  at  Quaker 
Road  29  Mar.  1865 ;  and  com.  1st  division  5th 
corps,  leading  the  advance,  in  the  final  opera- 
tions ending  m  Lee's  surrender,  9  April,  1865. 
His  com.  was  designated  to  receive  the  formal 
surrender  of  the  arms  and  colors  of  Lee's  ar- 
my. He  was  engaged  in  24  pitched  battles,  in- 
cluding Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  Chancellors- 
ville,  Gettysburg,  Spottsylvania,  Cold  Harbor, 
Petersburg,  and  Five  Forks ;  and  was  6  times 
wounded,  thrice  severely.  He  resumed  his  pro- 
fessorship (modem  languages)  in  1865 ;  and  in 
July,  1871,  was  elected  pres.  of  Bowd.  Coll. 

Chester,  J.  L.  (p.  181 ),  has  long  been  en- 
gaged upon  what  promises  to  be  his  mcegnum 
opus, — the  printing  of  the  entire  marriage, 
baptismal,  and  burial  registers  of  Westminster 
Abbey,  annotated  in  an  exhaustive  manner. 

Coan,  Rev.  Titus,  D.D.,  missionary  and 
volcanographer,  b.  Killingworth,  Ct.,  Feb.  I, 
1801.  Aub.  Theol.  Sem.  1834.  In  the  same 
year  he  m.  Miss  Fidelia  Church  of  Riga,  N.Y., 
and  sailed  for  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  between 
1835  and  1870  he  had  gathered  15,000  of  the 
native  islanders  into  the  Protestant  Church,  — 
a  success  unequalled,  it  is  believed,  by  that  of 
any  other  modem  missionary.  For  his  con- 
tribs.  to  volcanic  science,  see  Amer.  Journal  of 
Sciences,  1840-70. 

Cochran,  John  Webster,  inventor,  b. 
Enfield,  N.IL,  16  May,  1814.  In  1832,  with  a 
cash  capital  of  $1.25,  he  started  for  Boston, 
walking  the  whole  way,  — 110  miles.  In  1 833 
he  invented  and  patented  a  steam-heating  ap- 
paratus;  and  in  1834  patented  his  invention  of 
a  revolving  breech-loading  rifled  cannon,  in 
which  the  cocking  of  the  hammer  automatical- 
ly rotated  the  cylinder,  —  the  same  principle 
which  subsequently  secured  the  success  of  the 
revolving  pistol.  This  invention  procured  him 
fame  and  fortune.  Visiting  France  in  1835,  he 
exhibited  his  model  to  the  Turkish  ambassa- 
dor ;  Avas  invited  by  Sultan  Mahmoud  to  Con- 
stantinople, whither  he  went,  and  was  liberally 
rewarded  by  the  sultan.  In  1839-47  he  resided 
in  France,  and  afterward  in  Eng.,  where  he  in- 
vented machinerv  for  curvilinear  sawing,  used 
in  "  converting  '^  ship-timber,  and  adopted  by 
the  Brit.  govt.  He  has  latterly  resided  in  the 
U.S.,  actively  engaged  in  the  manuf.  of  fire- 
arms and  projectiles,  and  in  improvements  of 
various  kinds.  —  Amer.  Artisan,  Mar.  8,  1871. 

Conner,  Gen.  Patrick  E.,  b.  Ireland, 
1820 ;  came  to  the  U.S.  at  a  very  early  age ;  set- 
tled in  Texas ;  was  a  capt.  in  Walker's  Texan 
regt.,  and  severely  wounded  at  Buena  Vista. 
In  1861  he  raised  a  regt. ;  was  ordered  to  Utah ; 
gained  a  signal  victory  over  the  hostile  Indians 
at  Bear  River  29  Jan.  1863;  made  brig.-gen. 
30  Mar.  1863  ;  was  long  in  com.  of  the  Utah 
dist.,  where  he  established  firmly  the  authority 
of  the  govt. ;  and  brev.  maj  .-gen.  1665. 

Davis,  Thomas  Frederick,  D.D.,  Prot.- 


Ep.  bishop  of  S.C.  (consec.  17  Oct.  1853);  d. 
Dec.  2,  1871. 

Delmar,  Alexander,  statistician,  b.  N.Y. 
City,  9  Aug.  1836.  His  father  was  a  native  of 
Spain.  He  wrote  for  a  N.Y.  journal  in  1 854 ; 
became  financial  editor  of  Hunt's  Merchants' 
Mag.  and  of  several  N.Y.  journals ;  established 
the  Social-Science  Review,  and  was  sole  editor 
in  1864-6 ;  was  called  to  organize  the  U.S.  Bu- 
reau of  Statistics  in  1866,  and  was  its  director 
in  1867-8 ;  and  in  1867  became  pres.  Washing- 
ton Statist.  Soc.  Author  of  "Gold  Money 
and  Paper  Money,"  1862;  "Treatise  on  Taxa- 
tion;" "Essays  on  Polit.  Economy,"  1865; 
"  International  Almanac,  or  Statistical  Hand- 
book," 1866. 

Denio,  Hiram  (p.  263),  jurist,  b.  21  May, 
1799;  d.  Utica,  N.Y.,  5  Nov.  1871.  Began 
practice  at  Rome  in  1821 ;  dist.  atty.  1825- 
34;  settled  in  Utica  in  July,  1826;  circuit 
judge  5th  circuit  1834-8;  judge  of  the  Court 
of  Appeals  1853-66. 

Devens,  Gen.  Charles,  Jun.,  b.  Charles- 
town,  Ms.,  Apr.  4,  1820.  li.U.  1838;  Camb. 
Law  School.  In  1 841-9  he  practised  in  Frank- 
lin Co.,  Ms. ;  was  a  State  senator  in  1 848 ;  in 
1 849-53  was  U.S.  marshal  for  Ms. ;  and  in  1 854 
resumed  the  practice  of  law  at  Worcester.  Apr. 
16,  1861,  he  was  chosen  major  of  a  rifle  batt. ; 
was  made  col.  15th  Ms.  Inf.  24  July;  com.  at 
Ball's  Bluff'before  the  arrival  of  Col.  Baker,  and 
again  after  the  death  of  the  latter;  brig.-gen. 
Apr.  15,  1862;  was  in  the  battles  of  Williams- 
burg and  Fair  Oaks  (in  the  latter  of  which  he 
was  wounded),  at  South  Mountain  and  Antie- 
tam; com.  a  division  of  Howard's  corps  at 
Chancellorsville ;  in  the  18th  corps  in  the  Va. 
campaign  of  1864-5,  and  was  in  temp.  com. 
24th  army  corps  in  Dec.  *64 ;  brev.  maj  .-gen. 
13  Apr.  1865.  In  Nov.  1862  he  was  the  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  of  the  "  People's  Party  "  for 
gov.  of  Ms.  A  justice  of  the  Ms.  Superior 
Court  since  1867. 

Doniphan,  Col.  Alexander  William, 
lawyer  and  soldier,  b.  Mason  Co.,  Ky.,  July  9, 
1808.  Aug.  Coll.,  Ky.,  1827.  Son  of  an  early 
emigrant  from  Va.,  who  d.  in  1814.  Having 
studied  law,  he  began  practice  at  Lexington, 
Mo.,  but  in  1833  removed  to  Liberty.  Brig.- 
gen.  of  militia  in  the  expedition  which  in  1838 
drove  the  Mormons  from  the  State;  member 
of  the  State  legisl.  1836  and  '40;  col.  1st  Mo. 
Cav.  June  18,  1846,  and  led  the  successful  ex- 
ped.  against  Chihuahua ;  com.  in  the  battle  of 
Brazito,  Dec.  25,  1846,  and  in  that  of  Sacra- 
mento, Mexico,  Feb.  28,  1847;  and  in  the  fa- 
mous march  from  Santa  Fe  to  the  Rio  Grande. 

Eichberg,  Julius,  teacher  and  composer 
of  music,  b.  Grcrmany,  1825.  Adm.  to  the  Con- 
servatory of  Brussels,  he  gained  in  1843  the 
first  prizes  in  violin  and  composition.  After- 
ward musical  director  in  prominent  German 
opera-houses,  and  director  of  sacred  music  to 
the  consistory  of  the  Church  of  Geneva.  Since 
1856  he  has  taught  in  Boston,  where  he  founded 
the  Conservatory  of  Music.  He  has  composed 
the  successful  operas,  "The  Doctor  of  Alcan- 
tara," "A  Night  in  Rome,"  and  "The  Rose 
of  Tyrol." 

Ewell,  Gen.  R.  S.  (p.  313),  d.  Maury  Co., 
Tenn.,  25  Jan.  1872. 


FKR 


1017 


r.OR 


Ferrero,  Gen.  Edward,  b.  of  Italian  par- 
ents in  Granada,  Spain,  Jan.  10,  1832.  He 
was  brought  to  the  U.S.  an  infant.  Before  the 
war  he  kept  a  dancing-school,  and  taught  the 
art  at  West-Point  Acad.  In  1861  he  raised 
the  51st  N.  Y.  Vols.  (Shepard  Rifles) ;  accomp. 
Bumside's  exped.  to  Roanoke  Island  and  Ncw- 
bem ;  disting.  himself  at  both  those  places,  and 
com.  a  brigade  under  Gen.  Reno.  In  July, 
1 862,  he  served  in  (Jen.  Pope's  Va.  campaign ; 
was  in  the  battles  of  South  Mountain  and  An- 
tietam,  and  for  his  bravery  and  efficiency  in  the 
latter  engagement  was  made  brig.-gen.  Sept.  19, 
1 862.  He  served  at  Fredericksburg  and  at  V  icks- 
burg ;  com.  the  2d  brigade  of  Sturgis's  div.  9th 
army  corps,  and  a  division  at  the  siege  of  Knox- 
ville;  com.  at  the  defence  of  Fort  Sanders 
against  thedesperateassaultof  Longstreet;  led 
the  colored  div.  9th  corps  in  the  operations 
against  Petersburg  in  1864;  and  subsequently 
com.  defences  of  Bermuda  Hundred.  Brev. 
maj.-gen.  2  Dec.  1864. 

Gumore,  Patrick  Sarspield,  musician, 
b.  near  Dublin,  28  Dec.  1829.  He  connected 
himself  with  a  military  band  at  the  age  of  15. 
Came  to  Boston  in  1849,  where  he  has  been  for 
many  years  a  leader  of  military  bands ;  accomp. 
the  24th  Ms.  Regt.  to  the  field  in  1862,  and 
was  in  1863  placed  in  charge  of  all  the  bands 
in  the  dept.  of  La.  by  Gen.  Banks.  Origina- 
tor of  monster  concerts  in  this  country,  and  pro- 
jector of  the  great  National  Peace  Jubilee  at 
Boston  in  June,  1869,  a  history  of  which  he 
published  in  1871.  Composer  of  many  songs, 
marches,  &c. 

Gladden,  Rev.  Washington,  clergyman 
and  author,  b.  Pittsgrove,  Pa.,  11  Feb.  1836. 
Wms.  Coll.  1859.  He  first  preached  at  the 
State-st.  Cong.  Ch.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ;  after- 
ward at  Morrisania,  N.Y. ;  and  since  Feb.  1867 
has  been  pastor  of  the  1st  Cong.  Church,  North 
Adams,  Ms.  Besides  his  frequent  contribs.  to 
the  N.  Y.  Independent  and  other  papers  and  pe- 
riodicals, he  has  published  "  From  the  Hub  to 
the  Hudson,"  and  is  a  successful  pub.  lecturer. 

Godkin,  Edward  L.,  journalist,  b.  Wick- 
low  Co.,  Ireland,  1831.  Educated  at  a  gram- 
mar-school near  Wakefield,  England,  and  at 
Queen's  Coll.,  Belfast.  Corresp.  of  the  London 
Daily  News  in  Turkey  and  Russia  during  the 
Crimean  war,  1854-6.  In  the  fall  of  1856  he 
came  to  the  U.S.,  and  in  the  ensuing  winter 
made  a  journey  on  horseback  through  the 
Southern  States,  detailed  in  a  series  of  letters 
to  the  Daily  News.  He  then  studied  law  in  the 
office  of  David  Dudley  Field  in  N.  Y.  City ;  was 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1858,  but  in  that  year  re- 
turned to  Europe  in  impaired  health.  Ketum- 
ing  to  N.Y.  at  the  close  of  1862,  he  was,  until 
the  establishment  of  The  Nation  in  1865,  a  cor- 
resp. of  the  Daily  News,  and  -an  editorial  con- 
trib.  to  the  N.  Y.  Times.  The  Nation,  a  weekly 
journal  of  politics,  literature,  science,  and  art, 
estab.  in  July,  1865,  and  edited  by  Mr.  God- 
kin,  in  1866  passed  into  his  hands  as  a  proprie- 
tor, and  owes  to  him  its  success,  ranking  as  it 
does  among  the  first  literary  and  critical  jour- 
nals of  the  land.  Republican  in  politics,  it  is 
also  the  advocate  of  free  trade  and  civil-service 
reform. 

Hall,  John,  D.D.,  pastor  (since  3  Nov. 


1867)  of  the  Fifth-ave.  Presb.  Ch.,  N.Y.  City, 
b.  of  Scotch  ancestry,  Co.  Armagh,  Ireland,  31 
July,  1829.  Belfast  Coll.  Licensed  to  preach 
in  June,  1849,  and  labored  as  a  missionary  in 
the  west  of  Ireland ;  pastor  of  the  church  at 
Armagh  30  Jan.  1852-8,  and  of  Mary's  Abbey, 
Dublin,  from  1858  until  app.  in  1867  a  deleg. 
to  the  Presb.  churches  of  the  U.S.  He  is  an 
eloquent  speaker  on  the  platform  as  well  as  in 
thepulpit. 

Halleck,  Gen.  Henry  Wager  (see  p. 
399) ;  d.  Louisville,  Ky.,  9  Jan.  1872. 

Halstead,  Murat,  journalist,  b.  Ross 
To\vnship,  Butler  Co.,  O.,  2  Sept.  1829.  Far- 
mers' Coll.,  O.,  1851.  His  grandfather  emig. 
to  Ohio  from  N.C.  in  1804.  A  contrib.  to  the 
Cincin.  Gazette  and  other  papers  in  Ind.  and  O. 
in  1851-2;  became  assist,  ed.  of  the  Columbian 
and  Great  West,  and  in  1853  of  the  Commer- 
cial, introducing  the  new  feature  of  a  systematic 
abstract  of  the  important  news  found  in  the  ex- 
change papers;  and  in  1854  became  a  partner 
in  the  concern.  Under  his  able  management 
the  Cincin.  Commercial  has  long  been  a  leading 
journal  in  the  U.S. 

Helper,  Hinton  Rowan,  author,  b.  Da- 
vie Co.,  N.C.,  27  Dec.  1829.  Educated  at  the 
Mocksville  Acad.  Went  to  Cal.  in  1851,  and 
travelled  on  the  Pacific  coast;  U.S.  consul  at 
Buenos  Ayres  1861-7.  Resides  at  Asheville, 
N.C.  Author  of  "  The  Land  of  Gold,"  1855; 
"Impending  Crisis  of  the  South,"  1857;  "No- 
joque,  a  Question  for  a  Continent,"  1867;  and 
"  The  Negroes  in  Negroland,"  &c.,  1868. 

Holcombe,  James  P.,  author,  b.  Ljrnch- 
burg,  Va.,  1820.  Educated  at  Y.C.  and  at  the 
U.  of  Va.,  where  he  was  some  time  prof,  of 
law.  He  has  pub.  "Leading  Cases  upon  Com- 
mercial Law,''8vo,  1847;  "Digest  of  Decisions 
of  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court,"  8vo,  1848;  "Mer- 
chant's Book  of  Reference  for  Debtor  and  Cred- 
itor," 8vo,  1 848 ;  "Literature  in  Letters,"  12mo, 
1868. 

Holcombe,  William  H.,  M.D.,  homoe- 
opathist  and  author,  b.  Lynchburg,  Va.,  1825. 
Educated  at  Wash.  Coll.,  Va.,  and  in  medi- 
cine at  the  U.  of  Pa.  After  practising  at 
Lynchburg  and  at  Cincinnati,  he  settled  in  N. 
Orleans,  and  in  1852  became  a  homoeopath. 
Besides  many  contribs.  to  periodicals,  he  was 
some  years  co-editor  of  the  N.  A.  Journal  of 
Homoeop.  Has  pub.  "  The  Scientific  Basis  of 
HomcEopathy,"  12mo,  1855;  "Poems,"  1860; 
"  Our  Children  in  Heaven  "  { Sweden borgian), 
1868;  "The  Sexes,"  1869;  and  many  bro- 
chures on  topics  similar  to  the  above. 

Knowlton,  John  Stocker  Coffin, 
journalist,  b.  Hopkinton,  R.I.,  11  Dec.  1798; 
d.  Worcester,  Ms.,  11  June,  1871.  Dartm. 
Coll.  1823.  He  became  connected  with  the 
Lowell  Journal  ab.  1827;  in  1833  removed  to 
Worcester,  assuming  the  editorial  oJiarge  of 
the  ^gis  and  Yeoman,  with  which  the  Repub- 
lican was  subsequently  merged  to  establish  the 
Palladium,  which  he  pub.  and  edited  for  ab.  37 
years.  He  had  been  twice  mayor  of  W. ;  mem- 
ber of  both  branches  of  the  legisl.,  and  15  years 
high  sheriff*  of  the  county. 

IiOring,  Frederick  Wads  worth,  jour- 
nalist, b.  Boston,  12  Dec.  1848;  murdered  by 
Apache  Indians  5  Nov.  1871  in  Arizona,  while 


LO^V 


1018 


RED 


on  his  way  home  from  the  expl.  exped  of  Lieut. 
Wheeler.  H.U.  1870.  He  was  a  contrib.  to 
the  Atlantic,  Old  and  New,  &c. ;  was  the  author 
of  "  The  Boston  Dip,"  a  vol.  of  poems ;  "  Two 
College  Friends,"  1871 ;  and  of  two  successful 
plays. 

Low,  Frederick  F.,  minister  to  China 
(app.  1869),  b.  Frankfort,  Me.,  30  Jan.  1828. 
He  received  a  thorough  English  education. 
Went  to  California  early  in  1849 ;  was  for  a  few 
months  engaged  in  mining ;  and  was  a  mer- 
chant in  San  Francisco  until  1855,  when  he  be- 
came a  banker  at  Marysville.  Repub.  M.C.  in 
1861-3,  contributing  to  the  enactment  of  the 
Pacific-Railroad  Bill ;  subsequently  collector  of 
the  port  of  San  Francisco,  and  gov.  of  Cal. 
1864-8. 

McCabe,  James  D.,  Jun.,  author,  b.  Rich- 
mond, Va.  Son  of  Rev.  James,  D.D.,  and  4th  in 
descent  from  the  first  white  settler  in  the  Cum- 
berland Valley,  Pa.  Educated  at  the  Va.  Milit. 
Inst.  Began  writing  for  the  Abingdon  Virginian 
in  his*  14th  year.  He  has  pub.  "Fanaticism 
and  its  Results,"  1860;  "Life  of  Gen.  T.  J. 
Jackson,"  8vo,  1863;  "  The  Bohemian,"  1863; 
"Life  of  Gen.  R.  E.  Lee,"  1867  ;  "  The  Gray- 
Jackets,"  1867.  He  has  also  written  poems, 
plays,  and  translations  from  the  French,  and 
many  contributions  to  periodicals.  Resides  in 
Brooklyn,  N.Y. 

McCook,  Gen.  Edward  M.,  b.  Steuben- 
ville,  O.,  June,  1834.  Educated  principally  in 
a  log  school-house.  Accomp.  Gov.  Medary 
to  Minnesota  in  1856  as  private  sec. ;  emig.  to 
Pike's  Peak  in  1859 ;  member  Ks.  legisl.  1860; 
app.  2d  lieut.  U.S.  Cav. ;  major  2d  Lid.  Cav. ; 
promoted  successively  to  lieut.-coL,  col.,  brig.- 
gen.  (27  Apr.  1864);  and  was  brev.  major- 
gen,  in  1865.  In  the  battles  of  Shiloh,  Stone 
River,  Perryville,  and  Chickamauga;  com.  a 
division  in  the  Atlanta  campaign,  and  a  corps 
in  E.  Tenn.  In  the  summer  of  1864,  in  a  raid 
in  the  rear  of  Atlanta,  he  destroyed  large  quan- 
tities of  Confed.  stores;  was  intercepted  by 
Wheeler's  cay.  on  his  return,  and  cut  his  way 
through,  rejoining  Sherman's  army  near  Mari- 
etta; com.  1st  cav.  div.  in  Wilson's  raid  through 
Ga.  and  Ala.  Minister  to  the  Hawaiian  Is- 
lands 1866-9;  app.  gov.  Colorado  Terr.  1869. 

McGill,  John,  D.D.,  R.C.  bishop  of  Va. 
(consec.  10  Nov.  1850),  b.  4  Nov.  1809.  Ord. 
priest  13  July,  1835.  Resided  in  Lexington, 
Ky.,  in  1836 ;  in  Louisville  in  1836-50,  and  ed. 
there  for  7  years  the  Catholic  Advocate.  Au- 
thor of  "  Life  of  Calvin,"  translated  from^  the 
French  of  Audin,  "  Origin  of  the  Church  of 
Eng.  as  represented  in  Macaulay's  History," 
"The  True  Church  Indicated  to  the  Inquirer," 
and  "  Our  Faith  the  Victory."  —  Living  Wri- 
ters of  the  South. 

Mahone,  Gen.  William,  b.  Southamp- 
ton, Va.,^b.  1827.  Va.  Milit.  Inst.  1847.  Be- 
came an  engineer ;  constructed  the  Norf.  and 
Petersb.  Railroad,  Va.,  of  which  he  was  after- 
wards pres. ;  and  was  in  1861  a  militia  col.,  and 
contrib.  to  the  capture  of  the  valuable  mat&iel 
at  the  Norfolk  Navy- Yard,  21  Apr.  1861.  lie 
then  raised  and  com.  the  6th  Va.  Regt. ;  com. 
Fort  Darling,  and  repulsed  attack  of  U.S.  gun- 
boats 15  May,  1861 ;  was  at  Fair  Oaks,  Oak 
Grove,  Malvern  Hill,  Groveton  (where  he  was 


wounded),  Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville, 
battles  of  the  Wilderness;  was  made  brig.-gen. 
March,  1864;  took  com.  of  Anderson's  div.; 
in  battle  of  Spottsylvania  C.H.,  North  Anna, 
Cold  Harbor,  the  "Crater"  Fight  (30  July, 
1864);  made  a  maj.^en.  12  Aug.  1864,  and 
com.  div.  in  A.  P.  Hill's  (3d)  corps ;  in  battles 
of  Weldon  Railroad,  Hatcher's  Run  (27  Oct. 
1864) ;  and  at  Lee's  surrender  com.  the  lines  at 
Bermuda  Hundred. — Hist.  Mag.,  July,  1871. 

Nye,  James  W.,  Repub.  senator  from  Ne- 
vada since  1865,  b.  Madison  Co.,  N.Y.,  10  June, 
1815.  Received  a  public-school  education; 
studied  and  practised  law ;  State  police  com- 
miss.  N.Y.  City,  1860;  gov.  Nevada  Territory 
1861-5. 

Porcher,  Francis  PErRE,  M.D.  (Char. 
Med.  Coll.  1847),  botanist,  b.  Charieston,  S.C, 
ab.  1825.  S.C.  Coll.  1845.  He  has  pub.  "  Med. 
Botany  of  S.C,"  8vo,  1849;  "Cryptogamic 
Plants  of  the  U.S."  ("  Trans."  Am.  Med.  As- 
soc. 1854) ;  "  Clinical  Investigations,"  8vo, 
1861 ;  "Resources  of  the  Southern  Fields  and 
Forests,"  8vo,  1863;  "Illustrations  of  Disease 
with  the  Microscope,"  1860.  While  a  lecturer 
in  the  Charleston  Prep.  Med.  School,  he  edited, 
with  Dr.  D.  J.  Cain,  5  vols,  of  the  Charleston 
Med.  Jour,  and  Review. 

Porter,  Gen.  Andrew,  b.  Lancaster,  Pa., 
10  July,  1819;  d.  Paris,  4  Jan.  1872.  West 
Point,  1836-7.  Grandson  of  Gen.  Andrew; 
son  of  Gov.  Geo.  B.  App.  1st  lieut.  Mtd.  Ri- 
fles 27  May,  1846;  disting.  at  Ccrro  Gordo; 
capt.  15  May,  1847 ;  brev.  major  for  Contreras 
and  Churubusco  20  Aug.  1847;  lieut.-col.  for 
Chapultepec  13  Sept.  1847;  col.  16th  U.S. 
Inf.  14  May,  1861 ;  brig.-gen.  vols.  17  May, 
1861 ;  prov.-gen.  Army  of  the  Potomac;  com. 
1st  brigade  of  regulars  at  the  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  in  which  he  displayed  much  skill  and 
bravery  ;  resigned  20  April,  1864. 

Quesada,  Manuel,  gen  .-in-chief  of  the 
Cuban  patriot  forces,  b.  Camaguey,  29  March, 
1833.  Emig.  to  Mexico  in  1852  ;  entered  the 
military  service  of  the  republic;  gained  sev- 
eral victories  over  the  forces  of  Maximilian; 
was  made  a  gen.  for  that  of  May  5,  1862,  at 
Puebla  and  at  Pachuca ;  and  was  made  gov.  of 
the  States  of  Tlascala,  Coahuila,  and  Duran- 
go.  In  1865  he  came  to  N.Y.  City,  and  labored 
in  organizing  the  insurrection  in  Cuba,  whither 
he  went  in  1868 ;  and  was  named  gen.-in-chief 
of  the  troops  of  Comarca,  and  subsequently 
gen.-in-chief  of  the  republic.  Sent  in  March, 
1870,  to  the  U.S.  and  Europe  in  a  diplomatic 
capacity. 

Iledpath,  James,  author,  b.  Berwick-on- 
Twced,  Eng.,  Aug.  1833.  Emig.  with  his  par- 
ents to  Mich,  in  1848.  At  16  he  became  a 
printer;  at  19  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Tribune, 
with  which  he  was  long  connected  editorially 
or  as  a  corresp.  He  was  in  Kansas  during  the 
troubles  there  of  1855-7;  and  was  with  the 
armies  of  Sherman  and  Thomas,  and  with  Gill- 
more  at  Charleston,  during  the  war.  App.  by 
the  govt,  of  Hayti  gen.  agent  of  emigration ; 
then  consul  at  Phila. ;  then  joint  commiss.  to 
the  U.S. ;  and  instrumental  in  procuring  the 
recognition  of  Haytien  indep.  Supt.  of  educa- 
tion in  Charleston  during  tne  war ;  organized 
the  schools  of  S.C,  and  established  the  Colored 


RIO 


1019 


i;voo 


Orphan  Asylum  in  Charleston.  Established 
the  Boston-Lyceum  Bureau  in  1868.  Author 
of  "  Guide  to  Kansas,"  "  The  Roving  Editor," 
"  Life  of  John  Brown,"  "  Echoes  of  Harper's 
Ferry,"  "  Southern  Notes,"  "  Guide  to  Hayti," 
&c. 

Richards,  George,  a  writer  of  patriotic 
verses,  b.  (probably)  in  R.L ;  d.  Phila.  about  1 
Mar.  1814  by  his  own  hand  while  deranged. 
An  eminent  schoolmaster  in  Boston  after  the 
close  of  the  Revol. ;  he  also  preached  occasion- 
ally, in  the  absence  of  the  pastor,  to  the  cong. 
of  Mr.  Murray ;  was  pastor  of  a  Universalist 
church  in  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  in  1793-1809,  and 
subsequently  in  Phila.,  where  he  also  established, 
and  for  two  years  edited,  the  Freemason's  Mag. 
and  Gen.  Miscellany.  He  was  a  man  of  great  be- 
nevolence, assuming  the  charge  of  orphans,  and 
giving  his  personal  attendance  upon  the  sick, 
including  those  stricken  with  contagious  dis- 
ease. Among  his  pieces  —  usually  anonymous 
—  is  a  descriptive  poem  on  the  Revol.,  extracts 
from  which  are  in  the  Ms.  Mag.  1789-92.  Au- 
thor also  of  odes,  Masonic  orations,  an  hist,  dis- 
course on  the  death  of  Washington,  Portsm. 
22  Feb.  1800,  &c.  — 3/5.  of  S.  F.  Haven. 

Robinson,  William  S.  ("Warrington"), 
political  writer,  b.  Concord,  Ms.,  7  Dec.  1818. 
Editor  Lowell  Courier  1842-8;  Boston  Daily 
Whig  1849  ;  aftenvard  of  the  Republican,  Com- 
monwealth, and  the  Telegraph.  Rep.  of  Lowell 
in  the  Ms.  legisl.  of  1852  and  '53 ;  clerk  Const. 
Conv.  of  1853 ;  and  clerk  Ms.  legisl.  since  1862. 
Under  the  nom  de  plume  of  "  Warrington,"  he 
has  long  been  a  well-known  contrib.  to  the 
N.  Y.  Tribune,  Sprin'jfield  Republican,  and  other 
papers. 

Rodman,  Gen.  Thomas  J.,  inventor  of 
the  Rodman  gun,  b.  Ind.  1821 ;  d.  Rock  Island, 
111,,  7  June,  1 87 1 .  West  Point,  1 841 .  Enter- 
ing the  ordnance  dept.,  he  became  1st  lieut.  3 
Mar.  1847;  capt.  1  July,  1S55;  maj.  1  June 
1863;  lieut.-col.  7  Mar.  1867;  brev,  col.  and 
brig.-gen.  13  Mar.  1865.  Author  of  "  Reports 
of  Experiments  in  Metals  for  Cannon  and  Can- 
non-Powder," 1861. 

Sargent,  Aaron  Augustus,  journalist 
and  politician,  b.  Newbury^ort,  Ms.,  28  Sept. 
1827.  Began  as  a  printer  in  the  office  of  the 
Watchman  and  Herald,  Newburyport;  accomp. 
Fremont  to  Cal.in  1846,  and  in  1849  settled  m 
Nevada  City;  long  edited  the  Nevada  Journal  ; 
adm.  to  the  bar  in  1 854 ;  dist.  atty .  Nevada  Co. 
1855-6  ;  M.C.  1861-3  and  1869-72 ;  U.S.  sen- 
ator elect  for  the  term  of  1873-9.  While  in 
Congress,  he  was  a  member  of  the  com.  on  the 
Pacific  Railroad,  and  drew  the  bill  for  the 
Western  Pacific  Railroad,  of  which  enterprise 
he  was  an  active  and  efficient  promoter. 

Smith,  Charles  H.  ("Bill  Arp"),  hu- 
morist ;  is  a  lawyer  of  Rome,  Ga.,  of  which 
city  he  has  been  mayor ;  and  has  also  been  a 
State  senator.  In  1881  he  began  the  publica- 
tion of  his  letters,  which  in  1 866  were  collected 
and  pub.  under  the  title  of  "Bill  Arp,  —  so 
called," 


Stockton,  John  P  ,  senator,  b.  Princeton, 
N.J.,2Aug.  1826.  N.J.  Coll.  1843.  Gr.-grand- 
son  of  Richard,  the  signer  of  the  Decl.  of  In- 
dep.  Adm.  to  the  bar  1849 ;  a  commiss.  to  re- 
vise the  laws  of  N.  J  ;  subsequently  reporter 
to  the  Chancery  Court,  and  pub.  3  vols  of  Equi- 
ty Reports  (1852-9) ;  minister  to  Rome  1858- 
61 ;  U.S.  senator  18G6,  and  re-elected  for  the 
term  1869-75  as  a  Democrat.  His  father  and 
grandfather  were  members  of  the  V.  S.  senate. 

Strong,  William,  LL.D.  (Lafayette  Coll. 
1867),  assoc.  judge  U.S.  Supreme  Court  (app. 
Feb.  1870),  b.  Somers,  Ct.,  6  May,  1  £03.  Y.C. 
1828.  Son  of  Rev.  Wm.  L.  (pastor  of  Som- 
ers 1807-31),  who  d.  Fayette  villCjN.Y.,  31  Aug. 
1859,  a.  77.  Adm.  to  Phila.  bar  1832;  prac- 
tised in  Reading,  Pa.,  1832-47;  M.C.  1847-51 ; 
judge  Sup.  Court  of  Pa.  1857-68;  afterwards 
practised  m  Phila.  In  June,  1871,  he  declared 
the  U.S.  income  tax  to  be  constitutional ;  and 
1 5  Jan.  1 872  delivered  the  opinion  of  the  ma- 
jority of  the  court,  affirming  the  constitjition- 
ality  of  the  Legal-tender  Act  of  1862. 

Swann,  Thomas,  gov.  Md.  1865-7,  b.  Al- 
exandria, Va.  Educated  at  Col.  Coll.,  D.C., 
and  the  U.  of  Va.  Studied  law  with  his  father 
at  Washington;  app.  sec.  Neapolitan  com- 
miss. ;  settled  in  Bait,  in  1834;  pres.  Bait,  and 
O.R.R.  Co.  1847-53;  mayor  of  Bait.  1857-9; 
elected  U.S.  senator  in  1866;  declined;  M.C. 
since  1869. 

Thurman,  Allen  G.,  jurist,  and  U.S. sen- 
ator for  the  term  1869-75,  b.  Lynchburg,  Va., 
31  Nov.  1813;  removed  to  Ohio  in  1819.  Re- 
ceived an  academic  education.  Adm.  to  the 
bar  in  1835;  M.C.  1845-7;  judge  Sup.  Court 
of  Ohio  1851-4;  chief  justice  1854-6;  Dcmoc. 
candidate  for  gov.  of  Ohio  1867. 

Wakefield,  Cyrus,  an  eminent  public 
benefactor,  b.  Roxbury,  N.H.,  7  Feb.  1811. 
Son  of  James  and  Ilannah  (Ilemcnway). 
Came  to  Boston  ah.  1827,  and  engaged  in  busi- 
ness. Originated  the  rattan  business  in  this 
country,  and  discovered  the  process  of  utilizing 
the  rattan  waste.  The  town  of  Wakefield,  Ms., 
is  named  for  him. 

Wheeler,  John  H.,  b.  Murfreesborough, 
N.C.,  was  before  the  civil  war  U.S.  minister  to 
Nicaragua,  and  about  1867  was  app.  to  the  bu- 
reau of  statistics  at  Washington,  D.C.  Au- 
thor of  "Hist.  Sketches  of  N.C.  1584-1851," 
Svo,  1854  ;  "History  of  N.C,"  Svo,  1851. 

Wood,  James  F.,  R.C.  bishop  of  Phila. 
since  Jan  5,  1860,  b,  in  that  city,  of  Protestant 

Earents.  On  taking  orders  in  the  R  C.  Church, 
e  was  attached  to  the  diocese  of  Cincinnati, 
and  was  pastor  of  St.  Patrick's  Church  until 
consec.  bishop  of  Antigonia,  and  co-adjutor  of 
Phila.  26  May,  1857. 

Woodward,  George  W.,  jurist,  and 
Democ.  M.C.  from  Pa.  1867-73,  b.  Bethany, 
Pa.,  26  Mar.  1809.  Received  an  academic  edu- 
cation. Studied  and  practised  law;  member 
Pa.  Const.  Conv.  1837;  pres.  judge  4th  jud. 
dist.  1841-51 ;  and  judge  sup.  judicial  dist.  of 
Pa.  1852-67. 


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